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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

EXPE
STATI

VOLUME XXXVIII

JANUARY-JUNE, 1918

0OTAN»CAt

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1918

,/5'

V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Btirbatj — 0. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — J. R. Mohler, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils — ^lilton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chi^J.

Bureau of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau of Markets — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auhum: J. F. Duggar.'
Canebrake Station: Vniontown: J. M.Burgess.i
Tuskegee Station: Tvskcgee Institute; G. W.
Carver.'

Alaska— S«fca; C. C. Georgeson.^

Arizona- r««07?.- R. B. KleinSmid.'

Abkansas — Fayettevillc: M. Nelson.'

Calxtcrnia— £erfceZ?!/.- T. F. Hunt.'

Coloeado— i^ort Collins: C. P. Gillette.'

CONNECTICTJT—

Stat« Station: New Eaven.-\ Jenkins '

Storrs Station: Storrs; ] ' '
Delaware — Newark: H. Hayward.'
Florida — Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs.'
Georgl\ — Experiment: J. D. Price.'
QvkM— Island of Guam: C. W. Edwards.*
Hawaii-

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.'

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu: H. P
Agec.'
IDAMO— Moscow: E. J. Iddlngs.'
Illinois — Urhma: E. Davenport.'
IsviANA— Lafayette: C. G. Woodbury.'
lo^ A— Ames: C. F. Curtiss '
Kavsab— Manhattan: F. D. Farrell.'
Ks^TVCKY— Lexington: T. P. Cooper.'

LOUISLVNA-

State Station. Baton Rouge;

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
New Orleans; ^W. R. Dodson.'

North La. Station: Calhoun;

Rice Station: Crowley;
Matne-O rono.- CD. Woods.'
Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson.
Massachusetts— .4 m/ierst; F. W. Morse.*
Michigan— £os< Lansitig: R. S. Shaw.'
Minnesota— t/niverstJj/ Farm, St. Paul- R. W.

Thatcher.'
}JliastS3iFPi— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd.'

Missouri—

CoIle4;e Station: Columbia: F. B. Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; F. W Faurot.

Montana— Bo£«?Min.- F. B. Linfield.'

Nebraska— imcoZn; E. A. Burnett.'

Nevada — Reno: S. B. Doten.'

New Hampshire— Darftom.' J. C. Kendall.'

New Jek'-ey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.'

New Mexico — State College: Fabian Garcia.'

New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.'

North Carolina— Kaifi^/j and West Raleigh: B.W
Kilgore.'

North 'DKKotA—AgrkuUural College; P. F. Trow-
bridge.'

Ohio — Wuoster: C. E. Thome.'

Oklk-rouk— Stillwater: H. G. Knight.'

Oregon— Con'oWw." A. B. Cordley.'

Pennsylvania—

State College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition,
H. P. Armsby.'

Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Muijaguez; D.W. May.'
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; E. Col6n.'

Rhode Isl.^nd — Kingston: B. I.. Hartwell.'

South Carolina— CTfTOMw College: H. W. Barre.'

South Dakota— Broofcift^s.- J. W. Wilson.'

Tennessee — KnotviUe: H. A. Morgan.'

I-E^KS— College Station: B. Youngblood.'

Utah— Lo^aTi.- F. S. Harris.'

y-EV-^o-^T— Burlington: J. L. Halls.'

Virginia—

PAacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.'

Washington- PiiUTOaw; Geo. Severance.*

West Virginia — Morganiown: J L. Coulter.'

Wisconsin— i/tMfi-son.' H. L. Russell.'

Wyoming — Laramie: A. D. Faville.'

I Director.

> Agronomist in charge.

'Animal husbandman in charge.

* Acting director.

u

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Associate Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPABTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — S^bil L. Smith.

fW. H. Beax.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers < j j^ luckett.

rw. H. Evans, Ph. D.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology -^ -y^ p, Boyd

f J. I. SCHULTE.

FieldCropsjj 13 Luckett. »0

Horticulture and Forestry— E. J. Glasson. C4>

Economic Zoology and Entomologj^ — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

fC. F. Langwortht, Ph. D., D Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition \^^^^^^ ^ Pritchett.

fD. W. May.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming j ^ j^^ Moore.

fW. A. Hooker.
Veterinary Medicine | g^^^ L. Smith.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullingeb.*
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.

fF. E. Heaxd.
Agricultural Education |j^^^ ^ Spethmann.

Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVIII.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Page.

The opportunity for individual sei-vice 1

Helping to win the war 4

Closer relation of station and extension forces 6

An agricultural program 101

The regulation of agriculture abroad 102

"Speeding up" food production in England 107

Report of the commission on the investigation of agricultural education

in Massachusetts 301

Agriculture under reconstruction 401

The place of the experiment stations in a reconstruction program 405

A decade of development of the insular experiment stations 601

Proposed station work in the Virgin Islands 60S

The first decade of the International Institute of Agriculture 701

^On leave of absence for military service.

in

IV EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. [Vol.38

STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.

Alabama College Station : Page.

Bulletin 195, June, 1917 129

Bulletin 196, June, 1917 119

Bulletin 197, September, 1917 136

Bulletin 198, November, 1917 770

Circular 37, February, 1918 864

Circular 38, February, 1918 874.899

Thirtieth Annual Report, 1917 875,882,899

Alabama Tuskegee Station :

Bulletin 35, December, 1917 567

Arizona Station :

Bulletin 79, December, 1916 23

Bulletin 80, December, 1916 28

Arkansas Station :

Bulletin 135, August, 1917 11

Bulletin 136, August, 1917 81

Bulletin 137, November, 1917 436

Circular 30 437

Circular 31 441

California Station :

Bulletin 282, August, 1917 174

Bulletin 283, September, 1917 157

Bulletin 284, September, 1917 184

Bulletin 285, September, 1917 177

Bulletin 286, September, 1917 425

Bulletin 287, October, 1917 414

Bulletin 288, November, 1917 520

Bulletin 289, December, 1917 617

Bulletin 290. January, 1918 757

Bulletin 291, January, 1918 747

Circular 158 (revised), July, 1917 208

Circular 167. August, 1917 - 168

Circular 168. September, 1917 140

Circular 169, September, 1917 134

Circular 170, September, 1917 119

Circular 171, September, 1917 144

Circular 172. September, 1917 140

Circular 173, September, 1917 190

Circular 174, September, 1917 288

Circular 175, October, 1917 278

Circular 176, October, 1917 287

Circular 177, October, 1917 237

Circular 178, October, 1917 246

Circular 179, October. 1917 880

Circular 180, October. 1917 : 434

Circular 181, November, 1917 456

Circular 182, November, 1917 441

Circular 183, November, 1917 486

Circular 184, November, 1917 575

Circular 185, November, 1917 660

Circular 186, November, 1917 678

19181 CONTENTS. V

Oaxjfoenia Station — Oontinwed. Page.

Circular 187. December, 1917 665

Circular 1S8, December, 1917 693

Circular 189, January, 1918 735

Circular 190, January, 1918 792

Circular 191, January. 1918 747

Circular 192. February, 1918 i 740

Circular 193, March, 1918 894

Annual Report, 1917 197

The Farm Labor Situation in California, R. L. Adams, 1917 89

CoLOBADo Station :

Bulletin 180, pts. 1-3, 1911 288

Bulletin 230, July, 1917 386

Bulletin 231, October, 1917 324

Bulletin 235, Augrust, 1917 323

*Seed Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 1, September, 1917 140

Connecticut State Station :

Bulletin 196, November, 1917 662

Bulletin 197, November, 1917 663

Bulletin 198, November, 1917 625

Bulletin 199 843

Annual Report, 1916, pt. 5 231,235,237,241,242

Annual Report, 1916, pt. 6 239,246,247,297

Connecticut Stores Station :

Biennial Report. 1914-15 416,497

Delaware Station :

Bulletin 118, January, 1918 777

Florida Station :

Bulletin 139, June, 1917 48

Bulletin 140, August, 1917 151

Bulletin 141, November, 1917 575

Bulletin 142, January, 1918 877

Bulletin 143, February, 1918 876

Hawaii Station :

Bulletin 44, July, 1917 43

Press Bulletin 52, February, 1917 231

Annual Report, 1917 826, 827, 828, 841, 848. 899

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station :

Index Eut. Ser. Bulletins 6-13, August, 1917 497

Idaho Station :

Bulletin 99, May, 1917 242

Bulletin 100, June, 1917 231

Bulletin 101, July, 1917 735

Bulletin 102, November, 1917 777

Illinois Station :

Bulletin 200, abstract, May, 1917 675

Bulletin 203, August, 1917 245

Bulletin 204, February, 1918 ^___ 878

Circular 204, August, 1917 278

Olrc\ilar 205, October, 1917 479

VI EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. tVol. 38

Illinois Station — ContinuetL Page.

Circular 206, November, 1917__ 567

Circular 207, November, 1917 589

Circular 20S, December, 1917 624

Circular 209, January, 1918 643

Circular 210, February, 1918 893

Circular 211, January, 1918 834

Soil Report 17, August, 1917 718

Indiana Station :

Bulletin 200, July, 1917 246

Bulletin 201, August, 1917_ 246

Bulletin 202, August, 1917 670

Bulletin 203, August, 1917 375

Bulletin 204, August, 1917 688

Bulletin 205, September, 1917 641

Bulletin 206, September, 1917 -873

Bulletin 207, August, 1917 ,___ 844

Bulletin 208, September, 1917 880

Circular 63, July, 1917 281

Circular 64, July, 1917 . 54

Circular 65, August, 1917 246

Circular 66, August, 1917 219

Circular 67, August, 1917 245

Circular 68, August, 1917 241

Circular 69, September, 1917 246

Circular 70, September, 1917 251

Circular 71, September, 1917 250

Iowa Station:

Bulletin 172, July, 1917 81

Bulletin 173, October, 1917 560

Bulletin 174, December, 1917 868

Research Bulletin 39, February, 1916 118

Research Bulletin 40. March, 1917 111

Research Bulletin 41, June, 1917 112

Circular 38, October, 1916 , 78

Circular 39, August, 1917 33

Circular 40, November, 1917 571

Circular 41, December, 1917 532

Circular 42, January, 1918 878

Soil Survey Report 1 (Abs.), March, 1917 18

Kantsas Station :

Technical Bulletin 3, August, 1917 875

Technical Bulletin 4, November, 1917 889

Circular 61, July, 1917 190

Circular 62, November, 1917 576

Annual Report, 1916 630, 653, 663, 665, 666, 669, 675, 676, 686, 697

Kentucky Station :

Bulletin 205, December, 1916 124

Bulletin 206, March, 1917 578

Bulletin 207, June, 1917 383

Bulletin 208, July, 1917 384

Bulletin 209, October, 1917 567

Bulletin 210. October, 1917 693

1918J CONTENTS. VH

Kentucky Station — Continued. Page.

Bulletin 211, December, 1917 781

Circular 15, June, 1917 258

Circular 16, July, 1917 249

Circular 17, August, 1917 264

Circular 18, September, 1917 273

Circular 19. October, 1917 208

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915, pt. 1 618,680,684,690,694,697

Biennial Report Food and Drug Dept., 1916-17 867

Maine Station :

Bulletin 261, June, 1917 175

Bulletin 262, July, 1917 176

Bulletin 263, August, 1917 362

Bulletin 264, September, 1917 466

Official Inspection 83, July, 1917 166

Official Inspection 84, October, 1917 772

Maryland Station :

Thirtieth Annual Report, 1917 697

Massachusetts Station :

Bulletin 173, May, 1917 177

Bulletin 174, November, 1917 571

Bulletin 175, May. 1917 '___ &49

Bulletin 176, October, 1917 624

Bulletin 177, October, 1917 654

Meteorological Bulletins 345-346, September-October, 1917 210

Meteorological Bulletins 347-348, November-December. 1917 618

Meteorological Bulletins 349-350, January-February, 1918 812

Control Series Bulletin 7, October, 1917 665

Control Series Bulletin 8, December, 1917 626

Twenty-ninth Annual Report, 1916, pts. 1 and 2 218,

231, 249, 256, 281, 287, 298

Guide to Plats, June, 1916 796

Michigan Station :

Bulletin 279, September, 1917 368

Special Bulletin 81. June, 1917 150

Technical Bulletin 31, November, 1916 16

Technical Bulletin 34, July, 1917 659

Circular 34, August, 1917 38

Minnesota Station :

Bulletin 166, March. 1917 178

Bulletin 167, June, 1917 190

Bulletin 168, June. 1917 146

Bulletin 169, October, 1917 845

Bulletin 170, October, 1917 825

Bulletin 171, October, 1917 895

Report Grand Rapids Substation, ]916 120.1.31,142,144,176,197

Mississippi Station :

Bulletin 179, August, 1917 342

BuUetin 181, August, 1917 371

Vin EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

MissouKi Station : Page.

Bulletin 148, July, 1917 217

Bulletin 149, August, 1917 272

Bulletin 150, August, 1917 272

Bulletin 151 (Annual Report, 1917), September, 1917 612,

619, 632, 636, 639, 644, 645, 653, 674, 676, 681, 682, 684, 693, 697

Montana Station :

Circular 59, December, 1916 190

Circular 60, January, 1917 186

Circular 61, February. 1917 183

Circular 62, February, 1917 136

Circular 63, February, 1917 169

Circular 64, February, 1917 184

Circular 65, February, 1917 169

Circular 66, February, 1917 188

Circular 67, February, 1917 135

Circular 68, July, 1917 538

Circular 69, August, 1917 275

Circular 70, August, 1917 -l 249

Twenty-third Annual Report, 1916 318,333,344,369,373,377,398

Nebbaska Station:

Bulletin 100. November, 1917 740

Research Bulletin 11, December, 1917 732

Thirtieth Annual Report, 1916 228,271,278,298

Nevada Station :

Bulletin 89, October, 1917 636

New Hampshire Station :

Bulletin 181, March, 1917 34

Bulletin 183, June, 1917 54

Bulletin 184, August 1917 368

Bulletin 185. August, 1917 328

Technical Bulletin 12, July, 1917 345

Scientific Contribution 10, August, 1917 255

Circular 18, June, 1917 43

New Jersey Stations :

Bulletin 308, October, 1916 660

Bulletin 309, September, 1916 214

Circular 80, May, 1917 50

Circular 81, May, 1917 _ 50

Circular 82, June, 1917 43

Circular 83, May, 1917 43

Circular 84, June, 1917 , 48

Circular 85, July, 1917 33

Circular 86, August, 1917 41

Circular 87, August, 1917 33

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6, No. 1. October, 1917 173

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6, No. 2, November, 1917 373

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6, No. 3, December, 1917 476

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6, No. 4. January, 1918 677

Hints to Poulti-ymen, vol. 6, No. 5, February, 1918 876

1918] CONTENTS. IX

New Mexico Station : Page.

Bulletin 108, August, 1917 872

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1917 633,

640, 646, 563, 669, 672, 675, 678, 681, 690, 698

New York Cornell Station :

Bulletin 390, May, 1917 151

Bulletin 391, May, 1917 . 461

Bulletin 392, July, 1917 750

Bulletin 393, July, 1917 745

Bulletin 394, November, 1917 721

Bulletin 395, November, 1917 853

Memoir 11, June, 1917 462

New Yobk State Station :

Bulletin 434, May, 1917 - 67

Bulletin 435, May, 1917 41

Bulletin 436, June, 1917 835

Bulletin 436 (Popular ed.), July, 1917 836

Bulletin 437, July, 1917 450

Bulletin 437 (Popular ed.), July, 1917 451

Thirty-fourth Annual Report, 1915 13,95

Thirty-fifth Annual Report, 1916, pt. 2 (The Peaches of New York)_ 42
North Carolina Station :

Bulletin 238, August, 1917 37

Technical Bulletin 14, October, 1917 385

Farmers' Market Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 17, September, 1917 494

Farmers' Market Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 18, November, 1917 494

Farmers' Market Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 19, December, 1917 494

Farmers' Market Bulletin, vol. 5, No. 20, January, 1918 895

North Dakota Station :

Bulletin 123, October, 1917 663

Bulletin 124, October, 1917 621

Bulletin 125. October, 1917 689

Special Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 15, August-September [1917] 167

Special Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 16, Octo'oer, 1917 266

Special Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 17, November, 1917 663

Special Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 18, December, 1917 867

Circular 17, January, 1918 843

Ohio Station :

Bulletin 314, June, 1917 116

Bulletin 315 (Thirty-sixth Annual Report, 1917). June, 1917 197

Bulletin 316, September, 1917 473

Bulletin 317, November, 1917 462

Bulletin 318, November, 1917 518

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 9, September, 1917 142, 143, 176. 197

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 10, October, 1917 219, 252, 274, 277, 298

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 11, November, 1917__ 326, 344, 348, 353, 376, 398
Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 12, December, 1917__ 622, 625, 654, 681, 683, 698

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 1, January, 1918 723,

739, 749, 762, 774, 779, 796
Monthly Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 2, February, 1918— 840, 843, 847, 853, 857, 899
Oklahoma Station:

Bulletin 116, July, 1917 359

Bulletin 117, October, 1917 410

X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Pennsylvania Station : Page.

Bulletin 147, July, 1917 219, 220, 229, 241, 244, 248, 270, 277, 298

Bulletin 148, Auirust. 1917 239

Annual Report, 1915 13, 19,

20, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42. 44, 50. 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 95

PoETO Rico Station :

Bulletin 23, February, 1918 762

Bulletin 24, February, 1918 747

Circular 16, February, 1918 865

Report 1916 728, 748, 749, 757, 761, 796

PoBTo Rico Depaetment Agriculture Station :

Bulletin 17, 1917 454

Circulars (Spanish ed.), 1917 136

Circular 10, 1917 51

Circular 10 (Spanish ed.), 1917 51

Circular 11 (Spanish ed.), 1917 150

Circular 12, 1918 8^3

Circular 12 (Spanish ed.), 1918 863

Circular 13, 1918 1 L 844

Rhode Island Station :

Bulletin 172, November, 1917 S89

Inspection Bulletin, October, 1917 521

Twenty-ninth Annual Report, 1916 398

South Carolina Station :

Bulletin 191, August, 1917 533

Bulletin 192, August, 1917 517

BulleUn 193, December, 1917 ^ 816

Bulletin 194, September, 1917 521

Circular 29, July, 1917 150

Thirtieth Annual Report, 1917 680, 683, 698

SoxTTH Dakota Station :

Bulletin 173, February, 1917 341

Bulletin 174, March, 1917 341

Bulletin 175, April, 1917 374

Tennessee Station :

Bulletin 118, April, 1917 212

Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 318,329,369.398

Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 318,334,357,398

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915 319,346,350,357,398

Texas Station :

Bulletin 211, October, 1917 852

Bulletin 212, January, 1917 325

Bulletin 213, January, 1917 324

Bulletin 214, April, 1917 31, 40

Bulletin 215, May, 1917 334

Bulletin 216, September, 1917 369

Bulletin 217, September, 1917__1 328

Bulletin 218, September, 1917 829

BuUetin 219, September, 1917 830, 842

lOlS] CONTENTS. XI

Utah Station: Page.

Bulletin 155, June, 1917 3G0

Bulletin 158, July, 1917 319

Bulletin 359, July, 1917 320

Bulletin 160, September, 1917 391

Circular 26. October. 1917 345

Vekmont Station :

Bulletin 202, March, 1917 476, 478

Bulletin 203, March, 1917 414, 420, 442, 443, 444, 453, 468

Bulletin 204, May, 1917 434, 470

Bulletin 205, June, 1917 441

Bulletin 206, June, 1917 423, 425

Bulletin 207, June, 1917 423

Bulletin 208, July, 1917 497

Bulletin 209, September, 1917 478

Vebginia Station :

Bulletin 215, August, 1917 271

Bulletin 216, September, 1917 240

Bulletin 217, December, 1917 835

Virginia Truck Station :

Bulletin 23, April, 1917 54

Washington Station :

Bulletin 146, June, 1917 226

Index to General Bulletins 1-25, April, 1917 497

Popular Bulletin 112, November, 1917 365

Western Washington Station Monthly Bulletin, vol. 5 —

No. 6, September, 1917 95

No. 7, October, 1917 298

No; 8, November, 1917 298

N. 9, December, 1917 486, 497

No. 10, January, 1918 637, 643, 678, 698

No. 11, February, 1918 796

West Virginia Station :

Bulletin 165, September, 1917 549

Bulletin 166, September, 1917 577

Circular 27, November, 1917 577

Wisconsin Station :

Bulletin 282, May, 1917 — 293

Bulletin 283, September, 1917 275

Bulletin 284, November, 1917 591

Bulletin 285, December, 1917 683

Research Bulletin 42, August, 1917 451

Wyoming Station :

Bulletin 114, July, 1917 168

Bulletin 115, August, 1917 134

Bulletin 116, November, 1917 527

Bulletin 117, December, 1917 666

Xn EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 38

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS

ABSTRACTED.

Journal of Agricultural Research :

Volume 10 — Page.

No. 9, August 27, 1917 47

No. 10, Septembers, 1917 .53,55,71

No. 11, September 10, 1917 18

No. 12, September 17, 1917 22,47.49,68,71

Volume 11 —

No. 1, October 1, 1917 145.147

No. 2, October 8, 1917 211,252

No. 3, October 15, 1917 206,260,284

No. 4, October 22. 1917 210, 221, 226, 232

No. 5, October 29, 1917 222

No. 6, November .5, 1917 35.5,387

No. 7, November 12, 1917 330.35.3,388

No. 8, November 19, 1917 326,363,371,385

No. 9, November 26, 1917 429,4.57,479

No. 10, December 3, 1917 449,4.54,469,490

No. 11, December 10, 1917 417,44.5,449,472

No. 12, December 17, 1917 511, 548, .578

No. 18, December 24, 1917 623,638,685

Volume 12—

No. 1, January 7, 1918 613,620,637

No. 2, January 14, 1918 652,6.59,685

No. 3, January 21, 1918 720,753

No. 4, January 28, 1918 724,791

No. 5, February 4, 1918 738,743,767

No. 6, February 11, 1918 812,813

No. 7, February 18, 1918 8.52,860.883

No. 8, February 25, 1918 814. 818, 863

No. 9, March 4, 1918 802, 851, 858, 864, 874, 876

Bulletin 417, The Genus Calosoma, A. F. Burgess and C. W. Collins 61

Bulletin 466, Maple Sugar : Composition, Methods of Analysis, Effect of

Environment, A. H. Bryaik, et al 8

Bulletin 536. The Mediterranean Fruit ily in Hawaii, E. A. Back and

C. E. Pemberton 658

Bulletin 541, Cooperative Organization By-laws, C. B. Bassett and O. B.

Jesness 895

Bulletin 544, The Red Spruce : Its Growth and Management, L. S. Murphy_ 146

Bulletin 554, The Cranberry Girdler, H. B. Scammell 59

Bulletin .5.55, Standard Forms for Specifications, Tests, Reports, and

Methods of Sampling for Road Materials 87

Bulletin 562, The Control of Tobacco Wilt in the Flue-cured District, W.

W. Garner, F. A. Wolf, and E. G. Moss 49

Bulletin 563, The Determination of Bacteria in Ice Cream, S. H. Ayers

and W. T. Johnson, jr 75

Bulletin 564, Collection of Weevils and Infested Squares as a Means of
Control of the Cotton Boll Weevil in the Mississippi Delta, B. R.

Coad and T. F. McGehee 62

Bulletin 566, The European Earwig and Its Control, D. W. Jone.s 56

Bulletin 567, Increased Yield of Turpentine and Rosin from Double

Caiipping, A. W. Schorger and R. L. Pettigrew 46

♦

1918] CONTENTS. XHT

Page.
Bulletin 568, The Presence of Arsenic in Hops, W, W. Stockberger and

W. D. Collins 9

Bulletin 569, The Sanitary Control of Tomato-canning Factories, B. J.

Howard and C. H. Stephenson 13

Bulletin 570, The By-products of Rice Milling, J. B. Reed and F. W.
Liepsner 67

Bulletin 571, The Pecan Leaf Case-bearer, J. B. Gill 656

Bulletin 572, The Recovery of Potash as a By-product in the Cement In-
dustry, W. H. Ross, A. R. Merz, and C. R. Wagner , 123

Bulletin 573, The Sheep Industry on the Minidoka Reclamation Project.
E. F. Rinehart 168

Bulletin 574, The Conversion of the Weights of Mechancial Separations

of Corn, Wheat, and Other Grains into Percentages, E. G. Boerner 140

Bulletin 576, The Manufacture of Cottage Cheese in Creameries and Milk

Plants, A. O. Dahlberg 178

Bulletin 577, Experiments in the Control of Potato Leak, L. A. Hawkins. 149

Bulletin 578, A Study of Haymaking Crews and Labor Costs, H. B.

McClure 793

Bulletin 579, Celery Storage Experiments, H. C. Thompson 142

Bulletin 580, Effects of Grazing upon Western Yellow-pine Reproduction

in the National Forests of Arizona and Nejv Mexico, R. R. Hill 447

Bulletin 581, Microscopical Studies on Tomato Products, B. J. Howard
and C. H. Stephenson 166

Bulletin 582, Farm Management and Farm Profits on Irrigated Land
in the Provo Ai-ea (Utah Lake Valley), L. G. Connor 493

Bulletin 583, Report on Experimental Convict Road Camp, Fulton

County, Ga.. H. S. Fairbank, R. H. Eastham, and W. F. Draper 789

Bulletin 584, The Control of Hog Cholera, with a Discussion of the Re-
sults of Field Experiments, A. D. Melvin and M. Dorset 183

Bulletin 585, A Guide for Formulating a Milk Ordinance 177

Bulletin 586, Progress Reports of Experiments in Dust Prevention and
Road Preservation, 1916 790

Bulletin 587, The Handling and Storage of Apples in the Pacific North-
west, H. J. Ramsey et al 143

Bulletin 588, Increased Cattle Production on Southwestern Ranges, J. T.
Jardine and L. C. Hurtt 470

Bulletin 589, The 28-hour Law Regulating the Interstate Transporta-
tion of Live Stock: Its Purpose, Requirements, and Enforcement. H.
Coding and A. J. Raub 470

Bulletin 590, A System of Accounting for Fruit Shipping Organizations,
G. A, NahstoU and J. R. Humphrey 793

Bulletin 591, Manufacturing Tests of the Official Cotton Standards for
Grade, W. S. Dean and F. Taylor 434

Bulletin 592, Courses in Secondary Agriculture for Southern Schools

(Third and Fourth Years), H. P. Barrows 496

Bulletin 593, Judging Sheep as a Subject of Instruction in Secondary

SchooLs, H. P. Barrows 496

Bulletin 594, Geogi-aphy of Wheat Prices, L. B. Zapoleon 742

Bulletin 595, Winter Wheat in the Great Plains Area, E. C. Chilcott,

J. S. Cole, and J. B. Kuska 440

Bulletin 596, Feeding Dried Pressed Potatoes to Swine, F. G. Ashbrook

and R. E. Gongwer 473

Bulletin 598, Orchard Injury by the Hickory Tiger Moth, D, Isely 464

XIV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Page.

Bulletin 599, The Striped Peacli Worm, H. G. Ingerson 861

Bulletin 600, The Relation of Some of the Rarer Elements In Soils and

Plants, W. O. Robinson, L. A. Steinkoenig, and C. F. Miller 409

Btilletin GOl, The Handling and Precooling of Florida Lettuce and Celery,

H. J. Ramsey and E. L. Markell 444

Bulletin 602, Value of a Small Plat of Ground to the Laboring Man,

W. C. Funk - '792

Bulletin 603, A Study of Share-rented Dairy Farms in Green County,

Wis., and Kane County, 111.. E. A. Boeger 877

Bulletin 604, Incense Cedar, J. A. Mitchell 751

Bulletin 605, Lumber Used in the Manufacture of Wooden Products,

J. C. Nellis ■■ 751

Bulletin 606, Relative Resistance of Various Hardwoods to Injection with

Cret)sote, C. H. Teesdale and J. D. MacLean 892

Bulletin 608, Varieties of Cheese: Descriptions and Analyses, C. F.

Doane and H. W. Lawson 781

Bulletin 609, The Sweet-potato Leaf-folder, T. H. Jones 465

Bulletin 610, Fish Meal as a Feed for Swine, F. G. Ashbrook 472

Bulletin 611, Walnut Blight in the Eastern United States, S. M. Mc-

Bulletin 612, The Digestibility of»the Dasheen, C. F. Langworthy and

A. D. Holmes 468

Bulletin 614, Cost of Producing Apples in Yakima Valley, Wash., G. H.

Miller and S. M. Thomson 844

Bulletin 615, The Economical Winter Feeding of Beef Cows in the Corn

Belt, J. S. Cotton and E. H. Thompson 471

Bulletin 616, The Citrus Thrips, J. R. Horton 76.3

Bulletin 618, Experiments with Durum Wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Clark_ 838
Bulletin 619, Food Habits of The Swallows, A Family of Valuable Native

Birds, F. E. L. Beal 856

Bulletin 620. Effect of Varying Certain Cooking Conditions in the Produc-
tion of Sulphite Pulp from Spruce, S. E. Lunak 809

Bulletin 621, The Crow and Its Relation to Man, E. R. Kalmbach 856

Bulletin 622, The Identification of Varieties of Barley, H. V. Harlan 833

Bulletin 625, Cropping Systems for the Moister Portion of Eastern Wash-
ington and Oregon and Northern Idaho, L. W. Fluharty 824

Bulletin 627, Cost of Harvesting Wheat by Different Methods, A. P.

Yerkes and L. M. Church 839

Bulletin 628, Wintering and Fattening Beef Cattle in North Carolina,

W. F. Ward, R. S. Curtis, and F. T. Peden 870

Bulletin 629, Greenhouse Experiments on the Rust Resistance of Oat

Varieties, .T. H. Parker 849

Bulletin 630, Studies on the Digestibility of Some Nut Oils, A. D. Holmes_ 867
Bulletin 632, The Utilization of Waste Tomato Seeds and Skins, F. Rabak_ 807
Bulletin 633, Factors of Successful Farming near Monett, Mc, W. J.

Spillman 894

Report 115, The Distribution of Softwood Lumber in the Middle West:

Wholesale Distribution, O. M. Butler 847

Report 116, The Distribution of Softwood Lumber in the Middle West :

Retail Distribution, O. M. Butler 847

Report 117, The Substitution of Other Materials for Wood, R. Thelen 248

Farmers' Bulletin 826, Eradicating Tall Larkspur on Cattle Ranges in
the National Forests, A. E. Aldous 82

19181 CONTENTS. XV

Face.

Farmers' Bulletin 828, Farm Reservoirs, S. Fortier 84

Farmers' Bulletin 829, Asparagus, H. C. Thompson 41

Farmers' Bulletin 830, Marketing Eggs by Parcel Post, L. B. Flohr 72

Farmers' Bulletin 831, The Red Spider on Cotton and How to Control It,

E. A. McGregor L 63

Farmers' Bulletin 832, Trapping Moles and Utilizing Their Skins, T. H.

Scheffer 53

Farmers' Bulletin 833, Methods of Controlling or Eradicating the Wild

Oat in the Hard Spring-wheat Area, PI. R. Cates 38

Farmers' Bulletin 834. Hog Cholera : Prevention and Treatment, M. Dor-
set and O. B. Hess 82

Farmers' Bulletin 835, How to Detect Outbreaks of Insects and Save the

Grain Crops, \V. R. Walton 54

Farmers' Bulletin 836, Sweet Clover : Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed
Crop, H. S. Coe 35

Farmers' Bulletin 837, The Asparagus Beetles and Their Control, F. H.

Chittenden 61

Farmers' Bulletin 838, Harvesting Hay with the Sweep-rake, A. P, Yerkes

and H. B. McClure 88

Farmers' Bulletin 839, Home Canning by the One-period Cold-pack

Method, O. H. Benson 12

Farmers' Bulletin 840, Farm Sheep Raising for Beginners, F. R. Mar-
shall and R. B. Millin 69

Farmers' Bulletin 841, Dr3ang Fruits and Vegetables in the Home 12

Farmers' Bulletin 842, Modern Methods of Protection Against Lightning,

R. N. Covert 15

Farmers' Bulletin 843, Important Pecan Insects and Their Control,
J. B. Gill 157

Farmers' Bulletin 844, How to Attract Birds in the Middle Atlantic States,
W. L. McAtee 53

Farmers' Bulletin 845, The Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth and
Their Control, A. F. Burgess 58

Farmers' Bulletin 846, The Tobacco Beetle and How to Prevent Damage
by It, G. A. Runner 61

Farmers' Bulletin 847, Potato Storage and Storage Houses, W. Stuart-- 89

Farmers' Bulletin 848, The Boll-weevil Problem, W. D. Hunter 62

Farmers' Bulletin 849, Capons and Caponizing, R. R. Slocum 476

Farmers' Bulletin 850, How to Make Cottage Cheese on the Farm, K. J.

Matheson and F. R. Cammack 78

Farmers' Bulletin 851, The House Fly, L. O. Howard and R. H. Hutchi-
son 60

Farmers' Bulletin 852, Management of Common Storage Houses for Apples

in the Pacific Northwest, H. J. Ramsey and S. J. Dennis 88

Farmers' Bulletin 853, Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, Mary
E. Creswell and Ola Powell 12

Farmers' Bulletin 854, Strawberry Culture in Tennessee, Kentucky, and
West Virginia, G. M. Darrow 143

Farmers' Bulletin 855, Homemade Silos, H. Rabild and K. E. Parks 190

Farmers' Bulletin 856, Control of Diseases and Insect Enemies of the
Home Vegetable Garden, W. A. Orton and F. H. Chittenden 241

Farmers' Bulletin 857, Screw Worms and Other Maggots Affecting Ani-
mals, F. C. Bishopp, J. D. Mitchell, and D. C. Parman 160

Farmers' Bulletin 858, The Guinea Fowl, A. S. Weiant 174

XVI EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

Page.

Farmers' Bulletin 859, Home Uses for Muscadine Grapes, C. Bearing 114

Farmers' Bulletin 860, Cranberry Insect Problems and Suggestions for

Solving Th(Mn H. B. Scammell 460

Farmers' Bulletin 861, Removal of Stains from Clothing and Other Tex-
tiles, H. L. Lang and Anna H. Whitielsey 114

Farmers' Bulletin 862, The Common Mealy Bug and Its Control in Califor-
nia, R. S. Woglum and J. D. Neuls 158

Farmers' Bulletin 863, Irrigation of Grain, W. W. McLaughlin 186

Farmers' Bulletin 864, Practical Information for Beginners in Irriga-
tion, S. Fortier i86

Farmers' Bulletin 865, Irrigation of Alfalfa, S. Fortier 434

Farmers' Bulletin 866, The Use of Windmills in Irrigation in the Semi-
arid West, P. E. Fuller 186

Farmers' Bulletin 867, Tobacco Hornworm Insecticide, A. C. Morgan 159

Farmers' Bulletin 868, How to Increase the Potato Crop by Spraying,

F. H. Chittenden and W. A. OrtonJ 135

Farmers' Bulletin 869, The Muskrat as a Fur Bearer, D. E. Lantz 154

Farmers' Bulletin 870, The Community Fair, J. S. Moran 392

Farmers' Bulletin 871, Fresh Fruits and Vegetables as Conservers of

Other Staple Foods, Caroline L. Hunt 166

Farmers' Bulletin 872, The BoUworm or Corn Earworm, F. C. Bishopp— 261
Farmers' Bulletin 873, Utilization of Farm Wastes in Feeding Live Stock,

S. H. Ray 168

Farmers' Bulletin 874, Swine Management, G. M. Rommel and F. G.

Ashbrook 169

Farmers' Bulletin 875, The Rough-headed Cornstalk Beetle in the South-
ern States and Its Control, W. J. Phillips and H. Fox 263

Farmers' Bulletin 876, Making Butter on the Farm, W. White 480

Farmers' Bulletin 877, Human Food from an Acre of Staple Farm

Products, M. O. Cooper and W. J. Spillman 292

Farmers' Bulletin 878, Grains for Western North and South Dakota,

F. R. Babcock, J. H. Martin, afid R. W. Smith 230

Farmers' Bulletin 879, Home Storage of Vegetables, J. H. Beattie 241

Farmers' Bulletin 880, Fumigation of Ornamental Greenhouse Plants

with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, E. R. Sasscer and A. D. Borden 258

Farmers' Bulletin 881, Preservation of Vegetables by Fermentation and

Salting, L. A. Round and H. L. Lang 266

Farmers' Bulletin 882, Irrigation of Orchards, S. Fortier 242

Farmers' Bulletin 883, Grains for the Utah Dry Lands, J. W. Jones and

A. F. Bracken 230

Farmers' Bulletin 884, Saving Vegetable Seeds for the Home and Market

Garden, W. W. Tracy, sr 241

Farmers' Bulletin 885, Wheat Growing in the Southeastern States, C. E.

Leighty 240

Farmers' Bulletin 886, Harvesting Soy Bean Seed, W. J. Morse 237

Farmers' Bulletin 887, Raspberry Culture, G. M. Darrow 347

Farmers' Bulletin 888, Advice to Forest Plantei*s in the Plains Region,

S. D. Smith 348

Farmers' Bulletin 889, Back-yard Poultry Keeping, R. R. Slocum 374

Farmers' Bulletin 890. How Insects Affect the Cotton Plant and Means of

Combating Them, W. D. Pierce 357

Farmers' Bulletin 891, The Corn Root-aphis and Methods of Control-
ling It, J. J. Davis 764

1918] CONTENTS. XVH

Page.

Farmers' Bulletin 892, Spring Oat Production, C. W. Warburton 340

Farmers' Bulletin 893, Breeds of Dairy Cattle, H. P. Davis 376

Farmers' Bulletin 894, Rye Growing in the Southeastern States, C. E.

Leighty 341

Farmers' Bulletin 895, Growing Winter Wheat on the Great Plains, E.

C. Chilcott and J. S. Cole 342

Farmers' Bulletin 896, House Rats and Mice, D. E. Lantz 356

Farmers' Bulletin 897, Fleas and Their Control, F. C. Bishopp 363

Farmers' Bulletin 898, Standard Varieties of Chickens. — II, The Mediter-
ranean and Continental Classes, R. R. Slocum 373

Farmers' Bulletin 899, Surface Irrigation for Eastern Farms, F. W.

Stanley 788

Farmers' Bulletin 900, Homemade Fruit Butters C. P. Close 317

Farmers' Bulletin 901, Everbearing Strawberries, G. M. Darrow 346

Farmers' Bulletin 902, The Silverfish or "Slicker," E. A. Back 364

Farmers' Bulletin 903. Commercial Evaporation and Drying of Fruits, J.

H. Beattie and H. P. Gould 316

Farmers' Bulletin 904, Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting on the Farm,

H. R. Tolley and A. P. Yerkes 492

Farmers' Bulletin 906, The Self-feeder for Hogs, F. G. Ashbrook and R.

E. Gongwer 475

Farmers' Bulletin 907, Bean Growing in Eastern Washington and Oregon

and Northern Idaho, L. W. Fluharty 434

Farmers' Bulletin 908, Information for Fruit Growers about Insecticides,

Spraying Apparatus, and Important Insect Pests, A. L. Quaintance and

E. H. Siegler 843

Farmers' Bulletin 909, Cattle Lice and How to Eradicate Them, M. Imes_ 764
Farmers' Bulletin 910, Game Laws for 1917, G. A. Lawyer, W. F. Ban-
croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 456

Farmers' Bulletin 911, Laws Relating to Fur-bearing Animals, 1917, D. E.

Lantz 456

Farmers' Bulletin 912. How to Attract Birds in the East Central States,

W. L. McAtee 556

Farmers' Bulletin 913, Killing Hogs and Curing Pork, F. G. Ashbrook

and G. A, Anthony 476

Farmers' Bulletin 914, Control of the Melon Aphis, F. H. Chittenden 764

Farmers' Bulletin 915, How to Reduce Weevil Waste in Southern Corn,

C. H. Kyle 768

Farmers' Bulletin 916, A Successful Community Drying Plant, C. W.

Pugsley 716

Farmers' Bulletin 917, Growing Peaches, H. P. Gould 844

Farmers' Bulletin 919, The Application of Dockage in the Marketing of

Wheat 840

Farmers' Bulletin 920, Milk Goats, E. L. Shaw 878

Farmers' Bulletin 921. The Principles of the Liming of Soils, E. C. Shorey 819
Farmers' Bulletin 922, Parcel-Post Business Methods, C. C. Hawbaker

and J. W. Lav/ 895

Farmers' Bulletin 924, A Simple Way to Increase Crop Yields, H. A.

Miller 816

Farmers' Bulletin 925, Cabbage Diseases, L. L. Harter and L. R. Jones 850

The Farm-labor Problem, D. F, Houston 593

82481°— 18 1

XVni EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, [Vol.38

Office of thf. Secretary : Page.

Circular 34 (2. rev.), Rules and Regulations for Carrying Out the

Provisions of the Insecticide Act of 1910 56

Circular 74, State Highway Mileage and Expenditures for the Calen-
dar Year 1916 86

Circular 75. Food Needs for 1918— Agricultural Program for the

Period Beginning with the Autumn of 1917 89

Circular 76, Rules and Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture

under the United States Standard Container Act of August 31, 1916_ 40
Circular 77, Experimental Roads in the Vicinity of Washington, D. C,

B. A. Anderton and J. T. Pauls 289

Circular 7S. Method of Sale of Nitrate of Soda to Farmers by the

United States Government 625

Circular 79. Emergency Fuel from the Farm Woodland, A. F. Hawes_ 248
Circular SO, Disposal of City Garbage by Feeding to Hogs, F. G. Ash-
brook and J. D. Bebout 274

Circular 81, Harvesting, Picking. Thrashing, and Storing Peanuts,

H. C. Thompson 2S5

Circular 82, Rules and Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture

under the Food Products Inspection Law of August 10, 1917 366

Circular 83. S%vine-.1udging Suggestions for Pig-club Members, J. D.

McVean and F. G. Ashbrook 398

Circular 84, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. I, Hogs 672

Circular 85, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. II, Dairying.. 777

Circular 86, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. Ill, Sugar 836

Circular 87, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. IV, Honey 865

Circular 88, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. V, Cotton 834

Circular 89, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. VI, Rice 836

Circular 90, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.- Pt. VII, Wheat___ 837

Circular 91, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. VIII, Corn 833

Circular 92, The Agi'icultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. IX, Potatoes.. 834

Circular 93, The Agricultural Situation for 1918.— Pt. X, Wool 874

Circular 94, Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the
United States Warehouse Act of August 11, 1916. — Regulations for

Cotton Warehouses, D. F. Houston 895

Circular 95, Errors in the Weight of Print Butter, H. Ruukel and

H. M. Roeser 882

Circular 96, Sugar Supply of the Uuited States : Its Extent and Dis-
tribution on August 31, 1917 866

Circular 97, The Supply of Lard in the United States : Its Elxtent and

Distribution on August 31, 1917 866

Circular 98, The Supply of Canned Salmon in the United States : Its

Extent and Distribution on August 31, 1917 866

Circular 99, Commercial Stocks of Miscellaneous Cereal and Vege-
table Foodstuffs in the United States on August 31, 1917 866

Circular 100, Commercial Stocks of Wheat and Flour in the United

States on August 31. 1917 867

Circular 101, Commercial Stocks of Miscellaneous Animal Food Prod-
ucts in the United States on August 31, 1917 865

Circular 102. I^lovable Hog Houses, J. D. McVean and R. E. Hutton.. 894

Circular 103, Agricultural Production for 1918 896

Circular 104, Commercial Stocks of Fertilizer and Fertilizer Mate-
rials in the United States as Reported for October 1, 1917 820

1918] CONTENTS. XIX

Office of the Seceetaby — Continued. Page.
Circular 105, Metiiod of Sale of War Emergency Seed Corn to Farm-
ers in Certain States by the United States Department of Agri-
culture ^ 834

A Manual of Dangerous Insects, edited by W. D. Pierce 154

Geography of the World's Agriculture, V. C. Finch and O. E. Baker__ 895
BuBEAU OF Animal Industky :

Milk-plant Letter 43, Utilizing Exhaust Steam for Heating Water

and for Pasteurizing 390

White Snakeroot or Richweed {Eupatorium urticwfoUum) as a

Stock-poisoning Plant, C. D. Marsh and A. B. Clawson 883

Bureau of Biological Sltivey :

North American Fauna 41, Review of the Grizzly and Big Brown
Bears of North America (Genus Ursus), with Description of a

New Genus, Vetularctos, C. H. Merriam 760

North American Fauna 42, Life Zone Investigations in Wyoming,

M. Cai-y 255

Bureau of Crop Estimates :

Monthly Crop Report, vol. 3 —

No. 9, September, 1917 91

No. 10, October, 1917 294

No. 11, November, 1917 393

No. 12, December, ,1917 596

Monthly Crop Report, vol. 4 —

No. 1, January, 1918 695

No. 2, February, 1918 793

Forest Service :

First-aid Manual for Field Parties, H. W. Barker 645

Guidebook for the Identification of Woods Used for Ties and Timbers,

A. Koehler 645

Instructions for Making Timber Surveys in the National Forests 349

Pulpwood Consumption and W«od Pulp Production, 1916, F. H.

Smith and R. K. Helpenstine. jr. 447

Bureau of Mario:ts :

Document 5, The Marketing of Canning Club Products, L. B. Flohr 90

Document 6, Distribution and Utilization of the Garden Surplus 90

Document 7, Potato Grades Recommended by the U. S. Department

of Agriculture and the U. S. Food Administi*ation . 34

Seed Reporter, vol. 1 —

No. 1, November, 1917 343

No. 2, December, 1917 441

No. 3, January, 1918 639

' No. 4, February, 1918 743

No. o, March, 1918 841

Bureau of Plant Industry :

Plant Disease Bulletin 1, August 15, 1917 351

Plant Disease Bulletin 3, September 15, 1917 351

Growing Bermuda Onion Seed in the Southwestern United States,

S. C. Mason 344

Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, October 1 to December 31,

1914 629

Work of Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, 1916, B. Aune 30, 44, 67

XX EXPERIMENT STATION BECOKD. [Vol.38

Bttkeatt of Plant Indtjstky — Continued. Page.

Work of Huntley Experiment Farm, 1916, D. Hansen. 118, 129, 142, 169, 175
Work of San Antonio Experiment Farm, 1916, C. R. Letteer___ 430, 444, 470
Work of Umatilla Experiment Farm, 1915 and 1916, R. W. Allen___ 418,

422, 431, 434, 443, 487, 497
BuBEAu OF Soils :

Field Operations, 1915 —

Soil Survey in Alabama, Washington County, L. A. Hurst et al__ 214
Soil Survey in California, Honey Lake Area, J. E. Guernsey

et al 214

Soil Survey in California, Pasadena Area, E. C. Eckmann and

C. J. Zinn 215

Soil Survey in California, Riverside Area, J. W. Nelson et al 421

Soil Survey in California, San Fernando Valley Area, L. C.

Holmes et al 621

Soil Survey in Iowa, Scott Co., E. H. Stevens, E. H. Smies, and

K. Espe 215

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Dawes Co., R. R. Burn et al 216

Soil Survey in North Carolina, Columbus Co., R. B. Hardison

et al 216

Soil Survey in North Dakota, Bottineau Co., W. B. Cobb et al— 422
Soil Survey in Oklahoma, Kay Co.. N. M. Kirk and R. C. Jurney_ 621
Soil Survey in Wisconsin, Portage Co., W. J. Geib, L. R.

Schoenmann, and L. P. Hanson , 216

Soil Survey in Wisconsin, South Part of North-central Area.

W. J. Geib et al 324

Soil Survey in Wisconsin, Wood Co., W. J. Geib et al 217

Field Operations, 1916 —

Soil Survey in Alabama, Pickens Co., A. M. O'Neal, jr., et al 512

Soil Survey in Arkansas, Craighead Co., E. B. Deeter and L. V.

Davis 513

Soil Survey in Arkansas, Hempstead Co., A. E. Taylor and

W. B. Cobb . 812

Soil Survey in Georgia, Crisp Co.. E. T. Maxon and D. D. Long_ 215
Soil Survey in Georgia, Meriwether Co., M. Baldwin and J. A.

Kerr _♦ 718

Soil Survey in Georgia, Richmond Co., T. M. Bushnell and J. M.

Snyder 718

Soil Survey in Indiana, Benton Co., G. B. Jones and J. B. Brill_ 215
Soil Survey in Maryland, Howard Co., W. T. Carter, jr., and

J. P. D. Hull 621

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Fillmore Co., A. H. Meyer, C. E.

Collett, and N. A. Bengtson 812

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Kimball Co., A. H. Meyer et al 719

Soil Survey in New York, Cortland Co., E. T. Maxon and G. L.

Fuller 216

Soil Survey in North Carolina. Harnett Co., R. C. Jurney and

S. O. Perkins 323

Soil Survey in North Carolina, Hertford Co., E. S. Vanatta and

F. N. McDowell 216

Soil Survey in Texas, San Saba Co., J. O. Veatch et al 422

1918] CONTENTS. XXI

States Relations Sebvtce: Pas«.
Syllabus 30, Illustrated Lecture on Cow-testing and Dairy Records,

D. Stuart 95

Report on Experiment Stations and Extension Work in the United

States, 1916 898

Federal Legislation, Regulations, and Rulings Affecting Agricultural

Colleges and Experiment Stations, revised to July 15, 1917 95

Weathee Bureau:

National Weather and Crop Bulletin 32, 1917 509

National Weather and Crop Bulletin 1, 1918 810

National Weather and Crop Bulletin 4, 1918 717

National Weather and Crop Bulletin 7, 1918 717

U. S. Monthly Weather Review, vol. 45—

Nos. 7-S, July-August, 1917 208,209

Nos. 9-10, Sef)tember-October, 1917 509, 510, 511

Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1917 811,812

Climatological Data, vol. 4 —

Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1917 13

Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1917 318

Nos. 9-30, September-October, 1917 618

Report, 1917 617

Daily River Stages, 1915, pt. 13 590

Daily River Stages, 1916, pt. 14 590

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS.*

Arnold, J. H., and NichoUs, W. D., Successful Farming in the Blue-grass

Region of Kentucky 693

Ashbrook, F. G., Value of Potatoes in Swine Feeding 535

Back, E. A., Florida and the Mediterranean Fruit Fly 262

Back, E. A., and Crossman, S. S., Miscible Oil v. Fish-oil Soap Sprays for

the Control of Florida Aleyrodids 58

Baker, A. C, Correct Name for Our Apple-grain Aphis 462

Baker, A. C, On the Chinese Gall (Aphididse) 764

Baker, F. S., Aspen as a Temporary Forest Type 847

Banks, N., Index to the Literature of American Economic Entomology 256

Beals, E. A., Forecasts of Weather Favorable to an Increase of Forest

Fires 317

Benson, O. H., Accomplishments of Boy.s' and Girls' Clubs in Food Pro-
duction and Conservation 795

Biesterfeld, C. H., and Evenson, O. L., Estimation of Fat in Condensed

Milk and Milk Powders 314

Borden, A. D., Chrysanthemum Midge 160

Brand, C. J., Bureau of Markets in Its Relation to the Conservation of

Bryan, Mary K., Marking Microscope Slides 732

Chapman, H. H., and Behre, C. E., Growth and Management of Pinon in

New Mexico 644

Clark, W. M., and Lubs, H. A., Colorimetric Determination of Hydrogen-
ion Concentration and Its Applications in Bacteriology 225

Cobb, N. A., Segmentation in Nematodes 254

1 Printed in scientiflc and teclinical publications outside the Department.

XXn EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD. [Vol. 38

Paca.

Cobb, N. A., The Mononchs (Mononchus Bastian 1866), a Genu? of Free-
living Predatory Nematodes 254

Cobb, N. A., Intra-vitam Color Reactions 357

Collins, G. N., Hybrids of Zea tunicata and Z. ramosa 525

Crumb, S. E., and Lyon, S. C, Effect of Certain Chemicals upon Ovipo-

sition in :he House Fly 563

Currie, Bertha P., Gomphus parvidens, a New Species of Dragon Fly

from Maryland 56

Cushman, R. A., Eight New Species of Reared Ichneumon Flies, with

Notes on Some Other Species 565

Cushman, R. A., Revision of Hymenopterous Insects of the Tribe Cremas-

tini of America North of Mexico 660

Davidson, .[., and Le Clerc, J. A., Effect of Sodium Nitrate on Yield, Com-
position, and Quality of Wheat 438

Davidson, W. M., The Pear Woolly Aphis ' 560

Davidson, W. M., Early Spring Syrphidas in California and a New Pipiza_ 8G3
Davis, R. O. E., and Bryan, H., Sj'nthesis of Ammonia by the Haber

Dewey, L. H., Identity of Fiber Agaves 529

Dewey, L. H., Names of Textile Plant Fibers 637

Diesem, H. C, Cost of Pumping for Irrigation in Western Nebraska 187

Dorset, M., Review of Research Work on Hog Cholera 381

Dyar, H. G., Lepidopterous Larvae from Mexico 765

Dyar, H. G., Aedes at Lake Pend d'Oreille 766

Dyar, H. G., Aedes of Montana , 766

Dyar, H. G., Brabantia rhizoleuca, Redescribed 766

Dyar, H. G., Larva of Aedes idahoensis 766

Dyar, H. G., Mosquitoes of the Pacific Northwest 766

Dyar, H. G., New Aedes from the Rocky Mountain Region 766

Dyar, H. G., New Pyralid from California 766

Dyar, H. G., Second Note on Species of Culex of the Bahamas 766

Dyar H. G., and Knab, F., Genus Culex in the United States 766

Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F., New American Mosquitoes 766

Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F., Notes on Aedes ciirriei 766

Edson, H. A., Our Present Knowledge of Potato Diseases: What They

are and How to Control Them 549

Eichhorn, A., and Potter, G. M., Abortion Disease as It Affects the Animal

Husbandry of the United States 179

Eldridge, M. O., Serial Bonds for Road Building 592

Fairchild, D., Grafted Jujube of China 446

Fassig, O. L., Tropical Rains 415

Ferris, L. W., Detection of Added Water in Milk by Simplified Molecular

Concentration Constant 11

Field, G. W., What Big Lake [Reservation] Means as a Game Refuge 555

Fuller, A. V., Automatic De%ice for Washing Pipettes 203

Fuller, A. V., Automatic Pipette-washing Device 803

Gahan, A. B., New Parasitic Hymenoptera 165

Gibson, E. H., Key to the Species of Leptoglossus Occurring North of

Mexico . 559

Gibson, E. H., Key to the Species of Dictyophara 560

Gibson, B. H., Family Isometopldse as Represented in North America 560

Gibson, E. H., Genus Harmostes 764

191SJ CONTENTS. XXIH

Page.
Gibson, E. H., and Wells, Emma, Genus Ophiderma (Membracidse :

Homoptera) 764

Gibson, E. H., and Wells, Emma, Key to Species of the Genus Ceresa

Occurring North of Mexico, and Description of a New Species 858

Gillespie, L. J., and Hurst, L. A., Hydrogen-ion Concentration Measure-
ments of Caribou Loam and Washburn Loam 620

Girault, A. A., New Chalcid Flies, with Notes 565

Girault, A. A., [New Ichneumonoidea] 565

Girault. A. A., Three New Chalcid Flies from North America 565

Girault, A. A., Miscellaneous Chalcid Flies ( Hymenoptera ) 661

Girault, A. A., New Australian Chalcid Flies 768

Girault, A. A., North American Species of Trigonoderus, Females 768

Girault, A. A., Parasitic Hymenoptera 768

Goldbeck, A. T., Influence of Total Width on Effective Width of Rein-
forced Concrete Slabs 289

Goldbeck, A. T., Fi-iction Tests of Concrete on Various Sub-ba.'^es 290

Gore, H. C, Potato Utilization Possibilities 207

Hansen, A. A., A Striking Reproductive Habit 446

Hansen, A. A., Petalization in the Japanese Quince 446

Harris, J., Brown, N. C, and Tryon, H. H., Wood Utilization Directory of

New York 146

Harvey, R. B., Method for Producing Conductivity Water Suitable for

Water Culture Experiments 26

Harvey, R. B., and True, R. H., Influence of Light and Chlorophyll For-
mation on Toxic Concentration of Magnesium Nitrate for the Squash 224

Hawkins, L. A., and Stevens, N. E., Endothia Pigments, I 225

Heald, F. E., School Agriculture and Community Service 93

Hedgcock, G. G., and Hunt, N. R., Notes on Razoumofskya campylopoda 253

Holland, R. A., Heronry at Walker Lake 556

Howard, L. O., Second Importation of European Egg Parasite of the ELm

Leaf Beetle : 62

Howard, L. O., Relation of Insects to Disease in Man and Animals 358

Howard, N. F., Poisoned Bait for the Onion Maggot 863

Howard, N. F., Insecticide Tests with Diabrotica vittata 864

Husraann, G. C, Currant Growing an Important, Promising Industry for

California 346

Hyslop, J. A., Phylogeny of the Elateridae Based on Larval Characters— 564
IngersoU, E. H., Modification of the Price Method for the Separation

of the Permitted Coal-tar Colors to Include Tartrazin . 12

Jamieson, G. S., Determination of Arsenic in Insecticides by Potassium

lodate 804

Jensen, C. A., Relation of Soil Moisture to Orange Growth 541

Jodidi, S. L., and Kellogg, E. H., Application of the Paper Pulp Filter to

the Quantitative Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium 506

Jodidi, S. L., and Kellogg, E. H., Simple, Efficient, and Economic Filter;
Its Application to the Filtration of the Yellow Precipitate in Phosphoric

Acid Estimations 506

Johnson, H. M., Alnus oregona: Its Value as a Forest Type 349

Jones, T. H., Fungu.s-growing Ant in Louisiana 564

Kelly, E. O. G., Biology of Coelinidea meromyzce 566

Kempton, J. H., Endosperm Color and Albinism in Maize 28

Kiernan, J. A., Eradication of Tuberculosis from Cattle and Swine 686

Knab, F., Carlos Finlay on the. House Mosquitoes of Havana 580

XXIV EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. [Vol. 88

Page.

Knab, F., New Ortalld from the Philippines 767

Koen, J. S., Hog Cholera Control in Iowa 178

Kopman, H. H., Agricultural Value of Bird Life in Louisiana 556

Korstian, C. F., Indicator Significance of Native Vegetation in Determina-
tion of Forest Sites 846

Kraebel, C. J., Choosing the Best Tree Seeds 45

Kress, O., and Textor, C. K., Pulping of Extracted Yellow Pine Chips by

the Sulphate Process 809

Lamon, H. M., Value of Breeding from Selected Stock 775

Langworthy, C. F., and Holmes, A. D., The American Papaw and Its

Food Value 365

Long, W. H., New or Rare Species of Ravenelia 125

Marsh, H. O., Life Cycle of the Sugar Beet Webworm 562

McAtee, W. L., Shedding of the Stomach Lining by Birds 457

McAfee, W. L., Lost and Disappearing Wild Birds of Missouri 556

McAtee, W. L., A Few Notes Chiefly on the Names of Nearctic Tingldse 559

McAtee, W. L., Key to the Nearctic Species of Leptoypha and Leptostyla_ 559
McGregor, E. A., Beetles Causing Damage to Cotton in Yuma Valley,

Ariz 61

McGregor, E. A., Eight New Mallophaga of the Genus Liperus from

North American Birds 761

McGregor, E. A., Three New Mallophaga from North American Birds 761

McHarg, C. K., Kittredge, J., Preston, J. F., et al., Marking of Western

White Pine in Northern Idaho 46

Mclndoo, N. E., Recognition among Insects 154

Mclndoo, N. E., Olfactory Organs of Lepidoptera 160

McMurran, S. M., Diseases of the English Walnut 52

Meinecke, E. P., Basic Problems in Forest Pathology 355

Metcalf, H., [Chestnut Bark Disease] 52

Miller, C. F., Method for Taking Aliquots of a Standard in Standardizing

Solutions 204

Miller, E. R., Meteorological Influence of Lakes 317

Mohler, J. R., Vesicular Stomatitis of Horses and Cattle 787

Moomaw, C. W., Developing Foreign Markets for Apples 42

Moss, E. G., Harvesting Tobacco by Priming or Picking the Leaves as

Compared with Cutting the Stalks 37

Munger, T. T., Planting Experiments on the Sand Dunes of the Ore-
gon Coast 348

Munns, E. N., Pack Rat as an Enemy of Natural Reproduction on the

Angeles National Forest 53

Myers, P. R., New American Parasite of the Hessian Fly 63

Nelson, E. W., The Rat Pest 255

Nelson, E. W., Conservation of Game in the National Forests and

National Parks 555

Nelson. J. A., Malpighian Tubules of the Hind Intestine in the Honeybee

Larva 467

Nelson J. A., Orientation of Small Objects in Paraffin 497

Nunn, R., Climate of Tennessee 618

Oberholser, H. C, Notes on North American Birds 457

Oberholser, H. C, The Genus Puffinus 457

Oberholser, H. C, Birds of Anamba Islands 556

Oberholser, H. C, Birds Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Islands in the

Java Sea 556

1918] CONTENTS. XXV

Page.
Oberholser, H. C, Fringilline Genus Passerherbulus and Its Nearest

Allies 556

Oberholser, H. C. Review of Subspecies of the Leach Petrel, Oceano-

droma leucorhoa 556

Oberholser, H. C, Status of Aphelocoma cyanotis and Its Allies 556

Oberholser, H. C, Diagnosis of a New Pycnonotine Family of Passeri-

formes 856

Okey, C. W., Subsidence of Muck and Peat Soils in Southern Louisiana

and Florida 690

Orton, W. A., Potato Diseases in Bermuda 149

Paine, J. H., Asymmetrical Bird Louse Found on Troupials 56

Palkin, S., Separation of Aluminum from Iron by Means of Ether 10

Palmer, A. H.. California Earthquake during 1916 115

Palmer, A. H., Snow and Its Value to the Farmer 416

Palmer, R. C, Effect of Catalyzers in the Destructive Distillation of

Hardwoods 808

Palmer, R. C, Effect of Incomplete Distillation in the Destructive Distil-
lation of Birch 808

Palmer, R. C, and Cloukey, H., Influence of Moisture in the Destructive

Distillation of Hardwood 808

Palmer, T. S., American Game Protection 652

Pearson, G. A., Yield and Reproduction of Western Yellow Pine in Ari-
zona and New Mexico 847

Pemberton, C. E., and Willard, H. F., New Parasite Cages 566

Phillips, E. F., Extension Work in Beekeeping 164

Pieper, E. J., Humphrey, C. J., and Acree, S. F., Synthetic Culture Media

for Wood-destroying Fungi 254

Popenoe, W., and Simmonds. E., Where and How to Grow Avocados 541

Powell, Ola, Successful Canning and Preserving 114

Quaintance, A. L., and Shear, C. L., Increase in the Grape Yield by

Spraying 144

Rabak, F., Influence of Time of Harvest, Drying, and Freezing of Spear-
mint upon the Oil 807

Rabak, F., Utilization of Waste Tomato Seeds and Skins 80S

Reed, C. A., Selecting Nut Trees for Planting 44

Reed, C. A., Proper Place of Nut Trees in the Planting Program 542

Reed, E. O., Determining the Absorbency of Pajper 414

Reed, W. G., Frost in the United States 415

Robinson, W. O., Determination of Rubidium and Caesium in Plant Ash 412

Rogers, L. A., Viability of Colon-aerogenes Bacteria in Water 488

Rohwer, S. A., Thirty-one New Species of Hymenoptera 164

Rohwer, S. A., North American Wasps of the Subgenus Pemphredon 660

Rohwer, S. A., and Fagan, Margaret M., Type Species of the Genera of

the Cynipoidea, or the Gall Wasps and Parasitic Cynipoids 63

Rommel, G. M., The Hen's Annual Vacation 172

Ross, W. H., and Merz, A. R., Water-soluble Potash as a By-Product in

the Cement Industry 124

Round, L. A., and Gore, H. C, Making of Potato Silage for Cattle Food— 207

Rudolph, B. A., New Leaf Spot Disease of Cherries 251

SafEord, W. E., Food Plants and Textiles of Ancient America 167

Sasscer, E. R., Important Foreign Insect Pests Collected on Imported

Nursery Stock in 1917 857

Scammell, H. B., Fall Army Worm in Its Relation to Cranberry Bogs 159

XXVI EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol. 38

Page.

Scammell, H. B., Am,phiscepa hivittata in Its Relation to Cranberry 559

Schorger, A. W., Action of Aluminum Chlorid on Cymene 309

Schorger, A. W., Sulphite Turpentine 810

Schroeder, E. C, Infectious Stomatitis of Horses 179

Schroeder, E. C, and Cotton, W. E., Practically Significant Facts about

Abortion Disease 179

Scott, V. E., Home Cheese Making 580

Sharael, A. D., Chrysanthemum Varieties 446

Shamel, A. D., Better California Grapefruit 541

Shamel, A. D., Feeding Manure to Orange Trees 845

Shantz, H. L., Plant Succession on Abandoned Roads in Eastern Colorado. 23
Shaw, R. H., and Norton, R. P., Blowing Renovated Butter Oil at Pas-
teurizing Temperature 77

Show, S. B., Methods of Hastening Germination 348

Show, S. B., Relation of Germination in the Greenhouse and Nursery 846

Smith, E. B., Flow of Concrete under Sustained Loads 290

Smith, E. F., Chemically Induced Crown Galls 648

Smith, B. P., Embryomas in Plants (Produced by Bacterial Inocula-
tions) 752

Smith, H. E., Five New Species of North American Tachinidje 767

Smith, J. W., Agricultural Meteorology 317

Smitli, M. R., Key to the Known Species of South Carolina Ants 768

Sparhawk, W. N., Valuation of Damages to Immature Timber 645

Spaulding, P., Needle Rust on Pinus resinosa 253

Spaulding, P., and Gravatt, G. F., Inoculation on Ribes with Cronartium

ribicola 151

Stevens, N. E., Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Endothia gyrosa 52

Stevens, N. E., and Hawkins, L. A., Changes Produced in Strawberry

Fruits by Rhizopus nigricans 252

Tanaka, T., New Japanese Fungi. — Notes and Translations, I 648

Taylor, W. P., The Vertebrate Zoologist and National Efficiency 555

Teesdale, C. H., Practical Wood Preservation Processes for Mill Roofs 249

Teesdale, C. H., and Shackell, L. F., Field Tests on Oil Treatment of

Wood against Marine Borers 317

Thiessen, A. H., Weather and Climate of Salt Lake City 319

Tiemann, H. D., Kiln Drying of Lumber 46

Townsend, C. YL T., New Genera of Amobiinse 767

True, A. C, Education for the Baccalaureate Degree as Administered in

Agricultural Colleges 794

True, A. C, The States Relations Service and the Cooperative Extension

Service 898

Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., Insects Affecting Coffee in Porto Rico 558

Veitch, F. P., and Reed, B. O., Constant Temperature and Humidity Room

for Testing Paper, Textiles, Etc 414

Voorhees, J. F., Climatic Control of Cropping Systems and Farm Opera-
tions 414

Vrooman, C, Imported Insect Pests 557

Wagner, C. R., and Ross, W. H., Method for the Determination of Fluorin

with Special Application to the Analysis of Phosphates 313

Walters, B. H., and Wise, L. E., Identity of Cyanuric Acid with So-called

" Tetracarbonimid " 202

Ward, A. R., Bacterium pyogenes and Its Relation to Suppurative

Lesions in Animals 585

191 S] CONTENTS. XXVll

Page.

Ward, B, A., Control of the Jack Rabbit Pest in Nevada 456

Weir, J. R., New Hosts for Rasoumofskya americana and R. occidentalis

abietina 152

Weir, J. R., Sparassis radicata, an Undescribed Fungus on the Roots of

Conifers 253

Weir, J. R., Montana Forest Tree Fungi. — I, Polyporacese 553

Weir, J. R.. and Hubert, E. E., Pycnial Stages of Important Forest Tree

Rusts 253

Weir, J. R., and Hubert, E. E., Recent Cultures of Forest Tree Rusts_'__ 253

Weir, J. R., and Hubert, E. E., Observations on Forest Tree Rusts 553

Weir, W. W., Farm Drainage Methods 288

Weir, W. W., Report on Kearney Vineyard Experimental Drain 591

Wells, E. L., Economic Asi)ect of Climatology 317

Weston, W. H., An Achlya Lacking Sexual Reproduction 225

Wetmore, A., Relationships of the Fossil Bird Palwochenoides mioceamcs. 556

Wight, W. F., Origin, Introduction, and Primitive Culture of the Potato.- 332

Willett, G., Rio Grande Bird Reservation, New Mexico 555

Williams, R. R., The Chemical Nature of the Vitamins 580

Willis, C. P., Incidental Results of a Study of Douglas Fir Seed 347

Wilson, C. P., and Young, C. O., Determination of the Volatile Oil Con-
tent of Citrus Fruits 11

Wright, S., Color Inheritance in Mammals, II-V 776

Zon, R., Forest Problems and Economic Development in South America 246

Zon, R., South American Forest Resources and Their Relation to the

World's Timber Supply 246

ILLUSTRATION.

Fig. 1. Efficiency of varying amounts of rainfall 717

U. S. DEPAxTMENT O'^ ^ ?RICULTURE

^' ■ STci FES RELAX RVICE

A. C XF. ::. OlRECTc

Vol.38 JANUARY, 1918 No, 1

EXPERIME
STATIO
RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMJENl PRINTING OFFICE

191«

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus,

Wbathie BtTBEAX^ — 0. F. Marvin, Chief.

BuBEAU OF Animal Industey — ^J. R. Mohlcr, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service— 7H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entoviologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau of Markets — C. J. Brand, Chitf.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations— E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

AUinAMA —

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.'

Canebrake Station: Unionlown; J. il. Burgess. i

Tuskegee Station: Tuskegte InstUtUt; G. VV'.
Carver.'
Alaska— Sftfco.* C. C. Georgeson.*
Arizona— Tucton: R. H. Forbes.'
Aekansas— FaycttmiJe.- M. Nelson,'
Q tsiTO-KifU.— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.'
Colorado— l!'ort CoUins: C. P. Gillette.'

CONKECTICUT—

State Station: New Havens „ ^ , , , ,
o» at. ♦. o. fE. n. Jenkins.'

fitorrs Station: Storrs; 1

VvL\vrji&€i— Newark; H. Ilayward.'

Flosida — Gainesviae: T. II. Rolfs.'

Gkorovk— Experiment: J. D. Price.'

QVA2i~hland ofOuam: C. W. Edwards.'

Hawah—

Federal SiMon: Eonohilu; J. M. Wcstgate.'

Bujftr Planters' Station: Honolulu: H. P.
Agec.'
InAno — Moicow: J. S. Jones.'
iLUSois—Urbana: E.Davenport.'
li^rnx'sx—Li/ayettei C. G. Woodbury.'
lovrx—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.'
Kansas— i/a?»fta«an: W. M. .Tardino.'
Kentucky— i«^xin?Jon.-T. P. Cooper.'
I^ouisiana—

State Station: BaUm Rnugc;

Sugar Station: Audubon Pari:,
New Orleans:

North La. Station: Calhoun:
Matne— OroTw: C. D. Woods.'
U\-EYLA.HD— College Park: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— v4wi)licr*«.' W. P. Brooksi'
MicniGAN— £wt Ltinsitig: R. S. Shaw.'
MiNNBSOTA— I7;i<tfcrii.'y farm, St, Paul' R. W.

Thatcher.'
TiiasiBSStn—AgricnUurai College: E. R. Lloyd.'

i Director. * Agronomist in charge. > Animal husbandman in charge.

W. R. Dodsop.'

MlSSOXTRI-

CoUefie Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain (hove; Paul Evans.'
Montana— £o2cman.' F. B. Linfleld.'
NEBKA3KA— itjjcojn; E. A. Burnett.'
Nevada— iffwo." S. B. Doten.'
New Ha mi'shiee —DurAam.- J. C. Kendall.'
New Jeksey— 2Vif!r Brunswick: J. G. Llpman.'
New Mexico— State College: Fabian Garcia.'
New York-

State Station: Geneva: W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca: A. R. Mann.'
North Carolina—

College Station: West Raleigh X„ „ —^
State Station: RaUlgh; F"^' ^*^«-'

North DA-KoiK—AgriaiUural College: L.Van. Es.«
Ouio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.'
ORlJiUOlih.— Stillwater: H. G. Knight.'
Okeoon— ConviUir A. B.Cordley.'
Pennsvlvanu—

State College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
n. p. Arrasby.'
PoETO Rico— i/ay(v««; D. W, May.*
Rhode ISLxaiy—kingatori: B. L. Hartwell.'
South Carolina- CT<rmson College: H. W. Barrc.'
SOUTH Dixorx— Brookings: J. W. Wilson.'
Tennessee— iTnoxrine; H. A. Morgan.'
Tzxji»—CoUege Station; B. Youngblood.'
Utah— io^aw,- F. S. Harris.'
Vermont— JSarZinj^ron; J. L. Hill"!.'

VntGINIA—

Blackfburg; A.. W. Drlnkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station: T. C. Johnson.'

Washington— PiiKroan; Geo. Severance.*

West VmaniaA—iforgaTUown: J. L. Coulter.'

Wisconsin— Jfodi^on; H. L. Ruisell.'

WvoMiNG— Xoramic A. D. Faville.'

* Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITOBIAI- DEPAETMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau,

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers { J^'j^l^ck^tt.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology |^; g- g^^^' ^^' ^'

■m- n /-I /J. I- SCHtTLTE.

Field Crops |j ^ luckett.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — ^W. A, Hookee, D. V. M.

Foods and Human Nutrition {f ?i„^-°MTKS"' ""• ''- "^ '"

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming j^^ ^' moSe.

Veterinary Medicine j^-^; Jo™.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullingee.
Rural Economics — E. Mebeitt.

Agricultural Education {^- ^.^^p^°hmann.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 1.

Page.
Editorial notes:

The opportunity for individual service 1

Helping to win the war 4

Closer relation of station and extension forces 6

Recent work in agricultural science 8

Notes 96

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRlCULTURAIi CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

Maple sugar: Composition, analysis, effect of environment, Bryan et al 8

The fermentation of Philippine cacao, Brill 8

[Notes on essential oils], Puran Singh 8

The presence of arsenic in hops, Stockberger and Collins 9

Some enzyms of germinating red gram {Cajanus indicus), Viswanath 9

Use of textile fibers in microscopic qualitative analysis, Chamot and Cole 9

An electrically heated and controlled air bath, Schuck 9

A useful distilling head, Stearns 10

The separation of aluminum from ii*on by means of ether, Palkin 10

The deteiTnination of sulphur dioxid, Sweeney, Outcault, and Withrow 10

Effect of temperature on reaction of lysin with nitrous acid, Sure and Hart 10

The determination of phytin phosphorus in plant products. Rather H

The bacteriological examination of food and water. Savage 11

Method for volatile oil content of citrus fruits, Wilson and Young 11

Determination of sugar in baked articles 11

Detection of added water in milk, Ferris 11

37450°— 18 — 1 I

n CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Distribution of fatty acids in milk fat of cow and sheep, Crowther and Hynd 12

Modification of Price method for separation of coal-tar colors, Ingersoll 12

Drying fruits and vegetables in the home 12

Home canning by the one-period cold-pack method, Benson 12

Home canning of fruits and vegetables, Creswell and Powell 12

The sanitary control of tomato-canning factories, Howard and Stephenson 13

Methods of preparing salmon, Cobb 13

Home maniifacture of furs and skins, Famham 13

METEOROLOGY.

Climatological data for the United States by sections 13

Meteorological records for 1915 13

[Meteorology for 1914], Edmiston 13

Forest climate of Switzerland 14

Observations at the Stavropol meteorological station, Cherkashenko 14

Desiccation of Africa, Harger 15

The modification of South African rainfall, Sim 15

A correlation between magnetic storms and rain, Arctowski 15

Modern methods of protection against lightning, Covert 15

Effect of meteorological factors on germination capacity of seedw, Wallden .... 15

Influence of meteorological factors on development of millets, Siriusov 15

SOILS^ — FERTILIZERS.

Further studies on freezing point lowering of soils, Bouyoucos and McCool 16

Method of sterilizing and chloroforming used in studying chernozem, Skalskij ... 17

Formation of ' ' black alkali " (sodium carbonate) in calcareous soils, Breazeale. . . 18

The soil survey of Iowa, Stevenson, Brown, and Howe 18

Characteristics of coli-like microorganisms from soil, Johnson and Levine 19

General fertilizer experiments, Noll 19

Fermentation of manure treated with sulphur, Ames and Richmond 19

Green manuring, Bernard 20

Soil acidity: The relation of green manures to its development. White 20

Continued studies in acid soil from the ammonium sulphate plats. White 20

Influence of fineness of division of limestone on crop yield, Kopeloff 21

Limestone resources of Pennsylvania, Frear and Holben 22

Manufacturing wastes as sources of farm lime. Given 22

Effect of three annual applications of boron on wheat. Cook and Wilson 22

Domestic manures and related substances Thomas 23

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Plant succession on abandoned roads in eastern Colorado, Shantz 23

Cold resistance in spineless cacti, Uphof 23

Some studies on the germination of the seed of Oryza sativa, Nagai 24

Permeability of certain plant membranes to water, Denny 25

Temperature coefficient of permeability, Osterhout 25

A method for producing conductivity water suitable for experiments, Harvey. 26

Saccharose in beets: Its formation and distribution, Colin 26

Humification of compounds entering into the composition of plants, Trusov 26

Nitrogen-assimilating organisms in manure, Fulmer and Fred 27

The relation of green manures to nitrogen fixation, Fulmer 27

Peculiar effects of barium, strontium, and cerium on Spirogyra, Chien 27

Certain effects under irrigation of copper compounds upon crops, Forbes 28

Injury^ to vegetation near ironworks at Terni, Italy, Ampola and Vivenza 28

Some inter- and back-crossea of Fj (Enothera hybrids, Davis 28

A correlation between endosperm color and albinism in maize, Kempton 28

Observations on inheritance of anthocyan pigment in paddy varieties, Hector. 29

Bilateral asymmetry and fertility and fecundity in unilocular fruit, Harris 29

Applicability of Pearson's biserial r to asymmetry and fertility, Harris 29

Relationship between number of ovules and fertility in Phaseolus, Harris.. 29

1918] CONTENTS. HI

FIELD CROPS.

Page.

Work with field crops at the Belle Fourche experiment farm in 19161, Atine. . 30

Field crops studies at] substation No. 1, Beeville, Texas, 1910-1914, Binford. . 31

Work with field crops at the St. Kitts-Nevis experiment stations], Watts 33

Say and pasture seedings, Hechler 33

The value of cover crops, Dickey 33

Wheat and lye, App 33

The determination of the races of corn, Ricci 33

Flax growing experiments, 1914 and 1915 33

Varieties of potatoes, Noll 34

Potato grades by Department of Agricultxire and Food Administration 34

Rice in the Americas 34

The soy bean in New Hampshire, Prince 34

Soy beans for Pennsylvania, Noll 35

Another Stizolobium from the Philippine Islands, Coffman 35

Sweet clover: Harvesting and thrashing the seed crop, Coe 35

Tobacco experiments [1914], Frear, Olson, Kraybill, and Erb 36

Harvesting tobacco by priming as compared with cutting the stalks, Moss 37

[Method of wheat culture], Devaux, Menegaux, Schribaux, and Tisserand 38

New culture methods for wheat and other cereals, Devaux 38

More wheat for Michigan, Cox 38

Controlling or eradicating wild oat in hard spring-wheat area, Cates 38

HORTICULTUBE .

Around the year in the garden, Rockwell 39

The garden under glass, Rowles 39

The amateur's guide to gardening in southern India, Houghton 39

Greenhouses. — Their construction and equipment, Wright 39

Forcing plants and twigs 39

Certificated plants introduced from China by Wilson, compiled by Wilson. ... 39

Inspection, certification, and transportation of nursery stock, Atwood 39

Sections 263, 264, and 265 of Agricultural Law of importance to nurserymen. . . 39

Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act, Hewitt 40

Spraying for profit, Weed 40

Rules and regulations under United States Standard Container Act of 1916 40

[Report of] department of horticulture, Kains 40

[Horticultural investigations at Beeville substation, 1910-1914], Binford 40

Vegetable culture in Malaya, Spring and Milsmn 41

Standardization of vegetables, Cook 41

Saving beans and peas for food and seeding purposes, Helyar 41

Culture of the Globe artichoke, Wellington 41

Asparagus, Thompson 41

A variety test of cabbage, Myers 41

Fall V. spring planting, Whitten 41

Orchard planting costs, Odell 41

Orchard fertilization tests. Alderman 41

The effect of pruning on the set of fruit, Kraus 42

Dusting V. spraying. Brock ' 42

[Report of] department of experimental pomology, Stewart and Gillespie 42

The Duchess apple improved, Dorsey 42

Developing foreign markets for apples, Moomaw 42

The peaches of New York, Hedrick et al 42

Pruning experiments with peaches: First two seasons, Blake and Connors. ... 43

Packing peaches in Georgia carriers, Gillam 43

The blueberry in New Hampshire, Gourley 43

The banana as an emergency food crop, Higgins 43

Comparative results of moderate and severe pruning. Reed 43

Cooperation applied to citrus production and distribution, Powell 43

Citrus culture in Surinam, Liems 43

Hints on coffee growing in British East Africa, le Poer Trench 43

The litchi in Hawaii, Higgins 43

The palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced. Blatter. . . 44

Selecting nut trees for planting, Reed 44

The carnation yearbook, 1917, edited by Brunton 44

Rose annual for 1917 of National Rose Society, edited by Darlington and Page. . 44

IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

FORESTHY.

Page.

[Report of] department of forestry, Ferguson 44

iResults of tree planting on the Belle Fourche reclamation project], Aune 44

Report of director of forestry of Philippine Islands for 1916, Fischer 45

Factors influencing reproduction of spruce, fir, and pine, Moore 45

Choosing the best tree seeds, Kraebel 45

Utilizing and reforesting of chestnut blighted lands, Barnes 45

Accelerated growth of spruce after cutting in the Aoirondacks, Recknagel 45

Note on babul (Acacia arabica), Kirwan 45

The ohia lehua trees of Hawaii, Rock 45

Variations among eucalypts in plantations, Trabut 45

Ray tracheids in Quercus alba, Record 45

Measurements of ' ' bark renewal " in Hevea, Campbell 45

Hevea tapping results. Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1916, Fetch 46

Yield of turpentine and rosin from double chipping, Schorger and Pettigrew. . . 46
Developments in marking western white pine m northern Idaho, McHarg et al. ■ 46

A practical xylometer, Illick 46

A simplified method of stem analysis, Dwight 46

What IS a basis for yield tax? Roth 46

The kiln drying of lumber, Tiemann *. . . . 46

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Wind-blown rain, a factor in disease dissemination, Faulwetter 47

[Plant diseases, 1914 to 1916], Morrison 47

Biologic forms of Pucdnia graminis on grasses, Stakman and Piemeisel 47

Some diseases of wheat crops and their treatments, Spafford 48

Some important diseases of truck crops in Florida, Sherbakoff 48

Common diseases of beans and peas, Cook 48

Toxic chlorosis of maize, Maz6 48

Studies in the mosaic diseases of plants, Freiberg 48

Further studies of the mosaic disease of tobacco, Allard 49

The control of tobacco wilt in the flue-cured district. Gamer et al 49

Winter bli<jht of the tomato, Orton and McKinney, jr . 50

Common diseases of apples, pears, and quinces. Cook 50

Common diseases of the peach, plimi, and cherry, Cook 50

Diseases of stone fruits, Chifflot 50

Note on Dr. J. Smol^k's paper on Silver-leaf Disease, Brooks 50

Raspberry diseases in Minnesota, Hoerner 50

Grape downy mildew in 1916 at Montpellier, Ravaz 51

Iron in copper sprays for chlorosis, Donnadieu 51

Wood rot of citrus trees, Stevenson 61

Fungus diseases of coffee, Averna-Saccd 51

Tylenchus acutocaudatus in coffee trees, de Souza 51

Wilt or crown-rot disease of carnations caused by Fusarium sp. , van der Bijl 51

Carnation yellow, Peltier 51

Some factors influencing the prevalence of Endoihia gyrosa, Stevens 52

f Chestnut bark disease], Metcalf 52

Diseases of the English walhut], McMurran 52

Observations on some diseases of plantation rubber in Malaya, Brooks 52

Diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, Bryce 53

A nursery blight of cedars, Hahn, Hartley, and Pierce 53

White pine blister rust, Rane 53

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

The moose book, Merrill 53

Trapping moles and utilizing their skins, Scheffer 53

The pack rat as an enemy of natural reproduction, Munns 53

Holaen'a new book on birds, Holden 53

Birds worth knowing, Blanchan 53

The bird study book, Pearson 53

How to attract birds in the Middle Atlantic States, McAtee 53

The natural enemies of birds^ Forbush 54

Insect pests in the West Indies in 1916 54

A naturalist in Borneo, Shelf ord, edited by Poulton 64

1918] CONTENTS. V

Page.

How to detect outbreaks of insects and save the grain crops, Walton 54

Some common garden insects, Troop and Mason 54

Control of some garden insects, Smith 54

Entomological notes, Burt 54

Insects attacking cotton and their enemies, Inglesias 54

Insects attacking hemp, Noel 54

Insect enemies of maize, Noel 54

Behavior of some soil insects in air, carbon dioxid, and ammonia, Hamilton 54

Arsenical residues after spraying, O'Kane, Hadley, jr., and Osgood 54

Quassia extract as a contact insecticide, Mclndoo and Sievers 55

How to test for the presence of nicotin on sprayed plants, Safro 56

Rules and regulations for carrying out the Insecticide Act of 1910 56

Gomphus parvidens, a new species of dragon fly from Maryland, Ciurrie 56

An asymmetrical bird louse on three different species of troupials, Paine 56

The European earwig and its control, Jones 56

Preliminary trials with the cacao thrips fungus 57

Injury by tarnished plant bugs to the vine, Fulmek 57

The capsids which attack apples, Fryer and Petherbridge 57

Miscible oil v. fish-oil soap for Florida aleyrodids. Back and Crossman 58

Control work with phylloxera in Teramo from 1901 to 1916, Grassi 58

The secondary host of Myztis cerasi, Ross 58

The gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth and their control. Burgess 58

The velvet bean caterpillar, Hutson 58

The coconut-tree caterpillar (Brassolis isthmia) of Panama, Dunn 58

The banana moth (Notarcha [Nacoleia] octasema) and its control, Leefmans 59

The cranberry girdler (Crambus hortuellus), Scammell 59

A little-known cutworm, Euxoa excellens, Gibson 60

Apple and thorn skeletonizer {Hemerophila pariana), Felt 60

Notes on the life history of Marmara etotella, Vinal 60

An infestation of potatoes by a midge, Patch 60

An improved method of rearing tabanid larvae, Marchand 60

The house fly, Howard and Hutchison 60

Fly traps for camps, hospital precincts, and trench areas, Balfour 60

Hibernation of the house fly in Minnesota, Howard 61

Key to the subfamilies of Anthomyiidse, Malloch 61

The food of Drosophila melanogaster, Baumberger 61

The genua Calosoma, Burgess and Collins 61

Scientific note on beetles causing damage to cotton in Yuma Valley, McGregor . . 61

A clerid larva predacious on codling moth larvae, II, Merrill 61

The asparagus beetles and their control, Chittenden 61

Some weevils of the genus Diaprepes in the West Indies, Hutson 61

The tobacco beetlo and how to prevent damage by it, Runner 61

The henequen curculionid (Sq/phophorus acupunctatus) 62

The coconut red weevil (Rhyndiophoraferruginea), Henry 62

The boll-weevil problem, with special reference to reducing damage, Hunter. . 62

Collection of weevils and infested squares, Coad and McGehee 62

The introduction into Canada of the ichneumon fly, Hewitt 62

Second importation of European egg parasite of elm leaf beetle, Howard 62

A new American parasite of the Hessian fly IMayetiola destructor), Myers 63

Adult hymenopterous parasites attached to the body of their host, Brues 63

The type species of the genera of the Cynipoidea, Rohwer and Fagan 63

The red spider on cotton and how to control it, McGregor 63

New species of economic mites, Ewing 63

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Report on canned vegetables, Bigelow 63

The adequacy and economy of some city dietaries, Sherman and Gillett 63

The food of working women in Boston, Eaves 64

A new form of food chart: The inometer, Johnson 64

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The selection problem, Pearl 64

The theory of the gene, Morgan 65

Statistical studies of the number of nipples in the mammals, Harris 65

Skulls of hybrids between wild and domestic horses and cattle, Philiptschenko . . 65

VI , CONTENTS. [Vol.38

Page.

Studies on inbreeding. — VII, Expression of degrees of kinship, Pearl 65

Fecundity and relation between male and female descendants in pigs, Machens . 65

Maturation of the ovum in swine, Comer 65

Experimental intersexuality and the sex problem, Goldschmidt 65

The control of sex, Morosini 66

A method of calculating food values, Siichting 66

Fodder grasses of German East Africa, Honcamp and Zimmermann 66

Concentrated protein meals for dairy cattle, sheep, and swine, Archibald 66

The by-products of rice milling. Reed and Liepsner 67

Inspection of feeding stuffs 67

yLnimal husbandly] work of the Belle Fourche farm in 1916, Aune 67

nergy values of hominy feed and maize meal for cattle, Armsby and Fries. . . 68

Steer feeding experiments, Tomhave and Severson 68

Body measurements of steers, Tomhave and Severson 69

The maintenance of a beef-breeding herd, Tomhave and Severson 69

The economic importance of Aberdeen-Angus cattle, Stewart 69

[Zebu cattle], Luaces 69

Calf-rearing experiments at Woburn, 1916-17, Voelcker 69

Farm sheep raising for beginners, Marshall and Millin 69

Dry lot t) . pasture crops for growing and fattening pigs, Tomhave and Havner 69

Fattening pigs for market, Tomhave and Havner 70

Report on pig feeding experiments, in 1914 and 1915, Paterson and Robb 70

Report on feeding pigs at East Kilbride, Wyllie 70

Fattening di'aft horses for market, Havner and Goodling 71

The encouragement and improvement of light horse breeding, 1915-16 71

Poultry-feeding tests, Brown 71

The proteins of certain insects as food for poultry, McHargue 71

[Report of poultry laying competition, 1912-1915], Rhodes et al 72

Egg-laying tests at Hawkesbury, 1916-17, Ross and Hadlington 72

Marketing eggs by parcel post, Flohr 72

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

Some nitrogen studies with dairy cows in milk. Putney and Larson 73

Standard cows, Robertson 74

Should all heifers be raised? Eraser 74

Age at first calving, White 74

Sunflowers as a silage crop, Lagrange. _. 74

Bacteriological methods for quality of milk, I, Sherman and Reynolds, jr 74

Determination of bacteria in ice cream, Ayers and Johnson, jr 77

Studies on the production of sanitary milk, Sherman 75

Analogy between lactic ferments and streptococci, Cardot 75

Butter shiinkage, Guthrie 77

Influence of salt on changes in storage butter, Washburn and Dahlberg 77

Blowing renovated butter oil at pasteurizing temperature, Shaw and Norton. . 77

Soft cheese making. Brown and Mortensen 78

How to make cottage cheese on the farm, Matheson and Cammack 78

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Veterinary obstetrics, Williams 78

Report of the veterinary department for 1916, Gibson 78

A plea for the standardization of reports of agglutination tests, Hadley 78

Studies in anaphyLtxis, XX, Weil _. 78

Role of hepatic tissues in acute anaphylactic reaction, Man waring and Crowe 79

Fate of foreign protein in acute anaphylactic reaction, Manwaring et al 79

The influence of temperature on the fixation of complement. Dean 79

Preservation of complement. — A preliminary report, Rhamy 80

Anthrax in the Territory of Hawaii, Norgaard 80

The susceptibility of the prairie dog to rabies, Walters. 80

Rinderpest in ewine with experiments upon its transmission, Boynton 80

The recent outbreak of vesicular stomatitis, Leibold. . .^ 80

The sensitiveness of tubercle and other acid-fast bacilli to_ acids, Porter 80

The bacteriolytic action of gland extracts on tubercle bacilli, Porter. 81

Claimed differential characteristic of avian tubercle bacillus, Rochaix 81

Vaccination against bovine tuberculosis, Bruschettini 81

TuberciUosis in farm animals, McArthur 81

1918] CONTENTS. VH

Page.

Managing a tuberculous herd 81

Fooling with tuberculosis, Field et al 82

Poisoning of cattle with horse-radish, Hackett 82

Poisoning of cattle with British ragwort. Stockman 82

Eradicating tall larkspur on cattle ranges in the National Forests, Aldous 82

Cause of worm nodules (Onchocerca gibsoni) in cittle, Dickinson and Hill 82

External parasites of sheep: Eradication of ticks in New Zealand, Matthews.. 82

Hog cholera : Prevention and treatment, Dorset and Hess 82

The possibility of infection of pigs w ith flukes, Ciurea 82

Lepinay'fi treatment of mange by sulphurous anhydrld, Vigel and Cho'let 83

Auto-inoculation and early development of larva of horse botfly, Roubaud 83

Contribution to the study of epizootic lymphangitis, Truche and Guignard 83

Investigation of a fungus found in pus from a mule, Lindner and Knuth 83

Intestinal parasites of poultry, their prevention and treatment, Wickware 83

Coccidiosis of the fowl, Curson 83

A means of transmitting the fowl nematode, Heterakis papillosa, Ackert 83

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Farm reservoirs, Fortier 84

Surface water supply of Colorado River Basin, 1914 84

Surface water supply of the Great Basin, 1914 84

Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River Basin, 1915 84

Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1915 84

Report on irrigation works of Ajmer-Merwara District for 1916, Watson 84

Report of Government of Bihar and Orissa, Irrigation Branch, for 1915-16 84

Water analysis 84

Report upon the operation of a nonflush chemical closet, Ward 84

Chemical closets. 85

Sewage purification. — Decantation, Verriere 85

Results of operation of small sewage-disposal plants, Fmnk 85

The management of liquid and solid manure in Belgium, Vendelmans 86

State highway mileage and expenditures for the calendar year 1916 86

Third biennial report of the Wisconsin Highway Commission, 1914-15 87

Specifications, tests, reports, and methods of sampling for road materials 87

Dust prevention by the use of palliatives, Shattuck 87

Concrete in the country 87

Tests of dry and wet coal in a low pressure steam-heating boiler. Light 87

Effect of velocity and humidity of air on heat transmission, Moyer et al 87

Tractor hitches and adjustments for use with power plows, Gamble 88

Harvesting hay with the sweep rake, Yerkes and McClure 88

Management of common storage houses for apples, Ramsey and Dennis 88

Potato storage and storage houses, Stuart 89

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Introduction to rural sociology, Vogt 89

The determination of the cost of production of farm crops, Wyllie 89

The diversified farm, Eliot and Killough 89

The fann labor situation in California, Adams 89

Food needs of 1918 89

Distribution and utilization of the garden surplus 90

The marketing of canning club products, Flohr 90

[Increase in the price of commodities], Robertson et al 90

A b ig stride in agricultural improvement, Porter 90

Agricultural practice in time of war, Cadoret 90

French agriculture and the war, Sagnier 90

Reportof Cooperative Organization Branch [Saskatchewan], 1916-17, Thomson. . 90

Reports of Irish Agricultm'al Organization Society, Limited, 1915 and 1916 90

A handbook of Louisiana, Wilson 90

Maine farms for sale, 1915 91

Tennessee. — Facts about soil, climate, and rainfall 91

Monthly crop report 91

[Agricultural statistics of Kansas] 91

[Agricultural crops of 1916] 91

The economics of a Deccan village, Mann 91

Vm CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

AGRICTTLTURAL EDUCATION.

Page.

Agricultural and mechanical colleges, 1914-15 91

Negro education 91

The work of the Agricultural Instruction Act 92

Historical notes on the agricultural schools in Quebec, Chapais 92

Agricultural equipment m public schools, McLarty et al 93

School agriculture and community service, Heald 93

The home-school garden, Pugsley 93

Com growing: A manual for com clubsj Nolan and Greene 93

School entomology, Sanderson and Peau-s 93

Vegetable gardening and canning: A manual for garden clubs, Nolan and Greene 94

Suggestions for food conservation 94

Three short courses in home making, Lyford 94

The biology of the bird, Bovard 94

Prepare for war on insects. . .^ 94

War emergency propaganda in the interest of poultry husbandry, Lewis 94

Illustrated lecture on cow testing and dairy records, Stuart 95

Report of committee on education: Instruction in farm machinery, Wirt 95

Short-course instruction in gas engines and tractors, Seaton 95

College instmction in concrete construction, Ciu-tis 95

MISCELLANEOUS.

Thirty-fourth Annual Report of New_ York State Station, 1915 95

Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1915 95

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 95

Federal legislation affecting agricultural colleges and experiment stations 95

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Arizona Station: "Page-

Bui. 79, Dec. 1, 1916 23

Bui. 80, Dec. 15, 1916 28

Arkansas Station :

Bui. 135 (tech. ed.), Aug., 1917 11

Bui. 136, Aug., 1917 81

Florida Station:

Bui. 139, June, 1917 48

Hawaii Federal Station:

Bui. 44, July 27, 1917 43

Indiana Station:

Circ. 64, July, 1917 54

Iowa Station:

Bui. 172, July, 1917 81

Circ. 38, Oct., 1916 78

Circ. 39, Aug., 1917 33

Soil Survey Rpt. 1, Abs., Mar.,

1917 18

Michigan Station:

Tech. Bui. 31, Nov., 1916 16

Circ. 34, Aug., 1917 38

New Hampshire Station:

Bui. 181, Mar., 1917 34

Bui. 183, June, 1917 54

Circ. 18, June, 1917 43

New Jersey Stations:

Circ. 80, May 10, 1917 50

Circ. 81, May 19, 1917 50

Circ. 82, June 8, 1917 43

Circ. 83, May 24, 1917 43

Circ. 84, June 9, 1917 48

Circ. 85, July 9, 1917 33

Circ. 86, Aug. 6, 1917 41

Circ. 87, Aug. 11, 1917 33

New York State Station:

Bui. 434, May, 1917 67

Bui. 435, May, 1917 41

Thirty-fom-th An. Rpt. 1915 .. 13, 95
Thirty-fifth An. Rpt. 1916, pt.

2 (The Peaches of New York) 42

North Carolina Station:

Bui. 238, Aug., 1917 37

Pennsylvania Station:

An. Rpt. 1915 13,19,

20, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41,42,
44, 50, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 95

Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Station:

Circ. 10, 1917 51

Circ. 10 (Spanish ed.), 1917.. . 51

Texas Station:

Bui. 214, Apr., 1917 31, 40

Virginia Truck Station :

Bui. 23, Apr. 1, 1917 54

Washington Station:

West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui.,

vol. 5, No. 6, Sept., 1917.... 95

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 10: Page.

No. 9, Aug. 27, 1917 47

No. 10, Sept. 3, 1917 53, 55, 71

No. 11, Sept. 10, 1917 18

No. 12, Sept. 17, 1917. .22, 47, 49, 68, 71

Bui. 417, The Genus Calosoma,
A. F. Bmgess and C. W. Collins. . 61

Bui. 466, Maple Sugar: Composi-
tion, Methods of Analysis, Effect
of Environment, A. H. Bryan
etal 8

Bui. 554, The Cranberry Girdler,

H. B. Scammell 59

Bui. 555, Standard Forms for Speci-
fications, Tests, Reports, and
Methods of Sampling for Road
Materials 87

Bui. 562, The Control of Tobacco
Wilt in the Flue-ciu-ed District,
W. W. Garner, F. A. Wolf, and
E. G.Moss 49

Bui. 563, The Determination of
Bacteria in Ice Cream, S. H.
Ayers'and W. T. Johnson, jr 75

Bui. 564, Collection of Weevils and
Infested Squares as a Means of
Control of the Cotton Boll Weevil
in the Mississippi Delta, B. R.
Coad and T. F. McGehee 62

Bui. 566, The European Earwig
and Its Control, D. W. Jones 56

Bui. 567, Increased Yield of
Turpentine and Rosin from
Double Chipping, A. W.
Schorger and R. L. Pettigrew. . . 46

Bui. 568, The Presence of Arsenic
in Hops, W. W. Stockberger and
W.D.Collins 9

Bui. 569, The Sanitary Control of
Tomato-canning Factories, B. J.
Howard and C. H. Stephenson.. 13

Bui. 570, The By-products of Rice
Milling, J. B. Reed and F. W.
Liepsner 67

Farmers' Bui. 826, Eradicating
tall Larkspiu- on Cattle Ranges
in the National Forests, A.E.
Aldous 82

Farmers' Bui. 828, Farm Reser-
voirs, S. Fortier 84

Farmers' Bui. 829, Asparagus, H.
C. Thompson 41

Farmers' Bui. 830, Marketing Eggs
by Parcel Post, L. B. Flohr 72

IX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

[Vol. 38

U. S. Department of AgricuUwe-

-Con.
Page.

Farmers' Bui. 831, The Red Spider
on Cotton and How to Control It,
E. A. McGregor 63

Farmers' Bui. 832, Trapping Moles
and Utilizing Their Skins, T. H.
Scheffer 53

Farmers' Bui. 833, Methods of Con-
trolling or Eradicating the Wild
Oat in the Hard Springwheat
Area, H. R. Cates 38

Farmers' Bui. 834, Hog Cholera:
Prevention and Treatment, M.
Dorset and O. B. Hess 82

Farmers' Bui. 835, How to Detect
Outbreaks of Insects and Save
the Grain Crops, W. R. Walton. . 54

Farmers' Bui. 836, Sweet Clover:
Harvesting and Thrashing the
Seed Crop, H. S. Coe 35

Farmers' Bui. 837, The Asparagus
Beetles and Their Control, F. H.
Chittenden 61

Farmers' Bui. 838, Harvesting Hay
with the Sweep-rake, A. P.
Yerkes and H. B. McClure 88

Farmers' Bui. 839, Home Canning
by the One-period Cold-pack
Method, O. H. Benson 12

Farmers' Bui. 840, Farm Sheep
Raising for Beginners, F. R. Mar-
shall and R. B. Millin : 69

Farmers' Bui. 841, Drying Fi-uits
and Vegetables in the Home. '... 12

Farmers' Bui. 842, Modern Methods
of Protection against lightning,
R.N. Covert 15

Farmers' Bui. 844, How to Attract
Birds in the Middle Atlantic
States, W. L. McAtee 53

Farmers' Bui. 845, The Gipsy Moth
and the Brown-tail Moth and
Their Control, A. F. Burgess 58

Farmers' Bui. 846, The Tobacco
Beetle and How to Prevent Dam-
age by It, G. A. Runner 61

Farmers' Bui. 847, Potato Storage
and Storage Houses, W. Stuart. . 89

Farmers' Bui. 848, The Boll-weevil
Problem, W. D. Hunter 62

Farmers' Bui. 850, How to Make
Cottage Cheese on the Farm, K.
J. Matheson and F. R. Cammack 78

Farmers' Bui. 851, The House Fly,
L. O. Howard and R. H. Hutchi-
son , 60

Farmers' Bui. 852, Management of
Common Storage Houses for Ap-
ples in the Pacific Northwest, H.
J. Ramsey and S. J. Dennis 88

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Page.
Farmers' Bui. 853, Home Canning
of Fruits and Vegetables, Mary

E. Creswell and Ola Powell 12

Office of the Secretary:

Circ. 34 (2. rev.). Rules and
Regulations for Carrying Out
the Provisions of the Insecti-
cide Act of 1910 56

Circ. 74, State Highway Mile-
age and Expenditures for the

Calendar Year 1916 86

Circ. 75, Food Needs for
1918. — Agricultm-al Program
for the Period Beginning
with the Autumn of 1917. . . 89
Circ. 76, Rules and Regulations
of the Secretary of Agricul-
tiu-e under the United States
Standard Container Act of

August 31, 1916 40

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 3, No. 9,

Sept., 1917 91

Bureau of Markets:

Doc. 5, The Marketing of Can-
ning Club Products, L. B.

Flohr 90

Doc. 6, Distribiition and Utili-
zation of the Garden Surplus 90
Doc. 7, Potato Grades Recom-
mended by the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture and
the U. S. Food Administra-
tion 34

Bureau of Plant Industry:

The Work of the Belle Fourche
Reclamation Project Experi-
ment Farm in 1916, B. Aune 30,

44, 67
States Relations Service:

Syllabus 30, Illustrated Lec-
ture on Cow Testing and Dai-
ry Records, D. Stuart 95

Federal Legislation, Regula-
tions, and Rulings Affecting
Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations, re-
vised to July 15, 1917 95

Weather Bureaii:

Climat. Data, vol. 4, Nos. 5-6,

May-June, 1917 13

Scientific Contributions: '

The Separation of Aluminum
from Iron by Means of Ether,

S. Palkin ". 10

A Method for the Determina-
tion of the Volatile Oil Con-
tent of Citrus Fruits, C. P.
Wilson and C. O. Young. . . 11

> Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department.

1918]

LIST OP PUBLICATIONS.

XI

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

Detection of Added Water in
Milk by Means of a Simpli-
fied Molecular Concentra-
tion Constant, L. W. Ferns. 11

A Modification of the Price
Method for the Separation of
the Permitted Coal-tar Col-
ors to Include Tartrazin,
E. H. Ingersoll 11

Plant Succession on Aban-
doned Roads in Eastern Col-
orado, H. L. Shantz 23

A Method for Producing Con-
ductivity Water Suitable
for W^ater Culture Experi-
ments, R. B. Harvey 26

A Correlation between Endo-
sperm Color and Albinism
in Maize, J. H. Kempton. . . 28

Harvesting Tobacco by Prim-
ing or Picking the Leaves as
Compared with Cutting the
Stalks, E. G. Moss 37

Developing Foreign Markets
for Apples, C. W. Moomaw.. 42

Selecting Nut Trees for Plant-
ing, C. A. Reed 44

Choosing the Best Tree Seeds,
C. J. Kraebel 45

Developments in the Marking
of Western White Pine
{Pinus vionticola) in North-
ern Idaho, C. K. McHarg,
J. Kittredge, J. F. Preston,
etal 46

The Kiln Drying of Lumber,
H. D. Tiemann 46

Some Factors Influencing the
Prevalence of Endothia gy-
rosa, N. E. Stevens 52

[Chestnut bark disease], H.
Metcalf 52

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

[Diseases of the English Wal-
nut], S. M. McMurran 52

The Pack Rat as an Enemy of
Natural Reproduction on
the Ans:ele8 National Forest,
E. N. Munns. 53

Goviphus parvidens, a New
Species of Dragon Fly from
Maryland, Bertha P. Currie. 56

An Asymmetrical Bird Louse
Found on Three Different
Species of Troupials, J. H.
Paine 56

Miscible Oil "i^. Fish-oil Soap
Sprays for the Control of
Florida Aleyrodids, E. A.
•Back and S. S. Crossman. . . 58

Scientific Note on Beetles
Causing Damage to Cotton
in Yuma Valley, Ariz.,
E. A. McGregor... 61

A Second Importation of the
European Egg Parasite of
the Elm Leaf Beetle, L. O.
Howard 62

A New American Parasite of
the Hessian Fly {Mayetiola
destructor), F. H. My evs 63

The Type Species of the
Genera of the Cynipoidea, or
the Gall Wasps and Parasitic
Cynipoids, S. A. Rohwer
and Margaret M. Fagan 63

Blowing Renovated Butter
Oil at Pasteurizing Temper-
ature, R. H. Shaw and R. P.
Norton 77

School Agriculture and Com-
munity Service, F. E.
Heald 93

ADDITIONAL COPIES

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Nms Numbers and Index - - SI .00

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. January, 1918. No. 1.

It is a sign of the spirit of public service pervading the American
experiment stations that their workers should feel an insistent desire
for a real tangible part in the country's supreme effort. Living in
the midst of the greatest war ever waged, and in the most momentous
period of the world's history, it is difficult to understand how any
man, much less a scientist, can escape being brought under the spell
of its appeal. To many of this class it has been a call to service under
arms, to others for special expert service under the Government, and
to many it has made it difficult to long hold their minds on work
which is not definitely related to the situation. It has aroused the
spirit of public usefulness.

The war has not only given every one opportunity to help, no
matter what his walk in life, and stimulated action by emphasizing
the common interest, but it has created an obligation and an expec-
tation which have a new force in our lives. As a speaker at the
winter meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science well said: "There has never been a time in the world's
history when every individual, every nation, organizations of every
kind, every science, and every other intellectual discipline have
been under such compelling necessity of demonstrating their use-
fulness."

And he added that " the most savage assault ever made on civiliza-
tion, wrecking universities, bombarding churches and schoolhouses,
burning libraries, destroying orchards and forests, ruining labora-
tories and scientific apparatus, has compelled every nation, every
department of knowledge, to become as useful as possible." Hence,
" society is justified in asking of every scientist as of every other
man, of what use can you be in the body politic?"

This question has stirred the forces of the experiment stations
from the outset. Sometimes the glamour of war makes the oppor-
tunity seem to lie afar off, outside the ordinary walks of life. And
this makes men restless and impatient of work which seems remote
from the field of action. It has led some away from the institutions,
and created uncertainty in the minds of others as to what they ought
to do. The provision for deferred classification of agricultural

1

2 EXPERTMEKT STATION BECOKD. fVoL 88

specialists has served to relieve the unrest among younger men by
giving security in their work, but there is still some feeling of uncer-
tainty whether service does not imply a change of activity.

There are some classes of specialists who are particularly needed
by the Government because the demand for experts has so enormously
increased, and included in these are many from the agricultural col-
leges. But let us not forget that the big work is not all on the firing
line. A vast amount that is absolutely fundamental and indispens-
able lies a long way in the rear. Back of the military preparation
and supporting efforts rest a great number of groups whose services
are none the less imperative because remote, and which are taking a
vital part in the conflict, each fighting in its own way.

Agriculture has assumed a place of imperative importance in the
progress of the war. Before the first year was over the commander
of the French forces declared food production to be second only in
importance to the military operations and munitions supply, and this
has been emphasized in all the countries at war with each succeeding
year. Agriculture has become not only a national but an inter-
national requirement, and food production and control have taken
rank as a military necessity. Food has become a matter of grave
concern to America and her Allies, and the shortage of staples and
need of strict economy in their use has been brought home to us in
some measure in this country during the past few months. Ade-
quate supply is one of the most important means of strengthening
the Allies and their armies, physically and psychologically.

The American farm is the great base of food supplies. In order
that the requirements may be met supreme effort is necessary, coupled
witii the highest attainable efficiency and most profitable employment
of resources. The guidance and aid and stimulation of the great
agricultural institutions of this country may go a long way in ac-
complishing this end and in furnishing the means of overcoming the
controllable factors in production and utilization.

The experiment stations are a strong and indispensable link in the
comprehensive American system of agricultural institutions. They
stand back of the forces that are shaping the plans and giving prac-
tical aid and stimulation to the producers in the field. They are not
alone public institutions; they are part of a national system and as
a body are auxiliaries of the General Government, working for one
great end. Their staffs form a part of the agricultural corps, en-
gaged in service only second in importance to the military operations.
While this agricultural corps is organized mainly along State lines,
and is not a unified part of the military organization, it is no less
a great factor in furthering the ends for which the military branches
are striving. Recognition of this gives the position of the workers
in these institutions high importance. It makes it plain that the

19181 EDITOBIAL. 3

majority of station workers may render greatest service by remaining
in the positions they now occupy, if they are alert and determined to
make their efforts count. They are needed there more than elsewhere,
and by remaining they may take quite as definite and essential a part
in aiding the final result as if they transferred to another branch.
The qualities of the leader or the product of initiative may find ex-
pression quite as much there as in a larger aggregation, and the result
is likely to stand out quite as prominently.

The workers need to feel this, and to be encouraged to do the
things which will promote that feeling by satisfying their desire for
active service. They need to look upon themselves, as the extension
forces do in many States, as a vital part of a great agricultural army,
whose efforts are vital in the same way as the investigators in the
gas service or the food supply of cantonments, or any other line of
expert war work. Then they may feel that they are helping to win
the war even though they are not working in the camps or a Gov-
ernment office. They will see that their greatest usefulness as ex-
perts usually lies back in their institutions, in close contact with
their constituency.

It is inevitable that the war should result in much hardship to the
experiment stations through loss of men, and make more difficult
their task of maintaining their usual lines of activity. Already some
stations have been severely crippled by these losses, and the difficulty
of making the places good has been at least a temporary setback to
their work.

One saving circumstance, however, is the fact that the losses have
been quite largely among the younger men. For the most part the
heads of departments and more important staff members have re-
mained, although there are some instances where these have been
attracted to expert service with the Government or in commercial
establishments. To some extent associates and assistants capable of
doing independent work have left for other fields, and even skilled
laborers, so essential to certain kinds of greenhouse, plat and feeding
experiments, have been taken or attracted by larger wages. In some
of the southern stations, for example, it was necessary the past season
to employ negro women for such work, as the only labor available.

But the retention of so large a proportion of the leaders has pre-
served the station organization and left a basis on which to continue
its established or modified lines of activity. These remain to block
out the plans and supply .the expert judgment so essential in this
class of activity. The burden upon them has been increased, for
with less trained and experienced assistants they must look more
carefully to direction and supervision. Their resourcefulness and
ability to adapt means to ends must be relied upon. This condition

4 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

will entail more planning and supervision, from the director's office
down through the various departments.

This depletion of station forces will of itself entail some neces-
sary changes in the station projects. Many a man has gone whose
place can not be filled and who has left a line of study which must
be temporarily laid aside. This condition will increase the need of
concentrating on essential lines and utilizing the forces to best ad-
vantage. In some respects it may require doing a larger propor-
tion of work which makes less demand for specialization; and this
would not be without some advantage, for many of the current needs
are of that class.

One means of relief which is open and which might be followed
more largely than it has been is the employment of women. There
are many college trained women who have specialized in some branch
of science and taken graduate work to further fit them for high
grade service. They have perhaps rarely had contact with agricul-
tural matters or problems, but they can be trained to the agricultural
viewpoint. As a class they are as well adapted as men to many of
the operations required in experimental work, in the laboratory and
outside. A considerable number who have been tried in the past
have proved highly efficient and in all respects desirable. In some
of the stations they have risen to the position of head of department ;
in others, they have become experts in chemical analysis, in bacte-
riological technic, in entomology, in the study of plant diseases, in
breeding investigations, in the handling of poultry, and in many
other similar lines. There is nothing in the nature or requirements
of such service which unfits them or makes them less promising than
men, and there is reason to believe that they might profitably be
employed to larger extent.

While the primary duty of the experiment stations at this time
is to help win the war, the question has been as to how this can be
done to best advantage, having in mind both the present and the
future. Although individually or as a class they have not remained
indifferent and have been quick to take on added responsibilities,
there has been some evidence of doubt as to how far the situation
warrants or makes desirable a departure from the established pro-
gram and the usual lines of activity. This is an honest and a patri-
otic question, for the war is temporary while agriculture is perma-
nent, and there is to be a great period of adjustment and reconstruc-
tion after the war. The world conflict will not alter the content of
science but will serve to increase dependence upon it.

The best the stations can do in the main is, while relating their
work and the results secured in the past to the special needs of the
present, to preserve their organization and aims, to maintain their

1018] BDITOBIAL. 6

attitude toward experimental inquiry, and to continue to s»ve in
tiie capacity of experts in agricultural science and in its interpreta-
tion in practice. But in this they wiH need to be governed by exist-
ing conditions to an unusual degree. In the past tiiey have wisely
been engaged to a large extent in developing the basis for permanent
agriculture, and this has led them into lines of study whidi have
become increasingly technical and fundamental. Now, the unusual
conditions and the insistent demands laid on agriculture, call for
such a temporary adjustment as will relate their activities, in part at
least, quite closely to the problems at hand.

They need to be brought definitely into tlie emergency campaign.
In many places this step was taken long ago, at least informally, but
in others the effort has not been organized or expressed in the pro-
gram, and a considerable part of ihe staff has been but little affected
by it. This is doubtless due to design rather than oversight, and is
founded in a belief that the station can be of greatest service by con-
tinuing its work in the usual way.

Intellectual leadership, sound counsel, and expert study in the
li^t of present conditions are services for which the stations will be
looked to. Obviously tiiis is no time for " business as usual." Our
most urgent business is to win the war ; and in a great service system
like the experiment stations, each unit should be an answer to the
question of what is being done to help win the war.

The needs of the Nation in time of emergency are abxmdant justi-
fication for such temporary change and adjustment as necessary,
for they are paramount considerations. The subjects worthy of our
best thought and highest endeavors are those which deal with utiliz-
ing our science and directing it to questions and procedure which are
just now vital.

This will suggest the desirability of some revision of the station's
program, not with a view to changing the general character and
purpose of the activity but of adapting it for the time being to the
unusual conditions. In this way the station's energies and resources
may be directed to subjects having a present importance and likely
to be of practical rather than general theoretical interest. Emphasis
would be laid upon emergency topics, and more time gained for
special expert services.

Some projects can be eliminated or postponed, because they are
not pressing and can readily wait ; others may be brought as speedily
as practicable to a point where they can be placed on the inactive
list without detriment to what has been done, or may be given a
trend which will make them meet more immediate needs ; still others
may be singled out which from their nature are so timely and im-
portant that they ought to be pushed vigorously.
37450°— 18 2

6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 88

It need hardly be said that such a sorting of projects will require
thoughtful and sympathetic consideration of the nature and special
requirements of established lines. Violent and sweeping changes
are not to be advised. No one would wish to see systems of plat
experiments abandoned, or long-time breeding studies interrupted, or
investigations disturbed for which special provision has been made
in the form of herds, flocks, orchards, or other living collections.
But there are other lines where interruption would be less serious.

The real question is how the stations can make their work most
useful, while remaining in their recognized field. Without taking
any narrow view it will be evident that the study of fundamentals
which have no particular present application to agriculture or the
changing situation in view will be less imperative and may often be
laid aside temporarily for those promising more direct benefits.
Furthermore, in deciding upon new lines or projects, their suitability
at this time evidently ought to receive unusual consideration. Serv-
ice where it is needed should be the watchword.

One important relationship which should be especially emphasized
is that of the station to the extension service. As the station's duty
lies primarily in the field of providing reliable knowledge and ad-
vice, it is highly important that unusually close and helpful rela-
tions be maintained with the extension service which has been en-
larged to assist in translating this useful knowledge into practice.

Such relations have not always prevailed in the past. Indeed, there
are cases in which little or no intercourse has existed, and in others
the gap between the station and the extension organization and forces
has frequently been too wide. This does not make for efficiency. It
weakens both branches of service very materially.

There is an interdependence between these two agencies. While
separate in organization, they are by no means independent of each
other, but for the highest results they are mutually dependent upon
one another. They can ill afford to work independently, especially
at such a time as this. Recognizing the special field and function of
each of these services, it seems clear that, especially in this emergency,
it is incumbent upon the experiment stations to see to it that their
results are adequately extended to the people. This does not mean
that station rilen are to carry the results themselves in any regular
way, or serve as extension specialists, but it implies working in very
close contact with the extension forces, interpreting the results of
station work to them, maintaining a touch with the farming people
through them, keeping advised of the special needs of the times, and
supplying the answer as far as possible.

Everything points to the necessity of concentrating our efforts.
The two agencies need to advise and counsel together. The stations

1918] EDITORIAL. 7

can guide and sustain this army of busy workers, answer the ques-
tions which come to them in their every-day experience, and make
their teachings doubly sure. Just as in normal times the stations are
to replace tradition and opinion by reason, and uncertainty by hard
facts, so now they will need to furnish much of the knowledge and
procedure to guide the farmer and his advisers.

The station's experts should also be in position to help in planning
the extension campaigns and the programs for larger production.
This is an unusual form of activity it is true, but the times are un-
usual. Teachings and plans should be safe and sane, and all the
counsel possible is needed. The suggestions and advice to be offered
to the farmers ought to be tested in the crucible of the station's
expert understanding, and should be considered broadly as to their
effect and in relation to present economic and other conditions. The
station experts ought to be at the council table when the agricultural
needs are being considered and the plans and programs are being
worked out. This has not always been the case in the past.

It is not necessary that the station workers should step out of their
character as experts in agricultural science and its interpretation to
accomplish these things. They will usually be more useful in that
capacity than if they attempted to take the place of extension
workers. They need, however, to adapt their attitude and their
vision toward the work at hand so that they will observe and con-
sider conditions outside the technical aspects of their investigations,
and be alert to realize the full measure of their opportunity.

It is one of the essential attributes of the station investigator that
he should understand the field so as to know what is most needful.
He must discover the problems, or if not must be guided by those
who do, and he needs now especially to familiarize himself definitely
with the actual conditions of farming and to take a practical view
of his work and its use. Economic conditions are changed ; so is the
labor situation and the fertilizer supply, and the problem of trans-
portation. Hence theory in relation to practice needs to be revised,
frequently on the basis of new experiments.

There is still some disposition to look upon the stations as makers
of theories and fundamental conceptions not closely related to the
immediate needs of the situation. The attitude of the stations should
be a decisive answer to this. It is not a time for the pursuit of
theory for the sake of theory, but for the application of theory and
the result of experiment to practical conditions.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGEICULTTTRAL CHEMISTRY— AGBOTECHNY.

Maple sugar: Composition, methods of analysis, effect of environment,
A. H. Bbtan, M. N. Stbauqn, C. G. Ghxjrch, A. Given, and S. F. Shebwood
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 466 {1911), pp. 46, figs. 2).— This buUetln gives the defini-
tions of maple sugar and its products and the procedure for sampling, and
outlines the methods of analysis. Analytical data of samples collected during
the seasons 1910, 1911, and 1912 from Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachu-
setts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont,
West Virginia, and also from Quebec, Canada, are submitted in tabular form
and the results obtained discussed. The data include the physical properties
of color and taste ; the determination of sucrose, invert sugar, undetermined
sugar, total ash, soluble ash, insoluble ash, ratio of soluble ash to insoluble
ash, alkalinity of the soluble and insoluble ash ; tannin reaction ; the Winton
and the Ross lead numbers ; and malic acid value.

The effect of environment on the composition of maple sugar ; changes in
composition and color from sap sirup to sugar simp ; moisture in maple sugar ;
and maple cream, honey, and wax are briefly discussed. Some comparative
data of American and Canadian products are also submitted.

The following analytical figures are considered to be the minimum for pure
maple products, as judged by the analytical data obtained in the investigation :
Total ash, 0.77 per cent; insoluble ash, 0.23 per cent; Winton lead mmaber,
1.85 ; and malic acid value, 0.6, all results being calculated to a dry basis.

The fermentation of Philippine cacao, H. C. Bbull {Philippine Jour, Scu,
Sect. A, 12 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-15).— The fermentation of " criollo " and " f or-
astero " cacao for varying lengths of time and the influence of enzyms and yeasts
on the fermentation was investigated. The results indicate that the fermenta-
tion is the joint result of the reaction of yeasts and enzyms.

It is concluded in general that " the Philippine Islands can grow a good
quality of cacao in large quantities and that the time seems opportune for such
an innovation."

Tabular data are given showing the production and consumption of cacao
by countries, average weight of fruits and seeds of Philippine cacao, analytical
data of Philippine cacao and cacao from various other sources, and properties
of cocoa butter from Philippine cacao. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 35,
p. 414).

[Notes on essential oils], Pukan Singh {Indian Forest Rec., 5 {1917), No.
8, pp. II+S9, pis. 6). — Three papers are here presented.

I. The eucalyptus oU industry in the Nilgiris (pp. 1-26). — This is a discussion
of the subject under the topics of a summary of the literature on eucalyptus
oil and Its distillation ; the blue-gum oil distillation in the Nilgiris ; the oil from
the Nllgiri blue gum, its yield and composition ; cost of distillation of eucalyp-
tus oil; and an appendix on the design of the most economical still for euca-
iTptoB oil distillation in the NUgiria.
8

19181 AGBIOULrUBAL OBCBMISTBY — AGEOTECHNT. 9

II. Distillation of geranium oil in the NUgiris (pp. 27-32). — The subject Is
discussed under the topics of botanical identification, a summary of the litera-
ture on geranium oil, yield and composition of the oil, constants of the geranium
oil of European commerce, production and trade, cultivation of geranium, and
field experiments with a view to determining the yield and constants of the
Nilgiri oil.

Cultivation of geranium is encouraged as an auxiliary crop for the use of
eucalyptus distillers. An oil of excellent aroma having 46.6 per cent of free
geraniol and 28.19 per cent of combined geraniol was obtained.

III. Manufacture of wvntergreen oil in India (pp. 33-39). — ^This reports the
results of an experimental study relative to the supply of raw material, yield
of oil, cost of production, cartage, packing, etc.

The results of the study have shown that the Nilgiri plant is too poor in oil
content to be considered as a commercial source of oil of wintergreen.

The presence of arsenic in hops, W. W. Stockbekgeb and W. D. Collins
(f7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 568 (1917), pp. 7). — Data are presented which show that
sun-dried hops collected from various yards in Oregon during 1915 contained
practically no arsenic. The spraying materials in general use are not con-
sidered to be responsible for the contamination of hops with arsenic. The
sulphur used for the hops collected was generally found to be contaminated
with arsenic. It is indicated that " little, if any, doubt remains that impure
sulphur alone is responsible for the contamination of hops with appreciable
quantities of arsenic."

The analytical data are submitted in tabular form.

See also a previous note (B. S. R., 19, p. 1007).

Some enzyms of germinating red. gram (Cajanus indicus), B. Viswanath
(Agr. Jour. India, Indian Sci. Cong. No., 1917, pp. 109-116). — Investigations re-
ported show the presence of an ereptase, amylase, cytase, maltase, sucrase,
oxidase, lipase, and urease in an aqueous extract of the germinated red gram,
or dholl (pigeon pea). No peptase was found in the normal seed. Hydrolysis
of the reserve protein was found to take place at a late stage in the germina-
tion. Whether this hydrolysis is due to a protoplasmic activity or to the secre-
tion of a separate enzym in the course of germination is indicated as still being
doubtful.

The use of textile fibers in microscopic qualitative chemical analysis,
E. M. Chamot and H. I. Coue (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No.
10, pp. 969-971 ) . — The authors describe a method for the detection of alkalinity
and acidity in minute drops of liquid by means of silk fibers impregnated with
litmus. Congo red viscose silk fibers could be used only for the detection of
acidity. Acidity due to mineral acids yielded positive results in solutions as
dilute as ^.^-normal. The indicator fibers were found not to be quite so
sensitive to alkali. The sensitiveness of the indicator fibers was found to vary
with the degree of adsorption of the dye and the degree of purification of the
raw silk and of the litmus used.

It is indicated that Congo red fibers can not be used to differentiate organic
acids from mineral acids.

The preparation of fibers and the technique of the determinations, together
with a modified procedure for preparing an exceedingly pure litmus, are de-
scribed in detail.

An electrically heated and controlled air bath, W. P. Schuck (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 10, pp. 97S, 974, fig- i).— The construction and
operation of the apparatus are described in detail. The cost of materials re-
quired to make the ordinary air bath electrically heated and controlled waa
$1.60, ex<du8iye of the platinum contact points.

10 EXPEBIMENT STATION BECOBD. [Vol.88

A useful distilling head, O. Steabns {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9
(1917), No. 10, pp. 972, 973, fig. i).— A distilling head which has been found
useful for liquids which frotli easily or have a tendency to bump is described
by a figure.

The separation of aluminum from iron by means of ether, S. Palkin {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chern., 9 (1917), No 10, pp. 951-95S).— The essentials of the
method described are as follows :

The dried mixed chlorids of aluminum and iron are talien up In a small
amount of hydrochloric-acid-alcohol solution and evaporated to crystallization
of the salts. The residue is again acidified with alcoholic hydrochloric acid,
and ether which contains a trace of water gradually added. The aluminum
is precipitated as a hydrated chlorid varying in composition while the ferric
chlorid remains in solution. The precipitate is separated by filtration and the
aluminum precipitated from an aqueous solution of aluminum chlorid as the
hydroxid, filtered, ignited, and weighed with the usual precautions. The ether
solution of iron is distilled or evaporated to remove the ether, the residue trans-
ferred with a little water and hydrochloric acid to a weighed platinum dish
(using as little water as possible), and evaporated to dryness on the steam bath.
The residue is moistened with 1 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid, gently warmed
on the steam bath to expel most of the hydrochloric acid, and slowly heated
over a flame on an asbestos gauze until all the ferric chlorid is converted to
the sulphate. It is then heated over a free flame, and finally over the blast
lamp to convert the sulphate to ferric oxid. The oxid is cooled and weighed
in the usual manner.

The procedure is described in detail, and analytical data submitted which
indicate the accuracy of the procedure. Essential data obtained in the study of
the effect of moisture, alcohol, and hydrochloric acid on the accuracy of the
method are also submitted.

The determination of sulphur dioxid, O. R. Sweeney, H. E. Outcault, and
J. R. WiTHEOW {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 {1917), No. 10, pp. 949, 950). —
Data are submitted which indicate that potassium permanganate is to be pre-
ferred to iodin for the determination of sulphur dioxid. It gives as great ac-
curacy, is as easy to prepare, can be more easily manipulated, can be used for
traces as well as large amounts of sulphur dioxid, is more stable to light, gives
a color as easy or easier to match than the starch-iodin end point, and requires
no simultaneous blank, consequently less apparatus to be transported in the
field.

The details of the manipulation of the method are the same as those of the
iodin method used by the Selby Smelter Commission (B. S. R., 34, p. 716).

The effect of temperature on the reaction of lysin with nitrous acid,
B. SuEE and E. B. Habt {Jour. Biol. Chem., SI {1917), No. 3, pp. 527-532).—
Data are submitted by the authors, at the Wisconsin Experiment Station,
which show that at definite concentrations 32* C. is the lowest temperature
at which both amino groups of lysin react with nitrous acid in 5 minutes. At
certain definite concentrations 80° was the lowest temperature at which both
groups reacted with nitrous acid in 10 minutes.

It is suggested that " at temperatures of 30° C. and above, 10 or a maximum
of 15 minutes would be more than sufiicient for shaking the hexone bases
In the Van Slyke method [E. S. R., 26, p. 22] of protein analysis, at any
concentration, instead of 30 as was the practice heretofore." It was found
possible to render the e-amino group of lysin entirely inactive at temperatures
of 1* and slightly below with certain definite concentrations.

1918] AGBICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 11

The determination of phytin phosphorus in plant products, J. B. Ratheb
(Arkansas Sta. Bui. 1S5 (1917), pp. 3-15; abs. in Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39
(1917), No. 11, pp. 2506-2515).— The author has found that the ferric chlorid
titration method of Heubner and Stadler (E. S. R., 34, p, 10) for the deter-
mination of phytin phosphorus in pharmaceutical products is applicable to
plant products with some slight modifications which the nature of the materials
demands. The method, however, does not appear to yield satisfactory results
with dried forage plants.

" The ratio of iron to phosphorus In determinations of phytin phosphorus
as ascertained by titrations of purified salts of inosit pentaphosphoric add
obtained from Kafir corn, cottonseed meal, wheat bran, corn, rice bran, and
rice polish, was found to average 1.207. Heptaferric inosit pentaphosphate
would have the ratio 1.191."

Of the plant products examined, wheat bran, rice polish, cottonseed meal,
wheat shorts, and rice bran were found to contain the largest amounts of
phytin phosphorus, wMle the smallest amounts were found in corn, oats, soy
bean, clover seed, and Kafir corn. The phytin phosphorus in the plant products
examined constituted on an average 73 per cent of the total phosphorus and
86 per cent of the 1.2 per cent hydrochloric-acid-soluble phosphorus.

The bacteriological examination of food and water, W. G. Savage (Cam-
bridge, England: University Press, 1916, 2. ed., pp. X+200, figs. 16). — This Is
the second edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 311). The
new edition contains an addendum in which the recent advances and new
methods which facilitate the examination of food and water are summarized.

A method for the determination of the volatile oil content of citrus fruits,
G. P. Wilson and C. O. Young (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No.
10, pp. 959-961, fig. 1). — The extraction methods for the determination of the
volatile oil in citrus fruits not having been found to be very satisfactory, the
authors modified the steam distillation method and found it to be the most
practical procedure thus far developed. A special calibrated receiving flask
similar to a Babcock milk test bottle, the body having a capacity of 200 cc. and
the neck of 2 cc, the latter graduated in 0.1 cc, was designed and is described.
The weight of the oil is calculated by the formula

VX 0.849X0.996.
V being equal to the volume of the oU collected, 0.849 being the average specific
gravity of California lemon oil, and 0.996 a correction factor for determinationa
made at 25° C in the air. For rapid and reasonably accurate work the weight
of the oil may be obtained by multiplying the volume obtained in the distilla-
tion by 0.846.

Determination of sugar in baked articles (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indu^., 36
(1917), No. 15, pp. 856, 857). — Procedures for the preparation of the sample
and the determination of moisture in biscuits, large cakes, buns, small cakes,
and articles containing fruit (raisins, currants, dates, etc) in which sugar
naturally occurs, agreed to at a conference between the Government chemist
and representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and of the biscuit manu-
facturers of Great Britain, are submitted.

Detection of added water in milk by means of a simplified molecular con-
centration constant, L. W. Feebis (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917),
No. 10, pp. 957-959, fig. 1). — Thirty-one samples of milk were analyzed whldi
showed values for the molecular concentration to be between 71.1 and 82.6 as
calculated by the method of Mathieu and Ferrg (E. S. R., 33, p. 208). The de-
yelopment of acidity in the milk was found to have the same effect upon the
molecular concentration constant as the addition of water. The use of for-

12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.88

inaldehyde as a preservative is, tiowever, permissible. The application of the
method to three samples of milk to which 8 per cent of water was added indi-
cated the presence of the added water by marked reduction of the molecular
concentration. It is stated that " if a sample of milk can be examined while
fresh the freezing-point method is more accurate, but if it is desired to preserve
the sample the determination of the molecular concentration constant is better
for the detection of added water in milk."

The analytical data are submitted in detailed tabular form.

The distribution of the fatty acids in the milk fat of the cow and sheep,
C. Cbowthee and A. Htnd (Biochem. Jour., 11 (1917), No. 2, pp. 1S9-16S). — A
method for the determination of fatty acids which consists essentially in con-
verting a suitable sample of the fat to the methyl esters of the fatty acids by
heating in ethereal solution with an excess of methyl alcohol containing a small
percentage of hydrogen chlorid is described in detail. The mixed esters are
carefully separated from the reaction and fractionally distilled three or four
times, the distillation in each case being made under atmospheric pressure, until
a temperature of 150-160° C. is reached, the fractionation being subsequently
completed under a pressure of about 15 mm. A series of fractions, each as-
sumed to contain only two saturated esters and one unsaturated ester, the latter
being further assumed to be methyl oleate, is thus obtained. Experimental
data in support of these assumptions are submitted. The iodin value and the
saponification value of each fraction is then determined, and fi-om these figures
the weight of each ester in the fractions calculated. From the weights of the
esters the weight of each acid in the original sample is finally obtained. The
calculation of results is described.

Analytical data obtained in the use of the method and showing the fatty acids
of the fat of cow and ewe's milk, of an artificial mixture of fatty acids, and the
fat from the " first runnings " of milk are submitted in detail. The data ob-
tained from the artificial mixture of fatty acids indicate the accuracy of the
procedure.

A iiiodifi.cation of the Price method for the separation of the permitted
coal-tar colors to include tartrazin, E. H. Ingebsoix (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 9 iWn), No. 10, pp. 955-957). — ^The author found the method described
by EJstea (B. S. R., 36, p. 714) to be unsatisfactory and has proposed a modifi-
cation of the Price method (B. S. R., 25, p. 502), which is described in detail.

Drying fruits and vegetables in the home ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
&il {1917), pp. 29, figs. 19). — ^This publication discusses reasons fbr drying
fruits and vegetables and principles and methods of drying and preparation of
food for the drier ; describes apparatus used for drying ; and gives directions for
drying various fruits and vegetables, precautions against insects, directions for
packing and storing, and recipes for cooking dried fruits and vegetables.

Home canning by the one-period cold-packed method, O. H. Benson {U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmera' Bui. 839 {1917), pp. S9, figs. 2^).— This is a general dis-
cussion of the cold-pack method of canning, together with detaile.:' directions
for canning various fruits and vegetables, special canning precautions, a time
table, and suggestions. Directions for handling and sealing containers are
glyen in an appendix.

The methods described are those taught to canning club members in the
North^u and Western States.

Home canning of fruits and vegetables, Maby E. Cbeswell and Ola Pow-
wu. {U. S. Dept. Afir., Farmers' Bui. 85S {1917), pp. 42, figs. 18).— This publi-
cation discusses canning, other methods of conservation, and sterilization; de-

1918] METEOEOLOGY. 13

scribes equipment for canning in the home, canning In glass with directions for
various fruits and vegetables, canning in tin, standards for 4-H brand canned
fruits and vegetables ; gives directions for making jams, fruit butters, marma-
lades, and jelly ; and briefly discusses preserving. Time tables for canning
fruits and vegetables are included.

The methods described are those taught to canning club members in the
Southern States.

The sanitary control of tomato-canning factories, B. J. Howabd and 0. H.
Stephenson (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 569 (1917)', pp. 29, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This bul-
letin discusses the findings of an inspection of several tomato-canning factories
in which defective methods of cleaning the apparatus or Inadequate sorting
methods were found responsible for insanitary products, and discusses the
operations of washing, assorting, trimming, and pulping, pulp-making systems,
promptness in handling, cleanliness in the factory, and laboratory control.

Methods of preparing salmon, J. N. Cobb (C7. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fisheries
Doc. 839 (1917), pp. 118-146, pis. 12). — These pages describe the salmon can-
ning industry of the Pacific Northwest and give notes on mild curing, pickling,
dry-salting, smoking, freezing, the utilization of salmon eggs, and miscellaneous
products, including meal, fertilizer, and oil.

Hom.e manufacture of furs and skins, A. B. Fabnham (Columbus, Ohio:
A. R. Harding, 1916, pp. 285, figs. 91). — This volume gives practical instructions
on how to tan, dress, color, and manufacture or make into articles of orna-
ment, wear, and use furs and skins. The subjects treated in general are facts
^and general principles for fur and skin workers ; correct modes of skinning fur
animals; stretching, curing, and handling fur skins and hides; storing and
shipping raw furs ; tools and appliances for tanning and dressing ; tanning
materials ; terms, formulas, and recipes ; preliminary work — soaking, fleshing,
degreasing ; softening and cleaning skins ; small or light furs ; heavy furs ;
deer skins and buckskin ; sheep and goat skins, etc. ; uses and principles of fur
dyeing ; furriers' tools and supplies ; making up furs, garments, robes, rugs,
coats, capes, caps, gloves, muffs, neck pieces, etc. ; utilizing fur waste ; cleaning,
repairing, and storing ; and prices for tanning and other fur work.

METEOEOLOGY.

Climatological data for the United States by sections (U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 4 (1917), Nos. 5 [^i], pis. 2, figs. 5; 6, pp. [216'i,
pis. 2, figs. 4). — These numbers contain brief summaries and detailed tabular
statements of climatological data for each State for May and June, 1917.

Meteorolog^ical records for 1915 (New York State Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 983-
994). — Tables are given showing trldaily readings at Geneva, N. Y., of standard
air thermometers for each month of the year ; daily readings of maximum and
minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. for each month of the year ; a monthly sum-
mary of maximum, minimum, and standard thermometer readings for the year ;
monthly and yearly maximum and minimum temperatures from 1S83 to 1915,
inclusive ; average monthly and yearly temperatures since 1882 ; and rainfall by
months since 1882.

[Meteorology for 1914], H. D. Edmiston (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
425-433, 4^7-521). — The observations here recorded are of the same character

14

EXPEEIMENT STATIOK KEOOBD.

[Tol. 88

as those reported in previous years (E. S. R., 85, p. 508). The summary for
1914 is as follows:

Summary of meteorological observations at State College,

Pa

., 19H.

Kind of observation.

19U

Growing season
(April-Sep-
tember).

Barometer (inches): Mean'

30.031 ...

Temperature (" F.):

Mean

48.7 . . .

63 5

Highest

95 0 (Aug 20)

95.0 (Aug. 20).
20.0 (Apr. 4).
45.0 (June 17).

Lowest

-15.0 (Jan. 14).
45.0 (June 17) . .

" ' •

Greatest daily range

Least daily range

1.0 (Jan. 4, Nov.
31 01

16)

Rainfall (inchest

16.24.

Number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain fell. ..

117

55.

Mean percentage of cloudiness

51.0...

44 0.

Number of days on wtiich cloudiness averaged 80 per cent

116

41.

or more.
Last frost in spring

June 16.

First frost in fall

Sept. 5.

1 Exclusive of March and AprU.

Forest climate of Switzerland {Rev. Sd. [Paris], 55 (1917), No. 16, pp. 498,
499). — The variations of temperature and precipitation at different altitudes
and varying conditions of exposure and forest cover are discussed.

Observations at the Stavropol meteorological station, I. G. Chebkashenko
(Stavropol-Kavkaz. Selsk. Klwz. Opytn. Sta., Mat. 1905-1912, Nahlvud. Met.
Sta. Zapad. Opytn. Polut, No. 1 (191S), pp. 6). — Tables are given showing the
temperature of the air and the precipitation for eight years (1905-1912), aa
well as the temperature and precipitation for the years of highest and lowest
crops of winter wheat during that period.

Dates of the last spring and first autumn frosts and the average times of sow-
ing and harvesting the principal crops of the region are also given. The
average date of the last spring frost, 1904r-1912, was April 19; of the first
autumn frost, October 8. The average seedtime and harvest dates, 1901-1912,
were as follows: Beginning of seeding of winter wheat, September 16, begin-
ning of harvest, July 14; spring cereals, March 26, July 12; potatoes April 8,
September 10; corn, April 18, September 21.

The amount and distribution of temperature and precipitation for the years
giving the highest and lowest yields of winter wheat are shown in the following
table :

Temperature and precipitation for the highest and lowest yields of lointer

wheat, 1905-1912.

Month and year.

August

September ,

October

November .
December..

January

February . .

March

April

May

June

July

Whole year

Average temperature.

Highest yield.

1909-10. 1911-12.

Degrees F.
20.0
18.7
10.0
6.7
.3

- 2.2

- 2.4
1.1
8.3

13.4
17.9
21.3

Degrees F.
18.9
12.5
7.2
4.1

- 3.4

- 3.2

- 2.6
2.8
5.3

11.0
17.7
17.5

7.3

Lowest
yield,

1907-8.

Precipitation.

Highest yield.

Degrees F.
18.8
11.9
8.4

- 1.8

- 2.2

- 5.7

- 2.8

- 1.7
6.0

12.7
18.5
19.8

6.8

Inches.
20.4
C3.4
.8
57.0
21.2
22.1
16.6
14.0
58.4
94. S
85.4
74.0

528.1

1911-12.

Inches.
39.1
66.8
40.1
16.6
11.5
12.4
32.9
11.9
59.0
81.7
104.1
137.3

C13.4

Lowest
yield,
1907-3.

Indies.
6.1
53.6
5.2
31.9
34.9
23.0
23.3
21.3
36.0
68.0
69.2
74.9

447.9

1918] METEOROLOGY. 15

The highest yields were about 35 bu. of grain and S,400 lbs. of straw per
acre. The lowest yield was about 14 bu. of grain and 2,050 lbs. of straw.

Desiccation of Africa, R. L. Habgeb {Jour. Ea&t Africa and Uganda Nat.
Hist. Soc, vol. 6, No. 11; abs. in Nature [London], 99 {1911), No. 2487, p. S52;
U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1911), No. 6, p. SOI). — Reviewing past records and
original observations covering a vast extent of territory from Tanganyika
southward and westward there is stated to be a considerable decrease in volume
of the chain of great lakes and of the rivers feeding them in this region. The
cause is not explained.

The modification of South African rainfall, J. M. Sim {So. African Jour.
8ci., 13 {1911), No. 1, pp. S18-S26). — The author reviews evidence showing that
rainfall has decreased throughout South Africa in the last hundred years, and
that its character has changed from soft, soaking rains to torrential thunder-
storms. As a result the water supply of a large portion of the region is en-
tirely inadequate, while a further portion is threatened by a spread of desiccat-
ing conditions. Even in those regions where the rainfall can still be said to
be sufficient desiccation is proceeding, which must ultimately result in arid or
semiarid conditions.

A correlation between magnetic storms and rain, H. Aectowski {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sd. [Paris], 164 (1911), No. 5, pp. 221-229; abs. in Set. Abs., Sect.
A—Phys., 20 {1911), No. 236, p. 5/5),— " Rainfall observations at Batavia and
Greenwich are used to show an apparent relation between rainfall and mag-
netic storms, which suggests that the phenomena may be conuected in some way,
probably through the medium of solar activity."

Modern methods of protection against lightning, R. N. Covebt {U. 8. Dept.
Apr., Farmers' Bui. 842 {1911), pp. S2, figs. 25).— This publication gives practi-
cal information regarding protection of buildings against lightning, accompanied
by specifications for installing the equipment.

Effect of meteorological factors on the germination capacity of seeds,
J, N. Walloon {Sveriges Vtsddesfor. Tidskr., 26 {1916), No. 4, pp. 146-162,
figs. 4) o^bs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internal. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr.,
8 {1911), No. S, pp. 340-342). — It is stated that the capacity of seeds to produce
vigorous, rapidly-growing seedlings is affected to a marked extent by meteor-
ological conditions at the time of the maturing of the seeds.

" Copious rain and a low temperature during the period of ripening and har-
vest stimulate the development of the grain, which subsequently germinates in
storage or even in the shock. The degree of sensitiveness varies according to
the species, but is maximum in rye, which two days' rain are sufficient to
germinate. For wheat, barley, oats, marked differences are noted between dif-
ferent varieties."

Prematurely-sprouted seeds produce weak and malformed seedlings. Seeds
matured during dry weather ripen more quickly and germinate better than
those ripening during wet weather. " The rapidity with which the germinat-
ing point is reached is not only subject to the influence of the temperature dur-
ing the period of ripening, but Is also dependent upon the specific properties of
the different varieties. . . . The time required for reaching the degree of ripe-
ness requisite for germination is shorter In proportion as the seed is drier. It
must be noted, however, that this point is not reached immediately after shrink-
ing, which proves that the ripening process is not merely the mechanical result
of loss of water, but depends upon biochemical changes occurring within the
grain."

Influence of meteorolog^ical factors on the development and yield of the
millets, Panicum miliaceuzu and Setaria italica, in Bussia, M. G. Sibitjsov
{Trudy Selsk. Khoz. Met., No. 16 {1916), pp. 118-131, figs. 6; abs. in Internat.

16 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 88

Inst. Agr. [Rome], Intemat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 3, pp. 3^2-
346). — From the results of a study at the Temir experiment station in south
Russia of the specific action of meteorological factors on the development of
millet, the following conclusions are drawn :

" Germination only takes place when the mean soil temperature (24 hours)
at the spot where the grains are situated is not below 10-12° O. * The higher
the temperature the more rapid are germination and growth. . . . Thermal
conditions have a clear Influence on the flowering phase, which is more rapid
the greater the daily rise and fall of temperature. . . .

" The rainfall values are spread over various periods of development. In
this case six periods only are distinguished instead of eight ; they are ( 1 )
sowing, (2) appearance of young plants, (3) development of the third leaf —
stooling, (4)stooling — earing, (5) earing — flowering, (6) flowering — complete
maturity. The critical period for millet with respect to rainfall coincides with
the stooling phase, although it is not yet exactly known whether the notable
need of water by the plant at this moment is to be correlated with the actual
stooling process or with the development of the lateral rootlets. In the atmos-
pheric layer where the millet develops its epigeal portions (stem and flowers)
the plant itself takes special precautions, thanks to which the meteorological
factors are modified and fixed as the result of quite special combinations and
relationships. It creates a kind of ' microclimate '."

SOILS— FERTILIZEES.

Further studies on the freezing point lowering of soils, G. J. Boinrotrcos
and M. M. McCooL (Michigan 8ta. Tech. Bid. 31 (1916), pp. 51, fig. 1). — In con-
tinuation and extension of work previously reported (E. S. R., 34, p. 721),
in which the freezing point lowering was measured in over 58 soils at very
low and very high moisture contents, it was found that the original experi-
mental data, general conclusions, and hypotheses were confirmed. The soils
used included characteristic types from the States of Rhode Island, Pennsyl-
vania, Michigan, Kentucky, Florida, Texas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Washing-
ton, and California.

"The results obtained from this study show (1) that the lowering of the
freezing point of soils is entirely different at the two moisture contents in all
the different soUs. (2) The degree of the freezing point lowering is quite
small at the high moisture content and varies rather appreciably in the differ-
ent soils, while at the low moisture content it is tremendously high and varies
considerably in the various soils. At the maximum percentage of water
the lowering of the freezing point varies from 0.01° C. in the case of some
sands to 0.075° in the case of some clay loams and clays, while at the mini-
mum percentage of moisture it ranges from about 0.11° in some sands to
about 1.37° in some of the loams and clays. The degree of depression for
heavy sandy loams, silts, clay loams, and clay tends to be above 1° at the
minimum water content, whUe that of sands and very light sandy loam lies
as a rule close to 0.4°. . . .

" It was found that the magnitude of the lowering of the freezing point of
soils at the low moisture content decreases with successive freezings. This
was true, however, with the agricultural soils, but not with artificial sub-
stances such as quartz sand, kaolin, burned soils, etc. For explaining these
phenomena the hypothesis is offered that the greatest portion of the water
which is made inactive or unavailable and thus removed from the field of ac-
tion as far as the freezing point lowering Lb concerned, is due to the colloids
which the soils contain. . . .

1918] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 17

" By means of the freezing point method the effect of application of soluble
salts and acids upon the concentration of the soil solution in the soil was also
studied. The results pertaining to the soluble salts show that the different
compounds employed have an entirely different effect upon the concentration
of the solution of the diverse classes of soil. In the case of the neutral salts
the solution of the agricultural soils was increased from 35 to 100 per cent of
their addefl strength, while in the case of the phosphate salts only a very small
portion of their concentration was added to the soil solution, amounting in the
majority of cases to only 10 per cent. All the salts, including the phosphates,
behaved the same in regard to the artificial substances, the quartz sand, kaolin,
burned soils, etc., as they all increased the concentration of their solution to
about the same degree. 100 per cent. The neutral salt solutions dio not behave
uniformly in the different types of soil, some of the salts produced the greatest
increase in concentrations in the sands and the smallest in the clays, while
other salts caused about the same degree of concentration in all the distinct
types of soil.

"The different acids affected the concentration of the soil solution very dif-
ferently. Some of the acids augmented the concentration of *he solution of the
agricultural soils from 50 to 70 per cent of their added strength, others about
130 per cent, and still others only about 5 per cent.

"The increase in concentration of the soil solution as produced by the appli-
cation of the salts and acids is due to the formation of new sub;:tances, the
depression of the freezing point of which is as great, greater, or less than
that of the original substance. In the case of the artificial substances such as
quartz sand, kaolin, burned soils, etc., both the original (Concentration and
composition of the salt solutions remained practically unaltered."

Method of sterilizing and chloroforming soil used in studying chernozem,
S. Skalskij {luzh. Russ. Selsk. Khoz. Gaz., 1916, Nos. 1, pp. 7, 8; 2, pp. 6, 7/
5, pp. 5-7; 7-9, pp. 9, 10; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Internat. Rev.
Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 9, pp. 1249-1253; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus.,
S6 {1911), No. 5, pp. 298, 299). — Experiments are reported with fallow cher-
nozem soil plowed in April, a chernozem soil cleared several year? previously,
and a three-year-old lucerne chernozem soil.

"From each of these a surface layer (0-17.7cm.) and a layer immediately
below it (17.7-35.5 cm.) were taken, treated with various fertilizers, potted, and
sown with sterilized oat seeds. The first series (a) served as controls, the second
(b) was manured with potassium nitrate and magnesium sulphate and used to
determine the assimilable phosphoric acid content, the third (c) received po-
tassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium sulphate and was u>"ed to deter-
mine the assimilable nitrogen, the fourth (d) received a complete mineral
dressing of potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ani magnesium
sulphate, the fifth (e) contained soil sterilized by heating in an autoclave in
steam for one hour under 2.5 atmospheres, and in the sixth (f) chloroformed
soil was employed. Four plants were grown in each pot anl they were
watered from below with rain water so that the moisture content r emained at
the optimum throughout.

"The plants died in some of the sterilized samples of soil. . . . The fertility
of (d) and (e) was about the same and much superior to the rest, (f) came
next, followed by (c), (b), and (a). To investigate the causes of the increased
fertility, the bacterial flora in the fallow soil was examined. The bacterial
numbers in (e) and (f) were incomparably greater than in (a), greater in the
shallow than in the deep soil, and greater on agar than on gelatin. In (f),
the bacterial increase and the higher fertility were accompanied by an enrich-

18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Tol. 38

ment in nitrogen and ptiosphorus. The gain of assimilable nitrc^en is ascribed
to bacterial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and to the decomposition of or-
ganic matter, that of the phosphorus to the action of soil organisms in liberating
acids which attacked the phosphates, and in converting unavailaole organic
phosphorus into an assimilable state.

"The bacteria in the sterilized samples (e) were derived from the air, and
the enhanced fertility was chiefly due to the increase in available phosphoric
acid, which amounted to from 47 to 76.5 per cent in the lower layer and 88
to 121 per cent in the arable strata, and which is ascribed to the decomposi-
tion of nucleins containing 5.7 per cent of phosphorus which liberate free phos-
phoric acid when heated to 150° C. The nitrogen contents of the sterilized and
unsterilized soils were the same, and as the good effects of steril'zation could
not be entirely due to the increase in soluble phosphoric acid they must also be
accounted for by assuming that assimilable nitrogen is liberated from organic
matter during sterilization. The increase of available nitrogen in series (e)
was clearly indicated by the rich green color of the leaves of the young plants."

Formation of " black alkali " (sodium carbonate) in calcareous soils,
J. F. Bkeazeale (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 (1917), No. 11, pp.
541-590, pi. 1, figs. 26). — Studies on the formation of sodium carbonate in cal-
careous soils are reported from which the following conclusions were drawn :

" In the reaction between sodium nitrate (or sodium chlorid or sodium sul-
phate) and calcium carbonate, resulting in the formation of sodium carbonate,
the presence of relatively small amounts of calcium nitrate or calcium chlorid
in the reaction impedes and may prevent the formation of sodium carbonate.
The presence of a saturated solution of calcium sulphate in this reaction does
not entirely stop the formation of sodium carbonate.

" Sodium nitrate, sodium chlorid, and sodium sulphate in the presence of
carbon dioxid react with calcium carbonate with the formation of sodium
bicarbonate. The presence of relatively small amounts of calcium nitrate or
calcium chlorid in this reaction impedes and finally prevents the formation of
sodium bicarbonate. The presence of calcium sulphate has no effect in pre-
venting the formation of sodium bicarbonate when sodium sulphate or a mix-
ture containing sodium sulphate reacts with calcium carbonate. A field appli-
cation of gypsum will probably have no effect in overcoming black alkali if
the soil already contains soluble sulphates in appreciable amounts, or the
irrigation water contains these salts.

" Sodium nitrate, sodium chlorid, and sodium sulphate increase the solubility
of calcium carbonate in the soil. Sodium nitrate, sodium chlorid, and sodium
sulphate react with calcium carbonate in the soil with the formation of sodium
carbonate (black alkali). Sodium carbonate, formed by the above reaction
decomposes the organic matter of the soil. Calcium carbonate has a slightly
destructive action upon the organic matter of the soil. Sodium carbonate is
much more destructive upon organic matter than sodium bicarbonate.

" The alkali crusts that accumulate upon the soil in some irrigated regions
are due in part to the action of sodium salts upon calcium carbonate with the
formation of sodium carbonate. Barren, or ' slick,' spots are often due to
the action of sodium nitrate, sodium chlorid, or sodium sulphate upon calcium
carbonate with the formation of sodium carbonate. Sodium chlorid and sodium
sulphate have a protective action upon organic matter in the presence of
sodium carbonate. A calcareous hardpan often produces black alkali."

The soil survey of Iowa, W. H. Stevenson, P. E. Bbown, and F. B. Howe
(Iowa Sta. Soil Survey Rpt. 1, Ahs. {1911), pp. S-16, fig. 1). — This is an ab-
stract of Soil Survey Report 1 of the station (E. S. R., 37, p. 211).

1918] SOILS — FERTIIJZEBS. 19

Characteristics of coli-like microorganisms from the soil, B. R. Johnson
and M. Lkvine {Jour. Bad., 2 {1911), No. 4, pp. 379-401, figs. 2). — Experiments
conducted at Iowa State College are reported " to determine (1) if the methyl-
red negative or Vosges-Proskauer positive organisms are the predominant coli-
like forms in soil, and (2) to study the characteristics of the various types of
aerobic lactose-fermenting organisms isolated from soils. Forty-two samples
were studied, including 9 from different parts of a corn field and 1 from a clover
field in Ames, Iowa, 13 from fallow, and 11 from cropped experimental plats,
4 from orchards, and 4 miscellaneous samples from different parts of the
State."

It was found that under the conditions prevailing in Ames, Iowa, coli-like
bacteria were considerably more abundant in soils upon which crops were
growing than in absolutely fallow areas receiving similar soil treatment. The
Vosges-Proskauer and methyl-red reactions were well correlated. The cerogenes-
cloacce types, which give a positive Vosges-Proskauer reaction and are alkaline
to methyl-red in Clark and Lubs' peptone-di-potassium-phosphate-glucose solu-
tion, were the predominant coli-like forms in soil. " The cerogenes-cloacw group
may be differentiated from the coli group by the methyl-red of Vosges-Proskauer
reaction. Bacillus cerogenes differs from B. cloaccB in that it is nonmotile,
rarely liquefies gelatin, and forms gas from glycerol and corn starch."

General fertilizer experiments, C. F. Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Itpt. 1915, pp.
57-59). — Tabulated data are presented showing the yields of all crops on the
general fertilizer plats for the years 1912 to 1914, inclusive, in continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 128). See also Bulletin 146 (E. S. R.,
37, p. 626).

Fermentation of manure treated with sulphur and sulphates: Chang'es in
nitrogen and phosphorus content, J. W. Ames and T. E. Richmond {Soil Sci.,
4 {1917), No. 1, pp. 79-89). — Experiments conducted at the Ohio Experiment
Station on the effects of sulphur, calcium sulphate, and acid phosphate upon
the changes occurring in solid horse manure and upon the nitrogen content
of cow urine are reported.

It was found that the loss of dry matter from manure after fermenting for
250 days was 32.5 per cent in untreated manure and 21.8 per cent from manures
treated with acid phosphate and calcium sulphate, while the sulphur-treated
manure lost 18 per cent. Manures treated with acid phosphates, sulphur, and
calcium sulphate lost approximately 3.5 per cent of their total nitrogen, as com-
pared with a loss of 10.5 per cent from the untreated manure. The water-
soluble and nonprotein nitrogen were greatly reduced during fermentation. The
water-soluble phosphorus decreased in all the samples, but at the same time
the citrate-insoluble also decreased. The solubility of phosphorus in 0.2 hydro-
chloric acid increased, and the organic phosphorus was greatly decreased during
fermentation. The three treated manures evolved large amounts of hydrogen
sulphid. The largest amount was evolved from manure to which sulphur
was added. The manure treated with flowers of sulphur produced water-
soluble sulphates equivalent to 23.4 gm. of sulphuric acid, as compared with a
loss of about 4 gm. from the untreated sample during fermentation. The
acidity of water extracts of untreated and sulphur-treated manure was the same
at the beginning of the experiment, but during fermentation the sulphur-treated
manure increased in acidity while the untreated sample became alkaline.

Sulphur, calcium sulphate, and acid phosphate were very effective in pre-
venting loss of nitrogen from urine. The untreated urine lost 80 per cent
of its total nitrogen. Treatment with sulphur reduced the loss of nitrogen to
10 per cent and prevented formation of ammonium salts. The calcium-sulphate-

20 KXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. (Tol. 88

treated sample lost 9.7 per cent of its nitrogen, and 68 per cent of its total
nitrogen was transformed to ammonium sulphate and held as such. The urine
treated with acid phosphate lost only 5 per cent of its nitrogen, and the treat-
ment prevented the formation of ammoniacal nitrogen in an open container
during the 37-day period of the experiment. After standing in a closed jar
three months longer, the acid-phosphate-treated urine was found to be alkaline
and evolving ammonia.

Green manuring, C. Bebnaed (Dcpt. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East
Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 51 {1916), pp. 34, pis. 10).— Tins is a
review and summary of a number of experiments with different leguminous
green manures, especially on tea soils of the Dutch East Indies.

Leguminous crops planted between the rows of tea and used as green
manure were in general found to be beneficial, especially if the soil was in poor
physical condition. Variable results were obtained with different legumes.

Soil acidity: The relation of green manures to its development, J. W.
White {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 60-86). — This reports a study of the
effect upon soil acidity of adding organic matter, including manure and fresh
and air-dry leguminous and nonleguminous crops, to an acid silty loam soil
obtained from plats to which ammonium sulphate had been applied for several
years. The organic matter was finely ground, thoroughly mixed with the soil,
and the mixture placed in jars and freely exposed to the air for a period of
nine months, the optimum moisture conditions being maintained in the soil.

Tabulated data are presented and the results are discussed in detail with
reference to changes in the lime requirement of the soil, and the effect of the
organic manures upon nitrification, and upon the amount and condition of the
humus of the soil under the different treatments.

It is concluded that " in general, these experiments have satisfactorily shown
that fresh green manures plowed under on this acid silty loam soil reduce its
acidity very soon after plowing under, but finally leave a soil of increased
acidity; also that nitrification goes on in them quite vigorously under suitable
moisture, temperature, and aerative conditions, and that the gi'een manured
soils are rich in nitrates, despite the soil acidity. As to the cause of the in-
creased acidity, beyond showing that it is not largely due to nitrification and
indicating that it is in some way associated with the added organic materials
or their fermentative residues, the experiments furnished little definite infor-
mation."

Continued studies in acid soil from the ammonium sulphate plats, J. W.
White {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 86-103, pis. S). — A detailed study of
variations in lime requirements and nitric nitrogen content of soils from plats
which had been fertilized with ammonium sulphate for several years, is re-
ported in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 514). Addi-
tional studies of changes in lime requirements as a result of leaching with
water, leaching with absolute alcohol and of storage; nitrification in acid soils
on which ammonium sulphate, dried blood, and cottonseed meal were used
alone and with limestone; and the relation of humus to lime requirements in
various soils.

On one of the areas studied the lime requirement varied from neutral to the
equivalent of 5,277 lbs. of calcium carbonate per acre within a distance of 3
ft. Corn failed where the lime requirement was greater than 5,000 lbs. of
calcium carbonate per acre to a depth of 7 in. The variation in growth of clover
and corn on this area was in close accord with the variation in the lime require-
ment. Corn also failed on a plat where the nitric nitrogen was equivalent to
8.74 parts per million. Fine dust removed from the surface of this plat showed

1918] SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 21

a lime requirement equivalent to 10,814 lbs. of calcium carbonate and nitric
nitrogen equivalent to 21.46 parts per million. Three of the plats showed the
existence of an acid subsoil to a depth of 3 ft. and nitric nitrogen was found
at this depth on each of the plats. Leaching the acid soils with water and with
alcohol did not decrease the lime requirement.

In soil treated with ammonium sulphate at the rate of 10 tons per acre, the
nitric nitrogen remained fairly constant, but the lime requirement greatly in-
creased. It is suggested that in this case ammonium sulphate remained as such
in the soil and reacted with limewater as follows;

(NH4)2S04+Ca(OH),=CaS04+2Na+2H,0

Soils stored in closed jars for two years showed no change in lime requirement.

Nitrification was observed in a soil having a lime requirement equivalent to
6,000 lbs. of calcium carbonate, under different treatments as follows : Without
lime, check soil 15.78 parts per million, ammonium sulphate 11.5, dried blood
24.72, and cottonseed meal 23.23 ; and with lime, check soil 43.54, ammonium
sulphate 64.4, dried blood 85.8, and cottonseed meal 66.01. When applied at
rates supplying the same amount of nitrogen the following increased lime re-
quirement was noted : Ammonium sulphate 2,008, dried blood 610, and cottonseed
meal 305 lbs. calcium carbonate. These results confirm the field observation
that nitrification is possible on a very acid soil.

In all the soils studied of which the lime requirement was greater than 3,600
lbs. calcium carbonate, more so-called "free" humus (soluble in 4 per cent
ammonia) was recovered than "total." "The alkali-soluble humus in a soil
of high lime requirement is largely in an uncombined state and represents a
condition similar to that brought about by washing a soil with a dilute mineral
acid whereby the combined basic material is removed. In a soil well supplied
with basic material tJae humus is in a combination insoluble in dilute ammonia.
About 25 per cent of the humus extracted with ammonia is precipitated with
hydrochloric acid."

The influence of fineness of division of pulverized limestone on crop yield
as well as the chemical and bacteriological factors in soil fertility, N.
KoPELOFF {Soil Sci., 4 (1917), No. 1, pp. 19-69, figs. 5). — Experiments conducted
at Rutgers College are reported on the influence of fineness of division of
pulverized limestone upon crop yields on Carrington silt loam, Wooster silt
loam, Cumberland silt loam, Norfolk sandy loam, Sierra sandy loam, and Ports-
mouth acid muck.

It was found that " an increase in flneness of division of pulverized lime-
stone from 20 to 40, 60 to 80, 100 to 200, to finer than 200-mesh is responsible
for a proportional increase in the yield and total nitrogen content of crimson
clover . . , and a corresponding decrease in lime requirement. From the above
standpoint there was little choice between burnt lime and 200-mesh limestone.

" Employing an apparatus devised for measuring the rate of neutralization
of soU acidity by different grades of pulverized limestone, it was found that
in three different soils the limestone finer than 60-mesh required about three
weeks, while 20-mesh limestone required more than seven weeks to effect
neutralization. An increase in the quantity of limestone required for neu-
tralization was proportional to an increase in fineness of division of pulverized
limestone for any given period of time. An increase in fineness of division of
pulverized limestone is responsible for an increase in the activity of the bacterio-
logical processes of ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation (within
certain limitations) as measured in soil and solution. This holds true regardless
of whether the amount of limestone applied is less or somewhat more than the
37450'— 18 3

22 . EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 38

indicated Veitch lime requirement. Ttie increase in bacteriological activities
with an increase in fineness of division of pulverized limestone may be cor-
related directly with the chemical factors involved, i. e., the rate of neutrali-
zation of acidity, etc., and also crop yield."

With pots cropped to barley, buckwheat, and rape (twice) which had been
designed to permit the collection of drainage water, it was found that on a
light open sandy loam the highest yields were obtained from soils treated with
60 to 80 mesh limestone. Two-hundred-mesh limestone proved superior to 20-
mesh, but inferior to 60 to 80 mesh because the fine material was probably
washed down below the root zone. " These results were paralleled both in
the series with and without nitrogen, although the yields in the former case
were superior to those in the latter. However, the fine limestone without
nitrogen gave almost as high a yield in several instances as the coarse material
with an application of 660 lbs. of ammonium sulphate to the acre. The highest
average percentage of nitrogen, however, was obtained with 200-mesh limestone.
"An increase in the fineness of division of pulverized limestone was accom-
panied by a reduction in the lime requirement. An analysis of the drainage
waters indicated that there was a decreased loss of ammonia and nitrate
nitrogen but an increased loss of calcium. In general, an increase in the
fineness of division of pulverized limestone is responsible for a proportional
increase in crop yield, as well as for exerting a beneficial influence on the
chemical factors in the soil. Furthermore, 200-mesh limestone may be regarded
as effective as burnt lime."

Limestone resources of Pennsylvania, W. Freak and F. J. Holben {Penn-
sylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 36M06).— Additional analyses of Pennsylvania
limestones and limestone products, supplementing a previous compilation
(B. S. R., 34, p. 133), are given.

Manufacturing wastes as sources of farm lime, G. 0. Given {Pennsylvania
ma. Rpt. 1915, pp. 406-412). — This reports the results of analyses of waste
products from the manufacture of magnesia, acetylene, paper, leather, glue,
and acetone, to determine their value as a source of lime for agricultural
purposes. A brief description of the industrial process giving rise to each
product is included.

Effect of three annual applications of boron on wheat, F. O. Cook and J. B.
Wilson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 {1911), No. 12, pp. 591-
597) _ — Experiments conducted at the Arlington (Va.) farm of the Bureau of
Plant Industry are reported, in which manure plus borax and manure plus
colemanite were added at the rate of 20 tons per acre to plats growing wheat.
Borax was mixed with manure the first year (1914) at the rate of 0.33 lb.
per bushel, and the last two years (1915 and 1916), at the rate of 0.08 lb. per
bushel. Colemanite was added to manure at the rate of 0.095 lb. per bushel.
Analyses of the wheat straw, grain, and soil are included.

It was found that "borax reduced the yield of wheat (grain) 10 per cent
in 1914 and 1915, while colemanite had little, if any, effect. The manured con-
trol gave the largest yields of grain in 1914 and 1915, and the unmanured con-
trols the lowest yields. In 1916 the yields from all plats were low, and the
proportion of straw to grain was higher than during the two previous years.
In 1916 the borax plat gave the best yield.

During the three years there were seasonable variations involving a gradual
decrease of fat and an increase of nitrogen in the grain and straw from all
plats. During this period the moisture in the straw increased and that of the
grain decreased.

1918] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 23

" More boron was absorbed by the plants from the borax than from the
coleraanite plats, although only minute amounts of boron were absorbed by any
of the wheat plants. The 1916 samples of straw and grain contained more
boron than the 1914 and 1915 samples. In all samples a relatively uniform
distribution of boron in the straw and grain was found.

"A yellowing of the young plants was observed the first year (1914) on
the borax plat. This directly followed a heavy application of borax manure
to the plat, and the sample of soil from this plat taken nine months later
showed the presence of soluble boron. In no other soil sample was any sol-
uble boron found. Apparently the added borax is gradually combined in an
insoluble compound and so distributed that the upper 6 in. of soil show little
total boron after three yearly additions of borax. There were no evidences of •
any cumulative action of boron in the soil. It was apparently the soluble
boron, not the total boron, in the soil that produced injury to the wheat
plants."

Domestic manures and related substances, W. Thomas {Pennsylvania Sta.
Rpt. 1915, pp. JtlS-Ji25). — Analyses of cow and horse manure, and composts
therefrom ; sheep and goat manures ; spent manures from mushroom beds ; hen,
duck, and pigeon manures, and composts therefrom ; bat guano ; and night
soil are reported and discussed.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Plant succession on abandoned roads in eastern Colorado, H. L. Shantz
{Jour. Ecology, 5 {1911), No. 1, pp. 19-1,2, pi. 1, flgs. 22).— The author has
made a study of some roads on the high plains in eastern Colorado and var-
ious phases of their formation, but more particularly of their obliteration, in
an attempt to determine the relations of the vegetation to the factors affecting
its prevalence, persistence, suppression, reestablishment, and development.

The natural vegetation at Akron, Colo., formerly discussed by the author
(E. S. R., 24, p. 722) as the grama-bufCalo grass association of the short-grass
formation, the principal type of the central portion of the Great Plains, con-
sists largely of grama grass {Bouteloua gracilis [B. oUgostachya]) and buf-
falo grass {Buchloe [BulMlis] dactyloides) . It is said that an area if aban-
doned after cultivation will reestablish this association in from 20 to 50 years.
The stages passed through in attaining this final result are described and sum-
marized. An early weed stage of plants which are comparatively large but
so scattered as not to compete for soil moisture is followed by a late weed
stage, a dense growth of stunted plants, the total growth utilizing to the limit
the available water. Next comes a temporary grass stage usually characterized
by Schedonnardus, a short-lived perennial able to shut out the annuals. by its
power of quick appropriation of the surface water supply. Gutierrezia, utiliz-
ing the moisture of the deeper soil layers, gradually replaces Schedonnardus and
is in turn replaced by the long-lived surface feeding Buchloe. Bouteloua re-
seeds very slowly and requires a number of years to attain the dominance
somewhat quickly attained by Buchloe.

Cold resistance in spineless cacti, J. C. T. Uphof {Arizona Sta. Bui. 79
{1916) , pp. 115-144, pis. 2, flgs. 11 ) . — After a brief discussion of cold resistance
in spineless cacti by J. J. Thornber, the author gives an account of field and
laboratory studies on the relation between the morphology and physiology of a
number of introduced and indigenous species of spineless cacti and their re-
sistance to cold.

24 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. ITol. 38

It was found that the species of spineless cacti having relatively thick integu-
ments (this term including the cuticle, epidermis, crystal-bearing layer, and
several layers of thick-walled cells lying immediately below) are more re-
sistant to cold than those having somewhat thinner integuments. The thick
integument was found to protect the cactus plant against sudden and severe
temperature changes at any season. The freezing point of the cell sap of the
cactus plant was found very little below that of pure water. The collecting
and freezing of water in the intercellular spaces of the plants was not in itself
particularly harmful to the plant, nor was the protoplasm poisoned by the con-
centration of the cell sap resulting from the withdrawal of part of the water
from the cells by freezing. A study is reported to show that the protoplasm of
these plants can withstand a certain low critical temperature without injury,
but a temperature below this vnll destroy them.

The author found that Opuntia casWlw and O. ellisiana are resistant to
lower temperatures than any of the other species studied, being injured at
temperatures of —14 and — 16° C. (6.8 and 3.2° F.), but 0. fictis indica and Bur-
bank Special are injured by temperatures of — 5 and — 6° 0. These results,
which were obtained in the laboratory, agree in general with observations on the
same species under field conditions. A temperature which damaged the plants
to any extent was found to kill them if continued long enough or if repeated
several times. Differences in the character of the protoplasm, due allowance
being made for the thickness of the integument when the cold extends over a
short period of time, are believed to explain why one species of cactus is more
resistant to cold than another.

Some studies on the germination of the seed of Oryza sativa, I. Nagai
(Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, S (1916), No. S, pp. 109-158, pi. 1, figs. 2).~
Experimental results are reported in an attempt to verify and supply further
data on the physiology of germination in the seeds of the Graminea;. The er-
periments were conducted with the seed of O. sativa and Zea mays and tne
problem studied under the following subject heads: (1) The rSle of the selec-
tive-permeable septum of the seed covering in the viability of the seed, (2) the
seat of the selective-permeable septum in the seed covering, (3) the role of
oxygen in germination, (4) the effect of H and OH ions in germination, and
(5) the influence of extremes of temperature on the germinative powers. All
experimental data are presented in tabular form and briefly discussed. The
general conclusions arrived at by the autnor follow :

In the seed covering of 0. sativa and Z. mays selective permeability was ob-
served. The seat of the selective-permeable septum in Oryza is most probably
confined to the cutinized inner wall of the inner integument which lies directly
above the aleurone layer in the fully matured grain.

The germinability of desiccated hulled Oryza was slightly affected by 24
hours' steeping in six-normal sulphuric acid, chloroform, acetone, ethyl ether,
commercial absolute ethyl alcohol, picric acid (aqueous solution) ; and ethyl
alcoholic (commercial absolute) solution of thymol, naphthalene, and «-naph-
thol, whereas the air-dried grains were killed by similar treatment. In the
same manner the air-dried seed of Zea were killed by five-normal sulphuric
acid, hydrochloric acid (21 hours), commercial absolute ethyl alcohol, ethyl
alcoholic (commercial absolute) solution of naphthalene, resorcin, a-naphthol,
and a-naphthylamine, but not the desiccated grain. The vitality of desiccated
hulled grains of Oryza and Zea is lost by 24 hours' steeping in formaldehyde, formic
acid, commercial absolute methyl alcohol, methyl ether, acetaldehyde, glacial
acetic acid, butyric acid, amyl alcohol, pyridin, aqueous solution of chloral-
hydrate, resorcin hydroquinone, and 21 hours' steeping in nitric acid (three-

1918] AGRICULTUBAL BOTANY. 25

normal, six-normal). The embryonal halves of desiccated hulled Oryza were
capable of germination after 24 hours' steeping in commercial absolute ethyl
alcohol, ethyl ether, ethyl alcoholic (commercial absolute) solution of resorcin,
acetic acid, hydroquinone, and naphthalene, while the entire air-dried hulled
grains were killed by similar treatments. Twenty-four hours' steeping in the
aqueous solution of phenol, resorcin, a-naphthol, hydroquinone, acetic acid, and
mercuric chlorid was fatal to both desiccated and air-dried Oryza (hulled) and
Zea, whereas the corresponding alcoholic (commercial absolute) or ether solu-
tions were harmful only to a considerable extent.

Hulled grain of Oryza can be germinated at an extremely low oxygen pres-
sure, but under such conditions the development of the radicle is totally pro-
hibited. A supply of oxygen initiates the development of the radicle in seed-
lings thus germinated. No appreciable stimulation was observed in the germina-
tion of Oryza from the influence of H and OH ions.

The germinability of Oryza, Zea, and Fagopyrum was practically unaffected
by a few hours' exposure to the extremely low temperatures of liquid air, but
two hours' exposure at 97 to 98° C. completely destroyed the vitality of Zea,
while that of Oryza, especially of the desiccated seed, was only slightly af-
fected.

An extensive bibliography is appended.

Permeability of certain plant membranes to water, F. E. Denny {Bot.
Gaz., 63 (1917), No. 5, pp. S73-397, figs. 2).— In the course of a study involving
quantitative measurements of the permeability of certain nonliving plant mem-
branes under controlled conditions and employing apparatus and methods for
which delicacy, exactness, and constancy of osmotic pressure are claimed, the
author found that in the seed coat of Arachis hypogcea the temperature coeffi-
cient of permeability to water is lower than that required by the van't HofC law
but higher than the diffusion coefficient. No evidence appeared that either
chemical or physical processes are exclusively involved in the passage of water
through the membrane. The temperature coefficient showed higher values at
lower temperatures and lower values at higher temperatures, this being in
agreement with the behavior of temperature coefficients in other processes.
CJomparison is made with the results obtained in other experiments by several
other investigators named.

No hysteresis or after effect of a previous temperature was observed. Water
passed more rapidly from the external toward the internal portion of the seed
than in the opposite direction in the case of both peanut and almond. With
distilled water on one side of the membrane, a sodium chlorid (but not a
sugar) solution produced a rate of movement proportional to the osmotic pres-
sure. Complex relations were observed when solutions of varying concentra-
tions were opposed, and in general equal osmotic differences did not necessarily
produce equal rates of movement, nor was any mathematical relation observed
between the concentrations on opposite sides and water movement. The bear-
ing of these facts is discussed. Ck)nsiderable differences appeared in a com-
parison of the permeability of several plant membranes made under similar
conditions.

Does the temperature coefficient of permeability indicate that it is chemi-
cal in nature? W. J. V. Ostebhout (Boi. Gas;., 63 {1911), No. 4, pp. 317-
320). — The author, referring to the claim made by Stiles and Jorgensen (E. S.
R., 35, p. 224) that the absorption of hydrogen ions by tissues of the potato
has the temperature coefficient of a chemical reaction, cites experiments with
disks of Lamlnaria packed In a roll through which a current was passed in
which the temperature coefficient obtained was 1.33 while living, but dropped
to 1.26, practically that of sea water, after the tissue had been killed.

26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. f Vol. 38

The author considers the conclusiou that permeability is chemical in its
nature to require for its establishment more evidence Ihan is at present avail-
able.

A method for producing conductivity water suitable for water culture
experiments, R. B. Haetoy (Bot. Gaz., 63 {1017), No. 4, pp. 321, 322, fly. 1). —
The author describes an apparatus which he has devised, tested, and used with
success for the distillation of water free from the presence of metals, in
sufficiently large quantity for water culture experiments. The apparatus is
said to require but little attention beyond occasional cleaning and to produce
a constant stream of high resistance water containing only such materials as
may be taken up from glass of low solubility.

Saccharose in beets: Its formation and distribution, H. Colin {Rev. G6n.
Bot., 28 {1916), Nos. 334, PP- 289-299; 335, pp. 321-328; 336, pp. 368-380; 29
{1917), Nos. 337, pp. 21-32; 338, pp. 56-64; 339, pp. 89-96; 340, pp. 113-127).—
Summarizing this extensive account of recent work and reviewing some
previously reported (E. S. R., 33, p. 235; 34, p. 524), along with the findings
and views of other workers, the author states that during the first year the
leaf of the sugar beet always contains a mixture of saccharose with glucose
and levulose, the latter of these two always predominating in the blade, the
former in the petiole, especially near its base. Saccharose appears quickly
in the leaf cells when exposed to light. It disappears in darkness after
changing to invert sugar under the influence of sucrase, which always abounds
in the leaf blade. The ratio of saccharose to reducing sugar decreases steadily
from blade to crown, so that in the vicinity of the root there is an excess of
reducing sugar, particularly glucose. Reducing sugar is always present, being
more abundant in the root, but the proportion differs somewhat vsdth the
varieties tested.

During the second year of growth the sugar may under certain circum-
stances, as in darkness, again pass into the aerial portions, for example, migrat-
ing into the young stem as it becomes organized. Saccharose does not
hydrolyze in the stem. Reducing sugar remains sensibly constant in the tissues
so long as these remain intact. Saccharose leaves its place of storage in the
roots as such and passes upward, generally becoming inverted on contact with
the cells of the root, petioles, and leaf blades, the ratio of saccharose to reducing
sugar decreasing from the root to the top of the inflorescence.

It is stated that the beet appears to be especially adapted to northern
climates, giving in Prussia and Holland a higher sugar content than in Italy
or Hungary.

The differences between the kinds designated respectively as sugar beets
and forage beets, though considerable, are difficult to define precisely. The
phenomena of elaboration and accumulation of sugar appear to be essentially
the same In both these kinds of beet.

The author states that the roots as well as the leaves possess individuality,
leaves of some very different varieties giving sensibly the same quantities
of reducing sugar and of saccharose.

Humification of compounds entering into the composition of plants, A. G.
Trusov {Selsk. Khoz. i LQsov., 249 {1915), Nov., pp. 379-394). — Experiments
on the humification of lignin, cellulose, nuclein, glucose, starch, and tannin are
reported.

It was found that with average humidity and a temperature of from 17 to
22° C, cellulose, hemicellulose, saccharose, glucose, levulose, gum, lignin, olive
oil, glycerin, organic acids, and probably starch are not transformed into humus
substances singly or in combination. On the other hand, albumin and tannin
are transformed into humus when decomposing separately and in combination

1918] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 27

witli each other and with other plant constituents. The presence of calcium
carbonate did not interfere with the humification of albumin and tannin. The
colorimetric method was found to be satisfactory for the determination of
humus.

Humification of compounds entering into the composition of plants, A. G.
Tbusov {Selsk. Khoz. i Liesov., 252 (1916), Sept.-Oct., pp. 5-15). — Continuing
the above work, studies of the changes occurring in the composition of the
organic parts of decomposing birch leaves are reported.

It was found that humus formation took place during the first brief period
of decomposition and that the humus consisted mainly of the surface parts.
Decomposition proceeded rapidly during the first 25 days, after which it pro-
ceeded more .slowly. The decrease of organic substances during the first brief
period of decomposition took place at the expense of the mineralization sub-
stances soluble in ether and alcohol. A certain decrease in the content of fats
and pentosans was noticed during decomposition, although no increase in
volume of humus resulted.

It is concluded that the greater part of tannic substances contained in plant
residues decomposes very rapidly in from 8 to 12 days, this resulting in a pro-
portionate increase in water-soluble humus formation.

Nitrog-en-assimilating organisms in manure, H. L. Fulmeb and E. B. Feed
{Jour. Bact., 2 {1911), No. 4, pp. 423-43^) .—Studies at the University of Wis-
consin on the nature of the organisms concerned with the fixation of nitrogen
in manures are reported.

It was found that there are several groups of bacteria concerned with nitrogen
assimilation in manure. Bacterium azophile n. sp., which occurs abundantly in
fermenting manures, seemed to be the chief organism responsible for the in-
crease of nitrogen. The increase in nitrogen when the organism was gi-own in
a manure-extract medium amounted to from 3 to 5 mg. per 100 cc. of solution.
Twenty-eight degrees C. seemed to be a favorable temperature for the growth
of the nitrogen-assimilating organisms of manure.

The relation of green manures to nitrogen fixation, H. L. Fulmeb {Soil
Sci., 4 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-17, figs. 4)- — Investigations at the Wisconsin Experi-
ment Station on the relation of gi'een plant tissue to free-nitrogen-fixing organ-
isms in silt loam field soil and garden soil are reported.

It was found that green manures, as clover, wheat, or oats, when added to
soil favored free nitrogen fixation. "A gain in nitrogen was noted in both soils.
The increase was highest with field soil, due perhaps to a greater number of
nitrogeu-fixiug organisms. A gain in nitrogen was observed (1) where green
tissue was applied to soil previously treated with a small amount of mannite,
(2) where treated soil was used to inoculate Ashby's solution, and (3) when a
pure culture of Azotobacter was used to inoculate a sterile solution containing
green tissue. The nonlegume tissue stimulated fixation more than the legume,
probably because of the nature of its carbohydrate content.

" The results of these experiments in their entirety show that nitrogen fixa-
tion results from the addition of green manures to soil. . . . The plants giving
best results are the ones lowest in nitrogen content."

Peculiar effects of barium, strontium, and cerium on Spirogyra, S. S.
Chien {Bot. Oaz., 63 {1917), No. 5, pp. 406-409, figs. 2).— Following up the in-
vestigations reported by Osterhout (E. S. R., 37, p. 130), the author has studied
a large form of the S. crassa type, also a smaller .species, in connection with
several salts.

It was found that the cell chloroplasts of the larger species contract away
from the cell wall in a characteristic way in solutions of cerium trichlorid,
barium chlorid, and strontium chlorid, those of the smaller kind in the last two

28 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

only. The effect may be observed in the larger species in concentrations as low
as 0.00005 molecular. In the smaller species the effect of barium chlorid is
inhibited by the presence of cerium trichlorid or cerium bichlorid in certain
proportions.

Certain effects under irrigation of copper compounds upon crops, R. H.
FoKBES {Arizona Sta. Bui. 80 {1916), pp. 145-238, pis. 4, figs. 16).— Tiiis work,
which was carried on cooperatively between the Arizona Experiment Station
and other institutions, has already been noted from another source (E. S. R.,
37, p. 527).

Injury caused to vegetation in grounds near ironworks at Terni, Italy, G.
Ampola and A. Vivenza {Ann. R. Stas. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 8
{1916), pp. 139-164; alis. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Inteniat. Rev. Sci.
and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 7^6, 7^7). — In continuation of work pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 432), the authors state that on land thickly planted
with trees, bushes, and vines and so situated as to receive the smoke and gaseous
products from several chimneys progressive injury was done the plants. Grape-
vines were found to suffer most seriously, showing a general decline of vegeta-
tive power, also a scorching effect on the leaves. Such plants as fig, apricot, peach,
and certain nuts are injured seriously ; pear, apple, cherry, elm, and olive some-
what less ; and willow, poplar, oak, and hazel, also grasses and other plants,
little or not at all. The sulphurous anhydrid contained in the air over the
grounds ranged from 0.00034 to 0.0004S gm. per cubic foot.

It is supposed that within a few years the vines and apricots will die out
completely on the property investigated, and that the figs and peaches will in
large part disappear.

Some inter- and back-crosses of Fi CEnothera hybrids, B. M. Davis {Oen-
etics, 2 {1917), No. 2, pp. 155-185, figs. 6).— The present contribution describes
the outcome of crosses made between several species of CEnothera, though these
results are conceded to be incomplete owing to the fact that the work was done
before methods had been developed to obtain a complete germination of CEnothera
seed, as published by the author (E. S. R., 84, p. 185) and by De Vries (E. S. R.,
85, p. 332). Other work by both of these authors is referred to and discussed.

Among the results noted, it is stated that experimental germination tests in
Petri dishes showed some remarkably high sterility figures in the results of
crosses between CE. biennis and (E. muricata. Some new types are added to
the hybrids known to result from this crossing. Crosses between (E. biennis
and CE. franciscana showed a much greater variety of forms with much less
seed sterility than did those between (E. biennis and (B. muricata, and this range
of forms is interpreted as segregation. The results for double reciprocals from
Fi hybrids of CE. biennis and CE. grandiflora also Indicated a segregation of
factors.

The presence of a class of dwarfs was noted in all of these cultures. Data
involving CE. muricata and (E. gigas show situations presenting problems of
sterility. Remarkable linkages or correlations were recorded, especially in
crosses of CE. biennis and CE. franciscana.

A correlation between endosperm color and albinism in maize, J. H.
Kempton {Jour. Wash. Acad. 8vi., 7 {1917), No. 6, pp. 146-149). — While grow-
ing seedlings from an ear of maize which had been obtained from a self-fertilized
first generation plant resulting from a cross between Zea tunicata and Z. ramosa,
as described by Collins (E. S. R., 37, p. 536) and having both yellow and white
grains in the ratio approximately of 3: 1, the author found what is thought to
be a correlation (probably in the nature of a coherence) between endosperm
color in the seed and chlorophyll development in the seedlings. Several degrees

1918] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 29

of albinism appear, the plants grading almost imperceptibly from white into
yellow.

The progeny of a self-fertilized ear from a sister plant of the male parent
of the cross between Z. ramosa and Z. tunicata was observed in 1916 to have
produced many albino plants. The yellow endosperm is thought to have come
from the Z. ramosa parent, no albino seedlings having yet been found in the
strain. It is considered as possible, however, that the apparent coherence is
really a physiological correlation between white or albino endosperm and albino
seedlings.

Observations on the inheritance of anthocyan pigment in paddy varieties,
G. P. Hector (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 8 {1916), No. 2, pp. 89-101,
pis. 2). — Recording and discussing observations made at Dacca on the inheri-
tance of reddish and purplish anthocyan pigment in various portions of the
plant, which were made in the course of more directly practical work, the
author states that the colors in the leaf sheath, glume apex, and stigma of
certain varieties of rice appear to be due generally to the interaction of sev-
eral factors, the color present in the stigma in certain cases appearing to be
associated with the presence of an extra factor which is missing from the
other portions named. In cases in which the color is due to the interaction
of factors, the presence of all color factors appears to be necessary for the pro-
duction of any color.

Further studies on the relationship between bilateral asymmetry and
fertility and fecundity in the unilocular fruit, J. A. Haekis {Genetics, 2
{1917), No. 2, pp. 186-204, fiffs. S).— The author has previously (B. S. R., 36,
p. 221) outlined attempts made to solve certain correlation problems regarding
morphological and physiological characters of plants. He here summarizes the
whole of the available data bearing upon the 16 series herein reported and
analyzed as resulting from a study of fertility in pods of the garden bean. This
was a study of bilateral asymmetry as related to the number of ovules produced
on the two carpellary margins and the capacity for seed production of the
unilocular fruit.

The constants from the data are considered to justify the conclusion that
there is a negative relationship between bilateral asymmetry and the capacity
of the pod for maturing its ovules into seeds.

On the applicability of Pearson's biserial r to the problem of asymmetry
and fertility in the unilocular fruit, J. A. Hakbis {Oenetics, 2 {1917), No. 2,
pp. 205-212, fig. i).— This paper is intended to illustrate the applicability of
the method presented by Pearson (E. S. R., 22, p. 671) for measuring the in-
tensity of relationship between an alternative and a quantitatively measured
variable to the problem of the relationship between bilateral asymmetry and
capacity for seed production in the unilocular fruit, as a contribution to the
further analysis of the matter above noted.

The constant of correlation proves to be a very low order.

Supplementary determinations of the relation^ip between the number of
ovules per pod and fertility in Phaseolus, J. A. Harris {Genetics, 2 {1917),
No. S, pp. 282-290, figs. 2). — The data upon which the present discussion is based
are those of the paper above noted, and the method of determining correlation
is the one usually employed. The study of the several series of data for Phaseo-
lus here presented is considered to justify the conclusion that there is here a
negative relationship between the number of ovules per pod and the capacity
for maturing these ovules into seed.

30 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

FIELD CKOPS.

[Work with field crops at the Belle Fourche reclamation project experi-
ment farm in 1916], B. Aune {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle
Fourche Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 1-6, 10, 11, 12-16, 19-26, figs. 2).— Oontinuing
work previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 131), the results of experiments with
pasture mixtures, rotation tests with irrigated field crops, fall Irrigation experi-
ments for annual crops (E. S. R., 37, p. 822), and variety tests with small grains,
corn, potatoes, and root crops are reported for 1916. Climatic conditions on the
project for 1916 are I'eviewed and meteorological observations from 1908 to 1916,
inclusive, summarized. Additional data show the acreage, yields, and farm
values of crops produced on the project in 1916 and of the principal crops grown
from 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

Four grass, clover, and alfalfa mixtures seeded in 1915 were clipped at inter-
vals of 10, 20, and 40 days to determine what frequency of clipping would give
the maximum production. Clippings made every 10 or 20 days gave no appre-
ciable difference in yields, but those made every 40 days increased the forage
yield 50 per cent or more. White clover appeared to stand frequent clipping
much better than alsike clover. Alfalfa produced slightly more forage in the
spring than brome-grass, two and a half times as much in midsummer, and three
times as much in the autumn. Brome-grass, slender wheat-grass, and alfalfa
are reported as being distinctly superior in quantity of forage produced in 1916.
White and alsike clovers, alfalfa, tall fescue, meadow fescue, redtop, and Ken-
tucky blue-grass appeared to make the best growth during midsummer, while
white clover, alfalfa, tall fescue, redtop, and Kentucky blue-grass made supe-
rior fall growth. Timothy made poor growth throughout the entire season.
'^ The average yields of crops grown in the irrigated rotation experiments in
1916 amounted to 3.42 tons for alfalfa, 7.03 tons for sugar beets, 39.5 bu. for
corn, 10 bu. for spring wheat, 11.9 bu. for winter wheat, 54.7 bu. for oats, 24.4
bu. for barley, 7.07 bu. for flax, 153.8 bu. for potatoes, 0.66 ton for clover, and
2.08 bu. for clover seed. All the small grain yields were affected by unfavor-
able climatic conditions. Practically no winterkilling occurred with alfalfa
seeded in oat stubble before the last of August.

Small-grain varietal tests were seriously affected in 1916 by unfavorable
weather conditions and by injury from rust. In tests with winter grain, wheat
outyielded rye, while the yields of emmer and spelt were less than those of
either wheat or rye and, due to their low feeding value, they are deemed un-
suited to this region. Turkey selection and Kharkof winter wheats, with 2-
year average yields of 39 and 38.8 bu. per acre, respectively, were first in the
variety tests. Swedish (Minn. No. 2) rye yielded 27.7 bu. per acre and North
Dakota No. 959, 25.2 bu.

In variety tests with spring wheats, Kubanka gave consistently high yields,
resulting in an average of 21 bu. per acre for the period of 1913 to 1916, in-
clusive. Marquis was second with 16 bu. per acre.

Oat variety tests are reported for the period of 1912 to 1916, inclusive, with
White Russian highest with an average yield of 43.7 bu. per acre. Swedish
Select was second with 38.6 bu. and Canadian third with 36.5 bu.

Chevalier and Chevalier II barleys, 2-rowed hulled types with 3-year average
yields of 29 and 28.7 bu. per acre, respectively, were the highest-yielding barley
varieties tested. Himalaya (Guy Mayle, awned) was highest of the 6-rowed
naked types with 22.5 bu., while the average yield of Manchuria (Wis. No.
18), a 6-rowed hulled type, was 19.1 bu. White Spring emmer. grown for
comparison with barley, yielded 42.5 bu. per acre, or 1,360 lbs. of grain, as
compared with a yield of 1,393 lbs. of grain from Chevalier barley.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 31

In flax variety tests. Russian (N. Dak. No. 155) has given the highest
average yield for the period of 1912 to 1916, inclusive, 10.9 bu. per acre.
Primost (Minn. No. 25) and North Dakota Resistant No. 52 gave average yields
of 9.9 and 9.3 bu. per acre, respectively. Select Russian (N. Dak. No. 1215),
with a yield of 10.7 bu. for 1916 and an average yield of 12.3 bu. for 1914-1916,
inclusive, is regarded as about equal to Russian (N. Dak. No. 155).

From corn variety tests reported for 1916 and for the period of 1913-1916,
inclusive, it is concluded that Northwestern Dent, Payne White Dent, and
Gehu Flint are best adapted to this region. Gehu Flint yielded 46.6 bu.. North-
western Dent 42.2 bu., and Payne White Dent 43.8 bu. per acre in 1916.

Potato variety tests are reported for the period of 1914-1916, inclusive. The
highest average yield, 133.1 bu., was secured from Selection 4452, developed
from Professor Maerker and Silver Skin. Peerless was second, with a yield of
122.7 bu. per acre, and Olds Prolific and Burbank third and fouith, respec-
tively, with average yields of 112.8 and 111.6 bu. per acre.

Tests with root crops in 1916 included half sugar stock beets. Golden Tankard
stock beets. Mammoth Long Red stock beets, and stock carrots, and resulted
in yields amounting to 29.76, 24.63, 23.75, and 10.45 tons per acre, respectively.

[Field crops studies at] substation No. 1, Beeville, Texas, 1910-1914, E. E.
BiNFORD (Texas Sta. Bid. 2U (1911), pp. 3-19, 19, 20, 26, 21, fig. i).— Variety
and cultural tests with cotton, corn, oats for hay, legumes, grain sorghums,
Sudan grass, and miscellaneous forage crops conducted at the Beeville sub-
station from 1910-1914, inclusive, are reported. Climatological data for the
period are noted and briefly discussed.

The highest average yield of .seed cotton per acre secured in variety tests
in 1912 and 1914 was 964.84 lbs. from Mebane, with King second with 951.1
lbs., Rowden, Crowder, and Lone Star, with average yields of 923.13, 921.29,
and 708.04 lbs. per acre, respectively, are also deemed well-suited to local
conditions. A comparison of frequent and infrequent cultivation of cotton
gave 2-year average yields of 684.4 and 681.7 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, re-
spectively.

In corn variety tests, Thomas, with a yield of 25.44 bu., and Surcropper,
with 24.04 bu. per acre, gave the highest average yields for tests conducted in
1913 and 1914. Relative yields of corn from 120 different ears of the same
variety varied from 17.57 to 48.86 bu. per acre. The data reported show that
neither the weight nor the size of the ear are an indication of its yielding
power.

Rate-of-seeding tests with corn were conducted during 1913, an extremely
dry season, and 1914. The seeding rates varied from 2.420 to 9,680 stalks per
acre. The highest yield in 1913 was secured from the thinnest seeding rate
and amounted to 10.9 bu. per acre. The 1914 results showed a gradual increase
in yield up to a seeding rate of 4,840 stalks per acre, when a yield of 37.08 bu.
was obtained, although the maximum yield, 39.92 bu., occurred with a seeding
rate of 7,260 stalks per acre. Tests were conducted in 1913 and 1914 with corn
planted (1) in rows 3 ft. apart with the stalks 3 ft. apart In the row, (2) in
rows 6 ft. apart with the stalks 18 in. apart in the row, and (3) in 8-ft. rows
in pairs 9 ft. apart with the stalks 18 in. apart in the row. Each plat was left
with 4,840 stalks. The average yields for the different planting methods
amounted to 23.4, 21.87, and 20.64 bu. per acre, respectively. The results are
held to indicate that the distribution of the corn stalks on the land is rela-
tively unimportant, although the wider planting distances facilitated clean
cultivation. These experiments are to be continued.

32 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.38

Corn sown to cowpeas in 1913 after the corn had approached maturity showed
no reduction in yield when compared with corn grown alone. Cowpeas sown
in corn during the early period of growth in 1912 apparently caused a reduc-
tion in the yield of corn of nearly 50 per cent.

In variety tests with oats for hay in 1912, Texas Red Rust Proof, Hundred
Bushel, Appier, and Tennessee Turf gave yields of 9,550, 8,830, 8,430, and 6,130
lbs. per acre, respectively. Further tests with Texas Red Rust Proof in ro-
tation for hay gave yields of 4,960 and 2,220 lbs. per acre for 1913 and 1914,
respectively.

CJowpea rate-of-seeding tests conducted in 1918 and 1914 gave average yields
of cured hay of 2,375, 2,316, and 2,866 lbs. per acre, respectively, for 30-, 60-,
and 80-lb. rates sown broadcast.

The average yields secured in tests with 6 varieties of peanuts for 1912 and
1913 varied from 14.39 bu. per acre for Tennessee Red to 31.52 bu. for Spanish.
A comparison of seeding peanuts in rows 18 in. apart with seedings made in
rows 36 in. apart for the same period and employing all the varieties used In the
tests noted above gave an average yield of 20.24 bu. per acre for all seedings in
3-ft. rows and 23.38 bu. for all seedings in 18-in. rows.

Common and Turkestan varieties of alfalfa grown in 1911 gave total yields
of 2,450 and 2,000 lbs. of cured hay per acre, respectively. Further tests with
alfalfa have proved unsuccessful.

Six varieties of bur clover grown on the substation since 1912 are reported as
giving very satisfactory results.

Of the standard grain sorghum varieties grown in 1913 and 1914 BlackhuU
Kafir was first in yield of cured forage and of grain, with an average production
of 7,282 lbs. of forage, and 23.35 lbs. of seed per acre. Rate-of-seeding tests
with grain sorghums conducted from 1912 to 1914, inclusive, and to be reported
later in detail indicate that the best results will be obtained with plantings
from 6 to 8 in. apart in the row.

Tests are reported for 1912 with Amber and Sumac sorghums for hay planted
in 3-ft. rows with the plants spaced in the rows from 0.25 to 6 in. apart. The
yields varied from 1.45 to 2.8 tons for Amber and from 6.15 to 8.7 tons for
Sumac for the 6- and 0.25-in. spacings, respectively. Supplemental tests con-
ducted in 1912 and 1913, in which the two varieties were planted in close drills
at 25-, 50-, and 100-lb. rates, gave average yields of 3.9, 4.47, and 4.02 tons of
cured hay per acre, respectively, for Amber and 8, 8.7, and 7.98 tons for Sumac.

Sudan grass sown in 3-ft. and 18-in. rows, and broadcasted in 1913 gave yields
of hay amounting to 11,240, 10,420, and 9,400 lbs. per acre, respectively, and of
seed amounting to 400, 360, and 380 lbs., respectively. Rates of seeding Sudan
grass equivalent to 15, 20, 30, and 40 lbs. per acre gave total yields averaging
from 4.4 to 4.55 tons per acre. Sudan grass and cowpea mixtures sown for
hay gave unsatisfactory results.

Experiments in seed-bed preparation conducted in 1913 and 1914 indicated
that either listing or plowing the land 6 or 8 in. deep furnished the most satis-
factory seed bed for corn, cotton, and Kafir corn.

In potato variety tests Bliss Triumph, Early Rose, Irish Cobbler, and Gold
Coin have given the best results, the early varieties being deemed superior for
this region. In fertilizer tests with potatoes the highest average yield, amount-
ing to 89.83 bu. per acre, was obtained with an application of 200 lbs. each of
cottonseed meal and acid phosphate. The average for all untreated check plats
was 60.95 bu. The lowest yield, 52.24 bu. per acre, was obtained from a 400-lb.
application of sulphate of potash. From the results obtained it is concluded
that acid phosphate combined with some nitrogenous fertilizer will give the
best results on these soils.

19181 FIELD CROPS. 33

[Work with field crops at the St. Kitts-Nevis experiment stations],
P. Watts {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr. Dept. St. Kitts-Nems, 1915-
16, pp. S-5, 6-10, 23-28). — This continues work previously noted (B. S. R.,
35, p. 134), reporting variety tests with sweet potatoes, cassava, yams, corn,
eddoes, peanuts, tobacco, and peas; field tests with teff grass and white velvet
beans; and mauurial and seed-selection tests with cotton at both stations.

The sweet potato varieties Brass Cannon, Playwell, and Caroline Lee again
gave the highest average yields, amounting to 16,300, 15,666, and 15,288 lbs. per
acre, respectively. Cassava varieties French No. 3, with an average yield of
14,612 lbs., and Jackroe, with 12,760 lbs. per acre, gave the highest yields for
the 12 years the tests have been in progress. Of the yam varieties Bottle
Neck Lisbon and Crop gave the highest yields, 24,750 and 22,000 lbs. per acre,
respectively.

In fertilizer tests with cotton at La Gu^rite an increase of 24 per cent was
obtained with manure and one of 19 per cent from complete fertilizer. The
average yield of seed cotton for all plats for the 1915-16 season was 1,374 lbs.
per acre and that of all check plats 1,340 lbs., while the average yield of the
check plats for the 12-year period was 1,223 lbs. per acre and that of all the
plats under experiment 1,214 lbs. At Nevis the plat receiving 4 cwt. cottonseed
meal was second to the manure plat, and gave 116 lbs. per acre more than the
complete fertilizer plat.

Seed selection No. 217 gave the highest yield of seed cotton per acre, 998 lbs.,
with No. 342 (S) second, with 949 lbs.

Hay and pasture seedings, W. R. Hechleb {Iowa Sta. Circ. S9 (1917), pp.
12, figs. 3). — The more important seeding questions are briefly discussed and
suggestions made relative to the production of different hay and pasture crops
in Iowa. Perennial plants, both leguminous and nonleguminous, are noted for
permanent forage production, together with annuals regarded as satisfactory
substitutes when permanent seedings fail or the stand is seriously injured by
winter weather.

The value of cover crops, J. B. R. Dickey (New Jersey Stas. Circ. 85 {1911),
pp. If). — The use of leguminous cover crops is recommended as a partial sub-
stitute for high-priced nitrogenous fertilizer. It is estimated that with plow-
ing under a good cover crop a fertilizer carrying 2 per cent nitrogen will suf-
fice for potatoes or truck crops, while cereal crops would require no mineral
nitrogen.
Directions for growing cover crops in New Jersey are briefly outlined.
Wheat and rye, F. App {New Jersey Stas. Circ. 87 {1917), pp. 4). — This out-
lines the ways and means of securing increased wheat and rye production in
New Jersey.

The determination of the races of corn, R. Ricci {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 49
{1916), No. S, pp. 219-243, fig. i).— This is a general review of methods ad-
vanced for the identification of the races of grains, with a discussion of their
application to the identification of races of corn. Methods involving measure-
ments of the ear and kernel are discussed at some length, with special refer-
ence to the biometric method of De.Cillis (B. S. R., 26; p. 43; 28, p. 331).

Flax growing experiments, 1914 and 1915 {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr.
Ireland Jour., 17 {1916), No. 1, pp. 3-19). — Fertilizer experiments supplementing
others previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 136) and conducted at ten centers in
1913 were continued through 1914 and 1915.

The highest yield, amounting to 476.5 lbs. of scutched flax per acre, was
obtained from an application of 1.5 cwt. of muriate of potash and 0.5 cwt.
of sulphate of ammonia as compared with a yield of 412 lbs. per acre from

34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

ammonium sulphate alone and 370.5 lbs. from the untreated check. Applica-
tions of 1 and 1.5 cwt. of muriate of potash resulted in yields- of 434.5 and 459
lbs. per acre, respectively.

Liming tests were continued at four centers in 1914 and 1915. Increased
yields of scutched flax resulting from an application of 2 tons of lime amounted
to 65 lbs. per acre in 1914 and 28 lbs. in 1915. Supplementing the lime with
1 cwt. of muriate of potash at seeding time apparently increased the yield
by 121 lbs. per acre in 1914 and by 45 lbs. in 1915.

Varieties of potatoes, C. F. Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 34-^6). —
In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 1057; 23, p. 139), this
reports the results of variety tests with potatoes for 1910-1914, inclusive, to-
gether with observations on the length of the growing period of a number of
potato varieties, and on tlie shrinkage of different varieties in storage. Variety
tests for each year of the .5-year period are noted separately, the data tabulated,
and the results summarized.

The highest average yield of 32 varieties grown each of the five years reported
was obtained from Snow and amounted to 210.5 bu. per acre of marketable
tubers. Whiton White Mammoth and Heath Late Surprise, with yields of 202.3
and 198.5 bu. per acre, were second and third, respectively.

The number of days from the date of planting to the date at which the tops
were considered dead, together with the average yields of 32 varieties from 1910
to 1914, are reported. The varieties were divided into two groups of 16 each,
the average length of the growing period for the first group being 107 days, with
an average yield of 149 bu. per acre, and of the second group 127 days, with an
average yield of 183.7 bu.

Shrinkage experiments included observations on 26 varieties from October
22 to April 23. The total shrinkage varied from 7.88 per cent for Manistee to
14.32 per cent for Petoskey, and averaged 10 per cent.

Potato grades recommended by the United States Department of Agricul-
ture and the United States Food Administration ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Mar-
kets Doc. 7 (1917), pp. 4). — Potato grades known as U. S. Grade No. 1 and U. S.
Grade No. 2 are briefly described and their adoption urged to meet the require-
ments of the recent ruling of the Federal Reserve Board authorizing member
banks to make loans against warehouse receipts for potatoes properly graded,
packed, stored, and insured, as well as to meet the needs of growers, dealers,
and consumers.

Rice in the Americas (Bui. Pan Ainer. Union, 44 {1917), No. 2, pp. 1S7-160,
figs. 2S). — A historical and economic review of rice production in North and
South America, including a discussion of the cultivation of the Zizania species
known as " wild rice " by the native Indian tribes of North America. The first
introduction of cultivated rice in the Americas seems to have been in Brazil
during the sixteenth century. Statistics are given on the value of the crop in
the various countries of the Pan American Union.

The soy hean in New Hampshire, F. S. Peince {New Hampshire Sta. Bui.
181 {1917), pp. 20, figs. 7). — The adaptation and uses of the soy bean in New
Hampshire are discussed and the field practices and cultural methods employed
in growing the crop for forage outlined.

Tests with inoculated and uninoculated soy bean plants in 1915 gave yields
of green forage amounting to 7.192 and 4.672 tons per acre, respectively. An
average yield of 16,617 lbs. of green forage per acre was obtained from 16
varieties grown at the station, varying from 7,826 lbs. for Wisconsin Early Black
to 20,253 lbs. per acre for Haberlandt. An analysis of 5 varieties of corn showed
an average yield in dry matter of 5,751 lbs. and in protein of 4G3 lbs. per acre.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 35

as compared with yields of 4,470 lbs. of dry matter and 867 lbs. of proteiu for
5 varieties of soy beans.

Soy beans for Pennsylvania, C. F. Noll (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
47-S7, pis. 2). — The adaptation of soy beans to Pennsylvania conditions, the
uses of the crop, and the field practices and cultural methods employed in its
production both for grain and forage are discussed, and rotation and variety
tests noted. The advantages of soy beans over cowpeas in Pennsylvania are
briefly outlined.

In variety tests conducted during 1913 and 1914, Ohio 7496, Medium Green,
and Ohio 9016 were deemed the three leading varieties for hay production, -with
average yields of 5,439, 4,694, and 4,540 lbs. per acre, respectively. Wilson,
Chestnut, and Ohio 10015, with average yields of grain amounting to 13.9, 13.7,
and 13.7 bu. per acre, respectively, were the leading varieties for grain pro-
duction.

Another Stizolobium from, the Philippine Islands, F. A. Coffman (PhUip-
pine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 9 {1916), No. 4, pp. 282-287, pis. 4).— The author
reports observations on hybrid and spotted Stizolobiums grown in comparison
with the Lyon bean (S. niveum) in cultural tests at the Singalong experiment
station. The hybrid is thought to be the result of a cross between S. niveum
and S. deeringianum, while the spotted bean closely resembles S. pachyloHum,
as described by Piper and Tracy (E. S. R., 23, p. 338) and Sahr (E. S. R., 30,
p. 828). The tests are being continued at the Singalong and La Carlota
stations.

The spotted bean is deemed superior to either the hybrid or the Lyon, while
the hybrid has proved superior in many ways to the Lyon. The tests now in
progress confirm these observations and in addition indicate that the spotted and
hybrid beans possess a decided resistance to a fungus disease, apparently a rust,
to which the Lyon seems to be peculiarly susceptible.

The results of observations to date indicate that the hybrid and spotted
beans are new types of Stizolobium. The former may prove to be a so-called
" fixed hybrid " and the latter may be a mutant, although further observations
of these types in comparison with the original types are deemed necessary to
establish this point definitely.

The author suggests that the spotted bean may have an origin similar to that
of the Georgia velvent bean, as described by Belling (E. S. R., 33, p. 533),
having lost the factor for late maturity, and also that for producing large
clusters of pods. 8. pachylobium is described as producing from 30 to 50 pods
per cluster, while this spotted type has never been observed to produce over
15 pods per cluster. A detailed description is given of the spotted bean. Due
to the fact that this type produces numerous root nodules, makes a large initial
growth of vine, blossoms early, matures seed sooner and more evenly than the
Lyon bean and apparently earlier than the Florida velvet bean, does not shat-
ter its seed, and possesses no stinging hairs on the pods, it is thought that it
may prove valuable as a cover crop for the southern United States. If it matures
within five months, as is the case in the Philippines, it can probably be grown
considerably farther north than many of the other Stizolobiums.

Sweet clover: Harvesting' and thrashing the seed crop, H. S. Coe (V. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 8S6 (1917), pp. 23, figg. i5).— Detailed directions are
given for harvesting and thrashing the seed crop of sweet clover, with special
reference to harvesting machinery.

It is recommended as a general practice to utilize the second crop of the
second season for seed, the time of harvesting depending largely on the machin-
ery used.

36 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

Several factors other than shattering are said to affect the yield of sweet
clover seed, resulting in a variation of from 2 to 10 bu. of recleaned seed per

acre.

The value of sweet clover straw as a roughage for live stock is briefly noted.
Analyses by the Bureau of Chemistry are reported.

Tobacco experiments [1914], W. Freab, O. Olson, H. R. Keaybill, and
E. S. Ebb {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. Sll-365, pis. 15).— The further
selection of Seedleaf or Broadleaf strains of tobacco in Lancaster County, ferti-
lizer studies, studies of wrapper and binder tobacco in Clinton County, and the
improvement of the burning qualities of cigar tobacco in York and Clinton
Counties are reported for 1914, in continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. R., 35, p. 532). Detailed notes on crop conditions, yields, plant measure-
ments, leaf quality, and rainfall are presented in tabular form.

The ten strains of Seedleaf tobacco selected for trial in 1913 were subjected
to further selection in 1914, eliminating all but Slaughter, Espenshade, Hos-
tetter, and Cooper. A new Seedleaf strain quite widely grown in the Lancaster
County tobacco region and known as Hoffman was included in the 1914 tests and
is of the preferred form for filler tobacco. The average yields of three single-
line selections of each strain for 1914 amounted to 2,422.6 lbs., per acre for
Slaughter, 1,965 for Hostetter, 2,291.8 for Espenshade, 2,123 for Cooper, and
2,267.6 for Hoffman, vplth extreme differences in yield between the various
selections of each strain of 592.5, 622.5, 86.5, 178, and 287 lbs., respectively.
The differences in the Espenshade and Cooper strains are deemed no greater
than those due to soil variation, but in the case of the other strains, especially
Slaughter and Hostetter, it is thought that continued single-line selection may
result in marked increases in yield.

Control experiments with manure alone and manure supplemented vnth acid
phosphate and sulphate of potash for tobacco in Lancaster County resulted in
average yields of 1,713 lbs. per acre for manure alone and 1,887 lbs. for manure
and commercial fertilizers, as compared with 1,325 lbs. from the unfertilized
check. The quality of the tobacco grown under the different fertilizer treatments
was studied by cigar tests made from the bulk-sweated leaf and resulted in an
average score of 67.5 points for tobacco grown with manure alone and 78.5
points for that grown with manure and commercial fertilizers. Five cooperative
fertilizer experiments in the county resulted in average yields of 1,694 lbs. per
acre for manure alone and 1,716 lbs. for manure and commercial fertilizers.

The 1914 trials of wrapper and binder types of tobacco for the light Hunt-
ington sandy loam soils of Clinton and Lycoming Counties included the strains
previously tested and, in addition, two strains of Connecticut Havana (Suffield)
and one local Havana strain (King). Five strains were harvested by priming
and gave acre yields of 1,312 lbs. foT Shade Cuban, 1,621 for Big Cuban, 1,082
for Sumatra (U. S. seed), 1,828 for Ohio Hybrid, and 1,761 for Halladay Hybrid.
Of the remaining 13 strains harvested on the stalk, Slaughter was highest with
a yield of 2,103 lbs. per acre and Havana Suffield second with 1,604 lbs. These
tobaccos were scored for quality in 1915 from cigars and compared with the
highest-grade Sumatran wrappers. Big Cuban, primed, with a total of 71
points, was first, and Sumatra and Halladay, primed, second and third, respec-
tively, with total scores of 70.6 and 68.7 points.

Spacing and topping experiments were continued, employing normal spacings
of 28 by 42 in. and close spacings of 28 by 36 in. for the Broadleaf types (Penn-
sylvania and Connecticut) ; and normal spacings of 14 by 42 in. and close spac-
ings of 14 by 36 in. for Havana strains (Local and Wisconsin). Topping heights
were: High, for Broadleaf, 16 leaves; for Havana, 18 leaves; low, for Broad-

1918]

FIELD CROPS.

37

leaf, 12 leaves; for Havana, 14 leaves. These treatments resulted in the aver-
age yields of stripped leaves indicated b^ow.

Average yields of stripped leaves.

Type of tobacco.

Normal space.

"^S"

Topped
low.

Close space.

''K'

Topped
low.

Broadleaf
Havana, .
All

Lbs.
1,885
1,125
1,504

Us.
1,678
1,150
1,414

Lbs.
1,693

1,585
1,639

Lbs.
1,713
1,301
1,507

The time required for harvesting by priming five varieties In 1914 varied
from 8 days for Big Cuban, vpith a yield of 20 leaves per plant, to 17 days for
Ohio Eiybrid and Halladay, with yields of 23 leaves each. The cost of harvesting
and stripping Halladay Hybrid in 1914 v?as estimated at $23.85 for two rows
primed and $4.50 for two rows harvested on the stalk. Yields were obtained
amounting to 197 and 169.5 pounds, respectively, for the two rows harvested by
each method.

Considerable data are presented on the quality, fire-holding capacity, and
composition of the ash of tobacco grown in York and Clinton Counties in 1913
and 1914 as affected by different fertilizer treatments in au effort to Improve the
burning capacity of the Connecticut Havana wrapper tobacco grown in these
localities. The results obtained in York County showed that where the potash-
chlorln ratio exceeded 6 the burn was fairly good, but where the ratio was
below 3 the bum was poor, and that the variability of chlorin much exceeded
that of potash. It is concluded that " the manurial practices of the local to-
bacco growers, the instant improvement of the crops when fertilizers of proper
composition are used, and the progressive decrease in chlorin content as the
better practice is continued on the same land, all show that, with an entirely
practicable change in fertilizer treatment of the lands intended for tobacco, the
tobacco growers can, at once, and without serious increase in expense, relieve
the crop from the chlorin injury."

The results of the Clinton County experiments are held to indicate that the
direct treatment of tobacco with muriate-containing fertilizers should be
avoided. An excess of chlorin remaining from such treatment in these open,
sandy loam soils may be largely removed by a leafy crop and by exposure to
winter rains and snow before tobacco planting. The use of commercial fertilizers
containing potash as sulphate or carbonate gave tobacco of a better burning
quality than did stable manure. The imperfections in the bum are not alto-
gether removed by care against chlorin injury alone, but related investigations
upon the influence of the structure and organic composition of the leaf may
throw additional light upon the subject.

Harvesting tobacco by priming or picking the leaves as compared with
cutting the stalks, E. G. Moss (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 2S8 {1911), pp. 5-11,
figs. 2). — This reports experiments conducted in cooperation with the U. S.
Department of Agriculture during 1913-1916, inclusive, at the tobacco station,
near Oxford, Granville County, to determine the best harvesting method for the
production of bright smoking tobacco.

Each year of the experiment showed materially increased yields from prim-
ing the leaves as they matured over cutting the stalks, the increase averaging
36 per cent for the four-year period. The average increased yield in favor of
27450°— 18 4

38 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

priming amounted to 240 lbs. of cured leaf per acre, with a crop value of
$49.03. The average cost of harvesting tobacco by priming was estimated to
be $12.79 per acre, or $1.41 per 100 lbs. of cured leaf, for the average yield
obtained, while harvesting by cutting was estimated to have cost $9.08 per
acre, or $1.36 per 100 lbs. of cured leaf secured.

Other advantages claimed for the priming method are that the tobacco land
can be maintained in a higher state of fertility v?ithout serious danger of
injury to the quality of the cured leaf ; that tobacco for priming can be topped
from two to four leaves higher than for cutting, and on rich land from four to
six leaves higher ; and that less barn room, storage room, and fuel are required
per pound of cured leaf.

[Methods of wheat culture], H. Devaux, Menegaux, E. Scheibaux, and Tis-
SERAND {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 3 (1917), Nos. 3, pp. 93-103; 4, pp.
108-113; Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. I'Est-Centre), S8 {1911), No. 7, pp. 155-160;
Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 {1917), No. 10, pp. 175-178). — The author reports studies
in the intensive cultivation of wheat on gravelly soils near Bordeaux. The
plan of the experiment involved (1) early seeding, (2) seeding in rows suffi-
ciently far apart, 30 to 40 cm. (11.8 to 15.7 in.) or more, to enable the plants
to secure a vigorous growth and to furnish them a larger feeding area, (3) a
hilling up of the plants two or three times, the first time about three weeks after
seeding, to stimulate the production of new roots and especially of new stems,
and (4) the careful preparation of the seed bed.

Observations are noted on seedings of four varities made August 19, 1916,
which responded very quickly to the treatment outlined. In January, 1917,
6 square meters (7.18 sq. yds.) of a variety known as Bordeaux Red Hybrid
were cut and examined for tillers, and gave 177 plants with a total of 261
stems, 110 of which were produced on the 6 best stools. By isolating these
high-producing stools the author believes that plants producing from 50 to
100 stems could be developed, resulting in the production of from 300 to 6O0
stems per square meter. The results obtained by Demtschinsky in transplant-
ing wheat are cited, together with previous results obtained by the author in
support of this method. Planting distances of from 30 to 40 cm. between plants
and of from 40 to 50 cm. between rows are deemed best.

E. Schribaux, in discussing the results noted above, questioned the economic
value of the increased yields owing to the comparatively small area devoted
to the protluction of wheat in France, sacrificing early maturity in the grain
for potency, and to the immense amount of labor such intensified methods
would require for general production.

New culture methods for wheat and other cereals, H. Devatjx {Rev. Sci.
[Paris], 55 {1917), I, No. 5, pp. 14O-I49, fig. 1; abs. in Nature [London}, 99
{1917), No. 2474, pp. 91, 92). — A slightly more detailed exposition of the above,
with additional notes on the application of the methods described to cereals
other than wheat.

More wheat for Michigan, J. F. Cox {Michigan Sta. Give. 34 {1917), pp.
3-10, figs. 4)- — Recommendations are made for increasing wheat production in
Michigan.

Methods of controlling or eradicating the wild oat in the hard spring-
wheat area, H. R. Gates {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 833 {1917), pp. 16,
figs. 9). — The wild oat, deemed the most prevalent weed in the hard spring-
wheat area and said to be most frequently introduced into noninfested fields
by the use of impure seed wheat, is described and its control or eradication dis-
cussed. The general precautions to be taken under all circumstances in deal-
ing with the weed are explained and efficient tillage methods, differing with scdl

19181 HOETTOULTUBB. 39

and climatic conditions, recommended as the best means of control or eradi-
cation.

Six special metliods of procedure which have proved effective under different
conditions are indicated and include summer fallow or pasture, winter rye,
meadow, intertilled crops, early barley, and barley and rye. The discussion
applies particularly to North and South Daliota and to Minnesota and it is
stated that it may not be suited to conditions in the Pacific Coast hard spring-
wheat area.

HORTICTILTTJRE.

Around the year in the garden, F. F. Rockwell (New York: The Mac-
mUlan Co., 1917, pp. XX+350, pis. S2, figs. 27).— A seasonable guide and re-
minder for work with vegetables, fruits, and flowers, outdoors and under glass.

The garden under glass, W. F. Rowles {Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.,
1917, pp. XVI +368, pis. S3, figs. 77).— A popular treatise on the culture of
fruits, flowers, and vegetables under glass.

The amateur's guide to gardening in southern India, H. Houghton
(Madras, India: Higginhothams Ltd., 1917, pp. YI-\-2^8, figs. 67). — A concise
guide and textbook on gardening in southern India. Some 1,400 plants are
dealt with, including vegetables, flowering annuals, foliage plants, flowering
shrubs, and climbing and bulbous plants. Lawn making is also briefly con-
sidered.

Greenhouses. — Their construction and equipment, W. J. Wright {New
York: Orange Judd Co., 1917, pp. XVI +269, pi. 1, figs. 131).— The present
treatise, the author states in substance, is supplementary to the old standard
work of Taft on the subject, and emphasizes present-day features

The introductory chapter contains a general survey of the subject. The
successive chapters deal with sash-bed construction ; general cons; derations on
the greenhouse proper ; greenhouse architecture ; structural material ; methods
of erecting framework ; glazing and painting ; ventilation and ventilating ma-
chinery ; beds, benches, and walks ; greenhouse heating : hot water installa-
tion ; steam installation ; boilers, fuels, and flues ; water supply and irrigation ;
concrete construction ; and plans and estimates.

Forcing plants and twigs {Missouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 5 {1917), No. 10, pp.
145-148). — A discussion of methods of forcing plants and twigs into growth
out of their normal season, including a list of shrubs, twigs, and herbaceous
perennials and biennials suitable for forcing.

A century of certificated plants introduced from China by Ernest H. Wil-
son, compiled by E. H. Wilson {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 42 {1916), No. 1, pp. 35-
58). — A list is given of 100 plants certificated by the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety, all of which are hardy in some part or other of the British Isles and a
great majority are perfectly hardy everywhere in Great Britain and Ireland.

Inspection, certification, and transportation of nursery stock, G. G. At-
wooD (A^. T. Dept. Agr. Circ. 160 {1917), pp. 33). — This circular gives a brief
synopsis of the laws and regulations of the United States, the several States,
and Canada (corrected to September, 1917) relative to the inspection, certi-
fication, and transportation of nursery stock.

Sections 263, 264, and 265 of the Agricultural Law of importance to
nurserymen {N. T. Dept. Agr. Circ. 161 [i9i7], pp. 2).— The sections of the
Agricultural Law of New York State, here considered, have to do with the
sale of fruit-bearing trees, damages accruing from sale of trees, certification
of tree agents, and the prevention of the spread of insect pests and fxingus
diseases among trees and plants.

40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fVol. 88

Begulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act, with instructions
to Importers and exporters of trees, plants, and other nursery stock, C. 6.
Hewitt (Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch Ore. 10 (1917), pp. 12).— This circu-
lar Is intended to guide persons importing plants and other nursery stock into
Canada. A statement is also given of conditions under which trees, plants,
and other nursery stock may be exported to the United taStes.

Spraying for profit, H. E. Weed (Cleveland, Ohio: Hort. Puh. Co., 1917, 21.
ed., rev., pp. 64, figs. 37). — A practical handbook dealing with the control of
the more common injurious insects and fungus diseases (E. S. R., 11, p. 371).
The present edition has been revised and rewritten to include modem prac-
tice.

Rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the United
States Standard Container Act of August 31, 1916 (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Office
Sec. Circ. 76 (1917), pp. 8). — This circular contains the text of the act (E. S.
R., 35, p. 598) to fix standards for baskets and other containers for small fruits,
berries, and vegetables, and for other purposes, approved August 31, 1916, to-
gether with the rules and regulations governing the act in force and effective
on and after November 1, 1917.

[Report of] department of horticulture, M. G. Kains (Pennsylvania Sta.
Rpt. 1915, pp. Ifffi, 468, pis. 2). — A brief progress report of different investiga-
tions with vegetables for the year ended June 30, 1915.

The work with tomatoes, asparagus, and cabbage was continued. The cul-
tural experiments with cabbage have been published in Bulletin 137 (E. S. R.,
34, p. 636). Little progress has been made in the breeding work with early
cabbage because of the difficulty experienced in successfully wintering the
plants. Prom certain plants successfully carried through the winter line-
bred seed was not secured because the flowers proved sterile to their own
IX)llen. When the blossoms were fertilized with pollen from a sister plant a
large amount of seed was secured.

Breeding work with tomatoes (E. S. R., 35, p. 235), although yet incomplete,
shows the importance of considering the plant as the nnit of selection. At the
same time it has shown that not all plants of superior appearance are able to
transmit their superior characteristics to their progeny. As a result of work
conducted for three years strains have been isolated which appear to possess
superiority to the best of commercial strains in respect to earllness, produc-
tiveness, and general character of fruit.

The variety test with asparagus which has been in progress for the past
six years shows the superiority of Palmetto to other varieties tested. The
planting of large healthy asparagus crovms as compared with smaU crovms
has resulted in an increase in monetary value of more than $100 an acre.
Another experiment has shown the superiority of 1-year-old as compared with
2-year-old crowns.

[Report on horticultural investigations at the Beeville substation, 1910-
1914], E. B. BiNFOBD (Texas Sta. Bui. 214 (1917), pp. 19, 20-26, 27, figs. S).—
The results of tests and experiments vdth vegetables are presented and recom-
mendations are made relative to the best varieties and methods of culture.

Observations made on a number of varieties of citrus fruits grown at the
substation indicate that the Dugat and Satsuma oranges are the best varieties
for the section and make very satisfactory yields. The lemon is not a satis-
factory crop. The pomelo is less frost resistant than the orange but produces
well. The Duncan, Pemambuco, and Royal varieties are especially recom-
mended. The kumquat is very successful. Beeomm«idations are given for
the management of citrus orchards.

1918] HORTICULTUEE. 41

Variety tests of peaches, plums, figs, grapes, pears, apples, and apricots have
given indifferent results. Japanese persimmous make very satisfactory yields.
Blackberries and dewberries are successfully grown but strawberries do not
stand the summer well.

Vegetable culture in Malaya, F. G. Spbing and J. N. Mllsum (Dept. Agr.
Fed. Malay States Bui. 26 {1917), pp. 40+II). — A popular treatise on the sub-
ject, including descriptive lists of plants adapted for culture in Malaya with
data on their specific treatment.

Standardization of vegetables, S. J. C5ook (Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong.,
1915-16, vol. 3, pp. 475-479). — A paper on this subject read before the Second
Pan American Scientific Congress, held at Washington, D. C, December 27, 1915,
to January 8, 1916,

Saving beans and peas for food and seeding purposes, J, P. Heltae {New
Jersey Stas. Circ. 86 {1917), pp. 4). — This circular discusses methods of har-
vesting and curing and thrashing and cleaning beans and peas, storage condi-
tions, treatment for weevils, and testing seeds for germinative ability. Some
notes on the home drying of beans and peas for food, based on Farmers' Bulletin
841 noted on page 12, are included.

Culture of the Globe artichoke, J. W. Wellington {New York State Sta.
Bui. 435 {1917), pp. 311-319, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This bulletin discusses the Globe
artichoke with reference to its botany, history, varieties, culture, winter pro-
tection, insect and fungus troubles, and uses.

A large number of Green Globe artichoke plants has been grown at the sta-
tion since 1913, and observations have been made on variations within the va-
riety. A table is here given showing the yield of 50 individual plants in 1916.
The number of edible flower buds produced per plant ranged from none in sev-
eral cases to 18 In the case of two plants, indicating that propagation by means
of suckers is the most satisfactory method for maintaining the fine-yielding
strains.

Asparagiis, H. C. Thompson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 829 {1917), pp.
20, figs. 10). — A treatise on asparagus culture discussing the extent and value
of the industry, soils for asparagus and their preparation, manures, and fer-
tilizers, growing asparagus roots, planting asparagus roots, cultivation of as-
paragus, care after the cutting season, duration of a plantation, harvesting and
packing, asparagus varieties, asparagus rust, insects, canning, forcing, and cost
of production and returns.

A variety test of cabbage, C. E. Myees {PennsylvarUa Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
468-495, pis. 21). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 34, p. 146) a
full report is given on the strain tests of cabbage conducted by the station
during the period 1909 to 1914. Varieties of eight different groups of cabbage
are considered with reference to earliness, quality, productiveness, and other
characteristics.

Fall V. spring planting, J. C. Whitten {Trans. Ind. Hart. Sac. 1916, pp.
291-304). — A discussion of this subject based upon investigations conducted at
the Missouri Experiment Station (B. S. R., 37, p. 743).

Generally speaking, the best results have been secured by planting fruit trees
in the fall. Planting the fruit trees late in the fall just before the ground
freezes has given better results than early fall planting.

Orchard planting costs, F. I. Odell {Trans. Ind. Sort. Soc. 1916, pp. 81-
87). — The data secured from planting operations conducted under the direction
of the author during the past five years show a cost of $7.13 per acre for buying
and setting out yearling apple and peach trees.

Orchard fertilization tests, W. H. Aldekman {Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1916,
pp. 40-56. figs. 6). — In this paper the author summarizes the results of fer-

42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.88

tilfzer tests with apples, and also with peaches (E. S. R., 33. p. 840), con-
ducted at the West Virginia Experiment Station during the past several years.

The results in general indicate that as far as apples are concerne<^l fertilizers
would be wasted in many orchards, especially if they are under cultivation.
On the other hand, orchards in sod in a low state of vigor would doubtless
respond to liberal applications of nitrogen in some form and perhaps phosphoric
acid. Peach orchards in only moderate vigor were found to respond promptly
to applications of nitrogen, but potash or phosphoric acid, if applied at all,
should be used only in a small way for test purposes.

The effect of pruning on the set of fruit, E. J. Kbaus (Trans. Ind. Hort.
Soc, 1916, pp. 200-226, figs. 2). — A discussion of this subject based upon in-
vestigations conducted at the Oregon Experiment Station (B. S. R., 36, p. 237).

Dusting V. spraying, W. S. Bkock (Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1916, pp. 69-81,
figs. 3). — In this paper the author briefly reviews the results secured at a num-
ber of experiment stations with the dust spray and describes the experiments
conducted In a number of orchards under the direction of the Illinois Station
in 1915 and 1916.

Summarizing the results secured it is concluded that liquid spray is more
efficient than dust spray as a means of controlling fungi, can be applied dur-
ing high winds, costs less, and is necessary to use as dormant sprays. Dust
spray can be applied more rapidly, requires less labor and lighter equipment
for hauling through the orchard, its preparation is less complicated, and it is
possible to use it late in the season when hot weather makes it impossible
to spray with lime-sulphur.

[Report of] department of experimental pomology, J. P. Stewaet and
W. C. Gillespie (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 4^5-464)- — This report con-
tains a brief statement of the work of the department, together with tabular
results to the close of 1914 obtained from the various apple experiments. The
work in the young orchards has been previously noted in Bulletin 134 of the
station (E. S. R., 33, p. 238), which is here reprinted. The work in bearing
orchards through the season of 1915 is reported in Bulletin 141 of the station
(E. S. R., 35, p. 644).

The Duchess apple improved, M. J. Dorsey (Jour. Heredity, 8 (1917), No. 12,
pp. 56-5-567, fig. J).— In this paper the author describes and illustrates an im-
proved type of the Duchess apple that has been found by W. Bardwell in his
orchard near Excelsior, Minn. Prom the evidence at hand the author is in-
clined to believe that this new type of Duchess is a good illustration of a
variety being improved by bud variation.

Developing foreign markets for apples, C. W. Moomaw (Proc. 2. Pan Amer.
Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. S, pp. 646-665). — A paper read befoi*e the Second Pan
American Scientific Congress, held at Washington, D. C, December 27, 1915,
to January 8, 1916, containing a statistical review of the apple trade between
the United States and foreign countries, together with suggestions for ex-
tending foreign markets for apples.

The peaches of New York, U. P. Hedkick et al. (Neio York State Sta. Rpt.
1916, pt. 2, pp. Xin+541, pis. 95).— This is the fifth of the station's mono-
graphs on the fruits of temperate North America (E. S. R., 33, p. 439). The
work is similar in nature and pui-poses to the previous volumes. The suc-
cessive chapters deal with the history of the peach, botanical and horticultural
classifications of the peach, commercial peach growing in America, peach grow-
ing in New York, leading varieties of peaches, and minor varieties of peaches.

The most important varieties are illu.strated in colors, and all information
that was thought would be helpful In breeding peaches, as well as to students

1918] HORTTCULTTTRE. 43

of ecology and of plant distribution, has been included. As in the previous
fruit books some prominence is given in footnotes to biographical sketches of
persons connected with the development of the peach industry. The work
concludes with a bibliography and references.

Pruning' experiments with peaches: Besults of first two seasons, M. A.
Blake and C. H. Connoks {New Jersey Stas. Circ. 83 {1917), pp. 8). — This cir-
cular is a summary of a bulletin to be presented at a later date. It sum-
marizes the results for two seasons of extensive pruning experiments started
in the spring of 1912. An outline is given of the experiments, and records are
given showing the average growth and circimaference made by three different
varieties subjected to various forms of pruning both at Vineland and New
Brunswick. The data given are intended to serve as a record and no con-
clusions are thus far drawn.

Packing peaches in Georgia carriers, L. G. Giixam {New Jersey Stas. Circ.
82 {1917), pp. 8, figs. 4). — The directions herein given have been revised from
Bulletin 284 of the station (E. S. R., 34, p. 639).

The blueberry in New Hampshire, J. H. Goueley {New Hampshire Sta.
Circ. 18 {1917), pp. 3-12, figs. 4)- — This circular comprises a preliminary report
on the blueberry industry in New Hampshire. Data are given showing blue-
berry shipments from different parts of the State in 1916 and yields of in-
dividual blueberry pastures, together with information relative to methods of
harvesting the crop and burning over the pastures. A partial bibliography
of the literature dealing with the propagation, culture, and handling of blue-
berries is appended.

The banana as an emergency food crop, J. E. Higgins {Havyaii Sta. East.
Bui. 6 {1917), pp. 16, figs. 3). — In addition to a discussion of cultural methods,
the banana and banana by-products are considered with reference to their
nutritive value as compared with other foods.

Comparative results of moderate and severe pruning, H. S. Reed {Col.
Citrogr., 3 {1917), No. 2, pp. 25, 38, figs. 8). — A progress report on some work
started by the California Citrus Substation in 1915 in an old navel orange
grove.

As measured by the yields for two seasons after pruning, both moderate
and severe pruning have decreased the yield. The decrease was greater on
the severely pruned trees. Thus far the differences in growth resulting from
pruning are not pronounced. The experiment is to be continued for some time.

The principles and practices of cooperation applied to citrus production
and distribution, G. H. Powell {Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 3,
pp. 665-671). — In this paper, read before the Second Pan American Scientific
Congress, held at Washington, D. C, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916,
the author gives an account of the various agencies cooperating in California
in the production, distribution, and sale of citrus fruits.

Citrus culture in Surinam, J. A. Liems {Dept. Landb. Suriname Bui. 35
{1917), pp. 29, pis. 7, figs. 2). — A treatise on the culture, harvesting, and mar-
keting of citrus fruits, including a brief review of cultural demonstrations
conducted at Surinam for a number of years.

Hints on coffee growing in British East Africa, M. D. le Poeb Teench
{Dept. Agr. Brit. East Africa Bui. 2 {1917), pp. 1-19, figs. 5).— A popular ac-
count of the methods of planting, curing, and marketing coffee, based upon the
author's experience in British East Africa and in Jamaica.

The litchi in Hawaii, J. E. Higgins {Hawaii Sta. Bui. 44 {1917), pp. 21, pis.
5). — An account of the litchi based on cultural experiments conducted at the
station and upon data gathered from growers in Hawaii and elsewhere. The

44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Tol. 38

litchi is discussed with reference to its synonymy, history and distribution,
natural requirements, cultural requirements, nature of the crop and its prepa-
ration for market, use as food including an analysis and directions for pre-
serving the fruit, insects and mites, varieties, and botanical status and rela-
tionships.

The palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced, B.
Blatter {Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 23 {1915), Nos. S, pp. 516-5S1, pis. 6;
4, pp. 7S7-7U, pis. 5; 24 {1915), No. 1, pp. 66-71, pi. 1; 24 {1916), Nos. 2, pp.
329-340, pis. 3; 3, pp. 507-538, pis. 5; 4, pp. 673-688, pis. 7).— In continuation of
previous articles (E. S. R., 33, p. 841) a descriptive accoimt is given of a
number of additional native and introduced palms of British India and Ceylon.

Selecting nut trees for planting, C. A. Reed {Amer. Forestry, 23 {1917), No.
286, pp. 619-624, figs. 8). — In this paper the author calls attention to the lack
of pomological varieties among om* native species of nuts, and suggests the
utilization of our present system of national highways for growing large num-
bers of seedling nuts from which to select varieties.

The carnation yearbook, 1917, edited by J. S. Bkunton {Burnley, England:
The Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society, 1917, pp. IV+68, figs. 19). — The
yearbook contains the annual report of The Perpetual Flowering Carnation
Society of England, including exhibition notes, a list of varieties registered
since 1907 by this society, and a list of varieties registered by The American
Carnation Society in 1916.

The rose annual for 1917 of the National Rose Society, edited by H. R.
Daelinqton and C. Page {London: Nat. Rose Soc., 1917, pp. 175, pis. 36, fig. 1). —
In addition to the report of the National Rose Society of Great Britain, the
annual contains articles by various authorities on different phases of rose
culture, varieties, etc., together with an analysis of the 1916 rose season.

FORESTRY,

[Report of] department of forestry, J. A. Febguson {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.

1915, pp. 465, 4^6) ■ — A new willow holt was established during the year and
small plantings of several forest species were made. In tiie nursery seed beds,
seedlings of deep-rooted species such as red pine and Scotch pine demonstrated
their superiority as compared with shallow-rooted species such as European
larch and Norway spruce in surviving the dry summer of 1915.

A test was made of 1-year-old black walnut seedlings, root-pruned and trans-
planted, as compared with seedlings allowed to grow for 2 years undisturbed.
Two hundred undisturbed seedlings made an average second year growth of
5.25 in. as compared with an average second year growth of 2 in. for 200 root-
pruned and transplanted seedlings.

Two-year seedlings of lodgepole pine were exposed to the sun before planting
for lengths of time ranging from 2 up to 300 minutes. Exposures of over 10
minutes resulted in losses of from half to all of the seedlings as the time of
exposure increased. The amounts of damage for exposures of 10 minutes or
less are not conclusive. Of seedlings exposed for 2 minutes, 76 per cent were
alive on September 17; of seedlings exposed for 4 minutes, 93 per cent were
alive ; and of seedlings exposed for 10 minutes, 83 per cent were alive.

Some new experiments and miscellaneous work being conducted by the de-
partment are briefly noted.

[The results of tree planting on the Belle Fourche reclamation project],
B. AuNE {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourehe Expt. Farm,

1916, pp. 26-28). — Notes and data are given on the condition and size in 1916
of various kinds of trees for shade, ornamental, and windbreak purposes that

1918] FORESTRY. 46

have been planted at different periods since 1909. A list is also given of shrubs
recommended for ornamental plantings.

Annual report of the director of forestry of the Philippine Islands for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1916, A. F. Fischeb {Ann. Rpt. Dir. Forestry
P. I., 1916, pp. 83). — This is the usual report relative to the administration, in-
vestigation, management, reconnoissance, and miscellaneous work for the year
ended December 31, 1916. Data showing homestead and timber licenses, utiliza-
tion of forest products from public forests, timber cut, exports and imports,
revenues and expenditures are appended.

Some factors influencing the reproduction of red spruce, balsam fir, and
white pine, B. Moore (Jour. Forestry, 15 (1911), No. 7, pp. 827-853, figs. 4). —
The investigation here reported was conducted on Mount Desert Island, Me.,
with the view of determining the factors governing the reproduction of the more
important coniferous trees of northern New England.

Choosing the best tree seeds, C. J. Kbaebel (Jour. Heredity, 8 (1917), No.
11, pp. 4S5-492, figs. 6). — In this article the author describes a study of Doug-
las fir seed which is being carried out at the Wind River Experiment Station,
near Carson, Wash. The subject matter is based largely on a previous progress
report of the experiment by Willis and Hofmann (E. S. R., 33, p. 739).

A bibliography of literature dealing with the influence of the source of seed
on trees is included.

Utilization and reforesting of chestnut blighted lands, L, O. Barnes (Jour.
Forestry, 15 (1917), No. 7, pp. 854-858). — This paper is based on reforestation
work conducted on the Nittany State Forest in Pennsylvania.

Accelerated growth of spruce after cutting in the Adirondacks, A. B.
Recknagel (Jour. Forestry, 15 (1917), No. 7, pp. 896-898). — Some measure-
ments showing increased growth after thinnings made by the Cornell depart-
ment of forestry on a forest tract in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., are here
presented.

Note on babul (Acacia arabica), J. D. M. Kjbwan ([Indian} Forest Bui. SS
(1917), pp. lJt> pl- 1). — A descriptive account of this tree, which is indigenous
to several sections of India, including an actual specimen section of the wood.

The ohia lehua trees of Hawaii, J. F. Rock (Bd. Agr. and Forestry Hawaii,
Div. Forestry Bot. Bui. 4 (1917), pp. 76, fi.gs. 36). — A revision of the Hawaiian
species of the genus Metrosideros, with special reference to the varieties and
forms of Metrosideros coUina.

Variations among eucalypts in plantations, L. Tbabut (Bui. Sta. Forest.
Nord Afrique, 1 (1917), No. 5, pp. 140-155, pis. 6, figs. 6). — A discussion of
variant forms of Eucalyptus, including descriptions of some hybrids observed
principally in Algeria.

Ray tracheids in Quercus alba, S. J. Record (Boi. Oaz., 64 (1917), No. 5, p.
437, fig. 1). — In this note the author calls attention to the presence of ray
tracheids in the wood of Q. alba. It is believed that this is the first record
of the occurrence of ray tracheids in the woods of the dicotyledons.

Measurements of " bark renewal " in Hevea, L. E. Campbell (Dept. Agr.
Ceylon Bui. 33 (1917), pp. 24)- — In continuation of previous studies of tapping
systems in relation to the physiological processes of the rubber tree (E. S. R.,
34, p. 47), certain conclusions relative to the effects of various types of tapping
on the rapidity of cortex renewal are here presented.

Trees tapped daily throughout the year resulted in poor cortex renewal as
compared with trees tapped on alternate days and every third day. Grood first
renewals were shown by trees tapped by two cuts on one quarter, one cut
sloping upward to the left on one half, and two V cuts on one half.

46 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. {Vol.38

In the case of first tapping the renewal may be considered good if the renewed
cortex Is 85 per cent of the thickness of the untapped cortex within three years
of tapping. The renewed cortex of some old trees which had been severely
tapped had an almost uniform thickness of about 5 mm., or 50 per cent of the
thickness of untapped cortex.

Hevea tapping results, Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1916, T. Fetch
(Dept. Ayr. Ceylon Bui. 34 (1917), pp. 10). ~A progress report on tapping ex-
periments started in 1912 (E. S. R., 36, p. 243) and on some experiments
started in 1914-15. V tapping is being compared with simple oblique cuts,
tapping continuously on one quarter with tapping on the opposite quarter every
three raontlis, and tapping continuously on half of the circumference with
tapping on the opposite side every three months.

Increased yield of turpentine and rosin from double chipping, A. W.
ScHOEGER and R. L. Pettigkew {U. S. Dept. Agr. B^il. 561 {1911), pp. 9, pis. 2).—
This bulletin gives the results for one season of experiments under way at
Columbia, Miss., in which standard, narrow, and double chipping are being
compared.

As a result of the first year's operation upon virgin timber double chipping
produced 31 per cent more turpentine and 36 per cent more rosin than stand-
ard chipping. The net gain from double chipping was about $450 per crop of
10,000 faces. The height of the face at the end of the season was approximately
the same as that of the standard face. Narrow chipping produced 17.5 per
cent less turpentine and rosin than standard chipping and the faces were only
h;vlf as hisli tis the standard faces at the end of the season.

Developments in the marking of western white pine (Pinus monticola) in
northern Idaho, C. K. McHaeg, J. Kittredge, J. F. Preston, et al. (Jour. For-
estry, 15 {1911), No. 1, pp. 871-885). — This article describes the new marking
rules for the white pine type on the Cceur d'Alene Forest. The work of pre-
paring the rules was conducted under the direction of the Office of Silviculture
of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture during 1915-16.

A practical xylometer, J. S. Illick {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1911), No. 1, pp.
859-863, figs. 2). — An xylometer used by the author during the past five years
in connection with various forest investigations is here described and illus-
trated.

A simplified method of stem analysis, T. W. Dwight {Jour. Forestry, 15
{1911), No. 1, pp. 864-810). — ^The author here outlines a method of stem analysis
which, it is believed, will make possible a greater number of growth studies
so as to determine to some extent at least the factors controlling variation in
growth and the effect of those factors in various localities.

What is a basis for yield tax? F. Roth {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1911), No. 7,
pp. 886-890). — The author here presents and discusses a basis for determining
the yield tax on wild woods. This provides for a universal yield tax of around
5 per cent on the assumption that the forest pay an equivalent of a property
tax of $8 per $1,000 on full assessment.

The kiln drying of lumber, H. D. Tiemann {Philadelphia and London: J. B.
Lippincott Co., 1911, pp. XI+316, pis. 22, figs. 39).— A practical and theoretical
treatise, the successive chapters of which deal with the structure and prop-
erties of wood ; common practices in drying ; how wood dries, shrinkage, warp-
ing, and case-hardening; the principles of kiln drying; the circulation and the
method of piling; special problems in drying; the improved water spray humid-
ity regulated dry kiln; drying by superheated steam and at pressures other
than atmospheric ; theoretical considerations and calculations, humidity,
evaporation, density, tlie drying cycle, amount of air and heat required, ther-

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 47

mal efficiency ; effect of different methods of drying upon the strength and the
hygroscopicity of wood : instruments useful in dry kiln work and metho'ds of
testing wood ; temperatures and humidities for drying various kinds of lumber ;
and humidity diagram.
Appended to the work is a brief discussion of special woods f<M" war uses.

. DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Wind-blown rain a factor in disease dissemination, R. C. PatjTvWETtee
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 (1911), No. 12, pp. 639-648, fig. 1).—
In a contribution from the South Carolina Experiment Station, the author gives
additional data relating to wind-blown rain as a factor in disease dissemi-
nation. In a previous publication (E. S. R., 37, p. 49) the results of field
experiments were described, and in the present paper laboratory investigations
are reported upon which were found to confirm previous conclusions.

It was found that water is splashed by a falling drop only when it falls
upon a film of water, and that it is the water of the film which composes the
splash drops. The distance of the splash varies according to the size of the
drop, depth of surface films, elevation and inclination of surface of impact,
and velocity of the wind. A drop of 0.02 cc. in volume falling 16 ft. upon a
relatively thin film of water during a wind of 10 miles an hour, splashed
water in abundance a distance of 8 ft., or across two rows of cotton, in moder-
ate quantities as far as 12 ft., and in slight amounts to 16 ft.

In the investigation to determine the dissemination of disease in the pres-
ence of dew and heavy fogs without wind, it was found that drops from leaves,
which are larger than the average rain drops, falling 12 in. upon a film of
water will scatter splash drops over an area of 20 to 32 in. in diameter. This
fact is believed to account readily for the local dissemination of a number of
diseases.

Attention is called to the probability that wind-blown rain serves for the
dissemination of a number of plant diseases.

[Plant diseases, 1914 to 1916], T. O. Morrison ([Bien.] Rpt. Dept. Agr.
Wash., 2 (1915-16), pp. 91-94)- — Pear blight, which has been destructive in
parts of the State of Washington since 1910, is thought to be controllable, if
not eradicable. Since 1914 apple mildew has been more threatening than
previously, Jonathan being the most seriously affected of the commercial
varieties. A test with iron sulphid, atomic sulphur, and milled sulphur prac-
tically controlled the disease and left the fruit buds in apparently good condi-
tion, though scorching followed the use of iron sulphid in some localities.
In tests of dry sulphur, iron sulphid, milled sulphur, and atomic sulphur as
used against grape mildew, the results from the last three were almost perfect.

A degree of success was attained in an attempt to combine effectiveness
with cheapness in the control of aphids and ants (which were supposed to be
responsible for a large proportion of summer spread of blight), this result
being obtained by the use of Blackleaf 40 in combination with lime.

Biologic forms of Puccinia graminis on cereals and grasses, E. C. Stakman
and F. J. Piemeisel (C/. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 (1917), No. 9, pp.
429-496, pis. 7). — In a contribution from the Minnesota Experiment Station,
the authors give an account of inoculation experiments in cooperation with
the Bureau of Plant Industry with P. graminis collected from about 30 species
of grasses in the upper Mississippi Valley, part of the northern Great Plains
region, and a small area of the Pacific Northwest.

As a result of the inoculation experiments, a number of biologic forms
were found, which, on the basis of their parasitism, may be divided into two

48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [VoL 88

groups, the first consisting of P. grwminis tritici, P. gramimAs tritici compacti,
and P. graminis secalis; the second of P. graminis aven<e, P. gramims phlei-
pratensis, and P. graminis agrostis. For group 1, wheat, club wheat, rye, and
Agropyron repens are said to be differ^itial hosts; while for group 2, oats,
Phleum pratcnse, and Agrostis spp. serve a similar purpose. Barley, rye, and
Bromus tectorum have been found infected by all six biologic forms, and
oats is reported as being infected by all but P. graminis tritici compacti. The
biologic forms are said to be distinguished from each other morphologically
as well as parasitically.

Some notes are given on observations on the overwintering of the uredinial
stage on grass hosts, but definite conclusions have not been reached, except
for P. graminis phleipratensis, which survived the severe winter of 1916-17
at St. Paul, Minn.

Some diseases of wheat crops and their treatments, W. J. Spajffobd {Jour.
Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 20 (1917), No. 7, pp. 5S1-548).— It is stated that of the
smuts in South Australia, TiUetia tHtici is by far the worst, loose smut
(VstUago tritici) is fairly common (doing but little damage), and flag smut
(Urocystis tritici) somewhat reduces the wheat crop. Of other diseases, take-
all (Ophiobolus graminis) is becoming increasingly troublesome in many dis-
tricts, and red rust [Puccinia graminis) does not use the barberry as alter-
nate host in Australia, being carried over the winter supposedly on some native
grasses. Mildew (Erys^iphe grwminis) is becoming more or less common In
wheat fields, where it is thou^t it may develop into a serious pest under the
conditions prevalent in this region.

Some important diseases of truck crops in Florida, C. D. Sheebakoff
(PloHda Sta. Bui. 1S9 (1911), pp. 191-277, figs. 58).— The author gives descrip-
tions of the more important diseases affecting different truck crops in Morida
and offers suggestions for their control.

Common diseases of beans and peas, M. T. Cook (New Jersey Stas. C-irc 84
(1917), pp. 2-8, figs. 4). — This is in part a revision of Circular 50, previously
noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 245).

Toxic chlorosis of maize, P. Maz6 (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Peris], 75
(1916), No. 19, pp. 1059-1066). — In the course of a study of chlorosis of maize,
as previously noted (B. S. R., 33, p. 522), the author has found that a form of
chlorosis different from that caused by a lack of sulphur and of iron can be
produced experimentally, being due to a sort of intoxication of the plant. On
the other hand, cell sap from the normal leaves, when deposited on the
etiolated leaves, causes a return of the normal green color in the cells. This
curative property of normal juices may disappear for a time iinder the influence
of certain atmospheric conditions. This restorative substance is thought to be
elaborated by protoplasmic activity which may produce an internal secretion,
the function of which is to guard the plant against accidental intoxications
and parasitic diseases.

It was found that the addition of lead or of methyl alcohol to a nutritive
solution which is described, or the removal of zinc therefrom, would cause a
toxic chlorosis of maize which was relieved by applying to the etiolated ceUs
an exudate of normal leaves or an extract of the crushed leaves. The pa-
renchymal cells of normal leaves of maize are thought to secrete a substance
which may prevent the intoxication due to any of several causes, and which
may prevent also attack by parasitic insects.

Studies in the mosaic diseases of plants, G. W. Freibekq (Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard., 4 (1917), No. 2, pp. 175-232, pis. 4).— Summarizing the evidence
presented in this paper and by other workers on mosaic diseases, the author
states that these are not caused by unbalanced inorganic nutrition, inorganic

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49

elements being present in about the same proportion tn diseased as In healthy
tissue. Oarbodydrates are more abundant in dark green than in light areas.
Proteins are apparently present more abundantly in the lighter than in the
darker areas.

The physiological phase of the disease Is thought to be a very important one.
Preliminary observations appear to show the existence of minimum, optimum,
and maximum points as regards temperatures favoring the disease, the check
from unfavorable temperatures suggesting the recovery of the plant.

The infective principle is thought to be an enzym different in character from
that giving the guaiacum reaction. Like all colloidal compounds, including
enzyms, it is greatly absorbed by talc. There is a specificity of reaction between
the infective principle or mosaic enzym and formaldehyde (if not aldehydes
in general) which is not observable in case of concentrated antiseptics of other
kinds. The infectious properties are, however, destroyed by alcohol In concen-
trations destructive to enzyms, and by temperatures which inactivate enzyms
or hydrolyze some organic compounds, cooling having no greater effect than is
exerted on any chemical compound, including enzyms. The reproduction of the
mosaic enzym can be accounted for on physiological grounds, but the original
factors are unknown.

The above facts and the fact that formaldehyde is one of the first products
of photosynthesis suggest a basis for the possible explanation of the physiologi-
cal aspects of mosaic diseases. The continued production of the mosaic enzym
is considered to be in accordance with the fundamental principles of pathology
and physiology.

Ftirther studies of the mosaic disease of tobacco, H. A. Allard ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 (1917), No. 12, pp. 615-6S2, pi. 1). — In continua-
tion of the author's studies of the mosaic disease of tobacco (E, S. R., 36, p.
647), an account is given of an investigation of the susceptibility of tobacco
plants to infection through the trlchomes, resistance to mosaic disease in
tobacco plants, and the distribution of the virus in inoculated leaves.

It has been found that the virus of the mosaic disease of tobacco is present
in the trichomes of the leaves, and the disease may be communicated to
healthy plants by inoculating the virus into the trichomes alone. The infective
principle does not readily invade uninjured trichomes or leaf tissues, but in-
fection readily follows when the virus is sprayed upon the leaves and subse-
quently rubbed in. Cutting across the midrib at the base of the leaf or sever-
ing all the larger veins on one or both sides of the midrib did not prevent the
final dissemination of the virus to other leaves and other portions of the plant.

Thorough steam sterilization of the soil of the seed bed was found to com-
pletely destroy any virus which may be present in the soil. Infection from
diseased material in the soil appears to depend upon injury to some portion of
the root system.

Nicotiana glauca has been found susceptible to the mosaic disease of to-
bacco, although visible symptoms of the disease may be very slight. The sap
of such plants proved highly infectious to healthy plants of N. tabacum.

As carriers of the disease the author has found that the green peach aphis
(Myzus persicce) may become active in the greenhouse after feeding upon
diseased plants, and the large plant louse (Macrosiphum tabaci) is an efficient
carrier of the infective principle of the disease under field conditions. Red
spiders gave negative results, and white flies did not appear actively concerned
in the transmission of the disease.

The control of tobacco wilt in the flue-cured district, W. W, Gabneb, F, A,
Wolf, and E. G. Moss (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. .562 (1917), pp. 20, Jigs. 5),— Aji
account is given of investigations conducted coojwratively by the North Caro-

50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

lina Experiment Station and this Department for the control of the tobacco
wilt due to Bacterium solanacearum. This disease Is widely distributed, having
been first reported in North Carolina in 1903 and being known to occur in
Sumatra, Java, and Japan.

Experiments have been carried on to determine whether the wilt can be
controlled by a chemical or physical treatment of the soil, but without any
encouraging results. Crop rotation has given satisfactory results, and it is
recommended that this be practiced, infested land being planted to other crops
for at least five years. In order to prevent the introduction of the wilt on
farms not already infested, the authors recommend that seed beds be thoroughly
sterilized by burning and that care be taken not to allow surface drainage from
infested farms to reach seed beds or other tobacco lands.

Winter blight of the tomato, C. R. Orton and W. H. McKinney, jb. {Penn-
sylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 2S5-246, pis. 6). — According to the authors, winter
blight of tomatoes has caused considerable damage in certain sections of
Pennsylvania where this crop is grown commercially under glass. The symp-
toms of the disease are described, the stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits being
affected. It is said to spread quite rapidly through the greenhouse and seems
to be carried by soil and insects and to be disseminated by contact.

Several theories have been advanced as to the cause of the disease, bacteria,
species of fungi, and nonparasitic causes due to unfavorable soil conditions
having been considered. Some work is being done on all these theories, and
a light yellow and an orange-brown organism has been isolated quite con-
stantly from diseased plants, but all attempts to reproduce the disease by
inoculating plants with cultures of these organisms have been unsuccessful.

While the cause of the trouble is not definitely known, some experiments in
control have been carried on in which resistant strains were tested and attempts
made to prevent the disease by combating the white fly and by spraying with
Bordeaux mixture and other fungicides. Promising results were obtained in
the test of resistant strains and the white fly control experiments, but spraying
with fungicides is said to have given negative results. Suggestions for the
prevention of the disease include the selection of healthy plants; sterilization
of seed ; frequent renewal of seed beds ; proper attention to ventilation, water-
ing, etc. ; and control of the white fly.

Common diseases of apples, pears, and quinces, M. T. Cook {New Jersey
Stas. Circ. 80 {1911), pp. 27, figs. 23). — This is a revision of Circular 44, pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 349).

Common diseases of the peach, plum, and cherry, M. T. Cook {New Jersey
Stas. Circ. 81 {1911), pp. 3-19, figs. 11). — This is a revised edition of Circular 45,
previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 349).

Diseases of stone fruits, J. Chifflot {Pomol. Franc., No. 1 {1911), pp. 21-
32). — It is stated that among numerous fungus attacks of stone fruits in the
region of the Rhone Valley very serious damage is done by Exoascus deformans,
Coryneum beyerinckU, ManiUa cinerea, and M. laxa, particularly the last two
named.

Note on Br. J. Smolak's paper, A Contribution to our Knowledge of Silver-
leaf Disease, F. T. Brooks {Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 {1916), No. 4, pp. 228, 229).—
Referring to a discussion of his previous communication (B. S. R., 29, p. 847)
appearing in the paper by SmolS,k (E. S. R., 34, p. 648), the author emphasizes
his previous statement that Stereum purpureum is probably not the only organ-
ism concerned in the production of silver-leaf disease.

Baspbeny diseases in Minnesota, G. R. Hoebneb {Minn. Hort.. Jf5 {1911),
No. 6, pp. 236-2^3, figs. S). — ^Brief description and discussion are given of gray
bark, or spur blight, anthracnose, crown gall, and yellows or curly leaf, which

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51

are said to comprise the list of the more important raspberry diseases in Min-
nesota.

Grape downy mildew in 1916 at Montpelier, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit.
(Ed. VEst-Centre), 38 (1917), No. 18, pp. 41S-/,15, fiff. 1).—A study of the num-
bers and the locations of new cases of grape downy mildew of the second and
third outbreak has shown that such outbrealis arise from previous centers of
mildew attack, that the number of cases decreases with the distance from the
former center, and that the total number of eases increases greatly with the
successive outbreaks. The facts as observed and mapped are thought to explain
the presence of uninfected areas along with other areas seriously affected, also
the relative or exceptional apparent immunity of certain early or late varieties
which are mentioned.

Iron in copper sprays for chlorosis, A. Donnadieu (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed,
VEst-Centrc), 57 (1916), No. 34, pp. 176, i77).— The author relates experiences
claimed to show that the addition of 0.1 per cent iron sulphate to an acid (in
the case cited, a commercial) copper spray prevents or cures chlorosis in vines
subject thereto. The iron compound serves also as a fixative for the copper
in sprays employed for downy mildew.

Wood rot of citrus trees, J. A. Stevenson (Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Circ. 10 (1917), pp. 10; Spanish ed.', pp. 10). — A popular description is given of
wood rot due to the attacks of a number of species of fungi, with suggestions for
the control of the injury by pruning and protecting the wounds from infection.

Fungus diseases of coffee, II. Averna-Sacca (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo}, 17. ser.,
1916, Nos. 10, pp. 790-840, figs. Ifi ; 11, pp. 878-922, figs. 46).— Descriptive dis-
cussions are given of cryptogamic diseases of coffee, including Dematophora
necatrix, Hysterium coffeanum, Pezisa (?) coffeicola, Capnodium brasiliense,
Pseudodiaporthe coffece, Euryachora coffeicola, Scutellum (?) coffeamim, Eutypa
lutibunda coffeicola, Rhapidospora coffeicola, Didymosphmria coffeicola, Sphw-
rella coffeicola, Anthostomella coffece, Leptosphceria coffcigena, Venturia coffei-
cola, Oraniella coffeicola, Fusarium pallens, Periconia goldeniana, Macrosporvum
coffeanum, Cercospora coffeicola, Gloeosporium coffeanum. Colletotrichuni
coffeamim, C. coffece, C. incarnatum, Dendrophoma coffeicola, Phyllosticta
coffeicola, Rliabdospora coffece, Hendersonia coffece, Discosia thew, Fusarium
coffeicola, Coniotliyrium coffece, Diplodia coffeicola, Macrophoma coffea:, Schizo-
phylluvi commune, Mioena (?) sp., and Physcia integrata sorechiosa.

Tylenchus acutocaudatus in coffee trees, R. G. de Sotjza (Bol. Agr. [Sao
Paulo], 17. ser., 1916, Nos. 9. pp. 726-736, figs. 7; 11, pp. 873-878, figs. 3).— This
is a brief account of the mode of attack and the serious damage done to
coffee plants by the nematode T. acutocaudatus, which is found in the roots
but in none of the aerial portions.

Wilt or crown-rot disease of carnations caused by Fusarium sp., P. A. van
der Bijl (Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1916), No. Jf, pp. 267-291, pis. 4).— The author,
giving an account of a disease characterized by a wet stem rot and leaf abnor-
mality, states that the trouble is due to a Fusarium, which is discussed. Ex-
periments looking to the control of the disease were ineffective in case of
formalin applied to the soU, but quicklime showed some improvement. Pre-
ventive measures include rotation and the use of cuttings and of soil known
to be free from infection.

Carnation yellows, G. L. Pei-tiee (Proc. Amer. Carnation Soc, 25 (1916),
pp. 29-35). — This is an account, with some discussion, of recent work done on
carnation yellows, the cause of which remains unknown, although three forms
are here discussed.

Seedlings rarely show yellows, though cuttings propagated from seedling
pl.nnts for two years invariably show that condition, owing presumably to

62 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.88

infection at the cutting bench and to an early breaking down of some sort in
the tissue, which later develops into yellows. Overpropagation may also favor
yellows by lowering the vitality of the cuttings. Of cuttings, layers, and shoots
taken from apparently healthy seedlings and grafted on stock which was badly
diseased, the first two showed little if any indication of yellows, while the
grafted stock yellowed badly, leaving but little doubt that the disease can be
communicated to healthy plants by grafting.

Some factors influencing the prevalence of Endothia gyrosa, N. B. Stevens
(Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, U {1911), No. 3, pp. 127-m, figs. 5). — In pursuance of
the work previously noted \\ith E. parasitica (E. S. R., 37, p. 557), the author
states that the distribution of the American species of Endothia does not coin-
cide with that of their hosts. The present paper deals with E. gyrosa, said
to have a much wider range in America than any other species of this genus
and to be indigenous here with a long history as Indicated. It is, however,
abundant only in the Southeastern States.

Inoculation experiments during 1914 and 1915 have shown that this fungus
can grow and overwinter beyond the northeastern limits of its present known
range, and have emphasized the importance of water supply and of the condi-
tion of the host in relation to the growth of the fungus. It thrives best on
injured tissue which remains moist for a time, as cut limbs or injured roots.
The temperature of the Southern States is more favorable to the fungus than
is that of the Northern States, the division line between regions of its rarity
or its abundance being fairly definite, this fact suggesting some significant
factors other than climate. The chief of these appears to be Increased oppor-
tunity for infection in the Southern States, due to the increase there in num-
ber and relative importance of its host plants and to the increased opportunity
for infection due to soil and cultural conditions causing greater erosion and
consequently more frequent exposure of the roots of Fagus and Quercus to
injury and infection.

[Chestnut bark disease], H. Metcauf {North. Nut Growers Assoc. Proc, 7
(1916), pp. 41-54). — It is stated that during the first year or more of its life
the chestnut (even in the case of sprouts growing from diseased stock) is
immune to attack by the chestnut bark fungus. No evidence has been obtained,
however, that the disease is stopping naturally anywhere in its progress,
which is now very widespread. Cutting out affected parts of trees which have
been attacked is effective but too expensive to be profitable. No immune native
trees have been found, but some Asiatic chestnuts appear to be more or less
resistant.

[Diseases of the English walnut], S. M. McMubban (North. Nut Orowers
Assoc. Proc, 7 (1916), pp. 67-79). — In this discussion, which also referred to
the so-called winterkilling and to other more or less obscure troubles of walnut
trees, it was stated that walnut blight has been found at a number of points
in New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, leading to the view that the
disease has been present in this section for a long time. It is apparently less
actively pathogenic here than in California (where spraying has not proved
economical), but it is thought that selective breeding for resistant forms will
prove to be the most effective measure looking to its control.

Observations on some diseases of plantation rubber in Malaya, F. T.
Beooks (Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1916), No. 4, pp. 209-227, pis. 3). — This is an ac-
count of observations on diseases of plantation rubber during 1914, some of
which have already been published (E. S. R., 34, pp. 57, 448). The several
sections of this article deal with Fames Ugnosus, Polyporus rugulosus, Sphwros-
tube repens, Hymenochmte noxia, UstiUina. zonata, Botryodiplodia theobromce,
bark diseases, bars, thread blight associated with CypheUa hevete and perhaps

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 53

other fungi, Phyllosticta ramicola, Gloeosporium alborubrum, a species of
Cephaleuros, and two or more of Loranthus.

Diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, G. Bbyce {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 29 {1916),
pp. 10). — This bulletin gives the principal facts regarding diseases of Hevea,
including Fomes Ugnosus (F. semitostus), brown root disease (Uifmenochcete
noxia), pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor) , Diplodia disease and dieback
(Botryodiplodia theobromw) , and the four diseases caused by Phytophthora
fnheri, stem canker, abnormal leaf fall, pod disease, and bark rot of the tapping
surface.

A nursery blight of cedars, G. G. Hahn, C. Habtley, and R. G. Piekce ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 {1911), No. 10, pp. 533-5^0, p?s. 2). — The
authors give a description of a disease of hitherto unknown origin which has for
several years been known to cause great losses to growers of cedars in a num-
ber of nurseries. The disease is believed to attack primarily young plants,
trees over four years old being seldom affected under nursery conditions.

A species of Phoma has been isolated from infected plants, and the parasitism
of the fungus has been proved on two and three year old plants of six species of
Juniperus, three species of Thuja, and one species of Cupressus.

Spraying with commercial lime-sulphur solution and Bordeaux mixture has
given little indication of their availability for the control of the disease.

White pine blister rust, F. W. Rane {Ann. Rpt. State Forester Mass., 13
{1916), pp. 15-19). — It is stated that infection with white pine blister rust on
Ribes was general over most of the State, indicating the spread during 1916 of
the disease in the summer spore stage on currants and gooseberries. A light
infection appeared on pine, but this was confined to foreign stock (probably
diseased when planted) or to native pines which had stood near currants or
gooseberries for many years. The progress on pine has been slow and the actual
loss from this cause very slight.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— EISTTOMOLOGY.

The moose book, S. Merrill {New York: E. P. Button d Co. [1916], pp.
XI I -{-366, pis. 25, figs. 32). — This popular work deals first with the American
moose (pp. 1-268) and then with the Old World elk (pp. 269-355.)

Trapping moles and utilizing their skins, with especial reference to the
Pacific coast States, T. H. Scheffek {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 832
{1917), pp. 13, figs. 11). — An account of the best methods of trapping moles in
the Pacific coast States, but, with modifications, applicable to all localities where
moles are found.

The pack rat as an enemy of natural reproduction on the Angeles National
Forest, E. N. Munns {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1917), No. 4, pp. 417-423). — Neotoma
fuscipes mohajensis is said to be destructive to Jeffrey pine {Pinus jeffreyi)
by girdling the main stems of the trees.

Holden's new book on birds, G. H. Holden {New York: Author, 1917, pp.
133, figs. 28). — A small handbook dealing with the food, care, breeding, dis-
eases, and treatment of house birds.

Birds worth knowing, N. Blanchan {Garden City, N. Y.: Douhleday, Page
d Co., 1917, pp. XII+257, pis. 48).— A popular account.

The bird study book, T. G. Peabson {Garden City, N. Y.: Daubleday, Page
d Co., 1917, pp. XV-\-258, pis. 17, figs. 26).— A popular work.

How to attract birds in the Middle Atlantic States, W. L. McAtee {TJ. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 844 {1917), pp. 15, figs, ii).— -This is the third of a
series of publications (E. S, R., 36, p. 151) which describe the best methods of
37450°— 18 5

54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

attracting birds about liomes in the various parts of the United States, especially
by providing a food supply and other accessories about the homestead.

The natural enemies of birds, E. H. Forbush (Mass. Bd. Agr., Econ. Biol.
Bui. S (1916), pp. 58, pis. 7, figs. 5). — This is a discussion of the more important
natural enemies of birds, particularly in Massachusetts.

Insect pests in the West Indies in 1916 (Agr. News [Barbados], 16 (1917),
No. 392, pp. 188, 139). — This consists of brief notes on the more important in-
sects of the year.

A naturalist in Borneo, R. W. C. Shelfoed, edited by E. B. Poulton (Lon-
don: T. Fisher Umoin, Ltd., 1916, pp. XXVII+SSl, pis. 32).— This work in-
cludes observations of insects of economic importance.

How to detect outbreaks of insects and save the grain crops, W. R. Walton
(U. &'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 835 (1917), pp. 24, figs. i5).— This popular ac-
count deals with the Hessian fly, chinch bug, army worm, cutworms, grass-
hoppers, white grubs, billbugs, com root aphis, wireworms, etc.

Some common garden insects, J. Tkoop and P. W. Mason (hidiana Sta. Circ.
64 (1917), pp. 15, figs. 9). — A popular summary of information.

Control of some garden insects, L. B. Smith (Virginia Truck Sta. Bui. 23
(1917), pp. 489-506, figs. 9). — A summary of control measures for some of the
more common insects attacliing vegetables.

Entomological notes, B. O. Bubt (Rpt. Cawnpore [India] Agr. Sta., 1916, pp.
35-41). — These notes consist of records liept during the cotton-growing season
of various bollworms attacldng cotton and bhindi. A table is given showing
the relative n\imbers of Earias fabia and E. insulana and the Rhogas parasite.
Notes on other cotton pests are included.

Insects attacking cotton and their enemies, P. Iglesias (Bol. Agr. [Sao
Paulo], 17. ser.. No. 12 (1916), pp. 968-998, figs. 35).— A summarized account is
given of the more important insects attaclfing cotton in Brazil and their nat-
ural enemies, particularly Gasterocercodes gossypii, a weevil which attacks the
rootstalks previously described by Pierce (E. S. R., 32, p. 658), and the cotton
leaf worm.

Insects attacking hemp, P. Noel (Btil. Lab. Regional Ent. Agr. [Roxi.cn], No.
1 (1917), pp. 11, 12; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 4, p. 159).—
A list is given of hemp insects.

Insect enemies of maize, P. Noel (Bui. Lab. Regional Ent. Agr. [Rouen], No.
1 (1917), pp. 6-10; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 4, p. 159).—
A list is given of the insect enemies of corn.

The behavior of some soil insects in gradients of evaporating power of air,
carbon dioxid, and ammonia, C. C. Hamilton (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab.
Woods Hole, 32 (1917), No. 3, pp. 159-182, figs. 5).— This is a report of studies
made with a view to determining the behavior of some soil insects in evapora-
tion, carbon dioxid, and ammonia gradients under experimental conditions.

Arsenical residues after spraying, W. C. O'Kane, C. H. Hadley, jr., and
W. A. Osgood (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 183 (1917), pp. 62, figs. 14). — The re-
sults of investigations from ^912 to 1916 are here reported. Data on the
amounts of arsenical remaining on fruit and vegetables after spraying with
arsenate of lead are followed by a discussion of the toxic standards and the
possible danger of human poisoning, the results of feeding lead arsenate and
white arsenic to guinea pigs, and the effect of jbhe drip from sprayed trees on
calves, sheep, and poultry.

On apples from 10 trees picked at intervals ranging from 5 to 90 days after
spraying the residues were as follows : Carefully picked fruit 0.08 to 0.77 mg. ;
picked in the ordinary way, 0.02 to 0.5 mg. ; picked with cotton gloves, 0.1 to

1918] ECON-OMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 55

0.21 mg. ; picted with cotton gloves and wiped, 0.08 to 0.18 mg. Rain and

weather had considerable influence ; when picked in the ordinary manner the
residue per fruit decreased 75 per cent when fruit remained 75 to 91 da^s on
the trees as compared with fruit piclied 3 to 5 days after spraying. Four
mg. of AS2O3 was found to be the maximum amount that will adhere to the
fruit. With small fruits and vegetables picked before and after rains the
amount of residue recovered ranged as follows: Strawberries from 8.6 to 34^
mg. per quart, currants from 6.8 to 10.2 mg. per quart, blackberries from 3.8 to
11.2 mg. per quart, cabbage from 43.5 to 51.4 mg. per head and lettuce from 1.6
to 10.6 mg. per head, the outer leaves being included.

It is pointed out that the standard medicinal dose of arsenic (AsiOs) is from
2 to 5 mg. and the dangerous dose, 60 to 120 mg. Cooperative experiments car-
ried out at the University of Chicago have shown lead arsenate to be somewhat
soluble in human gastric juice, but probably less so than white arsenic (AsjOs).

The results of feeding lead arsenate and white arsenic to guinea pigs are
reported.

The evidence presented indicates that under ordinary conditions no apples
will reach flie consumer carrying such amounts of lead arsenate per fruit as will
cause fatal poisoning in a healthy human adult. Strawberries should not be
directly sprayed with lead arsenate after they have fully formed, nor should
blackberries after they have formed, and currants if so sprayed should be
washed. With cabbage and lettuce ready for market arsenate of lead should
not be applied except sparingly, and in that event the outer leaves should be
removed and the heads washed.

In experiments to test the effect of the drip from sprayed trees on live stock
it was found that average drip from trees amounted to 11.2 per cent where the
spray material was applied with reasonable care. Calves were confined to plats
of grass carrying spray material directly applied at concentrations of 3, 6,
and 10 lbs. of lead arsenate paste to 50 gal. of water. Calves pastured on 7
successive plats sprayed at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gal. of water were not seri-
ously poisoned but failed to gain weight and showed some minor effects.
Those pastured on grass sprayed at concentrations of 6 : 50 developed definite
symptoms of serious poisoning, but when removed to grass containing no
poison they fuUy recovered. Two calves pastured on grass carrying concentra-
tions of 10 : 50 developed serious poisoning and one died, but the other recovered
when removed to grass containing no poison.

Sheep were pastured on grass containing similar amounts of lead arsenate.
Those which consumed grass on 10 successive plats carrying arsenate of lead at
concentrations of 3 : 50 gave no evidence of serious poisoning ; those which con-
sumed grass on the 6 : 50 plats developed serious symptoms but fully recovered
on removal to unsprayed grass ; those on the 10 : 50 plats gave evidence of
serious poisoning, one dying, but another recovering after removal to grass
free from poison. Sheep pastured within a pen beneath sprayed trees showed
no evidence of serious poisoning when the spray material was used at the rate
of 3 : 50 or 6 : 50, even though large amounts of spray were applied, but when
the application was at the rate of 10 : 50 they showed definite symptoms but
recovered.

Hens and young chicks confined in pens and pastured on grass carrying
arsenate of lead at concentrations of 3, 6, and 10 lbs. to 50 gal. of water devel-
oped no symptoms of serious poisoning, although fed on 10 successive plats
within a period of 56 days.

Quassia extract as a contact insecticide, N. E. McIndoo and A. F. Sievebs
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 (1917), No. 10, pp. 497-5S1, figs. S).—

66 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Following a historical review of the literature dealing with quassia and quassiin,
and with quassia extract as an insecticide, the authors report investigations
conducted with a view to determining (1) the efficiency of various extracts of
quassia wood, and (2) the pharmacological effects of these extracts upon
insects.

" The exhalations alone from the quassiin powder killed aphids, but the
exhalations from quassia chips, quassia powder, and those from solutions con-
taining quassiin extract and quassia extract were ineffective. Quassia powder
dusted upon insects is inefEective, while quassiin powder is quite effective, indi-
cating that the exhalations pass into the respiratory system and that they then
affect the nervous system. The minutest particles of either powder are suffi-
ciently small to pass into the spiracles, but they do not cause death by closing
the entrances of the tracheae.

" Quassia and quassiin spray solutions, not containing soap, kill aphids when
applied sufficiently strong. By the process of elimination it is concluded that
death occurs as a result of some of the fine spray being breathed into the
respiratory system while the aphids are being sprayed. The greater effective-
ness of solutions containing soap is due to the weaker surface tensfon of such
solutions, which pass freely through the spiracles and finally reach the nervous
tissue, where they kill by slowly affecting the nerve cells."

It was found that unlike nicotin, which acts quickly and causes pronounced
symptoms, quassiin acts very slowly and causes but few symptoms and these
are never pronounced. It is concluded that owing to the poor insecticidal
properties of quassiin, quassia extract can never become a general insecticide
for all aphids. Although the amount of extract to be used can be sufficiently
increased so that the spray solution will perhaps be efficient on any particular
aphid, in most cases the expense will prohibit its use. The most effective
formula used was prepared by soaking 22 lbs. of quassia chips in 100 gal. of fish-
oil solution (1.6 lbs. of soap to 100 gal. of water) for 24 hours.

A list of 48 references to the literature is included.

How to test for the presence of nicotin on sprayed plants, V. I. Safbo
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 459-461). — The test recommended by
the author is made by thoroughly rinsing a number of sprayed leaves with a
minimum amount of distilled water, then filtering, and acidulating the filtrate
with a few drops of hydrochloric acid. If a precipitate is formed at this point
the filtration should be repeated and to the resulting filtrate several drops of 1
per cent silicotungstic acid should be added, when a white cloud will denote
the presence of nicotin.

" This test has been applied successfully to aqueous solutions of ' free ' nico-
tin, nicotin sulphate solutions, nicotin soap solutions, nicotin-arsenate of lead,
and nicotin Bordeaux. It has not been found effective in testing nicotin
lime-sulphur, as the presence of colloidal sulphur derived from the polysulphids
seems to interfere with the test."

Rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of the Insecticide
Act of 1910 [U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 34, 2. rev. {1911), pp. 15).—
The text of the Insecticide Act of 1910 (E. S. R., 24, p. 361) and the rules
and regulations, as amended to August 3, 1917, are here given.

Gomphus parvidens, a new species of dragon fly from Maryland, Bertha
P. CuBKiE (Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 53 (1917), pp. 223-226, pis. 2).

An asymmetrical bird louse found on three different species of troupials,
J. H. Paine (Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 53 (1917), pp. 231, 232, pi. 1).

The European earwig and its control, D. W. Jones (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui.
566 (1917), pp. 12, fig%. 8). — This is a report of investigations made of Forficula

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57

auricularia at Newport, R. I., during the summer and fall of 1915 and the
entire season of 1916. A brief account of this pest by Glaser has previously
been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 247). This earwig, first noted at Newport in 1911,
where it is supposed to have been introduced on nursery stock from Europe,
has increased so rapidly as to become a serious pest and cause much annoy-
ance. By 1916 about 10 square miles had become heavily infested, and many
liew small colonies were found outside of this area. Mention is also made
of a smaller colony reported from Seattle, Wash., in 1915, which had in-
creased rapidly. Although found all over Europe, it seldom occurs there in
great numbers.

Eggs have been observed to be deposited in the ground in November and
December to the number of 50 to 90. The young earwigs, or larvae, may be
found in the ground or at night on the soil surface about May 5. They feed on
very tender green shoots, such as clover and grass, and possibly portions of
grass roots. Later they feed extensively on green shoots, such as Lima beans
or dahlia plants. When the dahlia buds begin to appear and the blossoms of
sweet William and early roses plentiful, they are damaged by the young ear-
wigs, which feed on the bases of the petals and stamens. After passing
through four larval stages they become adult about July 18 The adults feed
almost entirely on the petals and stamens of flowers, although many other
kinds of food, such as clover, grass, and terminal buds of chrysanthemums and
other fall flowers are eaten. They also kill and eat certain unprotected,
sluggish larvae, dead flies, and the dead or dying of their own species. In late
summer the adults congregate in large numbers in crevices or behind vines
near a good food supply. The males seldom live over winter, but the females
hibernate successfully in the ground from 2 to 8 in. below the surface. In
1916 they emei'ged from hibernation quarters the last week in April.

The most important natural enemy appears to be the nematode Filaria
locustCB, which caused the death of approximately 10 per cent of the larvae
kept under close observation in the laboratory. Insecticidal and trapping
control work here reported led to the recommendation that from May 15 to
June 15 poisoned bread bait be broadcasted over the lawns and gardens just
before dark, followed by one or more additional applications at intervals of
three or four nights and that plants which show signs of having been eaten
be sprayed with arsenate of lead, 6 lbs. to 50 gal. of water. After July 1, when
necessary, a contact spray should be applied at night, covering the insects well
as they crawl over the grass and plants and repeated every three nights until
the numbers are sufficiently reduced. As a supplement the injection of con-
tact sprays into cracks and crevices where earwigs commonly hide through
the day should be made every other day. The author recommends that traps
be placed every 10 or 12 ft. along borders or near vines and the earwigs re-
moved therefrom each day by shaking the excelsior over a pail of kerosene
and water.

Preliminary trials with the cacao thrips fungus {Agr. Neios [Barbados],
16 {1917), No. S89, p. 94).— A brief statement of the parasitism of thrips by
Sporotrichum globuliferum.

Injury by tarnished plant bugs to the vine, L. Ftjlmek {Ztsclir. Pflansen-
krank., 26 (1916), No. 6-7, pp. 323-329, figs. 7).— This paper deals with Lygus
spinolce, which was the source of great injury to the vine at San Michele,
south Tyrol, and at Ligist, Steiermark, and L. pratensis at Krottendorf.

Report on further investigations on the capsids which attack apples,
J. C. F. Fbyee and F. R. Pethekbridge {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 24 (1917),
No. 1, pp. 33-44, pi. 1). — Further investigations (E. S. R., 35, p. 464) show that

58 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol.38

nicotin, even when highly diluted, is fatal to and the best insecticide for use
in combating capsid bugs which injure apples in England, of which the green
bug (Plesiocoris rugicolUs) is the most important. It is pointed out that nicotin
may be applied in conjunction with soap, lime-sulphur, or Bordeaux.

Miscible oil v. fish-oil soap sprays for the control of Florida aleyrodids, E.
A. Back and S. S. Ceossman (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 45S-458).—
The spraying investigations here reported show miscible oil sprays to have a
very practical advantage over fish-oil soap sprays. The importance of spray-
ing citrus groves while the average number of aleyrodids per leaf is stiU small
is emphasized.

Control work with phylloxera in Teramo from 1901 to 1916, B. Gbassi
(Bol. Mm. Agr. e Indus., Com. ed. Lavoro [Rome], Ser. B, 15 (1916), II, No.
9-12, pp. 69-135, pis. S, figs. 11). — A detailed report of control work.

The secondary host of Myzus cerasi, W. A. Ross (Canad. Ent., 49 (1917),
No. 12, p. 434). — The author's observations have led to the conclusion that
V. cerasi is partially monophagous and partially migi-atory.

"Apterous forms reside throughout the season on the primary host (cherry),
and in addition alatse produced during the summer migrate to and establish
colonies on a secondary host. In Ontario, according to our observations, the
favorite alternate host is wild peppergrass, Lepidium apetalum. We have made
several collections of M. cerasi from this weed and in migratory tests we have
repeatedly been successful in transferring the louse from the cherry to the
wild peppergrass. No doubt other crucifers serve as summer hosts. In our
insectary experiments we have succeeded in establishing colonies of M. cerasi
on Capsella hursa^pastoris, Brassica arvensis, and Erysimum cheiranthoides,
but so far these results have not been verified in the field."

The gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth and their control, A. F. BtnaoEiSS
(TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 845 (1917), pp. 28, figs. 14).— A popular sum-
mary of information dealing with the present status of these pests and control
measures.

The velvet bean caterpillar, J. G, Hutson (Agr. News [Barbadosi, 18
(1917), No. 386, p. 42). — This noctuid (Anticarsia gemmatUis), an account of
which by Watson has been previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 459), is said to
be the commonest of the leaf-eating caterpillars attacking several leguminous
plants used generally throughout the West Indies as cover crops.

The coconut-tree caterpillar (Brassolis isthmia) of Panama, L. H. Dunn
(Proc. Med. Assoc. Isthmian Canal Zone, 9 (1916), pt. 1, pp. 32-48, pis. 5; Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 473-488, pis. 2). — This lepidopteran is said to
be the most destructive insect enemy of the coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) in
Panama. The caterpillars form long bag-shaped nests of the leaflets by fasten-
ing the ends together and spinning a silken lining on the inner side. They live
in great numbers in these nests and feed upon the leaves, the average nest con-
taining about 400 caterpillars, though as many as 2,000 may occur, The
author's observations of the pests were made of the two annual generations
for a period of two years.

The eggs are deposited during May and June and again the latter part of
October, the whole of November, and the early part of December. They are
deposited largely in masses of from 150 to 300 eggs on the lower side of the
leaves or on the trunk of the coconut trees, but nimabers are also found on
buildings or other sheltered places. The incubation of the egg requires a
period of from 25 to 30 days, the development of the larvae about 4 months, and
the transformation of the pupa from 14 to 17 days. They may be kept under
complete control by removing the nests.

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 59

An account of this pest by Sehultz has previously been noted (B. S. R., 21,
p. 561).

The banana moth (Notarcha [Nacoleia] octasema) and its control, S.
Leefmans (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Lab.
PlantenzieJcten, No. 23 {1916), pp. 23, pis. 6). — This report of investigations of
the banana moth deals particularly with its biology and control measures.

The cranberry girdler (Crambus hortuellus), H. B. Scammell (U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 554 (1917), pp. 20, pis. 7). — This is a report of biologic investigations
of C. liortuellus and means for its control made in New Jersey throughout a
period of nearly four years.

This crambid, originally described from Europe, occurs tliroughout the United
States, Europe, and Canada, not being confined to cranberry-growing sections.
It is very abundant in the cranberry-growing districts of Massachusetts and
New Jersey and in the latter State especially the majority of the bogs show
more or less injury by it. That it has not become a serious cranberry pest in
Wisconsin is thought to be due to the fact that the bog floors are kept wetter
than those in eastern cranberry States.

Its injury, which commences in early June and continues throughout toe
summer and fall until about mid-October, is caused by eating through the
bark of the runners Into the wood, often to such an extent that the runner is
completely severed. The lessened vitality of such vines is evidenced by the
foliage, which in September and October becomes fiery red or brown. Large
quantities of the leaves drop off! and the few which remain on completely
girdled vines become dry and drop during the winter, leaving areas of dead
vines, often as large as one-half acre, denuded of foliage.

Under dry bog conditions moths appeared from May 11 to June 18 ; when the
winter flowage was removed on April 10 the moths began flying June 7, and
when withdrawn on May 10, the adults were first noticed from June 10 to July
8. The eggs are so minute that it is impossible to find them under natural bog
conditions. In rearing cages as many as 103 eggs were deposited in a single
day, 243 being the greatest number laid by a single female, though Felt records
as many as 700 (E. S. R., 6, p. 62). The incubation period of the egg varied
from 6 days in August to 18 days in June.

C hortuellus is one of the species of Crambinse which defy all attempts to
rear the larvae, as previously noted by Ainslie (E. S. R., 35, p. 659), but the
investigations demonstrated beyond doubt that there is only one generation
annually in New Jersey. It was found that in New Jersey some larvae form
cocoons in late September and the majority in early October. Larvae in cocoons
are able successfully to withstand the usual winter flowage applied in Decem-
ber and held until the following April or May. Some few are able to with-
stand a flowage lasting until July, although an infestation is always greatly
reduced by such late holding. The cocoon is not impervious to water and
becomes filled with water about 3 days after submergence. Pupation occurs
after the removal of the winter flowage and is dependent upon the time of this
removal. On dry bogs it may occur in late April or May and on winter-flowed
bogs it may be retarded by late holding of the flowage until July. After pupa-
tion has occurred the bogs may be reflowed for several days without effecting
the death of the pupa. On one occasion a pupa in its cocoon wg^ found alive
on the bog after submergence for between 5 and 6 days. Records show that
the pupal stage lasts 21 days on the average.

But few parasites attack the cranberry girdler, only two species of ichneu-
monids having been secured. Remedial measures mentioned include spraying,
repellents, burning, trap lights, late holding of winter flowage, fall flooding,
spring flooding, and sanding. Fall flooding immediately after picking the

60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

crop, when this operation can be completed in time to apply the water before the
last of September, has been found to be the most effective control measure.
This treatment is effective in that it comes before the worms have spun their
cocoons, and a reflow lasting not more than a week is undoubtedly of sufficient
duration to kill all naked girdler larvae.

" If the berries can not be removed from the vines in time to permit fall
flooding before the last of September, or if the water supply is insufficient, the
next best method of control is to hold the winter flowage over the vines until
July 20, thereby losing one crop of berries, but gaining a clean bog and the
possibility of having a crop twice the normal in quantity the following year.
In the event that the foregoing remedies can not be employed, recourse may be
had to sanding and better cultural methods."

A list of 12 references to the literature is appended.

A little-known cutworm, Euxoa excellens, A. Gibson (Canad. Ent., ^9
(1917), No. 12, pp. J^Ol-JfOS). — A contribution to the knowledge of this cutworm,
which in the Province of British Columbia has been abundant enough in certain
years to effect important damage to vegetables of several kinds.

Apple and thorn skeletonizer (Hemerophila pariana), E. P. Felt {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, p. 502). — This yponomeutid is said to have become
well established at Irvington, N. Y., ranging east to White Plains, and south to
Scarsdale, and is reported as being present for a mile or two on the west bank
of the Hudson. The caterpillar skeletonizes the upper surface of the leaf,
usually drawing in a variable strip on each side about 0.5 in. wide and spin-
ning a light web near the center of the leaf. Its work may be distinguished
from that of the fall webworm by the absence of the enveloping web inclosing
one or more leaves. The caterpillars are said to be easily destroyed by
arsenicals as they feed upon the upper surface of the leaf.

Notes on the life history of Marmara elotella, a lepidopterous sap feeder
in apple twig-s, S. C. Vinal (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 488-^96,
fig. 1). — The life history studies here reported relate to a tineid (M. elotella)
which forms serpentine mines in the bark of apple twigs and is prevalent at
various points throughout Massachusetts. Its tunnels do not penetrate deep
enough to injure the cambium and therefore it is of little economic importance.
Similar mines thought to be caused by different species were observed by the
author on poplar, ash, and pine.

An infestation of potatoes by a midge, Edith M. Patch (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 472, 473, pi. 1). — The mining of potato tubers at Roxle.
Me., in 1913, by a chironomid of the genus Camptocladius is recorded.

An improved method of rearing tabanid larvae, W. Maechand (Jour. Econ.
Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 469-472). — The author has found that the larvse of
a number of species of Tabanidse, and probably of most of them, do not need
earth or sand for their development. They can be kept very conveniently in
test tubes laid out with a rolled-up sheet of filter paper somewhat less than the
length of the test tube and filled with water to about 0.5 to 1 in. high, which is
sufficient to keep the filter paper moist for a number of days. Meat proved to
be an excellent substitute for earthworms as food.

The house fly, L. O. Howaed and R. H. Hutchison (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farm-
ers' Bui. 851 (1917), pp. 23, figs. 15). — This publication, which replaces Farmers'
Bulletin 679, previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 455), gives a summary of in-
formation on the house fly, particularly as based upon recent investigations of
the Bureau of Entomology (E. S. R., 33, p. 455; 34, p. 654).

Fly traps for camps, hospital precincts, and trench areas, A. Balfoub
(Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 27 (1916), No. 1, pp. 61-72, figs. 9).— This dis-

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 61

cussion includes photographs of fly traps and a design for a fly ':rap for use in
camp.

Hibernation of the house fly in Minnesota, C. W. Howaed {Jour. Econ. Ent.,
10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 46-^-468). — The observations here reported show that the
temperature of Minnesota winters is not favorable to the overwintering of the
house fly in any except the adult stage, and in that stage only in places where
there is a sufficiently high temperature and where food conditions are favor-
able. A list of 13 references to the literature on the subject is included.

Key to the subfamilies of Anthomyidae, J. R. Malloch {Cannd. Ent., 49
{1917), No. 12, pp. 406-408). — Subfamily keys are presented for both males and
females.

The food of Drosophila melanogaster, J. P. Batjmberger {Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci., 5 {1917), No. 2, pp. 122-126). — The author's experiments show that yeast
is the food of Drosophila larvje. " The insect depends upon these cells for its
proteins and has no greater synthetic power than is common to higher animals.
Adult flies do not require proteins but survive for a much longer period on sugar
agar than upon yeast agar. This difference between the nutritional require-
ments of larva and adult is probably due to the rapid growth in the former
which requires proteins and leads to fatal changes in their absence."

The genus Calosonia, including- studies on seasonal histories, habits, and
economic importance of American species north of Mexico and of several
introduced species, A. F. Burgess and 0. W. Collins {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui.
417 {1917), pp. 124, pis. 19, figs. 5).— The first part of this bulletin (pp. 1-16)
gives a brief history of the genus Calosoma, a general seasonal history of
species of the genus, the number of generations, food habits of adults and larvse,
the economic importance of the species of Calosoma, limits on the increase of
the species, briefly describes an experiment to determine the climbing habits
of Calosoma larvjs, gives a brief account of their natural enemies, and records
methods of shipping and rearing Calosoma beetles.

The remainder of the bulletin (pp. 16-124), which relates to their classifica-
tion, gives tables for determining adults and larvse, describes 38 species of the
genus, summarizes the present status of knowledge of their biology, and in-
cludes technical descriptions of their immature stages, so far as known, and a
chronological bibliography for most of the species.

Scientifi.c note on beetles causing damage to cotton in Yuma Valley, Ariz.,
E. A. McGregor {Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 {1917), No. 5, p. 504).— The loss of "about
5(X) acres of cotton, replanted twice, on newly cleared land is said to have been
due to Myochrous longulus. Investigations have shown that arrow weed
{Pluchea sericea), which was abundant on the land the previous year, is prob-
ably the native host plant of this beetle, and that when the land was cleared
they turned their attention to cotton.

A clerid larva predacious on codling moth larvse, II, D. E. Merrill {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 {1917), No. 5, pp. 461-464)- — A record of further observations
(E. S. R., 31, p. 353) of this predacious beetle {Cymatodera wthiops) in New
Mexico.

The asparagus beetles and their control, F. H. Chittenden {U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 837 {1917), pp. 13, figs. 9). — A revision of Bureau of En-
tomology Circular 102, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 59).

Some weevils of the genus Diaprepes in the West Indies, J. C. Hutson
{Agr. Neivs [Barbados], 16 {1917), No. 395, p. 186). — These notes are based
upon identifications of West Indies collections by W. D. Pierce. See also a
previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 360).

The tobacco beetle and how to prevent damage by it, G. A. Runner {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 846 {1917), pp. 22, figs. 7). — A summarized account

62 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECOB©. [Vol. 38

of the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), its life history and habits, and
control measures based upon investigations of the Bureau of Entomology.

The henequen curculionid (Scyphophonis acupunctatus) (Bol. Dir. Agr.
\_Mex.'\, 2 (1916), No. 4, pp. lSl-138). — This is a summary of information on
S. acupunctatus, which is the worst enemy of henequen or sisal iu Yucatan,
where it is commonly known by the name " max." The paper deals with its
morphology, biology, economic importance, and control.

The coconut red weevil (Ehynchophora ferruginea), G. M. Henry {Trop.
Agr. [Ceylon'i, 48 (1911), No. 4, pp. 218, 219, pi. i).— This pest is widely spread
and common in Ceylon wherever coconuts are grown.

The boll-weevil problem, with special reference to means of reducing dam-
age, W. D. Hunter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 848 (1917), pp. 40, figs.
7) — This summary of information includes the practical results of the more
recent investigations.

Collection of weevils and infested squares as a means of control of the
cotton boll weevil in the Mississippi Delta, B. R. Coad and T. F. McGehee
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 564 (1917), PP- 51, pis. 2, fig. i).— This is a report of a
series of studies conducted in Mississippi and Louisiana during the seasons of
1915 and 1916, with a view to ascertaining the value of various methods of collect-
ing boll weevils and Infested cotton forms as a means of control for the cotton boll
weevil, of which a report of the work in 1915 has been previously noted (E. S.
R., 35, p. 554). Since the investigations in 1916 were conducted unde^ seasonal
and climatic conditions which differed considerably from those of 1915 and were
more extensive, the combined results of the two seasons' investigations, here
presented, are considered to be fairly conclusive.

The data are presented under the headings of the time interval between bag-
and-hoop collections in relation to the proportion of infested forms secured, plat
tests of the value of the bag-and-hoop as a means of weevil control under field
conditions, and studies on the value of a mechanical collector of boll weevils.

In summarizing the work the author finds that two points in particular stand
out in the results of the studies in 1916: (1) The complete failure of the pick-
ing operations to exert any appreciable beneficial effect on the weevil infesta-
tion, and (2) the injurious effect of the use of the bag-and-hoop upon the plants
themselves. It is thought that in a year of light infestation a slight degree of
benefit may be secured from the picking operations, but that in a year of aver-
age or heavy infestation this benefit is completely lost. The mechanical picker
failed to give satisfactory results.

The bulletin concludes with a discussion of the relation between labor supply
and malaria.

The introduction into Canada of the ichneumon fly, Mesoleius tenthredinis,
a parasitic enemy of the larch sawfly, Nematus erichsonii, O. G. Hewitt
(Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 (1917), No. 5, pp. 355-S57, fig. 1). — The author records the
introduction of M. tenthredinis from England where it parasitizes a high per-
centage of the larch sawfly. Cocoons were distributed at several points in
Quebec and Ontario in 1911, in the Riding Mountain Forest Reserve, east of
Cedar Lake, Manitoba, in the spring of 1912, and near Aweme, southern Mani-
toba, in the spring of 1913, and the parasite appears to have become established.

A second importation of the European QSg parasite of the elm leaf beetle,
L. O. Howard (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 504, 505). — The author
records the second importation of Tetrastiehus xanthoinelcence into this country
(E. S. R., 20, p. 957) and its distribution in Philadelphia, Washington, D. C, and
Ithaca, N. Y., in June, 1917.

1918] POODS — HUMAN NUTBITION. 63

A new American parasite of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), P. B.
Myebs (Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53 (1911), pp. 255-257) .—Polygnotus vernalis,
reared in great abundance from Hessian fly puparia collected at various locali-
ties in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, is here described as new.

Adult hymenopterous parasites attached to the body of their host, C. T.
Bkues {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., S (1911), No. 2, pp. 136-UO, fig. i).— Under the
name TLepidoscelio viatrix the author describes a new scelionid, the females of
which were received from Walajanagur in South India attached by the jaws
to the abdomen of the common Jola or Dekkan grasshopper (Colemania sphe-
narioides) at the sutures. This habit of attaching to the body of the locust
appears to be for the purpose of finding the eggs of the host more readily.

The type species of the genera of the Cynipoidea, or the gall wasps and
parasitic cynipoids, S. A. Rohweb and Mabqabet M. Fagan [Proc. V. S. Nat.
MU&,, 53 (1911), pp. 351-^80).

The red spider on cotton and how to control it, E. A. McGregob {V. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 831 (1911), pp. 15, figs. 12). — This is a revision of
Farmers' Bulletin 735, previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 468).

New species of economic mites, H. E. Ewing (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1911),
No. 5, pp. If91-501, figs. 2). — Seven species of mites are here described, six of
which are new to science, namely, Tetra/nychus uniunguis from arbor-vitse at
Urbana, 111. ; T. multidigituli from the bark of honey locust at Wooster, Ohio ;
ScMzotetranychus latitarsus from bamboo at Pasadena, Cal. : Caligonus mali
from apple leaves at Hillsboro, Oreg. ; Hypoaspis armatus from lemon leaves
at Whittier, Cal. ; and Monieziella hiptmctata from the base of buds of filbert in
Oregon.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Report on canned vegetables, W. D. Bigelow (Jour. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem.,
1 (1911), No. 1, pp. 1-21). — Tables are given showing the results of analysis of
the juice pressed from raw and cooked tomatoes, of different degrees of maturity
at various times throughout the season ( to show the effect of rainfall ) , tomatoes
from blighted vines, and of different varieties of canned tomatoes. The drained
solids, sugar as invert, acid as citric, sugar in solids, and acids in solids are
given.

There was a higher percentage of sugar in the juices and a higher percentage
of acid in the seed cavities. The solids increased as the tomatoes matured. No
definite conclusion was warranted as to the relation between composition of
tomato and amount of rainfall. The blighted vines had a light yield with fruits
that had about the same composition as green fruit at the same stage of
maturity. Variation in duplicate cans of tomatoes was as great as 10 per cent
of the amount of total solids present.

Methods for analysis of tomato pulp are given.

The adequacy and economy of some city dietaries, H. C. Sherman and
Ltjcy H. Giulett (N. Y. Assoc. Imp. Condition Poor Pub. 121 (1911), pp. 32). —
One hundred and two studies were made, 87 in New York City and the rest in
different parts of the country. Ten nationalities were represented and the
study extended over 12 months in 1914-1915.

One-fourth of the families spent less than 25 cts. and one-fourth more than 40
cts. per day per person for food, with the greatest frequency from 25 to 35 cts.
Thirty-six per cent of the diets were below 2,500 calories, 59 per cent were be-
low 3,000 calories, and 76 per cent below 3,500 calories per man per day. The
cheapest dietaries averaged 78 gm. of protein, with only 13 per cent below 75
gm. Of those getting 3,000 calories, 30.5 per cent were below the standard for

64 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

phosphorus (1.44 gm. per man per day), 40.2 per cent were low in calcium
(0.69 gm. per man per day standard), 19.6 per cent were low in iron (15 mg.
standard ) , and only 2 per cent had less than 75 gm. of protein.

If energy was sufficient the other food factors seemed to be adequately sup-
plied also. Deficiencies frequently occurred where there was enough money to
supply the needed food values but the food was poorly chosen. Relatively
high expenditure for meat seemed to be more at the expense of vegetables and
fruits than of any other type of food. The amount of calcium and the energy
value seemed to decrease with the increase in expenditure for meat. As the per-
centage expended for grain products increased the total cost of the dietary de-
creased. At least i qt. of milk per man per day was needed to insure the proper
calcium requirement.

Fats and sugars averaged about 20 per cent of the total dietary. There was a
decided decrease in the percentage of calories from fats and sugar as the
amount of iron increased.

A scheme is appended for calculating the value of foods according to their
calorie, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and protein content, and tables showing the
score value of some common typical foods.

The food of working women in Boston, Lucile Eaves ( [Boston] : Women's
Ed. and Indus. Union, 1917, pp. 21S). — The study was conducted from December
to March, 1915, and covered economic and social phases, as well as the nutri-
tive value, of the food. A large number of studies were made dealing with
noon lunches, food problems of women not living with families, the food of
women in cooperative houses, the Y. W. C. A., etc., and the food of certain dis-
pensary patients.

The menus, on the whole, showed a healthful variety but no evidence was dis-
covered of an intelligent effort to get a balanced ration at minimum cost.
Bread constituted 33 per cent of the total range of food eaten by women earn-
ing less than $6 per week. There was a small use of other cereals. Tea and
coffee and protein foods were taken on an average of 16 times a week. The
diet of higher wage women contained more mineral and less protein and was
less constipating.

In the cooperative houses, the Y. W. C. A., etc., the lowest protein consump-
tion was 58.6 gm., and the highest 100.1 gm. per day. The lowest calorie con-
sumption was 1,760 per day, and the highest was 3,350. There was a great
variation in the dietary from day to day.

A new form of food chart: The inometer, T. Johnson (Dept. Agr. anl Tech.
Instr. Ireland Jour., 17 (1917). No. S, pp. US-450).— The chart here described
represents an attempt to arrange common food materials according to their fuel
value and at the same time to show the cost and the ratio of protein to energy
of each, and also to indicate the commonly accepted energy requirements for
men of varying muscular activity. The practical utility of the chart is impaired
by the fact that while the energy values are based on edible portion data, the
prices quoted are for material as purchased. All figures used for computing
fuel values are based on analyses published by the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The selection problem, R. Pearl {Amer. Nat., 51 {1917), No. 602, pp. 65-91). —
This is a brief review of some of the more important findings regarding the
selection problem that have accumulated in the experimental study of evolu-
tion, and a plea for more investigations as to the causes of genetic (factorial)
variation.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 65

The theory of the gene, T. H. Morgan (Amer. Nat., 51 {1911), No. 609, pp.
51S-5H. figs. 12).— In this paper the attempt is made to explain what the
genetic factor means to those who use it, and to answer some of the objections
to the factorial hypothesis of heredity.

Statistical studies of the number of nipples in the mammals, J. A. Habbis
{Amer. Nat., 50 {1916), No. 599, pp. 696-70//).— A review of statistical studies
upon the type, variation, and correlation in number of mammse ; correlation
between the number of the young in the litter and the number of mammse in
the dam ; and inheritance of number and arrangement of nipples in swine.

Observations on the skulls of hybrids between wild and domestic horses
and cattle, I. Philiptschenko {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Parisi, 78 {1915),
No. 18, pp. 636-638; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome's, Internat. Rev. Sci. and
Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 2, pp. 246-248). — Measurements were made of skulls
of (1) hybrids between ordinary cattle and species of Bison, namely, American
bison {B. americamis) and " zubr " {B. bonasus) ; and (2) hybrids between
horses and zebras. The inheritance of skull characters in the case of these
hybrids showed the usual complexity found in hybrids between species.

Studies on inbreeding'.— V 11, Some further considerations regarding the
measurement and numerical expression of degrees of kinship, R. Peabl
{Amer. Nat., 51 {1911), No. 609, pp. 545-559, fig. 1).—The author repeats and
extends his definitions of the basic concepts of inbreeding (E. S. R., 32, p. 665),
and on the basis of these definitions a new and more accurate method of meas-
uring and expressing numerically the degree of kinship between any two indi-
viduals whatsoever, whose pedigrees are known, is set forth and illustrated by
examples. A new constant, the partial inbreeding index, is described. Its
purpose is to indicate numerically the part of the total inbreeding exhibited in
the pedigree of any individual which is due to relationship between the sire
and the dam of that individual.

Fecundity and the relation between male and female descendants in im-
proved German pigs, A. Machens {Berlin. Tierarstl. Wchnschr., 31 {1915),
No. 41, PP- 559-562; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and
Pract. Agr., 1 {1916), No. 2, pp. 256, 257).— The author studied 3,464 offspring
of the improved German pig recorded in the Herd-Book of the Breeders' Syndi-
cate of the Duchy of Brunswick.

The average number of pigs per litter was found to be 9.56, the maximum
generally being reached in the fourth litter. The first litter of a young sow
usually contained more males than females. After the fifth litter the females
predominated. In small litters there was a majority of males, and in large
litters a majority of females. The fecundity was higher from September to
March than in the warm period during the rest of the year.

Maturation of the ovum in swine, G. W. Cobnee {Anat. Rec, 13 {1911), No.
2, pp. 109-112). — The author gives a brief review of the literature of the sub-
ject, together with descriptive notes of a series consisting of 15 ova from 7
sows.

The results of a study of these ova indicate that the sequence of maturation
is the same in swine as in previously studied forms of other orders. The first
polar body is extruded and the second polar division proceeds as far as spindle
formation before fertilization, the second polar body being cut off only after
the entrance of the spermatozoon.

Experimental intersexuality and the sex problem, R. Goldschmidt {Amer.
Nat., 50 {1916), No. 600, pp. 105-118, figs. S).— A review of the quantitative
conception of sex determination.

66 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. (Vol.38

Results of breeding experiments with gipsy moths are cited which are inter-
preted to show (1) that two nearly related forms, both normal in regard to
sex-inheritance, produce if crossed in one direction normal offspring, in the
other direction normal males and intersexual females; (2) that the degree of
intersexuality is definite in a given cross, but different in different crosses;
(3) that intersexuality shows Mendelian segregation; and (4) that males
may become intersexual in certain crosses. Both sexes contain the anlage for
either sex. In both sexes, irrespective of the zygotic constitution, both anlages
might become patent. Which one is to appear depends entirely upon the
quantitative relation of both.

The control of sex, A. Moeosini (Nuovi Ann. Agr. Siciliana, 6. ser., 4 {1915),
No. S, pp. 162-169; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Intemat. Rev. Sci. and
Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 3, pp. S98, 399). — The author summarizes the more
important hypotheses advanced on the subject of the determination of sex, and
reports results of laboratory experiments on the nature of the sex cells. He
concludes that sexual dimorphism can not result from the action of the same
factors in all species, and that the real crux of the question must be sought in
various circumstances which, according to the particiilar case, act on the
metabolism, and consequently also on the sexual differentiation.

Combining the more important factors which other biologists have applied
separately in each case, the author announces that he has succeeded in obtain-
ing for a long series of generations of different pairs of animals, litters
exclusively unisexual, first all males and then entirely females from the same
parents.

A m.ethod of calculating food values, H. Suchting {Jour. Landw., 6If
{1916), No. S, pp. 173-180). — A method is proposed of estimating the value of
a food based on 1,000 calories as a unit, and with a comparative value of 1 kg.
starch equal to 4,000 calories. It is claimed that this unit, while not exact,
is simpler and more practical than the starch unit proposed by Kellner. It is
deemed more practical to determine the value in terms of fuel rather than in
terms of one of the components of the food as starch. As the starch content
varies in foods it widens the limit of error. The digestible food values he
would express in heat units.

In estimating the value of a food, instead of reducing the digestible nutrients
to starch values he would place 1 kg. each of protein, fat, and nitrogen-free
extract as equal to 4, 9, and 4 Kellner values, respectively.

The composition of some fodder grasses of German East Africa, F. Hon-
CAMP and H. Zimmermann {Landw. Vers. Stat., 87 {1915), No. 4-5, pp. 351-
S6S). — Food analyses of the following plants are given, together with a dis-
cussion of their range and botanical characteristics : Eragrostis superha, E.
minor, Pappophorum scabrum, Sporobolus robustus, S. spicatus, 8. rehmanii,
Aristida adscensionis, Ci/nodon plecto stachyum, Chloris virgata, C. m/yrio-
stachya, C. gayana, Dactyloctenium cegyptiacum, Leptocarydium alopecuroide8,
Digitaria horizontalis, and Pennisetum dliare.

Comparative value of concentrated protein meals for dairy cattle, sheep,
and swine, E. S. Abchibaxd {Agr. Oaz. Canada, S {1916), No. 8, pp. 687-692). —
This experiment was undertaken to compare the palatability and nutritive
\alue of linseed-oil cake, cottonseed meal, gluten feed, fish meal, and peanut-oil
meal.

All the feeds were found to be palatable. Their relative values at local prices
were based upon gluten meal at $32 per ton. The following table gives the
comparative standing of the various feeds, with the several classes of animals
under experiment;

1918] ANIMAL PEODUCTION.

Comparative standing of various feeds for different animals.

67

Milch cows.

Finishing lambs.

Feeding pigs.

Kind of feed.

Production
of milk
and fat.

Economy
of produc-
tion at
prices
quoted.

Total
gains.

Economy
of gains
at prices
quoted.

Total
gains.

Economy
of gains
at prices
quoted.

Gluten feed, 23 per cent protein

Linseed-oU meal, 35 per cent protein.
Cottonseedmeal, 43 per cent protein .
Peanut-oil meal, 41 per cent protein.
Fish meal, 63 per cent protein

First

Second

Fourth....

Third

Fifth

First

Second...
Third....
Foiu-th...
Fifth

Third....
Fourth...
Fourth...
First

First

Fourth...

Fifth

Third....

Fourth...
Second. . .

First

Fifth

Sixth....
Third....

Third.

Second.

First.

Fourth.

Sixth.

Com

Second...

First

Fifth.

The by-products of rice milling, J. B. Reed and F. W. Liepsneib (17. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 670 (1911), pp. 16, pi. 1). — A description of the milling process,
analyses of rice and its by-products, and a discussion of results are given. The
milling process is illustrated by a diagram showing the progress of the grains
through the various stages.

Three by-products result from the milling process — rice hulls, rice bran, and
rice polish. The percentage of hulls varies from 18.7 to 20.9, of brans and
palish from 10 to 11.7. The moisture of the rough rice is mainly in the liernel.
The rice hulls are very high in both ash and fiber and so low in protein and
fat as to have practically no feeding value. The brans usually found on the
market are a mixture of the stone-reel bran and the huller brans, since the
latter do not keep well alone. This mixture should contain over 26 per cent fat
plus protein and should not exceed 13 per cent of crude fiber or 5 per cent of
ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid.

Inspection of feeding stuffs (New York State Sta. Bui. 4S4 (1917), pp. 14I-
309). — Analyses are reported of various feeding stuffs collected during the fall
and winter of 1916-17. Among the samples examined were cottonseed meal,
linseed meal, malt sprouts, distillers' and brewers' dried grains, yeast and
vinegar dried grains, corn-gluten feed and meal, hominy feed, meat scrap, meat
meal, tankage, fish scrap, bone meal, blood meal, corn meal, alfalfa meal, wheat
bran, wheat middlings, buckwheat products, corn-germ meal, rye by-products,
barley by-products, ground screenings, red-dog flour, oats, dried beet pulp, dried
bread, pea meal, peanut-oil meal, oat hulls, corn bran, and various mixed and
proprietary feeds.

[Animal husbandry] work of the Belle Fourche reclamation project ex-
periment farm in 1916, B. Atjne (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work
Belle Fourclie Expt. Farm, 4916, pp. 6-8, 11, 12, 16-19, fig. i).— An inventory of
the live-stock industry on the project is given which shows a steady increase
each year from 1913.

In an experiment in pasturing alfalfa with sheep 10 lambs averaging 75 lbs.
in weight were used on 1 acre of third-crop alfalfa. The acre was divided into
two parts, on which the sheep were turned in on August 28, 1915, and pastured
alternately for 40 days. The iambs made a total gain of 155 lbs. on the acre,
an average of 0.39 lb. each per day. On May 29, 1916, 10 yearling sheep were
turned in on the same acre of alfalfa and pastured for 120 days. They gained
during that period 266.5 lbs. At no tinae during the experiment was there any
trouble with bloat in the animals nor was there injury to the alfalfa. The
two experiments indicate that an acre of alfalfa divided into two parts and
irrigated frequently will support in good condition from 1,400 to 1,700 lbs. live
weight of sheep.

68 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol.38

In a 6-year rotation a 3-year-old stand of alfalfa was pastured with hogs and
the corn hogged off. 'While on pasture the hogs were fed a daily ration of
2 lbs. corn for each 100 lbs. live weight. The net return per acre of alfalfa
from 1913 to 1916, inclusive, ranged from $21.14 to $62.97. The alternate pasture
method is ad\i.sed. Pastured alfalfa should be irrigated more frequently than
when grown for hay, and animals should be kept off while the soil is wet and
until the plant makes new growth. Alfalfa should not be too closely pastured,
as the fields will be very slow to recover.

In hogging corn 12 animals of about 100 lbs. each were employed per acre.
The gains and profits for the years from 1912 to 1916, inclusive, ranged from
$23.80 to $40.72.

An experiment was made during the year in harvesting alfalfa and corn with
sheep. The results from the season indicate that corn can be harvested by
lambs as profitably as by hogs.

Energy values of hominy feed and maize meal for cattle, H. P. Aemsby and
J. A. Fries {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10 (1911), No. 12, pp. 599-
61S). — In cooperative investigations between the Pennsylvania Institute of
Animal Nutrition and the Bureau of Animal Industry a specific comparison
was made of maize meal vdth hominy feed by methods previously reported
(E. S. R., 36, p. 469). The experiment was carried out with two steers of
similar type and breed. The composition of feeds, weights of animals, digestibil-
ity of feeds, energy values, heat production, etc., are shown in the tables.

Ajq increase in the mixed ration of hay and hominy feed consumed resulted
in a slightly decreased digestibility, while a greater increase in the amount
of mixed hay and maize meal consumed caused a considerable decrease in
digestibility. The losses of energy in the excreta were greater with the maize
meal than with hominy feed, due chiefly to the lower digestibility of the former,
especially in the heavier ration. The metabolizable energy of digestible organic
matter was greater for the hominy feed than for the maize meal, the difference
being due to the higher gross energy and smaller losses in the former case.
The increment of heat production of dry matter consumed was slightly less
for the hominy feed than for the maize meal, but slightly greater than the
average of all experiments in maize meal.

" The net energy value of the hominy feed in this experiment was distinctly
greater than that of the maize meal. A computation of the net energy values
based on the average composition and digestibility of the two materials reduced
this difference to an insignificant amount."

Corrections are reported for the net energy values of hominy feed and maize
meal contained in earlier tables, the corrected values 85.5 therms for dent
maize, 84 for flint maize, 85.2 for maize meal, and 88.78 for hominy feed.

Steer feeding experiments, W. H. Tomha\t; and B. O. SE\TaisoN (Pennsyl-
vania Sia. Rpt. 191.5. pp. 156-188, pis. 7).— Most of the results reported have
been previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 365).

In a comparison of molasses with corn, the results with two lots of 6 steers
each indicate that 5 lbs. per head per day of molasses could be used for a
short period of 60 days with good results. A limited amount of molasses (1 lb.
daily per head) increased the utilization of inexpensive roughage.

Molasses In a concentrated grain ration for heavy feeders was not advisable
when fed over long periods, as 140 days. The average daily gains per head
were 2.36 lbs. for each lot, and the respective costs per pound of gain 11.66 and
12.62 cts. The gains were made with a lesser amount of dry matter on the
ration made up of corn, cottonseed meal, mixed hay, and corn silage. The feed-
ing of a concentrated grain ration to the capacity of the steers for 140 days

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION'. 69

during 1914-15 proved unprofitable, as did the finishing of prime cattle of 1,300
to 1,400 lbs., due to the unsatisfactory market conditions. Molasses, at $20 per
ton, was even less profitable than corn, at 70 cts. per bushel.

Body measurements of steers, W. H. Tomhave and B. O. Severson {Pennsyl-
vania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 188-208). — The measurements were taken of 72 steers
used in the feeding experiments noted on page 68, to gather data from which
correlations might be shown between form, represented by body measurements,
and gains in weight. The measurements and weights were obtained at the
beginning and the end of the feeding experiments, and the individual data for
each animal are shown in tables.

The maintenance of a beef -breeding herd, W. H. Tomhave and B. O. Seveb-
soN {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 107-156, pis. 9). — A more detailed ac-
count of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 168),

The economic importance of Aberdeen-Angus cattle, W. A. Stewaet {Jour.
Bd. Agr. [London}, 23 {1916), No. 8, pp. 756-760).— Brief notes are given on the
value of Aberdeen-Angus cattle for beef and milk production and for crossing
with other breeds.

[Zebu cattle], R. L. LuAces {El Gunado Cehu en eZ Mejoramiento de Nuestra
Ganaderia. Habana, Cuba: Sec. Agr. Com. y Trab., 1916, pp. S3, pis. 21). — A
discussion of breeds and cross breeds of cattle and their adaptation to the
tropics. Attention is called to the value of Zebu cattle, especially in tick in-
fested countries. The results of crossing Zebu with native and other breeds of
cattle are illustrated and described.

Calf-rearing experiments at Woburn, 1916-17, J. A. Voelckee {Roy. Agr.
Soc. England, Occas. Notes, No. 2 {1917), pp. 9, 10).— The results of a 14
weeks' trial with crushed oats, calf meal, beans, palm-nut cake, and maize and
fish meal are reported. The highest gains were given with the maize and fish
meal mixture, closely followed by the palm-nut cake and oats mixture. Diffi-
culty was experienced in getting the calves to eat the palm-nut cake alone in
the beginning, though they did well on it.

Farm sheep raising for beginners, F. R. Marshall and R. B. Millin {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 840 {1917), pp. 24, figs. 6). — Information on the gen-
eral outlook for sheep raising in the United States and regions 'of the country
especially adapted to farm sheep raising is given, together with suggestions to
beginners on the management of the farm flock and the preparation of lambs
for market.

Dry lot V. pasture crops for growing and fattening pigs for market, W. H.
Tomhave and H. H. Havneb {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 220-226). — A
continuation of the work previously reported (E. S. R., 35, p. 568).

In this experiment 40 pigs were used. Lot 1 (on a dry lot of i acre well
drained and shaded) consisted of 21 pigs fed on a ration of corn meal and
tankage 8: 11. Lot 2, on a pasture lot of three 1-acre plats, A (oats and peas),
B (corn), and C (rape), was composed of 19 pigs fed a ration of corn meal and
tankage 12 :1. The pigs were transferred from plats A, B, and C as these be-
came exhausted.

The average daily gain of lot 1 for 91 days was 1.029 lbs. per head, as com-
pared with 0.873 lb. gain made by lot 2. Lot 1, however, required 4.07 lbs. grain
per pound of gain to 3.31 lbs. for lot 2. Lot 2 made gains at a cost lower by
from 1.04 to 1.44 cts. per pound than lot 1.

Fattening pigs for market, W. H. Tomhave and H. H. Havnek {Pennsyl-
vania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 226-231, pis. 6). — A continuation of the work pre-
viously reported (E. S. R., 35, p. 568).
37450°— 18 6

70 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

In the present experiment 16 pigs averaging 142.9 lbs. were fed for 70
days with the following results :

Results of experiments in fattening pigs for market.

Lot

I

II
III

IV

Feed.

Com meal and tankage 10:1

Shelled com and tankage 10:1

Com meal and buttermilk 1:1

Com meal and wheat middlings 1:1.

Average
feed per

head

consumed

daily.

Lbs.
7.60
6.77
7.71
5.09

Average

daily

gain

per

head.

Lbs.

1.97S

1.564

2.033

.909

The rations containing corn and com meal with tankage and buttermilk
proved profitable. There was little difference in the cost of the first three
rations, and a choice should depend upon the price of these feeds in the
locality and upon the conditions existing on the individual farm. There was
no gain in grinding corn for pigs when the price was below 50 cts. per bushel.
Either buttermilk or tankage was a cheaper source of protein for the pigs
than wheat middlings.

Report on pig feeding experiments conducted at the college farm, Kil-
marnock, in 1914 and 1915, W. G. R. Paterson and L. Robe {West of Scot.
Agr. Col. Bui. 15 (1916), pp. 12). — The experiment was made to compare the
feeding of a grain ration (1) raw and dry, (2) soaked in whey and fed moist,
and (3) scalded with water and fed moist. The experiments were carried on
through two periods of 16 weeks, each using 48 pigs divided into tb^-ee lots.

The pigs fed the grain dry made the greatest progress and most economical
gains. They also showed the best general appearance. The average weekly
gains for the pigs fed the dry ration were 7 lbs., soaked in whey 6.66 lbs., and
scalded 6.6 lbs., with a cost per pound of 3.3d., 4.3d., and 3.5d., respectively. In
a second experiment one lot was fed dry grain with one-eighth part of the grain
substituted by fish meal. The pigs on the dry ration gained 8.8 lbs. weekly, dry
ration with one-eighth fish meal 9.5 lbs., and scalded 8.3 lbs. The cost per pound
of gain was 3.5d., 3.3d., and 3.7d., respectively.

Report on experiment on the feeding of pigs carried out at Calderwood
Estate, East Kilbride, J. Wyllie {West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 77 {1916), pp.
79-98). — The experiment was made to test the efficacy of palm-nut cake or
meal in the ration for fattening pigs.

Thirty-two pigs, one-half males and one-half females, were divided into four
lots. Lots 1 and 3 were fed a mixture of meals dry. Lots 2 and 4 were fed the
same mixture but with 4 parts of palm-nut cake added to 10 parts of the mix-
ture. At the end of 95 days, 8 pigs were slaughtered, and at intervals of fi-om
one to two weeks 8 more were killed. Lots 1 and 3 made an average daily gain
per head of 1.19 lbs., requiring 4.48 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. Lots 2 and
4 gained a daily average of 1.26 lbs. per head, using 4.62 lbs. of the feed per
pound of gain. The average cost of the ration per pound of gain was with lots
1 and 3, 4.41d., and with lots 3 and 4, 4.79d.

Comparing lots 1 and 2 (barrows) with lots 3 and 4 (sows), the gains cost
5.09d and 4.11d. respectively. However, in the dressed weights the percentages
were enough higher with the barrows to nearly equalize the costs.

No difficulty was found in getting the pigs to eat the palm-nut cake.

1918]

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

71

Fattening draft horses for market, H. H. Havneb and C. L. Goodling
(Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 208-219, pis. 17). — Continuing previous work
(E. S. R., 28, p. 171), experiments with 30 head of draft horses, divided into
five lots of 6 horses each and fattened for market, gave ttie following results :

Results of experiments in fattening draft horses for market.

Lot.

Feed.

Average
daily

gain per
head.

Cost per
pound
of gain.

I

II

lU

IV

V

Shelled com, cottonseed meal, com silage, and timothy hay
Shelled com, molasses, cottonseed meal, and timothy hay. .

Shelled com, cottonseed meal, and timothy hay

Equal parts shelled com and oats; timothy hay

Shelled com and alfalfa hay ,

Lbs.
1.03
1.07
1.39
2.32
2.17

Cts.
21.7
26.9
20.8
15.9
14.4

At the prices prevailing the ration of shelled corn and alfalfa hay produced
1 lb. of gain at the lowest figure, giving a greater profit than any other ration
used, while the standard ration of corn, oats, and timothy hay ranked second.
Replacing the corn with an equal amount of molasses (2.8 lbs. daily) was not
found practical. Molasses is an appetizer and in this amount is not a substi-
tute for corn. Silage in the ration caused a lessened consumption of hay and
grains, but did not produce so large gains.

The encouragement and improvement of light horse breeding, 1915—16
{Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 23 {1911), No. 12, pp. 1194-1202).— This is a brief
review of the horse breeding operations of the British Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries during the year ended October 31, 1916.

Poultry-feeding tests, P. C. Bkown {Jour. Agr. [Netv Zeal.], I4 {1911), No.
6, pp. 464-468, fig. 1). — Owing to the high price of wheat this experiment was
carried out to find substitutes in poultry feeding.

Two pens of White and two of Brown Leghorns, each pen of 6 birds, were
fed during two periods of one year each. All lots the first year were fed
pollard, bran, maize meal, and meat and bone meal, two lots wheat, and two
lots alfalfa chaff and oats. In the second year alfalfa meal was substituted for
pollard in two lots.

The White Leghorns with wheat in the ration averaged 239 eggs per year
and without wheat, 238 eggs, and gave profits per bird of f 1 2s. 6d. and £1 Is. 9d.,
respectively. The Brown Leghorns with wheat in the ration averaged 243 eggs
per year and without wheat, 241 eggs, and gave profits per bird of £1 2s. 9d.
and £1 2s. 6d., respectively. In the second year the White Leghorns with
wheat laid 159 eggs and without wheat, 173 eggs. The Brown Leghorns 179
eggs with wheat and 201 eggs without wheat. The profits per bird were for
White Leghorns fed Avheat 13s. 5d. and without wheat 14s. lid., and for Brown
Leghorns 16s. 4d. and l8s. 4d.

From these experiments it appears that wheat and even pollard are not
indispensable in the profitable production of eggs. Meat meal may be fed in
large amounts, if kept separately so that the hens can eat it as wanted. The
quantity eaten is influenced by the number of eggs laid. Alfalfa meal is deemed
preferable to the chaffed alfalfa hay and does not require steaming overnight.

A study of the proteins of certain insects with reference to their value as
food for poultry, .T. S. McHargue (17. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 10
(1917), No. 12, pp. 635-637).— In this contribution from the Kentucky Experi-

72

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

[Vol. 38

naent Station, attention is called to the necessity, owing to the increased cost,
of utilizing every source of animal protein. The efficiency of animal protein
over that of vegetable origin is noted and certain experiments are cited to
bear out the statement. It is further pointed out that both wild and domesti-
cated birds seek insects, two of which — grasshoppers and June bugs — studied by
the author, show a high lysin content. June bugs, while containing a slightly
greater protein content, are not so plentiful as grasshoppers and are not there-
fore so economical as a source of protein. The grasshoppers contain a higher
protein content than meat meal, and could be dried and used in rations for live
stock.

The following analyses of grasshoppers and June bugs, compared with lean
beef and white turkey meat, are reported :

Amino-acid groups in animal proteins from different sources.

Group.

Ammonia nitrogen

Melanin nitrogen

Arginin nitrogen

Histidin nitrogen

Cystin nitrogen

Lysin nitrogen

Amino nitrogen (in filtrate from bases)

Nonamino nitrogen (in filtrate from bases)

Total

Grass-

June

Beef

hoppers.

bugs.

roast.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

9.14

8.96

3.27

3.42

6.78

5.22

14.98

11.53

15.44

5.62

6.57

13.34

.23

.35

.49

8.04

8.02

8.40

52.87

50.80

40.89

4.32

5.84

9.38

98.62

98.85

96.43

Turkey
white
meat.

Per ct.

5.65

1.72

14.72

18.23

.47

7.67

42.41

7.26

98.13

[Report of poultry laying competitions, 1913—1915], F. W. Rhodes et al.
(Harper Adams Agr. Col. Bids. 1 (1914), pp. 50, pis. 5, figs. 7; 1 (1915), pp. 83,
figs. 4; 1 (1916), pp. 54, pis. 7, fig. 1). — Detailed reports are given of the first
three annual egg-laying competitions conducted by the Harper Adams Agricul-
tural College, Salop County, England, in conjunction with the Utility Poultry
Club. The first two of these contests lasted 12 months each, and the third 10
months. Tabulated data show the egg production, etc., of each bird in the
contest. The average egg yield per bird during the first contest was 151.9,
during the second 187.2, and during the third (10 months) 168.5.

Egg--laying tests at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, 1916-17, G. D.
Ross and J. Hadlington (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 (1911), No. 5, pp. 337-355,
figs. 11). — This is a detailed report of the fifteenth annual egg-laying contest
held at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. This competition was the first
one of this series that has been conducted entirely upon the basis of single-hen
pens for first-year hens. A Black Orpington hen laid 312 eggs and a White
Leghorn hen laid 308 eggs during the 365 days of the contest. These are said to
be world's records.

Marketing eggs by parcel post, L. B. Flohr (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 830 (1917), pp. 23, figs. 7).— A summary of the conditions and possibilities
of the parcel post in furthering direct sales between the producer and the con-
sumer of eggs.

The work is based on the results attained in trial shipments of about 761
doz. eggs in lots of 1 to 10 doz. each. Of the whole, 327 eggs were broken, of
which 209. or 2.3 per cent, were beyond use.

Essentials to successful marketing are pointed out, containers described, and
postal regulations given.

1918] EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 73

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Some nitrogen studies with dairy cows in milk, F. S. Ptttney and C. W.

0 Larson {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 250-293, pis. 4). — The studies here

reported were undertaken for the purpose of giving a thorough experimental

trial of the method of computing dairy rations according to the Armsby net

energy standard (E. S. R., 27, p. 176).

The digestion trials, which were conducted during the winters of 1914 and
1915, were made with three groups of 3 cows each. During the tests each
group was fed (1) timothy hay, silage, and grain mixture No. 286 (corn meal,
distillers' grains, cottonseed meal, gluten feed, and wheat bran 4: 1.25: 1 : 1 :1) ;
(2) alfalfa hay, silage, and grain mixture No. 286; and (3) alfalfa hay, silage,
and grain mixture No. 287 (the above concentrates mixed in the proportion of
2:1.25:1.5:1:1).

The energj- requirements for maintenance and the energy supplied in the feed
were calculated according to the method already noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 65).
The energy requirements in the milk were calculated at the beginning of each
test from the average milk production according to formulas which are set
forth. Enough roughage, in the proportion of 5 lbs. of silage to 1 lb. of hay,
was fed to maintain properly the energy requirements of the animal and to pro-
duce 5 lbs. of milk. In addition to the roughage, enough of each grain mixture
was fed to balance the energy requirements as found by using the above-men-
tioned formulas. No attention was paid to the amount of protein fed.

The 9 cows used in the experiments represented several breeds and showed a
wide range in age, average milk yield, fat content of milk, and stage of lacta-
tion. Each winter the visible excreta was collected from one cow from each
group for three periods of from 5 to 10 days each. The nitrogen in composite
samples of feces, urine, and milk, and the fat and specific gravity of milk were
determined. Analyses were also made of the feeds used. Tabulated dato show
for each cow and period the amount of feed offered and refused, the average
live weight, the yield and analyses of milk, the water consumed and urine and
dung excreted, the calculated nitrogen balance, the percentage distribution of
nitrogen in outgo, the difference between total digestible protein fed and pro-
tein requirements according to Eckles (E. S. R., 30, p. 773), and the percentage
of nitrogen utilized.

It is noted that little difference existed in the daily amount of water drunk
on the different rations. However, the average daily urine excreted was
noticeably less when timothy hay was fed. The average daily milk yield was
also slightly less when timothy hay was fed. The average live weight of the
cows was maintained. There was practically no difference in the average daily
excretion of dung on the different rations.

The calculated nitrogen distribution in the 1914 tests showed that there was
a noticeable increase in the percentage of nitrogen in the urine on the rations
when more nitrogen was fed. The largest percentage of nitrogen was secured
in the milk when the ration contained a small amount of nitrogen. During the
feeding of alfalfa and grain mixture No. 287, 7 cows showed a gain of nitrogen.
When the cows under three months of lactation period are compared with those
over five months the results possibly indicate that the former group were still
drawing nitrogen from their bodies to furnish milk. These results were for the
most part confirmed in the 1915 tests. Most of the cows used in 1915 were
early in their period of lactation, but the average of those under three months
on lactation period showed an increase of nitrogen in percentage of milk. The
average percentage utilization of nitrogen for all the cows and periods in 1914
was 62 and in 1915, 50. The authors believe that this difference may be due to

74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fVoI. 38

the difference in the lactation and gestation periods of the cows used in the
experiments.

No definite conclusions as to the protein requirements of dairy cows in
milli are suggested, but the results are thought to indicate that the standard*
proposed by Eckles is a safe guide for practical feeding.

Standard cows, W. A. N. Robeetson {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 15 {1911),
No. 9, pp. 513-541, figs. i5).— This is the fifth annual report on the testing of
pedigree herds of dairy cows, conducted by the Victoria Department of Agri-
culture for the year ended June 30, 1917. During the year 265 cows completed
their 273 days' term. Of the three breeds represented, 176 Jerseys, 20 Ayrshires,
and 38 Red Polls obtained certificates, thereby becoming " standard cows."
The records of the certified cows for the year are tabulated.

Should all heifers be raised? W. J. Fbaseb {Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 6
{1911), No. 2, pp. 65-67). — It is noted that of a large number of cows tested
in dairy herds in different parts of the State the poorest third produced an
annual average of 3,654 lbs. of milk and 134 lbs. of milk fat, each cow lacking
about $7 of paying for her keep. The middle third of these cows averaged
5,000 lbs. of milk and 198 lbs. of fat and returned a yearly profit of about $7
each. The best third averaged 6,765 lbs. of milk and 278 lbs. of fat, each cow
making an annual profit of about $27. The author advocates saving only the
heifer calves from the best third of the cows, and these calves should be sired
by bulls from good producers.

Age at first calving G. C. White {Jour. Dairy Sci., 1 {1917), No. 2, pp.
1S9-147, figs. 2). — Tabulated data are given showing the age at first calving
fend the milk and fat production during each lactation period of the 12 Holstein
cows in the Connecticut College dairy herd. Of the 10 of these cows which have
completed a year or lactation period, 5 are grouped as early calvers, or those
calving at 30 months of age or under, and 5 as late calvers, or those calving at
the age of over 30 months. The production for each lactation period of each
group is averaged and discussed.
No conclusions are drawn.

Sunflowers as a silage crop, G. Lagkange {Jersey Bui. and Dairy World,
36 {1917), No. 45, p. 1749, figs. 2). — Sunflowers cut at the blooming stage were
successfully used as silage. Cows greatly relished the sunflower silage but did
not eat as much of it in bulk as they did of corn silage.

Bacteriological methods for determining the quality of milk. I. — The re-
action of agar for the bacterial analysis of milk, J. M. Sherman and F. P.
Reynolds, jb. {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 294-299, pis. 5). — Comparisons
were made of agars with neutral, +0.5, +1, and +1.5 reactions, phenol-
phthaleln being used as indicator. The lactose agar plates were incubated for
48 hours at 37.5° C. Average counts of 10 plates each of 15 samples of milk
show much lower counts obtained with the +1.5 reaction than with the others.
In all these samples the +0.5 agar gave the highest counts. In a further com-
parison of +0.5 and +1 agars 12 samples were plated as above. In 9 of these
samples the higher count was obtained with the +0.5 agar.

In order to get definite information on the size of colonies which develop on
agars of different reactions, pure cultures of four common milk organisms were
plated, and the colonies were measured with a micrometer. The organisms used
were Bacterium lactis acidi, BaoiUus coli, a liquefying coccus from the interior
of the udder (probably Micrococcus albus), and an udder streptococcus. The
ten largest colonies on each plate were measured except in the case of B. lactis
acidi in which case ten average sized colonies were measured. The colonies of
B. lactis acidi were measured differently because this organism produced a few

1918] DAIEY FARMING DAIEYING. 75

surface colonies which were very much larger than those which grew under the
surface and so only deep colonies were measured. In every case the size of the
colonies decreased with an increase in acidity beyond +0.5, while in all except
B. lactis acidi the neutral reaction gave slightly larger colonies than did the
+0.5 agar. The streptococcus and micrococcus failed to develop on agar with a
reaction of +1.5. With B. lactis acidi there was a much greater difference in
the size of the surface colonies on the different reactions than there was in the
case of deep colonies. By using the surface colonies of B. lactis acidi the fol-
lowing diameters were obtained: Neutral — 1,280 microns, +0.5 — 1,320 microns,
+1 — 630 microns, and +1..5 — 200 microns. The relative sizes of the colonies
on agars of different reactions are represented graphically. It is recommended
that +0.5 be adopted as the standard reaction of agar for the bacterial analysis
of milk.

The determination of bacteria in ice cream, S. H. Ayers and W. T. John-
son, JB. (TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 563 (1917), pp. 16, fig. J).— After calUng atten-
tion to the difficulty of making accurate bacteriological analyses, the authors
report results of experiments, the object of which was to throw light upon the
evenness of disti*ibution of bacteria in ice cream.

The results indicate that " bacteria in commercial ice cream are distributed
quite evenly, and that an analysis of one sample from a gallon of ice cream
gives results which will hold for any other similar sample from the same gallon.
Storage of ice cream for 11 days in a commercial ice cream cabinet or in a
hardening room for a period of two months did not seem to cause an uneven
distribution of bacteria. In a series of from five to ten samples taken directly
from a large commercial freezer, the bacterial counts on each sample checked
\vithin the usual limits of error of bacterial analyses."

In a comparison of two methods of incubation it was found that incubation
at 37° C. for 48 hours did not give counts which showed greater variation than
those obtained by incubation at 30° for five days. It is noted, however, that
the counts obtained by the latter method of incubation were practically
double those obtained by the former.

A study was also made of the question as to which dilution will give the
more accurate count. The results show that when dilutions were such that
about 200 colonies were present on the plates a lower variation between counts
of samples of ice ci-eam was found than when there were 50 or fewer colonies
per plate.

Variations between duplicate counts from the same sample and the same
dilution ranged from 7 to 26.6 per cent. Among duplicate plates in the exami-
nation of other samples of ice cream a variation as high as 41 per cent was
found. " This must be remembered in connection with the fact that the varia-
tion found in our experiments between average counts of different samples of
Ice cream from the same gallon lot ranged, generally speaking, between 20 and
SO per cent. To this variation between duplicate plates or a series of plates
from tlie same dilution must be added the error introduced in removing 1 cc.
portions of ice cream from different samples."

In discussing the interpretation of bacterial counts, it is stated that differ-
eiices in the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter should never be consid-
wed except in relation to the total count of each sample.

Studies on the production of sanitary milk, J. M. Shebman (Pennsylvania
Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 299-305). — Brief reports are made of studies under the
following headings :

I. /?0OT3 bacteriological tests of the milk clarifier. — The milk used in the pre-
liminary tests here reported came from the college herd and was produced

76 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOItD. IVol. 38

tinder sanitary conditions of a grade equal to that required for certified milk.
Tests were made on tlie effect of the clarifying process on the number of
bacteria, the subsequent activity of the organisms, and the keeping quality of
the milk. On 15 tests the milk before clarification contained from 2,600 to
5,500 with an average of 3,640 bacteria per cubic centimeter, while the milk
after the process contained from 4,900 to 10,900, with an average of 7,027 bac-
teria per cubic centimeter. " The increase in the number of bacteria in the
clarified milk is, of course, only an apparent one and is due to the agitation of
the machine which breaks up the clumps of bacteria, thus increasing the
count as determined by the plate culture method."

Reduction tests were made in order to test the relative physiological activities
of the microorganisms in ordinary and clarified milks. The tests were made
by adding 10 cc. of milk with 1 cc. of a solution of 1 gm. methylene blue to 2
liters of physiological salt solution, and incubating at 37° C. For the deter-
mination of the reducing powers of the milks, five check samples each were
run on the clarified and unclarlfied milks in each test. Four such tests were
run, and in every case the reduction took place sooner in the clarified milk.
The differences were well marked jmd indicated that the clarifying process
actually stimulates the activity of the organisms contained in milk.

A study of the keeping quality of milk as affected by clarification showed
that in each of the four samples tested the development of acid in milk held
at 10° was greater in clarified than in normal milk. In these tests the clarify-
ing process did not appear to have any hygienic significance, as evidenced by
its failure to remove streptococci to a measurable extent.

II. The sistniflcance of the udder flora in the production of high-grade milk. —
In the course of other work it has been noticed that relatively large numbers
of bacteria occur in the udders of certain cows, and that the existence of such
animals is more frequent than is ordinarily thought. Of 142 cows, from six
different herds which have been examined, 19 have been found to give over
10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter in their fresh milks, while in 41 cows the
number of organisms exceeded 5,000 per cubic centimeter. Two of the animals
mentioned gave milk containing over 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. All
of the cows were in normal healthy condition.

In order to show the relation of the udder flora to the bacterial content
of the finished product, 12 cows of the college herd were selected, 6 of which
had low numbers of microorganisms in their udders, while the other 6 har-
bored relatively large numbers. Three tests were made at intervals of several
days of the milks from all 12 of the individual animals. The average bacterial
count of the 6 low-group cows was 140 and of the 6 high-group cows 10,590
per cubic centimeter.

The milks from these two groups of cows were also collected separately for
a period of 15 days. The milks from the animals of the low group were placed
in one can and those from the animals of the high group in another can. All
of the cows were milked by two men, each milker taking three cows from each
of the two groups. The milking was done with no extra precautions, the milks
then being weighed, strained, cooled, etc, in the usual way. Samples were
taken after the milk had been exposed to all the handling it gets up to the
bottler. The averages of the counts for the 15 days were 411 for the morning
milk and 296 for the evening milk of the cows of the low group, and 11,240 for
the morning milk and 7,353 for lie ffeening mHk of the cows of the high
group.

III. The normal occurrence of streptococci in wtTk.— During the past year
examinations for streptococci have been made of the milks from the individum

1918] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 77

COWS of the college herd. Of 48 healthy cows, showing no signs of udder
trouble, streptococci were found in 15 of the individuals examined. Exami-
nations were also made of the mixed milk from the college herd. Of 2.5 samples
which were examined during the period of about four months all showed strep-
tococci in relativelj' large numbers.

The results obtained at the station indicate " that the mei-e presence of strep-
tococci in milk has little if any significance from a sanitary point of view."

Analogy between lactic ferments and streptococci, from the standpoint of
the action of antiseptics, Charlotte and H. Cardot {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
[Paris], 165 {1917), No. 7, pp. 272-275, figs. 2). — A comparison was made of the
action of different strengths of phenol and sodium fluorid upon streptococci and
lactic ferments.

The results show a remarkable similarity of action of these antiseptics upon
the two gi-oups of microbes. From the strict analogy observed between the two
microbes it is concluded that the results obtained from a study of the lactic
ferment may be applied to pathogenic bacteria.

Butter shrinkage, E. S. Guthrie {Jour. Dairy Sci., 1 {1917), No. 2, pp. 136-
138). — Tabulated data are presented showing the decrease or increase in each
of 100 tubs of butter after storage for 134 days at from 0 to —10" F. The
butter was made at the Cornell University creamery from eight different
churnings from sweet, pasteurized cream.

Seventeen packages showed an increase in weight ranging from 0.5 to 27.5
oz. and totaling 85 oz. Eighty-three tubs showed shrinkage which varied from
0.5 to 15.5 oz. and totaled 377.5 oz. The net shrinkage was 18.28 lbs., or 0.29
per cent. The individual weighings were not checked.

The influence of salt on the changes taking place in storage butter, R. M.
Washburn and A. C. Dahlbebq {Jour. Dairy Sci., 1 {1917), No. 2, pp. 114-126,
fig. 1). — This is a report of studies of salted and unsalted butter held for the
usual cold-storage period in a commercial cold-storage butter room, and then
for a short time at the usual ice-box temperature in order to give it the treat-
ment usually received by stored butter before being consumed.

Salt, exclusive of its antiseptic property, hastened the deterioration of the
butter. When stored at —15° F., unsalted butter kept as well as salted butter.
The bacteria in the unsalted butter decreased more rapidly at —15° than
they did in the salted butter, but increased more rapidly at 58°. The acidity
of the unsalted and the salted butter increased uniformly at —15°, but at 58°
the increase was greater in the unsalted butter. Moisture was lost from the
salted butter, but not from the unsalted, at —15°. Little, if any, relationship
existed between the bacteria, the acidity, and the score in this butter.

Blowing renovated butter oil at pasteurizing temperature, R. H. Shaw
and R. P. Norton {Jour. Dairy Sci., 1 {1917), No. 2, pp. i27-135).— Renovated
butter was made from a uniform grade of packing stock under factory condi-
tions. The details of manufacture, except the blowing temperatures, were held
as nearly alike as possible. Part was blown at the pasteurizing temperature,
and the rest at the usual temperature. Samples were scored while fresh, and
after holding three weeks in cold storage.

No differences were found that could be ascribed to the blowing temperatures.
From 2.5 to 4.5 hours were required to " sweeten " the butter oil at the pasteur-
izing temperature, while about 15 hours were required to bring the butter oil
blown at the usual temperature to the same condition, thus cutting down two-
thirds of the operating time of this phase of the process.

The results of the investigation indicate that the butter oil may be blown at a
temperature that will insure its pasteurization without impairing in any
way the flavor, grain, or keeping quality of the finished product.

78 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. [Vol.38

Soft cheese making, R. W. Brown and M, Mobtensen {Iowa Sta. Circ. S8
(1916), pp. 4).— Brief directions for making Neufcliatel, pimento, olive cream,
sandwicli nut, cream, club, cottage, and butternut cheeses.

How to make cottage cheese on the farm, K. J. Matheson and F. R. Cam-
mack {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 850 (1911), pp. 15, figs. 7).— Full direc-
tions are given for making cottage cheese from skim milk on the farm, with
and without the use of pepsin or rennet, in small quantities for home use and
on a larger scale for marketing.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Veterinary obstetrics, W. L. Williams (Ithaca, N. T.: Author, 1917, pp.
ZIV+637, pis. 3, figs. 14O). — This is the first of two volumes of which the
second will relate to associated diseases. This volume is based upon the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 579), which has been rewritten and rearranged
upon an entirely new plan.

Report of the veterinary department for the biennial period ended June
30, 1916, J. I. Gibson (Bien. Rpt. Vet. Surg. Iowa, 10 (1915-16), pp. 3Jf).— In
addition to a short history of the general outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
throughout the country, by J. R. Mohler, a detailed statement of the outbreak
in Iowa in 1914^-15 is given, together with notes on the eradication work with
hog cholera through sanitary measures, on dourine, etc.

A plea for the standardization of reports of agglutination tests, P. B.
Hadley (Jour. Immunol., 2 (1917), No. 5, pp. 463-467). — The author, at the
Rhode Island Experiment Station, proposes the following scheme for records
and for publication of results of agglutination tests:

" That a complete flocculation and clearing, so that the medium becomes water-
clear, be referred to as a complete agglutination, and be expressed by the
symbol (C). That the last tube, beyond which no significant agglutination can
be observed, be regarded as an agglutination of grade 1, and be expressed by the
symbol (1). That between these two extreme grades of reaction there be re-
corded, if present, three intermediate grades expressed by the symbols (4), (3),
(2) .... That a negative test (i. e., no appreciable agglutination) be expressed
by the zero sign (0). That when no test is made in a certain dilution for a cer-
tain antigen, this circumstance be expressed by the minus sign or blank
( — ) .... That statements regarding the degrees of sedimentation in the con-
trol tube should always be reported in a ' control column.' That the smallest
detectable quantity should be regarded as a trace of sediment, and expressed
by the symbol (T). That a significant sedimentation . . . should be expressed
by the symbol (S). That such a degree of sedimentation as might perhaps
invalidate the test should ... be expressed by the symbol (SS)."

It is indicated that such a system for recording and expressing results would
eliminate much confusion in interpretation and render the tests of different
workers comparable to a much greater degree than is possible at the present
time.

Studies in anaphylaxis. — XX, The reciprocal relations of antigen and
antibody within the cell, — A contribution to cellular immunology, R. Weil
(Jour. Immunol., 2 (1917), No. 5, pp. 469-499, fig. i ) .—Continuing the studies
previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 677), data are submitted which further es-
tablish the previously made contention of the coexistence of antigen and anti-
body within the cell and also the influence that these two factors exert upon
each other in the cell.

"When guinea pigs are passively sensitized by the injection of rabbit im-
mune serum, quantitative studies show that the anchored, or cellular, antibody

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79

is capable of combining with varying quantities of the antigen." The phe-
nomenon was observed whether a complex (horse serum) or a simple (crystal-
line egg albumin) antigen was used, in experiments on the living animal as
well as on the isolated uterus, and also with native antibody as shown in the
experiments in active anaphylaxis.

" Partially combined cellular antibody manifests a marked diminution in its
affinity for fresh antigen. This diminuation is inverse, but only very roughly,
to the degree of saturation by antigen. Considerable variation in the amount
of the desensitizing dose of antigen may produce in practically the same de-
gree a loss of reactivity, or of avidity, toward fresh increments of antigen.

"The minimal anaphylactic dose after partial desensitization shows an
enormous increase over that in the undesensitized animals. This increase can
not possibly be accounted for on the theory of neutralization of part of the
cellular antibody, leaving the remainder free to act. Partially saturated anti-
body shows not a diminished, but a qualitatively altered reactivity. Native
guinea pig anti-antibody attenuates alien (rabbit's) sensitizing antibody. In
relatively large amounts the former may completely abolish the reactivity of
the latter ; in smaller amounts it lowers the reactivity in such a fashion that
very large amounts of antigen are required to induce an anaphylactic response.
Partially neutralized antigen shows, not a diminution, but a qualitative alter-
ation of its reactive function.

"The combination of cellular antibody with antigen in varying proportions
suggests an analogy with colloidal reactions, or adsorption phenomena. A
very essential point of difference is the specific affinity of the two rea-
gents. . . .

" The same antibody, when in solution as precipitin, combines with antigen
quantitatively, and in strictly constant proportions, to form precipitate; when
attached to the cell, as sensitizing antibody, it combines with antigen in vary-
ing proportions. The living cell, therefore, modifies its properties. There is
no general law governing the mode of reaction of antibody. Depending upon
circumstances, it may combine with antigen according either to chemical or to
physical (colloidal) analogies."

Bole of hepatic tissues in the acute anaphylactic reaction, W. H. Man-
waring and H. E. Crowe {Jour. Immunol., 2 (1917), No. 5, pp. 517-524). — "The
detoxicating action of the anaphylactic liver is not due solely to the presence
of anaphylactic humoral elements. There is evidently an acquired detoxi-
cating function of the fixed liver cells. The detoxicating action is not due to
a removal or destruction of the foreign protein in the perfusion fluid. Evi-
dence points to the explosive formation or liberation of vasodilator and broncho-
dilator substances by the sensitized liver cells."

Fate of the foreign protein in the acute anaphylactic reaction, W. H. Man-
waring, Y. Kusama, and H. E. Crowe {Jour. Immunol., 2 {1917), No. 5, pp.
511-515). — From the results obtained in the study reported, in which perfusion
methods were applied to isolated organs and tissues, it is concluded that " no
demonstrable destruction or binding of the foreign protein by the fixed tissues
takes place during the acute anaphylactic reaction."

The influence of temperature on the fixation of complement, H. R. Dean
{Jour. Path, and Bad., 21 {1917), No. 2, pp. 193-214, figs. S).— Data obtained
in the study show that in a mixture of antigen and antibody more complement
is fixed at 0° C. than at 37°. The maximum fixation, however, is attained more
rapidly at 37° than at 0°.

" If suitable proportions of antigen, antiserum, and fresh guinea-pig serum
are mixed, it is possible to demonstrate that a precipitate is formed at 0°, which

80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

dissolves at 37° and reappears if the temperature is again brought down to 0'.
When antigen, antiserum, and complement are mixed, the euglobulin of the
guinea-pig serum is adsorbed by the particles of the precipitate. The formation
of this adsorption compound is favored by keeping the mixture at a low tem-
perature. These observations explain the fact that more complement is fixed at
0° than at 37°.

" The formation of an adsorption compound in a mixture of antigen, anti-
serum, and guinea-pig serum is an essential part of the mechanism of comple-
ment fixation. Where the antigen is a cell which can be lysed, the effect of the
formation of the adsorption compound is to concentrate at the surface of the
cell the active or lytic component of the complement. The subsequent reaction
which involves the lysis of the cell is, of course, favored by a relatively high
temperature."

The data are submitted in tabular and graphical form.

Preservation of complement. — A preliminary report, B. W. Rhamy (Jmir.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 69 (1917), No. 12, pp. 973, 974).— The author has found
that complement diluted to 40 per cent with 10 per cent sodium acetate in 0.9
per cent sodium chlorid solution will keep perfectly until used in ordinary
routine work. A sample of guinea-pig serum so diluted, which showed a unit
of 0.1, one month afterwards showed a unit of 0.125.

Anthrax in the Territory of Hawaii, V. A. Nokgaabd {Hawaii. Forester
and Agr., 14 (1917), No. 6, pp. 156-165). — An outbreak of anthrax at Hanalei,
Kauai, is recorded and a general account given of the disease and directions for
its control.

The susceptibility of the prairie dog to rabies, G. Waxtebs {Jour. Amer.
Yet. Med. Assoc., 51 (1917), No. 5, pp. 702-704) .—The inoculation of several
prairie dogs with rabies virus resulted in fairly typical symptoms, although a
thorough search of the literature failed to show any previous record of rabies
infection among them. Attention is called to the ease witli which the disease
might be spread among prairie dogs by coyotes or other enemies and thence to
other animals which come in contact with them offensively.

Rinderpest in swine with experiments upon its transmission from, cattle
and carabao to swine and vice versa, W. H. Boynton (Philippine Jour. Sci.,
Sect. B, 11 (1916), No. 5, pp. 215-265, pis. 2, figs. iO).— This material has been
previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 37, p. 79).

The recent outbreak of vesicular stomatitis, A. A. Leibold (Vet. Alumni
Quart. [Ohio State Univ.'], 4 (1917), No. 4, pp. 1S2-1S4). — A report of observa-
tions made during the course of an epizootic outbreak of the disease, particu-
larly among horses, though some cattle were affected, in Utah, Nebraska, Colo-
rado, Missouri, and northern Illinois in the fall of 1916.

The sensitiveness of tubercle and other acid-fast bacilli to sccids, A. E.
Porter (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 16 (1917), No. 1, pp. 66-68).— In the study
reported a very great difference in sensitiveness to both organic and inorganic
acids was observed between tubercle and other acid-fast bacilli. Tubercle
bacilli were killed in 24 hours by tenth-normal acid, but could resist more dilute
acid, while other acid-fast bacilli were killed by ^normal acid. No difference
could be observed between the action of inorganic and soluble organic acid upon
the bacilli. A difference between soluble and insoluble fatty acids was, how-
ever, observed. If the Insoluble acid was in a fine emulsion and was shaken
with the bacilli bacteriolysis occurred. Acid-fast bacilli other than the tubercle,
although more sensitive to lower acids, were less affected by the insoluble fatty
acids. No difference was observed in sensitiveness between human and bovine
bacilli.

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81

The bacteriolytic action of gland extracts on tubercle bacilli, A. E. Pobteb
(Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge'^, 16 {1911), No. 1, pp. 55-65). — Lung extract was
found to be the least bactericidal, while pancreas extract was found to be the
most powerful. The extracts of liver, thymus, and lymphatic glands were all
strongly bactericidal. Suprarenal gland, pig and cat spleen, human and cat
kidney, human and ox brain, ox thyroid, cat lung, ox bone marrow, and ox
pituitary gland extracts were all found to be bactericidal to a lesser degree.
A human skin extract was examined for bactericidal properties and found to
be exceptionally rich in esterases. It is noted that this sample of skin extract
bears out the relationship between lipolysis and bactericflysis of tubercle becilli,
since the extract was extremely bactericidal. No difference was observed
between the bovine and human tubercle bacilli in susceptibility to any of the
gland extracts examined.

" Other acid-fast bacilli, though on the whole less susceptible than tubercle
bacilli to the influence of these extracts, were bacteriolyzed by them. They
were also killed by one lung extract (pig's) which contained an unusually large
amount of olein lipase and which had no effect on tubercle bacilli."

The data are presented in tabular form.

On the claimed differential characteristic of the avian tubercle bacillus,
A. RocHAix {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 80 (1911), No. 12, pp. 510, 511).—
Data are submitted from which the author concludes that the medium pre-
viously described,' consisting of agar with carrot juice, can not be used to
differentiate the avian from the human and bovine tubercle bacillus as has been
recently claimed by Ranjel de Morals.*

Vaccination ag'ainst bovine tuberculosis, A. Bbuschettini (Rev. Path.
Comp., No. ISl (1911), pp. 5, 6; abs. in Vet. Rev., 1 (1911), No. 3, pp. 295,
296). — A vaccine is described which has been prepared by injecting virulent
bovine bacilli (previously washed in a mixture of alcohol and ether to remove
the fat) into the pleural cavity of rabbits. After 48 hours the bacilli are col-
lected, carefully ground with quartz sand, and emulsified in an agitator with
0.5 per cent phenol solution. After the addition of ether the mixture is filtered
through cotton and preserved under toluol in a refrigerator.

Eight calves were vaccinated with the preparation, five subcutaneously and
three intravenously. Six months later the calves were inoculated with tubercle
bacilli, four of them with the culture and the other four with an emulsion of
mammary tuberculosis extremely rich in bacilli. The results obtained were so
satisfactory that a practical test on a large number of animals has been
recommended.

Tuberculosis in farm animals, C. L. McAbthur (Arkansas Sta. Bui. 136
(1911), pp. 3-15, figs. 5). — This bulletin briefly describes the disease in cattle,
swine, and fowls ; the tuberculin test ; and the duration of life of the tubercle
bacillus outside of the animal body.

Managing' a tuberculous herd (Iowa Sta. Bui. 112 (1911), pp. 19-90, figs.
6). — This bulletin consists of two parts.

I. History of the tuberculous herd at Iowa State College since 1909, W. H.
Pew (pp. 79-86). — This material has been essentially noted from another source
(E. S. R., 37, p. 379).

II. Plans for the control and eradication of tuberculosis, C. H. Stange (pp.
86-90). — The author here briefly outlines the methods which have been pro-
posed for the control and eradication of the disease and gives the recommenda-

1 Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 74 (1913), No. 11, pp. 604-606.
*Vantajens de um novo meio vejetal de cultura. A Patolojia Geral [Rio de Janeiro],
1916, Aug.

g2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

tions of the International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis,
as previusly noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 384).

Fooling with tuberculosis, F. F. Field et al. {Kimball's Dairy Farmer, 15
{1911), No. 19, p. 7//6). — The successful eradication of tuberculosis from a large
herd of dairy cows in Massachusetts by the Ostertag method is reported upon.
In the 3.5 years that the system was under way there were but three reactors
in young animals reared in this way.

Poisoning of cattle with horse-radish, W. Hackett {Jour. Compar. Path,
and Ther., SO {1917), No. 2, p. i38).— The author reports upon the loss of sev-
eral head of cattle from feeding upon a considerable quantity of horse-radish
roots.

Poisoning of cattle with British ragwort, S. Stockman {Jour. Compar.
Path, and Ther., 30 {1917), No. 2, pp. 131-lSJt).—A report upon the loss of a
large number of cattle at Northallerton from feeding upon forage containing
ragwort (Senecio).

Eradicating tall larkspur on cattle ranges in the National Forests, A. B.
AxDous {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 826 {1917), pp. 23, figs. 8).— This pub-
lication gives the results of grubbing work in the eradication of tall larkspur
on the National Forest ranges where the annual losses of cattle due to poison-
ing by this plant amount to about 5,000 head. The methods of operation, equip-
ment, etc., are described. " The average cost of eradicating larkspur by grubbing
probably falls between $3.65 and $4.15 per acre on range that is comparatively
free from rocks, willows, and brush. For willow and rocky areas about $10 an
acre probably represents the maximum cost."

Investigations into the cause of worm nodules (Onchocerca gibsoni) in
cattle, C. G. Dickinson and G. F. Hill {Melbourne, Aust.: Govt., 1916, pp. 7). —
The work here reported has definitely excluded certain species that have been
considered as possible vectors, namely, Lyperosia exigua, Stomoxys calcitrans,
Tabanus mastersi, T. nigritarsis, {Boophilus) Margaropus australis, and any
purely aquatic forms other than those possibly found in the bore water. See
also a note by McEachran and Hill (E. S. R., 34, p. 581).

External parasites of sheep: Eradication of ticks in New Zealand, A. Mat-
thews {Joiir. Agr. [New Zeal.], 15 {1917), No. 2, pp. 73-78). — A discussion of
methods in eradication work with the sheep tick or ked {Melophagus ovinus)
in New Zealand. Attention is called to the eradication of the sheep scab mite
that was effected many years ago under very great difliculties, since which time
there has been no return of the disease.

Hog cholera: Prevention and treatment, M. Dorset and O. B. Hess {U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 834 {1917), pp. 32, figs. 13). — A summary of infor-
mation on the subject based upon the more recent investigations and demonstra-
tions of control work carried on by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in co-
operation with the State authorities. " Experiments of the Bureau of Animal
Industry have demonstrated the possibility of greatly reducing the losses from
hog cholera wherever farmers are willing to cooperate and take steps to prevent
the spread of infection and secure the proper treatment of their herds."

On the possibility of the infection of pigs with the flukes Opisthorchis
felinus, Pseudoamphistomum daniibiense, and Metorchis albidus, Joan
CruREA {Ztschr. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., 26 {1916), pp. 323-326; abs. in Abs. Bact.,
1 {1917), No. 4, p. 317). — Fish containing larvss of 0. felineus, M. albidus, and
P. danubiense were fed to young pigs. The liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts'
became infested with the first two of these but not with the third.

Lepinay's treatment of mange of the horse by sulphurous anhydrid,
ViGEL and Chollet {Vet. Jour., 73 {1917), No. 506, pp. 267-276, figs. 6). — The
authors find that in the treatment of the horse for mange sulphur dioxld is

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83

effective, simple, inoffensive, rapid, and economical. A generator v^^hich they
have had constructed is described and a claim of originality made for the pro-
cedure and its application in the treatment of mange in the horse, all the specific
clinical signs of which disappear within a few days after treatment. The results
obtained in the treatment of nine horses with ring\vorm are said to have been
satisfactory. The lice and nits are radically destroyed without any recurrence
by a sulphuration of 25 minutes.

Auto-inoculation and early development of the larva of the horse botfly in
the buccal mucous m.embrane, E. Roubaud {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
164 (1917), No. 11, pp. 453-456; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat.
Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 5, pp. 757, 758). — In experimenting with
the guinea pig the author has found that the egg of the horse botfly (Gastro-
philus iiitestinalis DeGeer) does not hatch spontaneously but that the larva may
remain for several weeks awaiting the mechanical contact by which hatching is
brought about. The larvae which are liberated at once by mechanical contact —
the mucous membrane of the tongue is not indispensable, since sharp rubbing
against the animal's teeth or gums has the same effect — never perforate the
epidermis but bury themselves in the epithelium and develop in the mucous
membrane of the mouth. In the guinea pig the larva was observed to penetrate
beneath the epithelium parallel to the surface and remain in a superficial posi-
tion. One individual observed in the mucosa of the tongue had tripled in size by
the ninth day. After the first molt the larvie pass to the stomach.

Contribution to the study of epizootic lymphangitis, Teuche and Guignakd
(Bui. Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., 93 (1917), No. 3-4, pp. 64-68; abs. in Vet. Rec, 30
(1917), No. 1513, p. 6). — The author reports observations which show that
galyl, a chemical product similar to salvarsan, has a valuable specific action in
epizootic lymphangitis.

Investigations of a fungus (Monilia capsulata) found in the pus from, a
mule affected with epizootic lymphangitis, P. Lindner and P. Knuth
(Ztschr. Infeklionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 17 (1916), No. 5, pp. 200-308, pis.
4, figs. 2). — In infection experiments with M. capsulata the authors failed to
produce the disease.

Intestinal parasites of poultry, their prevention and treatment, A. B.
WicKWARE (Canada Dept. Agr., Health Anim. Branch Bui. 25 (1917), pp. 13, pis.
3). — A popular discussion.

Coccidiosis of the fowl, H. H. Curson (Union So. Africa, Dept. Agr. Bui. 3
(1917), pp. 4)- — A brief popular account of this disease, which is said to be very
prevalent in the Cape Peninsula and probably in other parts of South Africa.

A means of transmitting the fowl nematode Heterakis papillosa, J. E.
AcKERT (Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1190, p. 394). — Recent experiments are
said to have demonstrated that the fowl nematode H. papillosa may be trans-
mitted to chickens by feeding them a dung earthworm (Helodrilus gieseleri
hempeli). Of ten 5-week-old chicks given the dung earthworms every few days
until each chick had ingested approximately 40 worms, four became infested
with H. papillosa.

" Of 395 chickens taken locally and examined in this laboratory during the
last 3 years, 293 were infected with H. papillosa. The average infection was
34.4 nematodes, but a single infection of 100 nematodes is not uncommon, and
in one instance a fowl contained 326 of these parasites."

While the data presented indicate that the relation of the nematode to the
earthworm is that of an association, in which case the eggs of the former might
be carried on the slimy surface of the earthworm or in its engulfed food, the
evidence is not such as precludes the possibility that this earthworm may in
some way serve as an intermediate host of H. papillosa.

84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Vol. 38

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Farm reservoirs, S. Foktier (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 828 (1917), pp.
36, figs. 31). — This publication gives practical information to those who intend
to' build or are operating farm reservoirs. The chief features of such struc-
tures are discussed, and various kinds of reservoirs adapted to the storage of
vpater on farms are described, including reservoirs used with pumping plants,
reservoirs built in beds of streams, stock-watering reservoirs, concrete-lined
reservoirs, and cobblestone reservoirs. Reservoirs adapted to conditions in the
Atlantic Coast States and in humid regions in general are also described.

Surface water supply of Colorado River Basin, 1914 [U. S. Geol. Survey,
Water-supply Paper 389 {191"!), pp. 198+XXXIII, pis. 2).— This report, pre-
pared in cooperation with the States of Ai'izona, Nevada, New Mexico, and
Utah, presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams in the
Colorado River Basin during 1914, together with the usual list of gauging sta-
tions and publications relating to water resources.

Surface water supply of the Great Basin, 1914 (17. 8. Oeol. Survey, Water-
Supply Paper 390 {1911), pp. 306+XXXIII, pis. 2).— This report, prepared in
cooperation with the States of Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Idaho,
presents the results of measurements of flow made on the Great Salt Lake,
Sevier Lake, Pavant Valley, Beaver River, Salton Sea, Owens Lake, Mono
Lake, Walker Lake, Humboldt-Carson Sink, Pyramid and Winnemucca Lakes,
Warner Lakes, Abert Lake, Silver Lake, and Malheur and Harney Lakes basins
during 1914, together with the usual list of gauging stations and publications.

Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River Basin, 1915 {U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, Water-supply Paper 404 {1917), pp. 122+XXXI, pis. 2).— This report,
prepared in cooperation with the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York,
and Vermont, presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams
in the St. Lawrence River Basin during 1915, together with the usual list of
gauging stations and publications relating to water resources.

Surfact water supply of western Gulf cf Mexico basins, 1915 {U. S. Geol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper 4O8 {1911), pp. lll-\-XXYI, pis. 2).— This report,
prepared in cooperation with the States of Texas and New Mexico, presents
the results of measurements of flow made on streams in the western Gulf of
Mexico drainage basins during 1915, including especially the Rio Grande Basin,
together with the usual list of gauging stations and publications relating to
water resources.

Revenue report on the irrigation works of the Ajmer-Merwara District
for the year ended March 31, 1916, C. C. Watson {Rev. Rpt. Irrig. Works
Ajmer-Merwara, 1916, pp. 25, pis. 2). — This is a report of irrigation works,
expenditures, and revenues for the district for the year ended March 31, 1916.

Revenue report of the Government of Bihar and Orissa, Public Works De-
partment, Irrigation Branch, for the year 1915-16 {Rev. Rpt. Bihar and
Orissa [India], Irrig. Branch, 1915-16, pp. //-f[i24]). — Data on irrigation
work, revenues, and expenditures in Bihar and Orissa for the year 1915-16 are
reported.

Water analysis {Ann. Rpt. Sup. Bd. Health Prov. Qtiebec, 22 {1916), pp.
58-97). — Physical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses of 422 samples of
water from dilTerent parts of the Province of Quebec are reported.

Report upon the operation of a nonflush chemical closet, F. W. Wabd
{Ann. Rpt. Prov. Bd. Health Ontario, Slf {1915), pp. Ill, 112, fig. 1). — Tests,
conducted at the Ontario Board of Health experiment station, of a nonflush
chemical closet for the use of schools and buildings are reported. The outfit

1918] BUBAL ENGINEEEING. 85

consists of a white porcelain boM'l, a cylindrical iron tank of 100 gal. capacity,
sufficient white enamel pipe for ventilation purposes, and 30 lbs, of an electro-
lytic caustic soda for chemical. The bowl is so constructed that solids do not
strike the bowl, but fall directly into the tank below.

It was found by a series of experiments that 24 hours after the addition of
fecal matter all traces of bacterial life had disappeared, the solids had been
digested, and only a small amount of flocculent sludge was left out of solution.
During the reaction a small amount of ammonia gas was given off, but the
ventilation provided prevented the escape of any odor into the room. Analyses
of the solution in the tank showed that in 100 gal. there were i lb. of potash,
J lb. of phosphoric acid, and i lb. of nitrogen, all in a form available as plant
food. A warning is given that if a charge of chemical is not maintained this
system will be a nuisance.

Chemical closets {Pub. Health Rpts. \_V. S.], S2 (1911), No. 26, pp. 1011-
1020). — In a brief statement of the advantages and limitations of chemical
closets it is pointed out that " everything depends upon the sufficiency of the
disinfection and the means of final disposal. No system should be installed
or recommended for installation in the absence of definite and satisfactory
evidence that the treatment proposed will in fact destroy pathogenic bacteria,
and, in those sections of the country where hookworm disease is prevalent, the
eggs and larvse of hookworms. While the design and satisfactory operation of
such a device is quite possible, its general adoption ought not to be recom-
mended without giving the fullest consideration to the possibilities of mis-
management, and it is believed that, whatever means are adopted for final
disposal, these should be so safeguarded that the almost Inevitable failure at
times of the chemical toilet may not result in serious danger to the health of
those affected."

Sewag'e purifi.cation. — Decantation, H. VEERii:RE {Ann. Fonts et Chauss^es,
9. ser., 31 {1911), pt. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-151, figs. SI). — This is an extensive report
of experiments at the ]\Iesly experiment station in France on sedimentation as
a factor in sewage purification.

Results of operation of small sewage-disposal plants, L. C. Frank {West.
Engin., 8 {1911), No. 1, pp. 210, 27i ) .—Experiments conducted by the U. S.
Public Health Service on the operation of small sewage-disposal plants con-
sisting of an Imhoff tank and sand bed are reported.

" Sewage was tested from two sources. The sewage subjected to the most
careful test was from 25 people comprising a nurses' dormitory and one resi-
dence. . . . The sewage flow was 100 gal. per capita daily. The occasional
samples of raw sewage gave an average value somewhat over 1,000 parts per
million total solids and 177 parts per million for a 24-hour, at 20° C, oxygen
demand. The other sewage used for testing was from 60 people in a small
community in Chevy Chase, Md." The following conclusions are considered
justified :

" It is possible by means of a 5-hour detention period in a properly designed
Imhoff tank to remove from the raw sewage of smaU communities 98 per cent
of the settleable solids without producing a nuisance. A mean detention period
of 6 hours, based on the average daily flow, will not cause the sewage to become
septic or foul-smelling if it is fresh when it enters the tank. The accumulation
of a disagreeable mass of grease and fecal matters in the first compartment of
the settling chamber may be prevented by the introduction of a horizontal
coarse-mesh screen at the water level of this chamber. The screen keeps the
floating matters submerged and apparently results in all fecal matter sooner or
37450°— 18 7

86 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

later becoming water-logged and sinking through the slot into the sludge
chamber.

" It is too soon to state with conviction the amount of digested sludge that may
be expected from small-scale tanks, but one tank indicates an apparent accumu-
lation of 2.6 cu. ft. per year per person, and another tank, 4 cu. ft.

" The only time when tanks required daily attention was during the foaming
period, which lasted about 10 days, and during which time some of the foam had
to be removed and buried. At all other times attention once a month at most
was ample. Since the foaming period has been passed the scum formation has
been slight.

"The decomposed sludge obtained from the small-scale Imhoff tanks re-
sembled that obtained in large tanks except that it had a higher moisture con-
tent. This may perhaps be explained by the shallowness of the sludge layer.
A 15-in. sand bed dosed with settled sewage at a net rate of 190,000 gal. per
acre per day during the second summer reduced the average oxygen demand
from 63 to 12 parts per million (24-hour at 20°). This is probably ample puri-
fication for many cases, but insufficient for others.

" The sand bed required little attention during the summer months, but what
would seem to be a prohibitive amount of attention during the winter months,
even though covered with a tongue-and-groove wooden cover. No nuisance was
produced during the summer months by the dosing of the uncovered sand bed
with the tank effluent. The growth of weeds on the surface did not seem to
have an unfavorable effect upon the operation of the sand bed."

The management of liqu^ and solid manure in Belgium, H. Vendelmans
(Joiir. Bd. Agr. [London^, 23 (1911), No. 12, pp. 1208-1221, figs. 6).— Tanks
and pits for the conservation of liquid and solid manure are described and
illustrated as developed by experience in Belgium.

Tanks for liquid manure are best placed immediately under the standing
place of the cattle, occupying the full width and running the entire length. A
depth varying from 32 in. at the shallow end to 35 in. at the outlet is consid-
ered sufficient. Walls of one thickness of solid 9-in. bricks set in cement
mortar are sufficient without foundation. The floor is of bricks waterproofed
with cement.

Manure pits are made to provide easy handling of the manure and shelter
from sun, rain, and wind, to avoid white molds, and to improve the ripening
process and hygienic conditions. A water-tight, solid manure pit of brick or
cement is made against the wall of the cow house, running its entire length.
The capacity is calculated on the quantity of manure produced between two
successive emptyings and is varied by varying the width. The pit is sunk
into the soil about 32 in. to avoid atmospheric influences.

State highway mileage and expenditures for the calendar year 1916 (U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Cire. 74 (1917), pp. 8, fig. i).— This circular states that
" cash expenditures on the rural roads and bridges in the United States in
1916 amounted to $272,634,424. To this should be added the value of the
statute and convict labor, which can not be fixed with any great degree of
accuracy, but probably amounted to not less than $15,000,000, thus making the
grand total expenditure for the year $288,000,000. ... At present there are out-
standing more than $400,000,000 of road and bridge bonds and long-term war-
rants, maturing at the rate of about $20,000,000 per year and requiring about
an equal amount for the payment of interest charges. . . . More than $40,-
000,000 of new road and bridge bonds are now being issued annually.

" The public rural roads of the United States at present have a total length .
of 2,455,761 miles, of which about 287,000 miles, or 11.6 per cent, are improved

19181 RURAL ENGINEERING. 87

with some form of surfacing. The mileage of hard-surfaced roads is increasing
at the rate of about 15,000 miles per annum. During 1916 the States having
State highway departments surfaced about 7,000 miles under State supervision
and also improved an additional 9,000 miles by grading or otherwise. Thus, of
the really constructive work of permanent improvement in the United States
last year, about one-half was more or less directly under competent State super-
vision. In addition to this work of construction the several State highway
departments also supervised the maintenance of 75,811 miles of main and trunk-
line highways."

Tabular data are included on expenditures during 1916 by or under the super-
vision of State highway departments, on road mileage, and on cash road and
bridge expenditures for the years 1904, 1914, and 1916.

Third biennial report of the Wisconsin Highway Commission 1914—15
(Wis. Highway Com. Bien. Rpt., 3 {1914-15), pp. 329, figs. i72).— This report
covers State aid road and bridge construction in Wisconsin for the calendar
years 1914 aud 1915, and Includes a preliminary report of similar operations in
the calendar year 1916.

Standard forms for specifications, tests, reports, and methods of sampling
for road materials ({7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 555 {1911), pp. 56, fig. 1). — These
standard forms were recommended by the first conference of State highway
testing engineers and chemists at Washington, D. C, from February 12 to 17,
1917.

Dust prevention by the use of palliatives, H. B. Shattuck {Ann. Rpt.
Penn. State Col., 1915, pp. 153-162). — This is a brief description of the use of
fresh water, sea water, calcium chlorid, waste sulphite liquor, vegetable and
animal oils, road oils, emulsions, and tar as dust preventives on roads.

" Earth roads will usually best respond to treatment with water, calcium
chlorid, and light oils. Gravel and macadamized roads may be treated with
these or with asphalts, emulsions of oils, and tars. Very sandy roads will be
Improved if a suitable amount of clay is first mixed with the sand and the
whole consolidated before the application of a dust preventive. In like man-
ner a very clayey road should be given a suitable admixture of sand to pro-
duce a better stability before the surface treatment."

Concrete in the country {Chicago: Portland Cement Assoc., 1916, 13. ed., pp.
112, figs. 134). — This bulletin describes and illustrates the construction of a
large number of farm structures, using concrete as a building material.

Tests showing' the effect of using dry and wet coal as fired in a low-pres-
sure steam-heating boiler, J. J. Light {Ann. Rpt. Penn. State Col. 1915, pp.
148-152). — Tests on the efficiency of a house-heating plant when fired with
coal made wet and with coal as usually found in residence cellars, which can
be considered practically dry, are reported.

It was concluded that " the common inference among coal consumers that
an addition of water to the coal as fired is beneficial to the operation of the
furnace seems false. . . . One lb. of combustible evapoi'ates more when the
coal is fired dry or as is ordinarily found in cellars of residences than when it
is purposely moistened. The efficiency of the furnace throughout the tests
shows that wet coal tends to decrease rather than increase operating economy."

Effect of velocity and humidity of air on heat transmission through build-
ing materials, J. A. Moyek, J. P. Calderwood, and M. P. Helm an {Ann Rpt.
Penn. State Col. 1915, pp. 55-62, pis. 6). — Experiments on heat transmission
through glass, common red brick, and diatomite insulating brick are reported.

" These data show that the transmission through glass and red brick are
Increased very materially with increase in humidity. Thus for glass the unit

88 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

transmission was increased 0^ B. t u. by increasing the humidity from 74
to 84 per cent, which is equivalent to a change of 24 per cent in transmission
for a variation of 10 per cent in relative humidity. For red brick the unit
transmission was increased 0.102 B. t u. by increasing the relative humidity
from 80 to 90 per cent, which is equivalent to a change of 15 per cent for a
variation of 10 per cent in relative humidity.

" The effect of velocity on the transmission of heat . . . varies greatly, de-
pending upon the arrangement for conducting the air over the surface tested.
In the case of glass the unit transmission corrected to 80 per cent humidity,
and at 1,000 ft. per minute velocity has these values: Two and nineteen-
hundredths B. t. u. for a cube equipped with spouts ; 4 B. t. u. for cube equipped
with air cone alone. These facts show very conclusively that in studying the
effect of velocity upon the transmission of heat through a material the arrange-
ment of apparatus for protecting that portion of the material which is considered
under still air conditions is of the utmost importance. . . .

" In the test made upon diatomite briclc . . . the number of tests were small
[and] no definite conclusions can be dravra, but from the results obtained the
unit transmission does not remain constant, but varies directly with the tem-
perature within the test box."

Tractor hitches and adjustments for use with power plows, C. H. Gamble
(Farm Machinery, No. 1342 (1917), pp. 9, 10, figs. 5). — Hitches and adjustments
are described and illustrated.

Harvesting hay with the sweep raise, A. P. Yeekes and H. B. McClube
(Z7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 838 (1917), pp. 12, figs. 11).— The purpose of
this publication is to suggest to hay growers in the Eastern States the possi-
bility of using the sweep rake as a means of saving time and labor. " The
sweep rake consists of several long wooden teeth lying almost flat on the ground,
pointed at one end and fastened to a strong framework at the other. The point
frequently consists of a steel cap fitted over the end of the tooth and shaped
so as to prevent it from running into the ground under ordinary conditions,
yet so as to slip under the hay, no matter whether lying in piles, windrows, or
swaths. The teeth usually are about 8 ft. long and placed approximately 1 ft.
apart. The total width of the rake ordinarily is about 12 ft., rakes of this
width having 13 teeth." Different types of sweep rake, including the wheelless,
two, three, and four wheeled styles are described and illustrated.

" The use of a sweep rake in hauling hay from windrow to stack or barn
under most eastern conditions can reasonably be expected to effect a reduction
of 50 per cent in the cost of doing this work by the method now commonly used,
L e., pitching onto a wagon by hand and hauling to stack or barn.

" Extensive investigations of the efiiciency of various methods of handling
hay, made by the Oflace of Farm Management, show that by the latter method
two men pitching onto a wagon and one man loading usually will haul from
6.5 to 8 tons of hay in one afternoon of six to seven hours. This will Include
putting the hay into the mow with the same crew, using hay fork or sling. A
two-man crew in the same length of time, using two sweep rakes and four
horses, with the average length of haul in the East, which is less than 0.25 mile,
will haul to the barn and put into the mow with slings about double the amount
of hay handled by the three-man crew working with a wagon. If the hay is
stacked in the field, three times the amount will be handled, although the third
man will be required on the stack."

Management of common storage houses for apples in the Pacific North-
west, H. J. Ramsey and S. J. Dennis (V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 852
(.1917), pp. 2S, figs. 6). — This publication deals with the fundamentals of con-

19181 RUBAL ECONOMICS. 89

struction and the efficient management of common storage houses for apples
under the conditions prevailing in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana.

" The efficiency of a common storage house will depend primarily upon the
rapidity with which the fruit is cooled and the storage temperatures maintained.
A common storage building, therefore, must necessarily provide for two things —
the freest circulation and intake of cold air during the night or the cooler periods
of the day and the conservation of this cold air by closing all hatches and
intakes before the outside temperature begins to rise and by preventing the
leakage of heat through the walls, floors, and ceilings of the building. For the
intake of cold air, openings should be provided at or near the ground or the lower
part of the building, while air shafts leading upward from the ceiling of the
storage chamber or chambers should be provided to carry off the warm air.
To prevent the leakage of heat into the building, the walls, ceilings, and floors
must be insulated. As these two factors govern to a considerable extent the
rapidity of cooling and the maintenance of low temperatures, the importance of
ventilation and insulation can hardly be overestimated- . . . Upon these depend
in the final analysis the success or failure of the common storage house."

Potato storag'e and storag'e houses, W. Stxjaet {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers^
Bui. 847 (1911), pp. 27, figs. 20).— The methods of handling potatoes in storage
are discussed and the fundamental factors of the construction and management
of storage houses dealt with in detail.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Introduction to rural sociology, P. L. Vogt (New York and London: D.
Appleton d Co., 1917, pp. XVI-J-44S, figs. 20). — This volume covers the usual
field of a book relating to rural sociology, and has paid special attention to the
organization and function of villages.

The author points out that " comparatively little of the field could have been
explored. Enough has been done, however, to justify definite conclusions as to
certain phases of the subject, and the attempt has been made to present the
more important of the conclusions reached. While many of the data are neces-
sarily limited in scope, they are presented as a basis for further study in wider
areas. It is believed they are drawn from sources which are typical of the
entire agricultural area, which has been made the topic of special investigation."

The determination of the cost of production of farm crops, J. Wyllie
(Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'\, 24 {1917), No. 4, pp. 4OS-4I6) .—The author defines
cost of production as a figure which represents the minimum net price at which
a certain crop can be sold or otherwise realize a fair return on invested capital
and a reasonable remuneration for the manager of the business. He discusses
in detail the cost of producing a few of the more important crops.

The diversified farm, H. M. Eliot and H. B. Kuxough {Texas Agr. Col.
Ext. Serv. Bui. B-41 {1917), pp. 29, figs. 2^).— The authors have outlined the
monthly labor requirements and the farm earnings of the types of farming in
which cotton is the principal money crop. Their outline is based on records
during the year 1915-16 from 213 farms in a number of counties in Texas.

The farm labor situation in California, R. L. Adams {California Sta. [Pub.],
1917. pp. 14)- — This report describes the demand for and supply of farm
laborers and methods for obtaining laborers, and discusses the relationships
between employer and employee and similar phases. Model application and
request blanks are included.

Food needs for 1918. — Agricultural program for the period beginning
•with the autumn of 1917 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 75 {1917), pp.
14). — This circular sets forth the acreage of fall wheat and rye necessary to

90 EXPEBIMENT STATION KECOED. [Vol.38

supply the needs of the United States, its allies, and in part the neutral coun-
tries of Europe for the next crop year. It also outlines briefly the situation
with reference to other crops, fertilizers, and seed stocks.

Distribution and utilization of the garden surplus (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Markets Doc. 6 {1911), pp. 10). — Among the methods advocated that may be
used to take care of the garden surplus are canning and drying, both in the
home and factories, storing for winter use in cellars and commercial ware-
houses, and marketing the surplus through various types of marketing organiza-
tions. The text gives a number of typical instances to illustrate the various
methods advocated.

The marketing of canning club products, L. B. Flohb (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Markets Doc. 5 (1917), pp. 8). — Among the recommendations in this pub-
lication are that there should be an informal survey of the local community,
county, and State to determine the demand for the products of the canning
clubs, and that this should be followed by a system of advertising by means of
exhibits and the use of the local press. Markets might also be found through
cooperation of town and city housewives. The publication also indicates that
the products should be standardized in order to facilitate marketing.

Marketing plans used in a number of States are briefly described.

[Increase in the price of commodities], J. M. Robertson et al. {London:
Bd. Trade, 1916, pp. 20). — This is the interim report on meat, milk, and bacon,
of the committee appointed by the Board of Trade of Great Britain to investi-
gate the principal causes of increase in the prices of food since the beginning of
the war, and it contains data showing the advance in price and certain factors
of cost. Recommendations looking toward furnishing a more adequate supply
at a reasonable price are also included.

A big stride in agricultural improvement, J. Portee {Hereford, England:
[Author, 1917], pp. 32, figs. 2). — The author suggests that the agricultural
products of England could be greatly increased by improving the second-rate
pasture land through the use of properly selected seed mixtures. He outlines
systems of rotation to be followed and the constituents of various seed mixtures.

Agricultural practice in time of war, A. Cadoret {La Pratique de l' Agri-
culture et I' Exploitation du Sol en Temps de Guerre. Montpellier: Roumegous
& Dehan, 1916, pp. 62). — This book contains a collection of articles relating to
methods employed in France during the war in growing crops and live stock,
and in obtaining the necessary labor, machinery, and animal power to carry on
farming operations.

French agriculture and th.e war, H. Sagniee {Assoc. Franc. Avanc. Set.,
Confs., 1915-16, pp. 150-155, figs. 5). — In this article are discussed the supply
of wheat and its price, number of live stock, the labor situation, and the use of
artificial motive power in agriculture.

Third annual report of the Cooperative Organization Branch [Saskatche-
wan], 1916-17, W. W. Thomson {Saskatchewan Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. Coop.
Organ. Branch, 3 {1917), pp. 46, figs. 9).— This report gives statistical sum-
maries of the business transactions during the year, and special reports with
reference to wool and poultry marketing, cooperative creameries, hail-insurance
commissions, and the trading department of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers'
Association.

Reports of the Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Limited, 1915
and 1916 {Rpt. Irish Agr. Organ. Soc, 1915, pp. 155; 1916, pp. 163). — These
reports continue the information previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 593) by
adding data for the period from July 1, 1914, to March 31, 1916.

A handbook of Louisiana, H. D. Wilson {Baton Rouge, La.: State Bd. Agr.
and Immigr. [1917], pp. 211, figs. 82).— This handbook points out general and

1918] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 91

iigricultural features, together with crops that can be grown, and gives a brief
(lescription of the climate, health, education, industries, railroads, watercourses,
and forestry conditions in each of the parishes.

Maine farms for sale, 1915 {Augusta, Ale.: Dept. Agr. [1916^, pp. 54, pis.
IJf). — This publication contains a brief description of the type of agriculture
found in that State, together with a descriptive list of farms for sale.

Tennessee, the land of great fanning opportunities. — Facts about soil,
climate, and rainfall (Nashville, Tenn.: Dept. Agr. [i9i7], pp. 69, pi. 1, figs.
50). — The soil types, climatic conditions, and crop and live stock situations in
the State are described.

Monthly crop report (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 3 {1911), No. 9, pp.
81-92, fig. 1). — This number contains the usual statistical data with reference
to the estimated crop conditions, the estimated farm value of important crops,
together with the range of prices of agricultural products at important centers.
There are also special reports with reference to wheat differentials ; cotton and
wool production ; hemp acreage ; Canadian wheat, hay, and dairy products ;
honey production ; the production of apples and rice by varieties ; and the com-
mercial acreage and production of fall onions, together with special reference to
beans, Kaffir corn, broom corn, cabbage, and crops in Florida and Califor-
nia ; etc.

[Agricultural statistics of Kansas] {Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 20 {1915-
16), pp. 367-7-'t2). — These pages give the usual data regarding the assessed
valuation on property, number and value of live stock, acreage, and production
and value of farms, together with data derived from the State census of 1915,
showing by counties the nativity, State where born, number of children of
school age, and military and voting ages, together with the number of persons
engaged in all occupations and in agriculture.

[Agricultural crops of 1916] {Landw. Jahrb. Schweiz, SI {1917), No. 2, pp.
121-267). — This is a report on an inquiry into the production of crops for the
year 1915-16, the cost of production, and the value, for the purpose of learning
the profitableness of Swiss agriculture during that year.

The economics of a Deccan village, H. H. Mann {Indian Jour. Econ., 1
{1916), No. 4, pp. 409-433; Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1917), No. 3, pp. 446-465).—
The author describes the soil types found, sources of water, use of the land,
number of landholders, and size of holdings and indebtedness of the operators.
Details are also given regarding the various agricultural practices of the com-
munity,

AGEICULTTJRAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural and mechanical colleges, 1914—15 {Rpt. Comr. Ed. [U. 8.1,
1915-16, II, pp. 321-352). — This Is a compilation, from official sources, of sta-
tistics of land-grant colleges with reference to faculties, students, courses of
study, value of funds and equipment, revenues, additions to equipment, dis-
bursements of Federal funds, etc.

Negro education (f7. S. Bur. Ed. Buls. 3S {1916), pp. XIV-\-423, pis. 42, figs.
15; 39 {1916), pp. y-f-72-^, pi. 1, figs. 33).— This is a study of the private and
higher schools for colored people in the United States, prepared in cooperation
with the Phelps-Stokes Fund.

The first volume discusses the various phases of negro education, seeking
first to present conditions as they are and then to outline means and methods
for the increase of educational facilities and the betterment of the various types
of educational activities under consideration. It includes an account of the
origin and financial status, administration and control, educational organiza-

92 EXPKEilMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

tion, and needs of the land-grant or State agricultural and mechanical schools,
of which there are 17 for negroes in the Southern States. All of these institu-
tions receive appropriations under the acts of Congress of 1890 and 1907, but
only those of Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia receive any
portion of the funds appropriated under the act of 1862.

It is found that " though preparation for rural life is much more important
to the colored people than either literary or trade courses, the instruction in
agriculture is the least effective of all the work offered. Most of the schools
have large farms and some equipment, but very few of them are making edu-
cational use of either land or equipment. Very few pupils are specializing in
agriculture in any of the 16 institutions [not including Hampton], and only 38
teachers and workers are devoting their time to agricultural instruction."
The efforts of these institutions to conform to the purposes of the land-grant
acts are stated to have been seriously hindered by at least three conditions,
viz, inadequacy of State funds needed to administer the institution as well as
to maintain courses for the general instruction of the pupils ; the strong desire
of the colored people for literary education and the indifference of many of
their leaders to both industrial and agricultural instruction ; and the necessity
of maintaining elementary grades.

There are also 16 State schools, smaller than the land-grant institutions, which
are primarily teacher training schools with provision for courses in the theory
and practice of gardening. Of 56 schools, supported largely by private funds,
there are 2 large schools (including Hampton Agricultural Institute) offering
4-year courses in agriculture, 22 smaller schools offering some class theory and
farm practice, 18 schools offering class theory, but farming on a commercial
basis, and 14 schools giving no instruction, but farming on a commercial basis.
The 26 county training schools recently organized through the cooperation of the
public authorities and the private boards all teach gardening and other activi-
ties necessary to rural life.

The second volume presents a detailed statement of the facts pertaining to
colored schools which have been obtained through personal visits to institu-
tions, from the reports of State departments of education, and from the United
States census. Each of the Southern States is represented by a separate chap-
ter which treats of the school facilities in the State, including public appropria-
tions and private financial aid, school attendance of colored children, facilities
for elementary, secondary, and collegiate industrial and agricultural education,
teacher training, supervision, and summary of educational needs, followed by a
description of every private and higher school arranged alphabetically by
counties and cities, for which any information was available. The private
colored schools of the Northern States are grouped together in a final chapter.

The work of the Agricultural Instruction Act (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 U917),
No. 8, pp. 647-6-^9). — A brief summary is given of the objects of the Agricul-
tural Instruction Act of 1913 and the work that has been undertaken in each
Province, together with statements of the appropriation to each Province and the
work to be undertaken by each during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1918.
In the four years that the act has been in operation it has contributed a total
of $3,400,000 to the Provinces. With the year 1917-18 the grants reach their
maximum of $1,100,000 a year to continue until the expiration of the act on
March 31, 1923.

Historical notes on the agricultural schools in Quebec, J. C. Chapais {Rev,
Canad., n. ser., 11 (1916), Nos. 4, pp. 337-367; 5, pp. 426-446; 6, pp. 520-537).—
Historical notes are given on 17 schools of agriculture founded in the Province
of Quebec. The first of these schools was established in 1670, but only three of

1918 J AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 93

them are now in existence, viz, the School of Agriculture of Sainte-Anne-de-ia-
Pocati^re, founded in 1859, the Oka Agricultural Institute at La Trappe, founded
in 1S93, and the Macdonald College of Agriculture, founded in 1907.

Agricultural equipment in public schools, J. E. McLabty, R. P. Steeves,
J. B. Dandeno, a. W. Cocks, and J. W. Gibson (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 {1917),
No. 8, pp. 699-705, figs. 3). — Suggestions with reference to equipment necessary
for agricultural instruction in the public schools are given by officials in charge
of such instruction in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,
Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.

School agriculture and community service, F. E. Heald {Training School
Quart., 4 {1917), No. 2, pp. 128-1.30).— The author, who is working in collabo-
ration with H. C. Hoover, suggests a plan for making school agriculture count in
community food production. The plan includes two charts, dealing with a dis-
trict survey of different phases of farming and with the development of home
project work, respectively.

The home-school garden, C. W. Pugslet {Agriculture [Nebr.], 16 {1917),
No. 8-9, pp. 296-300, 328; Nebr. Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 43 {1917), pp. 12, figs. 9).—
This bulletin contains an account of the organization and development of the
Nebraska home-school garden plan, which is the outgrowth of the school garden
work begun in Lincoln in 1915 and the boys' and girls' club work conducted by
the extension department of the Nebraska College of Agriculture.

The extension service and the State school board each furnish a full-time
supervisor with the idea of giving each student enrolled some personal atten-
tion. School credit is given for the work. The extension service also fur-
nishes assistance in the organization of the work by supplying record books,
blanks, etc., interesting the children and adults of the community by means of
illustrated lectures and demonstrations in canning vegetables and fruit, etc.

The garden supervsisor should ordinarily be the teacher of agriculture in the
high school, but other qualified persons may be chosen for this place. A garden
market, patterned after the public markets of Europe and some of the eastern
cities and located usually on a vacant lot in the central part of the town, should
be established in towns where there is difficulty in disposing of the products.

During the 1916 season 25 towns carried on the work, and it is estimated that
this number will reach 50 in 1917.

Com growing: A manual for com clubs, A. W. Nolan and J. H. Greene
{Neiv York and Chicago: Roio, Peterson & Co., 1917, pp. 80, figs. 11). — This is
the first of a series of booklets entitled Home Project Series, the object of
which is to make as practical as possible some of the principles of scientific
agriculture for the boys and girls in the public schools and to give direct
vocational value to such work. The plan is to give an outline of one project
in each booklet, including project directions, practical exercises for laboratory
work, subject matter for study and recitation, and notebook forms for ac-
counts and records. It is suggested that one or two of these projects could
well be taken as the basis for a year's school work in elementary agriculture.

This booklet deals with the subject of corn growing in the manner described.

School entomology, B. D. Sanderson and L. M. Peairs {New York: John
Wiley d So-ns, Inc.; London: Chapman d Hall, Ltd., 1917, pp. VII-{-358, figs.
233). — This book, which has been prepared for secondary schools and agricul-
tural short courses, treats of general and economic entomology, the latter in-
cludiog insects affecting man and domestic animals, household goods and
stpred food products, field crops, gardens and orchards, and methods of con-
trol. A list of references to literature on injurious insects is appended.

94 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECOED. [Vol.38

Vegetable gardening and canning: A manual for garden clubs, A. W.
Nolan and J. H. Gkeene {New York and Chicago: Row, Peterson d Co., 1917,
pp. 96, figs. IS). — This manual for garden clubs comprises a garden project
calendar, the outlines for 10 practical exercises, instructions for vegetable
gardening, including the preparation of products for market, care of food and
methods of canning, a model constitution and by-laws for organizing a club,
hints and suggestions for parliamentary practice, garden rules, recommenda-
tions concerning companion and succession crops for the home garden, a list
of home gardening publications, and a form for a student's notebook on
vegetable gardening and canning.

Suggestions for food conservation (St. Louis: Wo?nen's Cent. Com. on Food
Conserv., 1917, pp. 100, fig. 1). — This booklet contains suggestive notes taken
from the lecture course given in the Normal Training School of Food Con-
servation held under the auspices of the Women's Central Committee on Food
Conservation in St. Louis in May, 1917. The notes deal with the following
subjects : Woman as a buyer in general, food distribution in the United States,
overhead costs — how women can help themselves by helping to reduce these
costs now, food protection in commercial handling, classification of food prin-
ciples and measurement of food values, meals and their substitutes for war
purposes, division of income — budget and expenditures, the processes of di-
gestion, substitutes, adulterations, preservatives, misleading labels, laboratory
tests, avoidance of diversion ol foodstuffs, storage in cave and cellar, can-
ning fruit and vegetables, practical demonstration on home drying of foods
and on the packing of eggs, and emergency recipes now being used in the
St. Louis food conservation schools.

Three short courses in home making, Caekie A. Lyford {U. S. Bur. Ed.
Bui. 23 {1917), pp. 104, fiffS- ^1)- — This bulletin contains simple and definite
outlines of three short courses in home making for the elementary rural
schools. The courses consist of 20 lessons each in the care of the home, cook-
ing, and sewing, together with suggestions to the teacher, and lists of neces-
sary equipment and textbooks on these subjects. It is recommended that
periods of at least 40 minutes be provided for all of the practical lessons,
while a 30-minute period is deemed sufficient for a lesson without practical
work. A list of books bearing upon home economics or on methods of teach-
ing is suggested for a rural school library.

The biology of the bird, J. F. Bovard {Eugene, Dreg.: Ext. Div. Univ. Oreg.,
1917, rev., pp. 235, figs. 202). — This is a series of 17 correspondence lessons
offered by the extension division of the University of Oregon £)n the biology
of the bird. Each lesson is accompanied by review questions. References
for reading are suggested and directions given for field work with birds.

Prepare for war on insects {New Bethlehem, Pa.: New Bethlehem High
School [1917], pp. 17). — This book has been prepared for the farmers and
truck growers of Clarion County, Pa., by the sophomore class of the New
Bethlehem (Pa.) High School. It gives in condensed form the common
name, a short description, and means of control, prevention, and remedies of
the insect enemies and plant diseases of farm crops, truck garden plants or
vegetables, and live stock.

War emergency propaganda in the interest of poultry husbandry, H. R.
Lewis {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 3 {1917), No. 10,
pp. 73-76, 77). — A summary is given of the results obtained from an inquiry
sent to over 150 men engaged in educational, extension, and research work
in poultry husbandry in the United States and Canada, as to measures which
are being specially emphasized to promote the production of poultry and eggs

1918] MISCELLANEOUS. 95

to meet the present war emergency conditions, the lines of work found most
beneficial in the State, methods by which the measures are being promoted
and developed, and the estimated effect of the present conditions of labor and
feed on poultry production in the State.

Illustrated lecture on cow testing and dairy records, D. Stuart {U. S.
Dept. Agr., States Relat. Serv. Syllabus 30 {1911), pp. iO).— This syllabus, pre-
pared by direct cooperation between the Bureau of Animal Industry and this
Service, gives instructions for testing cows and keeping dairy records. It is
designed to aid farmers' institute and other extension lecturers. A list of 40
lantern slides to illustrate the lecture is appended.

Report of committee on education: Instruction in farm machinery, F. A.
WiBT {Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 10 {1916), No. 1, pp. 104-llJf). — This is
the result of a study, through questionnaires and letters, of the subject matter
and method of presentation of the first college course in farm machinery, to-
gether with a recommendation by the committee of the best method of handling
such a course.

Short-course instruction in gas engines and tractors, L. F. Seaton {Trans.
Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 10 {1916), No. 2, pp. 146-lJf9). — This paper has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 400).

College instruction in concrete construction, A. J. R. Cuktis {Trans. Amer.
Soc. Agr. Engin., 10 {1916), No. 2, pp. 156-160). — The author describes an essen-
tially practical, rather than scientific, course in concrete, suitable for college
agricultural engineering classes, without any attempt to make suggestions suit-
able for civil-engineering classes. His chief problem is to eliminate all but
the essentials of theory and practice directly applicable to rural concrete work
owing to the limited time allotted to this subject in the agricultural engineering
curriculum.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Thirty-fourth. Annual Report of New York State Station, 1915 {New York
State Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 1012, pis. 61, figs. 47). — This contains the organization
list ; a financial statement as to the Federal funds for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1915, and as to the State funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1915 ;
and reprints of Bulletins 394-413, Technical Bulletins 40-46, Circulars 33-46,
and popular editions of Bulletins 394, 396-400, 402, 406, 409, 411, and 412, all
of which have been previously noted.

Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1915 {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1915, pp. 528, pis. 100). — This contains the organization list, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, a report of the director on the
work and publications of the station during the year, departmental reports, and
many special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation {Washington
Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 5 {1917), No. 6, pp. 78-92, fig. i).— This num-
ber contains brief articles on the following subjects : Making Silage, by H. L.
Blanchard ; Preparing for Fall Seeding, by E. B. Stookey ; Harvesting and
Storing Vegetables for Winter, by J. L. Stahl; Poultry Feeding Problems, by
Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup ; Feeding Straw, by W. A. Linklater ; and Pickles, by
Mary E. Sutherland.

Federal legislation, regulations, and rulings affecting agricultural col-
leges and experiment stations {U. S. Dept. Agr., States Relat. Serv. [Pub.],
1917, pp. 56). — A revision to July 15, 1917, of the circular previously noted
(E. S. R., 36, p. 598).

NOTES.

Alabama Canebrake Station. — The station is contemplating the establishment
and development of a dairy herd, using a pure-bred Jersey bull and grade
Jersey cows. The object will be to demonstrate to farmers of the region how
to begin in dairy farming.

Arkansas University and Station. — Special instruction courses for extension
workers were held from December 10 to 22, 1917, and a course specially designed
to meet the needs of home demonstration agents, including English, gardening,
dairying, rural sociology, poultry work, rural social engineering, household
conveniences, rural recreation, sanitation, home nursing, care of infants, etc.,
from January 7 to February 2, 1918.

Dr. G. L. Caldwell, assistant veterinarian, resigned November 1 to accept a
commission in the Veterinary Corps of the Army Medical Department and has
been succeeded by Dr. C. B. Olney. Dr. C. L. McArthur, bacteriologist, re-
signed November 25 to become assistant professor of bacteriology and assistant
bacteriologist for the Oregon College and Station.

Delaware College and Station. — Dr. D. C. Dyer, chemist in the Dairy Division
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been appointed chemist in the
station to succeed Firman Thompson, who was transferred January 28 to the
chemical department of the college and will devote his entire attention to
teaching. Miss Helen UpdegrafE has been appointed to succeed A. C. Whittier,
resigned as associate chemist, and Miss Phyllis Lapham has been appointed
research assistant in the animal husbandry department.

Georgia College. — A feature of the annual short course in January was the
food conservation school for farm women. County demonstration and home
economics agents who have recently taken up work in the extension department
were also present at these courses.

Ira W. Arthur, W. H. Howell, and G. R. Skinner have resigned their positions
in the animal husbandry department to enter Army service.

Purdue "University and Station. — In response to the demand for information
and experimental work in truck crops, W. A. Huelsen has been added to the
station staff as assistant in horticulture. D. C. Kennard has been appointed
instructor in poultry husbandry and assistant poultry husbandman.

Kansas College and Station. — The seed testing laboratory has been trans-
ferred from the botany to the agronomy department. Mrs. Elizabeth P. Har-
ling has been appointed seed analyst, vice Robert Schmidt resigned to accept a
position in the Officers' Reserve Corps.

Dr. Albert G. Hogan, assistant in animal nutrition, has accepted a position
in the Sanitary Corps of the Army Medical Department as nutritional expert
and has been given leave of absence from December 1, 1917. W. E. Tomson, in
charge of dairy manufactures, has accepted a position as field agent in dairying
at the Montana College, elfective November 1. F. S. Merrill, of the horticul-
tural department, has resigned to accept a commercial position.

An arrangement has been made whereby C. M. Vestal, of the department of
animal husbandry, and J. I. Thompson, of the University of California, are
exchanging services for the present year.
96

1918] NOTES. 97

Louisiana TTniversity. — Beginning in 1917-18, all woman candidates for the
academic degree in the university will be required to take two l-term courses
in home economics.

Massachusetts College. — The college is requesting a State appropriation of
$100,000 for the development of women's work at the institution, $70,000 being
for a women's building and $30,000 for maintenance until November 30, 1920,
This proposal is regarded essentially as a war measure in view of the recent
development of women's interest in agriculture, the emphasis being laid upon
the importance of food thrift in the war, and the growing demand for the
training of women for positions in social service in connection with country
life, such as community nurses, directors of recreation, Y. W. C. A. secretaries
in the country, and similar positions.

Nebraska ITniversity. — Chancellor Samuel Avery has been granted leave of
absence from February 1 until September 1 for war service. T. T. Thorson,
instructor in dairy husbandry, resigned in February to take up county agent
work in Iowa.

New Jersey College and Stations. — A plant for the curing and drying of meat
is to be erected on the college farm. The structure will consist of two fire-
proof and two waterproof compartments, one to be used for the slaughtering
of animals and the other for the curing and storing of meat. There will also
be a small compartment for smoking meats. This plant will provide facilities
for instructing students in the long and short courses in agriculture-in home
butchering, which vdll be given due attention this winter as a part of the
campaign for the conservation of foodstuffs.

In cooperation with the commission on mechanical power of the New Jersey
State Chamber of Commerce, the stations have conducted a 8-day tractor
demonstration at Plainsboro. The demonstration attracted wide interest
among the farmers of New Jersey and the adjoining States, it being estimated
that about 2,000 persons were in attendance.

Frank Helyar has been appointed director of short courses and associate in
station administration. Julian Miller, extension specialist in fruit growing,
and L. K. Wilkins, assistant in soils, have resigned. D. J. Kay, assistant
chemist, L. G. Gillam, extension specialist in fruit growing, F. P. Schlatter,
research assistant in cranberry investigations, David Schmidt, assistant in
horticulture, and O. C. Schultz, research assistant in plant physiology, are
now in military service.

North Carolina College and Station. — A new tobacco disease caused by
bacteria and which spreads so rapidly during rainy weather that it has been
given the name of " wild fire," has been isolated. According to preliminary
reports made on this disease in August, it first appears as small, circular,
yellow spots with point-like brown centers. The spots rapidly enlarge to
about 0.5 in. or more in diameter and become dead and brown with a broad,
yellow border. When ^he spots are numerous they fuse, causing large areas
of the leaf tissue to become dry. These dead areas either remain in place or
rot out, causing the leaf to be ragged and torn. The disease is very different
from frog-eye and seems to begin in the plant bed. Studies are now being
made of its origin, means of spread, etc.

A noteworthy revival of community fairs in the State the past season is
reported. Station and extension workers have devoted considerable time to
judging and organizing at these fairs. More than 1.50 community fairs, 30
county fairs, 6 district fairs, several negro fairs, and the State fair have been
held, most of them giving much attention to food production and conservation.

Cheese making is beginning to be a valuable industry in the State. It is
reported that the 18 factories now in operation are selling about $10,000

98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

worth of cheese per month. D. R. Noland has been appointed to assist in
organizing farmers in the mountain region.

J. E. Eckert has been appointed assistant entomologist in field work and
nursery inspector in the station, vice S. C. Clapp. W. Kerr Scott has been
appointed assistant in club work.

Oklahoma College and Station. — G. P. Tlaisance, chemist in the station, has
resigned to accept a commercial position and has been succeeded by Dr. C. T.
Dowell. D. A. Spencer, assistant professor in animal husbandry and assistant
animal husbandman, has resigned to accept a position with the Bureau of
Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Oregon College and Station. — A training course for teachers of vocational
work has been established at the college by the State Board for Vocational
Education.

Among the best attended courses in the annual short course work were a
grain grading coui'se to enable farmers and warehousemen to classify and
grade their products for bulk handling and a farm tractor course to enable
farm laborers to operate and care for farm power machinery.

Because of the scarcity and high price of lead arsenates, the department of
entomology is recommending the use of calcium arsenate as an insecticide. It
is requiring, however, that commercial preparations be submitted to the de-
partment of agricultural chemistry for analysis.

Dr. L.*A. Rufener, assistant professor of rural economics and sociology, has
resigned to become expert economist for the United States War Trade Board.

Pennsylvania College. — F. D. Crooks, instructor in poultry husbandry, and
E. J. Kepler, assistant in botany, have resigned effective January 21 and
January 1, respectively.

South Carolina College and Station. — H. G. Lewis has been appointed assist-
ant professor of soils and chemistry and assistant chemist in the station.
W. E. Hunter, graduate assistant in botany, has joined an officers' training
camp. H. E. Shiver, assistant in chemistry, has volunteered for the Aviation
Corps.

South Dakota College. — It is announced that the faculty and the students
voluntarily agreed to sacrifice nearly a week of the Christmas recess, give up
rest days between the semesters, and go to classes on Saturdays, in order to
shorten the school year and close early for farm work. About five weeks is
expected to be gained in this way.

Utah Station. — Scott Ewing has been appointed assistant meteorologist, vice
N. E. Edlefsen who has become county agent for Emery Coimty.

Vermont University and Station. — Through a revision of the general statutes
of the State, effective February 1, oversight of the station has been placed in
the hands of the executive committee of the board of trustees of the university,
acting as a board of control. This replaces the board consisting of the president
of the university, ex officio, and two trustees, which for 30 years has directed
its work. Ex-governor E. J. Ormsbee, who has been a member of the board
since 1886, retired under this change. Edwin W. Lawrence, of Rutland, has
been appointed a trustee of the university to succeed Redfield Proctor, who
has resigned to enter the U. S. Army.

L. H. Burgwald has been added to the staff of dairy instructors in the
extension service, and Miss Bertha Holden has been appointed instructor in
home economics. J. P. Sturtevant, sheep specialist, is to divide his time be-
tween the extension services of Vermont and New Hampshire.

Virginia Station. — W. G. Harris, associate chemist, has been granted leave of
absence to enter Army service.

1918]

NOTES. 99

Virginia Truck Station. — J. A. McCliutock has resigned as plant pathologist
to become extension pathologist in charge of cotton, trnck, and forage crop
diseases in Georgia for the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, with headquarters at Athens, Ga.

Washington College and Station.— It is announced that W. J. Spillman has
decided not to accept the position of dean of the college of agriculture and
director of the station, to which he was recently elected.

Dr. J. S. Caldwell has resigned as physiologist of the station to accept an
appointment as physiologist in charge of the fruit and vegetable utilization
laboratories of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. F. W. Allen, assistant
horticulturist, has resigned to accept a position with the Bureau of Markets
of the Department. E. G. Woodward, associate professor of dairy husbandry
and assistant dairy husbandman at the Nebraska University and Station, has
been appointed dairy husbandman, beginning January 1. Dr. F. D. Heald has
been appointed head of the newly-established department of plant pathology, and
Autliony Spuler, assistant entomologist.

Wisconsin University. — It is announced that seniors drafted or enlisted in
the Army or Navy during the current year are to receive their degrees in June.
Other students withdrawing for this service will receive college credit. Albert
J. Roush has been appointed assistant professor of agi-icultural engineering.

Wyoming University and Station, — J. L. Robinson, assistant agronomist, has
entered a reserve ofRcers' training camp.

States Relations Service. — C. H. Lane, for several years chief specialist in
agricultural education, has been transferred to the Federal Board of Voca-
tional Education as field agent for agricultural instruction in the Southern
States, with headquarters at Atlanta, Ga. F. E. Heald is now in charge of the
work of agricultural instruction in schools in this Service. H. P. Barrows,
specialist in agricultural instruction for several years, has accepted an appoint-
ment as professor of agricultural education in the Oregon College. J. D. Black-
well, for several months assistant in agricultural education, has become director
of vocational agriculture for the State of Texas with headquarters at Austin.

R. W. TruUinger, for several years in charge of the abstracting for Experi-
ment Station Record in rural engineering and associated with that in soils and
fertilizers, has been commissioned first lieutenant in the Ordnance Reserve and
has been called into active service.

Experiment Station in Santo Domingo. — An executive order of December 24,
1917, establishes an experiment station in Santo Domingo under the direction
of the Department of Agriculture and Immigration. A tract of land has been
selected about 10 miles west of the capitol and the work of clearing the laud
and preparing for the erection of buildings has begun. An appropriation of
$5,500 is available for these purposes. It is announced that special attention
will be given to live stock with a view of improving the herds of the island.

Holger Johansen, formerly of the St. Croix Experiment Station and recently
connected with the Porto Rico Federal Station, has been appointed director.

Agricultural mobilization in Portugal. — A degree has been passed by the
Portuguese Government regarding agricultural mobilization, to be effective for
two years after the close of the war. The object is to organize an active
propaganda for increasing cultivation, provide agricultural syndicates and
rural postal savings banks, and furnish farmers with information regarding
the best farm practice as to fertilizers, cultural methods, seeds, etc. The
primary purpose is to promote the cultivation of food products of prime neces-
sity, and the power is conferred to make this obligatory.

100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Under the decree, means of acquiring motor machinery and other farm im-
plements will be placed at the disposal of farmers who need them. Fertilizers
and seeds will be furnished when necessary, to be paid for immediately or at
harvest time. Funds and free technical assistance will also be supplied to
those who cultivate new land, land rented bj' the Government, or land requisi-
tioned when its proprietors do not develop it.

Prizes are to be offered and other means provided for maintaining and de-
veloping the breeding of cattle. The ministry of labor may obtain the cattle
and other material necessary to assist agriculture and may also utilize cattle
belonging to the Government.

To carry on the work a special department is established, provisionally in
the ministry of labor, called the department of agricultural mobilization, with
consulting commissioners and delegations in various parts of the country com-
posed of agricultural engineers, farmers, agricultural syndicates, and associa-
tions. A permanent fund of 100,000 escudos (about $50,000) is put at the
disposal of the ministry of labor to initiate the work.

War Emergency Board of American Plant Pathologists. — At the recent meet-
ing of the American Phytopathological Society of Pittsburgh, Pa., a war emer-
gency board was established. The country has been divided into six districts
with a member of the board assigned to each district and with special duties
in addition, as follows: Northeast, H. H. Whetzel, chairman, education (college
and extension work) ; central east, F. D. Kern, man power census and pub-
licity ; Southern States, H. W. Barre, southern problems and needs ; North
Central States, G. H. Coons, fungicides and machinery, supplies and prices ;
great plains, E. C. Stakman, emergency research ; and Western States, H. P.
Barss, western problems and needs. A seventh member, G. R. Lyman, is
designated as commissioner at large in connection with a plant disease survey
and crop loss estimates being made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Miscellaneous. — At the eleventh annual meeting of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, held at Chicago, December 27 to 29, 1917, officers were
elected as follows : President, Daniels Scoates of the Mississippi College ; vice
presidents, E. B. Sawyer and I. W. Dickerson; and secretary-treasurer, H. C.
Ramsower of the Ohio State University.

George E. Day, head of the animal husbandry department of the Ontario
Agricultural College, resigned January 1 to become secretary of the Dominion
Shorthorn Breeders' Association.

Charles F. Baker has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture of the
University of the Philippines.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRCE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 3S

FEBRUARY, 1918

No. 2

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OmCE

1018

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SderUific Bureaus.

Weather Bureatt — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animai. Industry — ^J. R. Mohler, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L, W. Page, Director.

Bureau of Markets — C, J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — ^A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

AlABAUA—

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.i
Canetirake Station: Vniontown; F. R. Curtis. '
Tuskegee Station: Tuskeget ImtituU; G. W.
Carver.'

ALASKA—Sitfca.- C. C. Georgeson.'

ABjzoTiA—Tticion: U. II. Forbes.'

ARVikNajLa—Fayettevilk: M. Nelson.

Caufoknia— JSerkeJcy.- T. F. Hunt.'

Colorado— JPort Collins: C. P. Gillette.'

CONNECnCCT—

State Station: New HavenA^ H.Jenkins.'

Storrs Station: Stom; ]
DZhkvrAZE— Newark: H. Hayward.'
Tu)mD\—0ainc3ville: P. H. Bolts.'
GzoT.GiA— Experiment: J. D. Price.'
Qv^a— Island of Ouam: C. W. Edwards. •
Hawah—

Federal Station: Honolulu; 3 . U. Weatgaie.*

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.»
Tdaso— Moscow: 3. S. Jones.'
ILUNOIS— Vrbana: E. Davenport.'
Indiana— ia Fayette: C. G. Woodbury.'
loyrA— Ames: C. F. Curtlss.'
Kansas— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.'
Kentucky— Leiin^on; T. P. Cooper.'

LotJlSIANA-

State Station: Baton Rouge; ]

Sugar Station: Audubon PaTk,\
New Orleans;

North La. Station: Calhoun; )
Maine— OroTW.' C. D. Woods.'
Makyland— CoHeje Parli: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— .4mfter«t.' W. P. Brooks.'
Michigan— £(Mt Lansing: R. S. Shaw.'
Minnesota— C^nircrv^ity Farm, St. Paul: R. W.

Thatcher.'
Mississippi— X^icTtJfural College: E. R. Lloyd.'

}W. R. Dodson.»

Missouei—

College Station: Columbia; F, B. Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Erans.'
Montana— Boz^mon; F. B. Linfleld.'
Nebeaska— LincoZw.' E. A, Burnett.'
Nevada— iJerw.- S. B. Doten.i
New Hampshibe— Durftom.' J. C. EendaU.i
New Jersey— iVeu) BrunsuHek: 3. G. Lipman.'
New "Mexico— State College: Fabian Garcia.'
New York-

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.*
North Carolina-

College Station: WaaRale^gh;^ ^
State Station: Ealeigh; j -oiew"-

North Dakota— Agricultural College: L. Van Es.«
Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.'
OKUiViOiiA— Stillwater: H. Q. Knight.*
Oregon— CorcoJM*.' A. B. Cordley.J
Pennsylvania—

StaU College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.i
Porto Rico— Mayaguez; D. W. May.'
Rhode Island — Kingston: B. L. Hartwell.'
South Carolina— CZ<wwon College: H. W. Barre.'
South Dakota— Broot»«<f«.* J. W. Wilson.'
Tennessee— iTTwiriWe.- H. A. Morgan.'
Texas— College Station: B. Youngblood.'
Utah— Loi;o7i; F. S. Harris.'
Vermont— Burtinjton.- J. L. Hills.*
Virginia-

Blacksburg: A. W. Drlnkard,jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.'
Washington— PtrfZTTwn." Geo. Severance. *
West Vmaxiak—Morgantoton: J. L. Coulter.'
Wisconsin— ifodfjoa,' H. L. Russell.'
Wyominq — Laramie: A. D. FavlUe.i

J Director. > Agronomist in charge. » Animal husbandman in charge. « Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

ALcricultural Cliemistry and Agroteclmy— E. H. Nollau.

^ ^.,- fW. H. Beal.

:Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers <j j^ luckett.

\ ^, X r> *i 1 /W. H. Evans,
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology |^y ^ g^j^D.

^. , , „ (J. I. SCHULTE.

Field Crops j^ p luckett.

PTorticulture and Foresti-y — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology— W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

fC F. Langwokthy, Pli. D., D. So.
Foods and Human Nutrition |j^. powdeemaker.

, ^ . „ . /D. W. May.
Zootechny. Dairying, and Dairy Farming |j^j j^_ Moobe.

,, -,. . fW. A. Hooker.
Veterinary Medicine |p_ ^j^ nollau.

Rural Engineering — It. W. Trullinger.
liural Economics — E. Mekritt.

, T^-, J-- fF. E. Heald.
Agi-icultural Education |,^^ r^ Spethmann.

Indexes — M. D. Moore.

Ph. D.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 2.

Page.

Editorial notes : ^^-.

An agricultural program ^^j^

The regulation of agriculture abroad j^-

" Speeding up" food production in England tU7

Recent work in agricultural science jl^

Notes 1^^

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

Origin and distribution of urea in nature.— Methods for determination, Fosse. . 110
Comparative analyses of fibrin from different animals, Gortner and Wuertz . . . 110
Relative influence of microorganisms and enzyms on silage fermentation, Lamb . Ill-
Note on orange pip oil, Hewer - - - - j't^-'I ]]}

Quantitative determination of nitric nitrogen in the soil, Greaves and Hnst iii

The Blacher method for the determination of hardness m water, Behrinan. ... 11^

Rapid volumetric method for estimation of chlorin in milk, Hammer and Bailey. 11^

Influence of raffinose of beet molasses on the exact polarization, Pellet 113

Pentose content of beet molasses. Pellet - • - - - 11^

Methods for approximating relative toxicity of cottonseed products, Carruth. . . ii^

Single variety ciders and perries, Barker and Grove 114

"^ Home uses for muscadine grapes. Bearing 11^

^ Successful canning and preserving, Powell, edited by Andrews 114

"- Removal of stains from clothing and other textiles, Lang and Whittelsey 114

I I

It CONTENTS. I Vol. 38

METEOROLOGT.

Page.

The sun and the weather, Abbot 114

Sunspots, climatic factors, and plant activities, Harris 114

The alleged influence of gunfire on rainfall, Deslandrea 115

Gunfire and rainfall, Barbe 115

Studying the science of evaporation 115

On evaporation from a circular water surface, Thomas and Ferguson 115

Soot-fall studies in St. Louis, Ohle and McMaster 115

California earthquakes during 1916, Palmer 115

Ohio weather for 1916, Alexander and Patton 116

Weather notes, 1916, Oliver 116

1 he weather of the past agricultural year, Brodie 116

The weather of Scotland in 1916, Watt 116

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Studies on. the Paleozoic soils of North Wales, Robinson 116

Influence of soil on decomposition of organic matter, Russell and Appleyard. . 117

Changes caused by the conversion of dry_ soil into paddy soil, Harrison 117

Forms of occurrence of phosphoric acid in soil, Jegorov 117

The phosphate depletion of the soils of Bihar, Davis 118

[Experiments on alkali soil], Hansen 118

The importance of mold action in soils. Brown „ 118

Carbon dioxid production in soils variously treated, Potter and Snyder 118

Nitrification of pyridin, guanidin carbonate, etc., in soils, Funchess 119

The maintenance of soil fertility, Thorne 119

Fertilizers as an aid to profitable farming, Amott 119

Fertilizing California soils for the 1918 crop, Lipman 119

Fertilizer experiments 120

The value of activated sludge as a fertilizer, Hatfield and Bartow 120

Experiments in the bacterization of peat for soil fertilizing purposes, Jones 120

Nitrification of different leathers anci of sulphureted rape cakes, Guillin 121

Action of ammonium salts on the growth of barley, Soderbaum 121

Manufacture of synthetic nitrates by electric power, Scott 122

Manganese as acatalyst in atmospheric nitrogen fixation by plants, Rocasolano. . 122

Reversion of acid phosphate, James 122

Notes on the greensand deposits of the Eastern United States, Ashley 122

Manufacture of potash from feldspar 123

The recovery of potash as a by-product in the cement industry, Ross et al 123

Recovery of potash as a by-product in the cement industry, Ross and Merz 124

The nature of cement mill potash, Nestell and Anderson ^ 124

Recovery of potash from beet and cane molasses in the United States, Horn 124

Comparative values of ground and dolomitic limestone, von Feilitzen 124

Lime on the farm, Guthrie 124

Law in relation to commercial fertilizers 124

Commercial fertilizers, Curtis et al 124

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Dictionary of plant names, Gerth van Wijk 125

Notes on new or rare species of Ravenelia, Long 125

Plants, seeds, and currents in the West Indies and Azores, Guppy 125

Observations on a new type of artificial osmotic cell, Rosett 125

Osmotic concentration of tissue fluids, Harris and Lawrence 125

Osmotic concentration of leaf sap and height of leaf insertion, Harris, et al 126

Effect of surface films of Bordeaux on transpiring power, Shive and Martin 126

Permeability of membranes as related to their composition, Denny 126

Resistance of seed coats of Abutilon tkeophrasti to intake of water, DaAis 126

The viability of raddish seeds, Waggoner 127

Influence of light on germination of Nicotiana tabacum, Honing 127

The growth of isolated plant embryos, Buckner and Kastle 127

Observations on the chondriome in tulip flowers, Guilliermond 127

Character and alterations in chondriomes of the tulip flower, Guilliermond 127

The action of oxidase on anthocyanin, Nagai 128

Sugar content of potatoes as related to age and liquid air, Waterrnan 128

Effect of ringing on transfer of materials in Cornus controversa, Hibino 128

Recent studies on sectioning and regeneration in plants, Daniel. 129

Cause of disappearance of coumarin, vanillin, pjTidin, and quinolin, Robbins. . . 129

1018] CONTENTS. HI

FIELD CROPS.

Page.

nVork with field crops on the Huntley project farm in 1916], Hansen 129

[Report of field crops work at the Grand Rapids substation, 1916] 131

[Field crops], Clemens 132

[Field experiments in 1916], von FeiUtzen 132

[Report of field crop work], Colebatch and Scott 132

Harvest report [Roseworthy Agricultmal College], 1916-17, Colebatch et al 133

Culture experiments with varieties of root crops, Lovo , 133

Experiments with different kinds and mixtvures of hay crops, Vik 133

Pastures on peat soils, von Feilitzen 134

The 1918 grain crop, Hunt 134

Effect of inoculation on alfalfa and sweet clover, II, Arny and Thatcher 134

Barley in Wyoming, Parsons 135

Corn planting and cultivation in Montana, Atkinson and Wilson 135

[Cotton in Brazil] 135

How to increase the potato crop by sprajdng, Chittenden and Orton 135

The effect of gi'owing radishes on the succeeding maize crop, Annett 135

Eight years' experiments with new vai-ieties of oats, Vik 135

Ragi, Coleman 135

Sugar cane experiments 1914 to 1916, Bovell and d' Albuquerque 135

Notes on improved methods of cane cultivation, Clarke and Husain 136

Distribution of cane for seed, Cowgill 136

Sweet clover, Atkinson 136

Harvesting and storing sweet potatoes. Price 136

Field experiments with tobacco, de Vries 137

Expectations from the Fi generations of tobacco, d'Angremond 137

A new seeding device, Baumgarten 137

Fertilizing the seed beds, de Vries 137

[Fertilizer experiments with tobacco, 1910-1916], de Vries and Sidenius 137

Green manuring tests, de Vries 137

Harvesting experiments with tobacco, 1912-13, de Vries 137

Tobacco cming tests, de Vries 138

Prefermentation in special stacks of tobacco, de Vries -. 138

Tobacco fermentation experiments, de Vries 139

Tobacco fermentation tests, Cohen and Jensen 139

Observations on the combustion of tobacco, Cohen 139

Observations on the combustion of tobacco, de Vries 139

Combustion of tobacco produced in Semampir and Mlessen, d'Angremond 140

Comparison of varieties of tiu-nips from 1906 to 1915, Krosby 140

Wheat culture, Gilmore 140

Conversion of weights of grains into percentages, Boemer 140

The Colorado seed act, Robbins and Egginton 140

Spraying for the control of wild morning glory within the fog belt. Gray 140

Farm weeds of North Carolina and methods for control. Burgess and Waldron 141

Weeds in meadows at the Leteensuo experiment station, Simola 141

A new weed, Andrew 141

HORTICULTURE.

Horticultural statutes of the State of California 142

[Variety tests of vegetables and fruits] 142

Celery storage experiments, Thompson 142

Improving Grand Rapids lettuce, Green 142

Fresh tomatoes and tomato conserves, Mondini 142

[Frmts and ornamentals on the Huntley reclamation project], Hansen 142

Fruit growing in the Federal district, Caire 142

Pruning apple trees, Keil 143

The handling and storage of apples in the Pacific Northwest, Ramsey et al 143

Strawberry culture in Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, Darrow 143

Increase grape yield by spraying, Quaintance and Shear 144

The fertihzation of citrus, Kelley 144

[ilanurial experiments with coconuts and vanilla], Dupont 144

Effect of large applications of commercial fertilizers on carnations, Muncie 144

Transplanting trees 144

rV CONTENTS. IVol. 88

FORESTRY.

Pnge.

The forests of Maryland, Besley 144

Forestiy investigations 144

Forest progress in the Drakensberg, Henkel 144

Statistics of Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, diu-ing 1915-lG, Marsden .... 144

Report of the director of forests, Jolly 145

Evaporation records from the Gulf coast, Gano and McNeill 145

"Black storms " and tlieir relation to forestry, Kirillov 145

Trees recommended for planting, Rock 145

Forest fire prevention in cooperation with Government, Foster and Millen 145

Forest depredation and utiUzation, Rane 145

Natural reproduction from seed stored in the forest floor, Hofmann 145

The red spruce: Its growth and management. Murphy 146

Preliminary study of white spruce in Minnesota, Kenety 146

Note on rea sauders (Pterocarpus santalinus) , Whitehead 146

Review of properties of rubber of different gi-ades, de Vries and Hellendoorn. . 146

Relation between specific gi-a^-ity and rubber content of latex, de Vries 146

Properties of rubber and influence of the tapping system, de Vries 146

Wood utilization directory of New York, Harris et al 146

Forest products of Canada, 1916. — Lumber, lath, and shingles 146

Forest products of Canada, 1916. — Poles and crossties 147

DISEASES OP PLANTS.

A textbook of mycology and plant pathology, Harshberger 147

Plant diseases in Canada, Giissow 147

Noteworthy Porto Rican plant diseases, Stevens 147

Diseases and injuries of plants, Ritzema Bos 147

Pythiacystis related to Phytophthora, Barrett 147

Puccinia glumarura, Humphi'ey 147

A new parasitic nema found infesting cotton and potatoes, Cobb 147

Cereal smuts, Zeman 148

Overwintering and distribution of cereal rusts in subtropical climate, Gassner . . 148

Frost injury to cereals, Zimmermann 148

A gu'dling of bean stem^s caused by Bacterium phaseoli, Muncie 148

The susceptibility of Phaseolus vulgaris to bean rust, Jordi 149

On a sudden outbreak of cotton rust in Texas, Taubenhaus 149

Lightning injury to kale, Jones 149

A physiological study of two strains of Fusarium, Link 149

The mosaic disease of potatoes. Murphy 149

Experiments in the control of potato leak, Hawkins 149

Losses of potato growers, Wortley 149

Report on potato diseases in Bermuda, Orton 149

A new disease of sugar cane, Stevenson 150

Bacterial leaf spot of tobacco. Wolf and Foster _. 150

On a case of recovery from mosaic disease of tomato, Brierly 150

The leaf spot disease of tomato. Coons and Levin 150

Tomato diseases, Barre and Seal 150

Overwintering of the apple scab fungus. Eraser 151

Three cedar rust fungi, their life histories and diseases they produce, V/eimcr . . 151

Inoculations on Ribes with Cronariiuvi ribicola, Spaulding and Gravatt 151

[Plant diseases, 1914-15] 151

Plant diseases and control 151

The question of curing roncet, Pantanelli 151

Dieback, or exanthema, of citrus trees, Floyd 151

Armillaria root rot on the English walnut, Pearcy 152

A new disease of cultivated Pelargonium, Lingelsheim 152

Hybrids and other new chestnuts for blight districts. Van Fleet 152

New hosts for RazoumofsJcya ammcana and R. occidentalis abietina, Weu- 152

Report on the South American leaf disease of the Para rubber tree, Bancroft 153

Control measures for the South American Hevea leaf disease, Stahel 153

Fighting the South American leaf disease of Hevea 153

An abnormal leaf fall in Hevea, Arens 153

Efficacy of acid, neutral, or alkaline Bordeaux mixture, Vermorel and Dantony . . 153

Acid or alkaline sprays, Vermorel and Dantony 154

1918] CONTENTS. V

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Page.

The muskrat as a fur bearer, with notes on its use as food, Lantz 154

The mongoose in Barbados, Nowell 154

Recognition among insects, Mclndoo 154

A manual of dangerous insects likely to be introduced, edited by Pierce 154

Insects of 1916 [in Maryland], Cory 154

Sixteenth report of State entomologist of Minnesota, 1915 and 1916, Washburn. . 155

[Insect pests in New Hampshire], O'Kane 155

[Reportof the] division of entomology, Sanders and Fracker 155

Insects affecting agriculturists in British Columbia, Treherne 155

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia for 1916 155

New records of entomogenous fungi in Barbados, Nowell 157

[Entomological progress in India] 157

Control of some of the important garden and truck crop insects, Talbert 157

The olive insects of California, Essig 157

Important pecan insects and their control, Gill 157

[Insect enemies of coconut in Netherlands Indies], Keuchenius 157

Studies in greenhouse fumigation with hydrocyanic acid, Moore 158

American Tingidfe, with descriptions of new species, Osborn and Drake 158

The sugar cane froghopper in Grenada, Hutson 158

The common mealy bug and its control in California, Woglum and Neuls 158

The black fly and methods of controlling it 158

Chermes attacking fir trees, Kholodkovskil 158

Some notes on the mealy plum aphid, Hyalopteruspruni, Willcocks 158

Aphis sprays, Morrison 159

Notes on Pediculus humanus {vestimenti) and P. capitis, Bacot 159

Tobacco horn worm: Use of powdered arsenate of lead, Morgan 159

Fall army worm in relation to cranberry bogs, Scammell 159

[Gipsy and brown-tail moth work in Massachusetts], Rane 159

New microbe parasites of the caterpillar of the gipsy moth, Paillot 159

Controlling the grapevine worm in Vaudois vineyards in 1916, Faes 159

[Automeris janus attacking cacao trees] 159

The olfactory organs of Lepidoptera, Mclndoo 160

Classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa, Mosher 160

Anopheles punctipennis as a host for Plasmodium falciparum, Mitzmain 160

A preliminary note on the role of blood in ovulation in CuUcidae, Sen 160

Chrysanthernxum midge, Borden 160

The house fly and its control, Haseman 160

Screw worms and other maggots affecting animals, Bishopp et al 160

Preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, I, Malloch 161

The Colorado potato beetle, Morrison 161

The white grubs injuring sugar cane in Porto Rico, I, Smyth 161

White grub investigation. — A brief report of progress, Gibson 162

Varieties of coccol^acilli in natural septicemias of the cockchafer, Paillot 162

New microbe parasites of the cockchafer, Paillot 162

The coccobacilli of the cockchafer. — Their pathogenic action, Paillot 162

New microbe parasites of the cockchafer. — Pathogenic action, Paillot 162

Coconut beetle in Samoa 163

The sugar cane wire worm in Fiji {Simodactylus cinnamoneus), Veitch 163

Canadian bark beetles. — I, Descriptions of new species, Swaine 163

The strawberry weevil in Minnesota, Anthonomus signatus, Marcovitch 163

Alfah'a weevil quarantine conference, held April 20 and 21, 1916 163

Pineapple wee"\dl in Above Rocks 163

Pear blossom weevil {^Anthonomus pedicularius) in Bessarabia, Mokrzhetsku 163

Banana borer. Watts 164

Sixteenth report of Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, compiled by Stone . . 164

First lessons in beekeeping, Dadant 164

A thousand answers to beekeeping questions, Miller, compiled by Dadant 164

Are bees responsible for most fire-blight epidemics? Biurill 164

The hornet in Fiji (Polistes hebrseus), Veitch 164

The turnip sawfly {Athalia fiacca), Jack 164

Laboratory rearing of Trichogramma semblidis and T.fasdatum, Mokrzhetsku 164

Descriptions of thirty-one new species of Hymenoptera, Rohwer 164

Descriptions of some new parasitic Hymenoptera, Gahan 165

Infection tests of fungus parasite ofinsects, Metarrhizium anisoplise, Rutgers 165

VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Page.

Possibilities of food from fish, Taylor 165

The carp; A valuable food resoiuce 165

Why and how to use salt and smoked fish, Moore 165

The examination of canned salmon for bacteria and tin, Bushnell and Utt. . . . 166

Nutrition investigations upon cottonseed meal, II, Richardson and Green 166

The possibility of typhoid infection through vegetables, Melick 166

Fresh fruits and vegetables as conservers of other staple foods, Hunt 166

Microscopical studies on tomato products, Howard and Stephenson 1G6

Maine packed blueberries, corn, and sardines. Woods and Soule 166

Food plants and textiles of ancient America, Safford 167

[Food and its conservation in North Dakota], Ladd and Jolmson 167

Ten lessons on food conservation 167

The eat-Iess-meat book. — (War ration housekeeping), Peel 167

Bibliography of school lunches, compiled by Condell 167

Effect on human milk of various forms and quantities of protein, Hoobler 167

Effect of emotions on the catalase content of the liver, Biuge 167

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Palm-kernel cake, Crowther 167

Feeding stuffs of minor importance, Woll 168

Utilization of farm wastes m feeding live stock, Ray 168

Animal industry : The problems confronting it diuing and after the war. Pucci. . . 168

The sheep industry on the Minidoka reclamation project, Rinehart 168

Ration experiments with swine, Fayille 168

[Pasturing alfalfa, corn, and rape with hogs], Hansen 169

Swine management, Rommel and Ashbrook 169

Present position and future prospects of swine breeding in Denmark, Morkeberg . 169

Feeding horses, Arnett 169

Artificial insemination, Riley 169

On the life duration of the horse spermatozoon outside of the body, Sato 170

Numerical law of regression of erectile organs, following castration, P^zard 170

Gonadectomy in relation to the secondary sexual characters, Goodale 170

Development of exterior attributes of male sex in female birds, Larcher 171

Origin of melanin pigment in feather germs. Strong and Knowlton 171

Inter-periodic correlation in egg production of domestic fowl, Harris et al 171

The cycles and rythm of egg production, Patterson 172

The hen's annual vacation, Rommel 172

Fourth Irish egg-laying competition 172

Fourth Irish egg-laying competion, 1915-16. — Supplementary report, Murphy. 172

Final report on egg-laying competition, Queensland Agricultural College, 1917 . 173

Origin of the sex cords and definitive spermatogonia in the male chick, Swift 173

New Jersey poultry survey, Waller 173

Poultry keeping in town and country, Elford 173

The guinea fowl, Weiant 174

The progress of ostrich raising in Morocco, Aubry 174

The rabbit industry, Brechemin 174

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Trials with California silage crops for dairy cows, Woll and Voorhies 174

[Tests of irrigated pastures], Hansen 175

Report of progiess on animal husbandry investigations in 1916, Pearl 175

The change of milk flow with age, Pearl and Patterson 176

The dairy record 176

Raising dairy heifers 176

The milch goat in California, Voorhies 177

The cost of distributing milk in Massachusetts, Cance and Ferguson 177

A guide for formulating a milk ordinance... 177

Cooperative creameries and cheese factories in Minnesota, Durand and Robotka. 178

The manufacture of cottage cheese in creameries and milk plants, Dahlberg. . . 178

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of twentieth meeting of United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. . . 178

Biennial report of th« State Board of Stock Commissioners, 1915-16 179

Report of the New York State Veterinary College for 1915-16 179

1918] CONTENTS. VU

Page.

Report of State Live Stock Sanitary Board, North Dakota, 1917, Richards et al . 180

[Report of the] veterinary division, Eliason 180

Report of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts, 1916, Prentice 180

Report of the civil veterinary department, Assam, for 1916-17, Harris 180

Report on civil veterinary department, United Provinces, 1917, Hickey 180

Report on civil veterinary department, Burma, for 1917, Evans 180

Report of veterinary department for the year ended March 31, 1916, Stordy 180

Reports of the National Serum Institute, Holland, 1911-15, Poels 180

Pharmacological studies of the ipecac alkaloids, III, Walters et al 180

The toxicity of salvarsan and neosalvarsan_, Pearce and Brown 181

The Abderhalden test for pregnancy in animals, Zell 181

The biochemical activity of agglutinating bacteria, Zu'oni 181

A simple method of obtaining blood eeriun, Wohl 181

Preservation of antisheep hemolytic amboceptor in glycerol, Clock and Beard . . . 181

Toxicity of heterologous and homologous seriuns, Roser 181

Studies in anaphylaxis, XXI, XXII 182

Tissue transplantation and anaphylaxis, Loeb 182

Anthrax, Higgins 182

Tuberculosis, with special reference to cattle and pigs, Bunning et al 182

Details to be observed in making a tuberculin test, Linch 182

Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis m Turkey (1916), Stefko 183

A disease in cattle similar to Anaplasma marginale, Boynton 183

Contagious abortion of cattle, Welch 183

Avenue of invasion and behavior of infection of contagious abortion, Williams. 183

Bovine onchocerciasis in Argentina, Pifeti-e 183

Tuberculous mastitis in the cow, M'Fadyean 183

Coccidiosis of calf, Bates 183

Pai-asites affecting sheep, Fitch 183

Control of hog cholera, with results of field experiments, Melvin and Dorset. . 183

The disease known as septic or contagious pneumonia, Watkins-Pitchford 184

Equine trypanosomiasis in Morocco, Belu 184

Hemorrhagic septicemia in mules, Hardenbergh and Boerner, jr 184

Notes in regard to horse lice, Trichodectes and Hsematopinus, Hall 184

Control of poultry lice and mites, Schoppe 184

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation of alfalfa in Imperial Valley, Packard 184

Irrigation of grain, McLaughlin 186

The irrigation of alluvial soils, Howard 186

Pumping for irrigation, Murdock 186

The use of windmills in irrigation in the semiarid West, Fuller 186

Practical information for beginners in irrigation, Fortier 186

Practical methods of measuring flowing water, Wisler 186

Hydraulic conversion tables and convenient equivalents 187

Ground water for irrigation in Lodgepole Valley, Meinzer 187

Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1916 188

Recent advances in the improvement of water supplies, Winslow and Lauder. 188

The domestic water supply on the farm, Murdock 188

Detection of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, Dienert and Mathieu 188

Use of aromatic chloramin compounds for the sterilization of water, Wallis. . 188

Standard road sections 189

Standard plans, box culverts, slab and girder bridges, 1916 189

Highway bridges, 1917, Hogarth 189

Tests of concrete slabs to determine effect of removing excess water, Johnson... 189

Calcium carbid and acetylene. Pond 190

Haymaking machinery. Bond 190

Homemade silos, Rabild and Parks 190

The construction of the wood-hoop silo, Davidson and Stiles 190

Poultry houses and appliances 190

Chicken houses, Sherwood 190

Ice houses, Murdock 190

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Agricultural cooperation and organization, Radford 190

Cooperative buying by farmers' clubs in Minnesota, Durand and Price 190

Cooperation in Finland, Gebhard, edited by Smith-Gordon 191

VIII COISTTENTS, [Vol. V.H

Page.

First report of State market director of California, 1916, Weinstock 191

Federal Farm Loan Bureau, Quick 191

Scientific method of appraising farm lands 191

Harvest help and wages [in Saskatchewan], Molloy 191

Child labor in the sugar-beet fields of Colorado, Clopper and Hine 191

Race suicide in the United States, Thompson 191

Missouri country life conference, 1917 191

Rural life in Litchfield County, Phelps 191

A brief social and economic survey of Floyd County, Hughes 191

A brief social and economic survey of Muscogee County, Jones 192

New Hampshire farms 192

English farming, past and present, Prothero 192

The national food policy 192

The economic resources of the German colonies 192

Annual report on the agricultural department for the year 1915, Armstrong 192

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Work of school children during out-of-school hours, Jarvis 192

Farm work and schools in Kentucky, Clopper 193

The education of city boys on the land: A preliminary inquiry, Findlay 194

Vocational education 194

Report of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan 195

Report of a visit to the agricultural schools, Malmros 195

Agricultural and horticultm'al officials, institutions, and organizations 195

Preparation of teachers for nature study and elementary agriculture. Downing. 195

Plant ecology and its relation to agiiculture. Waterman 195

Agricultural engineering work offered in agiicultural colleges, Gilbert 195

The luncheon as a project in elementary and secondary education, Snow 196

Soils and fertilizers, Lyon, edited by Bailey 196

Our bird book, Webb 196

Field lore for young farmers. Grimes, edited by Hutchinson 196

Outlines of agricultural economics, Nourse 196

Home demonstration work as correlated with Louisiana schools, Hickman et al. 196

Report of the women's institutes of the Province of Ontario, 1916 196

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of California Station, 1917 197

Report of progress of v/ork. North Central Station, Grand Rapids, 1916 197

Thirty-sixth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1917 197

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 197

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station: Page.

Bui. 195, June, 1917: 129

Bui. 196, June, 1917 119

Bui. 197, Sept., 1917 136

California Station:

Bui. 282, Aug., 1917 174

Bui. 283, Sept. , 1917 157

Bui. 284, Sept., 1917 184

Bui. 285, Sept., 1917 177

Circ. 167, Aug., 1917 168

Circ. 168, Sept., 1917 140

Circ. 169, Sept., 1917 134

Circ. 170, Sept., 1917 119

Circ. 171, Sept., 1917 144

Circ. 172, Sept., 1917 140

Circ. 173, Sept., 1917 190

An. Rpt.,1917 197

Colorado Station:

Seed Bui., vol. 1, No. 1, Sept.,

1917 140

Florida Station:

Bui. 140, Aug., 1917 151

Iowa Station:

Research Bui. 39, Feb., 1916.. 118

Research Bui. 40, Mar., 1917.. Ill

Research Bui. 41, June, 1917.. 112

Kansas Station:

Circ. 61, July, 1917 190

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 205, Dec. 31, 1916 124

Maine Station:

Bui. 261, June, 1917 175

Bui. 262, July, 1917 176

Off. Insp. 83, July, 1917 166

Massachusetts Station:

Bui. 173, May, 1917 177

Michigan Station:

Spec. Bui. 81, June, 1917 150

Minnesota Station:

Bui. 166, Mar., 1917 178

Bui. 167, June, 1917 190

Bui. 168, June, 1917 146

Rpt. Grand Rapids Substa.,

1916... 120, 131, 142, 144, 176, 197

Montana Station:

Circ. 59, Dec, 1916 190

Circ. 60, Jan., 1917 186

Circ. 61, Feb., 1917 183

Circ. 62, Feb., 1917 136

Circ. 63, Feb., 1917 169

Circ. 64, Feb., 1917 184

Circ. 65, Feb., 1917 169

Circ. 66, Feb., 1917 188

Circ. 67, Feb., 1917 135

New Jersey Stations:

Hints to Poultiymen, vol. 6,

No. 1, Oct., 1917 173

Stations in the United States — Contd.

New York Cornell Station: Page.

Bui. 390, May, 1917 151

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui., vol. 4, No. 15,

Aug.-Sept., [1917] 167

Ohio Station:

Bui. 314, June, 1917 116

Bui. 315 (Thirty-sixth An.

Rpt. 1917), June, 1917 197

Mo. Bui., vol. 2, No. 9, Sept.,

1917 142, 143,176, 197

Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Station:

Circ. 8 (Spanish ed.), 1917.... 136

Circ. 11 (Spanish ed.), 1917. . . 150
South Carolina Station:

Circ. 29, July 30, 1917 150

Wyoming Station:

Bui. 114, July, 1917 168

Bui. 115, Aug., 1917 134

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 11, No. 1,

Oct. 1, 1917 145, 147

Bui. 544, The Red Spruce,: Its
Growth and Management, L. S.
Murphy 146

Bui. 572, The Recovery of Potash
As a By-product in the Cement
Industry, W. H. Ross, A. R.
Merz, and C. R. Wagner 123

Bui. 573, The Sheep Industry on
the Minidoka Reclamation Proj-
ect, E. F. Rinehart 168

Bui. 574, The Conversion of the
Weights of Mechanical Separa-
tions of Corn, Wheat, and Other
Grains into Percentages, E. G.
Boerner 140

Bui. 576, The Manufacture of Cot-
tage Cheese in Creameries and
Milk Plants, A. O. Dahlberg.. . . 178

Bui. 577, Experiments in the Con-
trol of Potato Leak, L. A. Haw-
kins 149

Bui. 579, Celery Storage Experi-
ments, H. C. Thompson 142

Bui. 581, Microscopical Studies on
Tomato Products, B. J. Howard
and C. H. Stephenson 166

Bui. 584, The Control of Hog ■
Cholera, with a Discussion of
the Results of Field Experi-
ments, A. D. Mehin and M.
Dorset 183

Bui. 585, A Guide for Formulat-
nig a Alilk Ordinance 177

IX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

[Vol. 38

V. S. Department of Agricultxire — Con.

Bui. 587, The Handling and Stor- Page.
age of Apples in the Pacific
Northwest, H. J. Ramsey et al. . 143

Farmers' Bui. 843, Important
Pecan Insects and Their Con-
trol, J. B. Gill 157

Farmers' Bui. 854, StrawbeiTy Cul-
ture in Tennessee, Kentucky,
and West Virginia, G. M . Darrow . 143

Farmers' Bui. 855, Homemade

Silos, H. Rabild and K. E. Parks. 190

Farmers' Bui. 857, Screw-worms
and Other Maggots Affecting
Animals, F. C. Bishopp, J. D.
Mitchell, and D. C. Parman 160

Fai-mers' Bui. 858, The Guinea
Fowl, A. S. Weiant 174

Farmers' Bui. 859, Home Uses for
Muscadine Grapes, C. Bearing.. 114

Farmers' Bui. 861, Removal of
Stains from Clothing and Other
"Textiles, H. L. Lang and Anna
H. Whittelsey 114

Farmers' Bui. 862, The Common
Mealybug and Its Control in
California, R. S. Woglum and J.
D.Neuls 158

Farmers' Bui. 863, Irrigation of
Grain, W. W. McLaughlin 186

Farmers' Bui. 864, Practical In-
formation for Begiimera in Irri-
gation, S. Fortier 186

Farmers' Bui. 866, The Use of
Windmills in Irri^tion in the
Semiarid West, P. E. Fuller 186

Farmers' Bui. 807, Tobacco Horn-
worm Insectide, A. C. Morgan. . 159

Farmers' Bui. 868, How to Increase
the Potato Crop by Spraying,
F. H. Chittenden and W. A.
Orton 135

Farmers' Bui. 869, The Muskrat
as a Fur Bearer, D. E. Lantz.. 154

Farmers' Bui. 871, Fresh Fruits
and Vegetables as Conservers of
Other Staple Foods, CaroUne L.
Hunt 166

Farmers' Bui. 873, Utilization of
Farm Wastes in Feeding Live
Stock, S. H. Ray 168

Farmers' Bui. 874, Swine Manage-
ment, G. M. Rommel and F. G.
Ashbrook 169

Ofl&ce of the Secretary:

A Manual of Dangerous Insects,
edited by W. D. Pierce 154

Bureau of Plant Industry:

The Work of the Huntley Recla-
mation Project Experiment
Farm in 1916, D. Hansen.. 118,
129, 142, 169, 176

Scientific Contributions :i

Successful Caiming and Pre-
serving, Ola Powell 114

XJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

California Earthquakes during
1916, A. H. Palmer 115

The Recovery of Water-
soluble Potash as a By-
product in the Cement In-
dustry, W. H. Ross and A.
R. Merz 124

Notes on New or Rare Species
of RaveneUa, W. H. Long. . 125

Increase the Grape Yield by
Spraying for Insects and
Disease, A. L. Quaintance
andC.L. Shear 144

Wood Utilization Directory of
New York, J. Harris, N. C.
Brown, and H. H. Tr>'on. . . 146

Report on Potato Diseases in

Bermuda, W. A. Orton. .... 149

Inoculation on Ribes with
Cronartium ribicola, P.
Spaulding and G. F. Gravatt 151

New Hosts for Razomnofskya
americana and R. ocddentalis
abietina, J. R. Weir 152

Recognition among Insects,

N. E. Mclndoo 154

The Fall Army Worm_ {Lap-
hygma frugiperda) in Its
Relation to Cranberry Bogs,
H. B.Scammell 159

The Olfactory Organs of Lepi-

doptera, N. E. Mclndoo 160

Chrysanthemum Midge, A. D.
Borden 160

Extension Work in Beekeep-
ing, E. F. Phillips 164

Descriptions of Thirty-one
New Species of Hymen-
optera, S. A. Rohwer 164

Descriptions of Some New
Parasitic Hymenoptera, A.
B.Gahan 165

Food Plants and_ Textiles of
Ancient America, W. E.
Safford 167

The Hen's Annual Vacation,

G.M.Rommel 172

Review of Research Work on
Hog Cholera, M . Dorset 178

Hog Cholera Control in Iowa,
J. S. Koen 178

Abortion Disease as It Affects
the Animal Husbandry of
the United States, A. Eich-
horn and G. M. Potter 179

Practically Significant Facts
about Abortion Disease, E.
C. Schroeder and W. E. Cot-
ton 179

Infectious Stomatitis of
Horses, E. C. Schroeder 179

Cost of Pumping for Irri^tion
in Western Nebraska, H. C.
Diesem 187

1 Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. February, 1918. No. 2.

For the first time in history the United States, along with several
others of the allied countries, has drawn up a working program for
agriculture, to secure adequate production. This is one of the many
unusual features gTOwing out of war conditions, and particularly of
our relations and responsibilities to the allied countries. The new
memorandum, issued by the Department of Agriculture in February,
supplements the one published in August of last year relating mainly
to cereals.

Like most of the measures in this country pertaining to food pro-
duction, this is not a prescribed program but comes in the form of a
carefully weighed suggestion as to the needs and the means of meet-
ing them. It is voluntary, of course, but it is hoped that it may serve
to give general direction to the season's campaign and stimulate
efforts in the lines in which they are most desirable. Its appeal rests
primarily on the necessity of the situation, and the understanding of
agriculture's part in the great war.

In a word, the outline is " a statement of conclusions concerning
the agricultural situation and the planting needs. ... It is offered
as a recommendation for those engaged in crop and animal produc-
tion, especially for the many farmers who are in a position to read-
just their agricultural program in accordance with the national
necessities." In the main it is general rather than specific, except for
wheat, and it is considerate of farming conditions and specialized
branches. It is in no sense an office program made up on statistical
and theoretical considerations, but it embodies the judgment and sug-
gestion of agricultural leaders throughout the country. The needs
and the possibilities have been viewed in the light of the conditions
which prevail at this time. It is designed therefore as both practical
and practicable, barring untoward developments of the season. It
is therefore something to work to, and to join hands in seeking to
attain.

While the situation is such that chief emphasis is laid on the pro-
duction of the great staple food products, with special stress on

101

102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

wheat and hogs, the outlme summarizes the aims for securing suffi-
cient cereals of various kinds, meat and dairy products, sugar, cotton,
and other products for the Nation, its armies, and its Allies. It -will
furnish the basis for personal appeal and guidance throughout the
country, but it differs radically from the programs of some of the
European countries in its lack of provision for enforcement or regu-
lation of the industry, such as is now common there. For agriculture
in the war has assumed the character of a military necessity in those
countries, and although not brought directly under military control,
it is dominated to a large degree by its requirements and subjected
to civil orders and regulations hardly less mandatory.

The increasing extent to which these measures have been put into
effect in Europe, especially in the past year, shows by comparison
the relative freedom which prevails here, and the absence of many
of the real handicaps and hardships which have to be met in other
countries. Here dependence is placed on individual response and the
determination to resist failure, while there regulation and compul-
sion have been resorted to in a thousand ways new to modern times,
and stimulation and direct aid have become the order of the day. A
knowledge of the conditions and measures relating to agriculture in
the war is of no small interest in this country, since food production
has become one of the great cooperative enterprises between us and
our Allies.

The efforts made in respect to European agriculture are well illus-
trated in Great Britain, since that country has been peculiarly de-
pendent on outside food supplies.. This has amounted in the past to
four-fifths of its consumption of wheat and two-thirds of its food-
stuffs as a whole. It has resulted in increasing the cost of the war,
complicated the problem of foreign exchange, and made heavy de-
mands on the tonnage of the merchant marine when its services were
greatly needed otherwise.

This dependence on outside supplies was due in part to the amount
of land in permanent grass, which under prevailing conditions was
steadily increasing. As Mr. A. D. Hall has pointed out, during the
forty years from 1872 to 1913 three and one-half million acres in
England and Wales passed from cultivation into grass land, and the
number of men employed in agriculture steadily declined with the
area of plowed land.

Ordinarily the farmers of England and Wales plow about eight
million acres a year. The area of temporary and permanent grass
in the country amounts to 18,500,000 acres. Dr. E. J. Russell, director
of the Eothamsted Station, has given some interesting illustrations
of what this means to food production. For example, land in po-
tatoes produces nearly forty times as much food as medium grass

1918] EDITORIAL. 103

land, while wheat land produces about eighteen times as much. An
acre of these crops yield fifteen hundredweight of flour or six tons
of potatoes, as compared with one hundredweight of meat from an
i.cre of grass. The Board of Agriculture has shown that the grass
lands of the country were feeding about twenty persons per hundred
acres, whereas the same area of cultivated land feeds about eighty-
four persons. Moreover, as the president of the board has pointed
out, special emphasis was laid in the nineteenth century on the pro-
duction of quality, while the present situation emphasizes quantity.
•' This grave situation therefore insists that we should recast the
rules of good husbandry as imderstood by ourselves and practiced by
our forefathers."

In the early stages of the war the main reliance was placed on ap-
peals to voluntary action and the organization of machinery for
stimulating greater production of staple foods. A proposal in 1915
to provide a guaranty for wheat as a means of inspiring the confi-
dence of farmers was rejected by the government. Such a fixing of
prices came later, and the past year especially has witnessed a gi-eat
change in the attitude toward agriculture. It has come nearer to
developing the foundation of an agricultural policy than anything
that has gone before, and has shown the possibility of quickly
etfecting changes of most sweeping character.

Naturally, this has entailed a great many disturbances of long es-
t<iblished customs and systems in agriculture and resulted in inter-
ference in individual action to a degree heretofore unheard of. The
long list of orders, regulations, and prohibitions would have been
regarded as very highhanded and autocratic a short time ago, and on
the other hand things are now being done for the farmer which had
not been dreamed of before. For the British farmer has not been ac-
customed to the various forms of governmental aid and assistance so
prevalent in this country.

At the outset of the war the farmer's labor and his horses, as well
as certain of his products, were largely claimed by the army. This
placed him under great disadvantage in even maintaining his usual
production. As early as 1915 the army requirement for hay approx-
imated one-fourth of the entire annual production. Farmers were
required to make returns as to the stocks on hand and to oifer their
supplies to avoid having them requisitioned. In 1916 and again in
1917, the Army Council took possession of all hay and of oat and
wheat straw, to be held subject to its disposal.

Restrictions were placed by the food controller on the extent to
which cereals might be used, including ultimately the prohibition
of their use except for purposes of food and seed. License was re-
quired for buying or selling these products, and restrictions were

104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

placed on the feeding of grains, especially wheat and barley, to live
stock and poultry, if suitable for human consumption.

Potatoes were made the subject of numerous orders, grov^^ers being
required to report monthly as to the estimated quantity in their pos-
session, prices fixed, and a comprehensive scheme worked out for the
distribution of seed potatoes. To safeguard the supply of the latter
an order was issued forbidding their use for any other purpose and
requiring certificates for transfer.

The cultivation of flax having become a military necessity, and the
area in flax in Russia and Holland having been substantially re-
duced, with no dependence to be placed on getting seed from those
countries, the Army Council issued an order requiring Irish farmers
to save seed of the 1917 crop from at least one-eighth of an acre.
Here the experiments of the Irish Department of Agriculture came
into immediate use, and enabled the issuing of explicit instructions
to farmers for securing the seed. Bounties were offered for flax
cultivation which it is estimated will amount to upwards of a mil-
lion pounds sterling. The government took possession of the 1917
crop for aeronautical supplies, and will take over the crop of 1918,

The government took possession of the hop crop of 1917, made the
buying and selling of hops subject to permit by tile food controller,
and required growers to reduce the area of picking to one-half that
of 1914 for the duration of the war.

In some sections of England bulb growers were required to take
up one quarter of their area and substitute wheat, and also to plant
wheat or oats between the rows on another twenty-five per cent of
the land left in bulbs.

The British press has called attention to the difficulty of the farm-
ers in feeding their live stock. Fodders and feed of all kinds have
increased enormously in price, and sufficient supplies are hard to
purchase. The government has taken possession of all oleagenous
seeds, nuts, and kernels, including by-products like oil cakes, meal,
and residues from such materials ; the use of grains is very restricted,
and there has been talk of priority orders giving milch cows the
preference in the matter of feeds. La§t year horse rationing orders
were issued limiting the amounts and kinds of feed to be fed, espe-
cially to animals not used for agricultural purposes.

With the object of retaining an adequate supply of horses on the
land the sale of horses used or capable of being used for cultivation
of the land was forbidden except on a permit which takes account of
their need on holdings. An order relative to the maintenance of live
stock, issued in 1915, forbade the slaughter of animals in calf or in
pig, and of calves under six months old except on license. The food
controller has been empowered to requisition milk in localities where
the supply is insufficient for local consumption and is being diverted ;

lOlS] EDITORIAL. 105

and at the close of 1917 the use of cream was restricted to butter
making and such other purposes as the food controller might author-
ize. All creameries, condenseries, and other milk factories were pro-
hibited from acquiring or receiving any greater quantity of milk
than was coming to them in 1916.

The entire wool clip of 1916 and 1917 was taken over by the govern-
ment, prices frsed, and holders prohibited from selling to other pur-
chasers.

The regulations have gone so far as to forbid the feeding of game
on products suited to human and live stock feeding, and to encour-
age the killing of certain game and migratory birds by extending the
open season, the reduction of the stock of pheasar^ts, and the destruc-
tion of rabbits, hares, rooks, sparrows, and rats.

An order relative to the drainage of lands, requiring ditches, drains,
and outlets to be kept open, was later extended to give the Board of
Agriculture power to regulate the flow of water in rivers and streams
to prevent floods and provide for the draining of adjoining lands.

These are only a portion of the regulations prescribed, but they
indicate something of their scope and wide variety. They are con-
stantly being added to as necessity is found to require, and, as the
agricultural press has pointed out, " practically every product of the
farm is now controlled in some way or another by one or more of
these manj^ orders."

Unusual and far-reaching as some of these provisions are, they are
not more radical than the steps taken for the encouragement and
assistance of agriculture. Recently various measures have been
adopted to relieve the farm labor situation, for while women had vol-
unteered for farm work in large numbers and had proved a " power-
ful auxiliary," and town labor and children had been pressed into
service, these can not be expected to fully replace men in farm work.

Arrangements were made for temporary release of farm laborers
in the army, for delayed calling, and finally to practically stop re-
cruiting from that class. Two years ago several thousand men were
assigned to farm work and as many more from the home defense
forces, and during the past year some fifty thousand men have been
segregated from the army and the untrained ones given training for
short periods at schools throughout England and Wales. The em-
ployment of prisoners of war has not been generally popular with
English farmers, but they have been used by the government in
large drainage and other enterprises.

At various times provision has been made for the temporary em-
ployment of army horses and mules with drivers, by farmers in the
vicinity of the camps; and ultimately the Board of Agriculture
arranged for the purchase through the army of some thirty thousand

J 06 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

horses for fanners' use, to be distributed through the county agri-
cultural committees. A so-called " horse officer" is provided in each
county to organize the scheme. The horses are hired out to the
farmers at fixed rates, on the latter's agreement to increase the
acreage of cereals. Traveling gangs of plowmen also do plowing,
harrowing, cultivating, etc., for small farmers at fixed rates.

The tractor has sprung into prominence as a means of " speeding
up " production, and has been supplied by the government in in-
creasing numbers. Some six hundred tractors of various kinds were
apportioned among the county agricultural committees in the spring
of 1917, to help farmers prepare and cultivate their land, and proved
so satisfactory that the Board of Agriculture purchased several
thousand for the 1918 season. The operators are in part assigned
from the army or have been exempted for this service, and women
have been utilized for the purpose to a considerable extent. For
some time the board has maintained schools for tractor operators,
both male and female.

. But the provision of farm machinery does not stop with the
tractor. The government has procured a great number of farm
implements and machines, ranging all the way from disks and drills,
cultivators and harrows, to reapers and binders. These are rented
out to farmers under proper supervision. The Board of Agricul-
ture also arranged with the Threshing Machine Owners' iVssociation
to form gangs of women to work with their outfits.

Indeed, women are employed everywhere in farm work, and the
Women's Land Army, recruited by the woman's branch of the Food
Production Department, has become a very large and broadly recog-
nized factor in production. The president of the Board of Agricul-
ture has lately stated that " every able-bodied country woman is
being pressed into the urgent service of food production," — this in
a country where in normal times women play practically no part in
the national food production, as they do on the continent.

The difficulty of securing fertilizers and seeds has been greatly re-
lieved by the government, which has established prices, put into
effect unusually drastic laws for inspection, and furnished enormous
quantities of both classes of supplies. Although England is the
greatest seed broking center of the world, English merchants selling
home-grown seed to foreign countries Avith a foreign certificate as
to quality, there has hitherto been no offi.cial control of seeds in Eng-
land and Wales. A seed-testing order Avas issued by the Board of
Agriculture during the year, and an official seed-testing station was
established under it.

Feed control has also been instituted during the past year, and
recently a compound fertilizer order was issued by the Minister of
Munitions, which provides for the first time for a guarantee of com-

1918J EDITORIAL. 107

position and unit values. No one may purchase potash except on
license procured of the Ministry of Munitions.

The shortage of gasoline for a time threatened to seriously handi-
cap the operating of farm machinery, but in the summer of 1917
arrangements were made to insure every consideration to farmers
and others engaged in food production — even at a time when coal
gas had largely taken the place of gasoline in the operation of motor
buses and private cars, the supply of the gas being carried in large
bags on top of the car or in a trailer.

Last year the Board of Agriculture arranged for a scheme of
credit for farmers, which has lately been simplified in procedure
and enlarged so as to apply to a great variety of supplies. Credit is
extended by the local executive committees, through the applicant's
banker, purchases of supplies being made by the farmer in the
usual way and settled for by his bank, which submits the receipted
invoice to the committee.

The fixing of prices of farm crops and supplies has covered an in-
creasingly wide range of products. This was first undertaken as a
means of stimulating production of certain crops, notably cereals
and potatoes, by insuring minimum prices, but has been extended to
other products to protect the farmer and the public, and as a part
of the machinery of food control. In addition to the products men-
tioned, maximum prices have been fixed for most feeding stuffs, in-
cluding feeding cakes, meals, and offals, representing an appreciable
reduction over prevailing prices, and the Minister of Munitions last
fall fixed maximum prices for fertilizers. Dairy products, including
milk, butter, and cheese, have also been the subject of price regu-
lation.

The government has also made arrangement for the manufacture
of binder twine in England, to be sold to farmers at a fixed retail
price for the season of 1918. It has determined upon and put into
effect a minimum wage for farm labor, partly as a measure to hold
people on the land. While this minimum wage of twenty-five
shillings a week will seem low to us in this country, it illustrates
the difference in standards, for it insures more favorable conditions
than farm workers had enjoyed.

The most radical and fundamental measure affecting British agri-
culture is an order relative to the cultivation of land, issued early in
1917. This makes the Board of Agriculture responsible for the
proper and effective use of the land for agricultural purposes, and
confers upon it very broad and autocratic powers.

Under this order the board is authorized to take possession of any
land not being so cultivated as to afford the largest practicable food
40111°— 15— No. 2 2

108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. (Vol.38

production and carry it on to that end, to require occupiers to change
their plan of operations regardless of contracts, and to direct the
breaking up of grass land for the growth of cultivated crops. It may
also take over commons and waste lands, including sporting grounds,
tennis courts, bowling greens, etc., and allot these lands to persons
who will cultivate them. It practically gives the board control of
agricultural land irrespective of its ownership, to be used in its dis-
cretion for the benefit of the Empire. Failure to comply with direc-
tions as to the cultivation or breaking up of land constitutes a seri-
ous offense against the Defense of the Realm Regulations.

The details of administration of the order are in the hands of the
county executive committees, appointed by the war agricultural com-
mittees of the county councils, working under direction of the board.
These committees have made surveys of both the cultivated and un-
cultivated land of their counties, issued directions for its proper
utilization, and provided for inspection to insure compliance.

This measure is so extraordinary and far-reaching, and warrants
such interference with established customs that it has naturally been
the subject of considerable controversy and called for the exercise of
unusual judgment and tact in its execution. In discussing the matter
in a letter to the county committees, the president of the Board of
Agriculture said : " Compulsion is no less distasteful to the Board of
Agriculture than it is to farmers ; yet it may in certain circumstances
become a necessity. ... In all cases the exercise of compulsory pow-
ers should always be the last resort, but in some it also remains the
final resort."

In June the Prime Minister announced the official program for
breaking up three million acres of grass land for the harvest of 1918.
This was later reduced somewhat by taking account of the substitu-
tion of wheat for other crops. The final amount was prorated among
the counties, and the executive committees were instructed to exercise
discretion in selecting the poorer quality of grass land for breaking.
The voluntary compliance of owners was urged, failing which notices
were served which w-ere mandatory.

Apparently there have been relatively few cases of refusal to com-
ply with the new order, but where there have been convictions have
followed. No indemnity has been provided farmers against loss from
change in their system except the assurance of minimum prices. The
reasonableness of the measure seems to have been generally accepted.
One of the leading farm journals predicts that the right to interfere
in cases of bad farming will hardly be restricted to a war measure,
" but will certainly be used with considerable effect after the war is
over."

As a result of the new order, together with the various regulatory
and stimulative jneasures, the president of the Board of Agriculture

1918] EDITORIAL. 109

reported that of all the belligerent nations (except the United
States), the United Kingdom alone in the third year of the war pro-
duced more grain than in 1916, in spite of the overwhelming diffi-
culties under which the farmers labored. It was also announced as
certain at the close of last year that a greater area of wheat had been
sown in England than in any season during the past twenty years.

Still greater efforts are being made for the current year, for " we
can no longer expect to obtain from abroad the quantities of bread
and meat by which we have been accustomed to sustain life at home.
If we do not feed ourselves no other country can or will. To what
extent we shall be short of food depends on the extent of our success
or failure in increasing our home-grown supplies." Evidently deter-
mination is nowhere more pronounced than in relation to agriculture.
Its prosecution has become a war measure of highest importance, and
the country is straining every nerve and resource to meet the necessity
as now clearly seen.

These high purposes and splendid efforts command admiration.
The determination to rise above the handicaps and difficulties which
surround the industry furnishes an evidence of what may be accom-
plished under cooperation and effective leadership. Time-honored
customs and long-established systems have been swept aside, in a
country proverbially conservative and among a class slow to make
radical change.

The British farmer has had to meet harsh criticism and charges
from sources unreasoning and uninformed as to the real situation
and its difficulties. These have been an added burden, but the Brit-
ish Premier, himself born on the land, has urged the farmer to think
only of one thing — his country's need, and has confidently predicted
that this will enable him to win a great triumph for British agri-
culture and for the Empire.

Such an example ought to prove an inspiration to us in this coun-
try, where the aims are similar and the obstacles less pronounced.
We have reached the stage for adjustment in many matters and the
necessity for a larger measure of cooperation in realizing the desired
result. The employment of every resource is necessary. To help in
this accomplishment is the opportunity of the colleges, the stations,
and the vast army of agricultural extension throughout the land.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The origin and distribution of urea in nature. — Application of new methods
for the determination of urea based on the use of xanthydrol, R. Fosse {Ann.
Inst. Pasteur, SO {1916), Nos. 10, pp. 525-592, figs. 13; 11, pp. 642-676, fig. 1;
12, pp. 739-755). — The material reported is divided into a brief introduction
and five parts, as follows :

I. The qualitative and quantitative gravimetric analysis of urea by means
of xanthydrol (pp. 531-592). — The reactions and the procedures are described
and discussed in detail.

II. Proteins and urea (pp. 642-660). — Experimental data on the production
of urea by the'action of potassium permanganate and alkalis on various proteins
are submitted and the theory of the reactions diocussed.

III. Synthesis of urea by oxidation of ammonia and carbohydrates or
glycerin. — The probable participation of carbohydrates and fats in the phe-
nomenon of ureogenesis (pp. 660-672). — ^Data submitted show that urea Is
abundantly formed when glucose, levulose, sucrose, dextrin, inulia, or even
cellulose is oxidized in the presence of ammonia. Glycerin and formaldehyde
gave similar urea production.

IV. Demonstration of the presence of urea in the invertebrates (pp. 673-
676). — Urea was identified by the xanthydrol method in coeleuterates, echi-
noderms, worms, crustaceans, insects, and mollusks.

V. Urea in plants (pp. 739-755). — The presence Oj" urea was demonstrated
in many of the common vegetables and food plants, such as spinach, carrots,
turnips, potatoes, cauliflower, melons, and pumpkins. It is indicated that the
property to synthesize urea is possessed not alone by higher plants, but also
by molds. Urea was also found in germinating grains and in inactive seeds.
During germination an accumulation of urea was observed in the embi'yo.
while it occurred in only very small amounts or was practically absent in the
cotyledons. Since the presence of urea has been demonstrated in plants, it is
indicated that both urea and urease must be present in the material simul-
taneously. The function of the urease is deemed tv be that of transforming
into ammonia and rendering assimilable the urea contained in the plant.

Comparative analyses of fibrin from different animals, R. A. Goetneb and
A. J. WUERTZ {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 {1917), No. 10, pp. 2239-2242) .—The
authors, at the Minnesota Experiment Station, prepared fibrin from the blood
of cattle (two samples), sheep, and swine, and determined the nitrogen dis-
tribution by the Van Slyke method (E. S. R., 26, p. 22).

The analytical results obtained showed no differences between the various
samples significantly greater than the usual experimental errors. From the
results it appears that " fibrin from any of these sources can be used inter-
changeably in experimental work without invalidating the results. Whether or
not this is true for fibrins from other sources remains still an open question."

The data are repo-ted in tabular form.
110

1918] AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. Ill

The relative influence of microorganisms and plant enzyms on corn silage
fermentation, A. R. Lamb (lotva Sta. Research Bid. JfO (1917), pp. S1S-S32, figs.
IS). — This material has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 36, p. 802).

Note on orange pip oil, Dorothy G. Hewer (Analyst, 42 (1917), No. ^97, pp.
271-273). — The author has examined a sample of orange seeds obtained as a
by-product in the production of marmalade. The seeds consisted, in parts by
weight, of kernel 69 and shell 31 per cent, and yielded on extraction with
petroleum ether 37.5 per cent of a golden yellow oil equivalent to 54.95 per
cent of the weight of the kernels. The oil was almost odorless and when
freshly extracted had only a slightly bitter flavor. The bitterness, however,
increased considerably and rapidly on keeping.

The following constants were obtained : Saponification value, 193.7 ; unsaponi-
fiable matter, 0.14 per cent ; iodin value, 100.3 ; refraction at 40° C, 57.5 ; free
fatty acids, as oleic, 0.3 per cent ; specific gravity at 15°, 0.9208; titer test, 34° ;
neutralization value, 200.1.

It is indicated that s:nce the oil is easily saponified it should prove suitable
for soap and glycerol manufacture. »

Some factors influencing tlie quantitative determination of nitric nitrogen
in the soil, J. E. Greaves and C. T. Hirst (Soil ScL, 4 (1917), No. S, pp. 179-
205, figs. 2). — In the course of investigations the authors, at the Utah Experi-
ment Station, found that clear soil extracts could be obtained by adding 2 gm.
of lime, ferric sulphate, ferric alum, sodium alum, or potassium alum to the
soil-water mixture, by filtering through the Chamberland-Pasteur filter, or by
centrifugal!zation.

The use of alum, the Pasteur filter, or centrifugalization yielded a clear
.solution with a minimum loss of nitric nitrogen. The use of calcium oxid
yielded a clear supernatant solution, but the quantity of nitric nitrogen ob-
tained from such a solution was low. This is conceded not to be entirely due
to the mechanical removal of the nitric nitrogen with the precipitated colloid,
for similar results were obtained when calcium oxid was added to a clear
sodium nitrate .solution. The ratio of soil to water was found not to have
any great influence on the quantity of nitric nitrogen obtained, since the same
amount was obtained from the soil when the ratio varied from as low as 1 : 5
to as high as 1 : 25. No increase in nitrogen was obtained by shaking more
than five minutes, provided the soil was well pulverized and thoroughly
agitated.

Chlorids, sulphates, or carbonates of .sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
manganese, and iron were indicated as not interfering with the Ulsch reduc-
tion method (E. S. R., 3, p. 654). The presence of urea or glycocoll, however,
yielded high results unless the solution was evaporated to dryness before
reduction. No loss of nitric nitrogen was observed when such a solutioa was
evaporated to dryness. " When dried blood is mixed with a nitrate less than
100 per cent of the nitric nitrogen is recovered by this method. There can be
but little doubt that this is due to the reacting of nitrate with the proteins of
the blood. If the resulting compound is insoluble it will settle from the
supernatant liquid and thus be lost, while, if soluble, subsequent reduction will
fail to liberate the nitric nitrogen ; hence we would find the same error entering
with any of the other methods."

The aluminum x'eduction method, as modified by Burgess (E. S. R., 31, p.
206), permits of an appreciable loss of nitric nitrogen. This is obviated, how-
ever, by the use of the Iron reduction method, which is outlined as follows :

One hundred gm. of finely ground soil, together with 500 cc. of distilled water,
are placed in quart Mason jars and agitated for five minutes, preferably In a
shaker. The solution Is then clarified by either the addition of 2 gm. of alum

112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3S

with the soil, filtering through the Chamberland-Pasteur filter, or by cen-
trifugalization. When alum is used no other antiseptic is necessary, but unless
the analysis is to be completed at once 0.5 cc. of chloroform should be added
to each sample.

An aliquot part (100 cc.) of the supernatant liquid is evaporated with 2 cc.
of a saturated solution of sodium hydroxid to about one-fourth its original
volume, and if urea is present, to dryness. The neck of the reduction flask is
fitted with a two-hole stopper through which passes a 50-cc. separatory funnel
and a bent tube which dips into a vessel containing water to prevent mechanical
loss. The residue is transferred to the reduction flask with 50 cc. of ammonia-
free water and 5 gm. of " iron-by-hydrogen " and 30 cc. of sulphuric acid
( specific gravity 1.35) then added. The acid should be slowly added and
allowed to stand until the rapid evolution of hydrogen is over and then heated
to boiling for 10 minutes. The contents of the side vessel should be returned
to the reduction flask before the reaction is complete to insure the complete
reduction of any nitrates which may have been carried over with the first
violent evolution of hydrogen. When the reduction is completed the contents
of the flask are transferred to a Kjeldahl flask, neutralized with sodium
hydroxid, and distilled into standard acid. The excess of acid is titrated back
with standard alkali, and lacmoid used as the indicator. Proper checks should
be made on all reagents, including the alum used as a flocculent.

A bibliography of 58 references to the literature cited is appended.

Note on the Blacher method for the determination of hardness in water,
A. D. Behbman {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. A, 11 {1916), No. 6, pp. 291-293).—
The author briefly notes the results obtained in a study of the effect of free
carbon dioxid, removal of carbon dioxid, effect of sodium chlorid, and the effect
of dilution of very hard water on the determination of hardness by the Blacher
method (E. S. R., 31, p. 502).

A modified procedure for the determination of hardness in water based on
the data obtained in the above study is outlined.

A rapid volumetric method for the approximate estimation of chlorin in
milk, B. W. Hammek and D. E. Bailey {Iowa Sta. Research Bvl. Ifl {1917), pp.
537-3^8). — The relation of high chlorin content to abnormal flavors and odors
of milk and the literature pertaining thereto are briefly discussed.

In the study reported data were obtained by direct titration of the chlorin
in milk with silver nitrate, using potassium chromate as indicator, and by de-
termining the chlorin in the ash by the Volhard method. Consistently higher
results were obtained on 49 samples of milk by the direct titration method than
by the ashing method. Examination of the differences between the results ob-
tained by the two methods indicates that the direct titration of milk with
standard silver nitrate gives a satisfactory comparative index of the chlorin
content of the sample. By subtracting 0.025 per cent from the results obtained
in the direct titration procedure, results approximating those secured by the
ashing method are obtained. The direct titration procedure outlined is as
follows :

A 5-cc. sample of milk is placed in a porcelain dish with 50 cc. of distilled
water and 1 cc. of a 10 per cent potassium chromate solution. The standard
silver nitrate solution is added with stirring until there is a distinct change in
color. The solution used was made so that 1 cc. equaled 0.01 per cent chlorin
and contained 2.4722 gm. of silver nitrate per liter.

The chlorin content of the samples examined by the ashing method varied
from 0.0504 to 0.194 per cent and averaged 0.0968 per cent. In an attempt to
determine whether the phosphates, the fat, or the casein were responsible for

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 113

the high results obtained by the direct titration procedure, the casein was found
to be apparently responsible to the largest extent.

The analytical data are submitted in tubular form.

The influence of rafiinose of beet molasses on the exact polarization before
and after inversion by acid or invertase, H. Pellet {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr.
et Distill., 35 {1916), No. 4-6, pp. 112-117).— Data are submitted which show
the effect of rafhnose on the determination of sucrose in beet molasses by in-
version.

An increased polarization was observed whether the inversion was brought
about by means of acid or invertase. In the determination of sucrose in beet
molasses the quantity of rafBnose present must be deducted from the result
obtained by direct polarization to obtain the exact amount of sucrose present.

Some tabular data showing the difference in polarization in the presence of
varying amounts of rafFmose are submitted.

Pentose content of beet molasses, H. Pellet {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et
Distill., 35 {1916), No. 4-6, pp. 117-121).— This is a general discussion, together
with the description of a procedure for determining pentoses in beet molasses.

Methods for approximating' the relative toxicity of cottonseed products,
F. E. Caeeuth {Jour. Biol. Chem., 32 {1917), No. 1, pp. 87-90).— The author, at
the North Carolina Experiment Station, notes that on cooking cotton seed with
moist heat, as is done In the hot pressing processes preparatory to expressing
the oil, the glands containing gossypol are disintegrated and the substance is
spread over the surface of the seed tissue and apparently undergoes a change
which is assumed to be a partial oxidation. The change takes place very quickly
under suitable conditions, so that^ome meals which have been cooked only 20
to 30 minutes are not markedly toxic for rats. The changed gossypol is no longer
soluble in ether and oil, possibly because it is in some way chemically combined
with some constituent of the meal, probably the protein. Its presence can be
demonstrated, however, in ether-extracted cottonseed meal by treating with hot
alcoholic potash. The supernatant liquid contains the substance, which, like
gossypol, soon oxidizes with the production of a beautiful blue color. This sub-
stance is much less toxic than the original gossypol. The author has termed
this less toxic and soluble form " D " gossypol.

For determining the presence of the highly toxic gossypol the following test Is
outlined : A very small amount of the meal is sprinkled on a glass slide and
touched with a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid and the material observed
immediately through the low power of the microscope. The presence of the toxic
unchanged gossypol is indicated by numerous red areas which appear where the
acid touches the more or less ruptured cells. Thoroughly cooked meals and
cottonseed flour are indicated as showing very few and very small red areas.
A relatively large number of red areas are, however, observed in meals cooked
with Insufficient moisture or for too short a time.

For the quantitative determination of gossypol present in cottonseed meal,
auilin has been found to be a suitable precipitant of the material from an ether
extract. In the procedure 200 gm. or more of cottonseed meal is extracted
for two to three hours with ether, so as to yield from 5 to 10 gm. of oil. The
meal may be percolated or shaken with ether in a flask. The extract is evap-
orated to a small volume, filtered, and anil in (about 10 per cent of the weight
of the extract) added, and the mixture warmed on the water bath, set aside,
and allowed to stand for some time. If gossypol is present, a yellow micro-
crystalline precipitate of the anilin compound results. This substance appears
to be the dianiUn salt and is indicated as having the formula C3oH2s03.2CgH5NHi.
In case a sufficient amount of the precipitate is obtained it may be filtered
through a tared Gooch crucible, washed with a mixture of ether and petroleum

114 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. [Vol. 38

ether (1:2), and then washed with petroleum ether alone and dried at 100° C.
The weight of the precipitate is converted to the weight of the gossypol by the
use of the factor 0.74.

Tabular data comparing the sulphuric acid test for gossypol and the per-
centage of gossypol with the toxicity of the cottonseed product are submitted.

Single variety ciders and perries, B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove {Jour.
Bath and West and South. Counties Soc, 5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 139-1^5;
Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1916, pp. 10-15). — Tabu-
lar data of the chemical composition and other particulars of the ciders and
perries made during 1915-16 are submitted.

Home uses for muscadine grapes, C. Dearing (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 859 {1917), pp. 23, figs. 4)- — This discusses and gives directions for malting
muscadine grape products, primarily for home consumption. The topics treated
are sirup, unfermented grape juice, jelly, canned grapes, spiced grapes, catsup,
conserves, preserves, jam, marmalade, mincemeat, and flavoring sirup.

Successful canning and preserving, Ola Powell, edited by B. R. Andrews
{Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1917, pp. XIX-j-371, pis. 4, figs.
164). — This volume discusses the subject under the following chapter headings:
History of the development of scientific canning ; bacteriology as applied to can-
ning; preparation and equipment; canning iu tin; canning in glass; processing —
hot-water bath ; processing at high temperature ; fruit juices ; fruits for canning ;
vegetables for canning ; preserves ; marmalades, jams, and conserves ; jelly mak-
ing ; pickling ; drying fruits, vegetables, and herbs ; preservation of meats ; use
of fruits and vegetables in the diet ; canning club organization ; the business side
of canning; and teaching canning and related activities. Each chapter is
followed by a number of questions which bring out the important points of
the subject matter treated in the chapter and also a bibliography. An appen-
dix is included containing the address of the various State institutions from
which agricultural extension work is directed and also lists of firms furnishing
supplies for canning and preserving.

Removal of stains from clothing and other textiles, H. L. Lang and Anna
H. Whittelsey {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 861 {1917), pp. 35, figs. 3).—
The general principles of stain removal are given, as well as specific methods
for removing a large number of individual stains.

METEOROLOGY.

The sun and the weather, O. G. Abbot {Sci. Mo., 5 {1917), No. 4, pp. 4OO-
4IO). — This is a plea for more systematic, widespread, and accurate daily solar
constant measurements in the most cloudless regions of the earth like those
now being made by the Smithsonian Institution at Mount Wilson, Cal., and
Hump Mountain, N. C. It is stated that since the outstanding unexplained
departures from mean daily temperatures, as illustrated in this paper, for
Leavenworth, Paris, and Sydney " are seldom of much greater magnitude than
the changes which are found by Clayton to be produced by changes in the
sun, and as the maximum effects of solar changes follow from one to five days
after the cause, depending on tlie latitude of the station, it may be possible
that a very large proportion of weather changes will become predictable for
some time in advance, if daily measurements of the solar emission shall be
secured."

Sunspots, climatic factors, and plant activities, J. A. Harris {Anier. Nat.,
51 {1917), No. 612, pp. 761-764). — Reviewing various observations on this sub-
ject, the author reaches the conclusion that " the relationship between the
number of sunspots and the annual record of terrestrial meteorological phe-

1918] METEOBOLOGY. 115

nomena is very slender Indeed." The correlations for rainfall and barometric
pressure are especially low. " The correlation between number of sunspots and
terrestrial temperature is the most consistent and substantial of the three.
The coefficients average about — 0.14."

It is thought that there is very little hope that the biologist will be able to
correlate plant activities with sunspot numbers " unless light intensity be the
means of solar influence."

The alleged influence of gunfire on rainfall, H. Deslandres {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Pgris^, 165 (1917), No. 9, pp. SOJf, 305; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 55
(1917), No. 17, p. 541; Nature [London], 100 (1917), No. 2503, pp. 131, 132).—
The author is of the opinion that while gunfire may not be a primary cause of
rainfall, it may intensify the rainfall when conditions are otherwise favorable
by increasing ionization of the atmosphere (E. S. R., 37, p. 418). A statement
by Saint-Saens bearing on the matter is quoted.

Gunfire and rainfall, G. BARsfi (Rev. G6n. Sci., 28 (1917), No. 21, pp. 607-
610). — Various contributions to this subject are briefly reviewed and the con-
clusion is reached that the evidence regarding relationship is inconclusive. In
any case the matter is considered of less practical importance than many other
unsettled questions relating to rainfall.

Studying the science of evaporation (Sci. Amer., 117 (1917), No. 17, pp. SIS,
317, figs. 2). — A brief reference is made to the establishment by the U. S.
Weather Bureau of a number of small evaporation plants at various stations
in the country, where it is proposed to keep detailed records of evaporation in
much the same way as in case of temperature and rainfall.

" For its new work the Weather Bureau has devised a standard type of
plant, which can be manufactured at low cost and whicli will insure uniform
observations in all parts of the country. The main part of the equipment con-
sists of a galvanized iron tank, 4 ft. in diameter and 10 in. deep. In order to
provide an unruffled water surface when the measurements are taken, a metal
tube, or well, is kept standing in the tank. Of course it is open at beth ends,
so that water rises to the same height in the tube as it does in the tank, but
naturally it is not affected by the wind. It is an easy matter to reach down
in this tube with a measuring rod and get the depth of water. By taking read-
ings at regular intervals the amount which has evaporated can be determined.
Of course, in case of rain, proper deductions must be made, and for that reason
a rain gauge forms part of the equipment. A wind gauge, or anemometer, is
mounted at one side of the tank, and maximum and minimum thermometers
are also provided in an inclosed shelter."

On evaporation from a circular water surface, Nesta Thomas and A. Fer-
guson (Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci., 6. ser., 34 (1917), No. 202, pp. 308-321).— Th\s
article deals with certain elements of uncertainty in the calculation of the rate
of evaporation from circular water surfaces, reviews work already done on
the subject, and describes some experiments which were made on the evapora-
tion from circular water surfaces under *' everyday conditions." Tlie subject
is treated from the purely physical side.

Soot-fall studies in St. Louis, E. L. Ohle and L. McMastee (Wash. Univ.
[St. Louis] Studies, 5 (1917), I, No. 1, pp. 3-8, pis. 5).— The soot fall was col-
lected at 12 different places in the city during one year by means of cans 10 in.
high and 4 in. in diameter, placed on buildings at least two stories high and
which were not sheltered between taller buildings. The amount of soot so
collected varied from 506 to 905 tons and averaged 812 tons per square mile
per year, the total soot fall for the city being 49,870 tons.

California earthquakes during 1916, A. II. Palmer (Bui. Seismol. Sac.
Amer., 7 (1917), No. 1, pp. 1-17, pi. 1).

116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

OMo weather for 1916, W. H. Alexander and C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui.
S14 (1911), pp. 617-697, figs. 63).— Tables showing temperature and rainfall for
the entire State in comparison with similar data recorded at the station are
supplemented by a series of diagrammatic maps showing the comparative
weather conditions for the various sections of the State.

The mean temperature for the year at Wooster was 48.9° F. ; for the State,
51°. The highest temperature at the station was 99°, August 21 ; for the
State, 104°, August 21. The lowest temperature at the station was — 7°, Febru-
ary 22; for the State, —18°, February 14. Tlie annual rainfall at the station
was 34.93 in. ; for the State, 37.24. The number of rainy days at the station
was 141 ; for the State, 119. The prevailing direction of the wind was southwest
at the station and in the State at large.

Weather notes, 1916, E. Oliver {Saskatchewan Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. Sec.
Statis., 10 (1917), pp. 26-45). — Brief notes are given on the characteristic fea-
tures of the weather for each month of the year and data for rainfall at differ-
ent places in Saskatchewan are tabulated.

The weather of the past agricultural year, F. J. Beodie {Jour. Roy. Agr.
Soc. England, 77 {1916), pp. 120-129). — Data on temperature, rainfall, and sun-
shine during 1916 and preceding years are given for the British Isles, and the
characteristic features of the weather during the different seasons of 1916 are
discussed with particular reference to their effect on crop production.

The weather of Scotland in 1916, A. Watt {Trans. Highland and Agr. Snc.
Scot., 5. ser., 29 {1917), pp. 274-286). — This report consists as usual of (1) a
general description of the weather over the Scottish area from month to month
and (2) a selection of rainfall returns, in which each county in Scotland is
represented by one or more stations. Outstanding features of the weather of
1916 were the prolonged spell of wintry weather in February and March which
put a stop to agricultural operations, the cold spell in June, and a general
deficiency of sunshine.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

studies on the Paleozoic soils of North Wales, G. W. Robinson (Jour. Agr.
Sci. [England], S {1917), No. 3, pp. 338-384, figs. 2).— This is a report of studies
of the general characteristics of the soils of the counties of Anglesey, Carnarvon,
and Denbigh, in North Wales, in which the main soil types are described, includ-
ing soils derived from the weathering of local glacial drift, and the associated
sandy, alluvial, and peaty soils.

With the exception of sands, alluvia, and peats, the soils of the area are of
loam texture, and clay soils are rare. " The clay fraction rarely exceeds 10 per
cent in the case of soils derived from the shale, or 7 per cent in the case of the
Anglesey and Carnarvonshire loams. Usually the clay fraction falls consider-
ably below these figures. The silt fractions, on the other hand, particularly
in the Paleozoic silt loam, form a considerable proportion of the soil." Seden-
tary soils and soils derived directly from local drift deposits contained remark-
ably high proportions of fine gravel. This was particularly the case in the sub-
soils. One sedentary soil in Carnarvonshire contained over 40 per cent of fine
gravel in the subsoil.

Analyses of a number of the fractions obtained in mechanical analysis showed
that these soils were poorer in silica and richer in alumina and ferric oxid than
English soils. " The most notable difference, however, is that in the Welsh soils
the most siliceous fraction is never the fine gravel as in the Craibstone and
English soils. . . . The highest percentage of silica is found in the coarse sand
in four cases, in the fine sand in three cases, and iu the silt in three cases."

1918] SOILS FEETIOZEES. 117

These soils wei'e also generally deficient in calcium carbonate, and contained
relatively large amounts of organic matter and potash. The phosphoric-acid
content was relatively high in the silt loams and low in the sands.

The influence of soil conditions on the decomposition of org'anic matter in
the soil, E. J. Russell and A. Applet ard (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 8 {1917),
No. S, pp. 385-417, figs. 9). — Studies conducted at the Rothamsted Experiment
Station on the changes in bacterial numbers, nitrate content of the soil, and
carbon dioxid content of the soil air are reported, these having been determined
at frequent and regular intervals during several seasons on five different plats
of land. The results are graphically presented.

" There is sufficient resemblance between the curves for bacterial numbers,
carbon dioxid (except for a period on cropped land), and nitrate to justify the
conclusion that they are all related. The curve for nitrate, however, is always
behind that for bacterial numbers, the lag amounting to two or three weeks.
Assuming . . . that the curves are connected, this would indicate two stages
in nitrate production, one related to the bacterial numbers, the other not. . . .

" The biochemical decompositions in the soil are determined in the first in-
stance by the temperature and do not proceed to any notable extent below 5° C.
As soon as the temperature rises action begins rapidly ; but it soon slows down
and other factors begin to operate. Moisture is one of these. Action came to a
minimum in June, when the moisture fell to 10 per cent by weight of the un-
manured soil and 15 per cent by weight of the dunged soil, or 16 and 22 parts,
respectively, by volume, assuming there was no contraction. Rainfall is an even
more important factor, a shower of rain having a notable effect in starting the
decompositions. It seems probable that the dissolved oxygen is an important
factor here. The growing crop exerts a depressing effect, though whether by
taking up the dissolved oxygen, by giving out carbon dioxid, or by some other
action, is not clear. The fluctuations in bacterial numbers are not wholly
explicable as functions of the temperature and moisture content."

Changes in the physical composition caused by the conversion of dry soil
into paddy soil, W. H. Harrison {Madras Agr. Dept. Year-hook, 1917, pp. 73-
76). — Experiments are reported and the conclusions drawn that "wet methods
of cultivation when first applied to dry soils tend, in the first instance, to bring
about a redistribution of the soil particles between the soil and subsoil. The
tendency is for the coarse particles to accumulate in the subsoil and the finer
particles in the soil. Afterwards the main tendency is to cause a rapid break-
ing down or weathering of the particles both In the soil and subsoil, thus caus-
ing the soils to become heavier in character."

Forms of occurrence of phosphoric acid in soil, M. A. Jeqoeov {fuzh. Russ.
SelsJc. Ehoz. Qaz., 1916, Nos. 13-14, PP- 4, 5; 15, pp. 4< 5; abs. in Internat. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 9, pp. 1248, 1249;
Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 5, p. 298).— Experiments with podzol
soil containing 0.0532 per cent phosphoric acid and two chernozem soils con-
taining 0.145 and 0.11 per cent phosphoric acid are reported, in which the
organically combined phosphorus was separated and estimated by washing the
soil with 3 per cent hydrochloric acid and treating with 3 per cent ammonia
solution, the resulting solution being then filtered and precipitated with lead
acetate.

" The washed precipitate, freed from lead with hydrogen sulphid, was re-
dissolved in dilute ammonia, the liquid filtered, concentrated, and finally ex-
tracted with ether, the organic phosphorus going into solution. ... Of the
total phosphoric acid In these soils, the ammonia solution removed about one-
half in the first and third, and one-third In the second. The organic phosphoric
acid extracted varied from 10 to 17.67 per cent of the total phosphoric acid.

118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Its nature varied with the source, but it Is apparently related to the nucleinic
acids. Tlie 3 per cent hydrochloric acid extract contained the element in both
inorganic and organic forms and during its evaporation a considerable amount
of the latter was converted into the former."

The phosphate depletion of the soils of Bihar: Its effect on the quality and
yield of crops and the contingent risks of malnutrition and endemic disease
in cattle and man, W. A. Davis {Agr. Jour. India, Indian ScL Cong. No., 1917,
pp. 77-89). — Evidence is given of a deficiency of phosphorus in Bihar soils, and
the relation of this deficiency to malnutrition of cattle, low milk yield, and
nervous diseases of horses is discussed.

[Experiments on alkali soil], D. Hansen {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 24, 25). — The results of attempts
to reduce the excessive amount of salts in a tract of land on the Huntley recla-
mation project and to grow crops on the soil are briefly described. The land
was seriously affected by seepage due to a rapid rise of the ground water
under this area in 1914 and 1915. As a result the amount of alkali salts has
increased in the first 4 ft. of soil since 1913. The construction of a drain in
1915 relieved the condition, the ground water being lowered to a depth below
5 ft.

Alfalfa planted for seed on the soil in 1916 yielded a small amount of hay
but practically no seed. Sweet clover made a heavy growth and yielded seed
at the rate of 4. .53 bu. per acre in 1916. From i-esults secured in 1915 and 1916
" it appears to be one of the best crops for this heavy land, both as a seed crop
and for hay and pasture."

The importance of mold action in soils, P. E. Brown {Science, n. ser., 4S
{1917), No. 1182, pp. 171-175). — This paper calls attention briefly to the varied
action of molds in soils, and presents a compilation of various published data
and some of the unpublished results of experiments on the subject conducted
at the Iowa Experiment Station with the idea of emphasizing the need of
further study of these organisms.

It is thought that fungi occur actively in soils and that their action must be
important regardless of their relative numbers compared with bacteria. " It
seems evident that mold action in soils may be of far greater significance than
has previously been supposed in preparing available food for plant growth. . . .
If soil bacteriology is to be developed to the proper extent in the future and
the relation of microorganisms to soil fertility is to be established witii any
degree of certainty, investigations mu.st include not only bacterial action, but
the activities of molds and possibly also the growth of protozoa and algre."

Carbon dioxid production in soils and carbon and nitrogen changes in
soils variously treated, R. S. Pottkk and R. S. Snyder {loiva Sta. Research
Bui. 39 {1916), pp. 253-309, pi. 1, figs. 21). — Following a review of the literature,
experiments are reported in which it was found that calcium carbonate in the
course of 124 days increased both the total amount of carbon dioxid evolved
from soil and the amount given off by the organic matter in tbe soil. The same
was true for the soils receiving applications of 10, 20, 30, and 50 tons of manure
per acre. Less calcium carbonate was decomposed from the soils receiving
manure than from the unmanured. The greater the application of manure the
less was the decomposition of the carbonate. The ammonia evolved from the
soil under the conditions of the experiment was negligible.

" It is believed that the conditions of this experiment approximate field con-
ditions closely enough to venture the statement that under normal conditions
there is no danger of the loss of nitrogen from the field by volatilization of
ammonia. Thei'e was quite an accumulation of nitrates In the manured soils.
Magnesium carbonate caused a somewhat greater accumulation of nitrates than

1918] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 119

did calcium carbonate. The additlou of large amounts of manure to the soil
caused an increase in the total nitrogen after a period of about four mouths. It
is suggested that this accumulation of nitrogen was caused by increased azofica-
tion due to easily available energy material added with the manure."

The nitrification of pyridin, quinolin. guanidin carbonate, etc., in soils,
M. .J. FuNCHESS {Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 196 (1917), pp. 65-82).— Continuing
work previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 212), experiments are reported on the
nitrification of pyridin, quinolin, guanidin, carbonate, etc., in acid soils and acid
sandy loams and to determine the effect of lime thereon.

It was found that " with the exception of naphthylamin, each of the com-
pounds used was nitrified in soil. At the concentration used, naphthylamin
inhibited nitrification in both limed and unlimed soil. Quinolin was nitrified
most readily in soil having the highest lime requirement. Lime retarded or even
inhibited nitrification of quinolin. Lime practically inhibited nitrification of
guanidin carbonate. Nitrification of dried blood, piperidin, nucleic acid, al-
loxan, and asparagin was greatly increased by lime.

" Heavy applications of certain nitrogenous compounds may retard nitrifi-
cation. Liming a soil which had been partially sterilized with carbon disulphid
greatly increased its power of nitrification. A still further increase was ob-
tained by reinoculation of the soil after partial sterilization.

" Vanillin proved to be nontoxic toward nitrification of piperidin, moder-
ately toxic toward nitrification of dried blood and pyridin, and inhibitory
toward nitrification of quinolin. Iiime countei-acted the toxicity of vanillin to
a very large degree.

"The effect of coumarin on nitrification was quite variable. In some in-
stances it exerted an inhibitory eft'ect ; in others none. In most cases where
coumarin exerted an inhibitory effect, lime greatly reduced the amount of
inhibition.

" Pyrogallol retarded nitrification of all compounds except quinolin and
piperidin in one soil. Lime reduced the injurious effect of pyrogallol in all
cases except in the quinolin-treated soil.

" Salicylic aldehyde completely inhibited nitrification of all compounds except
piperidin in one soil.

"Carbon black apparently overcomes a part of the bad effect of certain non-
nitrogenous compounds on the process of nitrification."

The maintenance of soil fertility, C. E. Thorne (Agr. of Mass., 1916, pt. 2,
pp. S3-48; Mass. Bd. Agr. Circ. 65 {1911), pp. 15). — General principles for the
maintenance of soil fertility are outlined as the results of experience at the
Ohio Experiment Station.

Fertilizers as an aid to profitable farming, G. C. Abnott {London: Mc-
Glashan, Gregory & Co. [i9i7], pp. IS). — This is essentially a war-time publica-
tion apparently designed to give practical information as to the most efficient
utilization of the available supplies of natural and artificial fertilizers for
different crops under English conditions. Part I deals with plant food ele-
ments, their function and effects, and Part II deals with the value of experi-
ments as indicating the profit resulting from the judicious use of suitable
fertilizers.

Fertilizing California soils for the 1918 crop, C. B. Lipman {California Sta.
Circ. no {1917), pp. 8). — This circular contains information and suggestions
regarding proper systems of fertilization to be followed on California soils to
meet war-time conditions. It is pointed out that the arid soils of California
are particularly deficient in nitrogen and organic matter.

" In the soils of the San Joaquin Valley and in those of the southern valleys
of California, including the southern coast valleys, the southern portion of the

120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Sacramento Valley, and In other places where the rainfall Is below 16 in. per
annum, it appears that a high-grade inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer is to be
preferred to the organic forms and especially where quick results are desired.
The best representative of the high-grade nitrogenous fertilizers for the class of
soils under consideration here is sulphate of ammonia. It may be used on all
crops in the case of these soils. Nitrate of soda may be used also in the case of
grain soils with good effect. ... On soils of the northern and northwestern
counties of the State, including a considerable portion of the north half of the
Sacramento Valley and in some of our more southern coast valleys, together
with a few more isolated and limited districts all over the State, in which the
soils contain more than the usual quantity of organic matter and of nitrogen,
the high-grade organic nitrogenous fertilizers will serve as well. . . .

" In general phosphate fertilizers can not at the present time be made to
yield profitable returns on the arid soils of California." This is attributed
to the relatively great depth of the soil and the consequently larger plant-
feeding area.

" With the possible exception of the delta soils ... it seems quite certain
that potash fertilizers can not be made to return profitable yields on arid
California soils. In addition, it also seems true that the size of the crop may
not be materially increased by the use of potash fertilizers, even without
profit."

Fertilizer experiments (Minnesota Sta., Rpt. Grand Rapids Substa., 1916,
pp. 24-45, flgs. 11). — Fertilizer experiments on both upland and muskeg with
field and truck crops are reported.

No marked improvement in crop yields has so far been shown from any fer-
tilizer except barnyard manure on upland soil. On muskeg, liming showed
marked beneficial results on practically all crops, grains, grasses, and vege-
tables. The effect of lime on the stand of grasses, legumes, and weeds was
striking. The fertilizer treatments on muskeg have not been run long enough
to give conclusive results. A test of vegetables on muskeg showed more marked
beneficial results from fertilizer treatment on deep peat than on shallow peat.
This was especially true in the use of lime.

The value of activated sludge as a fertilizer, W. D. Hatfield and E. Bab-
tow (Vniv. III. Bui., U (1916), No. 5, pp. 336-347, figs. 4).— This is an abstract
of a thesis containing a summary of different experiments on the subject,
showing that the nitrogen in activated sludge is in a very available form and that
activated sludge is valuable as a fertilizer. Calculations based on comparison
with dried blood show that activated sludge should be worth about $20 a ton.

See also a previous note by the authors on this subject (E. S. R., 3-1, p. 520).

Experiments in the bacterization of peat for soil fertilizing purposes,
D. H. Jones (Abs. Bact., 1 (1917), No. 1, pp. 43, 44). — In an endeavor to sub-
stantiate Bottomley's claims regarding the preparation and value of bacterized
peat as a soil fertilizer, some experiments were conducted on the bacterial and
chemical treatment of peat, following the method practiced by Bottomley.

A sample of peat was divided into five 1-bu. lots. Lime in varying quantities
was added to three of these and then they, and one of the remainder, were in-
oculated with rich broth cultures of soil bacteria, the fifth lot being kept as
control. All were incubated at 25° C. for one month, being moistened and
mixed up occasionally to aerate. All samples were then autoclaved at 15 lbs.
for one hour. Rich cultures of Azotobacter, Pseudomonas radicicola, and cellu-
lose fermenting bacteria were then added to all except the control and incubated
at 25° for two months.

Different lots of the peat were mixed in the percentages of 0.5, 2, and 10, with
a sample of poor soil, and filled into 7-in. flower pots, and in these radish seed

1918]

SOILS FERTILIZERS.

121

was sown. After one month's growth a marked difference in size and green-
ness of foliage in favor of the bacterized peat (10 per cent application) was
noticed. After three months' growth the final examination showed as a rule
greater development both of foliage and roots for the bacterized peat samples
than for the control, the heavy application of peat (10 per cent) giving more
than 100 per cent increase of plant by weight. The addition of lime to the
peat did not appear to have much, if any, beneficial effect.

It would appear from the above that the bacterial treatment to which this
sample of peat was subjected was beneficial in making the peat useful as a
fertilizer. But as heavy applications, i. e., 10 per cent by weight of soil, were
necessary to give marked beneficial results, the expense of preparation may pre-
clude its general application to the soil as a fertilizer.

Study of the nitrification of different leathers available for agricultural
use, and of sulphureted raps cakes, Guillin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France,
2 (1916), No. 27, pp. 760-769; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Internat.
Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 9, pp. 1253-1256; Jour. Sac. Chem.
Indus.^ 36 (1917), No. 5, p. 299). — Nitrification experiments are reported with
clayey lime soil which was treated with dried blood, tanned leather, chrome
leather, roasted leather, leather waste treated with sulphuric acid, leather waste
treated with sulphuric acid and liquefied, and sulphureted rape cake, con-
taining, respectively, 11.72, 8.15, 8.87, 6.77, 6.63, 7.36, and 5.62 per cent of nitro-
gen. These materials were added in amounts equivalent to 1 gm. of nitrogen
per kilogram of soil, and nitrate determinations were made at intervals of
one, two, and five months. The following table shows the amounts by weight
of nitrates found after one and three months :

Nitrification experiments.

Nitrogenons material.

Weights of nitrates
found.

After
1 month.

After
3 months.

Blood

Grams.
1.080
.166
.003
.220
.742
.990
.888

Grams.
2 433

Tanned leather

.404

Chrome leather

.227

Roasted leather

.523

Dissolved leather (past V)

1 547

Dissolved leather {U(j uid )

2 015

Rape cake

2.291

" The effects of chrome leather and of dissolved leather upon the growth of
young wheat plants were investigated in pot experiments. Ten weeks after
germination the crops were weighed, and taking the weight of the control
plants as 100, that treated with chrome leather was 30, and that with dissolved
leather 115. Chrome leather is, therefore, injurious to vegetation. Neither
tanned leather nor roasted leather are suitable soil amendments. Under very
favorable conditions of nitrification, the former gave 0.021 and 0.078 gm. of
nitric acid after one and five months, respectively, and the latter 0.075 and 0.197
gm. per gram of fertilizer nitrogen applied. Leather which has been thoroughly
decomposed with sulphuric acid is a useful fertilizer."

Action of ammonium salts on the growth of barley, H. G. Sodeebaum (K.
Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 55 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 57-66, figs. 2; abs.
in Internat. Inst. Agr. IRome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916),

122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

No. .9, pp. 1210-1218). — Experiments \vith barley on sandy loam soil fertilized
with potash and different phosphates, and to which were added sodium nitrate,
ammonium clilorid, and ammonium sulphate separately in amounts correspond-
ing to 134 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, are reported.

It was found that both where superphosphate and bone meal were used, the
ammonium salts produced results inferior to those produced by nitrate. On
the whole, better results were obtained with ammonium chlorid than with
anunonium sulphate. Where bone meal and ammonium salts were used the
addition of magnesium carbonate increased the yield, but where bone meal was
used with sodium nitrate the addition of magnesium carbonate decreased the
yield. Where basic slag was used there was little difference between the results
obtained with ammonium salts and sodium nitrate.

It is concluded that " the hypothesis of a progressive acidification of the sub-
stance of the plants must be dismissed, and it is more in keeping with tlie facts
to assume that what really takes place is a poisonous action of the ammoniacal
salts exerted direct on the plant. Recent experiments appear to show that the
carbonates of calcium and magnesium promote the processes of nitrification by
bringing about the transformation of the injurious ammoniacal salts into nitrates
which are not injurious, hence their beneficial action."

Manufacture of synthetic nitrates by electric power, E. K. Scott {Jour.
Soc. CJieni. Indus., 36 {1911), No. U, pp. 111-111, figs. 1; abs. in Sci. Abs., Sect.
B— Elect. Engin., 20 {1911), No. 10, p. 369).— This is a discussion of different
processes and equipments for manufacturing synthetic nitrates by electric power,
and includes a comparison of these with the so-called indirect methods involving
the manufacture of calcium carbide and cyanamid and the oxidation of ammonia.

Manganese as a catalyst in atmospheric nitrogen fixation by plants
through bacterial agencies, A. ue G. Rocasolano {Rev. R. Acad. Cien. Madrid,
U {1916), No. 10, pp. 6S1-693, fig. 1; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], In-
ternat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 1 {1916), No. 9, pp. 1256, 1251; Jour. Soc.
Chcm. Indus., 36 {1911), No. 5, p. 299). — "Quantities of 100 cc. of culture
bouillon of known nitrogen content and containing mannitol and varying amounts
of manganese chlorid were inoculated with pure cultures of Bacillus radicicola,
Clostridium pasteurianum, and Azotobactcr chroococcum, incubated at 22-23°
C. for 25 days, and after sterilization analyzed for total nitrogen by Kjeldahl's
method. With the exception of B. radicicola the organisms did not function
in the total absence of manganese, but in all cases its presence accelerated nitro-
gen fixation, the optimum quantity being 0.006 gm. of manganese ion per 100 cc.
of bouillon. With this amount three times more nitrogen was fixed than in the
control vessel. Acceleration was retarded when the manganese exceeded the
optimum, and with 0.02 gm. the fixation itself was retarded.

" Under field conditions crops would be stimulated by fertilizers containing
manganese in amount not exceeding 0.006 gm. per 100 gm. of soil. Most soils
already contain more than this amount of manganese, but it is mostly in an
unavailable form. In estimating the quantity of this catalyst to be applied, the
amount already present in a soluble form must be taken into consideration."

Reversion of acid phosphate, C. C James {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem..
9 {1911), No. 7, p. 682).— It was found that by the addition of 25 gm. each of
calcium osid, ungrouud coral sand, and unground brown guano, separately, to
475 gm. of acid phosphate the reversion of the phosphate with the coral sand
was 0.62 per cent in 5 days and 0.86 per cent in 20 days. With brown guano the
reversion was not so great, and with lime it was 3.75 times as much.

Notes on the greensand deposits of the eastern United States, G. H. Ash
LEY {U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 660-B {1911), pp. 21-58, pi. 1, fig. i).— This report
deals with the greensan4 deposits of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,

1918] SOILS FEETILIZERS. 123

North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, with particular reference to the
amount and solubility of their potash contents.

The descriptions and analyses indicate that the best greensands are in New
Jersey and Delaware. The deposits in places have a maximum thickness of
20 or 30 ft., though as a rule it is less, and a horizontal extent of many
miles. The quantity varies both in different parts of the section of the bed at
the same place and from place to place. In the main these beds outcrop at the
surface and have a cover as a rule not more than their own thickness. Locally
they carry more than 7 per cent of potash, and over large areas they carry
from 5 to 7 per cent of potash. Many of the deposits are close to transportation
and so situated that they could be mined by dredge or steam shovel readily and
cheaply. The deposits examined south of Delaware are of lower grade. It is
considered probable, however, that all of those examined have a sufficient extent
for commercial use, if a cheap method of obtaining the potash can be found.

With reference to the solubility of the potash " experiments were made in
dissolving the potash of the greensand in a solution of carbon dioxid. An auto-
matic agitator was used and the tests lasted several hours. The solution con-
tained such a small amount of potash, however, as to indicate that the process
was not commercially feasible. Similar experiments, with like results, were
carried on with sulphur dioxid, which could be obtained as a by-product from
the smelters, and dilute hydrochloric acid also failed to give results of
value. . . . The results obtained do not lend hope to the successful use of such
methods. . . . The advantage of greensand over feldspars lies in its abundance
and possible low first cost, exclusive of freight."

An article is included on methods of analysis of greensand by W. B. Hicks
and R. K. Bailey.

Manufacture of potash from feldspar {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 {1911),
No. 11, pp. 1087-1091).— Tests with two British feldspars and a Swedish feld-
spar of the so-called Rhodin process for rendering the potash of feldspar
soluble in water are reported. It was found that by this process 75 per cent
of the potash content of certain feldspars can be obtained in soluble form, while
the insoluble residues can be made into a white or nearly white cement, valuable
for decorative purposes.

The recovery of potash as a by-product in the cement industry, W. H. Ross,
A. R. Merz, and C. R. Wagnee {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 572 {1917), pp. 22).—
" Analysis of samples of raw mix and of cement from 113 cement mills in the
United States and Canada shows that the potash in the raw mix varies from
0.2 to 1.16 per cent, and that the percentage of potash volatilized in the different
plants varies from 24.5 to 95.9 per cent. From the results thus obtained it has
been calculated that the potash escaping from the kilns of these plants ranges
from 0.35 to 5.14 lbs. per barrel of cement produced, with an average for the
plants of this country of 1.93 lbs. On the basis of an average production of
90,000,000 bbls., the total potash escaping from the cement plants of this country
amounts to about 87,000 tons annually. It has been demonstrated commercially
that 90 per cent of the potash escaping in the dust is recoverable, and from
experiments made in this laboratory it would appear that 95 per cent of the
recoverable potash is, or may readily be made, available. . . . Assuming, in the
light of results that have already been obtained, that it would be practicable to
increase the percentage of potash volatilized to at least 65 per cent for all
plants, then the available recoverable potash would amount to more than
100,000 tons annually, or to nearly one-half of the normal consumption of potash
in this country.

40111°— 18— No. 2 3

124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

" If it be assumed, further, that the dust escaping from the kilns amounts on
an average to 4 per cent of the raw mix fed into the kilns in the case of dry-
process plants, and to 2 per cent for plants using the wet process, then, on the
basis of the results already given, the total potash content of the dust escaping
from the former plants will vary in different plants from 1.4 to 20 per cent, and
in the latter from 9.1 to 35.1 per cent.

" The ratio of potash to soda in the dust as determined for 20 different plants
varies from 0.92 to 6.07, with an average of 2.66."

The recovery of water-soluble potash as a by-product in the cement in-
dustry, W. H. Ross and A. R. Merz (Amer. Pert., 47 {1917), No. 7, pp. 26-28).—
This article is based on the investigations noted above.

The nature of cement mill potash, R. J. Nestell and E. Anderson {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 {1917), No. 7, pp. 646-651, fig. i).— Studies of the
potash content of cement mill dust and fumes are reported. It was found that
dust from cement kiln gases may be composed of mechanically carried-over raw
material and solid residues from fuel combustion, together with volatilized
alkalis.

" Such dust contains considerable amount? of potash present both in readily
and slowly soluble form. The readily soluble potash usually occurs as sulphate,
due to a combination of this base with the sulphur of the fuel and, where there
is a deficiency of sulphur, partly as carbonate. The slowly soluble potash is
probably of a siliceous nature, largely formed by the union of potash vapor
with incandescent a.sh particles. This siliceous potash becomes soluble on
boiling with water for a few hours, and on treatment with cold water for
longer periods. The presence of lime accelerates the solution. Slowly soluble
potash compounds are also formed by the interaction of potash salts in solution
with siliceous material, this recombination being greatly accelerated by heat.
The action of moist soil promotes the availability of the slowly soluble potash.
In view of the gradual and continued solution of the potash in cement kiln dust,
it should be of particular value as fertilizer material."

Recovery of potash from beet and cane molasses in the United States,
J. S. HoBN {La. Planter, 59 {1917), No. 8, pp. 122, i2S).— Reviewing the subject
from the practical standpoint the author concludes that the recovery of potash
15 very profitable in all distilleries at present, especially on large plantations
where the alcohol can be used for motive power in tractors and in beet produc-
ing regions far from a potash supply. It is further thought that the process will
always be profitable in the Hawaiian Islands and Australia for economic reasons.

Comparative fertilizing values of ground limestone and dolomitic lime-
stone, H. VON Feilitzen {Svenslca Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 30 {1916), No. 4. PP-
S83-S92, figs. 2). — Experiments comparing pure ground limestone with dolomitic
limestone containing 55.09 per cent calcium carbonate and 41.66 per cent mag-
nesium carbonate showed that the dolomite when well pulverizdd can be used
with good results on soil poor in lime.

Lime on the farm, F. B. Gutheie {Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui.
115 {1917), pp. 31). — This is a discussion of different forms of lime and their
profitable utilization in agriculture, with special reference to New South Wales .
conditions.

Law in relation to commercial fertilizers {Bui. Bd. Agr. Del., 6 {1917), No.
4, pp. 3-10). — The text of the Delaware fertilizer law is given, together with a
copy of the rules and regulations to carry it into effect.

Commercial fertilizers, H. E. Curtis et al. {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 205 {1916),
pp. 397-538). — This is the fertilizer inspection and analyses report for Ken-
tucky for 1916.

1918] EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 125

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Dictionary of plant names, H. L. Gerth van Wijk {The Hague: Martinus
Nijhoff, vol. 1, 1011, pp. XXIV+lJiU-\-V; vol. 2, 1916, pp. XXXIII+1696).—
Volume 1 of this dictionary, which is published by the Dutch Society of Sciences
at Haarlem, gives the English, French, German, and Dutch names of plants, the
arrangement being according to the scientific names of the plants.

The second volume is an index of alphabetically arranged common names with
their scientific equivalents. Native and local names are also freely given.

Notes on new or rare species of Ravenelia, W. H. Long {Bot. Gas., 64
{1911), No. 1, pp. 57-69). — To the new species of Ravenelia which he has pre-
viously recorded (E. S. R., 36, p. 145) the author now adds R. Jioffmanseggiw,
R. siderocarpi, and R. prosopidis. He also discusses R. rcemcrianw, R. mesil-
lana, R. siliqce, R. aiistralis, R. gracilis, and R. leiicwnw.

Plants, seeds, and currents in the West Indies and Azores, H. B. Guppy
{London: Williams and Norgate, 1911, pp. XII-\-531, pis. 4). — The observations
reported as carried out in association with the author's work on seeds and fruits
which has been noted previously (E. S. R., 27, p. 729), extended over a period
of about eight years. He has also drawn freely for illustrative data upon the
contributions of others, lists of which are furnished. An extended study was
made of the stranded seed and fruit drift of the West Indian region and of
that on European shores as a means of approach to the problems of plant dis-
tribution. The similarity between the African and the West Indian littoral
floras is explained in connection with what is known of ocean currents in this
region. He holds, as a most important teaching from his study, that living
plants afford testimony which is often as insistent as is that of the rocks as
to past changes in the arrangement of land and water.

Observations on a new type of artificial osmotic cell, J. Rosett {Plant
World, 20 {1911), No. 2, pp. 31-51, figs. 3).— The author describes a modification
of Traube's cell for the illustration and study of osmotic phenomena. This
modification is said to be adaptable and convenient.

Into a mixture of the solutions of sodium silicate and sodium salicylate a
crystal of potassium permanganate is dropped. The quick formation and rup-
ture of the sac which develops around the crystal is followed by the formation
of a protuberance which becomes elongated into a stem, the structure, behavior,
and management of which are discussed.

The osmotic concentration of the tissue fluids of Jamaican montane rain
forest vegetation, J. A. Haeris and J. V. Lawrence {Amer. Jour. Bot., 4
{1911), No. 5, pp. 268-29S). — This paper, the second of a series dealing with
problems of osmotic concentrations in plant tissue fluids (E. S. R.. 33, p. 628),
presents determinations of the freezing point lowering of extracted leaf sap of
plants from the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, discusses the differences noted in
connection with local differences in the environmental complex, and briefly com-
pares the series as a whole with others now available.

The results of the present study (though showing less marked contrasts) are
said to confirm the conclusions drawn from investigations of the deserts of
southern Arizona as regards the existence of a higher osmotic pressure in the
tissue fluids from the leaves of ligneous plants than in those from herbaceous
plants. The four subhabitats recognized in the Blue Mountains show distinct
differences in the concentration of their tissue fluids. The ruinate, regarded
as the most xerophytic of the habitats, shows a distinctly higher concentration
of leaf tissue fluids than does any other habitat. The ridge forest, the leeward
ravines, the windward ravines and slopes, and the windward habitats form a
descending series as regards sap concentration.

126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. IVol. 38

The osmotic concentration of tlie sap of plants in the Blue Mountains is the
lowest yet extensively investigated, the ligneous forms averaging about 11.44
atmospheres and the herbaceous plants averaging about 8.8 atmospheres. These
figures are compared with those from other series in other regions. These
averages, though the simplest expression of regional differences, are admitted
to be not adequately descriptive, as they conceal differences which obtain in
each of the areas invsstigated. Further comparisons are to be presented
later.

The relationship between the osmotic concentration of leaf sap and height
of leaf insertion in trees, J. A. Harris, R. A. Gobtner, and J. V. Lawrence
(Bnl Torrey Bot. Club, U (1917), No. 6, pp. 267-286, figs. ^).— The authors
present data obtained from a study of the relationship between the height of
insertion of leaves and the physicochemical properties of the leaf sap in trees
growing in the open or in the woods.

Measurements made on 26 trees belonging to 12 species are said to show that,
almost without exception, the osmotic concentration of leaf sap (determined by
the freezing-point lowering method) increases from lower to higher levels, while
specific electrical conductivity shows a tendency, though less regular, to de-
crease from below upward. Almost without exception, the ratio of specific
electrical conductivity to freezing-point lowering decreases from below up-
ward.

The observed relationship of physicochemical properties to the level of leaf
insertion is thought to be due to either internal or environmental factors. The
probable bearings of the observed facts are discussed.

The effect of surface films of Bordeaux mixture on the foliar transpiring
power in tomato plants, J. W. Shive and W. H. Mabtin {Plant World, 20
(1917), No. S, pp. 67-S6. fig. 1). — Extending the investigations reported by Mar-
tin (E. S. R., 36, p. 454), and employing improved methods worked out by
Livingston and Shreve (E. S. R., 37, p. 26), but using in this work tomato
plants in full bloom which had been grown under agricultural conditions in the
open field, the authors state that the indices of transpiring power of the leaves
treated with Bordeaux mixture range from 18 to 29 per cent higher than do
those of the untreated leaves. The maximum indices in foliar transpiring
power for all occiir near the middle of the day, and the influence of the
Bordeaux mixture in raising the index is as pronounced when the indices are
low as when they are high.

Permeability of membranes as related to their composition, F. E. Denny
(Bot. Oaz., 63 (1917), No. 6, pp. 468-485, figs. 6).— The author describes a study
of questions raised in the course of a previous investigation (E. S. R., 38, p. 25)
regarding the identity and the relative importance of the substances determining
the rate of passage of water through membranes. Seed coats from various
economic plants were used. An account is given of factors and treatments
influencing permeability.

The substances affecting the permeability of the membranes to water were
lipoids, tannins, and pectic substances. Soluble proteins were not detected.
Suberized layers were not significant in this connection.

Resistance of seed coats of Abutilon theophrasti to intake of water, W. E.
Davis (Bot. Oaz., 64 (1917), No. 2, pp. 166, 167).— The results of tests with
seeds of A. theophrasti covered with water in stoppered vials in 1910 and re-
moved as they were found to have swollen and with seeds collected in 1916
from plants standing in the field are said to indicate a wide range in the resist-
ing power of the coats of these seeds to water intakes. It is thought that
many of the more resistant seeds lie in the soil for many years before
germination can take place.

1918] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 127

The viability of radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) as affected by high tem-
peratures and water content, H. D. Waggoneb {Amer. Jour. Bot., If (1917), No.
5, pp. 299-313, fly. 1). — A study of seeds of R. sativus of several varieties is said
to have shown that the viability of the seeds at given temperatures is lowered
by a high initial water content of the seeds, and that, at a given water
content, viability is lowered by an increase of temperature. Seeds injured by
high water content or high temperature suffer retardation in germination,
which shows a direct relation to these readings. Radish seeds of equal initial
water content show very much greater resistance to heat in dry-corked flasks
than in water, and still greater in open dishes in ovens. The amount of water
absorbed or given up by the seeds during treatment appears to be the chief
determining factor as regards the development of resistance. Seeds heated in
water lose increasingly in dry weight with rise of temperature.

The influence of light on the germination of the seed of varieties of Nico-
tiana tabacum, J. A. Homjng {Bui. Deli I'roefstat. Medan, No. 7 (1916), pp.
1-1^). — Having noted a statement by Raciborski (E. S. R., 12, p. 1050) to the
effect that tobacco seeds locally tested germinated very poorly, if at all, in dark-
ness, and one by Gassner (E. S. R., 35, p. 222) to the effect that the seeds of
A^. tabacum belong in the group of seeds which are insensible to light, the
author has tested many varieties. He has found that while seeds of Deli
tobacco kept in darkness can not germinate more than a small percentage, those
of some other varieties germinate in darkness as completely as in light (but
require a longer time).

The results of tests with 51 samples representing widely separated regions
are tabulated. In darkness the types obtained from the Balkans and Asia
Minor germinated most quickly of all and gave the highest percentages.
The American types gave a low rate (none above 50 per cent) of germination
or none at all in darkness. Types from western and central Europe took an
intermediate position, except in one case. Only the seeds of N. quadrivalvis
agreed with the seeds of N. tabacum used by Gassner as regards behavior in
darkness.

The growth of isolated plant embryos, G. D. Bucknee and J. H. Kastle
(Jour. Biol. Chem., 29 (1911), No. 2, pp. 209-213).— In experiments attempting
to nourish the Lima bean plant with different compounds, it was found that
glucose and other sugars produced growth, while starch and Hopkins' plant-
food solution caused no appreciable stimulation. Cotyledons which showed no
reducing sugars caused no growth, while those cotyledons with glucose added
gave a good growth. Cotyledons of beans that had germinated and contained
reducing sugars also supported growth in isolated embryos. It appears that
growth is obtainable when glucose or a carbohydrate giving a hexose on hydroly-
sis is present, but not in the absence of these substances. While the dry bean
does not contain the food necessary to the growth of its own embryo, the
green cotyledon of a germinated bean contains the food materials necessary
to normal growth.

Observations on the chondriome in tulip flowers, A. Guillieemond (Compt,
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164 (1911), No. 10, pp. 401-J,09).— The author states,
that he has found the tulip flower to be as well adapted to the study of chon-
driomes as that of Iris germanlca, previously utilized for this purpose (E. S. R.,
35, p. 333). The tulip flower has been utilized to make very precise observa-
tions, which are said to confirm those previously made regarding the elabora-
tion of the xanthophyll pigment.

Characters and alterations in the chondriomes of the epidermal cells of
the tulip flower, A. Guillieemond (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. IParis], 164 U^H),

128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

No. 16, pp. 609-612).— The author, briefly describing the method and results of
a continuation of the study above noted, employing two varieties of Tulipa
suaveolem, states that the mitochondria are the most delicate elements of the
cell and the first to manifest cellular degeneration or injury due to osmotic
exchanges. The visible alteration consists largely in the transformation of the
mitochondria into relatively large vesicles which assume the aspect of vacuoles,
giving to the cytoplasm what appears to be an alveolar structure.

The action of oxidase on anthocyanin, I. Nagai (Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 31
(1917), No. 363, pp. 65-lJt, figs. 2).— The author gives a preliminary report on
studies in which an actively oxidizing plant juice, as that of the potato tuber
or of certan mushrooms, when added to an aqaeous extract of anthocyanin, dis-
charged the color of the extract, according to tables and graphs which are
given. It completed the change in about one hour in most cases, extracts from
some flowers proving to be somewhat more stable. The mode of action of the
plant juices appears to be analogous to that of hydrogen peroxid, which also
decolorizes plant juices, the rate of discharge being proportional within limits
to the concentration of the solution, this fact also furnishing a means of esti-
mating the oxygen value of the plant juices. The decolorizing effects of the
enzyms on plant juices are thought to be due to the destruction of the complex
anthocyanin molecule and not to any intramolecular changes, since the action
is not reversible.

The sugar content of potatoes as related to ag'e and treatment with liquid
air, H. I. Waterman (Chem. Weekbl, 13 (1916), No. 5, pp. 122-121 ; abs. in
Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 110 (1916), No. 6^3, I, p. 359).— It is stated that the
conversion of starch into sucrose which occurred when potatoes were dried at
40° C. did not occur if the potatoes were previously immersed in liquid air.

The effect of ringing on the transfer of materials in Cornus controversa.
S. HiBiNO (Jour. Col. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 39 (1917), Art. 5, pp. 40, pis. 13).—
In tests carried out with C. controversa, the author found that water conduc-
tion was interfered with very slightly by bark ringing, very seriously by bark
and wood ringing, but almost not at all by ringing half way around the stem
at either depth or by boring into the wood. Abnormal anthocyanin formation
occurred in leaves both above and below the injury in trees that had been
ringed. The leaves on the parts above the injury faded and fell earlier than
those below, especially where the wood also was ringed.

In case of ringed trees vegetation was much delayed and imperfect in its
development and somewhat etiolated the following spring. Blooming also
was earlier and more abundant and more fruit was produced. Adventitious
shoots wei'e abundant below the ring, particularly in cases in which the wound
was deep. Callus developed at the cut edges more^ strongly in the shallow
rings. The water content of the leaves decreased after a time, more particu-
larly in those of the lower portions, those of the deeply ringed trees soon
dying completely. The twigs above the ring contained larger proportions of
both organic and inorganic materials.

In the shallow ringed trees, there was excess of starch, reducing sugar, ether
extract, and ash content, while in deeply ringed trees there was an excess of
nonreducing sugar, protein, raw fiber, and tannic acid. In the leaves above the
shallow rings, starch was in excess and diastase more so, but this excess was
less in the trees that had been deeply ringetl. Diastase was present in greater
degree in leaves containing anthocyanin than in those which were green in case
of both shallow ringed and uninjured trees, the leaves with high anthocyanin
content containing an excess of reducing sugar. Leaves of ringed trees con-
tained excess of oxidase and of peroxidase as well as of diastase. These
differences were not observable in case of trees which had been only half

1918] FIELD CROPS. 129

ringed. Cryptomeria japonica and Prunus mutabilis, which had been shallowly
ringed, were attacked by insects with particular severity above but not at all
below the ring.

Recent studies on sectioning and regeneration in plants, L. Daniel {Rev.
04n. Bot., 29 {1917), No. S39, pp. 65-12, figs. 11).— The author has made further
observations (E. S. R., 19, p. 728) on the production of anomalies by sectioning
and other forms of injury to growing plants. Decapitation of Eucalyptus glob-
ulus was followed by the development of the more juvenile form of leaves.
Carrot roots which had been sectioned or otherwise injured gave unusual forms
which are described.

The cause of the disappearance of coumarin, vanillin, pyridin, and quino-
lin in the soil, W. J. Robbins {Alabama Sta. Bui. 195 {1917), pp. 49-64, pis.
2). — Experiments with sandy loam soils, one of neutral reaction and fair fer-
tility and the other of decidedly acid reaction, are reported. A list of cited
literature is included.

It was found that " vanillin, coumarin, pyridin, and quinolin when added
separately to the soil used at a concentration of approximately 1,000 parts
per million of air dry soil produce a great temporary increase in the number
of bacteria which will develop on Brown's albumin agar. In the case of
vanillin and quinolin it is shown that this increase in numbers is preceded by
a decrease. The number of Actinomyces colonies in the soils treated with cou-
marin, vanillin, and quinolin decreases, reaching a minimum roughly corre-
sponding with the maximum in bacterial numbers.

" Steam sterilizing of the soil used in these experiments produces material
toxic to the growth of wheat plants. Soil microorganisms destroy the toxicity
of the steamed soil under the conditions of the experiment. The effect on the
growth of wheat of vanillin, coumarin, pyridin, and quinolin in sterile soil
and in soil which has been sterilized, reinoculated, and incubated was compared.
In the inoculated soil the toxicity of the four compounds largely disappears. It
persists in the sterile soil.

" Specific bacteria were isolated from the soils used which utilize coumarin,
vanillin, and pyridin as food sources. The bacterium feeding on vanillin will
in pure culture destroy the toxicity of vanillin [and coumarin] to wheat. . . .
The increase in the numbers of bacteria in the soils treated with the four com-
pounds and the disappearance of the toxicity of these substances in inoculated
soil is believed to be due to the fact that they serve as favorable food sources
to definite species of bacteria."

FIELD CROPS.

[Work with field crops on the Huntley reclamation project experiment
farm in 1916], D. Hansen {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley
Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 1-10, 12-14, 16-23, figs. 2). — This continues work pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 132), together with additional new experiments
Including methods of establishing irrigated pastures, methods of seeding clover,
and crop rotation experiments.

The average yields of all crops in 1916 in the irrigated-crop rotation experi-
ments amounted to 4.64 tons of alfalfa, 11.17 tons for sugar beets, 240.3 bu. for
potatoes, 78.2 bu. for oats, 26.4 bu. for wheat, 36.3 bu. for corn, and 17.7 bu. for
flax. The maximum oat yield for 1916 amounted to 104.8 bu. per acre and was
grown in rotation with alfalfa (2 years) and potatoes. The maximum potato
yield, 401.7 bu., followed alfalfa for 3 years. The maximum sugar beet yield,
amounting to 17.93 tons, was obtained in a rotation of beets (manured) and
potatoes.

130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Sugar beets grown in rotation yielded 1.59 tons more per acre in 1916 tlian
in 1915, tlie average percentage of sugar, however, amounting to 15.5 in 1916
as compared with 17.7 in 1915. Beets grown on manured oat stubble land
gave an average yield of 12.52 tons per acre, while the average yield after oats
without manure was 8.5 tons.

Maximum yheat yields were secured in a 2-year rotation with sugar beets.
Wheat grown continuously for 5 years yielded 21.7 bu. per acre as compared
with a yield of 24.8 bu. on an adjoining plat where the straw was returned
each fall and plowed under.

Maximum corn yields were secured in a 2-year rotation with potatoes and
the minimum yield in a 2-year rotation with oats. Flax following alfalfa pas-
tured by hogs in 1914 and corn hogged off in 1915 yielded 27.9 bu. per acre in
1916, while flax grown continuously for 5 years produced 7.5 bu. per acre.

In experiments in establishing irrigated pasturage, three grass mixtures were
employed, representing rates of seeding of 21, 17, and IG lbs. per acre, respec-
tively. Average acre yields were secured amounting to 35 bu. of wheat as a
nurse crop cut for grain, 1.93 tons for wheat cut for hay, and 0.85, 0.22, and
0.67 ton of grass hay for mixtures 1, 2, and 3, respectively. It was concluded
that good stands of grasses could be obtained with grain seeded as a nurse
crop provided proper care is exercised in applying the irrigation water. It is
deemed expedient to meet the water requirements of the grasses rather than
those of the nurse crop for the best results. Plats seeded in the manner de-
scribed above in 1915 are said to show comparatively little difference in the
growth of the gras.ses although those seeded without a nurse crop produced
slightly more growth early in the season.

Spacing tests with sugar beets were conducted in 1912, 1914, and 1916, the
beets being planted in rows 18, 20, and 24 in. apart and thinned to distances of
6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 in. in the row for each row width. The highest yield for
1916 was at the rate of 15.4 tons per acre from the 24-in. rows, with beets thinned
to 6 in, in the row. The lowest yield, amounting to 13.26 tons per acre, was
secured from 18-in. rows thinned to 15 in. Three-year average yields for the
different row widths amounted to 15.31, 15.17, and 16.03 tons per acre for
18-, 20-, and 24-inch rows, respectively. Average yields for plats thinned to 6, 9,
12, 15, and 18 In. regardless of distance between rows amounted to 15.95, 15.03,
15.77, 15.31, and 15.51 tons, respectively. A slight decrease in sugar content
appeared to accompany an increase in width of row, distance of thinning, and
size of beet produced.

Field tests in sugar beet root-louse control by means of irrigation, similar to
more limited experiments conducted in 1915, are reported with results confirma-
tory of those previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 430).

Sugar beets siloed at harvest time showed an average loss in weight on
December 1 of 4.4 per cent. Based on 1916 prices for sugar beets it is esti-
mated that the average loss in value amounted to 28.5 cts. per ton, the sugar
content remaining practically constant

Red, white, and alsike clovers were sown on duplicate plats in the spring
with wheat as a nurse crop cut for hay, with wheat cut for grain and without
a nurse crop, and seeded in late summer in wheat stubble. Red clover produced
a good stand with the three methods of spring seeding, while white and alsike
clovers produced good stands only without a nurse crop, a stand estimated at
about 50 per cent being secured with a nurse crop. All three clovers produced
good stands from the late summer seedings. Red clover plats gave an average
yield of 1.8 tons of hay per acre and alsike clover a yield of 0.65 ton per acre.
The average yield of wheat as a nurse crop cut for grain was 40.6 bu. per acre
and of wheat cut for hay 2.03 tons per acre.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 131

Seed production rests with alfalfa including (1) clipping the alfalfa early
when about 8 or 10 in. high, leaving the second growth for seed, (2) harvesting
the first crop for hay and leaving the second crop for seed, and (3) leaving the
first crop for seed, gave average yields amounting to 2.56, 2.39, and 3.44 bu.
per acre, respectively.

Svanhals and Smyrna barleys, with yields of 45.5 bu. per acre each, were the
leading barley varieties tested in 1916. Mariout was lowest with a yield of
31.1 bu.

In variety tests with corn for the 3-year period of 1914-1916, inclusive, U. S.
Selection 123 was highest with an average yield of 48.9 bu. per acre and Min-
nesota No. 23 lowest with 36.2 bu. Northwestern Dent, with an average yield
of 43.4 bu., was the highest of the early-maturing varieties and is held to be
th© most dependable variety tested. Six varieties tested for silage production
in 1916 gave yields varying from 8.69 tons per acre for Northwestern Dent to
14.49 tons for Australian Flint. Although higher yields of silage were secured
from late-maturing varieties it was regarded as of rather inferior quality.

Alfalfa grown on plats fertilized with different amounts of acid phosphate
each year since 1913 gave an average yield for all plats of 1.55 tons per acre,
with no significant difference in yields due to the fertilizer.

[Report of field crops work at the Grand Rapids substation, 1916] {Min-
nesota Sta., Rpt. Grand Rapids Substa., 1916, pp. 10-23, figs. 7). — This reports
the progress of work previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p, 228) during 1916.
Meteorological data are summarized for 1915 and 1916.

In variety tests with spring wheat for 1915 and 1916 the highest average
yield, 19.9 bu. per acre, was obtained from Prelude, with Marquis second with
17.5 bu. In milling tests with 4 varieties of spring wheat, Prelude gave the
highest percentage of flour, 72.7, as compared with 68.8 for Marquis, and was
also deemed superior in quality to the other varieties tested.

Kherson, with a 2-year average yield of 84.1 bu. per acre, was first among
the oat varieties tested ; Banner second with 79.5 bu. ; and White Russian
third with 78.9 bu.

In variety tests with barley the maximum average yield for 1915 and 1916
was obtained from Blue Ribbon and amounted to 39.1 bu. per acre. Odessa,
with 38.4, and O. A. C. No. 21, with 38 bu., were second and third, respectively.

Variety tests with winter wheat in 1916 resulted in yields ranging from 10.6
bu. for Bearded Fife to 26.8 bu. per acre for Turkey Russian. Winter injury
to wheat varied from 0 for Turkey Red and Egyptian Amber to 29 per cent for
Kharkov.

Wisconsin No. 2 winter rye yielded 41.4 bu. per acre with no winterkilling.
Time-of-seeding tests with winter rye, with planting dates of September 1.
September 15, and October 1, resulted in yields of 31.3, 26.1, and 23 bu. per
acre, respectively.

Minnesota No. 13 corn, with a total yield in green weight of 12 tons per acre,
was first in the 1916 variety tests and is deemed best for either silage or fod-
der, and under favorable conditions is said to mature seed. Minnesota No. 23
and early flint corn are recommended for ear corn or for hogging off.

Eight varieties of field peas were tested for hay and grain production in 1916.
Green Canada and Wisconsin No. 508 were first In yield of forage, with 2.4 and
2.2 tons of hay per acre, respectively. Wisconsin No. 508, Green No. 208, and
Green Canada, with yields of 30.5, 25.8, and 24.6 bu. per acre, respectively, gave
the highest yields of seed.

Variety tests with 6 grasses and 6 clovers resulted in maximum yields of 2.5
tons of hay per acre for English bluegrass for the grasses, and of 8.8 tons for
Mammoth clover for the clovers. English and Italian rye grasses, with yields

132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Tol. 38

of only 0.58 and 0.75 ton per acre respectively, winterkilled, while sweet clover,
sainfoin, and Bokhara clover are reported as producing poor stands and being
very weedy.

Tests with different-sized seed pieces of potatoes resulted in yields per acre
of 336.1 bu. for whole tubers, 272.7 bu. for half-tubers, 232.7 bu. for quarter-
tubers, and 258.9 bu. for the ordinary cut, with percentages of marketable tubers
amounting to SG.9, 88, 88.4, and 86.7, respectively. Fifty-three varieties of
potatoes were tested, with yields varying from 8 bu. per acre for Early Market,
to 426 bu. for Peach Blow. British Queen and Green Mountain, with yields of
412.4 and 411.5 bu., were second and third, respectively. Green Mountain was
highest in the percentage of marketable tubers, with 95.4 per cent.

In the alfalfa experiments the average of all varieties inoculated with soil
and grown without a nurse crop was 4,600 lbs. of cured hay per acre as com-
pared with 3,133.3 lbs. with barley as a nurse crop. In another test the average
yields were 5.120 and 3,520 lbs., respectively. The total average yield of all
varieties tested was 5,776.4 lbs. of cured hay per acre. N. W. Experiment Sta-
tion, which is thought to be a strain of Minnesota Grimm, gave the highest total
yield of hay, 7,188.1 lbs. per acre, followed by Grimiu with 7,104 lbs.

[Field crops], R. H. Clemens (Rpt. Montieth Demon. Farm, 1916, pp. S-21,
figs. 10). — Field work on the Montieth Demonstration Farm in Ontario with
winter and spring wheat, barley, peas, flax, oats, clover and gx'ass seed, alfalfa,
turnips, and potatoes for 1916 is reported. Satisfactory results were obtained
with feeding silage made from a mixture of oats, peas, and vetches.

[Field experiments in 1916], H. von Feilitzen (Svenska Mosskulturfor.
Tidskr., SI (1917), No. 3, pp. 246-260). — The experiments reported were con-
ducted by the Swedish Moor Culture Association on 20 experiment fields and
26 demonstration fields on moor soils. The results are summarized as a whole.

The use of lime, even on peaty soils in which the lime content was nearly
adequate, produced good effects mainly, it is thought, through a promotion of
nitrate formation. The application of increasing quantities of phosphoric acid
and potash on soiling crops and grass gave varying results in different locali-
ties. At Kristineberg the best yield of green forage was secured from the use
per hectare of 300 kg. of superphosphate and 250 kg. of 37 per cent potash salt.
On meadows the best results were secured at Tobo with 300 kg. of Thomas slag,
at LundSs with 200 kg. of superphosphate and 100 kg. of 37 per cent potash
salt, and at Torne with 200 kg. each of superphosphate and 37 per cent potash
salt.

Applications of nitrate of soda on a fairly good peat soil increased the yield of
spring rye grown for soiling purposes, but on the best soils of this type the use
or nitrate did not prove profitable. Barnyard manure in general gave good
results. In one locality its residual effect the third year after application was
not very apparent. The value of the manure in these tests, based on the re-
sults, was 88 ore per 100 kg. (about 10 cts. per 100 lbs.). Annual fertilization
of the soil was found necessary to obtain good yields of the different moorland
crops, and the addition of commercial fertilizers to barnyard manure in general
gave profitable returns.

Results obtained with oats, barley, root crops, and grass are also briefly
noted.

[Report of field crop work], W. J. Colebatch and R. C. Scott (Jour. Dept.
Agr. So. Aust., 20 {1916), Nos. S, pp. 175-195; 4, pp. 256-276; 5, pp. SU-S59;
20 {1917), No. 6. pp. // 64-^79). —Tillage, raanurial, and rotational experiments
conducted on the permanent experimental fields of the Roseworthy Agricultural
College since 1904 are outlined and the results through 1915 reported. Detailed
tabular data are presented and discussed.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 133

The tillage experiments included depth-of-plowing tests and a comparison of
early and late fallows. The deeply-plowed (7 in.) winter fallow, adequately
cultivated to keep down the weeds and check loss of moisture through evapora-
tion, has been the most remunerative system tested.

The fertilizer experiments included tests with phosphates, commercial nitrog-
enous materials, potash, farmyard manure, and lime. The phosphate tests were
extensive and included the testing of various phosphorus carriers and of phos-
phate applications under various cropping conditions. The results of all
fertilizer tests are summarized in tabular form, showing the dirdct effects of the
various treatments on wheat when harvested for grain or hay, as indicated by
the net values of the mean yields. In the bare-fallow, wheat rotation an
application of 2 cwt. of acid phosphate gave the highest net return with both
grain and hay, the value of the meaai yields being $2,67 and $2.87 per acre, re-
spectively, in excess of the value of the mean yields produced on the untreated
checks. In the bare-fallow, wheat, pasture rotation an application of 0.5 cwt.
of acid phosphate gave the highest net return for wheat, $4.66, while the high-
est return for hay was $5.28 from an application of 1 cwt.

The rotation experiments included 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-course rotations with
wheat, sorghum, rape (for pasture), barley, peas, and alfalfa. The highest
net return per acre from the various systems tested was secured from a bare-
fallow, wheat, barley rotation when based on the value of the wheat crop
harvested either for grain or for hay.

Harvest report [Rosewortliy Agricultural College], 1916—17, W. J. Cole-
batch ET AL. {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 20 (1911), No. 8, pp. 623-648).— Con-
siderable meteorological and crop data for the season 1916-17 are reported.
The crop yields totaled 165 tons of berseem clover, 103 tons of cereal silage,
375 tons of hay, 200 tons of straw, and 10,786 bu. of grain, including peas,
barley, oats, rye, and wheat.

Additional data show the comparative yields of wheat varieties, hybrids, and
selections grown on the college farm in 1916.

Culture experiments with varieties of root crops, P. J. Lovo (Aarsber.
Norges Landbr. Hoiskoles Akervekstforsok, 21 (1915-16), pp. 10-57, figs. 4). —
The results of cooperative culture and variety tests with root crops in different
parts of Norway are reported.

It was found that root crops over the entire country produced yields of
forage higher than those secured from any of the crops generally grown for
that purpose. In most sections the best yields of forage were secured from
turnips. It was also found that the turnip crop is capable of utilizing a heavier
application of fertilizers, as well as better methods of culture, than are now
generally given. Of the different varieties grown Dales Hybrid showed the best
keeping qualities. The relative production of foliage was higher in northern
Norway than in other parts of the country.

Experiments with different kinds and mixtures of hay crops, K. Vik
(Aarsbcr. Norges Landbr. Hoiskoles Akervekstforsok, 27 (1915-16), pp. 58-
115). — Hay crops were tested in 3- and 5-year rotations.

Among the leguminous hay crops in both rotations red clover followed by
alsike clover led in production. Timothy stood first among the grasses In
both rotations, but a strain of English rye grass gave nearly as good yields in
the 3-year rotations and several strains of fescue grasses in the 5-year rota-
tions. In a series of 3-year tests grass mixtures gave in every case a greater
yield than was secured from the same grasses grown separately. The standard
mixture, consisting of 20 per cent red clover, 10 per cent alsike clover, and 70
per cent timothy, in most instances gave the best yield.

134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Pastures on peat soils, H. von Feilitzen (Om Betesvailar pd Torvjord. Oote-
borg, Sweden: OiJteborg Lithographing Co., 1917, pp. 92, figs. 59).— The discus-
sion presented is based largely oo the results obtained on the experiment fields
of the Swedish Moor Culture Association. The subjects considered include
the adaptability of peat soils to pastures, the kind of peat soils best suited for
the purpose, methods of establishing pastures on such soils, the maintenance
of the pastures to give satisfactory results for a series of years, conditions in
long and recently established pastures on mossy soils and on peat soils high in
nitrogen content, and the use of pastures for the production of hay.

The 1918 grain crop, T. F. Hunt (California Sta. Circ. 169 (1911), pp. 8).—
Tlie author brielly discusses the advisability of employing a portion of the
barley acreage in Culifornia for wheat production during the present emergency,
and outlines other possible means of increasing the wheat yield as (1) in-
creased acreage through the utilization of new land, and (2) increased produc-
tion on the existing acreage through improved farming methods.

The effect of different methods of inoculation on the yield and protein con-
tent of alfalfa and sweet clover, II, A. C. Arny and R. W. Thatcher {Jour.
Amer. Soc. Agron., 9 (1917), No. 3, pp. 127-137; abs. in Physiol. Abs., 2 (1917),
No. 6, p. 375). — This paper, continuing inoculation studies (E. S. R., 33, p. 633),
reports the results secured with the 191.5 crop and presents the conclusions
drawn and the data obtained.

Inoculation at seeding time produced a large increase in yield of dry matter
per acre and in percentage of protein in tlie dry matter in the second season
thereafter (first harvestable crop) as compared with the yield and composition
of the crop from adjacent tminoculated plats. In the next season's growth
(second harvestable crop) the differences are much less noticeable, and practi-
cally disappear the following year because of the rapid spread of the inoculating
bacteria to the uninoculated plats. Inoculation of either alfalfa or sweet clover
vpith soil from either alfalfa or sweet clover fields was equally efficient in pro-
ducing these effects. Inoculation with soil was generally more efficient in these
respects than inoculation with the commercial cultures used in the experiments.
Liming at seeding time (2 tons ground limestone per acre) slightly intensified
the above-mentioned effects of inoculation. Inoculation produced an increased
capacity of the plants to utilize mineral soil nutrients, the increased growth
resulting in the removal from the soil of very much larger amounts of potassium,
phosphorus, and calcium. Inoculated plants were also enabled to elaborate a
somewhat larger amount of dry matter from a given amount of mineral plant-
food element.

Barley in Wyoming, T. S. Parsons (Wyoming Sta. Bui. 115 (1917), pp. 11-
S5, figs. 2).— Tliis reports experimental work for the 5-year period 1911-1915.

Hanna and White Hull-less, the only varieties grown for 5 years, gave average
yields of 41.4 and 40.3 bu. per acre, respectively. California Feed and Chevalier,
with 4-year average yields of 60.9 and 58.1 bu., and Success, with a yield of
62 bu. per acre for one year, were the leading varieties reported.

At the station barley required a growing period of from 106 to 122 days.
With early plowing and good seed-bed preparation it showed little difference in
yield on spring or fall ploweil land. Good soil preparation was deemed more
advantageous than very early seeding. The 2-year average yield of all home-
grown seed at the station was 54.1 bu. per acre as compared with a yield of
50.6 bu, for imported seed. Barnyard manure is reported as giving good
results with barley, with a marked cumulative effect. Idaho, Utah, and Colo-
rado winter barleys tested at the Wyoming Station winterkilled, although
successful yields of winter barley have been reported from Platte County.

Approved methods of barley production are briefly outlined.

19181 FIELD CROPS. 135

Corn planting and cultivation in Montana, A. Atkinson and M. L. WrLSON
(Montana Sta. Circ. 61 (1917), pp. 101-128, figs. 29).— The preparation of the
seed bed, time and method of planting, and the cultivation of corn are discussed
in some detail and types of corn planters and cultivators illustrated.

[Cotton in Brazil] (Primeira Conferencia Algodoeira. Rio de Janeiro: Soc.
Nac. Agr., 1916, pp. 18; Lavoura; Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Brazil, 20 (1916), No. 7,
pp. 53-81). — This is a report of the proceedings of the First Cotton Conference
of Brazil and includes a classification of the commercial types of cotton in
Rio de Janeiro.

How to increase the potato crop by spraying, F. H. Chittenden and W. A.
Orton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. S6S (1911), pp. 22, figs. 25).— This out-
lines approved methods of control of the Colorado potato beetle, blister beetles,
flea-beetles, cutvporms and caterpillars, leafhoppers, aphids, late and early blight,
and other foliage diseases. Directions for preparing and applying sprays are
given and spraying appliances noted. Other methods of control are also briefly
described.

The effect of growing radishes on the succeeding maize crop, H. B. Annett
(Agr. Jour. India, 12 (1911), No. 1, pp. 151, 152). — Observations of marked de-
terioration in the corn crop grown on that portion of a field which had produced
radishes during the cold weather are briefly noted. Analyses of surface soil
and subsoil as to available phosphoric acid and potash did not show sufficient
differences to explain the depression.

Eight years' experiments with new varieties of oats, K. ViK (Aarsber.
Norges Landbr. Hoiskoles Akervekstforsok, 21 (1915-16), pp. 115-134). — The
results of experiments in progress from 1909 to 1916, inclusive, with 29 varie-
ties of oats, including many of the newer sorts, on 71 fields in different parts
of the country are reported.

The highest average yield of grain, about 70 bu. per acre, was secured from
Klokke II, a cross between Guldregn and Klokke. Stormogul, which stood first
in straw production with 4,462 lbs. per acre, also ranked high in the yield of
grain. Guldregn, followed closely by Tartar King, ranked first in weight per
bushel, with 41.4 lbs., and last in hull content, with 23.6 per cent. A brief
description of the performance of each variety is given.

Ragi, L. C. Coleman (Mysore Agr. Calendar, 1911, pp. ^2-^6). — Manurial,
cultural, and seed-selection tests with ragi (Eleusine coracana), the staple food
crop of Mysore, are briefly noted. Green manuring with sunn hemp has given
larger and cheaper returns than fertilizing with cattle manure. Fall plowing
or early spring plowing is deemed essential to successful production.

Sugar-cane experiments for the season 1914 to 1916, J. R. Bovell and J. P.
d'Albuqueeque (Barbados Dept. Agr., Rpt. Sugar-Cane Expts., 1914-1916, pp.
80). — Fertilizer and variety tests with sugar cane are reported in continuation
of work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 831).

Sulphate of ammonia again gave the highest net return of the nitrogenous
fertilizers, $90.53 per acre. In the phosphate series, a net gain of $110.88 was
obtained from an application of 100 lbs. of basic slag, and in the potash series,
100 lbs. of potash as sulphate was highest with $94.92. The difference between
the highest and lowest yielding plats for the period was 42.2 per cent.

The testing of seedling and other canes was continued as heretofore with
White Transparent as the standard variety for comparison. The average yield
of this variety in the black soil district, from 19 plats, was 6,610 lbs. of musco-
vado sugar per acre. The highest yielding seedling variety was B. 4578, with
10,531 lbs. for one plat, representing a monetary gain of $141.55 per acre over
White Transparent.

136 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

On the red soils, the average yield of White Transparent was 5,814 lbs. per
acre.- The seedling cane B. 6450 gave the highest yield, 8,793 lbs., representing
a monetary gain over the standard of $107.53 per acre.

For the period of 1912 to 1916 White Transparent gave an average yield of
4,920 lbs. on the black soils and 5,321 lbs. per acre on the red soils. The highest
yielding variety for the five-year period was Ba. 6032, with a yield of 7,728 lbs.
and a monetary gain over White Transparent of $67.67 per acre. B. 6450 gave
the highest average yield on the red soils, 7,791 lbs., with a monetary increase
over White Transparent of $59.53 per acre. This variety also gave an increase
of $35.72 over tlie standard variety on the black soils.

In a comparison of Ba. 6032 and B. 6450 on 34 plats, Ba. 6032 gave, as a
three-year average, 1,429 lbs. of saccharose per acre more than B. 6450.

Notes on improved methods of cane cultivation, C. Clabke and N. Husain
(Dept. Land Rec. and Agr. United Prov. Agra and Oudh, Bui. 35 (.1916), pp. 8,
figs. 3; rev. in Agr. Jour. India, 12 (1917), No. 1, pp. 170-172). — Improved and
tested varieties of sugar cane are recommended for the Central Provinces and
cultural practices deemed best for the region outlined.

Distribution of cane for seed, H. B. Cowgill (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Circ. 8 (1917), Spanish Ed., pp. 3-13). — Local and introduced varieties of sugar
cane are briefly described and the advantages of the development of new vari-
eties outlined. Regulations governing the distribution of cane for seeding pur-
poses are noted.

Sweet clover, A. Atkinson (Montana Sta. Circ. 62 (1917), pp. 49-55). — The
production of sweet clover in Montana for hay and pasture is discussed and the
handling of the crop for seed production noted.

Sweet clover grown under irrigation in 1915 yielded 2.2 tons for the white-
flowered biennial, 2.67 tons for the yellow-flowered biennial, and 0.62 ton for
the small yellow-flowered annual. In 1916 the first two sorts yielded 3.02 and
4.2 tons per acre, respectively, the annual sweet clover being entirely winter-
killed. The white and yellow flowered biennials grown on dry land at the
Judith Basin substation in 1916 yielded 1.16 and 1.32 tons of hay per acre,
respectively.

Harvesting and storing sweet potatoes, J. C C. Price (Alabama Col. Sta.
Bui. 197 (1917), pp. 87-103, pis. 4, figs. 4; pop. ed., pp. 87-100, pis. 4, figs. 2).—
The results of storage tests witli sweet potatoes conducted at Auburn and at
other points in cooperation with growers are reported for 1914-1916, inclusive,
for a comparison of the keeping qualities of potatoes stored in an especially con-
structed storage house and those stored in banks, pits, or trenches. Approved
methods of harvesting, curing, and storing the crop are described. The curing
temperatures varied from 80 to 85° F. and the storage temperatures from
50 to 60°, the extreme limits for storage being from 40 to 65°. Humidity
varied from 80 to 90°. Temperature and humidity records were secured during
the curing and storage period for each year of the experiment and are shown
by graphs.

The Triumph, Nancy Hall, and Porto Rico, deemed the most important com-
mercial varieties grown in the State, are reported on in the storage tests
and show a loss by decay in the house of from 1.5 to 11 per cent on March 1
as compared with a similar loss of from 7.5 to 100 per cent in the banks on the
same date.

A selected sample of Triumph potatoes weighing 120 lbs. was placed fn
storage Nov. 10. 1915, and observed for loss in weight. A loss of 5.5 lbs. was
sustained the first 5 days at an average temperature of 84°, while during the
next 5 days under an average temperature of 62° there was an additional loss

1918] FIELD CHOPS. 137

of only 2.22 lbs. A total loss of 29.9 lbs. was noted at the end of the experiment,
Mar. 13, 1916.

It is concluded that sweet potatoes can be sufficiently cured in from 10 to
14 days and that cured potatoes stored in a dry room are far superior to
potatoes stored in banks in quality, condition, and freedom from decay, and that
they are to be preferred for bedding purposes.

Plans and specifications are submitted for a storage house 20 by 20 ft,
with a 1,250-bu. capacity.

Field experiments with tobacco, O. de Vkies {Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tabak
[Dutch East Indies], Medcd. 19 {1915), pp. U, pl- !)■ — This is a general outline
of (1) the methods employed, and (2) the investigations in progress in field
experiments with tobacco in the Dutch East Indies.

Expectations from the Fi g'enerations of tobacco, A. d'Angeemond {Proef-
stat. Vorstenland. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 23 {1916), pp. 45-65). —
This is a general discussion of the expectations in the F^ and Fa generations of
tobacco hybrids, based on Mendelian dominance and segregation of characters.

A new seeding' device, .J. T. Baumgakten {Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tabak
[Dutch East Indies], Medcd. 23 {1916), pp. 91-93, pi. 1).—A device for seeding
tobacco seed beds is briefly described and illustrated.

Fertilizing the seed beds, O. de Vries {Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tabak [Dutch
East Indies], Meded. 4 {1913). pp. 27, pis. 2).— Fertilizer experiments at eight
centers to determine the best treatment for tobacco seed beds are reported.

The results in all but two cases indicated that an application of 100 gm. of
ammonium sulphate, 100 gm. of acid phosphate, and 25 gm. of potassium sul-
phate per seed bed of 10 by 3 ft. gave the best results. On the poor, sandy soil
of one center an application of 100 gm. of ammonium sulphate. 200 gm. of
acid phosphate, and 50 gm. of potassium sulphate gave the best results, while
on the wet, sandy soil of another center 100 gm. of ammonium sulphate and
either 100 or 200 gm. of acid phosphate proved to be best.

[Report of fertilizer experim^ents with tobacco, 1910—1916], O. de Vkies
and E. Sidenius {Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded.
2 {1913), pp. S2; 9 {1914), PP- 42; 15 {1915), pp. 64, pi. 1; 18 {1915), pp. 31-
63; 20 {1915), pp. 33-67; 26 {1916), pp. 28).— Fertilizer experiments conducted
at numerous centers in the Dutch East Indies are reported for each year.
These tests were planned primarily to study the effect of chemical fertilizers
upon the relative chemical composition of the lower, middle, and upper leaves
of the tobacco plant, together with the effects on yield and quality.

The highest yields have been obtained from the use of ammonium sulphate,
although the senior author does not recommend its use on good soil. The esti-
mated average increase of fertilized fields for 1910-1914 was 10 per cent.

The experiments were considerably reduced in 1915-16, but gave practically
the same results as noted above. With applications of 6, 10, and 16 gm. of
ammonium sulphate per plant the increases were 17.6, 15.3, and 21.4 per cent,
respectively.

Green manuring tests, O. de Vkies {Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tabak [Dutch
East Indies], Meded. 20 {1915), pp. 4-19, pi. i).— Tests during 1913 and 1914
with Canavalia ensiformis, Desmodium stipulaceutn, Mucuna, Phaseolus lunatus,
and P. radiatus as green manures for tobacco are reported and briefly dis-
cussed. Agronomic data are presented in tabular form for each crop and for
each year of the experiment. The first three crops named gave the best
average results, based on tobacco yields.

Harvesting experiments with tobacco, 1913-13, O. de Vkies {Proefstat.
Vorstenland. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 8 [1914], pp. 45). — The author
reports experiments with early and late harvesting, harvesting of individual

138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

leaves (priming), stripping the leaves, and cutting the entire plant, including
a study of the influence of the various practices upon the color, quality, and
weight of the product.

The results indicated that early-harvested leaves were brighter in color and
superior in quality, though practically the same in weight, as those harvested
later. When harvesting the leaves individually considerable variation was
observed, resulting in a product lacking in uniformity. Cutting the entire
plant produced a browner, brighter, drier, less hygroscopic tobacco which had
less tendency to mold than that harvested by stripping. The leaf weight in
the former method was about 10 per cent less than in the latter, but the total
weight was practically the same owing to the fact that the smaller leaves were
Included in the harvest. It is recommended that for general practice the crop
be harvested by stripping in dry years and by cutting in wet years.

Tobacco curing tests, O. de Vries (Proefstat. VorstenlaTid. Tabak [Dutch
East Indies], Meded. 25 {1916), pp. 80, pis. 3 ) .—Extensive tests in curing to-
bacco are reported and the following general conclusions drawn from the
results :

During the first stage, which is designated as the time occupied in changing
from green to brown, requiring from 7 to 10 days, the tobacco is very sensitive
to variations in temperature. The tests varied between 26 and 30° C, a 2 to 3°
difference in temperature giving an entirely different curing. The relative
humidity of the air was also of importance, but might vary to a greater extent
than temperature (60 to 95 per cent or higher). Ventilation had little influ-
ence on the first stages.

Rapid curing resulted in tobacco of high value, possessing bright color and
excellent handling qualities, while, on the other hand, rapid curing increased
the hygroscopicity of the tobacco to such an extent as to frequently result in
pressure spots during subsequent fermentation which offset the good effects
noted above. Gradual curing, lasting two or three days longer, had the dis-
advantage of favoring rotting and other undesirable conditions not met with
in rapid curing.

The second phase of curing is designated as the passing from the brown stage
to the dry. The quality of the tobacco was about equal with either rapid or
gradual drying.

Artificial drying or drying under control conditions proved to be of the
greatest value in improving the quality and color of the product.

Prefermentation in special stacks of tobacco, O. de Vries {Proefstat. Vor-
stenland. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 23 {1916), pp. 69-88; abs. in In-
ternat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 8,
pp. 1118, 1119; Bol. Tec. Coltiv. Tabacchi [Scafati], 15 {1916), No. 3-6, pp. 94,
95). — Owing to the extreme dryness of the tobacco-growing season of 1914 in
Java the tobacco harvested at that time showed traces of pressure undergone
after fermentation, these traces remaining visible in the form of streaks and
spots on the leaves and considerably reducing the value of the product. In
an attempt to remedy this fermentation stacks were designed having an open
center in which the air could circulate more freely than in the ordinary form
of stack.

Provided the temperature of these stacks did not exceed 35° C. (95° F), the
results were very satisfactory. In subjecting tobacco thus treated to the usual
fermentation processes hardly any trace of pressure was observed. The con-
clusion is that a slow oxidation occurs in the preliminary stacks, destroying
certain essential oils which are decomposed by the heat, which frequently reaches
54° in the ordinary stacks. The products of this decomposition are then
thought to impregnate the dry cells, forming pressure spots on the leaves.

1018] FIELD CROPS. 139

Tobacco fermentation experiments, O. de Vrtes {Proefstat. Vorstenland.
Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 21 {1915), pp. 42, pi. i).— This reports ex-
periments with piles of fermenting tobacco to determine (1) the absorption of
air by the piles, (2) the heat insulation of the piles, (3) heat distribution in
the piles, and (4) the overheating of tobacco in piles. The report covers the
period of 1910 to 1915 and consists somevi^hat of a compilation of the results
of other investigators supplemented by the author's o\/n work. No definite
conclusions are drawn, although rather comparable results were obtained.

An ingenious device is described and illustrated for measuring heat insu-
lation.

Tobacco fermentation tests, N. H. Cohen and H. Jensen {Proefstat. Vorsten-
land. Tabak. [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 12 {1912), pp. 38, fig. i).— Studies of
the phenomenon of tobacco fermentation are reported in an effort to determine
the r61e of bacteria and enzyms and the chemical changes occurring in the
process.

Fermentation was produced at a temperature of 60° C. (140* F.) with a
relative humidity of from 80 to 90 per cent. The process is reported as being
in no sense bacteriological. Unsatisfactory moisture conditions occasioned a
reddish tinge in the tobacco. Together with humidity, temperature exerts an
influence on color, high humidity and high temperature resulting in darker
color. Mechanical pressure alone had probably no material influence upon
color, although a higher percentage of light-colored leaves was observed in the
smaller piles. Whether this was due to better ventilation or to decreased
pressure was not clear.

Similar results are reported by Jensen in experiments conducted by him inde-
pendent of those described above.

Observations on the combustion of tobacco, N. H. Cohen {Proefstat. Vor-
stenland. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. S {1913), pp. 29, fig. i).— This
paper is presented in three parts, as follows: (1) Methods for determining
combustion of tobacco, (2) the influence of the degree of maturity upon com-
bustion, and (3) the influence of the potash content upon combustion.

For the purpose of comparing strains of tobacco, the author recommends the

use of the formula: Br.=i— p, when Br. la the coefficient of combustion, G the weight

of the ash, g the initial weight of the sample, and t the time of combustion. Con-
siderable tabulated data are presented and discussed in illustrating the use of the
formula.

Samples representative of four degrees of maturity, (1) unripe, without any
indication of maturity, (2) ripe, but with yellow tinge, (3) fully matured, and
(4) overripe, were analyzed. The conclusion is reached that tobacco should be
entirely ripe before harvesting.

After briefly reviewing the results of other investigators the author con-
cludes that it is still an open question as to whether a sufficient weight of
potash could be supplied by any practical system of fertilization to improve
combustion materially.

Observations on the combustion of tobacco, O. de Vbies {Proefstat. Vorsten-
land. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 22 {1916), pp. 5-23, pi. 1; abs. in In-
ternat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Set. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 8,
p. 1119). — The author briefly reviews the observations of Tymstra, Cohen, and
others on the combustibility of tobacco and defines the phenomenon as the time
occupied in the combustion of a leaf of tobacco stretched horizontally and ignited
near its central part. Observations are also reported and illustrated on the
color of the ash of small " cigars " made from tobacco of the same origin and
40111°— 18— No. 2 4

140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. SS

allowed to burn themselves out, a scale of colors facilitating an estimate of the
differences.

Reports of fertilizer tests with ammonium sulphate, potassium nitrate,
sodium nitrate, and phosphoric acid are held to indicate that fertilizer treat-
ments have no influence on combustibility.

Observ-ations on the combustion of different strains of tobacco produced
in Semampir and Mlessen, A. d'Angremond {Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tabak
[Dutch EaM Indies], Medcd. 24 (1916), pp. 27-39).— This reports observations
on 133 strains of tobacco, giving the average combustibility in seconds and indi-
cating the best strains and hybrids for these localities from the standpoint of
combustion.

Comparison of varieties of turnips on 101 experiment fields from 1906
to 1915, P. Kkosby {Aarsber. Norges. Landbr. HoisJwles Akervekstforsok, 27
{1915-16), pp. 13Jf-lJ/2). — The results are tabulated and summarized, showing
that of the four principal varietal groups the flat-topped turnips included the
largest number of valuable varieties and gave the highest average yield of
dry matter in the roots, approximately 4,540 lbs. per acre. The Yellow Long
varieties produced about 4,373 lbs., and the White Globe and Yellow Globe
varieties approximately 3,955 and 3,855 lbs. per acre, respectively. The differ-
ent groups and varieties varied in dry matter production in different sections
of the country. Leaf production also varied with the group and with varieties
in the group in the various localities. The performance and behavior of the
varietal groups, as well as of the individual varieties, are briefly discussed.

Wheat culture, J. W. Gilmore {California Sta. Circ. 112 (1911), pp. 8).—
Factors involved in wheat production in California are briefly reviewed,
emphasizing the importance of seed-bed preparation, maintenance of organic
matter in the soil, the use of good seed, the time and method of seeding and
amount of seed required, fertilization, and irrigation.

The conversion of the weights of mechanical separations of corn, wheat,
and other grains into percentages, E. G. Boerner (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 5H
(1917), pp. 21, figs. 2). — Tables are given and described for the conversion of
weights of mechanical separations into percentages for corn (E. S. R., 36, p.
836), wheat, and other grains.

Percentage equivalents are given for separations of wheat weighing from
0.1 to 20 gm. taken from samples weighing from 25 to 65 gm., inclusive, and
covering the entire range of maximum and minimum limits of color, wheat
of other classes, damaged kernels, and inseparable impurities, and for sepa-
rations of corn weighing from 0.1 to 40 gm. taken from samples weighing from
240 to 260 gm., inclusive, and covering the entire range of maximum limits of
corn of other colors, damage, heat damage, and foreign material and cracked
corn as specified in the numerical grades of the United States standards for
wheat and shelled corn. The sampling device previously described (B. S. R.,
33, p. 836) is also noted.

The Colorado seed act, W. W. Robbins and G. E. Egqington (Colorado Sta.,
Seed Lab. Bui., 1 (1917), No. 1, pp. 3-15, fig. i).— This bulletin discusses the
provisions of the Colorado seed act of 1917. The text of the act is included.

Spraying for the control of wild morning glory within the fog belt, G. P.
Gray (California Sta. Circ. 168 (1917), pp. 7). — This forms a preliminary re-
port on the use of arsenical sprays as an herbicide in the control of the wild
morning glory in the coast regions of California. A stock solution composed
of 10 lbs. of granulated caustic soda (98 per cent), 20 lbs. of white arsenic
(arsenic trioiid 99 per cent), and water to make 5 gal. is to be diluted at the
rate of 1 gal. of the solution to 100 gal. of water. Damp, cloudy, or foggy
weather in October is deemed the best time to spray, a luxuriant growth of

1918] FIELD CKOPS. 141

mature vines being favorable to the most complete destruction of the roots.
The preparation and application of the spray is described and the possible
dangers to plant and animal life to be encountered in handling arsenic, briefly
noted.

It is stated that from 85 to 90 per cent of the morning glcy roots on plats
near the coast can be killed to a depth of 4 ft. or more by the application of
a properly timefl spray to mature vines, and that the vines may be destroyed
and prevented from seeding by the use of a spray at any time during the year.
While the enfeebled roots of sprayed plants send up new sprouts which reach
the surface in from 7 to 12 months, it is thought that annual fall spraying
would eventually eradicate the weed.

Farm weeds of North Carolina and methods for their control, J. L. Burgess
and C. H. Waldbon (Bid. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 31 (1916), No. 8, pp. 20, figs. 17).—
This is a brief discussion of the methods of eradication and control of 17 of
the principal weeds found in North Carolina.

Weeds in meadows at the Leteensuo experiment station, E. F. Simola
(Finska MosskulUirfor. Arsbok., 20 (1916), No. 2, pp. 92-124). — The results of
culture and fertilizer experiments with special reference to weed growth on
meadows established on different types of soil are reported.

It was found that the use of the harrow and the application of potash and
phosplioric acid reduced weed growth and improved the quality of the hay.
Through adequate and suitable top-dressings of swampy meadows such a dense
and otherwise favorable growth of grass was secured that after seven years of
treatment the meadows were nearly free from weeds. Inadequate applications
of fertilizers resulted in thin and weak stands of grass and a high percentage
of weeds.

Annual weeds which were quite numerous on fallow almost entirely dis-
appeared and the biennial and perennial species were reduced to a considerable
extent during the first year of treatment. The reduction of the species other
than annuals varied with the kind of fertilizer application given.

On a clay soil originally largely overgrown with sphagnum the degree of
weediness, owing to an increasing growth of Ruinex acetosclla and species of
Agrostis which crowded out the clovers, was lower during the first year of the
experiments than during the fifth. Of the grasses introduced into the meadows,
timothy and orchard grass proved most effective and resistant. On this type
of soil the grass was mixed with weeds to a less extent than on the soils o'f a
nonclayey character.

Applications of calcium nitrate on other than clay soils gave a larger in-
crease in the yield of hay and a greater improvement in quality than were se-
cured from the use of ammonium sulphate. It was observed that by the fifth
year of the tests the introduced grasses had died out and had been replaced
mainly by R. acetosella and species of Agrostis. The larger applications of
calcium nitrate produced the smaller quantities of weeds and the higher yields
of grass.

Good yields of grass and hay with low weed content were secured on
sphagnum bog soils when proper cultivation was given and a suitable grass mix-
ture was used. In an experiment with calcium nitrate, the check plat contained
only 1.82 per cent of weeds and yet the weed percentage was smaller on the
treated plats. The yields of hay for the different years ranged from 1,958
to 6,213 lbs. per acre. Lathyrus pratcnsis and Vicia cracca grew well on this
soil without the application of calcium nitrate and proved effective in counter-
acting the spread of weeds.

A new weed, H. W. Andrew (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 20 (1917), No. 7,
pp. 557, 558, fig. 1). — The appearance of Scorzonera laciniata (Podospennum
lacmiatum) in South Australia is reported. The plant is briefly described.

142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol. 38

HORTICULTURE.

Horticultural statutes of the State of California (Sacramento, Cal.: State,
1917, pp. m, pi. i).— This booklet contains the text of the various California
statutes and quarantine orders relating to horticulture, corrected to August
1, 1917. A list of State and county horticultural officers is included.

[Variety tests of veg'etables and fruits] {Minnesota Sta., Rpt. Grand Rapids
Substa., 1916, pp. J/5-57, figs. If). — The relative yields are given of varieties of
vegetables being tested, together with data on the condition of fruit varieties
planted in the new orchard. Varieties of small fruits under observation are
also listed. As a result of the vegetable tests the varieties are arranged in
order based both on quality and yield.

Celery storage experiments, H. 0. Thompson (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 579
(1917), pp. 26, figs. 10). — Experiments conducted by the author during the four
seasons 1912-13 to 1915-16 and here described in detail indicate that it would
be advantageous to cut down the standard celery crate, which approximates
24 in. In width and length, to at least 14 in. in width, thereby reducing the
amount of decay in storage and the amount of injury to celei'y froiu broken
crates. Actual tests show that celery in small crates sold for a much higher
price than similar celery in standard crates handled in exactly the same way.

Observations made in the cold storage houses showed a much larger propor-
tion of decay for celery in the top tier of the crates at the end of the storage
period than in the lower tiers. The variation in keeping quality of celery in
the different tiers was greater where the standard crate was used than where
smaller crates were used. As a general rule both air temperature and celery
temperature increased with the distance above the floor of the storage house.
In many instances when the thermometers registered 32° F. within 4 ft. of the
floor the temperature was 35 to 36° near the ceiling. The author is of the opin-
ion that thermometers should be placed at various heights in the storage room
and in the corners as well as in the passageways. Where there is much
variation in temperature in different parts of the room the air should be set in
motion.

Improving Grand Rapids lettuce, S. N. Green (Mo. Bvl. Ohio Sta., 2 (1917),
No. 9, pp. 308-312, figs. 3). — The author discusses the history and character-
istics of the open-headed variety of lettuce, Grand Rapids, and briefly reviews
the station's work in improving the variety.

Continued selection has resulted in two improved strains, one of which, the
Ohio Grand Rapids, is noteworthy for its increased \\ eight and increased seed
production as compared with commercial strains.

Some suggestions are given relative to methods of producing lettuce seed.

Fresh tomatoes and tomato conserves, S. Mondini (Bui. Uffic. Assoc. Ort.
Prof. Itnl., 5 (1917), No. 10-11. pp. 154-158).— A statistical summary of the
tomato and tomato product Industry in Italy, including data on the export
trade from 1913 to 1916.

[Fruits and ornamentals on the Huntley reclamation project], D. Hansen
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 23,
24, fig. 1). — Notes are given on the condition with reference to hardiness of a
number of varieties of fruit trees, ornamental trees, and shrubs being tested
on the project, including a list of varieties of apples and ornamentals that
appeared to be suited to the conditions.

Fruit growing in the Federal District, A. Caibe (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e
Com. [Brazil], 5 (1916), No. 3, pp. ^-69).— Notes are given on kinds of fruit
grown and those adapted for culture in the Federal District, Brazil.

1918] HOKTICULTURE. 143

Pruning apple trees, J. B. Keil (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 (1917), No. 9, pp.
304-307, flg. 1). — In the spring of 1912 following the regular pruning of the
station's variety test orchard a number of trees there in the nineteenth year
from planting were selected for a test of the following materials used as wound
dressings: Asphaltum-linseed oil, Hoyt's tree varnish, white lead a:id oil, a com-
bination of these preparations, and asphaltum varnolene. Trees were selected
wherever possible with 10 wounds of an inch or more in diameter.

The general effect of all the dressings used was to retard the healing process.
The freedom from disease of the untreated wounds used as checks indicated
that no dressing was needed. At the end of three years many wounds of 1.25 in.
or less in diameter had healed over completely. The rate of healing was
greatest in wounds made on the trunk and main branches and least in wounds
made by cutting off tops or ends of branches. Wounds made in the early part
of the growing season tend to heal more rapidly than those made while the
trees are dormant.

It is pointed out that the use of fungicidal sprays against fruit and tree
diseases would tend to obviate further the need for wound dressings, except In
special cases such as wounds made for the control of blight and blister cankers.
If any dressing is required, white lead in linseed oil Is the most durable and
only slightly more expensive per tree than the other dressings used.

The handling- and storag-e of apples in the Pacific Northwest, H. .1. Ramsey,
A. W. McKay, E. L. Markktx, and H. S. Bikd {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 587 {1917),
pp. 31, pis. 7). — This bulletin presents the results of extensive investigations
conducted by the department during the seasons of 1911-12 to 1914-15 to deter-
mine those factors which are of greatest importance to the successful storage
of the apples of the Pacific Northwest. The apples used in the work were
secured from the more important apple-growing sections of Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, and Montana.

In the experiments apples held in storage at 32° F. showed a wide range In
the cold-storage keeping qualities of the different varieties, depending upon the
decay, skin blemish, texture changes, etc., which they develop. A two weeks'
delay between the picking and storage of apples often greatly reduces their
life in storage through more rapid ripening and the development of scald,
Jonathan spot, scab, and decay. The apples kept longer and in better con-
dition at 32° than at 35°, the difference in favor of the ftrmer temperature
increasing with the time in storage.

Immature picking resulted in severe scald and early decay of apples in stora-ge
and the storage of over-mature apples was an equally bad or worse practice.
Well-colored portions of the skin seldom, if ever, develop scald. Apples from
orchards badly infected with northwestern anthracnose tend to decay early in
their storage life.

It is pointed out that carelessness in handling previous to storage is respon-
sible for considerable decay of apples in storage, and that the successful cold
storage of apples depends as much on the treatment they receive before storage
as on the conditions and temperatures under which they are held in storage.

In connection with the work as a whole some limited data were secured on
the common storage of apples. Although these data are not conclusive they
indicate at least that a common storage house cooled by natural circulation
only can not take the place of a cold-storage warehouse for long keeping of the
fruit. The bulletin concludes with tabular data and notes on the cold-storage
keeping qualities of varieties of apples grown in the Pacific Northwest.

Strawberry culture in Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, G. M. Dab-
Eow (U. S. Dept. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. 854 {1917), pp. 23, figs. 11).— This dis-

144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

cusses the different cultural methods used in Tennessee, Kentucky, find West
Virginia, and points out those which liave been demonstrated by experience to
be the most efficient. The subject matter is presented under the general
headings of methods of culture, extent of strawberry shipments from Tennessee
and Kentucky, selection of a suitable location for growing strawberries, site for
a strawberry field, preparation of tlie soil, fertilizers, planting, system of train-
ing, care during the first summer, mulching, renewing the plantation, harvest-
ing, and varieties.

Increase the grape yield by spraying for insects and diseases, A. L. Quain-
TANCK and C. L. Shkar {Nehr. Uort., 7 {1911), No. 4, pp. .}-6).— This paper con-
tains directions for the control of the more important insect and fungus pests
of American varieties of grapes east of the Rocky Mountains.

The fertilization of citrus, W. P. Kelley (California Sta. Circ. Ill (1911),
pp ^). — This circular points out the more important lessons taught by various
fertilizer investigations with citrus fruits conducted in California in recent
years.

All of these lines of investigation and practical experience show the special
importance of nitrogenous fertilizers on the citrus soils of California. Phos-
phoric acid is required to some extent, but the soils are, generally speaking,
well supplied with potash.

[Manurial experiments with coconuts and vanilla], P. R. Dupont (Ann.
Rpt. Agr. and Crown Lands Seychelles, 1916, pp. 5, 6, 9). — A manurial experi-
ment with coconut trees started by the Seychelles Botanic Station in 1916 is
here outlined and the natural yield of each plat for 1916 is given. The experi-
ment is to be continued a number of years. Data are also given on a 'manurial
experiment with vanilla vines that has been under way for two years.

The effect of large applications of commercial fertilizers on carnations,
F. W. MuNCiE (Thesis, Univ. III., 1915, pp. 23). — The data presented in this
paper have been noted from another source (B. S. R., 36, p. 445).

Transplanting trees (Missouri Bot. Card. Bui., 5 (1911), No. 12, pp. 161-112,
pis. 3, fig. 1). — Methods of transplanting large trees are illustrated and de-
scribed.

FORESTRY.

The forests of Jftaryland, F. W. Besley (Baltimore: Md. State Bd. Forestry,
1916, pp. 152. pis. ^0). — The results are given of a forest survey of the counties
of Maryland begun in 1907, with a separate map for each county showing the
character and extent of the forest areas and the approximate stand of timber.

Introductory considerations deal with the present forest conditions in the
State as a whole, their value to the people, and how they may best be con-
served, native forest trees, principal and special uses of the forests, wood-using
industries, transportation, markets, forest planting. State forest reserves,
municipal forests, etc. A summary of the production of lumber, timber, and
by-products in 1914, together with the forest laws of Maryland, is also included.

Forestry investigations (Minnesota Sta., Rpt. Grand Rapids Substa., 1916,
pp. 51-60, figs. 3). — The present condition of the forest plantation is noted and
data are given showing the growth of Norway, white, Scotch, and jack pines
planted in 1900 and 1901 at varying distances, alone, and in combination.

Forest progress in the Drakensberg, J. S. Henkel (So. African Jour. Set.,
IS (1916), No. 5, pp. 119-186, figs. 2).— This comprises observations on forest
growth in the Drakensberg, Natal, South Africa.

Statistics compiled in the office of the silviculturist. Forest Research In-
stitute, Dehra Dun, during 1915-16, E. Mabsden (Indian Forest Ree., 6

19181 POEESTRY. 145

(1917), No. 2, pp. IY+66, pis. 3). — This comprises statistics relative to girth
increment, volume increment, and yield of a number of Indian trees.

Report of the director of forests, N. W. Joixy (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Pub. Lands
Queensland, 1916, pp. 50-55, pis. 3). — A progress report on the administration
and management of the State forests and national parks of Queensland for the
year 1916. Data relative to alterations in forest areas, timber yields, revenues,
expenditures, etc., are included.

Evaporation records from the Gulf coast, Laura Gang and J. McNeixl (Bot.
Gaz., 64 (1917), No. 4, pp. 318-329, figs. ^).— In connection with field work in
daily rate of evaporation in several of the typical plant associations were kept,
some of them running through a period of 19 months. The recording stations
are here described, and the average monthly and yearly rates of evaporation
Gulf coast forest associations and their relations in succession, records of the
northern Florida undertaken to determine the composition and limits of certain
are presented in a series of charts and discussed.

" Black storms " and their relation to forestry, L. Kibillov (Selsk. Khoz.
i Ltbsov., 252 (1916), Nov.-Dec, pp. 48-74). — The author gives an account of
soil abrasion by storms in the fertile black belt of Ru^ia and the prevention
of such abrasion by afforestation. Among the trees used for this purpose are
the common pine (Pinus sylvestris), red cedar, white birch, blackthorn (P7'unus
spinosa), and Juniperus sabina.

Trees recommended for planting, J. F. Rock (Hawaii. Forester and Agr.,
14 (1917), No. 11, pp. 331-337).— In this paper the author gives a list of trees
recommended for planting in Hawaii, with reference to the conservation of
water and the protection of watersheds, prevention of sand or dust drifting,
and the reforestation of eroded and arid areas on slopes of mountain ranges and
on plains.

Forest fire prevention in cooperation with the Federal Government, J. H.
Foster and F. H. Millen (Bui. Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., 3. ser., 3 (1917), No.
13, pp. 12, fig. 1 ) . — An account of the development of forest fire prevention work
in Texas, including data on the results secured in the fall of 1916 and spring of
1917.

Forest depredation and utilization, F. W. Rane (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Set.,
57 (1916), pp. 73-82). — A discussion of forest utilization as a factor in control-
ling the depredations of the gipsy and brown-tail moths, based upon results
secured in Massachusetts.

Natural reproduction from seed stored in the forest floor, J. V. Hofmann
(V. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 1, pp. 1-26, pis. 8, figs.
4). — The results are given of a five-year study of some 750,000 acres of burns
and 7,780 acres of cut-over land in the Pacific Northwest conducted to deter-
mine the true source of seed of young stands of Douglas fir and western white
pine that spring up on these burns and cut-over areas. Summing up the evi-
dence as a whole the author reached the following conclusions :

" The distance to which seed trees are capable of restocking the ground is
limited to from 150 to 300 ft. They can not, therefore, account for the restock-
ing of the large burned areas. Tlie irregular, dense stands of young growth
are due to seed stored in the forest floor or in cones. This seed retains its
viability through the fire and is responsible for the dense reproduction that
springs up after the first fire. The even-aged stands of reproduction immedi-
ately following a fire, regardless of location of remaining seed trees, the irregu-
lar alternation of dense stands of reproduction with grass areas, and the failure
of reproduction on areas burned over by a second fire before the stand reaches
seeding age or by consuming all of the duff and precluding any possibility of

14G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

seed remaining after the fire, all point to the seed stored In tlie duff as the
principal source of seed responsible for the n stocking.

"The ability of the seed to retain its viability when stored in the duff or
when retained in cones during flres has been further demonstrated by recover-
ing and germinating seed from duff under forest conditions and by recovering
and germinating seed from cones which pass through a crown fire."

The red spmce: Its growth and management, L. S. Murphy ([/. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. oU {1911), pi). 100, pis. 7, fiys. 5).— The chief purpose of this bulletin
Is to formulate definite systems of forest management for various conditions.
The subject matter as a whole is based upon the author's field investigations of
second growtli spruce and upon the literature dealing with virgin stands, in-
cluding unpublished data collected by various members of the Forest Service.
The phases discussed include uses of spruce, amount and value of spruce cut
and imported, present stand of spruce, value of spruce and spruce stumpage,
range and distribution, forest types, second growth stands of spruce, soil and
moisture requirements, light requirements, wind firmness, reproduction, form,
length of life and maximum size, susceptibility to injury, growth, stands and
yields, methods of cutting, brush disposal, sowing and planting, and rotation.
Appended to the bulletin are volume tables, taper measurements, stand tables,
and sample plat data for spruce.

Preliminary study of white spruce in Minnesota, W. H. Kenety (Minnesota
Sta. Bui. 168 {1911), pp. 5-30, figs. 12). — This bulletin presents data on the
soil requirements, growth, yield, and distribution of white spruce in Minnesota,
together with the approximate returns which may be expected from young
stands or plantations and suggestions relative to possibilities of private invest-
ments and a rational system of taxing forest lands. The salient features of
the Massachusetts forest taxation law are given.

Note on red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), T. A, Whitehead {ihidian]
Forest Bui. SJf {1911), pp. 10, pis. 4). — A descriptive account of the red sanders
tree {P. santalinus) with reference to its botany, habitat, distribution, and
uses. The paper is accompanied by an actual wood specimen of the tree.

Preliminary review of the properties of rubber of different grades, O. de
Vries and H. J. Hellendookn {Arch. Rubbercult. Nederland. Indie, 1 {1911), No.
4, pp. 218-233, figs. 5). — Data are given showing the viscosity, tensile strength,
rate of cure, and slope of a number of rubber samples tested at the Central
Rubber Station.

On the relation between specific gravity and rubber content of latex,
also with regard to the use of hydrometers, O. de Vkies {Arch. Rubbercult.
Nederland. Indie, 1 {1911), No. 4, PP- 242-219, figs. 3).— A discussion of these
subjects based upon investigations conducted by several experiment stations
in the Netherlands Indies.

Some remarks on the properties of rubber from one group of trees, and
on the influence of the tapping system, O. de Vkies {Arch. Rubbercult. Neder-
land. Indie, 1 {1911), No. 4. pp. 280-288). — The discussion of this paper is based
upon the above-noted investigation.

Wood utilizzation directory of New York, J. Harris, N, C. Brown, and
H. H. Tryon {Syracuse Univ. [Pubs.}, 11 {1911), No. 5, pp. 204, pl- 1, figs. 11).—
This bulletin, which was prepared by the New York State College of Forestry
in cooperation with the Forest Service of the U, S. Department of Agriculture,
contains a summary of woods used and total amount of lumber consumed in
each industry, tables showing the use of woods In each industry and how each
species is used, and a directory of the wood-using industries in the State,

Forest products of Canada, 1916. — Lumber, lath, and shingles {Dept. Int.
Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 62A (1911), pp. 28, figs. 3).— Statistics are given

1918]

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147

for 1916 showing the lumber, lath, and shingle cut by Provinces and by kinds
of wood. The value was, for lumber, $58,365,349 ; lath, $1,743,940 ; and shingles,
$5,962,933.

Forest products of Canada, 1916. — Poles and crossties {Dcpt. Int. Canada,
Forestry Branch Bui. 62C (1917), pp. 8, figs. 2).— A statistical report on poles
and crossties purchased in Canada during 1916, with comparative data for 1915.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

A textbook of mycology and plant pathology, J. W. Harshbebgee {Phila-
delphia: P. Blakistoti's Son d Co., 1917, pp. XIII+779, figs. 271).— This, book is
the outgrowth of the author's 27 years' experience as a teacher of botany,
during which time he condacted graduate courses in the morphology, classifica-
tion, and physiology of the fungi, and also courses in the methods used by
bacteriologists and mycologists.

The arrangement of the material is that suggested by the needs of the class-
room and laboratory. The pi'incipal divisions of the text are mycologj% general
plant pathology, special plant pathology, and laboratory exercises in the cul-
tural study of fungi. In a series of appendixes the author gives formulas for
fungicides, spray calendars, keys for the determination of the genera and
species of a number of groups of fungi, and directions for the culture of mush-
rooms and for the collection and preservation of fleshy fungi.

Plant diseases in Canada, H. T. GiJssow (Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No.
1189, p. 362). — The author reports having observed in the Dominion of Canada
Dothichiza populea on Lombardy poplar, CoUetotrichum cereale on spring
wheat, and Lcptosphceria napi on the seed pods of turnips grown for seed.

Noteworthy Porto Rican plant diseases, F. L. Ste\'ens (Phytopathology, 7
(1917), No. 2, pp. lSO-134). — Notes are given on a number of plant diseases ob-
served by the author in Porto Rico.

Diseases and injuries of plants, J. Ritzema Bos (Meded. Rijks Hoogere
Land, Tuin en Boschbouivsch. [Wageningen], 11 (1917), No. 5, pp. 175-215, 244-
250). — The portions here noted include accounts of unfavorable or injurious
conditions affecting economic plants, such as inorganic agencies (weather, soil,
and spray injury'), animal parasites (including nematodes), cryptogamic dis-
eases, and causes of undetermined character.

Pythiacystis related to Phytophthora, J. T. Babrett (Abs. in Phytopa-
thology, 7 (1917), No. 2, pp. 150, 151). — From a study of three strains of
Pythiacystis citrophthora, the author found close similarity of the oogonia,
oospores, and antheridia to those of Phytophthora cactorum. This marked
similarity is believed to indicate a close relationship between the two genera.
Puccinia glumarum, H. B. Humphrey (Phytopathology, 7 (1917), No. 2, pp.
142, 143). — Evidence is presented indicating that P. glumarum has been present
in America at least 25 years and possibly longer, and that it is not of recent
introduction, as previously reported (E. S. R., 33. p. 744).

A new parasitic nema found infesting cotton and potatoes, N. A. Cobb
(17. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 1, pp. 27-33, figs. 5).—
A new parasitic nematode which has been found infesting the tubers of the
potato, the feeding roots of camphoj", the rootstocks of violets, and the roots
of upland cotton is here described as Tylenchus penetrans.

" External indications of the presence of the nema are the existence on the
roots or tubers of small, abnormal-looking areas, a few millimeters across,
sometimes in the form of pimples, but more often in the form of slightly sunken,
discolored areas. Each of these diseased areas when fully developed contains
up to about 50 specimens of T. penetrans in various stages of growth.

148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

"The geographical distribution of the pest is suggested by its presence in
Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, New Yorli, and Michigan. The occurrence
of this disease under such different climatic conditions and in such a diversity
of hosts malies it certain that the nenia causing it is another species which,
lilte some other destructive members of its genus, can adapt itself to widely
varying conditions. As yet too little is known about this parasite to accurately
estimate the damage done by it.

"The occurrence of the parasite in the tubers of the potato is a peculiarly
significant fact and again points to the necessity of being particularly careful
to plant only perfectly healthy potatoes. The mercuric-chlorid treatment of
potatoes, as for scab, decreases the vitality of the nemas."

Cereal smuts, V. Zeman (Rev. Facult. Agron. y Vet. La Plata, 2. ser., 12
{1911), No. S, pp. SSOSJfO). — This is a discussion of UstUago tritici, Tilletia
tritici, and T. levis on wheat ; U. nuda and U. hordei on barley ; U. avence and
v. Imvis on oats; and TJ. maydis on maize, as regards the forms and effects of
attacli and control measures available in Argentina.

Overwintering and distribution of cereal rusts in a subtropical climate,
G. Gassnek (Ztschr. Pflanzenkranlc, 26 (1916), No. 6-7, pp. 329-574).— In Pur-
suance of an account previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 542), the author dis-
cusses overwintering of cereal rusts and the significance of host alternation
In the eastern subtropical parts of South America, overwintering by the uredo
form in the warmer regions, spore distribution by air movements, and rust
dissemination by means of seed.

In spite of the fact that teleutospores were regularly produced, it could not
be shown that this method or that of host alternation was employed as a means
of overwintering by Pucdnia graminis, P. maydis, P. triticina, or P. coronifera.
The seed were not shown to carry over the infection regularly, nor was there
any evidence of the presence of a mycoplasm. It is thought that P. gra/minis
and P. maydis overwintering elsewhere may be brought by air currents, the
uredo form of the former fungus being known to winter in southern, the second
in tropical, Brazil. Evidence regarding the agency of air currents is discussed.

Frost injury to cereals, H. Zimmermann (Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 26 (1916),
No. 6-7, pp. 321-323, pi. 1). — The effect is described (principally on rye, also
on wheat and rye grass) of freezing alternating with warmer weather during
parts of March, 1915, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The
plantlets were loosened, the root system was largely suppressed, the plants were
stunted and weakened, and attacks by nematodes and insects were apparently
increased.

A girdling of bean stems caused by Bacterium, phaseoli, J. H. Muncie
(Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1178, pp. 88, 89).— The author reports having
found in July, 1914, a peculiar girdling of the stems and branches of field
beans in several localities in Michigan. Since that time the disease has been
collected in various parts of the State.

The disease appears at the nodes of stems and branches as small, water-
soaked spots. These enlarge, encircling the affected parts. Later these dis-
eased areas become amber colored and the girdling is usually completed by the
time the pods are half mature. The diseased tissue is said to be so weakened
that the stem breaks at the affected node. The signs of the disease may ap-
pear on the stems before there is any evidence of the bacterial blight on the
pods. Inoculations into stem nodes of healthy plants with pure cultures of
B. pliaseoli have produced typical signs of the disease.

It is believed that infettion results from the washing of bacteria from af-
fected cotyledons or leaves to the axils of the leaves, but the method of entry
of the organism has not yet been determined.

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149

The susceptibility of Phaseolus vulgaris to bean rust, E. Jordi {Ztschr,
Pflanzenkranlc, 26 (1916), No. 6-7, pp. 374, S75).— This is a brief account of
the considerable differences noted in tlie resistance offered to bean rust by
certain varieties of P. xmlgaris.

On a sudden outbreak of cotton rust in Texas, J. J. Taubenhaus {Science,
n. ser., 1,6 (1911), No. 1185, pp. 267-269).— The author reports having had his
attention called in June, 1917, to an outbreak of cotton rust in Texas, the cause
of the disease being JEcidium gossypii. The distribution of the disease was
studied to some extent and attempts made to find the alternate stage of the
fungus on grasses, particularly species of Mulilenbergia or Sporobolus, but so
far without result. Investigation is being continued in the hope that the
Puccinia stage will be found, so that the host upon which the organism hiber-
nates may be discovered, thereby preventing further spread of the rust.

Lightning injury to kale, L. R. Jones {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 2,
pp. lJ!,0-lJt2, fig. 1). — A brief account is given of lightning injury to a field of
kale at Rochester, Mich.

A physiological study of two strains of Fusarium in their causal rela-
tion to tuber rot and wilt of potato, G. K. K. Link {Bot. Gas;., 62 {1916), No.
S, pp. 169-209, figs. 13). — A detailed account of work previously reported
(E. S. R., 35, p. 246).

The mosaic disease of potatoes, P. A. Mukphy {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 {1917),
No. 5, pp. 345-349, figs. 2). — Losses of varying importance due to potato mosaic
are indicated for localities in eastern Canada, extending westward. The dis-
ease varies somewhat in its manifestations as described. Though the infection
does not pass from one tuber to another through cut surfaces, it is perpetuated
by planting tubers from diseased hills. Experimentation is still in progress.

Experiments in the control of potato leak, L. A. Hawkins {U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 577 {1917), pp. 5).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 35, p. 751),
the author described a disease of potatoes due to Rhizopus nigricans, or, more
frequently, to Pythium debaryanum.

In the present paper an account is given of experiments in the control of
the disease, with additional data on the causal organism and its occurrence in
the delta soils of California. It has been found that the disease most fre-
quently follows injury to tubers due to wounding at the time of digging and
to breaking off the knobs.

Avoidance of wounds and sorting out and shipping or storing separately the
wounded tubers are recoraiiii<nded as preventive measures.

Losses of potato growers, E. J. Wortley {Rpt. Bd. Agr. Bermuda, 1914-15,
pp. 24-27). — An inheritable potato leaf roll of obscure but probably nonpara-
sitic causation is said to correspond somewhat closely as regards symptoms
with the one described by Orton (E. S. R., 30, p. 649). A description is given
of potato mosaic, with an account of tests supposed to show that this disease
is transmitted from mosaic parents, and that the yield from mosaic plants is
less than half that from healthy stock. The trouble in Bermuda is thought
to originate in the localities named from which the seed potatoes are obtained.

Report on potato diseases in Bermuda, W. A. Orton {Rpt. Bd. Agr. Ber-
muda, 1914-15, pp. 13-15). — Local conditions greatly favor Phytophthora in-
festans, the control of which requires thorough and frequent spraying by means
of powerful spray pumps with improved nozzles to reduce the liquid to a fine
mist, also rigid selection of seed potatoes, and, if possible, a more resistant
variety than those now in use locally. Common scab {Oospora scabies), rus-
set scab (Rhlzoctonia), and blackleg are now of minor importance here. Curly
dwarf and mosaic exist on the island, as does also a leaf roll which has not

150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 88

been proved to be identical witli tlie inlieritable form found elsewhere. No
powdery scab or wart disease has been reported from Bermuda, the inspection
system appearing to be entirely adequate.

A new disease of sugar cane, J. A. Stevenson (Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Sta.
Circ. 11 (1911), Spanish Ed., pp. 12; noted in La. Planter, 59 (1911), No. 5, pp.
16~1S; Agr. News [Barbados], IG (1911), No. 401, p. 286).— An account is
given of a disease recently observed in Porto Rico, which is characterized by a
peculiar mottling of the leaves. The leaves, however, differ distinctly from
those affected with chlorosis in that they are marked with numerous white or
yellow spots and stripes with irregular margins. Affected stools are said to be
dwarfed, and in advanced stages of the disease the ratoons are very much
stunted. The disease is capable of being transmitted through the planting of
affected canes, and varieties seem to differ with regard to the extent to which
they are susceptible to attack. No definite cause is as yet known, but the author
suggests some similarity between this disease and the sereh disease of the East
Indies.

Control measures recommended include increased fertilization, liming, thor-
ough preparation of the soil, selection of disease-free seed, use of new land, and
rotation of crops.

Bacterial leaf spot of tobacco, F. A. Wolf and A. C. Foster (Science, n. ser.,
46 (1911), No. 1189, pp. S61, S62). — Leaf spot of tobacco is said to have been
found in certain sections of North Carolina, where the disease, because of the
rapidity with which it spreads, has been given the popular name " wild fire."
The disease is said to manifest itself first in destructive form at the time of
transplanting, and from observations it is believed that the trouble is intro-
duced from the seed beds.

Leaf spot, it is stated, first appears as circular yellow spots about 1 cm. in
diameter, with a minute brown area in the center of the spots. Within a few
days the brown areas become enlarged to 2 or 3 cm. in diameter, and where the
spots are numerous they fuse, giving large, brown, irregular areas which in
severe cases involve most of the leaf tissue.

The authors have isolated a grayish-white bacterial organism, and inocula-
tion experiments have proved that it is the cause of the disease. The organism
appears to be undescribed, and the name Bacterium tahacum n. sp. is given it.

A detailed account of culture studies and inoculation experiments is reserved
for a subsequent publication.

On a case of recovery from mosaic disease of tomato, W. B. Brierley
(Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1916), No. 4, pp. 263-266) .—In view of the alleged demon-
stration of the presence of mosaic virus in plants showing no external symptoms
of the disease, the author has experimented with shoots apparently healthy,
though springing from a diseased stock. Inoculation proved that the original
plants suffered from an attack of this disease, also that the sap of the shoots
apparently free does not produce infection. There remains the important ques-
tion as to whether the new shoots growing out of the calicoed stock acquired
immunity from the disease.

The leaf spot disease of tomato, G. H. Ooons and E. Levin (Michigan Sta.
Spec. Bui. SI (1911), pp. 15, figs. 1). — Leaf spot of tomatoes due to Septoria
lycopersici is described and directions given for spraying with Bordeaux mixture
for its control.

Tomato diseases, H. W. Baeke and J. L. Seal (South Carolina Sta. Circ. 29
(1911), no. 2). — The wilts, leaf diseases, root knot, and fruit rots to which the
tomato is subject are described and control measures, so far as any are knovi'n,
are given.

1018] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 151

Overwintering of the apple scab fungus, W. P. Fraseb {Science, n. ser., 46
(1911), No. 1186, pp. 280-282). — The author reports having observed the apple
scab fungus (Venturia incequalis) on young shoots of the apple in the fall of
1915. Subsequent to that time, in different sections of Nova Scotia, a number
of orchards have been examined where there vpas a severe twig injury due to
scab.

The author is convinced that, at least near the coast, apple scab may over-
vpinter on the twigs of susceptible varieties of apple, such as Fameuse and Mc-
intosh, occurring as dormant stroma and producing abundant conidia in the
spring. Observations made late in the fall indicate that the conidia are more
resistant to low temperature than is generally supposed.

Three cedar rust fung'i, their life histories and the diseases they produce,
J. L. Weiheb {Neio York Cornell Sta. Bui. 390 {1917), pp. 507-549, figs. 22).—
The author gives an account of investigations of the species of Gymnosporan-
gium occurring on cedar, G. junipcri-virginiana;, which has for its alternate
host the apple ; G. globosum, which occurs also on quince, pear, and Cratfegus ;
and G. clavipes, which attacks in its secial form the quince and Crataegus.

Inoculations on Ribes with Cronartium ribicola, P. Spauldinq and G. F.
Gravatt {Science, n. ser., 46 {1917), No. 1184, PP- 243, 244).— In order to de-
termine the possible resistance of species of Ribes to the white pine blister
rust, the authors conducted inoculation experiments under controlled condi-
tions on 82 varieties of cultivated red, black, and white currants, 23 varieties
of cultivated gooseberries, and 42 species and hybrids of Ribes from various
parts of the world.

The varieties of cultivated species of Ribes were found to show considerable
variation in their susceptibility to disease.

In addition to the above species and hybrids, successful inoculations are re-
ported on numerous unidentified species of Ribes, including over 100 collections
made In the Northwest and Pacific Coast States. Thus far no species has
proved to be entirely resistant to the rust.

[Plant diseases, 1914-15] {Programm u. Jahresher. K. K. Holt. Lehranst.
Wein u. Obstbau Klostcrneuhurg, 1914-15, pp. 64-70). — A brief account is given
of injury from Peronospora as related to variety and to treatments with Per-
ocid, also of chlorosis as influenced by the use of iron salts.

Plant diseases and control {Programm u. Jahresber. K. K. Hoh. Lehranst.
Wein u. Obstbau Klosterneuburg, 1915-16, pp. 76-79, fig. 1). — This is a brief
account of variety tests with several proprietary or standard preparations in
connection with Peronospora on grapevines.

The question of curing roncet, E. Pantanelli {Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., 49
{1916), No. 5-6, pp. 249-298). — The author, in continuation of report and dis-
cussion regarding studies on the abnormality known as roncet (E. S. R., 28,
p. 851), states that this condition tends to persist in shoots from the mother
grapevine, although it may show a decrease or apparently disappear in summer
with the increased root development. The actual nature and cause of the
trouble are still unknown. Material taken from vines affected with this trouble
apparently tends to produce vines equally affected. It has not been established
that living material from affected plants, if given favorable soil or climate, will
recover, hence rigorous avoidance of the use of all such material is recom-
mended.

Dieback, or exanthema, of citrus trees, B. F. Flotd {Florida Sta. Bui. I40
{1917), pp. 81, figs. 15). — The author gives a popular summary of information
concerning this disease, its cause and treatment.

Dieback of citrus trees is said to be a disease of the growing tissues, the
primary symptoms of which are the formation of gum pockets, the stained

152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

terminal branches, the marked or amraoniated fruits, the bark excrescences, and
the multiple buds. The secondary symptoms are an exceptionally deep green
color of the foliage, a distorted growth of the immature angular terminal
branches, frenching of the foliage, and thick, coarse, and somewhat peach-leaf
shaped leaves.

The definite cause of dieback is not known, although it is supposed to be
connected in some way with organic matter in the soil. Conditions known to be
favorable to dieback are the presence of excessive quantities of ammoniates, a
lack of drainage, hardpan too near the soil surface, excessive cultivation, and
irregular moisture conditions.

The disease n»iy be controlled by correcting the above soil conditions, and
affected trees may be cured by the use of copper sulphate on the soil and be-
neath the bark of the trees and by spraying with Bordeaux mixture.

Armillaria root rot on the English walnut, K. Peakcy {Arncr. Nut Jour.,
6 (1917), No. 6, p. 85). — <jiving the results of experience with Armillaria root
rot attacking English walnuts of all ages and at all seasons locally, the author
states that where the dirt was dug away until the graft unions were exposed,
cylinders of heavy roofing paper placed around the bases of the trees, and the
soil filled in around them afterwards, no more trees were lost in that planting.
These cylinders have to be kept cleaned out each year of such dirt as may
fall into them during cultivation. Holes where dead trees have been dug
out must be left open to the sunshine for a time to kill any portions of the
fungus that may be exposed.

A new disease of cultivated Pelargonium, A. Lingelsheim (Ztschr. Pflan-
zenkranlc, 26 {1916), No. 6-1, pp. 315-318, figs. 2).— A brief description and
discussion are given of a speckled appearance twice observed in young leaves
of Pelargonium. The phenomenon becomes more apparent in the older leaves.
The cause is thought to be defective development of some of the parenchymal
cells as regards size and chlorophyll content. The observed phenomena are
compared with some reported by other authors.

Hybrids and other new chestnuts for blight districts, W. Van Fleet
(North. Nut Growers Asi^oc. Proc, 1 (1916), pp. 5//-5S).— It is stated that no
diminution in the virulence of the chestnut-bark disease is yet apparent, the
disease having spread within a little more than ten years from a point near
New York City into 13 States, practically reaching the eastern and northern
limits of chestnut growth and sparing no individual trees exposed to infection,
so that the American chestnut as a forest asset is likely soon to disappear.

Chestnut trees are killed in a short time, though a duration of five to eight
years has been noted. The fungus probably does not, however, attack very
harmfully even closely allied forms. Certain Asiatic forms, as Castanea
crenata of Japan and eastern China and C. molissima of the interior are most
promising in this respect. C. sativa, the commercial chestnut of Europe, has a
resistance somewhat higher than that of C americana. C. pumila often escapes
infection owing, supposedly, to its small size, smooth bark, and comparative
freedom from insect attack.

Crosses of chinquapin with Japanese chestnut have shown a hopeful degree
of resistance or of recuperative power, and some of these show considerable
promise as nut producex'S in regard to quantity and quality, early ripening, and
vigor of the trees. Observations and tests are still in progress.

New hosts for Razoumofskya americana and R. occidentalis abietina,
J. R. Weir (Phytopathology, 1 (1917), No. 2, p. /,//0).— The author reports the
occurrence of R. americana on Pinus attenuata and of R, occidentalis abietina
on Abies nobilis and A. amabilis.

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 153

Report on the South American leaf disease of the Para rubber tree, O. K.
Bancroft {Reprint in Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Ouiana, 10 {1916), No. 1, pp. 13-
33). — It is stated that the leaf disease of Hevea appeared sporadically in Brit-
ish Guiana in 1909 and more abundantly in 1914, and that it is now more or
less prevalent in all parts of the colony except along the coast. It is said to be
caused by Fusicladium macrosporum.

The characteristic symptom is the dying back of the branches toward the
stem. The rapidly reproducing form of spores occurs on young leaves and twigs
recently attacked, the other two (which may supposedly together represent a
resting stage) occur principally on old and fallen leaves. The same disease is
said to occur in Dutch Guiana and in Brazil.

The leaf disease is affected by dryness (tending to defoliation) and by a
high day temperature. Leaves are most susceptible to attack when one or two
weeks old and 3 to 5 in. long. The disease has been observed on two wild forest
species of Hevea, but on no other wild plants.

A Bordeaux spray is recommended. Sanitary measures include open plant-
ing; removal of fallen leaves, dead wood, and wild Hevea; and treatment of
wounds with tar or some other reliable disinfectant.

Control measures for the South American Hevea leaf disease, G. Stahel
Meded. Dept. Landb. Snriname, No. 6 {1916); hidische Mercnur, 39 {1916),
No. JfS, pp. 986, 9S7). — This is a reprint of a pamphlet summarizing the con-
tents of a forthcoming bulletin.

The author states that the Hevea leaf disea.se fungus has three forms of
fructification, perithecia, pycnidia, and conidia, all of which were studied, the
conidia (the Scolecotrichum form of fructification) proving to be almost the
sole means of propagation used by the fungus. While full-grown leaves are
somewhat resistant, young leaves are readily infected.

It is recommended that occasionally the young leaves and shoots be kept
down on affected estates for a period of from two to four weeks. Measures
proposed by Bancroft in his article above noted are criticized.

Fighting the South American leaf disease of Hevea {Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit.
Guiana, 10 {1916), No. 1, pp. J-^).— This note refers to the work by Bancroft
and summarizes that of Stahel, both of which are noted above.

An abnormal leaf fall in Hevea, P. Akens {Meded. Proefstat. Malang, No.
14 {1916), pp. 6-13). — In two cases of premature leaf fall observed to occur
during the heavy rains in the Malang country, a parasitic fungus was found
which is said to be Neozimmermannia {Glceosporium) elasticw. No definite re-
sult followed artificial infection with the organism, which may therefore depend
upon the sensitizing effects of wet weather. The leaf-fall organism of India
(Phytoplithora sp.) and the one found in Surinam have not yet appeared in this
archipelago.

The efficacy of acid, neutral, or alkaline Bordeaux mixture, V. Vermorel
and E. Dantony {Notes Exp^rimentales sur Vcfflcacit6 des BouiUies Bordelaises
Acides, Neutres et Alcalines. Villefranche: Prog. Agr. et Vit., 1917, pp. 28, figs.
3). — Discussing the conflicting conclusions of various workers regarding the
relative values of acid, alkaline, and neutral Bordeaux mixture, the authors
give an account of tests made by them during 1915 and 1916 in which grape
leaves, after having been sprayed, were detached day after day and tested for
the presence of soluble copper.

The results led to a certain modification of the views previously expressed
(E. S. R., 34, p. 540). It was found that in case of acid spray nearly all of
the soluble copper disappeared in two or three weeks or even during one good
rain, while in case of the alkaline solution a considerable portion of copper

154 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOEO. [Vol.38

remained in soluble and available form for as long as 50 days in spite of
repeated rains. The allialine Bordeaux mixture is therefore preferred.

Acid or alkaline sprays, V. Vermoeel and E. Dantony (Prog. Agr. et Vit.
(Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 38 (1917), No. 18, pp. ^28, J,29).— In a summary of the re-
sults of recent work on Bordeaux mixtures differing in composition, the authors
state that tlie alkaline and the acid preparations differ widely as regards their
actual constitution. The acid mixture is not constituted of copper sulphate
and lime in a mere mechanical mixture, but is formed of a basic sulphate and
of a small quantity of normal sulphate. The alkaline preparation is entirely
different, being a mixture having a great excess of sulphates of copper of very
high basicity and of double sulphates of copper and lime. The authors think
that there are also hydrates of copper and of lime in excess of the calcium
sulphate present. A constituent common to both these forms is calcium
sulphate.

Under the action of rain, as of chemical reagents, the two mixtures behave
differently, the alkaline being much the more lasting. This fact is discussed,
as are others, with advice against certain preparations. The authors advise
strongly against the employment of the acid spray. It is claimed that excess
of lime (which is regarded by some as to be avoided) is not in any way
injurious.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

The muskrat as a fur bearer, with notes on its use as food, D. E. Lantz
[U. S. Devt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 869 {1917), pp. 22, figs. 4).— This abridgement
and revision of Farmers' Bulletin 396 (E. S. R., 23, p. 356) calls attention to the
importance of the muskrat as a fur bearer and suggests the utilization of private
ponds and marsh lands for an increased production of fur and meat.

The mongoose in Barbados, W. Nowell {Agr. Neivs [Barbados], 16 (1917),
No. S96, p. 206). — The author holds the view that the increasing damage to
crops by insect pests in Barbados is to a large extent due to the destruction
of birds, lizards, and toads by the mongoose.

Recognition among insects, N. E. McIndoo {Smithsn. Misc. Collect., 68
(1917), No. 2, pp. 78).

A manual of dangerous insects likely to be introduced in the United
States through importations, edited by W. D. Pierce {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office
Sec. [Pub.l, 1917, pp. 256, pis. 50, figs. 107). — This manual has been prepared
by the Bureau of Entomology in cooperation with the Federal Horticultural
Board with a view to supplying such information as is required by their
officers and others in the enforcement of quarantines and the safeguarding of
this country against the introduction of foreign insect pests. A brief sketch
of each of the more important insects and certain important facts concerning
each plant on which they are likely to be introduced are given. The host
plant arrangement has been followed, under each of which are grouped, first,
the better known insects and, second, those not so well known or concerning
which descriptive matter is not available. Insect and plant indexes are included.

Insects of 1916 [in Maryland], E. N. Coky {Rpt. Md. Agr. Soc, 1 {1916),
pp. 200-208, pi. 1). — A brief account is given of the more injurious of some 60
insect pests of the year, including several orchard plant lice, namely, the apple
aphis, oat aphis {Aphis avence), and rosy aphis {A. sorbi). The new peach
pest Lnspeyresia molesta, which has appeared in three localities on the western
shore of Chesapeake Bay but not as yet on the eastern shore, codling moth,
striped turnip flea-beetle {Phyllotreta vittata), cabbage worms {Pieris rapot
and Plusia brassicw), garden flea hopper {Haltictis citri), strawberry leaf

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155

beetle (TyphopJiorus canellus), rose midge (Dasyneura rlwdopliaga) , phlox
plant bug (Lopidea media), and catalpa midge (Cecidomyia catalpw) are also
noted.

Sixteenth report of the State entomologist of Minnesota to the governor
for the years 1915 and 1916, P. L. Washburn (Rpt. State Ent. Minn., 16
(1915-16), pp. 189, pi. 1, figs. 5^).— A report on the Work on the White Pine
Blister Rust in Minnesota, 1916, by F. L. Washburn (pp. 10-27) is followed by
a Repoi't on Nursery and Orchard Inspection and Inspection of Foreign Stock
for the Years 1915-16, by F. L. Washburn (pp. 28-58) ; Miscellaneous Notes on
Economic Work ; Orchard and Shade Tree Insects, Spraying, Truck, and Field
Crops, by A. G. Ruggles (pp. 59-64) ; Notes on Parasitic and Household Insects,
by C. W. Howard (pp. 65-67) ; The White-Marked Tussock Moth, by A. G.
Ruggles (pp. 68-70) ; Distribution of Fish to Minnesota Farmers, by F. L.
Washburn (pp. 71, 72) ; The Common Mosquitoes of Minnesota, by C. W. Howard
(pp. 73-92) ; Studies in Greenhouse Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid —
Temperature and Moisture as Factors Influencing the Injury of Plants During
Fumigation, by W. Moore (pp. 93-108) ; The Strawberry Weevil in Minnesota
{Anthonomiis signatus) (pp. 109-134), noted on page 163, and Insects Attack-
ing Weeds in Minnesota (pp. 135-152), by S. Marcovitch ; Minnesota Billbugs,
by O. G. Eabcock (pp. 153-159) ; and Further Observations on Minnesota Birds,
Their Economic Relations to the Agriculturist, by F. L. Washburn (pp.
160-183).

[Insect pests in New Hampshire], W. C. O'Kane (N. H. Dept. Agr., State
Moth Work Circ. [i9i5], Nos. 7, p. 1, fi,g. 1; 8, pp. 4; 11916], Nos. 10, pp. S;
11, pp. 24, pis. 8). — These several circulars deal with grasshopper control, in-
sect suppression-organization Avork, control of grasshoppers, and plan and prog-
ress of the work in 1915 and 1916, respectively.

[Report of the] division of entomology, J. G. Sanders and S. B. Fracker
(Wis. Dept. Agr. Bui. 10 (1916), pp. 30-58, figs. J7).— This report deals with
the inspection of nurseries and material imported into Wisconsin, white grub
and grasshopper work, etc. Under the heading of Insect Notes for 1916 brief
accounts are given of the onion maggot (Hylemyia antiqua), the poplar weevil
(Cryptorhynchus lapathi), the cottony maple scale which is causing the death
of maples, raspberry insects (particularly caterpillars of Schreckensteinia
festaliella), a new orchid weevil (Cholus cattleycB [eattleyarum]) which is
a source of loss in Milwaukee, and the chrysanthemum leaf miner (Napomyza
chrysanthemi) .

In reporting upon the results obtained from the use of the poison bait spray
for the onion maggot (E. S. R., 33, p. 357) it is stated that only partially suc-
cessful results were obtained during 1915 and 1916, due in part to unusually
wet weather. It was found that a spray consisting of i oz. of sodium arsenite
or white arsenite, dissolved in 1 gal. of boiling water to which i pint to 1 pint
of black New Orleans molasses was added, was made much more attractive
through soaking chopped onion in it for a time until the bait acquired a strong
onion odor.

A report on apiary inspection by N. E. France (pp. 56-58) is also included.

Insects affecting agriculturists in British Columbia during the past year,
R. C. Trehekne (Agr. Jour. IBrit. Columbia], 1 (1916), No. 10, p. 168; abs.
in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 3, pp. 120, 121).— This reports upon the
occurrence of the more important insects of the year in British Columbia.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia for 1916 (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Nova Scotia, 1916, pp. 64, pis. 9, figs. 13).— The papers here presented
relating to economic entomology are as follows: Some Results from a Few
40111"— IS— No. 2 ^5

156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Combination Sprays in 1916, by W. H. Brittain (pp. 9-12) ; How to Collect and
Preserve Insects, by L. A. DeWolfe (pp. 12-15) ; The Nova Scotia Division of
Entomology, by W. H. Brittain (pp. 15-17) ; The Effect of Certain Combina-
tions of Spraying Materials on the Set of Apples, by G. E. Sanders (pp. 17-21) ;
Tlie Acrididje of Nova Scotia, by C. B. Gooderham (pp. 21-30) ; Notes on the
Apple Seed Chalcis (Syntomaspis druparum), by W. H. Brittain (pp. 30, 31) ;
Biting Insects Injuring the Fruit of the Apple in Nova Scotia, by G. E. Sanders
(pp. 31-33) ; Notes on Two Species of Tree Hoppers (Membracidje) Ovipositing
in the Apple, namely, Ceresa taurina and C. bubalus, by W. H. Brittain (pp.
34-39) ; Arsenate of Lead Versus Arsenate of Lime, by G. E. Sanders (pp.
40-45); The Dock Sawfly (Ametastegia glabrata [Taxonus nigrisoma]), by
A. G. Dustan and F. C. Gilliatt (pp. 45-48) ; Notes on the Rose Leaf hopper
(Empoa rosw) in Nova Scotia, W. H. Brittain and L. G. Saunders (pp. 48-51) ;
Notes on the Rosy Aphis {Aphis malifolia;) in Nova Scotia, by W. H. Brittain
(pp. 51-55) ; and The Toxic Value of Some Common Poisons Alone and in
Combination with Fungicides, on a Few Species of Biting Insects, by G. E.
Sanders and W. H. Brittain (pp. 55-64).

Experiments by Sanders on a small scale indicate what other field observa-
tions, show, namely, that with excessively dilute fungicide solutions or alone
arsenate of lime is highly dangerous to foliage, but in some manner normal solu-
tions of lime-sulphur, barium tetrasulphid, Bordeaux, and to a great extent
solutions of sodium sulphid (soluble sulphur) protect arsenate of lime from
the carbon dioxid of the air and so reduce or prevent injury fi-om it. His con-
clusions are substantially as follows :

Arsenic in arsenate of lime is much cheaper than in arsenate of lead, in Nova
Scotia being less than 55 per cent of the cost in arsenate of lead. Per content
of arsenic there is slight difference in killing power in favor of arsenate of lead.
Arsenate of lime is more desirable from every standpoint to use with sulphid
sprays, but should never be used alone on foliage. Lead arsenate is the best
poison to use alone. Lead arsenate seems to work slightly better with Bor-
deaux mixture, but arsenate of lime is cheaper, so that the question of which
to choose for use with Bordeaux mixture is a matter of convenience.

The studies by Brittain on the rosy aphis in Nova Scotia are in continuation
of those reported in a paper previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 853). Data re-
lating to the generations of the rosy aphis in 1916 are presented in tabular form
jiud a chart is given showing the occurrence of ten generations during the year.

In reporting tests of the toxic value of some common poisons, both alone and
in combination with fungicides, Sanders and Brittain present data, largely in
tabular form, relating to their effect upon the brown-tail moth, tent caterpillar,
fall cankerworni, white-marked tussock moth, and fall webworm. " From a
study of these tables we find that the carrier of the poison, i. e., the fungicide
to which it is added, has a very marked effect on its efficiency. The effect of
each, calculated from the average total, may be summarized as follows :

" The four poisons used in this experiment [arsenate of lime, barium arsenate,
triplumbic lead arsenate, and acid lead arsenate], when employed in combina-
tion with sodium sulphid (soluble sulphur) were 13.1 per cent more efficient
than when used alone. When the poisons were added to a mixture of barium
tetrasulphid and sodium sulphid their efficiency was reduced by 6.4 per cent,
while, added to lime-sulphur the reduction in efficiency amounted to 19.2 per cent.
Barium tetrasulphid reduced their toxic value 16 per cent and Bordeaux mix-
ture 43.5 per cent.

" It would thus appear that with one exception, fungicides inhibit the action
of arsenical poisons used in combination with them, the exception being sodium
sulphid, whicli noticeably increases their killing power. This very marked effect

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 167

of the fungicides on the action of the poisons is difficult to explain fully. The
effect of the sodium sulphid in increasing the toxicity of the various poisons is
apparently due to the presence of the element sodium. A portion, at least, of
its action consists, we believe, in its effect in increasing the palatability of the
leaves, resulting in the larvae eating ravenously for a few days. They thus get
a large amount of poison into their system in a short time, resulting in their
more rapid death. The sodium sulphid also has the effect of rendering the
metallic arsenates, such as lead arsenate, more active (and more dangerous to
f«>liage) by acting upon them chemically, forming sodium arsenate and a metallic
sulphid."

New records of entomogenous fungi in Barbados, W. Nowell {Agr. Neics
[Barbados], 16 (1917), No. 3S9, p. 94)- — The author records the common occur-
rence of three species of fungus parasites of insects on the leaves of lime trees,
namely, the common fungus VerticilUum heterocladvm on a species of citrus
white fly, Aschersonia (ciibensis?) on star scale {Vinsonia), and Ophionectria
coccicola on purple scale.

[Entomological progress in India] (Rpt. Prog. Agr. India, 1915-16, pp.
50-57).— A brief summary of the more important results of work for the year
ended June 30, 1916.

Control of some of the important garden and truck crop insects, T. J.
Talbert (Univ. Missouri, Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 15 (1917), pp. 2Jf, figs. 19). —
A popular summary of information on these insects and means for their control.

The olive insects of California, E. O. Essig {California Sia. Bui. 283 (1917),
pp. 43-64, figs. 21). — A discussion of the olive insects of California and meas-
ures for their control. The more important insects considered are the black
scale, the ivy or oleander scale (Aspidiotus hederw), the branch and twig borer
(Pohjcaon confertus), and the olive bark beetle {Luperisinus caUfornicus).
Those of minor importance to olive trees in California include the orange thrips,
the bean thrips {Hcliothrips fasciatus), the net-winged cicada {Platypedia
areolata), the mountain-ash louse (Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalw), the red scale
(Chrysomphalus aurantii), the purple scale, the greedy scale (A. camelli<B), the
omnivorous looper (Sabulodes caberata), and larvte of a pyralid moth.

Brief notes on some of the principal insects attacking the olive trees in other
States and foreign countries are also included.

Important pecan insects and their control, J. B. Gill (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 843 (1917), pp. 48, figs. 58). — This contribution from the Bureau
of Entomology reports the results of studies of the more important pecan
insects, the damage caused by which amounts to hundreds of thousands of
dollars annually. The insects considered in detail are the pecan nut case
bearer (Aet'obasis hebescella), the pecan shuckworm (Laspeyresia cafyana),
and the pecan weevil (Balaninus caryw), which injure the nuts; the pecan
leaf-case bearer (A. nebulella) , the pecan cigar-case bearer (Coleophora caryce-
foUella), the pecan bud moth (Proteopteryx bolliana), the fall webworm, the
walnut caterpillar (Datana integerrima) , the hickory phylloxera (Phylloxera
carycecaulis), and the little hickory aphid (Monellia caryella), which injure
the foliage and shoots; white ants or termites (Leucoterm.es flavipes), the oak
or hickory cossid (Cossttla magnifica), the flat-headed apple-tree borer, the
red-shouldered shot hole borer ([Sinoxylon] Xylobiops basilaris), the belted
chion (Chion cinctus), the hickory twig girdler (Oncideres cingulatus), the
oak pruner (Elaphidion villosum), and scale insects, which injure the trunk
and branches.

[Insect enemies of the coconut palm in Netherlands Indies and their con-
trol], P. E. Keuchenius (Teysmannia, 27 (1917), No. 11-12, pp. 579-642, pis.
8), — ^A summary of information on the more important coconut insects.

158 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Studies in greenhouse fumig-ation with hydrocyanic acid. — Temperature
and moisture as factors influencing the injury of plants during fumiga-
tion, W. MoonK {Rpt. State Ent. ^finn., 16 {1915-16), pp. 93-108, figs. 6).— The
studies here reported are summarized as follows:

"Hydrocyanic acid may enter a plant either through the stomata or directly
through the cuticle. The amount of hydrocyanic acid which will enter the
cuticle of the plant depends upon the thickness and the degree to which it has
been cutinized.

" Moisture on the leaves aids the gas to penetrate, but is not so important a
factor where the house contains only plants with thick, heavy cuticles. Mois-
ture may be present on the leaves from sprinkling the plants or from exudation
of water from the water pores. High relative humidity at the time of fumiga-
tion aids the penetration of the gas through the cuticle, thus favoring injury.
High relative humidity after fumigation tending to prevent evaporation of
hydrocyanic acid in the cuticle of the plant tends to increase injury to the
plants. Low temperatures at the time of fumigation and after act in a similar
manner to a high relative humidity. High temperature by increasing evapora-
tion produces results similar to a low relative humidity. Both high relative
humidity and low temperature have less influence on plants with thick, waxy
leaves."

Notes on American Tingidse with descriptions of new species, H. Osborn
and C. J. Drake (Ohio Jour. Set., 17 {1911), No. 8, pp. 295-307, figs. 2).— This
paper presents notes on 33 species, of which 10 species and 1 variety are de-
scribed as new. Information on the food plants of many of the species is
included.

The sugar cane froghopper in Grenada, J. C. Hutson {Agr. Xews [Bar-
bados], 16 {1917), No. 389, p. 90).— Investigations made by C. B. Williams in
December, 1916, show that Tomaspis saccharina has been established in Grenada
for many years. Actual damage to canes was reported from two estates, on
one of which the injury was fairly severe.

The common mealy bug and its control in California, R. S. Woglum and
J. D. Neuls {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 862 {1917), pp. 16, figs. //).— Con-
trol measures for the citrus mealy bug, which continues to spread in California,
are discussed under the headings of fumigation, spraying, and control by natural
enemies. The sphere of usefulness of each and the way in which they may be
combined to secure complete control are pointed out.

The banding of trees with a mixture consisting of sulphur and a sticky
material to keep the Argentine and other ants off the trees forms an important
part in its control. Where insect enemies are few or absent, or where the
mealy bugs are themselves heavily parasitized, the trees should be sprayed or
fumigated and colonies of effective enemies introduced.

The black fly and methods of controlling it {Agriculture [Cuba], 1 {1917),
No. 5, pp. 43-49, figs. 3). — This is an account of Aleurocanthus ivoglumi, dis-
covered in Cuba in August, 1915, as previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 552), and
measures of suppression now under way. The pest has been recently found in
various gardens at Vedado, Havana.

Chermes attacking fir trees, N. A. KHOLODKOvsKii {Khermesy Vred{ashchie
Khvoinym Depev'iam. Petrograd: Glav. Uprav. Zemleustr. i Zemlcd., 1915, pp.
91, pis. 7, figs. 6). — The author deals at length with the chermes occurring on
fir trees, 11 species being considered.

Some notes on the mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni, F. C. Willcocks
(Btil. Sac. Ent. Egypte, 9 {1916), No. 2, pp. 33-37; aJ)s. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser.
A, 5 {1917), No. 5, p. 188). — This aphid, which is said to be prevalent in Egypt

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 159

in the spring on apricot and peach trees, is widely distributed in Europe and
North America. Its habits in Egj^pt are the same as in America.

Aphis sprays, T. O. Moeeison ([Bicn.] Rpt. Dept. Agr. Wash., 2 (1915-16),
pp. 93, 94)- — Tests of a number of insecticides for the control of aphids led to
the conclusion that tobacco sprays are the most effective. Experiments carried
on with a view to lowering the cost of such applications have led to the con-
clusion that the effectiveness of blackleaf 40 is greatly increased by the addi-
tion of lime.

Notes on Pediculus humanus (vestimenti) and P. capitis, A. Bacot (Brit.
Med. Jour., A'o. 2892 (1916), pp. 788, 7S9).— These observations, which are sub-
stantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 37, p. 850), deal with the habits,
length of life, and incubation of eggs of the body and head lice.

Tobacco homworni insecticide: Recommendations for use of powdered
arsenate of lead in dark-tobacco district, A. C. Moegan (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Fanners' Bui. 867 (1917), pp. 10). — This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 595
(E. S. R., 31, p. 454). It gives additional recommendations for the use of
powdered arsenate of lead in the conti'ol of the tobacco hornworm, based upon
the results secured by agents of the Bureau of Entomology working in coopera-
tion with tobacco growers in Kentucky and Tennessee. The use of diplumbic
arsenate of lead, guaranteed to contain at least 30 per cent of arsenic oxid, of
which not more than 1 per cent is free or water soluble, is strongly recom-
mended.

The fall army worm (Laphygma frugiperda) in its relation to cranberry
bogs, H. B. ScAMMELL (Proc. Amer. Cranherry Groivers' Assoc, 1ft (1917), pp.
11-13). — A brief account of the attack of the cranberry in New Jersey by this
army worm.

[Gipsy and brown-tail moth work in Massachusetts], F. W. Rane (Atui.
Rpt. State Forester Mass., 12 (1915), pp. Si-S5 ) .—Brief statements of the
work with parasites of the gipsy and brown-tail moths carried on by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the State of Massachusetts are
given by L. O. Howard (pp. 81, 82) and A. F. Burgess (pp. 82-84).

The invasion of cranberry bogs by the gipsy moth was the most serious new
development in connection with work with this pest.

New microbe parasites of the caterpillar of the gipsy moth, A. Paillot
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 164 (1917), No. 13, pp. 525-527).— The author
has isolated three bacterial forms that attack the gipsy moth. These are (1)
a coccobacillus identified provisionally as that described in 1913 by Picard
and Blanc under the name Bacillus lymantrice (E. S. R., 30, p. 54) ; (2) a
gram-positive diplococcus which differs from that found in the cockchafer and
to which the author gives the name Diplococcus lymantriw ; and (3) a gram-
positive bacillus to which is given the provisional name Bacillus liparis. The
mortality resulting from B, lymantrice is very low, and D. lymantricB is only
mildly pathogenic, while B. liparis is more pathogenic than is D. lytnantriw.

Measures employed in controlling the grapevine worm in Vaudois vine-
yards in 1916, H. Faes (Traitements Effectu^s dans le Vignoble Vaudois en
1916 contre le Ver de la Vigne (Cochylis). Lausanne: Sta. Vit. Lausanne, 1917,
pp. 23, figs. 4). — This is a report of control work with the cochylis moth.

[Autonieris janus attacking cacao trees] (Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago,
Bui. 16 (1917), No. 1, pp. 21-23, pi. 1). — A brief note on A. janus is given by
N. Lamont and a note on its parasite by F. W. Urlch. This moth is found
commonly in Trinidad on cacao trees and bois immortel (Erythrina umbrosa
and E. velutina). That it is not a source of greater injury is said to be due
to the presence of a tachinid parasite (Willistonia esuriens).

160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The olfactoiy organs of Lepldoptera, N. E. McIndoo (Jour. Morph., 29
(1917), No. 1, pp. 33-5J,, figs. 10).

A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa, Edna
MosHEB {Bui. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 12 {1916), Art. 2, pp. 13-160, pis. 9).—
In this presentation of a classification of Lepidoptera, based on pupal char-
acters, an attempt is made to throw some light on the relationships existing
between the different groups.

Anopheles puuctipennis. — A note on its ability to serve as a host for
Plasmodium falciparum, M. B. Mitzmain (Pub. Health Rpts. [XJ. &.], 82
(1917), No. 27, pp. lOSl-1083) .—Further experiments (E. S. R., 35, p. 361)
have shown that A. punctipcnnis is easily infectible with P. falciparum. One
individual of a series of 16 mosquitoes and 13 individuals of a series of 36, fed
a single time, were observed to become infected. Four of 8 individuals of A.
quadrimaculatus used as controls developed infections. It is pointed out that
the experimental determination of the role of A. piinctipennis as a potential
liost for the organi.sms of tertian (P. vivax) and subtertian or estivo-autumnal
(P. falciparum) malaria has been established by King (E. S. R., 35, p. 360).

" The present status of the common American anophelines with reference to
their susceptibility to infection with the several species of malarial parasites is
as follows : A. quadrimaculatus may serve as a host for all three parasites of
malaria. A. punctipcnnis and A. crucians are susceptible to infection with
P. vivax and P. falciparum."

A preliminary note on the role of blood in evolution in Culicidse, S. K.
Sen (Indian Jour. Med. Research, ^ (1917), No. ^, pp. 729-753, figs. 2).— The
author considers the experiments thus far conducted to justify the conclusions
that with Stcgomyia scutellaris the deposition of eggs is possible without any
meal of blood, that an initial meal of blood may sometimes suffice for as many
as three batches of eggs, and that a single fertilization suffices for several
batches of eggs.

Chrysanthemum midge, A. D. Bouden (Amer. Florist, 48 (1917), No. 1513,
pp. 1061, 1062, figs. 3). — A brief account is given of Diarthronomyia hypogwa,
an imported European gall fly now thoroughly established in the United States,
which is rapidly being distributed from State to State on infested chrysanthe-
mum plants and cuttings. It has been known to occur in California for about
15 years, although the first published record was by Felt from Michigan in
April, 1915 (E. S. R., 36, p. 855). Since this time evidence of its infestation of
chrysanthemums grown under glass has been obtained from Oregon, New Jer-
.sey, Connecticut, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Ottawa, Canada. During 1917 a
number of florists reported a total loss of their chrysanthemum stock. Even in
the case of a light infestation the foliage is ruined for comraei'cial purposes,
and in a heavy infestation the growth of the plants is completely arrested.
Thus it is imperative in purchasing new plants and cuttings to insist on plants
free from the chrysanthemum midge.

The house fly and its control, L. Haseman (Univ. Missouri, Agr. Ext. Serv.
Circ. 16 (1917), pp. 11, figs. Jf). — A popular summary.

Screw worms and other mag'gots affecting animals, F. C. Bishopp, J. D.
Mitchell, and D. C. Parman (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 857 (1917), pp.
18, figs. 9). — A brief descriptive account of several kinds of flies which infest
wounds and deposit eggs on soiled wool on sheep and means for their control.

The life of the adult screw worm fly is comparatively short, ranging from 2
to 6 weeks, during which time it feeds upon various kinds of refuse and to
some extent upon the nectar of flowers. The eggs are laid in batches from 1 to
4 days apart, each mass containing from 40 to 250 eggs. A single female has

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 161

been observed to deposit as many as 8 batches of eggs, containing a total of
1,228. In moist, warm weatiier tlioy hatcli in less tlian 3 hours after deposition.
In living animals the larvae mature in from 4 to 5 days. From 3 to 14 days are
passed in the pupal stage. The entire life cycle is completed in from 1 to 4
weelis, depending on the temperature and humidity.

The complete destruction of all dead animals is said to be the best method
of control.

Other flies infesting vv^ounds, including the sheep wool maggots, brief mention
of which is made, are the black blowfly (Phormia regina), the green bottle fly
(Lucilia sericata), and the gray flesh flies (Sarcophaga texana., S. tuberosa
sarracenioides, and S. robusta).

A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based
upon larval and pupal characters with keys to imagines in certain families,
I, J. R. Malloch {Bui. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 12 {1911), Art. 3, pp.
V-\-161-410, pis. SO, fig. 1). — This work was prepared in response to a demand
for analytical keys to the immature stages of Diptera.

The Colorado potato beetle, T. O. Morrison ([JSien.] Rpt. Dept. Agr. Wash.,
2 {1915-16), pp. 100-103).— The appearance of the Colorado potato beetle at
Sunnyside, Wash., early in July, 1916, is recorded. A survey which was at
once made demonstrated the presence of this pest in 14 patches, and eradica-
tion work by means of sprays and hand picking was immediately commenced.

The white grubs injuring sugar cane in Porto Rico. — I, Life cycles of
the May beetles or melolonthids, E. G. Smyth {Jour. Dept. Agr. P. R., 1
{1011), No. 2, pp. 41-92, pis. 8).— In this first part the author deals with the
May beetles of the tribe Melolonthini, of which five species have been studied
in Porto Rico, a reference to which has been noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 753). All
five of these melolonthids are new to science, and four belonging to the genus
Phyllophaga are being described by the author under the names P. vandinei,
P. portoricensis, P. guanicana, and P. citri, as well as a single species belonging
to the genus Phytalus under the name P. insularis. A discussion first given of
the white-grub problem and of the wliite grubs pf Porto Rico and elsewhere is
followed by accounts of life-history work elsewhere, life cycles, enemies in
Porto Rico, methods of rearing, etc. The life-history studies have shown that
all four of these species of Phyllophaga and the single species of Phytalus
require but a single year and sometimes less to undergo their life cycles.

P. vandinei, the larva of which is the worst sugar-cane pest of the island and
perhaps one of the three most injurious sugar-cane white grubs in the world,
is restricted to the western third of the island, having been recorded only as
far east as ManatI on the north coast and at Penuelas on the south. It has
reached such great abundance in this territory, particularly in the Guanica
district, as to have caused whole fields of cane to fall and begin to sour in a
week's time after damage first became evident. It has made the growing of
ratoon cane in the Gufmica and San Germfl,n districts impossible, and in addition
to the cost of replanting for each crop has necessitated the continued hiring
of boys to collect the grubs and beetles at a cost of hundreds of dollars in a
single season. It is stated that there are cases on record where over 50 grubs
of this species have been spaded out from under a single stool of cane, and it
is not an uncommon occurrence to dig out 20 or more grubs from one cane
stool. Due to its great abundance in the heart of the worst-infested district,
where the laboratory is located, a large proportion of the studies were made of
this species, the details of which are presented.

The eggs are deposited among roots in the soil in small globular pits or
cavities, one egg being deposited in each pit. The average incubation period
for 1,089 eggs was 14 days, the maximum 17 days In March and the minimum

162 EXPERrMrENT STATION KECOED. [Vol.38

10 days in September. The average period required for the development of
tlie larva was 267 days, tlie maximum 35G days and the minimum 179 days,
during which time 3 molts were passed. The prepupal stage was found to vary
from 4 to 7 days and the average duration of the pupal stage was 21.5, the
maximum being 26 and the minimum 17 days. The average normal egg-to-
adult period based upon 14 complete records of single individuals was 306 days,
the maximum 395 days and the minimum 212 days.

The adults differ from many .species of the genus in that they are very
general feeders, there being few plants that they will not touch. Experi-
ments have .shown that ordinarily the adults are only attracted to light during
their flight and before they have settled on foliage to feed, i. e., from 4 to 7.30
p. m. In order to have any practical efficiency in attracting the adults of
this species the lights must be placed close to the ground and started imme-
diately at dusk, while the beetles are flying.

IMention Is made of three species of birds that are important enemies of
white grubs in Porto Rico and of a predacious wireworm {Pyrophorus liimi-
nosus). Their parasites include six scoliids (Elis sexcincta, E. xanthonotus,
Campsomeris dorsata, C. trifaciata, C. pyrura, and ScoUa atrata), and two
tachinids (Cryptomeigenia aurifacies and Eutrixoides jonesii). The eggs are
attacked by mites and nematodes.

A bibliography of 36 titles is included.

White grub investigation. — A brief report of progress, A. Gibson (Agr.
Gaz. Canada, 4 {1911), No. 7, pp. 554-556, figs, g).— A brief statement of prog-
ress in the work on white grubs.

Existence of many varieties and races of coccobacilli in the natural septi-
cemias of the cockchafer, A. Paillot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 163
(1916), No. 19, pp. 581-534). — The author recognizes four types of Bacillus
melolonthce, one representing the variety to which he gives the name B. melo-
lonthcc Uqtiefacicns, and the other three, the variety B. melolonthw nonliqne-
faciens. Studies of a bacterial disease of the cockchafer in this country by
Northrup have been noted (E. S. R.. 32. p. 61).

New microbe parasites of the cockchafer, A. Paillot (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], 163 (1916), No. 24, pp. 772-774; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc,
No. 2 (1917), p. 249). — While the septicemia caused by coccobacilli appear to
be the principal cause of the natural mortality in cockchafers, it is not always
possible to obtain pure cultures of the causative coccobacillus from the blood of
affected individuals. In fact, in some 30 per cent of the cases a secondai-y
infection accompanies the coccobacillemia. Three different associated diseases
have been studied and all found in cockchafers from the Plateau of Sathonay.
They are due (1) to BaciUns melolonthw nonliqucfaciens /3 and a gram-positive
diplococcus (Diplococcus melolonthce) ; (2) to B. mclolontha; liqvefacicns and
a gram-positive diplobacillus (Diplobacillus mclolontha;) ; and (3) to the same
coccobacillus and a large sporulating bacillus, described as new under the
name Bacillus hoplostcrmts, which takes Gram's stain poorly. B. hoplosternns
is very pathogenic for the cockchafer and the caterpillar of Yanessa urticce, but
does not kill the caterpillar of the gipsy moth regularly even after many
passages.

The coccobacilli of the cockchafer. — Their pathogenic action on sorce
macrolepidopterous caterpillars, A. Paillot (Compt. Rend. Soc. Binl. [Paris].
79 (1916), No. 20, pp. 1102, llOS; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No.
S, p. 134)- — This relates to the investigations above noted.

New microbe parasites of the cockchafer. — Pathog'enic action on the
caterpillars of Vanessa urticae and Lymantria dispar, and the silkworm.

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 163

A. PArLLOT (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 80 {1911), No. 2, pp. 56-58).—
This reports upon further studies of the coccobacilli as above noted.

Coconut beetle in Samoa (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 48 {1911), No. 4, pp. 219-
225). — This gives a report of a commission of inquiry concerning the coconut
beetle {Oryctes nasicornis), appointed in July, 1916, by the administrator of
Samoa.

The sugar cane wireworni in Fiji (Simodactylus cinnamoneus), R. Veitch
{Colon. Sugar Refin. Co. [Fiji] Agr. Rpt. 1 {1916), pp. IS, pi. i).— A report of
investigations of this pest in Fiji, vphere it is very destructive to sugar cane sets
through eating the eyes, roots, and butts.

Canadian bark beetles. — I, Descriptions of new species, J. M. Swaine
{Canada Dept. Agr.. Ent. Branch Bui. 14 {1911), pp. 32). — Thirty-nine species
of Canadian bark beetles, here described as new, represent 14 genera of which
two, namely, Pseudocryphalus and Pseudohylesinus, are new.

The strawberry weevil in Minnesota, Anthonomus signatus, S. Marcovitch
{Rpt. State Ent. Minn., 16 {1915-16), pp. 109-134, flffs. ^).— This report of in-
vestigations, commenced in 1914, is summarized by the author as follows :

" In Minnesota the adult weevils make their appearance the latter part of
April or early in May, feeding on the underside of the leaves until the pollen is
mature. The buds are first cut as soon as the first blossom shows and the fruit
pedicels are about 2 in. high. Fields with from 40 to 95 per cent of the buds
cut were not uncommon. The new brood emerges soon after picking, eating
small holes on the underside of leaves. Hibernation began the latter part of
August in 1915, among the dead leaves in the strawberry patch. The weevils
pass the winter in the strawberry beds and not in the woods, at least in Minne-
sota. Old beds are more severely infested than younger ones. The natural
enemies reared were five species of chalcids and one cecidomyid. The indications
are that the weevils are not able to emerge when plowed under or covered
with soil during cultivation.

" Since the weevils hibernate within the fields, the one-crop system will pre-
vent severe injury. Badly infested fields should be plowed under immediately
after the berries are picked. Where the two-crop system is practiced the beds
should be burned over and thoroughly cultivated. Old, neglected patches should
not be tolerated. The weevil will probably not be serious on the Everbearing
strawberry. Covering the beds with muslin or spraying with poisonous arsenl-
cals was not satisfactory."

A 4-page bibliography is included.

Alfalfa weevil quarantine conference, held at Salt Lake City, April 20
and 21, 1916 {Bien. Rpt. State Hart. Com. Utah, 1915-16, pp. 121-158).— A
report of the conference, at which representatives from Montana, California,
Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, Idaho, and Utah were present.

Pineapple weevil in Above Rocks {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 20 {1916), No.
9, pp. 361, 362; Haicaii. Forester and Agr., 14 {1911), No. 1, pp. 20, 2i).— This
is a report of a second visit to the district where pineapples are badly attacked
by a large black weevil {Metamasins ritchiei), accounts of which have been
previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 102).

Pear blossom weevil (Anthonomus pedicularius) in Bessarabia, S. A.
MoKRZHETSKii (MoKRZECKi) {Grushevyi TsvfetoQd {Anthonomus pedicularius)
V BessarabU. Kishenef: Salgii: Opytn. Plod. Sta., 1916, pp. 8, figs. 4; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., Set. A, 5 {1911), No. 4, p. 158).— The larva of this weevil
causes great damage to the pear in Bessarabia by devouring the lower part of
both the flower and leaf buds.

164 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Banana borer, F. Watts {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 21 (IBlt), No. 6, pp. 169-
173). — A memorandum of information on this weevil borer {Cosmopolites
sordida). See also a previous note (E. S. K., 37, p. 161).

Sixteenth annual report of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association,
compiled by J. A. Stone {Ann. Rpt. III. Bee-Keepers' Assoc., 16 {1916), pp. 170,
pi. 1, figs. 20). — This includes the proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual ses-
sion of the Illinois State Beekeepers' As.sociation. held at Springfield, 111., in
November, 191G, and of the nineteenth annual convention of the Chicago-North-
western Beekeepers' Association, held at Chicago in December, 1916. A paper
on Extension Work in P.eekeeping, by E. F. Phillips (pp. 121-126), is included.

First lessons in beekeeping, C. P. Dadant {Hamilton, III.: Amer. Bee Jour.,
1917, pp. [i2]-fi67, figs. 178). — This is an entirely rewritten edition of a work
published in 1911.

A thousand answers to beekeeping questions, C. C. Miller, compiled by
M, G. Dadant {Hamilton, III.: Amer. Bee Jour., 1917, pp. 276, pi. 1, figs. 25). —
This is a compilation in alphabetical oi'der of questions culled from many
thousands answered by the author during a period of 22 years in the columns
of the American Bee Journal.

Are bees responsible for most fire blight epidemics? A. C. Buerill {Idaho
Honey Prod. Assoc. Ann. Conv., 6 {1917), pp. 29-G7).— This address, delivered
at Twin Falls, Idaho, in January, 1917, deals with the history of bees and
fire blight in the United States (pp. 31-33) ; number of visits per day or per
flower V. number of days of pome bloom-percentage of honey-bees present (pp.
33-46) ; causes and cases of blight on blossomless trees (pp. 46-50) ; relations
of insects other than bees to the spread of blight (pp. 50-59) ; and the control
of blight (pp. 60, 61) ; relation of bees to its spread and control (pp. 61-63) ;
and the bearing of these facts for Idaho and the future (pp. 63, 64). A bibli-
ography of 62 titles is appended.

The hornet in Fiji (Polistes hebraeus), R. Veitch {Colon. Sugar Refin. Co.
[Fiji], Agr. Rpt. 2 {1917), pp. 16, pi. 1). — This wasp, though generally con-
sidered an unmitigated nuisance, has been found to be beneficial in some
districts, due to its predacious habits.

The turnip sawfly (Athalia fiacca), R. W. Jack {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., IJf
{1917), No. 2, pp. 206-212, pis. 2). — A summarized account of this pest, which
is one of the most important enemies of cruciferous crops in Rhodesia.

Laboratory rearing of and temperature experiments with the egg para-
sites, Trichogramma semblidis and T. fasciatum, S. A. Mokkzhetskh
(MoKRZECKi) (0 Lahoratornom R.azveden'ii lAitseiedov Trichogramma sem-
blidis i T. fasciatum i Tempcraturnye Opyty Nad Nimi. Simferopol: Salgir.
Opytn. Plod. Sta., 1916, pp. 13, figs. 4; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1917),
No. 4. PP- 155, 156). — Experiments conducted indicate that it is practical to
rear these parasites artificially in any numbers and to keep them for many
months, though further experiments are required to demonstrate how far they
can be utilized for the practical control of the codling moth.

Descriptions of thirty-one new species of Hymenoptera, S. A. Rohwek
{Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 53 {1917), pp. 151-176) .—Mamy of the 31 species here
described as new, representing the superfamilies Tenthredinoidea, Ichneumo-
noidea, Serphoidea. Chalcidoidea, and Sphecoidea, are of economic importance
as parasites of forest insects. Among these are Pristaulacus strangalice, a para-
site of Strangalia luteicornis in Carpinus caroUniana at Charter Oak, Pa.;
Odontomerus strangalia:, parasitic on S. luteicornis breeding in grape at Balls-
ton, Va. ; Pyracmon conocola, parasitic on Pinipestis sp., living in the cones of
Pinus coulteri, and probably a parasite of Eretria taxifoliella in cones of Pseu-
dotsuga taxifolia, at Colestin, Oreg., and Julian, Cal. ; Angitia tineavora, para-

1918] POODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 165

sitic on tineid moths infesting the fruit body of Polyponisjlryophihis at Mistle-
toe, Oreg. ; Meleborus laspeyresice, parasitic on Laspeyresia toruta living in
cones of Pinus ponderosa at Talent, Oreg. ; Phadroctonus argyresthiw, parasitic
on a species of Argyresthia living on Liboccdrus dccurrents at Ashland, Oreg. ;
Diospilus neoclyti, a parasite of Neoclytus caprce breeding in Quercus (jambelli
collected in North Cheyenne Canon, Colorado ; Phanerotoma erythrocepJiala, a
parasite of L. toruta in the cones of P. ponderosa at Glenwood Springs, Colo. ;
j!nd Odontobracon cemeovorxis, parasitic on Oeme rigida at Apalachicola, Fla.,
and Morgan City, La.

Descriptions of some new parasitic Hymenoptera, A. B. Gahan {Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 53 (1917), pp. 195-217). — This paper contains descriptions of
two genera, 25 species, and one variety new to science, of which each species
is described from reared material, tlnis connecting it with a definite host record.
The species thus described are Ephcdrus nitidus from the cabbage aphis at
New Brunswick, N. J. ; Microbracon sanninoidea; from the peach borer at College
I'ark, Md. ; Microyaster cpagoges from Epagoge siilfureana at Nashville, Tenn. ;
Apantcles diacrisio' fi'om Diacrisia virginica, Washington, D. C. ; Chelonus
plithorimacw from the potato tuber worm at Rocky Ford, Colo. ; Phanerotoma
franklini from the cranberry fruit worm at East Wareham, Mass. ; Opius pego-
myiw from Pegomyia vicina at Oxnard, Cal. ; 0. coriaceiis from Ceradontlui
dorsalis at Greenwood, ]\Iiss. ; 0. otiosns from Agromyza par'vicornis at Browns-
ville, Tex. ; Neopius curinaticeps n. g. and u. sp., reared from an Agromyza mine
in Hordeum at V/imbledon, N. Dak. ; Rogas perplexus from Peridroma marga-
ritosa at Tempe, Ariz. ; R. poUtlccps from P. incivis at Nashville, Tenn. ; R.
rufocoxalis from Autogrupha brassiccc and P. margaritosa at Rocky Ford, Colo. ;
Nepiera benevola fusclfemora from the potato tuber worm at Pasadena, Cal. ;
Liodontomerus secundus and L. insuetus from the clover seed chalcid fly at
Caldwell, Idaho, and Tempe. Ariz., respectively ; Systellogaster ovivora n. g.
and n. sp., from Blatta orientalis at Urbana, 111. ; Pteromalus hemileucw from
Eemileuca oliviw at Maxwell, N. Mex. ; Eupteromalus tachlnw reared from the
puparium of a tachinid parasite of Leucania unipuncta, probably Archytcs
analis, at Nashville, Tenn., and from L. uniptincta at Guelph, Canada ; Eufeliis
bruchophagi reared from the clover seed chalcid fly at Nephi, Utah ; Chry.^o-
charus malloclii from Agromyza fclti at Parker, 111.; Derostenns pallipes from
Phytomyza aquilegiw at College Park, Md. ; Tetrastichus ainsliei from Mordel-
listena sp., at Elk Point, S. Dak. ; T. dolosus from Euplcctrus platyliypence and
E. comstocki at Tallulah, La. ; Notanisomorpha meromysce from Meromyza
omericana at La Fayette, Ind. ; and Pol ym ecus lasiopterce from Lasioptera sp.,
at Elk Point, S. Dak.

Infection tests of a fung^us parasite of insects, Metarrhizium. anisoplioe,
A. A. L. Rutgers (Dept. Landb., Nijv en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded.
Lab. Plant enziekt en. No. 25 {1916), pp. 9). — The details of infection experi-
ments with the green muscardine fungus on the larvae of Leucopholis rorida
and Cyrtacanthacris nigricornis are reported, largely in tabular form.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTEITION.

Possibilities of food from fish, H. F. Taylob {XJ. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fish-
eries Econ. Circ. SO {1917), pp. 4)- — A. brief summary.

The carp: A valuable food resource {U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fisheries Econ.
Circ. SI {1917), pp. 7, fig. 1). — This includes data on the nutritive value of
carp and recipes for its preparation.

Why and how to use salt and smoked fish. — Sixty-one ways of cooking
them, H. F. Moore (17. &'. Dept. Com., Bur. Fisheries Econ. Circ. 29 {1917),
pp. 8). — A brief discussion and recipes.

166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

The examination of canned salmon for bacteria and tin, L. D. Bushnell
and C. A. A. Utt (Jour. Indtis. and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 7, pp. 618,
679). — Forty-four samples from 26 concerns were examined and found to be
sterile. Of the 20 samples analyzed for tin, all were found to contain less than
50 rag., which is well below the tolerance of 300 mg.

Nutrition investigations upon cottonseed meal, II, Anna E. Richardson
and Helen S. Geeen (Jour. Biol. Chem., SO (1917), No. 2, pp. 243-258, figs. 13).—
A contiiiuation of work upon cottonseed meal as a food for human consumption
(E. S. R.. 35, p. 469).

It was found that with 50 per cent of cottonseed meal in the diet albino rats
lived for from 400 to 565 days. With the addition of protein-free milk and
milk fat the ration was sufficient for normal growth and reproduction to the
third generation. This did not result with a 50 per cent cottonseed flour with
a lack of proteiu-froe milk and milk fat. In the former case, while there was
no better growth, reproduction was increased and mortality lowered by the
addition of 5 per cent of casein. When additional mineral matter was sup-
plied, conditions in the second generation seemed still better.

No toxic effect was apparent from 45 to 50 per cent of cottonseed flour in
the ration through four generations or during 565 days of the life of an indi-
vidual. Petroleum ether extract of cotton seed in a well-balanced ration had
a depressing efEoct on weight. Ethyl ether extract from petroleum-ether-
extracted cotton seed and ethyl ether extract from Allison cottonseed flour
showed no harmful effects.

The possibility of typhoid infection throug'h vegetables, C. O. Melick
(Jour. Infect. Diseases, 21 (1917), No. 1, pp. 28-38).— It was found that the
longevity of Bacillus typhosus depends on the strain and the soil, varying from
29 to 58 days. Under natural conditions radi.shes grown in contaminated soil
were infected after periods of 28, 35, and 37 days, and lettuce after 21 days. No
evidence was found that the organisms entered the interior of the plants, but
organisms attached to the surfaces were not removed by ordinary washing.

Fresh fruits and vegetables as conservers of other staple foods, Caroline
L. Hunt (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 871 (1917), pp. 11).— The place of
fruits and vegetables in the diet in general is discussed, and specific directions
given for the use of green peas and beans in place of meat, potatoes in place
of cereals, and fruit to save sugar. A model menu and various recipes are
included.

Microscopical studies on tomato products, B. .7. Howard and C. H. Steph-
enson (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 581 (1917), pp. 2^, figs. 5). — Microanaly-ses of a
considerable number of tomato products indicated that such products when
made from stock judged acceptable by visual inspection, do not show high
counts of microorganisms. High counts indicate that the stock was in bad
condition or handled in an insanitary manner. Pulp stored in barrels gave
high counts.

The field work done indicates that stock should not contain over 1 per cent
of decayed material and have a spore count of less than 20. A bacterial count
of 15,000.000 indicates little as to the amount of decay, but beyond this point
up to 20 per cent of rot each 20,000,000 means an increase of about 1 per cent
of rot. High counts in tomato pastes and sauces indicate bad stock or insani-
tary handling.

The method used for the microanalysis of tomato products is included.

Maine packed blueberries, corn, and sardines, C. D. Woods and A. M. G.
Soule (Maine Sta. Off. insp., 83 (1917), pp. 37-5,2 ) .—This includes, among
other data, tables giving the amount of water in different brands of canned
blueberries and corn and the condition of canned sardines.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 167

Food plants and textiles of ancient America, W. B. Saffoed (Proc. 2. Pan
Atner. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 1, pp. l/f6-159, pi. 1, figs. 4). — The paper gives
an account of the principal food and textile plants of the Americas and their
nse by the prehistoric inhabitants. It includes, among other plants, maize,
beans, peanuts and other legumes, squashes, pumpkins, various roots and
tubei's, coca, chocolate, tea, and cotton.

[Food and its conservation in North Dakota], E. F. Ladd and Alma K.
Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 [1917], No. 15, pp. 379-394).— This
number contains analyses of various food and drug products togetlier with a
discussion of war bread and various other food conservation topics.

Ten lessons on food conservation (Washington: U. S. Food Admin., 1917,
pp. 64)- — There is included, along with suggestions on conservation, a lesson
on the fundamentals of an adequate diet and the practical application of the
facts of nutrition.

The eat-less-meat book. — (War ration housekeeping), Mrs. C. S. Peel
(London and New York: John Lane Co., 1917, pp. 207). — War ration house-
keeping in England is discussed, including a popular summary of food values
and menus. A large part of the book is taken up with recipes using little meat.

Bibliography of school lunches, compiled by Lucy Condell (17. S. Bur.
Ed. Circ., 1917, pp. 25).— Some 150 titles are included.

The effect on human milk production of diets containing various forms
and quantities of protein, B. R. Hoobler (Amer. Jour. Diseases Children, 14
(1917), No. 2, pp. 105-112). — The author concludes that a nutritive ratio of 1
part digestible protein to 6 parts digestible fat and carbohydrate seems best
adapted to the needs of nursing mothers. Animal protein is deemed more suit-
able than vegetable protein in supplying nitrogen and maintaining the nitrogen
balance. The protein from nuts, when fed with other vegetable protein, is also
adequate.

" A diet composed exclusively of cereals, fruits, and vegetables does not sup-
ply sufficient protein for elaborating milk protein and causes a severe drain
on the tissues of mother.

" Of the various forms of animal protein, that which is derived from cow's
milk seems particularly suitable for the production of human milk protein, as
well as for the preservation of maternal tissues."

The effect of the emotions on the catalase content of the liver, W. E. and
E. L. BtJRGE (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 44 (1917), No. 1, pp. 75-79 ) .—Experimental
work on cats and dogs gives evidence that the fighting emotions and probably
exercise increase greatly the catalase content of the liver. This catalase is
given off to the blood and carried to the tissues, presumably to cause increased
oxidation.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Palm-kernel cake, C. Ceowthee (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 (1916), No. 8,
pp. 734-749). — Studies by the University of Leeds are reported.

On the question of palatability, reported by H. J. Hargraves, there was
varying difficulty at first to get cattle to eat palm-nut meal or cake, and a
uniform difficulty with sheep. This was not found to be due to flavor or aroma,
as usually believed, but to a grittiness present. Soaking or straining did not
overcome the difficulty, but mixing with other feeds, as linseed cake, overcame
the trouble in proportion to the admixture. The difficulty is deemed of no
practical significance where the palm-kernel cake does not form over one-third
or one-half of the total mixture.

Keeping qualities, reported by W. Godden, showed that in the laboratory
and on the farm the palm-kernel cake compared favorably with six other

168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

cakes. It showed no sign of deterioration not equally marked with the other
cakes, except linseed cake and, possibly, soy cake.

Data on the digestibility of palm-kernel cake and extracted palm-kernel meal
and undecorticated cottonseed cake are reported by H. E. Woodman, as ob-
tained with two sheep. The differences of digestibility between the palm-
kernel cake and meal were slight, but the palm-kernel meal may be regarded
as worth 23 per cent more and the palm-kernel cake 35 per cent more than
cottonseed cake.

In a study of the influence of palm-kernel cake upon the yield and composi-
tion of milk, reported by A. G. Ruston, five cows w-ere fed on pasture. The
results were variable. There was a gain in live weight of the animals while
on cake, a favorable influence upon the production of milk fat, and a slight
increase In the fat content of the milk.

In a report of the influence upon the composition of the milk fat, made by
H. Woodhouse, the results of analyses are shown indicating the passage of
some ingredient of the palm-kernel oil into the milk fat. This renders probable
the conclusion that the effects upon the output can be attributed thei'eto.

Feeding stuffs of minor importance, F. W. Woll {California Sta. Circ. 167
(1917), pp. 7). — The object of this circular is to describe briefly some materials
which, while not generally used, may be employed as feeding stuffs, because of
the scarcity and high prices prevailing for hay and other common feeding
stuffs. The following are discussed : Cereal straw, rice straw, legume straw,
foxtail, Indian-corn stalks, stalks of grain sorghums, cannery refuse, sugar-
beet tops and leaves, cull potatoes, potato tops, orchard products, acorns, and
spineless cactus.

Utilization of farm wastes in feeding live stock, S. H. Ray {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Fanners' Bui. 873 (1917), pp. 12). — The need of a more efficient use of
straw, corn stover, and cottonseed meal is pointed out, and rations containing
these pi-oducts are listed for cattle, sheep, and horses.

Animal industry: The problems confronting it during and after the war,
C. Pucci (Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital, 22 {1917), No. 7-S, pp. 172-182).— A paper
and discussion relating to the industry in Italy. A better utilization of fodders,
by-products, etc., is advocated, and closer organization of those engaged in
live-stock production is urged as a means of bettering present conditions and
solving the problems that will arise after the war.

The sheep industry on the Minidoka reclamation project, E. F. Rine-
HART {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 573 {1917), pp. 28, figs. 7).— This report treats
briefly of the agricultural conditions on this reclamation project and in detail
of the history and present status of the sheep industry, methods of sheep man-
agement, and the future development of the industry. The suggestions made
in this bulletin, while based primarily on the results of observations on the
Minidoka reclamation project, are deemed applicable to several other irriga-
tion projects in the northwestern United States having similar climatic and
agricultural conditions.

Ration experiments with swine, A. D. P'aville {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 114
{1917), pp. 8). — Fifteen pigs averaging 87 lbs. each were divided into three
lots and fed as follows : Lot 1, ground barley ; lot 2, ground barley and meat
meal 9:1; and lot 3, ground rye. The grains were valued at $25 per ton, the
meat meal at $55. The pigs were bought at $7 per hundredweight and sold
for $9.40. They were fed in the experiment for 70 days.

Lot 1 made an average daily gain of 1.46 lbs., requiring 4.13 lbs. of feed per
pound of gain and costing 5.16 cts. Lot 2 gained 1.74 lbs. daily with 3.33 lbs.
feed per pound of gain, costing 5.18 cts. Lot 3 gained 1.53 lbs. daily with 3.4S
lbs. feed per pound of gain, costing 4.35 cts.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 169

During the first six weeks tlie grains were mixed with water and fed iuuiio-
diately, while for the hist four weelis they were scalded from one feeding to
another. The soaliing apparently increased the grain consumed and the gains
made, but without materially changing the amount of feed per pound of gain.

An analysis of the grains, which were grown locally, is appended.

[Pasturing alfalfa, com, and rape with hog's], D. Hansen (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 10, 11, fig. 1). —
A continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 36, p. 171) ou a six-year
rotation in which third-year alfalfa and corn were harvested by pigs. One lot
of five pigs with an initial weight equivalent to 2,096 lbs. per acre, was pas-
tured from May 1 to July 15, 1916, and a second lot of eight pigs with a
weight equivalent to 1,424 lbs. per acre was pastured from July 15 to Septem-
ber 23, 1916. In addition the pigs were fed 2 lbs. of corn per day per 100 lbs.
of live weight.

During the two periods 758 lbs. of pork was produced. The corn consumed
during the season amounted to 1,750 lbs. and the return from the alfalfa crop
to $124.72 per acre.

Four of the pigs used in the second period of the alfalfa -pasturing experi-
ment were transferred to a corn plat September 23. In 20 days they gained 168
lbs., with a net return of $47.04 per acre for the corn.

On two corn plats rape was sown between the rows on August 1, but made
little growth. Four pigs were put on these plats September 23, and in 38
days they had cleaned up the plats. Gains were made at the rate of 586 lbs.
per acre, and returned 81 cts. per bushel for the corn.

Swine management, G. M. Rommel and F. G. Ashbkook (f7. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. S74 {1911), pp. 38, figs. 16). — This is a revision of Farmers'
Bulletin 205 (E. S. R., 16, p. 400). The industry is treated under the following
heads : The merits of the hog, hog-growing sections of the United States, loca-
tion of farm for hog raising, number of hogs for a farm, the foundation herd,
feeding and management, sanitation in the hog lot, prevention of disease, treat-
ment of disease, destruction of vermin, and intestinal worms.

The present position and futtire prospects of swine breeding in Denmark,
P. A. MoKKEBERG {Tidsskv. Landokononii, 1916, Nos. 5, pp. 233-269; 6, pp. 324-
336; Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 17 {1916), No. 1, pp. 40-56).—
This article, based upon a lecture delivered before the Royal Danish Agri-
cultural Society, describes the history, development, and future prospects of
swine breeding in Denmark.

The plan of organization and operation of breeding centers ?s explained, and
the method of testing the offspring of the stud animals in the breeding centers
is outlined. An average of two pigs from each selected sow is sent annually
to the experiment stations. From the performance of these pigs data are ob-
tained as to age at which killing weight is reached, feed units required to
produce a given weight, and quality of the bacon. The results are made the
basis of selection of stud animals, those being preferred whose descendants have
shown the highest degree of thriftiness and gi'owth energy, and have produced
the best bacon.

It is stated that this plan has been most valuable in improving both the
Danish and Yorkshire breeds of swine, the two bacon breeds of Denmark.

Feeding horses, C. N. Aknett (Montana Sta. Circ. 65 (1917), pp. 73-82). —
A discussion of feeds and the feeding of horses, with special reference to Mon-
tana conditions.

Artificial insemination, E. H. Riley (Montana Sta. Circ. 63 (1917), pp.
57-66, figs. 7). — General directions ai'e given for the artificial impregnation of
mares.

170 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

On the life duration of the horse spermatozoon outside of the body,
S. Sato (Acta Scholae Med. Univ. Imp. Kioto, 1 (1916), No. S, pp. 361-374;
abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc, No. 4 (1917), p. 381).— The author has observed
the duration of life of horse spermatozoa in 1.1 NaCl solution (up to 10 hours,
rarely 24), and in from 5.2 to 5.25 per cent dextrose solution (from 10 to 30
hours, rarely 70). Suitable conditions are an alkalinity corresponding to 0.001
per cent KOH, an osmotic pressure equal to 5.24 per cent dextrose, a tempera-
ture of from 13 to 15° C, one atmospheric pressure, and a percentage of oxygen
much less than that in air.

The numerical law of the regression of erectile organs, following castra-
tion of adult Gallinaceae, A. Pezard (Cornpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164
(1917), No. 19, pp. 734-736, figs. 4). — In a study of the effect of postpuberal
castration on the regression of erectile organs (combs, wattles, and ear lobes)
in cocks, the author has measured the diminution of length of comb following
castration of four birds. Three of these were completely castrated and the
fourth was a capon in which the development of the comb was obtained by
the injection of testicular extract and the regi*ession of the organ was pro-
duced by the cessation of the injections. It was found that the testicular
hormone is necessary for the development and maintenance of erectile tissue.
Furthermore, the action of this hormone must be constant.

Gonadectomy in relation to the secondary sexual characters of some do-
mestic birds, H. D. Goodale (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 243 (1916), pp.
52, pis. 7, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc, No. 1 (1917), pp. 106, 107).—
Experiments were conducted with Rouen ducks, Brown Leghorn fowls, and
cross-bred birds, observing the changes in plumage, etc., that follow gonadectomy.

The plumage of the orchidotomized male was altered comparatively little.
Some feathers grew somewhat longer, but otherwise they were the same as in
the unaltered male. In contrast, the plumage changes of the ovariotomized
female were extensive, in respect to shape, size, color, and color pattern. The
plumage approximated that of the normal male.

The capon's comb and wattles remained of infantile type. In the castrated
hens the comb became very large and malelike in some, while in others it re-
mained comparatively small.

All the capons reported on had well-developed spurs. In all the castrated
hens in which the male plumage also developed there were well-developed spurs,
while in many of those in which the assumption of male plumage was partial or
temporary the spurs started to grow. Apparently the dependence of the spurs
upon the internal secretion is relatively slight. The inhibition exerted in the
female upon the development of the spurs is so slight that once development
starts the hormone is not always able to check It.

In the cases reported on, castration with one exception, has not influenced the
molt of the capon. On the other hand, castrated ducks lose the power of de-
veloping the summer plumage. Castration is without influence on the color
of the male duck's mandible, but ovariotomy results in the disappearance of
certain pigments from the mandible of the female. Completely castrated Indi-
viduals of all kinds are on the whole negative in behavior as compared with
normal adults.

Male characters, such as spurs, large comb and wattles, and a " neck ring " in
ducks, sometimes occur in otherwise normal females. Instances of the occur-
rence of female characters in males, strictly comparable to those just referred
to, are uncommon or wholly lacking. The only character of this sort among
capons is the brooding instinct. Some femalelike characters in males are juve-
nile characters. Neither the assumption of male plumage by the female nor
the development of the accessory reproductive organs need be considered evi-

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171

clence that the female is a suppressed hermaphrodite, because the secretion of
the ovary clearly controls their development. On the other hand, It is clearly
proved that the female is a suppressed pseudohermaphrodite. On the whole,
the relation between the gonads and the secondary sex characters appears to be
specific and not general.

The three most important results are as follows: (1) If the ovary of a
domestic bird be removed completely, many of the secondary sex characters of
the male appear (and always of the male of the same race). Some individuals
become nearly complete replicas of the male, others imperfect imitations of the
male. (2) If the testes be removed, the majority of the secondary sex char-
acters of the male develop, though a few may remain in an Infantile condition.
(3) Castrated dral^es lose the power of developing the summer plumage.

Contribution to the history of the development of the exterior attributes
of the male sex in female birds, O. Lakcher {Rec. Med. Vet., 91 (,1916), No.
11-12, pp. 173-183).— This is a historical summary of the literature pertaining
to this subject, including an extensive bibliography.

Some observations on the origin of melanin pigment in feather germs
from the Plymouth Hock and Brown Leghorn fowls, R. M. Strong and
Katheeine Knowlton (Anat. Rec, 13 {19111), No. 2, pp. 97-108, figs. 6).— A
study was made of the melanin pigment in feather germs pulled from the back,
breast, neck, and wings of adult Plymouth Rock and Brown Leghorn male and
female fowls.

Examination of sections cut from these feather germs showed that melanin
pigment granules occur occasionally In the so-called cylinder and inner-sheath
cells. Further evidence was obtained that the melanin pigment of feathers
is epidermal in origin. Melanophores were found in the dermal pulp at the
proximal end of feather germs. Some of t' ese pulp melanophores have proc-
esses which are usually relatively short, but they do not appear to distribute
pigment to other cells, and they have no part in the histogenesis of the feather
or its pigment.

Inter-periodic correlation in the egg production of the domestic fowl, J. A.
HARfiis, A. F. Blakeslee, and W. F. Kirkpatrick {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 3
{1917), No. 9, pp. 565-569, figs. 2).— This investigation deals with the correla-
tions between the egg production of various periods in White Leghorn fowls.

The coefficients of correlation between the production of single months and
the production of the remaining 11 months of the year range, in the cases
observed, from 0.29.5 to 0.567 in the several months (November-October) of
1913-14 and from 0.24 to 0.567 in 1914-15. For purposes of prediction the
correlation coefficients may be thrown into the form of linear regression equa-
tions, which have been found to give reasonably good fits to the empirical means
for the annual egg records of birds laying various numbers of eggs in the indi-
vidual months. The slope of the lines when plotted shows there is an increase
of from 2.6 to 5 eggs in mean annual production associated with a variation
of one egg in monthly record. Since in practical selection groups of birds
differing by far more than a single egg may be recognized, the difference in
annual production secured by selecting in any mouth may be of very practical
importance, amounting to from 30 to 60 eggs per year.

Coefficients are also given showing the correlation between the annual total
and the deviation of the monthly record from the value which it should have
if variation in monthly production were directly proportional to variation in
the annual production. Sets of correlations, 110 coefficients in all, have been
worked out for the production of five of the individual months and the pro-
duction of each of the other months of the contest year (November-October).
40111°— 18— No. 2 6

172 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 88

The months selected were November of the pullet year and the following October
and the intervening months, January, April, and August. These 110 coefficients
are without exception positive in sign. This indicates that if abnormally high
laying at one period tends, as the result of nutritional or other physiological
factors, to result in abnormally low production during a subsequent period,
the reduction is not sufficient to outweigh the influence of the initial differentia-
tion of the birds in their capacity for egg production suggested above.

Two laws are evident in these intermensual corralations: (1) The correlation
between the egg production of the individual months tends to become smaller
as the records upon which the correlations are based become more widely sepa-
rated in time. (2) There is a more intimate correlation between the egg produc-
tion of the autumn and winter months at the beginning and end of the contest
year than between the egg production of these months and the productions of the
intervening spring and summer months.

The cycles and rhytlini of egg production, 0. T. Patterson (Jcmr. Amer.
Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., S {1916), Nos. 2, p. 16; S, p. 20). — ^A
discussion of the cycles and rhythm of egg production as a basis for selection
of high egg producers. The term cycle is used by the author to mean the
number of eggs the hen lays without missing a day. The rhythm of egg pro-
duction means the recurrence of the cycle. In selection experiments with sev-
eral hundred hens, in connection with the egg-laying competition at the Missouri
Poultry Station, those having a cycle of 4 eggs or more during March averaged
156 eggs in the year, and all which had a cycle of 2 eggs or less averaged 110
eggs each.

The hen's annual vacation, G. M. Rommel (Jour. Heredity, 8 {1911), No. 3,
pp. 132-lJf2, figs. 11). — The author discusses the natural causes of a scarcity
of eggs in winter and suggests simple rules for increasing fall and winter egg
production. Briefly these are (1) hatch chickens early — between March 1
and April 30, (2) develop the pullets properly, and (3) furnish good quarters
for the following winter. Feed liberally when laying begins.

Fourth Irish egg-laying competition {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland
Jour., n {1916), No. 1, pp. 88-109). — A detailed account is given of the fourth
Irish egg-laying contest held at the Munster Institute, Cork, from October 1,
1915. to August 31, 1916.

Fourth Irish egg-laying competition, 1915—16. — Supplementary report on
the nonconipeting pens, with some notes on the breeding of Rhode Island
Beds for egg production. Miss L. Murphy {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ire-
land Jour., 11 {1911), No. 2, pp. 280-289).— A report is given of the perform-
ance of the noncompeting pens in the egg-laying contest noted above, together
with some notes on the breeding of Rhode Island Reds for egg production.

The breeding experiment was started in 1909 with 10 Rhode Island Red
pullets which were mated to a male bird hatched from eggs imported from
America. The average egg production of the 10 birds during their pullet
year was 129 eggs. In 1911, 10 of the best pullets that had been raised from
the above mating were mated to a male bird that was selected on the factor
of vigor. These 10 pullets averaged 139 eggs each in their pullet year.
One of the pullets laid over 200 eggs and made a high winter record. Her
eggs were large, thick in shell, and of good color. From this hen and the
above male 8 pullets were reared in 1912. These 8 pullets averaged 214.5 eggs
each during their pullet year. From a half sister of the above hen mated with
the same male 8 pullets were raised that averaged 221 eggs each for 12 months.
These birds have become the foundation of a valuable line.

In breeding for increased size of egg it was found that whenever a hen
laying a first grade egg (2 oz. and upwards) was mated to a male bird, the

1918] ANIMAL PEODUCTION'. 173

son of a similar hen, the pullet offspring invariably laid eggs of first grade.
Small eggs were not always coupled with heavy production.

In grading up flocks at the Munster Institute all birds have been weeded out
that failed to lay 30 eggs during the three winter months, and the best pens are
made up of hens that have a winter egg record of 40 eggs. To learn the effect
of mating the son of a good layer to a pen of birds with poor egg records a
cockerel from a 200-egg hen was mated to 6 hens with an average record of 95
eggs for 11 months. Twelve pullets saved from this mating averaged 127 eggs
each for 11 months. It is stated that for the specialist breeder accurate trap-
nest records and the most vigorous culling are essentials to success. " The
number of eggs laid during the winter period, the size of egg, the substance of
the shell, the suitability of the eggs for hatching, the ease with which chickens
can be retired, and the rate of growth of young birds have all to be taken into
consideration. If the hen fails seriously in any one of these points, she is unfit
for the breeding pen no matter what her egg record may be."

Final report on egg-laying competition, Queensland Agricultural College,
April, 1916, to March, 1917 {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 7 (1917), No. 5,
pp. 222-229). — A detailed account is given of the thirteenth egg-laying com-
petition at the Queensland Agricultural College.

In all, 438 birds were subjected to the year's test, 318 in groups of six, while
120 were tested individually. It is stated that group testing has to a great
extent served its purpose, and that single-pen tests will be substituted for the
gi'oup tests in the future as rapidly as funds become available for the recon-
struction of yards and houses.

Origin of the sex cords and definitive spermatogonia in the male chick,
C. H. Swift (Amer. Jour. Anat., 20 (1916), No. 3, pp. 375-^10, figs. 6; abs. in
Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac, No. 1 (1917), p. 109). — The true sex cords or semi-
niferous cords originate from the germinal epithelium during the sixtli and
seventh days of development, and are the result of localized activity of tlie
epithelium. Nearly all the primordial germ cells present in the germinal epi-
tlielium are carried down into the seminiferous cords, but they play only a
passive role, for at this time they show no evidences of cell division. The sex
cords remain attached to the germinal epithelium for only a short time, and
continue to grow, after formation of the albuginea, as a result of division of
the peritoneal cells. At the end of the seventh day of development the sex of
the individual can be easily told, for in the male the gonads are of nearly equal
size, while in the female the left gonad is much the larger.

Cavities begin to appear in the network of seminiferous cords during the
twentieth day, arising by liquefaction of axial cells. At this date the sperma-
togonia are found against the basement membrane, with the nucleus toward
the central axis of the cord, and the mitochondrial crescent near the basement
membrane. They probably reach this position by amoeboid migration. The
elongated cells between the spermatogonia are derived from the peritoneal
cells of the seminiferous cords. The primordial germ cells give rise to the
spermatogonia, and the coelomic cells of the germinal epithelium produce the
supporting cells of the seminiferous tubule.

New Jersey poultry survey, A. G. Waller (Neic Jersey Stas., Hints to
Poultrymen, 6 (1917), No. 1, pp. 4)- — Data as to receipts and expenses on 150
poultry farms in Vineland, Lakewood, and Sussex Counties for the year ended
November 1, 1916, are reported. The average number of birds was 787 and the
labor income $730.

Poultry keeping in town and country, F. C. Elfobd (Canada Dept. Agr.,
Poultry Div. Bui. 89 (1917), pp. 47, figs. 66).— This is a treatise on the industry
in a general way, written in popular style for general distribution. The various

174 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

phases of poultry rearing are treated with a view of teaching better methods
and of arousing and stimulating interest in the industry.

The g'uinea fowl, A. S. Weiant (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 858 {1911),
pp. 15, figs. 5). — Practical Instructions in breeding, feeding, and marketing the
guinea fowl.

The progress of ostrich raising in Morocco, Aubry (Rec. MM. V4t., 92
{1916), No. 21, pp. 622-634, figs. 9). — Trials at Mekinez which give promise
of success are reported. Artificial incubation is found preferable to natural.

The rabbit industry, L. Bkechemin {L'EIevage Moderne et Ulndustrie du
Lapin. Paris: Ubr. Agr. Maison Rustiqtie, [1916], pp. [41+188, figs. 42).—
Data are given on origin, breeds and breeding, diseases, and the manufacture
of the skins.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Trials with California silage crops for dairy cows, F. W. Woll and E. C.
VooRHiES {California Sta. Bui. 282 {1911), pp. 19-40). — Experiments with
silage crops conducted at the university farm during the past four years have
shown that average yields of from 10 to 15 tons of green forage may be secured
on grain land receiving one irrigation, in the case of corn, sweet sorghum, milo
maize, feterita, and Sudan grass. When cut at the right time (about time of
maturity for corn, and when fully matured for the other crops) and carefully
packed in the silo, all these crops produce silage of excellent quality and pal-
atability and furnish succulent feed of special value for feeding dairy and beef
cattle, as well as sheep, during late summer or the winter season.

In a feeding experiment comparing alfalfa hay as a sole roughage with alfalfa
hay and corn silage for milch cows, two lots of 13 cows each were fed for
three periods of 4 weeks each. Lot 1 was fed alfalfa hay and corn silage
throughout the test and lot 2 alfalfa and corn silage during the first and third
periods and alfalfa hay as a sole roughage during the second period. In addi-
tion, 8 of the cows in each lot were fed a grain mixture of approximately equal
parts by weight of wheat bran, rolled barley, and oats, and small amounts of
linseed meal and coconut meal. The other cows received only the rough feeds.
The production of lot 2 showed an average increase of 2.7 lbs. milk and 0.1
lb. milk fat per head daily on alfalfa hay and silage as compared with alfalfa
hay as a sole roughage. For both the lots it is estimated that the milk and
butter production was increased 14 per cent by the use of silage. Comparing
the production of the 10 cows in this test which were fed alfalfa hay alone
with that of the 16 cows fed alfalfa hay and gi'ain, it is noted that where the
cows were fed grain there was an increase of from 1 to 3 per cent in milk and
milk components v.-hen silage was fed. On the other hand, the cows fed no grain
showed an increase of from 26 to 27 per cent in milk and butter production
due to the feeding of silage. The nutritive ratio for the rations fed lot 2 was
1 : 5.8 during the silage periods and 1 : 3.9 during the no-silage period. xVp-
parently the efiiciency of the rations was from 11 to 12 per cent greater during
the silage periods than during the no-silage period.

In order to test the value of milo maize silage as a supplement to alfalfa
hay IS cows were fed during three periods of 4 weeks each as follows: First
and third periods, milo maize and alfalfa hay ; second period, alfalfa hay. In
addition 10 of the cows were fed from 3 to 6 lbs. per head daily of a mixture
of rolled barley, coconut meal, and dried beet pulp (1:2:1). The average milk
yield was slightly lower on the silage rations than on the dry feed only, but
the quality of the milk produced on the former rations was somewhat better
than that on the latter, making the average production of fat and other milk

1918] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 175

solids practically the same for the two liinds of rations. The millv and fat pro-
duction per 100 lbs. of dry matter iu the rations was from 5 to 8 per cent
higher on the silage rations than on the dry roughage ration.

Experiments were also conducted to furnish information regarding the
comparative value for milk production of corn silage and silage made from
Sudan grass or sweet sorghum. In comparing Sudan grass silage and corn
silage 21 cows were fed three periods of 4 weeks each on alfalfa hay and a
gi-aiu mixture of dried beet pulp, coconut meal, wheat bran, and rolled barley
(4:1:1:1), and in addition corn silage during the first and third periods and
Sudan grass silage during the second period. During the corn-silage periods
there was slightly larger production than during the Sudan grass silage period.
On the basis of dry matter content of the rations the corn silage rations were
about 10 per cent more efficient than the Sudan grass silage.

In a further test 28 cows were fed as in the above experiment except that
sweet sorghum silage was fed instead of Sudan grass silage. In this test all
but 3 cows received concentrates in addition to alfalfa hay and silage. Only
insignificant differences in the effect of the two silage rations on the produc-
tion of the cows were found. When compared on the basis of dry matter con-
tent the sweet sorghum silage rations were about 5 per cent more efficient than
the corn silage rations.

Results of analyses of the feeds used in these tests are tabulated.

[Tests of irrigated pastures], D. Hansen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 14-16, fig. 1). — A test of the
carrying capacity of pastures, previously reported (E. S. R., 36, p. 173), was
continued. Two grade Jersey cows were pastured from May 8 to October 1,
1916, or 146 days, on a pasture of mixed grasses, supplemented at times with
alfalfa hay. During the period the cov>'s produced 145 lbs. of milk fat, and
gave a net return of $49.76 per acre for the pasture.

In a preference test of individual grasses, several plats of grasses were
thrown into one inclosure and pastured by a cow. She showed a decided
preference for white clover and brome grass. After grazing these plats rather
closely preference was shown for the remainder of the grasses in the following
order : Meadow fescue, orchard grass, tall fescue, and perennial rye grass.

Notes on pasturing a heifer and sheep are included.

Report of progress on animal husbandry investigations iu 1916, R. Peakl
(Maine Sta. Bui. 261 (1917), pp. 121-144)- — Progress reports are made on the
following lines of work :

Cooperative breeding records. — For the purpose of this study about 200 of
the leading breeders of cattle in Maine, and a few outside of the State, are
contributing exact records of the breeding operations in their herds. From
data thus furnished and here tabulated, including 3,085 cows and heifers and
217 bulls in 192 herds, it appears that the great majority of this group of
breeders attempt to follow some definite rule in regard to the time of the heat
period at which the cow shall be served, ostensibly for the purpose of control
of the sex of the offspring. About 42 per cent of these breeders think that
early service is most likely to get heifer calves, while about 27 per cent think
that service late in heat and 3.1 per cent think that when cows are bred in the
middle of heat this end is obtained. An examination of the actual times of
breeding, however, shows that these 192 breeders are having more of their
cows served in the mid-oestral period than either very early or very late.

Physiology of reproduction. — It is noted that the station will soon issue a
bulletin on this subject, with special reference to the breeding of dairy cattle.

The control of the sex ratio. — From a study of statistics which it is stated
are soon to be published, it appears that there is no definite or permanent rela-

176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

tion between the time in the heat period at which the cow is served and the
sex of the offspring. Tabulated results of 1,313 matings show that of the
calves resulting from service under three hours after appearance of heat 51
per cent were bulls, of calves resulting from service over three hours and under
eight hours 51.7 per cent were bulls, and 46.9 per cent of the calves were bulls
when the cows were served over eight hours after the apptarance of oestrum.

The analysis of milk records. — In continuation of this studj' (E. S. R., 37,
p. 775), the effect of certain Advanced Registry Jersey bulls on the average
niillc, fat test, and net milk-fat production of their daughters as compared wiih
the dams of these daughters is considered. From tabulated data of 23 well-
known Jersey sires, it appears that about one-half of the bulls in this group got
daughters which, on the average, were poorer producers than the dams of those
daughters. In some cases the deleterious effect of the bull on the productive
qualities of his offspring was extremely marked. On the other hand, certain of
the bulls in this group exercised an extraordinarily beneficial effect upon the
productive qualities of the breed.

New cooperative project. — An outline is given of a cooperative plan by which
it is hoped to furnish to the dairy cattle breeders of the State definite and de-
pendable information as to whether their bulls are transmitting productive qual-
ities to their progeny.

Breeding experiments. — Notes are given on the progress being made in the
attempt to build up an experimental herd of crosses between low-milking and
high-milking breeds, and between low-testing and high-testing breeds of cattle.

Report of the second Jerscij sires' futurity test of the Aroostook Jersey
Breeders' Association. — A report is given of the second of these sires' futurity
tests (E. S. R., 35, p. 70), which was held at the Aroostook farm in October,
1916.

The change of milk flow with age as determined from seven day records
of Jersey cows, R. Pearl and S. W. Patterson {Maine Sta. Bui. 262 (1917), pp.
145-152, fig. i).— Results are given of a study of the milk fiow of Jersey cows
as affected by age. The basis of the study was the seven-day milk records of
5,821 Jersey cows as published by the American Jersey Cattle Club.^

It is concluded that milk production changes with age in a definite manner.
This change follows a logarithmic curve of the form y=a+bx'+c log x where
|/=production and a?=age. Maximum production is reached at approximately
the age of eight years and seven months.

The dairy record (Minnesota Sta., Rpt. Grand Rapids Substa., 1916, pp.
60-64, fig. 1). — A progress report is given of an experiment in breeding up a
herd of grade Guernseys from common and mixed-blood cows with pure-bred
Guernsey bulls. In 1905, when the project was begun, the average milk fat pro-
duction per cow was 196 lbs. In 1916 this production had increased to 300.7
lbs. The average milk production per cow of 41 cows in the herd in 1916 was
6,281 lbs. The average fat content of the milk increased from 4.27 per cent in
1911 to 4.78 per cent in 1916. Summarized herd records from 1911 to 1916,
inclusive, and individual records for 1916 are tabulated.

Data on stump-land pasture emphasize the advisability of brushing and seed-
ing down stump lands, as the net profit per acre from stump lands after being
seeded down to grass for several years will almost equal the original cost of
brushing and seeding, when grazed by dairy cows.

Raising dairy heifers (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 (1917), No. 9, pp. 291-298, figs.
2). — On the basis of previously noted studies in Wisconsin, Connecticut, Massa-

1 Jersey Sires and Their Tested Daughters. Publislied by American Jersey Cattle
Club, New Yorlj, 1909.

19181 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 177

chusetts, and Ohio, and on data obtained on twelve Ohio farms, the attempt is
made to estimate the cost of raising dairy heifers under present conditions.
Tabulated data show the cost of raising heifers under various price schedules
for feeds, etc. These data indicate that with the present prices of feed and
labor it costs over $100 to raise a heifer to two years of age.

The niilcli goat in California, E. C. Vookhies {California Sta. Bui. 285
(1911), pp. 87-114, fiys. 13). — In addition to general information on the breeds
of milch gouts represented in California, composition and uses of goat's milk,
immunity of goats to diseases, care and management of goats, and future pros-
pects of the milch goat industry in the State, results are reported of experi-
mental worli with milch goats at the station, in part previously noted (E. S. R.,
36, p. 173), but with data for three additional animals. The average feed cost
for five does has been 6.4 cts. per gallon of milk as compared with 8.3 cts. for
73 cows.

The cost of distributing milk in six cities and towns of Massachusetts,
A. E. Cance and R. H. Ferguson (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 173 (1917), pp. 54,
pis. 5, figs. 4)- — This investigation covers the cost of distributing milk in Am-
herst, Walpole, Haverhill, Pittsfield, Springfield, and Worcester. The work
was done during the fall of 1914 and winter of 1915 by the Massachusetts
Agricultural College in cooperation with the Bureau of Markets of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture. Accounts and statements were obtained from 85
distributors, some of whom were producers and some dealers. Including
labor, depreciation, maintenance, and overhead charges, it cost these distrib-
utors an average of 2.64 cts. per quart to distribute retail milk during the
period under study.

An itemized summary is given of costs for 42 plants delivering milk to about
21,000 customers in Springfield and Worcester. For these 42 plants the aver-
age cost of processing and retailing milk was 2.79 cts. per quart for an average
daily delivery of 175 qt. of retailed milk per horse the year round. Of this
2.79 cts. 5.69 per cent is charged to depreciation, 20.84 per cent to maintenance,
17.06 per cent to circulating capital, and 56.91 per cent to labor.

Classifying 80 of the plants included in this study by size and kind of business
it is noted that for plants of from 500 to 1,000 qt. daily capacity the distribu-
tion costs were 1.64 cts. per quart for all deliveries, and 2.05 cts. per quart for
retailed milk. For plants of from 1,000 to 2,000 qt. capacity these costs were
1.82 and 2.23 cts. per quart. The plants of less than 500 qt. daily capacity
averaged 2.04 and 2.66 cts. per quart. The cost of retailing milk in the 3
plants doing a mixed business of more than 2,000 qt. daily was 2.92 cts. per
quart, and In the 20 exclusively retail plants 2.93 cts. per quart.

Comparative costs by localities involved in this study are tabulated and dis-
cussed. A comparison was made of the business of four producers who dis-
tributed their own milk and of five dealers who bought all the milk they dis-
tributed. The average retailing cost of the producers was 2 cts. per quart
against 2.16 cts. for the dealers. A striking feature of this comparison is the
great difference in costs as between individuals, whether producers or dealers.

Brief studies are reported of the cost of delivery of special milk, cost of col-
lection and distribution of wholesale milk in cans, cost of motor-truck delivery,
and cost of distribution of cream. Significant facts of distribution showing
individual variations, disadvantages in competitive distribution of milk, and
suggestions for improving conditions are discussed.

A guide for formulating a milk ordinance (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 585
(1917), pp. 4). — A form of milk ordinance is presented to assist the community
in providing an instrument for bettering its milk supply. The ordinance is
restricted to the production, handling, and sale of milk and cream as such,

178 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOliD. [V<ri. 38

aiul takes into consideration definitions, standards, grades, adulteration, tlie
maliing of regulations, tlie collection of samples, and penalties. Notes are
given on milk ordinances and on special features of the proposed form.

Cooperative creaaaieries and cheese factories in Minnesota, 1914, E. D.
DuuAND and F. Rodotka (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 16G (1917), pp. 53, figs. 7).— A
statistical study of the present status of cooperative creameries and cheese
factories in Minnesota, with special emphasis on the relative importance of the
cooperative and independent factories.

In 1914 there were 850 creameries in the State, of which 622 were coopera-
tive. Of the noncooperative creameries 39 were centralizers and 189 local pro-
prietary concerns. Of the 120,800,398 lbs. of creamery butter made during
the year, 61.4 per cent was produced in cooperative creameries, 25.6 per cent
in centralizers, and 13 per cent in local proprietary creameries. Over one-
fifth of the total milk fat received by the cooperative creameries was obtained
from whole milk, and these associations made the higher grade of butter.

Of the gross receipts the cooperative creameries paid their patrons 89.7 per
cent, the proprietary creameries 87.9 per cent, and the centralizers 87 per cent.
The cost of producing a pound of butter and the price paid for milk fat were
somewhat higher for the cooperative creameries than for the others. The
overrun varied from 20.8 per cent for the proprietary creameries to 22.5 per
cent for the centralizers.

The cheese industry of the State is concentrated in a few small areas, con-
siderably more than one-half of the cheese being made in Goodhue County.
Of the 71 cheese factories in tlie State, 36 were cooperative, 31 were pro-
prietary, and 4 were centralizers. The cooperative cheese factories confined
themselves to the manufacture of Cheddar cheese. On the other hand, brick
and Swiss cheeses were made only by proprietary factories. About three-
fourths of the total cheese and four-fifths of the Cheddar cheese made in the
State was made in cooperative factories. On the basis of Cheddar cheese the
cooperative factories paid their patrons about 2 per cent more of the gross
proceeds and 8 cts. more per 100 lbs. for milk, and received about 1 ct. luore
per pound for cheese than the proprietary factories.

The authors discuss tlie influence of the cooperative movement upon the
dairy industry of the State, and methods of organizing cooperative creameries.
The appendix gives the text of the Minnesota cooperative law and forms used
in organizing cooperative creameries thereunder.

The manufacture of cottage cheese in creameries and milk plants, A. O.
Dahlbebg (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 576 (1917), pp. 16, figs. S).— Full directions
are given for the commercial manufacture of cottage cheese, including the im-
portance of pasteurization, equipment required, yield, use of buttermilk, cost
of manufacture, and markets and prices.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of the twentieth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock
Sanitary Association (Rpt. U. S. Live Stock Sanit. Assoc, 20 (1916), pp. 256,
figs. S). — This report of tiie proceedings of the annual meeting held at Chi-
cago, December 5 to 7, 1916, includes the following papers: Gangrenous
Glossitis of Horses, by T. C. Teidebold, C. S. Mather, and L. A. Merillat (pp.
29-42) ; Review of Research Work on Hog Cholera, by M. Dorset (pp. 42-55) ;
Regulations to Prevent Spread of Hog Cholera, by J. I. Gibson (pp. 55-58) ;
Hog Cholera Control in Missouri, by D, F. Luckey (pp. 58, 59) ; Hog Cholera
Control in Iowa, by J. S. Koen (pp. 59-76) ; Methods of Hog Cholera Control
as Carried Out by the State Veterinarian of Indiana, by A. F. Nelson (pp.

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 179

76-78) ; Method of Control of Hog Cholera in Ohio, by A. S. Cooley (pp. 78-81) ;
Methods of Hog Cholera Control in Massachusetts, by E. A. Cahill (pp. 82-SG) ;
Abortion Disease As It Affects the Animal Husbandry of the United States, by
A. Eichhorn and G. M. Potter (pp. S&-93) ; Abortion in Dairy Cattle, by W. L.
Williams (pp. 93-112) (E. S. R., 37, p. 482) ; Abortion and the Range Cattle
Industry, by C. G. Lamb (pp. 112, 113) ; Possibilities and Limitations in Con-
trol of Abortion, by C. J. Marshall (pp. 113-117) (E. S. R., 36, p. 883) ; Prac-
tically Significant Facts about Abortion Disease, by E. C. Schroeder and W. E.
Cotton (pp. 117-130) ; Desirability of Requiring Certificates of Health, In-
cluding Tuberculin Test Certificates for Cattle and Immunization Certificates
for Swine Shown at Stock Shows, Live Stock Expositions, State and County
Fairs, by H. E. Williams (pp. 130-132) ; How Should a Tuberculin Test be Ap-
plied to Insure Accuracy in Results? by J. G. Wills (pp. 132-137) ; The Nurse
Cow a Factor in Tuberculosis of Registered Cattle, by A. T. Kinsley (pp. 137-
143) ; Appointment and Organization of County Live Stock Sanitary Boards,
by H. Groman (pp. 143-146) ; Organization and Personnel of State Live Stock
Sanitary Boards, by C. E. Cotton (pp. 14(>-153) ; Desirability of Exempting
Range Bred and Branded Cows and Heifers from State Regulations Governing
Importation of Cattle for Breeding and Dairy Purposes, by F. S. Hastings (pp.
153-157) ; Regulations of Interstate Movement of Live Stock, by E. M. Ranck
(pp. 157-162) ; Reasonable Regulations for Disinfecting Stock Cars, by M. S.
Cohen (pp. 162-165) ; Cleaning and Disinfection of Stock Cars and Yards in
Canada, by F. Torrance (pp. 165-172) ; Accredited Herds, by O. H. Eliason
(pp. 176-181) ; Advantages of a State Accredited Herd, by J. R. Bent (pp. 181-
191) ; Municipal Meat Inspection, by F. A. Ingram (pp. 191-196) ; How the
State Live Stock Sanitary Officials Can Best Serve and Cooperate in Promoting
the Interests of the Live Stock Producers, by E. Z. Russell (pp. 19(>-204) ; and
Live Stock Sanitation, Past, Present, and Future, by J. G. Rutherford (pp.
204r-217).

Included in the reports of committees, which follow, are a tabular summary
of tick eradication progress, July 1, 1906, to December 11, 1916 ; a paper on In-
fectious Stomatitis of Horses, by E. C. Schroeder; a note on oidiomycosis in
cattle ; a paper on Some New Centers of Anthrax, by A. T. Kinsley ; and a sum-
mary of the occurrence during the year of the more important infectious dis-
eases of live stock throughout the United States, prepared by State veteri-
narians. The Proposed Uniform State Regulations Governing the Movement
of Live Stock are also given.

Biennial report of the State Board of Stock Commissioners, 1915-16
{Bien. Rpt. Bd. Stock Comrs., Nev., 1915-16, pp. 23). — The occurrence of and
work wuth the more important diseases of live stock in Nevada are reported
upon by W. B. Mack.

Report of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University
for the year 1915-16 {Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col, 1915-16, pp. 3U, pis. 23, figs.
12). — In addition to the several reports on the work of the college during the
year 1915-16, the following papers are presented : Hog Cholera Transmission
Through Infected Pork (pp. 60-93) (E. S. R., 37, p. 691) and Hog Cholera and
Its Prevention (pp. 94-116), by R. R. Birch; Researches upon Abortion of
Cattle, by W. L. Williams (pp. 117-198) ; A Preliminary Study of the Pathol-
ogy and Bacteriology of Ovaritis in Cattle, by C. P. Fitch (pp. 199-208) ;
Further Report on the Diagnosis of Open Cases of Tuberculosis, by D. H. Udall
and R. R. Birch (pp. 209-225) (E. S. R., 36, p. 881) ; Leukemia and Pseudo-
leukemia in the Common Fowl (pp. 22(>-251) and Roup and Chicken-pox (pp.
252-265), by E. M. Pickens; A Study of Five Members (or So-called Species)
of the Septicemia Hemorrhagica (Pasteurella) Group of Organisms, With Spe-

180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

cial Reference to Their Action on the Various Carbohydrates, by A. M. Besemer
(pp. 26G-2S2) (E. S. II., 37, p. 583) ; A Study of the Fermenting Properties of
Bacterium pullorum and B. sanguinarium, by S. A. Goldberg (pp. 283-293)
(E. S. K., 37, p. 483) ; and Amyloclastic Activity in the Domestic Animals With
Special Reference to the Saliva of the Horse, by C. E. Hayden (pp. 294-310).

Eleventh annual report of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, North
Dakota, 1917, W. L. IIiciiakus et al. {Ann. Rpt. Live Stock Sanit. Bd. N.
Dak., 11 (1917), pp. J/0). — This reports upon the occurrence of and work with
the important infectious disea.-.es of live stock, particularly tuberculosis.

[P.,eport of the] veterinary division, O. H. Eliason (Wis. Dept. Agr. Bui.
10 (1916), pp. 83-103, figs. 5). — This report on the occurrence of and work with
the more important diseases during the year deals particularly with tubercu-
losis. A discussion of a plan for accredited tuberculin-tested herds is included.

Report of proceeding's under the diseases of animals acts, with returns of
the exports and imports of animals for the year 1916, D. S. Prentice (Dept.
Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Rpt. Diseases Anim., 1916, pp. 34). — The usual
annual report (E. S. R., 37, p. 577).

Report of the civil veterinary department, Assam, for the year 1916-17,
W. Harris (Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Assam, 1916-17, pp. 2+10).— The usual annual
report (E. S. R., 36, p. 879).

Annual report on the civil veterinary department. United Provinces, for
the year ending March 31, 1917, S. G. M. Hickey (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept.
United Prov., 1917, pp. [28]). — This report includes data on veterinary instruc-
tion and on the occurrence and treatment of infectious disea.ses.

Report on the civil veterinary department (including the Insein Vet-
erinary School), Burma, for the year ended March 31, 1917, G. H. Evans
(Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Burma, 1917, pp. 8+13, pi. 1). — The usual annual
report (E. S. R., 3G, p. 879).

Annual report of the veterinary department for the year ended March 31,
1916, R. J. Stordy (Dept. Agr. Brit. East Africa Ann. Rpt. 1915-16, pp. 62-
71). — The usual annual report on the occurrence of and work with contagious
diseases of domestic animals in British East Africa.

Reports of the National Serum Institute, Holland, 1911—1915, J. Poels
(Vcrslag Rijkssertiminriclit. [Holland], 1911, pp. 84; 1912-1915, pp. 150). —
These are the reports of the institution for 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, and 1915
containing the usual data as previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 377).

Pharmacological studies of the ipecac alkaloids and some synthetic deriva-
tives of cephaelin. — III, Stvxdies on protozoocidal and bactericidal action,
A. L. Waters, W. F. Baker, and E. W. Koch (Jour. Pharmacol, and Expt.
Ther., 10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 341-364) .—Tests of the amebacidal action, entame-
bacidal effects, action on paramecia, and bactericidal action of the above-
mentioned drugs are reported.

" Emetin hydrochlorid in solution of 1 : 1,000 when acting on water amebas
for one hour, or in solution of 1 : 5,000 acting for three hours, destroyed many
of these organisms but was not uniformly amebacidal. . . . Emetin hydro-
chlorid in solutions as strong as 1 : 100 is not rapidly destructive to Entamceba
buccalis, in some cases not killing in one hour.

" The propyl and isoamyl ethers of cephaelin are stronger than emetin as
amebacides, but their action on water amebas or E. huccalis can not be used
satisfactorily as a comparative measure of this action. Methylating cephaelin
to form emetin is known to increase the entamebacidal action as well as the
protozoocidal action toward paramecia, and the substitution of the methyl
group by ethyl, propyl, butyl, isoamyl, or allyl further intensifies this action.
The propyl, butyl, and isoampl ethers of cephaelin possess much stronger proto-

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 181

zoocidal properties than the methyl ether (emetin). Cephaelln isoamyl ether
phosphate was the most effective alkaloid of this group in killing paramecia,
being 15 to 20 times as active us emetin phosphate.

"Tested on Staph iiloeoccnis aureus in the manner described, cepliaelin propyl
ether phosphate is germicidal in solutions of 1 : 222, and cephaelin isoamyl ether
phosphate in solutions of 1 : 4,120. Botli of these derivatives are much stronger
than emetin in germicidal action."

The toxicity of salvarsan and neosalvarsan, Louise Peaece and W. H.
Brown {Jour. Pharmacol, and Expt. Ther., 9 (1917), No. 6, pp. 354, 355; Jour.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 51 {1911), No. 6, pp. 835, 836).— In experimental tests of
the toxicity of these drugs, carried on with laboratory animals, neosalvarsan has
shown greater irregularities in toxicity than salvarsan and produced more marked
pathological alterations and impairment of vitality in experimental animals.

The Abderhalden test for pregnancy in animals, C. A. Zell {Jour. Amer,
Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 {19 H), No. 1, pp. 39-47). — This is a general review of the
theory and technique of the test, together with summarized data of the author's
personal experience with it.

It is concluded that the test in animals is very reliable if a very exact
technique is employed. Special care should be taken in the preparation of
substrates and in the selection and use of the dialyzers. The blood sample must
be taken in an absolute stage of hunger and the serum must be sterile and free
of hemoglobin and blood corpuscles. In cases where it is possible, the animal
should be examined for the presence or absence of any form of leucocytosis.

The value of physical examination in conjunction with the biological test is noted.

The biochemical activity of agglutinating bacteria, A. Zironi {Atti R.
Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 26 {1917), II, No. 1, pp.
19-23, fig. 1). — The author studied the acid and carbon dioxid production and
the reduction of methylene blue by the agglutinating bacilli paratyphoid B
and cholera vibrio. No great differences were observed in the activities between
the agglutinating organisms and the controls.

It is conchided that the agglutinating property possessed by bacteria does
not modify their general biochemical activity or power of reproduction.

A special apparatus for determining the carbon dioxid production of cultures
was devised for the work and is described.

A simple method of obtaining blood serum, M. G. Wohl {Jour. Lab. and
Clin. Med., 3 {1917), No. 1, pp. 68, 69).— The author has found that a thin coat
of paraffin on the walls of the test tubes causes blood which usually adheres to
the walls of an ordinary container to yield a clear serum. The paraffin was
not found to alter the serum in any way for use in either the Wassermann or
Widal reactions.

Preservation of antisheep hemolytic amboceptor in glycerol, R. O. Clock
and S. D. Beard {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 21 {1917), No. 4, pp. 404-4O8).—" Fresh
antisheep hemolytic amboceptors that were heated to 55° O. for one-half hour
and then mixed with an equal volume of glycerol did not deteriorate but
retained their original titer for three yeai*s. During that period anticomple-
mentary properties did not develop. The glycerol in the glycerolated antisheep
hemolytic amboceptor did not influence the complement-fixation reaction. Fresh
antisheep hemolytic amboceptors that were inactivated and then preserved in
glycerol . . . were not only remarkably stable but were also protected from
bacterial gx-owth for a period of three years."

Toxicity of heterologous and homologous serums, C. E. Roser {Jour. Lab.
and Clin. Med., 2 {1917), No. 8, pp. 536-551). — This is a general discussion of
the subject and of the two principal theories of anaphylaxis.

A biblography of 51 references to the literature cited is appended.

182 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Studies in anaphylaxis, XXI, XXII (Jour. Immunol., 2 (1911), No. 6, pp.
525-556, 571, 572).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 38, p. 78), two studies
are here reported.

XXI. Anaphylaxis in dogs. — A study of the liver in shock and in peptone
poisoning, R. Weil (pp. 525-556). — Results are presented which indicate a new
function of the liver, namely, its participation in the immune reaction. " This
participation does not appear to be indirect, as had previously been believed,
namely, by virtue of the toxic degradation of the antigen. On the contrary,
it is a direct and immediate reaction profoundly involving the functions and
structure of the organ. The accompanying general symptoms appear to be
merely accidental by-products of this reaction. . . .

" It is perhaps needless to add that the hepatic reaction does not occur during
the course of the infectious diseases in the exaggerated form induced by the
anaphylactic experiment ; but that it plays a more subdued and continuous role
can hardly be doubted, in view of the direct evidence afforded by the study of
the blood in human serum sickness. Similar effects upon coagulability as de-
termined in anaphylactic guinea pigs lead to the belief that the liver is
probably a constant and important factor in the immune reaction throughout
the mammalia."

XXII. Anaphylactic reactions of the isolated dog's liver, R. Weil and C. Eggle-
ston ( pp. 571, 572 ) . — This is a brief note of experiments which have been interrupted.
The results obtained confirm and extend the conclusions of the preceding study.

Tissue transplantation and anaphylaxis, L. Loeb (Jour. Immunol., 2 (1917),
No. 6, pp. 557-569). — The results of the study reported show that the injection
of horse serum into animals into which have been transplanted the uterus and
thyroid from animals which were previously injected with horse serum does not
have any distinct influence on the life and growth of the transplanted piece, nor
does it noticeably alter the lymphocytic reaction on the part of the host tissue.

In cases in which a second injection is made the general health of the animal
is affected and the transplanted piece may also suffer. " The lack of elTect of
the injections in the majority of the experiments does not -of course exclude
the possibility that with still further variations in dosage or time relations an
influence of the sensitization to horse serum may be demonstrable. It might be
especially desirable to repeat the experiment, choosing dosage and time of
injection in such a way that the second injection has a definite effect on the
general condition of the guinea pig. If it should again be found that in those
animals in which tlie second injection produces general effects the state of
preservation of the transplanted piece is interfered with, we would have to
decide further whether in this case we are dealing with a specific effect of the
injections on the transplanted piece or with a nonspecific effect, due to inter-
ference with the proper nourishment of the tissue as the result of circulatory
and general metabolic changes in the host."

Anthrax, C. H. Higgins (Canada Dept. Agr. Health Anim. Branch Bui. 23
(1916), pp. 8). — A popular summary of information.

Tuberculosis, with special reference to cattle and pigs, G. E. Bunning
ET AL. (Brisbane, Queensland: Govt., 1917, pp. 13). — This is a report of a com-
mittee appointed by the Queensland Committee of the Advisory Council of
Science and Industry. The questions reported upon are the preparation of a
tabulated statement of the loss directly attributable to tuberculosis, its rela-
tionship to the profitable conduct of mixed farming, the practicability of
building up an export trade in pork products, and the relationship of tuber-
culosis to the health of the community.

Details to be observed in making a tuberculin test, G. Linch (Jour. Amer.
Yet. Med. Assoc, 52 (1917), No. 1, pp. 56-63).— The author discusses briefly cer-

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183

tain precautions necessary for obtaining reliable results in the tuberculin test, es-
pecially in regard to avoiding conditions which tend to cause a rise in temperature.

Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis in Turkey (1916), W. Stefko {Bui. Soc.
Path. Exot, 10 {1911), No. 8, pp. 723, 724).— During the summer of 1916 the
author observed piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis in many cattle from Russia
in Trebizond, Platana, Rizeh, and elsewhere In Turkey. The percentage of
fatal cases was very high, from 80 to 90 per cent. Smears from the spleen
showed the presence of Piroplasma higeminurn, P. anniilatum, and Anaplasma
centrale, a double infection occurring very frequently. The cattle tick is the
intermediate host concerned. Ixodes corniger and Rhipicephalus simus occur
but are not so widely distributed.

A disease in cattle in the Philippine Islands similar to Anaplasma mar-
ginale, W. H. Boynton {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 10 {1917), No. 2,
pp. 119-127, pis. 3, fig. 1; Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 12 {1917), No. 6, pp.
281-291, pis. 3, fig. 1). — In an investigation made of a disease of three native
cattle which arrived at Manila from Batan Island, bodies were found in the
red blood cells that were similar to A. marginale, as described by Theiler and
Sieber (E. S. R., 26, p. 882), and one of the cows presented the symptoms and
lesions of anaplasmosis. The heart's blood of this animal was injected sub-
cutaneously into a supposedly susceptible bull, but the blood had no effect upon
this animal that could be determined, either physically or by blood examination,
during a period of 228 days.

Contagious abortion of cattle, H. Welch {Montana Sta. Circ. 61 {1917),
pp. ^l-JfS, fig. 1). — A popular summary of information.

The avenue of invasion and the behavior of the infection of contagious
abortion in the uterus, W. L. Williajis {Jour. Amcr. Yet. Med. Assoc., 52
{1917), No. 1, pp. 13-38). — A paper presented at the annual meeting of the
American Veterinary ISIedical Association at Kansas City, Mo., in August, 1917.

While the original portal of entry of the abortion infection into the system
in most cases of natural infection requires further study, the evidence at
present points to two great sources (1) the inti-auterine infection of the fetus
and (2) contaminated milk fed to the new-born calf.

Bovine onchocerciasis in Argentina, M. Pi^tee {Bol. Min. Agr. [Argentina's,
21 {1917), No. 1, pp. 35-41, figs. 16). — Onchocerca bovis is thought to be the
species which causes this affection of cattle in Argentina. See also a previous
note (E. S. R., 37, p. 80).

Tuberculous mastitis in the cow: Its pathogenesis and morbid anatomy
and histology, J. M'Fadyean {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 30 {1917), Nos.
1, pp. 57-77; 2, pp. 139-172, pi. 1, figs. 39).— This is a general discussion of
the subject with a review of the literature.

Coccidiosis of calf, L. B. Bates {Proc. Med. Assoc. Isthmian Canal Zone, 8
{1915), pt. 1-2, pp. 92-9^). — The author reports upon the occurrence of cocci-
diosis in a calf which came in contact with rabbits affected with the same
disease and thought to have been caused by Eimeria stiedw.

Parasites affecting sheep, C. P. Fitch {Cornell Vet., 7 {1917), No. 4, pp.
233-254, figs. 4)- — A summarized account.

The control of hog cholera, with a discussion of the results of field ex-
periments, A. D. Melvin and M. Dorset {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 584 {1917), pp.
18, figs. 2). — This is a review of control work with hog cholera which has been
carried on by the department in cooperation with State officials. While no
feasible plan has yet been devised for the complete eradication of hog cholera,
it is deemed entirely possible to control the losses from the disease, thus plac-
ing hog raising upon a relatively stable basis, freed for the most part from
the hog-cholera menace.

184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

" The plan of slaughter of infected herds with strict quarantine and disin-
fection of premises, such as has been pursued successfully in combating foot-
and-mouth disease, is entirely unsuitable for the control or eradication of hog
cholera in the United States. . . . Potent antihog-cholera serum, if used
promptly and intelligently on infected herds, will save a large portion of hogs
which would otherwise succumb."

An inquiry into the horse disease kno-wn as septic or contagious pneu-
monia, H. Watkins-Pitchfokd (Vet. Jour., 73 (1917), No. 508, pp. 3.'t5-362, flgs.
6). — The autlior's studies here reported indicate that septic pneumonia and its
generally associated primary catarrhal condition are not infectious, nor are
they directly transferable from one horse to another except under certain
conditions of experimental infection. " The chief and probably the sole factor
determining the establishment of the disease would appear to be a condition
of lowered vitality of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, however
brought about, thereby rendering possible the invasion of a prevalent micro-
organism. In this way collective outbreaks of a seemingly infectious nature
become explicable on the grounds of a common exciting cause."

Equine trypanosomiasis in Morocco, H. Velu (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 10
(1917), No. 3, pp. 253-260; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'^, Internat. Rev.
Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 6, pp. 888, S89).— This is a report on inocu-
lation experiments with mules, dogs, rabbits, rats, sheep, and goats with
trypanosomes obtained from six different horses.

Hemorrhagic septicemia in mules, J. B. Hardentsekgh and F. Boerner, jr.
(Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 51 (1917), No. 6, pp. Si 7-S2;3).— This is a report
of an outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia among young mules in Pennsylvtuiia.
The diagnosis was based upon the fact that the two cases autopsied showed
characteristic lesions of the disease, as seen in the acute form in cattle, without
the presence of pneumonia or any other condition to indicate that the lesions
were of a secondary nature. In both cases the heart blood and tissue fluids
were found teeming with typical bipolar organisms, cultures of which were
readily isolated, and showed the growth characteristic of this group.

Notes in regard to horse lice, Ti-ichodectes and Hsematopiuus, M. C. Hall
(Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 51 (1917), No. 4, pp. 494-504, figs. 3).— -These
notes relate largely to the biology of the sucking louse (Hcematopinus asini)
and the biting lice (Trichodcctes parunipilosus and T. pilosus) of the horse.

In longevity tests the sucking lice lived only one or two days off their host,
whereas the biting lice lived from 5 to 8 days. Newly hatched lice of both the
biting and sucking kinds died inside of 2 days when kept at a temperature of
from 70 to SS" F. off the host animal. In Petri dishes under atmospheric con-
ditions of humidity and at a temperature of 70 to 88°, the eggs of T. pilosus
hatched in 5 or 6 days and those of //. a.sini in 10 to 19 days.

Incomplete tests indicate that Trichodectes is more resistant to insecticidal
treatment than is Hfematopinus. The sodium fluorid treatment, which has the
advantage of being applicable in winter and apparently does not injure the
hair or skin, was found to be effective against the biting lice but not successful
in destroying the sucking lice.

Control of poultry lice and mites, W. F. Schoppe (Montana Sta. Circ. 64
(1917), pp. 65-71, figs. 6). — A popular summary of information.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation of alfalfa in Imperial Valley, W. E. Packard (California Sta.
Bui. 284 (1917), pp. 67-84, fios. 8).— This report is based in part on work done in
cooperation with the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture and the State Department of Engineering of California.

1918] EUEAL ENGINEERING. 185

The general conclusion is drawn that in the Imperial Valley " in order to
get satisfactory yields of alfalfa a large amount of water must be supplied
during the season, [and] it must be supplied frequently enough to prevent a
drying of the surface soil on the one hand and water-logging of the soil on the
other. This desirable condition can only be accomplished by conforming the
grade of the land, the frequency of irrigation, the size of the field, and the
head of water used to the types of soil to be handled. . . .

" The great danger in all sandy or porous soils is that too much water will
be applied and a high water table thus formed. This condition is already prev-
alent in some sections where sand overlays clay. . . . The lands or borders
for irrigation on this type of soil should usually not exceed one-eighth of a
mile in length and, if necessary, not more than 25 to 30 ft. in width in order
that the water applied may reach the lower end without oversaturating the
upper end. . . . The exact length and width of the lands must depend on
the condition of the surface and the degree of porosity of the soil.

" If the soil is very sandy, the lands should be both narrow and short in order
to allow a quick irrigation. In addition to using smaller lands than are now
being used, it would be an advantage in nearly all cases to use much larger
heads of water than are at present used on this type of soil. In other parts
of California a head of from 8 to 12 ft. is often run on to one land in order
to get quicls irrigation. ... A head of from 3 to 8 cu. ft. per second for the
very sandy soil and from 2 to 4 cu. ft. per second for the more compact sandy
loams would not be too great.

"A soil auger can be very effectively used in determining the soil moisture
condition where one is uncertain regarding the moisture penetration. In cases
where the grade is less than 5 ft. to the mile in the directions in which the
lands are built, and it can be increased to from 8 to 10 ft. to the mile by
changing the direction of the lands, it should be done. . . .

" The sandy loam soils are easily irrigated, although too much or too little
water is sometimes applied with the usual results. There is no good excuse,
however, for not having a good moisture condition in these medium soft soils.
If the alfalfa does not grow so rapidly as desired an investigation should be
made of the moisture condition in the soil by the use of a soil auger or a spade.
If the top soil appears too dry before irrigation it would perhaps be wise to give
the field an additional light irrigation between cuttings. If the lower strata
are saturated the recommendatons given for hard or clay soils should be fol-
lowed.

" The problem on the hard type of soils is to get the water deep into the
soil in sufiicient quantities to maintain rapid growth. . . . Land should be
from an eighth to a quarter mile long, very seldom running one-half mile as is
now a common practice. It is difficult to handle water properly on long lands,
as a flooding of the lower end can seldom be avoided. On land that is com-
paratively flat borders 50 to 100 ft. apart are satisfactory, but when the land
is at all steep lands should be narrowed down to 25 to 30 ft. wide so that a
small head will cover the surface evenly. In order to get proper penetration it
is necessary to run a comparatively small head for a long time. Fields which
yielded from 2.5 to 3 tons per acre per year have been made to double the yield
through this system of irrigation. A small head of water requires a much
longer time to travel over the field than a larger head and allows of a better
penetration. Land which could be wetted only to a depth of 3 ft. when large
heads were used was successfully wetted to a depth of 5 and 6 ft. by the use of
smaller heads. The effect of smaller heads running for a longer time is more
noticeable with furrow irrigation than with flooding, but the effect is marked in
both cases. The grade of hard land should not be over 5 or 6 ft. to the mile. A

186 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

grade of 4 ft. is satisfactory if the land is properly leveled. Drains should be
made at the lower ends whenever practicable, as scalding is very common on this
type of soil. The drains should be large enough to prevent the accumulation of
water at the lower ends."

Irrigation of grain, W. W. McLaughun (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
863 (JU17), pp. 22, figs. 7). — This states that flooding from field ditches is the
usual method of handling water in irrigating grain, but that the border and
basin methods are also adapted to such crops. These methods are described in
detail and the proper time to irrigate, quantity of water required, and cost of
growing grain under irrigation are discussed.

The irrigation of alluvial soils, A. and Gabeielle L. C. Howard (Agr. Jour.
India, 12 (1917), No. 2, pp. 185-199, figs. 4). — Improvements in methods of irri-
gating crops on alluvial soils in India with a view to increasing the duty of
water are described.

Pumping for irrigation, H. E. Mubdock (Montana Sta. Circ. 60 (1917), pp.
5-57, figs. 17). — This circular deals with the design, construction, operation,
and cost of pumping plants for irrigation under Montana conditions.

It is stated that with care from 0.5 to 1.5 acre-feet of water per acre may be
sufficient to mature crops in Montana. Some of the subjects taken up more in
detail are centrifugal, turbine, and plunger pumps, windmills, gasoline and oil
engines, and electric motors for irrigation pumping. Engine, pump, and belt
and pulley troubles are also discussed and remedies suggested.

" From a consideration of all the expenses connected with pumping for irri-
gation, all factors should be included in an estimate for the design of a plant.
Economy in the cost of applying the water calls for a large plant or a storage
reservoir. Saving in the engineer's salary calls for a plant where the engineer
can do the irrigating. Interest and depreciation cost calls for a small plant
and a long irrigating season. Before installing an irrigation pumping plant,
competent engineering advice regarding its design should be secured."

The use of windmills in irrigation in the semiarid West, P. E. Fuller
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 866 (1917), pp. 38, figs. i2).— This is a revision
of Farmers' Bulletin 394 (E. S. R., 23, p. 395). It deals with sources of water
supply, quantity of water available, sinking wells, well casing, capacity of mills,
choice of tower, erection and maintenance of mills, pumps, and reservoirs. A
final section describes windmill-pumping installations in present use. Consider-
able practical data in tabular form are included.

Practical information for beginners in irrigation, S. Foetieb (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 864 (1917), pp. 38, figs. 23). — This is a revision of and is
designed to supersede Farmers' Bulletin 263 (E. S. R., 18, p. 482). "The first
few pages contain some suggestions to those who are confronted with the task
of selecting a farm under an irrigation system. Arid soils and water supplies
are considered in a general way from the standpoint of the irrigator. The
greater part of the paper is taken up with a somewhat fuller description of how
to locate and build farm ditches, how to prepare land to receive water, how to
irrigate a few of the staple crops, and how much water to apply."

Practical methods of measuring flowing water, C. O. Wisler (Mich. Engin.,
34 (1916), pp. 102-115; abs. in Chem. Abs., 11 (1917), No. 5, p. 507).— In addi-
tion to gravimetric, volumetric, and weir methods, chemical gauging is de-
scribed.

In this method some cheap chemical, usually salt, is added to the water at a
constant rate. "At a point downstream where a thorough, uniform mixture has
occurred samples are taken and the degree of dilution determined. If W pounds
of NaCl be added to a stream whose discharge is Q cu. ft. per second, and it is
found that N pounds of water contain 1 lb. of NaCl, the total discharge Q in

1918]

RURAL ENGINEERING.

187

cubic feet per second will be WN/62.5. If V represents the mean velocity of
the stream and 6 the breadth, then, when the average depth lies between b/10
and 3&/10, complete mixture occurs at a distance downstream=66 and at a
time when the addition of the chemical has continued at least 246/V seconds.
Samples must not be taken more than 6b/V seconds after the addition of the
chemical has ceased. These rules do not apply to streams whose averaf,'e depth
is less than b/10 ; then the point and time of sampling must be made by trial."

A bibliography is included.

Hydraulic conversion tables and convenient equivalents (U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, Water-supply Paper 425-C (1917), pp. 7i-94).— Specially prepared tables
are given which afford a ready means of conversion between the terms in
common use in hydraulic computations. These should be of material assistance
to irrigation engineers.

Ground water for irrigation in Lodgepole Valley, Wyoming and Nebraska,
O. E. Meinzer (U. S. Gcol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 425-B (1917), pp. 37-
69, pis. 3, fig. 1). — This report deals with the underground waters of an area
of about 2,200 square miles in southwestern Nebraska and southeastern Wyom-
ing. Analyses of the waters are given which show them to be satisfactory for
irrigation and domestic use. Data concerning wells in Laramie County, Wyo.,
and Kimball, Cheyenne, and Deuel Counties, Nebr., are also given.

" Wells yielding enough water for practical irrigation can be obtained in most
parts of Lodgepole Valley and the total irrigated area could be considerably
increased by pumping. However, the area now irrigated is very large in com-
parison to the size of the stream, because ground water is supplied to the stream
during the irrigation season. Extensive pumping of ground water would re-
duce the available supply of stream water, although the decrease in stream
water would be less than the increase in pumped well water. Pumping on a
moderate scale will probably not appreciably reduce the supply of stream water
and is doubtless practicable in Lodgepole Valley. Flowing wells could prob-
ably be obtained by deep drilling in some parts of the valley, but the prospects
are not encouraging for obtaining supplies from deep wells in quantities or at
costs practicable for irrigation."

In an appended article entitled Cost of Pumping for Irrigation in Western
Nebraska, data are reported by H. C. Diesem as summarized in the following
tables :

Results of operating certain pumping plants in Nebraska in 191Jf.

Plant

Pumping.

Cost.

No.

Engine
horse-
power.

Pump.'

Lift.

Time.

Quantity.

Total

for
season.

Per

acre-
foot.

Per

acre-
foot
per foot
Uft.

which
water
was
appUed
once.

1

25
15
25
15
20
22
15
30
15
20
18
15

5T

6H
6 V

5 V
6V

' 6H
5H

6 V
6 V
5 H
SH
6H

Feet.
45
34
40
28
31
43
32
44
35
33
28
28

H. TO.

436 35
487 00
116 .55
190 00
128 00

96 00
600 25

81 00
355 30
176 00
151 00

90 00

Acre-feel.
40.11
47.07
19. 6S
27.23
18.88
13. 12
80.06
15.79
26. 96
14.67
14.23
11.70

$78.52
70.69
37.27
43.65
36.19
36.40

185.76
54.11
S2.40
43.48
38.40
42.^4

$1,958
1.502
1.894
1.603
1.917
2.774
2.320
3.426
3.056
2.962
2.699
3.636

CerUs.
4.35
4.42
4.74
5.73
6.18
6.45
7.25
7.79
8.73
8.98
9.63
13.00

Acres.

100.0

104.6
68.0
63.0
41.5
35.0

220.0
60.0

120.0
48.5
28.0
20.0

2

3

4

6

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

' Centrifugal pumps. Figure indicates number or size. H =
40111°— 18— No. 2 7

horizontal, V= vertical, T— turbine.

188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Number and cost of irrigations at certain pumping plants in NehrasJca in 1914.

Crop irrigated.

Area
irrigated,
in acres.

Number
of irri-
gations.

Water applied.

Cost.

Plant No.

Total,

in acre-
feet.

Acre-
inches
per
acre.

Per
acre.

Per

acre-
inch.

1

Corn

40.0
37.3
25.0
20.0
10.0
35.0
110.0
3.0
60.0
48.0
12.0
20.0

2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
1

30.29
32.86
14.62
15.05

9.38
13. 12
80.06

1.76
26.96
13.54
10.66
11.70

9.09

10.56
7.02
9.03

11.25
4.50

16.01
7.04
5.39
3.39

10.66
7.02

$1,482
1.322
1.104
1.206
1.754
1.040
1.689
2.008
1.373
.835
2.397
2.127

SO. 163

2 .

Beets

.125

3

Com

...do

.158

4

.133

5

.do

.160

6

do

.231

7

do

.106

8.. .

do

.290

9

do

.255

10

do

.247

11..

. .do

.225

12

do

.303

Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1916 (f7. S. Oeol.
Survey, Water-Snpply Paper 43S (1917), pp. 106+XXVI, pis. 2).— This report
presents the results of measurements of flow made on the Colorado, Rio
Grande, and other river basins in the western Gulf olf Mexico drainage area,
together Avith the usual list of gauging stations and publications.

Recent advances in the improvement of water supplies, C. E. A. Win slow
and Anna M. R. Laudee (Conn. Soc. Civ. Engin., Trans, and Proc., 1915-16, pp.
lf-27; abs. in Chem. Abs., 11 (1911), No. 5, p. 507).— The efficiency of each of
the four principal methods by which surface water may be made safe for
drinking, namely, storage, slow sand filtration, mechanical filtration, and disin-
fection, are discussed, and typical examples noted with data on cost of
operation.

The domestic water supply on the farm, H. E. Mtjrdock (Montana Sta. Giro.
66 (1917), pp. 83-103, figs. 12). — This circular deals with the sanitary aspects
of farm water supplies including wells, springs, and cisterns, and describes
simple farm water supply systems which are adapted to Montana conditions.
A brief section on farm sewage disposal is included.

Detection of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli in feces and water, F.
DiENERT and G. Mathieu (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164 (1917), No. 2,
pp. 124-126; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 36 (1917), No. 4, p. 232). — Experi-
ments are reported in which it was found that coli bacilli developed very
slowly during a period of 24 hours in a peptone solution containing variable
quantities of malachite green and generally did not grow at all with con-
centrations of 1 : 8,000. The typhoid bacilli grew more rapidly in solutions
containing from 1 : 5,000 to 1 : 2,000 concentrations of malachite green. Para-
typhosus B grew more rapidly than paratyphosus A, and a solution containing a
1 : 2,600 concentration of malachite green was totally discolored by the growth of
paratyphosus B in 24 hours. The use of malachite green in detecting and dis-
tinguishing pathogenic intestinal organisms in water and sewage is considered
feasible, although all commercial malachite green is not suitable for this
purposa

The presence of paratyphoid organisms was easily demonstrated in Seine
River watei by this method.

The use of aromatic chloramin compounds for the sterilization of water
for drinking pui-poses, R. L. M. Wallis (Indian Jour. Med. Research, 4 (1917),
No. 4> PP- 800-817). — Experiments on the use of chloramin T (para-toluene-

1918] RURAL ENGINEERING. 189

sodium-sulphochloramid) as a disinfectant for treating drinking water are
reported.

It was found that 0.04 gm. of chloramin T will completely sterilize 1 liter
of any water in 10 hours even when 10,000 organisms per cubic centimeter are
present. " The water so treated is entirely devoid of any unpleasant taste,
and will remain sterile for at least four days. There is evidence to show that
its activity is markedly increased by the presence of organic matter in solu-
tion in the water, in fact organic matter is essential for the compound to exert
its action as a disinfectant. Chloramin T possesses many advantages over
bleaching powder as a chemical reagent for sterilizing water, more particularly
its definite and unalterable comix>sition, its stability in solution, nontoxicity,
absence of corrosive action, and nonproduction of an unpleasant taste in the
treated water. All the results tend to demonstrate that we have in certain
of the chloramins the ideal reagent for sterilizing water on a large scale."

Standard road sections {Helena, Mont.: Mont. State Highway Com. [19171,
pp. 12, figs. iO).— Diagrammatic illustrations of standard road sections used by
the Montana State Highway Commission are given.

Standard plans, box culverts, slab and girder bridges, 1916 {Des Moines,
Iowa: loica State Hightvay Com., 1916, pp. 27, figs. 26). — This book contains a
complete set of standard plans for concrete highway culverts and slab and deck
g:rder bridges issued for 1916 by the Iowa State Highway Commission.

" The box culvert designs ... are prepared for both straight and flaring
wing walls for span lengths ranging from 2 to 12 ft. The standard slab
designs . . . are prepared for lengths of span from 14 to 24 ft. The deck
girder designs . . . range in span lengths from 24 to 40 ft."

Highway bridges, 1917, G. Hogarth (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Pub. Highways On-
tario, 1916, App., pp. 26, figs. 25). — This is an appendix to the annual report of
the Department of Public Highways of Ontario and deals with the construction
of highway bridges in the Province. It is in part explanatory of the specifica-
tions for steel and concrete bridges issued by the department and also com-
plementary to the series of general plans issued for steel and concrete bridges.

Tests of concrete slabs to determine the effect of removing excess water
used in mixing, A. N. Johnson (Good Roads, n. ser., 14 {1917), No. S, pp. SI,
32, fig. 1). — Experiments with 12 concrete slabs 2.5 ft. wide, 5.5 ft. long, and
5 in. thick to determine the influence on strength of removing the excess water
by rolling, as is being done in concrete road work, are reported. A 1 : 2 : 3 mix-
ture was used, and the consistencies used were a dry and a wet consistency
finished with a wood float and a wet consistency finished with a roller.

It was found that " those slabs finished with the roller developed a very
considerable increase in strength over the slabs merely hand-finished. The four
slabs of wet consistency that were finished by hand have an average modulus
of rupture of 308 lbs. per square inch, while the four slabs finished with the
roller have an average modulus rupture of 369 lbs. per square inch, or an increase
of almost 20 per cent. . . . The slabs that were made of a stiffer mixture, indi-
cated in the table as medium consistency, giving an average modulus of 340
lbs. per square inch, are stronger than those of the wet consistency, finished in
the same manner ; but the wet-consistency slabs finished with the roller are
stronger than those of the medium consistency, showing an increase of nearly
10 per cent.

" The results seem to indicate clearly the value to be gained by the u>;e of
the roller to finish a concrete road; that it is possible by proper manipulation of
concrete to secure increased strength and density of a character most desirable
for a concrete road surface; and that such surplus water as may be required

190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol. as

to facilitate placing concrete in road work can be effectively removed by this
simple expedient."

Calcium carbid and acetylene, G. G. Pond {Bui. Dept. Chem., Penn. State
Col., 1917, S. cd., pp. 139). — This extension report on acetylene gas heating and
lighting is the second revision and enlargement of material previously noted
(E. S. R., 12, p. 697) and should be of value in a study of rural lighting systems.

Haymaking machinery, J. R. Bond (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 24 {1911),
No. 2, pp. 129-142, figs. 4). — Machines and devices used in England in the mak-
ing processes and carrying operations of haymaking are described and illustrated.

Homemade silos, H. Rabild and K. E. Parks {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 855 {1917), pp. 55, fig.i. 47). — This is a revision of Farmers' Bulletin 589
(E. S. R., 31, p. 591.)

The construction of the wood-hoop silo, J. B. Davidson and J. E. Stiles
{California Sta. Circ. 173 {1917), pp. 15, figs. 12).— This circular briefly ex-
plains the details of wood-hoop silo construction with special reference to
conditions, requirements, and available materials and facilities of California.

Poultry houses and appliances {London and New York: Cassell d Co., Ltd.,
1917, pp. 156, figs. 226). — This is a popular handbook of information on the
subject, containing the following chapters: The building of poultry houses;
troughs and fountains ; nesting boxes and trap nests ; coops ; some special pens ;
scratching sheds, etc. ; hurdles, fences, etc. ; various poultry houses described in
detail ; ornamental poultry houses ; intensive-system poultry houses described
in detail ; heated chicken-rearers ; cold chicken-rearers ; and grain distributor
for poultry.

Chicken houses, R. M. Sherwood {Kansas Sta. Circ. 61 {1917), pp. 15, figs.
16). — This circular points out the general requirements of chicken-house con-
struction for Kansas conditions, and includes illustrations of a number of
chicken houses and floor plans for the same, showing various plans of building,
arrangements of fixtures, and systems of ventilating.

Ice houses, H. E. Murdoch {Montana Sta. Circ. 59 {1916), pp. 8, figs. 4). —
This circular deals with the design and construction of farm ice houses, with
special reference to Montana conditions.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Agricultural cooperation and organization, G. Radford {London and New
York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1917, 2. cd., pp. jf5-}).— The author has define<l the
ultimate object of the cooperative movement as it affects the land in the pro-
duction of more, better, and more uniform qualities in, stocks and crops, and
the distribution of these when produced, both more efficiently and at a lower
cost. He has applied these principles to the production of such articles as milk
and milk products, meat, bacon, and poultry, and to finance, insurance, and
transportation.

Cooperative buying by farmers' clubs in Minnesota, E. D. Durand and
H. B. Price {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 167 {1917), pp. 3-44, figs. 2).— The authors
have described a number of typical buying organizations of farmers as found
in Minnesota, and have summarized their investigations as follows :

" In Minnesota, cooperative buying by farmers' clubs and other similar asso-
ciations and groups is comparatively unimportant from the standpoint of mag-
nitude of business. Cooperative buying is more common in the less densely
settled sections of the eastern, central, and northern parts of the State than
elsewhere. The commodities chiefly bought are those which are bulky and
are well standardized, the most important being feed, flour, and twine.

" In cooperative buying the direct money cost to the consumer usually repre-
sents some saving as compared with the prices that would otherwise have to

19181 RURAL ECONOMICS. 191

be paid. In some cases this saving is considerable, but in other cases insignifi-
cant. Judgment as to the actual advantage or disadvantage of cooperative
buying can not be based exclusively on the amount of direct saving thus com-
puted. . . .

" For certain classes of goods, such as groceries and hardware, manufacturers
and wholesale dealers often refuse to give wholesale prices on cooperative pur-
chases on account of the resulting injury to retail dealers who are their
customers. Retail dealers, as might be expected, are usually opposed to co-
operative buying from outside concerns, and maintain that in the long run the
practice will injure not only them but also their customers."

Cooperation in Finland, H. Gebhaud, edited by L. Smith-Gordon (London:
Williams d Norgate, 1916, pp. XIII +190, pi. 1). — This is a translation of the
revised edition of Gebhard's work. The author reviews the cooperative move-
ment in the various countries of Europe and traces the origin and development
in Finland. He also describes in some detail the Finnish local cooperative
societies, their functions, and also their federation into the national organiza-
tion.

First annual report of the State market director of California for the
year ended December 1, 1916, H. Weinstock (Ann. Rpt. State Market Dir.
Cal., 1 {1916), pp. 110). — This report gives in detail an account of the different
marketing organizations which have been actively identified with the work of
the State market director's office during the year ended December 1, 1916.

Federal Farm Loan Bureau, H. Quick (Chicago: Blackstone Inst., 1917, pp.
SJf).- — This pamphlet consists of one of a series of lectures, and explains the cir-
cumstances leading up to the organization of the Federal Farm Loan Bureau,
the plans and purposes of its organization, and the law under which it operates.

Scientific method of appraising farm lands ([San Francisco], Cal.: E. M.
Ginty, 1917, pp. 16, figs. 6). — This publication is an outline of different factors
that go to make up farm values and of methods that may be used in making
appraisements.

Harvest help and wages [in Saskatchewan], T. M. Molloy (Saskatchewan
Dept. Agr.. Ann. Rpt. Bur. Labor, 6 (1917), pp. 2^-27). — These pages call atten-
tion to the labor situation, methods of obtaining labor, and the sources used.

Child labor in the sugar-beet fields of Colorado, E. N. Clopper and L. W.
HiNE (Child Labor Bui., 4 (1916), No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 176-206, figs. 17).— The
authors have described the participation of children in the growing of sugar
beets, and its influence upon their education and physical development.

Race suicide in the United States, W. S. Thompson (Sci. Mo., 5 (1917), No.
1, pp. 22-25). — In this article the proportion of children born to women of
child-bearing age is compared for rural and urban populations. The apparent
influence of geography, difference in increase of native and foreign stock in the
cities, and reasons for the more rapid increase of rural over urban population
are reviewed.

Missouri country life conference, 1917 (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 15
(1917), No. 2, pp. 99). — The greater part of the discussions in this conference
relates to the methods of organizing farms, developing leadership, and the
different rural education problems.

Rural life in Litchfield County, C. S. Phelps (Norfolk, Conn.: Litchfield
Co. Univ. Club, 1917, pp. 137). — This report describes the topography, soil, early
Bettlement, historical development, and present conditions of agriculture in the
county.

A brief social and economic survey of Floyd County, Estelle Hughes
(Bui. State Normal School [Athens, Oa.], If (1917), No. Jf, pp. 15). — This report
is based on the study of the census and other documents to show the agricul-

192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

tural population and educational and transportation situation in Floyd
County, Ga.

A brief social and economic survey of Muscogee County, Ella Jones (Bui.
State Normal School [Athens, Ga.], J, (1911), No. S, pp. 12).— This report gives
data corresponding to the above for Muscogee County, Ga.

New Hampshire farms (Concord, N. H.: N. H. Dept. Agr., 1916, pp. 22, pi. 1,
figs. 16).— This publication contains a list of farms available for farming or
summer homes and indicates their size, types of buildings, and distances from
railroads and educational and religious institution.s.

English farming, past and present, R. E. Prothero (London: Longmaiis,
Oreen & Co., 1911, 2. ed., pp. xy+5(94).— This book is a reprint of a volume
previously n<itGd (E. S. R., 28, p. 6S9). The tables on wheat prices and agri-
cultural statistics have been brought up to date.

The national food policy (Roy. Soc. [London], Food (War) Committee, Nat.
Food Policy [Papers], 1911, Danger of Restricting Consumption of Meat, pp. 3;
Primary Importance of Bread, pp. 6; Maximum Prices, p. 1; Price Fixing, pp.
S; Memorandum, upon a Limited Measure of Food Distribution, pp. 3). — These
papers relate to methods of meeting the food situation in Great Britain, both
at the present time and in the future.

It is pointed out that it should be the policy to maintain a full supply of ce-
reals at all cost ; that maize, barley, rice, and other grains should be preserved
for human consumption ; and that each individual should be urged to reduce his
food to the minimum required for efficiency. Measures should be adopted to re-
duce the number of cattle, sheep, and swine, and the tonnage if possible should
be decreased by decreasing the importation of meat The committee also believe
that no restrictions should be placed on the consumption of meat, and that
home-grown meat should be used for the army, navy, and civil population.
They point out that a high price is not only a strong incentive to production
but also an insistent reminder of the necessity of avoiding waste. The free
play of prices provides the motive power for the distribution of produce.

The economic resources of the German colonies (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Ken-
sington], IS (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 110-134; 2, pp. 233-260, fig. 1; 3, pp. 392-422;
4, pp. 559-581). — These articles describe the development of native and Euro-
pean agricultural products and livestock in German East and Southwest Africa,
and the German West African colonies and Pacific possessions.

Annual report on the agricultural department for the year 1915, R. Abm-
8TR0NG (Ann. Rpt. Agr. Dept. Zanzibar, 1915, pp. 44-68). — This report gives
for Zanzibar the production and trade in agricultural products, and the report
of the meteorological conditions during the year.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Work of school children during out-of -school hours, C. D. Jarvis (U. 8.
Bur. Ed. Bui., 20 (1911), pp. 28). — This investigation is concerned with the
education of school children who work during out-of-school hours ; the amount
money value, and nature of the work performed ; how school children spend
their leisure hours ; why they leave school at an early age ; and to what extent
gardening can replace less desirable forms of employment. It covers the activi-
ties of a total of 14,391 boys and girls of the fifth, sixth, and seventh grades,
of urban communities in 11 States, namely, Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut,
Delaware, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wash-
ington.

Of these children 5,181 were employed during summer vacation. Their total
earnings amounted to $68,342, or an average of $13.19, but 7 per cent averaged

1918] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 193

$69.01. Twenty-seven per cent of the children worked diiring out-of-school
hours throughout the year, with average weekly earnings of $1.51 ; of these 7
per cent averaged $2.67 per week.. Of the total number of workers, nearly 33
per cent of the boys and 26 per cent of the girls performed farm work for pay,
including the picking of fruit, weeding, hoeing and cultivating crops, and caring
for poultry, hor.ses, and other live stock.

From the standpoint of educational opportunities farm work is considered to
rank high. Children gain skill from working with the hands, and such varied
experiences as are offered on the farm furnish abundant opportunity for an all-
round development of the senses. They also have an opportunity to observe
some of the workings of nature, which should make them broader and more con-
tented. From the vocational standpoint, also, children engaged in farm work
are able to learn many things that prove of use to them in later life. Ability to
grow plants is valuable from both vocational and avocational standpoints.

It was found that 8.5 per cent of the children desired to leave school. Of
these 34 per cent frankly stated they do not like school, and 60 per cent would
rather go to work. As a remedy for this school-leaving problem the author rec-
ommends (1) remunerative employment for children while attending school,
such as home gardening projects, the educational value of which is greatly en-
hanced by conducting them on a real money-earning basis; (2) a change in
educational methods aiming to vitalize school work and thus make school- more
interesting and retardation less common; and (3) the establishment of contin-
uation courses for children who must leave school.

Statistical data show that 27 per cent of the children conducted independent
garden exercises. These gardens averaged 1,101 sq. ft, and gave an average
return of $3. .59. There were 361 children who raised produce valued" at $10 or
over, 81 valued at $25 or over. 30 valued at $40 or over, and 22 valued at $50
or over. There was available for all pupils an average of 961 sq. ft of land for
gardening, which with intelligent handling should produce, at 10 cents per
square foot, returns of $96.10 to each operator. To provide for gardening
and other practical arts instruction would necessitate the reorganization of
school work, including the rearrangement of the school year so that the sum-
mer vacation may come in the middle of the year instead of at the end.

Farm work and schools in Kentucky, E. N. Cloppeb (Child Jjahor Bui., 5
(1911), No. 4. pp. 178-206, figs. 22).— This report is concerned with the inter-
ference of farm work with the attendance of children at rural schools in Ken-
tucky and is based on a study made in seven selected counties. The author
calls attention to the fact that the 1910 Federal census of occupations credits
Kentucky with 64,692 child workers from 10 to 15 years of age, of whom 8^
per cent are reported as agi'icultural laborers, most ^f them on the home farm,
as compared with slightly less than 72 per cent for the entire country.

The study indicates that farm work, including all processes of tobacco cul-
ture, except firing ; plowing, cultivating, and cutting corn ; filling silos ; thrash-
ing grain; picking berries; making hay; and drying apples interferes more
than any other factor with the education of rural children in Kentucky.

The economic situation of the small farmer in Kentucky is discussed some-
what in detail, inasmuch as the demands of his work and his inability to hire
labor may be responsible for his being unable to keep his children in school
throughout the term. It is stated that " the child labor laws of the States do
not apply specifically to agriculture, although an act of Nebraska forbids
children under 16 years of age to work in beet fields at night or more than 8
hours a day, and one of New York provides that boys over 12 years of*age
must not work more than 6 hours a day in gathering produce, whatever that

194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

may mean. The only restrictions in the statutes of Kentucky that apply to
child workers on farms concern their attendance at school."

The education of city boys on the land: A preliminary inquiry, .1. J. Find-
lay {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 2.i (1917), No. 1, pp. 21-32).— The author dis-
cusses the results of an inqvrtry to discover what efforts are being made to
educate city boys over 12 years of age to fit them for rural occupations, i. e.,
not merely to give them lessons in a country school, but to provide them with
first-hand experience of country occupations. He found only two institutions
in Great Britain that definitely aimed to teach agriculture to city boys, viz,
the Scouts' Farm established by Sir Robert Baden Powell at Wadhurst in
Kent and the endowed school at Staunton-on-Wye, Hereford.

Institutions for waifs and strays and the reformatory and industrial schools
bring a certain portion of their inmates back to the land in two ways: (1) By
sending boys who are educated wholly in the cities to farmers under license,
very often to South Wales or to Ireland, thus keeping them at farm work
until they are at least 18 years of age; and (2) by training boys on farms
which are maintained side by side with other industries at some of these insti-
tutions. In this connection mention is made of the Lancashire Branch of the
National Children's Home and Orphanage at Edgeworth, which is practically
a model country village in which boys and girls engage in all of the domestic,
industrial, and agricultural crafts which their common life demands ; also of
the Desford Farm School, conducted for some four years at Evershot in Dor-
setshire, which is a certified industrial school, specializing in farming and
gardening, as well as in the staple trades of Leicester.

Most of the boys turned into farmers at Wadhurst and in the industrial
schools, etc., have gone to the colonies because in England they can hope to
secure at the best only a scanty livelihood. In the author's opinion the whole
problem is at present one mainly for private initiative, and the remedies must
clearly be sought in the field of social organization. Measures for the improve-
ment of this unsatisfactory state of things are discussed.

Vocational education (CaJ. Bd. Ed. Bui. 23 {1911), pp. 29).— This bulletin
contains the general regulations adopted by the California State Board of
Education, July 19, 1917, for the establishment and maintenance of Federal
and St^te aided vocational education in California. It deals with Federal and
State aid available for, and the provisions and requirements of the Federal
and State acts relating to, part-time vocational courses in agriculture ; voca-
tional courses, and classes in the trades, household economics, and industries;
and continuation classes in civic and vocational subjects.

For the vocational courses in agriculture a one-year course of not less
than 36 weeks is recommended at the present time, but a second year may
be added later if a sufficient number of pupils desire the work. Not less
than three hours a day of each pupil's time must be devoted to farm-project
work and to the instruction pertaining thereto, and to farm mechanics. Each
pupil must also conduct at least one farm project during the school year,
such as the producing and marketing of farm, orchard, vineyard, or garden
crops, or of bees, poultry, stock, or other farm animals or their products, and
upon a commercially productive basi.s.

Schools maintaining vocational agricultural courses under these acts must
also provide for the organization and supervision of agricultural clubs, under
the agricultural extension department of the University of California, for
pupils not maintaining project work as a part of such courses.

The regulations also deal with the sources of financial support, qualifications
of teachers, etc.

1918] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 195

Report of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan (Mich. Agr. Col.,
Dept. Agr. Ed. Bui. 18 {1911), pp. 21, figs. 11).— This bulletin gives a brief ac-
count of the actual methods of instruction and the results obtained during the
past year.

The instruction comprises prevocational agriculture and garden practice in
the seventh and eighth grades, plant and animal industry in the ninth and tenth
grades, and special agricultural subjects, such as crops, soUs, horticulture, and
farm engineering in the eleventh and twelfth grades. In 1916-17, 57 high
schools employed college-trained instructors and 8 employed instructors with
less than college training; 25 high schools had developed 4-unit courses, 24
offered 4 units by alternating the last two years, and 8 schools had 2-year
courses. The total number of students enrolled in agricultural subjects was
2,414, of whom 644 conducted farm-project work and 1,298 garden-project work.
Twenty instructors were employed for 12 months in the year and 26 gave prevo-
cational instruction in grades 7 and 8. Seventeen schools had land which was
used for demonstrations and projects. A list of the schools and teachers giv-
ing instruction in agriculture in 1917-18 is included.

Report of a visit to the agricultural schools, J. Maxmbos {An. Agron. [San-
tiago de Chilel, 8 {1914), No. 4, pp. 5-23). — This is a report on the work of the
four schools of agriculture in Chile, located respectively at Concepcion, Chilian,
Cauquenes, and Talca, under the control of the General Inspection of Agri-
culture.

List of agricultural and horticultural officials, institutions, and organiza-
tions {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Netherlands], Verslag. en Meded. Dir.
Landb., No. 2 {1917), pp. 139).— This is the official organization list of the
direction of agriculture of the department of agriculture, industry, and com-
merce, including higher and secondary agricultural education and research
institutions, agricultural and horticultural winter schools and courses, itinerant
instructors, and associations in the Netherlands in 1917.

Preparation of teachers for nature study and elementary agriculture by
the normal schools, E. R. Downing {School Sci. and Math., 17 {1917), No. 7,
pp. 609-621). — Data are given in tabular form on the nature study and agri-
culture courses, and incidentally courses in botany and zoology, offered to nor-
mal school students, and the nature study or elementary science work given
in the practice schools. The information was obtained through questionnaires
sent to the normal schools in this country.

Plant ecology and its relation to agriculture, W. G. Watebman {Science,
n. ser., 46 {1917), No. 1184, PP- 223-228).— In this paper delivered before the
Illinois Academy of Science, February 23, 1917, the author discusses the content
of ecology and its relation to agriculture.

He finds that " up to the present the method in agricultural texts and courses
has been to teach a little plant morphology, a chapter on plant activities, and
then nine-tenths of the work on agricultural practice." He would recommend
in addition the insertion of a section on ecological principles covering the con-
tent of ecology as outlintd. It should be general and theoretical and yet so re-
lated to agricultural practice as to form a suitable foundation for the agri-
cultural course.

Report of committee on education: Amount of agricultural engineering
work offered in agricultural colleges, A. H. Gilbebt {Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr.
Engin., 10 {1916), No. 1, pp. 101-104). — This is in continuation of a report made
at the meeting of the preceding year (E. S. R., 34, p. 498) on an investigation
of the amount of agricultural engineering work offered in the State agricul-
tural colleges in the United States and Canada.

196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3S

The luncheon as a project in elementary and secondary education, Jenny
H. Snow (Jotir. Home Econ., 9 (1917), No. 8, pp. 361-86^) .—This is a discus-
sion, from the standpoint of the large city, of some of the things that are being
done and planned along this line in Chicago. Both class and individual projects
are found possible, those being practical applications of lessons learned. Work
which is not educationally valuable becomes paid service.

Soils and fertilizers, T. L. Lyon, edited by L. H. Bailey {New York: The
Macmillan Co., 1911, pp. XX +255, pis. 16, figs. S4).— This text on soils for
secondary schools, short courses in agriculture, and summer courses for teach-
ers, deals with soils as a medium for plant growth ; soil formation and transpor-
tation ; texture and structure of soils ; organic matter ; soil water ; plant food ;
materials in soils ; acid and alkali soils ; the germ life of the soil ; soil air and
soil temperature; nitrogenous, phosphoric acid, potash, and sulphur fertilizers;
lime; the purchase, mixing, and use of fertilizers; farm and green manures;
and crop rotation. Questions and field and laboratory exercises accompany
each chapter. No chemical symbols or formulas have been used.

Our bird book, A. C. Webb {Kansas City, Mo.: Pioneer Publishing Co., 1911,
pp. XII+244, pi. 1, figs. 28). — This nature reader, prepared for use in schools,
presents a simple and definite educational plan for the study of common birds.
In connection with the lesson on each bird, there is a blank page for a record
of the pupil's personal observations. On a long sheet. inserted in the book are
the pictures of 14 birds in their natural colors, which are to be mounted on
specially prepared pages scattered throughout the book in connection with the
stories describing the birds.

Field lore for young' farmers, Katherine A. Geimes, edited by W. L.
HuycHiNSON {Dallas, Tex.: The Southern Publishing Co., 1911, pp. X-{-194, figs.
gg). — This text on nature, intended for the graded schools, is devoted to a
study of such topics as nature's elements and compounds, the soil, plant food,
inside and outside growers, the right plant in the right place, rotation of crops,
handling difficult soils, planting, taking care of the crop, cotton, beneficial and
Injurious weeds, birds, and insects, plant diseases, how to get good seed, the
life work of the plant, how seeds travel, the farm wood lot, the home garden,
making home attractive, and chickens.

Outlines of agricultural economics, E. G. Notjrse {Chicago: Univ. Chicago
Press, 1911, pp. IX +95, figs. S). — This is a cla^ book of questions and prob-
lems to accompany the author's text on agricultural economics, already noted
(E. S. R., 36, p. 390).

Home demonstration work as correlated with the Louisiana public schools,
Alice S. Hickman et al. {La. Agr. Col. Ext. Div. Bui. 24 {1911), pp. 110, figs.
SS). — The home demonstration work outlined in this bulletin comprises four
projects, gardening, canning, cooking, and sewing, each extending over four
years and with the first year in the elementary or grammar schools. A credit
of one unit for high school graduation is given on completion of the foiir years'
work.

Report of the women's institutes of the Province of Ontario, 1916 {Rpt.
Women's Insts. Ontario, 1916, pt. 1, pp. 120, figs. 2). — This is the annual report
on the progress of women's institute work in Ontario for 1916. It consists of
the proceedings of the annual conventions of 1915, together with statistical data
for 1915-16. The demonstration lecture work included 75 courses in food and
cooking, sewing, and home nursing and first aid, attended by about 2,700 women
and girls. The 1916 home garden and canning contest was participated in by
22 branch institutions representing a total of 245 gardens.

1918] EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 197

MISCELLANEOTJS.

Annual Beport of California Station, 1917 (California Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp.
95. pis. 2, fig. 1). — This contains the organization list and a report of the di-
rector on the work and publications during the year, including a list of the
station projects, some data pertaining to the instruction and extension work
of the college of agriculture, a reprint of the publication previously noted
(E. S. R., 37, p. 697), and a summary of the reports of the field parties con-
ducting this inquiry.

Report of progress of work and guide to experimental plats. North Cen-
tral Experiment Station, Grand Rapids, 1916 (Minnesota Sta., Rpt. Orand
Rapids Sul)Sta., 1916, pp. 64, figs. 30). — This is a report of the work of the
year. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted else-
where in this issue.

Thirty-sixth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1917 (Ohio Sta. Bui. 315
(1911), pp. XXXV+S, fig. 1). — This contains the organization list, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917, and ,a report of the director
summarizing the work and publications of the station during the year.

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2
(1917), No. 9, pp. 282-315, figs. 13). — This contains several articles abstracted
elsewhere in this issue, together with the following: Entomological Survey of
Ohio Wheat Fields, by H. A. Gossard ; Shade Trees Eaten by Walnut Datana ;
The Green Soldier Bug, by R. D. Whitmarsh, an abstract of Bulletin 310
(E. S. R., 37, p. 258) ; Soy Beans As Human Food, by J. B. Park, an extract
from Bulletin 312 (E, S. R., 37, p. 235) ; Hill Selection Increases Potato Yield;
and notes.

NOTES,

Purdue University and Station. — A number of special courses have been estab-
lished to give extra training for men preparing for military service. One of
these courses deals with tlie handling of horses and the treatment of their
more common diseases, several with gas engines, and another with military
French.

A course of instruction for city garden supervisors was given in March.

The station is cooperating with the Office of Cereal Investigations of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture in a study of root and systemic diseases of
corn. The worls is to be in direct charge of George N. Hoffer of the Bureau
of Plant Industry. An elaborate equipment for these physiological and patho-
logical investigations has been installed in the station laboratories.

Frank I. Odell has been appointed manager of the Moses Fell Annex to the
station, located at Bedford. Claude Harper of the Illinois University and Sta-
tion has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry for extension work
with sheep.

Iowa College and Station. — Recent lines of investigation to be undertaken
include studies of soft corn silage and digestion trials with lean and fat cows
on maintenance, by the animal husbandry section, buying in spring v. winter-
ing bees and a comparison of Italian, Carniolan, and Caucasian bees, by the
entomology section, calcium balance of dairy cows, by the chemistry section,
and ventilating systems for barns, by the agricultural engineering section.

M. F. P. Costelloe, head of the department of agricultural engineering since
1915, died January 12 at the age of 37 years. Prof. Costelloe was a 1906
gradiiate in civil engineering of the University of Nebraska and received the
degree of agricultural engineer in 1916. He had had considerable experience
on various engineering projects, giving special attention to irrigation, sewage
di.sposal, and drainage.

Knute Espe and T. H. Benton, assistants in the soil survey, and G. W.
Roark, assistant in chemistry, have resigned, and W. E. Whitehouse, assistant
in pomology, has been given leave of absence for the period of the war.
Assistants have been appointed as follows : Pomology, H. E. Nichols ; soil
survey, E. I. Angell ; and entomology, Albert Hartzell.

Nebraska University and Station. — .J. R. Cooper has resigned as associate
professor of horticulture and assistant horticulturist to become professor of
horticulture in the University of Arkansas, effective April 1.

Pennsylv?.nia Station. — J. S. Owens, assistant in experimental agronomy,
resigned January 16.

Virginia Station. — T. J. Murray, associate professor of plant pathology and
bacteriology and associate bacteriologist, resigned February 5 to accept a
similar position at the Washington College and Station,

Virginia Truck Station. — The substation established at Tasley in cooperation
with the State board of agriculture five years ago has been relocated with a
better farm and buildings near Onley.

Selective Service Law and Agricultural Students. — An amendment to the
U. S. Selective Service Regulations is announced by the Provost Marshal Gen-
eral regarding certain land-grant college students in agriculture. The text of
the amendment is as follows : " Under such regulations as the Quartermaster
198

1918] NOTES. 199

General may prescribe, students pursuing a course of agriculture, in tlie senior
year, in land-grant agricultural colleges, whose class standing places them in
the upper third of the senior class as determined by the school authorities, may
enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps of the Quartermaster's Department, and
thereafter, upon presentation by the registrant to his local board of a certificate
of such enlistment, such certificate shall be filed with the questionnaire and the
registrant shall be placed in Class 5 on the ground that he is in the military
service of the United States."

Progress in Agricultural Instruction in Latin America. — A recent executive
decree in Colombia provides for the establishment of a tropical agricultural
station annexed to the national institute of agronomy in the municipality of
San Lorenzo, Department of Tolima. General instruction is expected to be
given in various branches of agriculture and allied sciences, including veteri-
nary science, and courses will also be arranged for students who desire to
specialize along certain lines. Particular attention will be paid to 'teaching
students how to distinguish beneficial from injurious insects met with in prac-
tical agriculture. The government of the department of Antioquia has taken
preliminary steps to establish a laboratory for the manufacture of vaccine to
be used by stockmen in the prevention of murrain and similar diseases of
cattle. A recent executive decree places the national meteorological service,
established in 1917, under the department of public instruction.

The school of agricultural mechanics at Bahia Blanca, Argentina, which
admits pupils of not less than 17 years of age, had an attendance of 32 in 1916.
The shops of the school have been equipped with new machinery.

A Brazilian forestry service has been authorized, to be under the direction of
the department of agriculture and to have for its object the conservation and
improvement of forests and the regulation of all matters pertaining to them.

The department of agriculture of the Dominican Republic has provided a
traveling agricultural instructor to recommend measures for obtaining more
abundant yields of staple crops. An agricultural school under the direction of
Dr. Emil Jeannot was recently organized at Charpentier, Haiti.

An agricultural experiment station of the coeducational schools of Amatitlan,
Guatemala, recently began operations, the equipment having been donated by a
philanthropic citizen of the community.

In Mexico a school of agriculture was opened in Hermoslllo, the capital of
the State of Sonora, in March, 1917, under the direction of the governor of that
commonwealth. In the same month a national forestry school was inaugurated
at Coyoacan, a suburb of the City of Mexico. The agricultural experiment sta-
tions in the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Oaxaca, and Tabasco,
have been supplied with modern machinery and appliances, as well as improved
seeds, and instruction by experts will be given to farmers in these states. A
publication entitled Revista agricola has been founded in the national capital.

An agricultural school has been established in the Department of Leon,
Nicaragua, with Manuel Godoy as president. The government has also formu-
lated a plan for a course of instruction in the new national school of agricul-
ture, according to which there will be a section for the instruction of laborers
or farm hands, a section for agriculturalists or farmers, and a section for
agronomists or agricultural engineers. The governor of each povince is to select
by competitive contests two boys, who have passed the fourth grade of primary
instruction and are over 13 years of age, for entrance into this school at the
expense of the State. A school for boys not over 16 years of age, who have
studied agronomy for at least a year, was opened recently at Chinandega City,
with an appropriation of $5,000 for its installation. It is equipped with up-to-
date machinery and implements necessary for the proper cultivation of cereals

200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

and other crops, and makes a specialty of teaching its pupils the practical use
and advantages of machinery in agricultural operations.

The agricultural bank in Paraguay has established weather bureaus in the
principal farming centers and proposes to compile statistics based on data ob-
tained from these stations. The government of Uruguay has granted 10 scholar-
ships in its agricultural school to young Paraguayans who desire to continue
their studies in Uruguay.

A law recently enacted by the Peruvian Congress establishes an industrial
school in the city of Iquitos. This school has an agricultural department and
a department of arts and crafts, and is to be maintained from the proceeds of a.
tax on ruTiber shipped through the port of Iquitos and on the registered ton-
nage of vessels clearing from this port with cargoes for delivery to the port of
Loreto. The course offered by each department is to extend over three years.
The agricultural department is intended to fit students for trained work in the
vast agricultural region of Peru, east, of the Andes Mountains, much of which
is as yet unexplored except in the immediate vicinity of navigable streams,
and nearly all of which is virgin territory for the development of agriculture.
The site of the agricultural department will be the Caucho Experimental Sta-
tion in Iquitos. An executive decree of April 10, 1917, also provided for the
reorganization of the national school of agriculture and veterinary science and
the enlargement of its functions.

A recent executive decree in Salvador provides rules and regulations for the
operation of the pathological-vegetable laboratory established under the gov-
ernmental order of September 19, 1914, for the study of the diseases of plants
and proper methods and remedies for preventing and combating them.

An executive decree in Uruguay places its agronomic stations under the im-
mediate supervision and control of the Department of Fomento. At the sug-
gestion of the park commission of Montevideo, a school for gardeners has been
established in the national capital for the purpose of supplying special skilled
labor of this kind.

The Uruguay national nursery at Toledo is furnishing a large number of
trees for planting operations. A recent decree prescribes that persons owning
not less than 100 hectares of land shall be supplied gratis with 100 trees, and
it is estimated that 100,000 trees will be distributed annually in this way. The
nursery referred to will also donate to rural communities, schools, police
farms, etc., 100,000 trees during the present year and 200,000 trees yearly
thereafter. For the purpose of increasing the cultivation of flax, which has
considerably decreased during the last few years, the president of the Republic
has issued a decree requiring expert agronomists at the Estanzuela nursery,
as well as those at the agricultural stations at Salto, Paysandu, and Cerro
Largo, to investigate and report on the different kinds of flax grown in these
regions.

o

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FSOM

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GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

Subscription Price, per Volume

OF Nine Nunbers

AND Index, $1

V

Issued April 22, 1918.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 38

ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 3

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINOTQN

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICfi

1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Sdentijic Bureaus.

Weather Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — J. R. Mohler, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office of Public EoADs and Rural Engineering — L.W. Page, Director,

Bureau of Markets — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service-— A. C. True, Director,

Office of Experiment Stations — E, W. Allen, ChUf.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.i
Caiebrake Station: Uniontown; 3. M. Burgess.i
Tuskegee Station: Tmkegee Institute; G, W.
Canrer.i

Alaska— S«7co.- C. C. Oeorgescn.'

Abizona— Tucson: B. H. Forbes.i

ASKANSAS — Fayetteville: M. Nelson.*

CALXFoaNiA— BerfceTey; T. F. Hunt.i

CohonAso— Fort Collins: C. P. Gillette. >

Connecticut—

State Station: New Eaven;>i^ ^ Jenklns.i

Storrs Station: Starrs; >
DEhkvrxR^— Newark: H. Hayward.J
Fwv,TDA.—OainesviUe: P. H. Rolfs.*
Qtozou^— Experiment: J. D. Price.*
Qv^M— Island of Guam: C. W. Edwards.'
Ha-wad—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.^

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.i
Ivkuo— Moscow: J. S. Jones.'
Illinois— Urhana: E. Davenport.*
Indiana— Lo Fayette: C. G. Woodbury.*
lowx—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.*
Ki^Bks— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.
KmiTVCKY—Lexirvton: T. P. Cooper.*

Louisiana-

State Station: Baton Rouge; |

Sugar Station: Audubon Parle} .^ R.Dodson *
New Orleans; \ ' '

North La. Station: Calhoun; j
Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods.*
Mabtland— College Park: H. J. Patterson.*
Massachusetts— Xwifteraf W. P. Brooks.*
Michigan— fiist Lansing: R. S. Shaw.*
Minnesota— I7nit;ers»<y Farm, St. Paul: R. W.

Thatcher.*
UlSSiasTPm—Agricutiural College: E. R. Lloyd.*

MiSSOUBI—

College Station: CoiumWa; F. B, Mamford.*
Fruit Station: Mountain drove; Paul Evans.
Montana— Bozewiaa' F. B. Llnfleld.*
Nebraska— imcoZm; E. A. Burnett.*
Nevada— iieno.v S. B. Doten.*
New Hampshire— DurftaTTi; J. C. Kendall.'
New Jersey— JVism; Brunswick; J. G. Lipman.'
New llKxico^State College: Fabian Garola.i
New York-

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'
Comfell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.*
North Carolina—

College St&tlon: West Rttleigh;\ irii„n~i

State Station: Raleigh; * ' '*^°™-'

North DiiKOiK— Agricultural College: L. Van Es.f
Omo—Wooster: C. E. Thome.*
OmAsaviK— Stillwater: H. G. Knight. *
Oregon- CijrwiWw.- A. B. Cordley.*
Pennsylvania—

StaU College: R. L. Watts.*
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.i
Porto Rico— Mayaguez; D. W. May.'
Rhode Islako— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell.*
South Carolina— Cfenwon CoUegei H. W. Barre.'
South D lko'sx— Brookings: J. W. Wilson.*
Tennessee— Xnorwn«: H. A. Morgan. '
IZXAS— College Station: B. Youngblood.'
VuM—LogaTU- F. S. Harris.*
Vermont— BarZin^ton." J. L. Hills. *
Virginia-

Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.'
Washington— PM^Jman.' Geo. Severance. '
West ViRQxmk—Morga'titown: J. L. Coulter.'
Wisconsin— JModiion; H. L, Russell.'
Wyominq— Xoromie: A. D. Faville.*

I Director . • Agronomist In charge.

• Animal husbandman in charge. * Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Acric-ultural Chemistry aud Agrotecliny — E. H. Nollau. iSitZW ,

f W H Be \l
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers | j 'jj luckett. •'JTaM

T. . • , 1 T>i 4- r, ^1 , / W. H. Evans, Ph. D. ■,■ <><j

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology J -^y_ ^ Boyd.

T-.- , 1 /-. / J. L SCHULTE.

I leld Crops I J jj LucKETT.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. Y. M.

„ , , „ ^. , .^. i C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.

Foods and Human Nutrition | p_ powdermaker.

^ . . , ^ . -^ . f D. W. May.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming-! ^^ j-^ Moore.

^j ^ . nr T ■ / W. A. Hooker.

Veterinary Medicine | j. j_j ^-qilau.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Tbitllinger
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
. . ,, , T-. , ,. f F. E. Heald.
Agricultural Education | ,_j_ ^._ spethmann.

Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 3.

Page.

Recent work in agricultul'al science 201

Notes 299

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

Origin of humin formed by hydrolysis of proteins, III, Gortner and Holm ...... 201

Identity of cyan uric acid with so-called "tetracarbonimid," Walters and Wise. 202

The isolation from peat of certain nucleic acid derivatives, Bottomley 202

Fats from Rhus laurina and R. diversiloba, McNair 202

The composition of loganberry juice and pulp, Daughters 203

Summary of the composition of wines of current consumption, Filaudeau 203

A new form of safety pipette, Behrman 203

A convenient automatic device for rapidly washing pipettes, Fuller 203

An asbestos stopper, Nichols - - 203

Accurate method for taking alic[Uots in standardizing solutions, Miller 204

Tlie nomon — a calculating device for chemists, Deming 204

Observations on McLean- Van Slyke iodometric method, McCracken and Walsh . 204

Determination of chlorin in blood serum and albuminous body fluids, Laudat . . 204

Determination of manganese by oxidation, Willard and Greathouse 204

Concerning ammonium citrate and insoluble phosphoric acid, Shuey 205

The determination of soil phosphorus, Rost 20^

Rapid determination of bran contained in flour and bread, Legendre 206

I

n CONTENTS. [Vol.38

Page.

Tentative methods for sampling and analysis of commercial fats and oils 206

Occurrence of manganese in insect flowers and stems, McDonnell and Roark .. 206

Potato utilization possibilities, Gore 207

Making potato silage for cattle food. Round and Gore 207

The market for sunflowers 207

Evaporated apples, McGillivray 207

Canned foods, Bitting 208

Home and farm canning, Cruess 208

A German substitute for jute 208

METEOROLOGY.

Relation between temperature and crops, Seeley 208

Killing frost and length of growing season in Kentucky, Walz 208

Predicting minimum temperatm^es. Smith 209

Some field experiments on evaporation from snow surfaces. Baker 209

Mean annual rainfall of the United States, Ward 209

Damage by hail in Kansas, Flora and Bush 209

Monthly Weather Review _. 209

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Millard. . 210

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Notes on direct determination of hygroscopic coefficient, Alway et al 210

Some factors affecting nitrate-nitrogen accumulation, Gainey and Metzler. . . . 211

Comparative study of nitrogen economy of certain Tennessee soils, Mooers. . . . 212

Composition of soils of the Freehold area in New Jersey, Blair and McLean 214

Soil survey of Washington County, Ala. , Hurst et al 214

Soil survey of the Honey Lake area, Cal. , Guernsey et al 214

Soil survey of the Pasadena area, Cal., Eckmann and Zinn 215

Soil survey of Crisp County, Ga., Maxon and Long 215

Soil survey of Benton County, Ind., Jones and Brill 215

Soil survey of Scott County, Iowa, Stevens, Smies, and Espe 215

Soil survey of Dawes County, Nebr., Bum et al 216

Soil survey of Cortland County, N. Y., Maxon and Fuller 216

Soil survey of Columbus Coimty, N. C.-, Hardison et al 216

Soil survey of Hertford County, N. C, Vanatta and McDpwell 216

Soil survey of Portage County, Wis., Geib et al 216

Soil survey of Wood County, Wis., Geib et al 217

Soil experiments on the Ozark upland, Miller and Duley 217

[Fertilizer experiments], Brooks and Gaskill 218

The lime and fertilizer needs of Indiana soils, Conner 219

Redeeming an impoverished soil, Thome 219

Fertilizer requirement of DeKalb soil 219

Thirty-five years' results with fertilizers 220

Progress of green manming in Mysore, Yegnanarayana Iyer 220

[Relative value of oil cakes available in Mysore], Krishnayya et al 220

Cyanamid as a source of nitrogen 220

AvailabiUty of potash fertilizer residue in the soil 220

Relative value of limestone of different degrees of fineness , . 220

Effect of sulphur on different crops and soils, Shedd 221

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The effect of one plant on another, Pickering 221

Fungus fairy rings in Colorado and effect on vegetation, Shantz and Piemeisel. 222

Growing aUen cacti in Michigan, Praeger 222

Does the movement of air affect the ^owth of plants? Hollinger 223

A method of controlling the rate of air movement, Blackman and Knight 223

Stomatal aperture, leaf water content, and transpiration rate, Knight 223

On the reduction of transpiration obserA^tions, Thomas and Ferguson 223

Oxidation and reduction m vegetable tissues.— I, Mechanism of reaction, Wolff 223

Oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues.— II, Wolff and Rouchelman.. . 223

On the mechanism of translocation in plant tissues. — An hj^othesis, Mangham 224

Influence of hght and chlorophyll on magnesium nitrate, Harvey and True 224

The toxicity of galactose and mannose for green plants, Knudson 224

Dr. Seal's seed vitality experiments, Darhngton 224

The nongermination of seeds of fleshy fruits, Massart 224

1918] CONTENTS. HI

Page.

Some factors concerned in the germination of rust spores, Mains 224

Light and pycnidia formation in the Sphseropsidales, Levin 225

Some cultural characteristics of Pestalozzia funera, Siggers 225

Colorimetric deteiToination of hydrogen ion concentration, Clark and Lubs 225

A new apparatus for aseptic ultrafiltration , Smith 225

Irritability of the pollen-presentation mechanism in the Compositse, Small 225

Endothia pigments. — I, Hawkins and Stevens 225

Observations on an Achlya lacking sexual reproduction, Weston 225

Fertility in Cichorium intybus, Stout 226

Inheritance of endosperm color in maize. White 226

Inheritance studies in Pisum. — IV, Interrelation of genetic factors, White 226

FIELD CROPS.

Factors influencing the water requirements of plants, Thom and Holtz 226

A new method for harvesting small grain and grass plats, McCall 228

[Report of field crops work in Nebraska] 228

[Report of field crops work in Pennsylvania] 229

[Report of field crops work for 1915],' Harrison et al 229

[Report of field crops work], Meggitt 230

[Report of field crops work at Anakapalle], Hilson and Balakrishnamurti 230

Grains for western North and South Dakota, Babcock et al 230

Grains for the Utah dry lands, Jones and Bracken 230

Leguminous crops in desert agriculture, Howard 230

Comparative value of legumes as green manures, Johnson et al 231

Soy beans and cowpeas, Fain and Vanatter 231

Field production of yautias, gabis, and dasheens, Ocfemia 231

[Variety tests with alfalfa], Brooks and Gaskill 231

Barley, Pridham 231

The production of clover seed under irrigation in southern Idaho, Aicher 231

Increasing the yield of com by crossing, Jones et al 231

Some indirect effects of certain selections in breeding com, Rietz and Smith. . 232

[Nitrate experiments on "Nili" maize] 233

Cotton variety tests for conditions in Georgia, Lewis and McLendon 233

How to grow cotton in spite of the boll weevil, Williams 234

Some lint characters of sea-island cotton, Harland 234

Notes on the destmction of cotton bushes by burning. Shepherd 234

Ten years' practical experience of Java indigo in Bihar, Reid 234

Matkee, a green manuring plant. Ram 234

Cultm-e tests with varieties of oats, 1909-1912, Larsen 234

Harvesting, picking, thrashing, and storing peanuts, Thompson 235

The potato, Gilbert, Barms, and Dean 235

Correlation formulas and varietal differences in disease resistance, Harris 235

Cooperative potato spraying, 1916, Clinton and Rogers 235

Significance of hybrid selections with rice and how they are originated, Koch. 236

Early rice planting for augmenting the supply of irrigation water, Mesman 236

Population analyses and inheritance studies in rye, Heribert-Nilsson 236

Grain sorghum seed, Babcock 237

The purification of soy bean varieties, Jones and Hayes 237

Harv'esting soy-bean seed, Morse 237

The sugar beet in Algeria, Vermeil 237

Action of copper arsenate and arsenioua acid on sugar-cane roots, Jarvis 238

The progeny of plus and minus variants from pure lines of tobacco, Jensen 238

Planting tests with tobacco, de Vries and Sidenius 238

[Report of field experiments with tobacco, 1898-1911], Raciborski et al 238

A report of tobacco studies near DeU, de Vries 238

Tobacco culture, Soesman ^ 238

The influence of green light upon the drjang of tobacco leaves, Jensen 239

Obsen.^ations on the combustion of tobacco, Sidenius 239

Tests of winter wheat 239

Wheat, Noll 239

Wheat culture, Hutcheson and Wolfe 240

Wheat growing in tne Southeastern States, Leighty 240

[Cultural experiments with wheat growing], Spafford 240

The seeds of cultivated plants and their identification, Francois 240

Report of seed tests for 1916, Waldron and Stone 240

Heating seed rooms to destroy insects, Montgomery 241

IV CONTENTS. [Vol.38

HORTICULTURE.

Page.

Saving vegetable seeds for the home and market garden, Tracy, sr 241

Diseases and insect enemies of home vegetable garden, Orton and Chittenden. 241

[Experiments with vegetables] 241

Home storage of vegetables, Beattie 241

First generation crosses in cucumbers, Hayes and Jones 241

Melon growing in Indiana, Reed 241

Effects of cross- and self-fertilization in tomatoes, Hayes and Jones 241

Orchard work on Mount Carmel Experiment Farm 1911 to 1916, Stoddard 242

Irrigation of orchards, Fortier 242

Experiments in the irrigation of apple orchards, Taylor and Downing 242

Results from orchard fertilization 244

The planting and care of the young apple orchard , Reed 245

Seed production in apples, Crandall 245

The packing of apples in California, Tufts 246

Peach growing in Indiana, Oskamp 246

Strawberry varieties and cultural hints, Oskamp 246

Varieties of blackberries and raspberries with notes on their care, Oskamp. . . . 246

Mint growing in northern Indiana, Sayre 246

FORESTRY.

[Report of the forestry section] 246

Report of the forester for 1916 246

Report of committee on forests, Leavitt 246

Forest administration in British India for the year 1915-16 247

State forestry report for the year ended March 31, 1917, Brodrick et al 247

A forest survey of the town of Redding, Conn., Moss 247

New Philippine shrubs and trees, Merrill 1 247

Silvicultural notes on forest trees of Queensland 247

The forests and woods of Gabon, Chevaher 247

Notes on the timbers of Lukolela and of Eala, Leplae 247

A note on tliitsi, Mdanorrhcea usitata, Benskin and Rodger 247

Influence of thinning out Hevea fields on the rubber yield per acre, Arens 247

Cubage of a sample plat in virgin forest of Yangambi, central Kongo, Leplae. . 248

A new dendrometer, Bruce 248

Emergency fuel from the farm woodland, Hawes 248

The substitution of other materials for wood, XI, Thelen 248

Tanning materials from native sources in Latin-American countries, Norton. . . 248

Dyestuffs from materials native to Latin-American countries, Sadtler 248

Seasoning of wood , Wagner 248

The preservation of shingles 248

Zinc chlorid as a preservative of structural timber, Spoff ord 248

Practical processes for prolonging the life of mill roofs, Teesdale 249

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Department of botany, Osmun 249

The production of spores by Alternaria solani in pure culture. Rands 249

Puccinia suhnitens and its secial hosts, Bethel 249

Note on Xylaria polyviorpha and X. digitoM, Weir 249

Grain smuts, Swingle 249

Distribution of the bacterial disease of western wheat grass, O 'Gara 249

A bean disease introduced in diseased seeds, Garman 249

Factors affecting the parasitism of Ustilago zex, Piemeisel 249

The occurrence of Colletolrichum solanicohnn on eggplant, O 'Gara 250

Sdcrotium balaticola, the cause of a fruit rot of peppers, Martin 250

The pathogenic action of Rhizoctonia on potato, Giissow 250

Potato diseases in Indiana, Jackson and Osner 250

Bacillus viorulans n. sp., found associated with curly top, Boncquet 250

Lightning injury to sugar cane, Stevenson 250

Studies on Bacteriuvi solanaccarum, Stanford and Wolf 250

Buckeye rot of tomato fruit, Sherbakoff 251

Phytophthora infestans, causing damping-off of tomatoes, Howitt 251

Apple scab on the tAvigs, Cook and Schwarze 251

BUster spot of apples and its relation to a disease of apple bark. Rose 251

Apple diseases in Indiana, with spray schedule, Jackson 251

A new leaf spot disease of cherries, Rudolph 251

1S18] CONTENTS. V

Page.

The perfect stage of Glceosporium venetum, Burkholder 262

Changes in strawberry fruits by Rhizopus nigricans, Stevens and Hawkins 252

End rot of cranberries, Shear 252

A Rhizoctonia of the fig, Matz 252

Variations in Colic lotrichum gloeosporioides, Burger 252

Species of Melampsora occurring upon Euphorbia in North America, Mains. . . 252

Diseases of ornamental plants, Babcock 252

Recent cultures of forest tree rusts, Weir and Hubert 253

Pycnial stages of impoitant forest tree rusts, Weir and Hiibert 253

Notes on Razoumofskya campylopoda, Hedgcock and Hunt 253

Witches' brooms on liickory trees, Stewart 253

A Nectria parasitic on Norway maple, Cook 253

Sparassis radicata, an undescribed fungus on the roots of conifers, Weir 253

Needle rust on Finns resinosa, Spaulding 253

Contributions to our knowledge of the white pine blister rust, McCubbin 254

Early discovery of wlute pine bhster rust in the United States, Pierce 254

Quarantines against the white pine bhster rust, Spaulding and Pierce 254

Synthetic culture media for wood-destroying fungi, Pieper et al 254

The mononchs, a genus of free-hving predatory nematodes, Cobb 254

Segmentation in nematodes, Cobb 254

The cuprammonium washes, preparation, properties, and application, Butler. . 255

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Life zone investigations in Wyoming, Cary 255

The rat pest. Nelson 255

A distributional hst of the land birds of west-central Oregon, Shelton 255

Birdcraft, Wright 255

Your bird friends and how to win them, Dodson 255

Bird houses 256

Bibhography of Canadian zoology, W^alker 256

BibUography of Canadian entomology for the year 1915, Bethune 256

Index to American economic entomology, 1905 to 1914, compiled by Banks. . . 256

Studies in insect life and other essays, Shipley 256

Control of insect pests and plant diseases in the United States, Marchal 256

Nineteenth annual report of the State entomologist for 1916, Worsham 256

[Report of the] department of entomology, Fernald 256

Work connected with insect and fungus pests and their control 256

Report on insect pests in Finland for 1913, Linnaniemi 256

Work of Kief station in control of insect pests in 1914, Dobrovlfansk'ii 256

Report of the imperial entomologist, Fletcher 257

Economic zoology 257

Pests and diseases of New Zealand flax, Miller 257

Paddy pests in Travancore 257

Insects and diseases of orchards and garden and control, Ralston and Marshall. . 257

Common garden insects and their control, Gibson 257

Spraying for apple aphids and red bugs in New York, Hodgkiss 257

Defoliation, a defensive measure against vine pests, Capus 257

Shade and forest insects in Manitoba, Swaine 257

Insects and prickly pear, Froggatt 257

Household pests and their treatment, Garman 258

The parasite methods of controlling insect pests, Smith 258

The doulile purpose spray, Ramsay 258

Fumigation of greenhouse plants with hydrocyanic acid, Sasscer and Borden. . 258

Detection of hydrocyanic acid gas. — Use of small animals, Grubbs 258

The Blattidte of North America, north of the Mexican boundary, Hebard 258

Destruction of the migratory locust, Caride Massini 258

Fighting grasshoppers in 1916 and suggestions for control of this pest, Jones. . . 258

Is Diestranimena marmorata an injurious insect? Wolff 258

Thrips attacking French bean flowers 258

Combating pear thrips in Saanich Peninsula, Cameron and Treheme 259

Galls of Java. — II , Thysanopterous cecidia, Karny and van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan . 259

Helopeltis in tea gardens, Leef mans 259

Contribution to the Helopeltis problem in tea cultm'e, Leefmans 259

Citrus white fly on lemons and oranges in Mendoza, Argentina, Sanzin 260

Life history of Macrosiphum ilUnoisensis, the grapevine aphis. Baker 260

Aphididse of California, [XII], Essig 260

VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 3S

Page.

Butterflies worth knowing, Weed 260

A case of facultative parthenogenesis in the gipsy moth, Goldschmidt 2G1

The bollworm or corn earworm, Bishopp 261

Controlling the peach borer, Funk 261

The cuixaut borer, Scsia (.Efjeria) tipuliformis, NichoUs 261

The cassava hawk moth (Dilophonota ello), da Silveira 261

Life history of apple fruit miner Argyresthia corvjugella, Okamoto 261

Viviparity in the Diptera and the larvae of viviparous Diptera, Keilin 261

Relation of mos(iuitoes and flies to acute poliomyelitis, Noguchi and Kudo , 262

Notes on fly control in military camps, Kirk. . . _. 262

Some winter observations of muscid fUes, Elsliuk, jr 262

Florida and the Mediterranean friut fly. Back 262

The apple maggot in Nova Scotia, Brittain and Good 262

Danish Diptera, Lundbeck _ 263

Monographic study of parasitic Diptera of Africa, II, Kodhain and Bequsert. . 263

Rough-headed cornstalk beetle in Southern States, Phillips and Fox 263

A list of the Japanese and Formosan Cicadidae, Matsumura 264

Honeybees in relation to horticidtui'e. Gates 264

Report of Beekeepers' Association of Ontario, 1916 264

Notes on the Eg\T3tian honeybee, Gough 264

Foul brood of bees; its recognition and treatment, Garman 264

Life history of larval forms of Adelwa gahani n. sp., de la Baume-Plu\T.nel 264

Description of new hymenopteran parasitic on the eggs of Nepa, Ferriere 264

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Nutritive value of butter substitutes, Hallilaurton and Drummund 265

Edible fats, in war and law. Wesson 265

Butter as a vehicle of infection in typhoid, Boyd 265

The distribution of milk 265

A study of Puget Sound oysters, Hindman and Goodrich 265

The manufacture of meat food products, MacManus 265

The sterilization of unsound meat, Howarth 265

Memorandum on the uses of maize or Indian com, Thompson 265

Manufacture of com starch, com sirup, and com sugar, Bryant 266

Cottonseed products. Vakil 266

Relative economy of bread sold in Washington, D. C, Pozen and Starbecker. . 266

Preservation of vegetables by fermentation and salting, Round and Lang 266

Imitation or pseudo coffees 266

[Food conservation and other patriotic topics], Ladd and Johnson 266

Food production, conservation, and distribution 266

The danger of restricting the consumption of meat 266

Investigation of workers' food and suggestions as to dietary, Hill 267

Family budgets and dietaries of 40 families in Glasgow in war time, Ferguson . . 267

The food requirement in infancy 267

The metabolism of arginin, Thompson 267

The vitamin hypothesis in relation to alleged deficiency diseases 267

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The nutrition of farm animals, Armsby 268

Effects of X rays on thymus gland and reproductive organs of white rats. Hewer. 268

Results of diverse systems of breeding with respect to linkage, Jennings 268

Breeding properties of Mendelian popidation, Wentworth and Remick 269

Studies on inbreeding. — VIII, A single numerical measure. Pearl 269

Tricolor inheritance. — II, The Basset hoimd, Ibsen 269

Tricolor inheritance. — III, Tortoise-shell cats, Ibsen 269

fMiscellaneous experiments in animal husbandry] 270

[Work in animal husbandry at the Nebraska Station] 271

Wintering two-year-old steers preparatory to finishing on grass, Hunt 271

Preparation of com for fattening two-year-old steers, Allison 272

Com silage with and without shelled com for fattening steers, Allison 272

Kentucky's opportunities as a sheep State, Mann 273

Supplements to com for fattening swine, Robinson 274

The disposal of city garbage by feeding to hogs, Ashbrook and Bebout 274

The horse: His breeding, care, and treatment in health and disease, Merwin .. 274

Selection of breeding draft horses, Arnett 275

1918] CONTENTS. VH

Page.

Distribution of public service stallions in Wisconsin in 1917, Alexander 275

The feminization of male birds, Goodale 275

Sex-linked inheritance of [spangling in poultry], Rucker 275

CoiTelation between body pigmentation and egg production in fowl, Harris et al. 276

The distribution of egg production in single-comb White Leghorns, Card 276

Chicken rearing at Morden Hall, 191 4-15 276

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Economy of production by large and small cows, Grady 277

Open-shed housing as compared with the closed stable for milk cows 277

Silage alone compared with silage and mixed hay as roughage for dairy cows. . 277

(are and management of the dairy herd, Hulce and Kevens 278

Cow testing associations 278

Progress report on the production and distribution of milk. Mead "... 278

A report on the milk situation in the Pittsburgh district 279

The composition of milk, Arup, Huish, and Richmond 279

Principles and practice of milk hygiene, Klein 280

Safe milk. — An important food problem, Sweet 280

Hygienic quality of milk supplied to babies at schools for mothers, Buckley. . 280

Variations in cream tests. — Differences between butter and butter fat, Wilson. 280

Acidity and butter, I, Bouska 281

Butter makers' short course, McLaughlin 281

An ice cream laboratory guide, Fisk and Ellenberger 281

Report of creamery license di\'ision for 1917, Caldwell et al 281

Daily division, Cuddie 281

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

[Report of the] department of veterinary science, Paige 281

Report of Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board for 1917, Ward 281

Report for 1916 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, McFadyean. . 282

Live stock sanitary laws of Montana 282

Quarantine and general regulations of State of New Mexico 282

Iron as an antidote to cottonseed meal injury, Withers and Carruth 202

Prevention of nuisances from flies, Foreman and Graham-Smith 282

Pathologic conditions noted in laboratory animals, Mann and Brimhall 283

The treatment of infected wounds, Carrel and Dehelly 283

The treatment of infected wounds, Cai-rel and Dehelly, trans, by Cldld 283

The antiseptics and the war, Gershenf eld 283

Report on the use of Dakin's solution, Kingman.: 283

The preparation of vaccines on a large scale, Cunningham et al 283

Toxicity of preservatives in serums, viruses, and vaccines, Leake and Corbitt. 283

Transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus in utero, Huddleson 284

Differentiation of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group, II, Jordan and Victorson. 284

Conglutination test for the diagnosis of glanders, Schoening 284

The glycerin bouillon reaction curve of tubercle bacilli, Frothingham 284

Reactions to human and bovine tuberculin in disease of bones, Gauvain 285

Susceptibility of Indian milch cattle to tuberculosis, Listen and Soparkar 285

Bovine tuberculosis, Devine 286

Advantages of testing pure-bred herds. Ward 286

Sterility of cows, its causes and treatment, Albrechtsen, trans, by Welirbein. . 286

A study of the presence of Bacillus abortus in milk, Cooledge 286

Formalin treatment in mastitis, Bosshart 286

The cattle tick in Australia, Stewart et al 286

Hog cholera prevention and the serum treatment, Petersen 287

Rinderpest in swine. — Report of Ako Serum Institute, Takasawa 287

Epizootics and their control dming war, Miessner, trans, by Leibold 287

Kumri, combined diffuse sclerosis and poliomyelitis of horses, Macalister 287

[Poultry sanitation], Graham and Goodale 287

Tuberculosis of poultry in Ontario, Jones 288

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Seepage and return waters, Carpenter 288

Report of Water Rights Branch for 1916, Young 288

Calculations for design of iiTigation structm-es, Helmick 288

VTTI CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Farm drainage methods, Weir 288

Drainage, Landels 288

The disinfection of drinking water, Dakin and Dunham 288

Experimental roads in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, Anderton and Pauls. 289

Massachusetts Highway Commission cm-ve tables, compiled by Levis 289

Report of [Illinois] State Highway Commission, 1915-16 289

General specifications for materials 289

Material specifications 289

Influence of total on effective width of reinforced concrete slabs, Goldbeck 289

The flow of concrete imder sustained loads, Smith 290

Friction tests of concrete on various sub-bases, Goldbeck 290

Farm concrete, Ekblaw 291

Tests of fuel for agi-icultural steam engines 291

The cost of using farm motors, I, II 292

Profitable tractor farming, Stirniman 292

Large fu-eproof bai-n and silos built of concrete 292

Small cold storages and dairy buildings, Ruddick and Bm-gess 292

Fruit and vegetable storage structures 292

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Human food from an acre of staple farm products. Cooper and Spillman 292

The food supply of the German Empire 293

The two agricultures, Sauvage 293

Report of national Scottish conference on employment on the land, 1916 293

Report on the private insurance organizations in Switzerland for 1915 293

Cooperation in Wisconsin, Hibbard and Hobson 293

Public markets in the United States, King et al 293

Third annual report of the department of foods and markets, 1916 293

Second annual report of the director of farm markets for Idaho, Scholtz 293

[Farm market laws] 294

Arkansas warehouse, marketing, and gin regulating law 294

Canadian Produce Association 294

[Grain trade in the United States] 294

Problems, prices, and profits of the packing industry 294

Production of creameries and cheese factories, 1915 and 1916, Godfrey 294

Monthly crop report 294

[Florida State census of 1915] 294

[Agriculture of Minnesota] 294

Agricultural statistics of Ireland 295

Agriculture in Norway] ' 295

Agricultural statistics of Russia for 1915] 295

'Annual statistics of Egypt] 295

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Report of the education branch for the year 1915-16 295

Annual report of district agricultural schools of Georgia, Stewart 296

Agricultural education and experimentation in Argentina, Amadeo 296

Agricultural and forestry education in Dutch East Indies, De Bie et al 296

The study of veterinary science, Cumming et al 296

Productive farming, Davis 297

Summer courses in agriculture for teachers, DeWolf e et al 297

School and home gardening, Randall 297

Instruction in gardening , 297

Gardening for little girls, Foster 297

Boys' and girls' club contests, McLarty et al 297

MISCELLANEOUS.

Fortieth Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1916 297

Twenty -ninth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1916 298

Thirtieth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1916 298

Miscellaneous experiments 298

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 298

Monthly Bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 298

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

California Station: Page.

Circ. 158 (rev.), July, 1917 ... 208

Circ. 174, Sept., 1917 288

Circ. 175, Oct., 1917 278

Circ. 176, Oct., 1917 287

Circ. 177, Oct., 1917 237

Circ. 178,_ Oct., 1917 246

Colorado Station:

Bui. 180, pts. 1-3, 1911 288

Connecticut State Station:

An. Rpt. 1916, pt. 5 231,

235, 237, 241, 242

An. Rpt. 1916, pt. 6 239,

246, 247, 297

Hawaii Station:

Press Bui. 52, Feb. 24, 1917... 231

Idaho Station:

Bui. 99, May, 1917 242

Bui. 100, June, 1917 231

Illinois Station:

Bui. 203, Aug., 1917 245

Circ. 204, Aug., 1917 278

Indiana Station:

Bui. 200, July, 1917 246

Bui. 201, Aug., 1917 246

Circ. 63, July, 1917 281

Circ. 65, Aug., 1917 246

Circ. 66, Aug., 1917 219

Circ. 67, Aug., 1917 245

Circ. 68, Aug., 1917 244

Circ. 69, Sept., 1917 246

Circ. 70, Sept., 1917 251

Cii-c. 71, Sept., 1917 250

Kentucky Station:

Circ. 15, June, 1917 258

Circ. 16, July, 1917 249

Circ. 17, Aug., 1917 264

Circ. 18, Sept., 1917 273

Circ. 19, Oct., 1917 208

Massachusetts Station:

Met. Buls. 345-346, Sept.-Oct.,

1917 210

Twenty-ninth An. Rpt. 1916,

pts. land 2 218,

231, 249, 256,
281, 287, 298

Missouri Station:

Bui, 148, July, 1917 217

Bui. 149, Aug., 1917 272

Bui. 150, Aug., 1917 272

Montana Station:

Circ. 69, Aug., 1917 275

Circ. 70, Aug., 1917 249

Stations in the United States — Contd.

N ebraska Station : Page.

Thirtieth An. Rpt. 1916 228,

271, 278, 298
New Hampshire Station:

Sci. Contrib. 10, Aug., 1917... 255
New Jersey Station:

Bui. 809, Sept. 12, 1916 214

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui., vol. 4, No. 16,

Oct., 1917 266

Ohio Station:

Mo. Bui., vol. 2, No. 10, Oct.,

1917 219,

252, 274, 277, 298
Pennsylvania Station:

Bui. 147, July, 1917 219,

220, 229, 241, 244,
248, 270, 277, 298

Bui. 148, Aug., 1917 239

Tennessee Station:

Bui. 118, Apr., 1917 212

Virginia Station:

Bui. 215, Aug., 1917 271

Bui. 216,. Sept., 1917 240

Washington Station:

Bui. 146, June, 1917 226

West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui.,
vol. 5 —

No. 7, Oct., 1917 298

No. 8, Nov., 1917 298

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 282, May, 1917 293

Bui. 283, Sept., 1917 275

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 11:

No. 2, Oct. 8, 1917 211,252

No. 3, Oct. 15, 1917 206,

260, 284

No. 4, Oct. 22, 1917 210,

221,226, 232

No. 5, Oct. 29, 1917 222

Farmers' Bui. 856, Control of Dis-
eases and Insect Enemies of the
Home Vegetable Garden, W. A.

Orton and F. H. Chittenden 241

Farmers' Bui. 872, The Bollworm

or Corn Earworm, F. C. Bishopp . 261
Farmers' Bui. 875, The Rough-
headed Cornstalk-beetle in the
Southern States and Its Control,
W. J. Phillips and H. Fox 263

IX

X

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

[Vol. 38

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Page,
Farmers' Bill. 877, Human Food
from an Acre of Staple Farm
Products, M. O. Cooper and

W. J. Spillman 292

Farmers' Bui. 878, Grains for
Western North and South
Dakota, F. R. Babcock, J. H.

Martin, and R. W. Smith 230

Farmers' Bui. 879, Home Storage

of Vegetables, J. H. Beattie 241

Farmers' Bui. 880, Fumigation of
Ornamental Greenhouse Plants
with Hydrocyanic-acid Gas, E.

R. Saseccrand A. D. Borden 258

Farmers' Bui. 881, Preservation of
Vegetables by Fermentation and
Salting, L. A. Round and H. L.

Lang 26G

Farmers' Bui. 882, Irrigation of

Orchards, S. Fortier 242

Farmers' Bui. 883, Grains for the
Utah Dry Lands, J. W. Jones and

A. F. Bracken 230

Farmers' Bui. 884, Saving Vege-
table Seeds for the Home and
Market Garden, "W. W. Tracy, sr. 241
Farmers' Bui. 885, WTieat Growing
in the Southeastern States, C. E.

Leighty 240

Farmers' Bui. 886, Harvesting

Soy-bean Seed, W. J. Morse. . . . 237
Office of the Secretary:

Circ. 77, Experimental Roads
in the Vicinity of Washing-
ton, D. C, B. A. Anderton

andJ. T.Pauls 289

Circ. 79, Emergency Fuel from
the Farm Woodland, A. F.

Hawes 248

Circ. 80, Disposal of City Gar-
bage by Feeding to Hogs,
F. G. Ashbrook and J. D.

Bebout 274

Circ. 81, Hai-vesting, Picking,
Thrashing, and Storing Pea-
nuts, H. C. Thompson 235

Rpt. 117, The Substitution of
Other Materials for Wood,

R.Thelen 248

Bureau of Biological Survey:

North American Fauna 42,
Life Zone Investigations in

Wyoming, M. Cary 255

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 3, No. 10,

Oct., 1917 294

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1915 —

Soil Survey of Washing-
ton County, Ala., L. A.

Hurst etal 214

Soil Survey of the Honey
Lake Area, Cal., J. E.
Guernsey et al 214

1 Printed in scientific and technical

U. S. Department of Agriculture— Conid .

Pas;e.
Bureau of Soils — Continued.

Field Operations, 1915 — Con.
Soil Survey of the Pasa-
dena Area, Cal., E. C.
EckmannandC.J.Zinn.
Soil Survey of Scott Coun-
ty, Iowa, E. H. Stevens,
E. H. Smies, and K.

Espe

Soil Survey of Dawes
County, Nebr., R. R.
Bum etal

215

215

216

Soil Survey of Columbus

County, N. C, R. B.

Hardison et al 216

Soil Survev of Portage

County, 'Wis., W. J.

Geib, L. R. Schoen-

mann , and L . P . Hanson. 216
Soil Survey of Wood

County, Wis., W. J.

Geib et al 217

Field Operations, 1916—

Soil Survey of Crisp

County, Ga., E. T.

Maxon and D . D . Long. . 215

Soil Survey of Benton

County, Ind., G. B.

Jones and J. B. Brill 215

Soil Survey of Cortland
County, N. Y., E. T
Maxon and G. L. Fuller.
Soil Survey of Hertford 216
County, N. C, E. S.
Vanatta and F. N. Mc-
Dowell 216

Weather Bureau :

Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 45,
Nos. 7-8, July- Aug. , 1917. .208, 209
Scientific Contributions:^

The Identity of Cyanuric Acid
with So-called "Tetracar-
bonimid," E. H. Walters

andL. E.Wise 202

A Convenient Automatic De-
\'ice for Rapidly Washing

Pipettes, A. V. Fuller 203

An Accurate Method for Tak-
ing Aliquots of a Standard
in Standardizing Solutions,

C.F.Miller 204

Potato Utilization Possibilities,

H.C.Gore 207

A Preliminary Report upon
the Making of Potato Silage
for Cattle Food, L. A. Round

andH. C. Gore 207

The Influence of Light and
Chlorophyll Formation on
the Minimum Toxic Con-
centration of Magnesium
Nitrate for the Squash, R.
B. Harvey and R. H. True. 224
publications outside the Department.

1918]

LIST OF PUBLICATION'S.

XI

JJ. S. Department of Agriculture— Contd.

Scientific Contributions— Contd. Page.

The Colorimetric Determina-
tion of Hydrogen Ion Con-
centration and Its Applica-
tions in Bacteriology, W. M.
Clark and H. A. Lubs 225

Endothia Pigments, I, L. A.
Hawldns and N. E. Stevens 225

Observations on an Achlya
Lacking Sexual Reproduc-
tion, W. H . Weston 225

South American Forest Re-
sources and Their Relation
to the World's Timber Sup-
ply, R. Zon 246

Forest Problems and Econom-
ic Development in South
America, R. Zon 24G

Practical Wood Preserv^ation
Processes for Prolonging the
Life of MiU Roofs, C. H.
Teesdale 249

A New Leaf Spot Disease of
Cherries, B. A. Rudolph. ... 251

Some Changes Produced in
Strawljerry Fruits by Rhizo-
pus nigricans, N. E. Stevens
and L. A. Hawldns 252

Recent Cultures of Forest Tree
Rusts, J. R. Weir and E. E.
Hubert 253

Pycnial Stages of Important
Forest Tree Rusts, J. R.
Weir and E. E. Hubert. ... 253

Notes on Razoumofshya campy-
lopoda, G. G. Hedgcock and
N.R.Hunt 253

Sparassis radicata, an Unde-
scribed Fungus on the Roots
of Conifers, J. R. Weir 253

U. S. Departinent of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

Needle Rust on Pinu^ resinosa,
P. Spaulding 253

Synthetic Culture Media for
Wood-destro>dng Fungi, E.
J. Pieper, C. J. Humphrey,
and S. F. Acree 254

The Mononchs (Mononchus
Bastian 1866), a Genus of
Free-li-ving Predatoiy Nema-
todes, N. A. Cobb 254

Segmentation in Nematodes:
Observations Bearing on the
Unsettled Question of the
Relationship of Nematodes
to Other Branches of the
Animal Kingdom, N. A.
Cobb 254

The Rat Pest, E.W. Nelson. . 255

Index to the Literature of
American Economic En-
tomology, January 1, 1905,
to December 31, 1914, com-
piled by N. Banks 256

Florida and the Mediterranean
Fruit Fly, E, A. Back 262

Farm Drainage Methods, W.
W. Weir 288

The Influence of Total Width
on the Effective Width of
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Subjected to Central Con-
centrated Loading, A. T.
Goidbeck 289

The Flow of Concrete under
Sustained Loads, E. B.
Smith 290

Friction Tests of Concrete on
Various Sub-bases, A. T.
Goidbeck 290

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EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. Abstract Number. No. 3

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGKICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY— AGEOTECIINY.

On the origin of the humin fornied by the acid hydrolysis of proteins. —
III, Hydrolysis in the presence of aldehydes. — II, Hydrolysis in the pres-
ence of formaldehyde, K. A. Goktner and G. E. Holm {Jotir. Amer. Chan. Soc,
39 iWn), No. 11, pp. 2477-2501, fig. i).— Continuing the work previously noted
(E. S. R., 36, p. 108) the authors, at the Minnesota Experiment Station, have
studied the reactions which take place when proteins are hydrolyzed in the
presence of formaldehyde, with special reference to the formation of the black
insoluble humin of protein hydrolysis and also, incidentally, to the composition
of the " soluble humin " and " ammonia " fractions.

From the results it is concluded that " when proteins are hydrolyzed in tbe
presence of trioxymetbylene and the resulting hydrolyzate analyzed by Van
Slyke's method, the nitrogen distribution is so altered as to bear no resemblance
to tbe analysis conducted in the absence of aldehyde. When a protein contain-
ing tyrosin and trytophan is hydrolyzed with increasing amounts of trioxy-
metbylene, the figures for both insoluble and soluble humin nitrogen are rapidly
increased to a maximum, after which there is a sharp decrease in the nitrogen
ciirve of these fractions. The ammonia fraction, on the other hand, decreases
with the smaller additions of trioxymetbylene and then rises rapidly for larger
additions of aldehyde. When both tyrosin and tryptophan are absent from a
protein, hydrolysis in the presence of trioxymetbylene produces no change in
the insoluble or soluble humin nitrogen and only a steady increase in tlie
ammonia fractions. We have shown that the rise in the insoluble humin curve
and the formation of black insoluble humin is due to the presence of trypto-
phan in the hydrolyzate, and we believe that the maximum point on the insoluble
humin nitrogen curve coincides closely with the amount of tryptophan nitrogen
present in the hydrolyzate. An excess of trioxymetbylene largely inhibits the
formation of insoluble humin but does not break down insoluble humin which
has once been formed."

Histidin and cystin were found not to be involved in the formation of black
insoluble humin as reported by Roxas (E. S. R., 36, p. 412), and it is believed
that tryptophan alone of all the hydrolytic products is involved in the reaction,
as previously reported by the authors. The formation of the humin is indi-
cated as being due to a combination of tryptophan with some unidentified alde-
hyde or ketone, and the only part which any of the other amino acids have in
the humin formation is probably to furnish some of their nitrogen, either
through adsorption or occlusion. " The a-amino group of the aliphatic side
chain of tryptophan is not involved in the primary reaction by which black
insoluble humin is formed. The pi-imary reaction concerns only the indol

201

202 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

nucleus, inasmuch as the same reaction takes place when tryptophan is replaced
by indol and it appears probable that it is the a-position of the indol nucleus
which is reactive.

" The soluble luimin nitrogen of proteins hydrolyzed in the presence of trioxj'-
niethylene is largely derived from tyrosin. However, the maximum point of
the soluble humin curve includes some tryptophan nitrogen. We believe that
it is possible to distinguish the soluble humin formed from tryptophan from
that derived from tyrosin. for there is a sudden drop from the maximum
insoluble humin nitrogen when additional aldehyde is added and then, on the
further addition of aldehyde, the curve flattens and becomes approximately a
straight line. The sudden drop we believe to be due to the nonformation of
soluble humin from tryptophan due to the presence of an excess of aldehyde
and the straight line drop to the deamination of the tyrosin humin. If this be
true an extension of the deamination curve until it intercepts the rising soluble
humin curve should indicate the proportion of the soluble humin nitrogen (hie
t© tyrosin. The sudden initial drop in the ammonia fraction is probably due
to the removal of some compound (tryptophan) in the insoluble humin which,
when no aldehyde is present, contributes nitrogen to the ' ammonia ' fraction.
The sudden rise in the ' ammonia ' curve with larger additions of trioxymethyl-
ene is not due to the formation of ammonia but to the deamination of amino
acids and the formation of volatile alkaline compounds, the nature of which is
still under investigation."

The identity of cyanuric acid with so-called " tetracarbonimid," E. H.
Walters and L. E. Wise {Jorir. Amer. Chem. Hoc, 39 (.1917), No. 11, pp. 2^72-
2Jfil). — Data are submitted which show that the so-called "tetracarbonimid"
which has been prepared by oxidizing uric acid with hydrogen peroxid in alka-
line solution is really cyanuric acid. The nitrogenous compound isolated from
a number of soils and at first believed to be tetracarbonimid has been shown to
be cyanuric acid.

The further isolation of cyanuric acid from a number of sandy soils from
different localities in Florida, Norfolk sandy loam from Virginia, lawn soil
from the grounds of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Elkton silt loam from
Maryland, Scottsburg silt loam from Indiana, Caribou loam from Maine, and a
Susquehanna fine sandy loam from Texas is noted. From these results it
appears that the acid or its precursor is Avidely distributed in soils.

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 37, p. 612.)

The isolation from peat of certain nucleic acid derivatives, W. B. Bottom-
ley (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 90 (1917), No. B 623, pp. 59-^^).— From
the results of the investigation the author concludes that " all the constituents
of a true nucleic acid are present in raw peat, but nucleic acid as such has not
been isolated. Nucleic acid must have been present in the plants from which
peat has been formed, and since it is improbable that hydrolysis could have
been brought about by the methods of extraction employed, the original nucleic
acid has evidently been decomposed by bacterial or other agencies during the
process of peat formation into the products which have been isolated." The
probable course of the decomposition of the nucleic acid in peat is briefly dis-
cussed.

The work reported was only qualitative, but it is indicated that a quantita-
tive study is in progress. The analytical procedures used are described in
detail.

Fats from Rhus laurina and R. diversiloba, J. B. McNair (Bot. Gaz., 64
(1917), No. 4, pp. 330-336, fig. i).— The following constants were obtained for
the substances isolated from R. diversiloba and R. laurina, respectively : Spe-

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 203

cific gravity at 18.5° C, 0.9872 and 0.8987 ; solubility, milligrams per liter in 95
per cent alcohol at 20°, 170 and 136; Hiibl iodin absorption, 8.79 and 11.44 per
cent; saponification value, 220.6 and 157.1; and melting point, 53 and 74°.

The substances are indicated as being more similar to Japan wax than to any
other fat. A decrea.se in the poisonous properties of the fruit of R. diversiloba
was found to occur simultaneously with au increase in its fat content. " The
decrease in the poisonous properties in the ripening of the fruit of R. diversiloba
eventually results in the fruit becoming nontoxic. This phenomenon is not
necessarily due to a chemical transformation of the poison into fat, for (1)
subsequent to the formation of fat the cells in which it is deposited become
filled with starch; (2) it is possible for the plant to transform starch into fat;
(3) fat is not formed in the parenchymatous sheaths of the resin passages; (4)
consequent upon the formation of fat, the resin passages are everywhere con-
stricted by the growth of parenchyma sheaths; (5) a similar fat has been
found in the fruit of a noupoisonous species of Rhus."

A graphical chart showing the time when and the number of birds that eat
poison-oak fruits is included.

The composition of loganberry juice and pulp, M. R. Daughters (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 {1917), No. 11, p. 10^3). —The following results were
obtained in the examination of three samples of loganberry juice: Specific
gravity (16° C), 1.0523, 1.0477, 1.0508; percentage of acidity as citric, 2.396,
3.084, 2.199 ; percentage of acidity as sulphuric, 1.678, 2.159, 1.54 ; water, 88.96,
89.13, 90.548 ; total solids, 11.04, 10.87, 9.4.52 ; percentage of ash, 0.4139, 0.5785,
0.4226; alkalinity (as K^COs), 0.413, 0.5075, 0.288; protein (N X 6.25), 0.3226,
0.731, 0.7375; sugar (as invert sugar), 6.56, 5.37, 8.39; alcoholic precipitate,
0.502, 0.872, 0.4008 ; calorific value per liter, 290, 207, 385. The percentage com-
position of the moist and dried loganberry pulp, respectively, was found to be,
moisture, 70.97; total solids, 29.03; protein (N X 6.25), 3.727 and 12.81; ether
extract, 3.790 and 13.089; nitrogen-free extract, 11.06 and 38.11; crude fiber,
8.389 and 28.89; ash, 0.695 and 2.394; acid (as citric), 1.367 and 4.706; calories
(per pound), 426 and 1.458.

The oil obtained yielded the following constants: Specific gravity (15.5°),
0.926; refractive index (15.5°), 1.4811; solidifying temperature, — 33°; iodin
number, 158.32 ; saponification number, 179.8. The oil is indicated as lying
between hempseed oil and tung oil as a drying oil.

Summary of the composition of wines of current consumption, G. Filau-
DEAU (A7in. Falsi/., 10 {1911), No. 105-106, pp. 321-405).— These pages contain
data for the various wines of the harvest of 1916 (E. S. R., 87, p. 12).

A new form of safety pipette, A. S. Behbman (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 9 (1911), No. 11, p. lOJfl, figs. 2). — A device which consists of an ordi-
nary pipette or a Jlohr pipette, used in conjunction with a three-way stopcock,
and a stiff atomizer bulb properly valved is described.

A convenient automatic device for rapidly washing pipettes, A. V. Fullek
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 11, pp. 1046, 1047, fig. 1).—The
construction and operation of a convenient apparatus are described by a dia-
gram.

An asbestos stopper, J. B. Nichols (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917),
No. 11, p. 1047). — The author describes the preparation of an asbestos stopper
which was used in a distillation which involved the use of fuming sulphuric
acid at a temperature of about 350° G. A plaster of Paris mold was made of a
suitable cork, and then tamped with a mixture of asbestos-magnesia mixture
(as used for steam packing) and long-fibered asbestos. After proper drying
the stopper was found to be just plastic enough to be firmly pressed into the

204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

nock of the flask, and although it became hard during tlie distillation could be
removed without difficulty. By moistening again it could be used for a second
distillation.

An accurate method for taking aliquots of a standard in standardizing
solutions, C. F. Miller {Jour. Amer. Chetn. Soc, 39 (1917), No. 11, p. 2388).—
The following method is proposed:

About five times as much of the standard as is desired for the titration is
carefully weighed and dissolved in a quantity of water slightly exceeding five
times the capacity of the pipette to be used in taking the aliquots. Five por-
tions of the solution are then carefully drawn in an identical manner, and the
remainder, together with the rinsings from the pipette, is transferred to a
tared platinum dish, evaporated, dried, and weighed. The pipette need not be
standardized nor Its exact capacity known. A simple calculation gives the
amount of material in each aliquot.

The method can be used only for such substances as sodium carbonate,
sodium oxalate, etc., which are soluble and separate from the solution again
in a weighable form upon evaporation.

The nomon — a calculating device for chemists, H. G. Deming (Jour. Amer.
Chctn. Soc, 89 (1917), No. 10, pp. 2137-21^, figs. 2).— The author describes the
use of a calculating chart which he has devised and which has a degree of pre-
cision about five or ten times that of an ordinary 10-in. slide rule. Special
scales can be easily constructed to adapt the chart for varied calculations.

Observations on the McLean- Van Slyke iodometric method for the titra-
tion of small amounts of halids, in its application to chlorids, R. F. Mc-
Cracken and Mary D. Walsh (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 (1917), No. 11, pp.
2501-2506). — Tlie authors have found that when a titration is made very slowly
in the McLean-Van Slyke method ^ a starch-iodid color that might be mistaken
for the end point sometimes develops before the titration is complete. This
color gradually disappears as the end point is approached, even when several
times as intense as the end point color. By supplementing the starch present
in the titration with 10 cc. of a 1 per cent soluble starch solution just before
titration, the end point is obtained in a clear solution instead of an opalescent
solution.

Both the original method and the method with the use of additional starch,
as noted above, are indicated as giving satisfactory results.

Determination of chlorin in hlood serum and albuminous body fluids,
M. Laudat (Jour, rharm. ct Chim., 7. scr., 16 (1917), No. 6. pp. 168-171).— In
the titration of chlorin after oxidation with nitric acid the development of the
yellow color during the action of the nitric acid on the protein was found to
interfere with obtaining a sharp end point and consequently caused slightly low
results. The use of potassium permanganate was found to eliminate this
source of error and the following procedure was developed :

To 5 cc. of the serum or other sample 10 cc. of tenth-normal silver nitrate,
6 cc. of a saturated solution of potassium permanganate, and 10 cc. nitric acid
(specific gravity 1.38) are added and the mixture carefully heated for several
minutes. After cooling, the liquid is made up to 100 cc. volume and the excess
.■silver nitrate titrated with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate, using ferric
alum as indicator. It is noted that the procedure requires but five or six min-
utes for completion, and yields accurate results as shown by comparative data.

The colorimetric determination of manganese by oxidation with periodate,
H. 11. WiLLARD and L. H. Greathouse (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 (1917), No.
11, pp. 2366-2377). — A method based on the equation

2Mn(N03)=+5KI04+3H20=2HMn04+5KIOs+4HN03

iJour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 37 (1915), No. 5, pp. 1128-1134.

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 205

has been devised and is described. The general procedure is to bring the ma-
terial to be analyzed into a solution containing in 100 cc. at least from 10 to
15 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid, 20 cc. of nitric acid or from 5 to 10 cc. of
sirupy phosphoric acid, or mixtures of two or more of the acids. The solution
must be previously freed from reducing agents by boiling with nitric acid,
adding a little persulphate if carbon compounds are present. If chlorids are
present the solution should be evaporated with nitric and sulphuric acids.
P'rom 0.2 to 0.4 gm. of potassium or sodium periodate is added, the solution
boiled for a minute, kept hot from five to ten minutes, cooled, diluted to the
proper volume, and compared with a standard of known manganese content,
similarly prepared. The solution, when ready to be compared, should not
contain much more than 1 mg. of manganese per 50 cc, as otherwise the color
would be too dark. In the presence of considerable iron either sulphuric or
phosphoric acid must be present, since the ferric periodate is insoluble in con-
centrated nitric acid but readily soluble in other acids.

The method is indicated as being specially adapted for the determination of
manganese in water, soil, ores, and other materials in which it is present in
small amounts.

An attempt to use the reaction as a basis of a volumetric method was un-
successful.

A bibliography of 34 references to the literature on the colorimetric determi-
nation of manganese is appended.

Some suggestions concerning the preparation of ammonium citrate solu-
tion and the determination of insoluble phosphoric acid, P. McG. Shuey
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 11, p. 10^5). — The author notes
that he has found that the neutral point in the preparation of ammonium
citrate by the addition of ammonium hydroxid to citric acid can be reached
at once by calculating the amount of ammonia required for a given amount of
citric acid according to the following equation :

CsHiOH ( OOOH ) j+3NH3=C3H«OH ( COONH* ) ,.

Practical examples of the preparation of ammonium citrate solution and
some notes on its use for determining soluble phosphoric acid in various ma-
terials are included.

The determination of soil phosphorus, C. O. Rost {Soil Sci., It {1911), No. 4,
pp. 295-311). — In the study reported the author, at the Minnesota Experiment
Station, compared the fusion with sodium carbonate method, the Fischer and
Hilgard (E. S. R., 15, p. 746) methods, involving extraction with strong acid,
the Washington hydrofluoric acid method, a modification of Washington's
method proposed by Robinson (E. S. R., 34, p. 806), and a modification pro-
posed by himself for the determination of phosphorus in soils. The author's
modification of Washington's method provides for the elimination of the or-
ganic matter of soils and the complete extraction of the phosphorus by means
of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. The procedure is described in detail.

The results of the comparative study show that only a negligible quantity
of phosphoric acid was recoverable from the separated silica with the fusion
method. Neither evaporation with magnesium nitrate previous to ignition nor
precipitation of the phosphoric acid with the sesquioxids of iron and aluminum
in order to separate it from the excess of sodium salts was found advantageous.

" The Fischer method recovered practically all of the phosphoric acid in the
peat soils, but in most cases with minei-al soils a considerable amount was
left in the insoluble residue. None was lost by volatilization or rendered unre-
coverable by the formation of compounds of iron and aluminum insoluble in
44073°— 18 2

206 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol. 3S

nitric acid. Tliat left in tlie residue was tlie result of an incomplete extraction
by the acids employed." In one soil the Hilgard method extracted as much acid-
soluble phosphoric acid as did the Fischer method, but in another .sample con-
siderably less.

" Washington's method, when applied to soils and modified to the extent of
igniting the residue to dull redness after the final evaporation with nitric acid,
failed to recover the whole of the phosphoric acid present. The residues upon
being fused with sodium carbonate yielded the missing amount, thus showing
that the low percentages found by this method are not due to volatilization
during ignition but to incompleteness of extraction by nitric acid.

" Robinson's modification of Washington's method extracted only from 50 to
65 per cent of the total phosphoric acid, the remainder being found partly in
the residue and partly in the filtrate from the yellow precipitate. With soils
high in organic matter the magnesium pyrophosphate obtained by this modi-
fication of the method carried a considerable amount of magnesium oxid, which
was derived from precipitated organic compounds. A temperature so low that
no glowing was produced failed to oxidize the organic matter completely.
Samples analyzed by this modification of Washington's method, with the ex-
ception that after the first evaporation with nitric acid they were ignited to
very dull redness, behaved similarly, although no phosphoric acid was found
in the filtrate from the yellow precipitate." The incomplete extraction of the
phosphorus from soils by Washington's method was found to be due to over-
heating of the residue, causing the formation of difficultly soluble phosphates
or iron and aluminum.

The amount of titanium oxid found in soils is considered to be too low to
interfei-e with the precipitation of the phosphorus.

The data are submitted in tabular form and discussed.

Rapid determination of bran contained in flour and bread, R. Legendre
{Ann. Falsif., 10 (Wit), No. 105-1G6, pp. 293-296, fig. i).— The following pro-
cedure is described :

After determining the moisture in a 2-gm. sample of flour or a 3-gm. sample
of bread crumbs, the material is treat^l in a test tube or other suitable con-
tainer with 10 cc. of water and 10 cc. phosphoric acid (specific gravity 1.38)
and the mixture heated in an autoclave for one hour at 120° C. After cooling,
the contents of the tube are placed on a small, previously moistened silk sieve
(number 100 or 120) and carefully washed with a small stream of water until
the washings are clear. The bran on the sieve is returned to the tube, water
added, and the mixture again returned to the sieve and washed. After being
thoroughly washed it is collected, dried, and weighed. Where the method is
used for spaghetti and similar products the time of heating should be prolonged.

The procedure is indicated as being sufficiently accurate for the detection of
adulteration of either flour or bread.

Tentative standard methods for the sampling and analysis of commercial
fats and oils, other than those of the coconut, butter, and linseed groups
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 11, pp. 1066-1070, fig. i).— The
methods of sampling and analysis reported have been adopted by the committee
on the analysis of commercial fats and oils of the Division of Industrial
Chemists and Chemical Engineers of the American Chemical Society as tenta-
tive standards for the use of the trade pending their official adoption by the
society.

Occurrence of manganese in insect flowers and insect flower stems, C. C,
McDoNNEix and R. C. Roark (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917),
No. S, pp. 77-82). — Tabular data relative to the manganese content of stems

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 207

and of " open " and " closed " flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariccfolium of
both Dalmatian and Japanese origin are submitted.

The manganese content of both stems and flowers was found to vary so much
and the difference in amount to be so small in these two parts of the plant as
to render valueless any method for estimating the amount of powdered stems
in an insect powder from its manganese content.

The Japanese pyrethrum contained more manganese than that from other
countries. This is indicated as being probably due to the high manganese con-
tent of the volcanic soils of Japan. An increase in the manganese content of
])yrethrum was found to be accompanied by a slightly higher nitrogen and
phosphoric acid content.

Potato utilization possibilities, H. C. Gore (Proc. Potato Assoc. Atner., S
{1916), pp. 70-75). — This is a brief discussion of the manufacture of potato
starch and dextrin and of potato drying^ together with a method developed by
tlie author for drying potatoes, practicable in small factories or on farms.

A preliminary report upon the making' of potato silage for cattle food,
L. A. Round and H. C. Goke {Proc. Potato Assoc. Amer., 3 {1916), pp. 75-79).—
The authors have found that the use of from 2 to 5 per cent of corn meal mixed
with crushed potatoes insures an acid fermentation which converts potatoes
into a good silage. The process can be carried out on either a large or small
scale, and with reasonable care the losses are negligible.

The potatoes should be first well washed and then properly crushed. The
container in which the fermentation takes place must be tight and so covered
as to exclude as much air as possible.

The resulting product is indicated as being very desirable and to be eaten
freely by cattle. Although eaten less readily by hogs at first, they soon learn
to eat it.

The market for sunflowers {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., IJf {1917), No. ^, pp. 508-
516). — This is a brief report from the Imperial Institute of the United King-
dom, the Colonies, and India on utilization of and markets for sunflowers from
Rhodesia.

It is noted that practically the only industrial purpose to which plant pith
is applied at present is in the manufacture of pith helmets, and that for this
purpose the sunflower pith appears to be less suitable than the others commonly
used. This point, however, is being investigated further. The pith can not
be employed as a substitute for wood and cotton in the preparation of cellu-
lose on account of its low yield and physical condition. Its possible use as
material for packing in the sheathing of ships and for stuffing life-saving appli-
ances for use at sea is being investigated.

The material is considered unsuitable for use in feeding stuffs on account
of its indigestibility and high absorptive capacity for fluids. Since no experi-
mental work appears to have been done in this connection, it is indicated that
feeding trials should be carried out. Its admixture with molasses is indicated
as probably a suitable way of feeding the material.

After the removal of the pith from the stems a good yield of pulp is obtained
which, however, is only suitable for the manufacture of common brown paper,
since it can not be satisfactorily bleached. The best method of using the stems
at present is indicated as being either to chop them for use as manure, since
they contain nearly 5 per cent of potash, or to burn them and use the ash,
which contains nearly 50 per cent of its weight of potash. The ash might also
be employed for the extraction of crude potash as is now done in Russia.

Evaporated apples, C. S. McGillivbay {Canada Dept. Apr., Health Anim.
Branch Bui. 24 {1917), pp. 38, figs. S3). — This is a report on the evaporated
apple industry in Canada. The general topics treated are different types and

208 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

eqiiipment for evaporators, p:iring machines, bleachors, slicers, etc.; plans of
evaporators ; the curing room ; and color, uniformity, cut, etc., of the finished
product.

Canned foods, A. W. Bitting {U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreifjn and Dom. Com.,
Misc. tier.. No. SJf {1911), pp. 79, figs. 39). — This bulletin describes and discusses
modern processes of commercial canning in the United States, the general sys-
tem of grading, and products available for export.

Home and farm canning, W. V. Cruess {California Hta. Circ. 158, reo. ed.
{1917), pp. 32, figs. 10).— In this revision (E. S. R., 36, p. 509), special direc-
tions for meats and some notes on ptomaine and botulinus poisoning and on new
methods of sterilizing fruits and vegetables have been added.

For vegetables low in acidity, the addition of lemon juice and sterilization
at 212° F. was found to sterilize the material completely, but not in any way
to be injurious to its flavor or texture. Since heating fruits at 212° always
changes more or less tlie flavor, texture, and appearance, experiments were
carried out to determine the lowest temperature at which complete sterilization
was elfocted. Temperatures of from 165 to 175° were found to be sufllcient
and to yield most satisfactory products.

A German substitute for jute {Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1911), No. 1, pp. 159,
160). — A material designated as " textilose " made from paper pulp which has
passed through machines and been spun into thread or cord preparatory to weav-
ing into a tough cloth is briefly noted. The material is reported as possessing
remarkable wearing qualities and to be a creditable substitute for the natural
fiber, though higher priced.

METEOROLOGY.

Relation between temperature and crops, D. A. Sp:eley {Abs. in U. S. Mo.
Weather Rev., 45 {1911), No. 1, pp. 354-359, figs. 3).— Previous attempts to de-
termine the relation between weather and crop production are reviewed, espe-
cially with reference to the methods employed.

Observations at East Lansing, aiich., during 1915 and 1916 on the tem-
perature of the plant itself under varying atmospheric conditions are recorded.
These show that the plant is much warmer than the air when bathed in sun-
shine, the excess in clear weather averaging about 15°, in partly cloudy
weather, 10°, and in cloudy weather, less than 1° F. " Curves expressing
plant growth rates and plant temperatures show parallelisms more decided than
other temperatures observed, including maximum and mean air temperatures,
soil temperatures, and readings of the ' black-bulb in vacuo.' A test of the
number of heat units required to cause a cherry tree to blossom in the green-
house and out of doors shows remarkably close results when plant temperatures
are considered, but a consideration of air temperatures alone gives a wide
variation.

"A formula is evolved for determining the effectiveness of air temperature in
promoting crop development, as follows :

T=<+15C+10P,
t being the sum of maximum temperatures above 42° during a certain period,
after that amount has been subtracted from each temperature, C being the num-
ber of clear, and P the number of partly cloudy days during the period."

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is given.

Killing frost and length of growing season in various sections of Ken-
tucky, F. J. Walz {Kentucky Sta. Circ. 19 {1911), pp. 121-132, figs. 4; U. S.
Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1911), No. 1, pp. 3J,8-353, figs. //).— This paper sum-
marizes and presents in tables and charts the results of a study of the dates of

1918] METEOROLOGY. 209

the last killing frost in spring and the first killing frost in fall in Kentucky.
The average dates of frost, the average number of days in the growing season,
and the " standard deviations " from these averages are computed for each sta-
tion and consequent risks or probabilities determined.

Predicting' minimum temperatures, J. W. Smith (U. S. Ho. Weatlier Rev.,
45 {1917), No. S, pp. J/02-Ji07). — The importance of accurate methods of pre-
dicting mean temperatures in connection " with the development of orchard-
heating methods and the protection of general fruit and garden crops from
damage by frosts or low temperatures by heating, covering, or flooding" is
pointed out. The methods iised for this purpose are discussed.

A brief historical note by C. F. Marvin is appended.

Some field experiments on evaporation from snow surfaces, F. S. Baker
(U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., ^5 (1917), No. 7, pp. 363-366, figs. 2).— Observations
at the Utah Forest Experiment Station in the Mauti National Forest indicated
an evaporation of about 3 in. during the winter of 1915-16 out of a snowfall
equivalent to 21.91 in. of water.

Mean annual rainfall of the United States, R. DeC. Ward (TJ. 8. Mo.
Weather Rev., 45 {1917), No. 7, pp. 338-845, pi. 1, fig. i).— The purpose of this
paper, which is based largely upon a new chart of average annual precipitation
prepared by the Weather Bureau, is to present a clear, simple statement of
essential facts regarding the rainfall of the United States from a broadly
geogi'aphical rather than strictly meteorological point of view. The article
discusses rainfall maps in general and the precipitation chart referred to in
particular, and summarizes the essential features of rainfall in the eastern and
Gulf provinces, the Great Plains, plateau provinces, and the Pacific coast. A
list of special and general references to literature bearing on the subject is
given.

Damage by hail in Kansas, S. D. Flora and C. L. Bush ( U. S. Mo. Weather
Rev., 45 {1917), No. 7, pp. 359-861, figs. 2).— A study of the extent and dis-
tribution of damage by hail, briefly reported in this article, indicates that the
probability of damage from this cause increases toward the western portion of
Kansas, although both the average rainfall and the rainfall for the crop-
growing months in the western third of the State are less than half the aver-
ages for those periods in the eastern third. The causes of this increase in lia-
bility to damage by hailstorms in the drier, western part of Kansas remain to
be determined.

Monthly Weather Review (U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1917), Nos. 7, pp.
885-395, pis. 9, figs. 18; 8, pp. 897-488, pis. 10, figs. 7).— In addition to weather
forecasts, river and flood observations, and seisraological reports for July and
August, 1917 ; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent
papers on meteorology and seismology ; notes on the weather of the months ;
solar and sky radiation measurements at Washington, D. C, during July and
August, 1917 ; condensed climatological summaries ; and the usual climato-
logical tables and charts ; these numbers contain the following articles :

No. 7. — Mean Annual Rainfall of the United States, with Notes on the New
Chart of Average Annual Precipitation (illus.), by R. DeC. Ward (see above) ;
Sea Breeze on Eastern Long Island (illus.), by E. S. Clowes; Influence of the
Sea on the Climate of Long Island, N. Y., by E. S. Clowes; Killing Frost and
Length of Growing Season in Various Sections of Kentucky (illus.), by F. J.
Walz (see p. 208) ; Relation between Temperature and Crops (illus.), by
D. A. Seeley (abs.) (see p. 208) ; Damage by Hail in Kansas (illus.), by S. D.
Flora and C. L. Bush (.see above); Scarf Clouds (illus.), by C. F. Brooks;
Some Field Experiments on Evaporation from Snow Surfaces (illus.), by P. S.

210 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Baker (see p. 209) ; Dark Day in Jamaica; and Distance at Which Thunder
Can Be Heard, by C. E. Miller.

No. 8.— Aurora of August 21, 1917, by D. F. Manning ; Aurora of August 25,
1917, at Washington, D. C, by I. P. Hand and C. Abbe, jr. ; Parhelia 90° from
the Sun Seen in Jamaica (illus.), by M. Hall (reprinted) ; Magnetic Storm of
August 2G-27, 191C, by W. E. W. Jackson (reprinted abs.) ; Comparison of
Callendar Sunshine Recorder and Angstrom Pyrheliometer, by J. Patterson
(reprinted abs.) ; Penetrating Radiiation in the Atmo.sphere, by G. G. Simpson
(reprinted abs.) ; Meteorology and Aviation, by W. H. Dines (abs.) ; Predicting
Minimum Temperatures (with a historical note by C. F. Marvin), by J. W.
Smith (see p. 209) ; The Lowest Air Temperature at a Meteorological Sta-
tion, by B. Galitzin (Golitsyn) ; Notes on the Hot Wave in Southern California,
June 14-17, 1917 (illus.), by F. A. Carpenter; Changes in Weather Bureau
Program of Meteorological Observations, by A. J. Henry (abs.) ; The Weather
Bureau and the War, by B. B. Calvert (abs.) ; Normal Anomalies of Mean
Annual Temperature Variations, by H. Arctowski (reprinted abs.) (E. S. R.,
37, p. 417) ; Structure of Hailstones of Exceptional Form and Size, by F. E.
Lloyd (reprinted abs.) ; Improved Methods in Hygrometry, by A. N. Shaw
(reprinted abs.) (E. S. R., 37, p. 16) ; Factors Influencing the Condensation of
Aqueous Vapor in the Atmospliere, by A. Masini (repi'inted abs.) (E. S. R.,
37, p. 716) ; Evaporation of Mercury Droplets Suspended in a Gas, by A.
Schidlof and A. Karpowicz (reprinted abs.) ; Evaporation and Absorption, by
A. Schidlof (reprinted abs.) ; Dynamics of Revolving Fluids, by Lord Ray-
leigh (reprinted abs.) ; and A Quintette of Cold Waves in Florida (illus.),
by A. J. Mitchell.

Meteorolog'ical observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment
Station, J. E. Osteandeb and H. B. Millaed (MassacJiusetts Sta. Met. Bills.
345-34G (1911), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on
pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and
casual phenomena during September and October, 1917, are presented. The
data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.

SOILS— FEETILIZEES.

Some notes on the direct determination of the hygroscopic coefficient, P. J.
Alway, M. a. Kline, and G. R. McDole (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
11 {1911), No. 4, pp. I4I-I66). — This reports investigations conducted at the
Nebraska Experiment Station from 1910 to 1913, on the development of a
method for the direct determination of the hygroscopic coefficient in soils,
earlier studies (E. S. R., 20, p. 714) having led to such modifications of Hil-
gard's method (E. S. R., 15, p. 746) as would periuit a large number of deter-
minations being made rapidly without loss of accuracy. Observations were
made upon the influence of the material of the trays, time of exposure, tem-
perature, grinding, and various other factors. Tabulated data are presented
and discussed for each point studied.

The conclusions reached were that " the amount of hygroscopic moisture ab-
sorbed increases with the rise of temperature. Drying of mineral soils at
temperatures of 100 to 110° C. does not appreciably decrease their hygroscop-
icity. Intractable samples may be reduced in a steel mortar to pass a 1-mm.
sieve without appreciably affecting their hygroseopicity. Twelve hours' ex-
posure in the absorption boxes is sufficient only when the soil layer is very
.shallow. In practice a longer interval is found more convenient, 20 to 24 hours
proving very satisfactory. An exposure of more than 24 hours gives higher
values in the case of only very fine textured soils.

1918J SOILS FERTILIZERS. 211

" A soil containing the amount of moisture corresponding to its hygroscopic
coefficient loses water very rapidly when exposed to an ordinarily dry atmos-
phere, but in determining the hygroscopic coefficient the time necessary to
transfer the soils from the absorption boxes to weighing bottles is so brief that
the loss during the transfer is too small to affect appreciably the accuracy of
the results.

" Hllgard's method for the determination of the hygroscopic coefficient, car-
ried out exactly as he described it, gives reliable results. However, the loose
sheets of glazed paper thus involved are very inconvenient when many deter-
minations are to be made and may advantageously be replaced by shallow
trays, either of aluminum or of copper. . . . Any considerable increase in the
size of the absorption boxes over that recommended by Hllgard or the use of a
larger number of exposed samples within the boxes of the same size cause too
low results, unless the time of exposure be greatly increased."

A bibliography of 27 titles is appended.

Some factors affecting nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil, P. L. Gainey
and L. F. Metzlek ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1911), No. 2, pp.
.'i3-64). — The authors report the results of extensive investigations at the
Kansas Experiment Station to ascertain the influence upon nitrate-nitrogen
accumulation in soils of variations in some of the more important factors con-
trolling aeration.

In preliminary experiments, variations in the quantity oi- soil amounting
to from 50 to 1,000 gm. had little if any effect upon nitrification. Variations
in the depth of columns of loose soil of from 0.25 to 20 in. did not produce
appreciable differences in nitrification provided the soil Avas left loose, and
nitrification was apparently no less vigorous 20 in. below the surface than at
the surface. Packing the soil in a thin layer was without effect, but upon in-
creasing the depth of column packing (reducing the volume from 14 to 9)
resulted in a marked decrease in nitrate accumulation, the latter becoming
negative only a few inches below the surface. A decrease in the ratio of
surface exposed per 100 gm. of soil of from 314 sq. cm. to 2 sq. cm. had no
effect upon nitrification. The shape and size of the container and methods
of preventing evaporation and contamination were without effect except when
the container was tightly stoppered and when the volume of inclosed air was
relatively small in proportion to the soil volume.

These observations led to more detailed experiments of the effect upon
nitrification of variations in depth of column and compactness of soil ; of depth
of column, moisture content, and compactness ; of soil in sealed containers as
compared with a soil surface exposed to the atmosphere; and of unbroken soil
columns as compared with broken columns. The data are tabulated, discussed
in some detail, and available experimental data reported by other investigators
relative to the influence of different degrees of aeration upon nitrate formation
briefly reviewed.

The authors conclude that " as the moisture content of a soil decreases, in-
creasing the compactness from a very loose condition will increase the accumula-
tion of nitrate nitrogen. With any degree of compactness tested the optimum
moisture content will be reached when the soil contains approximately two-
thirds the total amount of moisture it will retain. Aeration will be sufficient
to the depth of 1 ft. with any degree of compactness, provided the moisture con-
tent does not exceed the above relation.

" Increasing the depth of column up to 2 ft. does not, as far as tested, alter
the above relations. In fact, the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen increases
with increasing depth down to 2 ft., so long as the moisture does not exceed
approximately two-thirds saturation. Nitrate nitrogen accumulates more

212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

rapidly in unbTOken soil cohimns than in pulverized soil. Aeration in a
column of soil uncultivated for seven years is far in excess of that required to
maintain aerobic conditions.

" It has also been pointed out that such experimental data as are available,
regarding oxygen relations in normal field soils, indicate that obligate aerobic
conditions almost universally exist within the first foot of surface. There-
fore such beneficial effect as cultivating may have upon biological activity
can not be attributed to increased aeration."

A comparative study of the nitrogen economy of certain Tennessee soils,
C. A. MooKus (Tennessee St a. Bui. 118 {1911), pp. 125-181, figs. 7).— This re-
ports the results of extensive pot experiments conducted during the 5-year
period of 1909 to 1914, inclusive, with four distinct soil types designated as
Coolceville, Crossville, Gallatin, and Jackson. The principal factors considered
were (1) the comparative utilization of nitrogen by crops on different soils
with regard to the nitrogen naturally present and that supplied by sodium
nitrate and farm manure; (2) the losses of soil and subsoil nitrogen under
different conditions, including cropped and uncropped, limed and unlimed, and
manured and unmanured soils; and (3) indications of nitrogen assimilation
from the air independent of legumes. Each soil type was removed in layers as
found in the field, transported to Knoxville and placed in 4-ft. cylinders sunk in
the ground, each cylinder inclosing a surface area of approximately rcrVus
acre. The cylinders v.'ere fully exposed to the weather, but protected from
birds by a screen cage. No artificial watering was given. Ten successive crops
were planted in each of 69 cylinders, the remaining 31 cylinders being kept bare.
Oats wei-e grown the first season, followed by wheat four seasons. Millet
followed each of the small-grain crops in the summer. The limestone and ma-
nurial treatments were moderate and well within the limits of farm practice.
Considerable tabulated data are presented and discussed from both the crop
and soil standpoint. The results are summarized as follows :

" The largest crops were produced by the Gallatin soil, which had decidedly
the highest content of total nitrogen, but the yields decreased very rapidly in
the course of the five years. The second largest yields were obtained from the
Jackson soil, which had the lowest nitrogen content — only a little more than
one-third of that of the Gallatin soil. The Jackson soil, however, maintained
a more constant yield than any other, and in the last two years the crop
equaled those from the Gallatin soil. The Cookeville and Crossville soils
proved to be the least productive, and were practically on an equality In this
respect. For the Cookeville and Crossville soils constancy of yield was ob-
tained only on the limed cylinders. The results given by the 10 limed and
cropped cylinders of each of the four types were used, therefore, in deter-
mining the percentage of nitrogen recovery from manurial applications and
in certain other calculations.

" The recovery by crops of the nitrogen applied in the form of sodium nitrate
vajied with the kind of soil as follows: Cookeville 45.38, Crossville 53.71,
Gallatin 87.08, and Jackson 72.21 per cent. The results are correlated with
the productiveness of the soils ; that is, the more productive the soil the greater
the root development to intercept the nitrate— -the greater the percentage of
nitrate nitrogen recovered.

" The recovery by crops of nitrogen from the organic materials— manure and
manure plus straw — varied with the kind of soil as follows: Cookeville 29.82,
Crossville 34.52, Gallatin 37.58, and Jackson 23.88 per cent. The results are
correlated with the physical nature of the soils; that is, the more open and
porous soils show the highest recovery.

1918] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 213

" The ratio between the nitrogen content and the dry matter of the crops
varied little in the three soils — Cookeville, Crossville, and Gallatin — which aver-
aged 93.11 gm. of dry substance per gram of nitrogen. The crops from the
Jackson soil, however, gave a ratio of 120.01 gm. of dry substance per gram
of nitrogen. A low nitrogen content was found to characterize alike the grain
and the straw of the wheat, also the millet hay from the Jackson soil.

" In every instance the cropped soils maintained a decidedly higher nitrogen
content than the uncropped. This difference was noticeable both in the surface
soil and in the first 6 in. of the subsoil, but the results from the 12- to 24-iu.
depth were inconclusive. The losses of nitrogen from the surface soils under
comparable conditions were as follows : Cropped, Cookeville 2.1, Crossville 1.2,
Gallatin 12.4, and Jackson 0.4 per cent; and uncropped, Cookeville 6.8, Cross-
ville 6.2, Gallatin 18.2, and Jackson 4.2 per cent. The average combined saving
in surface soil and subsoil nitrogen for the three most representative types —
Cookeville, Crossville, and Gallatin — was 8.4 mg. per gram of air-dry crop, or
9.3 mg. per gram of dry substance harvested.

" In uncropped experiments surface soil treated with ground limestone showed
appreciable loss of nitrogen as compared with untreated. Under cropping, how-
ever, three of the four soils showed more nitrogen at the end of the 5-year
period in the limed cylinders than in the unlimed. This result is attributed to
the offsetting of the direct loss through liming by the conservation of nitrogen
brought about through increased crop production. The effect of applications of
acid phosphate and muriate of potash on the content of soil nitrogen was not
appreciable under cropping. No experiments were made under imcropped
conditions.

'• Where no crops were grown, top-dressings of nitrate of soda resulted in a
small but evident loss of soil nitrogen. Under cropping the nitrated cylinders
showed a greater supply of both soil and subsoil nitrogen than the unnitrated,
the difference being slight for the soil but more pronounced for the subsoil.
This result, as in the case of the ground limestone, is attributed to the more
than balancing of the direct loss through nitrating by the conservation of nitro-
gen brought about through increased crop production.

" Manure applied to the surface soil of uncropped cylinders did not increase
the nitrogen content of the subsoil. Under cropping the nitrogen content of the
subsoils from the manured cylinders averaged somewhat higher than that from
the nnmanured ; that is, manure applied to the surface soil conserved the supply
of nitrogen in the subsoil.

" If the loss of nitrogen fi-om both the soil and subsoil be coi sidered, the loss
from the Cookeville, Crossville, and Gallatin soils was in each case greater than
can be accounted for in the crops removed. In the case of the Jackson soil,
however, this was not so, the subsoil showing a moderate loss but the surface
soil of the cropped cylinders a slight gain.

" The Jackson soil, which gave in many respects decidedly different results
from any other, is noted as the only one to give evidence of the fixation of at-
mospheric nitrogen to a marked extent. To attribute this nitrogen accumula-
tion to other exterior sources was considered untenable.

" The general conclusion is drawn that not only the cropping but also the
manurial treatments conserved both the soil and the subsoil nitrogen to a total
depth of about 1 ft., directly in proiX)rtion to the crop increase. This conserva-
tion does not, of course, prevent a loss of soil nitrogen through either chemical
or biological processes induced per se by an applied substance such as ground
limestone. In such a case the two opposing factors may or may not balance
each other. Since cover crops are often advocated because they catch soluble
nitrogen that would otherwise be lost by leaching, attention may be called to

214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

the fact that the conservation referred to is not limited to the nitrogen utilized
by the crops and conserved in the crop residues, but is an additional and actual
conservation of soil nitrogen which may be utilized by farm crops."

The chemical composition of the soils of the Freehold area in New Jersey,
A. W. B1.AIK and H. C. McLean (Ncio Jersey Stas. Bui. SOD {1916), pp. 5-37).—
This reports chemical analyses of 31 soil types of seven series and of one sample
of muck from the Freehold area of New Jersey, described and mapped by the
Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (B. S. R., 34, p. 616).

The analyses show rather certain pronounced chemical differences between
soils of the different series, but a measure of similarity between soils of a
particular type, if that type is followed through the various series. Generally
speaking, the soils containing the highest percentage of total plant food are
the most productive. The total plant food increases from the lighter to the
heavier types, with few exceptions. There is invariably more nitrogen and
carbon in the soil than in the subsoil ; in the case of nitrogen at least three
times as much. There is little difference in the average mineral content of the
soil and subsoil, although in many cases there is slightly more potash in the
subsoil than in the soil. In most types magnesia is somewhat in excess
of lime in both soil and subsoil. Practically all of the soils are deficient in
active lime, the lime being mainly in the form of silicates or phosphates. In
the majority of cases the lime requirement was from 1,000 to 3,000 lbs. of ground
limestone or its equivalent in lime.

Soil survey of Washington County, Ala., L. A. Hukst, E. H. Stevens, H. C.
Smith, J. L. Anuress, and J. F. Steouu ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field
Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 51, pis. 4, fig. 1, map i).— This survey, made in co-
operation with the State of Alabama, deals with the soils of an area of 084,800
acres in southwestern Alabama, lying wholly within the Gulf Coastal Plain
province. The topography of the county varies from low, flat first-bottom lands
and level terraces to undulating upland and eroded hills, the elevation ranging
from sea level to 300 or 400 ft. above.

The soils of the county are derived from sediments from crystalline, lime-
stone, and sandstone and shale areas of the Appalachian, Piedmont, and Lime-
stone Valley regions, and occur both as sedimentary and as alluvial soils.
Twenty-seven soil types of 16 series are mapped in addition to sv/amp and
muck, Plummer fine sandy loam occupying 21.6 per cent, Norfolk fine sandy
loam 14.4 per cent, and swamp 11.2 per cent of the total area, predominating.

Soil survey of the Honey Lake area, Cal., J. E. Guernsey, J. Koebee, C. J.
ZiNN, and E. C. Eckmann {U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. SJieets Field Oper. Bur. Soils,
1915, pp. 6-i, pis. 4' fig- 1, "tnup 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the
California Experiment Station, deals with the soils of an area of 338,560 acres
in the southeastern part of Lassen County, Cal., the topography of which is
varied, ranging from level on the valley floor to rough mountainous in the
foothills.

"The soils are classed under seven general groups (1) those derived from
residual material, (2) those derived from old valley-filling material (chiefly
Lahontan Lake bed.s), (3) those derived from material of the Lahontan beds
modified by chemical precipitates, (4) those derived from recent lake deposits,
(5) those derived from recent alluvial fan and stream-bottom deposits, (6)
those derived from wind-laid deposits, and (7) miscellaneous material. In
extent the old valley-filling soils are by far the most important, but are not
extensively utilized. The recent lake-laid soils and recent alluvial soils sup-
port a large percentage of the present agriculture."

1918] SOILS- -FERTILIZERS. 215

Including rough stony land, 35 soil types of 13 series are mapped, of which
the Lahontan silty clay loam, Olympic stony loam, and rough stony land cover
14.8, 13, and 12.7 per cent of the area, respectively.

Soil survey of the Pasadena area, Cal., E. C. Eckmann and C. J. Zinn
( U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 56, pis. S, pj. 1,
map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the California Experiment
Station, deals with the soils of an area of 270,720 acres in southern California,
lying partly in San Bernardino County, but mainly in Los Angeles County,
The topography of the area varies from mountainous to low and rolling, with
elevations ranging from 225 ft. to 2,000 ft. above sea level. The region as a
whole is well drained.

The soils of the area are derived from igneous and sedimentary formations
and from unconsolidated deposits. Twenty-three soil types of nine series are
mapped in addition to areas designated as rougli broken land, rough stony
land, and river-wash. Rough broken land occupies 16.3 per cent of the area,
Hanford fine sandy loam 12.3 per cent, and Hanford gravelly sandy loam 10.4
per cent.

Soil survey of Crisp County, Ga., E. T. Maxon and D. D. Long {XJ. S. Dept.
Ayr., Adv. Sheets Field Opcr. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 24, fig. 1, map 1). — This sur-
vey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of Agriculture, deals
with the soils of an area of 173,440 acres in southwestern Georgia, including
three physiographic divisions, namely, the Altamaha Uplands, the Dougherty
Plain, and the " flatwoods." The topography varies from gently undulating to
rolling, and drainage is well established with the exception of a few low, flat,
poorly drained areas and lime sinks.

The soils of the county are of Coastal Plain origin and are predominantly
sandy with sandy clay subsoils. Fourteen soil types of 11 .series are mapped in
addition to swamp. Norfolk sandy loam, Tifton sandy loam, and Plumraer
sandy loam occupy 31.7, 23.1, and 14.8 per cent of the area of the county,
respectively.

Soil survey of Bentorr County, Ind., G. B. Jones and J. B. Buill (t/. S.
Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Opcr. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 20, fig. 1, map 1). —
This survey, made in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Geology,
deals with the soils of an area of 261,120 acres in northwestern Indiana. The
topography of the county varies from level to gently rolling with the highest
elevations in the north-central part. The natural drainage is described as
immature, with overflow or bottom lands of small extent.

The soils of the county are derived from glacial drift and water-laid deposits
of glacial and more recent origin and are characteristic of the prairie regions
that extend westward through Illinois. In addition to muck, five soil types
each representative of one series are mapped, Brookston silt loam and Carring-
ton silt loam occupying 04.6 and 26.8 per cent of the total area of the county,
respectively.

Soil survey of Scott County, Iowa, E. H. Stevens, E. H. Smies, and K. Espe
(V. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 43, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Iowa Experiment Station deals
with the soils of an area of 291,200 acres in eastern Iowa, the topography of
which is prevailingly rolling, the central and western parts of the coimty being
comparatively level. Surface drainage is said to be good throughout the
county. The area lies wholly within the glacial and loessial province.

Including muck, 23 soil types of 13 series are mapped, of which the Muscatine
silt loam, the Memphis silt loam, and the Wabash silt loam cover 52.1, 15.1,
and 14.4 per cent of the area, respectively.

216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Soil survey of Dawes County, Nebr., R. R. Burn, L. V. Davis, J. M. Snyuer,
F. A. Hayes, and T. E. Kokjer {U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur.
Soils, 1915, pp. J,l, jig. 1, map i).— This survey, made in cooperation with the
University of Nebraslca, deals with the soils of an area of 897,280 acres in
northwestern Nebraska, the topography of which varies from flat in the allu-
vial tablelands to very steeply rolling in the Pine Ridge areas. Drainage is
said to be generally well established.

The soils of the county are of residual and alluvial or colluvial origin. In-
cluding rough broken land and bad lands, 22 soil types of 8 series are mapped,
of which Pierre clay and Rosebud very fine sandy loam cover 20.1 and 19.5 per
cent of the area, respectively.

Soil survey of Cortland County, N. Y,, E. T. Maxon and G. L. Fuller
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 28, fig. 1, map
j)^ — This survey, made in cooperation with the New York State College of
Agriculture, deals with the soils of an area of 321,920 acres in central New
York situated in the Allegheny Plateau with an elevation ranging from ap-
proximately 1,000 to 2,000 ft. above sea level. The topography varies from
nearly level in the valleys to rolling and hilly in the uplands, with good
drainage.

The soils of the county have been derived from glacial debris composed
largely of local sandstone and shale material. Seventeen soil types of nine
series are mapped in addition to meadow and muck. Lordstown silt loam,
Lordstown stony silt loam, and Volusia silt loam occupy 31.7, 28.4, and 13.4
per cent of the area, respectively.

Soil survey of Columbus County, N. C, R. B. Hardison, R. T. A. Buuke,
L. L. Brinkley, and R. 0. Jueney (C7. /S. Dei)t. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper.
Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 1/2, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with
the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, deals with the soils of an -ea
of 582,400 acres in the southern corner of North Carolina, lying in the flat
seaward part of the Coastal Plain province. The topography or the county
varies from large, flat, poorly drained areas in the southeast to gently rolling
and better drained sections to the north.

The soils of the county are comiiosed of marine sediments, together with ex-
tensive areas of cumulose deposits. Twenty-three soil types of 14 series have
been mapped besides fairly large areas of peaty muck, muck, and swamp.
Norfolk fine sandy loam and Coxville fine sandy loam occupy 82.2 and 11.9
per cent of the total ai'ea of the county, respectively.

Soil survey of Hertford County, N. C, E. S. Vanatta and F. N. McDowell
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 35, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of
Agriculture, deals with the soils of an area of 220,800 acres in northeastern
North Carolina. The county lies wholly within the Coastal Plain region, with
a topography varying from level or gently undulating to gently rolling. The
drainage is poor in the level to gently undulating areas and good in the
more rolling areas.

The soils of the county are derived from unconsolidated sands and clays of
sedimentary origin. Eight soil types of five series are mapped in addition to
swamp. Norfolk fine sandy loam, Coxville very fine sandy loam, Coxville
fine sandy loam, and swamp occupy 34.1, 25.5, 17.5, and 15.2 per cent of the total
area of the county, respectively.

Soil survey of Portage County, Wis., W. J. Getb, L. R. Schoenmann, and
L. P. Hanson (U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 52,
fig. 1, map i).— This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Wisconsin,
deals with the soils of an area of 519,680 acres in central Wisconsin, being a

1918]

SOILS — JTERTILIZEES.

217

more detailed study and reclassification than that previously noted (E. S. R.,
16, p. 27; 19, p. 417).

The soils of the county are of glacial, residual, alluvial, or possibly loessial
origin, together with an accumulation of organic matter in the low places
resulting in the formation of peat, which occupies 16.4 per cent of the total
area. Exclusive of the peat, 23 soil types of nine series have been mapped, of
which Plainfield sand, Gloucester sand, r.nd Gloucester sandy loam cover
15.1, 14.2, and 10.9 per cent of the area, respectively.

Soil survey of Wood County, Wis., W. J. Geib, G. Conrey, W. C. Boardman,
and G. B. Post {U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Opcr. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp.
51, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Wis-
consin, deals with the soils of an area of 517,760 acres in central Wisconsin,
the topography of which is level to rolling. The soils of the area are of glacial,
residual, alluvial, and possibly loessial origin.

Including muck, peat, and sands, 19 soil types of seven series are mapped,
of which the Spencer silt loam. Vesper silt loam, and peat cover 25.9, 15, and
13.1 per cent of the area, respectively.

Soil experiments on the Ozark upland, M. F. Miller and F. L. Duley {Mis-
souri Sta. Bui. lJ/8 {1911), pp. 28, figs 7). — This reports the results of experi-
ments in soil management begun in 1910, near St. James, Mo., on Gerald silt
loam in the nontimbered parts of the Ozark region and forms one of a series
of ^uch studies on various soil types throughout the State. The plan of the
experiment embraces a four-year rotation of corn, soy beans, wheat, and clover
grown alone and under different soil treatments, including the use of legumes,
barnyard manure, lime, rock phosphate, bone meal, and potash. The average
yields per acre of all crops for the period of the experiment were as follows :

Average yields per acre of all crops groivn on St. James experiment field,

1911-1916.

Treatment.

Legume

Legume, lime

Legume, lime, bone meal

No treatment

Legume, lime, bone meal

potash

Manure ,

Manure, rock phosphate

Corn.

Lfl. 75
24. 98
2i:;. 56

■:o. 84

?,r). 25
43.01
44. 88

Corn

stover.

Lbs.
1,334
1,607
1,674
1,481

2,286
2,593
2, 735

Wheat.

Bu.
10.95
12.08
18.56

21.85
17.71
21.38

Wheat

straw.

Us.

1, 1.33

1,281

1,963

894

2,-344
2,062
2,535

Soy
beans.

Lbs.
2,927
3,196
3,273
2,592

3,392
3,646
3,934

Cowpeas,
4 crops.

Lbs.

1,488
1,666
2,017
1,387

2,065
2,727

Clover,
2 crops

Lbs.

775

1,687

4,912

657

5,425
3,087
3,837

Tabulated, data are presented and discussed, showing the results obtained
with each crop separately, and the cost of production and the monetary returns
from the different soil treatments.

Barnyard manure showed the highest net return for any one fertilizing ma-
terial, amounting to $7.07 per acre annually, or $3.54 per ton for an 8-ton
application once in four years. Eight tons of barnyard manure and 1,000 lbs.
of rock pho.sphate, applied to clover stubble and plowed under, showed the
highest annual net return for any combination of treatments, .$8.89 per acre.
Bone meal netted $2.43 annually, rock phosphate $1.81, and potash $1.88 per
acre. Lime applied at the rate of 2 tons per acre at the beginning of a 6-year
period was profitable, but the legume treatments alone have not been profitable.

Recommendations for soil management, based on the results obtained in
these experiments, are outlined in detail. The main features are a system of
Uve-stock farming in which little grain is sold and all the manure carefully

218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

returned to the land, the manure to be supplemented with gi-ound limestone,
raw rock phosphate, bone meal, acid phosphate, or a highly phosphatic mixed
fertilizer, and a small amount of potash (when prices are normal) applied in
the course of a systematic crop rotation.

[Fertilizer experiments], W. P. Bkooks and E. F. Gaskill (Massachusetts
Sta. Kpt. 1916, pp. Jf5a-56a). — Progress reports are made on experiments
previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 121), including comparative tests of manure
alone and nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood in various
fertilizer combinations on Japanese millet; muriate v. sulphate of potash on
corn, soy beans, alfalfa, blackberries, and raspberries; manure and various
combinations of chemical fertilizers on beets and onions, limed and unlimed ;
differ(Mit kinds of phosphates on corn ; kainit, high-grade and low-grade sulphate,
muriate, nitrate, and carbonate of potash, and feldspar on mixed grass and
clover; fertilizer high in potash and low in phosphoric acid v. one low in potash
and high in jihosphoric acid on corn ; various combinations of fertilizers, with
and without lime, on corn ; ditferent systems of top-dressing grass ; sulphate of
ammonia v. nitrate of soda as a top-dressing for hay lands ; and different
methods of applying manure and different kinds of lime compounds on soy
beans and corn.

The yield of onions on plats continuously fertilized with sulphate of am-
monia was increased 60 per cent and more by liming. Similar results, but less
pronounced, were obtained in case of beets. On plats continuously cropped with
onions there was with one exception no benefit from the addition of chemicals
to manure. The best source of nitrogen for onions was nitrate of soda and
the least beneficial was sulphate of ammonia ; there was little difference in
effect between muriate and sulphate of potash. Considering the fact that no
potash was applied in 1916 " it would seem that on land in a high state of culti-
vation, which has received liberal annual applications of fertilizers containing
potash, a good crop [of onions] might be expected for at least one year without
the use of any potash."

In 19 years' experiments with different sources of potash, high-gi'ade sulphate
has proved the best source of potash for legumes. No benefit has been derived
from the use of feldspar in either large or small quantities. Kainit and muriate
have given fully as good results as the other potash salts with timothy and
redtop. Potatoes receiving no potash have proved less resistant to blight than
those fertilized with potash.

The largest yields of corn in experiments continued since 1S90 have been
obtained where potash was added to the fertilizer used. The results of experi-
ments on grass during the past year, in which potash was omitted from the fer-
tilizer, " seem to indicate that on permanent mowings, where it has been the
custom for several years to apply annually a liberal application of cliemicals
or manure, potash may be omitted for at least one year and still a normal crop
be obtained."

The yields of hay on permanent grasslands which had been continuously top-
dressed for 9 years with nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia were largest
in 1916 in case of the nitrate of soda.

The results of five years' comparative tests of applying manure as it is hauled
from the stable in winter and of piling it in large heaps and spreading in the
spring were invariably in favor of the latter method of application, although the
advantage was small.

In tests of different forms of lime compounds on corn and soy beans the re-
sults appeared to favor hydrated lime and limoid as compared wath marl and
ground limestone. The results obtained in these tests also indicated " that
land which has received annually a liberal application of manure for several

1918] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 219

years will produce satisfactory crops for some time without further fertiliza-
tion."

The lime and fertilizer needs of Indiana soils, S. D. Conner {Indiana Sta.
Circ. 66 {1911), pp. 19, figs. 8). — This circular, based on the results of various
studies of Indiana soils, identifies and classifies in a general way the principal
types of soil of the State, and gives methods whereby the soils may be tested
for their lime and fertilizer requirements by farmers, teachers, or agricultural
agents.

It is shown that many of the soils have declined in productiveness as a result
of exhaustive cropping. The soils have been depleted especially in organic
matter and nitrogen but also in available phosphoric acid. Over three-fourths
of them are acid, and on practically all of these available phosphoric acid is
needed, either with or without lime. " Potash fertilization has proved profitable
on some soils. Neutral or slightly acid muck and black sand soils need potash,
particularly for corn."

A soil-acidity map and other data are given, showing the relative proportion
of very acid, medium acid, slightly acid, and neutral soils in each county of tlie
State, as determined in over 4,000 samples of soil by the potassium nitrate
method. These data show that no section is without an abundance of acid soils,
the relative proportion for the entire State being 19.6 per cent very acid, 24.2
per cent medium acid, 38.2 per cent slightly acid, and 18 per cent neutral.

Practical methods of ovei'coming the soil deficiencies, such as the growing of
more leguminous crops, liming, use of acid phosphate and potash, and more
careful conservation and use of manure and crop residues, are discussed.

Redeeming' an impoverished soil, C. E. Thorne {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2
{1911), No. 10. pp. SSD-SJ/S). — Increased yields of corn, soy beans, wheat, and
hay, grown in rotation on the rather depleted flat, silty clay land of Clermont
County (Ohio), were secured from applications of different combinations of com-
mercial fertilizers, lime, and manure. The estimated value of the increase is
noted in each case for the period of 1912 to 1917. It is concluded that under
present market conditions of fertilizers and ci'ops, an increased net income of $3
per acre or more, annually, could be attained by the use of chemical fertilizers
alone, but that under a system whereby manure could be applied at the actual
cost of moving it from the stable to the field, necessitating the purchase of only
acid phosphate, an increased net income of $5 per acre or more would be possible.

Fertilizer requirement of DeKalb soil {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. I4I {1911),
pp. 20-22, fig. 1). — Preliminary pot and small plat tests, begun in 1915, with
various legumes and grasses on both abandoned farm land and virgin cut-over
land to determine the fertilizer requirements of DeKalb soil are reported. In
the small plat test limestone, applied at the rate of 5,000 lbs. per acre, was com-
pared with an imliraed area. In the pot tests various fertilizers were tested in
different combinations.

Limestone alone produced the following results, in pounds per acre, on the
two soils on small plats. Green sweet clover, limed, 4,083 and 7,984, respectively,
unlimed, nothing; green red clover, limed, 3,886 and 3,896, unlimed, 1,523 and
2,213. " Orchard grass gave better results than either brome or blue grass on
the plats treated with limestone. In the pot tests the greatest growth of blue
grass on the farm soil occurred in the pots treated with lime, nitrate of soda,
and acid phosphate, while the lime, nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, and potash
treatment produced the greatest yield on the virgin soil. Limestone and phos-
phoric acid gave an increase of 125 per cent of sweet clover over limestone alone
on the farm soil as compared to 580 per cent on the virgin soil,"

220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The relative value of single fertilizer ingredients, for the farm and virgin
soils, respectively, based on the growth of sweet clover, was, nitrogen 25.1 and
200, phosphoric acid 73.1 and 275, and potash 57.1 and 135.

" Based on the growth of sweet clover, phosphoric acid and limestone is con-
clusively the most economic treatment for building up these DeKalb soils. Phos-
phoric acid gave an increased growth in each case and its absence depressed the
yield without exception. Nitrogen proved to he unnecessary for the production
of red clover on DeKalb soil."

Thirty-five years' results with fertilizers {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 147
{1911), pp. 11-20, fig. 1). — The principal conclusions and recommendations from
these experiments are summarized, the work having been noted in detail else-
where (E. S. R., 37, p. 62G).

Progress of green manuring in Mysore, A. K. Yegnanaeayana Iyer {Mysore
Agr. Calendar, IDll, pp. IJf, 15). — The green manuring of paddy lands and of
sugar-cane plantations with leaves of the honge tree {Pongamia glabra) and
with green-manure crops grov/n on the fields is briefly discussed. Crops used
in the latter instance included sunn hemp, cowpeas, green gram, black gram,
horsegram, Crotalaria striata, and daincha.

Previous studies in green manuring in Mysore have been noted (E. S. R., 27,
p. 21).

[The relative value of oil cakes available in Mysore and the results of
oil-cake manuring on sugar cane], H. V. Krishnayya, A. K. Yegnanarayana
Iyer, and D. G. Rajiachandea Rao {Mysore Agr. Calendar, Wit, pp. 18-23). —
The nitrogen content of the oil cake of safflower, peanut, white castor, black
castor, neem {Melia azadlrachta) , honge {Pongamia glabra), and cotton seed
is reported as determined by the ftlysore Department of Agriculture. The
analyses ranged from 3 to 8 per cent, with safflower cake showing the highest
percentage. Greatly increased yields from the application of even small
amounts of oil cake to sugar cane are brietly noted.

Cyanamid as a source of nitrogen {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. IJ^I {1911), pp.
23-25). — Commercial cyanamid was compared with nitrate of soda and dried
blood from 1912-1914, inclusive, for potatoes, oats, and wheat, and from 1913-
1916 with nitrate of soda as a top-dressing for timothy.

The only significant differences were secured with potatoes, where increases
over no nitrogen were obtained amounting to 32.8 bu. for nitrate of soda,
101.3 bu. for dried blood, and 56.7 bu. for cyanamid. With nitrogen as nitrate
of soda used as a top-dressing for timothy, an average yield was obtained of
4,910 lbs. of field-cured hay per acre, and with cyanamid 4,618 lbs.

Availability of potash, fertilizer residue in the soil {Pennsylvania Sta. But.
HI {1911), pp. 3S-J,0, fig. 1).—A study of the availability of potash fertilizer
residues in the soil is briefly noted, indicating that potash-treated land car-
ries about twice as much potash removable by weak solvents as untreated land.
Analyses of five crops, each grown in a different year upon treated and un-
treated land, show that the crops grown on treated soil removed 105.08 lbs. of
potash in their grain and stalky parts, while those from the untreated plats
removed 73.81 lbs. of potash to the acre yield. These results led to the fol-
lowing conclusions: "Clays and loams that have been well fertilized with
potash until quite recently still hold in their surface layers considerable fer-
tilizer potash in condition to feed the crops for several years. Hence for most
field crops inability to supply fertilizer potash at this time does not threaten
a great reduction in yields froiii lands of such history."

Belative value of limestone of different degrees of fineness {Pennsylvania
Sta. Bui 1J,1 {1911), pp. 22, 23, fig. /).— Experimental data are presented on
the relative value of limestone of different degrees of fineness, based upon its

191S] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 221

solubility in water, its value in correcting acidity, its value in the fai-mation
of nitrates, its influence upon the growth of plants, and the rate of loss from
the soil.

"On the basis of the results obtained it was concluded, (1) that an applica-
tion of limestone in which the entire product consists of very fine material is
less desirable from the standpoint of permanent agriculture than one consisting
of varied degrees of fineness; (2) that an ideal application of limestone is
one in which there is sufficient fine material (60-mesh) to meet the immediate
needs of the soil and thus allow time for the coarser particles to disintegrate;
[and] (3) that if the entire product will pass a 10-mesh screen and include
all of the fine material, it is sufficiently fine for soil improvement if applied
somewhat in excess of the immediate needs of the soil. Such a product should
contain at least 50 per cent of material that will pass a 60-mesh screen."

Eflfect of sulphur on different crops and soils, O. M. Siiedd (f7. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1911), No. 4, pp. 91-103). — Investigations are
reported from the Kentucky Experiment Station on the effect of applications of
100 and 200 lbs. of flowers of sulphur on soy beans, clover, oats, alfalfa, and
wheat, grown on eight rather depleted surface soils, each representative of a
distinct soil type in Kentucky. The experiments were conducted in triplicate
in the greenhouse. Tabulated data show the weight of the total air-dried
materials for each crop on each soil type ; the total and sulphate sulphur in
air-dried soy beans, clover, and alfalfa ; the percentage of sulphur as sulphate
in 16 varieties of garden and field seeds before and after germination ; and the
protein content of air-dried soy beans, tops and seed.

In summarizing the author states that " the results show that the sulphur
increased the production of some crops, had no effect on others, and on some
was injurious, depending on the crop and the soil on which it was grown.
There was a preponderance of gains, however, from the sulphur application,
but these were generally small.

"Analyses of some of the crops show that the sulphur increased the total
and sulphate-sulphur content of the plant, and the greater the application the
greater the increase. Where sulphur was applied to clover and alfalfa the
excess sulphur in those plants was in the form of sulphate, while in soy beans
part of the excess was in another form.

" In soy beans which showed an increased sulphur content, no corre-
sponding increased protein content was always found. In five instances out
of eight, however, soy beans grown in soil where sulphur was added show an
increase in the total weight of protein.

" It was found that of the 16 varieties of field and garden seeds examined
some contain sulphates, white others do not, but that on germinating all except
2 form a greater or less amount of sulphate. The highest sulphate content
obtained in the ungerminated seed was 0.048 per cent in clover, and the increase
due to germination varied from none in corn to 0.035 per cent in the onion.
There was a slight loss in only one sample — clover."

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The effect of one plant on another, S. Pickebing {Ann. Bot. [London], SI
(1917), No. 122, pp. 181-181, figs. S). — Washings from growing plants have been
shown to be deleterious to other plants reached by such washings. Susceptible
plants thus far found include apple, pear, plum, cherry, forest trees (six kinds),
mustard, tobacco, tomato, barley, clover, and two varieties of grasses. Plants
exerting this injurious influence include apple (seedlings), mustard, tobacco,
44073°— 18 -3

222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

tomato, 2 variotirs of clover, and IG varieties of grass. In no case have negative
results'beon obtained, though the degree of injury varied greatly, this variation
being ascribed mainly to the condition (vigor) of the plants employed. The
reduction of growth due to tins treatment varied from 6 to 97 per cent.

Tests employing the method of exclusion narrowed down the possible causa-
tion of injury to trees by grass to the possible formation of some deleterious
substance by the growing grass, the effect being strongly suggestive of a toxin.
Exposure of the leachings to the air for 24 hours removed the toxic property.
A 2-in. layer of pumice stone acted in the same beneficial manner. The effect
of a plant on its own kind is apparently greater than on a plant of another
kind. A stronger plant not only keeps ahead of a weaker or younger one,
but an older plant usually gains on a younger one continually.

Fungus fairy ring's in eastern Colorado and their effect on vegetation,
H. L. Shantz and R. L. Tiemeisel (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11
(Idll), No. 5, pp. 191-246, pis. 21, figs. 15).— This paper deals with fairy rings
caused by fleshy fungi, the studies on which won^ made on the high plains at
Akron, Colo., during the period from 1907 to 1916, inclusive. The fairy rings
are distinguished as those in which the vegetation is killed or badly damaged,
caused by Agnriciis tabularis; those in which the vegetation is only stimulated,
caused usually by species of Calvatia, Catastoma, Lycoperdon, Marasmius, etc. ;
and those in which no effect can be noted on the native vegetation, caused by
Lepiota spp.

The authors report that fairy rings start from the point of germination of the
fungus spores and spread outward at approximately an equal rate in all direc-
tions. Growth is continuous until some obstacle is met with, which may be
passed around in case of ant hills, but growth is terminated where two rings
come in contact. As the fungus filaments spread outward they are said to con-
sume a portion of the organic matter of the soil. The carbohydrates are con-
sumed, and the proteid portion is changed into amino acids and then into am-
monia.

The effect of the fungus filaments on the soil is to reduce a part of the or-
ganic matter to ammonia, which is combined to form ammoniacal salts or is
converted by bacteria into nitrites and later into nitrates. When the mycelium
dies, it is reduced by bacterial action to ammonia, which may later be built up
into nitrates. The increase in available nitrogenous material in the soil occu-
pied by the young mycelium is said to stimulate the growth of the grasses or
other young plants, which consequently make greater demands on the soil
moisture. When this is exhausted, as in the case of A. tabularis, the mass of
fungus filaments prevents the penetration of rain water. The intense drought
to which the plants are thus subjected kills off the buffalo and grama grasses
and the other plants which may be associated with them, and the area is left
bare for the invasion of other plants. The mycelium after a few years dies,
leaving the soil still more enriched and no longer impervious to water.

The stages in the succession on the bare areas are an early weed stage, fol-
lowed by a late weed stage, and this in turn by a short-lived grass stage, which
is succeeded by a perennial stage, and this finally gives way to the original
short grass cover.

Growing alien cacti in Michigan, W. E. Praeger {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 11
{1915), pp. 156-158). — Thirteen species of cacti, representing four genera,
from various altitudes in Arizona were tested iu Michigan with the result that
all died out in four winters. The general conclusion is that Arizona cacti can
not survive Michigan winters, the warm, wet autumn weather probably being
important in this connection. Cacti native to this region show a gradual loss
of turgidity in the fall, which is thought to serve as the equivalent of a

1018] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 223

deciduous habit and to be closely related to the ability of certain species of
cacti to endure the Michigan winters.

Does the movement of air affect the growth of plants? Alma Hollinger
(Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 17 (1915), pp. 159, 160). — In a preliminary report on
investigations not yet completed, the author states that in darkness the move-
ment of air apparently does affect favorably the rate, duration, and vigor of
growth ; also that it affects coloration, leaf spread, etc., in the several plants
tested.

A method of controlling' the rate of air movement in transpiration experi-
ments, V. H. Dlackman and R. C. Knight {Ann. Bot. [London], 31 (1917),
No. 122, pp. 217-220, fig. 1). — The authors, considering it advisable that trans-
piration and evaporation experiments with plants be carried on under condi-
tions of constant air movements regulable at will, have devised an air-flue ap-
paratus which is described as convenient, reliable, and satisfactory for air
movement up to about 25 meters per minute.

The interrelations of stoniatal aperture, leaf w^ater content, and transpi-
ration rate, R. C. Knight (Ann. Bot. [London], 31 {1917), No. 122, pp. 221-2^0,
figs. 4)- — Employing the air-flue apparatus above described in tests with
various plants (of which Eupatorium adenophorum was found to be the most
useful for this purpose) under controlled conditions, the author claims to have
found that in many cases there is no necessary agreement (often, in fact, an
inverse relation) between stomatal opening and transpiration rate. Water con-
tent of the leaf shows a close and direct relation to transpiration rate. Stomatal
aperture is not reduced by slight water deficiency in the leaf, so that stomatal
response to incipient dryin.? niay be excluded as a chief factor in the mainte-
nance of water content. Stomata are, however, very sensitive to the changes in
illumination, and with increasing light intensity continued opening of the stomata
may coincide with continued decrease of water content.

On the reduction of transpiration observations, N. Thomas and A. Febgtj-
SON {Ann. Bot. [London], 31 {1917), No. 122, pp. 2^1-255, fig. i ) .—Experiments
described are claimed to show that the evaporation from a circular water sur-
face is not proportional to the area of the surface if that surface be within 2
or 3 cm. of the top, nor is it proportional to the linear dimensions of a surface.
It is stated to be. for full circular containers, approximately proportional to the
cube of the square root of the radius. Errors amounting to as much as 40 per
cent are claimed to arise in determining the water surface equivalent to a given
atmonieter.

Methods of calibration are described which are claimed to obviate such errors.

Oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues. — I, The mechanism of the
reaction, J. Wolff {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 31 {1917), No. 2, pp. 92-95). — Three
phases of the more mechanical part of this work are presented and briefly dis-
cussed in this article as preparatory to the report given below.

Oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues. — II, The presence in a large
number of plants of a diphenol presenting important analogies with pyro-
catechin, J. Wolff and Nadia Rouchelman {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, SI {1917), No.
2, pp. 96-105). — Discussing briefly the method employed and tabulating the
results of observations made on a large number of plants, the authors conclude
that peroxid is not present in vegetable sap, the presence of an oxidase (lac-
case) being necessary to the production of a positive result. It is thought that
the reaction which has been believed to show the presence of nitrites and of
peroxids in plants, and the eventually injurious effects of the latter, are due in
the large majority of instances to the presence of a phenol, probably pyrocate-
chin. This is considered to play an important part in the processes of oxidation
and reduction that occur in plants.

224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

On the mechanism of translocation in plant tissues. — An hypothesis with
special reference to sugar conduction in sieve tubes, S. Mangham {Ann. Bot.
ILomlon], 31 {IVll), No. 122, pp. 203-311, /i<js. 2).— This is a discussion oC the
data and views of various contributors regardiug the processes which occur in a
plant cell durliif; certain phases of su^^ar translocation with a view to developing
an outline of a working; hypothesis.

It is stated that definite relations obtain between the solute concentration at
the surface of absitrhlni; particles introduced into the solution and the concen-
tration of the solute in the solvent, this state of equilibrium being reversible in
cases cited.

The influence of light and chlorophyll formation on the minimum toxic
concentration of magnesium nitrate for the squash, Iv. B. Hakvev and K. H.
True (Amer. Jonr. Bot., 4 (1917), No. 7, pp. 407-410, figs. 2).— The minimal
toxic concentration of magnesium nitrate for squash grown in water cultures
was raised from 125 N X 10—" in darkness to 200 N X 10-° in light. This
change was presumably correlated with the removal of magnesium from toxic
compounds to form chlorophyll.

The toxicity of galactose and mannose for green plants and the an-
tagonistic action of other sugars toward these, L. Knudson {Amcr. Jour.
Bot., 4 {1017), No. 7, pp. 430-437, figs. 4).— Having extended the studies pre-
viously reported (E. S. R., 35, p. 28; 36. p. 125) to include numerous experi-
ments with various sugars other than galactose, employing methods which are
described, the author shows that mannose also is toxic to the roots of some
plants, and that this toxicity is lessened by either glucose or saccharose.
Mutual antagonism was not found to exist between galactose and mannose.

Dr. Beal's seed vitality experiments, H. T. Darlington {Rjit. Mich. Acad.
Sci., 17 {1915), pp. 164-166). — Giving some account of the progress of the series
of experiments conducted by Beal since 1879 (E. S. R., 17, p. 463; 24, p. 195;
34, p. 732), the author reports the results of liis endeavors to obtain germination
from seed samples taken out the thirty-fifth year.

Of the 22 species originally employed, 8 are said to have failed to germinate
up to and after the fifth year, the remaining species germinating some years,
and Lepidium virginicum (probably also Rumex crispus) germinating every
year. The best results were formerly obtained by moistening the sand so as to
get a few seeds to come up, then allowing the sand to dry out partly, moistening
again, and so on, repeating this at varying intervals for several months. This
plan has been adopted by the author and the tests are reported as still in
progress.

The nongermination of seeds of fleshy fruits, J. M assart {Bui. Sci. France
et Bclg., 50 {1016), No. S, pp. 167-160; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 55 {1917), No.
10, p. 309). — Tests of seeds of a number of dry or fleshy fruits in vegetable
juices, saccharose of different concentrations, and water are said to indicate
that the delaying influence of these juices on the germination of fleshy fruits
and their destructive action on dry fruits show a variation parallel to that of
their osmotic pressure, from which it appears that concentration is the condition
essential to such influences. Seeds of different plants are unequally sensitive
to these juices. The juice of the blackberry and that of watermelon appear
to be particularly injurious.

Some factors concerned in the germination of rust spores, E. B. Mains
{Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 17 {1015), pp. 136-140).— This work, initiated because of
the difliculty of obtaining germination during the summer months and done
mainly during the summer of 1914, was carried out principally with uredospores,
though a few teleutospores and secidiospores were tested. Details are given of
tlie tests and the results thereof in case of PuccvrUa coronata (P. coronifera or

1918]

AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 225

P. rhainni), P. taraxacl, P. sorglii, P. phlci-prafcnsis, P. pohjgoni, Uromycea
trifolii, Coleosporium solidaginis, Melaw psora Mglowii, M. medusa;, Cronartium
cumptoiiia; (^cidial stage, Peridcnnium comptoniw), and C. comandrw.

The general factors'controlling spore germination appear to be temperature
and moisture. Other factors are discussed in connection with the work of
other investigators.

Light and pycnidia formation in the Sphseropsidales, E. Levin {Rpt. Mich.
Acad. Sci., n {1915}, pp. 134- 135).— In experiments for testing the effect of
light in connection with the germination of seven members of the Sphseropsi-
dales, only three germinated at all in the darkness, the percentage being about
30 to 40, while in the light representatives of all of the genera germinated,
giving percentages ranging from 30 to 100. The cultures obtained in the dark-
ness resembled in all respects those obtained in the light.

Some cultural characteristics of Pestalozzia funera, P. V. Siggers (Rpt.
Mich. Acad. ScL, It {1915} , p. 1J,1, pi. i).— Brief accounts are given of the re-
sults as regards the vegetative growth obtained in 14 days with P. lunera
grown on gelatin and upon several kinds of agar.

The colorimetric determination of hydrogen ion concentration and its ap-
plications in bacteriology, W. M. Claek and H. A. Lubs {Jour. Bact., 2 {1911),
Nos. 1, pp. l-SJf, figs. 4; 2, pp. 109-136, pi. 1, figs. 2; S, pp. 191-236, fig. 1).—
The authors have made a study of the colorimetric method of determining
hydrogen ion concentration, testing a number of indicators in a wide variety
of solutions, such as are used for the cultivation of bacteria, and have carried
out other related studies as described. They conclude that, with the improve-
ments presented, the colorimetric method is available for routine as well aa
for research work in bacteriology.

A new apparatus for aseptic ultrafiltration, R. B. Smith {Phytopathology,
7 {1917), No. 4, pp. 290-293, figs. 2).— xV description is given of an apparatus
designed for the production of aseptically filtered juice from unheated plant
extract that may be used as a culture meilium.

Irritability of the pollen-presentation mechanism in the Compositje, J.
Small {Ann. Hot. [London^, 31 {1917), No. 122, pp. 261-268).— A record is
made of the types and degrees of irritability observed in the pollen-presentation
mechanism of 140 species and varieties of Compositje. Of these, 64 per cent
exhibit this phenomenon, and it was observed in all tribes of this family except
the Eui)atorieai and the Vernoniea;. Notes are given also on certain special
cases observed, as, for example, the explosive irritability in the Mutisiese and
a peculiar slow movement in the Cichorieifi.

Endothia pigments, I, L. A. Hawkins and N. E. Stevens {Amer. Jour. Bot.,
4 {1917), No. 6, pp. 3.36-353, figs. 6).— From the experimental work here de-
scribed it appears that there are at least three different pigments formed by
species of Endothia, pigment A, apparently common to all the species; pig-
ment B, present in E. fluens and probably in all species showing a similar
spectral transmission of the acid alcohol solutions; and pigment C, present
in the two groups typified by E. fluens and E. parasitica. These pigments may
be closely related chemically, perhaps derivatives of the same substance, as
they are similar in many particulars. The data and opinions of other investi-
gators are considered in connection with detailed observations by the authors.
Observations on an Achlya lacking sexual reproduction, W. H. Weston
{Amer. Jour. Bot., 4 UOn), No. 6. pp. 354-367, pi. i).-The fungus here de-
scribed, though presenting characters distinctive of the genus Achlya as regards
zoospore production, liberation, character, and behavior, is distinguished from
most species of this genus by its lack of sexual reproduction and by its non-
production of oogonia and antheridia under the culture methods usually sue-

226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

cessful in develoiiiug these organs. TLis fungus, however, consistently pro-
duces, under widely varying conditions, resistant spores of nonsexual origin
and distinct morphological characters, differing from the gemma? des(;ribed for
other species in llieir regular occurrence and clearly defined structure. It is
legarded as an Achlya that has lost its power of sexual reproduction, the re-
sistant character usually assumed by the reproductive bodies of sexual origin
having in this case been taken over by the nonsexual resistant spores.

Fertility in Cichorium intybus: The sporadic occurrence of self-fertile
plants among the progeny of self-sterile plants, A. B. Stout (Amcr. Jovr.
Hot., k {J917), No. 7, pp. StS-SUS, Jigs. 2).— The author, reporting with discus-
sion further data obtained from a subsequent study of stock derived from
cultures previously used (E. S. R., 3G, p. 523), states that the evidence ap-
pears conclusive tliat the actual conditions giving the various grades of self-
compatibility, and of self-incompatibility as well, are decidedly individual. Tlie
sporadic development of self-compatibility, giving self- fertility among the
progeny of self-sterile lines, is frequent in the cultures herein reported. Cyto-
logical studies are planned with regard to the questions of relative develop-
ment and nuclear phenomena in chicory.

In case of physiological incompatibility, as in these cases, there is thought
to be no impotence except of a purely accidental sort. Any recombination may
survive. The evidence does not indicate selective or preferential matings,
favoring fusion between particular recombinations of germ plasm with resi)ect
to hereditary characters. The sporadic variability of the sex relations and
their fluctuating inheritance is emphasized. A number of possibilities are
suggested.

Inheritance of endosperm color in maize, O. E. White {Amer: Jour. Hot.,
k (1917), No. 7, pp. 396-406).— The author gives particulars of studies of
crosses of a variety of maize having yellow endosi^ei'm with one having white
endosperm, giving white only in Fj and approximately 3 white to 1 yellow
in Fs, with further results. Some of these are interpreted as due mainly to the
presence or absence of an endosperm color suppression factor. He claims that,
including the one mentioned, there are at least three and possibly five pairs
of factors concerned In the determination of endosperm color in maize.

Inheritance studies in Pisum. — IV, Interrelation of the genetic factors of
Pisum, O. E. White (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1917), No. 4,
pp. 167-190). — This paper describes and discusses the number of demonstrated
factors in I'isum, their modifying effects upon each other's expression, the
modification of their expression by dift'erent environments, and their relation
to one another in inheritance, whether independent or linked.

Thirty-five genetic factors are listed and discussed. The presence and ab-
sence of these 35 factors are said to be resijonsiblc for 70 or more differential
characters. The modifying effects of the expression of one factor upon another
and the 2ffects of external environmental conditions upon the expression of
these factors are described. Data involving many thousand Fz generation
progeny indicate that certain factors are independently inherited, that is, they
are not linked, unless the linkage is very loose. Data for four linked groups
are presented, three of which involve some of the factors mentioned above and
one the relations of which to the other seven are still undetermined.

FIELD CROPS.

Factors influencing the water requirements of plants, G. C. Thom and
H. F. Holtz (Washington Sia. Bui. l.',6 (1917), pp. 3-64, fiys. i8).— This reports
extensive investigations of the various factors inlluencing the water require-

1918] FIELD CROPS. 227

ments of plants enibi'ucing experiiueuts with different field crops grown in
galvauized-iron tanks from 1911 to 1913, inclusive, in field plats from 1912-
1914, inclusive, and in sand cultures to which were added nutrient solutions
of varying concentration. Considerable tabulated data are present showing
the water requirenionts of crops under field conditions. The results are de-
[)icted by gnqjlis. Adilitional data show the effect upon the water require-
ments of plants of the following factors: Kind of crop, percentage of ash in
plants, concentration of the nutrient soil solution, fallowing, individiial plant
food elements, alkali salts, previous cropping, variety, stage of development, and
percentage of capillary saturation. The conclusions reached have been sum-
marized as follows :

" The numerous conditions surrounding plants that influence their growth
and water requirement and the adaptability and habits of the plant to meet
these conditions make it impossible to give any definite water requirement for
any plant, or even to give the relative order in which a given number of
varieties will stand in respect to this factor. The average water requirement
[pounds of water required to produce a pound of dry matter] of 6 cereal crops
was 312, and for 4 legumes. 429. The daily amount of water transpired by
wheat, corn, oats, and peas increa.sed until about the beginning of the ripen-
ing period ; from this time there was a gradual decrease up to maturity.
The depth to which field crops took moisture was : Wheat, 9 ft. ; oats, 8.5 ft. ;
barley, 8 ft. ; peas, 6 ft. ; millet, 5.5 ft. ; corn, 5 ft. ; beans, 5 ft. The crops
that took the soil moisture from the greatest depth also had the greatest
water requirement. Tanks proved to be equal to field plats in determining
the water requirements of plants. The ash content of different plants in-
creased with the increased water requirement.

" Plants grown in culture solutions varying in concentration from 0.01 to
0.1 per cent increased in total dry matter produced and decreased in water
requirement. The average of 3 trials, a 0.01 per cent concentration gave a
growth of 3.152 gm. of dry matter and a water requirement of 729; in a 0.1
per cent concentration, 39.2226 gm. of dry matter and a water requirement
of 381. The percentage of roots in the total dry weight decreased from 43.2
per cent in a 0.0125 per cent concentration to 17.3 per cent in 0.1 per cent con-
centration of a nutrient solution. In like manner the water requirement was
reduced from 605 to 262, respectively. The above results indicate that weak
soil solutions cause an increased root development in plants.

" The water requirement of wheat was 34 per cent less, and for beans 19
per cent less, when grown on summer-fallowed soil than when grown on cropped
soil.

" When any of the essential plant food elemepts — nitrogen, potassium, phos-
phorus, and calcium — were reduced to 0.02 per cent and 0.01 per cent of that
contained in a normal solution used in culture solution work in this bulletin,
the reduction of calcium and potassium made good growths and nitrogen and
phosphorus poor growths. The water requirement was increased in each case
except when calcium was deficient. When nitrogen was reduced to 0.01 per
cent of the normal solution, 43.2 per cent of the total di'y matter produced
was roots. When calcium was reduced to 0.01 per cent of the normal solution,
only 10 per cent was roots. Consequently a soil with a low nitrate content
causes a plant to develop an abnormally large root system. Increasing the
concentration of a complete culture solution by addition of alkali salts, viz.
sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, and sodium chlorid, decreased the water
requirement until the solution became so concentrated to inhibit growth.

" The water requirement of wheat was less when grown on soil that had
grown legumes and intertilled crops the previous season than the soil that
had grown cereals. The difference obtained in the water requirement due to

228 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

variety in spring wlieat is small. Tliere is a decrease in the water require-
ment of wheat and oats with increase in age.

"The percentage of caj)illary saturation of the soil in which plants are
grown Is not an important factor in the water requirement of plants, provided
the percentage of moisture is maintained considerably above the wilting point.
The results of these investigations indicate that any condition wiiich disturbs
the normal life processes, be it soil, atmospheric, or pathological, increases the
water requirement to just such a degree as it depresses the normal functionings
of the plant."

A bibliography of 27 titles is appended.

A new method for harvesting small grain and grass plats, A. G. McCall
(Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 9 (1911), No. S, pp. 138-11,0, figs. 2).— A device for
harvesting small grains and grasses in varietal and soil fertility tests is de-
scribed and illustrated. The apparatus was constructed and used at the Mary-
land Experiment Station, where small areas of wheat and timothy plats were
harvested, giving results which checked satisfactorily with records obtained
from harvesting and thrashing entire plats.

[Report of field crops work in Nebraska] (Nehraska Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp.
XV-XVII). — Water requirement investigations were continued through 1916,
employing 425 potometers, and the relation of soil, climatic, and crop characters
to the use of water by crops studied. Some of the more important conclusions
arrived at are as follows :

" Transpiration is essentially evaporation. Changes in climatic conditions
affect somewhat similarly the rate of water loss from a corn plant and that
from a shallow physical free water surface. Variation in the water lequlre-
ment from day to day is very marked. Occasionally this daily variation
amounts to 300 or 400 per cent in successive days. The maximum variation
observed in 2 successive days has been 600 per cent. On days of extreme tem-
perature in very dry years there may be an atmospheric demand of 10 lbs. of
water from a single average corn plant during 24 hours. ... In a compara-
tively short time the corn may receive injuries from which it never fully
recovers. Bearing this in mind it is evident that a period of brief duration
may affect yields more than the annual amount of rainfall.

"A marked variation exists in the water requirement of different years, due
to natural climatic differences. There is a rather consistent relationship in the
relative seasonal variations between (1) transpiration per unit of dry matter.
(2) transpiration per unit of leaf area, and (3) evaporation from a free water
surface. There is no such thing as a definite water requirement which is
constant for any one kind of crop. A reduction in soil-moisture content below
the optinnnn during three years i*educed the water requirement per pound of ear
corn 4.3 per cent and per pound of total dry matter 7.9 per cent. This reduc-
tion in water requirement was, however, accompanied by 37.3 per cent reduced
stalk yield, 28.5 per cent reduced yield of ear corn, and 30.7 per cent lower
yield of total dry matter. . . .

"An increase in the soil-moisture content above the optimum during three
years increased the water requirement per pound of ear corn 13.5 per cent and
per pound of total dry matter 8.2 per cent. This increase in water requirement
was accompanied by 11.3 per cent reduced stalk yield, 21.1 per cent reduced
yield of ear corn, and 1G.7 per cent lower yield of total dry matter. . . .

" The water requirement per pound of dry matter is much larger in an infer-
tile soil than in a fertile .soil. Increasing the fertility of the soil reduces the
water requirement for grain production and for total dry matter. An appli-
cation of manure has a much greater effect upon an infertile than upon a

1918] FIELD CROPS. 229

fertile soil. Thus, as nn average for two years, eqiial applications of sheep
manure to infertile, Intermediate, and fertile soils reduced the water require-
ments for ear corn production 42.6, 25.4, and 10.5 per cent, respectively. For
total dry matter these water requirements were reduced 28.9, 17.1, and 8.1 per
cent, respectively. However, the total water requirement per plant was in-
creased by an application of manure to infertile, intermediate, and fertile soil,
respectively, 106.7, 42.6, and 28.7 per cent. . . .

" The water requirement for milo maize was the same as the average for 11
corn varieties, while' it was considerably higher for Black Amber sorghum. It
appears that the drought-resistant qualities of certain crops must lie elsewhere
than in a markedly low water requirement per pound of dry matter."

In cereal investigations it was concluded that small seed when compared
in equal numbers with large seed appeared at a disadvantage, but when planted
in equal weights the yields were practically the same. When grown in compe-
tition plants from large seed appeared to have a slight advantage over those
from small seed.

[Report of field crops work in Pennsylvania] {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 147
(Wn), pp. 25-31, figs. 4).— Continuing work previously noted (E. S. E., 38,
p. 34), a comparison of plowing depths of 7.5 and 12 in., both in the fall and
spring, for crops in rotation since the fall of 1909 has led to the conclusion that
fall plowing gave slightly better yields of corn than spring plowing, while with
all other crops the time of plowing made no significant difference in yield. Deep
plowing gave no greater yields than shallow plowing.

In variety tests with wheat Dawson Golden Chaff has given the highest
average yield, 33.4 bu. per acre, for the period of 1911 to 1916, with 11 others
ranging from 30 to 30.7 bu. per acre.

The range in average yield of marketable tubers of 43 varieties of potatoes
tested for the period of 1911 to 1916 was fi'om 88 to 177 bu. per acre. The lead-
ing varieties were Silver King, Pan American, Whiton White Mammoth, Petos-
key, Heath Late Beauty, Hamilton Early, Norcross, and Rural New Yorker
No. 2, in the order named.

The leading oat varieties for 1911 to 1916 were Big Four, New Zealand,
Fourth of July, Joanette, Kherson, New Danish White, and Czar of Russia.

In soy bean variety tests the leading varieties in order of yield for the four
years of 1913-1916, inclusive, were as follows : In seed — Ebony, Chestnut, Mon-
gol, Ito San, Ohio 10015, and Amherst; and in hay— Ohio 7496, Ohio 10015,
Chestnut, Medium Green, Ohio 9035, and Amherst. The average yield of seed
for the four-year period for the 20 varieties in the test amounted to 14.2 bu. and
of hay, 4,462 lbs. In experiments to test the value of soy beans in place of
oats in the rotation, it was concluded that the crops are of about equal value,
except possibly in southern Pennsylvania, where soy beans yield better and
where oats are less profitable. Soy beans planted with corn have resulted in
slightly increased yields of dry matter and of protein.

The fertilizer treatments and yields from 1910 to 1916, inclusive, for a crop-
ping system of corn, wheat, and clover on depleted land are outlined, but nv
definite conclusions drawn.

[Report of field crops work for 1915], J. B. Harrison, C. K. Bancroft,
and R. Ward {Rpt. Dept. Set. and Agr. Brit. Guiana, 1915, pp. 5-12, 13-15;
Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 10 {1911), No. 2, pp. 62-19). — A number of variety
and hybrid tests with sugar cane and rice are reported, together with fertilizer
tests with sugar cane.

Sulphate of ammonia resulted in a yield of 4.7 tons of cane per acre more than
nitrate of soda. Applications equivalent to 450 lbs, of ammonium sulphate

230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

showod a mean yield of 38 tons of cane for nine varieties as compared witli 29.5
tons wltliout nitroj^en.

Tests on 48 duplicate plats showed an increase of only 0.9 ton of cane per
acre upon the addition of acid phosphate, both with and without aii accompany-
ing nitrof,'enous fertilizer. Another series of experiments showed an increase
of 4 tons of cane per acre over the untreate.l plats from an application of GOO
lbs. of basic slag. Tests to determine the elfect of acid calcium phosphatt upon
the sugar content of the cane juice indicated that it was practically negligible,
the expressed juice showing 1.794 lbs. of sacchiU-ose and 0.061 lb. of glucose with
the phosphate; and 1.77 lbs. of saccharose and 0,058 lb. of glucose without it.

A number of observations are recorded of seedling canes from selfed and un-
controlled parentage. Of the selected canes from uncontrolled parentage 57.2
per cent proved upon analysis to be of high potential value, while 5S.3 per cent
of the selected hybrid canes possessed similar characteristics. However, only
6( canes of hybrid origin were deemed suitable for analysis, whereas 430 canes
of uncontrolled parentage were selected.

[Report of field crops work], A. A. Meggitt {Ann. Rpt. JorJiat Agr. Expt.
Sta., 1916, pp. 7-42; Ann. Rpt. Agr. Expts. Assam, 1916, pp. 7-25, ^0-^2).— Ex-
tensive variety and cultural tests with sugar cane are reported for 1915-16.
Cultural tests indicated that a planting rate of about 8,000 sets per acre was
the optimum for the region, and that decreasing the distance between rows
within the limits of from 3 to 5 ft., with the sets 2 ft. apart in the row, in-
creased the total acre yield.

Liming and fertilizer tests with pigeon peas, millet, gram, mustard, corn,
and oats, and green manuring tests with cowpeas and pigeon peas are briefly
noted. Tests with wood ashes as a supplement to cow manure and in place of
lime have given excellent results in increased oat yields.

[Report of field crops work at Anakapalle Agricultural Station], G. R.
HiLSON and D. Balakrishnamurti (Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpts. Anakapalli Agr.
Sta., 1914-15, pp. 6; 1915-16, pp. 7; 1916-17, pp. i2).— Cultural, rotational, and
variety tests with cotton, sugar cane, rice, and miscellaneous native crops are
briefly noted, together with meteorological data for the period of 1914 to 1917,
inclusive.

Grains for western North and South Dakota, F. R. Babcock, J. H. Martin,
and R. W. Smith (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 878 (1917), pp. 21, figs. 9).—
Approved methods of grain production in western North and South Dakota
and eastern Montana are outlined, and varieties of winter and spring wheat,
oats, barley, rye, and fiSx deemed suitable for the region recommended.

Grains for the Utah dry lands, J. W. Jones and A. F. Bracken (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 883 {1917), pp. 21, figs. 8). — This outlines approved methods
for the production of the small grain crops on the Utah dry lands and recom-
mends varieties of winter and spring wheat, oats, barley, and winter emmer
deemed suited to the region. Corn, the grain sorghums, proso millet, and flax
are said to be little grown.

The information presented in based largely upon the results of experimental
work at the Nephi substation, previously noted (E. S. R., 32 p. 525; 36, p. 528).

Leguminous crops in desert agriculture, A. and Gabkielle L. C. Howard
{Agr. Jotir. India, 12 {1917), No. 1, pp. 27-43; Fruit Expt. Sta. Quetta Bui. 6
{1916), pp. 15). — The economic necessity of producing leguminous forage crops
in the desert areas of India, to be used both for feed and for green manuring,
is discussed. Tests with the drying and baling of shaftal {Trifolium rcsupina-
tum) and of alfalfa are noted, and the feeding value of the two crops com-
pared, together with numerous reports on practical feeding tests in tlie Army.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 231

A feeding analysis shows the nutritive ratio of shaftal to be 1 : 3.2 and that of
alfalfa 1:3.5.

Comparative value of legumes as green manures, M. O. Johnson, Aiice R.
Thompson, and C. A. Sahr {Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 52 {1911), pp. IJf, fajs. 6). — •
This is a popular discussion of the studies of leguminous crops for green
manuring purposes in Hawaii previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 320).

Soy beans and cowpeas, J. R. Fain and P. O. Vanatter {Go. State Col. Agr.
Circ. 46 {1917), pp. 8). — A brief popular description of soy beans and cowpeas,
together with cultural directions, recommendations as to varieties, and notes
on the utilization of the crops.

Field production of yautias, g'abis, and dasheens, G. O. Ocfehia {Philip-
pine Ayr. and Forester, 5 {1916), No. 7, pp. 223-23Jf) .—This reports cultural
tests with the crops named under conditions prevailing in the Philippine
Islands. A brief review is given of cultural practices in the United States,
Porto Rico, Hawaii, Barbados, New Caledonia, Haiti, and Malaysia.

[Variety tests with alfalfa], W. P. Brooks and E. F. Gaskill {Massacfiu-
setts Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 57a, 5Sa). — Continued tests of alfalfa varieties have
led to the conclusion that common alfalfa from northern-grown seed is equal
to the higher-priced Grimm, both in yielding power and in resistance to winter-
killing. Siberian alfalfa obtained from South Dakota winterkilled.

Barley, J. T. Pkidham {Dcpt. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 112 {1916),
pp. 3-22, figs. 7). — The cultivation and handling of barley in New South Wales
is dfscussed in a general manner, together with an economic di-scussion by
J. R. Davidson, of the production of malting barley.

The production of clover seed under irrigation in southern Idaho, L. C.
AiCHEE {Idaho Sta. Bui. 100 {1917), pp. 19, figs. 9).— Cultural methods and
field practices employed in the production of clover seed under irrigation in
southern Idaho are discussed in detail. Clover seed is now produced from
Washington County on the western border to Teton County on the east, with a
range in elevation of from 2,200 to 5,500 ft. Practically all Idaho-grown clover
seed is bought by eastern seed houses to blend with eastern- and foreign-grown
seed because of its high color, purity, and vitality, factors said to be greatly
influenced by the methods employed in its production. Yields of seed have
varied from 4 to 8 bu. per acre for red clover, 6 to 7 bu. for alsike, and 6 to
6.6 bu. for white clover for 1914 to 1916, inclusive, and for different sections of
the State. Cooperative action on the part of Idaho seed growers to encourage
the sale of straight Idaho-grown seed in the United States is urged.

Increasing the yield of corn by crossing, D. F. Jones, H. K. Hayes, W. L.
Slate, jr., and B. G. Southwick {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 5, pp.
3S3-347, pis. 2).- — Extensive investigations with 50 first-generation hybrids of
the highest-yielding varieties of flint and dent corn in Connecticut are reported
in a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 331). The experi-
ments were conducted cooperatively by the State and Storrs stations at Mt.
Carmel and Storrs in 1914 and 1915 and at Mt. Carmel in 1916. The behavior
of the first-generation cros.ses as compared with their parents is outlined and
tabulated data presented showing the yields, the heights, and the number of
days to tasseling and to maturity. The desirable crosses are noted and the
general characters and special features of the hybrids discussed in detail.

The results, together with those obtained elsewhere, are deemed conclusive
as to the value of crossing, without previous inbreeding, as a method for
increasing the yield of corn. It is stated that of the 50 Fi crosses, " 88 per
cent yielded more than the average, and of these 66 per cent yielded more than
either parent. In time of ripening the first-generation crosses were on the
average intermediate when compared with their parents. . . . This increase in

232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

the rate of growth is considered to be fully as important under Connecticut
conditions us any increase in yield.

" The highest yielding parents gave the highest yielding crosses, . . . but
. . . there was apparently no relation between the yield of the parents and
the increase in the yield of the cross. High average yielding parents gave as
large increases, when stated in percentages, as low yielding parents. There
was a tendency for the crosses whose parents differed in their ability to yield
to give the greatest increase. This is also shown by the fact that the dent
X flint crosses gave greater increases in growth than the flint X flint crosses.

" These facts bear out the assumption that hybrid vigor is not the result of
an indefinite physiological stimulation, but merely the result of the bringing
together of [the] greatest number of favorable growth factors. Crosses between
\arieties of diverse type therefore possess a greater total number of favorable
growth factors than crosses between similar varieties, and hence give larger
increases when crossed."

A statistical study of some indirect effects of certain selections in breed-
ing Indian corn, H. L. liiEiz and L. H. Smith (U. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 11 (1911), No. ^, pp. 105-146, flf/s. 24). — In connection with breeding
experiments with high- and low-protein and high- and low-oil strains of corn,
conducted at the Illinois Experiment Station and previously noted (E. S. R.,
20, p. 531), the authors report observations upon what they term "the indirect
effects " of the selections by a statistical investigation of changes in certain
physical characters of the ears of corn, including length, circumference, weight,
and number of rows of kernels. The study involved the preparation of 476
distinct frequency distributions, and tabulated data are presented Showing
the frequency distributions with respect to the physical characters of the ears
for the four strains in the crop of 1914, and showing the type and variability of
the four strains with respect to each character studied for 11 crops, lOOH-lDla,
inclusive. Similar observations are recorded for the two-ear strains, 1908-1916,
inclusive, the erect- and declining-ear strains, 1907-191G, inclusive, and for the
high- and low-ear strains. 1907-191 G, inclusive, with considerable tabulated data
and numerous graphs illustrating the means and standard deviations for each
character studied in the different strains of corn. The results of the observa-
tions are summarized as follows :

" It is found that four distinct types of corn as regards length, circumference,
weight of ears, and number of rows of kernels on ears are so well established
that we may assign orders of values to the means of these characters that per-
sist with but few exception in such changes of environment as have been ex-
perienced in 11 years of planting, from 1905 to 1915. While a few slight but
significant progressive changes have been noted, the selections for chendcal
composition from 1905 to 1915 have not changed decidedly the differences in
mean values of these characters. In fact, we are imable to assert with any
high degree of probability that the strains difler more or less with respect to
these characters during the second half of the period 1905 to 1915 than during
the first half.

" The standard deviations of the strains do not differ nearly so nuich com-
pared to their probable errors as do the means, j;nd it is not in general nearly
so easy to discriminate among strains by the differences of standard deviations
as by the use of means. There is one marked exception to this, in that we
easily distinguish high-protein and high-oil from low-protein and low-oil strains
by the differences in the standard deviations in weight of ears.

" No progressve change of consequence has taken place in standard deviations.
The coefficients of variability, in comparison to their probable errors, differ

1918] FIELD CROPS. 233

still less iu .1 given season than the standard deviations, and there is no vei-y
general tendency for the coefficients of variability to maintain a definite order
of values. That is to say, the differences of coefficients of variability of the
four strains seem to be fairly well described, with certain exceptions noted in
the paper, as random fluctuations.

" The upper ears have a significantly larger mean value in length, weight, and
circumference than have the lower ears on the same stalks. The means with
respect to weight, length, and circumference of single ears are in each case
larger than the corresponding means for the lower ears of the same plat. The
me uis with respect to weight and circumference are also in general larger than
these means for upper ears of the same plat. However, strange as it may
appear, the mean lengths of single ears are on the whole less than those of
upper ears. A striking fact in the comparison of the single ears with the upper
and lower ears is the greater standard deviation in the weight of single ears.

" Taken as a whole, there are no significant differences in [erect- and declining-
ear] strains with respect to the characters considered. In view of the sug-
gestion that ears are declining because of their greater weight, it is a fact of
special interest that the- declining ears are not on the whole heavier than the
erect ears.

"The ears of the low-ear strain are on the whole significantly larger in mean
length, circumference, and weight than those of the high-ear strain, but there
are a few exceptions. In each of the eight years considered the mean number
of rows of kernels on ears is larger for the low-ear strain than for the high-
ear strain. The standard deviation of number of rows of kernels in each year is
distinctly gi-eater for the low ears than for the high ears, and the standard
deviation of circumference of ears is in general larger for the low-ear strain
than for the high-ear strain."

[Nitrate experiments on " Nili " maiz^] (Min. Agr. [Egypt's Circs. 22
(1912), pp. 4; 43 [1913], pp. J,; 48 [191^], pp. 7; 11 {1915), pp. 11; 81 (1916),
pp. 9). — Experiments in the fertilizing of " Nili " maize with sodium nitrate
and the so-called baladi and kufri manures are reported. These experiments
have been conducted since 1911 and now embrace 50 demonstration farms in the
three provinces of Gheezeh, Qaliubia, and Menoofeeyeh. The results obtained
in each province are tabulated, and the general conclusions are as follows:

The use of nitrate of soda in maize cultivation apparently increased the yield
4.5 ardebs (25.2 bu.) after berseem and 3.5 ardebs after wheat above the yield
secured from the use of kufri or baladi manures. Acid phosphate had no im-
mediate effect on the crop. The use of 150 kg. of sodium nitrate per feddan
(315 lbs. per acre) is recommended for Gheezeh Province when applied in
two installments, one at the time of thinning and the second at the time of
hoeing. The best results were obtained when from 75 to 100 loads of baladi
manure was applied at the time of plowing and the nitrate added as indicated,
but if baladi manure is not available, from 150 to 200 kg. of sodium nitrate
are recommended.

Cotton variety tests for boll-weevil and wilt conditions in Georgia, A. C.
Leavis and C. A. McLendon (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 46 (1911), pp. .5-34, figs. 3).—
Extensive variety tests with long-staple upland cotton and Sea Island cotton at
numerous centers in Georgia are reported in an effort to ascertain the varieties
best suited for growing under boll-weevil and wilt conditions. For southern
Georgia, Lewis 63, Desoto, Oouncil-Toole, Dillon (for sandy soils), and Dix-
Afifi are deemed best, while Cleveland, Toole, and Cook proved well adapted
to most sections of northern Georgia.

23'4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

How to grow cotton in spite of the boll weevil, I. W. Williams {Ga. Bd.
Ent. Bui. Ifi {1911), pp. 4S, figs. 17).— The production of cotton from locally
adapted, pedigreed seed under the best cultural conditions is recommended as
the most effective method of combating boll-weevil and plant disease pests.
Blooming records of a number of varieties tested at Thomasville and Valdosta,
Ga., are reported.

Methods of treating cotton seed for anthracnose and angular leaf spot are
noted.

Some lint characters of Sea Island cotton, S. C. Hakland (Agr. Jour. India,
12 {1917), No. 1, pp. 115-120). — This paper presents a brief discussion of such
lint characters of Sea Island cotton as length, uniformity of length, weak fiber,
and lint index and lint percentage, and their bearing on cotton selection.
Summarized statements show the number of seeds necessary to be examined in
respect to each character, and the probable error involved.

The author takes exception to the conclusions of Cook (E. S. R., 20, p. 439)
in so far as the latter maintains that a high lint percentage implies light seed,
and hence that continuous selection for high lint percentage is inadvisable, as
light seed gives rise to plants lacking in vigor. Observations with Sea Island
cotton are noted, the author maintaining that high lint percentage does not
imply a low seed weight, that plants with a low seed weight do not give rise
to progeny deficient in vigor, and that cotton selections having a high line
index are usually found possessing a high lint percentage.

Notes on the destruction of cotton bushes by burning, F. R. Shepherd
{Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1917), No. 1, pp. 120, 121). — This paper reports satisfac-
tory results obtained with plowing under cotton stalks instead of burning them
at La Gu6rite, St. Kitts. By pulling the stalks, rather than cutting them, and
plowing them under from six weeks to two months previous to seeding, the
risk of infection of the new crop* with the leaf blister mite was apparently no
greater than when the stalks were burned, while the soil derived marked benefit
from the added organic matter.

Ten years' practical experience of Java indigo in Bihar, D. J. Reid {Agr.
Jour. India, 12 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-26, pi. 1). — Statistical data are presented and
discussed for each year from 1904 to 1915, inclusive, regarding the production
of Java indigo {Indigofcra arrecta) and of the local Sumatrana strain in Bihar
in an attempt to reestablish the industry on a satisfactory competitive basis
with synthetic indigo production. Approved cultural practices and the nature
and control of the wilt disease are briefly outlined.

Matkee, a green manuring plant, A. Ram {Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1917), No.
1, pp. 161, 162. fig. 1). — The leguminous weed matkee {/Eschynomene indica) is
briefly described, and its use as a green manure for tea estates and elsewhere
outlined.

Culture tests with varieties of oats, 1909-1912, J. C. Labsen {Tidsskr.
Plantcavl, 23 {1916), No. 5, pp. 701-756). — The results of cooperative culture
tests with varieties of oats conducted for four years are reported in detail in
tabular form and discussed. A description of each of the varieties tested is
given. The results of the tests are summarized in the following table:

19181 FIELD CROPS. 235

Results secured in cooperative variety tests of oats grown on clay and sandy

Varieties.

Yield per tonde-

land (1.36 acres).

Hull

Kernel

content.

weight.

Grain.

Stravr.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Per cent.

Mg.

40.2

60.6

25.4

36

39.9

64.-5

25.8

37

39.7

54.8

25.6

34

39.1

60.0

25.3

38

38.9

60.3

27.1

34

37.4

55.8

24.7

38

27.3

43.8

35.3

31

26.6

36.8

26.4

33

24.9

40.8

25.6

32

24.7

40.4

26.1

37

24.7

42.6

27.3

38

24.6

40.6

27.4

35

24.4

39.5

28.7

34

24.2

36.5

25.9

38

Weight

per

tonde

(4

bushels).

Clay soil:

Sejr

Schlanstcdt

Stjerne

Gul Naisgaard...

Gulhvid Tystofte

Ligowo

Sandy soil:

Graa

Stjerne

Guldregns

Gul Nsesgaard

Schlaustedt

Sejr

Gulhvid Tystolte

Jiigovro

Lbs.

144

138
137
140
140
143

109
126
135
124
125
131
127
132

The chemical composition of the different varieties is also given.

Harvesting, picking, thrashing-, and storing peanuts, H. C. Thompson
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 81 {1917), pp. 6, figs, .i).— Methods which
have proved successful are presented for harvesting, picking, and thrashing
peanuts and for storing the product on the farm or in warehouses.

The potato, A. W. Gilbert, M. F. Babes, and D. Dean {New York: The Mac-
millan Co., 1911, pp. XII +318, pis. 16, figs. 29).— A. book intended to give brief
practical suggestions on the growing, breeding, and marketing of potatoes for
both the farmer and the student. The chapters relating to breeding and varie-
ties occupy a large proportion of the book, as these subjects are regarded as
having received less attention in potato literature than cultural methods.

The application of correlation formulas to the problem of varietal differ-
ences in disease resistance. — Data from the Vermont experiments with po-
tatoes, J. A. Harris {Amer. Nat., 51 {1917), No. 604, PP- 23S-2U)-—A. number
of constants showing the relative correlation of disease resistance in potatoes
to variety are reported. These figures were obtained by the author in con-
nection with other studies involving a review of numerous experiments con-
ducted by the Vermont Experiment Station in comparing varieties for suscepti-
bility to early blight (Alternaria solani) (E. S. R., 31. p. 64.S), tuber rot (E. S.
R., 17, p. 1078), and Phytophthora infestans (E. S. R., 29, p. 550).

The author maintains that the correlation coellicients presented justify much
more definite conclusions than were drawn without such statistical analysis
and, hence, demonstrate the usefulness of the biometric method in the pre-
liminary s.tages of disease-resistance experiments, in which large numbers of
varieties are being tested, and in which the mass of data is confusing. He
concludes that the most careful individual analysis is not only desirable but
e.ssential, and that the statistical method should be supplemental.

Cooperative potato spraying, 1916, G. P. Clinton and F. E. Rogers {Con-
nectictit State Stn. Rpt. 1916, pt. 5, pp. 355-364)- — Spraying experiments con-
ducted by the station and the New Haven County Farm Bureau in cooperation
with farmers within the county to test the relative value of Bordeaux mixture
and Pyrox in spraying Green Mountain potatoes for blight are reported. The
estimated cost, yields, and gain or loss per acre for each treatment are shown
in tabular form, and the conclusion is reached that homemade Bordeaux

236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

was superior to Pyrox, due to the greater cost of tlie latter and the less bene-
ficial results derived from its use.

The significance of hybrid selections with rice and how they are orig-
inated, L. Koch {Tajsmannia, 27 {1916), No. 9-10, pp. 502-519, pis. 5).— Dis-
cussing the theory and practice of hybridization the author briefly reviews
the work of Van der Stok (E. S. R., 26, p. 435), begun in 1907, in hybridizing
rice varieties.

Early rice planting as a means for augmenting the supply of irrigation
water, W. L. Mesman {Arch. Suikcriudu.^. Ncdcrland. Indie, 25 {VJlD, No. 2, pp.
S!,-.',0 ) .—The author presents data showing the saving in irrigation water made
possible by the early planting (before October 15) of early-maturing varieties of
rice on dry seed beds, withholding irrigation until after transplanting into the
open field. An increase of profits of about 50 per cent is claimed for this
practice.

Population analyses and inheritance studies concerning self-sterility, self-
fertility, and sterility in rye, N. Heiubekt-Nilsson {Ztschr. Pflanzenziicht.,
4 (r.UO), No. 1, pp. l-li4, fifis. 3). — The author reports observations on 242
parent plants and 114 of their progeny, all of which were subjected to various
mctliods of isolation. The study con.sisted of population analyses giving the
average percentage of fertility (the number of kernels per number of glumes)
of the variety- and of the pedigree-populations and of inheritance studies where
isolation had progressed through two or more generations.

Methods of isolation and isolating materials are briefly discussed. A part
of the work was conducted with closed glass tubes (18 to 30 mm. in diameter)
into which the .spikes were inserted, the opening closed with cotton wrapped
about the stem, and the glass tube fastened to a stake driven into the ground
beside the plant. Other spikes were isolated by means of glass tubes the
closed ends of which had been cut off and the opening covered \\ith parchment.
In order to compare glass- and parchment-isolation with " normal " isola-
tion a few plants were grown in the open, where they were deemed adequately
isolated by reason of the fact that the experimental plats were at least 2 km.
distant from any other rye fields and the prevailing winds were from a direc-
tion from which there was no fear of foreign pollen infection.

Considerable data are presented to compare the different isolating methods.
The setting of seed was noticeably depressed by artificial isolation, the average
fertility amounting to 7 per cent for the normal, 4 per cent for the parchment,
and 1 per cent for the glass-tube method.

Different populations exhibited certain peculiar differences in regard to the
average fertility percentage, while hybrid populations were even more variable
than the parent and attained a higher fertility percentage. This was illustrated
in the hybrid strains Brattingsborg X Petkuser and Brattingsborg X Heinrich,
which gave an average fertility percentage of 7.7 with normal isolation and 2.6
with gla.ss-tube isolation. Petkuser populations, on the other hand, and indi-
vidual selections from Petkuser and Brattingsborg gave an average fertility of
0.5 per cent with glass-tube isolation and 3.8 per cent with normal isolation.

Inheritance studies demonstrated that rye populations contain strongly self-
sterile, partly self-sterile, and self-fertile individuals. In the population re-
ceiving the most exhaustive study, an individual selection of Petkuser rye, of
73 plants observed 71 were self-sterile, 1 partly self-sterile, and 1 self-fertile.
The appearance of a self-fertile race was held to indicate that the character of
self -fertility was monohybrid, with self -sterility dominant. Self -fertile races
must therefore be immediately constant upon their appearance, this having
been demonstrated in one race through three generations. The self-fertile plant
mentioned above had a fertility percentage of 74.8 with normal isolation. Its

1918] FIELD CROPS. 237

progeny showed 57.4 per cent fertility with normal isolation and 14.8 per cent
with' glass-tnbe isohition. Four races have been observed which can be ex-
pected to show as high fertility. Normal fertility with Petkuser rye from cross-
pollination, according to Ulrich (E. S. R., 14, p. 75G), is SO per cent.

Plants were also found which showed a high fertility percentage but some-
what lower (10 to 20 per cent) than that for the races noted above. These
strains, however, have been observed through only two generations and consist
of a small number of Individuals. The author suggests that such plants be
designated as " half-fertile " to distinguish them from those of higher fertility.

Individual plants setting from 10 to 20 per cent of seed have been observed
to produce only self-sterile progeny. They are to be considered, therefore, as
partly fertile modifications, or as extreme plus-variants of ordinary self-steril-
ity. Only through inheritance studies, therefore, is the genotypic nature of
partly fertile plants to be determined. Modifications which show such high
percentages of fertility as that of the high-fertility races have not been observed.

The fertility percentage of high-fertility races did not appear to be depressed
by i.solation, although a marked retrogression in the quality and vitality of the
seetl and in the vitality of the progeny was observed. The plants remained
rather vigorous after the second isolation but after the third were almost
dwarfed. Whether strains of high self-fertility could be maintained for agri-
cultural purposes is still regarded as questionable. These races have the ad-
vantage of being practically independent of meteorological conditions, but in
every case observed the inferior quality of gi'ain occasioned by isolation has
been permanently established in the cross-pollinated progeny so that any ad-
vantage is apparently accompanied by this serious disadvantage. The author
concedes, however, that differences between those races, in respect to this char-
acter, may be encountered, and that through hybridization the vitality of the
race might be established without losing the advantages of self-fertility. The
progeny of such a hybrid must be constantly self-fertile, since it arises from
races having the same recessive character.

The author notes the progress of experiments planned for further study of
the inheritance of sterility in an effort lO determine whether this character
lies solely in the ovule or is also expressetl in the pollen grain.

Grain soi^hum seed, E. B. Babcock {California, Sta. Circ. Ill {1911), pp. 8,
flgf!. 6). — This is a popular discussion of the principles and methods of seed
selection for the improvement of grain sorghums, together with simple direc-
tions for field selection and for testing individual plant selections.

The purification of soy bean varieties, D. F. Jones and H. K. Hayes {Con-
necticut State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 5, pp. 348-353). — Variations in plant habit
and in flower and pod color observed in a variety of soy beans grown at the
station in 1913 led to individual plant selections within the variety during
1914. Differences in height, number of pods, color and shape of seed, yield,
time of flowering, color of flowers, and habit of growth were noted for 23
selections. Similar observations of selected plants within a strain grown as
Ito San indicated that the variety was quite pure.

It is concluded that " these results simply show that a mixed variety of soy
beans can be purified and made uniform by selecting individual plants and
increasing their progeny."

Harvesting' soy-bean seed, W. J. Mobse {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 886
{1911), pp. 8, figs. 1). — Directions are given for harvesting, curing and handling,
thrashing, and storing soy beans when grown for seed.

The sugar beet in Algeria, Vermeil {Bui. Agr. Alg6rie, Tunisie, Maroc, 22
{1916), No. 2-6, pp. 29-34)- — A- general discussion of sugar beet production in
Algeria, together with tabulated data comparing six varieties.
44073°— 18 4

238 EXPERTMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The action of copper arsenate and arsenious acid on sugar cane roots,
E. jAKVi.s {QueensUnid Affr. Jour., n. ser., 7 (1917), No. 2, pp. 79, 80).— This is
a preliminary report of the effect of copper arsenate and arsenious acid on
sugar cane roots A'hen used as a poison bait for grubs.

Short "sets" of " badila " cane planted in earthenware pots, repre.senting
treatments of 113 and 226 lbs. of I'aris gi-een per acre, produced shoots which
at the end of six weeks averaged 10 in. in height as compared with '^.5 In.
for untreated checks. A maximum growth of 27 in. was attained in the pot
representing a 226-lb. application. The average height of cane attained after
six weeks' growth with from 100- to 200-lb. applications of commercial white
arsenate was 27.8 in., as compared with 2G in. for the untreated check.

Concerning the progeny of plus and minus variants from pure lines of
tobacco, II. .Ienskn (Procfstat. Vorstenland. Tfihak [Dutch East Indies^, Mcded.
24 (1916), pp. il-56, pis. 2; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr., Intcrnat. Rev. Sci. wnd
Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 5, pp. 720-722). — Observations are reported on the
offspring of large and small plants (3.9 to 7.3 ft in height) and of wide- and
narrow-leafed plants.

The results with different-sized plants indicated that large and small mother
plants of a pure line produce offspring of the same height. Two pure lines
were observed in regard to leaf width, one producing offspring which fluctuated
around the parent plant (that is, around the plus or minus variants), while
plus variants of a pure line, known as the WY-line, produced offspring having
as narrow leaves as the minus variant.

Planting tests with tobacco, O. de Vries and E. Sidenius (Proefstat. Vor-
stenland. Tahak. [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 27 (1916), pp. 85). — This reports
tests to determine the effect of different planting distances upon (1) yield as
expressed by grams per plant, kilograms per plat, and percentage of first-
length leaves, and (2) quality and color. The tests were conducted at a num-
ber of centers from 1910 to 1915 and included seven uifferent planting distances.

The results obtained indicated that the yield per plant was least with close
planting, M'hile the greatest variation in individual plants was obtained in the
wide plantings. The highest yield per plat was obtained from close plantings.
Greater leaf length was obtained from wide plantings. In regard to quality
and color, the best results were reported from close plantings on good soils,
the improved quality and color, together with increased yield, fully compensat-
ing any loss in length.

[Report of field experiments with tobacco, 1898-1911], M. Raciboeski,
H. .Jensen, and O. de Vuies (Procfstat. Yorstenland. Tahak [Dutch East Itidics],
Meded. 5 (WIS), pp. 70-121, 131-136, 138-196, 199-215, pis. U, figs. 6).— Selec-
tions within pure lines, the testing of new varieties, and hybridization studies
are reported, the latter being discussed at some length and the results ob-
tained from numerous crosses illustrated. Extensive field experiments are
reported pertaining to the seed, development of the seedling, various systems
of seed-bed management, studies of the plant in the field, green manuring, use
of stable manure, irrigation, influence of different factors on tobacco culture,
fermentation studies, and combustion studies.

A report of tobacco studies near Deli, O. de Vries (Proefstat. Vorstenland.
Tahak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 6 (1914), pp. 20-30). — Climatic conditions,
cultural practices, fermentation processes, and marketing facilities encountered
in the course of tobacco investigations near Deli are briefly reviewed.

Tobacco culture, R. A. AV. Soesman (Proefstat. Vorstenland. Tahak [Dutch
East Indies], Meded. 13 [1915], pp. 10, pis. .i).— Field practices in tobacco cul-
tivation on the Crown lands of the Dutch East Indies are described in some
detail.

lf>181 FIELD CROPS. 239

The influence of green light upon the drying of tobacco leaves, H. Jensen
(Proof Stat. Vorstenland. Tabak [Dutch East Indies], Meded. 10 [iSi^], pp. H-
22, fig. 1). — Laboratory and lield experiments are outlined for the purpose of
determining the relative influence of white and green light upon the curing of
the lower and upper leaves of tobacco as compared with leaves cured in dark-
ness.

The general conclusion is drawn that light has comparatively little influence
on the quality and color of the leaf, and that its importance has been greatly
overestimated. Average percentages of brown leaves in samples of lower leaves
are given at 74.S7, 75.69, and 77.5 for white, green, and dark chambers, respec-
tively. Similar data for samples of upper leaves show 90.98, 90.37, and 89.45
per cent of brown leaves.

Observations on the combustion of tobacco, E. Sidenius {Proefstat. Vor-
stenland. Tabak IDtitcIi East Indies'], Meded. 22 (1916), pp. 25-69, pis. 2; abs.
in Internat. In-st. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916),
No. 8, p. 1119). — Chemical analyses of the ash from good and poor qualities of
tobacco and from the lower, middle, and top leaves of plants grown at different
points are presented in tabular form, together with numerous fertilizer tests on
field plats and with individual plants, and irrigation tests.

The general conclusion was reached that the properties of the soil and
climate have a predominating influence on combustibility which special fer-
tilizer treatment does not remedy. In one case reported potassium fertilization
gave good results, but required such large amounts of fertilizer (20 gm. of
potassium nitrate per plant) as to be practically prohibitive. Injection of pot-
ash salts into plants was without positive results. Application of horse manure
in one experiment produced a serious decrease in combustibility.

Analyses of the leaves from different parts of the plant showed that com-
bustibility was highest in the bottom leaves, decreasing as the top leaves were
approached. This was specially true when the rains did not occur until late in
the season. Supplementary irrigations were found to occasion considerable loss
in combustibility.

Tests of winter wheat (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 6, pp. 428,
429). — The following varieties of wheat have proved to be hardy when exposed
to severe winter conditions in Connecticut : Dawson Golden Chaff, Fultz, Mary-
land Flint, Dietz Longberry, Early Genesee Giant, Rocky Mountain, Jones Win-
ter Fife, Bearded Winter Fife, New Amber Longberry, Martin Amber, Poole,
Fultzo-Moditerranean, Mammoth Red, Stover, and Klondike.

Wheat, C. F. Noll (Pennsylvania Sta. But. 148 (1917), pp. 3-15, fig. i).— Tests
with 13 varieties of winter wheat for the 10-year period of 1906-1916 and with
33 varieties and selections for the period of 1913-1916 are reported, and the
varieties briefly described in tabular form. Milling and baking tests conducted
during 1910 and 1914-1916, inclusive, are also noted.

Dawson Golden Chaff gave the highest average yield for the 10-year period,
amounting to 34.5 bu. per acre, while Fulcaster Selection 44-09 was highest for
the shorter period, with an average yield of 40.4 bu. per acre. Harvest King,
with 31.9 bu., and Currell Prolific, with 40 bu. per acre, respectively, were sec-
ond for the two periods, while Fultz gave the lowest average yield for the 10-
year period, 29.7 bu., and Eclipse for the shorter period, 28.5 bu. per acre.

In the milling and baking tests, the flour from most of the varieties is said
to have compared favoi-ably with standard spring patent flour in bread-making
qualities and yield. The 1910 tests included Dawson Golden Chaff, Reliable,
and Fulcaster, the last-named making the largest loaf and giving the best
quality of bread.

240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Tests with Miracle wheat in 1912 sown at 1- and 2-bu. rates gave yields of
25.5 and 30.S l)u. per acre, respectively. In 1914 other samples of the same
variety, deslKiinted as Marvelous, were sown at 1-, 3-, 6-, and S-pk. rates and
yielded 23.8, 33.1, 30.5, and 34.8 bn. per acre, respectively. The variety faile<J
to tiller more than the majority of the other varieties tested.

Marquis and Minnesota 1G9 sprinR wheats were sown in 1915 and 1910 and
gave average yields of 13.1 and 13.2 bu. per acre, respectively. In 1? 6, 32
commercial varieties of oats were grown with the wheats, giving an average
yield of 70.1 bu. per acre. Winter wheat grown these two years averaged
32.G bu. per acre for 30 conmiercial varieties. The spring wheat is said to
have been shriveled and of poor quality and is deemed unsuited for Pennsyl-
vania conditions.

Wheat culture in Pennsylvania is outlined and the principal insect and
diseas(> enemies of the crop briefly discussed.

Wheat culture, T. B. Hutcheson and T. K. Wolfe {Virginia Sta. Bui. 216
{1911), pp. 15, figs. 3). — Approved methods of wheat production are outlined
and limited tests noted with dates, rates, and methods of seeding and with
fertilizers.

Fulcaster, Dietz Amber, and Stoner bearded wheats and Fultz, Leap Prolific,
and Harvest King smooth varieties are deemed best for Virginia conditions.

Seed treatments for the loose and stinking smuts of wheat are noted.

Wheat growing in the Southeastern States, G. E. Leighty {U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. SS5 {1917), pp. Hi). — An increased acreage of wheat is recom-
mended for Tennessee, North Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and
South Carolina as a means of crop diversification and of providing home-grown
bread. The sandy loam, silt loam, loam, and many clay soils when drained,
well tilled, and fertilized are deemed suitable for wheat production, while the
lighter, sandy soils, especially in the Coastal Plain, are regarded as better
adaptetl for rye. The soft, red, winter wheats are thought best from all
standpoints. Crop pests (insects, diseases, and weeds) are briefly note<l and
approved methods of control outlined. The value of wheat as a nurse crop,
for hay, and for fall and winter pasture is also indicated.

[Cultui'al experiments with wheat growing], W. J. Spafford {Jour. Dept.
Agr. So. Aiist., 20 {1016), No. 4, pp. 278-280; 20 {1017), No. 7, pp. 550, 551).—
Experiments conducted by T. Griflln since 1908 with different cultural treat-
ments of wheat grown under dry-farm conditions are briefly reported.

The results for the period of 1908-1915 indicated that op subpacking land
before seeding there was no increase over land not subpacked, and that with
subpacking immediately after plowing the average increase in yield was only
1 bu., not deemed sufficient to encourage the practice. Tests in 1915-16 included
a comparison of rolling and subpacking on G-in. plowing and on 3-ln. plowing,
and of land cultivated at plowing time and then treated as ordinary plowed
fallow. The results for 1916 indicated that there was practically no difference
in yield between subpacking and rolling, the yields being approximately 20.6 and
19.8 bu., respectively, for the 6-in. plowing, and 18.06 and 18.7 bu., respectively,
for the 3-ln. plowing. Land cultivated at plowing time and treated as fallow
gave a yield of 17.2 bu.

The seeds of cultivated plants and their identification, L. Pkancois (Ann.
Sci. Agron., 4. scr., 4 {1915), No. 1-6, pp. 30-55; 5 {1916), No. 1-6, pp. 207-295,
figs. 121). — This is an extensive discussion of the functions of the seeds of cul-
tivated plants, together with tables and Illustrations for their identification.

Report of seed tests for 1916, C. H. Waldron and Alma I. Stone {Bui. N. C.
Dept. Agr., 37 {1916), No. 9, pp. 7Jf).—A detailed report of the analysis of 1,345
samples of farm seeds and 372 samples of vegetable seeds for the year 1915-16.

1918] HORTICULTURE.

241

Heatinff seed rooms to destroy insects, E. G. Montgomery {Jour. Anier. Soc.
Aaron 9 (Wn), No. 3, pp. 105-108, fig. i).-This paper describes a method for
hating seed rooms to destroy insects, as devised and used by the department
of farm crops at Cornell University. By using half-bushel grain receptacles
having perforate<l metal tops and bottoms a temperature of 120 F. can be at-
tained in a half bushel of gi-ain within 5 to 6 hours with a room temperature of
130° The treatment was found sufficient to kill mice as well as insects in all
stages of development without any injury to the germinability of the gram.

HORTICTJITURE.

Saving vegetable seeds for the home and market garden, W. W. Tracy, sb.
(U S Dept Agr., Farmers' Bui. 884 (1917), PP- 16. figs. 5).-This publication
gives directions for saving the seed of our garden vegetables. The subject
matter is discussed under the general headings of present shortage of vege-
table seeds how the supply may be increased, plants which bear seed the year
they are planted (annuals), plants which require a winter rest before producing
seed (biennials), and labeling, fumigating, and storing vegetable seeds.

Control of diseases and insect enemies of the home vegetable garden, W. A.
Oeton and F. H. Chittkndkn {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 856 {1911), pp.
70 figs. S2).— This publication discusses plant diseases and insects, prevention
of' diseases and insect infestation, formulas for fungicides and insecticides,
mechanical methods of control, spraying methods, general crop pests and dis-
eases, and the principal garden crops and the insects and diseases that attack

them.

[Experiments with vegetables] {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. Utl {1911), pp. 31-
34, figs. 3).— A brief statement of progress made in investigations with cab-
bage, tomatoes, and asparagus, essentially the same as that noted in the pre-
vious report (E. S. R., 38 p. 40).

Home storage of vegetables, J. H. Beattie {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
819 {1911), pp. 22, figs. 20).— A popular treatise including directions for con-
structing storeruoms and outdoor storage cellars, together with specific In-
formation for storing different kinds of vegetables and also apples.

First generation crosses in cucumbers, H. K. Hayes and D. F. Jones {Con-
necticut State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 5, pp. 319-322, pi. 1).—An experiment to test
the value of first generation crosses of cucumbers was started in 1912 when the
following crosses were made: Early Russian X White Spine, White Spine X
London Long Green, London Long Green XFordhook Famous, and Fordhook
Famous X White Spine. In view of the prevalence of mosaic disease in 1914
and in 191.5, only the preliminary results secured in 1913 are given here.

The results for one .season indicate that first generation cucumber crosses may
frequently be expected to exceed the higher yielding parent in yield. The only
cross that did not exceed the average of the parents in any character by an
appreciable amount was the London Long Green XFordhook Famous cross. The
parents of this cross produced the same type of vine and same size of fruit,
whereas the other three crosses were between parents differing in vine habit
and in size of fruit.

Melon growing in Indiana, H. J. Reed {Indiana Sta. Circ. 68 {1911), pp. 16,
figs. i4).— This circular discusses the present status of the cantaloup and
watermelon business in Indiana, and gives suggestons relative to their culture,
harvesting and marketing, varieties, and the control of insects and diseases.

The effects of cross- and self-fertilization in tomatoes, H. K. Hayes and
D. F. Jones {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 5, pp. 305-318, pis. 2).— The

242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 8«

object of the exjxirimeut here reported was to test the value of first generation
crosses in tomatoes and the effects of continued self-pollination within the
variety. Four commercial varieties of tomatoes were used in the experiment,
which was carried on during the four seasons 1912 to 1915.

The successive generations of self-fertilization reduced progre.ssively both
the yield and size of fruit in Rest of All. The variety Stone was reduced in
yield and increased in size of fruit, Dwarf Champion remained reducetl in
fruit size and increased in yield, and Lorillard remained increased in both
fruit size and yield throughout ♦^he experiment. From these results it is con-
cluded that self-fertilization of tomatoes simply isolates genotypic Hues which
may or may not exceed the original variety.

First generation crosses of Stone X Dwarf Champion and of Lorillard X
Best of All were made each year. The Stone X Dwarf Champion crosses
showed an average annual increase in weight of fruit and also in number of
ripe fruits per plant of S per cent over the parental average and approached
the fruit number of the better parent. The Lorillard X Best of All crosses
showed an average annual increase in weight of fruit of only 3 per cent and
no increase in number of ripe fruits over the parental average.

The increases in both size and number of fruits for the Stone X Dwarf
Champion crosses ranged from 11 to 17 per cent during the four years and
were sufficient to make the practice of growing first generation tomato crosses
commercially profitable. These results, considered in connection with the less
favorable results secured with the Lorillard X Best of All crosses, led to the
conclusion that not all combinations of tomato varieties give the vigor usually
derived from crossing, but when a desirable combination is found it can be
counted on to give the increase in yield every time the cross is made.

Vigor due to crossing as measured by increased yield was not appreciably
greater in crosses between artificially selfed parents than in crosses between
ordinary commercial varieties. With the Stone X Dwarf Champion crosses,
hybrid vigor also advanced the time of production before that of the earlier
parent, thereby producing an opposite effect to that produced by favorable en-
vironmental conditions, which tend to delay maturity.

Report of orchard work on Mount Carmel Experiment Farm for years
1911 to 1916, inclusive, B. M. Stoduakd (Connecticut State Sta. lipt. 1916, pt.
5, pp. 365-577). — This comprises a statement of orchard work done by different
departments of the station on the Mount Carmel farm for the years 1911 tb 1916.
The data given include a record of spraying, fertilizers, cover crops, cultivation,
yield of fruit, and expenses and income in connection with the rejuvenation of
a small old apple orchard. Similar data are also given for small apple and
peach orchards started in 1911.

A comparison of different forms and combinations of phosphoric acid is being
conducted in the peach orchard. The results thus far secured indicate that acid
phosphate gives the highest yield and that lime is detrimental to the produc-
tion of fruit.

Irrigation of orchards, S. Fortier (C7, S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 882
(1917), pp. 40, fiffs. S9).—A revised edition of Farmers' Bulletin 404 (E. S. R.,
23, p. 440).

Experiments in the irrigation of apple orchards, E. P. Taylok and G. J.
Downing {Idaho Sta. Bui. 99 (1911), pp. 48, figs. 24). —This bulletin describes
experiments in the irrigation of apple orchards conducted in an apple orchard at
Payette, Idaho, during the years 1913 to 1915, inclusive, and in an orchard at
Twin Falls during the years 1914 to 1916, inclusive. In conducting the experi-
ments special attention was given to the determination of the most economical
amount of water to mature an apple crop, the relation of irrigation to the

1918]

HOETICULTURE. 243

formation of fruit buds, proper irrigation systems to produce apples of best
keeping quality, the best irrigation scheme for the production of relatively
large amounts of extra fancy and fancy fruits, and the influence of soil moisture
upon the health of the tree as indicated by winter injury and blight. The re-
sults of the experiments are presented in a series of tables and charts and
fully discussed. The investigation as a whole is summarized as follows:

"The trunk of an apple tree makes its growth during the first part of the
growing reason. By August 1, 75 per cent of the total season's growth is com-
pleted. A cover crop greatly checks the rate of growth of the trunk. The
trunk growth of Jonathan apple trees is directly affected by the amount of
irrigation water applied during the first part of the growing season and by the
percentage of water in the soil the preceding dormant season (winter). The
latter factor may easily overbalance in its effect the former one.

" The terminal (limb) growth of Jonathan apple trees is practically completed
by the first part of July. No growth is made after July 15. Irrigation after
this date has no effect on the wood growth of the tree. As a general rule, the
more irrigation water applied before July 1, the greater the terminal growth
although the percentage of moisture in the soil the preceding fall and winter
probably affects the terminal limb growth. A cover crop in an orchard greatly
checks the limb growth of the trees.

" Jonathan apples grow very slowly from the time they are formed until about
July 15, completing less than 30 per cent of their total growth during the first
half of the total period they hang on the trees. Irrigation during this period
(before July 15) will not increase the size of the apples. Jonathan apples
grow most rapidly during the period starting about July 15 and ending about
two weeks before picking time, when the rate of growth becomes considerably
slower. Irrigation during this period of rapid growth has a very decided
effect in increasing the size of the apples although it has practically no effect
on the wood growth of the tree.

" Heavy irrigations in the spring tend to increase the wood growth of an
apple tree and this tends to increase fire blight. A cover crop, preferably
alfalfa, greatly decreases the wood growth and so lessens the amount of blight.

"Winter injury to apple trees, especially young trees, is usually the result
of the wood of the tree not being thoroughly ripened or due to the ground being
too dry during the winter. It is advisable to hold the water off during the
latter part of the summer and let the wood ripen ; then, if the fall is excessively
dry, to apply a late dormant irrigation just before the ground freezes. Chlo-
rosis or bunches of white leaves on apple trees is often a sign of overirrigation.

" Where two plats were given an equal total amount of water for the season,
one early during the vegetative period of the tree and the other later during
the fruit developing season, the last mentioned system invariably produced
much the larger apples. Plats irrigated heavily early in the season produced
heavy foliage which was detrimental to the development of color on the apples,
riats which were not forced to excessive leaf and wood growth during the
vegetative period by early irrigation gave better color to the apples when
given liberal applications of water during the period of most rapid apple
growth. This experiment shows that fruit growers may, by irrigation, very
materially augment color in fruit production if the water is applied at the
right time. The plat which was given little irrigation early in the season
(before July) and liberal applications during the period of most rapid apple
growth (from July until two weeks before picking time) gave the highest per-
centage of extra fancy and fancy grades and aLso fruit of the best storage
qualities. This plat (at Twin Falls, Idaho) with a dense clover cover crop
was given a little over 2-acre feet of water during the entire sea.son. An even

244 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol.38

amount of water inoreasiug as the season advanced to about two weeks before
picking' time gave apples of the best keeping qualities without sacrificing any
of the crispness so essential to good apples.

"A dormant irrigation applied in the late fall just before the ground freezes
is very essential and beneficial in most of the irrigated fruit districts of Idaho.
From the time that the apples are picked until this time, tlie orchard si juld
be allowed to dry out in order that the wood of the trees may become thoroughly
ripened. The percentage of soil moisture in the late fall affects the percentage
during the entire winter and early spring following. If an orchard is given
this late dormant irrigation in the fall, the first irrigation the following spring
may be put off considerably later than if the orchard went into the winter in a
dry condition. This fall irrigation is very desirable.

" On the sandy soil in the Payette Valley, in a full bearing orchard of Winesaps
and Jonathans with a clover cover crop, about 3 acre-feet of water per sea.sou
gave the maximum results considering yield, grade, color, size, keeping qualities
of the fruit, and the health of the tree. Here, also, the best results from the ap-
plication of water were obtained when most of it was applied during the period
of greatest apple growth."

Besults from orchard fertilization {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 147 (1011),
pp. 3^-37, fly. 1). — This comprises a brief summary of the results secured during
the nine-year period from the orchard management experiments started by the
station in 1907 (B. S. R., 35, p. 540; 38, p. 42).

The fertilizer experiments have shown in general that nitrogen is likely to be
of most importance in orchards for improving both yield and growth. Thus
far the nitrogen from commercial sources or from stable manure has proved
more effective than that from cover crops. When slow-acting carriers of
nitrogen are used no immediate effects should be expected before the following
year. As indicated by experiments conducted eLsewhere, applications of nitrate
of soda about the time the buds are starting into growth in the spring or
slightly later may materially influence the crop of the current season.

Neither phosphorus nor lime when used alone has exerted any important
influence on either the yield or growth of apples in these experiments. The
addition of phosphorus to nitrogen, however, has generally proved very benefi-
cial. The gains from this combination in certain ca.ses have exceeded 200 bu.
per acre annually for the last nine years. It is pointed out that lime may be
indirectly beneficial at times through its favorable influence on the growth of
leguminous cover crops.

The rate of application now recommended for an acre of bearing trees con-
sists of 150 to 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 250 to 300 lbs. of acid phosphate
or their equivalents. For younger trees which are less likely to respond to
fertilizers a good mulch of stable manure at the rate of 8 tons per acre is
recommended. Potash has proved of material benefit in only one experiment.
Fifty lbs. of the high grade muriate or its equivalent is now considered ample
for an acre of bearing trees.

No fertilizer has materially improved the color of the fruit and those con-
taining nitrogen have generally reduced it. This is probably due to delayed
maturity, which has an advantage in the case of the more northern varieties,
such as Baldwin, Hubbardston, and Mcintosh, when grown in Pennsylvania.
Lack of color in these varieties is readily overcome by delaying the picking.
With varieties requiring a long growing season, such as the York Imperial,
it may be necessary to utilize other aids to color, such as open pruning and
sod culture, in order to overcome the detrimental effects of nitrogen. In cer-
tain orchards no kind of fertilization lias yet proved beneficial.

1918] HORTICULTURE. 245

The results secured from tests of cultural luetliods and cover crops in apple
orchards during the last uine years indicate that in the absence of fertilization
the nmlch method generally gives the largest growth and the most fruit in
young orchards, while the tillage and cover crop method has done slightly
better in mature orchards. The greater efficiency of the mulch on the young
trees is apparently connected with its greater moisture-conserving effects. In
many cases the mulch can be readly grown between the tree rows in young
orchards by the use of alfalfa and possibly also by the use of other plants. By
this method many of the sloping foothill lands of the State which are not well
adapted for tillage may be satisfactorily utilized in the production of fruit.

In the presence of proper fertilization there has been comparatively little
difference in efficiency in tillage, tillage and cover crops, and proper sod mulch
in their effects on the yield and growth of apples. Even the sod treatment when
accompanied by fertilization of the right kind has been very satisfactory in
many cases. Among the annual cover crops hairy vetch, soy beans, oats and
Canada peas, buckwheat, and millet are now showing the best results in the
order named. As compared with tillage alone, the addition of annual cover
crops does not reveal much benefit, except possibly in seasons of abundant
rainfall. The use of tilled interci-ops with the appropriate fertilization followed
by a winter cover crop of rye or rye and vetch has proved very satisfactory
in the development of young orchards and has resulted in no apparent injury
to the trees during the first nine years. Potatoes have done especially well in
this coimection and field beans, buckwheat, early cabbage, tomatoes, and other
vegetables are believed to be worthy of special consideration in localities
suited to their profitable production.

The planting' and care of the young apple orchard, H. .1. Rked {Indiana
Sta. Circ. 67 {1911), pp. 20, figs. i//). — This circular contains practical sugges-
tions relative to the cost of establishing an orchard, selection of varieties
adapted for the home orchard and the connnercial orchard, selection of nursery
stock, preparation of the soil, planting operations, methods of pruning the
young tree, and care of the young orchard.

Seed production in apples, C. S. Crandall (Illinois Sta. Bui. 203 {1917),
pp. 1S5-213, figs. 8). — As a first step in a study of seed production in apples,
this bulletin records the number of seeds produced in 31,972 individual fruits
comprising the following four groups of apples, namely, large apples of orchard
varieties, small apples of orchard varieties, crabs, and hand-pollinated fruits.
Thirty-two orchard varieties and 25 species and varieties of the genus Malus
are repre.sented.

A study of the data as a whole shows that the average number of seeds in
large apples of orchard varieties was 8.27 ; for small apples, 7.21 ; and for crab-
like forms of Malus, 4.22. " The range in average seed production as exhibited
by different varieties is wide with both orchard varieties and crab-like forms.
Departures from the normal of five carpels to each fruit occur with both
orchard varieties and crab-like forms, but are much more frequent with crabs
than with orchard fruits. There are wide differences among individual varie-
ties and species in seed-producing capacity, and the range in numbers of seeds
in individual fruits is also wide. The assvnned normal of 10 seeds to each fruit
is likely to occur in a small percentage of orchard fruits, but rarely occurs in
crab-like forms. Capacity to produce seeds appears as a varietal characteristic.

" Parthenocarpic fruits occur in orchard varieties and in species of Malus
but not in very great numbers. There is great regularity in the appearance of
ovules in normal numbers, that is, two in each carpel. Few cases of suppres-
sion of ovules occur ; numbers in excess of normal are more common among
orchard varieties than among crabs.

246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 88

"Comparison of seed production in fruits developed from flowers open to
pollination by insects and in fruits from hand-pollinated flowers brings out
only small differences; apparently seed production is not dependent upon the
manner in which pollination is effected. Considerable differences appear in
seed production of individual fruits and of particular varieties, but averages of
groups warrant the conclusion that the nK)r(; highly developed orchard varie-
ties exceed crabs in seed production and that, as between large and small
fruits, large fruits produce the greater number of seeds."

The packing of apples in California, W. P. Tufts (C'alifoi-nln Sta. Giro. 178
(J.9i7), pp. SI, fujH. 21). — A practical treatise on packing house methods and
equipment, with special reference to the box packing of apples.

Peach growing- in Indiana, J. Oskamp (Indiana Sta. Circ. 69 (1017), pp. 2Jh
figs. 15). —A practical treatise discussing the location of the orchard, planting,
soil managcmont, pruning, rejuvenation, varieties, winter and summer spray-
ing, and enemies requiring special treatment.

Strawberry varieties and cultural hints, J. Oskamp (Indiana Sta. Bui. 200
(1017), pp. iy-16, figs. Uf). — This bulletin briefly discusses the methods of grow-
ing, harvesting, and marketing strawberries, and gives a descriptive list of
varieties that have been tested at the station grounds and directions for the
control of insect pests and diseases.

Varieties of blackberries and raspberries with notes on their care, J.
OsKAMP (Indiana Sta. But. 201 (1917), pp. S-12, figs. 6).— This circular ecu
tains popular instructions for the culture and care of blackberries and rasp-
berries, including a descriptive list of varieties tested for five years at the
station. Those varieties which have proved generally satisfactory over the
State are indicated.

Mint growing in northern Indiana, C. B. Sayee (Indiana Sta. Circ. 65
(1917), pp. I'h fi&s- 8). — This circular deals with the culture of peppermint and
spearmint in northern Indiana. It includes a discussion of soils, the establish-
ment and care of a new plantation, harvesting, distilling the mint, disposal
of the steamed hay, treatment of the field after harvesting, maintaining an
established plantation, duration of a plantation, yields and returns, and insect
pests and diseases.

FORESTRY.

[Report of the forestry section] (Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol.
S, pp. hSl-502, 796-812, 815-83Jf). — The following papers read before the Second
Pan American Scientific Congress, held at Washington, D. C, December 27,
1915, to January 8, 1916, are here presented in full : A Report on Forest Ex-
ploration in Southern Patagonia, by C. M. Hicken (pp. 481-4S3) ; South
American Forest Resources and Their Relation to tht World's Timber Supply,
by R. Zon (pp. 483^92) ; The Lesson of Forestry in the Philippine Islands,
by G. P. Ahern (pp. 492-502) ; The Attitude of the Government in the Matter
of National Forests; Relation of Forest Culture to the Future Development of
Central and South America, by E. L. Quir6s (pp. 796-800), by R. Brin
(pp. 801-805), and by H. Echegoyen (pp. 805-812) ; Forest Problems and Eco-
nomic Development in South America, by R. Zon (pp. 815-822) ; and Scientific
Forestry for Latin America, by B. Moore (pp. 822-834).

Report of the forester for 1916 (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 6, pp.
S79-382). — Data as to forest fires in Connecticut in 1916 are summarized.

Report of committee on forests, C. Leavitt (Com. Conserv. Canada Rpt., 8
(1917), pp. 193-208, pis. 2). — A review of various forest activities in Canada
during 1916.

1918] FORESTRY. 247

Annual return of statistics relating to forest administration in British
India for the year 1915-16 {Ann. Return 8tatis. Forest Admin. Brit. India,
1915-16, pp. 25, pi. 1). — A statistical review for the year 1915-16 relative to
the administration and management of the State forests of British India. A
statement sliowing tlie revenues, expenditures, and surplus of the forest depart-
ment throughout India during the 25 financial years from 1891-92, togetlier
with a diagram showing the annual forest revenues, expenditures, and surplus
for the last 10 years, is included.

State forestry report for the year ended March 31, 1917, T. N. Brodrick
ET AL. {Ann. Rpt. Forestrt/ Branch, Dcpt. Lands and Survey, Neio Zeal., 1917,
pp. Ifl).—A. report on the athninistration and management of the State forests,
nurseries, and plantations in New Zealand, including data ou the timber cut,
imports and exports, revenues, expenditures, etc.

A forest survey of the town of Redding, Conn., A. B. Moss {Connecticut
State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 6, pp. 383-427). — This report embraces the results of
an intensive survey of the town of Redding, Conn., undertaken in th« summer
of 1915. Information is given relative to the commercial tree species, forest
types, and character of the forest in different areas, together with suggestions
relative to fire protection, improvement cuttings, and reforestation.

New Philippine shrubs and trees, E. D. Mekkill {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect.
C, 12 {1917). No. 5, pp. 26S-30.i).— The present paper consists, for the most part,
of descriptions of 45 presumably new species of Philippine trees and shrubs.

Silvicultural notes on forest trees of Queensland {Dept. Pub. Lands, Queens-
land, Forestry Bui. 3, pt. 1 {1917), pp. 27, pis. 4).— This is the first of a series
of bulletins dealing with the silviculture of the more important forest trees
of Queensland. Ten species are considered in the present bulletin.

The forests and woods of Gabon, A. Chevalier {V^g. Utiles Afrique Trop.
Franc, ^o. 9 {1917), pp. VII +470, pis. 28, figs. 32).— This comprises the results
of an economic survey of the forests of Gabon, French Kongo, undertaken in
1912. The introductory chapters deal with the history of investigations of the
flora of Gabon, the development of commerce in woods, and the discovery of the
principal economic species. In the succeeding chapters the forests are de-
scribed with reference to soil, climate, and distribution ; the species observed
are considered with reference to their nomenclature, distinguishing charac-
teristics, economic uses, and habitat; and the woods are further classified
according to their density and principal uses. The work concludes with sug-
gestions relative to the establishment of a forest service in Gabon.

Notes on the timbers of Lukolela and of Eala, E. Leplae {Bui. Agr. Congo
Beige, 8 {1917), No. 1-2, pp. 99-101, fig. ^).— The principal timbers of Lukolela
and Eala on the Kongo are here classified according to their density.

A note on thitsi, Melanorrhcea usitata, with special reference to the oleo-
resin obtained from it, E. Ben skin and A. IIouger {Indian Forest Rec, 6
{1917), No. 3, pp. 31, pis. 5). — An account of this species with reference to Its
common names, distribution and habitat, characteristics of the tree and timber,
natural and artificial regeneration, method of tapping the trees, uses of the
oleoresin, lacquer work of Burma, laboratory experiments, yield per tree and
cost of extraction, and outturn from various parts of Burma and prices.

The influence of thinning out Hevea fields on the rubber yield per acre,
P. Abens {Arch. Rubhercult. Nederland. Indie, 1 {1917), No. 4, pp. 234-241;
Meded. Proefstat. Malang, No. 19 {1917), pp. 7). — Some data are given which
indicate that rubber trees planted as close as 12 by 12 and 12 by 24 ft. may be
thinned out to a distance of 24 by 24 ft. and thereby reduce the cost of tapping
without any material decrease in yield per acre of rubl>er.

248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Note on the cubage of a sample plat in the virgin forest of Yangambi,
central Kongo, E. T.ki'lae (/}»/. Ayr. Congo Beige. 8 (1917), No. 1-2, pp. 89-98,
pi. 1. fig. 1). — Height, circuniferonce, and volinne data are given for the stand-
ing crop on ahout five acres of foi-est, including over 50 different species.

A new dendrometer, 1). Bruce {Univ. Cal. Pubs. Agr. Set., 3 {WIT), No. i,
pp. 55-61, figs. 3). — Tlic dendrometer here illustrated and described consists
essentially of a straight arm upon which are mounted two small mirrors, both
at an angle of 45° with the axis of the arm, parallel to each other and facing
in opposite directions. One mirror is fixed at one end of the arm, while the
other is mounted on a slide which travels along the arm. Graduations permit
a direct reading of the distance between the mirrors.

Emergency fuel from the farm woodland, A. F. Hawes {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office Sec. Circ. 79 {1917), pp. S). — This circular discusses the necessity of sup-
plementing the coal supply witli wood, the relative heating value of wood and
coal, methods of making cordwood, wood as a profitable farm crop, opportunity
to improve the woodland, and connnunity action regarding wood supply.

The substitution of other materials for wood. — Studies of the lumber in-
dustry, XI, R. Thelen (C7. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 117 (1917), pp. 78, figs. 28).—
This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Forest Service,
comprises a compilation of all the data obtainable, even if not wholly complete
or exact, on the replacement of lumber and wood in other forms. The report
covers substitution in thirty or more forms of use, and conclusions and sug-
gestions relative to substitution are presented.

Tanning materials from native sources in Latin-American countries, T. H.
Norton (Proc. 2. Pan Amcr. Sci. Cong., 1015-16, vol. 8, pp. 130-153, pis. 2, fig.
1). — A paper presented at the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held
at Washington, D. C, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916, in which the author
describes the occurrences of tannins in such woods, barks, leaves, excrescences,
roots and bulbs, and fruits and seeds of the Latin-American flora as are actually
or potentially of importance among the world's sources of tanning materials.

DyestufEs from materials native to Latin- American countries, S. P. Sadtleb
(Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. S, pp. 153-162). — In this paper,
read before the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held at Washington,
D. C, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 191G, the author briefly discusses the
extraction of dyes from vegetable and animal sources, such as dyewoods and
certain color-yielding insects, as compared with the nianufactui'e of the syn-
thetic or coal-tar dyes. The important dyewoods and dye-yielding plants of
Latin-American countries are enumerated.

Seasoning of wood, J. B. Wagner (Nctv York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1917,
pp. XIII-\-274, pl- 1, fios. 100). — A treatise on the natural and artificial proc-
esses employed in the preparation of lumber for manufacture, with detailed
explanations of its uses, characteristics, and properties.

The preservation of shingles {Pennsylvania Sta. Bill. l-'f7 {1917), p. 38). —
No difference was observed in the lasting qualities of redwood, red cedar, and
chestnut shingles and creosoted shingles of chestnut, southern yellow pine, and
pitch pine after being laid nine years. Creosote treatment cost about 50 cts.
per bundle.

Chestnut fence posts creosoted and set were found in good condition after
ten years, while check posts were badly rotted.

Zinc chlorid as a preservative of structural timber, C. M. Spofford {Trans.
Nat. Assoc. Cotton Manfrs., No. 102 {1917), pp. 236-2^1) .—In this paper the
author presents the results secured in a series of tests conducted during the
last three years in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, to determine the effect of the zinc chlorid or Burnettizing process of

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 249

preservation upon the strength of timber under varying conditions of time,
temperature, an<l humidity. The tests are to be continued.

Practical wood preservation processes for prolonging the life of mill roofs,
C. H. Teesdale {Trans. Nat. Assoc. Cotton Manfrs., No. 102 (1911), pp. 231-
235). — A short paper on this .subject presented at the annual meeting of the
National Association of Cotton Manufacturers at Boston, April 25 aud 26, 1917.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Department of botany, A. V. Osmun {Massachusetts Sta. llpt. 1916, pp.
59a-64(i)- — A brief account is given of the various lines of investigation carried
on by the department of botany, including studies of an anthracnose of shade
trees due to Glocosporium sp. which is believed to be responsible for the dis-
ease on a number of different species of trees, spindling sprout of potatoes, an
unusual rotting of potatoes due to I'ln/tophthora infcstans which was not
accompanied by blighting of the vines, the overwintering of the white pine
blister rust fungus on Kibes, injury to white pines apparently due to weather
conditions, and outbreaks of downy mildew on greenhouse cucumbers ; experi-
ments which gave negative results with the potato powdery scab in Massa-
chusetts ; and tobacco and onion disease investigations.

The production of spores by Alternaria solani in pure culture, K. D. Rands
{Phytopathologij, 7 {1911), No. //, pp. 316, 311, fig. jf).— The author reports hav-
ing been able to secure spore production by A. solani in pure cultures. The
fungus was grown on hard potato agar for several days, then shredded and
stirred, and the moisture relations controlled for 24 to 48 hours thereafter.

Puccinia subnitens and its fecial hosts, !<]. Bethel {Phytopathology , 1 {1911),
No. 2, pp. 92-9 Jf). — As a result of culture experiments, the author reports
P. sxihnitcns, the common rust of Distichlis spicata, as producing secia on 22
species of plants embraced in 15 genera and 6 families.

Note on Xylaria polymorpha and X. digitata, J. R. Weir {Phytopathology,
7 {1911), No. S, pp. 223, 22//).— The author reports having observed in 1900.
near Scottsburg, Ind., X. polymorpha in diseased areas in living roots of a
4-year-old apple tree. In the same orchard in 1908, X. digit ata was collected
from the roots of a G-year-old pear tree. In addition, the author reports col-
lecting X. digitata from roots of Populus trichocarpa and Cratagus douglasii at
Priest River, Idaho.

Grain smuts, D. B. Swingle {Montana Sta. Circ. 10 {1911), pp. 4)- — Descrip-
tions are given of oat and wheat smuts and treatments recommended for their
control, as well as for smuts of other cereals.

Notes on the distribution of the bacterial disease of western wheat grass,
P. .1. O'Gara (Phytopathology, 1 (1911), No. 3, pp. 225, 226).— The disease of
western wheat grass due to Aplanobactcr agropyri, formerly reported in two
counties in Utah (E. S. R., 36, p. 647), is recorded as occurring in three widely
separated districts of Montana.

A bean disease introduced in diseased seeds, H. Garman (Kentucky Sta.
Circ. 16 (1911), pp. 91-95, fig. 1). — A description is given of bean anthracnose,
with suggestions for its control.

Factors affecting the parasitism of ITstilago zese, P. J. Piemeisel (Phyto-
pathology, 1 (1911), No. If, pp. 294-301). — The author reports a study of corn
smut (U. zca^) made to determine the vitality of the spores and sporidia, the
effect upon them of placing corn in the silo, etc.

The infection of corn by U. zcw is said to be purely local, no evidence having
been found of systematic infection. When very young plants are attacked,
they may be killed. Injury to the host plant, close planting, very early or

250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

very late planting, and growth on very rich soil are conducive to attack, and
vigorously growing plants between 2 and 3 ft. high are most susceptible.

The spores of U. zeae can cause infection when either young or old. They
germinate readily as soon as mature and retain their viability for .several years.
The spores, almost without exception, lost their viability after having been
kept in a silo for a few weeks, a result brought about, it is thought, by the
acids formed by the silage.

Drying and freezing temperatures were found to injure the sporidia very
little. Alternate freezing and thawing, however, were injurious to moist
sporidia, less so to desiccated sporidia. The optimum temperature for the bud-
ding of the sporidia was found to be between 20 and 26° C, the maximum at
about 40°, and the thermal death point near 46°. The ability of sporidia, as
well as of spores, to withstand unfavorable conditions is considered very sig-
nificant in explaining some of the facts in the parasitism of U. zccc.

The occurrence of Colletotrichum solanicolum on eggplant, P. J. O'Gaba
(Phytopathology, 7 {1911), No. 3, pp. 226, 227, fig. i).— The author reports an
attack by C. solanicolum on eggplants growing in a field which had produced
potatoes the previous year.

Sclerotium bataticola. the cause of a fruit rot of peppers, W. H. Maktin
(Phytopathology, 7 (1917), No. J,, pp. 808-312, figs. 10; abs. in ditto, 7 (1917),
No. 1, p. GJf). — A disease of peppers is described which is characterized by the
presence of numerous minute black sclerotia throughout the fruit as well as
on the seed. A fungus which is identical with »S. bataticola has been isolated
from diseased material and grown in pure cultures. Successful cross inocula-
tions have been made on peppers and sweet potatoes, as well as on cucumber,
tomato, apple, and eggplant.

The pathogenic action of Rhizoctonia on potato, H. T. GiJssow (Phyto-
pathology, 7 (1917), No. 3, pp. 209-213. fig. i).— According to the author, there
is no satisfactory evidence demonstrating the pathogenic action of Rhizoctonia
on its various host plants, particularly the potato. He has made a study of the
subject from which he concludes that the destruction caused is largely duo
to injury to the feeding roots, and that the loss of the feeding roots in potato
plants accounts for all the .symptoms associated with this disease. This
hypothesis is also believed to offer an explanation of the soil contamination
and the persistence of the organism in land once infected.

Potato diseases in Indiana, H. S. Jackson and G. A. Osner (Indiana Sta.
Circ. 71 (1917), pp. 16, figs. 5). — The authors describe the more common potato
diseases known to occur in Indiana and offer suggestions for their control.

Bacillus niorulans n. sp., a bacterial organism found associated with curly-
top of the sugar beet, P. A. P.oncquet (Phytopathology, 7 (1917), No. If, pp.
269-2S9, figs. 7).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 34, p. 645), the occur-
rence of a bacterial organism in connection with the curly top disease of sugar
beets was reported. In the present paper the author describes B. morvlans
n. sp. as the cause of the disease, and gives an account of his bacteriological
investigations and the results of isolation experiments with the organism.

Lightning injury to sugar cane, .T. A. Stevenson (Phytopathology, 7 (1917),
No. //, pp. 317, 318, fig. 1). — A description is given of the destruction by lightning
of a small area of sugar cane in one of the fields of the Insular Experiment
Station at Rio Pledras, P. R.

Studies on Bacterium solanaceanim, E. E. Stanfokd and F. A. Wolf (Phyto-
pathology, 7 (1917), No. S, pp. 155-165, fig. i).— Data are presented regarding
the distribution within North Carolina of the disease of tobacco and tomato
due to B. solanacearum, on cultural studies to determine the identity of the
strains from the several hosts, and on the results of cross inoculations. The

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 251

wilt of tobacco has been observed in 11 counties of North Corolina and the
tomato wilt caused by the same organism in 39 counties of the State. Cultural
studies on the identity of the organism from A^arious host plants showed that
there was no greater variation in the strains from the different hosts than in
strains all of which came from the same host.

As a result of cultural studies, the authors have added 13 species of plants to
the known hosts of B. soJanaceartim, and it is claimed that 9 families are now
known to be subject to attack. Attention is called to the economic bearing
of weed and cultivated host plants in problems of control.

Buckeye rot of tomato fruit, C. D. Shekbakoff {Phytopathology, 7 (1911),
No. 2, pp. 119-129, figs. 5). — A detailed account is given of a rot of tomato
fruit in Florida locally known as buckeye rot. of which a preliminary report
has been noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 601). The rot is said to be caused by Phytoph-
thora terrcstria n. sp., a technical description of which is given.

This disease occurs only on fruit that touches or nearly touches the ground,
but may cause considerable injury to fruit in the field and in transit. Staking
the plants in the field to remove the fruit as far as possible from the ground
and holding the fruit for a few days before packing are methods of control
suggested.

Phytophthora infestans, causing' damping'-off of tomatoes, J. E. Howitt
{Phytopathology, 1 {1911), No. 4, p. 319). — Attention is called to the damping-
off of tomatoes due to P. infestans, at least 50 per cent of the plants from large
nursery shipments to certain sections of Ontario having been destroyed in 1916.

Apple scab on the twig's, M. T. Cook and G. A. Schwabze {Phytopathology,
1 {1911), No. 3, pp. 221, 222). — The authors report the occurrence on apple twigs
of Venturia ponii in the spring of 1916, viable conidia having been present in
considerable abundance. The presence of the organism on the twigs is believed
to have an important bearing on the infection of apples during the growing
seas(jn.

Blister spot of apples and its relation to a disease of apple bark, D. H,
Rose {Phytopathology, 1 {1911), No. 3, pp. 198-208, figs. 3).— A disease of apple
is described in which small blister-like spots are formed in the fruit of a num-
ber of varieties. The trouble is said to be due to I'scudomona.s papulans n. sp.

As a result of inoculation experiments, the author has shown that this species
of bacteria can also produce two forms of disease on the twigs and branches
known as rough bark or scurfy bark canker. A preliminary comparative study
of the culture characteristics of the organisms taken from the fruit and the
bark suggests that the differences between them are of degree rather than of
kind and that all three diseases are probably caused by one species of organism.

Apple diseases in Indiana, with spray schedule, H. S. Jackson (Indiana
^ta. Circ. 10 (1911), pp. 23, figs. IJf). — A popular description is given of a num-
ber of the more common diseases to Avhich the apple is subject, and a spray
schedule is appended for the prevention of fungus and insect attacks.

A new leaf spot disease of cherries, B. A. Rudolph (Phytopathology, 7
(1911), No. 3, pp. 188-191, figs. 3). — A leaf spot of sweet cherries first obsprved
by the author in 1913 has been investigated at some length and determined to
be due to a fungus of close relationship to Alternaria citri, which is technically
described as A. citri cerasi n. var.

Conspicuous spots are formed upon the leaves of cherry, the fungus usually
gaining entrance to the leaf tissue through injuries made by insects. Inocula-
tions on the bark and wood of normal cherry twigs gave negative results, but
from inoculations upon cherry leaves characteristic spots were obtained, as
also from inoculations on the leaves of a considerable number of other plants,
embracing apple, box elder, prune, plum, avocado, watermelon, and peach.

252 EXPERIMENT STATION" BECOED. [Vol. 38

The organism is considored a wouiul parasite only, anil it can be {listin!j;uislied
from A. citri with difliculty.

The perfect stage of Gloeosporium venetum, W. II. Bukkholdicu {Phyto-
pathology, 7 {1917), No. 2, pp. 83-91, figs. 3).— The author reports having ob
served a peculiar ascomycete wliile studying the anthracnose of the rasp jerry
'due to G. vcnclum. As tlie fungus was only found in connection with anthrac-
nose lesions, further studies, made to determine whether there was any rela-
tion betw(>en the two forms, led him to conclude that the second fungus observed
is the perfect stage of G. vcncium and that it belongs to the genus Plectodi-
scella. The name of the fungus, based on the fact that it is the perfect stage
of G. vvnvtvin, would be F. veiivta n. sp. A technical description is given of
the organism.

Some changes produced in strawberry fruits by Rhizopus nigricans, N. E.
Stevens and L. A. Hawkins {Phytopathology, 7 {1017), No. 3, pp. /7S-/8//).—
The results are given of an investigation of the biochemical changes brought
about in strawberry fruits by R. nigricans.

The effect of the fungus upon the various constituents of the strawberry is
said to be much the same as that -produced by other fungi on their hcwt plants.
Tlie authors account for the loss of juice which occurs in sti'awberries attacked
by R. nigricans as prob:d)ly due to the fact that the fungus so affects the pro-
toplasm of the cells that it is no longer capable of functioning as a semiperme-
able membrane.

End rot of cranberries, C. L. Shear {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
11 {1917), No. 2, pp. 35-.!i2, pi. 1, figs. S). — The author describes an end rot dis-
ease of cranberry due to Fusicoccmn putrefacicns n. sp., which is said to have
been found in all the cranberry-growing sections of the United States and which
has occasioned consideralile loss in the past few years, especially to the Late
Howe variety. The rot is reported to start at either the blossom or the stem
end of tlie berry, linally producing a soft rot of the fruit.

From circumstantial evidence, the author believes that the fungus, which is
technically described, is genetically related to a species of Cenangium.

Spraying experiments in Massachusetts have sliown that the disease may be
largely pi-evented by tlie use of Bordeaux mixture. Some injury to cranberry
vines has been observed associated with tlie application of Bordeaux mixture
on the experimental plats in Massachusetts, but not elsewhere. The cause of
the injury is being investigated.

A Rhizoctonia of the fig, J. Matz {Phytopathotogy, 7 {1917), No. 2, pp. 110-
118, pi. 1, figs. 3). — -A technical description is given of R. inicroselcrotia n. sp.,
the cause of a disease of tig in Florida. An account of the relation of the fungus
to the leaf blight of tig has been noted (E. S. II., 37, p. 052).

Variations in Colletotrichuni gloeosporioides, O. F. Buisger {Abs. in Phyto-
pathology, 7 {1917), No. 2, p. 151). — From a study of cultures of C. gloeos-
porioides isolated from different species of Citrus in California the author has
grouped the strains into three classes, based on the mycelial characters as de-
veloped in artificial media.

Species of Melampsora occurring upon Euphorbia in North America, E. B.
Mains {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 2, pp. 101-105). — Technical descriptions
are given of M. cuphorhixc-gerardhKF, M. euphorbiw, and M. monticola, the last
being a new species. All of these species are said to occur on Euphorbia in
North America, but none of them had been reported in this country until within
the past year.

Diseases of ornamental plants, D. C. Babcock {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 {1917),
No. 10, pp. 323-328, figs. 4)- — A description is given of some of the more com-

1918]

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 253

niou diseases of a number of ornamental plants, with suggestions for their

control.

Recent cultures of forest tree rusts, J. R. Weir and E. E. Hubert {rhyto-
patliology, 7 {1911), No. 2, pp. 106-109) .—'Reports are given of inoculation ex-
periments with a number of heteroecious rusts in which the host relationships
of Cronartinm coleosporoides, C. comptoniw, Melampsora medusw, M. bigelowii,
Puccinia strum pustiilatum, Gymnosporangimn tubtilatum, and O. nelsoni were
established.

Pycnial stages of important forest tree rusts, J. R. Weir and E. E. Hubert
{Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 2, pp. 135-139, figsr 2). —The discovery of abun-
dant exudations of pycnospores on Pinus ponderosa and P. contorta caused
by Crunartiwm comandros led the authors to make a study of the pycnial stages
of C. coleosporoides, C. comptonke, and C. cerehrum. The pycnial stages of
these fungi were found and technical descriptions are given of these forms.

In connection with these investigations, a species of Tuberculina was found
attacking the pycnial and recial stages of the different species of Cronartium on
Pinus. The occurrence of the Tuberculina is said not to have been sufficiently
abundant to indicate its economic importance.

Notes on Razoumofskya campylopoda, G. G. Hedgcock and N. R. Hunt
{Phytopathology, 7 {1911), No. 4, PP- 315, 316).— As a result of inoculation ex-
periments in which seeds of R. campylopoda from Pinus sabiniana were trans-
ferred to 18 species of Pinus and also to Larix occidentaUs and Pseudotsuga
taxifolia, the authors were able to establish the dwarf mistletoe on Pinus
banksiana, P. bungeana, P. caribwa, P. pinea, P. sabinana, and P. Virginia na.
On P. bungeana and P. virginiana, dense witches' brooms were found around the
mistletoe-infected regions. On the other species, spindle-shaped swellings were
usually formed at the point of attack. All these species except P. sabiniana are
said to be new hosts for this species of mistletoe in this country.

As the mistletoe is a western species which is able to attack vigorously a
number of species of eastern pines, the authors call attention to the desirability
of discouraging shipments of nursery stock from the Rocky Mountain and
Pacific regions to those further east, because of the possibility of introducing
the mistletoe to eastern plantations.

Witches' brooms on hickory trees, F. C. Stewart {Phytopathology, 7 {1917),
No. 3, pp. 185-187, fig. 1).—A brief description is given of witches' brooms on
the shell bark hickory {Carya ovata) caused by the fungus Microstroma
juglandis.

A Nectria parasitic on Norway maple, M. T. Cook {Phytopathology, 7
{1917). No. Ii, pp. 313, 314).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 33, p. 249),
the author called attention to an attack on Norway maple in 1913 by a species
of Nectria. Later investigations have shown that the disease, although present
in subsequent years, was much less severe than in 1913. Besides the Norway
maple, the author has found the fungus attacking mulberry, on which it is
apparently a weak parasite.

Sparassis radicata, an undescribed fungus on the roots of conifers, J. R.
Weir {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 3, pp. 166-177, figs. 5>.— A description is
given of S. radicata n. sp., which is said to be widely distributed in the North-
west and often to attack the roots of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Picea engelmanni,
Pinus monticola, and Larix occidentaUs. The mycelium of the fungus is said
to attack the base of the roots and later the wood, producing a yellow or brown
carbonizing rot.

Needle rust on Pinus resinosa, P. Spaulding {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No.
3, p. 225).— The author reports the occurrence in 1916 near Sharon, Vt., of
44073°— 18 5

254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

Coleospornim soUdayinis and C. delicatulmn on a plantation of about 10,000
trees of P. resinosa.

Contributions to our knowledge of the white pine blister rust, W. A. Mc-
CuBBiN {Phytopathology, 7 {1911), No. 2, pp. 95-100, fig. i).— An attem- t has
been made by the author to determine the method of infection of the pine by
Cronartium ribicola. A large number of infections were examined, from which
it appeared that the chief mode of infection was by way of the leaf fascicles
through the so-called short shoots.

Studies were made of the life cycle of the fungus on the pine, from which
the author concludes that it has a 5-year cycle. The first season is a period
of Infection, followed by a dormant period during the second season, with
swelling of the host tissues in the third and fourth seasons, and the formation
of fficia in the fifth and following seasons. This outline of the life cycle is be-
lieved to obtain in the majority of cases, although it is not entirely invariable.

Early discovery of white pine blister rust in the United States, R. G. Pierce
{Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 3. pp. 224, 225).— A brief note is given on the
determination in 1905 by Mrs. F. W. Patterson, mycologist of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, of Peridermium on white pine. This record antedates
previous reports on this fungus.

State and national quarantines against the white pine blister rust, P.
Spaulding and R. G. Pierce {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 4, pp. 319-321).—
From a tabulated statement showing the quarantines that have been declared
against the transportation of white pines as a prevention of the spread of the
white pine blister rust, it is seen that 18 States, the United States, and Canada
prohibit the movement of all white pines or the 5-leaved species, and in a num-
ber of instances the interstate movement of currants and gooseberries is also
prohibited.

Synthetic culture media for wood-destroying fungi, E. J. Piepek, C. J.
Humphrey, and S. F. Agree {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 3, pp. 214-220).—
Formulas are given for synthetic cultaire media for wood-destroying fungi such
as Fomes, Lenzites, Stereum, etc.

The mononchs (Mononchus Bastian 1866), a genus of free-living predatory
nematodes, N. A. Cobb {Soil Sci., S {1917), No. 5, pp. 431-486, figs. 75).— In a
brief introduction the author states that a careful examination has fully demon-
strated the predacious character of certain common and widely spread soil-
inhabiting species, which are found to feed on other small animal organisms,
such as protozoa and rotifers, and other nematodes, and has led to the deter-
mination that practically all mononchs are predacious. The evidence indicates
that the nematodes destroyed are injurious to agriculture since all 14 species
observed have proved to be carnivorous. Mononchs were formerly considered
as harmful to vegetation, due (1) to the congregating about the roots and be-
tween the leaf sheaths of plants, especially succulent plants, and (2) to the
fact that vegetable matter was often found in their intestines.

The first part of this work (pp. 433-453) is devoted to the structure, func-
tions, and distribution of mononchs, which constitute a genus of free-living
predatory nematodes Inhabiting soil and fresh water, as well as the above-
ground parts of certain plants. The second part (pp. 453-486) Is devoted to a
classification of the genus, including a table for the separation and descriptions
of 60 species belonging to 6 subgenera, of which 31 are described as new. They
appear to molt four times.

A bibliography of 50 titles Is included.

Segmentation in nematodes: Observations bearing on the unsettled ques-
tion of the relationship of nematodes to other branches of the animal king-
dom, N. A. Cobb {Science, n. ser., 45 {1917), No. 1171, p. 59S, figs. 2).

1918]

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255

The cuprammonium washes, their preparation, biological properties, and
application, O. Butler {New Hampshire Sta. Sci. Contrib. 10 {1911), pp. 235-
268, pis. 8; Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 4, PP- 2S5-268, pis. 8).— The results
are given of a study of the composition and preparation of the different
cuprammonium washes, their relative toxicity and the conditions affecting the
same, and the relative efficiency and effectiveness of these washes used as
fungicides. The cuprammoniums met with in practice are cuprammonium
sulphate, which is a very unstable product, and cuprammonium hydrate and
cuprammonium carbonate, both of whi'ch are quite stable.

The author concludes that the cuprammoniums are more toxic when slowly
than when quickly dried, their toxicity being due to soluble copper. When
large amounts of soluble copper are required to give protection, the cupram-
monium washes are preferable to Bordeaux mixture; but when small amounts
of soluble copper are sufficient, the cuprammonium washes are said to be less
effective than Bordeaux mixture so far as withstanding weathering and yield-
ing soluble copper for protection against organisms are concerned, although the
cuprammonium washes are more efficient with regard to the solubility of their
copper and its toxicity in solution. The relative efficiency of the unit copper
in the cuprammoniums in decreasing order is said to be as follows: Copper
sulphate ammonia, malachite ammonia, copper sulphate ammonium carbonate,
and malachite ammonium carbonate.

The cuprammoniums may be used at 11.7 times their lethal concentration for
Plasmopara viticola on plants not affected by 0.0075 per cent of soluble copper.
They are considered of limited practical applicability and should not be used
in lieu of Bordeaux mixture whenever the latter yields sufficient soluble copper
to give protection.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Life zone investigations in Wyoming, M. Cart {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol.
Svrvey, North American Fauna No. Jf2 {1911), pp. 95, pis. 15, figs. i7).— This
report is based upon the results of natural history explorations conducted in
recent years by field parties of the Bureau of Biological Survey in all the impor-
tant physiographic areas of Wyoming. The first section characterizes the five
transcontinental life zones represented in the State, defines their extent and
limits, and discusses their economic possibilities. The second section consists
of notes on the distribution and abundance of conspicuous trees and shrubs
observed during the progress of the survey. An accompanying map shows in
detail the extent and boundaries of the life zones which traverse the State.

The rat pest, E. W. Nelson {Nat. Geogr. Mag., 32 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-23,
figs. 20 ) .—Attention is called to the economic importance of the rat.

A distributional list of the land birds of west central Oregon, A. C. S Hel-
ton {Univ. Oreg. Bui., n. ser., U {1917), No. 4, PP- 51, figs, ii).— This paper,
which consists of an annotated list of 143 forms, includes a discussion and an
illustrated outline of the life zones of west central Oregon.

Birdcraft, Mabel O. Wright {New York and London: The Macmillan Co.,
1917, 9. ed.' pp. XXIII+317, pis. 80).— The main part of this work consists of
a synopsis of bird families (pp. 43-54) and bird biographies (pp. 55-279).
Keys to the land birds, birds of prey, and game, shore, and water birds are
appended.

Your bird friends and how to win them, .1. H. Dodson {Kankakee, III.:
Author, [1917], pp. 24, figs. ^6).— Methods of attracting, housing, etc., of wild
birds are described.

256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. [Vol.38

Bird houses (Pliiladelphia: [Cttrtis Pub. Co., 1917], pp. 18, fig.t. /20).— Illus-
trated i)laiis are given for 60 devices for supplying slielter and food for birds.

Bibliography of Canadian zoology, E. M. Walker (Proc. and Trc is. Roy.
Soc. Canada, 3. set:, 10 (1017), Sect. IV, pp. 201-^215).— One hundred and eight-
een titles are listed.

Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1915, C. J. S. Bethune
(Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. set:, 10 (1917), Sect. IV, pp. 169-187).—
One hundred and seventy-five titles are listed.

Index to the literature of American economic entomology, January 1, 1905,
to December 31, 1914, compiled by N. Banks (Melrose Highlands, Mass.: Atner.
Assoc. Evon. Ent., 1917, pp. V-\-323).—ln this index the literature of each sub-
ject is arranged alphabetically by authors.

Studies in insect life and other essays, A. E. Shipley (London: T. Fisher
Univin, Ltd., 1917, pp. XI +338, figs. 11). — Papers on Insects and War; The
Honeybee; Bombus, the Bumblebee ; On Certain Differences Between Wasps
and Bees ; and Grouse Disease are included.

The biological sciences applied to agriculture in the control of insect pests
and plant diseases in the United States, P. Marchal (Min. Agr. [France],
Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 3 (1914), pp. 31-382, figs. 156; rev. in Science, n. ser.,
45 (1917), No. 1169, pp. 503, 504). — This is a report upon an inspection trip
made by the author during 1913 in which he deals with the work of several of
the bureaus of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, particularly the Bureau of
Entomology (pp. 52-109), the experiment stations, etc.

Nineteenth annual report of the State entomologist for 1916, E. L, Wok-
sham (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 48 (1917), pp. 36, pi. i).— This report of the work of
the year deals particularly with the boll weevil, which, by November, 1916, had
appeared in 116 counties in the State. Among other insects, work with which is
reported, are several pecan pests, including the pecan case bearer (Acrohasis
nebulella), which is responsible for more injury to the pecan than any other
insect; the nut case bearer (A. hebecella), which destroyed 50 per cent of the
crop in one grove but is still confined to the vicinity of Thomasville and Cairo;
the shuck worm (Enarmonia caryana), which is probably the most widespread
of the species attacking pecans, occurring tlu-oughout the State; aphids (Mo-
ncllia costalis and Monellia sp.) ; and the fall webworm.

[Report of the ] department of entomology, H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts
Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 7Sa, 79a). — This is a brief statement of the occurrence of the
more important insects and of the work of the year.

Observations of the strawberry crown girdler in a forest nursery, a serious
outbreak of which was recorded the previous year (B. S. li., 36, p. 156), indi-
cated that the period of extensive destruction at that place was drawing to an
end and that the methods of treatment then recommended were to a large
degree successful in checking further injury.

Work connected with Insect and fungus pests and their control (Imp.
Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr. Dept. Antigua, 1915-16, pp. 75-i 7). —Obser-
vations during the year indicate that the scoliid parasite Tiphia parallela of
white grubs has become established in Antigua. Brief mention is made of in-
sects attacking cotton, yams, limes, onions, etc.

Report on insect pests in Finland for 1913, W. M. Linnaniemi (Landlbr.
Styr. Mcddel. [Finland], No. 99 (1915), pp. 68, pi. 1, figs. 23).— This reports
upon the occurrence of and work with the more important insect pests in Fin-
land during 1913.

Work of the Kief station in the control of insect pests in 1914, V. V.
DoBRovLfANSKii (Otchct Radotakh Ent. Otd. Kiev. Sta. BorbQ Vred. Rast., 1914,
pp. 41, figs. 5).— A summary of work carried on at the Kief station, especially

19181 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 257

with the Swedish or frit fly {Oscinella frit), the winter cereal fly (Leptohylem-
yla coarctatn), insecticides, etc. Examinations made of the stomach contents
of moles are also reported upon.

Report of the imperial entomologist, T. B. Fletcher (Rpt. Agr. Research
Inst, and Col. Pusa, 1915-16, pp. 58-77; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917),
No. 3, pp. 124-126). — This reports upon the occurrence of and work of the year
with Insect pests in India.

Economic zoology {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Se-l. Advice India, 1915-16, pp. 152-176).—
Under the heading of agricultural entomology (pp. 152-173), T. B. Fletcher
deals with the occurrence of and work with insect pests in Pusa, the Provinces,
and native States, including a list of publications on entomology. Forest ento-
mology is dealt with by N. C. Chatterjee (pp. 173-176).

Pests and diseases of New Zealand flax, D. Miller {Joicr. A(jr. [New Zeal.'l,
U {1917), No. 6, pp. .131-^39, figs. 2).— This is a progress report of studies of
the life history and methods of control of Xanthorlwe prwfectata, the larvre of
which damage the leaf and fiber of New Zealand flax {Phormium tenax), and
of other insects which incidentally were found to do considerable damage to
flax. Those reported upon are Alelanchra steropastis, the larvje of which cut
notches from the edge of the leaf and are most abundant upon the hill flax;
CEceticus omnivorus, the larvse of which remove the lower epidermis of the flax
leaf in circular patches ; etc.

Paddy pests in Travancore {Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], J,8 {1917), No. 6, p. 362).—
The rice bug {Leptocorisa varicornis) was the most important pest during
1915-16. The rice swarming caterpillar {Spodoptera niauritia) appeared in
some parts of Kuttanad, and the rice stem borer {Schwnohius bipiinctifer) is a
common rice pest all over the State.

Insects and diseases of orchards and garden and their control, G. S. Ral-
ston and R. E. Marshall {Va. Polytech. Inst. Ext. Bui. IJf {1917), pp. 55).—
A popular summary of information.

Common garden insects and their control, A. Gibson {Canada Depi. Agr.,
Ent. Branch Circ. 9 {1917), pp. 20, fig. 1).—A popular summary of information.
Spraying for apple aphids and red bugs in New York, H. E. Hodgkiss
{Proc. Friiit Growers Assoc. Adams Co., Penn., 11 {1915), pp. SS-93). — An ad-
dress consisting of a summary of information on the control of these pests.

Defoliation, a defensive measure against vine pests, J. Capus {Bui. Soc.
Etude et Vulg. Zool. Agr., 15 {1916), No. 11-12, pp. 118-122; ahs. in Rev. Ajipl.
Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1917), No. 3, p. J37 ) .—Experience has shown that defense
against Cochylis ambiguella and Etidemis botrana is impossible without pre-
liminary defoliation, and that this must be done at the time when the inflores-
cences are formed and before the leaves removed are full grown. A second
defoliation is recommended if the fruit again becomes hidden by the develop-
ment of the leaves ; this gradual exposure prevents the grapes from being dried
up by the sun.

Shade and forest insects in Manitoba, J. M. Swaine {Agr. Gas. Canada, 4
{1917), No. 9, pp. 755-763). — Brief mention is here made of the western willow
leaf beetle {GaleniceUa decora), the fall cankerworm, the spring cankerworm,
the Negundo plant louse {Chaitophorus negundinis), the Negundo twig borer
{Protcopteryx willingana), the spruce sawfly {Lophyrus abietis), the larch
sawfly, etc.

Insects and prickly pear, W. W, Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 {1917),
No. 6, pp. 417-426, figs. 4). — In considering the relation of insects to the prickly
pear, the author has made extracts from Tryon and Johnston's report, previously
noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 134), and he comments on some of the suggestions of the

258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

commissioners regarding insects tliat miglit be introduced from abroad into
Australia to destroy tlie pricldy pear.

Household pests and their treatment, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Circ. 15
(1917), pp. 63-90. figs. IJf). — This is a popular summary of information.

The parasite methods of controlling insect pests, H. S. Smith {Cal. Citrogr.,
2 (1017), No. 6, pp. 2, 3, figs. 4). — This popular review of the subject iucludes
an introduction by G. H. Hecke, State commissioner of horticulture of Cali-
fornia.

The double purpose spray, A. A. Ramsay (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 {1917),
No. 6, pp. 43.5-.iS7). — A report upon the results obtained from adding lead
arsenate to other spray mixtures. The experiments indicate that soap should
not be mixed with lead arsenate, but that lead arsenate may be mixed with
both Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur mixture with safety.

Fumigation of ornamental greenhouse plants with hydrocyanic acid gas,
E. R. Sasscer and A. D. Borden {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 880 {1917), pp.
19, figs. .{).— Substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 3G, p. 842).

Detection of hydrocyanic acid gas. — Use of small animals for this purpose,
S. B. Grubbs {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 32 {1917), No. 16, pp. 565-570, fig. 1).—
The author's experiments, here summarized in tabular form, have led to the
following conclusions :

" Sparrows or other small birds are the most delicate live indicators for
hydrocyanic acid gas, but are not recommended for routine work. Mice or
tame rats are almost as susceptible as sparrows and are probably the best test
animals available. Cats are sufficiently susceptible, and with care the same
animal may be used several times. Guinea pigs are quite resistant to the
effects of the gas and should never be used where rats are available. If guinea
pigs be the only test animals obtainable, exposure should be prolonged and
other allowances made for these animals' increased resistance to the gas, as
indicated in the included table."

Directions for raising rats and mice, by W. E. Castle and L. C. Dunn, are
appended.

The Blattida9 of North Am.erlca, north of the Mexican boundary, M.
Hebaed {Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc, No. 2 {1917), pp. 28^ + 77, pis. 10, figs. 2).— The
author recognizes 43 established species and one geographic race of cockroaches
belonging to 26 genera, of which 9 species and 4 genera are described as new.
In a supplement he lists 31 species found to be adventive but not established
in portions of the United States and Canada.

Destruction of the migratory locust, P. Caeide Massini {An. Soc. Rural
Argentina, 51 {1917), No. 4, pp. S09-3U, pi. i).— This paper deals at length with
the sarcophagid parasite Sarcophaga caridei, an important enemy of the locust
in South America, noted by Da we (E. S. R., 37, p. 357). A colored plate of the
adult fly is included.

Fighting grasshoppers, including the results of a campaign conducted in
1916 and suggestions for the control of this pest, C. R. Jones {Colo. Agr.
Col. Ext. Serv. Bui, 1. ser.. No. 118 {1917), pp. iS).— Substantially noted from
another source (E. S. R., 37, p. 661).

Is Diestrammena marmorata an injurious insect? M. Wolff {Centbl. Bakt.
[etc.^, 2. AM., 45 {1916), No. 6-12, pp. 258-262; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A,
5 (1917), No. 3, p. 98). — It is concluded that this orthopteran, introduced into
Germany from Japan, does not feed on plants and that the injury ascribed to
it is due to other less conspicuous insects.

Thrips attacking French bean flowers {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 {1917),
No. 6, p. 4"^G). — Through feeding upon the pollen, thrips injured French beau

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 259

flowers at Wamberal sufficient to prevent the formation of pods. Tobacco and
soap applied as a spray appears to be a satisfactory remedy.

Work of combating the pear thrips in the Saanich Peninsula, A. E. Came-
ron and R. C. Tkeherne {Agr. Jour. [Brit. Columbia], 1 (1917), No. 12, pp.
208, 212). — The authors find that the attaclcs of pear thrips {Tceniothrips in-
consequens) , which is distributed throughout tiije peninsula and as far north
as Duncan, can be absolutely controlled on apples, although unsatisfactory
results have been obtained in the control of the pest on Italian pears and
prunes.

As a first application for apples, pears, cherries, prunes, and plums and
later applications on cherries, prunes, and plums, whale-oil soap, 5 lbs. ; black-
leaf 40, i pint; and water, 85 gals, is recommended, the first application to
be made at the time the thrips make their appearance on the buds, the second
when the blossoms are showing pink or white, as the case may be, and the
third just after the blossoms are shed. Owing to the prevalence of apple
scab the authors recommend a combination spray of summer strength lime-
sulphur and blackleaf 40 in the proportion of 1 : 900 for the second and third
applications for apples and pears.

" One of the most unsatisfactory aspects of the thrips attack in the Saanich
Peninsula is the repeated failure of the prune crop. The buds are very soon
destroyed once the pest effects an entrance, and the damage done to Italian
prunes and different varieties of plum is probably far heavier proportionately
than that done to pears."

Contribution to the knowledge of the galls of Java. — II. The thysanop-
terous cecidia of Java and their inhabitants, H. Karny and W. and J. van
Leeuwen-Reijnvaan (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., 10 (1914), Nos, 6-7, pp. 201-
208; 8-9, pp. 288-296; 10-12, pp. 355-369; 11 (1915), Nos. 1-2, pp. 32-39; S-4,
pp. 85-90; 5-6, pp. 138-147; 7-8, pp. 203-210; 9-10, pp. 249-256; 11-12, pp.
324-331). — This second contribution to the thysanopterous cecidia and their
inhabitants in Java is in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 30,
p. 250).

Helopeltis in tea gardens, S. Leefmans (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel
[Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 46 (1916), pp. 21; abs. in Rev.
Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 3, pp. 131, 132).— This interim report deals with
Investigations of species of Helopeltis in Java extending over a period of two
years.

Contribution to the Helopeltis problem in tea culture, S. Leefmans (Dept.
Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Medcd. Lab. Plantenziektcn, No.
26 (1916), pp. yi+214, pis. IS). — This is an extended report of investigations
conducted in Java. The classification and biology of the several Javanese
species of Helopeltis, namely, H. antonii, H. theivora, H. ciineatus, and H.
cinchonce, are first dealt with, followed by a discussion of natural enemies,
control measures, etc.

H. antonii is the principal enemy of tea in Java. H. theivora, the most
dangerous enemy of tea in British India, does not cause much injury in Java,
and in West Java has only been found in the lowlands. //. cuneatus, a species
new for the fauna of Java, does not attack tea and has been found only on
plants of the family Araceje. H. cinchonce, a second species new for the fauna,
has lately been found to attack tea and possibly will grow more dangerous in
the future.

A map is given which shows their distribution in West Java. A summary
of the investigation is given in English and a bibliography of 27 titles is
included.

260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3S

Citrus white fly (Aleyrodes citri; on lemons and oranges in the Province
of Mendoza, Argentina, R. Sanzin (Enol. Argentina, 1 {1915), No. 2, pp. JfZ, 43,
figs. 6; abs. in Rev. Apph Ent., Ser. A, 3 {1915), No. 11, pp. 69Jt, 695). -Tlv
citrus white fly has spread so rapidly in the Province of Mendoza that it is
now one of the worst pests of oranges and lemons ; not a single tree seems to be
free from its attacks, which cause withering of the leaves.

Life history of Macrosiphum illinoisensis, the grapevine aphis, A. C.
Baker {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1917), No. 3, pp. 83-91, pis.
2). — In the present paper the author reports upon more recent studies than
those previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 857; 37, p. 358), in the first of which
the alternation in food plants was recorded, and gives an account of all the
forms of the species. This aphid, originally described by Shimer, from Illinois,
in 18GG under the name Aphis ilUnolsensis, and later by Thomas as Siphono-
phora viticola, is now known to occur in the District of Columbia, Georgia,
Indiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New
York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Virginia, and what appears to be
the same species was taken on grape at Campinas, Brazil, in September, 1898.
It occurs abundantly on wild grape {Vitis spp.) in the southern United States
and often is quite destructive to cultivated varieties.

The eggs, which are laid upon the twigs of Viburmim prnnifolinm, usually
being placed most thickly close around the buds, sometimes hatch during quite
cold weather in the third week in March and continue hatching until the early
part of April. The stem mothers on hatching out seek the buds and begin
feeding, and, when the flowers begin to open, may crowd down into the flower
clusters. They feed upon the stems of the individual blossoms, upon the twigs,
and somewhat upon the leaves.

The spring migrants begin to appear in the second generation, although their
number is not abundant until the third generation and their production then
gradually decreases for several generations. The spring migrants fly lo wild
grapes and to grapes in the vineyards, the migration being at its height during
the first week in May.

The summer wingless forms occur very abundantly throughout the summer.
They reproduce very quickly during the early summer and seven generations
have often reached maturity by July 1. Intermediates between the summer
winged and summer wingless forms have been found upon grape. Winged
forms are produced in every generation from the second onward, but fewer
winged line generations occur than wingless line generations.

The fall migrants are produced upon the grapes during the early part of
October and are found upon the viburnum depositing young oviparous females
during the second week in that month. " The males are produced a little later
than the fall migrants, but can be found flying at the same time and may be
taken on the viburnums in company with the fall migrants. . . . The oviparous
female is a small, dark reddish aphis produced during the early part of Octo-
ber on the viburnum. It feeds upon the twigs and may be found until frost
kills all the insects. Each oviparous female lays three to six eggs close about
the buds or occasionally scattered along the twigs."

Aphididffi of California, [XII], E. O. Essig {Univ. Cal. Pubs. Ent., 1 {1917),
No. 7, pp. 301-346, figs. 30). — This paper consists of descriptions of five new
species of plant lice from California and notes on other Aphididse, chiefly from
the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, Cal. See also a previous
note (E. S. R., 35, p. 56).

Butterflies worth knowing, C. M. Weed {Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1917, pp. XIII+286, pis. 48).— A popular account.

191S) ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 261

On a case of facultative parthenogenesis in the gipsy moth (Lymantria
dispar), with a discussion of the relation of parthenogenesis to sex, R. Gold-
scHMiuT (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 32 {1911), No. 1, pp. 35-Ji3). —
This paper includes a list of 22 references to the literature on the subject.

The bollworm or corn earworm, F. C. Bishopp (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers''
Bui. 812 (1911), pp. 15, figs. 1). — This popular account replaces Farmers' Bul-
letin 290. previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 53).

Controlling the peach borer, S. W. Funk (Pract. Farmer, 113 (1911), No. 18,
p. 316). — In Pennsylvania the author has practiced banking peach trees with
from 6 to 8 in. of earth during the entire year, and in this way prevented the
borers from getting into the roots where they are hard to reach. The mounds
are removed by the use of a hoe during Septeni])er, the gum removed, and the
borers cut out by means of a sharp knife. The importance of making the cut as
nearly perpendicular as possible in order to prevent mutilating the bark Is
pointed out.

The currant borer, Sesia (-ffigeria) tipuliformis, H. M. Nicholls (Agr. and
Stock Dept. Tasmania, Bui. 69 (1911), pp. 8, figs. 5). — The common currant
borer (S. 2Egeria tipiiliformis) is said to be rather widely spread in the north-
ern part of Tasmania.

The cassava hawk moth (Dilophonota ello), A. da Silveira (Bol. Agr. [Sao
Paulo], 11 ser.. No. 9 (1916), pp'. 110-124). — A summary of information on this
pest in Brazil, including descriptions of its several stages. Accounts of this
Insect in British Guiana by Bodkin (E. S. R., 28, p. 3.54) and in Cuba by Cardiu
(E. S. R., 28, p. 854) have been previously noted.

On the life history of the apple fruit miner, Argyresthia conjugella, H.
Okamoto (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 6 (1911), No. 3, pp. 213-219) .—This
is a report of observations made at the Hokkaido Experiment Station at
Sapporo, Japan.

It appears that the eggs of A. conjugella are for the most part laid upon the
fruit, though a very few are deposited upon the leaves. Two moths observed
deposited 25 and 29 eggs, respectively, the preoviposition period varying from
two to four days and the incubation period in the orchard from seven to eight
days. The larvae which hatch out upon the apples soon seek a place to enter,
from 70 to 80 per cent of the larvae entering the apple on the sides and from 20
to 30 per cent on the stem or calyx, gummy exudations commonly occurring at
the place of entrance. The tunnels are numerous and extend in all directions.
The larvae that hatch out upon the leaves commence to feed there.

The average time spent in the fruit was 50 days for 10 larvae observed. When
about full grown the larva makes a passageway out of the fruit, usually toward
the side of the apple, then enters the soil and forms its cocoon. The larvae
which develop late in the season sometimes spin their cocoons on the inside of
boxes or barrels. Pupation takes place early in the following spring.

The adults spend most of their time resting in the foliage of the apple and
r.re rarely seen in the orchard. When disturbed they fly away so quickly that
the eye is unable to follow them. The moths do not appear to be attracted by
lights at night.

Viviparity in the Diptera and the larvae of viviparous Diptera, D. Keii.in
(Arch. Zool. Expt. et G6n., 55 (1916), No. 9. pp. 393-^15, figs. 8; a&s. in Jotcr.
Roy. Micros. Soc, No. 2 (1911), pp. 213, 2^//).— The Diptera which are always
viviparous are divided by the author into two groups: (1) Those in which the
larvae are not nourished in the uterus of the mother, where only the embryonic
development proceeds, namely, some Tachinariae, Dexiidae, all the Sarcophagidse,
various Anthomyidae (Miisca larvipara and Mesembrina meridiana) ; and (2)
those in which the larvae pass all their time in the maternal uterus, some

262 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol.38

beinj? boru as larvae (Glosslna) and others as pupse (Hippobosca, Melophagus,
and Ornlthomyia).

The relation of mosquitoes and flies to the epidemiology of acute polio-
myelitis, H. NoGUcni and R. Kudo (Jour. IJcpt. Med., 26 {1917), No. 1, pp. JfO-
57). — " C'ulex pipiens raised from the larval stage in water experimentally con-
taminated with an abundance of poliomyelitic virus were found to be incapable
of causing the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus
monkeys. C. pipiens, which were fed on infected poliomyelitic monkeys dur-
ing different stages of the disease, were found to be incapable of transmitting
the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys.
A previous disturbance of the meninges by an injection of horse serum into the
intrathecal space did not alter the result, which was negative.

" The offspring of the mosquitoes, which were either reared in the infected
tanks or fed on infected monkeys, were found to be entirely harmless when
allowed to feed in large numbers on a normal monkey. There was no hereditary
transmission of the virus from one generation to another. No trace of the
virus of poliomyelitis was demonstrable in the filtrate of an emulsion of adult
flies and pupse of the common house fly and bluebottle fly, which were reared
in the laboratory on slices, emulsion, or filtrate of monkey brain containing the
poliomyelitic virus. The intracerebral injection of the filtrate produced no
poliomyelitic infection in the normal monkey."

Notes on fly control in military camps, H. B. Kikk {Wellinyton, New Zeal.:
New Zealand Defence Dept., 1916, pp. 16, figs. S). — A summary of practical in-
formation on this subject.

Some winter observations of muscid flies, M. Kislixjk, jk. {Ohio Jour. Sci.,
17 {1917), No. S, pp. 2S5-29Jf). — This paper is based upon experiments conducted
at College Park, Md., during 1914-15, and continued at Columbus, Ohio, during
1916-17. They show the greatest length of life of adults under winter condi-
tions to be 44 days (December 12, 1914, to January 29, 1915, extreme tempera-
tures 15 to 63°, mean 45°) in the unheated stable, and but 30 days (December
16, 1914, to February 2, 1915, extreme temperature 13 to 62°, mean 30°) in the
iusectary. Eggs were not deposited in the insectary until April 20, while in
the stable they were noted on May 6.

Under natural conditions neither eggs nor maggots were found alive in the
normally preferred situations, although the maggots will probably be found
in early winter. The adults were not collected during the winter proper in
houses where it was formerly supposed they were hiding. Apparently under
natural conditions the house fly hibernates as pupa.

The author's observations indicate that many of the other common flies
hibernate in the larval and pupal stages, including Lvcilia sericata, Phormia
regina, Callipliora erythrocepJiala, C. vomitoria, and Cynomyia cadaverina.
L. ccesar may spend the winter in the larval stage, and there is plenty of
evidence that Pollenia rudis hibernates as an adult, although the apparent
appearance of fresh spring specimens suggests that it also hibernates in the
immature stages.

Florida and the Mediterranean fruit fly, E. A. Back {Quart. Bui. Plant Bd.
Fla., 1 {1917), No. 4, pp. 159-171, pis. 2, figs. 5).— In this general account the
author calls attention to the disastrous results that would follow should this
fly gain entrance to Florida.

The apple maggot in Nova Scotia, W. H. Brittain and C. A. Good {Nova
Scotia Dept. Agr. Bui. 9 {1917), pp. 70, pis. 7, figs. 3).— This bulletin is based
upon a careful inspeclrion of maggot-infested territory of Nova Scotia, and
upon experimental work by the junior author during the seasons of 1914 and

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 263

1915, an account of wliich has been noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 853). Since that
time additional investigations have been carried on by the senior author.

" The emergence of the flies in summer varies greatly with season and lo-
cality ; they may appear early in July and are usually present in numbers by
the third week, the maximum emergence occurring in the early part of
August. They continue to emerge, however, thoughout the month of August
and well into September. Several days after emerging the eggs are laid by the
female beneath the skin of the fruit, one in a place. The flies feed on the waxy
substance on the surface of the fruit, first moistening any solid particles with
saliva ejected from the mouth.

" The eggs hatch in from 5 to 12 days and the larvte feed for a varying length
of time within the fruit, burrowing through it in all directions until it is honey-
combed by their tunnels. The pupal stage Is passed in the soil, and the winter
is spent in this state. A proportion of the flies remain over another winter as
pupae."

Experiments indicate that a method cheaper and easier than destroying the
fallen fruit may be found in the use of arsenical sprays. " The use of arsenate
of lead 2 lbs. to 40 gal. of water, applied once when the first flies were observed,
which in the average season will be about July 15, and again two weeks later,
gave excellent results even in a very wet season. It will usually be sufficient
to defer the last summer spray until abotit the end of the first or second week
in July, repeating the application near the end of the month. When it is nec-
essary to apply a fifth summer spray for apple scab, the addition of arsenate of
lead will enable it to serve as the first maggot spray. It is particularly im-
portant to have the trees well covered with the poison through the early part
of August, for this is the time when the greatest number of eggs are laid. The
addition of molasses to this spray does not appear to make the poison more
attractive to the flies as was formerly supposed, and the experiments under-
taken show little if any benefit from its use. From a practical standpoint it is
not safe to defer the first spray until files are actually seen in the orchard, as
considerable damage may be done before this time."

Danish Diptera, W. Lundbeck {Biptera Danica. Copenhagen: G. E. G. Gad,
pt. 3 {1910), pp. S29, figs. Ul; pt. 4 (1912), pp. 416, figs. ISO; pt. 5 {1916), pp.
60S, figs. 202). — These volumes, in continuation of those previously noted
(E. S. R., 21, p. 154), deal with the Empididte, Dolichopodidee, and Lonchop-
teridse and Syrphidae, respectively.

A monographic study of the parasitic Diptera of Africa, II, J. Rodhain
and J. Bequaeet {Bui. Set. France et Belg., 50 {1916), No. 1-2, pp. 53-165, pis.
2, figs. SO; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. B, 5 {1917), No. 4, pp. 49, 50).— The
second part of the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 359) consists of a
revision of the Oilstrinfe on the African Continent.

The rough-headed cornstalk beetle in the Southern States and its control,
W. J. Phillips and H. Fox {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 875 {1917), pp. 10,
figs. 8). — This account relates to {Ligyrus) Euetheola rugiceps, a robust, black
scarabeid beetle which has been increasing in importance in recent years and
has caused serious damage to corn crops in the Southern States, a noteworthy
outbreak having occurred in the tidewater section of Virginia during the early
summer of 1914. It appears to be confined entirely to the Southern States,
there being no record of its occurrence north of Virginia, Kentucky, and
Kansas.

The injury to corn is caused entirely by the adult beetle and occurs only
during the spring and early summer. In Virginia it was confined to low,
poorly drained lands in the eastern section of the State. The beetles begin

264 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

to attack the crop as soon as the plants appear above ground and continue then-
attack until the plants are knee-high or even somewhat taller. They bore into
the ouler wall of the stalk immediately below the surface of the ground, making
a large, ragged opening, and destroy the tender growing point or " heart,"
upon which this beetle appears to feed especially. This results in the wither-
ing of the central roil of leaves, the other leaves retaining their freshness for
a considerable longer period.

The eggs are laid during the early summer, chiefly during June, and are de-
posited singly or in groups of three or four in the ground wherever the beetles
happen to be feeding. They hatch in about two weeks and reach full growth
in about two months, two weeks being passed in the pupal stage. The adults
appear about the middle of September and soon go into hibernation, there being
but one generation a year. Observations of its hal)its show that one of the
most promising methods for controlling the beetles is to avoid maintaining pas-
tures for indefinite periods or allowing any part of the farm to grow up as
waste land. The control measures are here summarized by the author as
follows :

" Eliminate all old pastures or waste land, especially low, moist areas, and
drain such lands thoroughly. Pasture hogs in waste or pasture lands that can
not be conveniently drained and cropped. Plant corn early, say about April
20 for tidewater Virginia and earlier for more southerly localities. Give
liberal applications of barnyard manure or commercial fertilizers whenever
practical. Employ children or cheap labor to collect and destroy the beetles
when a field first shovN's injury. Do not allow corn to follow sod if possible
to avoid it. Plow sod land in late summer and early fall in order to destroy the
pupae of the rough-headed cornstalk beetle."

A list of the Japanese and Pormosan Cicadidse, with description of new
species and genera, S. Matsxjmura (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 6 (1917),
No. 3, pp. 186-212). — The author finds that in Japan and Formosa there are 59
species representing 28 genera, of which 14 species and 6 genera are new.

Honeybees in relation to horticulture, B. N. Gates [Trans. Blass. Hart. Soc,
1917, pt. 1, pp. 71-88). — This lecture, delivered before the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society on February 24, 1917, deals with pollination, the need of honey-
bees in the setting of crops, bees for the horticultui'ist, fruits and vegetables
pollinated by bees, securing and maintaining bees, alleged injury to fruit by
honeybees, injury to cultivated flowers, and spraying v. beekeeping (E. S. R.,
35, p. 662).

Thirty-seventh annual report of the Beekeepers' Association of the Prov-
ince of Ontario, 1916 (Ann. Rpt. Bee-Keepers' Assoc. Ontario, 1916, pp. 62, figs.
5). — The proceedings of the association are reported.

Notes on the Eg'yptian honeybee, L. Gough {Bui. Soc. Ent. Egijptc, 9
{1916), No. 1. pp. 25-32). — These notes relate to the bionomics of Apis fasciata.

Foul brood of bees; its recognition and treatment, H. Garhan (Kentucky
Sta. Circ. 17 (1917), pp. 99-106, figs. 3).— This is a popular .summary of informa-
tion.

Life history of the larval forms of Adelura gahani n. sp., a braconid para-
site of phytomyzid larvae, G. de la Batjme-Pluvinel (Arch. Zool. Expt. et
G4n., .55 (1916), No. 3, pp. 47-59, pi. 1, figs. 3; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc,
No. 2 (1917), pp. 216, 217).— An account is given of the life history of the in-
ternal parasite of a phytomyzid larva which mines in the leaves of Ancolias
(Aquilegia), described as new under the name Adelura gahani.

Description of a new hymenopteran (Anteris nepse) parasitic on the eggs
of Nepa, C. Fekeiere (Arcli.. Zool. Expt. et Gen., Notes et Rev., 55 (1916), No. 4,

1918] FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 265

pp. 75-80, figs. 4; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc, No. 2 {1911), p. 216). — Under
the name Anteris nepce a parasite \Yhich develops in tlie eggs of Nepa is de-
scribed as new.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

The nutritive value of margarins and butter substitutes with reference to
their content of the fat-soluble accessory g'rowth substance, W. D. Halli-
nuETON and J. C. Deummond {Jour. Physiol., 51 {1917), No. 4-5, pp. 235-251,
figs. 17). — From experiments on rats the authors draw the following conclu-
sions :

" The fat-soluble accessory growth substance is present in beef-fat and
' oleo-oil ' and is present in margarins prepared upon such a basis. Such
margarins are nutritively the equivalent of butter.

" Coconut oil, cottonseed oil, arachis oil, and hydrogenated vegetable oils
contain little or none of this accessory substance, hence margarins prepared
with a basis of these fats have not an equal nutritive value to that of butter.
Nut butters prepared from crushed nuts and vegetable fats are similarly not
equal to butter.

" Lard substitutes prepared from vegetable oils are equal to lard in their
nutritive value, both alike being destitute of the fat-soluble accessory substance."

Edible fats, in war and law, D. Wesson {Jo\ir. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10
{191S), No. 1, pp. 71-73). — A statement of the fat situation in this country, with
comment on the oleomargarin and filled cheese laws.

Butter as a vehicle of infection in typhoid, M. F. Boyd {Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc, 69 {1917), No. 24, jyp. 2030-2032).— A report of two outbreaks of typhoid,
in one of which the epidemiological evidence implicating butter was considered
conclusive, in the other merely suggestive. In neither case was the cream
pasteurized. The author comments that attenuation and diminution of the
numbers of typhoid bacilli in the presence of lactic acid and the salt in the
butter prevents it from being as great a menace as infected milk.

The distribution of milk {Roy. Soc. [London], Food {War) Com., 1917, Nov.
20, pp. 3). — The committee recommends that due to the probability of a milk
shortage, a priority scheme for milk distribution be adopted. Persons needing
milk are divided into six groups, as follows : Infants from birth to 9 months,
IJ pts. per day ; 10 to 18 months, IJ pts. per day ; 19 months to 5 years, 1 pt.
per day ; 6 to 14 years, 1 pt. per day ; all other healthy persons, i pt., or accord-
ing to the supply available ; and sick persons and pregnant v.'omen, according to
medical certificate. In case of shortage they would receive preference in the
order listed, group 6 ranking with (1) and (2).

A study of Puget Sound oysters, Edith F. Hindman and F. J. Goodrich
{Amer. Food Jour., 12 {1917), No. 11, pp. 611-614).— The article includes results
of bateriological analyses of oysters and their liquor under different conditions
of handling.

The manufacturs of meat food products, R. D. MacManus (Amer. Fnud
Jour., 12 {1917), No. 10, pp. 559-563, figs. 6).— This gives a description of the
methods of handling the animals and the manufacture of by-products.

The sterilization of unsound meat, W. J. Howaeth {Jour. State Med., 25
{1917), No. 6, pp. 161-168).— The author concludes that in England it would be
very unwise to undertake the sterilization of unsound, condemned meat with
the object of subsequently selling the meat to the public.

Memorandum on the uses of maize or Indian corn, W. H. Thompson {Roy.
Soc. [London], Food {War) Com. Memo., 1917, Apr. 20, pp. 5). — Data are in-
cluded on the composition, varieties, products, and digestibility of maize.

266 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

Manufacture of com starch, com sirup, and com sugar, A. P. Bryant
{Amcr. Food Jour., 12 (1911), No. 9, pp. 511-515, figs. 7).— The methods of
manufacture are described.

Cottonseed products, K. H. Vakil {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 36 (1917), No.
13, pp. 685-692, figs. iO).— This article describes methods of treating the seed,
variations in varieties from different countries, and the composition and use
of the products.

The composition and relative economy of some bread sold in Washington,
D. C, M. A. PozEN and M. Staebecker (Amer. Jour. Pal). Health, 7 (1917), No.
6, pp. 570-572). — It is stated that the purchasing power of the penny in Wash-
ington has shruuli 21.5 per cent in the case of six-cent loaves and 13.1 per cent
in the case of five-cent loaves since November, 1916. On the basis of protein and
total solids content, the four-cent loaf was found the most economical, followed
by the ten, five, twelve, and six-cent loaf in the order named-
Preservation of vegetables by fermentation and salting, L. A. Round and
H. L. Lang (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 881 {1917), pp. 15, fig. i).— The
object of this publication is to describe and explain methods of preservation
by fermenting and salting, to indicate the purpose for which they are specially
applicable, and to tell how the preserved products can best be prepared for table
use.

Preservation by fermentation may take place by packing with layers of dry
salt (3 lbs. to 100 lbs. of vegetables) and keeping in a warm place under pres-
sure until fermentation occurs. When fermentation stops, the container is set
away in a cool place and covered with paraffin or otherwise made air-tight.
Cabbage, string beans, and greens may be preserved in this way. For less
watery vegetables a brine is used containing, in each gallon of water, ^ pt. of
vinegar and f cup of salt. In both cases it is the formation of lactic acid from
the sugars extracted from the vegetables that acts as the preservative.

To salt vegetables, 25 lbs. of salt are used to 100 lbs. of vegetables, in which
proportion yeasts and molds are prevented from growing. The salt and vege-
tables are packed in alternate layers and are under pressure for 24 hours.
If they are not then covered with brine, enough brine (1 lb. salt in 2 qts.
water) is added to cover.

Methods for preparing for the table vegetables preserved In this way are
included.

Imitation or pseudo coffees. — Many substitutes to which the war has called
attention {Sci. Amer. Sup., 8^ {1917), No. 2187, pp. 3^0, 341, figs. 9).— A de-
scription of tlie plants used in place of coffee is given.

[Food conservation and other patriotic topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K.
Johnson {North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 {1917), No. 16, pp. 395-.', 10), —This
number, called a Patriotic Number, makes an appeal for food conservation,
thrift, and similar topics.

Food production, conservation, and distribution {U. 8. House Representa-
tives, 65. Cong., 1. Sess., Hearings Com. Agr., 1917, pp. 538). — Hearings on
various measures relative to the production and conservation of food supplies
are given.

The national food policy. — The danger of restricting the consumption of
meat {Roy. Soc. [London], Food {War) Com., 1917, Mar. 30, pp. 1-3).— The
report of this committee shows that in the United Kingdom cereals normally
constitute 34 per cent of the food energy, of which 30 per cent is from wheat ;
meat, including poultry and game, furnishes IS per cent; dairy products 15
per cent; sugar 13 per cent; potatoes 8 per cent; and other items (fi'uit, fish,
etc.) 12 per cent. It is advised that a full supply of cereals be maintained;
that maize, barley, rice, and other grain be reserved for human consumption ;

19181 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 267

that individual consumpUou be reduced to the minimum required for efficiency,
but that no special restriction be placed on meat consumption ; that the number
of cattle, sheep, and pigs be reduced; and that the importation of cereals be
increased and the importation of meats decreased.

Investigation of workers' food and sucrgestions as to dietary, L. E. Hill
(Min. Munitions [Gt. Brit.], Health Munition Workers Com. Memo. 11 (1916),
pp. 11). — Studies showed that meals served at canteens to munition workers
Iiave an energy value of about 1,000 calories and are well balanced as to protein,
fat, and carbohydrate. The cost compares very favorably with similar meals
at caf6s. Comparisons are also made with meals brought from home. In
hotels erected for munitions workers, the deitary was found to average 3,695
calories per man per day.

Suggested daily dietaries with analyses and costs are appended.

The family budgets and dietaries of 40 labouring class families in Glasgow
in war time, Margabet Fergltson (Proc. Roy-. Soc. Edinb., 37 [1916-17], No. 2,
pp. 117-1S6). — Forty representative families were studied whose average in-
come was 30s. i d. The caloric value of the diet averaged 3,297 calories per man
per day, and the protein 102 gm. per man per day. Forty-eight per cent of the
energy value was obtained from cereals, and 40 per cent from bread. The
average cost in 1915-16 had increased 36.4 per cent above that in 1911. In
November and December, 1915, the average value obtained for Id. was 380
calories and in the spring of 1916 it was 305 calories.

The food requirement in infancy {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 69 {1917), No.
lit, p. 1175). — This review of recent work shows that in new-born infants at
complete rest, the metabolism does not exceed 48 calories per kilogram of body
weight per day. Between two months and one year it increases to 60 calories.
Between two and six months the muscular activity may increase the metabol-
ism 67 to 70 per cent over the basal metabolism at rest. It is suggested that
if the infant is very quiet, 15 per cent should be added, if normally active 25 per
cent, and if extremely active about 40 per cent. There should also be added 15
per cent for energy lost in the excreta and 20 per cent for growth. If the food
contains a large proportion of protein (cow's milk) it will have to have greater
fuel value than if human milk is fed because of the stimulating effect of the
protein.

These requirements refer to normal infants.

The metabolism of arginin, W. H. Thompson {Jour. Physiol., 51 {1917), No.
3, pp. 111-153). — Arginin carbonate given with food to dogs cause an increase
of total creatinin in the urine of 10 per cent on a meat-free diet. With birds
the increase was 22.6 per cent. When given hypodermically or by intravenous
injection to dogs on a meat-free diet, the increase in creatinin in the urine was
22.5 per cent over the normal. In rabbits the creatinin excretion was 80 per
cent above normal. The addition of arginin to the food of birds and dogs
had no effect on the excretion of preformed creatinin. When arginin was giveii
in the food for two or more periods with intervals between a decreased output
of creatinin was found.

Observations on the excretion of arginin show that the partition of its nitro-
gen in the urine of dogs was on the average as follows: (a) Arginin carbonate
given with food — total nitrogen 56.5 per cent, urea nitrogen 34.7 per cent, am-
monia 13.7 per cent, amino-acid nitrogen 2.33 per cent, nitrogen as total cre-
atinin 3.47 per cent; (b) arginin carbonate subcutaneously injected — total
nitrogen 67.87 per cent, urea nitrogen 35.4 per cent, ammonia 4.05 per cent,
amino-acid nitrogen 4.7 per cent, and nitrogen as total creatinin 4.12 per cent.

The vitamin hypothesis in relation to alleged deficiency diseases (Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc., 69 {1917), No. 24, pp. 204O, 2041).—A survey of recent works

268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

on so-called deficiency diseases, which seems to show that beri-beri and xeroph-
thalmia arc due to the absence of a specific unidentified factor, but that pellagra
and scurvy are not due to such a factor. There is doubt whether scurvy is a
distinct entity, and the theory of infection in pellagra is still a possibility.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The nutrition of farm animals, H. P. Aemsby {New York: The MacmiUan
Co., 1911, pp. XVIll-\-lli.i, fujfi. -}5). — This work does not claim to be another
edition of facts in feeding, but treats as far as possible with our present scope of
knowledge of the fundamental laws governing the nutrition of farm animals.
The animal body is treated as a transformer of energy partly into motion
and incidentally into a reserve material which can be utilized as humau food.
It is the latter phase which this volume presents.

The Avork is divided into four parts. The first deals with materials of
nutrition, the food compounds of plants and animals and the composition of
cells, tissues, and organs. Part 2 deals with the physiology of nutrition or the
methods of transference and building in the animal organism. Part 3 treats of
the needs of animals and the amounts of matter and energy necessary in pro-
ducing the materials or work for which they are kept. The fourth part con-
siders the feed supply, values, and rationing. An appendix exhibits tables of
the maintenance, fattening, milk and work production requirements of different
animals, and the food values of various feeding stuffs.

The work deals with the natural laws governing the nutrition of farm animals
rather than with the broader field of animal husbandry. It is, therefore, in-
tended for the student with some knowledge of chemistry and physics and not
for the general farmer.

The direct and indirect effects of X-rays on the thymus gland and re-
productive organs of white rats, Evelyn E. Hewer {Jour. Physiol., 50 {1916),
No. 7, pp. 43S-458, fig. 1). — A study was made of the direct effects of X-rays
on the thymus and male and female gonads of white rats, and of the indirect
effects of the rays on nonirradiated organs.

Irradiation of the thymus only causes slight degeneration of the male gonads
and delay of sexual maturity, but no alteration in the female. Irradiation of
the whole animal when very young with a very small dose hastens sexual
development in the male. Irradiation causes a degeneration of the testes. The
more immature the testes and sperm cells the more easily they are affected by
X-rays. Irradiation of the male and female gonads has a marked indirect effect
on other organs, especially on the thymus. Primordial and young ova are more
resistant to the action of X-rays than older follicles. The corpora lutea become
abnormally vascular, but appear otherwise unchanged. Hypertrophy of the
interstitial gland is constant, and persists even after apparent regeneration of
the ovary.

A list of 19 references is included.

The numerical results of diverse systems of breeding, with respect to two
pairs of characters, linked or independent, with special relation to the
effects of linkage, H. S. Jennings {Genetics, 2 {1911), No. 2, pp. 97-154).— In
this continuation of the study of methods of measuring results of systems
of breeding (E. S. R., 34, p. 764), the author gives formulas for finding in later
generations the results of continued breeding by a given system when two
pairs of characters, linked or independent, are considered. The systems of
breeding considered are (1) random mating, (2) selection with respect to a
given single character, (3) assortative mating with respect to a single character,
and (4) self-fertilization. In each system two cases are dealt with, that in

1918] ANIMAL PEODUCTION". 269

which linkage is the same in both sets of gametes, and that in which linkage
is complete in one set.

In each system general formulas are derived for transforming generation n
into generation n+l. In several systems special formulas are given for finding
directly in any later generation n the proportions of the population, when one
begins with parents that are a cross between ABAB and abab, or between
AbAb and aBaB. With regard to selection and assortative mating with respect
to a single character, formulas are given for the effect on the single pairs taken
separately ; thus, for the effect of selection or assortative mating with respect to
one character on the distribution of another character linked with that one.
The formulas are collected for convenience in 31 tables in the appendix.

Some breeding- properties of the generalized Mendelian population, E. N.
Y/KNTWOKTH aud B. L. Remick {Genetics, 1 (1916), No. 6, pp. 608-616) .Some
properties of mating a generalized Mendelian population r AA+s Aa+t aa are
considered in this paper, random mating (two types of assortative mating aud
mating of dominants alone) being considered. Formulas are presented which
will give the expected proportions of AA, Aa, and aa in any generation result-
ing from the practice of such matings.

Studies on inbreeding-. — VIII, A sing-Ie numerical measure of the total
amount of inbreeding, R. Pearl (Amer. Nat., 51 (1917), No. 610, pp. 636-639,
fig. 1). — The author describes a single numerical constant which has been de-
vised to supplement or replace the inbreeding curve (E. S. R., 38, p. 65) as a
designation of the total inbreeding exhibited in a particular individual. By the
method it is seen that American Jersey cattle, as judged by random samples
of the general population, are about 28 to 30 per cent as closely inbred as the
maximum possible amount, taking account of the first eight ancestral genera-
tions as a whole.

Tricolor inheritance. — II, The Basset hound, H. L. Ibsen (Genetics, 1 (1916),
No. 4, pp. 367-376, figs. 2).— This part of this series (E. S. R., 35, p. 770) dis-
cusses the probable genetic factors involved in the production of the coat color
in Basset hounds, the relation of these factors to each other, and test matings
which could be made to determine how closely the factors and relationships
proposed fit the actual cases.

Basset hounds are of two kinds, (1) tricolors, and (2) tan-and-whites.
Black-and-whites do not occur in the breed. Tricolors are described as " black,
white, and tan, the head, shoulders, and quarters a rich tan, and black
patches on the back." Tan-and-whites have tan heads and " tan is often found
on the back."

The factors involved in color inheritance in Basset hounds are (1) B, the
factor for black, always present in Bassets; (2) E, the extension factor which
extends the black (or chocolate) and may be present or absent; (3) T, the
factor for uniform pigmentation (animals without T are either black-and-tan,
liver-and-tan, or red (tan) and lemon; T is always absent in Bassets) ; and
(4) R, the factor which inhibits the formation of black (or chocolate) pig-
ment in the coat (it is questionable whether this factor is ever present in
Bassets). Tricolors may be of the formula BBEEttrr or BBEettrr. Ee tri-
colors mated together get some ee offspring which are tan-and-whites and which
should breed true. These may have tan spots on the back. In this case,
when T is absent, the tan on the head should be of a lighter shade than the
tan on the back. If R is present in Bassets then BBEE (or Ee) ttRr tan-and-
whites (with tan on the back) bred together should get some tricolor off-
spring. This can not be determined from available data.

Tricolor inheritance. — III, Tortoise-shell cats, H. L. Ibsen (Genetics, 1
(1916), No. 4, pp. 377-386) .—The author reviews the work of others and offers
44073"— 18 6

270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

an explanation of the inheritance of tortoise-shell coat color or black-and-
orange spotting in cats. This is followed by a general comparison of tricolor
in guinea pigs, Basset hounds, and cats.

[Miscellaneous experiments in animal husbandry] (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui.
147 (1917), pp. S-lJf, figs. 6). — A number of short articles are included.

Swine fattening experiment. — This was made to test the value of nitroge-
nous supplements to corn and different methods of preparing corn in pig
feeding. Thirty-five pigs, weighing about 110 lbs. each, were divided into
five lots of seven pigs each and fed from November 10, 1916, to February 2,
1917. Lot 1 on shelled corn and tankage (10:1) made an average dr.ily gi-.ln
per head of 0.93 lb., at a cost of 8.45 cts. per pound of gain; lot 2 on corn
meal and tankage (10:1) gained 1.19 lbs., at a cost of 8.66 cts. per pound;
lot 3 on corn meal and linseed meal (7:1) gained 0..51 lbs., at a cost of
15.1 cts. per pound; lot 4 on corn meal and chopped alfalfa hay (4:1) gained
0.31 lb., at a cost of 20.17 cts. per pound ; and lot 5 on ear corn ad libitum
and 4 lbs. of tankage per 1,000 lbs. of live weight daily gained 0.99 lb., at
a cost of 7.83 cts. per pound.

Brood sows. — Four lots of four brood sows each were maintained during the
gestation period (114 days) on the following rations: Lot 1 on alfalfa hay at
an average cost of $5.69 each ; lot 2 on alfalfa hay ad libitum and 1 lb. of
shelled corn daily per 100 lbs. live weight at a cost of $10.46; lot 3 on a mixture
of .shelled corn and tankage (10: 1) fed at the rate of 2 lbs. per 100 Ihs. live
weight at a cost of $7.22 ; and lot 4 equal parts of corn meal, ground oat-s,
and wheat middlings fed at the rate of 2 lbs. daily per 100 lbs. live weight at a
cost of $25.23. All lots gained in weight except lot 1. The pigs farrowed in
lot 4 were not so uniform and vigorous as those in the other lots.

A cross-breeding experiment urith sheep. — The plan is noted.

Maintenance of breeding flocks of mutton and wool sheep. — Further notes
are given on the progress of this work, begun in December, 1911. The only
change made during the year was in the rations fed the ewes during the winter.
The general conclusion from the season's feeding was that the lambs produced
on the various rations were very similar and that the cost of alfalfa hay was
greater than mixed hay. Comparisons are drawn between the Shropshire and
the Delaine Merino ewes as shown by the 5^ years of investigation.

The maintenance of a beef breeding herd. — Previously noted in detail from
Bulletin 138 (E. S. R., 35, p. 168).

Steer feeding experiments. — During the year 72 head of steers were fed under
two lines of investigation. In the first, five lots of 12 steers each were used to
test the feeding value of rations for medium weight cattle under Pennsylvania
conditions. The results indicated a marked advantage in using silage as a
roughage for feeding cattle. The steers receiving no corn except that in silage
made an average doily gain per head of 2.08 lbs. during 140 days. The shrink-
age with the silage-fed cattle was a little greater, while those receiving a heavy
silage ration v/ith a small amount of corn stover had the least shrinkage.
Those on a heavy silage ration sold for a higher price and gave the greatest
profit.

In a comparison of broken ear corn or shelled corn with corn-and-cob meal or
corn meal with two lots of 6 steers each, the former had a larger amount of pork
to its credit, but the latter produced heavier daily gains, a better finish, sold
for a higher price, and made the greater profit.

Studies in the malcing of corn stover silage. — It was found that corn stover
can be cut successfully in an ordinary silage cutter. In corn stover silage mak-
ing, twice the amount of water by weight should be added. Chemical and bac-
teriological tests showed the same fermentations as in ordinary corn silage. Max-

19181 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 271

imum temperature readings for over two months were 69° F., as high as in ordi-
nary corn silage in some instances. While no feeding tests were made, the cattle
ate the stover silage with relish and consumed more of it than dry fodder and
with less waste and labor than with dry stover.

[Work in animal husbandry at the Nebraska Station] {Nebraska Sta. Rpt.
1916, pp. VII-XI). — "Work of the station in sheep and cattle feeding is re-
ported.

Sheep feeding. — In December, 1915, 300 Wyoming lambs were entered in a
75-day experiment to determine the amount of corn to be fed with alfalfa, the
supplementary feeds best to use with corn, and feeding in the open v. feeding in
sheds. The best results were obtained from feeding 0.86 lb. of corn daily with
alfalfa. With corn silage added to the corn-alfalfa hay ration the animals
showed more finish and made gains at an average cost of 4.95 cts. per pound, as
compared with 4.9 cts. on the corn and alfalfa ration, 5.43 cts. for corn, oil
meal, and alfalfa hay, 5.15 cts. for corn, cottonseed meal, and alfalfa hay, and
5.18 cts. for corn, cold pressed cottonseed cake, and alfalfa hay.

The addition of the supplementary feeds (oil meal, cottonseed meal, and
cold pressed cottonseed cake) to the ration increased the gains sufficiently so
that the profits per head were larger with their use. The lambs fed in the
open consumed more feed, made greater gains, and returned a larger profit
than those fed in sheds.

In August, 1916, Oregon lambs were divided into eight groups of 40 each
to determine the relative gains and cost made in the dry lot, pasture, and on
corn in the field. The results again showed the cheapest gains on pasture,
3.55 cts. per pound. In the dry lot the lambs on a heavy corn ration made an
average profit per head of $1.65 and on a medium ration $1.34 ; on pasture a
profit of $1.77 ; and where used to feed down corn in the field a profit of $2.46.
Clipping the lambs increased the gains but reduced the selling price to a point
making the practice unprofitable.

Cattle feeding. — An experiment was made with six lots of cattle comparing
corn and alfalfa hay with corn, alfalfa hay, and silage, and with corn, alfalfa
hay, and supplementary protein feeds. The average net profits per steer, including
pork produced, were as follows: Ground corn and alfalfa hay, $11.18; shelled
corn, alfalfa hay, and silage, $13.71; shelled Porn and alfalfa hay, $14.22;
shelled corn and cottonseed meal the last six weeks, $15.16 ; shelled corn, alfalfa
hay, silage the first four weeks, and Tarkio molasses the last 14 weeks, $15.47 ;
and shelled corn, alfalfa hay, and cottonseed meal, $16.79.

Wintering' two-year-old steers preparatory to fi.nishing on grass the fol-
lowing summer, R. E. Hunt (Virginia Sta. Bui 215 (1917), pp. S-15, figs. 5).—
The usual method of wintering steers in Virginia is on dry roughage and grain.
The experiments reported covered three winters and compared the feeds com-
monly used with corn silage and combinations especially.

As concentrated feeds v,^ith silage, cottonseed meal and corn meal were used,
and as roughage, mixed hay, wheat straw, and corn stover were used. Five
lots of five steers each were employed and the rations varied for each year's
work. The experiments were carried out in the open with sheds for shelter.
The seasonal differences are noted and the gains and losses in weight displayed
by graphs. From the three year's work the following conclusions are drawn :

In buying two-year-old cattle in the fall for fattening they were carried
through the winter on a maintenance ration and made their gains on grass
during the following summer. When the steers were wintered on silage they
made more rapid gains on grass in the spring with practically no loss in weight
in making the change, while steers wintered to gain flesh lost weight while
becoming used to the watery and immature grass of early spring. Steers in

272

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 3S

thin condition made rapid jrains at first when turned on grass. Steers fed 40
ll3S. of silage daily made the greatest gains at the lowest cost, while those fed
corn stover and corn meal made the least gains at the greatest cost. The
animals fed 45 lbs. of silage made smaller gains than those fed only 40 lbs.
Replacing 10 lbs. of silage in the ration with 1 lb. of cottonseed meal gave as
good results during the winter, but the steers did not do so well when they went
to grass. Thirty-five lbs. of silage with 1 lb. of cottonseed meal was more satis-
factory. Mixed hay was a better additional roughage with silage than either
straw or stover.

The following suggestions are made : Winter 1,000-lb. steers to maintain equal
weights until spring ; winter 1,100-lb. steers to lose about 25 lbs. during the win-
ter ; and winter 1,200-lb. steers to lose about 50 lbs. by spring.

Preparation of corn for fattening two-year-old steers, H. O. Allison (Mis-
souri Sta. Bui. llfO (1917), pp. 35, figs. 11). — The investigations reported were
made to determine the most effective form in which corn can be fed to 2-year-old
steers. The trials were made with 90 head of 2-year-old steers, 30 liead of cattle
in 5 lots of 6 each being used each season throughout a period of three years.

To rations made up of a nitrogenous concentrate, corn silage, and legume
hay, there was added for lot 1 broken ear corn, lot 2 shelled corn, lot 3 crushed
corn and cob, lot 4 corn-and-cob meal, and lot 5 ground corn. The niti'o-
genous concentrate consisted of cottonseed meal or cake and the legume hay
of alfalfa for the first and third periods and clover for the second. As nearly
as possible the proportion of corn to the nitrogenous concentrates was kept at 6
lbs. of the former (.shelled basis) to 1 lb. of the latter. Pigs weighing from
100 to 125 lbs. followed the cattle to utilize the feed which would otherwise
have been wasted, there being 4 pigs in lots 1 and 2, 3 in lot 3, and 2 in lots 4
and 5. The data in detail are given in a number of tables. The average results
of three trials are shown as follows :

Results of fattening steers tvitli corn in different forms.

Average daily ration per steer:

Corn lbs . .

Nitrogenous concentrate do.

Corn silage do .

Legume hay do.

Average daily gain per steer do.

Gain made by cattle and pigs per bushel of corn

fed lbs..

Percentage of gain per bushel of corn fed made by

pigs lbs . .

Dry matter fed per 100 lbs. gain made by cattle

and pigs lbs. .

Cost per 100 lbs. gain (pork credited)

Shrinkage per head in shipping lbs. .

Net profit per steer

Lotl.

17.42
2.78

17.58
2.49
2.52

10. 63

21.63

762.44
$9.21
32.98

$4.00

Lot 2.

17.78
2.96

17.75
2.69
2.71

10.18

16.02

842. 31
$9.63
34.56

$2.85

Lots.

17.24
2.75

16.00
2.53
2.59

9.57

10.63

877. 78
$10. 03
27. 2G
$0. 95

Lot 4.

17.10
2.71

16. 61
2.38
2.61

9.10

4. CS

936. 42

$11.24

31.15

1 $1. 17

Lot:

18.33
3.05

18.22
3.08
3.08

9.87

4.56

873. .38

$10. 25

36. 96

S2.42

' Loss.

Lot 5 (ground corn) brought the highest price per pound, while lot 4 (corn-
and-cob meal) came second, and lot 2 (shelled corn) third. The higher price,
however, was not enough to offset the reduced gain in weight per unit of feed
and the expense of preparing tlie corn.

Corn silage with and without shelled corn in rations for fattening steers,
H. O. Allison (ilissouri Sta. Bui. 150 (1917), pp. 24, figs. 7). — Some of the
results obtained from two years' esperiments in fattening steers by the use of
corn silage as a maximum and shelled corn and protein concentrates as a

1918]

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

273

minimum ration are reported. The first trial, made from December, 1915, to
May, 1916, covered 133 days, the second, from December, 191G, to May, 1917,
covered 130 days. The feeders were of good grade bought on the Kansas City
market, and after fattening were sold on the Chicago market. The lots in the
first trial consisted of G steers each, those in the second trial of 8 each. The
feeding gains and profits are shown in the following table :

Results of fattening steers on corn silage with and xoitliout shelled corn.

Average daily ration per steer:

Shelled corn lbs..

Cottonseed meal do.

Linseed oil meal do.

Com silage do.

Alfalfa hay do.

Average daily gain per steer,

pounds

Gain made by hogs per steer,

pounds

Cost of feed per steer

Cost per 100 lbs. gain made by
cattle (gain by hogs 18 per

100 lbs.)

Dressed beef per cent. .

Shrinkage per head in ship-
ping lbs..

Net profit per steer

First trial.

^otl.

15. 60

l\00

17.47
3.69

38.60
J40.85

$10. 42
03.53

Lot 2.

2.54
16.47
2.27

51.10
138. 03

SIO. 58
64.19

39.44
?9.32

Lots.

36.22
3.00

■6.40
$26. 07

SIO. 15
02.38

43.11

S9.S7

Lot 4.

5.05

37.62

4.03

2.38

3.10

S27. 44

S8.57
61.33

39.71
$14. 56

Lot 5.

16.26
3.90

2.20

36.33

S33. 88

$10.88
62.58

30.00
$10.53

Second trial.

Lotl.

16.71

2.78

29.74
3.25

3.03

84.95
880. 01

$19. 01
60.60

Lot 2.

2.85
30.08
3.78

3.26

106. 58
S88. 25

Lots.

4.35

47.97
5.69

2.40

1.78
$44.79

S17.55 $14.28
61.10 59.30

55.70 40.41 I 71.25
i$0.01 SIO. 07 ,$11.59

Lot 4.

4.35
49.41
5.82

2.46

5.16
545. 71

$14.06
58.40

56.58
$15. 62

Lots.

16.92

25.93
3.94

2.64

66.50
$77. 12

$19. 68
60.50

44.70
$0.52

1 Loss.

The results obtained in the above trials were based on the following prices:
First trial, feeders $7.64 per 100 lbs., corn 70 cts. per bushel, corn silage $4.50
per ton, cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal $37 per ton, and alfalfa hay $14
per ton ; second trial, feeders $8.45 per 100 lbs., corn $1.50 per bushel, corn
silage $8.50 per ton, cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal $45 per ton, and
alfalfa hay $15 per ton.

The records for lots 3 and 4 (without shelled corn) indicate the possibility
of fattening from three to four steers per acre with corn fed as silage. While
the average daily gain was not so large as when shelled corn was added to
this ration it was satisfactory. The value of protein concentrates was shown
by the record for lot 4, which produced gains at the lowest cost. Lot 3, with
cottonseed meal in the ration, came second. The linseed meal ration, as com-
pared with the cottonseed meal rations, showed a greater net profit per steer,
and the gain made by hogs following the cattle was also greater. The results
indicate that the difference in the market price of the cattle was not sufllcient
to justify the feeding of shelled corn in the first trial, but in the second it was
justified with corn at $1 per bushel and silage at $6 per ton, but not with $1.50
corn and $8.50 silage.

The results of the two trials indicate that it is ordinarily advisable to add
a high protein concentrate to a ration of shelled corn, corn silage, and alfalfa
hay for fattening cattle.

Kentucky's opportunities as a sheep State, L. B. Mann {Kentucky Sta.
Circ. 18 {1917), pp. 107-116, fig. 1). — Attention is called to the promi.sing out-
look in sheep husbandry brought about by the great decrease in flocks all
over the world. In Kentucky during the past year there was a decrease of
77,000 head, and since 1913, a decrease of 165,000 head, or 12^ per cent of the
total.

274 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

The leading factors favorable to sheep ruisiug in the State are pointed out.
The principal drawback is the danger from sheep-killing dogs.

Supplements to corn for fattening swine, W. L. Robison {ilo. Bui. Ohio
Sta., 2 {1911), No. 10, pp. 317-322, figs. 5).— While corn growing and pork
production are closely related industries, attention is called to the fact that,
for the best returns in feeding, corn must be supplemented with feeds that
make up its deficiencies ; namely, protein and mineral matter. Experiments
are reported in which the supplements to corn used were skim milk, tankage,
linseed meal, and soy beans.

In an experiment lasting 70 days with three lots of pigs averaging about 60
lbs. each the following gains are reported : With corn and tankage, 9 : 1, the
average daily gains per head were 0.S3 lb. and the profit above the cost of
feed $4.34; with corn and skim milk, 1 : 1, a daily gain of 1.18 lbs. and a
profit of $14.28 ; and with corn and skim milk, 1 : 3, a daily gain of 1.0^4 lbs.
with a profit of $10.23.

In another experiment lasting 105 days with 79-lb. pigs, the lot fed corn
alone made an- average daily gain per head of 0.881 lb. with a profit of $3.36 ;
the lot fed corn and tankage, 9:1, an average daily gain of 1.709 lbs. with a
profit of $28.31 ; while the third lot fed corn and skim milk, 1 : 1, averaged
1.635 lbs. daily with a profit of $26.99.

In a third experiment lasting 105 days with 43-lb. pigs the lot fed com alone
made an average daily gain of 0.35 lb. and lost $10.21 ; those on corn and
tankage, 9: 1, a gain of 0.899 lb. daily and a profit of $12.38; those on corn and
skim milk, 1 : 1, a gain of 0.956 lb. daily and a profit of $14.50 ; and those on
corn and skim milk, 1 : 3, a gain of 1.328 lbs. daily and a profit of $22.07.

Based on two pigs in each lot, the dressing percentages with the lot receiv-
ing tankage were such as to make them worth 2 per cent more than the
corn-alone lot, and those with skim milk in the ration 3.7 per cent more.

In an experiment with 145-lb. pigs fed for 84 days the following results
were noted : With corn alone the pigs made an average daily gain of 1.47 lbs.
per head and a profit of $10.62 ; with corn and tankage, 9 : 1, an average daily
gain of 2 lbs. and a profit of $22.72 ; with corn and linseed meal, 5:1, an
average daily gain of 1.85 lbs. and a profit of $19.64; and with corn and
ground soy beans, 5:1, an average daily gain of 1.62 lbs. and a profit of $15.60.

The above results were obtained with the feeds valued as follows: Corn,
$1.68 per bushel ; tankage, $80 per ton ; skim milk, $10 per ton ; soy beans and
linseed meal, $65 per ton ; and hogs, $15 per 100 lbs.

It is pointed out that in selecting supplements to feed with corn the prices
of the materials should have due consideration ; also other factors such as
the age of the pigs. Skim milk, for example, gives higher returns with young
pigs than with older ones.

The disposal of city garbage by feeding to hogs, F. G. Ashbrook and J. D.
Bebout (17. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 80 (1911), pp. 8, pi. i).— The Depart-
ment is making a study of the handling of garbage, with the object of reducing
the cost of handling and utilizing a waste product as a productive material.
From the statistics of 17 cities it was found that in seven feeding their garbage
to hogs the annual cost per capita was 11.6 cts., while in 10 disposing of it by
other methods the cost was 33.7 cts.

The equipment for a garbage-feeding plant for hogs is shown and described.
The collection and handling of garbage, the feeding and breeding of hogs using
garbage, and the character of the meat are discussed.

The horse: His breeding, care, and treatment in health and disease, H. C.
Meewin {Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911, pp. XIV +281, pis. 13).— A prac-
tical treatise on the breeding, care, and training of the horse, and a descrip-

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 275

tion of types and breeds. Disease and injuries are treated in part 2. A bib-
liography is appended.

Selection of breeding- draft horses, C. N. Arnett {Montana Sta. Circ. 69
(1911), pp. 17-32, figs. 15). — This circular treats in a general way of the judg-
ing and selection of draft breeding stock.

Distribution of public service stallions in V/i-sconsin in 1917, A. S. Alex-
AXDEE (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 283 (1917), pp. 64, fiQS. 4)- — The total number of
pure-bred sires has fallen from 1,814 in 1916 to 1,723 in 1917, while stallions of
all kinds have fallen from a total of 3,062 in 1916 to 2,804 in 1917. However,
the percentage of pure-bred stallions has increased from 59.2 in 1916 to 61.5
in 1917. It is estimated that there were 715,000 horses in "Wisconsin January 1,
1917, with an average value of $120 each.

A directory is given of the owners of public service stallions and jacks in the
State.

The feminization of male birds, H. D. Goodale (Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and
Invest. Poultry Hush., 3 (1917), No. 9, pp. 68, 69, 70). — An account of the suc-
cessful feminization of four cockerels by completely castrating and then im-
planting fresh ovarian tissue from related females.

In the four cases it was noted that (1) the birds had the plumage of the
hen throughout, (2) the comb and wattles grew much more than those of the
capon and reached a size approximately that of the hen, (3) the spurs de-
veloped apparently nearly as much as in the normal male of corresponding
age, but as none of the living birds were sufficiently old no statement relative
to their continued growth with advancing years could be made, (4) the gen-
eral build of the birds was more like that of the cock than that of the hen, in
that they were rather coarse and rangey, but not more so than some individual
hens, and (5) one of the birds was quite masculine and two were practically
neutral in behavior. The fourth died before maturity.

The condition of implanted tissue has been ascertained in two instances.
It was found that several pieces of the implanted tissues had been attached
at various places. In some the blood supply was well developed and some evi-
dence of increase in the size of the ova was noted, the largest reaching a size
of 3 mm. There has been no evidence, however, that the ova had exceeded this
size.

Sex-linked inheritance of [spangling in poultry], E. H. Ruckee (-Jour.
Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Husb., 3 (1916), No. 1, pp. 6, 7). — Re-
sults are given of experiments which indicate that the factor of spangling in the
Silver Spangled Hamburg is sex-linked. However, the inheritance may be
modified by the presence of disturbing factors.

In the experiments the initial crosses were made reciprocally between the
Silver Spangled Hamburg and the Brown Leghorn. The males derived from
reciprocal crossings were practically alike, having spangled bodies with black
tails, with the exception of four males which were entirely black. These black
cocks later gave the same breeding results as their spangled brothers. The
daughters of the reciprocal crosses were strikingly different. Those from Brown
Leghorn $ X Silver Spangled Hamburg ? were black with various degrees of
brown stippling on the wings, while those from Silver Spangled Hamburg $ X
Brown Leghorn $ had peculiar grayish feathers, showing crescentic penciling
with black and very distinct black spangles at the tip. The daughters then
inherited the spangling from the sire's side only. In the Fj generation all
crosses followed the sex-linked mode of inheritance.

These results are in accordance with the hypothesis that in poultry the male
is homozygous for sex and the female heterozygous, and that the factors for
certain characteristics are linked with the factors for sex.

276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Tlie correlation between body pigmentation and egg production in the do-
mestic fowl, J. A. Harris, A. F. Blakeslee, and D. E. Warner {Genetics, 2
(1917), No. 1, pp. 36-77, fiffs. 16).— The authors, in consultation with W. F.
Kirkpatrick, have made a minute analysis by means of biometric formulas of
data noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 172) on the relationship between body pigmenta-
tion and egg production.

The pigment measurements were restricted to the percentage of yellow oc-
curring in the ear lobe of White Leghorns as determined by the color top. The
White Leghorns studied were 309 birds entered in the 1913-14 and 375 birds
In the 1914-15 International Egg-laying Contest held at Storrs. Conn. The egg
records cover a period of one year, November to October, inclusive, of the pullet
year. Pigmentation determinations were made in October.

Series of constants for mean fecundity and for variation and correlation in
fecundity in the White Leghorn are given. The coefficient of correlation be-
tween October ear-lobe color and the egg production of the year was found to
be —0.55. The results for the two years were in close agi-eement. On the aver-
age birds differing by 5 per cent in the amount of yellow in the ear lobe differed
by about 7 eggs in their annual production. For example, birds showing only
from 10 to 20 per cent of yellow in their ear lobes in October had laid on an
average about 185 eggs, whereas birds having from 55 to 65 per cent of yellow
had laid an average of about 130 eggs during the year.

The correlation coefficients between October pigmentation and the egg pro-
duction of each month of the year were negative, and almost without exception
these coefficients were significant in comparison with their probable errors.
Beginning with a correlation of about — 0.15 in November, the intensity of the
relationship increased numerically to about — 0.25 in December, after which it
fell to practically zero in March and April, and then increased in (negative)
intensity rapidly to about — 0.75 in October.

The hypothesis that the growth of the egg abstracts certain substances (in
the present case, yellow pigment) from the body tissue, or precludes its being
deposited there, would at once account for the generally higher correlation be-
tween measures made at more closely associated periods of time. If this view
be the correct one, egg production must be regarded as the (relatively) inde-
pendent variable, and intensity of pigmentation as the dependent variable. Egg
production would then be looked upon as the chief proximate cause of the ob-
served intensity of pigmentation.

One phase of the distribution of egg production in single comb White
Leghorns, L. E. Card {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush.,
3 {1917), No. 5, pp. 39, 40).— The trap nest records of 106 White Leghorn hens
at the Connecticut Storrs Station are discussed in their bearing upon the value
of first year egg records as a basis for selection for high egg production (E. S.
R., 32, p. 73). During the first year (November 1 to October 31) these hens
averaged 147 eggs each, the highest record being 255 and the lowest 69 eggs.
For the second year the average egg production was 83 per bird, the highest
being 162 and the lowest 1 egg. The high producers during the first year con-
tinued to be the high producers during the second year.

Chicken rearing at Morden Hall, 1914-15 {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'^, 23
{1916), No. 6, pp. 563-576). — Some practical demonstrations in rearing chickens
by simple and inexpensive methods are reported. The trials covered several
years' experience in the production of about 3,000 chickens each season.

During three years the eggs were bought from different sources and the
average of hatching in incubators was only 41 per cent. The following year
the eggs were produced at home but with no lessening of the percentage lost
in incubation. This was contrary to general experience and attributed to dis-

19181 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 277

ease in the breeding stock. When such large numbers of eggs are Incubated, it
is probably more economical to use a composite incubator and a form of brooder
more easily inspected and requiring less attention than a number of small one<g.
The personal factor in chicken raising is emphasized.

In 1913-14, 1,063 birds were fattened, gaining 1.23 lbs. each at a cost in
energy value per pound of 8,G50 calories. In 1914-15, 1,171 birds gained 0.94
lb. each at a cost of 6,750 calories.

The fattening proved profitable in both years, but attention is called to the
fact that it requires skill, and a small holder must decide for himself whether
to fatten chickens or sell off the runs.

DAIRY FAEMING— DAIRYING.

Economy of production by dairy covsrs. — A comparison of large and small
cov/s in milk yield, R. I. Grady {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 {1911), No. 10, pp. 33 ff-
S3S). — Data here reported were collected by the station from dairymen in
various parts of the State. These dairymen kept accurate records of the
amounts of feeds supplied and of the milk produced by each animal. For the
sake of accuracy, only the months November to April, inclusive, when the cows
were not on pasture, were considered.

It was found that there was a steady and considerable increase in the amount
of feed consumed for each pound of milk, solids, and fat produced from month
to month as the lactation period advanced. Approximately three times as much
feed per unit of product was required in the tenth month us in the first.

Comparing Holsteins and Jerseys, it was noted that when feed alone was
considered the Holsteins produced milk more economically throughout the en-
tire lactation period. The Jerseys had a slight advantage in economy of pro-
ducing solids and a decided advantage in economy of producing fat. On the
basis of digestible nutrients consumed, if the Jerseys were considered 100 per
cent efficient in producing milk, solids, and fat, the Holsteins were 116.5 per
cent efficient in producing milk, 93.4 per cent efficient in producing solids, and
74.5 per cent efficient in producing fat. When the amount of nutrients required
for maintenance was deducted from the total amount consumed the Holsteins
made a better showing. On this basis, if the Jerseys were considered 100 per
cent efficient, the Holsteins were 139.5 per cent efficient in producing milk, 112.1
per cent efficient in producing solids, and S9.2 per cent efficient in producing fat.
When production and feed consumption per 1,000 lbs. live weight of the animal
were considered, it was found that the Jerseys consumed 19.6 per cent more
dry matter and 18.2 per cent more digestible nutrients and produced 1.2 per
cent more milk, 25.6 per cent more solids, and 59.3 per cent more fat than the
Holsteins.

The effect of open-slied housing' as compared with the closed stable for
milk cows {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. I47 {1917), pp. 15-17). — Noted from another
source (E. S. R., 35, p. 571).

Silage alone com.pared with silage and mixed hay as roughage for dairy
cows {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 147 {1917), p. 15). — Continuing earlier work
(E. S. R., 35, p. 571), cows were fed 1 lb. of grain per 3 lbs. of milk and all the
roughage they would consume. During the first year the milk yield decreased
0.14 lb. during the feeding pei'iod of 11 weeks when hay and silage were fed,
and 1.64 lbs. when silage alone was fed. In this test 45 lbs. silage per head
was fed twice daily to both lots and one lot received 5 lbs. hay in addition.
Wlien hay was fed in addition to silage, the cows consumed practically the same
amount of silage as those fed silage only.

278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. S8

During the second test silage wus fed to one lot three times a day. The -other
lot received silage twice and hay once a day. The lot receiving silage alone
consumed an average of 52 lbs. of silage per head per day, while the lot re-
ceiving on an average G lbs. of mixed hay consumed 36 lbs. of silage. During
the second year the yield of cows fed hay and silage decreased 1.94 lbs. per
cow during the feeding period of 11 weeks. The decrease for cows fed silage
only was 3.3 lbs. per cow.

Care and management of the dairy herd, R. S. Hulce and W. B. Ne\tens
(Illinois Sta. Circ. 204 (i917), pp. 3-29, fiys. 13).— General directions are given
for the care and management of dairy cows, including notes on the age to breed
heifers, care of the herd bull, common diseases of dairy cattle, and the keeping
of herd records.

Cow testing associations (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. XI, XII). — Brief
mention is made of the w^ork of the four cow testing associations in the State,
each of which includes about 25 herds.

In the Gage County association 40 cows were found unprofitable and sold dur-
ing the first year. Tabulated data show that the 10 best cows in this associa-
tion made a total profit of $1,032.88, and the 10 least profitable cows a profit
of $57.82 during the year. The 15 best cows in the association had an average
annual production of 8,555.5 lbs. of milk and 365.4 lbs. of milk fat as compared
with 3,105.6 lbs. of milk and 129.1 lbs. of fat for the 15 poorest cow.s.

The average butter production of 800 cows in another association was in-
creased 50 lbs. per cow in three years.

Progress report on the production and distribution of milk, E. Mead (Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. 115 (1911), pp. 16). — A preliminary report of studies of the
economics of production and distribution of milk for the supply of the San
Francisco Bay cities. Information given in 36 out of about 100 replies to
questionnaires sent to producers in different parts of the State is summarized.

The average yearly production per cow for these 36 dairies is 759 gal. of
milk and 223 lbs. of milk fat, as against an average of 500 gal. of milk and 150
lbs. of milk fat for the State. It is noted that the average cost of producing
milk increased from 16.4 cts. per gallon in 1916 to 22.7 cts. in July, 1917, while
tlie price received by producers during the same period advanced from 16.4
to 19 cts. per gallon. Among the causes of increased cost of production it was
found that the wholesale price of feeds ordinarily used by dairymen increased
38.2 per cent during the above period.

Information is also given regarding cost of distribution, as obtained from
10 distributors in Oakland and Berkeley. The cost of distributing milk by
these dealers was 16.53 cts. per gallon, of which 3.78 cts. was due to bad debts,
making a total for production and distribution of 39.23 cts. per gallon. " This
would seem to .show that 40 cts. a gallon was a sulficient price under the con-
ditions existing in June last, and that what was needed was not an increased
price to the consumer, but a readjustment of charges between the producer
and the distributor."

These data are compared with data on cost of production and distribution
of milk in southern and central California. The author discusses the present
uneconomical methods of distributing milk and suggests the scope of an
Inquiry into the means of correcting such methods.

" What is needed in the San Francisco Bay cities is the creation of some
expert authority to study whether the present location of our daiiying districts
makes possible provision of a milk supply as cheaply as it could be furnished
from some other district or districts where land is cheaper even if farther
removed. . . . The economics of distribution should be studied, not to
determine in what direction present distributors have failed, but what could

1918]

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

279

be saved by a carefully planned distributing Hysiem which would eliminate
duplication of routes, needless pasteurizing plants, and overhead charges.
Nothing will be gained by investigations which stop with criticism of methods
and practices of those now engaged in business. Considering the limitations
under v/hich they worked, they have done as well as could be expected, and ex-
actly what was expected. The essential thing to be recognized is that leaving
this complex problem wholly to private enterprise is an economic mistake which,
sooner or later, will have to be corrected."

A report on the milk situation in the Pittsburgh, district ( [Pittsburgh,
Pa.]: Penn. Milk Com., 1911, pp. 15). — A condensed report is presented of tes-
timony given before the Governors' Tri-State Milk Commission at a public
hearing in Pittsburgh, Pa., August 28, 1917, on the production and distribution
costs of milk for the Pittsburgh market.

Itemized accounts indicate that for a large number of herds in the Ohio
district from which milk is shipped into Pittsburgh the cost of producing
milk during 1917 was 3.89 cts. per pound for cows averaging 5,000 lbs. of milk
per annum, and 3.24 cts. for those producing 6,000 lbs. of milk. Individual
herd records from Pennsylvania show a cost of producing milk during this
period varying from 2.16 to 2.67 cts. per pound. Cow-testing association rec-
ords in five Pennsylvania counties indicate that the cost of producing milk
during the period from April 1 to August 1. 1917, varied from 1.99 to 2.74 cts.
per pound.

According to the figures given the farmers have been selling milk at a loss,
while the distributors made during the six months ended June 30, 1917, a net
profit of about 3 per cent on their milk sales. Some of the forces that, singly
or combined, tend to fix the price of milk are discussed.

The composition of milk, P. S. Arup, H. C. Huish, and H. D. Richmonu
(Analyst, 42 {1911), No. 493, pp. 11 8-12 4) .—Monthly and yearly averages of
analyses of 19,317 samples of milk received from farms in 1914, 16,118 sam-
ples in 1915, and 14,286 samples in 1916 are tabulated. The yearly average of
morning and evening milks and the numerical mean between the two are given
in the following table:

Average composition of milk during 1914, 1915, and 1916.

Morning milk.

Evening milk.

Mean.

Year.

Sp.gr.

Total
solids.

Fat.

SoUds-
not-
fat.

Sp.gr.

Total
solids.

Fat.

Solids-

not-
fat.

Sp. gr.

Total
solids.

Fat.

Solids-
not-
fat.

1914

1. 0318

1. 0319
1. 0319

Perd.
12.40
12.53
12.55

Per ct.
3.59
3.67
3.70

Per ct.

8.81
8.86
8.85

1. 0316
1.0318
1.0317

Per ct.
12.64
12.71
12.79

Perct.
3.84
3.85
3.94

Per ct.
8.80
8.86
8.85

1.0317
1. 0319
1.0318

Per ct.
12.52
12.62
12.67

Per ct.
3.72
3.76
3.82

Per ct.
8.80

1915

8 86

191G

8.85

In 1914 the minimum fat production occurred in May, and appreciable num-
bers of samples falling below 3 per ?ent were noted in the morning milks from
February to August, inclusive. In 1915 and 1916 the minimum occurred in
June, and appreciable numbers of samples falling below 3 per cent occurred
in the moruing milks from April to July, inclusive. In the three years the high-
est percentage of fat occurred in November. The percentage of solids-not-fat
was low in July and August and normal in September. A decreasing differ-
ence between the morning and evening percentages of fat is noted and discussed.

280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Principles and practice of milk hygiene, L. A. Klein (PhiladclpMa and
London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1917, pp. X+S29, pis. 5, figs. S3).— This book,
which is inteucled primarily for a text for students in milli hygiene, treats of
thj physiology of milk secretion ; the properties of colostrum and its detection ;
the physical and chemical properties of milk, its microscopic appearance, the
ferments and enzyms it contains, and the bacteria with which it may be con-
taminated ; defects in the consistency, odor, taste, and color of milk due to
nonbacterial causes; diseases of cattle transmissible to man through milk, or
which may make milk harmful to man, and diseases of man transmissible
through milk; dairy inspection; pasteurization; and methods of examining
milk. Tlie appendix gives methods and standards for the production and dis-
tribution of certified milk.

Safe milk. — An important food problem, E. A. Sweet {Pub. Health Rpts.
[U. S.], Sup. SI (1917), pp. 24). — A general discussion of the production and
handling of sanitary milk, the topics dealt with being the composition of milk,
abnormal qualities of milk, milk adulteration, accidental impurities, bacteria
in milk, and milk-borne diseases and their prevention.

Report of an investigation into the hygienic quality of the milk supplied
to babies attending certain schools for mothers, with suggestions to those
responsible for the feeding of children, W. Buckley {Nat. Clean Milk Sac.
[London], [Pnb.'], No. 10 {1917), pp. 18). — Results are given of the examina-
tion of samples of milk from 27 dairymen in London supplying milk for bottle-
fed babies. The bacterial content of these milk samples varied from 98,000 to
104,300,000 per cubic centimeter. Organisms of the Bacillus coll group were
present in all the samples examined, and tubercle bacilli were found in two of
the samples and in one sample of certified milk.

Suggestions are given for the improvement of the milk supply of cities in
Great Britain and Ireland.

Variations in cream tests. — Differences between butter and butter fat,
W. A. Wilson {Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Bui. 43 {1916), pp. 15, figs. 2).— This
bulletin gives information concerning the variation of the cream test and the
difference between butter and milk fat.

In seven tests, in each of which mixed milk was divided into three lots and
separated at temperatures of 98, 80, and 70° F., all other conditions being
uniform, the fat content of the cream increased as the temperature of the milk
was decreased. In one of the tests 24 per cent cream was separated from milk
at a temperature of 98° and 35 per cent cream at a temperature of 70°. The
fat content of the skim milk was higher for the cooler lots of milk.

Six lots of milk were separated at speeds of the separator crank varying
from 50 to 62 revolutions per minute, the separators being adjusted to a correct
speed of 60 revolutions per minute. In these tests the fat content of the cream
decreased with the speed of the separator. In one trial the test dropped from
41 to 22 per cent when the crank speed was reduced from 60 to 50 revolutions
per minute.

In another series of seven trials cream tests ran frcm 1 to 5 per cent higher
when the receiving can of the separator was almost empty than when the re-
ceiving can was full. Other causes for variation in cream tests are mentioned.

In order to demonstrate how the weight of butter churned can be increased
when quality is not considered, a series of five churnings was made, in each of
which one lot of cream was divided into two parts of equal wei<jht and churned
under different conditions. In one test 26 lbs. of 41 per cent cream, at a tem-
perature of 55°, was churned in 25 minutes and made 8 lbs. 2 oz. of butter and
17 lbs. 4 oz. of buttermilk which tested 0.15 per cent fat. The other lot of

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281

26 lbs. of this cream, at a temperature of 60°, was churned in 15 minutes and
made 9 lbs. 2 oz. of butter and 16 lbs. of buttermilk testing 0 3 per cent fat.

Acidity and butter, I, F. W. Bouska (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream.,
44 {1911), No. 23. pp. 890, 892). — A discussion of the relation of acidity of
cream to quality of butter, together with detailed information as to the methods
employed by creameries in neutralizing cream with limewater and sodium
carbonate.

Butter makers' short course, Mb. and Mrs. W. J. McLaughlin {Otvatonna,
Minn.: Authors, 1911, pp. 168, figs. S6). — This is a manual of information on
creamery butter making and creamery operation, based for the most part on the
experience of the authors.

An ice cream laboratory g'uide, W. W. Fisk and H. B. Ellenbkrgee (New
York: Orange Judd Co., 1911, pp. IV-\-92). — This is a brief outline of laboratory
exercises prepared for the purpose of helping students apply the scientific
principles of ice cream manufacture.

Third annual report of the creamery license division for the year ended
March 31, 1917, R. E. Caldwell, T. H. Broughton, and S. L. Anderson {In-
diana Sta. Circ. 63 {1917), pp. 3-44, flffs. 4)- — -A- report of the activities of the
creamery license division of the station during the year, including lists of li-
censed testers and dairy products manufacturing plants in the State and
rules governing the enforcement of State creamery license law.

Dairy division, D. Cuddie {Ann. Ept. Dept. Agr., Indus, and Com., New Zeal.,
1911, pp. 80-38). — This is a review of the dairy industry of New Zealand for
the year ended March 31, 1917, including statistics on butter and cheese grad-
ing and exportation.

VETEKINAKY MEDICINE.

[Report of the] department of veterinary science, J. B. Paige {Massachu-
setts Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 89a-92a). — Experiments in the prevention of liog
cholera were conducted in a herd of from 75 to 150 hogs that were fed upon
garbage from a source which on two previous occasions had caused outbreaks
of hog cliolera. A part of the herd in which an artificial immunity had not
been established by means of serum and virus was treated by the simultaneous
method, the Globulin preparation of serum being used, and another lot was
treated with a refined Amber Serum. The Globulin preparation showed an
advantage over the usual antihog-cholera serum and the refined Amber Serum
gave very satisfactory results.

The status of the work with Bacterium pullorum relating to the specificity
of its antibodies, with special reference to the agglutinins ; to toxins elaborated
and their relation to specific conditions in adult birds ; and to the production
of antibodies, with special reference to potency and rate of production, is briefly
reported upon. The investigations have shown that the toxin is endotoxic and
that it is most intimately connected with the bacterial cell.

The suppression and eradication work with bacillary white diarrhea in fowls
shows the agglutination test to be most accurate and reliable. The disease
has been completely stamped out in the flocks that have been tested during
the past two years and in which the directions for the handling of the flocks
have been carried out. Of the 14,851 birds tested, owned by 78 different parties
in 57 different towns scattered throughout the State, only 2,207 gave positive
reaction.

Fourteenth annual report of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary
Board for the year ended July 31, 1917, S. H. Ward {Ann. Rpt. Minn. Live
Stock Sanit. Bd., 14 {1911), pp. 18).— The occurrence of and work with the
more important infectious diseases of live stock are reported.

282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol 38

The advantages of testing pure-bred herds for tuberculosis are discussed.
Eradication worli with tuberculos-is was actively carried on, especially among
the pure-bred herds of cattle. Almost one-half of the tuberculous pure-bred
cattle which were slaughtered during the year were found to have been im-
ported with a certificate of health or as calves. With the view to protecting
buyers a regulation was adopted requiring all imported pure-bred cattle to enter
quarantine at destination, pending a retest within 60 days, unless the cattle
were from accredited tuberculosis-free herds. The plan of listing tuberculosis-
free herds has resulted in placing over SO pure-bred herds on the list. During
the year 61,727 cattle were tuberculin tested of which 1,335 reacted, almost all
of which have been appraised and slaughtered.

Annual report for 1916 of the principal of The Royal Veterinary College,
J. McFadvean (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 77 {1916), pp. 197-206, figs. 2).—
This report, which deals with the occurrence of infectious diseases of live stock,
includes tabular data showing the outbreaks for the years 1911 to 1916, inclu-
sive, of anthrax, glanders, sheep scab, and hog cholera. A brief summary is
given of investigations made of Johne's disease, more extended reports of
which have been noted from other sources (E. S. R., 36, p. 382; 37, p. 479).

Live stock sanitary laws of Montana; also rules and regulations and orders
of the Montana Live Stock Sanitary Board (Helena, Mont.: State, 1917. pp.
136). — "The rules and regulations of the Montana Live Stock Sanitary Board
conform as closely as possible to the rules and regulations of the Bureau of
Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. ... All proclama-
tions and orders heretofore promulgated but not contained in this pamphlet
have been rescinded."

Quarantine and general regulations of State of New Mexico (Albuquerque,
N. Mex.: Cattle Sanit. Bd., 1917, pp. 8). — This gives the regulations of New
Mexico governing admission, transportation, and inspection of cattle, horses,
mules, asses, hogs, and hides, effective July 1, 1917.

Iron as an antidote to cottonseed meal injury, W. A. Withers and F. E.
Caeeuth (Jour. Biol. Cliem., 32- (1917), No. 2, pp. 245-257, figs. 4).— "Four
feeding experiments with pigs have shown that iron salts have a decidedly
beneficial action in preventing cottonseed meal injury. Much larger quantities
of meal are consumed, deaths have been postponed or averted, and better
gains have been made when an iron salt is added to the feed.

" Wood ashes apparently have no antidotal action in averting death, but as
the lot receiving ashes made much better gains it is possible that this is due to
improvement of the inorganic part of the diet composed of corn and cottonseed
meal.

" The suggestion is made that the iron salts combine with, or facilitate
oxidation of, the harmful substances in cottonseed meal. Iron salts have an
antidotal action toward cottonseed meal poisoning of rabbits and swine.

" By thus controlling the toxic factor, it is shown that cottonseed meal
injury is not due to a lack of ' vitamins ' or to deficiencies in calcium, sodium,
and chlorin, which ash analyses might lead one to suspect as the limiting
mineral factors in a diet of cottonseed meal and corn."

Investigations on the prevention of nuisances arising from flies and putre-
faction, F. W. FoBEMAN and G. S. Graham-Smith (Jour. Eyg. [Cambridge], 16
(1917), No. 2, pp. 109-226, pis. 5, figs. 7).— In the first part of this paper the
authors summarize the preliminary experiments and observations which led
them to consider that coal-tar creosote oil, alone or combined with other re-
agents, would prove of great value in the prevention of putrefaction in ex-
posed bodies, the deodorization of putrefying carcasses, the destruction of fly
maggots in animal refuse and manure, and the prevention of nuisances caused

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 283

by flies. In the second part the results of their investigations in regard to
certain phenomena, such as the production of gas and odors, the exudation of
fluid, and chemical changes in the tissues, which precede or accompany the
distintegration of the principal constituents of the body under various condi-
tions, are recorded. In part 3 are considered the actions of various coal-tar
oils and their constituents on maggots and the results of treating carcasses
of small and moderate-sized animals in the open. Part 4 records the results
of the use of creosote oil mixtures.

Pathologic conditions noted in laboratory animals, F. O. Mann and S. D.
Brimhall {Joxir. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 {1911), No. 2, pp. 195-20^, figs. 9). —
The autopsical findings of a number of laboratory animals used for experi-
mental purposes are reported. The desirability of using only normal animals
for experimental purposes and the importance of comparative pathology in
experimental work is noted.

The treatment of infected wounds, A. Carkel and G. Dehelly (Le Traite-
ment des Plaies Infectees. Paris: Masson & Co., 1917, pp. 179, pis. 6, figs. 76). —
An explanation of Carrel's method of treating wounds in which Dakin's hypo-
chlorite solution is used.

The treatment of infected wounds, A. Carrel and G. Dehelly, trans, by
H. Child {London: Bailliere, TindaU & Cox, 1917, pp. IX+238, pis. 6, figs. 76;
rev. in Vet. Jour., 73 {1917), No. 506, pp. 300. SOI; Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 69
{1917), No. 19, p. 1645). — An English translation of the above noted work.

The antiseptics and the war, L. Gekshenfeld {Amer. Jour. PJiarm., 89
{1917), No. 11. pp. 487--'f96) .—A discussion of the newer anti.septics that have
been used in the treatment of wounds.

Report on the use of Dakin's solution, H. E. Kingman {Jour. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc., 52 {1917), No. 2, pp. 1S5-188).— The results of the use of Dakin's
solution in 13 cases are reported. The technique of Dufresne (Daufresne) as
described by Eakins (E. S. R., 37, p. 477) was used in all the cases.

The results indicate that in reasonably fresh wounds such as wire cuts and
other accidental wounds serious infection can be controlled and the time of
healing materially shortened. The solution has also been found satisfactory
for use on the arms and hands and external surfaces in obstetrical operations
and the removal of secundines. It has also been used as a first step in the
preparation of the hands and the fields of operation.

The preparation of vaccines on a large scale, J. Cunningham, H. C. Brown,
and K. R. K. Iyengab {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 5 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-18,
pis. llf). — This is a general description and discussion of the preparation of
vaccines at the Central Research Institute in India.

Toxicity of certain preservatives used in serums, viruses, and vaccines,
J. P. Leake and H. B. Coebitt {Pub. Health Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 110
{1917), pp. S5-Jf5, figs. 2). — From the results of the study reported there ap-
pears to be no definite minimum lethal dose of the disinfectants studied (phenol,
tricresol, various commercial cresols, and glycerin), since some of the experi-
mental animals survived doses twice the size of those which killed a consider-
able proportion. Considering, however, the minimum lethal dose to be the
amount necessary to kill 80 per cent of the animals on a given dose, phenol was
found to have a minimum lethal dose of 0.00037 gm. per gram weight of mouse.
The tricresol was found to have the same value as phenol, and the toxicity of
either was found not to be lessened when they were diluted Avith normal horse
serum. The toxicity of glycerin, calculated on the same basis, was found to be
approximately 0.012 gm. per gram weight of mouse. The toxicity of glycerin
mixed with phenol or cresol was found to be slightly higher than that of pure
glycerin.

284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The results indicate tliat in determining the toxicity coefRcient of coal-tar
disinfectants at least five mice should be used on each dose. Male mice were
roughly 20 per cent more susceptible to the coal-tar disinfectants than females.

The transmission of antibodies (agglutinins and complement-fixing) from
mother to fetus in utero, I. F. Huddleson (Cornell Vet., 7 {1917), A'o. 4. PP-
2S/f-291). — The investigation reported deals with a comparison of the blood
reaction of aborted fetuses and their respective dams, pregnant cows and their
fetuses, and new-born calves and their respective dams. The technique used in
the study was that previously described by the author (E. S. R., 37, p. 79).

The results show that there is no relation between the bacterial antibodies
produced in the blood of the dam and that of the aborted fetus, fetuses taken
from pregnant cows, and new-born calves. It appears that the agglutinins and
complement-fixing bodies are not transmitted from mother to fetus in utero.
" If there is a resistance to an infection conferred to the offspring born of an
immune mother, this resistance can not be detected by means of the aggluti-
nation and complement-fixation tests when applied to the blood of the offspring."

Differentiation of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group, II, E. O. Joedan and
Ruth Victokson (Joiir. Infect. Diseases, 21 (1917), No. 6, pp. 554, 555). — In
continuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 275) the authors find
that in lead acetate agar "all typical paratyphoid A strains fail to blacken the
medium in from 18 to 24 hours. All strains of B. enieritidis give a positive
reaction. The great majority of B. paratyphosus B strains give a consistently
positive reaction while all B. suipestifer strains are negative. Five strains of
porcine origin, belonging to the B. paratyphosus B type, are not constant in
their reactions, but these are the same strains that in the [senior author's]
earlier study have been found variable and irregular in other respects."

Conglutination test for the diagnosis of glanders, H. W. Schoening (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 3, pp. 65-75). — The author
briefly reviews the literature and describes the technique of the conglutina-
tion test, as used in the work reported, in detail. The technique used was sim-
ilar to that reported by Pfeiler and Weber.*

In a comparative study of 341 samples of horse serum, 137 were positive,
190 negative, and 14 doubtful, to the complement fixation test ; while 150
were positive, 182 negative, and 9 doubtful, to the conglutination test. Post-
mortem data were not obtained from all the cases, but those samples in which
positive results were obtained to both tests were, in the majority of cases,
from animals which yielded a positive or suspicious reaction to the ophthalmic
mallein test or were undoubtedly affected with glanders.

Of 115 samples of mule serum, 32 reacted positively, 63 negatively, and 20
were doubtful, to the complement fixation test ; while 51 were positive, 63
negative, and 1 doubtful, to the conglutination test.

The conglutination test for glanders is considered a specific complement
deviation reaction. Since the test is more sensitive than complement fixation,
absolute accuracy in the technique, both qualitatively and quantitatively, is
necessary to obtain reliable results. The test is considered to be superior to
the complement-fixation test for the testing of imile sera and horse sera
possessing nonspecific complement-fixing bodies. Since no single test is infal-
lible, the conglutination test should be used in conjunction with the comple-
ment fixation and agglutination tests.

The summarized data are submitted in tabular form.

The glycerin bouillon reaction curve of tubercle bacilli as recorded by the
Bovie potentiometer, L. Fkothingham (Jour. Med. Research, 37 (1917), No. 2,

iMltt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Bromberg, 5 (1913), No. 4, pp. 255-262.

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 285

pp. 269-275, pis. S, figs. 2). — The author concludes that for practical purposes,
having in mind only an aid to the identification of types of tubercle bacilli,
the value of the potentiometer test is not commensurate with the cost of the
instrument or with the amount of work and time required to complete a test.

The reactions to human and bovine tuberculin applied by the method of
von Pirquet in cases of tuberculous disease of the bones and joints, H. J.
Gauvain (Lancet [London], 1917, II, No. U, pp. 519-521).— The results of the
investigation reported showed that local reactions to inoculations of both the
human and bovine tuberculin were invariably present in all cases from which
tubercle bacilli had been isolated from the pus. The reaction, although in-
variably present, varied within wide limits as regards degree. Weakly and
cachectic patients usually reacted feebly, while the strong and vigorous
patients exhibited wide differences in the degree of their reactions. The
quantitative von Pirquet test was found to be of no value in forming an esti-
mate of the severity of the infection and was of little prognostic value. The
type of tubercle bacillus with which the patient was infected could not be
differentiated by the nature of the reaction to the tuberculin employed.

The susceptibility of Indian milch cattle to tuberculosis, W. G. Liston
and M. B. Soparkar (Indian Jour. Med. Research, 5 (1917), No. 1, pp. 19-71,
pis. 25, figs. 22). — The object of the experiments reported was to ascertain the
extent to which Indian cattle, which are seldom found to suffer from natural
tuberculosis, are susceptible to the action of the bovine tubercle bacillus when
injected subcutaneously in large and small doses and to compare the results
obtained with the effect of similar doses on English cattle. The experimental
data and post-mortem findings, together with charts illustrating the com-
parative progressive weight and the extent of the tuberculous lesions in the
experimental animals, are submitted.

The experiments showed that at least 50 per cent of Indian buffalo or cow
calves lived for many days after inoculation with 50 mg. of a bovine tubercle
bacillus culture, and when killed exhibited only retrogressive or healing
tubercular lesions. The results are indicated as confirming the general ex-
perience that Indian cattle are less commonly affected by tuberculosis than
English cattle, and that " the comparative infrequency of the disease among
cattle in India is due to a natural resistance rather than to any method of
housing or keeping cattle in India as compared with England." A considerable
variation in susceptibility was, however, observed in the Indian calves as
compared with English calves. " Whether this variation be associated with
differences in the breeds of the calves used by us has not yet been determined.
It, however, follows that the comparative rarity of tuberculosis in Indian cattle
must in part at least be attributed to diminished opportunities for acquiring
infection."

The danger of the existence of tuberculosis in imported cattle and the
necessity of attention to this point when attempting to develop a more useful
milk-yielding stock is noted.

The experiments reported also show that, when using Indian breeds of cattle,
the test for distinguishing between tubercle bacilli of the bovine and human
types by using 50 mg. of a culture of the bovine type of bacillus can not be
relied upon. In 50 per cent of the animals used the effects produced by such
an inoculation did not materially differ from the effects produced by the in-
jection of a similar dose of tubercle bacilli of the human type in English cattle.

The experiments also incidentally throw some light on the practical absence
of tuberculous lesions caused by the bovine type of bacillus in children and
44073°— 18 7

286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

adults in India. It is indicated that tliis material will be discussed in a sub-
sequent publication.

Bovine tuberculosis, J. F. Devine {Chicago: Amcr. Vet. Pub. Co., 1917, pp.
120, figs. 7). — This volume discusses the various phases of the disease. It con-
tains an introductory article by E. Z. Russell, a discussion of the intradermal
tuberculin test by D. F. Luckey, and an article on the State accredited herd
by O. E. Dyson.

Advantag'es of testing pure-bred herds, S. H. Wakd (Jour. Amer. Yet. Med.
Assoc, 52 (1917), No. 2, pp. 156-160).— The author points out and briefly dis-
cusses the advantages of testing pure-bred herds.

The sterility of cows, its causes and treatment, J. Albbechtsen, trans, by
H. Wehkbein (Chicago: Alexander Eger, 1917, pp. 98 figs. 27). — An English
translation of the worlv previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 389). See also a
recent note (E. S. R., 37, p. 379).

Facts disclosed in a study of the presence of Bacillus abortus in milk by
means of the agglutination test, L. H. Cooledge (Jour. Med. Research, 37
(1917), No. 2, pp. 207-214, figs. 2).— The author here reports upon investiga-
tions at the Michigan Agricultural College conducted in continuation of those
previously noted (E. S. R., 36, pp. 277, 383, 480).

Examinations made of the milk from 112 cows on 7 farms resulted in
the faiding of that from 24 cows on 5 farms to be infected with B. abortus.
The percentage of infected udders in the 5 herds varied from 15 to 100 and
was 27 per cent of the total. " The infection was present in a high percentage
of the animals or was entirely absent, indicating the very infectious nature of
the disease. Once the infection is established in the udder the milk becomes a
carrier of B. abortus and a possible source of the infection for years. In no
instance has the udder infection died out after being firmly established during
the three years that observations have been made. The rear quarters are the
first to show B. abortus infection, indicating that the genital discharges and
switching of the tail are its source. The infection may then be carried to the
front quarters upon the hands. The age of the cow apparently has no con-
nection with the first appearance of the infection."

A list of 11 references to the literature is included.

Formalin treatment in mastitis, J. K. Bosshart (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc, 51 (1917), No. 6, p. 831).— The author reports having obtained good re-
sults from the use of formalin in the treatment of mastitis in cattle as recom-
mended by Frost (E. S. R., 37, p. 277). Half-ounce doses have, however, been
found too toxic for some individuals, and he recommends as a safer dosage
the use of 1 teaspocnful or about 0.2 oz. in 0.5 pint of raw linseed oil twice or
three times daily, alternated with 1 oz. of turpentine in oil.

The cattle tick in Australia, J. D. Stewart et al. (Advisory Council Sci.
and Indus., Aust., Bui. 1 (1917), pp. 30, pis. 4). — This is a report of a special
committee appointed to review the status of the tick pest in Australia, present
and future, and to make recommendations as to future research and immediate
remedial or preventive measures, whether by legislation or otherwise.

The committee reports that there is no reason to believe that the cattle tick
will not establish itself in congenial portions of the coastal areas in any part
of Australia and Tasmania, and that unless its spread is checked it will be
only a matter of time before all the States of the Commonwealth will become
infested. At the present time the infestation is chiefly in Queensland and the
Northern Territory, and to a less extent in Western Australia and New South
Wales. As the matter is of national importance and vital to the prosperity of
the Commonwealth, it is recommended that the Federal Government undertake
the work of eradicating the pest. It is suggested that a start be made in the

19181 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 287

east with the North Coast area in New South ^^■a]es and the adjacent portions
of southern Queenshmd, and in the Helidon-Witlicott area which adjoins the
Darling Downs in Queensland. Other suitable areas are to be found in Queens-
land, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia from which a further
selection might be made.

Hog cholera prevention and the serum treatment, P. T. Petersen {Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. 116 {1911), pp. 15, figs. 5). — A brief discussion of the subject.

Rinderpest in swine. — The first report of the Ako Antirinderpest Serum
Institute, H. Tatcasawa {Jour. Formosa Yet. Assoc, No. 1 {1916) ; abs. in Abs.
Bad., 1 {1911), No. If. pp. 313-S15) .—Dnviwg the 1911-12 epidemic of rinderpest
54.8 per cent of the animals which had not received protective inoculation were
infected, whereas in the same locality where the plague was most severe only
7.98 per cent of the inoculated animals were infected.

Epizootics and their control during war, H. Miessner, trans, by A. A.
Leibold {Chicago: Amer. Vet. Pub. Co., 1911, pp. 215, figs. 31). — An English
translation of the author's Kriegstierseuchen und ihre Bekiimpfung, which is a
guide for army, Government, and practicing veterinarians.

Part 1 (pp. 13-28) relates to hors-e hospitals and horse depots, blood exami-
nation stations, and disinfection. The diseases treated in part 2 (pp. 29-194)
are glanders, anthrax, rabies, mange, contagious pleuropneumonia of horses
(influenza pectoralis) catarrhal influenza, strangles, dourine, contagious pleuro-
pneumonia of cattle, and rinderpest. Hints on handling war horses in Amer-
ica, by A. A. Leibold, are given in an appendix (pp. 197-207).

Kumri, combined diffuse sclerosis and central poliomyelitis of horses,
G. H. K. IMacalister {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. Ser., 2 {1911). No. 8, pp.
203-261, pis. 6). — "Kumri is a paraplegic disease of horses, associated with
a diffuse sclerosis of the white matter of the spinal cord, affecting principally
the propriospinal tracts and to a lesser extent the fibers of the lateral efferent
and posterior efferent tracts. No causal microorganism has been isolated from
cases of kumri. Filariasis and kumri are often coincident, but this is to be
regarded as a chance conjunction and not as implying a causal relationship.
This applies also to other types of helminthiasis.

" It is possible that kumri may be due to some type of vegetable poisoning or
mold intoxication. In the present state of knowledge, this is no more than a
speculation, which future research may establish or demolish.

" The disease occurs most commonly in low-lying districts subject to inunda-
tion, and is favored by warm moist climates. These conditions play some part
in the production of kumri, either as a predisposing agency, or primarily as the
direct causus morbificans. That it is the primary cause of the disease can only
be established by the exclusion of all other possible causes. The condition is
incurable but general treatment may possibly arrest the degenerative processes
in those nerve elements, where these changes have not reached the stage of
complete disorganization.

*' Until the nature of the causal agent is known, no specific preventive measures
can be suggested, but ordinary general hygienic precautions may be followed
with advantage. "

[Poultry sanitation], J. C. Graham and H. D. Goodale {Massachusetts Sta.
Rpt. 1916, pp. 81a, 88a). — An experiment in the rearing of young poultry iso-
lated on a plat half a mile from the poultry plant, where they were cared for
by a man who had no other duties, resulted In an apparent freedom from disease
and a remarkable freedom from the larger common parasites of poultry and in
a low rate of mortality.

288 EXPERIMENT STATTON RECORD. [Vol. 38

Tuberculosis of poultry in Ontario, D. H. Jones {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui.
255 {1911), pp. 8, figs. 6).— This is a general discussion of the subject relative
to cause, nature, symptoms, and control and eradication of the disease.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Seepage and return waters, L. G. Cakpenter {Colorado Sta. Bui. 180 {1911),
pis. 1, pp. S-70, pis. 2; 2, pp. 3-45; 3, pp. 3-146). — This bulletin, issued in 1916,
consists of three parts, of which part 2 was published In separate form in 1911
(E. S. R., 28, p. 83).

Part 3 gives data of measurements and observations relative to seepage and
return waters from irrigation for the Big Thompson River, Little Thompson
Creek, St. Vrain Creek, Left Hand Creek, Boulder Creek, South Boulder Creek,
Dry Creek, Clear Creek, Bear Creek, South Platte River, Arkansas River, the
Rio Grande, Conejos River, and Uncompahgre River.

Part 1 summarizes the deductions from the observations in parts 2 and 3,
and discusses the phenomena of seepage and the laws of flow of underground
water as they apply to such conditions.

Keport of Water Rights Branch of the Department of Lands for the year
ended December 31, 1916, W. Young {Rpt. Water Rights Branch Dept. Lands,
Brit. Columbia, 1916, pp. 48, figs. 5). — This report is of an administrative
nature and contains data on irrigation, precipitation, and water conservation
in the Province of British Columbia for the year ended December 81, 1916.

Calculations for design of irrigation structures, C. W. Helmick {Transit
[Univ. Iowa, 1917], June; abs. in Engin. and Contract., 48 {1917), No. 6, pp. 123,
124, figs. 3). — Formulas of flow for use in calculating discharge through high
gates of irrigation canals are given.

Farm drainage methods, W. W. Weir {California Sta. Circ. 174 {1917), pp.
31, figs. 21). — This circular was prepared under a cooperative agreement with
the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. It is intended for use only in sections of California which are free
from alkali and is not considered applicable to irrigated land.

" The purposes of this circular are to call attention to the need for drainage
on many of the California farms which are located in regions where the an-
nual rainfall is sufficient for agricultural purposes; to outline the advantages
to be derived from drainage ; to recommend the use of tile and the systematic
construction of open drains ; to offer suggestions regarding the spacing, depth,
and size of drains, as well as methods and cost of installing them ; and to urge
better cooperation between the owners of adjoining farms in the disposal of
storm water and surface run-off. "

Drainage, B. H. Landels {Nova Scotia Dept. Agr. Bui. 7 {1915), pp. 34. figs.
IS). — This is a brief discussion of the principles of land drainage and the con-
struction of land drainage systems with reference to their application to Nova
Scotia conditions.

The disinfection of drinking water, H. D. Dakin and E. K. Dunham {Brit.
Med. Jour., No. 2943 {1917), pp. 682-684; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 36
{1917), No. 11, pp. 610, 611). — Experiments with parasulphondichloraminobenzoio
acid as a means for the effective sterilization of small drinking-water supplies,
especially for field use, are reported. It was found to be more suitable than
chloramin-T or toluensulphondichloramin.

A concentration of 1 : 300,000 was foinid sufficient to sterilize any ordinary
heavily contaminated water in about 30 minutes. Such a concentration could
be relied upon to remove coli, typhoid, or cholera organisms. Special experi-
ments showed that the substance in tablet form was effective when acting on

1918]

RURAL ENGINEERING.

289

water contained in aluminum bottles. " One point of advantage possessed by
the present disinfectant over most hiT^ochlorite preparations is the fact that
the active chlorin is less rapidly used up, so that the process of disinfection
continues for a longer period."

Information on the preparation, properties, and cost of the disinfectant are
also given, " It is safe to say that the tablets oould be sold at such a price that
100 gal. of water could be sterilized at a cost of one penny."

Experimental roads in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, B. A. Anderton
and J. T. Pauls (17. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 77 (1917), pp. S).— This cir-
cular summarizes data on methods of construction, maintenance, and up-to-
date cost records on experimental sections of surface treated macadam and
gravel, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete, cement concrete, and brick
road in and near Washington, D. C. Traffic census data on most of the experi-
mental sections are also given.

Massacliusetts Hig'hway Commission curve tables, compiled by A. M. Lovis
{New York: John Wiley d Sons, Inc., 1917, pp. 47, figs. 2).— Tables furnished
by the Massachusetts Highway Commission for externals, radii, arcs for tan-
gents of 100 ft., deflections for arcs of 100 ft., and skew distances for widths
of 2.5 ft. are given.

Report of [Illinois] State Highway Commission, 1915-16 (III. Highway
Dept. Rpt., 1915-16, pp. 59, figs. 16). — This is a review of the work of the Illi-
nois State Highway Commission for 1915 and 1916.

General specifications for materials {Ohio Highicay Dept., Specifica., No. S
(1915), pp. 77, figs. 9). — General specifications for road-building materials
issued by the Ohio Highway Department are given.

Material specifications (Ohio Highioay Dept., Specifica., No. 4 (1915), pp. 77,
figs. 9). — Specifications issued by the Ohio Highway Department for Portland
cement, block, paving brick, stone and slag, gravel and sand, nonbituminous
and bituminous binders and materials, timber, linseed oil and paint, steel
and iron, and pipe are given. An appendix outlines methods of testing these
materials.

The influence of total width on the effective width of reinforced concrete
slabs subjected to central concentrated loading, A. T. Goldbeck (Proc. Amer.
Concrete Inst., 13 (1917), pp. 78-88, figs. 13).— Tests conducted by the Oflice of
Public Roads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
are reported to show how the effective width of a reinforced concrete slab
depends on the total width of the slab when it is supported at two ends only
and is subjected to a central concentrated load. •

It was found that " as the width of slab increases the ratio of effective width
to span length shows considerable variation. This variation, however, is rep-
resentative of what might be expected in actual structures, and apparently
does not follow any law so far as thickness is concerned." The relation is
expressed in the following table:

Relation of total width to effective ividth.

Total

Effective

Total

Eflective

Total

Effective

Total

Effective

width.

width.

width.

width.

width.

width.

width.

width.

Span.

Span.

Span.

Span.

Span.

Span

Span.

Span.

0.1

0.10

0.6

0.50

1.1

0.67

1.6

0.72

.2

.20

.7

.55

1.2

.6S

1.7

.72

.3

.28

.8

.58

1.3

.70

1.8

72

.4

.37

.9

.62

1.4

.71

1.9

.72

.5

.44

1.0

.65

1.5

.72

2.0

.72

290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

"The design of a slab of any width can be accomplished by using the for-
mulas for narrow rectangular beams and substituting for the breadth (b) the
value obtained from the above table."

The flow of concrete under sustained loads, E. B. Smith {Proe. Amer. Con-
crete Inst., IS (/9i7), pp. 99-102, fiys. 2).— Experiments conducted by the Office
of Public Iloads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
on the flow of concrete in cylinders and beams under load are reported.

It was found that " the law of the flow of concrete is asymptotic. The flow
continues at a gradually decreasing rate and yet is an appreciable amount
during three to four weeks. It then continues more slowly for an indeflnite
period, but this additional change is very small.

" The natural total shrinkage of dry concrete is about 0.05 per cent in three
months. The total net flow under load, exclusive of natural shrinkage, may be
as great as 0.15 per cent, depending upon the time, material, and load. The
total combined effects of shrinkage and flow in compression may amount to as
much as 0.2 per cent. This would give, in a 20-ft. column not reinforced, if
loaded to about 800 lbs. per square inch, nearly 0.5 in. of deformation ; and may
produce, in a reinforced beam of 20-ft. span fully loaded, a sag of nearly 0.3 in.
Even the much smaller deformations, which are inevitable, may produce, if not
anticipated and provided for, serious results in the setting of apparatus and
machinery, and in the alignment of shafting, and inay easily cause other parts
and members of the structure to be overloaded.

" The effect of flow wuthin the material itself is either to relieve the stress
condition, if the construction and loading make this possible, or to gradually
change the length or position of the member.

" The maximum amount of flow or the flow for any particular period is almost
directly proportional to the magnitude of the stress up to 1,000 lbs. per square
inch. It is, therefore, only necessary to decide upon the allowable flow defor-
mations in designs before determining the allowable dead- and live-load stresses.

" The measurement of stress conditions in concrete structures can not be made
directly by deformation readings, unless all the flow constants as to time,
material, and loading are known. . . . Deformation readings taken only a
short time apart will indicate apparently different stress values.

" The magnitude of the flow deformations vary quite largely with the kind of
aggi'egate and the mixture. ... It is shown in these experiments that gravel
concrete has about 20 per cent njore deformation than limestone concrete.

" The modulus of elasticity of concrete is different for each mixture and for
each different aggregate. It changes and decreases in value with time and as
the flow deformations increase. If the modulus of elasticity could be ascer-
tained for any particular concrete with due respect to the time factor, stress
values could then be determined by simple deformation readings.

" In the case of a reinforced beam, the effect of flow in the concrete is to
lower the position of the neutral axis, thus enlarging the compressive cross-
sectional area and relieving the unit stress value. More stress is also thrown
into the steel."

Friction tests of concrete on various sub-bases, A. T. Goldbeck {Proc. Atner.
Concrete Inst.. IS (1917), pp. 239-245, figs. 2; Good Roads, 51 {1911), No. 15,
pp. 229-231, figs. 2).— Further experiments (E. S. R.. 37, p. 88) are reported
in which the ground was muddy following a thaw. The results are given in
the following table;

191S]

EURAL ENGINEERING.

291

Frictional resistance of concrete on variov.s sub-hases {suh-hases thorottgJily
saturated with tvater and surrounding ground exceedinylij soft; iceight of
specimen, 870 lbs.).

Kiii'i or base.

Level clay

Uneven clay . .

Loam

Level ssnrl

3-in. cravel

?-in. broken
stone

3-in. broken
stone

Oiled clay

Clay and cob-
ble stones . . .

Concrete base.

Sand, oile;!

Concrete, oiled

Move-
ment.

o.oni

.001
.001
.001
.001

.001

.001
.001

.001
.000
.001

Force.

120
200
150
140
510

240
150

140

2, 500+

180

.000 2,:.00+

Coeffi-
cient.

0.14
.23
.17
.16
.58

.46

.28
.17

.16

2.9 +

.21

2.9-1-

Move-
ment.

0.01
.01
.01
.01
.01

.01

.01
.01

.01
.00
.01
.00

Force.

300
460
260
280
640

660

630
410

410

2. 500+

'280
2, 500+

Coeffi-
cient.

0.35
.53
.30
.32
.73

.76

.73
.47

.47
2.9 +

.32
2.9 +

Move-
ment.

0.05
.05
.05
.05
.05

.05

.05
.05

.05
.00
.05

.00

500
620
410
400
950

900
850

710

2, 500+

4SC
2,500+

Coeffi-
cient.

0.58
.71
.47
.46

1.10

1.08

.82
2.9 +

.55
2.9 +

Move-
ment.

1.500

1.400

.750

.750

.500

2.000

Force.

950
925
925
875
1,050

1,160

.875 1,625
1.250 'l,425

1.750
.000
.375
000

1,260
2,500+

800
2,500+

Coeffi-
cient.

1.09
1.06
1.00
1.00
1.20

1.33

1.87
1.G4

1.45
2.9 +

.92
2.9 -f-

These results, v.-lien compared with the previous results, " show very clearly
that much depends upon the moisture condition of the sub-base. A wet sub-
base permits the concrete to slide very much easier than does a dry sub-
base. This apparently al.so applies to the specimens mounted on broken stone
and gravel base, particularly when the movements are small.

" The formation of transverse cracks in concrete bases can readily be
ascribed to direct tension due to frictional resistance at a time when the
concrete is contracting, whether this is caused by decrease in temperature,
or by drying out of the moisture. The test results show that the coefficient
of friction can readily vary from almost 0 to something over 2 or more,
depending upon the movement of the concrete and the character of the sub-
base. The distance between transverse cracks is dependent upon the coefficient
of friction, and the total force of friction must extend over this distance.

" Calling the coefficient of friction /, the distance between cracks D, the
weight of the pavement per square foot w, we may write the equation :

/ X ?c X D = tensile strength of concrete per foot of width."

Farm concrete, K. J. T. Ekblaw {New York: The Macmillan Co., 1917, pp.
XI +295, pis. 16, figs. 71). — This is a nontechnical treatise on the subject, con-
sisting of the following chapters : Cement ; concrete ; foundations and walls ;
pavements, floors, sidewalks, steps ; concrete building blocks ; concrete fence
posts ; tanks, troughs, and cisterns : drain tile, culverts, and bridges ; concrete
silos ; concrete surfaces and stucco ; concrete in residences ; and approximate
cement tests, with an appendix giving standard specifications and tests for
Portland cement.

Tests of fuel for agricultural steam eng'ines (Bui. Dir. Gen. Agr., Com. et
Colon. Twiis, 20 {1916), No. S7, pp. 49-55; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 7, pp. 1012, lOlS) .—Tests of
seven kinds of wood and of lignite and coal briquettes in a 24-horsepower
steam engine driving a hay baler working at a rate of 40 to 50 bales per
hour are reported.

It was found that wood could be used for running the engine, two and a
half to three times as much wood as coal being required. Slightly better
results were obtained with dry wood than with green wood, and also with the
larger sized branches than with the smaller ones. The resinous wood gave
about medium results. Lignite gave about twice as good results as wood.

292 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, IVol. 38

It is concluded that the use of wood or lignite in Tunis for this purpose will
depend on the cost of obtaining them. The use of wood is considered an in-
centive to clear forest lands for agriculture, and the use of lignite should
further its exploitation as a rich local natural asset.

The cost of using farm motors, I, II (Country Life [London], 41 (1911),
Nos. 1060, pp. 8*, 10*, fi(j. 1; lOGl, pp. 8*, 10*, figs. S).— This article summarizes
the experiences of a number of farmers and the estimates of a few manufac-
turers on the cost of operating different agricultural tractors on different
soils, with special reference to English conditions.

Profitable tractor farming, E. J. Stirniman (Iowa Agr., 18 (1017), No. 5,
pp. 215-217, figs. 3). — A tractor survey conducted in nine Iowa counties, namely,
Marshall, Boone, Hamilton, Hardin, Story, Humboldt, Pocahontas, Calhoun,
and Webster Counties, to which 171 tractor owners responded, is reported.

It was found that 91.2 per cent of the 171 tractors were considered paying,
and 515 horses were displaced, or 0.8 horse per 100-acre farm area. The 8-16,
10-20, and 12-2.5, or small-size tractors, constituted 71.9 per cent of the total
reported. Fifty-five and five-tenths per cent of the tractors were on farms of
less than 281 acres, and 90 per cent of these were successful. It cost from 25
to 60 cts. per acre for fuel and oil, plowing at the rate of from 0.69 to 1.16
acres per hour. Thirty-nine per cent of the tractor owners were doing custom
work and 89.8 per cent of these considered it profitable. Eight and one-tenth
per cent of the farm help was displaced on 75 farms.

Large fireproof barn and silos built of concrete (Concrete [Detroit, Mich.],
10 (1917), No. 5, pp. 175-177, figs. 8). — This article describes and illustrates a
large concrete barn with twin silos, built near Duluth, Minn. It is stated that
the double concrete walls and concrete floors have produced a building which
proves a satisfactory stable at a temperature of 40° below zero.

Small cold storages and dairy buildings, J. A. Ruddick and J. Buegess (Can-
ada Dept. Agr., Dairy and Cold Storage Branch Bui. 49 (19^7), pp. 21, figs. 5). —
This bulletin describes and illustrates plans for farm dairies, together with ice
houses and refrigerators.

Fruit and vegetable storage structures (Concrete [Detroit, Mich.], 11
(1917), No 2, pp. 37, 38, figs. 6). — Simple concrete storage cellars for fruits and
vegetables are described and illustrated.

RUEAL ECONOl^nCS.

Human food from an acre of staple farm products, M. O. Cooper and W. J.
Spillman (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 877 (1917), pp. ii).— This publica-
tion is designed to give an acre for acre comparison of the protein and energy
value of different crops and animal products. The production of live stock
products per aci*e was arrived at by assuming the acre to be planted in suit-
able food for live stock, in proper proportion to give a balanced ration.

According to the computations, corn furnishes the most calories per acre, the
number being estimated at over 3.000,000. The next highest crop for energy
production is sweet potatoes, furnishing 2,800,000 calories. Other products in
their order of importance from this standpoint are Irish potatoes, rye, wheat,
rice, soy beans, peanuts, oats, beans, cowpeas, and buckwheat. The number
of calories obtained from an acre in the production of milk was approximately
700,000. The product next in importance among animal products was pork,
with approximately 675,000 calories.

The largest estimated yields of protein per a-cre are from soy beans, beans,
and corn. '

1918] RURAL ECONOMICS. 293

Details regarding the method of making the computation and the results
obtained for the various items are included.

The food supply of the German Empire (Rpt. Physiol. (War) Committee
Roy. Soc. [London'], 1 {1915), pp. 6, flgs. 2; 2 (1916), pp. 9).— These reports
discuss the food supply of Germany available duTing the first two years of the
war and point out the changes in its composition.

The two agricultures, G. Sauvage {Paris: Author, 1916, pp. II-\-244)- — In
this book is given a general review of agriculture in Germany and France and
a discussion of different types of agricultural instruction found, the use of
agricultural machinery and motors, methods used in destroying injurious in-
sects, and establishing new agricultural industries and enterprises.

Report of the national Scottish conference on employment on the land,
1916 {Rpt. Nat. Scot. Conf. Employment on Land, 1916, pp. lOIf, pis. 3). — Among
the subjects discussed in this conference were the employment of women and
of discharged soldiers and sailors on the land, methods of development and
extension of small holdings, cooperation in farming, conditions of successful
land settlement, and afforestation after the war.

Report on the private insurance organizations in Switzerland for 1915
{Rap. Bur. Suisse Assur., Entrep. Priv. Nat. Asstir., 30, {1915), pp. 201). — In
this report are discussed the private insurance organizations for accidents, fire,
hail, live stock, loss in transit, damage from weather, and damage to glass.
Statistical data are also given showing the extent of the organizations and the
amount of business done.

Cooperation in Wisconsin, B. H. Hibbakd and A. Hobson {Wisconsin Sta.
Bui. 282 {1917), pp. Jf-i, fiffs. IS). — Among the types of cooperative organizations
described are those connected with creameries, produce and feed, cheese, live
stock, merchandise, fruit, telephones, and laundries. The authors give infor-
mation regarding the extent of the various organizations and their develop-
ment and the reasons for their successes and failures, and point out that their
business now amounts to over $62,000,000 per annum. Of the 83 creameries in
the State 45 per cent are cooperative ; of the cheese factories, 37 per cent.
Among the various types of associations looking toward improvement of the
live-stock industries are live-stock shipping associations, community breeders'
associations, and cow-testing associations.

It is pointed out that the professional promotion of associations by outside
parties is to be deplored and discouraged.

Public markets in the United States, C. L. King et al. {Philadelphia: Nat.
Munic. League, 1917, pp. 82). — This is the second report of the committee on
public markets of the National Municipal League, and includes information
concerning public markets investments, annual receipts and expenditures,
rental of stalls, inducements to farmers, attendance, price to consumers, sani-
tary conditions, and consumers' views of the markets.

Third annual report of the department of foods and markets, 1916 {Ann.
Rpt. Dept. Foods and Markets, N. Y., 5 {1916), pp. 26). — This report continues
the information previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 392), and adds data regard-
ing the investigation of methods of marketing foods, vegetables, poultry, and
milk, and methods used in securing an advance in prices paid to producers
of milk.

Second annual report of the director of farm markets for the State of
Idaho, W. G. Schlotz {Ann. Rpt. Dir. Farm Markets, Idaho, 2 {1916), pp. 27). —
Among the activities of the director of markets in Idaho were the establishing
of a market news service, holding of State-wide conventions of farmers, develop-
ing of public markets and dairy and fruit industries, and assisting in land
settlement. There was also established an employment bureau for farm help.

294 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 3S

[Farm market laws] (Boise, Idaho: State Dept. Farm Markets, 19J7, pp.
16).— In this (lofiiment are contained the text of the laws governing the De-
partment of Farm Markets as passed by the Idaho legislature in 1917.

Arkansas warehouse, marketing', and gin regTilating law {Little Rock,
Ark.: State Bd. Supervisors of Warehouses, 1911, pp. 95).— This report con-
tains the text of the law enacted in 1917, together with standard forms to be
used in connection with the law.

Canadian Produce Association (Canad. Prod. Assoc. Conv., 5 {1911). pp.
[S6'\). — Among the topics discussed at this convention, held in Montreal, were
the loss-off system of buying eggs and quality payment, action of the Govern-
ment through legislation regarding buying and selling of bad eggs, a system
of weighing and inspecting butter, exportation of eggs to Great Britain, pi'o-
posed standards for live and dressed poultry, and tli« organization of produce
exchanged in AVinnipeg and Montreal.

[Grain trade in the United States] (Conf. Represents, Grain Trade 1917,
Aug. 15, pp. 57). — This report gives the proceedings of the Conference of Rep-
resentatives of the Grain Trade of the United States, held in Washington, D. C,
August 15, 1917, in regard to the formation of the U. S. Grain Corporation, its
functions, and its methods of procedure.

Problems, prices, and profits of the packing industry {Chicago: The
Cudahy Packing Co., 1917, pp. 30, pi. i).— This report contains a reply to the
Federal Trade Commission as to the causes of the present high prices, whether
methods of distribution of meat and meat products are the most efficient pos-
sible, whether present methods interfere with the natural economic laws, and
what remedies may be applied to overcome any weakness in the present sys-
tem. The report sets forth in a general way the situation regarding the great
packing house industries, and the profits derived from the present methods of
distribution.

Report on the production of creameries and cheese factories, 1915 and
1916, E. H. Godfrey {Canad. Census and Statis. Off., Rpt. Prod. Cream, and
Cheese Fact., 1915-16 [English Ed.], pp. 16). — This report gives statistical data
showing by Provinces the number of different kinds of butter and cheese fac-
tories, the number of patrons, quantity of milk used, butter and cheese made,
prices received for all dairy products, and foreign trade of Canada in dairy
products.

Monthly crop report {U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 3 {1917), No. 10, pp.
93-10 Jt, fig. 1). — This report contains the usual estimates of crop conditions,
estimated farm value of important farm products, average prices received by
producers, and range of prices of agricultural products at important markets,
and also contains a special crop summary for October, special reports regard-
ing the condition of crops in California and Florida and of pecans, and data
with reference to the acreage of peanuts and fall onions, the production of
hops, Kafir and broom corn, soy beans, and cabbage, the estimated wheat surplus
and deficiency, by States, frost damage to corn, the percentage of hay baled,
the increase in acreage of peas and beans for feed and food, etc.

[Florida State census of 1915] {Bien. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Fla., IJf {1915-16),
pt. 2, pp. 237-357). — In this census data were gathered regarding the white
and negro population ; acreage, yield, and value of principal farm crops ; num-
ber of live stock and number of thoroughbred stock ; and the quantity of ag-
ricultural products sold. The data are shown by counties.

[Agriculture of Minnesota] (In Minnesota's Fifty-second Anniversary, St.
Paul: State Bd. Immigr., [1917], 10. ed., pp. 2-51, 72-200, figs. 71).— The State
Board of Immigration points out in this publication the resources by counties,

1918] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 295

showing the area, types of soil, acreage in various crops, educational and re-
ligious facilities, banking conditions, and value of farm lands.

Agricultural statistics of Ireland {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr: Ireland, Agr.
Statis. 1915, pp. 110). — This report is a continuation of previous reports
(E. S. R., 36, pp. 393), adding data for the year 1915.

[Agriculture in Norway] {Statis. Aarhok Konger. Norge, 35 (1915), pp.
23-36). — These pages continue data previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 594) by
adding statistics for the year 1915.

[Agricultural statistics of Russia for 1915] {Sborn. Statis. Zkon. Sviedien.
Selsk. Klioz. Ross, i Inostran. Gosud. (Rec. Domiees Statis. et Econ. Indus. Agr.
Russ. ct Fays. Etrangers), 10 (1917), pp. XIV +673). — This report continues data
previously noted (B. S. K., 36, p. 594), adding information for 1915.

[Annual statistics of Egypt] (Ann. Statis. Egypte, 8 (1916), pp. 10^-153,
pi. 1). — This report continues data previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 894),
giving stetistics for later years.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Report of the education branch for the year 1915-16 (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lon-
don^, 2Jt (1917), No. 4, pp. 3S5-394) .—This is the annual report of the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries dealing with the agricultural education work of
the various institutions and local authorities in England and Wales for 1915-16,
as well as with the payments of grants during the financial year ended March
31, 1916.

During the year it was decided as a measure of war economy to suspend the
grants to the Harris Institute, Preston, and to the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety's School at Wisley. The Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and the
Agricultural College, Uckfield, Sussex, were closed in the summer of 1915, owing
mainly to the serious decrease in attendance. All of the institutions have suf-
fered as a result of the war. Their attendance in 1914r-15 was as follows :
Long courses, 758, short courses, 666, as compared with 1,194 and 490, respec-
tively, in 1913-14, and 1,284 and 593 in 1912-13. The new buildings at the
Armstrong College, Newcastle, have been wholly utilized as a hospital since
the beginning of the war, and rooms in the School of Agriculture, Cambridge,
and in Wye College, were occupied for a time for military purposes. The Royal
Veterinary College, London, is the only institution whose activities have not
seriously diminished.

Local authorities held 292 organized day courses in 1915-16, attended by
2,963 students, as compared with 341 courses with an attendance of 3,544 in
the previous year. The greater part of these courses were attended by women
and were held in connection with traveling dairy schools. In several counties
courses in farriery were held for soldiers. One hundred and seventy-one eve-
ning courses were held, attended by 3.227 pupils, as compared with 297 courses
attended by 4,975 pupils in 1914-15. Classes in manual processes (hedging,
plowing, milking, etc.) were held in 12 counties, the total number of meetings
being 644 ; in the previous year 2,071 meetings were held in 21 counties.

To encourage cheese making instead of butter making, with a view both of
conserving the food supply and the economical utilization of surplus milk, the
board developed a scheme of esti'.blishing traveling cheese schools, imder which
it loaned sets of apparatus to local authorities who agreed to make new and
additional provision for itinerant instruction in this subject. Nineteen authori-
ties availed themselves of this offer, and 33 new schools were created in addi-
tion to 5 previously in existence.

296 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

The total amount distributed by the board for agricultural education for
1915-16 was $479,420 (including .$322,776.90 from the Development Fund), as
compared with $469,612 in 1914-1.5 and $139,433 in 1911-12. The grants for
1915-16 included $78,343 for universities and colleges. .$32,479 for advisory
work, $106,706 for research institutions and centers, .$30,963 for special research
investigations, $8,729 for research scholarships, $135,633 for farm schools, tech-
nical classes, local lectures, etc., $66,067 for the establishment of farm schools,
$5,638 toward the expenses of advisoi-y councils, and $14,862 for forestry ad-
vice, research, and experiments.

Eighth annual report of the eleven district agricultural schools of Georgia,
J. S. Stewart {Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 13S {1911), pp. 28, fig. /).— Thia
is a report on the annual meeting of the principals and on the work of the 11
district agricultural schools of Georgia for the year 1916-17, including extension
work, teacher training courses and summer institutes, si^ecial features, an out-
line of the 4-year courses in agriculture and home economics, and statistical
data with reference to enrollment, land and equipment, and disposition of funds.

The total enrollment of the 11 schools was 1,622, ranging from 72 to 210
students. The schools cultivated a total of 1,094 acres, varying from 80 to 150
acres a school. The total value of their live stock was $27,022, and of tools
$17,185.

It was agreed by the principals that the status of the .schools be defined as
that of 4-year high schools so articulated to the Georgia State College of Agri-
culture as to provide admission thereto on the basis of 14 Carnegie units, and
further that 36 hours of technical work per month be required of each student
without remuneration. It was suggested that the laboratory work required by
the various schools be unified, and that as a general rule not less than seven
periods per week (three recitations and two double laboratory hours) should
be given to each science.

Agricultural education and experimentation in the Republic of Argentina,
T. Amadeo (J/m. Agr. [Argentina], Div. Ensenanza Agr. [Pm&.], No. 61 {1916),
pp. 208, figs. 70). — This report deals with the history, development, and present
status of agricultural inistruction in Argentina, the agricultural education
budget and inventory, a proposed central institute of agricultural investigation,
the agricultural education law, and the duties of public authorities with refer-
ence to agricultural education. Appendixes contain statistics of the agricul-
tural education and investigation institutions with reference to the value of
land, buildings, and equipment, and discussions of the cost of agricultural educa-
tion institutions, a central institute of agricultural investigation, agricultural
instruction in the normal and primary schools, and agricultural instruction for
women in universities and special schools for men.

Report on agricultural and forestry education in the Dutch East Indies,
H. C. H. De Bie, W. G. Boorsma, A. de Koning, and L. de Blieck {Jaarb. Dept.
Landb., Nijv. en Handel Nederland. Indie, 1915, pp. 93-12^, 155-164, 292-313). —
This annual report on the activities of the Department of Agriculture, In-
dustries, and Commerce of the Dutch East Indies, includes a report on the
progress of agricultural research and instruction in 1915. The latter comprises
instruction given in the Higher Agricultural School at Buitenzorg, a secondary
school of cultivation at Soekaboemi, a veterinary school at Buitenzorg, 17 ele-
mentai-y agricultural schools for the natives, normal schools, special courses of
lectures, demonstrations, etc., for adults, and an experiment in giving instruc-
tion in agriculture to the higher classes of village public schools.

The study of veterinary science, M. Gumming, F. T. Daubigny, J. H. Reed,
C. D. McGil\-ray, W. J. Rutherford, and H. A. Craig {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4
{1917), No. 10. pp. 874-881). — A brief description is presented of the instruc-

1918] MISCELLANEOUS. 297

tion in veterinary science given in Nova Scotia by the College of Agriculture;
in Quebec by the School of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science,
affiliated with Laval University ; in Ontario by the Ontario Veterinary College,
and the veterinary department of Ontario Agricultural College, in Manitoba by
the Manitoba Agricultural College ; in Saskatchewan by the College of Agricul-
ture of the University of Saskatchewan ; and in Alberta by the schools of agri-
culture at Olds, Claresholm, and Vermilion.

Productive farming, K. C. Davis {Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincoit
Co., 1917, 3. ed., rev. and enl., pp. VIII +427, pi. 1, figs. 2-i^).— -This is a third
revised and enlarged edition of this text, previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 393).
The principal additions include chapters on tobacco for market and road con-
struction and mechanics, and suggestions to teachers for additional exercises
and projects. There are also minor additions throughout the text and the data
in the api>endixes are brought up to date.

Summer courses in agriculture for teachers, D. A. DeWolf, R. P. STtE\"ES,
F. C. Harrison, J. B. Daxdeno, R. Fletcher, A. W. Cocks, J. C. ]Millek, and
J. W. Gibson {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 (1917), No. 10, pp. 8S7-900, figs. 7).— Reports
are given with reference to attendance, organization, and subjects and length of
courses in agriculture for teachers in 1917 summer schools in Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Macdonald College, Ontario Agricultural College, Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.

School and home gardening, .J. L. Randall {Rpt. Comr. Ed. [U. S.], 1915-16,
I, pp. 259-270). — In this review the author discusses the need for gardening,
the early history and present status of children's gardens, garden promotion
by agencies other than schools, gardening in several recent city school surveys,
the plan of gardening suggested by the school and home gardening division of
the U. S. Bureau of Education, and children's gardens in Porto Rico and the
Philippine Islands. A brief statement with reference to the care of school
gardens during the summer vacation in Canada, by C. H. Lane, is included.

Instruction in gardening in cooperation with, the International Children's
School Farm League (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Card., 18 (1917), No. 207, pp. 53-6J, pi.
1). — An account is given of a plan of cooperation which became effective April
1, 1917, between the International Children's School Farm League and the New
York Botanical Garden for the establishment at the garden of a training school
for teachers of children's gardens and others interested in gardening. The
managers of the garden, in consideration of a guaranty of $4,400 a year for a
term of not less than two years, agree to set apart and prepare a tract of land
and to furnish lecture-room accommodations, library and herbarium facilities,
etc., for the purpose.

The gardening courses to be offered are outlined.

Gardening for little girls, Olive H. Foster (New York: Duffleld d Co., 1917,
pp. [16] +144, P^s. 8, figs. 4). — Directions are given for planning and planting
flower gardens, together with information with reference to colors, season of
bloom, etc., of the more common annuals and perennials.

Boys' and girls' club contests, J. E. McLarty et al. (Agr. Oas. Canada, 4
(1917), No. 6, pp. 476-4S3). — Brief accounts are given of the present status of
boys' and girls' club contests in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova
Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.

SnSCELLANEOTJS.

Fortieth Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1916 (Connecticut
State Sta. Rpt. 1916, pt. 6, pp. XXII).— This contains the organization list, a
report of the board of control, and a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended September 30, 1916.

298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1916 {Massachu-
setts Sta. Rpt. 1916, pts. 1-2, pp. X+92a-{-319, figs. i50).— This coutaiiis tlie
organization list, reports of the director and lieads of departments, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and reprints of Bulletins
168-172, previously noted. The experimental work recorded is for the most
part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Thirtieth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1916 {Nebraska Sta. Rpt.
1916. pp. LI 1 1). — This contains the organization list, a report as to the work
of the year, a report of the extension service of the college of agriculture, and
a financial statement for the period ended June 30, 1916. The experimental
work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Miscellaneous experiments {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. Hit {1911), pp. 40, Jigs.
21). — This bulletin contains a number of short articles, the experimental fea-
tures of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station {Mo. Bill. Ohio Sta., 11
(1911), No. 10, pp. S15-349, figs. 11). — This contains several articles abstracted
elsewhere in this issue ; Acid Soils and Soil Acidity, by C. J. SchoUenberger ;
and notes.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation {Washington
Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 5 {1917), Nos. 7, pp. 03-108, flgs. 2; 8, pp. 109-
12Jf, flgs. 7). — These numbers contain brief articles on the following subjects:

No. 7. — The Farmer's Opportunity, by H. L. Blanchard; Good Fall Farming
Practice in Western Washington, by E. B. Stookey ; Pure-bred Sires Pay, by
N. C. Jamison ; Fruit, A Food Essential, by R. J. Barnett ; Tlie Home Fruit
Garden, by J. L. Stahl ; Standardizing Eggs, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup,
including a description of a homemade egg-grading device ; How About Your
Drinking Water? by C. A. Magoon ; and Home-grown Kale Seed, by E. B.
Stookey.

No. 8. — Safe and Sane Methods of Increasing YooCi Production, by G. Sev-
erance; Farmyard Manure-— Our Best Fertilizer, by E. B. Stookey; Handling
Poultry Manure, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup, including a description of a
homemade poultry manure cart ; The Farm Flock, by C. E. Howell ; Currants
and Gooseberries in Western Washington, by J. L. Stahl ; Why Do Trees Fail
to Fruit? by J. L. Stalil ; Storage Rots of Potatoes, by A. Frank; and lour
Common Plant Diseases, by A, Frank.

NOTE S.

Arizona University and Station. — Dr. R. H. Forbes, dean of the college of
agriculture and director of the station, has been given a year's leave of absence
to assist the Societe Sultanienne d'Agriculture, of Cairo, Egypt, in agricultural
war service in the valley of the Nile. Charles R. Adamson has resigned as
poultryman to become a county agent.

Kansas College and Station. — Dean W. M. Jardine has been apiwinted presi-
dent, and Dr. J. T. Willai'd, vice president. Harry L. Kent, associate professor
of education and principal of the school of agriculture, has been appointed
State director of education under the Federal Vocational Education Aid Act.
R. W. Kiser, instructor in animal husbandry and superintendent of land and
live stock, has become extension animal husbandman and has been succeeded
by J. W. Crumbaker, foreman of the agronomy farm, and he in turn by Geo. H.
Phinney. N. E. Olson has resigned as assistant in dairying and has been suc-
ceeded by W. R. Davis. H. A. Pratt has been appointed assistant in horti-
culture and foreman of the greenhouse, vice W. F. Pickett resigned.

Maine Station. — Dr. Raymond Pearl, biologist and for some time in charge
of statistical work for the U. S. Food Administration, has been appointed head
of the department of biometry and vital statistics in the school of hygiene and
public health of John Hopkins University.

Nevada University and Station. — Dr. Winfred B. Mack, head of the depart-
ment of veterinary science and bacteriology in the university and station since
1907 and head of the State Veterinary Control Service, died January 18 at the
age of 46 years. Dr. Mack was a 1904 graduate of the New York State
Veterinary College with two years post graduate training, and in 1905-6 was
assistant in comparative pathology and bacteriology at Cornell University. His
work in Nevada had dealt mainly with diseases of live stock, notably infectious
anemia of horses, contagious epithelioma of chickens, and various disorders
at sheep and cattle. Of late he had been giving particular attention to quaran-
tine and inspection work, including the supervision of the campaign against
rabies.

New Mexico Station. — C. A. Thompson, assistant in soils in the Washington
Station, has been appointed assistant agronomist, vice A. Z. Smith, who has
taken up county agent work.

New York State Station, — F. H. Hall, vice director and editor, has been
granted leave of absence to take charge of publicity work of the U. S. Food Ad-
ministration dealing with perisliable foods.

Wisconsin University and Station. — Dean H. L. Russell has been granted
leave of absence to succeed George E. Haskell in charge of the work witli butter
and cheese of the United States Food Administration.

Progress in Agricultural and Home Economics Instruction in Canada. — ^The
chief of the Military Convalescent Home of Sans-Bruit, Quebec, has made ar-
rangements for teaching agriculture to convalescent soldiers, the courses being
in charge of a district agricultural representative. Instruction has been
given in practical work in drainage snirveys and rotations on the hospital farm,
commercial poultry keeping, market gardening, and beekeeping. Some of the

299

300 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

convalescents have also helped in field husbandry, soil preparation, harvesting,
etc.

What are known as the royal agricultural schools, inoorporated by the legis-
lature of Quebec, are designed to give instruction to the sons of soldiers.
These schools and farms are situated in the township of Howard, Argenteuil
County, and are open to the sons of all soldiers who have taken part in the
war. The property of the s-chools consists of 3,468 acres, with a large residen-
tial building to accommodate 25 boys, a residence for teachers, and a number
of cottages for workmen. The parents of the boys will be under no expense
for their sons while they are at the schools, and when of sufficient age the
boys will be assisted in making a start for themselves.

A two-year agricultural course was opened at the Victoria (B. C.) high
school last fall with 30 boys and girls in attendance. It has been substituted
for one or both of the two foreign languages previously required, except that
students wishing to qualify for first-class teachei-s' certificates or for entrance
to the university must include with agriculture the study of one foreign lan-
guage. All of the usual branches of agriculture are covered, and with some
slight variation in the second year, when home economics for girls and cer-
tain special topics in agriculture for boys are emphasized, are the same for
boys and girls.

Farm Schools in the Philippines. — Beginning with the present school year,
1917-18, all schools where a course in farming is given are to be in session
throughout the year. This is not entirely a new venture, as for several years
all settlement farm schools and most agricultural schools have been in con-
tinuous session, and notwithstanding the younger pupils enrolled in them these
schools have maintained the best farms.

The calendar year has been divided int? 42 weeks of classroom work, 4 weeks
of special field practice, 4 weeks of vacation, and 1 week each ^or examinations
and an annual cleaning up. Each pupil enrolled will be given a vacation of 4
weeks at the time in the year that the farm activities can test spare his
services. All teachers assigned to farm schools are required to render service
throughout the school year, except that short vacations may be given when their
services can be spared.

It is believed that students should be detailed to definite projects and thereby
become factors in a productive enterprise. Each pupil is expected to do field
work for not less than 4 consecutive periods (160 minutes) each day for 5 days
a week, and daily field work up to 3.-5 hours may be required at the option of
the principal. Each pupil is required to perform at least 3 hours of field work
on every other Saturday forenoon.

The same school year and calendar hold for the domestic science classes in
farm schools. For the required four weeks of all-day work the principals may
select one or more of the following activities for the girls: Canning and cook-
ing, the preparation and serving of midday meals to the boys on all-day work
detail, commercial lace or embroidery making, or sewing on their own clothes
or clothing for members of their families. The services of the girls ape also
employed during the harvest periods in assisting with certain kinds of field
work.

Agricultural Instruction for Orphans of Farmers Killed in the War in
Italy. — Francesco Borgogiia has instituted in the Home for the Poor in Vercelli,
12 places for orphans of farmers who have fallen in battle. This provision will
give them an opportunity to complete the elementary course and the secondary
courses in the professional school of agriculture in the Borgogua Royal Profes-
sional School, leading to the diploma of special field agent in rice culture.

o

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 38 MARCH, 1918 No. 4

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

Wbatheb Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry— J. R. Mohler, Chuf.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Dirtet9r.

Bureau of Markets — C. J. Brand, Chi^f.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

>E. H. Jenkins."

Alabama-
Co! lei^e Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.'
Canebrake Station: Uniontown: J. M. Burgess."
Tuskegee Station: Tusktgee Institute: G. W.
Carver.*

Alaska— Sitfco; C. C. Georgeson.'

Aeizona— Tucson: — .

Ark A3fiSA.»— Fay etteville: M. Nelson.'

California— i?«rfcrff{/.- T. F. Hunt.>

Colorado— JF'ort Collins: C. P. Gillette.'

CONNECTICni-

State Station: New Haven;}

Storrs Station: Storrs;
Delaware— A'«work: H. Hayward.'
Ftomvx— Gainesville: P. H. Rolls.'
G'EOVLQU.— Experiment: J. D. Price.'
Guam— /atond o/Chiam: C. W. Edwards.'
Hawau—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.'

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H.P.Agoe.'
lvi.no— Moscow: 3. S. Jones.'
iLUKOis— Urbana: E. Davenport.'
Tsvxaxjl— Lafayette: C. G. Woodbury.'
lovA—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.'
Kansas- 3fonfto(!«on.- W. M. Jardine.'
KzurvcKY— Lexington: T. P. Cooper.'
LomsiANA-

State Station: University Sta-
tion, Baton Rouge;

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
New Orleans:

North La. Station: CaBioun;

Rice Station: Crowley;
Maike— Orono; C. D. Woods.'
Maryland— CoHf^« Park: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— Amherst." W. P. Brooks.'
Michigan— Eiwt Lansing: R. S. Shaw.'
Minnesota— l/ni«er)rtty Farm, St. Paul: R. W.

Thatcher. »
ISisaissim— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd.'

W. R. Dodson.'

Missouri—

College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans.'

Montana— Boz«man.* F. B. Linfield.'

Nebraska— iincoZw.' E . A. Burnett.'

Nevada— iJeno.- S. B. Doten.'

New Hampshire— Durftam." J. C. Kendall.'

New Jersey— jyew Brunswick: J. G. LIpman.'

New ISxxico— State College: Fabian Garcia.'

New York—

State Station: Geneva: W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca: A. R. Mann.'

North Carolina— 2JaZeij/ft and WeatSaleigtt: B. W.
Kilgore.'

North Dakota— .4 ^ieMtturol College: L.Van Es.*

Omo— TToojtfl-; C. E. Thome.'

Oklahoma— StiKwater; H. G. Knight.'

Oregon— CorDoZ/w.* A. B. Cordley.'

Pennsylvania-

State College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition,
H. P. Armsby.'

Porto Rico—

Federal Station: Mayaguet; D. W. May.'
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; E. CoWn.'

Rhode Isi.a.isv— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell.'

South Carouna— Cicmsort CoUege: H. W. Bari«.>

South Dakota— Broofcinj^s.- J. W. Wilson.'

Tennessee— ZTOozi/iZJe; H. A. Morgan.'

TmxKS— College Station: B. Youngblood.'

Vtxh— Logan: F. 8. Harris.'

Vermont— BurHn^toji.- J. L. Hills.'

Virginia-

Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, Jr.'
Norfolk: Tnwk Station; T. C. Johnson.'

Washington— PttZJwKin.' Geo. Severance.*

West VvEGnnk—Morgantown: J. L. Coulter.'

Wisconsin— J/odMon.' H. L. Russell.'

Wyomdiq— Jtoramie; A. D. Faville.'

> Director. * Agronomist in charge.

< Animal husbandman In charge.

* Actine director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Cliief, Office of Experiment stations.
Associate Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Cheuustry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |j ^^ LucmETT.

A • ,,. , X, ^ T> 4. • , \^ ^, 4. T3 ^i" 1 /W. H. Evans, Ph. D.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriologj*, and Plant Pathology ■j^ir ^ Boyd

T-i- 1 1 i-. f J. I- SCHtlLTE. I I

FieldCropsjj ^ LucKETT. ^^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomologj' — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. f^o'l

Foods and H„„au Nutrition {g; ^•^,>;--»™' "'■ °- ''^ '"

f D W May
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming |j£ jy' ^^qq^^

„■ . nr T • fW. A. Hooker.

Veterinary Medicine |j^_ ^ Nollau.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullingeb.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
. . ,, , -n. •, ,. fF. E. Heald.
Agricultural Education jj^j ^ Spethmann.

Indexes — M, D. Mooee.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 4.

Editorial notes: Page.
Report of the Commission on the Investigation of Agricultural Education

in Massachusetts 301

Recent work in agiicultural science 309

Notes 399

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

An introduction to colloid chemistry, Ostwald, trans, by Fisher 309

The action of aluminum chlorid on cymene, Schorger 309

Tannin content of Pacific coast trees, Benson and Jones 309

The indigenous tans and vegetable dyestuffs of New Zealand, Aston 309

Comparative tests of chemical glassware, Walker and Smither 309

Apparatus for fractional distillation, Noyes and Skinner 309

The solubility of silica, Lenher and Merrill 310

Study of the preparation of ammonium nitrate, Rengade 310

Nitrogen distribution in protalbinic and lysalbinic acids, Kennedy and Gortner 310

Effect of acid hydrolysis on nitrogen distribution of fibrin, Gortner and Hohn. 310

Some nitrogenous auxoamylases, Rockwood 311

X

n CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Analytical control of the ammonia oxidation process, Taylor and Davis 311

Method for determination of ammonia nitrogen with formaldehyde, van Bers.. 311

Determination of potassium and sodium in ash of vegetable substances. Pellet. . 311

Recovery of perchloric acid from residues in potash determination, Viiirthem. 312

Determination of lime as calcium sulphate, Willis and Maclntire 312

Determination of fluorin with application to phosphates, Wagner and Ross 313

The mechanical analysis of soil, Pratolongo 313

Modified method for determining carbonates in soil, Tempany and Kelsick. . . 313

Examination of water. Mason 313

Volumetric method for determination of formic acid or formates, Tsiropinas. . . 313

The determination of salicylic acid in foods, Steenbergen 314

New procedure for determining the fineness of wheat flour, Perracini 314

Some new methods for determining the fineness of flour, Lo Priore 314

The conservation of tomatoes, Guamieri 314

Note on determination of nonfatty soUds in milk, Tempany 314

Estimation of fat in condensed milk and powders, Biesterfeld and Evenson. . . 314

Outline for the analysis of sugar products, Lajoux and Ronnet 315

A method for the determination of alcohol, Iiaines and Marden 315

Detection of methyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages, Takahashi et al 316

Colorimetric method for cresol or phenol preservative in senims, Elvove 316

Commercial evaporation and drying of fruits, Beattie and Gould 316

Homemade fruit butters. Close 317

The viscous fermentation of beet juice, Delaval 317

Contribution to the study of alcoholic fermentation, Keyser 317

Tests on oil treatment of wood against marine borers, Teesdale and Shackell. . . 317

METEOROLOGY.

A.gricultural meterology. Smith 317

The economic aspect of cUmatology, Wells 317

Forecasts of weather favorable to an increase of forest fires, Beals 317

The meteorological influences of lakes, Miller 317

Climatological data for the United States by sections 318

Meteorological records, Burke 318

Report of the consulting meteorologist, Voorhees 318

Report of the consulting meteorologist, Voorhees 318

Report of the consulting meteorologist, Voorhees 319

The weather and climate of Salt Lake City, Utah, Thiessen 319

The climate of Cuba, Gutierrez-Lanza 319

SOILS FERTILIZERS.

Soil moisture studies under dry farming, Harris and Jones 319

Soil moisture studies under irrigation, Harris and Bracken 320

The rate of water movement in aerated soils, PulUng 321

The shrinkage of soils, Tempany 321

The proof of microbial agency in the chemical transformation of soil, Conn 322

[Soil bacteriology], Hutchinson 322

The influence of arsenic on the bacterial activities of a soil. Greaves 322

The effects of alkali salts on nitrification. Brown and Hitchcock 322

Reclaiming niter soil in the Grand Valley, Sandsten 323

Soil survey of Harnett County, N. C, Jumey and Perkins 323

Reconnoissance soil survey of part of north-central Wisconsin, Geib et al 324

The composition of the soils of south-central Texas, Fraps 324

"Black alkaU " in the San Luis Valley, Headden 324

g 'regress report of soil and fertiUzer work in Rhode Island], Hartwell 325

ood from the air, Leffmann 325

The fixation of nitrogen in feces, Richards 325

The availability of phosphoric acid in rock phosphate, Fraps 325

Acid phosphate v . raw phosphate rock, Thome 326

Reactions of phosphorus of thickened root of flat turnip, Hartwell et al 326

Potash in 1916, Gale 326

Effects of lime and magnesia on conservation of soil sulphur, Maclntire et al. . 327

Accessory factors for plant growth, Rosenheim 328

Analysis of fertilizers for 1917, Curry and Smith 328

Commercial fertilizers in 1916-17, Fraps 328

1918) CONTENTS. HI

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Page.

The methods and value of cytology, Gmlliermond 328

A study of the fixation of the cytoplasm, GuilUermond 329

Presence of lipoids in Nicotiana as related to starch and nicotin, Parrozzani. . . 329

Carbon [assimilation] in green plants, PoUacci 329

Report of the bacteiiologist, Mulvania 329

Influence of water and ash on plantlets, Maquenne and Demoussy 329

The influence of calcium salts on absorbing root hairs, Coupin 330

The use of perphosphates in agriculture, Barbieri 330

Greenhouse fumigation -with hydrocyanic acid, Moore and Willaman 330

Physical control of vegetation in rain-forest and desert mountains, Shrcve. . . . 330

Critical flowering and fruiting temperatures for Phytolacca decandra, Lloyd 330

Modifications produced by soa winds in male inflorencences of pine, Dufrenoy. 331

Natural coagulation in latex of Eevea hrasiliensis, Denier and Vernet 331

ScxuaUty in Myxomycetes, Skupienski 331

Parthenogenesis in liigher plants, Hagedoom-La Brand and Hagedoorn 331

Quadruple hybrids in Y^ from Q^nolhera nutans and pycnocarpa, Atkinson 331

Inheritance of a mosaic pericarp pattern color of maize, Hayes 332

The hybrid origin of alfalfa, Trabut 332

Origin, introduction, and primitive culture of the potato, Wight 332

Forest botany [India], Hole 332

FIELD CROPS.

[Report of the agronomy department, Montana Experiment Station], Atkinson 333

[Field crops work in Tennessee] 334

Progress report. Substation No. 5, Temple, Tex., 1910-1914, Killough 334

[Report of field crops work]. Watts 335

Plants indigenous to Chile and their production, Reiche 336

Field experiments at the Bezenchuk Experiment Station], Koltsov 336

Report of field crops work in Assam], McKay 336

Report of field crops work], Henderson and Abdur Rahman 336

Report of field crops work], Clayton 336

Report of field crops work at Palur Station, Thomas and Chelvaranga Raju. . . 336

^Field crops work ait Samalkota Station], Hilson and Balakrishnamurti 337

Grasses and clovers under irrigation, Pitt 337

Effect of plants on others, Hartwell. ._ 337

Berseem as a new fodder crop for India, Henderson 338

The castor oil plant in Egv-pt, Mosseri 338

Ordinary white clover seed v. wild white clover seed, Jenkin 338

Analyses of agricultural yield. — III. Natural environmental factors, Balis 338

Aborescent cotton plants, "de Motril" and " Caravonica, " Riviere 340

Some notes on malangas, Cunliffe 340

Spring-oat production, Warburton 340

The assimilation of nutrients by the rice plant, Jatindra Nath Sen 340

Rye growing in the Southeastern States, Leighty 341

Sorghums for forage in South Dakota, Champlin and Winright 341

Sugar beets in South Dakota, Shepard and Sherwood 341

Velvet beans. Fain, Starr, and Vanatter 342

Velvet beans in Mississippi, Ferris 342

Growing winter wheat on the Great Plains, Chilcott and Cole 342

Proportion of grain to sheaf aa a factor in wheat selection, Pridham 342

Seed Reporter 343

A seed key to some common weeds and plants, Palmer 343

HORTICULTURE.

Vegetable forcing. Watts 343

The California vegetables in garden and field, Wicksou 343

Vegetable growing, Truffaut 343

Everyman 's garden in war time, Selden 344

Report of the State horticultin-ist, Wilkins 344

[Report of horticultural investigations], Whipple 344

Market gardening 344

Head lettuce for Ohio greenhouses, Green 344

Growing Bermuda onion seed in the southwestern United States, Mason 344

IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Storing vegetables for winter, Merrill 345

The propagation of fruit trees, Howard 345

Cross-pollination experiments in 1916 and 1917, van Oijen 345

Some observations on the growth of apple trees, Gourley 345

[Orchard cover crops], Morgan 346

Everbearing strawberries, Darrow ._ :•■--. '^'^^

Currant growing an important, promising industry for California, Husmann 346

Raspberry cvilture, Darrow 347

Indian tea: Its culture and manufacture, Bald 347

Notes on the production and commerce of cacao, Calmon du Pin e Almeida. . . 347

The date palm in Egypt, Brown _ 347

South American markets for dried fruita, Fischer 347

FORESTRY,

A study of Douglas fir seed in the Pacific Northwest, Willis 347

Methods of hastening germination. Show 348

Osmotic pressure as an index of habitat, Moore 348

The farmer's wood lot, Crumley ._ 348

Advice to forest planters in the plains region. Smith 348

Planting experiments on the sand dunes of the Oregon coast, Munger 348

Axtou plantations, Fernow 348

Report of the director of forestry for the year 1916, Campbell et al 349

[Report on] forestry 349

State ownership of forest lands, Coolidge 349

Instructions for making timber surveys in the National Forests 349

Alnus oregona as a forest type on the Siuslaw National Forest, Johnson 349

Rubber cultivation in Trinidad and Tobago, Lament et al 349

Rubber culture in the Philippines, Wester 349

DISEASES OP PLANTS.

Problems of plant pathology, Stevens : - ■ ■ : 349

The dissemination of parasitic fungi and international legislation. Butler 349

Report of the botanist. Bain 350

g'lant diseases in Barbados], Dash 350

lant protection in Switzerland, Stebler, Voikart, and Grisch 350

[Plant diseases in India], Mackenna 350

Cryptogamic review for 1914 and report on leaf diseases of conifers, Briosi 351

Cryptogamic review for 1915 with report on grain diseases, Briosi 351

Physoderma disease caused by P. zex maydis 351

The internal disease of cotton bolls, Nowell 351

The internal disease of cotton bolls, Nowell 351

The fungi of internal boll disease, Nowell 352

Blight disease of potatoes, Lutman 352

Sugar-cane diseases, Averna Sacca 352

The cause and control of bitter pit, McAlpine 352

Bitter pit: Its cause and control, McAlpine 353

Jonathan spot and scald of apples in storage, Brooks and Cooley 353

Fire blight infection, Gossard and Walton 353

Citrus blast, a new bacterial disease, Hodgson 354

[Diseases of coconut in the Dutch East Indies], Keuchenius 354

Fungus bUghts of tea in northeast India diu-ing the season 1915, Tunstall 354

Black rot disease of tea, Petch 354

Brown blight of tea, McRae and Anstead 354

[Mycological notes], Tunstall 355

Basic problems in forest pathology, Meinecke 355

Polyporus schweinitzii, Murray 355

White-pine blister rust disease, Hawes 355

Diagnosing white-pine blister rust from its mycelium, Colley 355

The leaf disease of rubber. Conditions in Surinam, Bancroft 356

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Rodent destruction on ships, Creel 356

House rats and mice, Lantz 356

The game birds of West Virginia, Brooks 356

19181 CONTENTS. V

Page.

Intra- vitam color reactions, Cobb 357

Sodium cyanid as a fumigant, Bentley 357

General treatise on entomology, Miyake 357

Benefits from observing, collecting, and studying insects, Bentley 357

The relation of soil insects to climatic conditions, Cameron 357

How insects affect the cotton plant and means of combating them. Pierce. . . . 357

Control of insect pests of sugar cane by fungi and bacteria, Groenewege 357

Notes on insect pests of green manures and shade trees, Andrews 357

Report of associate entomologist, Bentley 357

Report of the associate entomologist, Bentley 357

Forty-seventh annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, iyiG. . . . 358

Some injurious biting insects in Nova Scotia, Dustan 358

A year of Costa Rican natural history, Calvert 358

The insect association of a local environmental complex in ChesMre, Cameron.. 358

[Insect pesta of Madras] 359

Termites in the Luskerpore Valley, Andrews 359

The life of the grasshopper, Fabre, trans, by Teixeira de Mattos 359

The sycamore lace-bug (Corythucha ciliata), Wade 359

The beet leaf-hopper and the curly leaf disease that it transmits. Ball 360

Mango hopper control experiments, Ballard 360

Mango hopper control, Wester 360

Insecticide spi'aying for the mango hopper, Ramakrishna Ayyar 360

The mango hopper pest and its control, Ramakrishna Ayyar 361

The homopterous fauna of Formosa, Schumacher 361

Silk. — RepUes from commissioners of customs 361

[Antler moth ( Charxas graminis) infestation] 361

The codling moth in 1916, Glenn 361

Syrphidae of Maine. — II, Life history studies, Metcalf 362

"El t6rsalo" (Dermatobia q/aniventris), Arias G 362

Studies upon the common house fly {Musca domestica) , I, II, Scott 362

Flies and bacillary enteritis, NicoU 363

A note on the rice field fly {Ephydra macellaria) 363

Fleas and their control, Bishopp 363

Three-lined fig-tree borer, Horton 363

[Report on the banana borer in Mayumba], Mayne 364

Injurious British weevils, Bastin 364

Bees and their management, Ilerrod-Hempsall 364

Structure and life liistory of Bracon sp.: A study in parasitism, Muuro 364

ItaUan entomological fauna. — Hymenoptera: Formicidce, Emery 364

The economic importance of the Gramang ant, van der Goot 364

The silverfish or "slicker," an injurious household insect, Back • 364

Notes on mites attacking orchard and field crops in Utah, Doane 365

American Polystomidse, Aspidogastridse, and Paramphistomidse, Stuukard 365

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

The American papaw and its food value, Langworthy and Holmes 365

Home preparation of breakfast foods and flour from whole grain, Olson 365

Vinegar investigation. — Changes in cider, Hartman and Tolman 365

Food value of the fresh and pickled herring. Milroy 365

The Bureau of Markets in its relation to the conservation of foods. Brand 366

Rules and regulations under food products inspection law of August 10, 19J.7. . 366

Experiments in teaching food values 366

Human food, considered in its relation to quantity and cost, McGill 366

Fats and oils in cookery. — Coolcing temperatures, Williams and Gray 366

The presence of albumoses in the tissues and in the blood, Abel et al 366

The prodnction in dogs of pellagra, Chittenden and Undterhill 366

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

A manual of Meudelism, Wilson 367

Some applications of mathematics to breeding problems. Bobbins 367

Dominance of linked factors as a means of accounting for heterosis, Jones 367

Study of certain dietary conditions bearing on the problem of growth. Funk. . . 367

The Scandinavian methods of valuing and using feeding stuffs, Wilson 367

Feeding stuffs, Lloyd 368

VI CONTENTS. tVol. 88

Page.

The composition of some South Indian foodstuffs and fodders, Harrison 368

The feeding value of the hay of seed vetch and cleaned vetch, Gr6h and Gotz . . 368

Observations on silage, Oldershaw 368

The leaves and crowns of sugar beets as feed, Malpeaux 368

Sugar beet leaves as cattle feed, Saillard 368

Commercial feeding stuffs. Patten et al. 368

Analysis of feeding' stuffs, Curry and Smith 368

Feeding stuffs report, 1915, Kellogg 369

Commercial feeding stuffs, 1916-17, [and] Texas feed law, Youngblood 369

[Animal husbandry work], Arnett 369

Report of the animal husbandman, Willson 369

Feeding experiments with cattle, sheep, and pigs 370

Emergency cow feeds, Gayle 371

Weights and measurements of steers during fattening, Severson and Gerlaugh. 371

Wool growing in Australia, Harrowell 372

The economical feeding of pigs, Turnbull 372

War rations for hogs 372

Pushing pigs on alfalfa pasture, Evvard and Duim 372

The value of potatoes in swine feeding. Ashbrook 372

Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl, XVII, Pearl.. 372

Standard varieties of chickens. — II, Mediterranean and Continental, Slocum. . 373

[Poultry investigations], Schoppe 373

The present cost of egg production, Lewis 373

Back-yard poultry keeping, Slocum 374

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYINS.

The r61e of water in a dairy cow's ration, Larsen et al 374

Test of protein concentrates and leguminous roughages, Hunziker and Caldwell . 375

Nutrients returned by cows. — Stage of lactation and individuality, Grady 376

Breeds of dairy cattle, Da^ds 376

[Milk preserved with f oiTnalin for calves], Welch 377

The milking machine as a factor in production of sanitary milk, Ruehle et al. . 377

Relationship of milk supplies to typhoid fever. Frost 377

Some observations on the bacterial examination of milk. Slack 377

A safe and sane milk supply, Weinzirl 377

Milk and its distribution in Philadelphia, Harbison 378

Dairying in Colorado, McCann 378

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Immune eera, Bolduan and Koopman 378

Dichloroamin T. and chlorinated eucalyptol 1.2, Krauss and Crede 378

Preparation of a preservative from cresol, Nevin and Mann 378

The toxin of Bacillus welchii 378

Prophylactic and therapeutic properties of antitoxin for B. welchii, Bull 379

The colon-aerogenes group from silage. Hunter 379

Serum of animals hyperimmunized against glanders, Bertetti and Finzi 379

Channels of infection and localization in tuberculosis, Higgins 380

TubercuUn test and retest, JMarshall and Turner 380

Making cattle environs free from infection, Traum 380

Report of the committee on veterinary inspections, 1916-17, Fleischner 381

Chronic arthritis in swine, Sekiguchi and Irons 381

Review of research work on hop; cholera, Dorset 381

Increased virulence of hog-cholera bacillus through rabbits, TenBroeck 382

Significance of agglutinins in immunity to hog-cliolera bacillus, TenBroeck. . . 382

Studies in forage poisoning.— V, An anaerobic bacillus, Graham et al 383

Studies in forage poisoning.— VI, An organism from silage, Graham et al 384

Repair of bone in the domestic fowl, Kaupp 385

Life history of Ascaris lumbricoides and related forms, Ransom and Foster 385

EURAL ENGXNEERING.

The waters of the Rio Grande, Headden 386

Run-off from the drained prairie lands of southern Louisiana, Okey 387

Effect of pumping from a shallow well on the ground-water table. Weir 388

I&ISI CONTEISTTS. VH

Page.

Farm drainage in Virginia, Seitz 389

Irrigation works constructed by the United States Government, Davis 389

Reservoir capacity for small pumping plants, Harding 389

Longeidty of Bacillus coli in water, Rector and Daube 389

Mechanical grading of concrete sand, Smith 389

Motor gasoline: Properties, laboratory testing, and specifications, Dean 389

Tractor facts for Oklahoma farmers 390

Harvesting and plowing simultaneously with a tractor, Ringelmann 390

Handling silage. Chase 390

Utilizing exhaust steam for heating water and for pasteurizing 390

Farm potato storage in North Dakota, Werner and Clement 391

Silos, White 391

Running water in the farm home, Seitz 391

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Important factors in the operation of irrigated Utah farms, Brossard 391

The dawn of a new constructive era 391

Agricultural wages in Sweden, 1915, Nystrom and Richert 392

[Data relating to agricultural contracts, 1914] 392

The high cost of li\'ing, Howe 392

Report of the committee on warehousing and storing of sugar for 1917 392

Cold storage in Canada, O'Connor 392

Cooperative marketing of eggs in Florida, Floyd 392

Uniform cost accounting for milk distributors, Kracke 392

The community fair, Moran 392

Monthly crop report 393

Exports of raw cotton from the United States 393

Economical notes on Brazil 393

Acreage under crops and live stock in Ireland, 1916-17 393

Agricultural statistics of Netherlands 393

Agricultural statistics of France 393

Live stock statistics, Van Hissenhoven 393

[Agriculture in Babira. Belgian Kongo], Lacomblez 393

Agricultural statistics of Australia for 1905-06—1915-16 393

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The scope of home economics and its subject matter in colleges, Ravenhill 394

The relation of home economics education to social hygiene, Foster 394

Public instmction in cookery in London, Merrill 394

Federal aid for vocational education 395

State-aided vocational education: A resume of ten years' progress 396

State-aided vocational agricultural education in 1916 397

Suggested course of study for training schools for negroes in the South 397

Swine-judging suggestions for pig-club members, McVean and Ashbrook 398

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty -third Annual Report of Montana Station, 1916 398

Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1916 398

Annual Reports of Tennessee Station, 1913, 1914, 1915 398

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 398

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Page.

Colorado Station:

Bui. 230, July, 1917 386

Bui. 231, Oct., 1917 323

Bui. 235, Aug., 1917 323

Indiana Station:

Bui. 203, Aug., 1917 375

Kentucky Station:

Bui. "207, June, 1917 383

Bui. 208, July, 1917 384

Maine Station:

Bui. 263, Aug., 1917 362

Michigan Station:

Bui. 279, Sept., 1917 368

Mississippi Station:

. Bui. 179, Aug., 1917 342

Bui. 181, Aug., 1917 371

Montana Station:

Twenty-third An. Rpt. 1916. . . 318,
333, 344, 369, 373, 377, 398

New Hampshire Station:

Bui. 184, Aug., 1917 368

Bui. 185, Aug., 1917 328

Tech. Bui. 12, July, 1917 345

New Jersey Station :

Hints to Poultrj^men, vol. 6,
No. 2, Nov., 1917 373

North Carolina Station:

Tech. Bui. 14, Oct., 1917 385

Ohio Station:

Mo. Bui., vol. 2, No. 11, Nov.,

1917 326,

344, 348, 353, 376, 398

Oklahoma Station:

Bdl. 116, July, 1917 359

Rhode Island Station:

Twenty-ninth An. Rpt. 1916.. 398

South Dakota Station:

Bui. 173, Feb., 1917 341

Bui. 174, Mar., 1917 341

Bi;l. 175, Apr., 1917 374

Tennessee Station:

Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913. . 318,

329, 369, 398

Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914. 318,

334, 357, 398

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. 1915.. 319,

346, 350, 357, 398

Texas Station:

Bui. 212, Jan., 1917 325

Bui. 213, Jan., 1917 324

Bui. 215, May, 1917 334

Bui. 216, Sept., 1917 369

Bui. 217, Sept. , 1917 328

Utah Station:

Bui. 155, June, 1917 360

Bui. 158, July, 1917 319

vm

Stations in the United States — Continued.

Page.

Utah Station — Continued.

Bui. 159, July, 1917 320

Bui. 160, Sept., 1917 391

Circ. 26, Oct., 1917 345

Washington Station:

Popular Bui. 112, Nov., 1917.. 365

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 11:

No. 6, Nov. 5, 1917 355,

387

No. 7, Nov. 12, 1917 330,

353, 388

No. 8, Nov. 19, 1917 326,

363, 371, 385

Farmers' Bui. 870, The Community
Fair, J. S. Moran 392

Farmers' Bui. 887, Raspbeny Cul-
ture, G. M. Darrow 347

Farmers' Bui. 888, AdAdce to Forest
Planters in the Plains Region,
S.D.Smith 348

Farmers' Bui. 889, Back-yard
Poultry Keeping, R. R. Slocum. 374

Farmers' Bui. 890, How Insects
Affect the Cotton Plant and
Means of Combating Them,
W.D.Pierce 357

Farmers' Bui. 892, Spring Oat Pro-
duction, C. W. Warburton 340

Farmers' Bui. 893, Breeds of Dairy
Cattle, H. P. Davis 376

Farmers' Bui. 894, Rye Growing in
the Southeastern States, C. E.
Leighty 341

Farmers' Bui. 895, Growing Winter
Wheat on the Great Plains, E. C.
Chilcott and J. S. Cole 342

Farmers' Bui. 896, House Rats and
Mice, D. E. Lantz 356

Farmers' Bui. 897, Fleas and Their
Control, F. C. Bishopp 363

Farmers' Bui. 898, Standard Varie-
ties of Chickens. — II, The Medi-
terranean and Continental
Classes, R. R. Slocum 373

Farmers' Bui. 900, Homemade
Fruit Butters, C. P. Close 317

Farmers' Bui. 901, Everbearing
Strawberries, G. M. Darrow 346

Farmers' Bui. 902, The Silverfish
or "Slicker." E. A. Back 364

Farmers' Bui. 903, Commercial
Evaporation and Drying of
Fruits, J. H. Beattie and H. P.
Gould 316

19183

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

IX

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Office of the Secretary: Page.

Circ. 82, Rules 'and Regula-
tions of the Secretary of
Agriculture under the Food
Products Inspection Law of

August 10, 1917 366

Circ. 83, Swine-judging Sug-
gestions for Pig-club Mem-
bers, J. D. McVean and

F. G. Ashbrook 398

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Milk-Plant Letter 43, Utiliz-
ing Exhaust Steam for Heat-
ing Water and for Pasteur-
izing 390

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 3, No. 11,

Nov., 1917 393

Forest Service:

Instructions for Making Tim-
ber Surveys in the National

Forests 349

Bureau of Markets:

Seed Rptr., vol. 1, No. 1, Nov.,

1917 343

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Growing Bermuda Onion Seed
in the Southwestern United

States, S. C. Mason 344

Plant Disease Bui. 1, Aug. 15,

1917 351

Plant Disease Bui. 3, Sept. 15,

1917 351

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1915 —

Reconnoissance Soil Sur-
vey of South Part of
North-central Wiscon-
sin, W. J. Geib et al.... 324
Field Operations, 1916—

Soil Survey of Harnett
County, N. C, R. C.
Jurney and S. 0. Per-
kins 323

Weather Bureau:

Climat. Data, vol. 4, No3. 7-8,

July-Aug., 1917 318

Scientific Contributions: '

The Action of Aluminum
Chlorid on Cymene, A. W.

Schorger 309

A Modified Method for the De-
termination of Fluorin with
Special Application to the
Analysis of Phosphates, C.R.
Wagner and W. H. Ross 313

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Con. Page.

A Study of the Estimation of
Fat in Condensed Milk and
Milk Powders, C. H. Bies-
terfeld and O. L. Evenson... 314

Field Tests Made on Oil Treat-
ment of Wood against Ma-

. rine Borers, C. H. Teesdale
and L. F. Shackell 317

Agricultural Meteorolog;y', J. W.
Smith 317

The Economic Aspect of Cli-
matology, E. L. Wells 317

Forecasts of Weather Favora-
ble to an Increase of Forest
Fires, E. A. Beals 317

The Meteorological Influence
of La'.es, E. R. Miller 317

The Weather and Climate of
Salt Lake City, Utah, A. H.
Thiessen 319

Origin, Introduction, and
Primitive Culture of the Po-
tato, W. F. Wight 332

Currant Growing an Impor-
tant, Promising Industry for
California, G. C. Husmann. . 348

Incidental Results of a Study
of Douglas Fir Seed in the
Pacific Northwest, C. P.
Willis 347

Methods of Hastening Germi-
nation, S. B. Show 348

Planting Experiments on the
Sand Dunes of the Oregon
Coast, T. T. Munger 348

Alnus oregona: Its Value As a
Forest Type on the Siuslaw
National Forest, H. M. John-
son 349

Basic Problems in Forest Pa-
thology, E. P. Meinecke 355

Intra-vitam Color Reactions,
N.A.Cobb 357

The Relation of Insects to Dis-
ease in Man and Animals,
L.O.Howard 358

The American Papaw and Its
Food Value, C. F. Lang-
worthy, and A. D. Holmes. . 365

The Bureau of Markets in Its
Relation to the Conservation
ofFoods,C..I.Brand 366

Review of Research Work on
Hog Cholera, H. Dorset.... 381

i Printed in specific and technicai pubhcations outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. March, 1918. No. L

Although more than half a century has now elapsed since the pas-
sage of the first Morrill Act, the question is still occasionally agitated
of the purpose and optimum development of the institutions estab-
lished under its provisions. Criticism sometimes takes the form of
assertion that the act itself is vague and prescribes no definite type
of education. More frequently it is argued that a kind of high-grade
vocational training was contemplated by the act, but that the agri-
cultural colleges or individual institutions of the group are not ful-
filling their appointed mission in that direction. In still other in-
stances the relations of these colleges to other educational institutions
or to the State system of education, the efficiency of their adminis-
tration, or the formulation of a broad constructive policy for their
future development have been the subjects of inquiry from various
points of view.

The report of a special commission which has been studying some
of these matters in Massachusetts has recently been issued, and ap-
pears to be of considerable general interest. This commission was
authorized by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1916 for the purpose
of investigating " the subject of agricultural education as conducted
at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the development of
the agricultural resources of the Commonwealth." For some time
there had been, in connection with the granting of appropriations to
the college, more or less agitation as to the type of instruction it
should give, its policies, and similar matters. While specific lines of
inquiry were prescribed to the commission which had special refer-
ence to local conditions, most of the questions raised are common to
the agricultural colleges as a group, and many of the findings of
the commission are of much more than State- wide application.

The commission consisted of the State supervisor of administra-
tion and the State commissioner of education, together with three
members designated by the governor. One of these, Dr. L. Clark
Seelye, president emeritus of Smith College and wieiely known in
educational circles throughout the country, was made chairman. The
remaining members were selected respectively from the agricultural
and business interests.

SOI

302 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

Public hecarings were held in several sections of the State, as well
as conferences with representatives of various agricultural organiza-
tions, educational institutions, and similar bodies. A detailed in-
spection was made of the work of the college and a comparison of its
management with that of other institutions. A committee attended
the 1916 session of the Association of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations, and had interviews with many of the
presidents and deans present and with officials of this Department,
the U. S. Bureau of Education, and others. In short, the intention
was to seek information from all available sources, and to make a
thoroughgoing study from which could be formulated, with some de-
gree of finality, conclusions as to the future policy of the State
toward the college.

The commission gave special consideration to a determination of
what should be the fundamental purposes and relative educational
status of an agricultural college. It concludes that " the land-grant
colleges were primarily established to promote the study of agri-
culture by the most advanced and scientific methods of instruction."
Consequently, " the courses of instruction in the college should indi-
cate an institution of a high grade for the teaching of scientific agri-
culture. In its distinctive field of agriculture it should be compar-
able with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in its field of
mechanic arts. No countenance whatever should be given to any sug-
gestions that the agricultural college should be placed on the level
of a trade or vocational school.''

This attitude is specially gratifying because the contention of those
primarily responsible for instigating the inquiry was that the college
courses were too technical, and that the institution should be in effect
a farm school. Similar views have been expressed in other quarters,
and it is hoped that the conclusions of this commission may help to
terminate controversy along this line.

The commission gives little credence to the conception occasionally
met with that agricultural education is somehow inferior in its peda-
gogical requirements and value to other types of education. The
policy early established and consistently maintained by the Massachu-
setts College of insisting on adequate preparation and high standards
of instruction and scholarship is thoroughly approved. The commis-
sion declares that the standards of entrance " should be high enough
to secure students capable of maintaining a high grade both in
academic and scientific study. Without admitting that these entrance
requirements should be the same as those adopted by the colleges of
liberal arts, yet the commission believes that they should be of as high
a standard. . . . The commission indorses fully the position of the
college in requiring that its students shall be as well prepared for its

1918] EDITORIAL. 303

instruction as students are for advanced instruction in any other
institution of liigher education, and that the degrees it confers shall
be of equal worth in their field with the academic degrees conferred
by other colleges as certificates of attainment in other fields."

The relations of the college to the secondary schools of the State
are also discussed. The agricultural college is regarded as " the last
stage in a State-wide educational system for the advancement of
agricultural science," and for this reason should be closely correlated
with secondary schools where agriculture is taught. It is recognized
that in such schools, and particularly those functioning under the
Federal Aid Vocational Education Act, the primary aim is quite dis-
tinct from that of college preparation, and that agriculture will be
taught there from a very different point of view. Nevertheless, the
commission advocates the establishment of optional agricultural
courses, so far as practicable, in public high schools, and where this is
done, the granting by the college of the same credits as would be
given in any other science. It is made plain, however, that other
courses properly included in the high school curriculum should not be
supplanted, but " should be so arranged as to make it possible for the
student to secure a thorough and comprehensive training which will
enable him to enter the agricultural college in good standing and at
least with an elementary knowledge of the subject on which his
future work will naturally be based."

With reference to the charge that the college has been offering too
general an education, the commission reports that substantially three-
fourths of the students are giving three-fourths of their time to dis-
tinctively agricultural subjects. It finds that science occupies by
far the most prominent position in the curriculum, with fifty-four
members of the faculty engaged in instruction in agriculture and the
cognate sciences and only fourteen in the humanities and mathe-
matics. So far from the existence of any trend away from agricul-
tural work, it Avas brought out that there is rather a prevailing
tendency among the undergraduates to "elect studies according to
their supposed commercial values and to neglect those studies which
aim to strengthen and cultivate the mind." The commission does
not specifically condemn this tendency, but it points out that, " while
the State in its acceptance of the provisions of the Morrill Act is
bound to give special instruction in agriculture, it is not less bound
by the language of the act to give a liberal education as an integral
part of its distinctive w^ork, and not to neglect or relegate to subordi-
nate places those studies which experience has shown are best fitted
to nourish and strengthen the faculties of the mind and which will
enable men to do better work, whatever that work may be."

The familiar criticism that only a small proportion of the grad-
uates become farmers, because of a lack of practical instruction, is

304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

deemed entirely unmerited. It is shown that farm work is now re-
quired of every student and that a summer session has been intro-
duced whereby such work can be carried on more readily. Of the
total hours assigned to work in the divisions of agriculture and
horticulture over two-thirds are given to laboratory and field work.
Though the commission sees no necessity for imposing any arbitrary
requirement of farm experience upon faculty members, a great ma-
jority of the instructing force in these departments have had such
experience. " The lack of practical farmers, therefore, among the
graduates does not appear to be due to a lack of practical work in
agricultural instruction and can be more readily explained from
other causes.

" Practical farmers the college does educate. They are found in
all parts of the State, and they are conducting farms which are
profitable to themselves and are profitable as object lessons. The im-
portant consideration, however, is that the college should train men
who by their superior education and intelligence can make valuable
contributions to the agricultural interests of the Commonwealth."
The showing made by the college in this respect is commended as
highly creditable.

The commission was apparently little impressed with the some-
what provincial complaint presented that many graduates from the
Massachusetts College settled outside the State, which thereby lost
the benefits of their work. It points out how largely the State col-
lege is indebted to the Federal Government for its support, so that
" if its graduates enter into the service of other States it is only re-
paying the Federal Government for the aid it has received. All of
the States are mutually indebted to each other for scientific knowl-
edge, and it should be a source of congratulation rather than of
complaint that the agricultural college here can pay to the other
States something of its indebtedness to them." While the first and
constant care of the college is the promotion of the welfare of agri-
culture in Massachusetts, there should be " the closest affiliation be-
tween the Federal and State agencies for the advancement of com-
mon interests, and every State college should work not only for the
interests of its own State, but also for the promotion of agriculture
throughout the United States."

The commission went quite fully into the administration and op-
eration of the exepriment station, having before it some criticisms
as to the technical character of its work and publications, alleged
delay in meeting popular requests for assistance in combating insect
pests and plant diseases, and laxity in enforcing State control laws.
The intelligent and broad-minded manner in which these matters
are handled in the report speaks for the study given them and the
generally creditable condition found to prevail in the station.

1918] EDITORIAL. 305

The work of the station is referred to as " one of the most impor-
tant departments of the college," and one which has "richly con-
tributed to the agricultural wealth of the State." Some suggestions
are put forward as to the means of strengthening its research ac-
tivities, among others relieving it entirely of the administration of
control laws and providing for practically full-time service of its
staff on experimental work.

The commission takes an enlightened view of the conditions and
requirements of station work. It maintains that " the main work of
the station should be carried on by highly trained experts who give
practically all of their time to research. It will be conceded that
research work, specially elaborate technical investigations such as
are conducted b}^ the experiment station, can be best accomplished
by giving them the exclusive attention of the investigator. If the
investigator's attention is diverted or interrupted by other work, his
progress in his investigations is delayed in even greater proportion
than is represented by the amount of time actually lost. . . . To
a very limited extent the giving of instruction by the station may
be advantageous, and it is perhaps detrimental to separate [station
workers] entirely from contact with the ordinary work of the college,
but, so far as is feasible, arrangement should be made to prevent
their attention being diverted and their important work interrupted
by other duties."

The establishment and maintenance of the graduate school, which
"properly completes the work of the undergraduate college" is ap-
proved. The necessity for graduate training of specialists is recog-
nized, and the provision of ample facilities and funds for its support
is recommended.

The extension service is credited with having contributed much
to the development of the farmer and to the agricultural wealth of
the State. The desirability of close cooperation with other existing
agencies for country-life improvement is set forth, and the commis-
sion believes that "the most logical and the most beneficial service
the extension department has rendered has been in helping farmers
in the improvement of agricultural methods." It recommends that
it keep as closely as possible to that form of service, although there
is nothing in the report which would preclude the college from
studying rural problems in all their bearings.

The efforts of the college to coordinate its work with that of the
State board of agriculture and other organizations interested in
agricultural advancement and supported by the State are com-
mended. As a further step in this direction the establishment by
the legislature of a board for agricultural coordination is advocited.
The duty of this board would be " to correlate the agricuitui-al
agencies of the Commonwealth, to supervise their respective publi-

306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

cations, to prevent overlapping, and to secure the greatest efficiency
and economy in their work."

The first need of the college is set forth as permanent and adequate
financial support. " All of the other problems with which it is con-
fronted can only be solved satisfactorily if requisite means are pro-
vided to meet the expense which their solution involves. Inadequate
support means poor teachers, poor buildings, poor equipment, a sec-
ond or third rate institution." The public is frankly advised that the
college " will probably prove one of the most expensive institutions
which the State maintains if it is to repay the State for its invest-
ment, and will grow more expensive the better instrugtion it gives."

Special consideration was given to a study of the best method of
supporting the college. Of the four plans examined, that of millage
appropriations, based on a fractional amount of the State's valua-
tion, is deemed most advantageous to the institution, since in general
it affords assurance of a certain relatively fixed income increasing
with the advancing valuation of the State and with the developing
needs of the college. The method chiefly followed in the past of
annual appropriations based on estimates made directly to the legis-
lature is characterized as unsatisfactory to both the college and the
legislature, since it prevents the trustees from knowing sufficiently in
advance what means they will have for the development of their
plans, and has also apparently proved wasteful of the time of the
college authorities and of the legislators.

A modification of this plan, which makes continuing specific ap-
propriations to cover a definite period of years or until revoked, is
deemed objectionable from the legislature's viewpoint because of
its implication of a binding agreement upon subsequent legislators.
If the appropriations are made for a fixed period, there is also " al-
most certain to be at the end of the period the kind of discussion of
the college and its conduct that is not beneficial to it." The final
plan studied, that of a general advance budget for all State institu-
tions, " if carefully worked out and justly administered," is believed
to be of great merit and applicable to the college.

The imperative need of several important buildings, additional
improved live stock and other equipment, and more land is dis-
cussed in detail. An adequate and fireproof library building, to cost
about $250,000, and a commodious chemical laboratory, " furnished
with the best facilities for chemical instruction and research," are
deemed particularly necessary. A suitable gymnasium and armory,
a dormitory system commensurate with the growth of the college, in-
cluding provision for the increasing number of women students, and
a greatly enlarged central heating plant are also recommended. The
need of planning ahead on such matters is set forth, and the policy

1918] EDITORIAL. 307

is favored of increasing the poAver of the trustees in such matters as
the purchase of hmd and erection of buildings, subject to the ap-
proval of the governor and council, rather than requiring specific
authorization by the legislature.

No change is suggested in the present methods of appointment of
trustees and members of the faculty. It is thought desirable,
hoAvever, that an age limit of 68 years be established for all
teachers or scientific workers on the staff. Legislation providing a
system of retiring allowances for such employees who have been in
the service of the college at least 15 years is recommended, to
be administered either by the trustees or the State Teachers' Ketire-
ment Board.

The question as to wdiether the college is or is not a State institu-
tion is taken up. It is stated that practically there can be no question
in the matter, but since the trustees form a corporation some tech-
nical legal questions have been raised, and legislative action is recom-
mended to settle the matter.

In conclusion the commission considers the relation of the college
to the development of the agricultural resources of the State. It is
brought out that because of various economic changes the acreage of
improved land decreased nearly one-half from 1880 to 1910 and there
was also a heavy decline in the number of milch cattle. During the
same period, however, the yield and value of cultivated land and the
productivity of the cows have increased materially.

The college is credited with valuable service in this direction, par-
ticularly by teaching farmers how to readjust themselves to the altered
conditions. It "has done much and i^ can do more to develop the
agricultural resources of the State, in directing farmers into new
lines of agriculture such as market gardening, fruit growing, green-
house products, and by showing them how, by teaching new methods
of fertilization and cultivation, the productivity of their farms can
be largely increased. Farming in these days and in this region can
not be carried on profitably by old-fashioned methods. It must have
the benefit of that advanced scientific and technical agriculture which
the Massachusetts College was established to give."

The report of the Massachusetts commission thus contains much
that is already familiar to agricultural educators, but not always
understood and appreciated by the general public. It is a valuable
restatement of some of the fundamental relationships of the agricul-
tural college and the State, embodying as it does the conclusions of a
commission broadly constituted and with sufficient time at its dis-
posal for mature study. While not all of its findings are of general
application or would meet with universal acceptance, the report as
45967°— 18 2

308 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

a whole should prove most helpful, both in clarifying the situation in
Massachusetts and also as a careful, conservative, but withal a con-
structive conception of the present status and value of the agricul-
tural college in the American educational system.

It establishes clearly the idea of a strong institution of high grade,
supported liberally and consistently by the State, to work for the en-
lightenment and advancement of agriculture through instruction of
college grade, through research and experiment of fundamental char-
acter, and through extension teaching.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY— AGEOTECHIOr.

An introduction to theoretical and applied colloid chemistry, W. Ostwald,
trans, by M. H. Fischeb {New York: John Wiley cG Sons, Inc., 1911, pp. XY-\-
2S2, figs. 46). — This is an authorized English translation of the work previously
noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 8).

The action of aluminum chlorid on cymene, A. W. Schorgeb (Jour. Amer.
Chem. Soc, 39 (1917), No. 12, pp. 2671-2679).

Tannin content of Pacific coast trees, H. K. Benson and P. M. Jones (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 12, pp. 1096-1098) .—Analytical data on
western larch (Larix occidentalis), yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), western
hemlock (Tsuga lieterophylla), dogwood (Cornus nuttalUi), cottonwood (Popu-
lus triehocarpa) , and alder (Alnus orcgona) are submitted in tabular form.

An analysis was also made of a sample of Douglas fir which had been kept
in a loosely stoppered jar for one year. The tannin content had been increased
by 1.6 per cent. The total solids also increased, but a decrease in the nontan-
nin material was noted.

From the data the authors conclude that Douglas fir slab wood selected for
tannin extraction can be advantageously seasoned for one year. Western hem-
lock bark, western larch, and western pine seem also to yield extracts satis-
factory both in quantity and quality. The dogwood appears to be suitable for
use in extract manufacture, but only as a dye.

The indigenous tans and vegetable dyestuffs of New Zealand, B. C. Aston
(Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 15 (1917), Nos. 2, pp. 55-62; 3, pp. 117-128).— This is
a general review and discussion of the subject, with references to the literature
cited.

Comparative tests of chemical g'lassware, P. H. Walker and F. W. Smithes
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 12, pp. 1090-1092, figs. 4).— Data
obtained in tests made at the Bureau of Standards of the U. S. Department
of Commerce on Kavalier, Jena, and five American-made wares, which in-
cluded chemical analysis, determination of coefficient of expansion, refractive
index, condition of strain, and resistance to repeated evaporation, to heat, to
mechanical shock, and to chemical reagents, are submitted in tabular and
graphical form.

The results in general indicate that all the American-made wares tested are
superior to Kavalier and equal or superior to Jena ware for general chemical
laboratory use.

An eificient apparatus for frictional distillation under diminished pressure,
W. A. NoYES and G. S. Skinner (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 (1917), No. 12, pp.
2718-2720, fig. 1). — An apparatus which is considered to be highly efficient is
described by a diagram. The apparatus consists essentially of a Claissen flask
to which are attached a separatory funnel and a fractionating column. The
advantages claimed for it are that it may be used advantageously with either
small or large fractions of material by regulating the flow of the entrant
fraction from the funnel, and that the successive fractions may be intro-
duced without losing the vacuum.

309

310 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The solubility of silica, V. Lenher and H. B. Merrill {Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc, 39 (1917), No. 12, pp. 2630-2638, figs. 2).— Data on the solubility of silica in
water and in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids are reported in tabular and
graphical form.

The solubility was found to be definite and to depend on the temperature and
concentration. With gelatinous silica, equilibrum was reached in a few hours
or, at most, in a few days. Equilibrium could not be obtained with ignited
silica in days or weeks. The solubility of the gelatinous silica was found to be
the same regardless of the method of preparing tlie gel. The true solubility of
ignited silica is deemed to be the same as that of gelatinous silica, but satura-
tion is not reached in any short period of time. The apparent .solubility is
somewhat less than that of gelatinous silica.

Study of the preparation of ammonium nitrate by double decomposition
between sodium nitrate and ammonium chlorid, E. Rengade (Rev. G&n. Sci.,
28 (1911), No. 17-18, pp. 489-503, figs. 4).— The author has studied the reaction

NaNOs+NHiOl^riNHiNOa+NaCl
and has determined the optimum conditions for obtaining the largest yield of
ammonium nitrate. The data are submitted in tabular and graphical form and
discussed.

The nitrogen distribution in protalbinic and lysalbinic acids, Cornelia
Kennedy and R. A. Gortner (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 39 (1911), No. 12, pp.
2134-2136). — The authors, at the Minnesota Experiment Station, prepared pro-
talbinic and lysalbinic acids by the action of alkali on egg albumin, and deter-
mined the nitrogen distribution in these substances, as well as in the original
egg albumin, by Van Slyke's method (E. S. R., 26, p. 22).

No marked differences were observed in the nitrogen distribution of these sub-
stances and the egg albumin. Both the acids showed a somewhat greater ap-
parent lysin content than the original egg albumin. This is considered due to
the presence of ornithin, derived from arginin by the action of the alkali.

It is noted that the results presented " furnish no evidence as to whether
or not the protalbinic and lysalbinic acids are true chemical compounds or as to
whether or not their chemical structure is more simple than is that of egg albu-
min. It is extremely improbable, however, that either preparation has as low
a molecular weight as 800. "

The effect of prolonged acid hydrolysis upon the nitrogen distribution of
fibrin, with especial reference to the ammonia fraction, R. A. Gortner and
G. E. Holm (Jour. Amer. CJiem. Soc., 39 (1911), No. 12, pp. 2136-2145, fig. 1).—
The authors, at the Minnesota Experiment Station, hydrolyzed fibrin with 20
per cent hydrochloric acid for various periods of time, ranging from one hour
to six weeks, and analyzed the resulting hydrolysates.

From the data obtained, it is concluded that the figures for ammonia nitrogen
in an acid hydrolysate are not necessarily a true measure of the amid nitrogen
in the protein molecule, but that they also include some ammonia derived from
the deamination of certain of the amino acids, the extent of the deamination
depending upon the length of hydrolysis. Monoamino acids are considered to
be much more easily deuminized than the histone bases. Cystin is not the only
amino acid which undergoes deamination when boiled with hydrochloric acid.

" The figures for arginin, histidin, and lysin in a Van Slyke analysis are not
appreciably altered by a hydrolysis extending over six weeks, pi'oviding that all
tryptophan has been so altered that it does not precipitate on the addition of
phosphotungstic acid. If it does precipitate it will be calculated as histidin. "

Increases in the insoluble humin nitrogen, due to prolonged hydrolysis, are
regarded as due to carbonization. It is noted, however, that there is no means
of proving or disproving this hypothesis at present.

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 311

The data are presented in tabular form and discussed.

Some nitrogenous auxoamylases, E. W. Rockwood {Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc,
39 (1911), No. 12, pp. 2745-2752).— From experimental data submitted, it is
concluded that both acyclic and cyclic compounds increase the power of the
salivary ferment to hydrolyze boiled starch. In the cyclic compounds the action
is the same whether the amino group is in the side chain or whether in the ben-
zene ring. The salts from which the amino acids are derived do not have this
action, thus indicating that the amino nitrogen is the activating agent. The
position of the amino group in the benzene ring does not appear to cause any
difference in activity. Acid amids, urea, etc., do not increase the hydrolytic
power of the amylase. The sulphonic acid radical, when introduced into an
amino compound instead of the carboxyl group, destroys the stimulating effect
of the amino group. Imids do not possess this stimulating power.

Proteins are considered to act as auxoamylases toward ptyalin because of
their nitrogen content, and as the number of free amino groups is increased by
hydrolysis the activity of the hydrolyzed substances is also increased.

" The amino acids appear to act as auxoamylases toward the pancreatic
enzym also. Hence the amino acids produced in the intestine by digestive pro-
teolysis will act as hormones in starch digestion, and this factor should be taken
into account in the study of normal digestion. "

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 37, p. 204).

Analytical control of the ammonia oxidation process, G. B. Taylor and J. D.
Davis {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 9 {1917), No. 12, pp. 1106-1110, figs. 2).—
In the course of some experiments on the oxidation of ammonia for the pro-
duction of nitric acid the authors have developed several analytical procedures
for determining the course of the reaction. These procedures are described and
discussed in detail.

A method for the determination of ammonia nitrogen with formaldehyde,
G. H. C. VAN Bers {CJiem. WeekU., U {1917), No. 42, pp. 968-975).— The fol-
lowing procedure for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in ammonium
sulphate is described :

Five gm. of the ammonium sulphate is dissolved in water and the solution
made up to 100 cc. and filtered. Ten cc. of the filtrate is transferred to a
small Erlenmeyer flask, and 1.2 cc. of a 35 per cent formaldehyde solution
(specific gravity 1.083 at 15° C.) and 10 cc. of ^(y -normal potassium hydroxid
added. The flask is well stoppered, and the contents thoroughly shaken and
allowed to stand overnight. Fifty cc. of boiled distilled water is added and
the excess alkali titrated with tenth-normal sulphuric acid, using phenol-
phthalein as indicator. The proper corrections should be made for the acid in
the solution and also in the formaldehyde. The percentage of nitrogen in the
material is calculated by subtracting the number of cubic centimeters of tenth-
normal acid, plus the acid found in the blanks, from the number of tenth-
normal cubic centimeters of alkali used, and multiplying the difference by
0.2802. If the quantity of nitrogen in the sample is less than 19 per cent
some slight modifications are necessary.

The procedure is considered to yield as accurate results and to be less time
consuming than the usual distillation procedure. The use of a burner is also
eliminated.

The use and value of various indicators in ammonia titrations are briefly
discussed.

The determination of potassium and sodium in the ash of vegetable sub-
stances, H. Pellet {Ann. Cliem. Analyt., 22 {1917), Nos. 7, pp. 146-152; 9, pp.
179-185). — To ash the material it is recommended to incinerate at a low heat

312 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

and extract the carbonized mass with water. The insoluble portion is then
ignited separately and the ash added to the solution, which Is evaporated and
the residue gently heated.

For tlie determination of potassium and sodium 5 gm. of the ash is repeatedly
extracted with boiling water and the extracts filtered into a 50t)-cc. flasli.
After thoroughly washing and cooling the solution to room temperature, it is
made up to volume. To 200 cc. of this solution 50 cc. of a saturated solution
of barium hydroxid is added in small amounts at a time with thorough
shaking. After allowing the precipitate to settle, phenolphthalein is added
and the solution treated with carbon dioxid until it is decolorized. Several
cubic centimeters of a saturated solution of ammonium carbonate are added,
the solution heated, filtered, the filtrate evaporated to dryness, and the residue
ignited. This residue is extracted with water, the solution filtered, and the
filtrates evaporated after the addition of hydrochloric acid. The residue of
chlorids thus obtained is ignited at a low temperature and weighed. Ammo-
nium carbonate solution may be used instead of the carbon dioxid for the
removal of the excess of barium hydroxid. The barium hydroxid removes the
carbonates, sulphates, and phosphates as insoluble barium salts and also the
magnesium and titaniiim.

The potassium in the mixed chlorids is determined by precipitation with
chloroplatinic acid. The filtrate and washings obtained by washing the
chloroplatinates with a mixture consisting of 500 cc. of SO per cent alcohol
and 80 cc. of ether are evaporated to remove the alcohol and ether and boiled
with an excess of ammonium formate. The reduced platinum is separated by
filtration, the filtrate evaporated to dryness, and the residue ignited to expel
ammonium salts. The ignited residue is treated with a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid, evaporated, and the sodium chlorid thus obtained weighed after
gentle ignition. The amount of potassium may be checked by reducing the
potassium chloroplatinate with sodium formate and weighing the platinum
black obtained.

The recovery of perchloric acid from residues obtained in the determina-
tion of potassium, A. VUktheim {Ckem. WeekbL, I4 {1911), No. ^3, pp. OSS-
OSS). — The author describes a procedure for the recovery of perchloric acid
from potassium perchlorate and from alcoholic filtrates containing the soluble
perchlorates of sodium, magnesium, and calcium. The latter are dried and the
residues used in the recovery. The procedure consists in treating the dry
material -with 97 per cent sulphuric acid and distilling at 170° C under a
reduced pressure of about 55 mm. The perchloric acid is collected in ice-cold
distilled water. Some chlorin and also sulphuric acid are carried over into
the distillate but are easily removed, the former by boiling the solution and
the latter by precipitation with barium chlorid. After the removal of these
substances the acid is made to the proper concentration required for analysis.

The procedure has been found to be economical, especially in view of the
present scarcity and high price of perchloric acid.

A rapid method for the determination of lime as calcium sulphate, L. G.
Willis and W. H. MacIntiee (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 0 (1011), No. 12,
pp. lllJf-1116) . — The following modified procedure is described by the authors,
at the Tennessee Experiment Station :

The calcium is carefully precipitated as oxalate, reprecipitated if necessary
where the magnesium content is appreciable, and the precipitate ignited in a
small platinum dish or platinum or porcelain crucible over a Bunsen flame or
in a muffle until the filter is completely incinerated. For each approximate
0.2 gm. of calcium carbonate enough of a 1 : 1 finely ground and dried mixture

1918] AGEICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. ' 313

of ammonium sulphate and ammonium cliloi'id to insure an excess of appi'oxi-
mately 0.3 gm. of sulptiate is added. The materials are thoroughly mixed in
the crucible by means of a small glass rod. The crucible is now inserted in a
circular opening cut in a piece of asbestos board placed horizontally, the upper
half of the crucible extending above the upper surface of the asbestos. A nearly
horizontal flame from a small Bunsen burner is directed across the surface
of the crucible in such a manner as to have the side of the crucible nearest
the flame intensely heated. The conducted heat will effect volatilization without
spattering.

The procedure has been thoroughly tested and found to be reliable and espe-
cially well adapted for determining large amounts of lime and also In sets
containing widely varying percentages.

A modified method for the determination of fluorin with special application
to the analysis of phosphates, C. R. Wagner and W. H. Ross (Jow. Indus,
mid Engin. Chcm., 9 {IQIT), No. 12, pp. 1116-1123, fig. i).— The authors have
studied the various methods which have been proposed for the determination
of fluorin in the presence of phosphorus, and have developed a procedure which
consists in volatilizing the fluorin as silicon fluorid, collecting the latter in
water to form hydrofluosilicic acid, and titrating the acid with standard sodium
hydroxid, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The apparatus necessary in the
procedure and its manipulation are described in detail. In samples previously
freed from water and organic matter (by burning) a complete analysis can
be effected in one hour. The method is indicated as being applicable to material
containing as low as 0.01 per cent fluorin.

The sulphur trioxid, sulphur dioxid, and other products evolved, which may
be present as hydrochloric and nitric acids, are removed by selective reagents
through absorption so that a hydrofluosilicic acid entirely free from other acid
constituents is obtained.

The mechanical analysis of soil, U. Pratolongo {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 50
{1917), No. 3-5, pp. 111-166, figs. ^).— The material reported is divided into three
parts, (1) the problem and methods of the mechanical analysis of soil, (2) a
new rapid method for the mechanical analysis of soil, and (3) experimental
researches on a method of mechanical analysis by sedimentation.

The apparatus and the manipulation of the new method are described in
detail and the experimental data reported in part S are discu.ssed..

A note on a modified method for determining carbonates in soil, H. A.
Tempany and R. E. Kelsick {West Indian Bui., 16 {1917), No. 3, pp. 259-261,
fig. 1). — A modification of the method previously described by Watts (E. S. R.,
14, p. 848), which consists essentially in the substitution of an ordinary water
filter pump for the mercury pump originally employed and in the use of an
ordinary suction flask in place of a special receiver for the absorption of cai-bon
dioxid by the barium hydroxid. is described. Comparative determinations with
the original method show the modified procedure tc yield accurate results and
to possess a number of advantages.

Examination of water, W. P. Mason {New York: John Wiley d Sons, Inc.,
1917, 5. ed., rev., pp. VI -{-186, pis. 2, figs. i9).— This is the fifth edition of the
well-known work previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 11).

A volumetric method for the determination of formic acid or formates in
the presence of hydroxids, carbonates, oxalates, and acetates, F. Tsieopinas
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chetn., 9 {1917), No. 12, pp. 1110, 1111, fig. 1).—K
method, which is based on the quantitative oxidation of formic acid to carbon
dioxid by chromic acid in boiling solution, and the necessary apparatus and its
manipulation are described in detail. The carbon dioxid evolved is measured

314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

iu a suitable burette, and after reduction of the volume obtained to standard
conditions the amount of formic acid is easily calculated.

In samples which contain carbonates, bicarbonates, oxalates, etc., these ma-
terials are removed by precipitation with a 10 per cent solution of calcium
chlorid and an aliquot of the filtrate oxidized as in the regular procedure.

Analytical data obtained in the analysis of pure solutions of sodium formate
and solutions with the addition of carbonate, bicarbonate, and oxalate indicate
that the method is accurate and reliable for technical determinations.

The determination of salicylic acid in foods, H. D. Steenbergen {Chem.
Weekbl., I4 (1917), No. 39, pp. 914-921).— A modified iodometric method is de-
scribed which consists of treating the extract containing salicylic acid with
a bromate-bromid solution and a ^-^ -normal bromin solution, setting the bro-
min free with hydrochloric acid (.specific gravity 1.13), and after 15 minutes
adding an excess of potassium iodid and titrating the iodin set free with
standard thiosulphate. The reactions taking place are indicated as follows :
CeHi (OH) COOH-F8Br=CeH2Br30Br+4HBr+C02
C6H2Br30Br+2KI=C6H2Br30K+KBr+2I

Comparative analytical data of the usual acidimetric and the modified iodo-
metric methods are submitted, together with data on the extraction of the,
salicylic acid from the original samples.

A new and simple procedure for determining the fineness of wheat flour,
F. Pereacini {Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital, 50 (1917), No. 3-5, pp. 250-252).— A pro-
cedure which consists of treating a 5-gm. sample of the flour with 1 per cent
copper sulphate solution and comparing the color which develops with a
standard sample, similarly treated, is briefly described.

Some new methods for determining the fineness of flour, G. Lo Priore (Stas!.
Sper. Agr. Ital., 50 (1917), No. 3-5, pp. 253-259).— The author discusses the
colorimetric method previously described, and also a method based on the
determination of the pentosans in the sample.

The conservation of tomatoes, P. Guarnieri (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 50
(1917), No. 3-5, pp. 245-249). — This article deals with the organoleptic, physi-
cal, and chemical examination of tomatoes and the consideration of the ana-
lytical results obtained.

A note on the determination of the nonfatty solids in milk from the
specific gravity at tropical temperatures, H. A. Tempany (West Indian Bui.,
16 (1917), No. 3, pp. 262-264).— A table showing the percentage of nonfatty
solids in milk corresponding to lactometer readings at 30° C. (88° F.) has
been constructed and is submitted, together with some analytical data which
indicate the accuracy attained in the use of the table. The table was con-
structed to obviate the usual procedure of cooling the sample to temperatures
required for the usual conversion tables.

A study of the estimation of fat in condensed milk and milk powders,
C. H. Biesterfeld and O. L. Evenson (Jour. Indus, and Enyin. Chem., 9 (1917),
No. 12, pp. IIII-III4, fig. 1). — The authors have studied the usual errors in-
herent in the Rose-Gottlieb method and have compared it with a modified
method in which a small amount of acetic acid, as an aid in separating the fat
from the casein, mixtures of petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol
(which are recoverable for repeated use), and a modified Rohrig tube (E. S.
R., 16, p. 1050) are used. The two mixtures used in the modified method con-
sist of (1) 400 cc. of petroleum ether, 200 cc. of ethyl ether, and 20 cc. of 95
per cent ethyl alcohol, (2) 350 cc. of petroleum ether, 280 cc. of ethyl ether, and
63 cc. of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol. The modified procedure is as follows :

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 315

In a modiried tube from 4 to 4.5 gm. of evaporated milk or from 7 to 7.5 gm.
of a 40 per cent emulsion of sweetened condensed milli are diluted to a volume
of 9 cc. with water and, after mixing with 1.5 cc. of concentrated ammonium
hydroxid, 15 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol is added and the whole mixed again.
The mixture is then shaken vigorously for 2 minutes with 50 cc. of mixture 1.
After standing for 10 minutes the fats are filtered through a 4-cm. Dreverhoff
No. 86 fat-free filter paper into a 100-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, previously dried
and weighed. The tip of the spigot of the modified tube and the paper are
washed with a few cubic centimeters of mixture 1, and the funnel with the
paper set aside for future use. The ethers are distilled on a hot plate, using
cork stoppers covered with tin foil for connecting with the condensers, until ap-
proximately 4 cc. remains. The recovered ethers are returned to bottle 1 and
the liquid in the tube mixed with 3 cc. of glacial acetic acid. The tube, im-
mersed in water at 60-65° C. by a wire so that the tip of the spigot is just
above the water, is heated to 80° in about 10 minutes. The tube is removed,
cooled in running water, and shaken vigorously for about 2 minutes with 50 cc.
of mixture 2. After standing a few minutes the ethers are filtered through the
reserved filter paper into an unweighed 100-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, distilled, and
returned to bottle 2.

This extraction is repeated with 50 cc. of mixture 2, and the ethers filtered
into the same unweighed flask. The tip of the spigot and filter paper are
washed with mixture 2 and the ethers distilled as before. The flask is freed
from the residual liquid and acetic acid vapors and dried completely by heat-
ing on a steam bath while applying suction. The fat is then dissolved with 25
cc. of petroleum ether, using small quantities at a time, and filtered through the
same filter as before into the weighed flask containing the first extract. The
petroleum ether is recovered, and the fat dried at 100° to constant weight and
weighed.

From some work on the Harding-Parkin method (E. S. R., 29, p. 507) it is con-
cluded that the higher results obtained with this method are due to the use of
rubber stoppers in contact with the solvents.

Analytical data obtained in the study show that the error of the Rose-
Gottlieb method as applied to condensed milk is small, the average being about
0.04 per cent. The method may also give low results when applied to milk
powder or cream. This error may be corrected by an extraction in the pres-
ence of acetic acid. The method described is considered to extract free fatty
acids and more completely separate the fat from the protein, recovering a
trace of fat not obtained by alkaline extraction. The economy in the use of
solvents is also noted.

Outline for the analysis of sugar products, H. Lajoux and L. Ronnet {Jour.
Phartn. et Chim., 7. ser., 16 {1911), No. 7, pp. 199-204). — The authors submit an
outline for the examination of sirups, confections, honeys, etc., in tabular form
which is deemed especially useful for routine examinations. Brief notes on
the details of the various procedures are also given.

A method for the determination of alcohol, C. J. Haines and J. W. Maeden
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 {1917), No. 12, pp. 1126, 1127).— The follow-
ing modified method is described :

Ten cc. of the alcoholic solution at 15.6° C. is measured into graduated tubes
of 15 cc. capacity and potassium fluorid added until the volume reads 13 cc. A
small crystal of malachite green is dropped in, which serves to color the alcohol
layer so that the volume can be easily read. Other substances could be used,
bat the malachite green has been found to be very satisfactory. The tube is
then closed with a tight-fitting stopper and shaken vigorously for about 2
minutes. If the potassium fluorid is dry, the solution warms up but when

316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

placed in the centi'ifuge for 2 or 3 minutes cools to room temperature. The
alcohol separates in the upper layer, while the excess of solid salt settles to the
bottom of the tube. From the volume of alcohol observed and the volume of
alcoholic liquid used for the determination, the percentage of alcohol by volume
is readily found. Since 1 cc. of alcohol changes about 0.001 cc. per degree
Centigrade at room temperature, the volume can be corrected to 15.6° if
desired. AVhen the readings are made from the bottom of the meniscus it is
necessary to add 0.15 cc. to observed readings to allow for the small amount of
alcohol not precipitated by the potassium fluorid and the amount of alcohol
adhering to the sides of the tube.

Analytical data obtained on solutions of known alcohol content and on a
number of commercial materials indicate the accuracy of the method. The
procedure is not applicable to solutions containing less than 1 or 2 per cent of
alcohol or to solutions in which other liquids, such as acetone, essential oils, etc.,
are present.

On the detection of methyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages and its forma-
tion by the several kinds of yeasts, T. Takahashi, M. Gunke, and T. Yama-
zAKi (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 (1917), No. 12, pp. 2723-2726) .—In the ex-
amination of the distillates of a number of alcoholic beverages, formaldehyde
could not be found directly when the material was distilled below 80° C. After
the oxidation, however, differences as to the quantities of methyl alcohol were
observed according to the kinds of material examined. The smallest quantity
was fouBd in the case of " sakg." In the case of a doubtful test, a large sample
is recommended, followed by the redistillation of the distillate. All the kinds
of yeasts tested (sak§, beer, wine, and distillery yeasts) formed methyl alcohol
in sugar solutions, the quantity increasing with the addition of glycocoU as a
nourishment.

A colorimetric method for the estimation of the cresol or phenol preserva-
tive in serums, E. Elvo\te (Pub. Health Serv. U. S., Hijg. Lab. Bui. 110 {1917),
pp. 25-33). — After some preliminary work the following procedure was devised:

Five-tenths cc. of the sample is measured out with a finely graduated and
accurately standardized 1-ce. pipette, transferred to a 1,000-cc. Erlenmeyer
flask, diluted with distilled water to about 275 cc, and then mixed with 25 cc.
of diluted sulphuric acid (1 part H2SO4, specific gi-avity 1.84, with an equal
volume of distilled water). The flask is connected with a suitable glass con-
denser and the contents distilled until 200 cc. of the distillate is collected in a
200-cc. measuring flask. The distillate is filtered through a dry folded filter into
a glass-stoppered bottle and then thoroughly mixed. To 5 cc. of the freshly pre-
pared Millon reagent, in a narrow 50-cc. Nessler tube, 10 cc. of the distillate is
added and the whole thoroughly mixed with a bulbed glass rod. Four standards
of tricresol solution are simultaneously mixed in a similar manner. The color
which develops in the sample after standing for 10 minutes is compared with
that developed by the standards.

Varying results were observed in using Millon's reagent prepared according
to the directions given by various authors. The Millon reagent used in the work
reported is prepared by treating 68 gm. of mercury in a 250-cc. beaker with
50 cc. concentrated nitric acid (specific gravity 1.405 at 25° C). To the result-
ing solution 92 cc. distilled water is added and then 2.76 ce. concentrated nitric
acid. The mixture is thoroughly shaken until the precipitate which often forms
is completely redissolved.

Commercial evaporation and drying' of fruits, J. H. Beattie and H. P.
GoTJLD (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 903 (1917), pp. 61, fig. 23).— This pub-
lication discusses in general the principles and methods of drying, buildings and

19181 METEOROLOGY. 317

equipment for drying, evaporation of various fruits by artifical heat, equipment
and details of sun drying, details as to the preparation of evaporated and dried ■
fruits for market, insects injurious to dried fruits, and laws relating to evapo-
rated and dried fruits.

Homemade fruit butters, C. P. Close (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 900
{1911). pp. 7). — This briefly discusses and gives directions for preparing a few
of the more common home products.

Contribution to the study of the viscous fermentation of beet juice, H.
Delaval {Ann. Sci. Agron., 4. ser., 5 {1916), No. 7-9, pp. 323-336) .—The author
has studied the morphology, optimum conditions for growth, character of cul-
tures, metabolic products, effect of various influences on growth, and effect of
antiseptics on various microorganisms which are held responsible for viscous
fermentation. The condition is indicated as being rather difficult to control, and
the necessity of the complete sterilization of the utensils used in the fermenta-
tion is emphasized.

Contribution to the study of alcoliolic fennentation, E. Kaysee {Ann. Sci.
Agron., 4. ser., 5 {1916), No. 1-9, pp. 297-3^2).— Experimental data obtained in
a study of the production of alcohol from various raw materials are submitted
and discussed.

Field tests made on oil treatment of wood ag-ainst m.arine borers, C. H.
Teesdale and L. F. Shackell {Engin. News-Rec, 79 {1917), No. 18, pp. 833-837,
figs. 6). — This is an experimental study of the value of various preservatives
and methods of treatment. The results in general show that a proper creosote
oil for marine work should contain a large proportion of constituents boiling
above 320° C, as well as considerable amounts of high boiling tar acids and
bases.

METEOROLOGY.

Agricultural meteorology, J. W. Smith (Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong.,
1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 75-92, figs. 5). — This article discusses what has been done
and what it is considered possible to do in the way of coordinating mete-
orological observations with agricultural production, outlining especially the
general program of the section of agricultural meteorology of the Weather
Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Some of the possibili-
ties of this line of investigation are illustrated by results of studies made by
the author on the correlation between temperature and rainfall and yield of
corn and winter wheat and on the critical period for potatoes.

The economic aspect of climatology, E. L. Wells {Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci.
Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 2^0-2^9). — This article briefly discusses some of the
economic relations of climatology to agriculture, engineering, transportation,
commerce, manufacturing, health and efiiciency, recreation, and the like. A
short bibliography of the subject is added.

Forecasts of weather favorable to an increase of forest fires, E. A. Beals
{Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 257-270, figs. 8).— This
article discusses the damage caused by forest fires in the United States, de-
scribes the weather conditions most favorable for such fires, and makes a plea
for more extended study of such conditions with a view to improving the fore-
casts of wind as well as of other elements that cause an increase in the number
of forest fires.

The meteorological influences of lakes, E. R. Miller {Proc. 2. Pan Amer.
Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 189-198, figs. 9).—" The object of this paper is to
call attention to the relatively important effects of the land and sea breezes

318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

and of the monsoons of the Great Lakes of North America, notwithstanding the
interference that their typical development suffers from the procession of cy-
clonic and anticyclonic eddies of the west wind belt."

It is shown in the paper " that lakes exercise an important influence upon
the climate of their adjacent lands, even in the belt of westerly winds, where
their influence is often obscured by eddy motions on a larger scale. Their
influence is not restricted to the simple transfer of moist, cool lake air to
the adjacent shores on hot summer days, or to the tempering of passing cold
waves, but their influence extends, on account of the special phenomena of
ascending and descending air currents, to regions far from the lake shores,
where they cause heavier rainfall in the warmer months and clear, frosty
nights whenever the land surface temperature is lower than that of the lake
surface."

Climatolog'ical data for the United States by sections (U. S. Dept. Ayr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 4 (1911), Nos. 7, pp. [215'\, pis. S, figs. 3; 8, pp.
[215], pis. 3, figs. S). — These numbers contain brief summaries and detailed
tabular statements of climatological data for each State for July and August,
1917.

Meteorological records, E. Bueke {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 185-190). —
Tabular monthly and annual summaries are given of observations at Bozemart,
Mont., during 1916 on temperature, rainfall, cloudiness, and direction of the
wind. Data are also given for monthly mean dewpoint, humidity, and vapor
pressure from 1902 to 1916, and for daily evaporation and wind movement for
June to October, 1916, inclusive. The highest temperature observed during the
year was 90° F. July 7, lowest —33° January 27, mean 38.2°, last killing frost
in spring June 12, first killing frost in fall September 14, total rainfall
21.19 in., greatest monthly precipitation 2.99 in. (May), rainy days (0.01 in. or
more) 117, and clear days 155.

Report of the consulting' meteorologist, J. F. Vookhees {Temicssee Sta. Rpt.

1913, pp. 161-163, figs. 5).— Charts show the rainfall of Tennessee in 1913 as
compared with the normal, also the distribution of the rainfall in different
parts of the State. It is stated that " the total rainfall for Tennessee in
1913 was only 1 in. below the yearly normal, but the distribution was such that
its efficeincy was far below the average. . . . The greater portion of the
State had a wet winter and an early spring, followed by the driest growing
season on record." The record emphasizes " the need for deep tillage, humus,
and a cover crop for catching, conserving, and using the rainfall."

Report of the consulting meteorologist, J. F. Vookhees {Tennessee Sta. Rpt.

1914, pp. 285, 286, figs. 5). — Attention is called especially to the deficiency of
rainfall throughout Tennessee in 1914, which did serious damage to spring-
sown grains, early corn, early potatoes, and other early crops, and emphasizes
the advantage of sowing cereals in the fall as well as the need for tillage
methods that promote the storage of the surplus rainfall of wet months for
use during succeeding dry periods. The results secured in a continuation of a
study of the relation of weather conditions to the growth of soy beans and
corn carried on at 15 widely separated stations in the State are referred to as
indicating " that there is a marked shortening of the period of growth with
Increase of temperature; that variation in rainfall has little or no effect on
the length of time required for these crops to mature; and that there is some
other very important factor whose influence increases as the season advances.
This influence increases more uniformly and to a later date than air tempera-
ture. It is thought that soil temperature may be this other factor."

1818] SOILS— FERTILIZERS. 319

Report of the consulting meteorologist, J. F. Voorhees {Tennessee Sta.
Rpt. 1915, pp. 130-132, figs. 2). — Charts showing the distribution of rainfall in
^Sfferent parts of Tennessee during 1915 are given and discussed.

The relation of July rainfall to the yield of corn in the State, for a period
of 22 years, is also shown in a chart. " In addition to the marked relation
shown by the chart there is another feature worthy of a little study. Dividing
the record into two periods of 11 years each, it is found that the average rain-
fall for the first periad was 4.63 in. and the average yield of corn w^as 22 bu.
per acre. The average rainfall for the second period of 11 years was 4.78 in.
and the average corn yield was 25.1 bn. per acre. The increase in yield, then,
is 3.1 bu. with an increase in rainfall of 0.15 in. By the use of a correlation table
it can be easily shown that an increase of 0.15 in. in rainfall could not be ex-
pected to increase the yield more than 0.1 bu. per acre. The rest of the in-
crease, 3 bu. per acre, is therefore probably due to better farming methods."

The weather and climate of Salt Lake City, Utah, A. H. Thiessen {Proc.
2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 205-225, flgs. 17). — This paper shows
not merely the averages but the extremes and variations from the normal of
the principal meteorological elements as recorded at Salt Lake City since 1875.
The data show an equable climate which is ascribed to the fact that very few
storms pass directly over the city and that the city is in a sheltered position
in the mountains.

The climate of Cuba, M. Gutierrez-Lanza (Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sei. Cong.,
1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 132-172, flgs. 11). — The available climatic data for Cuba are
quite fully reviewed in this article (In the Spanish language).

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soil moisture studies under dry farming, F. S. Harris and J. W. Jones
{LHah Sta. Bill. 158 (1917), pp. 51, figs. 33).— This bulletin reports the results
of experimental work conducted in cooperation with the U. S. Department
of Agriculture at the Nephi substation, involving rather extensive soil
moisture studies on a deep alluvial reddish-brown clayey to sandy loam, for
the period of 1908 to 1916, inclusive. Meteorological data, presented in tables,
show the average precipitation for the period 1898 to 1916, inclusive, to have
been 13.48 in., about 85 per cent of which fell during the nongrowing season
between October and May. The average evaporation from a free-water surface
during April to October, inclusive, for the period of 1908 to 1916, amounted to
47.6 in. The average wind velocity for the summer months approximated 4.5
miles per hour, while the temperature seldom reached 100° F. The plats were
sampled in 1-ft. sections to a depth of 6 ft., with a soil tube in the spring,
summer, and fall, with the exception of one series of plats sampled to a depth
of 10 ft.

The experimental w^ork herein reported embraced a comparison of numerous
field practices deemed especially valuable in the accumulation and utilization
of soil moisture under conditions prevailing at the substation, and is described
under the general headings of stubble treatment, plowing, cultivation of fallow,
mulches, crops, manure, and storage and use of water by winter wheat in 1915
and 1916.

The results are discussed in considerable detail, illustrated by diagrams and
summarized as follows:

" Disking stubble before fall plowing or after harvest before spring plowing
was not beneficial in moisture storage. Burning stubble before fall plowing
slightly increased the moisture content of fallow.

820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

" More moisture was held in the upper 6 ft. of spring-plowed than of fall-
plowed fallow. In years of high precipitation, moisture was stored to a depth
of 7 ft. in summer fallow, while in dry years it accumulated only to a depth
of 3 or 4 ft. Plowing both in the fall and in the spring did not store more
moisture than either spring or fall plowing alone. Practically the same amount
of moisture was found in land plowed shallow, deep, and subsoiled.

" Cultivation of fall-plowed fallow by eradicating weeds and volunteer grain
conserved a great deal of moisture, but the cultivation of spring-plowed fallow
was of doubtful value.

" Mulched fallow retained only slightly more moisture than fallow on which
the weeds were killed with a sharp hoe but not mulched ; hence, destroying
weeds is more important than maintaining a mulch in conserving moisture
in fallow land. Straw mulches were more efficient in preventing evaporation
than soil mulches. Deep mulching was more effective in retaining moisture in
spring-plowed fallow than in fall-plowed fallow. Fallow soil lost from 0.5
to 2 per cent in addition to the rainfall between spring and fall of the fallow
summer.

" Continuously cropping to winter wheat did not deplete the moisture supply
to a depth of 10 ft. more thoroughly than alternate cropping. Although the
intertilled crops — corn, peas, and potatoes — used moisture to a^ depth of 5 ft.',
they did not dry the soil so thoroughly nor so deeply as did winter wheat.

" Manure, especially when as much as 20 tons to the acre was added, increased
the water-holding capacity of cropped soil and slightly increased that of the
second foot in fallow.

" Winter wheat used moisture to a depth of 6 ft. Stubble and fall-plowed
soils gained considerable moisture to a depth of 6 ft. between the fall of 1915
and, spring of 191G. Moisture penetrated deeper and more quickly in moist
than in dry soil. Summer tillage aided materially in conserving soil moisture.

" At Nephi about 18 in. of water can be stored in the upper 6 ft. of soil.
Indications are that crops extend their roots into the lower soil layers for
water, but that little moisture is raised from great depths by capillarity in
this soil. It required from 0.5 to 1 in. of rain in the fall to connect the dry
surface soil on fallow with the moist soil below.

" The minimum point to wliich winter wheat used water from the soil was
about 10 per cent. Hence, water above 10 per cent is available for this crop.

" From 54 to 65 per cent of the precipitation falling between September 20
one year and the following September was found in the upper 6 ft. of soil.
Fallow land at Nephi averaged 17.5 per cent water in the upper 6 ft. of soil
in the fall. At seeding time about 6.4 in. of this moisture was available for
plants. During the winter after the fallow there is usually about 4 per cent,
or 3.5 in., of available moisture stored. Probably never more than 10 in. of
water in the upper 6 ft. of this soil is available for plant use. Even in the
best years following a fallow considerably less than one year's precipitation
was available for crops in the first 6 ft. of the soil."

Soil moisture studies under irrigation, F. S. Harris and A. F. Bracken
(Utah Sta. Bui. 159 {1911), pp. 26, figs. 19).— This bulletin reports the results
of several thousand moisture determinations of cropped and uncropped field
soils during a number of years under irrigation, in a study of some of the prob-
lems of soil moisture movement and distribution under field conditions, includ-
ing experiments with potatoes and beets under irrigation, observations of mois-
ture conditions in furrow irrigation and after flooding, the effect of mulches in
conserving moisture, a comparison of cropped and fallow soils, and the effect
of manure. The work was conducted on a deep, rich clay loam, dark in color

1918] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 321

and uniform in texture to a depth of at least 10 ft. and containing approxi-
mately 40 per cent calcium and magnesium carbonates. Various amounts of
irrigation water were used, and 1-ft. sections of soil taken to a depth of 10 ft.
were collected at different intervals of time before and after the irrigation
treatments. The results are discussed in some detail and pictured diagrammati-
cally, and may be briefly summarized as follows :

A marked similarity was apparent in the content and distribution of moisture
in soils producing potatoes and sugar beets. The efficiency of the water de-
creased with the amount applied, 1-in. weekly applications showing a greater in-
crease in moisture to a depth of 10 ft. in proportion to the amount applied than
either 2.5, 5, or 7.5 in. weekly and also gave a higher crop yield.

The initial percentage of moisture in the soil influenced the distribution of the
irrigation water applied. Furrow irrigation was found to be more effective in
conserving moisture than flooding. The lateral movement of soil moisture after
irrigation was slow, particularly in the upper feet

A straw mulch proved to be more effective in moisture conservation than an
earth mulch, and the latter more effective than no mulch with the weeds pulled,
although after the eighth day the differences were so small that the advisability
of mulching hinged on the question of labor. When no irrigation water was ap-
plied the soil retained as much moisture where the weeds were pulled as where
the soil was cultivated.

The crop was able to reduce the soil moisture to a depth of 10 ft., the differ-
ence in the moisture content of cropped and uncropped soil decreasing with an
increase in the amount of irrigation.

Manure had very little effect upon the distribution of moisture in the soil.

It is concluded that the application of more irrigation water than is actually
required to satisfy the needs of the crop is a wasteful practice.

The rate of water movement in aerated soils, H. E. Pulling {Soil Sci., 4
{1911), No. S, pp. 239-268, fiffs. 13). — Osmometer experiments conducted at the
University of Wisconsin on nontoxic, nonsaline black sandy loam garden soil and
sandy soil are reported and discussed. A form of osmometer specially adapted
to the study of mass or molar movement of the soil water is described and its
methods of use are explained in detail, as are the reducing and plotting in form
of graphs of the data obtained.

A list of 22 references to literature on the subject is given.

The shrinkag'e of soils, H. A. TsifPANY {Jour. Agr. Soi. [England], 8 {1917),
No. 3, pp. 312-330, figs. 4)-— Experiments are reported in which by determina-
tion of the internal pore space in blocks of soils and comparison with the ob-
served value for the linear shrinkage it was found that a linear relationship
appeared to exist between the two values. This relation is expressed by the
equation

C=(3a-jj2-f^j,

in which 0=the percentage of cubical contraction and a the percentage of linear
contraction.

By extrapolating the curve thus obtained an approximation for the limiting
value of the shrinkage in the case of pure colloidal clay was arrived at amount-
ing to approximately 23 per cent. On this assumption it was possible to calcu-
late the approximate content of colloidal material in any soil from a knowledge
of the linear shrinkage. Results are adduced showing the values obtained for
the shrinkage in the case of separated fine silt and clay fractions in the case
of two soils of known shrinkage and physical composition and compared with
the values calculated from previous assumptions. The results of the calcula-

322 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

tion of the content of colloidal clay In the foregoing manner in the case of 16
Leeward Islands soils are appended.

The proof of microbial agency in the chemical transformation of soil, H. J.
Conn {Science, n. ser., 46 {1917), No. 1185, pp. 252-255) .—The author is of the
opinion that " to show conclusively the agency of any microorganism in any
chemical transformation occurring in soil, the following steps are necessary :
(1) The organism must he shown to be present in active form when the chem-
ical transformation under investigation is taking place, (2) it must be shown
to occur in larger numbers under such conditions than in the same soil in which
the chemical change is not occurring, (3) it must be isolated from the soil and
studied in pure culture, and (4) the same chemical change must be produced
by the organism in experimentally inoculated soil, making the test, if possible,
in unsterilized soil."

[Soil bacteriology], C. M. Hutchinson {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Sci. Advice India,
1915-16, pp. 114-116). — In studies of soil toxins and nitrification "a series of
field experimental plats under wheat demonstrated the production of infertility
in soil containing nitrogenous organic matter (oil cake) as a consequence of
semianaerobic conditions artificially induced by water-logging. This infertility
did not occur to the same extent when ammonium sulphate was substituted fpr
cake, nor did the effect of the water-logging become apparent until the roots
of the plants had gone down some inches, to that level in the soil which oxida-
tion consequent on the cultivation had failed to reach. Parallel plats with bar-
ley illustrated this effect more markedly than those with wheat. . . . Labo-
ratory work on nitrification and on the growth of seedlings in water and soil
cultures demonstrated the possibility of separating substances from certain
bacterial cultures, from decomposing organic matter, and from anaerobically
incubated soil whose toxicity to nitrifiers. and in greater concentration to seed-
ling plants, was demonstrable under these conditions.

" Observations were made as to the interference with the growth of seedlings
resulting from the bacterial invasion of the unexhausted and still attached
seed and the consequent absorption by the plant of toxic bacterial by-products.
This invasion occurred most readily in water-logged soil and more especially
in the presence of the bacteria derived from anaerobically incubated soils of
high organic matter content. Copper sulphate was found to neutralize most
of the toxic bodies obtained in this way, and seeds treated with this salt were
found to be immunized to some extent, although not entirely or invariably,
against this action."

The influence of arsenic on the bacterial activities of a soil, J. E. Greaves
{Sci. Mo., 5 {1917), No. 3, pp. 204-209).— This is a review of work on the sub-
ject at the Utah Experiment Station, it being pointed out that arsenic by various
means stimulates the bacterial activities of soil, which results in greater crop
yields. " This increased growth must be looked upon as due to a stimulant
and not to the direct nutritive value of the substance added, and soils so
treated would wear out more quickly and produce larger crops than would
soils not so treated. It is . . . important to know that arsenic has to be
applied to a soil in enormous quantities before it retards microscopic plant life,
and most likely before it retards the growth of higher plants." " Other experi-
ments have demonstrated that the addition of arsenic to a soil causes the lib-
eration of the insoluble plant foods of the soil, especially the phosphorus.

The effects of alkali salts on nitrification, P. E. Brown and E. B. Hitchcock
{Soil Sci., 4 {1917), No. 3. pp. 207-229, figs, i^).— Experiments conducted at the
Iowa Experiment Station to determine the concentration at which various
alkali salts become toxic to nitrifying bacteria in alkali soil and in normal
soil are reported.

1918] SOILS FERTILIZEES. 323

It was found that " nitrification in normal soil is stimulated by small amounts
of sodium chlorid. sodium sulphate, and magnesium sulphate, and large amounts
of calcium carbonate. These salts become toxic, however, at certain points,
which uudoubtedty vary in different soils. With this soil in laboratory tests
the toxic point was 0.02 per cent sodium chlorid, 2 per cent sodium sulphate,
and between 1.5 to 6 per cent calcium carbonate. The toxic point for mag-
nesium sulphate was not determined. Nitrification in alkali soil was increased
by small amounts of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, and calcium car-
bonate. Calcium sulphate had no effect. These salts became toxic in this soil
at 0.3 per cent for both the sodium carbonate and bicarbonate and at 6 per cent
for the calcium carbonate. The addition of calcium sulphate with the sodium
carbonate and bicarbonate, in the proper amount to react with them, prevented
any toxic effect from the largest amount used.

" The tests in the greenhouse soils checked very closely with the laboratory
studies in the case of the alkali soils. In the normal soils the agreement was
likewise good, except in the case of sodium sulphate. That salt became toxic
according to these tests at a concentration of 0.5 per cent. This is a very
much lower toxic point than was noted above but nearer that found by otbers.
The effects on the crop grown in normal soil of the alkali salts, with the excep-
tion of the sodium sulphate, were very similar to the effects on nitrification in
both laboratory and greenhouse tests. Increases were secured with sodium
chlorid, magnesium sulphate, and calcium carbonate, but sodium sulphate
caused a depression in crop and in nitrification in the greenhouse soils. All
the salts together had no effect. In general, it seems that nitrification and
crops are very similarly affected by alkali salts.

" Crops refused to grow in the alkali soil, but the injurious factor was
evidently not an excess of sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, as additions of
these salts increased nitrification in the soil. The injurious factor was likewise
evidently not calcium carbonate, for that compound stimulated nitrification in
the alkali soil."

Reclaiming- niter soil in the Grand Valley; E. P. Sandsten {Colorado Sta.
Bui. 235 {1911), pp. 3-8, figs. 4).— Field tests of methods for the correction and
reclamation of abandoned niter land in the orchard areas of the Grand Valley
of Colorado led to the conclusion that flooding gave the quickest results,
especially on well-drained lands. While the corrugating system of irrigation
(letting water run for 36 hours in furrows made close together after seeding
the land) appeared adequate for soils in the first stages of niter poisoning, it
was found to be slower and in the long run more expensive than flooding on
land made unproductive by excessive niter. The results emphasize especially
the necessity for good drainage in reclaiming niter soils.

It was also found that cover crops alternating with clean culture tended
to check niter poisoning in bearing orchards.

Soil survey of Harnett County, N. C, R. C. Jubney and S. O. Pekkins {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 37, fig. 1, map 1). — This
survey, made in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Agricul-
ture, deals with the soils of an area of 880,800 acres in the east-central part
of North Carolina, lying mainly in the Coastal Plain but with part of the north-
western section of the county in the Piedmont. The topography of the county
varies from flat and gently undulating to rolling, hilly, and broken. The area
is well drained with the exception of the flatwoods section and some of the
first bottom lands.

The soils of the county are derived from unconsolidated sands and clays
of sedimentary origin in the Coastal Plain section and from igneous and
45967°— 18 3

324 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

metamorphic rocks, chiefly mica schist, gneiss, granite, and slate in the Pied-
mont Plateau section. Twenty-four soil types of 13 series are mapped in
addition to swamp, gravel hills, and rock outcrop. Norfolk sand and Norfolk
sandy loam predominate, occupying 26.2 and 19.4 per cent of the area of the
county, respectively.

Reconnoissance soil survey of south part of north-central Wisconsin, W. J.
Geib, a. E. Taylor, J. B. R. Dickey, C. Thompson, T. J. Dunnewald, and C. B.
Post ([/. S. Dept. Ayr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 65, pis. 4.
flos. 2, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Wisconsin,
deals with the soils of an area of approximately 2,985,600 acres in the south
part of north-central Wisconsin, comprising Taylor, Lincoln, Clark, and
Marathon Counties. A general report and map of this area has already been
noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 27).

The topography of the northern and eastern parts of the area ranges from
level to rough and broken, while over the remainder of the area the slopes are
long and gentle and there are few lakes and swamps. The .soils of the area
are of glacial origin, although the periods of glaciation whicli influenced the
regions were separated by long periods of time. Twenty-four soil types of
8 series are mapped in addition to areas of peat and rough, stony land, Spencer
silt loam and Gloucester silt loam occupying 44.8 and 14.3 per cent of the area,
respectively, predominating.

The composition of the soils of south-central Texas, G. .S. Fraps {Texas
Sta. Bui. 213 {1917), pp. 48). — This bulletin reports chemical analyses of
samples of soil from an area comprising 19 counties in south-central Texas,
previously described and mapped by the U. S. Department of Agriculture
(E. S, R., 34, p. 213). Analyses of the surface and subsoils of the various soil
types found in the area are tabulated in a comparison of the soils by counties.
An interpretation of the analyses with reference to plant food deficiencies is
given.

" Black alkali " in the San Luis Valley, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui.
231 {1917), pp. 3-15). — Reviewing certain factors thought to be largely
responsible for the almost complete loss of fertility of an area of from 400,000
to 500,000 acres in the San Luis Valley of Colorado, and based upon his own
observations, the author concludes that so-called black alkali, composed largely
of sodium carbonate, is the primary cause of the barren soils. The waters of
the valley, including the rivers and artesian wells, are carriers of the carbonate,
and the practice of subirrigatiou has brought the alkali to the surface by
capillarity and evaporation. The presence of white alkali, mostly sodium sul-
phate, even in large quantities, and of nitrates, although the latter are .some-
times present in sufficient quantities to inhibit growth, are deemed of second-
ary importance as compared with the black alkali. The maintenance of a
high-water plane (22 to 12 in. from the surface), due to subirrigatiou, as a
contributing factor to low production, is also thought to be relatively unim-
portant, since good crops are produced by subirrigation in other regions. By
actual analyses the soils of the valley were found to be fairly well supplied
with the more essential plant food elements.

It is suggested that the remedy lies in a conversion of the carbonates into
sulphates by the use of a sufficient amount of gypsum, for all practical purposes
about 9 lbs. of gypsum to 1 lb. of black alkali, and downward washing by means
of sui'face irrigation witli furrows or by flooding. While some drainage is
deemed necessary to i-eclaim parts of this area, it is still regarded as an open
question as to the benefits to be expected from large systems aiming to draiq
^he wjiolp gectiop.

1918] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 325

[Progress report of soil and fertilizer work in Rhode Island], B. L. Hart-
well {Bui. R. 1. State Col., 12 (1911), No. 4, pp. 18-23).— This briefly reviews
the progress during 1916 of investigations relating to vegetable matter for the
soil, the efficiency of manures, the neutralization of sour soils, and specific plant
differences and needs.

Food from the air, H. Leffmann {Trans. Wagixer Free Inst. Sci. PhUa., 8
{1917), pp. 1-14, fiffs- 4)- — This is a description of the processes of fixation of
atmospheric nitrogen by oxidation, by absorption, and as ammonia. A biblio-
graphy of recent literature on the subject is appended.

The fixation of nitrog'en in feces, E. H. Richards {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England},
8 (1917), No. 3, pp. 299-311, figs. 2 ) .—Experiments conducted at the Rothamsted
Experiment Station with horse and cow manure are reported.

It was found that " hor.se feces contain material capable of fixing nitrogen
when fermented aerobically in presence of sufficient moisture and calcium car-
bonate. This fixation is a function of the diet, for when horses are fed on
grass alone instead of corn and hay the amount of nitrogen fixed is much re-
duced. Under the most favorable conditions 1 gm. of dry matter in the feces
will fix 4 mg. of nitrogen. Bullock feces will also fix nitrogen but to a much
smaller extent than horse feces. This is also a function of the diet as it only
occurs when the animals are fed with cake. On grass alone no nitrogen is fixed.

" The organisms concerned in the fixation of nitrogen are present in garden
soil. Evidence is adduced to shov/ that fixation is brought about by a mixed
culture of Azotobacter and Bacillus lactis wrogenes. Of these the latter is
normally present in feces ; Azotobacter is not, but readily infects feces. Both
organisms are present in the soil used and will fix nitrogen in raw feces but
not in sterile feces."

The availability of phosphoric acid in rock phosphate, G. S. Feaps (Texas
Sta. Bui. 212 (1917), pp. 40). — The results of numerous pot experiments to de-
termine the percentage of added phosphoric acid recovered in the crops gi'own
upon a soil are reported in detail and previous investigations by the author on
the subject are reviewed (E. S. R., 23, p. 423; 34, p. 421.) Detailed data are
given for recovery of phosphoric acid by crops from acid phosphate and rock
phosphate and the effect of manure upon the recovery.

" The average recovery of phosphoric acid on 25 pot experiments for several
crops is 48.2±2.2 per cent. The average recovery in 22 experiments for the first
crop is 30.6, compared with 47.3 per cent for all the crops. The average quan-
tity of phosphoric acid removed from manure in 22 experiments is 39.2 per cent,
compared with 37.9 for acid phosphate in the same series. The manure has
probably made some phosphoric acid of the soil available. The average re-
covery from acid pho.sphate when used with manure is less than for the acid
phosphate used alone, perhaps due to the supply exceeding the needs of the
plants in some of the tests. The average recovery of phosphoric acid from rock
phosphate in 21 experiments is 9.1±1.1, compared with 43.9±2.3 for acid phos-
phate in the same experiment. Thus the phosphoric acid in rock phosphate had
about one-fifth the availability of that in acid phosphate in these tests, in which
several crops were grown.

" There are very decided variations in the value of rock phosphate in differ-
ent soils. If the first crops grown are considered, and no others, phosphoric
acid of acid phosphate has about six times the availability of that in rock phos-
phate. In 19 pot experiments the recovery of phosphoric acid from rock phos-
phate alone was 9.6±1.3 per cent, and for rock phosphate with manure it was
8,6±1.2 per cent after correction for the phosphoric acid removed fropa the ma-

326 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

iiure alone. The manure had no effect upon the assimilation of phosphoric acid
from rock phosphate in these experiments. "

Acid phosphate v. raw phosphate rock, C. E. Thorne (Mo. Bui. Ohio St a.,
2 {1911), No. 11, pp. S50-S56, figs. S).- Reviewing the results of fertilizer ex-
periments at Strongsville (E. S. R., 36, p. 820) during the past 13 years, in a
comparison of the effects of raw rock phosphate and acid phosphate used alone
and in combination with lime and other fertilizing materials upon the wheat
crop in a rotation of corn, oats, wheat, clover, and timothy, it was found that
the 5,000 lbs. of rock phosphate used during the 13 years returned more than
three times its cost in increased yields, and that the 960 lbs. of acid phosphate
used returned more than ten times its cost. It was concluded, therefore, that
" it is not a question whether rock phosphate may be used with profit, but
merely one of relative profit. "

Heactions of the phosphorus of the thickened root of the flat turnip, B. L.
PIaktwell, F. S. Hammett, and P. H. Wessels {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 11 {1911), No. 8, pp. 359-310) .—Previous investigations at the Rhode
Island Experiment Station (E. S. R., 29, p. 417) have shown that the percent-
age of total phosphorus in flat turnip roots {Brassica rapa) grown in different
soils generally varied in the same direction as variations in the amount of phos-
phorus available to the plant. Further investigations were undertaken to ascer-
tain whether the amount of any portion of the phosphorus of the turnip root
might be more nearly correlated than total phosphorus with the relative amount
available in soils.

Preliminary studies indicated that larger amounts of phosphorus could be
extracted from fresh than from dried material. Microchemical examinations
of turnip roots grown in culture solutions with and without phosphorus and
chemical examinations of turnip extracts are discussed, together with results
of dialysis of the extracts. The results are summarized as follows : " Coinci-
dent with the introduction of phosphorus into a nutrient solution in which tur-
nips were growing, the appearance of ' inorganic ' phosphorus and the disappear-
ance of starch were traced microscopically in the different tissues ; whereas
upon withholding phosphorus the disappearance of inorganic phosphorus and the
appearance of starch were similarly observed. About four-fifths of the total
phosphorus of fresh turnips was extracted with water. When the latter was
acidulated, somewhat less was secured because of partial precipitation.

" Only a few per cent of the extracted phosphorus failed to pass through
dialyzers. Different precipitant^ of inorganic phosphorus were tested as to
their ability to recover phosphate added in a standard solution to the dialyzates.
The phosphorus in the precipitate formed by adding acetic acid to turnip juice
was not in phosphoprotein compounds. There was no phytin in the juice. The
presence of a phosphatase was not shown.

" Although the proportion of inorganic to total phosphorus in turnips was
frequently made larger by phosphatic applications to the soil in which they were
grown, this was not always shown to be the case by such methods as were used.
In most instances the phosphorus in the juice was so largely inorganic and con-
stituted so large a proportion of the total that the determination of the latter
seemed about as useful as of any portion for furnishing indications regarding
the relative amount of soil phosphorus at the disposal of the turnip. "

A list of references to literature on the subject is given.

Potash in 1916, H. S. Gale (V. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Resources U. S., 1916,
pt. 2, pp. V+13-111, figs. 2). — This report, dealing with the production of
potash in 1916 and developments and projects therefor in the United States,
states that "the manufacturers of potash salts and potash products in the United

1918]

SOILS FERTILIZERS.

327

States reported a production in 1916 of 35,739 short tons, having a mean con-
tent of about 27 per cent potash (K2O) and a total content of 9,720 short tons
of potash (K2O). This is almost exactly ten times the production reported for
1915." The reports for all forms are reduced to tons of available potash in the
following table:

Summary of potash produced in 1916.

Source.

Available potash (KiO).

Quantity.

Value at
point of ship-
ment.

Natural salts or brines

Alunite and silicate rocks. Including recoveries through fumac* dust

Kelp

Wood ashes (potashes, pearlash)

Distillery waste (molasses)

Miscellaneous organic sources

Short tons.
3,994
1,850
1,556
412
1,845
63

81,937,600
715,000
781,100
270,000
500,900
38, 130

9,720

4,242,730

" The largest output has come from the alkali lakes in western Nebraska,
which have afforded the most readily available supply of moderately high-
grade potash salts obtained by direct drying of the raw material, with per-
haps as few technical complications as could be involved in any chemical opera-
tion. The great deposit at Searles Lake is only just being brought to the pro-
ducing stage, the project there having undergone many reverses, technical
and otherwise. The production from alunite has been rather regular, but has
shown little expansion. Some progress has been made in the extraction of
potash from silicates, at least one plant having made and marketed a special
product. A large quantity of feldspar has been mined, ground, and so treated
that a small percentage of its potash was rendered soluble and so available for
use in fertilizers, but none of it is included in the figures for 1916, as little of
it was marketed in that year. So far as known, no leucite rocks or mica or
sericite schists or similar rocks having a large content of potash have yet
yielded any commercial water-.soluble salts.

" Potash has been produced from several kinds of organic materials. The
efforts to obtain potash and potash fertilizers from kelp have been widely
published and have been to a certain extent successful. High-grade potash
fertilizer salts have been made from molasses distillery wastes in quantities
that exceeded the production from kelp. The manufacture of potash from wood
ashes by the old-time methods continues to make a small but significant con-
tribution to the total production."

The divergent effects of lime and magnesia upon the conservation of soil
sulphur, W. H. MacIntire, L. G. Willis, and W. A. Holding (Soil ScL, 4
{1911), No. 3, pp. 231-237, figs. 2).— Experiments at the Tennessee Experiment
Station with a mellow sandy loam soil are reported, in which burnt lime, burnt
magnesia, precipitated calcium carbonate, precipitated magnesium carbonate,
100-mesh limestone, 100-mesh dolomite, and 100-mesh magnesite were added to
the soil at rates equivalent to 8, 32, and 100 tons of calcium oxid per acre.
Each treatment was thoroughly mixed with moist soil in good, workable condi-
tion and placed in a galvanized iron lysimeter containing a sand filter bed and
having a block tin drainage tube. In a second set, placed simultaneously, the
foregoing treatments were duplicated as to surface soil, but 1 ft. of clay sub-
soil was placed between each sand filter and the overlying surface soil.

328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

During the first year the loss of sulphur was very much heavier from the
tanks containing only surface soil than from the tanks which contained subsoil
also. As a rule the same held for the second year except where the oxid and
precipitated carbonate of magnesium were applied. The averages of the total
amounts of SO. leached from all the tanks receiving the several carbonates
were 472 lbs. and 221 lbs. per acre, respectively, for the years 1914-15 and
1915-16, in the case of the tanks having no subsoil, as compared with 31.1 lbs.
and 114.8 lbs. per acre, respectively, for the identically treated tanks during
the same two years where the surface soil was underlaid with 1 ft. of clay sub-
soil. Analyses of the leachings established the fact that the downward move-
ment of sulphur and that of magnesium were parallel.

The 8-ton applications of burnt lime slightly depressed the amounts of sul-
phur coming through in the leachings, as compared with the other and equiva-
lent treatments, while the 32-ton and 100-ton treatments practically inhibited
the outward movement of sulphur in solution. No such retardation in the sul-
phate leachings was demonstrated by the precipitated carbonate or by the nat-
ural carbonate of lime, even in the case of the 100-ton equivalent applications.
During the second year, when the 32-ton treatment of lime had become in large
part carbonated, the increase in the sulphates leached was over sixfold. The
effect of oxid of magnesium was the reverse of that produced by burnt lime.
All of the natural carbonates in the several amounts appeared to bring about
conditions which caused an augmented outgo of SOs when compared with sub-
soil tanks which received no carbonate treatment.

See a previous note related to the subject (E. S. II., 31, p. 815).

Accessory factors for plant growth, O. Rosenheim {Biochem. Jour., 11
(1917), No. 1, pp. 7-10, pi. 1). — Experiments with water extract of bacterized
peat are reported. The results are taken to indicate that the action of the
extracts on plant growth demonstrated the presence of substances similar to
the vitamins in their general behavior.

Analysis of fertilizers for 1917, B. E. Cueby and T. O. Smith {New
Hampshire Sta. Bui. 185 (1917), pp. ii).— This bulletin reports the guaranteed
and actual analyses of 165 official samples of commercial fertilizers and fer-
tilizing materials collected and analyzed in 1917.

Commercial fertilizers in 1916-17, G. S. Feaps {Texas Sta. Bui. 217 {1917),
pp. 26). — This bulletin reports the guaranteed and actual analyses of commer-
cial fertilizers and fertilizing materials for tlue season of 1916-17, together with
a list of the brands registered for sale during the season.

It is stated that the results of numerous chemical analyses, pot tests, and
field experiments on Texas soils make it " evident that Texas farmers can well
afford to eliminate potash from general fertilizers, especially for cotton and
corn. ... In the majority of cases potash is not needed, being supplied by
the soil in sufficient quantity. . . . Texas soils can get on much better
without any addition of potash than without phosphoric acid or nitrogen. . . .
The present prices of potash are much too high to warrant its use as a fer-
tilizer."

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The methods and value of cytology, A. Gulllieemond {Rev. G4n. Sci., 28
{1917), Nos. 6, pp. 166-174, figs. 7; 7, pp. 20S-216, figs. 9).— A discussion is
given of the various fixation methods and of their values, which are compared
respectively with the methods of study of the living cell and with the particu-
lar or relative values of such studies. Some of the author's investigations on
the relation between the appearance and activities of mitochondria and their

1918] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 329

functions as related to such substances as starch, oils, and coloring matters
are also discussed.

A study of the fixation of the cytoplasm, A. Guilliekmond {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164 {1917), No. 11, pp. 6//S-647).— The author describes a
method which is claimed to produce as nearly perfect fixation of cytoplasm
as is possible to obtain. He states that in a drop of 3 per cent acetic acid the
mitochondria of epidermal cells of Tulip immediately assume a vesicular
appearance, while in one of 5 per cent strength the chondriome is almost en-
tirely dissolved at once. The mitochondria appear to be the least resistant of
the cellular elements, the most difficult of fixation, and particularly subject to
injury in osmotic changes.

The presence of lipoids in Nicotiana as related to starch, and nicotin, A.
Parkozzani {Rend, e Mem. R. Accad. Sci., Let. ed Arti Zelanti Acireale, 3. ser.,
7-8 {1912-1915), pp. 35-56). — A study of lipoids in young and in adult plants of
several species of Nicotiana is said to support the findings of Buscalioni (E. S.
R., 31, p. 427) in this respect, lipoids being often found in the chloroplasts of
the leaves of adult plants and being more abundant in the older basal leaves
than in those toward the apical regions, as also in the lower portions of the
stems. Lipoids are almost lacking in very young plants. Starch occurs in a
way somewhat paralleling the occurrence of lipoids as regards the stems and
the age of the plants, but it disappears from the marginal and some other
portions which, in leaves higher up, show a quantity greater than is usual.
Details are given of the relative abundance of these and other substances in
the various portions of the plant at different ages.

Carbon [assimilation] in green plants, G. Pollacci {Atti 1st. Bot. R. JJniv.
Puvia, 2. ser., 17 {1917), pp. 29-51, figs. 2). — The studies previously noted
(E. S. R., 29, p. 28; 35, p. 435) having been continued with different plants,
the author observed an increase of weight in those from which atmospheric
air was excluded with the exception of the roots. It is concluded from this
that the roots of such plants are able to appropriate carbon dioxid from the
atmosphere and utilize it in their development.

Report of the bacteriolog'ist, M. Mulvania {Tennessee Sta. Rpi. 1913, pp.
159-161). — This is a brief progress report on studies of the ability of bacteria
to produce humus from definite forms of organic matter, such as cottonseed
meal, ground straw, and cow dung, and of the influence of humus on nitro-
gen-assimilating bacteria (Azotobacter), employing certain modifications of
methods previously described (E. S. R., 28, p. 727).

Humification was found to proceed in direct proportion to the amount of
organic matter present, but the sterilized flasks always gave as much humus
as those inoculated with bacteria and often "more. Sterilization slightly de-
creased the extractable matter. There was a decided loss of nitrogen from
the inoculated flasks. It was concluded that " under the conditions main-
tained organic matter in the inoculated flasks is decomposed, nitrogen is lib-
erated, but humus is not produced."

Present methods are not deemed adequate for a study of the effect of humus
upon nitrogen assimiliation by Azotobacter. The associative action of Azo-
tobacter, Bacilhis radicicola, and B. subtilis in nitrogen fixation was observed
to add more nitrogen to the mannite solution than when these microorganisms
worked in any other combination.

The influence of water and of mineral matters on tlie development of plant-
lets, L. Maquenne and E. Demoussy {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164
{1917), No. 26, pp. 979-985). — The lowering of the growth rate of pea seedlings
when sprouted in the purest water obtainable is thought to result from the
absence of the very minute quantities of material commonly dissolved out of

330 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

Uie containers, more particularly while the water is warm, calcium being
apparently the sole or chief constituent which is influential in this connection.

The influence of calcium salts on absorbing' root hairs, H. Coupin (Conipt.
Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 16Jf (1917), No. 11, pp. G-'fl-GJf3).—Lepidium sativum
was exposed, after germination in tap water, to varying solutions of calcium
sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, or chlorid. It was found that the growth of the
root hairs was inhibited by the last three of these calcium compounds.

The use of perphosphates in agriculture, N. A. Barhieri (Gaz. CMm. Ital.,
47 [1917), I, No. 1, pp. 38-51).— It is stated that all the phosphorus contained in
animals or plants is in the form of soluble or insoluble phosphates. Plants do
not yield nor will they absorb monocalcium or dicalcium phosphate, these sub-
stances arresting germination of the seed or development of the plant. Cereals
or legumes from soils furnished with perphosphates contain less total phos-
phorus than do those from neighboring soils lacking perphosphates. Perphos-
phates may kill seeds with which they come into direct contact.

Studies in greenhouse fumigation with hydrocyanic acid: Physiological
effects on the plant, W. Moore and J. J. Willaman (C7. S. Dept. Ag)-., Jour. Agr.
Research, 11 {1917), No. 7, pp. 319-838, pi. 1, figs. 11).— In continuation of in-
vestigations previously reported (E. S. R.,38, p. 158), the authors have conducted
a study to determine the action of hydrocyanic acid gas on the tissues of the
plant. All of the investigations have been conducted at the Minnesota Experi-
ment Station.

It has been found that plants subjected to hydrocyanic acid fumigation absorb
more or less of the gas, the immediate effect of the poison being a reduction in
the activity of the oxidases and catalase and hence in respiratory activity.
Following this action, there is an inhibition of photosynthesis and translocation
of carbohydrate and a closing of the stomata. The permeability of the leaf'
septa is said to be increased and this causes less rapid intake of water from the
stems and more rapid cuticular transpiration. In mild cases this may result in
merely a temporary wilting, while in more severe fumigations the wilting is
followed by disintegration and death of the tissues. The authors claim that the
primary effect of the presence of hydrocyanic acid in a plant is a disturbance
of the oxidase and catalase activities, all other physiological effects being
secondary to this.

The physical control of vegetation in rain-forest and desert mountains,
F. Sheeve (Plant World, 20 (1917), No. 5, pp. 135-1 Jfl).— The purpose of this
waper is to bring out some of the contrasts between the manner of control of
vegetation by conditions in the humid mountains of a tropical island and that in
the arid mountains of a temperate continental region. The basal details are to
be found in the author's publications previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 748; 36,
p. 27).

Calling attention to instances illustrating the fact that two mountain ranges
may differ greatly in flora while having practically identical controlling envi-
ronmental factors, the author shows that the actual factors which underlie the
topographic control of the vegetation in the desert mountains of Arizona and
those in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica are diametrically opposed.

Critical flowering and fruiting temperatures for Phytolacca decandra, F. E.
Lloyd (Plant World, 20 (1917), No. 4, pp. 121-126).— The author has made ob-
servations on pokeweed in two diverse climates widely different from that of
its native habitat for several years, during which time it produced seed only
under certain exceptionally favorable circumstances at Carmel, Cal. He con-
cludes that if the prevailing day temperatures, which are normally low enough
to prevent reproduction by the seed, were 5° warmer during the warmest hours

lOlS] AGKICULTUBAL BOTANY. 331

of the day, the species would be able to perpetuate itself in this locality by
nipans of seed.

Modifications produced by sea winds in the male inflorescences of pine,
J. DuFRENOY (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 80 {1917), No. 4, pp. 17^, 175).—
The author notes the occurence, in pines exposed to sea winds, of a curving of
the male inflorescence with other alterations which are detailed, also of other
modifications apparently supporting the view that ecological conditions may
cause the develo]inient of rudimentary branches into structures which may be
reproductive, assinillative, or multiplicative in their functions.

The bacteriological study of natural coagulation in latex of Hevea brasjli-
ensis, Dendlr and G. Vernet {Compt. Rend. Acad. >Sci. [Paris], 165 {1917), No.
3, pp. 123-126). — Hevea latex, which has when first collected a milk-white color
and corpuscles showing the Brownian motion, is at that time almost free from
bacteria. These, however, soon develop abundantly. The author noted the
presence of organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic, in latex. One is described
in some detail as to its characters and influence on coagulation, which it is said
to accomplish in 24 hours. Suggestions are given regarding conditions favorable
to the coagulation of latex.

Sexuality in Myxomycetes, F. X. Skxipienski {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sei,
[Paris], 165 {1917), No. S, pp. 1 18-121). —The author describes observations
claimed to show that a marked sexuality exists in Didi/mium nigripes.

Parthenogenesis in higher plants, A. C. Hagedoorn-La Brand and A. L.
Hagedoorn {Teysmannia, 27 {1917), No. 11-12, pp. 6^3-656, pi. 1). — An account
is given of the crossing of cucurbits said to iiava been produced from seed
without pollination with those from hybrid plants. The results, though vitiated
in some degree by failure ascribed to external causes, suggest some noted by
Honing (E. S. R., 32, p. 520; 33. p. 644). It is recommended that in cases
where exceptional results are obtained in the progeny of hybrids, investigations
be carried out to determine how far partial parthenogenesis or partial apogamy
in the ancestors may be responsible for the anomaly.

Quadruple hybrids in the Fi generation from CEnothera nutans and CE.
pycnocarpa, with the F2 generations, and back crosses and intrcrosses, G. F.
Atkinson {Genetics, 2 {1917). No. 3, pp. 213-260, figs. 16). — In continuance of
a partial report previously made (E. S. R., 30, p. 730) regarding studies on the
results of crosses made with CE. nutans and subsequent studies on crossings
of the descendants of these hybrids, the author states that in the Fi generation
of the cross GE. nutansXCE. pycnocarpa four hybrid types appeared which have
been named, respectively, CE". hybrida niiteUa, GE. hybrida pycnella, (E. hybrida
tortvosa, and CE. hybrida tortuella. In the Fi generation of the reciprocal
cross three hybrids have been obtained which appear to be identical with the
first three above named, and it is thought that the fourth might appear if the
crossings were sufficiently numerous.

CE. hybrida nutella is a blend hybrid. CE. hybrida pycnella and CE. hybrida
tortvosa are selective hybrids and are physiological homozygotes, being fixed in
the Fi generation and, when selfed, repeating in the F2 and succeeding gen-
erations. They are regarded as examples of permanent or stable dominance
of factors. CE. hybrida tortuella, also a selective hybrid, is not fixed in the Fi.
When selfed it dissolves in the F2 into numerous types, some of which are
considered as showing that certain factors are activated in this generation
which wei'e subordinate in Pi.

The production of four hybrid types in the Fi is considered as an example
of multiple dominance. In back crosses there appear five cases of patrocliny
with ten cases of splitting into two types and four of splitting into three types.
In the intercrosses there are two cases of patrocliny, three of splitting into two.

332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

one of splitting into tliree, and one of splitting into four types. In tlio inter-
crosses and back crosses no new types appear except a dwarf form referred
to (E. gracilis. Evidence is summarized which is considered to indicate that
the gametes in CE. hybrida nutans and CE. hybrida pycnocarpa are uniform.

Inheritance of a mosaic pericarp pattern color of maize, H. K. Hayes
(Oenetics, 2 (1017), No. 3, pp. 261-281, fig. i).— The author describes experi-
ments carried out with a mosai-c pericarp pattern color in maize, employing the
progeny of an ear found in the course of work done with East as previously
noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 736), which had on one side seeds with a red pericarp
and on the other seeds which were white or had but a narrow red stripe.

The first two years of the experiment showed all degrees of variation from
dark, heavily striped ears to ears with colorless pericarp. Later selection ex-
periments gave results showing the usual type of Mendelian inheritance, along
with some which are not easily explainable by the hypothesis of the absolute
purity of fundamental inheritance factors.

Self-fertilization and selection isolated several types which bred relatively
true. The self-red, pattern, and colorless selections appear to be homozygous
for these characters, the variegated selection proving to be homozygous for the
mosaic character and giving ears ranging from heavy striatiou of nearly all
seeds to striation of only a few seeds.

The relation of the various pericarp characters was studied, and it is sug-
gested that certain combinations produce germinal instability. The conclusion
is reached that the factors for self-red, variegated, pattern, and colorless peri-
carp form a series of multiple allelomorphs.

The hybrid origin of alfalfa, L. Tkabut (Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
164 {1917), No. 16, pp. 607-609). — The author offers what is held to be sufficient
evidence to show that Medicago sativa has arisen by hybridization from the
two primitive species AI. falcata and M. geUUa, the last named being synony-
mous with M. cocrulea, M. contorta, and M. tunetana.

Origin, introduction, and primitive culture of the potato, W. P. Wight
{Proc. Potato Assoc. Amer., 3 (1916), pp. 35-^9) .—The author gives the results
of a study of early and recent accounts of the cultivated potato and of his per-
sonal search, chiefly in South America, for the original wild form of SoJanum
tuberosum. He also gives considerable information of a related but somewhat
miscellaneous character regarding the potato plant.

It is stated that many of the mid species so resemble the cultivated forms
(so far as superficial foliage characters are concerned) that persons very
familiar with the latter have often been deceived. In every case, however, which
the author has fully investigated the plant has proved to be some other species,
and after a century and a half of intermittent collecting there is nowhere
known to be evidence showing conclusively that the species is now growing
indigenously anywhere in its original condition.

It is stated that throughout a large portion of these potato-growing regions
the differences in soil and climate conditions are very great. The number of
potato varieties to be found is large and constantly increasing, some appearing
to be very persistent.

Forest botany [India], R. S. Hole (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Sci. Advice India, 1915-16,
pp. 100-102). — A brief account is given of studies or observations on the
ecology of sal (Shorea robusta) ; remedies for defective reproduction by sal;
root disease (Polyporus shorece) of sal trees; the ecology of teak; Trametes
pint as a cause of disease induced by lopping Pinus excelsa; and on the forest
floras of the central provinces. A list of recent publications is included.

19181

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

333

FIELD CROPS.

[Keport of the agronomy department, Montana Experiment Station], A.
Atkinson (Montana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 165-170).— This reports the results of
variety tests with winter and spring wheat, oats, barley, annual hay and pas-
ture crops, and root crops ; cultural tests witli peas ; a comparison of continu-
ous and alternate cropping on dry land ; and a comparison of wheat alternating
with bare fallow with wheat alternating with corn.

Kharkov winter wheat, with an average yield of 35.7 bu. per acre, has given
the best results on dry land. Among the spring wheat varieties grown under
dry-land conditions Pelissier has given the highest yield for a 7-year period,
averaging 27.2 bu. per acre. Ghirka and Fife, good milling varieties, averaged
23.7 and 23.1 bu. per acre, respectively, for the same period, while Marquis
gave a 3-year average yield of 33.1 bu. per acre and is deemed one of the best
varieties for dry land. Under irrigation the highest yielding spring wheat was
Stanley, with a 7-year average yield of 68.5 bu. per acre, but it possessed poor
milling quality. Of the milling varieties, Scotch Fife and Marquis have given
average yields of 63.3 and 52.4 bu. per acre, respectively. Purple Durum and
Gharnovka. macaroni varieties, have averaged 65.3 and 62.6 bu. per acre,
respectively, under irrigation.

The leading oat varieties under irrigation included No. 72, with an average
yield of 119.4 bu. per acre, Myrick, with 114.9 bu., Silver Mine, with 113.9 bu., No.
10624, with 110.1 bu., and Banner, with 109.6 bu., all outyielding Swedish Select,
the prevailing variety grown in the State. On dry land Sixty Day has given the
highest average yield, 62.4 bu. per acre, wliile Swedish Select averaged 46.5 bu.

Among barley varieties grown under irrigation. New Zealand was first with
an 8-year average yield of 86.1 bu. and Guy Mayle second with 67.8 bu. per
acre. Oderbrucker has averaged 86.5 bu. for a 4-year period. White Smyrna,
with a 5-year average yield of 52.9 bu. per acre, was first of the barley varieties
grown on dry land.

Annual hay crops grown under irrigation included the following, with their
respective yields of cured hay : Foxtail millet, 4.3 tons ; Sudan grass, 3.8 tons ;
billion-dollar grass, 5.3 tons ; vetch, 4.73 tons ; and Johnson grass, 1.6 tons.
Promising pasture crops tested under irrigation, with their yields in green
weight per acre, were Dwarf Essex rape, which averaged 26 tons, and Thousand-
Headed kale, which averaged 29.5 tons.

Root crops grown under irrigation for the past 3 years gave the following aver-
age acre yields: Mammoth Long Red mangles, 37.6 tons; Yellow Globe mangles,
30.1 tons; Giant Feed half-sugar beets, 19.7 tons; sugar beets, 13.5 tons; field
carrots, 16.4 tons; field turnips, 20.5 tons; and Monarch rutabagas, 16.3 tons.

In a comparison of continuous and alternate cropping on dry laud the follow-
ing average results have been secured over a 6-year period :

Average yields obtained from continuous and alternate cropping on dry land

for a 6-year period.

Crop.

Yield per acre.

Grown
continuously

Alternate

crop and

fallow.

Alternate

crop and

fallo,w.

Manure

applied to the

fallow.

Fall wheat. . .
Spring wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.
28.72
23.11
55.69
35.68

Bushels.
46.78
37. 83
71.76
49.44

Bushels.

47.96
39.55
71.77
49.94

834 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOKD, [Vol.38

Wheat alternated wtth bare fallow in comparison with wheat alternated with
corn resulted in estimated average profits per acre of $6.89 with wheat and
corn and $2.37 with wheat and fallow for a 7-year period at the Judith Basin
substation. At the Huntley substation the average profits per acre over a
4-year period were estimated to be $9.05 for wheat and corn and $3.70 for
wheat and fallow.

Field peas sown in drill rows 8 in. apart and in 24-in. rows, using 3 bu. of
seed per acre, have given average yields of 44 and 42 bu. per acre, respectively,
for the past 5 years. Plantings In 24-in. rows, using 1.5 bu. of seed, yielded

35.6 bu. per acre, while 36-in. rows have averaged from 30.3 to 36 bu. per acre.
[Field crops work in Tennessee] (Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1914, VP- 269-211,

277-279). — Reviewing the progress of work With field crops for 1914, brief
notes are presented on cultural tests with red clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, wheat,
and corn ; on field tests with Sudan grass, honey sorghum, cotton, winter
beardless barley, sweet clover, and smooth-headed millet ; and on the value of
the subsoil plow for Tennessee conditions.

Progress report. Substation No. 5, Temple, Tex., 1910-1914, D. T. Kil-
LOUGH (Texas sta. Bui. 215 (1917), pp. 3-28, figs. 8).— This bulletin reports re-
sults of testing, improvement, and production studies with cotton, cowpeas, soy
beans, Sudan grass, corn, and the grain and forage sorghums, together with
rotation experiments and field tests comparing different methods of soil prepara-
tion. Attempts to establish satisfactory fruit, truck, and garden crops on the
substation are briefly noted.

Data on rainfall from 1889 to 1914, inclusive, are presented, the annual pre-
cipitation varying from 20.45 to 59.28 in. with an average annual rainfall of

35.07 in. The summer months of 1912, 1913, and 1914 were especially dry, al-
though the total annual precipitations amounted to 29.41, 43.65, and 46.74 in.,
respectively. Weather conditions were deemed more satisfactory for cotton
than for corn.

Rotation tests with cotton resulted in yields amounting to 849.87 lbs. of seed
cotton per acre for cotton grown in rotation and 522.9 lbs. for cotton following
cotton. Similar tests with corn resulted in yields of 25.6 bu. per acre for corn
grown in rotation and 17 bu. for corn following corn. Observations on the
root rot disease, Ozonvum omnworum, of cotton in 1914 revealed the fact that
a loss of 59 per cent was sustained from this disease by cotton grown on land
continuously cropped to cotton, whereas in a 4-year rotation a loss of only 0.6
per cent occurred.

Leading cotton varieties in tests conducted during 1912-1914, inclusive, in-
cluded Union Big Boll, Lone Star, and Mortgage Lifter, with average yields of
lint cotton of 339.82, 339.39, and 317.34 lbs. per acre, respectively.

Variety tests with cowpeas for seed for the period of 1912-1914, inclusive,
resulted in average yields ranging from 50.23 lbs. per acre for Peerless to 404.25
lbs. for New Era. Cowpea variety tests for forage in 1912 resulted in yields
ranging from 966 lbs. of cured hay per acre for Peerless to 3,476 lbs. each for
Iron and Clay.

Soy bean variety tests conducted from 1912-1914, inclusive, gave average
yields of seed ranging from 1 bu. per acre for Jet to 3.9 bu. for Meyer.

Satisfactory yields of grain are said to have been obtained with the sor-
ghums, especially feterita which is deemed to have its greatest value as a
catch crop. Of the saccharin sorghums tested Sumac has given uniformly
better yields of forage and hay. Sorghums and cowpeas grown together for
hay in 1912 indicated that better results could be obtained by growing the
crops separately and mixing the hay when feeding. Sumac sorghum gave bet-
ter results than Amber for such mixtures, while there appeared to be no prefer-

1918] FIELD CROPS. 335

ence among the cowpea varieties tested. A planting rate of 20 lbs. of seed per
acre consisting of 1 part cowpeas and 8 parts sorghum gave a yield of 8,350
lbs. of cured hay per acre.

In corn variety tests conducted during 1913 and 1914 Surecropper, Mammoth
White, and Cater were the leading varieties, with average yields of 83.87, 31.74,
and 31.09 bu. per acre, respectively. Ear-to-row testing to determine the rela-
tion between certain characters of corn and yield is held to indicate that seed
corn should be selected from a good stand of tall, leafy plants which are rela-
tively heavily stalked and that large, heavy ears with deep grains should be
chosen.

Corn grown in rows 3 ft. apart, with the plants spaced 80, from 30 to 40,
and from 70 to 80 in. apart in the row, gave average yields of 18.91, 24.23, and
19.82 bu. per acre, respectively, for the period of 1912 to 1914, inclusive. Grow-
ing the same number of stalks of corn on the land but with different spacings
between hills resulted in average yields for the period of 1913-14, inclusive,
amounting to 28.32 bu. per acre for hills spaced 3 by 3 ft., 23.06 bu. for hills
spaced 6 by 1.5 ft., and 22.33 bu. for hills spaced in pairs of 3-ft. rows 9 ft.
apart, the stalks IS in. apart in the row.

Corn grown alone and with cowpeas sown during the latter part of the grow-
ing period of the corn resulted in average yields of 21.68 and 20.6 bu. per acre,
respectively, for the period of 1912-13, inclusive.

Field tests with various grasses have been undertaken to find a grass adapted
to planting in rotation. Rhodes grass gave a yield of 3,823 lbs. of cured hay
per acre in 1914, and rescue grass grown for seed yielded as high as 380 lbs.
per acre. Several hybrids of Texas blue grass and Kentucky blue grass are
reported as promising for this region. Sudan grass seeded broadcast at rates
of 20 and 80 lbs. per acre in 1913 gave yields of 4,000 and 2,800 lbs. of cured
hay per acre, respectively. Planted in 18- and 36-in. rows at a 10-lb. seeding
rate, Sudan grass yielded 556 and 361 lbs. of seed per acre, and 2,950 and
2,050 lbs. of cured hay per acre, respectively. Plantings of Sudan grass in
1914 gave an average yield of 6.534.5 lbs. of forage and 147.6 lbs. of seed
per acre.

The use of fertilizers and lime is said to have been less profitable on the
soils of the substation than crop rotation or the use of improved crops.

October plowing for cotton in 1913 resulted in an average yield of 769.63 lbs.
of seed cotton per acre as compared with 743.2 lbs. for January plowing.
Depth-of-plowing tests resulted in yields of seed cotton ranging from 735 lbs.
per acre for a plowing depth of 4 in. to 868.12 lbs. for a plowing depth of 12 in.

Cotton grown on land dynamited in seed bed preparation gave an average
yield of 768 lbs. of cotton per acre for the period of 1913-14, inclusive, while
cotton grown on land not dynamited yielded 793.7 lbs. of seed cotton. Corn
grown on dynamited land in 1913 yielded 23.7 bu. per acre as compared with
a yield of 25.75 bu. for corn grown on land not dynamited.

[Report of field crops work], F. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt.
Agr. Dept. Antigua, 1915-16, pp. 5-13, 14, 19, 20). — Continuing work previously
noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 735), variety tests are reported with sweet potatoes,
cassava, eddoes and tanuias, and yams for the year 1915-16.

Fertilizer and distance-of-planting tests with corn are briefly noted. A yield
of 13.6 bu. of shelled corn per acre was realized from a fertilizer treatment of
30 lbs. of phosphoric acid as basic slag and 40 lbs. of potash as sulphate of
potash, as compared with a yield of 6.3 bu. from the untreated check. Twelve
bu. per acre were obtained from a 40-lb. application of potash as sulphate alone.
Later plantings to study the residual effect of the fertilizer treatments gave a

336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

yield of 9.2 bu. for the untreated check and 8 bu. for the phosphoric acid and
potash treatment. The distance-of-plantlng experiments indicated that slightly
higher yields were obtained from plantings of 2 by 2 ft., although the yields
were not far superior to those secured from plantings of 2 by 4 ft.

Hybridization and selection work with corn and cotton is noted.

The development of the fiber industry in Antigua and the production of sisal
nnd hemp are briefly discussed.

Plants indig'enous to Chile and their production, K. Reiche (Bol. Soc.
Fomento Fabril [C7(i?e], S2 (1915), Nos. 7, pp. 481-486; 10, pp. 679-684; 11, pp.
776-784; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr.,
7 (1916), No. 5, pp. 656-659). — The most promising plants indigenous to Chile
are listed, described, and their uses discussed. The species mentioned include
fereals and other plants with edible seeds; tubers and roots; fiber crops;
plants used for tanning; plants containing saponin; dye plants; plants con-
taining gums and resins; medicinal plants; fruit-bearing trees and forest
trees ; and miscellaneous plants.

[Field experiments at the Bezenchuk Experiment Station], L. I. Koltsov
(Selsk: KJwsi. i L{esov., 251 (1916), July, pp. 301-323) .—Uethod-of -sowing tests
are reported with spring wheat, oats, and millet.

The best results with spring wheat were obtained from rows 5 in. apart.
For oats, seeding in two rows 3.5 in. apart, with 14 in. between each pair of
rows, gave the best results. Millet yielded best when sown in rows 14 in.
apart. Cultivation of the intervals between the rows gave excellent results,
especially with millet.

[Report of field crops work in Assam], J. W. McKay (Ann. Rpt. Agr.
Expts. Asscmi, 1916, pp. 7-25. 40-42, 49-60, 88-91, iO//-i(?7).— Extensive variety
and cultural tests at four experimental centers in Assam are reported with
sugar cane, potatoes, corn, cotton, cowpeas (for seed and forage), and rice.

An increased yield of approximately 100.78 lbs. of grain and 191.28 lbs. of
straw per acre was obtained from rice on " warped " land, a sterile marsh land
reclaimed for rice cultivation and covered with a 3-in. layer of soil deposited
from water.

[Report of field crops work], G. S. Henderson and G. Abdur Rahman (Dept.
Agr. Bomhay, Ann. Rpt. Agr. Sla. Landhi, 1913-14, pp. 1-7; 1915-16, pp. 2-8).—
Field tests are reported for 1913-14 and 1914-15 with rotations of potatoes, the
principal ci'op of tJie region, and peanuts, millet, corn, legumes (soy beans and
Dolichos lablab), and sunn hemp used as a green manui-e. Other tests are
noted with velvet beans, kidney beans, and green gram as forage crops, and of
certain minor products such as jute, hemp, indigo, sweet potatoes, yams, and
several native crops.

In 1914, of 2,000 lbs. of seed potatoes stored in wooden boxes, 240 lbs. were
reported as a loss.

[Report of field crops work], H. Clayton (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Burma, 1916,
pp. 3-7). — Field tests with rice, cotton, sesame, peanuts, castor beans, sugar
cane, wheat, pigeon peas, Madagascar beans, and tobacco at the several experi-
mental centers of Burma are reported for the year ended June 30, 1916.

[Report of field crops work at the Palur Agricultural Station], R. Thomas
and J. Chelvaeanga Ra.ju (Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Palur Agr. Sta., 1914-15,
pp. 2-15; 1915-16, pp. 4-25; 1916-17, pp. 26).— Variety, rotational, and fertilizer
tests with peanuts on dry and irrigated land, variety and fertilizer tests with
rice, and variety tests with sugar cane are reported for 1914 to 1917, inclusive.
Continued green manuring of paddy land with daincha has resulted in a
steady improvement of the land. A number of green manure crops have been

1918] FIELD CROPS. 337

compared, Indigo giving the best average results for the past eight years.
Green manure supplemented by 1 cwt. of bone meal and 0.25 cwt. of potash
increased the yields of rice by 426 lbs. per acre in 1916, with a similar increase
of 474 lbs. in 1915 and a four-year average increase of 138 lbs.

[Report of field crops work at the Samalkota Agricultural Station], G. R.
HiLSON and D. Balakkishnamurti (Dcpt. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Sa)ii(ilIcota, A<jr.
Sta., 1913-lJf. pp. Jf-lS; 1914-15, pp. 2-31; 1915-16, pp. 2-21; 1916-17, pp. 18).—
Variety, cultural, and fertilizer tests with sugar cane and rice (both wet and dry
paddies) are reported for 1913 to 1917, inclusive.

Tests on limed and unlimed sugar cane plats showed an increased yield of
7,400 lbs. per acre in favor of the unlimed plat in 1916. Applications of 1,640
lbs. of castor-oil cake showed increased yields in 1915 and 1916 over applica-
tions of 10 tons of cattle manure and 820 lbs. of castor-oil cake.

Plowing the dry rice paddies resulted in increased yields of both grain and
straw over the unplowed paddies. The residual effects of castor-oil cake alone
and in combination with potash and acid phosphate are reported in yields of
rice grain and straw for each year from 1909 to 1917, inclusive. Applications
of 820 lbs. of castor-oil cake and 2 cwt. of acid phosphate appear to have given
consistently higher yields than the untreated checks, whereas the castor-oil
cake supplemented by 1 cwt. of potash has given yields lower than the chec.k ;.
The green-manured paddy land supplemented by 2 cwt. of acid phosphate has
given increased yields since 1909.

Tests with complete fertilizers supplemented by rice straw are also reported,
together with their residual effects. Applications of 4 cwt. of ammonium sul-
phate, 2 cwt. each of acid phosphate and potassium sulphate, and 5 tons of
paddy straw have shown increased yields of grain in the main crop four years
out of six, and in the second crop two years out of four, over a similar fertilizer
treatment without the straw. The yield of straw has been increased each year
since 1911 in the main crop, and in 1914 and 1915 in the second crop by the addi-
tion of the straw.

Grasses and clovers under irrig'ation, J. M. Pitt {Agr. Gaz, N. S. Wales, 28
(1917), No. 2, pp. 77-82, figs. 4). — In addition to the grasses and clovers men-
tioned previously by McDiarmid (E. S. R.. 33, p. 228) the following are recom-
mended as worthy of trial in establishing pastures under irrigation in New
South Wales: Lolium westcrnivoldicum, Bronius japonicus, Eriochloa annulata,
Andropogon intermedius, Trifolium suMerraneum, Melilotus alba, Medicago
tuberculata, M. hispida, M. hispida sardoa, and M. hispida reticulata.

Phalaris bulbosa is reported as being the most promising winter, spring, and
early summer perennial yet tested. B. inermis, Setaria nigrirostis, and
Boutelona curtipendula gave good results, while of the native grasses previously
mentioned Panicum prolutum and A. sericeus are reported as yielding large
quantities of forage and .seed.

The Egyptian, red, and crimson clovers again gave good results.

Effect of plants on others, B. L. Hartwell (Bui. R. I. State Col, 12 (1917),
No. 4, P- 23). — In 1913 buckwheat followed onions, rye, buckwheat, and redtop
in the field without fertilizer, with yields amounting to 21, 21, 13, and 10 bu. per
acre, respectively. The same crops were grown for two years in pots under
various fertilizer treatments, and were again followed by buckwheat in 1916,
resulting in yields in the same relative order as noted above.

Alsike clover sown in 1916 yielded approximately 2 tons of hay per acre
after potatoes, rye, redtop, and squashes, 1.4 tons after red clover, and 1.3 tons
after alsike clover itself.

338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Eureka silage corn sown at the rate of 15 lbs. per acre with 15 lbs. of soy
beans yielded nearly as much corn as where 15 lbs. of corn were planted alone,
the total yield being increased about one-sixth by the beans. Doubling the rate
of seeding resulted in a decreased yield of corn scarcely compensated by the
beans. It was concluded that the beans had no positive effect in increasing
the nitrogen content of the corn, although that of the mixture was increased.

Berseem as a new fodder crop for India, G. S. Henderson {Agr. Research
Inst. Pusa Bui. 66 (1916), pp. 8, jjIs. 3; abs. in Nature [London'], 99 (1917),
No. 2476, p. 131). — The cultivation of berseem {Trifolium ale.randrinvm) as a
forage crop in Egypt is described. The crop is usually pastured or employed
as a soiling crop or for seed production. Berseem hay is said to be of excellent
quality but not yet of any great economic importance.

The castor oil plant in Egypt, V. Mosseri (Bui. Union Agr. Egypte, 15
(1917), No. 118, pp. 29). — The cultivation of the castor oil plant (Ricinus com-
munis) in Egypt is discussed in detail, and studies of the influence of soil and
climate upon oil production reported.

The weight of seed and percentage of hulls and seed were found to vary with
the variety, and in the same variety with the region, the season, and the crop.
The physical condition of the soil is said to have less effect on the crop than
excessive soil moisture or excessive alkalinity of the soil, these last-named prop-
erties affecting the weight of the seed and, to an even greater extent, the per-
centage of hulls and kernels.

The oil content of the seed was found to be largely dependent upon atmos-
pheric conditions prevailing at the time of the formation and maturation of the
seed, varying with the variety, the locality, the season, and the crop. The oil
content was apparently increased in the same variety when the latter was
transported from the north to the south and diminished with reversed condi-
tions. It also appeared that there was a correlation between grain weight and
oil content.

Ordinary white clover seed versus wild white clover seed, T. J. .Jenkin
(Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 (1917), No. 12, pp. J202-i20S).— Numerical data
are presented and discussed in an effort to determine the real differences exist-
ing in permanent pasture formation where equal quantities of ordinary white
clover and wild white clover were used. The experiments w^ere begun in 1914
at a number of centers where permanent pastures were to be established, and
observations on the percentage of area covered by white clover at the end of
18 and of 30 months reported. The seeding mixtures compared included wild
white clover, ordinary white Dutch clover, and ordinary white clover. The
observations briefly summarized were as follows :

Wild white clover demonstrated its superiority over ordinary white clover in
most cases at about 18 months after seeding. In all cases this superiority be-
came obvious by 30 months after seeding unless development had been checked.
The average percentage of area covered by white clover 30 months after seed-
ing was 19.7 for wild white clover, 2.13 for ordinary white Dutch, and 1.74 for
ordinary white clover.

Analyses of agricultural yield.— Ill, The influence of natural environ-
mental factors upon the yield of Egyptian cotton, W. L. Balls (Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soo. London, Ser. B, 208 (1917), No. 352, pp. 157-223, figs. i9).— Supple-
menting an examination of the effects of such environmental factors as distance
and date of planting (E. S. R., 36, pp. 36, 37) on the yield curve of Egyptian
cotton, the author presents a study of the following factors : Soil fertility, hard-
pan (soil texture), soil depth, shortage of soil water, over watering, root as-
phyxiation, weather, and climate. Statistical evidence secured from observa-

1918] FIELD CROPS. 339

tions extending over the period of 1909-1913 and at g;everal centers in Egypt
forms the basis upon which the studies were made, 'the factors were studied
chiefly in their effects upon the flowering curve, which represents the daily rate
of flowering of an average plant, and the relation between the formation of this
curve and the antecedent growth processes and subsequent yield outlined.

The flowering curve and consequently the yield ciu've were shown to have a
typical form under good cultural conditions. Poor cultivation is defined as any
condition that allo'vvs a factor to become limiting when it need not be so, thereby
deforming the curve.

The differences of behavior of various cotton crops appeared to be inevitable
consequences of the knov.n environmental conditions, provided only that due re-
gard be paid to the distinction in time between the causation of any effect and
its manifestation. To denote this latter distinction the author uses the term
" predetermination. " Daily fluctuations of the flowering curve constitute an
example of predetermination, since they are controlled by weather conditions
which obtained a month before the flowers opened, and simultaneous fluctua-
tions in the same direction may be shown by all cotton fields in Egypt.

Deductions are presented v.-ith regard to the function and dimensions of the
absorbing part of the root system as distinct from the merely conducting por-
tions. By comlwniug the analyses made in these studies with data concerning
the commercial aspect of Egyptian cotton it has been shown that root asphyxia-
tion produced by a rising water table is the principal cause of the deteriora-
tion in yield per acre which the crop has suffered.

In discussing the physiological outlook essential for an effective analysis of
agriculturtd yield, the author asserts that the method of study employed in
these investigations is a matter of adjustment depending only on the choice of
cardinal points for observation in the crop to be studied, and that a superposi-
tion of the continuous observation method upon the scattered small-plat methd
may be expected to link plant physiology more closely to agriculture. With a
proper conception of the law of limiting factors, as advanced by F. F. Black-
man, and of the frequent predetermination of their effects, there is thought to
be abundant opportunity for advances in the knowledge of so-called " crop
physiology " by applying these methods of continuous registration to plant de-
velopment. The liiultations of the plant-development curves as tools for pur-
poses of research are (1) that the data required for their construction must al-
most invariably be obtained daily throughout the season, since the day is the
real time limit in which a plant measures its experiences, and (2) that they
necessitate considerable labor. Opposed to these disadvantages is the fact that
they abolish the probable error of plant experiments, thereby achieving good
results with controlled areas otherwise far too small if the yields wei*e not thus
analyzed. The author continues :

" It is probable that the solution lies in compromise, by first establishing a
set of standard data, as complete as possible, for any given crop and district,
with which any subsequent observations of salient features could be compared.
The establishment of such a set for the Gheezeh Cotton Experiment Station was
one of the author's chief aims. . . . The desired extension of the observa-
tions to minor outlying stations in other parts of Egypt would have provided
not only a system of precise crop reporting, on the lines of a weather report, but
also a system of crop forecasts.

" Our principal general conclusion is, therefore, that Blackman's law of
the limiting factor provides the key by which the intricate relations of any
crop to its environr^ent may be satisfactorily unlocked, provided only that these
45967°— 18 4

340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

reactions are expressed numerically, with definable significance ; that they are
duly referred in their origin to that stage of the plant's development at which
they were actually induced ; [and] that the crop is treated as an average plant
whose physiology is the subject of investigation. "

Arborescent cotton plants, " de Motril " and " Caravonica," C. Riviere
{Bid. Soc. Nat. Acclirn. France, 63 (1916), No. 2, pp. Jt6-55 ; abs. in Internat.
Inst. Agr. \_Rome'\, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 5, pp. 683,
68^). — On the basis of the history of the two arborescent cotton plants namei]
the author maintains that cotton is capable of infinite variation and is much
affected by environment and cultural methods. From this it follows that the
habit of growth, shape of leaves, and size of inflorescence, as well as the
length and character of the staple, are not fixed characters upon which eco-
nomic cultivation can be established, but that preliminary tests must be made
to determine the qualities of the plant.

He regards de Motril as closely related to Gossypivm hadganum, described
by Todaro as coining from the Algiers Experimental Gardens and which,
according to the author, is a long-stapled Georgia much resembling Sea Island
from which CSravonica was derived. The latter had a strong tendency to de-
generate into common varieties.

As experimental proof of his hypothesis, the author recalls that some neg-
lected plants of G. Jierhaceum found by him on the dunes of Biserta produced
in the Algiers Experimental Gardens individuals with luxuriant growth which
did not at all appear to have had a common origin. On the other hand, plants
raised from the seed of equally fine individuals, when grown under unfavor-
able soil and cultural conditions, produced offspring to which different origins
both as regards country and race would certainly have been attributed.

Some notes on malang'as, R. S. Cunliffe (Agriculture [Cuha], 1 {1917), No.
S, pp. 21-29, figs. 5). — The production of Blanca and Amarilla malangas in
Cuba is described. The composition of these two varieties compared with that
of potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava, as determined by analyses made at
the Maine Experiment Station, show that they compare favorably with the other
crops. The albuminoid ratio was found to be 1 : 16 for Blanca and 1 : 10 for
Amarilla malangas.

Cultural tests with large and small seed tubers of Amarilla malangas gave
an increased yield of 1,920 kg. (approximately 4,224 lbs.) per acre for the
large seed. Tubers cut to sets of several eyes gave an increased yield of 1,600
kg. per acre over large, whole tubers and of 3,824 kg. over small, whole tubers.

Spring' oat production, C. W. Wakbukton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui.
892 {1917), pp. 22, figs. 9). — This is a revised edition of Farmers' Bulletin 424
(E. S. R., 24, p. 237).

A study in the assimilation of nutrients by the rice plant, Jatindra Nath
Sen {Agr. Research Inst. Ptisa Bui. 65 {1916), pp. 13, pi. 1; abs. in Nature
[London'i, 99 {1917), No. 2476, p. ISl ; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [i?o?ne], In-
ternat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. S, pp. 359, 360).— Studies of the
assimilation of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the rice plant in India
are reported. The life of the plant was divided into six stages ; namely, seed-
ling, transplanting, pre-flowering, flowering, milk, and dead ripe, and the per-
centage of total nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash contained in the root,
stem, leaf, ear, grain, and chaff determined and reported in tabular form,
together with the content of total nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash per
plant. The feeding value of the different parts of the rice plant at the various
stages of growth was also determined. From the data secured the following
general conclusions were drawn :

1918] FIELD CROPS. 341

The total dry matter in rice plants increased up to maturity, the greatest
increase occurring, however, before the formation of the flowers. The per-
centage of nitrogen showed a steady and continuous decrease from the first
to the last period of growth, the most rapid decline being noted in the second
period. There was a very slight increase in total nitrogen in the roots during
the last stages. The phosphoric acid content of the above-ground portions
varied but slightly during the seedling and flowering stages, while in the roots
there was a slight but regular decline through all stages. The percentage of
potash in the above-ground parts increased from the seedling to the pre-
flowering stage, after which there was a decline. In the roots the decline set
in after the transplanting stage. As the ears formed, a concentration of nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid, and potash occurred in the grain at the expense of the
other parts of the plant. The assimilation of the three principal plant food ele-
ments was practically completed by the flowering stage, hence the earlier stages
were more or less critical. No downward transmigration of the absorljed
nitrogen and potash into the soil was observed. With a yield of 900 lbs. of
dry grain the soil suffered a loss of 29.3.3 lbs. of nitrogen, 9.64 lbs. of phos-
phoric acid, and 49.69 lbs. of potash per acre when the grain and straw were
removed.

Rye growing in the Southeastern States, C. E. Leighty {U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 894 (1917), pp. 14)- — The advantages of increased rye production
and the conditions under which rye is deemed preferable to wheat in the south-
eastern United States are outlined. Field practices and cultural methods em-
ployed in growing the crop are discussed and the principal weeds and insect
and disease enemies of the crop noted.

Sorg-hums for forage in South Dakota, M. Champlin and G. Winkight
(South Dakota Sta. Bui. 174 U917), pp. 624-645, figs. i5).— This bulletin reports
the results of comparative trials of different sorghums and outlines directions
for growing the crop based on field experiments conducted partly in coopera-
tion with the U. S. Dei)artment of Agriculture on the station farms at Brook-
ings, Cottonwood, Eureka, Highmore, and Vivian. The experimental work
covered the period from 1912-1916, inclusive.

The sorghums are regarded as valuable catch crops and especially profitable
under weather conditions unfavorable to corn, but were not otherwise deemed
superior to the latter. Sudan grass proved best for hay purposes, varieties of
amber cane such as Minnesota Amber and Dakota Amber for high tonnage of
coarse forage, and Dwarf IMilo for silage. Sudan grass gave the highest aver-
age yields when grown in drill rows 6 and 12 in. apart, amounting to 2.84 and
2.68 tons per acre, respectively, although satisfactory yields were secured when
the crop was grown in cultivated rows. Amber cane and Dwarf Milo gave
the best results when grown as cultivated crops. Seeding from May 20 to
June 1 or later is recommended and the importance of shallow seeding em-
phasized.

Sugar beets in South Dakota, J. H. Shepakd and R. C. Sherwood (South
Dakota Sta. Bui. 17S (1917), pp. 592-620, figs. i2).— This reports the continua-
tion of work with sugar beets, previously noted (B. S. R, 29, p. 635), giving a
brief discussion for each season from 1913 to 1916, inclusive, together with
tabulated data showing the results of variety tests for each year.

Better results were obtained by analyzing the mother beets in the spring and
planting immediately rather than by removing the roots from storage for analy-
sis during the winter. The loss in sugar content during storage is estimated
to be about 2 per cent. The mother beets selected from the different varieties
have shown a variation in sugar content ranging from 18 to 22 per cent.

342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

The highest average tonnage for six years has amounted to approximately 18
tons per acre for 18-in. rows.

Although it has been demonstrated that commercial beet seed production is
possible and profitable in the State, it is not deemed feasible for the individual
farmer but should more properly be financed and operated by sugar beet seed
coiupanies.

Velvet beans, J. R. Fain, S. H. Starr, and P. O. Vanatter {Ga. State Col.
Agr. Circ. ^S {1911), pp. Jf). — The production and use of velvet beans in Georgia
are briefly outlined. la a tabular comparison of the yields of 14 varieties
Medium Early showed the highest yield for 1916, 24.62 bu., with a yield of S.15
bu when sown with corn. Ninety-Day Bunch gave the highest yield when sown
with corn, 11. .55 bu. The latter variety required 135 days to mature, the former
170.

Velvet beans in Mississippi, E. B. Ferris (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 179 (1911),
pp. 19, figs. 4). — Approved field practices and cultural methods for velvet bean
production in Mississippi are outlined and the value of the crop as a feed and
for soil improvement noted. It is concluded from " 15 years' experience on
the cut-over lands of south Mississippi . . that cattle and hogs with corn and
velvet beans will come nearer solving the problem of profitable agriculture for
the section as a whole than all other things combined."

Growing' winter wheat on the Great Plains, E. C. Chilcott and J. S. Cole
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 895 (1917), pp. i2).— The adaptation, relative
value, and cultural methods of winter wheat production are briefly reviewed
for Montana, North and South Dakota. Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas,
Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico.

Limited rainfall is regarded as the controlling factor in crop production in
the Great Plains, the relation l)etween soil moisture at seeding time and yield
being much closer with winter wheat than with other crops. Well-prepared
land, summer tillage, and a sufficient moisture supply to a depth of 3 ft. are
deemed essential to a successful crop.

In the northern section of the Great Plains winter wheat can be replaced
with spring wheat without serious loss. In the central section winter wheat
is deemed superior to spring wheat, and can not be replaced by the latter with-
out serious loss. In the southern section winter wheat is regarded as less cer-
tain and less productive than farther north, and can not be replaced by spring
wheat.

Proportion of grain to sheaf as a factor in wheat selection, J. T. Pridham
(Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 (1917), No. 2, pp. 91-94).— The proportion of grain
to sheaf was determined for 36 varieties of wheat at Cowra in 1914, and for
55 varieties in 1915, in an attempt to ascertain whether a high proportion of
grain to sheaf is generally associated with high grain yield per acre. The
results obtained indicated that a rather higher proportion of grain to sheaf
was present in the heavier-yielding varieties, but that the proportion varied
with the season.

Plants of two strains, " A " and " B," of a hybrid Yandilla King X Zaff in
the sixth generation were harvested in 1914 to secure a wheat with a high
proportion of grain to sheaf. Strain A appeared to be constant, while Strain
B appeared to be mixed. In 1915 seed was sown from one plant " Q," repre-
senting the A strain, and from two plants " D " and " E,'' representing the B
strain. Q reproduced the uniform results of the parent, but D and E appeared
to include two strains, each one yielding a higher proportion of grain to sheaf
than the other. The few higest-yielding plants, however, had a medium to
low proportion of grain to straw, and it is concluded, therefore, to be unwise
to pursue selections for this quality except as of secondary importance to that

1918] HORTICULTURE. 343

of yielding ability. High grain yields were not associated with a very high
proportion of straw, but neither were they correlated with a very low propor-
tion. The results seem to indicate that as between plants of the same variety
gross yield is sufficient to determine tlie most productive plants for grain.

Seed Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Seed Rptr., 1 {1911), No. 1, pp. 4).— This
marks the initial issue of a monthly publication dealing with material that
may arise from time to time relative to the production, handling, and market-
ing of seeds, including the following subjects : Seed crop movement ; receipts,
shipments, and imports of seeds ; available supplies, demand, prices, and qual-
ity of seeds ; commercial varieties of seeds ; special crop reports ; seed market-
ing and seed crop studies ; crop estimates ; reports of the seed stocks committee ;
and miscellaneous news items deemed of interest and value to seed growers
and dealers.

The current number includes a brief outline of the purposes and activities
of the committee on seed stocks, special articles on the storage ^f seed wheat
in the Northwest, the seed-corn situation in the Northwest, and the soy-bean
situation in eastern North Carolina. Statistics are presented on marketing and
production surveys of timothy in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Illinois ; on
alfalfa in Kansas; Kentcky bluegrass In Kentucky; redtop ; orchard grass
in Kentucky and Indiana ; clover seed in Wisconsin and Minnesota ; movements
of meaodw fescue ; and on imports of forage-plant seeds permitted entry into
the United States.

A seed key to some common weeds and plants, E. L. Palmeb (Proc. loiva
Acad. 8'et.. 23 {1916), pp. 335-39^, flgs. ^i).— Seeds of 118 common weeds and
plants, many of which occur as adulterants in the seed of red, white, and alsike
clovers, alfalfa, timothy, and redtop, are de.scribed, and a key provided for their
identification. The object of the work is to furnish a method for accurately
determining the names of various seeds and seedlike fruits, with the express
purpose of detecting adulterants in commercial seeds, to aid in determining
plants in the fruiting condition when tlie flower parts are too far advanced
for the usual identification methods and to serve as a check in determinations
from a study of the flowers. A brief bibliography of literature relating to seed
study is included.

HORTICULTURE.

Vegetable forcing, R. L. Watts {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1917, pp.
XX+431, flgs. 156). — A practical treatise on vegetable forcing. The first part
of the book discusses greenhouse construction and heating ; soils ; manures,
lime, and fertilizers ; soil preparation ; soil sterilization ; insect enemies and
their control; diseases and their control; starting plants; watering, heating,
ventilating, and shading ; and marketing. Separate chapters then deal with the
history, importance, and methods of forcing asparagus, rhubarb, lettuce, cauli-
flower, radish, tomato, cucumber, muskmelon, and miscellaneous vegetables.
Systems of cropping, the management of frame crops, and mushrooms are also
discussed.

The work as a whole is based upon commercial practice and the recent litera-
ture of the subject.

The California vegetables in garden and field, E. J. Wickson {San Fran-
cisco: Pacific Rural Press, 1917, 4. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 319, pis. 23, figs. 6). —
The present edition of this work (E. S. R., 29, p. 435) is revised and extended
to include recent practice in vegetable growing.

Vegetable growing, G. Teuffaut {Produisez des Legumes. Versailles,
France: Author, 1917, pp. 128, pi. 1. flgs. 47).— A cultural treatise including a
monthly working calendar, prepared with special reference to French conditions.

344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Everyman's garden in war time, C. A. Selden {New York: Dodd, Mead d
Co., 1917, pp. XIV-\-S38). — A popular treatise on home gardening and fruit
growing, including a weekly working calendar.

Report of the State horticulturist, C. L. Wilkins {Agr. of Maine, 1916, pp.
38-76). — A brief report on the inspection of nurseries and orchards and prem-
ises, as well as foreign-grown nursery stock imported into the State of Maine
during 1916. Short papers on markets by H. A. Emerson and on birds of the
orchard by W. E. Powers are also included.

[Report of horticultural investigations], O. B. Whipple {Montana Sta.
Rpt. 1916, pp. 175, 176). — Mulching experiments with vegetables were continued
during the year (E. S. R., 36, p. 236). Cabbage, cauliflower, endive, and turnips
were slightly improved by mulching. Warm season crops were noticeably re-
tarded by the mulch, probably due to the reduction in soil temperature.

The season's studies of premature seeding of celery again showed that moving
the plants to a cold frame early was one of the most important factors favoring
premature seeding. Of 36 varieties of early sweet corn tested the most promis-
ing ones were Early June, Indian, Burbank 86, Early Mayflower, and Early
Malcom. Of six varieties of the common dry beans. Red Indian and Yellow
Indian matured best. In storage experiments with cabbage, Danish Ballhead,
Mammoth Rock Red, and Danish Roundhead stored best. Of 14 varieties of
strawberries tested at the home station, Early Ozark, Senator Dunlap, Marshall,
and Kellogg Prize passed the winter of 1915-16 very well without protection.

The results of investigations being carried on at the horticultural substation
have been reported in a recent bulletin (E. S. R., 37, p. 241).

Market gardening {Sta. Agron. Finistere et Lab. Dept. Bui., 1916, pp. 102-
124). — Fertilizer experiments with all of the important vegetables grown in
the Department of Finistere, France, are here reported.

Head lettuce for Ohio greenhouses, S. N. Green {Mo. Bui. Ohio 8ta., 2
{1917), No. 11, pp. 370-374, figs. 2). — The results are given of a comparative
test of leaf and head lettuce conducted in the station greenhouses during the
past five or six seasons.

Leaf lettuce of the Grand Rapids type was found to grow faster and make
heavier heads than the head lettuce during the fall months. During the winter
months head lettuce matured somewhat quicker and produced about the same
weight heads as leaf lettuce. Experience during the past six seasons has shown
that varieties of head lettuce may be bred to a degree of disease resistance.
Soil sterilization for the control of diseases has proved of considerable value in
raising lettuce, but renewal of the soil eveiy year has given the best results.

In view of the possible overproduction of the loose-leaf Grand Rapids lettuce
in Ohio, greenhouse men are advised to experiment with head lettuce and de-
velop strains resistant to disease and tipburn. Head lettuce marketed by the
station during the winter mouths was sold without difficulty at a good price.

Growing Bermuda onion seed in the southwestern United States, S. C.
Mason {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. [Pub.], 1917, pp. 6, figs. 5).— The
author briefly reviews the present status of the Bermuda onion industry in the
Southwest and gives an account of experiments in the production of Bermuda
onion seed at the Cooperative Testing Station, Sacatan, Ariz. Suggestions are
also given relative to the selection of seed stock bulbs, planting, culture, and
harvesting the seed. The author concludes that there seems to be no reason
why all the American demand should not be supplied with home-grown seed, but
that such production should not be undertaken oiitside of limited areas in
southern Arizona and California having the requisite mild winter temperature
and dry air of the summer season.

laiSJ HORTICULTUEE. 345

storing- vegetables for winter, M. C. Meekill {Utah Sta. Circ. 26 {1911), pp.
S). — This circular discusses the fundamental principles of vegetable storage,
storage requirements, types of storage, and storage conditions for different
types of vegetables.

The propagation of fruit trees, A. and Gabkieh.e L. C. Howakd {Sci. Rpis.
Agr. Research I nut. Pusa, 1916-17, pp. ^/S— 50 ) .—Experiments conducted at the
Fruit Experiment Station at Quetta, Baluchistan, have demonstrated that the
fruit stocks generally used in growing peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots, etc.,
on the damp soils of Great Britain and the north of France are quite unsuit-
able for the hot, dry .soils of Baluchistan. On the other hand, such stocks as
Mariana, myrobalan, mahaleb, and Jaune de Metz Paradise have done ex-
ceedingly well.

Cross-pollination experiments in 1916 and 1917, M. van Oijen {Maandbl.
Ncdcrtand. Pomol. Vet:, 7 {1917), No. 11, pp. 164-176, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The re-
sults are given of cross-pollination experiments conducted with cherries at
Maastricht, Holland, in 1916, and of similar experiments with pears and apples
conducted in a private fruit garden in 1917.

Some observations on the growth of apple trees, J. H. Goueley {New
Uampshire 8ta. Tech. Bui. 12 {1917), pp. 3-38, figs. 9).— In coimection with the
long-continued orchard management study being conducted at the station (E.
S. R., 37, p. 833) annual growth measurements of mature apple trees growing
under different systems of cultivation were made for a period of nine years,
and daily growth measurements were made for the seasons 1913, 1914, and
1916. The present paper presents data and observations on these measurements,
together with data recorded in 1916 showing the effect of various systems of
cultivation on soil temperature.

Soil temperature records were taken almo.st daily from April 13 to Septem-
ber 20 in the following five plats: Permanently in sod, clean cultivation each
year, cultivation with a cover crop, cultivation with a cover crop and a com-
plete fertilizer applied each spring, and a plat similar to the last, with the com-
plete fertilizer high in nitrogen. During the early spring the sod plat was the
coolest and those having a heavy mat of cover crops were next lowest in tempera-
ture. The clean tilled plat and the tillage cover crop plat to which no fertilizers
had been added showed the highest soil temperature. No soil temperatures
were taken during the winter months, but observations were made on the depth
to which different plats were frozen on March G. The results in general indi-
cate that soil temperature is warmest under the sod plat, followed by the plats
with fertilized cover crops, and the coolest under the clean culture and light cover
crop plats during the winter months. During the summer months the soil
temperature runs lowest under the heaviest vegetation and highest under
clean culture.

" In the ninth year of this experiment the trees under a system of cultivation
with cover crops exceeded in annual twig growth the trees in sod by 80 per
cent. All the plats receiving a complete fertilizer in addition to cultivation
and cover crops showed a marked increase in twig growth after the sixth year
of the experiment and in the ninth year these plats averaged 26 per cent
greater twig growth than the plat without fertilization. A difference in color of
the foliage, however, was not noticeable until the ninth year and no increase
in yield has yet occurred. The clean culture plat did not average as great an
annual twig growth in the second 4-year period of the experiment as in the
first 4-year period, but in the ninth year was 58 per cent greater than the sod
plat. The yields, as yet, have not been so affected in the clean culture plat.

O-iG EXPERIMENT STATION SECOED. [Voi. 38

"The daily growth was more or less erratic each season, i. e., not following
consistently any external factor under observation. The growth curve follows
the air temperature more closely, however, than any other external factor re-
corded. There is no close correlation between the humidity curve and growth
curve. It is not possible to control the separate factors under field conditions.
These conclusions are based on 4.3,000 measui'ements during three seasons.

" The growth Is much more readily affected by external factors in the early
period of its grov.-th than when it is approaching the resting period. The grand
period of growth in this orchard was a period of about 2.5 days (3 years con-
sidered)." The "grand period" as here used refers to the period in which
practically all the growth is made, beginning somewhere between May 20 and 25
and practically ceasing the latter part of June.

[Orchard cover crops]. H. A. Morgan {Tetmessee Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 116). —
Experiments conducted at the west Tennessee station with Japan clover as an
orchard legume for summer and winter cover indicate that Japan clover taxes
too heavily the water supply of a young orchard to permit growing it close to
the tree. It is killed by the first freezes in the fall, the heavy growth dries
rapidly, and there is grave danger from fire during the winter months. This
winter mulch offers acceptable quarters for field mice and rabbits. On the other
hand, it is an excellent plant to prevent erosion of orchard soils. It reseeds
itself and until the excessive growth is sufficient to smother the very young
plants one seeding may be sufficient for years. The rapid accumulation of
nitrogen and its effect upon the trees after the second year soon outweighs the
tax of the clover upon the water supply when the trees were younger. The ex-
tremely matted growth prevents the growth of crab grass and summer weeds.

From the results of this experiment it is concluded that " Japan clover should
be grown for two years prior to the setting of an apple orchard upon the orange
sand lands of west Tennessee. The crop of the second year should be turned
under in September and well worked into the soil prior to the setting out of
the orcliard in December or later. For two years succeeding, crimson clover
sown in August should be grown as winter and spring cover, and the ground
cultivated from May until August. For two years succeeding, and longer,
Japan clover may be grown, until the shade of tlie large trees prevents profitable
growth. "

Everbearing strawberries, G. M. Darrow (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
901 (1917), pp. 19, figs. 7). — This publication deals with the special cultural
practices that have been developed in the production of varieties of strawlierries
that fruit during the summer and autumn. Introductory considerations deal
with the desirability of everbearing sorts of strawberries, origin, and charac-
teristics and adaptation. Information is then given relative to soils, fertilizers,
time of planting, planting systems, distance of planting, removing blossoms and
runners, tillage, mulching, duration of a plantation, harvesting, yields, and
varieties.

Currant growing an important, promising industry for California, G. C.
HusMANN {Cal. Fruit Netos, 57 {WIS), No. 15J,2, p. i).— As a result of viti-
cultural investigations conducted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for a
number of years the chief difficulties that have previously prevented the suc-
cessful culture of the dark-colored commercial currants in California have been
overcome.

It is necessary that the vines be grafted on resistant stocks congenial to them
and suited to the soil and other conditions in which grown. Congenial and re-
sistant stocks have been found for important soil types in the grape districts.
It is also necessary to incise or decorticate the vines when they are in bloom
to produce a full setting and maturing of the fruit, and to produce fruit of the

1918] FORESTRY. 347

best quality. In making the incision, a ring of bark is removed from either the
trunks, arms, or canes of the vines.

The department is studying further cultural details. Only one variety of
currant, the Panariti, is recommended for planting. Other dark-colored
varieties hitherto tried in California have proved worthless.

Raspberry culture, G. M. Dakrow {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 8S7
{1917), pp. 44< fid'"^- •?3). — A treatise on raspberry culture based on practices
which have proved highly successful in different sections. The author discusses
the types of raspberries, extent and distribution of raspberry growing, location
of a plantation, site of a plantation, preparing the land, planting, moisture sup-
ply in the soil, intercropping, tillage, maintenance of fertility, systems of train-
ing and pruning, winter protection, duration of a plantation, harvesting, yieULs,
diseases and insects, propagation, varieties, and uses.

Indian tea: Its culture and manufacture, C. Bald {Calcutta: Thacker, Spink
d Co., 1911, 3. ed., pp. S73, pZ.s. 27, figs. 9).— The present edition of this; work
(E. S. R.. 21, p. 335) has been revised, partially rewritten, and somewhat en-
larged.

Notes on the production and commerce of cacao, M. Calmon du Pin e Al-
MEDiA {Notas Acerca da ProducQdo e Commercio do Cacau. Rio de Janeiro: Soc.
Nac. Agr., 1917, pp. 21; J or. Com. [Rio de Janeiro^, 91 {1917), No. 160, pp. 3,
Jf). — A statistical account of the world's cacao industry, including data on pro-
duction, consumption, import taxes, etc., in different countries.

The data palm in Egypt, T. W. Brown {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 5 {1915), No. 1-2,
pp. 63-79, pi. 1; 6 {1916), pp. 18-38, pis. 6).— Part 1 of this article discusses the
methods of propagating the date palm, planting, and subsequent care, including
methods of pollinating the female trees ; part 2 treats in detail of the various
kinds of dates grown and their relative commercial importance.

South. American markets for dried fruits, W. Fischer {U. S. Dept. Com.,
Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com.. Spec. Agents Ser., No. 148 {1917), pp. 35). — This
is a short survey of the dried-fruit trade in South America, based on data
gathered and observations made during the season 1915-16 in connection with
an investigation of the fresh-fruit markets of that continent (E. S. R., 37,
p. 345). The present report discusses the purchasing power and the customs,
tastes, and needs of the people, the current high prices, and the sources from
which dried fruits are obtained, as factors determining the total consumption
and the small share supplied by the United States. There are supplementary
sections on California fruits in South America and on methods of distribution.

FORESTRY.

Incidental results of a study of Douglas fir seed in the Pacific Northwest,
C. P. Willis {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1917), No. 8, pp. 991-1002).— In connection
with the collection and drying of cones for a study of Douglas fir seed during
the fall of 1912 a number of incidental experiments were conducted and are
here discussed.

With reference to the proper time to collect cones, it was found that a con-
siderable amount of good seed may be procured from cones entirely green in
color, although the largest quantity of good seed is not obtained by this pro-
cedure. It seems satisfactory to collect cones when they first begin to assume
a brownish hue. Actual tests indicate that in picking cones it is wise to take
from a given tree only the larger, better developed cones. Large cones pro-
duce large seed and small cones small seed. The large seed was found to have
a much higher germination percentage.

.348 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

Studies were made relative to the best temperature for cone dryiug in a
kiln. The results in general indicate that drying is the complex result of
temperature, humidity, and air circulation. A relatively low temperature
(even 130° F.) may be fatal to seed if the cones are green or the atmospheric
humidity high. A similar temperature may be dangerous if any of the seed
happens to be much exposed during treatment, and specially so if the humidity
is low. With green cones, which are not well adapted to kiln treatment, a
uniform temperature of over 100° is apt to cause great loss, largely through
the superheating of the seed. Cones moderately dry can be exposed to tem-
perature as high as 140°. It is suggested, however, that in view of the danger
of excessive dryiug the temperature should be as low as is compatible with
economy.

Seed that does not shake out readily from partially opened cones was found
to be usually of high quality and worth saving, unless extra shaking is for
some reason too expensive. The seeds last shaken out are apparently no
smaller than those which are first extracted. The germination percentage is
sometimes slightly low with the seed last obtained.

Methods of hastening g'ermination, S. B. Show (Jour. Forestry, 15 (1917),
No. 8, pp. 1003-1006). — In the spring of 1913 tests were made by the Feather
River Experiment Station, near Quincy, Cal., of a number of different methods
of hastening the germination of tree seed. The results of tests conducted
with seed of sugar pine, western yellow pine, JeiTrey pine, and incense cedar
are here presented in tabular form. The data as a whole were not conclusive,
but indicate, however, that soaking in solutions of sulphuric acid gives the
best results for sugar pine seed.

Osmotic pressure as an index of habitat, B. Moobe (Jour. Forestry, 15
(1917). No. 8, pp. 1010-1013). — The author reviews recent investigations relative
to the freezing-point depression and osmotic pressure of plant tissues in rela-
tion to environment, and calls attention to their direct bearing on forest re-
search in that they reveal the existence of an index of habitat which may be
of great value in silvical studies.

The farmer's woodlot, J. J. Crumley (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 (1917), No. 11,
pp. 375-380, figs. 2). — This paper discusses the present condition of small wood-
lots in the more level sections of Ohio, with special reference to the detrimental
effects of pasturing woodlots.

Advice to forest planters in the plains region, S. D. Smith (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 888 (1917), pp. 23). — This publication gives advice about
tree planting in the plains region to provide windbreaks, supplies of firewood,
fence posts, and wood for repairs. A descriptive list is given of trees adapted
to the northern and southern plains region, together with a discussion of mixed
plantations, ornamental plantings, the details, methods, and time of planting,
spacing, cultivation, thining, pruning, protection, and where to secure trees
and seeds. The publication concludes with a general list of " don'ts " for
tree planters.

Planting experiments on the sand dunes of the Oregon coast, T. T. Mungek
(Jour. Forestry, 15 (1917), No. 8, pp. 1007-1009) .—Is. brief statement of tree
planting work conducted during the period 1910 to 1916. The experiments have
been discontinued for the present because it appears that afforestation, except
of the very best of the sand waste country, will not be possible until a
herbaceous cover has first been established to stop the sand movement.

Axton plantations, B. E. Feknow (Jour. Forestry, 15 (1917), No. 8, pp. 988-
990). — With a view to furnishing a record for future reference, the author here
presents a memorandum of the silvicultural work done by the former New York

191S] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 349

State College of Forestry at Axton, N. Y. The present condition of the differ-
ent forest plantations is also briefly noted.

Report of the director of forestry for the year 1916, R. H. Campbell et al.
{Deijt. Int. Canada, Rpt. Dir. Forestry (IDIG), pp. 95, figs. 26). — The report in-
cludes a review of the several lines of work conducted by the forestry branch
during the year and detailed reports of the work of the tree-planting division
and on the forest reserves in tl-K separate Provinces, together with the report
of the Forest Products Laboratory of Canada.

[Report on] forestry (Ann. Rpt. Reforms and Prog. Chosen (Korea) {1915-
16), pp. 129-134, Pl- !)• — A progress report on forest activities in Chosen during
the year ended March 31, 1916, discussing forest protection, forest surveys,
experimental afforestation, nursery work, and Arbor Day planting. Since
April 3, 1911, the first Arbor Day, some 56.200,000 trees have been planted, es-
pecially by school children.

State ownership of forest lands, P. T. Coolidge {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1917),
No. 8, pp. 951-973). — A discussion of State ownership of forest lands as a gov-
ernmental policy.

Instructions for making timber surveys in the National Forests, including
standard classification of forest types {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. {1917),
pp. 53). — The purpose of this handbook is to present the policy of the Forest
Service for the conduct of timber surveys and to standardize the methods used
in the districts to the extent necessary to insure reasonably accurate and uni-
form results.

Alnus oregona: Its value as a forest type on the Siuslaw National Forest,
H. M. Johnson {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1917), No. 8, pp. 981-987).— A discussion
of the red alder {A. oregona) with reference to its silvical characteristics and
value as a nurse crop for Douglas fir, as a soil builder, for fire protection to
second growth and reproduction, and its commercial value.

Rubber cultivation in Trinidad and Tobago, N. Lamont et al. {Bui. Dept.
Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 16 {1917), No. 3, pp. 95-127).— A report of a special
committee of the Trinidad Board of Agriculture relative to the present status
and future prospects of rubber cultivation in Trinidad and Tobago, including
suggestions relative to cultural practices and the development of efficient tap-
ping methods and uniform plantation methods of preparing rul^ber.

Rubber culture in the Philippines, P. J. Wester {Philippine Agr. Rev. [Fng-
lish Ed.], 10 {1917), No. S, pp. 201-220, pis. 4, figs. 2).— The author reviews the
present status of the plantation rubber industry, discusses the Philippines as a
possible future source of rubber, and gives directions for the culture, harvest-
ing, and preparation of Para rubber.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Problems of plant pathology, F. L. Stevens (Bot. Gas., 63 {1917). No. 4, pp.
297-306). — This paper, dealing mainly with plant pathology as primarily an
economic subject and referring also to the relations between science and patho-
logical practice, offers suggestions regarding the classification of fungus plant
diseases.

The dissemination of parasitic fungi and international legislation, E. J.
Butler {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 9 {1917), No. 1, pp. 73). — This paper
has for its primary object a discussion of the means by which parasites are able
to cross oceans or tracts having only plants unsuitable to their spread. The
principal means include birds, air movements, and commercial transportation
of products. Control of the dissemination of diseases is discussed according to
the cases in which the disease has already succeeded in gaining a foothold in

350 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol.38

the country, those in which it has reached neighboring countries only, and those
in which it is still confined to areas isolated by the ocean or large tracts with
climate and vegetation unfavorable to the spread of the disease organism.

As illustrative of the probable means of introduction of foreign species, the
rusts of Australia are taken, some 27 of which are treated as introduced spe-
cies and are discussed in connection with their hosts and several modes of in-
troduction. Tlie work of the International Phytopathological Convention held
in Rome in 1914 is discussed in this connection.

Report of the botanist, S. M. Bain {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 118-120).—
A summary report is given of investigations carried on by the department of
botany on the selection of pear and apple seed for blight resistance, the phy-
siology of the resistance of clover to Colletotrichum, and the resistance of
Spirogyra to various fungi. The work with the pear and apple has only been
begun, extensive plantings of seed from different sources having been made.

In the studies of clover resistance the maximum temperature endured by
Colletotrichum spores Avas found to be about 45° C. (113° F.), the spores being
killed by a moment's exposure to that temperature. This is believed to ex-
plain why so many samples of spores taken in the field during the season failed
to germinate. Preliminary experiments indicate that infection of clover occurs
much more readily in tissues in an actively growing or meristematic condition.

Experiments with Spirogyra are reported upon, Spirogyra having been se-
lected as a convenient host plant for microscopical study. Three or four dif-
ferent fungus diseases of Spirogyra have been found and studied to some ex-
tent, the fungi being obligate parasites, facultative parasites, and saprophytes.
The results of a microscopical study of the methods of attack showed that
Pythium infects by zoospores, large numbers of which collect on Spirogyra cells
that have just died. They do not collect upon living cells or upon cells long
dead. Infection always starts at a dead cell. The advancement of the my-
celium through the Spirogyra filament is said to take place with great rapidity,
as many as seven cells having been killed in an hour by a single filament of
Saprolegnia.

[Plant diseases in Barbados], J. S. Dash {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1915-
16, pp. 35-40). — The most notable sugar cane trouble observed during this
period was that known as the pineapple disease {Thielaviopsis paradoxa {T.
ethaceticus) ) . No connection was established between this fungus and
Melanconium sacchari, the cause of rind disease. Colletotrichum falcatum was
not present to any considerable extent.

Examination of a new disease of sugar cane showed that the last-named
fungus was often present with a Cephalosporium, which was studied and is
herein discussed at some length. The disease does not seem to attack canes
growing under very favorable conditions. Its progress is slow. Destruction of
rotten canes and selection of plant material are expected to control the disease.

Cotton suffered severely only from leaf spots and mildew during this period.
A branch disease of pigeon pea is ascribed to a Colletotrichum. Examination
of dying sorrel plants showed a species of Gloeosporium, and a second species
was found to cause a dieback and leaf cast in a single breadfruit tree.

Plant protection in Switzerland, F. G. Strebler, A. Volkart, and A. Grisch
{Scluceiz. Samen Untersuch. n. Versnchsanst. DerUkon-Ziirich, Jahresber., 39
{1915-16), pp. 23-28). — This portion of the report deals briefly with diseases of
cereal crops, potatoes, beets, legumes, and forage plants, also with nematode
attack and weed pests.

[Plant diseases in India], J. Mackenna {Rpt. Prog. Agr. India, 1915-16, pp.
46-50). — It is stated that the most important disease under investigation at

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 351

Pusa durinj^ the year 1915-16 was that of rice known as ufra in eastern Ben-
gal. The cause of this very destructive disease is a nematode {Tylcnchns
angustus) whicli hibernates in dry stubble, renewing its activity with high
atmospheric humidity and heavy rainfall and perishing after immersion for
some weeks in water or passing into a dormant state under dry conditions.

Tokras, a parasitic species of Orobanche on tobacco, mustard, and cabbage,
were not controlled by the use of sodium nitrate. A study of Rhizoctonia by
Shaw (E. S. R., 35, p. 14S) has been continued. Studies have been prosecuted
on two local plantain diseases and the black thread disease of rubber. Other
diseases under investigation are a disease of sal trees ; wilts of cotton, sesamum,
gram, and chillies; and sclerotial diseases of jute and sugar cane.

A new method of denling with the palmyra palm disease has proved effective.
It consists of very close scrutiny of all palms in a disease center and cutting
out and burning all diseased portions of the crown of affected trees. The
koleroga disease of the areca palm can be eradicated from isolated areas by
means of spraying.

Black rot of coffee is checked by Bordeaux mixture, which also controls
brown blight of tea. Of the four smuts of sorghum present in Bombay, two
can be prevented by steeping the seed in copper sulphate. Studies have been
continued on fungi attacking tea roots and leaves. Poppy blight is epidemic
only under adverse climatic conditions and poor drainage. Certain varieties
appear to be almost inmume to the disease.

Cryptog'ainic review for 1914 and report on leaf diseases of conifers, G.
Briosi (Bol. Min. Agr. e Indus., Com. ed Lavoro [Rotne'], Ser. B, 14 {1915), II,
No. 1-2, pp. 38-47; Afti 1st. Bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2. ser., 16 (1916), pp. 285-
308). — This report, which is on the same general plan as that for 1913 (E. S. R..
34, p. 539) gives an account of diseases of conifers, vines, cereals, fruits, forage,
garden, ornamental, industrial, and other plants ; scientific and miscellaneous
studies ; and some publications of recent issue.

Cryptogamic review for 1915 with report on grain diseases, G. Briosi {Bol.
Min. Agr. e Indus., Com. cd Lavoro [Rome'i, Ser. B, 15 {1916), II, No. 5-8, pp.
11-26; abs. in Riv. Patol. Veg., 8 {1916), No. 10, pp. 197, 198).— This report,
which is on the same plan as that noted above, gives more particular attention
to grain diseases.

Physoderma disease caused by P. zeag maydis {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus., Plant Disease Bvh, 1917, Nos. 1, pp. 9, 10; 3, pp. 51, 52, fig. 1).—A brief
account is given of the occurrence and geographic distribution in the United
States of P. zca; maydis, which attacks corn. Its known distribution includes
the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mis-
sissippi, and Tennessee.

The internal disease of cotton bolls, W. Nowell {Agr. News [Barbados] . I4
{1915), Nos. 344, P- 222; 345, pp. 238, 239).— The investigation of internal boll
diseases of cotton having reached a stage where it is considered as likely that
future research must follow entomological as well as mycological lines, the
author summarizes the history of this disease and opinions regarding its causa-
tion, citing more particularly the findings and views of Robson (E. S. R., 35,
p. 44) in tills connection.

The general conclusion is that while the staining may be initiated by matter
issuing from punctures in the young seeds it is caused by infection with a for-
eign organism. In most cases this appears to be a .specific fungus (not yet
named), but infection is in some cases due to other fungi or to bacteria.

The internal disease of cotton bolls, W. Nowell {Agr. News [Barbados], 15
{1916), No. 364, pp 126, i27).— Following up the information given In the

352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

article ubove noted, the author states that in tests by Robson at Montserrat
and Harhind at St. Vincent, also by himself with material forwarded from both
of these places, the disease was found to be due to the specific fungus mentioned
in the article above noted. The facts indicate with apparent certainty the
agency (as carriers) of plant-feeding green bugs {Nezara viridula). The fun-
gus, which resembles closely Eremothecium cymbalartce and has considerable
scientific interest owing to its methods of spore formation, has now been found
in material from Tortola, St. Kitts, Montserrat, St. Vincent, and Barbados.
It occurs in nearly all the bolls examined, but in a small proportion is replaced
by bacteria.

The fungi of internal boll disease, W. Noweix {West Indian Bui., 16 {1911),
No. 2, pp. 152-159, figs. 4). — The author here presents what is regarded as a
preliminary outline of observations made on certain fungi, including one species
closely resembling that described by Schneider (E. S. R., 36, p. 749), which
occurs in green cotton bolls in the West Indies.

The fungus forms are four in number and are connected by certain features
which strongly suggest a close interrelationship. It is thought that the facts
here noted may prove to be of considerable importance in future discussions
of the taxonomy of the simpler fungi.

It is regarded as proved that the gross staining of lint in unopened bolls
(often followed by more or less rotting of the boll contents), which constitutes
this disease, is due to infection resulting from the puncturing of the wall of
the boll by plant bugs, mainly Nezara viridula and Dysdercus spp. The infect-
ing organism is, in most cases, one of the four fungi referred to above, though
a portion of the infections can be ascribed to bacteria. The proportion of such
bacterial infections, though ordinarily small, increases greatly in wet weather.
Infections by the fungi may occur, apparently, at any developmental stage
after the establishment of the boll, the effect varying accordingly in ways which
are described.

Blight disease of potatoes, B. F. Lutman {Ann. Rpt. Vt. State Hort. Soc, 13
{1916), pp. 55-60, pi. 1). — This is a discussion of the development of late blight
of potato as it occurs in Vermont, the contributing causes, and the outlook for
the near future in that State, with recommendations for its control. These
include avoidance of diseased tubers for use as seed and spraying with Bor-
deaux mixture, beginning about the first week in July and continuing as found
necessary.

Sugar cane diseases, R. Averna SaccA {Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 17. ser.. No.
12 {1916), pp. 936-938). — Further mention is made of some diseases of sugar
cane, as noted previously (E. S. R., 37, p. 553), along with a discussion of a
mild injury due to Capnodium sp. on the stalks in damp situations, and of a
severe injury due to a Tylenchus showing analogies to T. acutocaudatus,
together with remedial measures suggested.

Bitter pit investigation. The cause and control of bitter pit, with the re-
sults of experimental investigation, D. McAlpine {Rpt. Bitter Pit Invest.
[Aust.}, 5 {1915-16), pp. lU, pis. 38).— This, the fifth report on bitter pit
(E. S. R., 87, p. 455), deals in some detail with yield in relation to bitter pit;
crinkle, a confluent form of the trouble ; diseases superficially resembling bitter
pit ; the fruit buds of the apple tree ; pruning experiments ; the effects of ring-
ing and constricting the branches of apple and pear ; experiments conducted un-
der natural conditions with a view to controlling the trouble ; the cause of bitter
pit ; and its control as regards orchard practice, storing, and shipping. It is
now considered possible to ship fruit oversea without risk of overripening, and
bitter pit may also be considerably reduced.

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 353

IMany environmental factors contribute to the production of bitter pit. The
primary cause, however, is unqualifiedly stated to be the pressure of sap in the
outermost layer of pulp cells, which causes them to burst and also ruptures the
associated vascular network. This pressure is thus too great for the consti-
tutionally weakened tissue of the cultivated apple. The falling in of the sljin
is due to a deficiency in its nourishment and to the collapse of the underlying
cells. The browning of the tissue originates immediately beneath the skin, but
its extension along the conducting vessels may streak the flesh of the apple.
There may be also an internal browning not noticeable at the surface. Bitter
pit on the tree or in storage develops only in apples approaching maturity, never
after its attainment. The pitting is generally confined to the calyx end of the
fruit. There are both discrete and confluent forms of pitting.

In the manurial experiments in Victoria, the smallest amount of pitting oc-
curred when bone dust was added to a complete fertilizer, high yield showing
but little effect on the disease. In New South Wales the highest yield was asso-
ciated with the least pitting, which was less than 0.5 per cent, but in South
Australia this condition was reversed. In Western Australia the least pitting
occurred where 1 lb. of iron sulphate was applied to each tree. Here also fer-
tilizers tended to increase pitting, but the opposite result appeared in New
South Wales, South Austi-alia, and Victoria. Excess of nitrogenous manures
tends to produce pitting on account of the rapid growth, accumulation of nu-
tritive substances, and imperfect cell development.

Pruning is one of the most important means of control and has received spe-
cial attention. The best results have been obtained by leader or light pruning.
Whatever favors the regulation of the sap and its proportional distribution to
the various fruit buds, so that each is well supplied but not gorged, also tends
to reduce or prevent bitter pit. In a susceptible variety, such as Cleopatra,
pitting has been reduced to from 4 to 6 per cent by pruning. Storage at 30 to
32° F. arrests or retards both bitter pit and overripening, as the apple while at
this temperature is in a state described as a sort of suspended animation.

Bitter pit: Its cause and control. Experiments in pruning', manuring, irri-
gation, cool storing, D. McAlpine {Fruit World Austral., 18 (1911), No. 4- PP-
92-96, 99, 103, figs. 3). — This is a brief account of the report above noted.

Effect of temperature, aeration, and humidity on Jonathan spot and scald
of apples in storage, C. Brooks and J. S. Cooley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 11 (1917), No. 7, pp. 287-318, pis. 2, figs. 23).— A report is given of a
study of Jonathan spot and scald of apples in relation to rot Infection and
the modifying effects of storage conditions and maturity of fruit. Both of the
troubles are said to be important, not only because of their damaging effect
on the appearance of the fruit, but also because of the part they play in
paving the way for the entrance of various rot-producing fungi.

These disea.ses are said to show many similarities. The initial stages of
both are found to be confined to the color-bearing cells of the skin ; both render
the apple susceptible to rot infections; both are decreased by good aeration
and a fair degree of maturity of the fruit; and both are increased by a rise
in temperature, having an optimum of about 20° C. and a maximum of
about 30°.

The authors consider that apple scald is due to abnormal respiratory condi-
tions resulting from poor aeration. Attention is called to the important role
which aeration plays in the prevention of apple scald, as may be observed from
the small amount of this disease in cellar and air-cooled storage.

Fire blight infection, H. A. Gossard and R. C. Walton (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta.,
2 (1911), No. 11, pp. 357-364, figs. 5).— The results are given of an Investigation

354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

l)og:iin in 1915, in wiiicli individual (lower clusters, branches, and considerable
portions of trees were protected in various ways from insects and from rain.

It was found tbat a considerable portion of the branches showed infection
when protected against the entrance of insects but not protected against rain.
Where a tree was protected both from rain drip and from insects, no blight
infection occurred. Branches covered with four cheesecloth bags, above which,
on the same tree, w^ere artificially inoculated blo.ssoms, showed heavy infec-
tion. Other data are presented which indicate that rain acts as a carrier of
fire blight bacteria.

Citrus blast, a new bacterial disease, R. W. Hodgson {Mo. Bill. Com. Hort.
Cal., 6 {1917), No. 6, pp. 229-233, figs. 2).— The author gives a brief account of
his own work and that of Lee, as previously noted (E. S. R., 37, pp. 153. 154),
on the disease of citrus due to Bacterium citrarefaciens. Careful pruning is
regai'ded as the most hopeful means of control at the present time.

[Diseases, injuries, and abnormalities of coconut in the Dutch East Indies],
P. E. Keuciienius {Tcusmannia, 21 {1911), No. 11-12, pp. 62//-6'35 ) .— It is
stated that diseases of coconut have not yet assumed very great importance in
the Archipelago. Diseases with their causal organisms named in this con-
nection include a leaf spot {Pestalozsia palmariim) , a fungus bud rot {Pythi-
iim palmivorum) , a bacterial bud rot {Bacillus coli), a stem bleeding disease
{Thielaviopsis ethaccticus) reported previously by Petch (E. S. R., 23, p. 652),
and a root rot attributed to a Diplodia. Other phases of abnormality or in-
jury include gummosis, fruit deformity, and the effects of lightning.

Fungus blights of tea in northeast India during the season 1915, A. C.
TuNSTALL {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 {1916), pp. 78-16). —
This account names as tea leaf diseases in 1015 blister blight {ExobasicUum
vexans), copper blight {Lccstadia camelliw). gray blight {Pestalozzia sp.),
brown blight {Colletotrichuvi camellice), rim blight {Cladosporium sp. ), and
red rust {Cephaleurus vdrescens) ; as stem diseases, thread blight (sterile
mycelium, probably a Corticium) and velvet blight; and as root parasites,
Hymcnocliwte noxia, Ustulina zonafa, Roscllinia. spp., Thyridaria tarda, and
Fomes lucidus.

Black rot disease of tea, T. Fetch {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Leaflet 2 {1917), pp. 3,
fig. 1; Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 48 {1917), No. S, pp. 156-158, fig. 1).—An account is
given of a new disease of tea recently appearing in two districts in the low
country. It is characterized by the blackening and fall of the younger leaves,
which often remain attached to each other or to the stems (which are also
attacked) by the mycelium of the fungus, which is said to be an Hypochnus.
The spots on the older leaves and the corky warts on the young stems are
not so characteristic.

The disease occurs in patches scattered over the field, suggesting spore dis-
tribution by the wind. The fungus is thought to come from any of several
species of jungle plants, though spores have not as yet been observed, nor has
the mycelium (though present on old leaves) been found on the blackened
young leaves. The disease is named black rot from its analogies to a disease
of coffee of the same name in southern India due to an Hypochnus, but
possibly a different species from the one here considered. This fungus is
found to remain alive for at least two months on prunings left in the field, or
to fill with mycelium closed glass dishes containing infected dead leaves, this
mycelium producing readily new infection on fresh leaves subsequently intro-
duced.

Bordeaux mixture is recommended as a means for the control of this disease.

Brown blight of tea, W. McRae and R. D. Anstead {Planters' Chron., 11
{1916), No. 1, pp. 2-4; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Internat. Rev, Sci,

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 355

and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 5, pp. 757, 758). — Browu blight {CoUetotrichum
camellia!) is noted as having caiised damage in some localities which are named.
The disease is described and directions are given for its control. The author
recommends, for the nurseries, removal of affected leaves, spraying with Bor-
deaux mixture, application of slaked lime to beds, freer admission of light and
air to the nurseries, and careful watering when any is necessary ; for older
plants, modifications of these measures with avoidance of manures tending to
produce sappy wood and heavy foliage and the use of those tending to produce
harder wood.

[Mycological notes], A. C. Tunstajx {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart.
Jour., No. 2 (1916), pp. 82-86). — The author recommends the substitution, for
the lever or directly acting spray pumps now in common use, of a wheel and
eccentric action to economize labor and equalize wear on the machinery, also
of a nozzle capable of producing a very fine but abundant spray close up to the
nozzle. The nozzle should be replaceable, owing to the rapid wear to which it
is subjected, and to minimize this the use of glass nozzles is suggested. The
apparatus should be very simple, durable, and easy of operation to minimize the
bad effects of unskilled handling.

Rim blight was noticeable on severely pruned tea plants. It was less notice-
able on those which had been sprayed with caustic washes used to relieve a
barkbound condition. It is thought best to employ this early in the cold season
to avoid giving the tea a setback. Bordeaux mixture applied in March or April
is considered more suitable for healthy and vigorous plants.

Basic problems in forest patholog'y, E. P. Meinecke (Jour. Forestry, IS
(1917), No. 2, pp. 215-22-4). — The great problems of forest pathology now de-
manding attention in this country are designated as those of silviculture during
the necessary period of transition from virgin forests (still almost universal in
the United States) to regulated forests (as now prevalent in Europe). The
author emphasizes the need of shaping and carrying out policies for minimizing
as much as possible the cumulative losses from various agencies, as previously
noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 43).

Polyporus schweinitzii, J. M. Murray (Trans. Roy. Scot. Arbor. Soc., SO
(1916), pt. 1, pp. 56, 57, pi. 1 ; ahs. in Interyiat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internal. Rev.
Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 5, p. 759). — It is stated that P. schweinitzii,
long known to attack (but not very severely) a number of conifers in Europe
and to be destructive in the northern forests of spruce and fir in the United
States, but hitherto considered as rare in the British Isles, is supposed to be
increasing there so as to threaten the coniferous forests. Several species have
now been attacked by it in this region. The appearance, development, and
effects of the fungus are described. Protective measures suggested include cut-
ting off affected roots beyond all signs of rot, tarring the wounds thus made,
collection and destruction of young sporophores, and the replacement of badly
attacked conifers with hardwood trees.

White pine blister rust disease, A. F. Hawes (d.nn. Rpt. State Forester Vt.,
8 (1916), pp. 22-26). — A very brief account is given regarding the history of
the white pint blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in this country, the control
measures attempted therewith, and the general results therefrom, also regard-
ing inspection work done in Vermont between May 15 and July 1, 1915, the
results of which are presented in tabular form.

Diagnosing white pine blister rust from its mycelium, R. H. Colley (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 6, pp. 281-286, pi. 1, fig. 1).—
According to the author, by the use of safranin and lichtgi'uen, it is possible to
4599T'— 18 -6

356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

stain the mycelium of Cronartium ribicola and the cells of the host so that the
mycelium may be distinguished from that of other fungi parasitic on white pine
bark. The manner in which the parasite attacks the host cells is said to be
very characteristic, in that the cells remain alive for a long time when attacked
by the blister rust fungus, the hyphse run between the cells, the bark swells,
turns a yellowish-green color, and does not crack until the secia are produced.
The presence in the bark of Pinus strobus of mycelium showing these phenomena
is considered sufficient evidence to warrant the conclusion that the pine is
Infected with C. ribicola.

The leaf disease of rubber. Conditions in Surinam, C. K. Banceoft {Jour.
Bd. Agr. Brit. Ouiana, 10 (1917), No. 2, pp. 93-103). — An account is given of
the results of inspection of Hevea, coffee, and cacao plantings in Surinam and
of examinations at the botanic station at Paramaribo.

The leaf disease first appeared in Dutch and British Guiana about 1907,
assumed epidemic form on some plantations in 1914, and at the time of this
report existed on every estate in Surinam growing Hevea. It affects trees of
all ages and shows no sign of diminution locally, though indications at some
of the places are more hopeful. The causal organism, wliich has been named
in different localities Fusicladium macrosporum, Passalora hevete, and Mela-
nopsammopsis hevece, is said to be native to Peru, Brazil, Dutch Guiana, British
Guiana, and probably Trinidad, occuring in these countries on wild trees of
H. brasiliensis, H. guyanensis, and H. confusa. A brief discussion is given
of the fungus, its life history, and remedial measures, including destruction of
wild Heveas near the plantations and I'emoval of all infected leaves. Defolia-
tion by smoke as a remedial measure is also discussed.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Rodent destruction on ships, R. H. Ckeel (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 52
(1911), No. 36, pp. l-i45-1450). — A report on the relative efficiency of fumigants
as determined by subsequent intensive trapping over a period of one year.

In the fumigation work sulphur dioxid was used on 62 vessels and hydro-
cyanic acid gas on 182 vessels. The latter resulted in the destruction of 95
of each possible 100 rodents, and the former destroying 77 per cent, notwith-
standing the fact that the duration of exposure was 6 hours for holds and
superstructures alike when sulphur was used, in contrast to 1^ hours for
the holds and 30 minutes for the superstructures with hydrocyanic acid gas.
Cyanid was used at the rate of 5 oz. to 1,000 cu. ft., and the sulphur in the
proportion of 3 lbs. to 1,000 cu. ft. of space.

" Sulphur fumigation is not effective for the destruction of rata on loaded
vessels or in superstructures. . . . Judging from the results of our observa-
tions it would appear that the fumigation of engine and fire rooms can,
under ordinary conditions, be omitted, without materially reducing the effective-
ness of the destruction of rodents on vessels. ... In exceptional cases, sucli as
demonstrable plague infection on board vessels, it is believed that the engine
and fire rooms should be included in the procedure."

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 35, p. 53).

House rats and mice, D. B. Lantz (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 896
(1911), pp. 23, figs. 10). — A revised edition of Farmers' Bulletin 369. previously
noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 751).

The game birds of West Virginia, E. A. Brooks (Bien. Rpt. Forest, Game,
and Fish Warden, W. Va., 1915-16, pp. 91-160, pis. 9).— In addition to descrip-
tions of the species of game birds of West Virginia chapters are devoted to
discussions of the fovest conditions in the State as related to game birds.

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 357

hunting game birds, economic value of game birds, artificial and natural propa-
gation, protection of game birds, and laws for the protection of game birds.

Intra- vitam color reactions, N. A. Cobb (Science, n. ser., .J6 (1911), No.
1181, pp. 167-169, figs. 2). — The author has met with considerable success in
feeding coal-tar and other colored compounds to nematodes. They have not
interfered materially with normal metabolism and the best results have been
from the cumulative action, using small quantities of color dissolved in the
medium in which the nematode lived and allowing the dye to act for days
or weeks. " Not infrequently the dyes prove to be highly specific in their action.
Only certain cells, or only definite parts of certain cells, exhibit visible reactions
in the form of colorations. ... A dye may give rise to several different
colors, none of them like that of the dye itself, and all of them very likely
due to new compounds." Present efforts are being directed toward the discovery
of dyes of greater or less permanency.

Sodium cyanid as a fumig-ant, G. M. Bentley {Tenn. Bd. Ent. Bui. 18 (1916),
pp. 12, figs. 5). — Directions are given for the fumigation of nursery stock, in-
cluding the construction of fumigating structures.

General treatise on entomolog-y, T. Miyake (Konchugaku Uanron Jokican.
Tokyo: ShOkdho, NihonbasJii, 1917 ; rev. in Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1179, pp.
113, 114)- — This work, dealing with the morphology, physiology, and embryology
of insects, comprises the first part of a handbook on entomology. The review is
by L. O. Howard.

Benefits to be derived from observing, collecting, and studying insects,
G. M. Bentley (Tcnn. Bd. Ent. Bid. 20 (1917), pp. 32, figs. 22).— A popular ac-
count.

The relation of soil insects to climatic conditions, A. E. Oamekon (Agr.
Gaz. Canada, 4 (1917), No. 8, pp. 663-669). — A general discussion of this subject.

How insects affect the cotton plant and means of combating them, W. D.
PiEKCE (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 890 (1917), pp. 27, figs. 36).— This is a
popular summary of information on cotton insects and means for their control.

Control of insect pests of sugar cane by fungi and bacteria, J. Geoenewege
(Arch. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 24 (1916), No. 51, pp. 2023-2033; Meded.
Proefstat. Java- Suikerindus., 6 (1916), No. 18, pp. 531-541; abs. in Rev. Appl.
Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 7, pp. 277, 278).— The economic importance attributed
to the control of insect pests by fungus and bacterial diseases is questioned by
the author.

Notes on insect pests of green manures and shade trees, E. A. Amdkews
(Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. S (1915), pp. 57-62; No. 1
(1916), pp. 18-21). — A summary of information on the insects which are found
to attack green manure crops and shade trees on tea estates in northeast India.

Report of associate entomologist, G. M. Bentley (Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pp. 282-284)- — This consists of a brief statement of the work under way during

1914, of which mention may be made of that with the strawberry root lice
(Aphis forbesi and Macrosiphuin fragaria;) which are rapidly becoming dis-
tributed over the State, one or the other infesting strawberry plants in 25 of
the 96 counties. In several sections of the State the young are produced
throughout the winter months, while in other sections the winter is passed in
the egg stage. In control experiments the plowing under of infested plants and
the selection of a field where strawberry plants have not recently been grown
proved the most successful.

Report of the associate entomologist, G. M. Bentley (Tennessee Sta. Rpt.

1915, pp. 126-128). — A brief report is given of the work of the year with the
more important insect pests, particularly aphldi^s.

368 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The black peach aphis, which was very prevalent during the year, was found
to be best controlled by the use of 40 per cent nicotin sulphate solution, reduced
at the rate of 1 to 500, with 0.5 lb. laundry soap dissolved in each 3 gal. of the
reduction. The rose chafer, which caused considerable injury to young
peaches, eating from one-third to two-thirds of the fruit, was quite satisfac-
torily controlled by the u.se of 6 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water,
sweetened with 1 gal. sorghum. The ash-gray blister beetle, which occurred
in swanns in parts of east Tennessee, caused considerable loss to alfalfa, soy
beans, and cowpeas. It was disseminated by cutting the crop at the time of
the attack, there being no known case of a second infestation occurring in the
same field.

In experiments at the station apiary it was found that bees In double-wall
hives come through the winter much stronger than those in the single-wall
hives and with 25 per cent less honey required to feed them.

Forty-seventh annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
1916 {Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 47 {1916), pp. 174, fiff^- 52).— Among the
more important papers here presented are the following: Dusting Fruit Trees
and Grapes for the Control of Diseases and Biting Insects, by L. Caesar (pp.
31-43) ; General Notes on Aphids which Occur on Apple Trees, by W. A. Ross
(pp. 43^9) ; Note on Physonota unipuncta, by A. F. Winn (pp. 50, 51) ; Pre-
liminary Notes on the Use of Repellents for Horn Flies and Stable Flies on
Cattle, by A. W. Baker (pp. 52-56) ; The Relation of Insects to Disease in Man
and Animals, by L. O. Howard (pp. 57-62) ; Insects as Material for Studies in
Heredity, by W. Lochhead (pp. 66-72) ; An Historical Account of the Forest Tent
Caterpillar and of the Fall Webworm in North America, by A. B. Baird (pp.
73-87) ; Camp Hygiene, by G. J. Spencer (pp. 87-89) ; The Experimental Re-
sults in Apple Maggot Control, by W. H. Brittain (pp. 89-91) ; Experiments on
the Control of Locusts with Coccobacillus acridiorum, by E. M. DuPorte and
J. Vanderleck (pp. 91-95) (E. S. R., 37, p. 760) ; Some Features of Interest in
Connection with Our Studies of Forest and Shade Tree Insects, by J, M.
Swaine (pp. 95-106) ; Notes on Some Insects of the Season, by L. Csesar (pp.
106-110) ; Three Important Greenhouse Pests Recently Introduced into Can-
ada, namely, the Florida fern catei'pillar (Callopistria floridensis), the chry-
santhemum midge {DlaWironomyia hypogcea), and the rose midge {Dasyneura
rhodophaaa) , by A. Gibson (pp. 111-122) ; Experiments in the Control of the
Poplar and Willow Borer (Cryptorhynchtis lapathi), by R. Matheson (pp. 122-
132) (E. S. R., 37, p. 464) ; The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller in New York State, by
G. W. Herrick (pp. 132-137) ; and the Entomological Record, 1916, by A. Gib-
son (pp. 137-171.)

Some injurious biting' insects in Nova Scotia, A. G. Dustan (.4?i7i. Rpt.
Fruit Growers' Assoc. Nova Scotia, 53 (1917), pp. 61-67). — Brief notes are given
on the browTi-tail moth, which is said to be the most injurious pest in Nova
Scotia; the dock sawfly (Ametastegia glabrata), first recognized as a serious
pest in the winter of 1915-16; the leaf sewer (Ancylis nubeculana), widely
distributed throughout the Province, which in one orchard during the previous
season attacked 90 per cent of the leaves ; the tussock moth, severe outbreaks of
which occur once in every eight or ten years ; and the cankerworm, which almost
totally defoliated many orchards during 1915 and was even more injurious dur-
ing 1916.

A year of Costa Rican natural history, Amelia S. and P. P. Cal\'ert {Neio
York: The Macmillan Co., 1917, pp. XIX-\-577, pis. 82, figs. 7).— This work in-
cludes reports of observations on insects of economic importance.

The insect association of a local environmental complex in the district of
Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, A. E. Camebon (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edirib., 52 (1917) ^

1

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 359

pt. 1, No. 2, pp. 37-78, pis. 2). — The subject Is dealt with under the headings of
physiography and topography, the plant environment and its relation to insects,
physical factors of the environment, the insect association, and soil insect
census.

[Insect pests of Madras] {Madras Agr. Dept. Yearbook, 1917, pp. 76-99, pis.
8, fig. 1). — Notes are included by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar on the life history
and habits of the eye fly (Siphonella funicola) (pp. 76-83) ; a new pest of the
coconut palm ou the West Coast (Contheyla rotunda), which damages coconut
trees in the Cochin State (pp. 91-96) ; and on the egg-laying habits of the
agathi weevil {Alcides huho), which attacks agathi, cluster beans, and indigo
in South India and also the betel vine (pp. 97-99). Notes on the life history of
Megaccclum stramineum, a pest of Andropogon sorghum, by E. Ballard (pp.
83-87) and on Adisura atkinsoni, a pest of DoUchos lablab throughout the
Madras Presidency, which also attacks red gram to a small extent, by Y. Rama-
chandra Rao (pp. 87-91), are also included.

Termites in the Luskerpore Valley, E. A. Andrews {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci.
Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 {1916), pp. 54-72, pis. 2, figs. 5). — A report upon ob-
servations of the depredations of termites in the Luskerpore Valley of South
Sylhet.

The life of the grasshopper, J. H. Fabbe, trans, by A. Teixeiba de Mattos
{New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1917, pp. VIII +453). —The translator here
brings together the essays in the author's Souvenirs Entomologiques that treat
of grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, the cicada, the mantis, the foamy cicadella,
etc.

The sycamore lace-bug (Corythucha ciliata), O. Wade {Oklahoma Sta. Bui.
116 {1917), pp. 16, figs. 7). — ^The sycamore lace-bug here considered and the
bagworm are about the only serious insect enemies of the western sycamore
{Platanus occidentatis). This lace-bug is widely distributed throughout the
United States, being the most common and probably the best known of tlie
tingids. It appears to confine itself entirely to trees of the genus Platanus,
being found throughout the range of the western sycamore. Observations made
by the author In Oklahoma nurseries failed to show that it attacks the eastei'U
plane tree {P. orieihtalis), though it Is thought that the native species P.
wrightii of Arizona and New Mexico and P. racemosa of California serve as
hosts.

The injury Is caused by both the young and adults, which suck the sap from
the under surface of the leaves, the foliage being left in a whitish, deadened
state. In common with all members of the family this lace-bug hibernates in
the adult stage, usually under the loose, rougher bark of the host tree. Ovipo-
sition commences In March, the eggs being deposited along the larger ribs of
the leaves, singly or In groups of as many as ten. One female under observa-
tion which began March 18 had laid 284 eggs up to the time of her death on
June 9. The eggs hatch In from 14 to 21 days, averaging 15 days under optimum
conditions. The five nymphal instars were found to average 3, 3, 4, 5, and 5
days, respectively.

Technical descriptions are given of the several stages of the species and their
distinguishing characteristics are pointed out.

Mention Is made of several predatory enemies. A test made of several In-
secticides, including kerosene emulsion, fish-oil soap, and nicotin sulphate,
showed that a fish-oil soap solution consisting of fish-oil soap 1 lb. to water
6 gal. is the most practical and effective, and when carefully applied with a
good spraying apparatus it should be as cheap or cheaper than the other
solutions tested.

360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

The beet leaf-hopper and the curly leaf disease that it transmits, E. D.
Ball {Utah Sta. Bui. 155 (1911), pp. S-56, figs. 32).— This is a summary of the
present status of knowledge of the beet leaf-hopper and the curly leaf disease,
including the author's investigations, presented in connection with a biblio-
graphy of 20 titles.

It is pointed out that punctures of the beet leaf-hopper cause this specific
disease of sugar beets and that it has never been produced except through the
punctures of a beet leaf-hopper. The conclusion that it is transmitted by the
beet leaf-hopper has been confirmed by several investigators. "If a single
leaf-hopper is applied to a beet for five minutes, the curly leaf disease will
appear after about two weeks, if conditions are favorable. Cold, wet weather
will stop the development of further symptoms of curly leaf on a slightly dis-
eased plant or prevent their development on a previously healthy one, even if
a number of leaf-hoppers are kept thereon. . . . Leaf-hoppers taken from wild
plants did not transmit the disease until they fed on diseased beets. Three
hours on a beet rendered them pathogenic, but they could not transmit until
after an incubation period of one or two days. It is probable that some wild
plant carries the disease, and leaf-hoppers coming from this plant are able to
transmit it to the beets.

"A large number of leaf-hoppers, early attack, hot weather, and clean culti-
vation are favorable to curly-leaf development. The converse of these factor.*:,
together with frequent cultivation, early irrigation, and shade or weeds are
unfavorable. Seed growing is doubly hazardous in curly-leaf areas. Loss from
curly leaf may be largely prevented by avoiding dangerous areas, by planting
small acreages in a ' blight cycle,' by time of planting, by not thinning just as
the leaf-hoppers appear, and by knowledge of conditions on breeding grounds.
Parasites doubtless assist somewhat in controlling the leaf-hopper, but to be at
all effective should be introduced into the permanent breeding grounds. The
outlook for the immediate future in the intermountain and coast regions is
favorable ; for the plains region, doubtful ; and for the Glendale, Tulare, and
Columbia-Snake River region, serious."

Mango hopper control experiments, E. Ballard {Agr. Jour. India, 10 (1915),
No. 4, pp. 395-398). — Idiocerus niveosparsus is the cause of great annual loss
to mango growers of Chittoor and Salem, a really severe attack resulting in
the total loss of the crop and the greatly diminished vitality of the trees. Upon
emerging from the egg the young hoppers feed at once upon the leaf or flower
shoots. In a badly attacked mango grove the trees are covered with their
honeydew, the flower shoots blacken and wither, and no fruit is set.

In control experiments fish-oil soap appeared to be superior to crude oil
emulsion 1 : 10, and cheaper. The results of spraying experiments on 55 trees,
presented in tabular form, indicate that spraying is profitable.

Mango hopper control, P. J. Westek (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.1, 9
(1916), No. 2, pp. 159, 160; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Internat. Rev.
Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 12, p. 1862).— In briefly reviewing the article
by Ballard above noted relating to the control of Idiocerus niveosparsus in
India, the author calls attention to the fact that mere or less damage is done
annually to the mango crop in the Philippines by /. niveosparsus and /. clypealis.
In some years in certain districts the entire crop is destroyed.

Insecticide spraying for the mango hopper, T. V. Ramakbishna Ayyar
(Madras Agr. Calendar, 1917-18, pp. 72-74, fiffs. 2). — A brief account is given
of the control work of the previous year with the mango leaf hopper. Quite
satisfactory results were obtained from the use (1) of crude oil emulsion and
(2) of fish-oil rosin soap, both used at the rate of 1 lb. to 10 gal. of water. It

19181 ECONOMIC 200L0GY — ENTOMOLOGY. 361

was found that at a cost of 8 annas (16 cts.) per tree the crop could be saved
and clear profits made.

The mango hopper pest and its control, T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyab {Dept.
Agr. Madras Leaflet 3 (1917), pp. 6, figs. 2).— A more detailed account than
that noted above.

The present status of our knowledge of the homopterous fauna of For-
mosa, F. Schumachek (Mitt. Zool. Miis. Berlin, 8 (1915), No. 1, pp. 71-134). —
This paper lists 325 species of Homoptera from Formosa, of which 2 genera
and 9 species are described as new to science. A bibliography of 38 titles
relating to the subject is included.

Silk. — Replies from commissioners of customs to inspector general's cir-
cular No. 103, second series, to which is added Manchurian tussore silk
(Shanghai, China: Innp. Gen. Customs, 1917, pp. VII +212, pis. 42). — This is a
reprint of a report relating to the production and manufacture of silk in
China, published in 1881, to which is added an extended account by N. Shaw
of Manchurian tussore silk and a list of the books consulted (pp. 163-199).
The paper by Shaw gives an account of the sftturnid silkworm Anthercea
pernyi, including descriptions of its several stages, life history and habits, and
food plants, which consist of species of oak (Quercus dentata, Q. aliena, Q.
mongrjUca, etc.), cultivation and care of trees, a detailed statement on rearing
the worms, predacious enemies, and diseases.

The other 23 varieties of silk-producing moths that occur in Manchuria are
said to be quite unimportant commercially.

[Antler moth (Charasas graminis) infestation] (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London],
24 (1917), No. 5, pp. 514-526, pi. J).— A report on an infestation of larvae of
the antler moth (C. graminis) in the Peak District, by A. C. Cole and A, D.
Imms (pp. 514-522), and an account of an invasion of the caterpillars of the
antler moth into Yorkshire, by J. Snell (pp. 523-526), are given.

The codling moth in 1916, P. A. Glenn (Trans. III. Hort. Soc., n. ser., 50
(1916), pp. 197-214, pis. 7). — This is a report of investigations carried on in
continuation of those of the previous year (E. S. R., 36, p. 8.53) at stations
located at Ozark, Olney, Plainview, and Springfield, 111. A large third genera-
tion was found to occur at all the stations and probably as far north as Dixon,
though at that place it must have been too small to be of importance. The sec-
ond generation at Olney was much larger in proportion to the first generation of
1916 than during the previous year. The third generation of 1916 was almost
as large as the second.

Data relating to life history studies are accompanied by a diagram which
graphically illustrates the seasonal history of the codling moth, an average daily
temperature about 50° F., and the monthly rainfall at Olney in 1916, showing
the dates when each of the three generations of pupre, adults, eggs, and larvae
began and ended, and the relative number of individuals appearing each day.
The mean monthly temperatures at Olney for the growing months of 1915 and
1916 and of a normal year are also charted.

By the use of the first of the two tables given it can be determined when larvae
of the first generation will be hatching out. This table gives the date of emergence
of the moths and the dates when the first larvae, maximum number of larvae, and
last larvae from the eggs of these moths appeared in 1915 and 1916. By collecting
200 or 300 larvae early in the spring, or better the preceding fall, and placing
them in a cage in the orchard or yard so that they will be under the same con-
ditions as to heat and moisture as those left on the trees, and by examining the
cage daily after April 20, the date when the first moths emerge can be readily
ascertained. Then by consulting the table the observer will find when the eggs

362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

from the moths which emerged on that date hatched in 1915 and 1916 and will
know approximately when to expect the first larvae in his orchard.

In the second table are shown the dates when the larvae of the first genera-
tion left the apple and the date when the first larvae descending from them
hatched out in 1915 and 1916. By banding a dozen or more trees not later than
June 1 and examining the bands daily or at intervals of three or four days and
consulting the table when larvae are found, the fruit gi-ower may be advised be-
forehand when and in what relative numbers the larvae of the second generation
will be hatching in the orchard long enough beforehand to protect the crop.

Syrphidpe of Maine. — II, Life history studies, C. L. Metcalf {Maine Sta.
Bui. 26S {1017), pp. 153-176, pis. 5). — In this continuation of the studies pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 460) the author reports upon the biology and
economic status of four additional species, all of which are aphidophagous. The
species considered are Xantho gramma divisa, Syrphus oronoensis n. sp.,
Platychirus perpallidus, and S. knabi. S. oronoensis appears to be an important
predator of aphids affecting stone fruits, X. divisa and S. knabi are, so far as
observed, of more benefit to certain shade and forest trees, while the chosen food
of P. perpallidus has not been determined. The latter species is of faunistic
Interest, since it has not hitherto been recorded outside of Great Britain. The
author has also obtained several European species of Platychirus in Maine,
namely, P. scutatus, P. immarginatus, P. discimanus, and P. angustatus.

Attention is called to the fact that Platychirus and Xanthogramma, previously
recorded as having species which are scavengers in the larval stage, should be
added to the list of ten genera given in the bulletin, previously noted, as aphido-
phagous, at least in part.

"El torsalo" (Dermatobia cyaniventris), J. M. Arias G. {El Tdrsalo {Der-
matobia cyaniventris). San Jose, Costa Rica: Dept. Agr., 1917, pp. 19, figs. 6). —
An account of this oestrid, called " el torsalo " by the author, the larvae of
which develop in the skin of man, in tropical America.

Studies upon the common house fly (Musca domestica), I, II, J. R. Scott
{.Jour. Med. Research, 37 {1917), No. 1, pp. 101-119, 121-124) .—Two studies are
reported.

I. A general study of the bacteriology of the house fly in the District of
Columbia. — This is a detailed report upon the bacterial flora of house flies
collected in various sections of the city of Washington.

" House flies show seasonal variation in the number of bacteria carried as
well as in the species of bacteria. The seasonal variation shows the greatest
bacterial flora is coincident with the summer months, and the occurrence of
intestinal complaints of summer and early autumn. The isolation of members
of the colon-typhoid-dysentery group of bacilli from numbers of flies indicates
that the house fly has the power of carrying the closely allied pathogens,
typhoid and dysentery. The finding of rirulent pyogenic cocci indicates the
possibility of the common house fly being a factor in the dissemination of the
suppurative processes.

" The results of my experiments indicate that typhoid fever in the District of
Columbia, under normal conditions, is not referable to the agency of the house
fly."

II. The isolation of B. cuniculicida, a hitherto unreported isolation. — In
the course of the investigations above noted, the causative organism {Bacillus
cuniculicida) of a septicemia in rabbits and guinea pigs was obtained from
two flies. This appears to be the first reported instance of its isolation from
the house fly.

" This recovery of B. cuniculicida may indicate at least one manner in which
the bacillus is carried to pens of healthy experimental animals, and demon-

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 363

strates the necessity for proper screening of windows and doors of rooms
where experimental animals are Ijept. It particularly indicates the necessity
for keeping experimental animals inoculated with pathogenic organisms pro-
tected from the house fly."

Flies and bacillary enteritis, W. Nicoll (Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2948 {1911),
pp. 870-872). — Continuing a discussion of flies in disease transmission (E. S. R.,
37, p. 854), the author shows that organisms producing bacillary enteritis are
to be met with not infrequently in flies under natural conditions, that a con-
siderable number of organisms resembling enteritis bacilli occur frequently
in flies in the natural state, and that the utmost care is necessary in discrimi-
nating between these and the true enteritis-producing organisms.

A note on the rice field fly (Ephydra macellaria) (Bui. Soc. Ent. Egypte,
9 (1916), No. Jf, pp. 102-105).— The author is of the opinion that this fly, which
is frequently accused by farmei's of causing the death of rice over considerable
areas in the northern part of Lower Egypt, is a secondary invader rather than
the cause of the death of young rice. Its food appears to consist of dead and
decaying vegetable matter and possibly living alga?.

Fleas and their control, P. C. Bishopp (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 891
(1911), pp. 15, figs. 6). — This is a revision of Farmers' Bulletin 683, previously
noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 159).

Three-lined fig-tree borer, J. R. Horton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 11 (1917), No. 8, pp. 371-382, pis. 5).— This is a report of studies made
of Ptychodes trilineatus, a ceranibycid which is the source of considerable in-
jury to fig trees (Ficus carica) in the Southern States through boring into the
larger branches and trunks. It is not, however, the only borer attacking fig
trees in the Southern States, mention being made of Leptostylus biustus, Goes
sp., Stephanoderes sp., and Ataxia crypta, all of which were found working in
the same trees with P. trilineatus.

This fig borer is known to occur throughout the Southern States from Florida
to Houston, Tex., and from South Carolina to the Gulf. It has also been reported
from parts of Mexico, several of the Central American countries, the West In-
dies, South America, and Tahiti.

The greatest amount of damage is caused by the larvse, although the adult
beetle causes some injury by feeding upon the fruit, leaves, and bark and by
ovipositing in the bark. The larva mines its way into the larger branches and
trunks of the tree where it feeds upon the wood for from three months to more
than one year. The borers live in both dry and green wood but seem to prefer
wood that is partly dead and has lost some of its sap. The favorite points of
attack are near wounds made by the breaking of large limbs, untreated saw
cuts, splitting of the trunk, the knots formed in the branches by fig canker,
injuries in the bark, etc. The author finds that fig trees kept in a thriving
healthy condition are less subject to severe attacks by this borer.

The eggs, which are deposited by insertion into the bark of the larger
branches and trunk, hatch in from 3 to 8 days, with an average of 5.6 days.
On hatching out the young borer mines its way along through the bark for sev-
eral days, then tunnels into the solid wood, and often eats its way to the very
heart of the branch. It lives and feeds in this manner for from 2 to 15
months. About two-thirds of the borers complete the larval stage in the sea-
son in which the eggs are deposited, while the remaining third live through the
winter and pupate the following season. The single-season larvae require ap-
proximately from 2 to 4.5 months to complete their larval life, and the over-
wintering borers from 7.5 to 15 months, with an average of 3 months, the aver-
age life in the wood being llj months.

364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.88

There is a wide variation in tlie number of molts, a little more than half of
those under observation having molted only 5 or 6 times, about one-fourth of
them molting 8 times, and the remaining fourth, 4, 7, 9, and 10 times. It is
pointed out that there is also a wide variation in the duration of the larval
Instars.

The duration of the pupal stage, which is passed entirely within the sawdust
cell constructed by the borer in its tunnel in the wood, is also quite irregular,
varying from 5 to 73 days, with an average of 24 days for the 70 specimens
observed. The longevity of the adult varied for the 24 specimens observed
from 75 to 222 days. It was found that a single female will deposit from 100
to 184 eggs in the course of its life, at an average rate of from 1 to 2.4 eggs
per day.

It is pointed out that the most important control measure is that of keeping
the trees in the healthiest condition possible. Trees of which the trunks are
badly infested should be cut down and burned as it is practically impossible to
save them and they will serve as a source of infestation and a menace to the
healthy trees. In some cases the borers may be killed by injecting carbon bi-
sulphid into the tunnels and plugging the opening with putty, but this method
is impractical where the infestation is severe and well advanced.

[Report on the banana borer in Mayumba], R. IMayxe {Bui. Agr. Congo
Beige. 7 {1916), No. 8-4, pp. 236-239, fig. i).— The curculionid Cosmopolites
sordida, the larva of which bores in the trunk, has resulted in a great decrease
in bananas in certain regions of Mayumba. Accounts of this pest in Fiji by
.Tepson (E. S. R., 35, p. 57) and in Jamaica (E. S. R., 37, p. IGl) have been
noted.

Injurious Biitish weevils, H. Bastin {Jour. Bath and West and South.
Counties Soc., 5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 56-81, pis. 8). — The author here brings
together in small compass the known facts relative to the life histories of
British weevils and notes on the various methods employed in their control.

Bees and their management, W. Herrod-Hempsall (In Live Stock of the
Farm. London: The Gresham Put). Co., 1916, vol. 6, pp. 1-63, pis. 3, figs. 15).—
A summary of information on beekeeping.

The structure and life history of Bracon sp. : A study in parasitism, J. W.
MuNRO {Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinh., 36 {1915-16), No. 3-k, PP. 313-333, pis. 2).—
This paper deals with an important braconid parasite of the brown pine weevil
{Hylobius abietis), the worst insect pest of foresti'y in Scotland, which is
thought to be Bracon hylobii. In laboratory work three broods were reared
during the summer and no hyperparasites observed. The parasite has been
found in nine counties of Scotland, showing a wide and probably general dis-
tribution and indicating that it is probably present wherever H. abietis occurs
in numbers. A preliminary account has previously been noted (E, S. R., 32,
p. 852).

Italian entomological fauna. — Hymenoptera: Formicidae, O. Emery {Bui.
Soc. Ent. Ital., ^7 {1915), No. 1-^, pp. 79-275, figs. 92).— A. synopsis of the
Italian species.

Further investigations on the economic importance of the Gramang ant,
P. VAN DER GooT {Medcd. Proefstat. Midden-Java, No. 22 {1916), pp. 120, pis.
6; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1917), No. 7, pp. 273-276).— A report of
further studies of Plagiolepis longipes in Java (E. S. R., 35, p. 467), and particu-
larly of control measures. An account of the green scale {Coccus viridis) and
its natural enemies is appended (pp. 68-91).

The silverfish or " slicker," an injurious household insect, E. A. Back
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 902 {1917), pp. 4, figs. 2). — This supersedes
Farmers' Bulletin 681, previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 459).

1S181 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 365

Notes on mites attacking orchard and field crops in Utah, R. W. Doane
{Science, n. ser., ^6 (1917), No. 11S2, p. 192). — During the summers of 1915 and
1916 the author found certain mites to be particularly abundant and destructive
to grains in Utah. Of these the red spider mite [Tetranychns Mmaculatus)
was the most important. Of the field crops corn suffered the most and many
wheat fields sustained considerable losses as a result of its attack. During
1916 it was also injurious to fruit trees, bush fruits, truck crops, and sugar beets
as well as ornamental plants. Earlier in the season wheat plants were attacked
by the clover mite and Tetranobia longipes, both of which were also destructively
abundant on barley, oats, and many wild grasses.

Studies on North American Polystomidae, Aspidogastridae, and Param-
phistomidae, H. W. Stunkaed {III. Biol. Monographs, 3 {1917), No. 3, pp. 114,
pis. 11). — This paper contains the results of a study of the structure and classi-
fication of North American representatives of trematodes of the families Poly-
stomidae, Aspidogastridfe, and Paramphistomidfe. Seven species are described
as new. A bibliography of 109 titles is included.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

The American papaw and its food value, C. F. Langwoethy and A. D.
Hoi.MES {Jour. Home Econ., 9 {1917), No. 11, pp. 505-511). — Data are sum-
marized regarding the papaw, a native wild fruit with pronounced flavor, which
has always been gathered and eaten in regions where it grows, but which,
owing perhaps to difficulties in shipping, has been marketed only in a limited
way. Although cases of illness have been attributed to eating the papaw, there
seems to be no definite evidence to indicate that it is other than wholesome.

Tables are included reporting the weight of fruit, seeds, skin, and pulp of 10
specimens, the pulp averaging 74.8 per cent. The edible portion as analyzed
contained 76.6 per cent water, 5.2 per cent protein, 0.9 per cent of fat, 16.8 per
cent carbohydrates, and 0.5 per cent ash. The carbohydrates contained 16 per
cent sucrose and 35 per cent reducing sugar. The fuel value was 435 calories
per pound.

Although very generally eaten out of hand or as a table or dessert fruit, some
attempts have been made to use the papaw in cookery. The tests made in con-
nection with the study reported have led to the conclusion that the flavor of
the fruit is not improved by the action of heat in cooking, but rather the reverse.
Good results, however, were obtained when fresh papaw pulp was used in
making a frozen cream.

Home preparation of breakfast foods and flour from whole grain, G. A.
Olson {Washington Sta. Bui. 112 {1917), pp. 15, figs. 8). — Directions are given
for the preparation of various wheat and corn products as well as combina-
tions with flax seed and legumes.

Vinegar investigation. — A study of the changes that cider undergoes dur-
ing fermentation and prolonged storage and its subsequent conversion into
vinegar in rotating generators, B. G. Haetman and L. M. Tolman {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 {1917), No. 8, pp. 759-762). — Analyses show that
during fermentation a large part of the malic acid of the apple juice is
changed to lactic acid, which is the chief fixed acid of vinegar. The remaining
malic acid is almost entirely oxidized during acetification. Acetates are present
in the vinegar and there are indications of minute amounts of formic acid.
Potassium carbonate makes up 75 per cent of the ash.

Food value of the fresh and pickled herring, T. H. Milbot {Roy. Soc. [Lon-
don], Food {War) Com., 1917, Aug. 9, pp. i+3). — This comprises analyses and

366 EXPEKIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.38

methods of packing. A brief report on smoliecl lierrings, by T. W. Fulton, is
included.

The Bureau of Markets In its relation to the conservation of foods, O. J.
Brand (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 1, pp. aC-69).— This in-
cludes a statement of the food situation here and abroad, and an account of
the food surveys now being made by tlie Bureau of Marljets. Two inventories
are being made, one preliminary and the other more comprehensive. The
work will cover the stocks on hand on farms ; in wholesale, jobbing, storing,
manufacturing, retail, and other commercial establishments; and consumers'
stocks, consumption records, and a dietary study. In the dietary survey the
Office of Home Economics of the States Relation Service is cooperating.

Rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the food prod-
ucts inspection law of August 10, 1917 ( C7. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 82
(1917), pp. 8). — The text of these rules and regulations is given.

Experiments in teaching food values (Univ. III. BuL, 14 (1917), No. 49, pp.
22). — The bulletin includes menus for different seasons of the year, a study
of the dietary habits of cafeteria patrons, meals for nine days and their costs
in 1917, and a lesson in buying food.

Human food, considered in its relation to quantity and cost, A. McGill
(Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 377 (1917), pp. 16).— The terms calories,
protein, fat, and carbohydrates are explained and the food requirements of
various individuals discussed. Tables are included showing the quantity of
protein, fat, and carbohydrates in a pound of the most common foods and their
cost per pound in Ottawa In June, 1917. Directions are also given on how to
calculate dietaries.

Eats and oils in cookery. — Cooking temperatures, Anna W. Williams and
Cora E. Gray (Unii\ III. Bui., 14 (1917), No. 47, pp. 19). — A popular treatise on
the properties of fat, the value of fat as food, and the uses of different kinds
in cooking.

On the presence of albumoses in the tissues and in the blood, with special
reference to their occurrence in the gastro-intestinal mucosa, J. J. Abel, M. C.
PiNCOFFS, and C. A. Rouillee (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 44 (1917), No. 3, pp. 320-
343). — The authors report that albumoses can be isolated in varying amounts
from the tissues of the body, including the cellular elements of the blood. No
proteoses were separated from the plasma of the blood. Chemical procedures
for the preparation of the albumoses from the gastric or intestinal mucosa,
which is entirely devoid of pharmacological activity, are given. The gastro-
intestinal mucosa contained from three to five times as much albumoses during
the digestion of meat as after the deprivation of all food (except water) for
four days.

The authors conclude that proteoses, as well as amino acids, are absorbed
by the surfaces of the digestive apparatus. They were not able to trace the
passage of proteoses from the mucosa to various organs via the blood current.

A bibliography is appended.

The production in dogs of a pathological condition which closely resembles
human pellagra, R. H. Chittenden and F. P. Underhill (Amer. Jour. Physiol.,
44 (1917), No. 1, pp. 13-66). — Dogs fed on boiled peas, cracker meal, and cot-
tonseed oil rapidly developed symptoms of abnormal nutrition. The failure
to thrive upon the dietary was not due to the low nitrogen intake, per se, since
a higher level of intake did not prevent the onset of pathological changes
though it delayed their appearance. The abnormalities were almost entirely
confined to the alimentary canal and could be made to disappear by the addi-
tion of meat to the dietary, but if the meat content was reduced to an undefined
limit the characteristic symptoms appeared and death eventually followed.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 367

There was excellent utilization of the food. In the essential features the path-
ological manifestations closely resembled those observed in human pellagra.
The authors conclude that it seems tenable that the abnormal state may be
referred to a deficiency of some essential dietary constituent, presumably be-
longing to a group of hitherto unrecognized but essential components of an
adequate diet.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

A manual of Mendelism, J. Wilson (London: A. & C. Black, Ltd., 1916, pp.
[8'\+152, figs. 8). — A description of Mendel's law and deductions drawn there-
from. Various experiments in both plant and animal breeding are cited and
discussed in their relation to Mendel's law. Practical suggestions are made to
scientific breeders that should prove of value in tlieir work.

Some applications of mathematics to breeding problems, R, B. Robbins
{Genetics, 2 {1917), No. 5, pp. 489-50^). — In this paper, which deals only with a
single pair of typical Mendelian factors, the author (1) gives some examples
to show the use of the methods of mathematical induction and repetition in
the suggestion and establishment of formulas, (2) expresses the nth term of
one of Jennings's series (E. S. R., 34, p. 764) as a function of n, and (3)
proposes a solution of the problem of inbreeding by brother and sister mating.

Dominance of linked factors as a means of accounting' for heterosis, D. F.
Jones {Genetics, 2 {1917), No. 5, pp. ^66-^79, fig. i).— In this discussion of
heterosis the author states that, on account of linked factors, the complete
dominant or complete recessive can never or rarely be obtained.

" From the fact that partial dominance of qualitative characters is a univer-
sal phenomenon and that abnormalities are nearly always recessive to the
normal conditions, it is possible to account for the increased growth in ¥i
because the greatest number of different factors are combined at that time.
It is not necessary to assume perfect dominance. It is only necessary to accept
the conclusion that many factors in the In condition have more than one-half
the effect that they have in the 2n condition. This view of dominance of linked
factors as a means of accounting for heterosis makes it easier to understand
(1) why heterozygosis should have a stimulating rather than a depressing or
neutral effect, and (2) why the effects of heterozygosis should operate through-
out the lifetime of the individual, even through many generations of asexual
propagation."

The study of certain dietary conditions bearing on the problem of growth
in rats, C. Funk {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1-lJf, figs. ^).— The
results reported note tlie influence of several specific substances which not
only might add to the nutrition but also correct deficiencies in diet. The ob-
servations were made during a period of nearly two years' work with several
hundred rats.

Dry or germinated oats, with sodium bicarbonate or alone, proved an unsuc-
cessful diet for young rats. The quantity of vitamins necessary in their diet
is not small. One per cent of yeast added to the ration is not enough ; 8 per
cent at least is necessary. While yeast can be regarded as a complete food in
itself, replacing the total casein nitrogen by yeast nitrogen was not so satis-
factory as using yeast in smaller amounts for its vitamin content rather than
for its nutritive value. The substitution of orange juice for yeast gave no
results. The growth was less when milk was used instead of yeast. The use
of Lloyd's reagent did not give complete precipitation of the growth-promoting
substances, while the yeast lost some of its properties as a stimulant to growth.

The Scandinavian methods of valuing and using feeding stuffs, J. Wilson
(,Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland (Tour., 11 (1917), "No. 2, pp. 208-217).— ThQ

368 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

methods discussed involve a return to tliose of tlie earliest German investi-
gators, wliere one feed is fed against another in a standard ration. The results
are expressed comparatively with one food used as a basis, as barley. The
tables of comparative values are estimated for different classes of animals.

In the actual practice of feeding, further economies are foand in basing the
ration upon the gains sought, the vpork to be done, and the milk yield. In the
last case, for example, the ration is based upon the weight of the cow, and the
daily yield of milk.

Feeding stuffs, F. J. Lloyd {Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers' Assoc, 31 (1917),
pp. 119-129). — A paper presented by the chemist of the association containing
a r6sum6 of the value of feeding stuffs and directions for purchasing them to
the best advantage for individual needs.

The composition of some South Indian foodstuffs and fodders, W. H. Har-
bison (Madras Agr. Dept. Yearbook, 1917, pp. 62-72). — A long list of fodders
analyzed is given. Among those mentioned are Eleusine coracana, Pennlsetum
typhoideum, Ciccr arietinum, Phaseolus mungo radiatus, P. aconitifoUus, Ca-
janus indicus, Dolichos biflorus, D. lablab, Sesamum indicum, Guinea grass,
spineless cactus, and Teff grass hay.

The feeding value of the hay of seed vetch and cleaned vetch, J. Gbqh
and I. D. Gotz (Kisirlet. Kozlem., 19 (1916), No. 2, pp. 387-390).— In a trial
with two sheep, it was found that with a water content at 12 per cent the seed
vetch hay contained 8.1 per cent digestible protein and 36.8 per cent nitrogen-
free extract; the cleaned vetch hay, 101.1 protein and-37.8 nitrogen-free extract.

Observations on silage, A. W. Oldekshaw (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'\, 23
(1917), No. 11, pp. 1063-1072, pi. 1). — A discussion of methods of ensiling prac-
ticed in East Anglia, with a description of the more modern types of silos that
should be used.

The leaves and crowns of sugar beets as feed, L. Malpeaux (Vie Agr. et
Rurale, 6 (1916), No. 48, pp. 386-390). — A compilation and discussion of results
of feeding beet tops fresh, dried, and ensiled.

Sugar beet leaves as cattle feed, E. Saillakd (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 (1917),
No. 38, pp. 207, 208, fig. 1 ) . — A description of the practice of ensiling sugar beet
residues in France, together with analyses of ensiled pulp and leaves.

Commercial feeding stuffs, A. J. Patten, E. F. Bergee, E. A. De Windt, and
A. E. Smoll (Michigan Sta. Bui. 279 (1917), pp. 3-66, figs. 8).— This contains
the text of the new feeding stuffs law becoming operative April 1, 1918, and
analyses of various brands of commercial feeding stuffs, including cotton-
seed meal and feed, linseed meal, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains,
corn gluten feeds, hominy feeds, corn meal, tankage, granulated bone, meat
scrap, alfalfa meal, wheat bran and middlings, pea bran, barley bran, and
proprietary feeds.

A smaller number of samples were analyzed this year than last, due probably
to the scarcity of feeding stuffs on the market. Of the 837 samples analyzed
16.2 per cent were below guaranty in protein or fat, this number of deficiencies
being 4 per cent below that found last year, while 15.4 per cent had an excess
of crude fiber over the guaranty. A large amount of weed seed was found in
scratch feeds for poultry, some of which were very objectionable. One sample
containing seeds of night-shade was fed to hens, all of which were affected,
two dying.

Attention is called to the use in feeding stuffs of by-products from palm oil
manufacture, copra oil meal, and cacao shells.

Analysis of feeding stuffs, B. E. Cubby and T. O. Smith (New Hampshire
Sta. Bui. 184 (-1917), pp. 16). — During the year 302 samples of feeds were col-

19181 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369

lected and analyzed. The percentage of ash and moisture was determined and
carbohydrates estimated by difference.

The feeds examined included wheat middlings, bran, low-grade flour, cotton-
seed meal, hominy feed, molasses feeds, miscellaneous compounded feeds, al-
falfa and clover meals, dried beet pulp, brewers' and distillers' p-ains, gluten
feeds, linseed meal, meat and bone feeds, oat feeds, and provenders.

Feeding stuffs report, 1915, J. W. Kellogg {Perm. Dept. Agr. Bui. 280
(1916), pp. 271). — The usual chemical and microscopical examination of samples
collected under the act regulating the sale of concentrated commercial feeding
stuffs is reported. The analyses include cottonseed meal, linseed meal, coconut
oil meal, corn oil meal, ivory nut meal, distillers' dried grains (from corn
and rye), yeast dried grains, brewers' dried grains, malt sprouts, corn gluten
feed, corn gluten meal, hominy feed, corn bran, corn feed meal, low-grade flour,
wheat middlings, wheat bran, rye middlings, oat feed, oat hulls, buckwheat
middlings, buckwheat feed, alfalfa meal, dried beet pulp, various mixed and
proprietary feeds, animal by-products, and condimental stock and poultry feeds.

Commercial feeding stuffs, 1916-17, [and] Texas feed law, B. Youngblood
(Texas Sta. Bui. 216 (1917), pp. 5-385).— This contains the text of the law
regulating the sale of feeding stuffs in Texas and an explanation and discus-
sion of its requirements, together with a list of manufacturers and tables of
analyses of feeding stuffs examined, including alfalfa meal, blood meal, corn
chop, corn gluten feed, ground corn cob, cox'n bran, cottonseed cake, cottonseed
meal, cottonseed feed, cold-pressed cotton seed, dried beet pulp, dried brewers'
grains, ear corn chop, feterita chop, hominy meal, Kafir corn chop, linseed meal,
meat meal, milo maize chop, ground oats, ground oat hulls, peanut meal, peanut
cake, whole pressed peanuts, ground peanut hay, ground bone, rice bran, rice
polish, ground rice hulls, tankage, wheat bran, wheat shorts, and various mixed
and proprietary feeds.

[Animal husbandry work], O. N. Abnett (Montana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 170-
172). — The animal husbandry department has, owing to economic conditions,
given special attention to the utilization of cheap feeds.

Thirty head of high-grade beef cattle were divided into two lots, one wintered
on straw alone and the other on straw with the addition of 8.8 lbs. of hay per
head daily. The results showed that when cattle start in in good condition in
the fall they can be wintered on straw. In this experiment the cattle receiving
the hay as part ration were in bettw condition than those receiving straw
alone.

In a trial with fattening two lots of yearling cattle the results were not
conclusive, but indicate that it is more profitable to feed less grain and more
hay than is the practice in many sections. Feeding Giant Russian sunflowers
to dairy cattle for a short period (nine days) indicated that this crop, which
gave a yield of 22 tons per acre without irrigation, was equal pound for pound
to corn and clover.

In growing and fattening pigs the results indicated that a light grain ra-
tion fed to pigs on forage is a profitable practice. As supplements to barley
and wheat, animal products, skim milk and tankage, gave better results than
peas and alfalfa, while the peas were slightly more efficient than the alfalfa.

Report of th.e animal husbandman, C. A. Willson (Tennessee Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 153-155). — During the year the station had 48 experimental groups of
cattle and hogs, among them 328 steers. The rations tested have been mainly
cottonseed products and silage. As in previous reports medium rations of cot-
tonseed meal have given more economical returns than large rations. Silage
was more eflacient than cottonseed hulls.

370 EXPERIMENT STATION BEOOED. [Vol.38

Ad exiDorlment was carried out with 15 pigs in lots of 3 each, testing the ef-
fect of iron salts when fed with cottonseed meal as suggested by the North
Carolina Station. In lot 1, fed on corn meal and cottonseed meal (4:1), the
pigs made practically no gains. In lot 4, fed on corn meal and cottonseed meal
(2:1), two of the pigs died and the other, like the animals in lot 1, became
very much emaciated. The pigs in lot 2, fed on coi'n meal and cottonseed meal
(4:1) and 1 lb. of iron sulphate for every 00 lbs. of cotton.seed meal, lot 3 with
the same except that 1 lb. of iron chlorid was given instead of iron sulphate,
and lot 5 on corn meal and cottonseed meal (2:1) and 1 lb. iron chlorid made
good gains and were not detrimentally affected by the ration.

Feeding esperiraents with cattle, sheep, and pigs {County Nortliumb. Ed.
Com. Bui. 23 {1916), pp. S-26). — Several experiments of special value to the
locality in which they were carried out are reported.

In an experiment comparing the value of bran and dried brewers' grains,
24 cattle 18 months old were fed for 16 weeks in four lots. Lots 1 and 2 con-
sisted of bullocks, while lots 3 and 4 consisted of heifers. Standard rations
containing soy cake and Bombay cotton cake were fed lots 1 and 3, while a
ration of bran and sufficient soy cake to bring the digestible constituents up
to the standard was fed lot 2, and a ration of dried brewers' grains and soy
cake was fed lot 4. The bullocks receiving the cake ration made an average
gain per head of 15J lbs. per week, while those receiving bran made an average
gain of 165 lbs. per week. As bran was a higher priced feed, the cost of the
gains with bran was higher than with soy cake. The heifers receiving the
cake ration made an average gain of 11^ lbs. per week, while those receiving
dried brewers' grains made an average gain of 12 lbs. per week. The economic
results, however, were favorable to the cake ration.

A similar exi)eriment was carried out with sheep in 3 lots of 16 each. Lot 1,
receiving cake alone, gained an average of 1.93 lbs. per head weekly ; lot 2,
receiving bran, gained 1.95 lbs. ; and lot 3, receiving dried brewers' grains,
1.98 lbs.

The above experiments showed little difference in the feeding values of the
same amounts digestible constituents in the different feeds used.

In an experiment to determine the feeding value of swedes and yellow tur-
nips, 24 calves were divided into 3 lots, lot 1 consisting of 12 calves and lots
2 and 3 of 6 each. Lot 1 received no roots, but was given enough hay and
concentrates to supply the same amount of nutrients as was received by lot 2,
with swedes in the ration, and lot 3 with yellow turnips. The calves fed on
hay and concentrates gained an average of 6.7 lbs. each per week, those on
swedes 6.7 lbs., and those on yellow turnips 6.5 lbs. It appears that swedes
and yellow turnips are of substantially equal value for the same amounts of
dry matter.

" It has now been demonstrated for four winters in succession that young
cattle from six to twelve months old can be wintered with excellent results on
pasture, if they have access to a shelter shed and receive suitable additional
food to the pasture. At the end of the winter those wintered outside have
better coats of hair and will command higher prices as grazing cattle. They
also possess the great advantage of practical freedom from tuberculosis."

In a trial of feeding cattle with and without salt it was found that there
was practically no difference in the effects. The same result was noted with
sheep. It Is the usual practice in the locality, which is six miles from the sea-
coast, not to use salt in fattening cattle or sheep, either indoors or on pasture.

Experiments were made to determine whether it was possible to feed pigs
profitably on meals alone. Maize and gram, an Indian pea, were tlie meals

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 371

tested. The gains were satisfactory, alttiougli the amounts of meals fed were
smaller than the usual practice in the locality. A larger proportion of the
gram was needed in the earlier periods of feeding.

Emerg'sncy cow feeds, H. K. Gayle {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 181 (1917), pp. 6). —
Experiments in utilizing various waste forages for wintering cattle are
reported. The forages were fed to breeding beef cows, divided into six lots of
four cows each, with 1 lb. of cottonseed meal additional per head per day.
The feeding lasted 28 days.

Pasture grass hay made up of native grasses, mostly overripe^ was fed at
a cost of $2.60 per ton. The cows consumed, besides the cottonseed meal, an
average of 28.53 lbs. of the bay per head daily and gained 17.65 lbs. each in
weight during the feeding period. The cost of the ration was 5.7 cts. daily.
On a ration including oat straw, valued at $5 per ton, the cows gained an
average of 52.1 lbs. each for the period. They consumed 24.8 lbs of straw daily
and the entire ration cost 8.2 cts. daily. On forage cut from the corn fields,
made up of cornstalks, grasses, and weeds put in the stack at a cost of $1.32 per
ton, the animals used an average of 38.06 lbs. daily at a ration cost of 4.5 cts.
daily. They lost 32 lbs. each during the period.

Cotton stalks from a field practically destroyed by the boll weevil were cut
before the leaves had fallen and stacked at a cost of $2.30 per ton. The ani-
mals cleaned up an average of 27.48 lbs. per day and lost during the period
10J5 lbs. each. The cost of the ration was 5.2 cts. per day.

Silage was made from cotton heavy with leaf that was cut from a field
severely damaged by boll weevil. It yielded at the rate of 4.5 tons of silage
per acre and at an expense of $2.70 per ton. The animals consumed a daily
ration of 38.68 lb«. and gained 38.7 lbs. for the period. The cost of the ration
was 8.9 cts. daily.

Another field of cotton ruined by the boll weevil was cut and put in the silo
in alternate loads with sorghum. The mixture was by weight h cotton and §
sorghum, and was worth $2.90 per ton. The animals consumed an average of
49.9 lbs. of the silage per head daily and gained 13 lbs. each for the period, at
a ration cost of 9.2 cts. daily.

A statistical study of body weights, grains, and measurements of steers
during the fattening period, B. O. Severson and P. Geklaugh {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 8, pp. 38S-S94, pls. 2).— It is the
purpose of this paper to establish some relation between body measurements of
beef cattle and the gains in weight during fattening which might possibly prove
a more scientific method of judging cattle than certain formula and rules now
followed. The animals under observation were those fed in various experi-
ments during three winters at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station.

As the process of fattening is the deposition of fat and muscular growth, the
regions of the body most heavily covered naturally show the greatest develop-
ment; also, the most valuable parts of the animal from a beef standpoint are
most affected in the fattening process.

The usual measure of gain in steers is the increase in live weight. From the
correlation of 338 steers fed at the Pennsylvania Station there was no relation
in the daily gain which might be expected in weights of animals of close rela-
tion as to age and condition.

From the trials made it appears that the circumference of chest and rear
flank, the width of hip joints, and the distance from hip to buttock indicate the
closest relationship between measurements and gains in weight. The circum-
ference of chest and rear flank are of more importance in indicating gains than
feeding capacity as indicated by the circumference of the paunch.
45967°— 18 6

372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Wool growing in Australia, R. W. Hakrowell (Nat. Wool Grower, 7 (1917),
No. 10, pp. 11-13). — Sales to the British Government were made the last
season of 323,748,376 lbs. greasy wool and 34,310,645 lbs. scoured wool. The
average price of greusj' wool was 29.5 cts. per pound, or on a clean cost basis
of 31 cts. The most serious drawbaclc to sheep raising during the year was the
blow fly, causing losses estimated at £378,000. To avoid losses from drought,
larger storage of hay, fodder, and silage is being practiced.

The economical feeding of pigs, G. Tuenbuxl (Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers*
Assoc, 81 (1917), pp. 130-136). — A resume of results from various experiments.

War rations for hogs (Wallaces' Farmer, Jf2 (1917), No. 42, pp. U15, 1420,
figs. 2). — At a farmers' meeting held at Ames, Iowa, the results of various ex-
periments with new and by-product feeds were announced. The various feeds
were fed to over 100 hogs. Among the unusual feeds were corn oil calie meal
and garbage.

When three self-feeders were used, the first containing shelled corn, the
second meat meal or tanlsage, and the third corn oil cake, the average daily
gains on timonthy pasture were 1.38 lbs. per head, as compared with 1.11 lbs. on
a typical shelled corn, meat meal, or tankage ration, self-fed. With garbage
before them at all times, the hogs gained about 1 lb. a day. With hogs at $15,
the daily value of the garbage from 100 persons is estimated at about 86 cts.

Pushing pigs on alfalfa pasture, J. M. Ewakd and R. Dunn (III. Agr., 21
(1917), No. 7, pp. 474, 475, 507).— To test the value of alfalfa pasture for pigs,
six lots about 2i months old and weighing appi'oximately 55 lbs. each were fed
until they averaged 225 lbs. The first five lots were pastured on alfalfa and
were fed in addition as follows : Lot 1, one-half ration of shelled corn and
meat meal tankage twice daily ; lot 2, three-quarter ration of shelled corn and
meat meal tankage twice daily; lot 3, shelled corn to the limit of appetite and
meat meal tankage twice daily ; lot 4, same as lot 3 but fed three times daily ;
and lot 5, shelled corn self-fed and meat meal tankage self-fed. Lot 6 was
kept in a dry lot and given shelled corn self-fed.

The best returns were produced by lot 5, which made faster gains on the
smallest amount of both corn and tankage, requiring 3.74 lbs. of concentrated
feed per pound of gain. Lot 4 came next, with a requirement of 3.89 lbs.
feed per pound of gain, followed by lots 2 and 3.

The value of the alfalfa pasture in comparison with that of the concentrated
feed saved was $30 per acre, and with one crop of hay cut the same season, the
total value was $42 for the year.

Tlie value of potatoes in swine feeding, F. G. Ashbeook (Proo. Potato Assoc.
Amer., 3 (1916), pp. 79-83). — A general discussion of the subject, with data
from various experiments.

Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fov/1. — XVII,
The influence of age upon reproductive ability, with a description of a new
reproductive index, R, Peakl (Genetics, 2 (1917), No. 5, pp. 417-432, figs. 3). —
Statistical evidence accumulated in nine years' work at the Maine Experiment
Station regarding the influence of age upon reproductive capacity in Barred
Plymouth Rock fowls is presented. As a result of this study, which involved
1,114 matings, an index is proposed for the measurement of the net reproductive
ability of matings of the fowl. This index expresses the actual number of
chicks produced by the mating and capable of living three weeks after hatching
as a percentage of the maximum total number of chicks which it would be
physiologically possible for the mating to produce during the time which it en-
dures, or one living chick three weeks of age per hen for each day during which
the mating existed.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 373

" For the strain of Barred Rocks used, and under the conditions of environ-
ment and management which obtained during the experiments, the reproductive
Index has a mean value of about 12 per cent. Net fertility, as measured by the
reproductive index, is a rather highly variable character, agreeing in this re-
spect with other purely physiological characters. Reproductive ability, as
measured by the index, diminishes with advancing age of the birds mated, hav-
ing its maximum when each of the birds mated is from 10 to 14 months of age.
The decline in reproductive ability with advancing age is at a more rapid rate
in the case of the males than in the case of the females. The results above
stated are to be understood as being limited, for the present, to the breed,
strain, and circumstances which furnished the data. How wide their generality
may be is a matter yet to be investigated. "

Standard varieties of chickens. — II, The Mediterranean and Continental
classes, R. R. Slocum (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 898 (1917), pp. 25, figs.
22). — This continues work previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 368).

In addition to notes on the importance of egg production in the United States
and the characteristics of the egg breeds, a general statement is made of the
appearance and characteristics of the different varieties of Leghorn, Minorca,
Spanish, Blue Andalusian, and Ancona breeds of the Mediterranean class and
the Campine breed of the Continental class of fowls. Suggestions for breeding
Brown Leghorns for exhibition purposes and notes on the inheritance of color
In the Andalusian fowl are given.

[Poultry investigations], W. F. Schoppe {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 119-
181). — Animal food (skim milk, green cut bone, commercial meat scrap, and
fish scrap) showed a marked increase in egg production. For the entire year
the best results were obtained with skim milk. During the winter months green
cut bone proved greatly superior, but owing to its decomposing its general use
is not recommended during warm weather.

In fattening poultry satisfactory gains in weight were made and improve-
ment in quality. Ground barley fed in a mixture of other grains made a de-
sirable feed for poultry. Gains of 15 to 30 per cent were made with chickens
fed in crates for 17 days. Buttermilk and skim milk were superior to water
in mixing mash. Conditioning poultry before marketing will pay in increased
weight, while the improvement in quality should bring an extra price.

Owing to the cool nights prevailing in Montana it takes longer to mature
chicks and they should be hatched early in the spring, March or April. Pullets
should be well matured to start laying before cold weather sets in. From data
collected on egg production it appears that a hen makes her best yields during
the first laying year. However, with 24 Leghorn hens at the station more eggs
were produced during the second and third years, and nearly as many during
the fourth, as in the first year.

The present cost of egg production, H. R. Lewis {New Jersey Stas. Hints to
Poultrymen, 6 {1917), No. 2, pp. 5). — Data are reported showing that for ten
months from November, 1915, to August, 1916, the average price of brown eggs
on the New York wholesale market was 31 cts. per dozen, while for the same
period in 1916-17 it was 41.69 cts. The average price of white eggs during the
same period increased from 34 cts. to 44.81 cts. In the same time dry mash in-
creased 53.66 per cent and grain rations 74.6 per cent. It is shown in tables,
however, that with the increased price of eggs and costs of feed the profits per
bird were higher in 1916-17 than in 1915-16.

To further increase profits it is urged that the average egg production per hen
be increased by selection and breeding.

374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

Back-yard poultry keeping, R. R. Slocum {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bnl.
889 (1917), pp. 22, figs. IS). — Attention is called to the value of a small flock
of hens kept in the back yard as a means of reducing the cost of living of the
family and enhancing the aggregate of food produced. Egg production rather
than breeding poultry and the utilization of waste foods from the household
are the main points br6ught out. The following suggestions are given : The size
of the flock should be at least ten well-matured pullets rather than hens;
scraps from the table and some green feed grown in the yard should make up
most of the feed ; no male should be kept as egg production throughout the
season should be sought ; and in the fall when the hens stop laying and begin
to molt they should be killed for the table. Other useful suggestions as to
housing and management are incorporated.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

The role of water in a dairy cow's ration, C. Laesen, B. H. Hungeeford, and
D. E. Bailey {ISoutfi Dakota .S7o. Bui. 175 (1917), pp. 6-^9-692 ) .—This investi-
gation was conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the effects of watering the
cow at different intervals and in varying amounts upon the amount of food
consumed, digestibility of nutrients, amount and composition of feces and urine,
amount and composition of milk, composition and quality of milk fat, body
temperature, and physical condition of the cows. The bulletin also furnishes
some data on the mineral metabolism of the cow..

Four cows were used during the first part of the experiment, January 2 to
September 20, 1914, and three different cows during the second part, November
16, 1915, to January 26, 1916. There were three experimental periods of 30
days each, preceded in each case by a preliminary period of 30 days. During
the first two preliminary periods the cows were watered every 8 hours, and
during the third preliminary period they were watered every 12 hours. Dur-
ing the first experimental period the cows were watered once in 24 hours.
During the second experimental period one cow was watered once in 12 hours
and the other three cows oaee in 60 hours. In the third experimental period
one cow was given a full allowance of water once in 24 hours and the other
two cows one-half an allowance once in 24 hours. The rations consisted of 8
lbs. of a grain mixture of oats, bran, and linseed meal (3:3:1), 25 lbs. of corn
silage, 1 oz. of salt, and all the hay they would eat. The amount of feed and
water consumed, milk produced, and urine and feces voided was recorded, and
samples of each were analyzed at stated intervals. The changes in milk fat
constants during the experimental periods were also determined.

During the first 60-day period the four cows together consumed daily about
7 lbs. of hay less, 2 lbs. of silage less, and 9 lbs. of water less when they were
watered but once each day than when they were watered once each 8 hours.
There was also a slight decrease in milk, amounting to nearly 2 lbs. per day.
The cows lost an average of 11 lbs. each during the first experimental period,
while during the preliminary period they gained 18 lbs. each. When the cows
received water once in 60 hours they lost 17 lbs. in weight in 30 days. When
they received only one-half the normal amount of water every 24 hours they
lost an average of 95 lbs. each in 30 days. In the periods when the cows re-
ceived a full quota of water at long intervals there was not a very decided
decrease in milk production. When they received only one-half the normal
amount of water evei-y 24 hours the milk flow decreased from an average of
18.26 to 14.06 lbs. daily. There was also a noticeable decrease in the amount of
hay consumed.

19181 DAIRY PAEIONG DAIRYING. 375

The coefficient of digestibility was found to increase In each of the experi-
ments where the interval between watering was lengthened, and also in the
period where the cows received only one-half their normal water requirement.
This increase was most noticeable for crude fiber, the digestibility of which
was apparently increased from 55.7 to 71 per cent when water was withheld
for 60 hours. The amount of crude fiber digested was also greater during the
experimental periods than during the preliminary periods. The increase in
digestibility of nitrogen-free extract and protein due to withholding water was
not regular or marked.

The frequency of watering did not appear to have any appreciable effect on
the composition of the feces, except that watering less frequently slightly re-
duced the crude fiber. When the cows received only one-half their normal
water requirement there was an increase in the percentage of protein and
nitrogen-free extract and also in crude fiber of the feces. The amount of feces
voided bore a close relation to the amount of feed eaten. Prom this work it
appears that the amount of dry rough feed consumed by the cow is closely
related to the amount of water drunk.

No variation in the composition of the milk or milk fat was found that could
be ascribed to lack of water. Analyses were made of the ash of the milk in
the last two experiments. The results were normal.

When the cows were watered not less than once in 24 hours the body tempera-
ture was lowered only a fraction of a degree Fahrenheit, and this change in
temperature occurred within 15 minutes after drinking the water. When the
cows were watered once in 60 hours the body temperature was reduced 2°
within 1.5 hours after watering. When the cows received only one-half the
normal amount of water once in 24 hours the average body temperature was
about 1° higher than when they received the full amount of water.

In order to ascertain more definitely the effect of a high body temperature of
healthy cows on the percentage of fat in milk secreted, a series of experi-
ments was conducted. Four grade cows were placed in a room, the tempera-
ture of which was made to vary from 51 to 104°. In each trial the cows were
given water tempered to the same degree of heat as that of the room. When
it was desired to increase the body temperature the cows were also blanketed.
At a room temperature of 69° and body temperature of 101.2°, the average
percentage of fat was 4.4. When the average room temperature was 104° and
the body temperature 104.8° the average percentage of fat was 5.04. The
amount of fat, however, was not increased in the same ratio.

The abnormal physical characteristics due to lack of water were nervousness,
a gaunt appearance, and high body temperature. A larger amount of energy
was required per 1,000 lbs. live weight to accomplish the body functions when
the water was given once in 60 hours and when only one-half amount of water
was supplied the cows.

The chief uses of water by the dairy cow are summarized. Tabulated data
obtained in these experiments indicate that 12 per cent of the water drunk in
winter and 27 per cent in summer is eliminated through the skin, about 56
per cent of the water is eliminated in the feces and 13 per cent in the urine,
and about 15 per cent of the water ingested is used for milk production. One
of the cows, a heavy milker, used about 24 per cent of the water for milk pro-
duction.

Tabulated data are appended, showing the average daily rations and water
consumed and the food-nutrient balances for each cow in the experiment.

Tests of three protein concentrates and two leguminous roughages in milk
production, O. P. Hunzikkb and R. E. Caldwell (Indiana Sta. Bui. 20S {1911),
pp. 5-20, figs. 8). — This experiment was conducted for the purpose of compar-

376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.88

Ing cottonseed meal, linseed meal, and gluten feed and alfalfa hay and soy-bean
hay for milk production. Three lots of 5 cows each were fed for 180 days, the
feeds being changed at the eixl of each 30-day period. During the test each lot
received in addition to ground corn and corn silage (1) cottonseed meal and
alfalfa hay, (2) cottonseed meal and soy-bean hay, (3) linseed meal and alfalfa
hay, (4) linseed meal and soy-bean hay, (.5) gluten feed and alfalfa hay, and
(6) gluten feed and soy-bean hay. Analyses are given of the feeds used in the
experiment.

The co^A^ consumed approximately 1 lb. of grain and 1 lb. of hay per 100
lbs. of body weight. A larger amount of alfalfa hay was consumed than of soy-
baan hay. The grain mixture was compounded according to a standard that
would insure a uniform nutritive ratio for all the rations tested. The corn and
cottonseed meal were mixed in the proportion of 16 : 1 when fed with alfalfa
hay, and 10 : 1 when fed with soy-bean hay. Corn and linseed meal were mixed
in the proportion of 14 : 1 when fed with alfalfa hay, and 7 : 1 when fed with
soy-bean hay. When fed with alfalfa hay corn and gluten feed were mixed in
the proportion of 8 : 1, and with soy-bean hay, 4 : 1. Tlie daily dry matter con-
sumption per cow varied from 20.82 to 22.9 lbs. and the protein consumption
from 2.52 to 2.7 lbs. for all the rations. After the first 30-day period, during
which the cows gained an average of slightly over 1 lb. each daily, they uni-
formly gained about i lb. on soy-bean hay and lost about an equal amount on
alfalfa hay. However, the nutritive ratios of the rations containing alfalfa
hay averaged 1 : 7.81, and of those containing soy-bean hay, 1 : 6.92.

The cows averaged 19.64 lbs. of milk and 0.9 lb. of fat per day on the al-
falfa hay rations, and 18.41 lbs. of milk and 0.86 lb. of fat on the soy-bean hay
rations. The feed cost of producing 100 lbs. of milk averaged 99 cts. on the
alfalfa hay rations, and $1.07 on the soy-bean hay rations. There was only a
very slight variation in the feed cost of milk due to the type of protein-car-
rying concentrates used. At $15 per ton alfalfa hay returned 10 cts. more per
dollar invested than soy-bean hay. The data brought out in the experiments
are illustrated graphically.

Nutrients returned by dairy cows. — Stage of lactation and individuality
affect cost of milk production, R. I. Gkady {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 (1917), No.
11, pp. 365-369, fig. 1). — Data obtained from 36 herds consisting of 720 cows in
various parts of the State indicate that, of the feed consumed by these cows
from November to April, 7.71 per cent of the total digestible nutrients was
suitable for human food.

During the first month of their lactation period 157 Jerseys returned as milk
solids 22.2 per cent of the digestible nutrients consumed, and during the tenth
month 7.3 per cent. Similarly, 131 Holsteins during the first month of their
lactation period returned 19.2 per cent, and during the tenth month only 6.8 per
cent of the digestible nutrients consumed. During the 10 months of the lacta-
tion period the Jerseys made an average return of 15.8 pel" cent, and the
Holsteins 14.9 per cent.

The best Jerseys required 3.3 lbs. and the best Holsteins 3.9 lbs. of digestible
nutrients for each pound of total solids produced. The poorest Jerseys required
9.4 lbs. and the poorest Holsteins 11.8 lbs. of digestible nutrients for each
pound of solids produced.

Breeds of dairy cattle, H. P. Davis {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 893
{1911), pp. 34, figs. 19). — This outlines the factors to be considered in the selec-
tion of a dairy breed, and discusses the origin and characteristics of the Ayr-
shire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein-Friesian, and Jersey breeds. The
official score card for cows adopted by each of the breed associations and the

1918]

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

377

production record of the 10 highest producers of milk and milk fat, the more
prominent families, and the performance records of a number of leading bulls
of each breed are also given. The average production for cows that have com-
pleted yearly records for advanced registry is shown in the following table:

Average production of cows completing yearly records for advanced registry.

Breed.

Ayrshire

Brown Swiss

Guernsey

Holstein

Jersey

Number
of cows.

2,5S8
199
6,200
3,220
5,244

Milk pro-
duction.

Pounds.

9,555.00
10, 868. 70

8,934.44
14, 622. 70

7, 792. 00

Fat
content.

Per cent.
3.950
3.995
4.990
3.424
5.350

Fat pro-
duction.

Pounds.

877.51
433. 45
466. 01
500.70
417.00

[Milk preserved with formalin for calves], H. Welch {Montana Sta. Rpt.
1916, p. 182). — Seven calves from one to two weeks old were fed skim milk
to which enough formalin had been added to keep it sweet for four to six days
at temperatures averaging 80° F. As a check, seven calves were fed on un-
treated skim milk. During the six weeks of the test the two lots gained equally
in weight, and the calves on formalin-preserved milk were in every way as
thrifty and healthy as the other lot.

The milking machine as a factor in the production of sanitary milk, G. L.
A. RuEHLE, R. S. Breed, and G. A. Smith (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 7 {1911),
No. 10, pp. 840-S-i6). — Results of bacteriological analyses seem to show that
the machines on the market can be successfully used to produce more sanitary
milk than that obtained by hand milking.

Belationship of milk supplies to typhoid fever, W. H. Feost {Pub. Health
Rpts. [U. S.], 31 {1916), No. 48, pp. 3291-SS02; abs. in Abs. Bad., 1 {1917), No.
5, pp. J/IO. 411). — This paper calls attention to the deficiency of our knowledge
of the relationship between milk supplies and the prevalence of typhoid fever. The
author suggests that the influence of a milk supply in disseminating typhoid
fever is determined by (1) the sources of infection to which the milk is ex-
posed, (2) the opportunities afforded for infective material to be introduced
into the milk from these sources or the precautions taken to safeguard against
the introduction of infective material, and (3) circumstances affecting the
potentiality of the milk supply in disseminating infection after infective mate-
rial has once been introduced. Opportunities for estimating the influence of milk
supplies upon typhoid prevalence are pointed out.

Some observations on the bacterial examination of milk, F. H. Slack
(Atner. Jour. Pub. Health, 7 {1917), No. 8, pp. 690-697; abs. in Abs. Bad., 1
{1917), No. 5, p. 411). — The author concludes that incubation of milk plates for
48 hours rather than 24 hours is advisable, since, on an average, the count is
doubled or trebled. The use of meat extract media for milk counts should be
abandoned, since it gives lower counts and the colonies are much smaller than
vith media made from fresh beef juice. A preliminary microscopic estimate of
the number of bacteria in a milk sample by the smeared sediment method is
advisable, (1) to rule out specimens of low bacterial content on which no fur-
ther work need be done, and (2) to judge the proper dilution for specimens
which must be plated.

A safe and sane milk supply, J. Weinzibl {Proe. 2. Pan Amer. Set. Cong.,
1915-16, vol. 10, pp. 127-130). — It is stated that pasteurized milk, when the
process has been properly carried out, is safe so far as disease is concerned.

378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Certified milk is also satisfactory in this respect. A sane milk supply, however,
must also be free from excessive dirt. To eliminate dirt the milk should
be rated on the basis of laboratory tests, such as (1) total count, (2) Bacilhis
coli determination, (3) visible dirt test, and (4) B. sporogenes determination.
It should be graded according to the laboratory tests into A, B, and C grades,
and these stated upon the bottles and containers in which the milk is sold.

A sane milk supply must also be cheap enough to be within reach of the
common people. For this purpose certified milk is a failure. If dairy demon-
stration supersedes dairy inspection and laboratory tests the score card in
grading milk, and care is made superior to equipment in barns and machinery,
then it is maintained that a clean milk may be had at a reasonable price as well.

Milk and its distribution in Philadelphia, T. B. Harbison {Pliiladeiphia:
Chamber Com., Ed. Committee, 1911, pp. 12, figs. 12). — This number of the
series of educational pamphlets issued by the Phila^lelphia Chamber of Com-
merce explains the methods of handling and safeguarding the milk supply of
Philadelphia.

Dairying in Colorado, R. McCann {Denver, Colo.: Colo. Bd. Imrnigr. [1917],
pp. 10, figs. 2). — The development and future prospects of the dairy industry in
Colorado are outlined.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Immune sera, C F. Boldtjan and J. Koopman {New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1917, 5. ed., rev., pp. Till +206, figs. 9).— This is the fifth edition of
the work previously noted (E. S. K., 26, p. 579). Neither the plan nor scope
of the previous edition has been changed, but the entire material has been
revised.

Dichloramin T and chlorinated eucalyptol 1.2, 2, R. B. Keauss and E.
Cbede {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 39 {1917), No. 12, pp. 2720-2722) .—The authors
describe a method for the preparation of stable toluene-p-sulphon-dichloraraid
(dichloramin T), a method for the preparation of chlorinated eucalyptol
(specific gravity 1.2), and other chlorinatlon products of eucalyptol on a
large scale.

Preparation of a preservative from cresol, Mary Nevin and B. Mann {Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc., S9 {1917), No. 12, pp. 2752-2756).— Experimental data pre-
sented show that purified and redistilled cresol can be used as a preservative
for biological products. The fraction boiling between 199 and 204° C. (specific
gravity 1.03 at 25°) was best for this purpose. Its toxicity was found to be
the same as phenol, slightly lower than that of " Trikresol," but having a
germicidal coefficient of 2.55, which Is higher than that of Trikresol.

It is Indicated that Investigations are being carried out to determine the
practical value of preservatives In Immune sera and purified antitoxin.

The toxin of Bacillus welchii {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 21 {1917), No. 6, pp.
580-599). — The two following papers are presented:

I. Toxin production by various strains, P. H. DeKruif, T. W. Adams, and
P. M. Ireland. — The authors have studied the toxlcogenlc power of ten strains
of B. welchii, and have found that all produce toxin in a greater or less degree.
An antitoxin produced by the injection of toxin from a single strain neutralized
all of the other toxins, a fact which Indicates the common nature of the toxic
products of the various strains. In studying various methods of toxin produc-
tion. It was found that the usual layer of sterile paraffin oil was not neces-
sary for securing growth or toxin production, and that methods of removing
oxygen, smch as exhaustion or absorption, were superfluous. Boiling the
medium before use was found to be sufficient. A considerable concentration

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 379

of toxin was secured by the use of a veal broth medium instead of sterile rabbit
muscle. Finelj'^ chopped veal was added to a 0.1 per cei^ glucose, +0.5 reaction,
and autoclaved at 110° C. for 30 minutes. By the use of this medium the
complication of technique was considerably reduced and a toxin concentration
obtained as great as by any other procedure.

II. The mechanism of infection tvith B. vjclchii, P. H. DeKruif and J. L.
Bollman. — The results of the study reported showed that " bacilli removed
from broth cultures by centrifugation and subsequently washed with large
volumes of 0.85 per cent NaCl are far less infectious than equal numbers of
organisms not separated from the medium in which they have grown. The
virulence of washed organisms is increased at least 10,000-fold by the simul-
taneous injection of nonlethal amounts of neutralized culture filtrate. This
aggressive activity of the culture filtrate is destroyed by heating to 70° for 30
minutes, and by the addition of the specific Welch antitoxin."

From these results it is concluded that the aggressin of the filtrate and the
toxin are identical. " This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that sublethal
amounts of toxin made by the muscle culture method show a similar aggressive
effect, which is likewise neutralized by the addition of antitoxin. Nonspecific
culture filtrates from cholera and proteus cultures do not Increase the viru-
lence of washed bacilli. The aggressive substance (toxin) seems to act by
reason of its necrotic effect and not by a negative chemotactic influence on
leucocytes."

The prophylactic and therapeutic properties of the antitoxin for Bacillus
welchii, C. G. Bull (Jour. Expt. Med., 26 (1911), No. 4, pp. 603-611).— "It
has been possible to confer on guinea pigs a passive immunity of about two
weeks' duration to B. welchii toxin through a protective administration of the
antitoxin. Guinea pigs which had received a prophylactic dose of B. ivelchii
antitoxin exhibited pronounced resistance to infection with the virulent bacilli
for a period of 12 days. Established infections in guinea pigs with B. welchii
have been arrested and controlled by treatment with the antitoxin."

Possibilities of the prevention of B. welchii infection in man through the
prophylactic use of the antitoxin and the control of developed cases of the
infection by therapeutic injections of the antitoxin are noted.

The colon-aerogenes group from silage, O. W. Hunter (Jour. Bact.,2 (1917),
No. 6, pp. 635-639). — A study of 95 coli-like cultures isolated from different
kinds of silage (alfalfa, Kafir corn, and corn) and 15 from the growing fields
of alfalfa and Kafir corn, made by the author at the Kansas Experiment Station,
showed 48.18 per cent of the organisms to be Bacillus lactis cerogenes, 30.9 per
cent B. coli communior, 10.9 per cent B. coli communis, and 10 per cent B. lactis
acidi,

" Classified according to origin, as differentiated by methyl red, 79.08 per
cent were nonfecal strains, while 20.9 per cent were of fecal origin. All the
strains represented by the B. coli communis and B. lactis addi groups were
fecal types, while the organisms included in the groups represented by B. coU
communior and B. lactis cerogenes were nonfecal strains. A correlation be-
tween the Voges-Proskauer reaction and the hydrogen-ion concentration was
observed in all cultures. Litmus milk was coagulated by 90.9 per cent of all
fecal strains, while 98.5 per cent of the nonfecal types exhibited only an acid
reaction."

Properties of the serum of animals hyperimmunized against glanders and
the choice of animals for the preparation of a serum rich in glanders anti-
bodies, E. Bektetti and G. FiNzi (Atti R. Accad. Ldncei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis.,
Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 26 (1917), II, No. 5, pp. 131-135) .—From the work reported
the authors conclude that it is possible to obtain from various animals (ox.

380 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

horse, mule, and ass) an antiserum which possesses strong precipitating powers
for various glanders sera and filtrates of cultures of glanders bacilli, the pre-
cipitating substance being specific. The existence of a greater or less individual
variation to glanders infection influences the production of antibodies in an
inverse proportion. The production decreases progressively in the following
order: Horse, mule, ass.

An animal should not be treated with the virus from the broth or agar
culture, since the products appear to be neutralized in vivo by the antibodies.
The soluble products from a suspension of Bacillus mallei should be used for
the inoculation.

The precipitin contained in the antiglanders serum produced was found to be
thermolabile, being destroyed by heating to from 55 to 60° C.

Channels of infection and localization in tuberculosis, C. H. Higgins {Jour.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 (1917), No. S, pp. 299-S08) .—From experimental data
and cases reported it appears that under certain conditions tuberculosis may
be merely a localized infection and the infection thus pass unnoticed even after
a careful post-mortem examination. "It is quite apparent that the channel of
infection governs to a large degree the localization of the lesions, and that
infections observed in glands through which the lymph of an extremity or
locality drains is a direct intimation that the infection has taken place in
some locality from which the particular gland in question takes up its lymph
supply."

It is noted that greater care should be taken in performing autopsies, and
that more accurate records should be kept by all observers.

Tuberculin test and retest, C. J. Marshall and H. W. Tukneb (Jour. Amer.
Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 {1911), No. S, pp. 308-337).— Data, presented show that the
best results were obtained when the retest was made about seven days after
the original subcutaneous test and in conjunction with the ophthalmic test.
Tuberculous animals were found to remain sensitive to tuberculin for a certain
length of time after the original injection, the period, however, not being the
same in all animals. The original injection of tuberculin is considered to sen-
sitize the cells and make them more receptive to the retest tuberculin.

The authors recommend that in " herds in which there is no history of a
previous tuberculin test, the ordinary subcutaneous test should be used on all
animals over six months of age. Where 10 per cent or more of them react,
a retest should be made with retest and ophthalmic tuberculin in from four to
seven days. The semiannual subcutaneous testing of herds should not be con-
tinued, as too frequent tests lessen the sensibility of the animals to tuberculin
and tlie reliability of the test to the owner. When a semiannual test is re-
quired the ophthalmic test only should be used. In animals under six months
of age. the intradermal test should be used and where possible it should be
combined with the ophthalmic or intrapalpebral test."

Making' cattle environs free from infection eliminated by tuberculous
cattle, J. Traum {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 {1917), No. S, pp. 289-299).—
Results of experiments by the author, at the California Experiment Station, to
determine the resistance of tubercle bacilli deposited on soil, the resistance when
underground, and the resistance in water holes are reported.

The data obtained show that tubercle bacilli in feces and lung discbarges can
no longer produce tuberculosis in guinea pigs by inoculation when exposed in
the dry season after three months, depending to a great extent, however, upon
how soon the medium in which the bacilli are found is freed from moisture.
The tubercle bacilli were found to remain alive in water for at least six months.

The effect of disinfectants upon the tubercle bacilli is briefly discussed, and
some experimental results upon the specific effect of hypochlorite solutions on

19181 VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 381

the organisms reported. All the animals inoculated with the medium containing
the organisms which had been treated with hypochlorite solutions developed
tuberculosis. It is indicated that the evidence submitted, however, should be
considered tentative until substantiated by further work.

Report of the committee on veterinary inspections and protection against
tuberculosis of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions,
1916-17, B. C. Fleischnee {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 {1911), No. S,
pp. 268-288). — This report presents the results obtained from a questionnaire
sent out by the committee to the secretaries of all the milk commissions in an
endeavor to determine the conditions and activities of these commissions.
Satisfactory replies were received from 32 (about 41 per cent) of the commis-
sions. From 16 of the commissions replies were received which showed that the
work carried on was either definitely unsatisfactory or that the function of
the commission had ceased to be of value to the community.

The questionnaire and general results obtained are submitted and discussed
in some detail, together with recommendations of the committee to the associa-
tion.

Chronic arthritis in swine, S. Sekiguchi and E. E. Ikons {Jour. Infect.
Diseases, 21 {1917), No. 6, pp. 526-540, pis. 2). — Of 21 cases examined hemolytic
streptococci were found in 2, bacilli in 9, streptococci and bacilli in 4, no organ-
isms in smears, sections, and cultures in 4, and in 2 cases bacteria were found
in either smears or sections, which, however, failed to grow in cultures. Com-
paratively slight pathological changes were observed in most of the cases which
did not yield any organisms at all or not in cultures. Pathological changes in
the others are described.

A study of the bacilli isolated from the joints in some of the cases showed
them to be culturally alike, and in morphology and most cultural reactions to
resemble Bacillus pyogenes as described by Dutch and German veterinarians
who isolated the organisms from cattle and swine. The bacilli obtained by the
authors, however, did not liquefy gelatin and Loefller's serum. " While the
bacillary infection is apparently the etiologic agent in most of the cases included
in this study, and the streptococcal infection apparently a later and secondary
one . . . there may well be other organisms of suitable virulence which can
set up similar processes. It seems important, however, to emphasize the ele-
ment of nontuberculous infection in chronic deforming joint lesions in animals
otherwise in good health. "

Subcutaneous and intravenous inoculations of the bacilli produced lesions of
the joints. " It is possible that puncture wounds of the skin in infected yards
may be the means of initial infection in some instances. The alimentary tract
can not be excluded, for in one case we found a marked chronic nontuberculous
infection of the mesenteric lymph nodes associated with arthritis. . . . The
occurrence of arthritis in some herds and not in others suggests local sources
of infection on the affected farms. It would seem advisable to exclude from
the hog lot any animals with chronic suppurations, whether swine, cattle, or
other animals, for the same reasons that cattle and other animals suffering from
tuberculosis are excluded to prevent tuberculosis among the hogs."

Cultural and inoculation studies of the streptococci isolated from the joint
lesions were also made and are described.

Refview of research work on hog cholera, M. Dorset {Rpt. U. S. Live Stock
Sanit. Assoc, 20 {1916), pp. 42-51). — From experimental work on the transmis-
sion of hog cholera the following general results are noted :

Results were obtained from which the author concluded that hog cholera
is contagious at all stages, including the stage of incubation. Data obtained
from some preliminary work showed that not all recovered pigs are cholera

382 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

carriers. Only two observations were made in this work, however, and it is
indicated that no very definite conclusions can be drawn.

Other results showed that putrefaction may destroy the cholera virus. It was
also shown that the usually accepted statement that hog cholera is invariably
transmitted by attendants is doubtful.

In determining the period of infectivity of premises, it was found that in
no case did susceptible pigs contract the disease in infected pens 24 hours
after the removal of sick pigs. In one case the disease was contracted when
exposure took place 61 hours after the removal of sick pigs. In the concrete,
wooden, and sandy floored pens, pigs which were exposed 1 hour after the re-
moval of sick pigs contracted the disease, while in the pens which had sandy
loam and clay floors the pigs remained well.

In determining the infectivity of excretions of cholera-infected hogs infec-
tious before symptoms appeared, it was found that the blood and urine were
both infectious on the first day after the injection of the hog, the feces on
the second day, and the eye and nose secretions on the third day. No visible
symptoms of the disease were observed until the fifth day, although there was a
slight increase in temperature on the fourth day. It thus appears that the
blood, urine, feces, and eye and nose secretions of cholera hogs may all be
infectious before the animal exhibits any symptoms of the disease.

Increased virulence of the hog-cliolera bacillus produced by passage
through rabbits, C. Tenbkoeck {Jour. Expt. Med., 26 (1917), No. S, pp. 437-
440). — The author has increased the virulence of a culture of the hog-eholera
bacillus 1,000 times by passage through a series of 11 rabbits. A subcutaneous
injection of 20 organisms, or 0.00000001 cc. of a 24-hour bouillon culture, or a
drop of bouillon culture rubbed into the shaven skin produced a characteristic
disease in the rabbit resulting in death on or about the sixth day.

The organism used in the work was isolated several years ago from the
spleen of a pig which died from hog cholera. After isolation the organism was
passed through a rabbit and has since been kept on slant agar in the cold,
transfers having been made monthly. It is a motile. Gram-negative rod, grow-
ing readily on the ordinary media and forming acid and gas in dextrose
bouillon but not attacking lactose or saccharose. It was quantitatively agglu-
tinated by serum from rabbits injected with other strains of the hog-cholera
bacillus, and when injected into animals caused the production of agglutinins
for other strains of the hog-cholera bacillus.

The significance of agglutinins in the immunity of the rabbit to the hog-
cholera bacillus, G. Tenbroeck (Jour. Expt. Med., 26 {1917), No. S, pp. 44I-
45I). — The results of the work reported indicate that "rabbits may show a
high agglutination titer to the hog-cholera bacillus and have no immunity
and, on the other hand, immune animals may have a comparatively low aggluti-
nation titer." With the organism used it is considered that the height of the
agglutination titer does not indicate the degree of immunity.

Because of the similarity, biologically and pathologically, between the
organism used in the work reported and the typhoid bacillus it is concluded
that the degree of agglutination titer in man does not indicate the actual degree
of immunity to the typhoid organism. The necessity of testing other organ-
isms before a more general conclusion can be drawn is noted. "This does not
mean that agglutinins are not related to immunity but it brings up the question
of the wisdom of using them as a guide in immunization with the colon-typhoid
group. When injected into the normal, vaccinated, or immune rabbit, the
virulent hog-cholera bacillus Is rapidly clumped and disappears from the circu-
lation. Forty minutes after injection these organisms can be found in
phagocytes in the liver."

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 383

Studies in forage poisoning'. — V, A preliminary report on an anaerobic
bacillus of etiologic significance, R. Graham, A. L. Brueckner, and R. L.
Pontius (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 207 {1911), pp. ^1-113, figs. 36; abs. in Jour.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 51 (1917), No. 6, pp. 748, 7^9; Amer. Jour. Vet. Med.,
12 {1917), No. 10, p. 702).— In an introduction to this bulletin A. M. Peter,
acting director, briefly refers to the occurrence of forage poisoning in Ken-
tucky and the investigations of it which have been conducted by the Kentucky
Station. The present bulletin, which reports investigations carried on in con-
tinuation of studies which have extended over a number of years (E. S. R.,
37, p. 689), deals with the isolation of a pathogenic anaerobic bacillus from
an oat hay and the efficacy of an antiserum, prepared against Bacillus botu-
linus, in protecting animals against a disease having the characteristics of
forage poisoning.

In the first part of the bulletin the authors review the present status of in-
formation relating to botulism in man and discuss the analogy of botulism to
forage poisoning, the pathogenesis of B. botulinus, and its food requirements.

The investigations reported have been summarized by the authors as fol-
lows : " An oat hay which had caused a sporadic outbreak of forage poisoning
retained its virulence in storage for approximately 22 months. The etiologic
factor in this forage proved to be water soluble and capable of causing symp-
toms of forage poisoning and death in horses after freely drinking the water
from the oat hay.

" B. botulinus proved fatal to horses and mules, subsequently to ingestion
in wholesome feed, as well as by subcutaneous injection. The clinical symptoms
and anatomic alterations accompanying artificial B. botulinus infection in
horses and mules closely resembled the symptoms and gross anatomic lesions
recognized in natural outbreaks of forage poisoning in central Kentucky.

" Chickens proved highly resistant to B. botulinus administered subcuta-
neously and by the mouth. The naturally voided excreta of fowls that had
been fed B. botulinus proved fatal to a mule after ingestion, involving the do-
mestic chicken as a possible agent in contaminating feedstuffs, should B.
botulinus be prevalent in nature. This observation confirms Van Ermengem's
original classification of B. botulinus as a toxic saprophyte and is in keeping
with our observations upon an oat hay which proved to be contaminated with
chicken feces. It has been previously reported in another paper [E. S. R., 34,
p. 681 ; 36, p. 580] that chicken excreta from the oat hay in question, dis-
guised in wholesome feed of a horse, caused symptoms of forage poisoning
and death.

"Antitoxic goat, sheep, and cow sera, prepared against B. botulinus, proved
efficacious against lethal amounts of a homologous toxin. The antitoxic serum
afforded protection in horses when administered subcutaneously and intra-
venously, and in guinea pigs when administered intraperitoneally, against a
fatal amount of homologous toxin by the mouth.

" B. botulinus can be cultivated in corn silage, alfalfa, and corn extracts,
made slightly alkaline. In similar forage decoctions, made slightly acid, as
well as in pork broth, B. botulinus can be propagated in association with
Fusarium sp., under aerobic conditions.

"An anaerobic organism resembling B. botulinus, isolated from the cecum
of a horse fatally infected after drinking water in which the oat hay in ques-
tion had been immersed, proved fatal to horses, mules, and guinea pigs, ad-
ministered by the mouth. The clinical symptoms and anatomic changes in
horses experimentally infected with this organism proved to be indistinguish-
able from symptoms and gross lesions observed in horses as a result of feed-

384 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

ing B. botulinus. This organism was recovered from a horse after death fol-
lowing a fatal artificial infection. Antitoxic serum prepared against B. botu-
linus apparently provided protection in guinea pigs, administered intraperi-
toneally, and in horses, administered intravenously, against infection by the
mouth with a lethal amount of the organism isolated from the cecum of [the
horse referred to above]. The sterile broth culture filtrate of the organism
isolated from this horse proved fatal to horses after ingestion. Antitoxic
serum prepared against B. botulinus, administerefl intravenously, apparently
afforded protection against lethal amounts of this filtrate.

" An anaerobic organism resembling B. botulinus, isolated from water in
which the oat hay had been immersed proved fatal to horses, mules, and guinea
pigs, when administered by the mouth. B. botulinus antitoxic serum admin-
istered intravenously and subcutaneously to horses and mules and intraperi-
toneally to guinea pigs, apparently provided protection in these animals against
a lethal infection, per os, of the organism isolated from the water in which the
oat hay had been immersed. The sterile filtrate from a broth culture of the
organism isolated frum the oat hay proved fatal to horses, after ingestion, and
botulism antitoxic serum, administered intravenously, proved efticacious in pro-
tecting horses against a lethal quantity of the filtrate, administered by the
mouth.

" Several horses receiving prophylactic injections of B. botulinus antitoxic
serum consumed water, for 30 days, from the barrel in which the oat hay was
immersed without noticeable effect, at the end of which time a lethal amount of
the organism isolated from the oat hay water was also consumed with impunity.
In one horse antitoxic serum apparently did not afford protection against the
oat hay water. For a period of 30 days three horses consumed the water in
which the oat hay was immersed without noticeable effect^ but succumbed after
ingesting a lethal amount of the organism resembling B. botulinus isolated from
the oat hay.

" The definite, morphological, cultural, and serological characters of the
organism isolated from the experimental horse [previously mentioned] and of
the organism isolated from the oat hay water closely ally them to B. botu-
linus and to our knowledge constitutes the first time this, or an allied anaerobic
organism, has been definitely established as an etiologic factor in forage
poisoning."

Studies in forage poisoning. — VI, An anaerobic organism isolated from
silage of etiologic significance, R. Gkaham, A. L. Brueckneb, and K. L.
Pontius {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 208 (1917), pp. 117-138, figs. 7).— This is a re-
port of investigations of forage poisoning carried on in connection with those
above noted. The present paper deals with studies made of an anaerobic
organism isolated from corn silage during the course of an outbreak of forage
poisoning in Carroll County, Ky., which resulted in the loss of a number of
mules. The causative organism isolated from the silage was an anaerobic spore-
bearing bacillus possessing morphological and cultural charcteristics resembling
those of Bacillus botulinus.

" In preliminary tests the unfiltered broth culture of this organism, ad-
ministered by the mouth, proved pathogenic for guinea pigs and a mule. The
filtered broth culture, administered by the mouth, proved fatal to guinea pigs,
two horses, and a mule. A protection was provided by administering botulism
antitoxin to guinea pigs and horses against a lethal amount of the organism in
broth or the sterile filtrate of broth culture of the organism in question. Serum
Immune to the bacillus isolated from the silage proved efficacious in protecting
guinea pigs against a fatal artificial infection of B. botulinus, as well as against

1918] VETEKINARY MEDICINE. 385

the organism isolated from the silage. The agglutinins present in serum highly
Immune to B. hotulinus were active to the organism isolated from the silage, thus
contributing evidence of the possible relation of this organism to B. botulinus.
Normal sera of different animals did not agglutinate B. botulinus nor the
organism from the silage. Sheep serum immune to the organism isolated from
the silage possessed agglutinating potency to B. botulinus, and to a similar
pathogenic anaerobe isolated from a horse fatally afflicted subsequently to
drinking water in which was immersed an oat hay obtained from a distant
outbreak of this disease."

Repair of bone in the domestic fowl, B. F. Kaxjpp (North Carolina Sta.
Tech. Bui. 14 {1911), pp. S-17, pis. 11). — The author here considers the struc-
ture and development of the bones of fowls, the kinds of fractures and the
reparative processes, and means of controlling the bird and care of the fracture.
The studies consist of a series of 21 cases of fractures in the domestic fowl.
'* It was found that at the end of the fifth day islands of bone tissue had begun
to form. The repair of fractures in the domestic fowl is intramembranous.
The periosteal, endosteal, and intermediary calluses show bone formation in
trabecular-like arrangement. By the end of the thirteenth day the major por-
tion of the bone tissue had formed and was found completed before the twentieth
day. The appliance used to hold the broken bones in apposition in the domestic
fowl may be removed with safety by the end of the twelfth or thirteenth day.
The structure of compact bone in the domestic fowl is similar to that of
mammalia."

Life history of Ascaris lumbricoides and related forms, B. H. Ransom
and W. D. Foster (17. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1911), No. 8, pp.
S95-S98) .—The investigations of Stewart (E. S. R., 37, p. 374) having shown
that the embryos from Ascaris eggs fed to rats and mice hatch out in the
alimentary tract and migrate to the liver, spleen, and lungs, in the course of
which they pass through certain developmental changes, and regain the ali-
mentary tract by the way of the lungs, trachea, and esophagus, resulting in
pneumonia in many of the infested animals, led the authors to conduct the
experiments here reported. The results obtained and the deductions drawn
therefrom are summarized as follows :

"The development of A. lumbricoides and closely related forms is direct,
and no intermediate host is required. The eggs, when swallowed, hatch out in
the alimentary tract; the embryos, however, do not at once settle down in
the intestine, but migrate to various other organs, including the liver, spleen,
and lungs. Within a week, in the case of the pig Ascaris, the migrating larvse
may be found in the lungs and have meanwhile undergone considerable develop-
ment and growth. From the lungs the larvse migrate up the trachea and into
the esophagus by way of the pharynx, and this migration up the trachea may
already become established in pigs, as well as in artificially infected rats and
mice, as early as a week after infection. Upon reaching the alimentary tract
a second time after their passage through the lungs, the larvae, if in a suitable
host, presumably settle down in the intestine and complete their development to
maturity ; if in an unsuitable host, such as rats and mice, they soon pass out of
the body in the feces.

" Heavy invasions of the lungs by the larvse of Ascaris produce a serious
pneumonia which is frequently fatal in rats and mice and apparently caused
the death of a young pig one week after it had been fed with numerous Ascaris
eggs.

" It is not improbable that ascarids are frequently responsible for lung
troubles in children, pigs, and other young animals. The fact that the larvse

386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

invade the lungs as well as other organs beyond the alimentary tract and can
cause a serious or even fatal prfumonia indicates that these parasites are
endowed with greater capacity for harm than has heretofore been supposed.

"Age is a highly important factor in determining susceptibility to infection
with Ascaris, and susceptibility to infection greatly decreases as the host
animal becomes older. This, of course, Is in harmony with the well-known fact
that it is particularly children and young pigs among which infestation with
Ascaris is common, and that Ascaris is relatively of rare occurrence in adult
human beings and in old hogs."

In a footnote the authors call attention to the fact that later experiments
with guinea pigs have shown that they also may be infected by feeding Ascaris
eggs, and that the migration of the larvae in this animal so far as observed
is identical with that noted by Stewart in rats and mice. All of six guinea
pigs infected died from pneumonia seven and eight days after feeding with
Ascaris eggs, the lungs being found heavily infested with Ascaris larvae.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

The waters of the Rio Grande, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui. 230
{1911), pp. 3-62). — This report states that the Rio Grande flows for about 60
miles through the San Luis Valley without any considerable change in the
character of its waters, the flow diminishing rather than increasing. " There
are only a few streams having a visible discharge into the Rio Grande. The
drainage is practically out of the Rio Grande into the valley. . . .

" The ground waters of the valley retain the characters of the mountain
waters in a noteworthy degree, and . . . have their own characteristics,
which ai'e pronounced enough to affect those of the Rio Grande water if any
significant volume of them is mingled with it. The alkalis, that is, salts that
collect in the surface portions of the soil or appear as efflorescences, are of three
types. These types are (1) plain sulphates, soda and lime being the predomi-
nant bases (this type is the predominant one) ; (2) sulphates and chlorids (this
type is not abundant though it is well distributed) ; and (3) a type in which
sulphates and carbonates occur (the occurrence of this type is for the most
part confined to the area north of the Rio Grande). Solutions of these alkalis
do not find their way into the Rio Grande in sufficient quantities to noticeably
modify the composition of its water.

" The valley is an exceedingly large artesian basin, but the waters are of
two characters. Those of the southern portion and the rim of the basin are
white and carry an excess of acids. Silicic is especially high, while those of
the northern interior portion of the basin are alkaline and usually brownish or
brown in color. The white artesian waters, especially those flowing from shal-
low wells, from 75 to 300 ft. or even more, are very similar to river or mountain
water and would simply increase the volume and would not change the char-
acter of the river water if they mingled with it.

" The brown water is free from silicic acid and contains as good as no salts
except sodic carbonate. This character of the brown waters is the same for all
flows from the shallowest to the deepest examined, 8S0 ft. The deeper flows
Increase in the amount of salts held in solution without any change in their
character. This increase was from 22 to 108 grains in each imperial gallon.
These waters would change the character of the river water if they mingled
with it, which they appear not to do. The brown color is accidental and is due
to peaty material dissolved out of the aquifers themselves. ...

" The sodic carbonate is considered as originally coming from the mineral
constituents of the rocks furnishing the sands and clays that form the strata

1918] RURAL ENGINEERING. 387

now composing the floor of the valley. The changes necessary to remove the
silicic acid and lime from the mountnin waters are simple. The small concre-
tions of calcic carbonate met with in the sand from the strata passed through
at 550 ft.- indicate simple precipitation as the method of removing the lime.
. , . Evaporation alone is considered adequate to account for the concen-
tration of the sodic carbonate that we find in this section. Evaporation at the
present time is sufficient to add 145,500,000 lbs. of sodic carbonate t© this
section of the valley yearly. This is on the supposition that the mountain
water carries 2.5 grains of sodic carbonate in each imperial gallon, or 10 lbs. of
water evaporated.

" The present agricultural condition of this section of the valley is due to the
accumulation of this salt, black alkali, rather than to an excess of water. Lo-
cal surface drainage is necessary in many small localities. The evaporation from
the area involved is equivalent to an inflow of 2,000 sec.-ft. throughout the
year. This is probably a larger amount than this section of the valley actually
receives, except for a very short period in the spring of the year when the
direct overland inflow may equal or possibly exceed this amount.

" The San Luis Lake water is peculiar in its composition and unlike either
the river, ground, or artesian waters. The deposit of sodic carbonate east of the
San Luis Lake is probably derived from the evaporation of the brown artesian
water, and has no connection with the lake. The conditions which have deter-
mined the character of the brown artesian waters are still active in determin-
ing the agricultural features and questions of this section of the valley. The
question of black alkali in this section is in places further involved by the oc-
currence of nitrates. The conditions which obtain and are inimical to vegetation
can be ameliorated by rational irrigation, chemical treatment of the soil, and
surface drainage where needed."

Run-off from the drained prairie lands of southern Louisiana, C. W. Okey
{V. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1911), No. 6, pp. 247-279, figs. 5).—
Investigations on the relations between the rainfall and the amount of water
that it is necessary to pump from 10 typical drainage districts in order to
secure a degree of drainage that will allow the grovnng of ordinary field crops
are reported. The districts vary in area from 647 to 7,500 acres and the details
of soil, crops, surface slope, and character of the drainage channels and levees
are different on each district. A brief description of each district is given
together with a brief summary of conditions prevailing during each year cov-
ered by the records. The results of the investigations are graphically reported.

" It is evident that the effect on the run-off of a change in the capacity of
the pumping plant can not all be measured by the change of level of the water
in the main reservoir channels, as greater slope and velocity of water occur
in the drainage channels when a larger pumping plant is installed. This effect
extends even to the small field ditches.

" In estimating the run-off likely to result from an assumed storm on a given
district the curve used should be that for the district which resembles the
given district in area, pumping-plant capacity, reservoir capacity, and general
conditions. The curves may be considered only as representing general ten-
dencies and not definite values. They should be of service, however, in making
the proper adjustment between reservoir and pumping-plant capacity. . . .
It is believed that, in general, after a capacity of about 0.5 in. of water over the
area drained has been provided in the main reservoir channels between the
surface and a level 5 ft. below it will be cheaper to obtain increased capacity
to handle storms by enlarging the pumping plant rather than the reservoir.

45967°— 18 7

388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

This will depend, however, on local costs for excavation and pumping
machinery.

" In determining the proper combined capacity of the pumping plant and
reservoir the main factor to be considered is the amount of rainfall in an
assumed period for which provision is to be made. ... As the accompanying
curves were prepared with data from storms which occurred when the land
was wet, a determination has been made of the proportion of storms which
occur when the land is wet. Of all the storms of over 2 in. in 24 hours which
have occurred on the districts during the time covered by the records, 64 per
cent occurred on a wet and 36 per cent on a dry surface; of all storms over
4 in. the percentages are 54 per cent and 46 per cent, respectively. Of course,
the storage capacity of the land influences the run-off from the small storms
relatively much more than it does that from the large ones. However, an
examination of the daily rainfall and pumping records will show that heavy
rains on a dry soil do not make very heavy demand on the pumping plant. It
is believed, therefore, that a reduction of about 30 per cent in the average
frequency of storms could be made safely and that the resulting figure would
be the proper one for use. If the character of operations that are to be con-
ducted on the land of a given district is known, a decision can then be made
as to the heaviest storm for which provision must be made. On a district
where staple crops are to be raised it would be economical to allow a certain
amount of flooding oftener than would be advisable on land where high-priced
truck crops are to be raised, while in residence districts it would be very
desirable to prevent all surface flooding. In addition to the damage to crops
due to flooding, there are other factors to be considered, such as inconvenience
to residents and the possible depressing influence on land values of floodings
occurring even at infrequent intervals."

Effect of pumping from a shallow well on the ground-water table, W. W.
Wetb (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1911), No. 7, pp. 339S57, figs.
16). — Experiments conducted at the Kearney Park farm under the supervision
of the California Experiment Station, in cooperation with the Office of Public
Roads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, are re-
ported on the effect of pumping from a shallow well on the ground-water table
and its relation to the drainage of irrigated lands.

" The results of this experiment lead to the conclusion that under soil, irri-
gation, and farming conditions such as are found on the Kearney Park . . .
tract pumping from a shallow well does not lower the ground-water table suffi-
ciently to afford drainage to any considerable area. In this experiment, al-
though the water table in the sump was maintained at a depth of about 12 ft.
below the ground surface and from 5 to 7 ft. below the normal ground water,
the effect of the pumping was not appreciable beyond 100 ft. from the pump.
Except within a very short distance from the pump, the ground water rose to a
point as near the ground surface in 1915, while the pump was in operation, as
it did in 1914, when no pumping was done. Seasonal variations are great
enough to account for any differences observed.

" Contrary to the results obtained here, it has been found that the water
lable can be materially lowered by the use of tile drains for greater distances
away from the drain than is shown in this experiment. . . . The fact that
tile drains have proved more efficient than pumping from a well in lowering the
ground-water table is due, no doubt, to the much larger area reached by the
tile. . . . Thus, with such a system any lateral movement of water is more
readily intercepted, and any vertical pressure is relieved at more points than
is possible where tile is not used, even though the water table is maintained at
a greater depth in the well than is done by the tile lines. It would appear,

1918] RURAL ENGINEERIN-G. 389

the'refore, from the results of these experiments that, although it has been
proved feasible to reclaim water-logged land by means of tile drains, it would
not be practicable to locate wells and pumping plants similar to the one de-
scribed . . . close enough together to lower the water table over any consider-
able area or develop enough water for practical farm irrigation without storage.

" It is doubtful if the results of this experiment would have been materially
different had it been located on the more poorly drained areas. "

Farm drainage in Virginia, C. E. Seitz (Va. Poly tech. Inst. Ext. Bui. 15
(1917), pp. 35, pi. 1, figs. 18). — This bulletin gives general but practical infor-
mation on the planning and construction of tile drains and drainage systems,
with special reference to Virginia conditions.

Irrigation works constructed by the United States Government, A. P.
Davis {Neio York: John Wiley d Sons, 1917, pp. XVI +413, pi. 1, figs. 128). —
It is the object of this work to give engineering descriptions of the U. S. Recla-
mation Service works together with illustrations. Chapters are included on the
Salt River, Yuma, Orland, Grand Valley, Uncompahgre, Boise, Minidoka, Hunt-
ley, Lower Yellowstone, North Platte, Truckee-Carson, Carlsbad, Hondo, Rio
Grande, Umatilla, Klamath, Belle Fourche, Strawberry Valley, Okanogan,
Yakima, and Shoshone projects.

Reservoir capacity for small pumping plants, S. T. Harding (Jour. Elec-
trinty, 39 (1917), No. If, pp. 170-172, figs. 2).— Curves of data are given on
capacity of reservoirs required to maintain rates of discharge varying from 100
to 1,000 gal. per minute for periods varying from 6 to 96 hours, and also curves
giving data on discharge of reservoir outlets for pipe sizes varying from 6 to
24 in. and head losses through outlets varying in size from 0 to 18 in.

Longevity of Bacillus coli in water, F. L. Rector and H. J. Dattbe {Abs.
Bact., 1 {1917), No. 1, p. 57).— Sterile 1-liter bottles were filled with distilled
water, tap water, and a bottled water and tested for B. coli with negative
results. Each bottle was then inoculated \vith 0.5 cc. of a 24-hour broth culture
of B. coli, plates being poured immediately and daily thereafter until negative
results were obtained. Litmus lactose agar plates were used.

One day after inoculation there was a marked increase in the number of
B. coli, but subsequent examinations showed a gradual and regular decrease
which resulted in the final disappearance of the organism from the bottled
water in 25 days and from the tap water and the distilled water in 48 day^.
By cultivating in dextrose liver broth the organism was found to be present
in 50 cc. quantities in the bottled water until the thirty-sixth day, in the dis-
tilled water until the fifty-seventh day, and in the tap water until the sixty-
fourth day.

Mechanical grading of concrete sand, O. R. Smith {Concrete [Detroit,
Mich.], 11 {1917), No. S, pp. 76, 77, figs. 5).— Tests are reported from which it
was concluded that " the most dense and strongest mortar for concrete work
is obtained if the sand has the following granulometric composition : " One-
fourth in. sieve, residue none ; No. 10 sieve, residue 60 per cent ; No. 20 sieve,
80 : No. 30 sieve, 85 ; No. 50 sieve, 90 ; and No. 100 sieve, from 95 to 98 per cent.

Motor gasoline: Properties, laboratory methods of testing, and practical
specifications, E. W. Dean {U. S. Dept. Int.. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 166
{1917), pp. 23, pi. 1; abs. in West. Engin., 8 {1917), No. 8, pp. 316-319, fig. 1).—
This pamphlet enumerates the desirable properties of gasoline and discusses
types of gasoline marketed and the relative value of various tests used.

"Specific gravity in itself is of very slight significance in determining the
properties of gasoline. It may serve as an index of other properties, particularly
volatility, if knowledge is at hand regarding the source and method of produc-
tion of a gasoline. The determination of gravity has been and probably always

390 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, [Vol. 38

will be one of the most useful tests that the refiner employs, but it is of but
little value to the analyst who does not possess sufficient additional informa-
tion to make proper interpretation of gravity results. . . .

"Volatility is the basic property that determines the grade and usefulness
of a gasoline. . . . General consideration of the numerous factors Involved
has led to the following conclusions regarding the desirable characteristics of
the volatility of motor gasoline: Gasoline should contain a moderate but not
excessive proportion of low-boiling constituents, enough to permit easy starting
of a cold engine but not enough to make evaporation losses excessive. Gaso-
line should have a total volatility range wide enough to include constituents
that have a high, but not too high, boiling point. For economic reasons affect-
ing both the individual user and the country as a whole, this volatility range
should be such that the gasoline contains the largest possible percentage of
the original crude oil. It should not, however, be wide enough to exceed the
Mmits of the vaporizing power of the automobile engine."

In the proposed specifications for motor gasoline it is required that the
color be water white and that acidity be totally absent.

" The gasoline shall, when distilled by the method described, meet the fol-
lowing requirements: (1) The temperature read on the thermometer when 20
per cent has distilled shall not be below 70° C. (158° F.) nor above whatever
limit is fixed after due consideration of conditions of use. (2) The tempera-
ture read when 90 per cent has distilled shall not be above another limit
similarly chosen. (3) The temperature read when 50 per cent has distilled
shall not be higher than a mark half way between the 20 per cent and the
90 per cent limit. (4) The dry point shall not exceed the actual 90 per cent
reading by more than 55°.

" Tolerance. — If either the 20 per cent or the 90 per cent temperature mark
is above the required limit by an amount not exceeding 10°, the gasoline may
be considered acceptable if the sum of the two temperatures read for the 20
and the 90 per cent marks do not exceed the sum of the adopted limits."

Distillation methods and apparatus are described and specifications given
therefor.

Tractor facts for Oklahoma farm.ers (Oklahoma City, Okla.: Oklahoma
Farmer, 1917, pp. 37, figs. 49). — This is a brief summary of information, favor-
ing the use of the tractor on Oklahoma farms.

Harvesting and plowing simultaneously with, a tractor, M. Ringelmann
(Bui. Sac. Encour. Indus. Nat. [Paris], 116 {1911), I, No. 3, pp. 595-599, figs.
2). — The details of this procedure as practiced under French conditions are
described. Experiments in 1916 showed that a hectare (2.47 acres) of grain
could be harvested and bound and the ground plowed in 2 hours and 36 min-
utes at an expense for the tractor of about -26.54 francs ($5.12).

Handling silage, L. W. Chase {Univ. Nebr., Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 45 (1917),
pp. 16, figs. 14). — Devices for harvesting, hauling, unloading, cutting, placing,
and removing silage are described and illustrated, with particular reference
to pit silos under Nebraska conditions.

Utilizing exhaust steam for heating water and for pasteurizing (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Milk-Plant Letter 43 (1917), pp. 2). — This is a
mimeographed letter in which attention is called to the value of exhaust steam
from milk plants for pasteurizing and heating boiler feed water. Data are
also given showing how the coal bills of different plants vary according to
the plant efficiency.

" The heating of feed water from 50 to 200° F. by the use of exhaust steam
will directly reduce the fuel consumption by about 13 per cent. The actual
saving in fuel, however, is greater than that, owing to the more even firing.

1918] RURAL ECONOMICS. 391

In addition to the saving in fuel the life of the boiler is prolonged on account
of the avoidance of expansion and contraction strains set up in the boiler shell
through the fjieding of cold water. For every 10° the feed water is heated
by exhaust steam before it enters the boiler, approximately 1 per cent of the
fuel is saved. . . .

" To heat 300 gal. of milk from 60 to 145° requires about 30 lbs. of coal,
so that with that amount of milk an exhaust steam heater would effect an
annual saving of more than 5 tons of coal. ... If 1,000 gal. of milk Is
cooled from 145 to 75°, 573,860 B. t. u. are added to the water. Assuming coal
at 12,.500 B. t. u. per pound and boiler and furnace efficiency of 50 per cent,
the saving of the heat is equivalent to saving 92 lbs. of coal."

Farm potato storage in North Dakota, H. O. Webnek and P. E. Clement
(N. Dak. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 11 (1911), pp. 12, figs. 6).— This bulletin describes
and illustrates potato storage cellars which have been found efficient and mod-
erate in cost in North Dakota.

Silos, F. M. White (Vniv. Wis. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 87 {1911), pp. 2h, figs.
11). — General information regarding the planning of wooden and concrete silos
is given in the form of questions and answers.

Bunning water in the farm home, C. E. Seitz (Va. Polytech. Inst. Ext.
Bui. 19 (1911), pp. 11, figs. 3). — This is a brief popular bulletin describing well-
known plans for obtaining running water in the farm home, but including
bills of materials and cost data of special value to Virginia farmers and agri-
cultural engineers.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Important factors in the operation of irrigated Utah farms, E. B. Bros-
SAKD (Utah Sta. Bui. 160 (1911), pp. Jf8, figs. i6).— This investigation is based
upon the 1914 farm business records of 309 irrigated Utah farms. Among the
conclusions brought out were the following:

A greater percentage of capital is directly productive on farms with large
capital than on farms with small capital. There is less waste land in propor-
tion to the total farm area on the farms with large capital. Farms with large
capital are more profitable than farms with small capital, as shown by the
increase in labor income. This increases in the same ratio as farm capital until
capital reaches $20,000 or over, but beyond this as capital increases 1 per cent,
labor income increases only about 0.33 per cent. There are more acres of crops,
on the average, on the large farms than on the small farms, but the propor-
tionate area cropped is less. Horse and man labor with crops and live stock
is more efficient on the large farms.

Over half of the labor income from the average irrigated Utah farm is
increase in inventory of farm capital, and the most important increases in the
farm inventories are in live stock and feed, which seems to indicate that
Utah farmers realize the advantage of increasing the number of live stock
on their farms. On an average the farms with the highest crop yields per
acre are the most profitable. When average crop yields are maintained, the
size of the irrigated Utah farm influences the labor income of the farmer
more than increased crop yields per acre. The number of live stock and the
net live stock receipts per productive animal unit affect directly the farmer's
labor income— as either increases the farmer's labor income increases, and
both are important factors in the operation of irrigated Utah farms.

The dawn of a new constructive era (Proc. Cut-Over Land Conf. South.
1911,, pp. 244). — This is the report of a conference held in New Orleans, La.,
to discuss the cut-over land problem of the South, and devoted primarily to

392 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

considering various methods that might be used to bring the cut-over land
into agricultural use.

Agricultural wages in Sweden, 1915, B. Nystrom and J. G. Richebt (Stock-
holm: K. Soc. Styr., 1916. pp. 39). — In this report are given for 1915 the sys-
tems of paying for work and the wages by types of work performed and whether
on the yearly or daily basis. The information is also given by sex and for
minor subdivisions.

[Data relating' to agricultural contracts, 1914] (Finlands Off. Statis., XXX,
No. 5 {1916), pp. [41+32+15). — In this report data are given regarding laws
and contracts relating to wages and labor under the old and new systems, and
also to the rent and leasing of land, buildings, and forests. The data relate
mainly to the renting of small farms and give the areas under various types
of leases.

The high cost of living, F. C. Howe {New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
1917, pp. A'+275). — The author has discussed the high cost of living as it is
dependent on the influence of the buying and selling of wheat in exchanges,
the system of marketing live stock, cold storage, transportation, value of land,
and the withholding of land from agricultural use. He also calls attention to
the organization of the agricultural interests in Austria, Germany, Denmark,
and Australia, and its effect upon prices and systems of agricultural practices.

Eeport of the committee on warehousing and storing of sugar, for the
year ending September 30, 1917 {Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc, Rpt. Com-
mittee Warehousing, 1917, pp. 67). — The authors include in this report infor-
mation received from plantation managers as to the methods of warehousing
and storing sugar, types of flooring and building, how ventilated, location with
reference to the ocean trade-winds, percentage of the total crops which can
be warehoused in an emergency, influence of methods of manufacture, in-
fluence of heat-resisting ferments on the keeping qualities, weighing auto-
matically or by hand, methods of sewing bags, mechanical means of piling
sugar in warehouses, and loss in weight in shipping to San Francisco and
to New York.

Cold storage in Canada, W. F. O'Connor {Ottawa: Govt., 1917, pp. 63). —
In this report are discussed cold storage conditions in Canada, indicating the
classes and character of cold storage establishments, including abattoirs, and
the margins of profit for 1916-17. The author concludes that the operations
of cold storage companies generally have been fairly conducted and that the
margins of profit have not as a rule been so high as during 1916. He points
out that any reduction secured by lessening these margins would go only a
short way toward lessening prices to consumers.

Cooperative marketing of eggs in Florida, Minnie M. Floyd {Fla. State
Col. for Women Ext. Bui. 16 {1917), pp. 27, figs. 12).— The author discusses the
methods of candling and marketing eggs, community egg circles, rules to be
followed by producers in assembling, shipping, and finding customers. A model
by-law and a constitution to be used by community egg circles are included.

Uniform cost accounting for milk distributors, E. A. Kracke {Jour. Ac-
countancy, 24 {1917), No. G. pp. 4^4-429). — The author discusses the factors to
be considered in estimating the cost of milk distribution, such as sizes of bottles,
classes of trade, system of delivery, and whether the monthly or annual cost
is desired.

The community fair, J. S. Moean {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 870
{1917), pp. 11, figs. 8). — The author explains that "the community fair is a
miniature county fair with the races, side shows, and other commercialized
amusements omitted. It caUs not only for the exhibition of the best products

1918] KUEAL ECONOMICS. 393

that have been grown and the best work that has been done in the community,
but also for games, athletic contests, pagents, and similar features of recrea-
tional or educational value. The community fair is most effective where the
whole community is concerned in its management, though successful fairs,
patronized by the greater part of the people of the community, are often held
by the Grange, Farmers' Union, or other farmers' organizations."

Monthly crop report (V. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 3 {1911) f No. 11. pp.
105-116, ftgs. -i). — This contains a crop summary for November, 1917, and the
usual estimate of crop conditions, estimate farm value of important products,
average prices received by producers, and range of prices of agricultural prod-
ucts at important markets. In addition, there are shown data regarding the
crop conditions in Florida and California, prices of alfalfa and clover seed,
hop production and consumption, exports from the United States of leading
cereals, potatoes, and meats, the frost damage to corn, the percentage of farm
labor hired by the month and by the day, with and without board, the com-
mercial acreage and production of cabbage, monthly movement of wheat from
farms, crop prices and production, honey production in 1917, pecan production,
a potato forecast by months, monthly wheat prices, wheat prices in England
from 1259, etc.

Exports of raw cotton from the United States (Neio York: National Bank
of Commerce, 1917, pp. 13). — This report discusses exports of cotton from the
United States to the leading European neutrals, endeavoring to point out to
what extent Germany has been able to obtain cotton by this means.

Economical notes on Brazil {Rio de Janeiro: Min. Agr., 1916, 2. ed., pp. 93). —
This report contains discussions of the foreign trade in agricultural products
for 1910-1914, and of the industries using agricultural products, the cattle
industry, and immigration. The report contains a large amount of statistical
data relating to the various topics treated.

Acreage under crops and the numbers and descriptions of live stock in
each county and province of Ireland, 1916—17 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr.
Ireland, Agr. Statis., 1917, pp. 29). — By adding data for a later year, this
report continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 494).

Agricultural statistics of Netherlands (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Neth-
erlands], Verslag. en Meded. Dir. Landb., No. 3 (1917), pp. 132-\-XCI, fig. 1). —
This report gives data for 1916, with comparisons for earlier years, showing the
acreage, yields, number of live stock, business of the credit organizations,
insurance societies, extent of business conducted by rural banks, prices, im-
ports, and exports, and discusses the weather and crop conditions and crop
prices.

Agricultural statistics of France (Ann. Statis. [France], 34 (1914-15), pp.
141-181). — This continues data previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 291) giving
statistics for later years.

Live stock statistics, P. Van Hissenhoven (Internat. Inst. Agr. Rome,
Intcrnat. Crop Rpt. and Agr. Statis., S (1917), No. 10, pp. 808, 809).— Statistical
data are given showing the number of various classes of live stock on July
12, 1917, for Denmark, and on July 1, 1917, for Fnmce.

[Agriculture in Babira, Belgian Kongo], Lacomblez (Bui. Agr. Congo
Beige, 8 (1917), No. 1-2, pp. 52-72, figs. 9).— In this article are described the
population, soils, vegetation, methods of communication, and native crops of
this district.

Agricultural statistics of Australia for 1905-06 — 1915-16 (Common-
wealth Bur. Census and Statis. Aust., Prod. Bui. 10 (1917), pp. 168).— By add-
ing information for later years, this report continues the data previously noted
(E. S. R., 27, p. 595).

394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The scope of home economics and its subject matter in universities and
colleges, Alice Ravenhill (Jour. Home Econ., 9 {1917), No. 9, pp. 393-404, fig.
1). — The author offers comments and suggestions as to results which should
have been attained after 40 years of widespread teaching in home economics
and the reasons likely to account for the slow permeation of public practice
by the teachings of home economics. In her opinion the latter may be due in
part to an oversight of the fact that home economics is among the numerous
contributory subjects of hygiene, and that too a large percentage of home eco-
nomics students fail to grasp that the priina)-y object is the promotion of health
— physical, mental, and moral. Instead, their cltief purpose has been rather
the production of more economical yet equally attractive food, clothing, and
shelter than hitherto. There has also been an omission on the part of gi'aduates
to a.ssume a sufficiently influential position in .'social and civic life to diffuse
by example and standard the tenets they profess.

In a comparison of the values assigned to the three main subdivisions of
food, clothing, and shelter, and to household administration, it is found that
less prominence is assigned to the last-named, although it actually contains
the kernel of the whole course. It is suggested that the methods, whether in
library, laboratory, or classroom, be reconsidered to the degree that fewer
hours would be spent in future college courses in the actual preparation of
food or in the mere setting of stitclies. No attempt at what is usually miscalled
" research " would be permitted except for postgraduate students. Standards
of attainment wouUl no h:)nger be estimated by hours, but personal hygienic
practice, the responsibilities of parenthood, the physical as well as the psycho-
logical development of children, the social and civic relations of the home
must all receive more definite, more extended, and more suitably coordinated
treatment than is at present the rule. The part played by the husband and
father in family welfare must also be more accentuated. Much closer coordi-
nation must be cultivated between the divisions of home economics depart-
ments than is usually found. There sliould be no broad line of demarkation
between what is described as household science and household art.

While specialization is necessary for the expert, such as the college and uni-
versity teacher, it is deemed prejudicial to the student whose goal i.-; family and
institutional management, because it has a tendency to exaggerate a nonexis-
tent distinction between so-called science of foods and the arts of clothing or
shelter. A revision and rearrangement of some of the subject matter might
also be of advantage. Further, the development of a higher standard in the
broad cultural and historical aspects of the subject of hygiene and home eco-
nomics in those who are in charge of these courses would foster that sense of
perspective, that perception of the relation of the parts to the whole which
maintains balance and adds technique and responsibility to the course.

The relation of home economics education to social hygiene, J. H. Fosteb
{Jour. Home Econ., 9 {1917), No. 9, pp. J/Oo-^H)- — The function of social hy-
giene as a protector of family and home brings it close to home economics
education, at least in its broader sense as the author conceives the purposes
and ends of such education. Tlie opportunity of the home and school in social
hygiene is briefly outlined.

Public instruction in cookery in London, K. Merrill {U. S. Dept. Com.,
Com. Rpts., No. 270 {1917), pp. 666-668).— The author calls attention to the
present stimulation of instruction in cookery in and around London by the
necessity for a certain amount of training for all housewives along the lines of
economic cooking of war foodstuff's. In addition to the institutions charging
tuition, a traveling motor-car kitclien maintained by the London County Coun-
cil is available for tlie working-class people. This gives in each place six

1918] AGRICULTUBAL EDUCATION. 395

demonstrations, a week apart, according to a prescribed syllabus including such
subjects as substitutes for meat, wheat flour, sugar, catering for a week, kitchen
economies, fuel-saving devices, etc.

To fill the needs for training in domestic economy for times of peace, the
council has provided courses in cookery, laundry work, and housewifery in both
day schools and evening institutes. Children between the ages of 5 and 14
years are required to attend these schools and the course in domestic science is
taken in the last two years of their attendance. One-half day each week is
devoted to the subject, although in certain districts pupils are withdrawn, either
entirely or at least half the week, from school duties during a period varying
from three to six months in their last year at school, so that they may pursue
the domestic work imder as realistic conditions as possible. In January, 1917,
the 178 cookery centers, 56 laundry centers, 128 combined cookery and laundry
centers, and 72 housewifery centers provided places in all for 65,500 children.
The evening institutes are attended by persons of all ages from 14 to 60. Their
plan of teaching is elastic and the subject is never considered of more value than
the development of the economic power of the individual. Special courses of
lessons may be arranged for war-time meals.

Various polytechnic institutes, supported by the authorities and the reasonable
tuition fees, supply finishing and advanced courses in all subjects of domestic
science. They require for entrance a thorough grounding in the elementary
subjects. Special courses of wide range are provided in trade subjects for
apprentices or domestics who can attend only at night.

Scholarships in cookery are provided for candidates between the ages of 17
and 35 years who have been in domestic service at least 1 year, providing 12
weeks' instruction under a qualified chef, a meal every school day, and about
$25 toward traveling expenses. In order that a proper perspective may be
maintained through the whole instruction, a free course in experimental science
is given in connection with the cookery classes.

Federal aid for vocational education: A report to the Carneg'le Founda-
tion for the Advancement of Teaching, I. L. Kandel (Carnegie Found. Advanc.
Teaching Bui. 10 (1917), pp. VI +127). —Fart 1 of this bulletin presents a legis-
lative history, based on the discussions in the Congressional Record, of the acts
of Congress of 1862, 1890, and 1907, for the establishment and development of
colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, and of the agricultural experi-
ment station appropriations of 1887 and 1906. It is alleged that there was an
absence of any serious educational program in this legislation, either on the
part of Congress or Senator Morrill himself.

Part 2 comprises studies of precedents for Federal aid for education and
of the constitutional authority of Congress to dispose of public lands for educa-
tional purposes, and a brief history of the movement for Federal aid for agri-
cultural education in this country and of higher agricultural education in
Europe up to 1851. The author contends that (1), "the recognition of the
value and importance of agricultural and industrial education was already
widespread when Senator Morrill became associated with the movement ; and
(2), that the advocacy of Federal aid in support of this type of education had
been persistent for a number of years before the act of 1862 was passed."

Part 3 discusses the subsequent legislative developments, taking up the Agri-
cural Extension Act of 1914 and the Federal Aid Vocational Education Act of
1917. The author maintains that " the one large experiment in the provision
of Federal support for education, the Morrill and supplementary acts, failed
for nearly 40 years, and the failure was due to the absence of an educational
policy. Only when the States really took up the objects, and only when a
general social demand arose, was success possible."

396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Statistical data showing the whole number of graduates in branches relat-
ing to agriculture, mechanic arts, and science and classics in the land-grant
colleges in 1872-73, the distribution of students iu land-grant colleges in
1894-1914 in agriculture and mechanic arts, the percentage of total distribu-
tion of the expenditures of the land-grant colleges from 1903-1915, income of
land-grant colleges according to sources from 1892-1915, and Federal aid now
available to the colleges under the various acts are included, as well as tables
presenting the development of the curriculum of three agricultural colleges
(Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Illinois) at approximately 25-year intervals.

" The vagueness of aim during the first 30 years following the passing of
the Morrill Act is well brought out by the uncoordinated mass of subject mat-
ter, for which it would be difficult to find justification in the philosophy of edu-
cation or in the practical needs of the agricultural profession. The tendency
since 1890 has been toward differentiation and specialization. Much has been
eliminated that was not pertinent, a better conception has been formed of the
cultural needs of the agricultural specialists, and finally, the practical and
scientific needs of the farmer have been well coordinated. The modern agricul-
tural college presents not merely an array of subject matter that was impos-
sible before the development of the sciences on which agriculture depends,
but a large number of specialized courses."

An introduction to the bulletin by H. S. Pritchett, president of the Carnegie
Foundation, contains a serious arraignment of the policy and results of Federal
aid to agricultural education. He declares that " it is not too much to say
that for the first 50 years of their existence the colleges thus established did
very little to advance the interests of agriculture or to minister to the needs
of the young men and young women on the farm. It is only within the last few
years 'that they have addressed themselves directly to this problem."

State-aided vocational education: A resume of ten years' progress. [Sta-
tistics of vocational education] {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Ed. [Mass.'\, 80 (1915-16), pp.
128-165, 261-301). — A 10-years' r6sum# of vocational education in Massachu-
setts includes the conclusions of the Douglas Commission on Industrial and
Technical Education in 1906 and comments thereon in 1916. Public vocational
education of secondary-school grade in Massachusetts may be claimed to be the
result of the report of this commission. It considered the problem of vocational
education from the side of the industries and the adult workman and from the
side of the children who were to enter the industries of the State.

The article also reports on the present status of State-aided vocational educa-
tion and home economics training in Massachusetts. The agricultural education
is being given by 3 county vocational agricultural schools, a separate agricul-
tural day school, at Northampton, doing the same type of work and receiving
State aid under special acts of the legislature, and 15 agricultural departments in
connection with high schools and academies. In Norfolk County the board of
education is maintaining a central agricultural school of moderate size (estab-
lished in 1915-16), and supporting it at the most distant points in the county
by branches consisting of 1-teacher agricultural departments in high schools.
In 1915-16 the total enrollment in the separate schools was 274, including 39
nonresidents, and in the departments, 223 students including 74 nonresidents.

By the provisions of an act of the 1916 legislature, 36 cities were authorized
to maintain schools of agriculture and horticulture for families and individuals,
the instruction being subject to the approval of the State Board of Education.
The board believes that vegetable and fruit growing, poultry keeping, and
possibly the production of milk and honey may be taught families not by book
or lecture method, but by personal instruction and supervision.

1918] AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. 397

The total earnings of vocational agricultural students in the agricultural
schools and departments from farm and other work during the periods cov-
ered by their school attendance and their farming projects have increased
from $11,100 in 1912 by a total of 70 pupils, in 3 schools and 10 departments, to
$84,173 by a total of 497 pupils in 3 schools and 18 departments in 1916. The
total outlay for State-aided vocational education was $1,032,379 ; net mainte-
nance, $2,350,088; and reimbursement, $1,315,946. This includes for agricul-
tural schools an outlay of $266,708, net maintenance $198,082, and reimburse-
ment $105,517; and for agricultural departments an outlay of $7,933, net main-
tenance $50,450, and reimbursement $39,176. The cost of outlay has been borne
entirely by municipalities and counties and the cost of maintenance by munici-
palities, counties, and the State.

Nine all-day schools of home economics have been established with a total
enrollment of 669 pupils, and embracing worlv in marketing, preparing and serv-
ing meals, buying, making, repairing, and caring for clothes, the furnishing
and care of the home, the nurture and care of children, home nursing, applica-
tion of art and literature in the development of the home, and nonvocational
subjects for training in citizenship and general cultui*e. The vocational pro-
grams of these schools have been required to occupy 80 per cent of the pupil's
time, and the general improvement portion of the program the remaining 20
per cent. In a number of these schools substantial progress has been made in
partly supervised and carefully organized home project work. Instruction in
household arts in evening schools is also given. The total outlay for day
household arts classes was $132,542, net maintenance $209,589, and reimburse-
ment $119,599 ; for evening household and practical art schools, total outlay
$6,679, net maintenance, $138,776, and reimbursement $71,476.

State-aided vocational agricultural education in 1916 (Bui. Bd. Ed. Mass.,
No. 5 (1917), pp. 11). — This is a reprint of that portion of the preceding ab-
stract relating to agricultural education.

A suggested course of study for county training' schools for negroes in
the South {Trustees John F. Slater Fund Occas. Papers, No. 18 {1911), pp. IS,
figs. 56). — This publication embodies the report of a committee appointed at a
meeting of State agents of rural schools for negroes held in Nashville, Tenn.,
in March, 1917. It contains outlines of industrial courses in (1) handwork,
manual training, and shopwork, (2) home making, (8) di'awing, and (4) na-
ture study, gardening, and agriculture, as well as science courses in health,
geography, and general science, and a description of the subjects given. The
work is organized on the five-two-ihree plan, i. e., five years of primary work,
two of elementary work, and three of secondary work.

The purpose of the primary work is to give a working knowledge of the
"3 R's," manual dexterity, specially in handling and utilizing native mate-
rials, and an elementary knowledge of the common industries of the home
and farm. Gardening is taught both to boys and girls for its educational
value as an introduction to practical science and for its economic value in the
home. Home garden and pig projects are recommended. The girls receive one
year's instruction in sewing in the fourth year and one in cooking in the fifth
year.

The object of the elementary course is to give a broader knowledge of the
common-school studies, together with two years of practical training in indus-
trial work for boys and girls. The agricultural work includes text-book work
and field practice in the growing of some staple farm crops, while the course
for girls includes sewing, cooking (including canning and preserving), and the
care of the home. Corn and poultry home projects are recommended for boys
and girls respectively.

398 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

In the last three years, or secondary course, the work is differentiated as a
home-makers' course for girls, a farm-makers' course for boys, and the rural
teacher-training course. The agricultural work is a continuation of that be-
gun in the elementay course and includes a simple study of soils and fertilizers,
the principle of crop rotation, the study of farm animals, feeds and the prin-
ciples of feeding, common fruit trees, insect pests, and plant diseases. Instruc-
tion is also given in elementary farm blacksmithing, carpentry, brick laying,
and concrete work. The girls' work consists of dressmaking, first aid, elemen-
tary nursing, the care of infants, preparation of family meals, and house
planning and decoration. The work in teacher training consists of the princi-
ples of teaching and school and class management, with special reference to
rural conditions and practice teaching.

The schools have increased from 8 in 1914 to 17 in 1915, 27 in 1J16, and 42
in 1917. While the schools work under the immediate direction of the county
school boards and superintendents, the State boards of education keep in close
touch with them through the State agents of rural schools for negroes who
serve the schools as advisors and supervisors. To aid in the establishment of
these schools the trustees of the John F. Slater fund have voted an appropria-
tion of $500 to each for maintenance. The school property must belong to the
State, county, or district, and the school be a part of the public school system.
There must be an appropriation for maintenance of not less than $750 from
public funds raised by State, county, or district taxation, and the teaching must
extend through the eighth year, with the intention of adding at least two years
as soon as it shall be possible to make such extension. Nearly all of these
schools have also been assisted in the past three years with appropriations from
the General Education Board for equipment, particularly for industrial training.

Swine-judging suggestions for pig-club members, J. D. McVean and F. G.
ASHBEOOK (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 83 (1917), pp. 13, figs. 4).— This
circular, intended mainly for the beginner, contains a brief study of the lard
and bacon types of swine and the market and breeding classes of hogs, an ex-
planation of the principal points of the score card and its use, and suggestions
for conducting judging contests.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-third Annual Report of Montana Station, 1916 {Montana Sta.
Rpt. 1916, pp. 151-193). — This contains the organization list, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and a report of the director on the
work and publications of the station. The experimental work reported is for
the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1916 (Bui. R. I.
State Col., 12 {1911), No. 4, pp. 17-2^, 32, 33).— These pages include a report
of the director and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended December 31,
1916. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted else-
where in this issue.

Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth Annual Reports of
Tennessee Station, 1913, 1914, 1915 {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 139-164,
figs. 9; 1914, pp. 265-287, figs. 6; 1915, pp. 111-133, figs. 9).— These reports con-
tain the organization lists, reports of the director and the various departments,
the experimental features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere
in this issue, and financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1913,
1914, and 1915.

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2
{1917), No. 11, pp. 349-383, figs. i5).— This contains several articles abstracted
elsewhere in this issue and notes.

NOTES.

Delaware College. — Howard T. Ruhl, State leader of boys' and pirls' clubs,
resigned January 1 to become professor of agricultural education under the
Federal Vocational Education Aid Act and was succeeded by Theodore T.
Martin.

Idaho TJniversity and Station.— 5ree(7ers' Gazette announces that Dean E. J.
Iddings has been appointed head of all agricultural activities at the institution,
including the station and extension work.

Purdue TJniversity. — A four-weeks' course in dairying has been offered to
women to prepare them to fill positions in factories manufacturing dairy prod-
ucts. This course included the testing of milk and dairy products, the making
of soft cheese and ice cream, dairy bacteriology, general dairying, and lectures
on food production.

Maryland College and Station. — The resignations are announced of D. G.
SuUins as associate animal husbandman to accept a position on the extension
staff of the Connecticut College, S. E. Isacson, D. V. S., as animal pathologist
in charge of the hog cholera serum laboratory to engage in commercial work,
G. H. Cale as apiculturist to accept a position with the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, C. E. Leathers as assistant botanist to become county agent of
Dorchester County, J. M. Arthur as assistant plant pathologist to go into the
Army, and O. C. Bruce as professor of soils to accept a commercial position as
tractor demonstrator. L. W. Erdman has been appointed assistant in the soil
laboratory, and Wliitney J. Atcheson, assistant agronomist.

Minnesota University and Station. — The new beef cattle barn, to replace the
structure burned last summer, is practically completed. It is 60 by 120 feet
with a wing 36 by 120 feet. The portion to be used as a stable is built of hol-
low tiles with reinforced concrete. Above this, wood with stucco finish is used
for the portion intended for storing feed and hay. Two hollow tile silos ad-
join the stable, and the wing contains a laboratory for class work and demon-
stration. The total cost is about $25,000.

Arrangements were made whereby students wishing to leave college prior
to the close of the second semester could take double work in certain subjects
up to April 15 and receive credit therefor. About 50 students registered for
the special work thus provided.

The name of the division of economic zoology has been changed to that of
entomology and economic zoology. Dr. William A. Riley, professor of insect
morphology and parasitology at Cornell University, has been appointed pro-
fessor of entomology and parasitology and chief of the division beginning Feb-
ruary 1. A. G. Ruggles, associate professor of entomology and associate ento-
mologist, has been made associate professor of entomology and station ento-
mologist.

Three new courses in agricultural education are announced, beginning with
the second semester. These deal respectively with agricultural statistics and
graphic representation, the history of agriculture, and the visual presentation
of material. W. H. Bender, associate professor of agricultural education, has
resigned to become State director of vocational agricultural education in Iowa
and secretary of the board of vocational education. Percy B. Barker, head of
the department of agronomy at the University of Arkansas, B. M. Gile, and

399

400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Albert M. Field have been appointed assistant professors of agricultural edu-
cation, and John V. Ankeney, instructor in that subject.

Other appointments include I. D. Charlton, extension professor of agricul-
tural engineering at the Washington College, as assistant professor of farm
mechanics beginning January 1.5; William A. Billings as assistant pathologist
of the station, beginning February 1; Gibson G. McKnight as laboratory as-
sistant in plant pathology ; and Lionel H. Laurence as mechanic and laboratory
assistant in agronomy and farm management.

Montana College and Station. — C. N. Arnett, head of the animal husbandry
department, has been granted leave of absence for service in France with the
American National Red Cross. It is understood that his work will have to do
with the rehabilitation of the live-stock indusrrv in France in the vicinity of
the base hospitals. It is hoped to establish a farm near each hospital to be
operated to some extent by partly crippled and convalescent soldiers.

Nevada University and Station. — Dr. Edward Records, assistant bacteriologist,
has been appointed director of the State veterinary control service and chief
of the department of veterinary science in the sialion, effective March 15. Dr.
liewis H. Wright, assistant professor of veterinary medicine at the Texas
College, has been appointed assistant veterinarian in the station, effective
April 15.

Dr. C. A. Jacobson, professor of agricultural chemistry and chemist, has
resigned, effective June 30. N. F. Peterson, instructor in botany in the South
Dakota College, has been appointed assistant in range management, and George
Hardman, assistant agronomist, both appointments being effective April 1.

New York State Station. — Everett P. Reed, assistant agronomist, has resigned
to accept an appointment as farm bureau agent in Ohio. George H. Howe,
assistant horticulturist, has enlisted in the Medical Corps.

Rhode Island Station. — W. C. Irons, assistant in field experiments, and H. A.
Johns, assistant in chemistry, have resigned to enter military service. F, K.
Crandall has been appointed asssistant in field experiments beginning March 1.

L. P. Howard, assistant in chemistry, died February 24, at the age of 25
years. He was a 1914 graduate of the Massachusetts College and had been in
the employ of the station since graduation.

South Dakota College and Station. — James H. Shepard, professor of chemistry
and station chemist since 1888, died February 23 in Florida at the age of 68
years. Prof. Shepard was a graduate of the University of Michigan in
1875, and for many years was engaged in high-school teaching and as superin-
tendent of schools. He served as vice president of the college from 1890 to 1900
and was director of the station from 1895 to 1901. His textbook entitled
Elements of Chemistry, appearing in 1885, has been extensively used, and he
was also the author of a considerable number of bulletins dealing with the
chemistry of forage plants, sugar beets, macaroni wheat, etc. He was a prom-
inent witness for the Government in the bleached-flour cases, and well known
as an expert on the chemistry of wheat and its products.

Washington College and Station. — A quarter section of land at Waterville has
been leased for 20 years for carrying on forage and cereal investigations. R.
Page Bledsoe, instructor in farm crops at the Kansas College, has been ap-
pointed specialist in forage crops in charge of thi.^ tract.

Dr. C. A. Magoon, associate professor of botany and bacteriology, resigned
February 15 to accept a position with the Horticultural and Pomological In-
vestigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. William Hislop resigned
as animal husbandman, March 1, to engage in commercial work.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBUCATION MAT BE PEOCTJEED FROM

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QOVERNMENT PRfNTINQ OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

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or Nine Nxtmbers
AND Index, |1

V

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A, C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 38 APRIL, 1918 No. 5

EXPERIMENT
STATIC
RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1913

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau op Animal Industry — J. R. Mohler, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils— Milton WMtney, Chief.

Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau op Entomology' — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chi^f.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau op Markets — C. J. Brand, Chi^f.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Opfice op Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

■]..

H. Jenkins.!

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn: J. F. Puggar.'
Caacbrake Station: Uniontown; J. M. Burgess. »
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W.
Carver.'

ALXSKx—Shka: C. C. Georgeson.»

Arizoma— Tucson: .'

ARKX^sxs—Fayetteville: M. Nelson.*

Cxuvovimx— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.i

Coix)EADO— JFort Collins: C. P. Gillette.

Connecticut—

State Station: New Haven;'
St.-irrs Station: Storrs;

PEtAWARE— IVeecarfc; H. Hayward.r

FLOiiJDA—GamesviUe: P. H. Rolfs.*

G-EonGik— Experiment: J.'D." Price.i

Guam— /rfartd of Guam: C. W. Edwards.^

Haw.ui—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.'
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P.
Agec'

Idaho— Moscoio: J. S. Jones.'

Illinois— I7rt)ana.' E. Davenport.'

iKDix^K— Lafayette C. G. Woodbury.'

Iowa— A 77? er C. F. Curtiss.'

ICansas— JViaw/taitom; W. M. Jardine.'

KENTUcxY-r-iwmyion; T. P. Cooper.'

I.0UISL\.NA—

State Station: Baton Rouge;

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
JVew Orleans;

North I>a. Station: Callioun;

Rice Station: Crowley;
Maine- OroTjo; C, D. Woods.'
}A.AxrL.\.-m>— College Park: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— 4 m/jiw/.- V/. P. Brooks.'
Michigan — East Lansing: R. S. Shaw.'
Minnesota — University Farm, St. Paul: R. W.
Thatcher.'

■W. R. DodsoD.'

Missouri—

College Station: CoZMmftia,- F, B. Mumlord.'
Fruit Station: Mountuin Grove; Paul Evans.'

Montana— JBozeman." F. B. Linfield.'

Nebraska— iiTJcoZn.' E. A. Burnett.'

Nevada— 12c«o; S. B. Doten.'

New Hampshire- Dtirfiom; J. C. Kendall.'

New Jeksviy— New Brun^noick: 3. G. Lipman.'

New Mexico — State College: Fabian Garcia.'

New York—

State Station: Geneva: W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca: A. R. Mann.'

North Carolina— JJaZfJjtft and West Raleigh: 'B.W
Kilgore.'

North Dakota.— Agricultural College: L. Van Es.<

Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.'

OKLWiouk—Stillwater: H. G. Knight.'

Oregon— 0[)r7;aKi«.- A. B.Cordley.'

Pennsylvanu—

State College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.'

Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayaguez; D.W. May.'
Insular Station: Rio Pedras; E. Col6n.'

Rhode Isla^sd— Kingston; B. I.. Hartwell.'

South Carolina— (Ttemscm College: H. W. Barre.'

South T> akot.k— Brookings; J. W. Wilson.'

Tennessee — Knoxville; H. A. Morgan.'

Texas— College Station; B. Youngblood.'

Utah— I^ojj; F. S. Harris.'

Vermont— Bwr?i«j«on," J. L. Hills.'

ViBGINU—

Blacksburg; A . W. Drinkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Jolmson.'
Washington— PwZiTnan; Geo. Severance'
West Virginia— M)r?an;o?/'n.' J. L. Coulter.'
Wisconsin— ifadwon.- H. L. Rus.sell.'
Wyoming — Laramie: A. D. Faville.'

iSissiasiPVi— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd.'
I Director. ' Agronomist in charge. « Animal husbandman in charge.

« Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Slaiions.
Associate Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — Sybil L. Smith.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fert.ilizers|J^-j)^L^^^^-^^_

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology-^ vy" jp' g„YD '

Field CropsH- J, Sch^^™;

'■ [J . D. LUCKETT.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
Foods and Human Nutritionjf ;,;;• Langworthy^^^^^ D., D. Sc.
[Louise B. Pritchett.

Zootechny, Dairjdng, and Dairy rarming|j^^- -^ ' h^q^^
Veterinary Modidne{|'; A. Hoc™-

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.

Agricultural Education{F-^E^HE;^^-^^^^^^_

Indexes — M. D. Moore.

tUi

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 5.

Editorial notes: P^g«-

Agriculture under reconstruction 401

The place of the experiment stations in a reconstruction program 405

Recent work in agricultural science 409

Notes 498

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY.

Relation of some of the rarer elements in soils and plants, Robinson et al 409

Influence of carbon monoxid on velocity of catalytic hydrogenation, Maxted. . 409

The fats and fatty acids of the grain sorghums, P>ancis and Friedemann 410

The seeds of Echinocystis orcgana, Daughters 410

Analytical examination of acorns and horse chestnuts. Baker and Hulton 410

Division of chemistry, annual report, 1915-16, Marchand 411

A simple and eflicient filtering tube, Thornton, jr 411

Utilization of fuller's earth for chemical separations, Seidell 411

Treatment of corks used in Soxhlet and other extraction apparatus, Ward 411

Preparation of xiir-Doi'^a'l permanganate solutions, Halverson and Bcrgeim 412

Proximate quantitative method for rubidium and csesium in plant ash, Robinson. 412

5 Method for the determination of the amount of sugar in baked articles 412

3-, Detection of alum in flour, Medri 412

I

II CONTENTS. [Vol. 3S

Page.

Research on the detection of added water in milk, Diirand and Stevenson .... 413

Differentiation of coconut oil and palm-kernel oil in mixtures, Elsdon 413

A combined Reichort-Polenske and Shrewsbury- Knapp proces.s, Elsdon 413

Variation in the ether extract of silage, Haigh 413

Constant temperature and humidity room for testing paper, Veitch and Reed. . 414

A method for determining the absorbcncy of paper, Reed 414

The cost of producing maple products in 1912 and 1913, Frink 414

Vinegar from waste fruits, Cruess 414

The canning industry. — Some accomplishments and opportunities, Baker 414

METEOROLOGY.

Climatic control of cropping systems and farm operations, Voorhees 414

Climatic records in the trunks of trees, Douglass 415

The pleionian cycle of climatic fluctuations, Arctowski 415

Soil moisture and temperature factors in winterkilling of grain crops, Salmon. . 415

Tropical rains: Their duration, frequency, and intensity, Fassig 415

Frost in the United States, Reed 415

Snow surveying: Its problems and their present phases. Church, jr 416

Snow and its value to the farmer, Palmer 416

Nitrogen, chlorin, and sulphates in rain and snow, Peck 416

Weather review for 1914 and 1915, Esten 416

Annual report of Iowa weather and crop bureau for 1916, Chappel 416

Meteorological review, Flammarion 417

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Movement of soluble salts through soils, McCool and Wheeling 417

Excess soluble salts in humid soils, Conner 418

Lysimeter investigations. Dean i 418

Experiments in methods for determining the reaction of soils, Christensen. . . 419

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in water and the soil beneath the water, Fischer 419

Microorganisms of waste and cultivated peat soils, Arnd 420

Soil sterilization, Ockerblad, jr 420

The equilibrium between the nitrogen and carbon in the soil, Felber 421

The humus content of the soil, Wheeler 421

Soil survey of the Riverside area, Cal. , Nelson et al 421

Soil survey of Bottineau County, N. Dak., Cobb et al 422

Soil survey of San Saba County, Tex., Veatch et al 422

Erosion of Kansas soils, Throckmorton 422

Soil improvement, Allen 422

Concerning farm manures, Burdick 423

The manufacture of commercial fertilizers. Hills 423

Sterilized animal meal 423

The fixation of nitrogen, Bucher 423

The synthesis of ammonia by the Haber process, Davis and Bryan 423

Making available the organic nitrogen of leather, hair, etc . , Rose 423

Solubility of mineral phosphates and superphosphates in dilute acids, Aita 423

Trials with tetraphosphate in Piedmont rice fields, Marcarelli and Novell! . . . . 424

WTiat we are doing toward remedying the potash shortage, Meade 424

A new source of potash, Cranfield 424

Commercial fertilizers, Hibbard 425

Fertilizer analyses, McDonnell et al 425

Commercial fertilizers. Hills, Jones, and Anderson 425

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Plant associations of western Pennsylvania, II, Cril)bs 425

A list of Japanese fungi, Shirai and Miyake 426

Self -sterility , Moore 426

Artificial production of galls, Molliard 426

The movement of chromatophores, Sauvageau 426

Physiology and biology of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Omelianskii 426

Nitrogen fixation and consumption of non-nitrogenous substances, Omelianskii. 426

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by mixed cultures, Omelianskii 427

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Russian soils, Omelianskii and Solunskov 428

1918] CONTENTS. tTT

Page.

Action of some olygod^iiamic elements on nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Montanari. . 428

The germination of seeds in saline solutions, Lesage 429

Assimilation of nutrients by [rice] plants, Sen 429

Some sources of ethylgalactosid, Mougne 429

Industrial fumes and injury therefrom to vegetation, Sabachnikoff 429

FIELD CROPS.

Experiments in field technique in rod row tests, Hayes and Ai'uy 429

Improved technique in preventing access of stray pollen, Waller and Thatcher . . 430

P'ield crops] work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1916, Letteer 430

Field crops work at Umatilla experiment farm, Oreg., in 1915 and 1916], Allen. 431

Field crops work for 1916], Gilchrist 432

Field crops work for 1917], Gilchrist 432

Field experiments, 1916 432

Agi'icultm-al experiments. — Report for year 1915-16, Spafford et al 433

[Field crops work at the Coimbatore Agiicultural Station], Wood 433

[Field crops work at the Hagari Agricultural Station], Hilson 433

[Field crops work at the Nandyal Agiicultural Station], Hilson et al 433

Experiments with clovers and grasses, Stebler 433

Concerning alfalfa and soy beans, Hills 434

Irrigation of alfalfa, Fortier 434

Influence of the frequency of ii-rigation on the yields of alfalfa, Allen 434

Bean growing in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, Fluharty, revised by Hunter. 434

Red clover experiments. — Second series, Gmelin 434

Selecting corn seed , Babcock 434

Manufacturing tests of official cotton standards for grade. Dean and Taylor 434

Pollination and cross-fertilization in Andropogon sorghuvi, Graham 435

Variety study of the Irish potato. Wicks 436

The fall crop of Irish potatoes. Wicks 437

Sugar-cane experiments in the Leeward Islands, 1915-16, Tempany et al 437

Effect of sodium nitrate on wheat, Davidson and LeClerc 438

The quality of western-grown spring wheat, Bailey 439

Winter wheat in the Great Plains area, Chilcott et al 440

Extending the area of irrigated wheat in California for 1918, Adams 441

More wheat 441

Agricultural seed: Concerning the germination of seed, Burns et al 441

Seed Reporter 441

HORTICULTURE.

The winter storage of roots, Aldrich 442

War vegetable gardening and the home storage of vegetables 442

The forcing of plants by means of warm water immersions, Bodine 443

Colors in vegetal:>le fruits, Halsted 443

[Horticultural investigations at Umatilla experiment farm, Oreg.], Allen 443

glorticultural experiments at San Antonio experiment farm], Letteer 444

andling and precooling Florida lettuce and celery, Ramsey and Markell. . . . 444

Concerning quality in celery, Norton 444

Breeding sweet corn resistant to the corn earworm, Collins and Kempton 445

Experimental projects of the division of pomology, Howard 446

The science of fruit growing, Bogue 446

Apple breeding in Canada, Macoun 446

Citrus culture, Guitet-Vauquelin 446

[Coconuts and coffee] 446

The grafted jujube oi China, Fairchild 446

Chi'ysanthemum varieties, Shamel 446

LongeN-ity in lily pollen, Horsford 446

A striking reproductive habit, Hansen 446

Petalization in the Japanese quince, Hansen 446

"Bog" gardening with native plants, Taylor 447

FOEESTRY.

The administration of the State forests in Hokushu, Shishido 447

Effects of gi-azing upon western yellow-pine reproduction, Hill 447

Germiaation of pine seed, Wibeck 447

IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

The pine tree of north Sweden, Sylveu 447

I Rubber cultivation and rubber preparation] 447

On a new essence from Blcpharocalyx gigantca, Zclada 447

Pulp wood consumption and production, 1916, Smith and Helphenstine, jr. . . 447

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The relation of som.e rusts to the physiology of their hosts, Mains 448

Origin and development of the galls produced by two cedar rust fungi, Weimer. 448

The genus Citromyces, Pollacci 448

Mycological notes, Lendner 448

Diseases and injuries of cultiA'ated plants during 1912 448

Grain smut in Java, van Hall 448

The prevention of Inmt, Darnell-Smith 448

Pod blight of the Lima bean caused by Diaporllie phaseoloruvi, Harter 449

Cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumennum, Doolittle 449

Flax wilt: A study of nature and inheritance of A\dlt resistance, Tisdale 449

Resistance to fungicides shown by hop mildew (Sphserotheca humuli), Salmon. 450

Neck rot disease of onions, Munn 450

Onion neck rot i)i storage houses, Hall 451

Early blight of potato and related plants, Rands 451

A bacterial disease of soy bean and natiu'e of root nodules, van der Wolk 452

Orobandie ramosa and 0. cumana, parasites of tobacco in Roumania, Giintescu. 452

Dying of young fruit trees. Waters 452

An undescribed bark canker of apple and the associated organism. Coons 453

A blossom wilt and canker of apple trees, W^ormald 453

The blossom wdlt and canker disease of apple trees, Wormald 453

The gnarly apple disease of 1914, Venal^le 453

Effect of fungicide on spore germination of Alternaria, Goss and Doolittle 453

Lime as a preventive and remedy for gummosis and l^rown rot, Faulkner 454

The fig canker, caused by Phovia cineresccns, Salmon and Wormald 454

Temjieratures of cranberry regions in relation to growth of fungi, Stevens 454

Orange rusts of Rubus, Ajrthur 454

The efficacy of Bordeaux mixture, Vermorel 454

Report on fungus rot [of avocado]. Home 454

Citrus scab in Porto Rico, Stevenson 454

Brown spot of Emj^eror mandarins, Darnell-Smith 455

Walnut blight in the eastern United States, McMm'ran 455

Narcissus disease, Ramsbottom 455

O'idium qu.ercinum on chestnut. Trotter 455

An epidemic of Cronartium comptonise, Kauff man and Mains 455

[Rubber diseases], Anstead 456

Abnormal leaf fall of Hevea rubber, Anstead 456

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Principles of economic zoologj^ Daugherty 456

Game laws for 1917, Lawyer, Bancroft, and Eariishaw 456

Laws relating to fur bearing animals, 1917, Lantz 456

Control of the jack rabbit pest in Nevada, Ward 456

Control of the California ground squirrel, Dixon 456

Handbook of Vjirds of the Vv'estem United Slates, Bailey 457

Notes on North American birds, 0))erholser 457

Notes on the genus Puffinus, Oberliolser 457

The shedding of the stomach lining by birds, particulary Anatidse, McAtee. . . 457

The food of nestling birds, Enders and Scott 457

English sparrow feeding on larva of elm-tree beetle, Wilmot 457

[The attraction and protection of birds], Forbush 457

Hydrocyanic acid gas as a soil fumigant, de Ong 457

Ventilation after fumigation of ships with hydrocyanic acid gas, Grubbs 458

Fumigation hints ~. ! 458

Effect of smelter gases on insects, Doane 458

The natural immunity orresistance of plants to insect attack, Treherne 458

Some problems of sex ratios and parthenogenesis, WilUams 458

1918] CONTENTS. V

Page.

Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 1916-17 459

Report of the Dominion entomologist for 1915, Hewitt 459

Annual report of the entomologist, Ritchie 459

Insect pests in British Guiana in 1916, Moore 459

Work of the pest control section for the year_1916, Mackie 459

[Insects of economic importance in Great Britain] 489

[Insects of economic importance in Italy] 460

[Insect pests in the Federated Malay States] 460

Some important insect pests of cotton in the Punjab, Madan Mohan Lall 460

Insects attacking fruit trees, Caesar 460

The insects which attack the wood of fruit trees, Lesne 460

Cranberry insect problems and suggestions for solving them, Scammell 461

Some insects injurious to cacao plants in the Belgian Kongo 461

[RejDort of the entomologist], Andrews 461

A preliminary list of the insects of the Province of Quebec, III, Chagnon 461

Report on termites from India, Karin and Holmgren, trans, by Fletcher 461

Second campaign for destruction of locusts in Morocco, Vein 461

A new thrips damaging orchards in the West Indies, Williams 461

Observations on the cotton stainer in St. Vincent, Sands 461

Trapping of the cotton stainer ■■■ 461

Revision of genus Lygus as it occurs in America north of Mexico, Knight 461

The Derbidas of the Philippine Islands, Miiir 461

Biology of the Membracidie of the Ca>niga Lake Basin, Funkhouser 462

The Indian sugar cane leaf hopper {Pyrilla abcirans), Misra 462

The correct name for our apple-grain aphis. Baker 462

The pLnk and green aphid of potato, Macrosiphum solamfolh, Houser et al. . . . 462

A list of the Aphididic of Japan, Matsumura 463

Contribution to the knowledge of the Aphidida\ del Guorcio 463

The coccid enemies of the vine in Himgary, Jablonowski 464

Coccidse of the Philippine Islands, Robinson 464

Orchard injury by tlie hickory tiger-moth, Isely 464

The quince borer and its control, Pettey 465

Moth borers affecting sugar cane in Mauritius, de Charmoy 465

The sweet potato leaf-folder, Jones 465

Spraying raspberries with carbolineum for Incurvaria rubicUa, Onrust 466

The toxin of Sotto bacilli, Aoki and Chigasaki. 466

Studies in Philippine Diptera, I and II, Bezzi 466

The Hessian fly, Cory 466

Sheep maggot flies, III, Froggatt 466

Life history, habits, etc., of Epochra canadensis, Severin 466

The sweet "potato root weevil in Florida, Bragdon 467

Five years of starvation of larva?, Wodsedalck 467

Relation of Malpighian tubules of hind intestine in honeybee larva, Nelson 467

A new species of Parapheliuns from British Guiana, Waterston 466

Importation of Tiphia parallela from Barbados to Mauritius, de Charmoy 4S7

The parasites of Chnjsomphalus didyospermi in Spain, Mercet 467

Fiu'ther experiments on big bud mite, Lees 467

The classification and biology of Argentine Ixodidse, Dies 468

The ticks in Paraguay, Mendoza 468

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

The elements of the science of nutrition, Lusk 468

The bowlin: An old-fashioned lish with a new-found use 468

The burbot: A fresh-water cousin to the cod 468

The eulachon: A rich and delicious little fish 468

The wliiting : A good fish not adequately utilized 468

Preserving fish for domestic use 468

The digestibility of the dasheen, Langworthy and Holmes 468

The thermal death point in yeast, Wells 468

Bacteriological examination of canned foods, Bitting ._ 469

Use of microorganisms to deterniine preservative value of spices, Bachmann 469

Camp cookery. — A cookery and equipment handbook, Milam et al 4G9

Baaic quantity food tables for determining daily issue of food to kitchen 469

VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Page.

Influence of degree of fatness on utilization of feed, Armsby and Fries 469

Experiments in crop utilization, Letteer " 470

Commercial feeding stuffs. Hills, Jones, and Anderson 470

The 28-hour law regulating transportation of live stock, Goding and Kaub 470

Increased cattle production on southwestern ranges, Jardine and Hurtt 470

Economical winter feeding of beef cows in corn belt. Cotton and Thompson 471

Nature and rate of gi-owth in lambs dining the first year, Ritzman 472

Fish meal as a feed for swine, Ashbrook 472

Feeding dried pressed potatoes to swine, Ashbrook and Gongwer 473

Proportions of supplements to corn for fattening swine, Robison 473

The self-feeder for hogs, Ashbrook and Gongwer 475

Killing hogs and curing pork, Ashbrook and Anthony 476

Standardized war rations for poultry, Lewis 476

Capons and caponizing, Slocum 476

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Relation of milk- vein system of dairy animals to production, Aldrich and Dana. . 476

The influence of the sire on the herd, Wilson 476

Feeding trials with dairy cows in Denmark, Lund 477

Experiments on the use of rice polish in feeding milch cov/s, Giuliani 477

The cost of milk and fat production in Vermont in 1911 ancl 1912, Nelson 478

Cost of producing milk in 1916-17 on 212 Vermont farms. Story and Tubbs 478

Concerning the Bm'lington milk supply, Carrigan and Abell 478

Studies on the hygienic production of milk. — Mcroflora of the udder, Gorini. . 478

What is meant by "quality " in milk, Harding et al 479

Enzyms of milk and butter, Thatcher and Dahlberg 479

Suggestions for a standard for butter, Veeder et al 480

Making butter on the farm, Wliite 480

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Pathogenic microorganisms. Park and Williams 480

Common parasites of farm animals, Burson 481

Stability of the erythrocytes of the ox, pig, and sheep, Lyon, jr 481

The clinical pathology of the blood of domesticated animals, Burnett 481

Histology of Astragalus mollissimus, Ritter 481

Effect of temperatures at or above 100° G. on vitamin. Chick and Hume 481

The effect of X-rays upon diseases of bacterial origin, Kempster 481

A new mercurial germicide 481

Report of civil veterinary department, Bihar and Orissa, 191G-17, Quinlan 482

Report on Punjab Veterinary College for 1916-17, Townsend et al 482

Infection ancl immunity, Vaughan _ 482

The intracutaneous absorption of antigen. Smith ancl Cook ' 482

The specificity of intracutaneous absorption, Smith and Cook 482

Preparation of protein extracts for diagnostic cutaneous tests. Ferry 482

[Production of precipitin antigen from bacteria], Krumwiede, jr., and Noble. . 483

Contributions to biochemistry of pathogenic anaerobes, I, Wolf and Harris 483

Successful treatment of anthrax by various methods, Dudley 483

Diagnosis of dourine by means of the conglutination method, Wehrbein 483

Studies on rinderpest, Schein 484

Rocky Mountain spotted fever in California, Gumming 484

Experimental trypanosomiasis: T. equiptrdum infection in dog, Krumbhaar. . . 484

Complement fixation in experimental trypanosomiasis. Woods and ^lorris 485

Concerning the trypanosome of swine in the valley of the Inkissi, Greggio 485

Tissue reactions to various products of tubercle bacillus, Morse and Stott 485

Efficiency of staining used in identifying tubercle bacillus, Sherwood 485

Note on Petroff's method for isolation of "tubercle bacilli, Stewart 486

Tuberculosis in equines, Pickens 486

Infectious abortion in cows, Hayes 486

Bovine hematuria, Had wen 486

Redwater or bloody urine in cattle, Kalkus 486

Studies of an obscure cattle disease in western Nevada, Mack and Records 487

The effects of freezing on antihog cholera serum, Kernkamp 487

Ticks affecting big game, Bradshaw 487

1918] CONTnTTTS. VII

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Page.

Irrigation by borders, or sloping checks, Allen 487

Surface water supply of South Atlantic and Eastern Gulf Basins, 1915 488

Manual for water supply in villages, Sparro 488

Bacteria in deep wells, Tanner and Bartow 488

Factors which influence longevity of Bacillus coli and B. typhosus, Hinds 488

The viability of colon-aerogenes bacteria in water, Rogers 488

Organisms isolated from water after treatment with hypochlorite, Smeeton 489

English incubation test for putrescibility of sewage effluents, Mohlman 489

Bacteriological study of sewage purification by aeration, Russell and Bartow. . . 490

Pm-ification of sewage by aeration in activated sludge, Bartow and Mohlman. . 490

Handbook of clearing and grubbing: Methods and cost, Gillette 490

Tests of a large-sized reinforced-concrete slab, Gold beck and Fairbank 490

How the surface of a road affects tractive effort 491

Charts for the use of road-oil inspectors. Glass 492

A kerosene carbureter, Menges 492

A laboratory manual in farm machinery, Wirt 492

Markets for agricultural imi>lenients in Chile and Peru, von Motz 492

Heat losses through buildings and building materials, Hawley 492

Fire prevention and fixe fighting on the farm, Tolley and Yerkes 492

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Farm management and farm profits on irrigated land, Connor .'..,. 493

Organization of the farm business for profit. Dagger and Falconer 493

International yearbook of agricultm-al legislation 493

Laws of Maine relating to agriculture 494

The laws of South Dakota establishing a system of rural credits 494

Cheaper money for Saskatchewan farmers 494

Live stock on credit terms to Saskatchewan farmers and cooperative marketing. 494

Farmers' market bulletin 494

Suggestions to purchasers of farm lands in New York, Fippin 494

Economics of agricultural production in South A frica, Lehfeldt 494

Agi-icultural laborers and rural population in France, de Bernonville 494

The world's food 494

The corn trade during the war, Kains- Jackson 494

The corn and meat trades since the war 494

Prices and supplies of corn and other produce in England and Wales 495

Agricultural statistics of Chile 495

Agricultural statistics of Uganda Protectorate 495

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Departmental organization in agricultural teaching, Blodf,ett 495

The Bco]je and methods of instruction in rural sociology, Gillette 495

The value of a technical education to a forest supervisor 495

Elementary science, Coulter 496

Productive agriculture, Gehrs 496

Courses in secondary agriculture for southern schools, Barrows 496

The farmer and his friends, Tappan 496

Judging sheep as a subject of instruction in secondary schools, Barrows 496

A simple course in home economics for rural schools. Gearing et al 497

MISCELLANEOUS.

Biennial Report of Connecticut S torrs Station, 1914-15 498

Thirtieth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1917 498

Work of Umatilla project farm in 1915 and 1916, Allen 498

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 498

Index to General Bulletins 1 to 25, Clees 498

Index 498

Two methods of orientation of small objects in paraffin. Nelson 498

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Arkansas Station: Page.

Bui. 137, Nov., 1917 436

Circ. 30 437

Circ.31 441

California Station:

Bui. 286, Sept., 1917 425

Bui. 287, Oct., 1917 414

Circ. 180, Oct., 1917 434

Circ. 181, Nov., 1917 456

Circ. 182, Nov., 1917 441

Cii-c. 183, Nov., 1917 486

Connecticut Storrs Station:

Bien. Rpt. 1914-15 416, 497

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station:
Index Ent. Ser. Buls, 6-13,

Aug., 1917 497

Illinois Station:

Circ. 205, Oct., 1917 479

Maine Station:

Bui. 264, Sept., 1917 466

New Jersey Stations:

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6,

No. 3, Dec, 1917 476

New York Cornell Station:

Bui. 391, May, 1917 461

Mem. 11, June, 1917 462

New York State Station:

Bui. 437, July, 1917 450,451

North Carolina Station:

Farmers' Market Bui., vol. 4 —

No. 17, Sept. 29, 1917 494

No. 18, Nov. 1, 1917 494

No. 19, Dec. 1, 1917 494

Ohio Station:

Bui. 316, Sept., 1917 473

Bui. 317, Nov., 1917 462

Oklahoma Station:

Bui. 117, Oct., 1917 410

Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Station:

Bui. 17, 1917 454

Vermont Station :

Bui. 202, Mar., 1917 476,478

Bui. 203, Mar., 1917 414,

420, 442, 443, 444, 453, 468

Bui. 204, May, 1917 432, 470

Bui. 205, June, 1917 441

Bui. 206, June, 1917 423, 425

Bui. 207, June, 1917 423

Bui. 208, July, 1917 497

Bui. 209, Sept., 1917 478

Washington Station:

Index to General Buls. 1-25,

Apr., 1917 497

West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol.
5, No. 9, Dec, 1917 486,497

Wisconsin Station:

Research Bui. 42, Aug., 1917. 451

VIII

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 11: Page.

No. 9, Nov. 26, 1917 ... 429,457,479
No. 10,Dec. 3, 1917. 449, 454, 469, 490
No. 11 J)ec, 10, 1917 . 417, 445, 449, 472

Bui. 580, Effects of Grazing upon
Western Yellow-pine Reproduc-
tion in the National Forests of
Arizona and New Mexico, R. R.
Hill 447

Bui. 582, Farm Management and
Farm Profits on Irrigated Land in
the Provo Area (Utah Lake Val-
ley), L. G. Connor 493

Bui. 588, Increased Cattle Produc-
tion on Southwestern Ranges, J.
T. Jardine and L. C. Hurtt 470

Bui. 589, The 28-hour Law Regula-
ting the Interstate Transporta-
tion of Live Stock: Its Purpose,
Requirements, and Enforcement,
H. Goding and A. J. Raub 470

Bui. 591, Manufacturing Tests of
the Offical Cotton Standards for
Grade, W. S. Dean and F.
Taylor 434

Bui. 592, Courses in Secondary Ag-
ricultui-e for Southern Schools
(Thhd and Fourth Years), H. P.
Barrows 496

Bui. 593, Judging Sheep as a Sub-
ject of Instruction in Secondary
Schools, H. P. Barrows 496

Bui .595, Winter Wheat in the Great
Plains Area, E. C. Chilcott, J. S.
Cole, andJ. B. Kuska 440

Bui. 596, Feeding Dried Pressed
Potatoes to Swine, F. G. Ash-
brook and R. E. Gongwer 473

Bui. 598, Orchard Injury by the
Hickory Tiger-moth, D. Isely... 464

Bui. 600, The Relation of Some of
the Rarer Elements in Soils and
Plants, W. O. Robinson, L. A.
Steinkoenig, and C. F. Miller. . . 409

Bui. 601, The Handling and Pre-
cooling of Florida Lettuce and
Celery, H. J. Ramsey and E. L.
MarkeU 444

Bui. 609. The Sweet-potato Leaf-
folder, T. H. Jones 465

Bui. 610, Fish Meal as a Feed for
S\vine, F. G. Ashbrook 472

Bui. 611, Walnut Blight in the
Eastern United States, S. M.
McMurran 455

Bui. 612, The Digestibility of the
Dasheen, C. F. Langworthy and
A. D. Holmes 468

[Vol. 38, 1918]

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

IX

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Page"
Bui. 615, The Economical Winter
Feeding of Beef Cows in the
Corn Belt, J. S. Cotton and E. H.

Thompson 471

Farmers' Bui. 849, Capons and Ca-

ponizing, R. R. Slocum 476

Farmers' Bui. 860, CranbeiTy In-
sect Problems and Suggestions for
Solving Them, H. B. Scammell. . 460
FaiTQers' Bui. 865, Irrigation of

Alfalfa, S. Fortier 434

Farmers' Bui. 876, Making Butter

on the Farm, W. White 480

Farmers' Bui. 904, Fii'e Prevention

and Fire Fighting on the Farm,

H. R. TolleyandA. P. Yerkes.. 492

Farmers' Bui. 906, The Self-feeder

for Hogs, F. G. Ashbrook and

R. E. Gongwer 475

Farmers' Bui. 907, Bean Growing
in Eastern Washington and Ore-
gon and Northern Idaho, L. W.

Fluhaity 434

Farmers' Bui. 910, Game Laws for
1917, G. A. Lawyer, W. F. Ban-
croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 456

Farmers' Bui. 911, Laws Relating
to Fur-bearing Animals, 1917,

D. E. Lantz 456

Farmers' Bui. 913, lOlling Hogs
and Curing Pork, F. G. Ash-
brook and G. A. Anthony 476

Forest Service:

Pulpwood Consumption and
Wood Pulp Production,1916,
F. H. Smith and R. K. Hel-

phenstine, jr 447

Bm-eau of Markets:

Seed Reptr., vol. 1, No. 2, Dec.

1,1917 441

Bureau of Plant Industry:

The Work of the San Antonio
Experiment Farm in 1916,

C. R. Letter 430, 444, 470

The Work of the Umatilla
Reclamation Project Experi-
ment Farm in 1915 and 1916,

R.W.Allen 418,

422, 431, 434, 443, 487, 497
Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1915 —

Soil Siuvey of the River-
side Area, Cal., J. W.

Nelson et al 421

Soil Survey of Bottineau
County, N. Dak., W. B.

Cobbetal 422

Field Operations, 1916 —

Soil Siuvey of San Saba
County, Tex., J. O.

Veatchetal 422

Scientific Contributions:^

A Proximate Quantitative
Method for the Determina-
tion of Rubidiimi and Cas-

U. S. Department of Agriculture— Contd.

pnap

Scientific Contributions— Contd—
iumin Plant Ash, W. O.
Robinson 43^2

A Constant Temperature and
Humidity Room for the Test-
ing of Paper, Textiles, etc.,
F. P. Veitchand E. O. Reed. 414

A Method for Determining the
Absorbency of Paper, E. O.
Reed 414

Climatic Control of Cropping
Systems and Farm Opera-
tions, J. F. Voorhees 414

Tropical Rains: Theii- Dura-
tion, Frequency, and In-
tensity, O.L. Fassig 415

Frost in the United States,
W. G. Reed 415

Snow and Its Value to the
Farmer, A. H. Palmer 416

The Synthesis of Ammonia by
the Haber Process, R. O. E.
Davis and H.Bryan 423

The Effect of Sodium Nitrate
Applied at Different Stages
of Growth on the Yield , Com-
position, and Quality of
Wheat, J. Davidson and J. A.
LeClerc 438

The Grafted Jujube of China,

D.Fairchild 446

Clirysanthemum Varieties, A.
D.Shamel 446

A Striking Reproductive
Habit, A. A. Hansen 446

Petalization in the Japanese
Qumce, A. A. Hansen 446

Control of the Jack Rabbit
Pest in Nevada, R. A. Ward . . 456

Notes on North American
Birds, H. C. Oberholser 457

Notes on the Genus Pufiinus,
H. C. Oberholser 457

The_ Shedding of the Stomach
Lining by Birds,. Particu-
larly As Exemplified by the
^Anatidte, W. L. McAtee 457

Ventilation after Fumigation —
Ai-tificial Ventilation of
Ships after Fiunigation with
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, S. B.
Grubbs 458

The Correct Name for Our
Apple-grain Aphis, A. C.
Baker 462

The Relation of the^Malpighian
Tubules of the Hind Intes-
tine in the Honeybee Larva,
J.A.Nelson 467

The Viability of Colon-aero-
genea Bacteria in Water,
L.A.Rogers _ 488

Two Methods of Orientation of
Small Objects in Paraffin,
J.A.Nelson 497

' Printed in sciontiiic and technical publications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. April, 1918. No. 5.

In the midst of tlie storm and stress of war active attention is al-
ready being given in Europe to the subject of reconstruction after its
close. It is natural that agriculture should figure prominently in
these plans, for the events of the past three years have given it a new
place in the life of nations and have brought a new realization of its
relationship to national welfare and security. The necessity for a
definite national policy which will stimulate and promote that in-
dustry has been impressed upon the public mind in those countries
as never before.

Furthermore, the unusual steps which have been taken toward pro-
duction as a war measure have prepared the way for future changes
of a radical character. The precedents of hundreds of years have
been swept aside almost over night. There has been a remarkable and
convmcing demonstration of the effects of past neglect, and the idea
of the interest of the whole people in the use made of the land as a
national asset has developed out of stern experience and found speedy
recognition.

British statesmen have declared that no government would again
neglect agriculture as it had been neglected in the past; and the
change of attitude has been well put by the secretary of the Board of
Agriculture for Scotland, who said : " In short, a new outlook has
been compelled by the war. The essential value of agriculture and
forestry to the country is at last realized. The national danger in-
volved in their neglect is at last appreciated; their complementary
character is at last understood."

In a book entitled Agriculture after the War, published about a
year ago, Mr. A. D. Hall, former director of the Rothamsted Station,
frankly expressed the need for the adoption by the State of a con-
sidered agricultural policy for the better utilization of the land. His
text was the need for an increased production of food at home, and
the greater employment of men upon the land as essential to tlie
security of the nation as a whole. This need was made independent
of the particular interests of either landowners or farmers, and em-
bodied the rather novel conception that a man owes responsibility to
the community for the way he conducts his business in farming.

401

402 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 38

More recently another book has appeared, entitled British Agri-
culture— the Nation's Opportunity, which is based on the minority
report of a committee appointed by the British Board of Agriculture,
on the employment on the land of discharged soldiers and sailors.
The book contains an introduction by Mr. A. D. Hall, who explains
that it is the first effort appearing under public authority to set out a
program for the reconstruction of rural life. It represents a consid-
erable revolution in public opinion with regard to the position of
agriculture in the United Kingdom, obscurely progressing for many
years but suddenly strengthened and crystallized by the war, until
" there are few people who now have not been taught by events that
agriculture must be revivified in the luitional interest." The uncer-
tainty of disturbed economic and industrial conditions after the war
directs attention, as he says, to the land as the great undeveloped asset
of the nation, the prime source of wealth and the first link in the
whole chain of industries.

Granting the case for the reconstruction of agriculture, the ele-
ments of the process are described as threefold — the establishment of
such a level of prices as will render intensive farming possible, the
improvement of the position of the Ijiborer, as regards wages, hous-
ing, and the amenities of life, and, lastly, the recognition that owner-
ship of land carries with it a duty to the community.

The British Government has had for some time in operation a
Ministry of Reconstruction, with a large number of commissions and
committees — some eighty-seven in all — to deal with questions which
will arise at the close of the war. Under the section of agriculture
and forestry, four committees are included, namely, on agricultural
policy, forestry, land settlement, and horse breeding. There are also
committees on cold-storage research and on food research, to deal
respectively with the problems of the preservation of food, and with
the cooking of vegetables and meat, and bread making. For the
cotton industry, there are committees on cotton growing within the
Empire, Indian cotton, and research and education for the cotton
industry, with a view to the organization of a research association.
These committees have been in active operation for some little time,
and a number of them have already made preliminary or partial
reports.

A committee of special interest is that on agricultural policy, ap-
pointed by the Prime Minister in August, 191G, and headed by the
then president of the Board of Agriculture. The committee includes,
among others, such well-known men as Mr. A. D. Hall, Mr. R. E.
Prothero, the present president of the Board of Agriculture, and Sir
Horace Plunkett. It was charged with considering and reporting
upon the methods of effecting needed increase in home-grown

1918] EDITORIAL. 403

food supplies, having regard to the need for such increase in the
interest of national security. It has rendered a partial report which
illustrates how deeply Great Britain has been stirred in this matter
and how decidedly the events of the war have altered the attitude
toward the agricultural industry.

In spite of the depleted condition of agriculture at the outset of
the war and the continued dependence of the country on imported
food, the conviction is exprcvssed that a large proportion of the im-
ported food of Great Britain which is capable of being grown there
could be produced in the islands, if a complete policy for the State
were adopted and consistently carried out. The report declares that
" the State must adopt such a policy and formulate it publicly as a
future basis of British agriculture, and explain to the Nation that it
is founded on the highest considerations of the common weal."

The war has shown, as the report states, that methods and results
of land management and of farming are matters involving the safety
of the State, and are not merely the concern of individual interests.
" The agricultural land of the country must gi-adually be made to
yield its maximum production," and this implies a large change from
permanent grass to arable cultivation. While many factors are rec-
ognized as being involved in a scheme of agricultural policy, a basis
of securit}^ and stability of the conditions under which agriculture is
to be carried on in the future is placed at the foundation of the whole
structure.

" The conditions of agriculture must be made so stable that out of
its profits the agricultural laborers can be assured a fair wage, the
cultivator of the soil a fair return for his capital, energy, and brains,
and the landowner a fair return for the capital invested in the
land." To accomplish this end, it is recommended that the State
should fix mimimum wages for the ordinary agricultural labor, deter-
mined by wage boards, and guarantee to the farmer a minimum price
for wheat and oats. Furthermore, if it should be found advisable
to adopt a tariff on manufactured goods, it is urged that one should
be imposed on imported foodstuffs, such as dairy produce, meat, and
" corn," and special consideration shown to products of the more
intensive forms of agriculture involving large invested capital and
unusual expense for labor and cultivation. Unless the farmer is
assured against a recurrence of the prices of 1894-95, it is anticipated
that the process of seeding down arable land to grass will recom-
mence immediately after the war, notwithstanding high prices.

As to the method of securing efficient production, the report recom-
mends a general survey of the conditions of agriculture throughout
the United Kingdom, conducted by the boards and departments
of agriculture, with provision for eventuall}'^ bringing about the
proper use of land which is found not to be utilized to its full extent

404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

for the production of foodstuffs or timber. This provision might
even involve the temporary taking over of an estate or parts of it
where necessary, to be managed by the Board of Agriculture until
the desired improvement had been accomplished. " It must be
clearly understood," the report states, " that henceforth bad farming
is a danger to the State, and that the waste of good land on game
or games is inconsistent with patriotism. . . . Estates must be
managed with a single eye to maximum production," and capital
must be attracted to the industrial equipment and improvement of
the land and to the operations of intensive farming.

It is interesting to note as one of the fundamental requirements in
carrying out such a scheme for enlarged production that it is con-
sidered essential that the country "be permeated with a complete
system of agricultural education." In addition to providing se-
curity against loss, it is realized that farmers must have placed at
their disposal the best available scientific and practical advice.
" Indeed, it will be impossible to carry out the scheme (except with
serious loss and wastage) unless it is accompanied by an important
development of the facilities at present available in the United
Kingdom for agricultural education, technical advice, and research."
This, it is explained, would also include demonstrations of improved
methods and their financial soundness.

These latter subjects, although mentioned, are considered of such
importance that their consideration is deferred to a subsequent part
of the report. The discussion of them will be awaited with much
interest. ISIany articles in the British press and reports on other
branches of reconstruction give evidence of increased appreciation
of science and technical education, which it is expected will find ex-
pression in the plans now being formulated. For it is now too
manifest to require argument that agricultural progress and sound
agricultural teaching and practice must rest on agricultural inquiry
and its application.

A minority report, while taking exception to some of the proposals
advanced by the majority, lays special stress on agricultural educa-
tion and demonstration. Efficiency is the keynote of the situation,
the writer says ; " give the farmer information, acquaint him with
the reason of things, and you will give him the most wholesome
kind of State aid." He advocates placing technical instruction and
agricultural education under the jurisdiction of the departments of
agriculture ; " a million pounds, or a much larger sum if necessary,
annually spent in this way would repay the expenditure tenfold."
[nstruction is advocated which is brought down to the farmer and
enlists his interest. " Demonstrate to him on his own land, even
keep his books for liim for a time if necessary, but leave him with
no excuse for ignorance."

1918] EDITORIAIi. 405

Expressions like this have a familiar sound in this country, for
they reflect the spirit and the conviction upon which our system of
State and Federal aid has been built up.

In spite of the terrible ordeal through which France is passing,
reconstruction work is already under way and plans are actively
being made for future activity at the close of the war. These plans
as related to agriculture look toward the amelioration of the condi-
tion of the farmers, the regeneration of agricultural communities,
and a more highly intelligent use of the land as a result of enlarged
means for acquiring and spreading agricultural knowledge. These
movements speak eloquently of the enterprise, the foresight, and the
undaunted courage of the French people.

The work of reconstructing the devastated parts of France has
been proceeding actively for over a year under the leadership of the
head of the Office of Agricultural Reconstruction. The industry
has been aided by provision for the purchase and resale or allotment
of seed, fertilizers, nursery stock, cattle, etc., by the introduction of
farm motors for plowing and cultivating, and in many other ef-
fective ways. Through the French Ministry of Agriculture and the
agricultural cooperative societies, unusual credit facilities have been
provided farmers for rebuilding, restocking, and restoring their farms
to productive condition. Much interest attaches to the published
articles in the press and scientific journals from leaders in agricul-
tural thought in that country, in relation to the measures for reha-
bilitating agriculture after the war. Among the plans to that end,
increased facilities for agricultural research have figured promi-
nently.

Reference was made in a previous issue to the report of a commis-
sion of the French Academy of Science, which laid stress on the
necessity for reorganizing the whole system of research, instruc-
tion, and assistance in agriculture in that country. Since then other
papers dealing with the subject have appeared under different
auspices, showing how widespread is interest in the subject, and
testifying to the confidence which is felt in the effectiveness of re-
search as a means of advancement. Reference may be made to two
of these papers by men whose names are familiar to us in this
country.

In a communication to the Academy of Agriculture of France,
Prof. Edmund Gain, director of the Institute of Agriculture at the
University of Nancy, discusses the means for increasing agricultural
production and outlines a plan for the reorganization of a series of
agricultural stations in the various districts on a somewhat novel
plan. He regards the reestablishment of the agricultural industries
on a firm basis after the war as the only way in which the country

406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

can recover itself. The average production of such staple crops as
wheat, oats, and potatoes, is shown to be much less than that in
neighboring countries, the remedy for which lies in selection of suit-
able varieties and their improvement, the efficient use of fertilizers,
and cultivation. To accomplish these requires a sufficient fund of
reliable knowledge on the part of the farmer, proper equipment in
tools and machinery, and adequate capital, and it is along these
three lines that it is proposed to develop stations to aid the farmers.

The proposed organization divides the work of the stations into
two main divisions, namely, the scientific division for conducting
experiments and researches in the whole range of agricultural
science, and the exercise of control over fertilizers, feeds, etc.; and
the division of rural economy, to include a bureau of information,
rural instruction, marketing, agricultural labor, the cooperative pur-
chase of machinery, maintenance of demonstration farms, and a
section for farm credit. The latter would be provided with funds
through the aid of large landed proprietors of the district, which
would be loaned to the farmers in small amounts on the security of
their growing crops.

Ten stations organized on the above basis are proposed, each with
a government grant of $30,000, to be supplemented by funds sub-
scribed or loaned by local capitalists and landowners. The plan is
comprehensive, and except for the loan feature is not very different
from a union of our own station and extension departments.

At a conference presided over by the French Minister of Agricul-
ture, M. Georges Wery, vice director of the National Institute of
Agronomy at Paris, presented an able paper on agricultural research
institutions in France and other countries, with plans for the reor-
ganization of the French stations. He justly pays a high tribute to
the product of agricultural research in France in the past, but ex-
plains that of late the experiment stations have become absorbed to
increasing degree in analytical and control work, to a point which is
seriously affecting their activity as research institutions.

The present system for the support of the stations favors the
growth of analytical work, the officers receiving a portion of the fees
as supplements to their salaries, and the department in which the
station is located profiting b}^ this source of revenue. The growth of
this line of activity has, as M. Wery states, diverted the stations from
their original purpose of agricultural research, for the number of
workers being small the time left for investigation is greatly reduced.
He argues for a separation of the control and regulatory functions
of the stations from their research, and a larger and more adequate
budget, pointing to the experience of other countries in this respect
and to the generous support of experiment stations in the United
States and Germany particularly.

1918] EDITORIAL.. 407

Another weakness cited in the present organization of the French
stations is their local character, the tendency being to work on ques-
tions of quite local interest rather than on broad agricultural prob-
lems, and their lack of organization into a coherent system. Certain
of the stations have originated with the Ministry of Agriculture,
others have sprung from the Ministry of Public Instruction, and still
others from the various departments of the country. Moreover, the
stations taken as a whole are restricted in the scope of their activi-
ties, leaving several important branches of agriculture dependent for
progress upon the research of other countries. " We still cling to the
original conception which gave rise to the first laboratories, i. e., the
study of soils and fertilizers. We do not seem to have followed the
evolution of scientific agriculture. We seem to neglect the more dif-
ficult problems of biology which offer such large promise."

The system of experiment stations for which M. Wery argues is a
well-knit system, drawn together by organization and mutual inter-
est, supported jointly by the State and the locality, connected mainly
with the agricultural schools and institutes, and developed along the
lines of the principal needs for investigation in the districts in which
they are located. They would include specialists in the important
branches of agriculture, with the control work organized so as not to
conflict with the investigation. He believes such a system would be
preferable to the large number of laboratories inadequately manned
and supported.

The role which the State should play in respect to these agricul-
tural research institutions is strongly emphasized, for they are de-
clared to exercise a fundamental relation to the development of a
principal source of national wealth and security upon which in time
of War the very life of the nation may depend.

The contention that the stations should be connected with institu-
tions of learning is thoroughly sound. This not only places them in
the proper atmosphere, develops the spirit of research, and encour-
ages the coordination of the groups of specialists, but, as M. Wery
points out, it establishes the proper relationship between research and
the higher grades of instruction, directs young men to the field of
agricultural investigation and encourages them to prepare for it,
and it extends the range of usefulness and influence of the schools
themselves, giving them standing in the scientific world as well as
in the industry.

The advantage of this association of the stations with colleges or
schools has been illustrated wherever followed, but nowhere more
forcefully or convincingly than in this country. Here the benefits
have been so manifest with increasing time as to remove any doubt of
the wisdom which led to the provision, at a period when there was
much precedent and argument for separate stations. While the real
49984°— 18 2

408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38, 19181

advantages came somewhat slowly, they long ago fully justified the
restriction carried in the original measure.

Both of these papers, and others which have gone before, pay high
tribute to the American stations. Not only is the example cited of
their liberal support, but many approved features of their organiza-
tion and profitable results of their activity are pointed out. M. Gain
pronounces the funds assigned to them among the most productive
of Government expenditures. M. Wery commends them in terms
which are highly complimentary, both for the efficiency of their or-
ganization and their comprehensive scope, including, as he says,
nearly five hundred distinct laboratories, each working in a particular
line but all converging to the same end, the progress of agriculture
in its various branches. Pie contrasts their large revenues with those
of the stations and laboratories in his country, citing this as an ex-
ample of wise and profitable use of governmental funds.

Gratifying as this is, the large financial support which is always
cited to the advantage of the American stations carries with it large
expectations as to the returns to be made for these ample means
and opportunities. These world expectations can not be met unless
the personnel is maintained upon a high plane of efficiency and the
funds are carefully conserved for investigation and experiment.
Even then the broad extent of country to be covered, the great diver-
sity of questions, some of them quite elementary as a result of the set-
tlement of new country, and the necessarily expensive character of in-
vestigation in certain lines, are likely to be unappreciated.

While therefore European countries are planning for reconstruc-
tion to include the development of their agricultural research insti-
tutions, the American experiment stations may well consider how
their work and organization may be made more productive and effec-
tive in meeting after-war conditions, in full accord with the abun-
dance of their opportunity.

RFXENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The relation of some of the rarer elements in soils and plants, W. O. Rob-
inson, L. A. Steinkoenig, and C. F. Miller {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 600 {1911),
pp. 25, figs. 3). — An earlier publication (E. S. R., 31, p. 719) included a chemi-
cal analysis of certain important American soil types for the presence of the
rarer elements. The purpose of the present bulletin was to determine the con-
tent of the rarer elements present in plants grown in soil of known composi-
tion and to establish the relationship between soil and plant composition.
References to previous work along the same line are included.

So far as possible, the plants selected had grown on soils previously analyzed
and differing widely in composition. Legumes, vegetables, grasses, trees, and
shrubs were included in the investigations. The methods of analysis are given
in detail and the results tabulated. In order to keep the temperature fairly
uniform during the ashing an electric furnace with a temperature regulator was
designed. The essential part of the automatic control was a couple consisting
of a quartz tube closed at one end, inside of which was placed a nickel rod.
Diagrams and a description of the furnace and regulating devices are given.

Of the rarer elements, lithium was found in all the plants examined, rubi-
dium in the majority of cases, csesium in the ash of timothy, raspberry, and
beets grown in localities where the soil is known to contain cresium beryls.
Chromium was found occasionally but in small amounts, vanadium in only a
few cases, and molybdenum not at all. Barium was present in all plants
and strontium in all except bean seeds. Titanium was found In very small
amounts in all plants, and aluminum in all but two, pine needles being very
high in this element.

It was found that manganese in plants varied in amount more than most of
the other elements and that a large amount of rare alkalis was generally ac-
companied by an abnormal amount of manganese. There were wide variations
in the composition of the same kind of plant, but it is the opinion of the
authors that " the most profound influence the composition of the soil has on
the plant is not on the composition of the plant but on the occurrence of that
plant on the soil."

With the possible exception of sulphur, chlorin, and manganese, there was
no indication that the elements determined, except those commonly used, need
be considered in fertilizers.

The influence of carbon monoxid on the velocity of catalytic hydrogena-
tion, E. B. Maxted (Trans. Faraday Soc, IS (1917), No. 1-2, pp. 36-42, figs. 4;
Chem. News, in (1918), No. S03S, pp. 73-75, figs. ^).— This article reports the
results of investigations on the effect of carbon monoxid on the velocity of
catalytic hydrogenation. The subject is of importance on account of the pres-
ence of a small amount of carbon monoxid in hydrogen prepared commercially
from water gas. Carefully neutralized olive oil was hydrogenated with mix-
tures of the purest electrolytic hydrogen and varying amounts of carbon

409

410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

monoxid in the presence of finely divided nicliel. The apparatus used has been
found by the author to be very useful for the quantitative study of catalytic
hydrogenation, and is described in detail.

It was found that carbon monoxid exerted a very marked poisonous effect
other than the purely obstructive or diluting action of any foreign gas. The
first traces of carbon monoxid had relatively the greatest retarding influence
on the velocity of hydrogenation.

The fats and fatty acids of the grain sorghums, C. K. Francis and W. G.
Friedemann {Oklahoma Sta. Bui. Ill {ISII), pp. 3-lJi, fig. 1). — Continuing the
study of grain sorghums previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 108), this bulletin
records a detailed chemical analysis of tht fats and fatty acids of the sorghums,
Kafir corn, feterita, and milo maize. The experimental methods, where differ-
ing from those of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, are given in
detail.

As large quantities of the crude fat were necessary for investigation, special
apparatus was designed to permit a large amount of the raw material to be
treated at one time. Four kg. of finely ground grain was put in an 8-liter
aspirator bottle and covered with 1,600 cc. of ether. The bottle was shaken at
intervals for 24 hours, then inverted, and the ether removed by percolation.
The process was repeated seven or eight times until the extract was colorless.
The percentage of fat obtained agreed closely with that obtained by the official
(indirect) method.

The fat extracted from milo maize is a liquid at ordinary temperatures, con-
taining a small amount of solid fat ; that of Kafir corn and feterita a greenish
vaseline-like substance. The physical and chemical constants of the fat from the
three varieties showed a marked similarity.

The analysis showed six fatty acids to be present in similar proportions in the
three sorghums. The volatile acids varied from 0.59 to 0.85 per cent of the
fats. Formic and butyric acids were found in all three and some of the higher
volatile acids in Kafir corn fat. From 7 to 10 per cent of the fat consisted of a
mixture of palmitic and stearic acids, with traces of higher saturated acids in
Kafir corn and milo maize fat. Stearic acid predominated in Kafir corn and
feterita fat, and palmitic in milo maize fat. From 80 to 86 per cent of the
fat consisted of the unsaturated acids, oleic and linoleic.

The analysis offers additional evidence of the close relationship of the plants
under investigation.

The seeds of the Echinocystis oregana, M. R. Daughters {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 10 {1918), No. 2, pp. 126, 127). — This article reports the results
of studies to determine the possible industrial value of the seeds of E. oregana,
or wild cucumber, which grows very abundantly along the Pacific slope from
British Columbia to California. Tables are given of the percentage composition
of the seeds and the constants of the oil obtained by extraction with petroleum
ether and by expression in the cold from the ground whole seed.

The constants of the oil indicated that it belongs; to the cottonseed group.
The taste is similar to olive oil. When subjected to hydrogenation, a bland
yellowish-white fat was produced, with a melting point of 29 to 36° C, a solidi-
fying temperature of 25°, and an iodin number of 76.6. Feeding experiments
with mice showed both the original oil and the hydrogenated fat to be non-
poisonous.

Analytical examination of acorns and horse chestnuts, J. L. Baker and
H. F. E. HuLTON {Analyst, Ji2 {1917), No 500, pp. S.5^-355).— Analyses of four
samples of horse chestnuts and two of acorns, with particular reference to car-
bohydrate content, are reported.

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 411

It was fouud that the che.stuuts possess considerable diastatic activity. An
examination of the diastase showed that it resembled that of an ungerminated
cereal in its action. No evidence of a similar diastase in acorns could be ob-
tained.

The possible utilization of chestnuts and acorns as a source of alcohol was
studied. The ground nuts were boiled with 2 per cent sulphuric acid under
a reflux condenser for three hours, filtered, and the filtrate neutralized. The
solution of sugar was then fermented for three or four days with brewer's yeast.
A yield of alcohol of 27 and 27.3 per cent for the dry peeled kernel and 11.6
and 11.5 per cent for nuts as picked was obtained from two samples of chest-
nuts. The corresponding yields for two samples of acorns were 26.1 and 27.5
per cent for dry-peeled kernel and 12 and 12.7 per cent for nuts as picked.
This is equivalent to a yield of from 32 to 86 gal. of absolute alcohol per ton of
the nuts as picked.

Division of chemistry, annual report, 1915-16, B. ue C Maechand {Union
So. Africa Dept. Ayr. Rpt. 1916, pp. 105-108). — This includes analyses of soils,
manures and other fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and brine salts.

A simple and eificient filtering tube, W. M. Thornton, jk. {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chern., 10 {1918), No. 2, p. 132, fig. 1). — The author describes a simple
device for filtering with the least possible volume of the liquid used for trans-
ferring and washing the precipitate. Filtration may be very quickly per-
formed, thus reducing the losses incurred in handling precipitates which in-
crease in solubility on rise of temi)erature.

The utilization of the adsorptive power of fuller's earth for chemical sepa-
rations, A. Seidell {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, JfO {1918), No. 1, pp. 312-328, figs.
2). — In view of the practical application of the utilization of fuller's earth in
the separation of alkaloids from plants and " vitamins " from mixtures in
which they occur (E. S. R., 85, p. 472), the author has conducted a series
of investigations on the adsorptive power of fuller's earth from different sources
and the effects on the adsorptive process of such factors as time, agitation,
dilution, presence of other dissolved substances, etc. Methods of procedure and
analytical data in the form of tables and charts are given. The materials used
for adsorption were quinin bisulphate and methylene blue.

A comparison of the adsorptive capacities Of 36 samples of fuller's earths
and other clays showed that English earth is super ioj^- to any of the domestic
fuller's earths except one, the exact source of which could not be learned.
Bentonite, which has a greater adsorptive power than the English fuller's
earths, can not be used to advantage on account of its unusual capacity for
retaining water. From the experimental data the author concludes that " the
adsoriftive power of fuller's earth is exerted particularly toward certain com-
pounds, characterized by distinct basicity, and that in the case of salts only the
base unites with the fuller's earth. No marked selectivity was fouud in the case
of the two compounds forming the basis of the present experiments. The
amount adsorbed in a given time is a function of ratio of earth to adsorbable
material and, except with insufficient earth for complete adsorption, is inde-
pendent of dilution, acidity, or presence of nonadsorbable neutral material."
Treatment of corks used in Soxhlet and other extraction apparatus, T. J.
Wabd {Analyst, ^2 {1917), No. h99, pp. 326, 327).— A method is described for
treating corks to be used in Soxhlet and other extraction apparatus to overcome
errors arising from the porosity of cork and the solubility of certain constit-
uents of the cork in the extraction solvent. The corks are heated for two
hours on a boiling water bath in a solution of gelatin (previously soaked in
cold water for five or six hours and then melted) in one-quarter volume of

412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

glycerol and two volumes of water. They are then removed, dried, and used in
a Soxhlet apparatus for an hour. Thus treated they may be used to advantage
with any solvent in the vapor of which water and glycerol are not readily
soluble. They should be stored at ordinary temperature, as a warm dry atmos-
phere causes them to shrink and harden.

The preparation of 1/100-normal permanganate solutions, J. O. Halveeson
and O. Beegeim {Jour, hidus. and Engin. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 2, pp. 119,
120). — New technique for the preparation of Tw-Jiormal solutions of potassium
permanganate is described and a table given of the keeping qualities of dilute
permanganates and of oxalic acid solutions used as standards.

A proximate quantitative method for the determination of rubidium and
caesium in plant ash, W. O. Robinson (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10
{1918), No. 1, pp. 50, 51). — This method is based on the removal of a large part
of the potassium chlorid by fractional precipitation with platinic chlorid and,
further, by strong hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution is compared spec-
troscopically with a standard solution.

The method is as follows: Twenty or more gm. of the dry plant are ashed
in a muffle below 525° C. The ash is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, the excess
evaporated, freshly slaked lime added, and the mixture boiled and filtered.
The calcium is precipitated with ammonia and ammonium carbonate, the com-
bined filtrates evaporated to dryness, and ammonium salts expelled. The
alkali chlorids are filtered off with hot water, a few drops of hydrochloric acid
added, and then about 0.05 gm. of platinic chlorid. The solution is evaporated
to pastiness, a small amount of hot water added to dissolve the \inchanged
chlorids of potassium and sodium, and the chlorplatinates of the rare metals
are washed on to the asbestos pad in a small carbon filter with 80 per cent
alcohol. The filter is then connected to a hydrogen generator and the platinic
chlorids reduced by heating with a Bunsen burner. The chlorids are washed
through the filter with hot water, the filtrate evaporated to pastiness, and the
mass taken up by a few drops of hydrochloric acid, flltei'ed into tiny vials, and
made up to volume. Standards are made with known amounts of caesium and
rubidium chlorids and an -excess of potassium chlorid. The comparison is
made by introducing a coil of platinum wire of sufficient size to withdraw a
large drop. The coil is carefully dried and the unknown solution matched with
a standard by means of the brilliancy of the hue.

Method for the determination of the amount of sug'ar in baked articles
{Analyst, 42 {1917), No. ^98, pp. 294, 295).— This is the official method proposed
by the Government Laboratory (England) for the determination of the amount
of sugar present in baked articles examined under the Cake and Pastry Order.
The preparation of samples and the methods of analysis are given in detail. If
necessary to use a clearing agent, basic lead acetate followed by sodium sul-
phate, or alumina cream, or copper sulphate solution may be employed. The
sugar is inverted with hydrochloric acid and the reducing sugar determined
either by gravimetric or volumetric process and calculated as cane sugar. If
the article contains fruit, the fruit is removed and analyzed separately for its
sugar content.

A deduction of 3 per cent is made for sugars naturally present in flour or de-
rived from flour in the course of baking, and an allowance of 2 per cent is
made to provide for variations in sampling, in methods of analysis, and in the
amount of sugar in the different materials employed.

Detection of alum in flour, L. Medri {Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, 49 {1916), No.
11, pp. 597-601). — A delicate method for detecting alum in flour is described.
The principle involved is the formation of an insoluble color lake with cochineal

1918] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 413

or alizarin. To 50 cc. water extract of the flour, 2 cc. of an alcoholic sol-ution
of the dye is added, and the solution heated to boiling. If the flour is pure, a
white or cream-colored coagulum is formed from the soluble protein. The
presence of alum causes the formation of the color lake characteristic of the
dye used.

Tables are given showing the characteristic colors with cochineal and alizarin
in the presence of different percentages of alum and also of zinc, copper,
and lead.

Research on th.e detection of added water in milk, H. Durand and R. Stev-
enson {Jour. Indus, and Enr/in. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 1, pp. 26-30, fig. 1). — This
is a report of new methods for the detection of added water in milk proposed
in an earlier article (E. S. R., 36, p. 807). The first two methods were based
on the theory that water would increase the solubility of organic salts in the
serum of milk. In one case lead subacetate was used and in the second silver
nitrate. Both methods proved unrelial^le. The third method, the determina-
tion by the electrical conductivity method of Kohlrausch of the whole milk
and of the serum after coagulation with electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, was
tried out in an elaborate series of experiments but with no uniformity of results.

One of the authors proposes to continue the research, making use of the
osmotic pressure of milk in a cell constructed to measure the differential
osmotic pressure between milk and a standard saline solution.

The differentiation of coconut oil and palm-kernel oil in mixtures, G. D.
Elsdon (Analyst, Jt2 {1911), No. 498, pp. 298-300).— The author states that it is
possible to distinguish between coconut and palm-kernel oils in mixtures of
various fats, such as margarin, by obtaining both the Polenske and Shrewsbury-
Knapp values and assuming the presence of palm-kernel oil in those cases in
which the percentage of coconut oil calculated from the Polenske figure is less
than that from the Shrewsbury-Knapp figure. This may, however, indicate the
presence of coconut stearin which has practically the same composition as palm-
kernel oil. He emphasizes the importance of the Shrewsbury-Knapp process in
preventing incorrect conclusions being drawn from the Polenske process.

A combined Reichert-Polenske and modified Shrewsbury-Knapp process,
G. D. Elsdon {Analyst, 42 (1917), No. 498, pp. 295-298, fig. i).— This article
gives the results of a combination of the modified Shrewsbury-Knapp process
previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 618) with the Reichert-Polenske process for the
estimation of coconut oil in mixtures. The process is carried out as follows :

The flask containing the residual acids after the distillation of 110 cc. in the
Reichert-Polenske method is cooled in water until the acids have become a solid
cake. The cake is broken and the liquid strained through a fine wire sieve.
The fatty acids are washed with 50 cc. of cold water, drained, returned to the
flask, and dried in the oven. One hundred cc. of alcohol (sp. gr. 0.9200 at
60° F.) is then added and the process continued as given in the previous paper.

The method is much more rapid than the Shrewsbury-Knapp process. The
results of analyses of various mixtures of coconut oil with butter and with
margarin are given in tabular form and also in the form of curves from which
the percentage of coconut oil in a given mixture may be read off. In using this
combined process on butters, high figures for alcohol-soluble acids are invariably
found in conjunction with high Reichert values. Consequently a high alcohol-
soluble acid figure with a low Reichert value would indicate the presence of
coconut oil while neither the Reichert nor the Polenske number alone would
cause suspicion.

Variation in the ether extract of silag^e, L. D. Haigh (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 2, p. 127). — Analyses are reported showing the

414 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

variation in tiie composition of the ether extract of silage, depending upon
changes in the sample itself on standing and upon the drying operations em-
ployed. Further studies are being made to ascertain the causes of such
variation.

A constant temperature and humidity room for the testing of paper, tex-
tiles, etc., F. P. Veitch and B. O. Eeed {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10
(1918), No. 1, pp. 38-J^Jf, fujs. 6). — This article describes the specially constructed
and automatically controlled constant-temperature and humidity room at the
Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The room is used in
the testing of paper, but it is pointed out that the control of humidity is of
importance in many industrial lines, and is being applied to the ripening of
fruit, curing of cheese, drying of lumber, etc.

A method for determining the absorbency of paper, E. O. Reed {Jour, Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 1, pp. U--i7).

The cost of producing maple products in 1912 and 1913, C. J. Feink (Ver-
mont Sta. Bui. 203 (1917), pp. 17-24, fi&s. 3).— The author has collected from
a number of sugar producers in Vermont data concerning the cost of production
of maple products and prices received for the same during the seasons of 1912
and 1913 and has arranged the data in the form of tables and graphs.

The relation between total cost per pound and production per bucket is con-
sidered significant. A decrease in the cost per pound coincides with increased
yield per bucket. The graph of this relationship gives a general idea of the
probable cost of a pound of sugar for any given average bucket production.
A 1-lb. per bucket yield showed a manufacturing cost of 11 cts. for 1 lb. of
sugar while a 3-lb. per bucket yield reduced the cost to 7.5 cts. per pound.

Vinegar from waste fruits, W. V. Ceuess (California Sta. Bui. 287 (1917),
pp. 169-184, figs. 11). — This bulletin describes the necessary apparatus and
procedures for the alcoholic fermentation, acetic acid fermentation, and clarifi-
cation and filtration of the product in the conversion of waste fruit juices into
vinegar. Brief notes on vinegar diseases are included.

The canning industry. — Some accomplishments and opportunities along
technical lines, H. A. Baker (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 1,
pp. 69-71). — This includes a brief history of the canning industry in the United
States, an outline of some of the problems confronting the industry and their
solution, and suggestions as to further possibilities of conservation by the dis-
covery of methods of utilizing waste products. The importance of chemists in
the industry is emphasized.

METEOROLOGY.

Climatic control of cropping systems and farm operations, J. F. Voorhees
(Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 127-1S2) .—T\\q author main-
tains on the basis of his study of conditions in Tennessee that all successful
cropping systems must be so planned that they make use of all favorable climatic
conditions. " To do this to the best advantage the time required for each crop
to mature under any given conditions nmst be known. The eifect of variations
in heat intensity upon the various stages of the life history of insect pests
should also be known." The discussion is confined " to the broad and com-
paratively unchanging features of climate and disregards the more change-
able features of weather . . . [such asl the average conditions of temperature,
rainfall, and growing season at a given place for a long period of years." These
are considered with reference to continuous cropping, two-crop, and one-crop
.systems of farming.

A marked correlation between intensity of temperature and time required
for crops to mature was shown in studies carried on by the author in coopera-

1918] METEOROLOGY. 415

tion with the Tennessee Experiment Station and certain stations of the
Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture with soy beans
and corn extending over eight years and covering " a territory extending from
the Gulf to the Great Lalies and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.
Records were kept of dates of planting, emergence, blooming, and ripening, to-
gether with the daily maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall.

" It was found that between plantings made at the same date, but at places
having different temperature conditions, there was a wide difference in the
length of time required for the different stages of growth. A similar difference
was found between plantings made at different dates at the same place. These
variations were always in the same direction, but different in amount. It
appeared that the higher the mean temperature the shorter the time required
for the plant to reach a certain stage."

With the Mammoth Yellow soy bean, for example, the period from planting
to blooming was found to vary from 42 to 133 days. The correlation between
mean temperature and length of time from planting to blooming with 50
plants of this variety was —0.76 with a probable error of ±0.05. The correla-
tion " between mean temperature and the length of the period from emergence
to blooming of Indian corn at Wauseon, Ohio, gives a coefficient of —0.79,
±0.05."

A similar study of the correlation of heat intensity and the length of the
incubation period of the cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus) at Dallas, Tex.,
gave a coefficient of —0.93 with a probable error of ±0.013.

These results indicate that heat intensity is an important factor in determin-
ing the time required by the plant to make its growth and that the period of
incubation of the cattle tick " is controlled almost entirely by heat intensity.
The temperature control of the length of the seed-tick stage is almost as
great."

A plea is made for cooperative work along these lines.

Climatic records in the trunks of trees, A. E. Douglass (Amer. Forestry,
23 (1911), No. 288, pp. 732-735, figs. 3).— The studies of tree rings briefly re-
ported in this article are thought to indicate a relationship between tree growth,
.ainfall, and sun spot numbers.

The pleionian cycle of climatic fluctuations, H. Abctowski (Proc. 2. Pan
Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 112-119; Sci. Amer. Sup., 85 {1918), No.
2196, pp. 66, 61). — This article deals with studies the essential features of which
have already been noted from other sources (E. S. R., 31, p. 717; 32, p. 509).

A preliminary note on soil moisture and temperature factors in the winter-
killing of grain crops, S. C. Salmon {Science, n. ser., 41 {1018), No. 1201, pp.
113, 114). — Briefly describing and summarizing the results of a general study
at the Kansas Experiment Station of the causes of winterkilling of cereals,
it is stated that " the preliminary work indicates that a sandy soil is colder
and the survival of plants growing upon it less than on a dry clay or loam
soil, and also colder than a wet clay or a wet loam during those seasons when
the ground remains unfrozen much of the time. It appears probable that dry
sapd is colder during the winter than a wet sand regardless of the character
of the season, but a dry clay or silt loam is colder than a wet soil of the same
kind only when the ground remains unfrozen."

Tropical rains: Their duration, frequency, and intensity, O. L. Fassig
{Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 460-418, figs. 16).— This
study has already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 619).

Frost in the United States, W. G. Reed {Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-
16, vol. 2, pp. 593-631, figs. 13).— Frost data for selected stations in the United

416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

States are tabulated and discussed, and maps are presented which show (1)
the average dates of the last killing frost in the spring and the first in the fall
in the United States, (2) the average frostless period, (3) the probable occur-
rence of the last killing frost in spring and the first killing frost in the fall in
one year in ten, and (4) the probable length of the season without killing
frost in four years out of five. The business risk involved in planting and har-
vesting at particular times is discussed.

Snow surveying-: Its problems and their present phases with reference to
Mount Kose, Nevada, and vicinity, J. B. Church, je. {Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci.
Cong., 1915-16, vol. 2, pp. 496-549, pi. 1, figs. 3). — The methods and apparatus
used by the author in measuring snow and the evaporation from snow fields
are described in detail, and the application of the i-esults in forecasting the
probable water supply for irrigation is fully discussed. Special attention is
given to methods of forecasting, based on seasonal percentage surveys, in
which the object is to determine the percentage relationship of a given .season's
snowfall to that which normally occurs in a watershed applying " the resulting
percentage to the normal run-off as measured at the outlet of the basin."

These studies have been noted from time to time from other sources (E. S. 11.,
36, p. 17; 37, p. 16).

Snow and its value to the fanner, A. H. Palmee {Sci. Mo., 6 (1918), No. 2,
pp. 128-141, fiys. 18). — It is pointed out in this article that, "as a blanket or
covering, snow on the ground checks winterkilling. It protects vegetation from
extreme temperatures, from excessive evaporation, and from destructive winds,
at the same time permitting the penetration of some sunlight and allowing
uninterrupted respiration of plant ti.ssue. On twigs and buds it conserves
cellular moisture which otherwise might be sacrificed at too rapid a I'ate dur-
ing sudden changes of temperature. It mellows the soil, replenishes the ground
moisture, checks the run-off from winter rains, furnishes most of the water
used for irrigation and power purposes, provides an easy means of transpor-
tation, and prevents destructive prairie and forest fires. Grass is benefitted
by abundant snows, and winter wheat is largely dependent upon it for its
success."

Nitrogen, chlorin, and sulphates in rain and snow, B. L. Peck (Chem.
News, 116 (1911), No. 3029, pp. 283, 284).— The data contained in a continua-
tion from October 20, 1916, to June 8, 1917, of studies on this subject at Cor-
nell College, Iowa, are reported in detail (E. S. R., 34, p. 615).

Weather review for 1914 and 1915, W. M. Esten (Connecticut Storrs Stu.
Rpt. 1914-15, pp. 255-270, fig. 1). — Observations at Storrs, Conn., on tempera-
ture, precipitation, and length of the growing season are summarized and tables
are given which show the monthly and annual means of temperature and
precipitation, 18S8 to 1914, and length of the growing season, 1888 to 1915.

The mean temperature for 28 years, 1888 to 1915, was 47.47° F. ; highest
temperature, 99°, July 3, 1912; lowest temperature, — 17°, February 14, 1914;
mean rainfall, 44.17 in. ; longest duration of growing season 184 days, April 18
to October 19, 1901 ; average date of last killing frost in spring. May 3 ; average
date of first killing frost in autumn, October 10; and prevailing wind in Janu%i"y,
February, March, April, May, August, October, November, and December,
northwest ; in June, July, and September, southwest ; and for the year,
northwest.

Annual report of Iowa weather and crop bureau for 1916, G. M. Chappel
(Iowa Yearbook Agr., 17 (1916), pp. 514-573, 579-582, figs. 9).— This report is
made up of the summaries of the monthly and weekly bulletins issued by the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service in cooperation with the Weather Bureau of
the U, S. Department of Agriculture.

1918] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 417

Meteorological review, C. Flammaeion {Ann. Astron. et M6t. [Paris], 5Ji
(1918), pp. 299-SJiS, figs. 16). — The conditions of atmospheric pressure, tem-
perature of the air and soil, rainfall, cloudiness, etc., with special reference
to the region of Juvisy and the environs of Paris are summarized. The article
also contains special notes on the unusually severe winter of 1916-17, extreme
variations of temperature in 191G iind 1917, the clear night of December 23,
1916, remarkable solar halos, and a marine tornado.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Movement of soluble salts through soils, M. M. McCool and L. C. Wheeting
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 11, pp. 531-547, figs. 5).—
Results are reported of laboratory studies at the Micliigan Experiment Station
of the translocation of certain salts (including sodium eWorld, potassium
chlorid, and sodium carbonate) when added in varying amounts to soils of
different texture (heavy and light silt loam, and medium and fine quartz sand)
and moisture contents, as well as of changes induced in the composition of
the soil solution. The experiments were made in sealed and unsealed con-
tainers, maintained in both a horizontal and upright position, known amounts
of the different salts being introduced into the center of the soil mass. A
study of changes in the concentration of the soil solutions was made by deter-
minations of freezing-point lowerings at various distances from the salt layer
and at different intervals of time. In addition, chemical studies were made
of the soil solutions obtained by extracting one part of the different layers
of soil with one of distilled water, passing the extract through Chamberland
filters and determining the amount of certain bases (iron and aluminum,
calcium, and magnesium) found therein. Tlie data are presented in tabular
form and the results illustrated by graphs.

The authors conclude that the data presented show that soluble salts are
translocated from regions of high to those of lower concentration in moist
soils when inclosed in sealed containers ; and in case of silt loam in the open
containers upward movement is very rapid and the downward translocation is
marked, the water movement evidently decreasing the downward transloca-
tion. ... In case of the potassium chlorid, the lack of movement reported
may have been and probably was due to the retention of the potassium by the
soil, other bases being forced into the solution. . . . Such movements are to
be expected, especially if the moisture coats the soil particles in the form of
films, in view of the fact that diffusion of salts takes place in solution, but on
the other hand the movement may not be and probably is not due wholly to
diffusion. It does not seem untenable to assume that the i-eactions which take
place when salts are added to the soil play their role. A given base coming
in contact with a particle or a group of particles may be held and others
liberated, adjacent particles may not be satisfied, so far as one or more of
these bases are concerned, and by removing them from solution may aid in
the translocation of soluble material in the soil.

" The chemical studies show that the addition of soluble salts to a given
region of the soil results in changes of the composition of the soil solution
which may not be confined to the soil mass receiving the application, ft seems
that such conditions are of far-reaching impoi'tance in connection with the
results obtained from the use of soluble-fertilizer salts, as well as attempts
to bring about a so-called balanced soil solution. Inasmuch as soils un-
doubtedly vary with respect to the action that takes place when they are
treated with various soluble substances, it does not seem possible to work out a
balanced soil solution by studying a few soils."

418

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

[Vol. 38

Finally, it is concluded that " soluble salts ... do not long remain localized,
as reported by earlier investigators. Moreover, the rate of movement is
affected by the water content of the soil and the mass of salt present. Where
moisture is being lost by evaporation, the upward movement is more rapid
than the downward translocation in heavier soils ; but in case of sands the
downward translocation is indeed slight, thus indicating that soluble salts,
such as sodium nitrate, are more likely to be lost by upward movement to the
surface of sandy soils during a drought than in case of heavier soils. . . .

" The indications are that the translocation of soluble salts in soils is brought
about by means of diffusion, by reactions that take place in the soil, and by
moisture movements. Field and laboratory experiments in progress should
throw additional light upon moisture movement in different soil classes, as
well as the upward movement from the subsoil of substances in solution."

Excess soluble salts in humid soils, S. D. Conner {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron.,
9 (1917), No. 6, pp. 297-301). — Experiments conducted at the Indiana Experi-
ment Station are reported, the results of which are taken to indicate that
" black soils in humid regions sometimes contain excessive amounts of soluble
salts. These soluble salts may cause injury to crops, due to high concentration
of nontoxic salts, to a lower concentration of more toxic substances, or to a
combination of both. The salts occurring in liigh concentration are generally
nitrates. The toxic salts occur generally in acid soils and are mainly soluble
salts of aluminum. The only clay and loam soils that were found to contain
excessive soluble salts were of artificial origin, such as spots where old stables
had stood."

Lysimeter investigations, H. K. Dean (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indust.,
Work Umatilla Expt. Farm, 1915-16, pp. 14-16). — Loss of moisture from cropped
and uncropped sandy soils of the Umatilla project in Oregon in 1915 (May 22
to the end of the year) and 1916, through percolation and evaporation and
transpiration, as determined with concrete lysimeters 3.3 ft. square by 6 ft.
deep, was as follows :

Percolation and evaporation and transpiration (in acre-inches) from lysimeters.

Lysi-
meter.

Crop.

Water sup-
plied by pre-
cipitation and
irrigation.

Percolation.

Evaporation and transpiration.

1915.

1916.

1915.

1916.

1915.

1916.

1915.

1916.

1915.

1916.

No. 1..
No. 2..

No. 3..
No. 4..

No crop

Soy beans
and hairy
vetch

Alfalfa

Alfalfa (ma-
nured)

Inches.
38.75

38.75
38.75

38.75

IrwJies.
56.87

56.87
58.87

56.87

Inches.
26. 041

19. 470
13. 245

13. 438

Inches.
44. 565

27. 219
12.400

12. 062

Per cent.
67.2

50.2
34.4

34.7

Percent.

78.3

47.8
21.8

21.2

Inches.
12. 709

19. 280
25. 505

25. 312

Inches.
12. 305

29. 651
44. 470

44. 808

Per cent.
32.8

49.8
65.6

65.3

Per cent.
21.7

52.2
78.2

78.8

During 1916 both the irrigation water and the percolate were tested and
found to contain calcium, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorin, sulphates, and
nitrates. Less of the bicarbonates, chlorids, and sulphates and more calcium,
carbonates, and nitrates were found in the percolate than were added in the
irrigation water. The greatest amount of nitrates was obtained from the
lysimeter growing soy beans and vetch, with the uncropped lysimeter second.
Comparatively little nitrate was lost from the lysimeters with alfalfa.

1918] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 419

Evaporation from the uncropped lysimeter averaged 0.677 acre-inch per one-
week period in 1915 and 0.583 acre-incli in 1916, as compared with an evapora-
tion of 1.811 and 1.403 in. from a free water surface for the same periods.
The evaporation and transpiration from the lysimeter with soy beans averaged
0.986 acre-incli per week in 1915 and with soy beans and vetcli 1.307 in. in
1916. The evaporation and transpiration of the two alfalfa lysimeters aver-
aged 1.323 acre-inches per week in 1915 and were comparatively constant. In
1916 there was considerable variation, depending upon the amount of water
applied, amounting to 1.509 acre-inches per week with 1.5 acre-inch irriga-
tions, 1.672 acre-inches with 2 acre-inch irrigations, and 2.57 acre-inches with
3 acre-inch irrigations. The variations are thought to be due to the fact that
the crop received rather less moisture than was required for maximum growth
with the 1.5 and 2 acre-inch applications, but an amount greater than the
actual needs of the crop with the 3 acre-inch applications.

Experiments in methods for determining' the reaction of soils, H. R. Chris-
TENSEN {Soil ScL, 4 (1917), No. 2, pp. 115-178, figs. 4).— The results of experi-
ments reported in this article indicate the necessity of distinguishing sharply
between the absolute acidity of the soil and its ability to free acids.

" The majority of methods suggested for making a quantitative determination
of the acidity of the soil give no information as to the content of truly acid-
reacting substances in the soil, but only of its ability to absorb bases, which is
partly determined by the presence of acid-reacting substances and partly by the
presence of nonbase saturate colloids, or other nonaoid-reacting but base-absorb-
ing substances. ... In determining the ability of the .soil to absorb bases, a
method based on Baumann and Gully's principles, in which acetates are em-
ployed, should be preferred."

It is thought probable that free acids exist in sphagnum peat, and the results
of the investigations are taken to indicate that the ability of this type of soil to
absorb bases is partly dependent on the presence of acid-reacting substances.
It is fui'ther thought that the ability of a soil to color a neutral litmus solution
red is an indication of the presence of free acids.

" A determination of the base-absorption power of the soil is not sufficient for
determining its lime requirement, for it has been found that many soils which
were considered to require lime (such as those not causing Azotobacter vegeta-
tion under the Azotobacter test) possess less power to free acids in a calcium
acetate solution than those which do not require lime (such as those causing
Azotobacter vegetation under the Azotobacter test). . . . The qualitative de-
termination of the lime requirement, according to the combined litmus and
Azotobacter tests, can to a certain extent give information as to the degree of
the lime requirement of the soil. . . .

" It is probable that the question of the lime requirement of the soil is pre-
dominantly a question of the presence or absence of certain easily decomposed
acid-saturating calcium (or magnesium) compounds."

The nitrogen-fixing' bacteria in water and the soil beneath the water,
H. Fischer (Centhl., Bakt. [etc.1, 2. Aht., 46 {1916), No. 11-16, pp. S04-32S;
abs. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1916, II, pp. 764, 765; Cliem.. Abs., 11 {1917), No. 15, p.
2251; abs. in Internat. Inst. Afft: [Kotne], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pi-act. Agr.,
8 (1917), No. 1, pp. 26, 27). — Experiments are reported in which it was found
that soil before the construction of a farm pond contained large numbers of
Azotobacter while two years after the pond was built very few Azotobacter
were found and in 1915 thqj^ were almost completely gone. Attempts to grow
the organism in symbiosis with water plants were unsuccessful. It is con-
cluded that Azotobacter plays no important role in such ponds.

420 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

" Of special significance for the fixation of nitrogen in water is the parasitism
or symbiosis between green water plants, especially algse. and short bacilli of
the pneumonia group. Their action is not increased by sodium nitrate or
artificial fertilization. In Wielenbach it was found that by nitrogen-free ferti-
lizer, with the help of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a multitudinous increase
of fish was produced. The action of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria shows itself
further in a tenfold enrichment of the ground at the bottom of the pond. The
significance of free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, especially the aerobacterial
and radiobacterial forms, can be favorably compared with that of the nodule
bacilli for the legumes."

Microorg'anisms of waste and cultivated peat soils, T. Arnd (Centbl. Bakt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 45 {1916), No. S-25, pp. 554-574; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome}, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 12, pp. 1144, 1^45;
Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 15, p. 897).— Preliminary trials at the
Bremen Experiment Station to ascertain the effect of drainage, liming, and
tillage on the bacterial life of peat soils, gave the following general results:

Ammonifying organisms were present in all samples but were far more active
in surface soils than in subsoils and in cultivated than in waste land. The
breaking up of waste land affected the bacterial life only to a depth of about
8 in. of soil. No nitrifying organisms were found in waste land or cultivated
land, except such as received a dressing of more than 0.5 ton of lime per acre.
More than 1 ton per acre appeared to be necessary to produce active develop-
ment of the nitrifying organisms in the peat itself. All the samples tested were
able to reduce nitrates. The surface soil of waste land was not much more
active than the subsoil, but the surface soil of cultivated land showed much
more activity, especially where tillage had been accompanied by liming. Similar
relations were observed in respect to the power of decomposing cellulose. As
with ammonification and nitrification, the maximum decomposition of cellulose
occurred when the soil had previously received a dressing of dung. In no
sample of soil was Azotobacter present. Surface soils and cultivated .soils fer-
mented mannitol more readily than subsoils and waste land, the maximum effect
again being obtained with a manured plat.

Soil sterilization, F. O. Ockerblad, jb. {Vermont Sta. Bui. 203 {1917), pp.
14-16). — Studies with greenhouse soil containing approximately 3,250,000 or-
ganisms per cubic centimeter are briefly noted, in which steam, phenol, sul-
phuric acid, formaldehyde, carbon disulphid, and pyridin were employed. The
steaming was done in an autoclave for 1, 2, and 5 hours and for half-hour
intervals on three successive days, the soil being placed in glass tubes 1 in.
wide and 12 in. long and in 8 in. flower pots.

The surface soil exhibited little difference for the several treatments, over
99 per cent of the organisms being killed, while at a depth of 30 cm. (about
1 ft.) wide differences occurred. The 5-hour treatment proved most effective
at all depths. The relatively high percentage of organisms killed at depths
of 20 and 30 cm. is thought to be due to the penetration of the dry heat through
the walls of the glass tube, and that equally good results would be obtained
in actual practice is deemed unlikely. The percentage of organisms killed in
the pots appeared to be fairly uniform throughout the soil column. Oats
grown in pots of steamed and unsteamed soil produced approximately one-
seventh more dry matter on the treated soil.

The chemicals were used in solutions of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 per cent, except for-
maldehyde which was used in 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 per cent solutions, and were
applied to greenhouse beds 5 in. deep, the plats being covered for one and
two days. Phenol and carbon disulphid were generally ineffective; pyridin

1918) SOILS FERTILIZERS. 421

was somewhat effective at 0.1 per cent strength ; and sulphuric acid was fairly
effective, a one-day exposure accounting for from 91.3 to 96.7 per cent of the
organisms, two-day exposures for from 68.3 to 86.9 per cent. P'ormaldehyde
proved to be most effective, having killed more than 99 per cent of the organ-
isms in four of six trials and 97.2 per cent in a fifth trial. " The gas seems
to combine with, or in some way to affect, the albuminous contents of the
bacterial cell, thus inhibiting reproduction."

Steam is considered more effective than any chemical, but proved to be
cuniber.some to use and of limited range. Formaldehyde was estimated to
have cost about 1.5 cts. per square yard of application.

Samples of soil taken from plats which had^ received air-slaked lime, quick-
lime, and eWorld of lime at the rate of 150 bu. per acre, and representing
depths near the surface, from 3 to 6 in., and from 6 to 9 in., showed from 36
to 60 per cent less organisms for the surface of the limed plats than for
untreated check plats, but increases in the bacterial population for the other
depths ranging from 51 to 498 per cent.

Researches on the equilibrium between the nitrogen and carbon in the
soil, P. Felbeb {Mitt. Landw. Lehrkanz. K. K. HocJisch. Bodenkul. Wien, 3
(1916), No. 1, pp. 23-54; «&«■ in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Intemat. Rev. Set.
and Pract. Agr., 8 {1911), No. 1, pp. 22-25; Abs. Bad., 1 {1917), No. 4, p. 308).—
Analysis of a variety of soils indicated that the carbon-nitrogen relations are
fairly constant.

The influence of bacterial activity as indicated by the carbon-nitrogen ratio
upon these soils with and without the addition of various substances was
determined. In the control test the bacterial activity caused a loss in both
organic matter and nitrogen. A similar loss occurred with soy-bean meal.
With straw the loss in nitrogen was less. The addition of lime intensified the
decomposition of organic matter but did not influence the loss in ammonia.
Nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation were not affected by the
lime. The digestion of earth with water at 30° C. for three days showed that
the ratio between carbon and nitrogen was altered, there being an increased
proportion of nitrogen. Denitrification of saltpeter occurred when it was
added in combination with straw meal or dextrose. Without these sources
of carbon there was an elimination of carbon but the saltpeter was not de-
stroyed.

The humus content of the soil, H. J. Wheeler {Proc. Amer. Assoc. Farmers'
Inst. Workers, 21 {1916), pp. 19-90, figs. 2). — This is a lecture dealing with
humus, its origin, production, and activity in soil witli special reference to its
relation to the fertility of different soil types.

Soil survey of the Riverside area, Cal., J. W. Nelson, R. L. Pendleton, J. E.
Dunn, A. T. Strahorn, and E. B. Watson {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field
Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 5-88, pis. 4, fig- 1, f^ap i).— This survey, made in
cooperation with the California Experiment Station, deals with the soils of an
area of 387,840 acres situated in the western part of Riverside County and
the southwestern corner of San Bernardino County. Topographically, it con-
sists mainly of a series of large alluvial fans extending from the surrounding
mountains and merging into an extensive, gently sloping plain, while several
low mountains occur within the area. As a whole the region is well drained,
although local low-lying spots having a high-water table are affected with
alkali.

The soils of the area are largely derived from granite, gneiss, and schists,
and have been spread over the region as extensive alluvial-fan deposits.
Thirty-five soil types representing 13 series are mapped, in addition to river-

422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

wash, rough brokon land, and rough stony land. Approximately 90 per cent of
the .soils are of a loam or lighter texture.

Soil survey of Bottineau County, N. Dak., W. B. Cobb, W. I. Watkins, A. T.
Strahorn, M. E. Stebbins, M. Thomas, and A. C. Anderson {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 5-54, fiff- 1< '>n(ip 1). — This survey,
made in cooperation with the North Dakota Experiment Station, deals with the
soils of an area of 1.07.5,840 acres in north-central North Dakota. The county
lies in the glaciated portion of the Great Plains, the topography varying from
nearly level to gently undulating in the Prairie Plains region, to undulating
to hilly in the Turtle Mountains region. The drainage system is far from
complete but adequate to care for the run-off.

The chemical composition of the soils of the county was determined by
numerous analyses of both surface and subsoil and is said to compare favorably
with that of soils of rich agricultural regions. " Like many of the other soils
of the Middle West they are lower in nitrogen and phosphorus than in the
other important elements when measured on the basis of standard crop de-
mands. They differ from the soils of the more humid regions in the Middle
West in that tliey contain much larger amounts of calcium and magnesium.
They also contain larger amounts of limestone or calcium carbonate. Owing to
defective drainage, small areas contain considerable amounts of soluble salts."

The soils of the county are of glacial, or drift and alluvium origin. Eighteen
soil types and 7 type phases of 8 series, exclusive of peat and muck, are
mapped. Barnes loam, Barnes very fine sandy loam, and Barnes fine sandy
loam predominate, occupying 32.5, 22, and 11.6 per cent of the total area, re-
spectively.

Soil survey of San Saba County, Tex., J. O. Veatch, R. F. Rogers, M. W.
Beck, and H. G. Lewis {U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils,
1916, pp. 5-67, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey deals with the soils of an area of
710.400 acres in central Texas lying in the High Plains region of the State,
and physiogi-aphically is a maturely dissected plateau. The topography of the
county varies from rolling or nearly level to deeply dissected, steep and precipi-
tous, with a general elevation ranging from about 1,200 to 1,900 ft. above sea
level.

The soils of the county are mainly resulual in origin with about one-seventh
of the area derived from alluvial deposits. " Clay and clay loam soils pre-
dominate, with fine sandy loam next in extent. The greater part of the upland
is excessively stony and poorly adapte-d to farming. With the exception of some
of the sandy types, the soils are prevailingly dark in color at the surface
and moderately to highly calcareous. In addition to rough stony land, 34 soil
types, one represented by a phase, are mapped. These are classed with 14
soil series."

Crawford stony clay, San Saba stony clay, and rough stony land constitute
15.5, 15.4, and 10.4 per cent of the area, respectively.

Ei'osion of Kansas soils, R. I. Throckmorton {Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr.,
20 (1915-16), pp. 170-178, figs. 8). — Erosion of Kansas soils and methods of.
prevention are discussed, including the terrace method and the earth dam
method.

Soil improvement, R. W. AlXlen [V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work
Umatilla Expt. Farm, 1915-16, pp. 8-12, figs. 2). — The soil fertility problems
on the Umatilla project near Hermiston, Oreg., are briefly stated, and yields of
clover in 1912, 1915, and 1916, with applications of nitrate of soda, muriate of
potash, phosphate rock, lime, tankage, blood meal, and stable manure are re-
ported. Tlie results are deemed inconclusive due to the uneven character of the
laud from grading for irrigation, but the greatest gain attributed to the fer-

19181 SOILS FERTILIZERS. 423

tilizer treatments followed applications of 1,000 and 2,000 lbs. of tankage
per acre.

Concerning farm manures, R. T. Bitrdick {Vermont Sta. Bui. 206 {1917), pp.
53-72). — Thi.s article, dealing with farm manures, their chemical composition,
physical characteri.stics, preservation, application, and use, under Vermont con-
ditions, is a slightly more detailed account of the same subject previously noted
(E. S. R., 16, p. 245).

The manufacture of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills {Vermont Sta. Bui.
207 {1917), pp. 4S, pis. 8, fig. 1). — This bulletin sets forth in a comprehensive
manner tire present status of fertilizer manufacturing in the North Atlantic
States, embracing a discussion of the raw materials ; manufacturing processes,
including the manufacture of sulphuric acid and a description of the wet-,
base-, and dry-mix processes; and manufacturing and selling costs.

Sterilized animal meal {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Uept. Quart. Jour., No. ^
{1916), pp. 137-141)- — The process of manufacture of so-called sterilized animal
meal from the carcasses of dead animals is described.

" The special merits of sterilized animal meal are due to the fact that it is
a concentrated organic manure containing high percentages of nitrogen and
phosphoric acid, in various degrees of availability. . . . The best results are
usually obtained when it is used on light well-drained soils, but it also does
well on certain heavier soils."

The fixation of nitrogen, J. E. Buchek {Jour. Indus, and Enyin. Chem., 'J
{1917), No. 8, pp. 233-253, figs. 16; abs. in Metallurg. and Chem. Engin., 16
{1917), No. 6, pp. 315-317; Sci. Amer. Sup., 83 (1917), No. 2153, p. 215; Sci.
Amer., 116 {1917), No. 15, p. 373; Metallurg. and Chem. Eng., 16 {1917), No. 2,
p. 82; Amer. Jour. Sci., 4. ser., 43 {1917), No. 256, p. 329; Sci. Abs., Sect. B—
Elect. Engin., 20 {1917), No. 235, pp. 231, 232; Engineering [London], 103 {1917),
No. 2682, p. 505). — In thi.s paper it is stated that experiments showed that the
necessity for electric power in nitrogen fixation may be done away with by
using chemical means. The substance of the discovery is that nitrogen will
combine with an alkali and carbon in the presence of iron as a catalyst pro-
ducing cyanid. Soda ash and powdered iron or iron ore were mixed with pow-
dered coke. " Upon heating this mixture in an ordinary furnace and running
air over it, the result is cyanid of soda, leaving the iron uncombined. In spite
of this fact, that the iron is in the end untouched by the action, if it be omitted
no action takes place."

It was further found that letting waste carbon dioxid gas into the sodium
cyanid solution resulted in the production of urea.

The synthesis of ammonia by the Haber process, R. O. E. Davis and H.
Beyan {Amer. Pert., 47 {1917), No. 7, pp. 29, 30).— This process is described.

Making available the organic nitrogen of leather, hair, wool waste, and
muck or peat, R. E. Rose {Amer. Pert., .^7 {1917), No. 7, pp. 24-26).— This is a
brief review and discussion of the subject presented in a paper before the
fifty-fifth annual meeting of the American Chemical Society.

Solubility of mineral phosphates and superphosphates in dilute mineral
and organic acids, A. Aita {Ann. Ghim. Appl. [Rome], 9 {1917), pp. 200-210;
abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 15, p. 897).— In each determina-
tion 2.5 gm. of the phosiihate was digested for 30 minutes at from 14 to 15° C.
with 2.50 cc. of the dilute sulphuric, hydrochloric, formic, acetic, oxalic, tartaric,
or citric acid solutions, the mixture being frequently stirred. The mineral acids
were used in strengths of 0.01 to 0.1 gm. equivalent per liter and the organic
acids in 0.25 or 1 gm. equivalent per liter.

499&4°— 18 ^3

424 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 38

It was found that In the case of the Inorganic acids the solubility of the
phosphoric anhydrid in superphosphate was comparable with that obtained
with the mineral phosphates, after making allowances for such factors as fine-
ness, friability, and proportion of lime. In the case of the organic acids,
mineral phosphates behaved in the same way as wlien treated with inorganic
acids, except that there was a slighter dissociation and that the influence of
other constituents was more pronounced. Superphosphates, however, behaved
in the same way as mineral phosphates toward oxalic acid, but yielded a
high proportion of phosphoric anhydrid to the other solutions. For example,
the following amounts of the total phosphoric anhydrid were extracted : With
formic acid 73.28, acetic acid 02.61, oxalic acid 24.44, tartaric acid 66.43, and
citric acid 77.87 per cent.

" The formation of complex citrophosphates in combination with aluminum
and ferric iron has been shown [E. S. R., 36, p. 727] to be the cause of the high
citric solubility of phosphoric acid, and it would seem that similar complex
compounds are formed with organic acids containing atoms of hydrogen not in
combination in carboxyl or hydroxyl groups. The solubility of the phosphoric
anhydrid in superphosphates is somewhat less than that of mineral phosphates
in dilute mineral acids, but the solubility of the phosphoric anhydrid is almost
equal in both cases in organic acids which have the property of forming com-
pounds with phosphoric acid, aluminum, and ferric iron."

Fertilizer trials with tetraphosphate in Piedmont rice fields, Italy, Mak-
CARELLi and NovELJLi (Gior. Risicolt., 6 (191G), No. 21, pp. 321-327; abs. in
Internat. Inst. Ayr. [Ilotne], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Fract. Ayr., 8 (1917), No.
2, pp. 230, 231; Jour. Soc. Chetn. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 15, p. 897).— Experi-
ments were made in an extremely acid soil, very poor in lime, growing rice.
The field was in a fertile condition at the commencement of the experiments,
having received a dressing of mineral superphosphate and barnyard manure dur-
ing the previous winter. Three equal areas of the field were sown with paddy
rice and manured, respectively, with 500 kg. per hectare (445 lbs. per acre)
of tetraphosphate containing 2 per cent of citrate soluble, 7.8 per cent of citric
acid soluble, and 2S.3 per cent total phosphoric acid, the same amount of ground
phosphorite, and 930 kg. of superphosphate. The amount of marketable grain
obtained from the tetraphosphate plat was 6,330 kg., from the ground phos-
phorite plat from 5,730 to 5,906 kg., and from the superphosphate plat 5,690 kg.

What we are doing toward remedying the potash shortage, R. K. Meade
{CommGrcial Fcrt., 15 {1917), No. 3, pp. 1,0, U, 46, 50).— This is a brief review
of the details of the different new potash industries of the United States. It is
believed " that the largest future source of cheap potash available in the
country is in the iron industry and cement industry, which could be made to
produce almost all of the potash formerly imported from Germany. Other
promising sources of small amounts are from the evaporation of brines and
from beet-sugar waste. There is always the possibility, too, that some of the
processes now proposed for the manufacture of potash direct from greensand
or feldspar will prove commercially successful."

A new source of potash, H. T. Cranfield (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 24
(1917), No. 5, pp. 526-530; abs. in Nature [London], 100 (1917), No. 2501,
p. 92). — The author is of the opinion that the flue dust of blast furnaces is the
most important source of potash yet discovered in Great Britain. Analyses of
flue dusts are given in the table following.

19181

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Analyses of flue dusts.

425

Kind of flue dust.

Kind of potash.

Cream.

Black.

Red.

Black.

Black
(burnt)

Black.

Black.

Cream.

Red.

Gray.

Light
bro^vn.

Gray.

Water soluble..
Total (acid sol-
uble)

P.ct.
9.25

15.89

P.ct.
3.13

P.ct.
5.92

8.50

P.ct.

1.08

2.97

P.ct.
5.12

P.ct.
2.01

3.73

P.ct.
1.23

3.13

P.ct.

5.69

11.82

P.ct.

4.08

7.58

P.ct.

6.88

12.46

P.ct.
3.82

7.61

P.ct.
4.70

7.10

It is estimated that there are 300 furnaces in full blast in Great Britain and
that each produces 20 tons of black, 5 tons of red, and 1 ton of cream-colored
flue dust per week. On the basis that the black dust contains 2.5, the red 7,
and the cream-colored 10 per cent of potash, their total annual production would
be about 15,000 tons of potash, of which at least 50 per cent is considered
to be available.

Commercial fertilizers, P. L. Hibij.vkd (California Sta. Bui. 286 (1917), pp.
117-166). — This reports the results of fertilizer inspection work for the year
ended June 30, 1917. A total of 506 samples of fertilizers and fertilizer ma-
terials was received, 460 being official samples. Deficiencies greater than those
allowed by law occurred in 126 samples.

Fertilizer analyses, H. B. McDonnell et al. (Md. Agr. Col. Qttart., No. 77
(1917), pp. 31). — This is a report of the fertilizer inspection and analysis in
Maryland for the period from February, 1917, to June, 1917, inclusive.

Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, O. H. Jones, and G. P. Anderson (Ver-
mont 8ta. Bui. 206 (1917), pp. 5-52, pis. Jf). — Analyses of 171 licensed brands of
fertilizers, representing the output of 18 companies and sold in Vermont during
1917, are reported. The quality of the crude stock used is reported as being be-
yond reproach. All but 4 of the 171 brands carried appreciable amounts of
mineral as well as of organic forms of nitrogen, and about J contained potash.
Guaranties were met in 81 per cent of the brands tested. The average selling
price was $32.65, but no trade valuation was made owing to the unsettled con-
ditions of the fertilizer industry.

AGRICULTURAL BOTAITY.

Plant associatious of western Pennsylvania with special reference to physi-
ographic relationship, II, J. E. Cribbs (Plant World, 20 (1917), No. 5, pp. 1^2-
157, fujs. S). — The author states that plant associations of western Pennsyl-
vania bear a close relation to the topographical features of that region, so
that a given type of vegetation may be expected to grow in widely separated
similar environments. This is due to its close relationship to certain factors
which are practically decisive.

Desiccation produces much the same result whether due to wind or to sun-
shine. Soil composition produces no striking differences. Relative humidity
resolves itself into a question of soil moisture, which is the most important of
the factors determining, directly or indirectly, the composition of the associations.
High soil humidity inhibits oxidation, so that acids and other plant by-products
accumulate in sufficient quantity to exert possibly a direct influence upon the
vegetation. Decay processes may draw oxygen from the supply in the water
sufficiently to affect growth. Retention of detrimental materials in the soil is

426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 38

perhaps a principal hindrance to growth. The relative coldness of the waters
from the ravine slopes may be an influence modifying that of soil moisture.

The climax formation of western Pennsylvania is a mesophytic deciduous
forest of which Acer, Fagus, Castanea, and Quercus are the dominant members.
The composition of the climax formation is directly referable not to physio-
graphical but to climatic conditions.

A list of Japanese fungi, M. Shikai and I. Miyake {Tokyo, 1017, 2. ed., pp.
735+7S). — This consists of an alphabetical list of species of fungi known to
occur in Japan.

Self-sterility, C. W. Mooke {Jour. Heredity, S {1917), No. 5, pp. 203-207, figs.
3).— A study of Tradescantia. TrifoUum hybridum, Medicago sativa, and Papa-
ver rhwas, regarding their capacity for cross-fertilization as compared with
that for self-fertilization, showed differences in this respect in favor of the
former method which were notable in case of Tradescantia and somewhat less
so in Trifolium. These and other observations noted are thought to be capable
of interpretation either on the ground of an inhibitor in the pollen grain or
stigma which in some cases prevents a pollen grain from extending itself to the
stage of self-pollination, or else on that of an early deficiency of food supply for
the tube and its consequent stoppage of longitudinal growth short of the point
where self-fertilization is possible. The latter explanation is considered as the
more probable, the greater thickness of the pollen tubes in Tradescantia indi-
cating that the food supply is more favorable to the nourishment of a self-pollen
tube than it is to that of a cross-pollen tube. The tubes thus express their
growth chiefly in thickness and fail to carry the nucleus to the embryo sac.

Artificial production of galls, M. Molliaku {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
165 {1917), No. Jf, pp. 160-162, fig. 1). — Larvaj of Avlax papavcris were crushed
in a small quantity of water which was then Altered under pressure and forced
into the pistil (some entering the ovary) of Papaver rliocas. This developed a
decided hypertrophy in certain of the placental lamella? resembling the effects
pi'oduced by the presence of the larvre themselves. Similar results were ob-
tained with P. sonmiferum, which is said not to be attacked by A. papaveris.

The movement of chromatophores, C. Sauvageau {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
[Paris], 165 {1917), No. Jf, pp. 158, 159, fig. 1). — Saccorhiza hvlhosa is said to
exhibit in a remarkaljle degree the tendency to contract its chromatophores
rapidly and considerably on exposure to strong diffused light, this change being
reversible in darkness.

Physiology and biology of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, V. L. OfifELiANSKii
{Arch. Sci. Biol. [Petrograd], 19 {1915), No. 2, pp. 162-208, pi. 1; abs. in Intcr-
nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internal. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 7, pp.
9U, 945; Jour. Soc. Chcni. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 1, p. J,0).—'T\\e author has
endeavored to make a digest of the large amount of existing information on
the physiologj' and biology of AzotobaHvr chroococcum, supplementing this by
the results of his own researches. The subjects dealt with are the methods of
accumulation of Azotobacter in selected culture, methods of isolation, growth
in solid and liquid media, and influence of temperature and aeration. The
most attention is devoted to the fixation of free atmospheric nitrogen, and in
particular the conditions insuring the highest efliciency of the species under
study, with reference not only to the absolute quantity of nitrogen fixed but
also to the quantity of nonnitrogenous substances oxidized.

Relations between nitrogen fixation and the consumption of nonnitrog-
enous organic substances by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, V. L. OmelIanskii
{Arch. Sci. Biol. [Petrograd], 18 {1915), No. 4, pp. 327-337, figs. 2; abs. in Inter-
nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 7, pp.

1918] AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 427

943, 9U, fig. 1; Jour. Son. Chem. Indua., S6 {J917), No. 1, p. //O).— Experiments
using A::otoba<'ter chroococewn and Clostrklium pasteurianum together are re-
ported. The nutritive medium used was composed of SO cc. drinking water,
20 cc. 5 per cent linseed extract, 2 gm. dextrose, 0.1 gm. potassium phosphate,
0.05 gm. magnesium sulphate, and 0.5 gm. calcium carbonate. Incubation at
from 21 to 22° C. lasted about six weeks.

It was found that a close relation exists between the processes of assimila-
tion and disassimilation in the cell. The process of fixation of nitrogen ran its
course uninterruptedly until the available energetic substance was consumed.
The quantity of nitrogen fixed was relatively small (1.735 mg. of nitrogen per
gram of sugar decomposed), which is attriliuted to the low degree of activity
of the bacterial strains employed in the experiments. Nitrogen fixation and
sugar decomposition were parallel and showed a continuous increase throughout
the experiment, the maximum taking place in the period between the fifth and
fifteenth day.

A comparison between the productivity of the work of the bacteria at differ-
ent periods of five days each showed that the process of nitrogen fixation was
at its best in the first period. " The efficiency of the bacteria declines rapidly
during the three following periods, after which, during the final period, it
remains at nearly the same level. It may be said, therefore, that during the
first periods of growth of the bacteria in question in the nonnitrogenous me-
dium, when the cells of the nitrogen fixers multiply energetically, their work
is most efficient. The impression of the hnv efficiency of the work of these

microbes gained from examining the ratio — p at the close of the experiment

must be due to the depressing influence resulting from the process being in its
last stages."

Fixation of atmospheric niti'og'en by mixed cultures, V. L. OmeliInskii
{Arch. Set. Biol, [reiroarad], 18 {1915), No. J,, pp. 338-377, pi. 1; ahs. in Intrr-
nnt. Infit. Agr. [Home], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 7, pp.
942, 943; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indtis., 36 {1917), No. 1, p. ^0).— Studies on the
fixation of nitrogen in cultures of a large number of races of Azotobacter and
Clostridium pasteurianum isolated from different Russian soils, associating
with them many other microorganisms usually accompanying them in soils,
are reported.

It Is concludefl that " the study of the biochemical i-eactions by means of
which the bacteria in mixed cultures fix atmospheric nitrogen brings out
clearly the various aspects of the natural process occurring under conditions
of combined action of the different organisms. The organisms acting in com-
bination with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in upper soil strata are very numerous
and they play an extremely important part in the life of the soil. The synergetic
activity of nitrogen-fixing and accompanying microbes is, both In laboratory
experiments and under natural conditions (cultivable stratum of the soil), of
a different character according to the properties of the species taking part In
the process and their environment. In other cases the function of the satellite
organism seems to consist in fixing the oxygen of the air and in creating the
anaerobic environment (for C. pasteurianum). The species added to the
cultures of nitrogen-fixing microbes sometimes supply the compounds of car-
bon needed for the process of fixing nitrogen as energetic substance.

In the case of the combination. Azotobacter and C. pasteurianum, the
function of the former is not confined to fixing the oxygen of the air only
and consequently to creating an anaerobic environment for the Clostridiiim,
but this combination is also useful inasmuch as it destroys the injurious

428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Vol.38

products of disassimllation created by the second (chiefly biityric acid) and
maintains the action of the environment (Azotobacter is alkaligenic and the
Clostridium acidogeuic). The satellite species may also unfavorably affect the
nitrogen-fixing organism, either through products of assimilation or by con-
sumption of the carbon compounds needed for nitrogen-fixiug. The energetic
fixation of oxygen by the satellite aerobic species creates conditions favorable
to the development of C. pasteurianum, but at the same time hinders the growth
of the Azotobacter, which is necessarily aerobic. The form endowed with the
maximum vitality and at the same time the most common form in which com-
bination of the nitrogen-fixing organisms takes place in the upper soil strata
is that of symbiosis between the aerobic and anaerobic nitrogen fixers, princi-
pally between Azotobacter and C. pasteurianum. In spite of the opposite prop-
erties of the two species, their synergetic activity in the upper strata of the
soil results in a harmonious mutual development producing the maximum
economy in consumption of energetic substances."

Distribution of nitrogen-fixing- bacteria in Russian soils, V. L. OmelianskiI
and M. Solunskov {Arch. Sci. Biol. [Petrograd], 18 {1915), No. 5, pp. J,59-J,82,
pis. 3; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Ayr. [Rome'\, Internat. Rev. Set. and Pract. Ayr.,
7 {1916), No. 7, pp. 9Jfl, 9J,2; Jour. 8oc. Chcni. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 1, p. J,0 ;
Chem. Abs., 11 {1917), No. 9, p. 1233) .—Studies conducted at the Imperial Insti-
tute of Experimental Medicine, I'etrograd, are reported on the occurrence of
Clostridium pasteurianum, an anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, and Azoto-
bacter chrooeoccum, an aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium in soils taken from
different depths in 12 different localities of European and Asiatic Russia.

It was found that " Azotobacter and C pasteurianum occur very widely in
soils of different characters and in the most divergent regions of the Empire.
In some few cases only the nitrogen-fixing agent was isolated, for instance
Azotobacter in the sands of the Kirghiz Steppes and in the peat soils in the
north of European Russia (Province of Archangel). The races of Azotobacter
and C. pasteurianum isolated in the inquiries are clearly morphologically dis-
tinct, especially those of C pasteurianum. In these exiieriments, the two
bacteria studied exhibited a different fixing power, weaker in Azotobacter than
in C. pasteurianum, but the figures were very close (1 to 8 mg. of nitrogen per
gram of suear decomposed)."

The action of some olyg-odynamic elements on nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
C. MoNTANABi {Staz. Spcr. Ayr. Ital., 50 {1917), No. 2, pp. 69-72; abs. in Inter-
net. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Ayr., S {1917), No. 6, pp.
83S-840). — Two years' experiments are„reiK)rted with cupper, barium, zinc, lead,
and arsenic, using a white, siliceous sand which was so treate<l as to obtain
the best conditions for nitrification. The elements were added either at the
beginning of the experiment, at the moment of inoculation, or after nitrification
had set In and developed strongly, at rates of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 gm. per 100
gm. of sand.

It was found that " the action of some of the elements varied fairly con-
siderably according to whether they were added at the beginning of the experi-
ment or when nitrification was already in progress. In the first case, the addi-
tion of copper, even in small quantities, of barium, zinc, lead, and arsenic, the
latter in larger quantities only, had a marked inhibiting effect. In the second
case, however, owing to its vigorous development, the organism was unaffected
except by the largest quanties of arsenic and copper. In none of the experi-
ments did the various elements, even when added in the smallest quantities,
have a stimulative or favorable effect on the development of the organisms.

19181 FIELD CROPS. 429

Manganese sulphate was the only exception to this rule. This accounts for
the prejudicial action of these elements on nitrogen bacteria."

See also a previous report of experiments with manganese (E. S. R., 33,
p. 422).

The germination of seeds in saline solutions, P. Lesage {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164 (1017), No. 11, pp. 6S9-6J,1) .—The results of a prelimi-
nary study of concentration limits of germination of seeds of Siletie gallica,
Clarkia pulchella, Gilia capitata, and Linuin usitatissimum in solutions of
electrolytes or nonelectrolytes are given in tabular form.

Assimilation of nutrients by [rice] plants, J. Sen {Rpt. Agr. Research Inst,
and Col. Pusa, 1915-16, pp. 16-18; Trap. Agr. [Ceylon], J,8 {1917), No. 3, pp.
179, 180). — A study made of the assimilation of nutrient material by the rice
plant at six stages of its development is said to show that the total amount
of dry matter in the plant increases up to the time of maturity, the largest in-
crease occurring before the flowering period. Nitrogen decreases continuously,
the most rapid decline being noted during the transplantation stage. The parts
above ground always exceed the roots in their nitrogen content. The leaves
in their earlier stages are twice as rich in nitrogen as the stems. Both leaves
and stems lose nitrogen during the formation of the grains, which, when they
fill, are about three times as rich in nitrogen as the other parts of the plants.
The amount of phosphoric acid was low throughout these tests. Potash in-
creases to the preflowering stage, after which it declines.

By the time the flowers appear the assimilation of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash is fairly complete, so that the supply of these must be available
before this time. It does not appear that nitrogen or potash migrates back
to the soil. For a yield of 900 lbs. of dry grain, the soil suffers a depletion of
29.33 lbs. nitrogen, 9.64 lbs. phosphoric acid, and 49.09 lbs. potash per acre by
the total removal of both grain and straw.

Some sources of ethylgalactosid, Mougne {Jour. Pliarm. et Chim., 7. ser.,
15 {1917), No. 11, pp. 345-348). — Ethylgalactosid /3 has been obtained in a pure
and crystalline state from the products of fermentation in which the presence
of galactosid /3 has been demonstrated. This has been done in the case of a
number of plants, some of which are named. The technique of the work is
also briefly indicated.

Industrial fumes and injury therefrom to vegetation, V. Sabachnikoff
(Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 {1917), No. 22, pp. 390^393).— After a general account of
kinds of industrial works giving rise to various substances mentioned as in-
jurious to vegetation, the author states that the effects due to the noxious
gases are more important than those due to the corroding influence of even
high concentrations of certain acids. The total of the cumulative effects of
even weak concentrations of acid gases in the air is said to be very great.

FIELD CROPS.

Experiments in field technique in rod row tests, H. K. Hayes and A. C.
Aeny {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1917), No. 9, pp. 399-419).—
Preliminary investigations in 1915 with wheat and oats grown in replicated
and single rod rows and in duplicated and single i^ -acre plats at the Minne-
sota Experiment Station led to more detailed studies in 1916 of the effects of
competition on height and yield between adjacent rows of different varieties
and strains of wheat, oats, and barley planted in rod rows when spaced at a dis-
tance of 1 ft. apart and of the value of replications for rod row tests. The data
were obtained from rod row variety tests made by the farm crops section and
from rod row tests made in the plant breeding nursery. This report forms the

430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Vol.38

first of a series of investigations of field practices in Minnesota to ascertain any
laclf of uniformity in motiiods of worlj.

" In a study of conifietition between rod rows of small grains grown 1 ft.
apart there was some effect on the yield of border rows of the same variety
due to lieight of adjacent rows of barley, winter wheat, and, in one of two
tests, an indication of such effect in oats. The results were variable in dif-
ferent plats, such variation being due possibly to the environmental condi-
tions. There was no apparent effect of height of adjacent rows on the yield
of border rows of the same variety in spring wheat. The yield of adjacent
rows appeared to be of some importance in barley tests and in the farm crops
spring-wlieat tests. Correlations obtained for other tests indicated consider-
aljle soil heterogeneity. The effect of tlie height of adjacent rows for the barley
plant breeding tests was unquestionable. The effects of tlie height of adjacent
rows were sufficient to often cause diiferences of 4 or 5 bu. per acre in the
yield of border rows of the same variety of barley. Tlie comparison of yield
variability of border and central rows of check plats of barley, oats, spring, and
winter wlieat was further evidence of the competitive effect of rod rows of
small grains when grown 1 ft. apart. In nearly all tests the border rows proved
to be more variable in yield than the central rows.

" In nearly all tests three replications as compared witli a single plat reduced
error by from 25 to 50 per cent.

" In a study of replications for rod rows of small grains considerable varia-
bility was shown for the different tests. In general three or four replications
seem to be about as accurate a method as the use of any number below nine.
The indications are that from 9 to 12 replications would reduce error due to soil
hetorogeneity to a minimum."

A bibliography of 16 titles is appended.

Improved technique in preventing access of stray pollen, A. Waller and
L. E. Thatcher {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 9 {1917), No. 4, PP- 191-195, pi. 1). —
A waxed paper capsule for the prevention of contamination by adventitious
pollen and used by the authors in plant breeding work at the Ohio State Uni-
versity is described and illustrated. Advantages claimed for this device are
as follows :

The translucent paper capsules hinder very little the normal plant proc-
esses and are cheap, light, and durable. No other method known to the
authors will protect against pollen thrips or other small insects that inter-
fere with pedigreetl cultures. Isolation of the inflorescence in the capsules
obviates the necessity of locating the cultures in places unfavorable for the
plant and inconvenient for observation. The capsule makes possible the isola-
tion of flowers borne on shrubs and trees. The device also protects the develop-
ing and ripened fruit.

[Field crops] work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1916, C. R.
Letteer {U. »S'. Dept. Af/r., Bur. Plant Indus., Work ^an Antonio E.tpt. Farm,
1916, pp. 1-16, fi(/s. 3).— This reports the progress of work continued along the
same general lines followed in preceding years (E. S. R., 35, p. 827), including
meteorological observations in 1916. Seasonal conditions for 191G are noted as
in many re.spects very unfavorable for crop production.

Experiments relating to crop rotation and tillage, and corn and cotton culture
and variety tests are described, and results obtained in the main similar to
those previously noted. The 1916 yields of corn, cotton, sorghum, and oats
for grain were .slightly higher on biennially cropped land than ou land cropped
annually, although the diflei-ences in favor of the biennial cropping were not
deemed suflicieut to make the practice profitable.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 431

In field plat tests with flax varieties, yields were obtained amounting to
6.4 bu. per acre for Select Russian (C. I. No. 3), 5 bu. for Smyrna (C. I. No. 30),
4.7 bu. for North Dakota Resistant No. 114 (C. I. No. 13), 2.3 bu. for Punjab
(C. I. No. 20), and 0 for Soddo White (C. I. No. 36), with estimated stands
of 75, 30, 95, 20, and 0 per cent, respectively. Eight of 12 additional varieties
grown in single nursery rows sustained a loss in stand of from only 5 to 10
per cent, with yields estimated to vary from 10.2 to 5.7 bu. per acre. Arranged
in order of higliest yield these varieties were C. I. Nos. 18, 19, 25, 3, 12, 16, 27,
and 14. In date-of-seeding tests with flax, seedings of 25 lbs. per acre of North
Dakota resistant No. 114 were made at 15-day intervals beginning October 15
and ending January 5. The yields varied from 0 for the January 5 planting to
9.3 bu. per acre for the November 15 planting.

In variety tests with field peas the Kaiser and Gray Winter were the only
varieties to withstand successfully the winter temperatures of 1915-16. The
former yielded at the rate of 2,100 lbs. of cured hay and 3.8 bu. of peas per
acre and the latter at the rate of 1,800 lbs. of hay and 1.25 bu. of seed per
acre. Kerrville, although severely injured by frost, yielded at the rate of
900 lbs. of hay and 2.5 bu. of seed.

[Report of field crops work at the Umatilla experiment farm, Oreg., in
1915 and 1916], R. W. Allen (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Uma-
tilJa Expt. Farm., 1915-16, pp. 16-18, 22-27, 32-37).— This reports the results
of crop rotation experiments by H. K. Dean and numerous variety tests with
corn, grain sorghums, and miscellaneous forage crops.

The crop rotation experiments begun in 1915 were planned to study the effect
of the combination of crop, manure, and cover crops on crop yield and on the
physical condition of the soil. The plats are irrigated by an underground pipe
system. Applications of manure amounting to 8 and 32 tons per acre resulted
in very pronounced increases in the yields of alfalfa and feterita grain and
fodder for 1915 and 1916, with the plats receiving 8 tons yielding more in pro-
portion to the manure used than those receiving 32 tons.

Crops for soil improvement, the harvesting of hairy vetch for seed, and
variety tests with soy beans, field peas, vetches, and minor leguminous crops
are briefly noted. Variety tests with soy beans in 1915 resulted, in yields of
hay amounting to 4,823.5 and 4,654 lbs. per acre for IMediurj- Yellow and
Auburn, respectively. The highest-yielding variety of field peas in 1915 was
Canadian with 4,409 lbs. of hay per acre.

In variety tests with corn for silage during 1913-1915, inclusive. Pride of the
North has given the largest yield, although Reld Yellow Dent proved equally
as good in 1915. Silver King, with 980 lbs. of grain on the cob, showed the
highest grain yield in 1915. Of the sorghum varieties tested in 1915, Red
Amber was first in yield of forage with 19,658 lbs. per acre green weight and
10,653 lbs. of stover. Dakota Amber was first in yield of grain, with 1,502 lbs.
per acre, and Dwarf hegari second with 1,401 lbs. For new land or coarse land
without a high-water table these last are deemed much more desirable than
corn, although for productive land corn is regarded as a more satisfactory
crop.

Sudan grass sown in 3 ft. rows in 1916 and irrigated at intervals of one, two,
and three weeks showed yields amounting to 1.500, 2,800, and 3,000 lbs. of
cured hay per acre, respectively, and when sown broadcast yields amounting to
2,200, 2,300, and 3,900 lbs. per acre, respectively. Sown in rows in 1915 Sudan
grass gave a yield of 2,228 lbs. of cured hay per acre, including 500 lbs. of
seed. A plat from which a soiling crop was taken in .July yielded at the
rate of 1,757 lbs. of cured forage per acre and 137 lbs. of seed.

432 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I Vol. 38

Cooperative tests with Sudan grass, Dakota Amber sorghum, Dwarf hegari,
and feterita were conducted by farmers on irrigated and nonirrigated lands
of eastern Oregon during 1915. Sudan grass is said to have done very well
on dry farms but was not so uniformly successful under irrigation. Dakota
Amber and Dwarf hegari proved to be superior to feterita under both irri-
gated and nonirrigated conditions.

Field tests with Japanese sugar cane, teosinte, broom corn, and millet are
briefly noted, but none of these crops is deemed suited to the region.

[Field crops work for 1916], D. A. GrLcnRiST (County Northumb. Ed. Com.
Bui. 24 (1916), pp. 6-34, 42-49, 51-53, 5//-77).— This reports extensive fertilizer
tests on poor pasture lands and old meadows ; variety tests with oats, barley,
wlieat, beans, and root crops ; cultural tests with potatoes : tests of the compo-
sition of swedes and turnips as affected by varietal, seasonal, and nuinurial
differences; and studies of the manurial requirements of all crops grown in
rotation and of the residual value of manures conducted in Northumberland
during 1916.

Basic slag has given the best results with poor pastures on heavy soils,
while on the lighter soils basic slag with potash lias proved most effective.
Active nitrogenous fertilizers are said to have depreciated the feeding value of
hay on old meadow lands, while phosphatic fertilizers, supplemented with
potash when necessary, have greatly developed clover and improved the feeding
value of the hay, Basic slag as a supplement to manure has given the best
results on old meadow lands. The residual effects of feeding oil cake to
grazing stock have not proved as beneficial as was expected.

Early plantings of potatoes gave increased yields over medium and late
plantings. Sprouted seed increased the yield more than a ton per acre over
unsprouted seed. Injuries from late frosts resulted in a reduction of nearly
50 per cent in the total crop, and in the proportion of large tubers from about
86 to about 60 per cent of the total.

[Field crops work for 1917], D. A. Gilciiiust (County Northumb. Ed. Com.
Bui. 26 (1917), pp. 20-34, 42-77). ~A continuation of work noted above.

Field experiments, 1916 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 17
(1917), No. 2, pp. 2//2-256).— Continuing work previously noted (E. S. R., 36,
p. 529), variety tests with barley, mangels, oats, turnips, potatoes, and wheat,
and manurial and cultural tests with potatoes and wheat are reported from
numerous centers for 1916.

Tests with sprouting seed potatoes showed an average increase in yield for
the 13-year period 1903-1915 of nearly 2 tons per acre over unsprouted seed.
Cultural tests, including the use of sprouted seed, the application of 20 tons of
manure and 6 cwt. of a standard fertilizing mixture, and with the crop sprayed
twice at an estlmatetl cost of $20 per acre, yielded an average increase of 4 tons
of potatoes over plats seeded with whole, unsprouted tubers, with 20 tons of
manure only and unsprayed. Change-of-seed experiments are reported from
which it was concluded that where suflicient attention is devoted to the selec-
tion of home-grown seed, seed importations are unnecessary.

Comparative tests of farmyard manure and seaweed as a fertilizer for pota-
toes in the 4-year period 1912-1915 indicated that with applications of equal
amounts seaweed did not produce quite so heavy a crop as the manure, but
that when seaweed was used with commei'cial fertilizers muriate of potash
could be omitted without any material reduction in yield. A standard mixture
of 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 cwt. of acid phosphate, and 1 cwt. of
muriate of potash, together with farmyard manure, is recommended for
potatoes on most of the soils of Ireland. On peaty soils the above mixture has

19181 FIELD CROPS. 433

given good results, especially when applied at the rate of 9 cwt. per acre. Basic
slag was found to be inferior to acid phosphate, and nitrate of soda to sulphate
of ammonia on peaty soils.

Red Marvel spring wheat gave the higliest yield, with about 48.5 bu. per
acre, with Red Fife second with about 47.6 bu., while of the winter wheats
tested White Stand-up, with a yield of approximately 45.7 bu., and Queen
Wilhelmina, with about 44.8 bu. were best. Fertilizing wheat after root crops
was not deemed profitable, but after grass or another grain crop an application
of from 2 to 3 cwt. of acid phosphate supplemented by 1 cwt. of sulphate of
ammonia in the spring is recommended.

Agricultural experiments. — Report for year 1915—16, W. J. Spafford, A. A.
KiLSBY, F. Coleman, and L. J. CJook (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 20 (1917), No.
S, pp. 602-613). — Variety tests with potatoes, oats, barley, and wlieat, and fer-
tilizer tests with potatoes and wheat are reported for three experimental
centers in South Australia.

The highest potato yield, approximately 8,337 lbs. per acre, was secured from
an application of G cwt. of lime and 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash as compared
with a yield of about 8,071 lbs. obtained from the untreated check.

The highest average wheat yield, 2G.55 bu., in fertilizer tests extending over
a period of 12 years, 1905-1916, inclusive, was obtained from an application of
1 cwt. of rock phosphate, 0.5 cwt. of sulphate of potash, and 0.5 cwt. of nitrate
of soda. A yield of 15.17 bu. was obtained from the untreated check.

[Field crops work at the Coimbatore Agricultural Station], R. C Wood
(Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Coimbatore Agr. Sta., 1913-lIt, pp. 38; 191Jt-15, pp. 27;
1915-16, pp. 22; 1916-17, pp. 19). — In a continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. R., 31, p. 733), variety, cultural, and fertilizer tests are reported with
rice, millet, wheat, ragi, cumbu, cotton, gram, sugar cane, and miscellaneous
fodder crops for the period of 1013 to 1917, inclusive. Brief notes on meteor-
ological conditions for the period are included.

[Field crops work at the Hagari Agricultural Station], G. R. Hilson (Dept.
Agr. MadraH, Rpt. llagari Agr. Sta., 1913-U, pp. 22; 1914-15, pp. 16; 1915-16,
pp. 25; 1916-17, pp. 20). — Variety and individual selection tests with cotton,
grain sorghums, ragi, potatoes, and sugar cane ; tests of oil cake and sheep and
cattle manure as organic fertilizers; rotation tests with sorghum, gram, millet,
and cotton ; cultural tests with millet and ragi ; and fertilizer tests with sugar
cane are briefly reported for the period of 1913 to 1917, inclusive.

Higher yields of sorghum, grain and forage, were obtained with sheep manure
than with oil cake or cow manure. The highest yields of grain and fodder were
obtained from rotations of sorghum with Bengal gram. Peanuts used as a
green nianure for sugar cane, and supplemented by 200 lbs. of acid phosphate
gave increased yields of cane over gz'een manuring alone.

[Field crops work at the Nandyal Agricultural Station], G. R. Hilson,
D. Ananda Rao, and K. Ramasastrulu Nayudu (Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt.
Nandyal Agr. Sta., 1913-U, pp. 9; 19U-15, pp. 10; 1915-16, pp. 8; 1916-17, pp.
9). — Cultural, variety, and manurial tests with sorghum, cotton, and miscella-
neous cereal and fodder crops are reported for 1913 to 1017, inclusive, with a
brief discussion of local agricultural conditions.

Experiments with clovers and grasses, F. G. SxEnLER (Landw. Jahrb.
Schtveiz, 31 (1917), No. 1, pp. 1-43, figs, ii ) .—Comparative field tests of French,
Spanish, Syrian, Persian, and South Russian alfalfas, eight different clovers,
and six grasses are reported. The tabulated data show the green and air-
dried weight of the forage, together with a report on the percentage of purity
and germinability of the seed, the percentage of usable seed, and the weight of
1,000 seeds for each variety tested.

434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Concerning alfalfa and soy beans, J. L. Hiixs (Vermont Sta. Bui. 20J, (1911),
pp. Ji0-'12). — This article is a compilation of general information relating to the
production and use of alfalfa and soy beans, with special reference to Vermont
conditions.

Irrigation of alfalfa, S. Foutier (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. S65 (1911),
pp. 40, figs. S6).—A revised and abridged edition of Farmers' Bulletin 373
(E. S. R., 22, p. 13.'5). The use of portable pipe for irrigating alfalfa in
regions where water is pumped at considerable expense is described. Addi-
tional data are presented on the amount of water required as indicated by
field tests at several experimental centers.

Influence of the frequency of irrigation on the yields of alfalfa, R. W.
AxLEN (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla Expt. Farm,, 1015-16,
pp. 18, 19). — Three years' experiments, designed to show the influence of the
frequency of irrigation on yields of alfalfa, showed " the highest duty of water
to result from irrigating alfalfa at intervals of three weeks, while the greatest
return from the land comes from irrigating weekly. The amount of hay
produced by weekly irrigations over that derived from biweekly irrigations
averages but 0.56 ton for the three years and does not warrant the additional
labor of applying the extra 10 irrigations and tlie 3J ft. of water used. This
excess labor and water are approximately sufficient to produce 4.76 tons of hay
per acre when applied to other land. Biweekly irrigations are definitely shown
to give the best results from the labor and water involved."

Bean growing in eastern Washington and Oregon and northern Idaho,
L. W. Fluhakty, revised l>y B. Hunter (U. /S'. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 907
(1917), pp. 16, figs. 3). — A revision of Farmers' Bulletin 561 (E. S. R., 30, p.
138).

Red clover experiments. — A second series of investigations relating to the
improvement of red clover, H. M. Gmelin (Cultura, 28 (1916), No. 3Jf, pp. 4H-
1,30; 29 (1917), Nos. 31,1, pp. 1-21, figs. 8; 3^2, pp. 49-62; 343, pp. 73-85).—
Continuing work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 131), the author reports
rather extensive observations of inheritance of flower color (white and red),
leaf spot, and compound leaves with more than three leaflets in red clover.
Further observations are reported on the isolation of individual plants, the
crossing of different clover varieties, the verification of seed color, and the grain
weight of different clover races.

Selecting corn seed, E. B. Babcock (California Sta. Circ. 180 (1917), pp. 7,
figs. 3). — A brief, popular discussion on the handling of newly harvested corn,
with directions for field selection and for individual plant tests as a means of
Improving the corn crop.

Manufacturing tests of the of&cial cotton standards for grade, W. S. Dean
and F. Taylor (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 591 (1917), pp. 27, figs. 11). —This de-
scribes spinning and weaving tests conducted during 1916 in representative mills
at Fall River, Mass., and in the textile department of the North Carolina College,
and bleaching tests made in Fall River and in the New Bedford (Mass.) Textile
School to determine the relative intrinsic values of cotton of the grades of
middling fair, good middling, middling, low middling, and good ordinary of the
official cotton standards of the United States. The chief factors considered
were the percentage of waste, the tensile strength of the yarn, the bleaching
properties of the yarn and cloth, the moisture content, and other manufacturing
properties of the cotton. The cotton employed was from the 1914 crop pur-
chasefl during May and June of 1915 from the following zones or .sections of the
cotton belt : Piedmont Plateau, Atlantic Coastal Plains, eastern Gulf Coastal
Plains, western Gulf Coastal Plains, and western Prairie Lands and Plateau.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 435

Considerable tabulated data are presented and discussed and the results illus-
trated by graphs.

In addition to the above a comparison was made of results of spinning tests
Df the old permissive cotton grades with the present official cotton standards in
tests conducted in a representative mill at Danville, Va., in 1913 on cotton from
the 1912 crop.

The results of the spinning tests are siunmarized graphically and conclusions
relative to the other observations as follows :

" The results of the moisture determinations emphasize the need of a more
exact knowledge of the moisture content of cotton in the various stages of
handling and marketing it and of maintaining proper artificial atmospheric con-
ditions while it is in the course of manufacture.

" Tensile-strength tests were made of yarn which had been spun with the use
of several twist constants [twists per inch divided by square root of number of
yarns]. It was found that the constant of 4.75 which is generally considered
standard for upland cottons was excessive. . . .

" The bleaching tests . . . showed that v>'hen the goods made from each grade
were bleached under identical conditions middling fair and good middling were
practically identical in color. The goods made from niiddling did not produce
quite as pure a white as middling fair and good middling, but for commercial
purposes gave satisfactory re.sults. The goods made from low middling gave a
slightly slaty color when closely compared with the other grades, while the goods
made from good ordinary were easily distinguished by a slaty, bluish cast when
compared with the goods made from middling cotton or that of a better grade.
The lower grades might have been bleached more satisfactorily if in some of the
processes the factors of time, concentration, and temperature had been altered.

"A comparison of the waste and tensile strength of the old permissive cotton
grades . . . with the results of tests made on the present official cotton stand-
ards . . . shows that the changes made in the revision of the old permissive
grades did not change the percentages of waste in the corresponding grades, but
involved princijially the factor of color and affected chiefly the lower grades.

" The tests i)ased on the official cotton standards of the United States show
that after making allowances for the losses due to the cleaning processes there
is comparatively little difference between the grades above and those below
middling in the price paid by the manufacturer for each pound of the usable
cotton obtained from bales of the different grades, but that there Is a diffei'ence
in the intrinsic value per pound of the manufactured product. Accordingly, on
the basis of quotations and values at the time of the tests, the inducement in
the price paid to the farmer for the production of high-grade cotton was not
commensurate with the greater value to the manufacturer of the product derived
from such cotton."

Pollination and cross-fertilization in the juar plant (Andropogon sor-
ghum), R. J. D. Gkaham {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Dot. Ser., 8 (1916), No. 4, pp.
201-216, pis. 2). — Pollination and cross-fertilization studies with A. sorghum,
made on the Nagpur (India) farm from 1908 to 1914, inclusive, are reported.
The plants are said to be protogynous, the flowers being normally pollinated
from higher flowers of the same panicle. Though typically anemophilous, the
flowers were visited by insects, chiefly bees, at certain seasons. This condition
probably led to natural cross-pollination, depending on the structure of the
panicle, being greater in the loose forms than in the more compact ones.

Flowering occurred in a fairly regular order, the majority opening between
2 and 4 a. m., though stray flowers opened before and after, depending upon
atmospheric conditions. The whole process from the time of the opening of the

436 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

glumes until the anthers assumed a pendent posttion occupied an average of
10 minutes, uUliough it occasionally required only 8 minutes, while instances
were recorded where 30 minutes were required to complete the process. The
flowers opened only once, the glumes remaining open 2 to 3 hours. The stigmas
remained outside and appeared quite fresh for 24 hours after the glumes had
closed. The length of time required for the whole panicle to complete flowering
varied with the size of the inflorescence and the number of flowers, but aver-
aged about 7 days.

Cross-pollination between the flowers of the same panicle was the rule, the
pollen from the higher and earlier-opening flowers falling on the stigmas of
the lower and later flowers. Cross-pollination by foreign pollen can occur
only in the flrst flowers to open and possibly in those late-opening flowers
whose anthers do not dehisce. Self-pollination can occur only where the stigma
remains surrounded by anthers which do not fall out.

The relative frequency of foreign pollination was found to be 6 per cent
in a loose type of panicle with short glumes and only 0.6 per cent in a compact
type of panicle. In Tharthur there was 20 per cent foreign pollination. Ball
reported 50 per cent as the maxiujum.

A number of artificial cross-pollinations were made in a study of grain and
glume characters. The grain is said to be either red, white, or yellow, while
the glumes vary in length in coniparisoii with the grain, from the commoner
type which is shorter than the grain to the less common type which is much
longer and completely conceals the grain. This latter type, so far as observed,
was always associated with a loose type of panicle. In the grain, red and yel-
low and red and white behave as simple allelomorphs, red being dominant in
both cases. Likewise, yellow and white may behave as simple allelomorphs,
or the heterozygote may be red, behaving as a dihybrid with a 9 : 3 : 4 ratio for
red, yellow, and white, respectively. The simplest explanation is deemed to be
that certain white-grained plants were undeveloped reds, requiring the pres-
ence of yellow to cause the red color to develop. The long and short glume
characters behave as simple allelomorphs.

Variety study of the Irish potato, W. H. Wicks (ArJcansas Sta. Bui. 137
(1911), pp. 3-32, figs. 24). — This bulletin reports the results of extensive tests
conducted at Fayetteville from 1915 to 1917, inclusive, at Van Buren during
1916 and 1917, and at Springdale in 1917, together with storage tests and
brief notes on approved methods of potato growing and on the production of a
second or fall crop in the State. A classification as to season and color has
been made of the varieties employed in the test based on the scheme of classi-
fication suggested by Stuart (E. S. R., 32, p. 830). Bliss Triumph, the principal
commercial variety of the State, was used as a standard for comparison.

At Fayetteville 62 varieties showed higher average yields than Bliss Tri-
umph, Irish Cobbler being first with 187.10 bu. of marketable tubers per acre,
as compared with 70.38 bu. for Bliss Triumph. For the July 15 digging, 6
red and 16 pink varieties gave a higher average yield than the standard variety,
while for the June 16 digging Irish Cobbler, Du.ssex Early Queen, and Early
Six AVeeks were the only varieties to exceed the State average, 71 bu. per acre.

At Van Buren 17 varieties exceeded the standard, Burpee Extra Early
being the best with an average yield of 104.23 bu. of marketable tubers per
acre as compared with 69.64 bu. for Bliss Triumph.

The highest yield at Springdale was obtained from White Mammoth, amount-
ing to 152.92 bu. per acre on old land. Bliss Triumph gave a yield of 69.74
bu. on old land. Potatoes grown on old land gave much higher yields in every
case than those grown on new land.

19181 FIELD CROPS. 437

A test of varieties propagated from home-grown seed stored in an ordinary
farm cellar during 1916 and 1917 at Fayettevllle resulted in average yields for
tlie leading varieties of 83.8, 82.29, and 80.47 bu. of marketable tubers per acre
for Rural New Yorker No. 2, American Wonder, and Prosperity, respectively.
The average loss from decay of these varieties amounted to 53, 42, and 5 per
cent, respectively, and varied from 1..5 per cent for Manistee and Norcross to
76 per cent for Quick Crop for all the varieties tested. Bliss Triumph sus-
tained a loss of 25 per cent. Digging dates found most satisfactory for suc-
cessful storage were from July 1 to 15 in the Ozark region and from June 1
to 10 in the Arkansas River region.

Seed potatoes from the first crop to be used for fall planting were stored
in the ground, in sand and nmlch, and dry straw mulch, and in cellar, shed,
and deep pit at Fayettevllle, and in the ground, shed, and cellar at Van Buren.
A cooperative test in refrigeration was conducted at Eldorado. Ground stor-
age resulted in considerable loss of seed from decay, while practically no loss
was sustained from the other methods. The stand of plants from seed stored
in sand and mulch, and in the ground at Fayettevllle was 33 per cent greater
than that from seed stored in other ways, and at Van Buren 50 per cent
greater for seed stored in tlie ground.

The fall crop of Irish potatoes, W. H. Wicks (Arlcansas Sta. Circ. SO [1917],
pp. 4). — This briefly outlines methods for growing a second crop of potatoes in
Arkansas, and recomeuds varieties adapted to conditions in the State.

Sugar-cane experiments in the Leeward Islands, 1915—16, H. A. Tempany
ET AL. {Imp. Dept. Ayr. West Indies, Sugar-Cane, Expts. Leeward Isl., 1915-16,
pts. 1-2, pp. 76, pi. 1). — Variety and fertilizer trials with sugar cane conducted
in Antigua, St. Kitts, and Nevis in 1915-16 are reported as in previous years
(E. S. R., 35, p. 443).

In the variety tests at Antigua, the five leading plant canes and their yields
per acre were as follows : B. 6308, 32 tons of cane and 5,600 lbs of sucro.se ;
B. 4590. 32.2 tons of cane and 5,160 lbs. of sucrose ; B. 1528, 27.8 tons of cane
and 4,730 lbs. of sucrose; B. 6388, 25.8 tons of cane and 4,710 lbs. of sucrose;
and B. 3922, 25.4 tons of cane and 4.540 lbs. of sucrose. The lowest yield was
secured from B. 1753 with 15.2 tons of cane and 2,020 lbs. of sucrose. Of 13
varieties which have been under experimental cultivation for the past 15
years, Sealy Seedling has given the highest mean yield of sucrose, 6,4.50 lbs*
per acre, with B. 208 second with 6,270 lbs., and B. 156 third with 6,150 lbs.
The highest yield with ratoon canes for the year was obtained from B. 374T
with 28.5 tons of cane and 4,630 lbs. of sucrose, with B. 3922 second with 26.9
tons of cane and 4,500 lbs. of sucrose. Sealy Seedling, with an average yield
of 3,680 lbs. of sucro.se per acre, was first of 12 varieties of ratoon canes tested
for the past 15 years, and B. 156 second with 3,560 lbs. The lowest yield with
ratoon canes for the 1915-16 season was from A. 5, 14.3 tons of cane and 2,040
lbs. of sucrose.

At St. Kitts the five leading plant cane varieties were D. 109 with 36.3 tons
of cane and 8,090 lbs. of sucrose, D. 216 with 36.6 tons of cane and 7,930 lbs.
of sucrose, B. 4596 with 39 tons of cane and 7,670 lbs. of sucrose, B. 254 with
33.2 tons of cane and 7,620 lbs. of sucrose, and White Transparent with 33.1
tons of cane and 7,540 lbs. of sucrose. The lowest yield was secured from
B. 1753 with 20.4 tons of cane and 3,870 lbs. of sucrose. The highest average
yield for all seasons was secured from D. 216, 7,930 lbs. of sucrose for one
season, with B. 208 second -with an average of 7,620 lbs. of sucrose for 16
seasons, and D. 109 third with 7,400 lbs. of sucrose for 11 seasons. In tests
with ratoon canes for 1915-16, A. 2 was first with 35 tons of cane and 7,660

438 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I Vol. 38

lbs. of sucrose, and D. 109 second with 28.2 tons of cane and 6,470 lbs. of su-
crose. B. 3289 was lowest with 16.9 tons of cane and 3,660 lbs. of sucrose.
The highest average yield of ratoon canes for all seasons was obtained from
A. 2 with 5,690 lbs. of sucrose for two seasons. B. 1753 was second with 5,600
lbs. for eight seasons, and B. 208 third with 5,560 lbs. for 15 seasons.

Tests with plant canes only are reported for Nevis, D. 216 being first with
41.9 tons of cane and 8,880 lbs. of sucrose, and D. 1111 second with 40.3 toLS
of cane and 7,690 lbs. of sucrose. B. 147 was lowest with 24 tons of cane and
4,790 lbs. of sucrose. The highest average yield for all seasons was obtained
from D. 210, 8,880 lbs. of sucrose for one season, with D. 1111 second with
6,550 lbs. fur two seasons.

Applications of 20 tons of pen manure apparently increased the yield of
cane 5.5 tons per acre, while corresponding applications of commercial fertil-
izers gave exceptionally good returns, due to the favorable climatic conditions
which prevailed during the growing season of 1915-16. The highest increase
in the fertilizer tests, 11.2 tons of cane per acre, was secured from an appli-
cation of 80 lbs. of phosphoric acid as basic slag, in addition to 60 lbs. of
nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia and 60 lbs. of potash as sulphate of potash.
An increase of 10.2 tons followed an application of 60 lbs. of phosphoric acid as
acid phosphate in conjunction with nitrogen and potash. An application of 24
lbs. of potash in conjunction with phosphorus and nitrogen showed an increase of
8 tons, while a 40-lb. application showed an increase of only 7.4 tons. Sixty-lb.
applications of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of sotla showed
increases of 7.3 and 7 tons of cane, respectively.

The three-year-average results, 1913 to 1916, indicate that nitrogen is the
most essential element required for conditions in the Leeward Islands. The
phosphates were practically without effect, while appreciable increases were
obtained from potash if the latter was applied with some nitrogenous material.
The average increase in yield from a 20-ton application of pen manure was
5.3 tons. With 60-lb. applications of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia and
nitrate of soda the average increases were 5.2 and 5.1 tons, respectively.

Application of 200 and 400 gal. of molasses per acre showed average increases
of 3 and 3.7 tons of cane per acre, respectively.

The results of the permanent manurial experiments at La Gu^rite, St. Kitts,
for the season 1915-16, are reported, but no conclusions drawn. The highest
increase in yield, 8.9 tons of cane, was secured from the plat receiving pen
manure alone.

The effect of sodium nitrate applied at different stages of growth on the
yield, composition, and quality of wheat, J. Davidson and J. A. LeClerc
{Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 9 (VJll), No. If, pp. H5-15It). — From the work of
LeClerc and Leavitt (E. S. R., 22, p. 730), Shaw and Walters (E. S. R., 26,
p. 133), and LeClerc and Yoder (E. S. R., 30, p. 440), it was concluded that
the principal factor causing variations in the nitrogen content of wheat was
climate. The investigations here reported were undertaken to determine
whether climate was responsible for variations in the available nitrates at
different stages of growth.

Sodium nitrate was applied at the rate of 320 lbs. per acre at the time when
the crop was about 2 in. high, at the time of heading, and at the milk stage.
To assure the availability of the nitrate at a particulr stage of growth it was
applied in solution, the concentration being 1 : 100 in all cases. Parallel plats
were prepared to which the solid niti'ate was applied to check the solution
method. All plats received the same amount of water at each of the three
stages of growth, and were checked by a series of plats receiving no water.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 439

Additional series of plats received sodium nitrate tmd potassium clilorid and
potassium chlorid alone in order to compare tlie results obtained under these
conditions with those obtained by Headden (E. S. R., 33, p. 41). T!ie treat-
ment of the individual plats for each stage of growth is outlined. The ex-
periments were conducted in 1916 on the Kentucky Experiment Station farm,
at Lexington, Ky. The results obtained are rc^ported in tabular form, showing
the yield and percentage of grain, percentage of yellowberry and protein con-
tent, and the weight per bushel and weight per 1,000 kernels of wheat grown
under the various treatments. The conclusions arrived at may be summarized
as follows :

The presence of sodium nitrate in the soil at the early stages of growth
stimulated vegetative growth and gave greater yields. The nitrate in the
soil at the time of heading gave a better quality of grain with regard to color
and protein content, but the vegetative growth was ncTt in the the least affected.
The nitrate in the soil at the milk stage had no effect on the yield, quality,
or protein content of the gi-ain. Identical results were obtained from the
plats receiving nitrate in solution and those receiving it in solid form, except
that the yields from plats receiving the fertilizer at the first stage were higher
in the former case than in the latter. This difference was attributed to a
better distribution of the fertilizer when applied in solution.

Potassium chlorid did not affect vegetative gi-owth nor the composition of
the grain, but did seem to increase the amount of yellowberry when used alone,
agreeing in this respect with results obtained by Headden, as noted above and in
more recent investigations (E. S. R., 37, p. 38). No consistent variation was
observed in weight per 1,000 kernels or in weight per bushel. Although these
experiments are believed to have established a definite correlation between per-
centage of nitrogen and yellowberry, they did not indicate any such correla-
tion between protein and weight per 1,000 kernels, a correlation found in
previous work of LeClerc and his associates. The authors conclude that this
may be due to the change from the hard winter wheat variety formerly used
to the soft winter wheat variety used in these experiments, or that the causes
affecting protein content and color of grain and those affecting the weight
per 1,000 kernels are not thp same.

The quality of western-grown ^^spring wheat, O. H. Bailey {Jour. Amer.
Soc. Agron., 9 (1917), No. 4, PP- 155-161). — Data obtained from milling and bak-
ing tests made at the Minnesota Grain Inspection Department Laboratory with
Washington, Idaho, and Montana wheats of the 1916 crop and showing the per-
centage of crude protein in each are reported in tabular form and discussexl.
The samples analyzed included western hard spring wheats, western hard win-
ter wheats, western soft red wheats, Early Baart, Pacific Bluestem, and other
western white wheats.

The quantity of Marquis wheat produced in the Pacific Northwest and Mon-
tana during 1916 was nuich larger than usual, due to an increased acreage in
certain sections and to the reseeding of winterkilled winter wheat fields in
Montana. Marquis grown at Pullman, Wash., was higher in protein content
and baking strength than any of the common varieties analyzed, while samples
of this variety grown at lower altitudes were, in general, materially lower in
baking value and percentage of crude protein than those grown at higher alti-
tudes, the difference being attributed to the shorter growing season under the
latter conditions. Marquis grown under dry-farming conditions in Montana
was of good milling and baking quality and somewhat superior in these respects
to Turkey winter wheat grown in the same districts.

Early Baart samples from the Big Bend district near Lind, Wash., were
higher in percentage of crude protein and were nearly as satisfactory from the

49984°— 18 4

440 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. [Vol. 38

baking staDdpoint as the average spring wheats produced east of the Divide
and in the nortliern Great Plains district.

The soft rvd and white wheats, such as Jones Winter Fife, Little Club, Red
Russian, and Fortyfold, are deemed generally inferior in baking qualities to
Marquis and Turkey grown in the same sections.

Winter wheat in the Great Plains area: Relation of cultural methods to
production, E. C. CnrLCOTT, J. S. Cole, and J. B. Kuska ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui.
595 (1917), pp. 35, fig. 1). — This presents a study of the yields and of the
comparative cost of production, wdth the resulting profit or loss, of winter
wheat grown under various methods of seed-bed preparation at 13 field stations
in the Great Plains region, made in such a way as to show the effect of crop-
ping and cultivation in only the year preceding its growth. The investigations
cover an aggregate of 75 station years, embodying the data from 1,137 plat
years. The area studied included the western portions of North and South
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas and the eastern portions of
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The results obtained at each
field station are discussed separately, and tabulated data presented giving the
yield and cost of production for such cultural treatments as early fall plowing,
late fall plowing, subsoiling, listing, disking, green manuring, summer tillage,
and previous cropping. A brief description of the soil, with special reference
to Its depth and water-holding capacity, accompanies the discussion of each
field station.

The results obtained in these investigations were in a measure comparable
with those found in similar studies with spring wheat, already noted (E. S. R,,
83, p. 137), and led to the general conclusion that "in the average of all
methods by wliich the crops are grown winter wheat has a marked advantage
over spring wheat, both in yields and profits per acre, at North Platte [Nebr.],
Akron [Colo.], and Hays, [Kans.], in the central portion of the Great Plains
and at Huntley, Mont. At the other stations, where either crop can be grown
profitably, the average differences in favor of either are not great enough to
be conclusive from the evidence at hand.

It was further shown that in the case of winter wheat " the average differ-
ence in yields between early (deep) and late (shallow) fall plowing is 1 bu.
per acre. At most stations the difference is small, while at others the advan-
tage of one over the other depends on the season. At Scottsbluft" [Nebr.], North
Platte, Hays, and Amarillo [Tex.], the differences are rather consistenly in favor
of early plowing, and this method is more profitable at these stations. At the
other stations late plowing has netted larger returns.

" Furrowing with a lister after harvest and leveling tlie ridges preparatory to
seeding have resulted in an average increase of 0.9 bu. over early plowing and
2.2 bu. over late plowing. As it is a cheaper method of preparation than plow-
ing, it has consequently been more profitable. At Hays and Amarillo it has been
the most profitable method.

"Subsoiling has increased the yields over plowing without subsoiling at 5 of
the 10 stations at which it has been studied. At these stations it has been more
profitable than ordinarj' plowing. At the other stations it has been the least
profitable of the continuous-cropping methods. It has not shown any value in
overcoming drought.

" Disked corn ground has given consistently high yields. This, together with
the low cost of preparation, has resulted in this method showing the highest
average net returns of any of the methods at all of the 11 stations where it has
been tried except at Huntley and Amarillo. These profits are based on the
assumption that the corn crop was so utilized as to pay for the cost of pro-
ducing it.

1018] FIELD CROPS. 441

" Summer tillage has given the highest average yields of any method under
trial at 11 of the 13 stations. However, on account of its high cost, due to extra
lahor and alternate-year cropping, it has not netted tlie largest returns except
at Huntley.

" Green manuring is the most expensive method under investigation. It has
given the smallest net returns of any of the methods at all of the stations ex-
cept Huntley, where the profit from it is slightly greater than from either fall
plowing or subsoiling.

" In comparison with spring wheat, winter wheat shows a greater response
to summer tillage and is the more profitable crop to grow on land so prepared.
This appears to be true at all stations studied except possibly Garden City
[Kans.], Dalhart [Tex.], and Tucumcari [N. Mex.], where large average losses
attend the growth of either crop."

Extending the area of irrigated wheat in California for 1918, F. Adams
(California Sta. Circ. 182 (1917), pp. Jf). — This briefly outlines the possibilities
of increased wheat production in the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Imperial
Valleys of California by a judicious use of available irrigation facilities.

More wheat (Arkansas Sta. Circ. 31 [1917], pp. 4)- — A brief, practical out-
line on wheat growing in Arkansas.

Agricultural seed: Concerning the germination of seed, C. P. Burns, A. K.
Peitersen, and L. H. Flint (Vermont Sta. Bui. 205 (1917), pp. 3-48, pis. 4).—
This reports the results of purity and germination tests of 3G5 official samples
of agricultural seed collected throughout the State during May, 1917, together
with a discussion of the Vermont agricultural seed law. Approximately one-
twelfth of the samples analyzed were not guaranteed as required by law and
about 2 per cent of those that were guaranteed were found to be seriously de-
ficient in purity.

The importance of the home determination of the viability of seed is em-
phasized and simple devices for determining the germinability of seed briefly
described.

Seed Beporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Seed Rptr., 1 (1917), No. 2, pp. 8).— This
number contains statistical information and tabular data on the supply of clover
and alfalfa seed held by large dealers November 15, 1917, and on the preliminary
garden seed survey of November 1.

Market conditions and seed movements are noted as follows : Sorghum seed
and German millet in Kansas and Missouri ; cowpeas in the cotton States ; sweet
clover, Sudan grass, and alfalfa in Kansas; clover an." timothy at Toledo, Chi-
cago, and Milwaukee ; Kentucky bluegrass in Missouri and Iowa ; and soy beans
in Mississippi and Louisiana. The seed corn situation throughout the corn
belt is briefly reviewed and the seed sweet corn situation noted. Thresher re-
ports of clover and timothy in Michigan are given, and tabular data presented
on imports of forage plant seed permitted entry into the United States during
November.

Special articles include Clover Seed Production, by A. J. Pieters, and The
Lespedeza Seed Production and Movement for 1917, by H. S. Coe. The necessity
of a reserve supply of cottonseed for 1918 plantings is emphasized. Suggestions
relating to the labeling of field crop seeds, as adopted by the U. S. Department
of Agriculture and representatives of the seed trade, and later approved by
the seed trade associations, provide that lots of 10 lbs., or over, of field crop
seeds shall be so labeled as to show the name of the seedsman, the kind of seed,
the viability of the seed, and the origin of the seed.

442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

HORTICULTURE.

The winter storage of roots, P. H. Aldbich {Vermont Sta. Bui. 203 (1917),
pp. 5-y).— Taliular results are given of preliminary studies made with carrots,
l)eets, and parsnips lar^'oly to determine tlie influence of temperature varia-
tions during storage, of media, and of disinfectants upon such preservation,
as well as of the nature of tlie modifications occurring in the vegetable
structures during storage. The storage period in all cases lasted from Novem-
ber 12 until May 2S.

The results of the temperature tests indicate in general that these vegetables
should not be stored at living-room temperatures, that beets will store well
under cellar conditions, and that carrots and parsnips will keep better under
cold-storage conditions.

The media tests indicate that it is not necessary to pack beets in any sub-
stance in order to keep them well, but that carrots and parsnips keep somewhat
better when packed in alternate layers of sand. Sawdust, newspaper wrap-
pings, and garden soil were less satisfactory as packing media.

Immersing the vegetables for ten minutes in P>ordeaux (5:5:10) appeared
to improve the keeping quality of carrots and parsnips when stored in the
cellar, but was detrimental to beets. A 3-minute immersion in mercuric chlorid
(1 tablet to 1 pint) gave decidedly poor results. Immersing the vegetables in
paraffin did not injure the keeping quality of beets but gave very poor results
with carrots and parsnips.

Moisture determinations were made before and after storage. In gei>eral,
it may be said that the roots packed in dry media lost in weight ; that those
packed in moist media gained Ln weight ; that those placed in cold storage
gained; and that those treated with disinfectants lost in weight.

Relative to the edible qualities of the vegetables after storage carrots placed
in cold storage, packed in dry sand and dry sawdust, as well as those im-
mersed in Bordeaux, were tender and well flavored. The best beets were those
packed in moist sand, moist sawdust, or garden soil. The best parsnips were
those placed in cold storage, packed in moist sand, moist sawdust, dry saw-
dust, as well as those immersed in Bordeaux and those immersed in paraftin.

Careful comparisons of the tissues of the three vegetables under study made
in the fall and again in the spring after G.5 months storage led the author to
conclude that there is an increase in the amount of fibrous tissue following
winter storage in beets, but not in carrots and parsnips. It is thought that the
apparent increased toughness and stringiness of the latter in the spring may
be due to the thickened trachea tubes, although the correctness of this surmise
was not demonstrated. In the case of the beet, however, it was quite clear that
increases in fiber tissue occurred to a greater extent in the lots kept under dry
than in those kept under moist conditions. This development seemed to be
made at the expense of the surrounding companion and parenchyma cells.

Greenhouse-grown radishes were stored on March 12 in cold storage wrapped
in cheesecloth, in the cellar, and in the living room. Lots were stored with the
tops on and with the tops off. The radishes were preserved in a fairly edible
condition under cold storage for about 3 months. Radishes wrapped in cheese-
cloth and placed in cellar storage were preserved for about 1 month. Those
placed in water were preserved for about 3 weeks. Radishes placed in water
in the living room were preserved for about 10 days. In all cases the lots
on which the tops were left kept better than those Avhich had been topped.
There was no noticeable benefit in using distilled water in place of tap water.

War vegetable gardening and the home storage of vegetables ( Washington,
D. C: Nat. War Gard. Com., 1918, pp. 32, figs. 30).— A compilation on home

1918] HORTICULTURE. 443

gardening and home storage of vegetables, prepared under the direction of the
National War Garden Commission.

The forcing' of plants by means of warm water immersions, W. G. Bodine
(Vermant Sta. Bui. 203 (1917), pp. 9, 10). — A brief summary of the results se-
cured in a test of the warm water method of forcing plants (E. S. R., 32,
p. 437).

Twigs of wild grape, elm, apple, basswood, cottonwood, and a species of
Rubus were gathered on February 10, thawed, and placed for from 4 to 8
hours in water, some at 36° C. (9G.S° F.) and some at 7°, and then placed in the
greenhouse. The first leaves were observed on the twigs immersed in warm
water from 5 to 15 days sooner than they were observed on the twigs im-
mersed in cold water, with all the species other than the apple. For some un-
discovered reason the growth of the apple twigs seemed retarded.

Stringless green pod bean seed was soaked for lengths of time ranging from
15 to 120 minutes in water which varied in temperature from 10 to 22° for
the cooler water and 87 to 45° for the warmer water. The trials were made in
the late fall and early spring. No gains were secured in the earliness qr
profuseness of growth as a result of soaking either in cold or warm water as
compared with untreated seed. Similar trials made with peas gave the same
results. Radishes grew a smaller top but a better root when the seed was
immersed in water at from 38 to 41° for 45 minutes than they did when the
seed was either soake<l in cold water or left iintreated. Corn and oats treated
in the winter months grew better and somewhat larger crops wei*e secured
when the seed was soaked at from 36 to 41° for from 4 to 5 hours than when
left untreated or when soaked in cold water. No material response followed
the warm water treatment of corn and oats in the spring or summer.

The author concludes that temperatures from 30 to 36° are best adapted
to experimental needs in most cases, and that a soaking of from 7 to 12 hours
for twigs and shrubby plants and of from 2 to 5 hours for seeds seems
optimum. Longer exposures are deemed inadvisable. Late spring immersions
proved relatively ineffective. The growth stimulus appears to be due to
warmth rather tlian to absorption of water. Seeds soaked in warm water
absorb more water than those soaked in cold water, thus softening the seed
coats and inducing favorable results.

Colors in vegetable fmits, B. D. Halsted (Jour. Heredity, 9 (1918), No. 1,
pp. 18-23). — A discussion of color inheritance in fruits of the tomato, pepper,
and eggplant, based upon the author's long-continued breeding investigations
at the New Jersey Exjieriment Stations (E. S. R., 36, p. 838).

[Horticultural investigations at the Umatilla experiment farm, Oreg., in
1915 and 1916], R. W. Allen (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Uma-
tilla Expt. Farm, 1915-16, pp. 12-14, 27-32).— A brief progress report is given
on an apple-orchard cover-crop experiment in which winter crops of vetch and
rye, used as green manures, are being compared with alfalfa grown between
the tree rows. Thus far no conclusive data have been secured in the experiment.

An experiment was started to determine the comparative success of fruit
trees planted on raw land and on alfalfa sod. The results for two seasons, al-
though not conclusive, indicate that better success can be had by starting the
trees on alfalfa sod than on raw land, but the growth of the trees does not
indicate that two years' growth of alfalfa, followed by plowing a crop of it in,
improves the land sufficiently to produce trees of desirable vigor.

Notes are given on the condition of a number of varieties of tree fruits,
grapes, and cane fruits under trial at the farm.

444 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.88

[Horticultural experiments at the San Antonio experiment farm in 1916],
G. R. Letteku (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work San AntotUo E^tpt.
Farm, 1916, pp. 16-19, fig. 1). — This comprises brief notes on fruits, nuts, and
ornamentals being tested at tlie station farm.

The handling and precooling of Florida lettuce and celery, H. J. Ramsey
and E. L. Maekell (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 601 (1911), pp. 28, figs. i9).— During
the seasons of 1913-14 and 1914-15 investigations were conducted by the Bureau
of Plant Industry for the purpose of ascertaining the causes of losses by decay
In lettuce and celery shipped from Florida, and to determine practical means
of reducing them. In the work with lettuce precooling and holding experiments
were conducted at the shipping point, and the lettuce was examined at the mar-
ket, New York City, upon arrival and a few days after arrival. Precooling experi-
ments with celery were conducted at the shipping point and storage experi-
ments after reaching the market in New York City. The results secured from
these experiments are presented in a series of tables and diagrams and fully
discussed.

The decay in lettuce in transit was found to be due largely to lettuce drop, a
disease which appears to enter the head mainly through the lower leaves. The
experiments have shown that much of tliis decay can be avoided by cutting the
heads at a point just above these leaves and discarding the head entirely if
very many of the leaves are diseased. Lettuce in cars that were precooled
at the shipping point to a temperature of about 40° F. developed considerabfy
less decay in transit than that shipped in nonprecooled cars. With careful
cutting and precooling the lettuce reached its destination in almost perfect
condition and held up much better on the market than lettuce handled in the
usual manner,

Precooled celery arrived on the market in a uniformly fresh condition, with
the leaves on the top tier nearly as green as those on the bottom. Nonprecooled
celery showed very yellow leaves in the top tier, thus discounting the value of
the entire load. Precooled celery was stored successfully for four weeks with
little decay, whereas nonprecooled celery developed considerable decay during
the same storage period. The work indicates that celery from the lower part
of a nonprecooled car can be stored for a short period, but during warm weather
that on the top tier should be disposed of as soon as it reaches the market. The
cost of precooling and initial icing of a car of celery was less than the usual
charge for full refrigeration in transit. In warm weather one icing in transit
may be required, thus increasing the cost of precooling to about the usual full
refrigeration charges.

Concerning quality in celery, J. B. Norton {Yermont Sta. Bui. 203 (1917),
pp. 10-12). — A summary of experiments dealing with growth and quality in
celery.

In a series of experimental trials wherein plants were grown in water or were
given water in amounts ranging downward from 187 cc. to 1 cc. daily, there
was no height growth or even shrinkage in height when 15 cc. or less was sup-
plied daily, and increasing height growth when from 31 to 187 cc. was given
daily. Celery plants treated with 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 gm. of nitrate of soda,
respectively, showed increased height growth for a period of 30 days roughly
proportional to the amounts of fertilizer used. Similar results were obtained
by the use of artificial mixtures of half sand and half humus-rich soil and of
one-third sand and two-thirds humus-rich soil.

Several plants were grown either in full light, in half light, or in darkness.
Intense light hindered growth and lack of light caused an abnormal etiolated
growth. The full-lighted crop was dwarfed, stringy, and tough. The half-

10181 HORTTCULTUUE. 445

lighted crop was of good quality, and the no-light crop was long-stemmed,
watery, and subject to disease attack. Celery grown at 80° F. was shorter and
far more leafy than that grown at 60° but Its quality was not injuriously
affected.

It Is pointed out that blanching, if properly done, tends to develop a nutty
flavor ; if improperly done, a bitter flavor. In either case the chlorophyll is
profoundly modified or destroyed. Reference is made to experiments con-
ducted at the Maryland Station in which it was shown that pithiness, which is
characterized by lack of parenchyma, is due in the self-blanching varieties to
heredity, to the propagation of an undesirable strain, or to reversion, but that
in other forms of celery it is quite as likely to be due to unfavorable cultural
conditions. Careful seed selection, it is believed, should to a large degree ob-
viate this difliculty.

Breeding sweet corn resistant to the corn earworm, G. N. Collins and J. H.
Kkmpton ([/. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (f017). No. 11, pp. 549-
572). — Observations made by O. F. Cook on a variety of field corn growing near
Rrownsville, Tex., indicated that the greater Immunity of southern varieties
of field corn to depredations of the corn earworm may be due to the greater
development of husks in these varieties as compared with northern varieties.
Breeding investigations were started in 1912 by J. H. Kinsler with the idea that
the special susceptibility of sweet corn varieties to attacks of the corn ear-
worm may not be due to the character of the seeds alone. Crosses were made
between three commercial varieties of sweet corn, Stowell Evergreen, Early
Evergreen, and Early Cory, and two varieties of field corn, Brownsville and
Marrainto. The work of breeding and selection was continued by the authors,
and a biometric study was made of characters believed to be associated with
worm resistance. Earworm resistance was tested in 1915 near San Diego, Cal.,
and in 1916 near Washington, D. C. The results of the investigation are here
tabulated and discussed in detail.

The progeny of these crosses have been found to be much less subject to in-
jury from the corn earworm than commercial sweet varieties, and the data
seciu-od indicate that the factors concerned in immunity are inherited, and
thus capable of improvement. Of the characters measured, prolongation, or
the extent to which the husks exceed the ear, was found to be the most closely
correlated with low damage. Thickness of the husk covering was associated
with low damage to some extent, but only 5 per cent of the larvre that reach
the ear bore through the husk. The occurrence of leaves on the husks ap-
peared to attract the moths or, at least, to afford a location for the eggs. Cer-
tain recorded differences between the inter and intraprogeny regression are
believed to indicate that the protection is in psLTt due to other characters cor-
related with husk prolongation and not included in those measured. It was
found that in the more immune progenies both the number of larvse and the
damage per larva were low. It is suggested that at least part of the immunity
may be due to the presence of some volatile substance distasteful alike to the
moth and larvse. This was not noticeable in the ear, for when gathered at the
proper time the immune strains were pronounced by a number of different ob-
servers to be fully as sweet as the parent sweet varieties.

" From the experiments here reported it appears that by increasing the
length and thickness of the husk covering and reducing the husk leaves varie-
ties of sweet corn can be produced in which damage from the corn earworm
is materially lessened. No difficulty was experienced in securing by hybridiza-
tion and selection the desired plant characters in combination with the seed
characters of sweet corn."

446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Experimental projects of the division of pomology, University of Cali-
fornia, W. 1>. HowAUD {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Col., 7 (IWS), No. 1-2, pp. 62-6^).—
A suniniarizotl stati'nient of projects being conducted at Davis, Berlieley, and
elsewhere in California.

The science of fruit growing, V. Bogue (Rochester, N. Y.: Democrat and
Chronicle Vrint, 1017, pp. 37, pi. 1). — In tliLs booklet the author draws a com-
parison between the life functions of plants and of animals and presents some
views as to how fruit trees should be grown to conform to the laws of natur©.

Apple breeding in Canada, W. T. Macoun (Agr. Gas, Canada, 5 {1018), No.
2, pp. 126-128). — A brief summary of results secured from long-continued breed-
ing investigations conducted at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa (B. S.
R., 30, p. 742).

Citrus culture, P. Guitet-Vauquelin {La Culture des Citrus. Paris: Au-
gustin Challamel, 1017, pp. lOff, figs. 11). — A treatise on citrus, with special
reference to the Mediterranean zone. The introductory chapter discusses the
morphology of the genus. The succeeding chaptei"^ deal with species and
varieties, culture, maladies, and insect remedies, citrus in the industries and
in medicine, and summer citrus, such as lemons and limes.

[Coconuts and coffee] {Proc. Agr. Conf. Malaya, 1 {1017), pp. 61,-7 J,, 115-122,
168-170). — The following papers, with discussions, contributed to the First
Agricultural Conference of Malaya, held at Kuala Lumpur, April 25-28, 1917,
are here reported : The Diseases and Pests of the Coconut Palm, by R. M.
Richards (pp. G4-74) ; Observations on Coconut Experiments, by G. E.
Coombs and W. S. Cookson (pp. 11.5-122) ; and The Cultivation of Liberian
Coffee, by R. W. Munro (pp. 103-170),

The grafted jujube of China, D. Fairchild {Jour. Heredity, 0 (WIS), No. 1,
pp. 3-7, figs. 5). — An account of the Chinese jujubes that have been tested in
recent years by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in various parts of the
country. The author indicates regions in which seedling jujubes have been
more or less successful and regions that are considered promising for testing
the grafted forms.

Chrysanthemum varieties, A. D. Shamel {Jour. Heredity, 9 {1918), No. 2, pp.
81-8/f). — As further evidence of the origin of certain cultivated varieties of
ornamental plants through bud variation (E. S. R., 37, pp. 14.5, 546) the author
presents a partial list of chrysanthemum varieties reported by Cramer as
originating from bud sports in his review of the known cases of bud variation
(E. S. R.. 20, p. 325).

Longevity in lily pollea, F. H. Hobsfobd (Jour. Heredity, 9 {1918), No. 2,
p. 90). — The author found that the pollen of early lily varieties may be pre-
served for two or three months in small envelopes for use in pollinating late
varieties. Pollen of Lilium auratum was wrapped in two or three sheets of
paraffin paper, kept in a warm, dry place, and successfully used the following
spring in pollinating L. martagon.

A striking reproductive habit, A. A. Hansen {Jour. Heredity, 9 {1918), No.
2, p. 85, fig. i).— The production of aerial bulbs on stems of the Easter lily,
Lilium longifiorum eximium, is illustrated and discussed. As experimeutally
determined, these bulbs produce normal plants, devoid of aerial bulbs; hence
it is concluded that the phenomenon is not due to inheritance.

Petalization in the Japanese quince, A. A. Hansen {Jour. Heredity, 9 {1918),
No. 1, pp. 15-17, figs. 2). — An illustrated discussion of the intergrading of petals
and stamens as observed in the .Japanese quince {Cydonia japonica), with
special reference to the utilization of the flowers of this ornamental as illus-
trative material by teachers and others.

19181 FORESTBY. 44Y

" Bog " gardening- with native plants, N. Taylor (Oard. Mag. [N. Y.], 26
(1917), No. 3, pp. 89-91, figs. 9). — A discussion of ornamental plants adapted to
sour, undralned soils, including directions for making an artificial bog.

FORESTRY.

Tlie administration of the State forests in Hokushu, O. Shishido {Jour.
Col. Agr. Tolioku Imp. Univ., 7 (1917), No. 7, pp. ^15-U9).—K historical sketch
of forest activities on the island of Hokushu, Japan, including an account of
the administration of the State forests.

Effects of grazing upon western yellow-pine reproduction in the National
Forests of Arizona and New Mexico, R. R. Hill {V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 580
(1917), pp. 27, pis. S, figs. 2). — This bulletin presents the results of a study to
determine the character and extent of the damage to young growth of western
yellow pine in the Southwest from the grazing of live stock, and to find out the
best means of keeping such damage at a minimum while permitting the proper
utilization of the range. Recommendations are given relative to the applica-
tion of the results to range management in the Southwest.

Germination of pine seed, E. Wibeck (Slcogsvdrdsfor. Tidskr., 15 (1917), No.
2, pp. IJf 1-174, fig^- 4)- — The results are given of germination tests of pine seed
secured from different localities in Sweden. Belated germination was found to
increase with the inclemency of the climate in the locality from which the
seed originated.

The pine tree of north Sweden, N. Sylvan (Skogsvardsfor. Tidskr., H (1916),
No. 12, pp. 783-884, pl- 1, flffs. 53). — A discussion of two kinds of Swedish pine,
Pinus lapponica and P. sylvestris, with special reference to influence of
locality on tree and seed characteristics.

[Rubber cultivation and rubber preparation] (Proc. Agr. Conf. Malaya, 1
(1917), pp. S-S5, 37-63, 96-114) .—Under these general headings the following
papers, with discussions, contributed to the First Agricultural Conference of
Malaya, held at Kuala Lumpur, April 2.5-2S, 1917, are here reported : Cultiva-
tion and Manuring, by A. P. N. Vesterdal (pp. 3-10) ; Cultivation, Drainage,
and Manuring, by F. G. Spring (pp. 11-19) ; Thinning Out, by T. J. Cumming
(pp. 20-22) ; Thinning Out, by E. W. King (pp. 23-28) ; Rubber Seed Selec-
tion, by A. H. Malet (pp. 29-32) ; Rubber Seed Selection, by J. McNicol (pp.
33-35) ; Clean Clearing, Pests, and Diseases, by W. R. Shel ton- Agar (pp.
37-43) ; Diseases of the Leaves and Stem of Hevea brasiliensis in the Malay
Peninsula, by R. M. Richards (pp. 44-54) ; Root Diseases of Hevea and Clean
Clearing, by W. N. C. Bel grave (pp. 55-63) ; Rubber Manufacture and Factory
Methods, by F. G. Souter (pp. 9G-105) ; and The Preparation of Plantation
Para Rubber, with Special Reference to Future Considerations, by B. J. Eaton
(pp. 106-114).

On a new essence from Blepharocalyx gigantea, F. Zelada ( Univ. Tucumdn,
Inform. Dept. Invest. Indus., 1917, pp. 5-13, figs. 3). — A histological and chemi-
cal study of the wood and leaves of this Argentine tree, which yields a tur-
pentine-like essence.

Pulpwood consumption and wood pulp production, 1916, F. H. Smith and
R. K. Helphenstine, jr. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. [Pub.], [1917], pp. SO,
figs. 5). — This comprises the results of a statistical survey of the pulpwood and
wood pulp industries in 1916, conducted by the Forest Service in cooperation
with the News-Print Manufacturers Association.

The total quantity of pulpwood used by 230 establishments reporting was
5,228,558 cords, an increase of 17 per cent over 1914, the last year for which
similar statistics were compiled. The quantity of wood pulp produced in 1916
amounted to 3,271,310 tons, an increase of 13 per cent over 1914.

448 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. C Vol. 88

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The relation of some rusts to the physiology of their hosts, E. B. Mains
(Amer. Jmir. Bot., 4 (1917), No. 4, pp. 179-220, pis. 2).— The work here outlined
was carried on during 1914 to 1916 in order to obtain data regarding the factors
which control the obligate condition for parasitism and to determine the sort of
substances necessary to such parasiti-sm.

It is stated that the optimum temperature for Puccinia coronata and P.
sorghi is near 20° C. (68° F.) and the maximum for the latter is about 10*
higher. P. sorghi is favored by moist soil and humid atmosphere, but it devel-
ops also on the host under dry conditions. Neither of these fungi appears
to injure directly the cells of the area infected. The surrounding areas ap-
pear to suffer starvation owing to the withdrawal of the food material by the
infected areas. Depriving the host of various nutritive substances reduces
the quantity of rust. The fungus is not starved by deprivation of light, ex-
cept as this reduces the carbohydrate supply of the host. I>ack of carbon dioxid
has the same effect as darkness in case of P. sorghi. Pure cultures of this
fungus can be maintaine<l upon sterile seedlings and upon pieces of Zea mays
floated upon carbohydrate solutions, and it also develops and forms spores on
seedlings or pieces of corn leaf in the dark when these are supplied with starch,
cane sugar, dextrose, maltose, and dextrin ; but it is not able to develop
in the dark when the seedlings or leaves are exhausted of carbohydrates and
when only miueral nutriment or water is supplied. P. sorghi is not able to
Titilize directly a supply of maltose, dextrose, cane sugar, asparagin, leucin,
peptone with or without mineral salts, or decoctions of the host.

The obligate parasitism of the rusts is thought to be explainable by their
requirement of some transitory or nascent organic products related to the
carbohydrates which they obtain in the living host.

The origin and development of the galls produced by two cedar rust fungi,
J. L. Weimer {Amer. Jour. Bot., 4 {1917), No. 4, pp. 241-251, pis. 5, fig. 1).—
The author states that the galls produced by Gymnosparangium juniperi-vir-
ginianw and O. globosum on Juniperus virginiana originate as modified leaves,
the vascular systems of the galls being composed of the enlarged and modified
leaf-trace bundles.

The genus Citromyces, G. Pollacci {Atti 1st. Bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2. scr., 16
{1916), pp. 121-136, pi. 1). — The author discusses several species of the genus
Citromyces which he thinks should be placed in the genus Penicillium. He has
renamed C. pfefferianus, which is technically described as P. pfefferianum.

Mycological notes, A. Lendnek {Bui. Soc. Bot. Geneve, 2. ser., 8 (1916), No.
4-6, pp. 181-185, figs. S). — Discussion is given of Pestalozzia briardi (said to be
identical with P. monocluutoidea) , which is present but does little damage on
grapevines, also of a fungus technically described as a new species {Lophionema
chodati) on Pinus sylvestri*.

Diseases and injuries of cultivated plants during 1912 {Ber. Landw. Rdch-
samte Innern, No. S8 {1916), pp. VIII+354).— This report deals with the
weather in Germany during the year, with the influence of disease and injury
on crops (particularly noting tliose considered as more important), and with
the apparatus and materials employed against injurious agencies.

Grain smut in Java, O. J. J. van Hall {Teysnuinnia, 28 {1917), No. 1, pp.
24-27). — Among the diseases which have already appeared on the gi-ains now
being tested out with a view to their cultivation in the Dutch East Indies are
wheat smut {Ustilago tritici) and barley smut {V. nuda).

The prevention of bunt, G. P. Darnell-Smith {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 28
{1917), No. 3, pp. 1S5-1S9). —Tests reported during a series of years are said to

19181 DISEASES OP PLANTS. 449

show that the best avera^o results, considering both freedom from bunt and
geruiinabillty, are obtained by dipping the seed grain into 1.5 per cent copper
sulphate for 3 minutes and then for an equal period of time into limewater.
This is considered the standard remedy to be employed for protection from
bunt. Formalin lowered the germination percentage. Experiments under con-
ditions of heavy infection of the check plats at Cowra in 1915 and 1916 and at
Wagga In 1915 gave, however, better results from dry copper cai'bonate (2 oz.
per bushel) than from the standard method above noted. The use of gaseous
formaldehyde gave unsatisfactory results during its year of trial, and the tests
are to be repeated with modifications.

Pod blight of the Lima bean caused by Diaporthe phaseolonim, L. L. Hab-
TEB (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1911), No. 10, pp. 473-504, pis. 2,
figs. 11). — An account is given of an investigation of pod blight of Lima beans,
which was first reported in this country by the botanist of the New .Jersey Sta-
tion (E. S. R., 4, p. 52).

The disease is characterized by circular brown spots on the leaves and large
unsightly spots on the nearly mature pods and stems. As a result of a study
of the disease and the literature pertaining to it, the author concludes that
it is due to D. phaseolorum. In addition to its occurrence on the Lime bean,
the fungus was found to fruit well on stems of Melilotus alba, rice, corn
meal, and other starch media. Dilute solutions of formaldehyde, copper sul-
phate, and mercuric chlorid proved toxic to the spores.

For the control of the pod blight, the author recommends the selection of
clean seed which should be disinfected in mercuric chlorid, formalin, or copper
sulphate. The plants in the field should be sprayed from the time they are
1 to 2 ft. tall sufiiciently often to keep the foliage covered with a copper
fungicide.

Cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum, S. P. Doolittle
(Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 17 (1015), pp. 87-116).— The injury associated with
cucumber scab, which is said to have been very severe during the past two
seasons in Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin, is due partly to the soft rots
which gain access through the scab lesions. The author gives an account of a
somewhat extended study of the disease, its distribution, effects, and control.

The chief difficulty in the control of this disease lies in the rapid growth of
the cucumber plant and fruit and in the rapid development and spread of the
fungus. Measures recommended include rotation, destruction of trash and
vines, drainage, drilling in rows of ample width, airing and sunning the vines
after showers, and frequent spraying coordinated with the weather changes.

Flax wilt: A study of the nature and inheritance of wilt resistance, W. H.
TiSDALE (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 11, pp. 573-606,
pis. 3, figs. 8). — In a contribution from the Wisconsin Experiment Station, the
author gives the results of investigations carried on as to the nature and in-
heritance of wilt resistance. For the purpose of this study, flax was chosen
on account of the ease with which it may be gi'own, its short growing season,
the availability of resistant and susceptible strains, the ease with which the
strains are crossed, etc. The wilt, which is due to Fusarium lini, was studied
at great length.

The fungus was found to penetrate the flax plant through root hairs, young
epidermal cells, stomata of seedlings, and perhaps through wounds, invading
the tissues of susceptible plants and causing the wilt. No considerable clog-
ging of vessels was observed, and the wilting is believed to be due to several
factors, such as the destruction of the young active root system, which partly
cuts off the food and water supply of the plant; use of the food and water

450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

supply by the fun{?iis; increased transpiration clue to a rise in temperature;
and the possible production of toxins which injure the host protoplasm.

As a result of the studies on resistance, it is believed that resistance is es-
sentially of a chemical nature. Inheritance of resistance through hybridization
in which susceptible and immune strains were crossed was studied, and re-
sistance was found to be an inherited character which is apparently determined
by multiple factors. Great difference was observed in the individuality of
plants with respect to the resistant character, as shown by their offspring.
The first generation from some crosses is entirely resistant, from some inter-
mediate, and from others entirely susceptible. The degree of resistance appears
to depend to a considerable extent on the environmental conditions under
which the plants are gro^vn. Plants of North Dakota Resistant No. 114 were
found not entirely resistant under the high summer temperatures in the green-
house.

In conducting experiments of this kind, the author suggests that all parent
strains to be used in crossing be thoroughly tested on infected soils under
unfavorable conditions before making crosses, and that hybridisation experi-
ments be conducted under uniform environmental conditions in order to obtain
conclusive results.

On the resistance to fungicides shown by the hop mildew (Sphserotheca
humuli) in different stages of development, E. S. Salmon (Ann. Appl. Biol.,
3 (1917), No. 2-3, pp. 93-96, pi. 1). — The experiments carried out on Erysi-
phacese, as previously noted by the author in connection with Eyre (B. S. R.,
37, p. 47), were conducted on the assumption that the resistance of the fungus
to the fungicidal properties of a chemical would be highest when couidiophores
and conidia were most evident. Experiments by the autlior during 1916 with
hop plants, however, are said to have shown that the mildew growing on tlie
host plant is more difficult to kill when at an earlier stage of itJs development.
The details of two experiments are given. Evidence collected is said to indi-
cate that tlie age of the mildew, even when in tlie powdery conidial stage, is a
factor of importance, the older conidial patches showing less power of resistance
than the young patches to the soluble sulphid spray. Apparently the age and
condition of tlie leaf are to some extent concerned, the mildew on old hop
leaves having less resistance than on vigorous young leaves. Other factors are
thought to be involved. It still remains to be determined at what stage it
is most economical to employ the fungicide.

Neck rot disease of onions, M. T. Munn (New York State Sta. Bui. JfSl
(1917), pp. S63-Jf55, pis. 11, fig. 1). — Under the name neck rot disease the author
describes an affection of onions known to occur in all the principal onion sec-
tions of the United States, where it causes heavy losses in stored onions and
frequently in the growing crop and the seed crop.

The cause of the disease has been referred to a number of species of fungi,
but as a result of his studies the author claims that it is due to Botrytis
aim. The infection of the bulbs in the field is said to occur through the leaves
and necks, the fungus passing down the neck and causing a rot in the field or
else going into the storage house where the disease develops rapidly under
favorable conditions. The bulbs may also become infected from the soil and
the seed heads from wind-blown spores which cause a blasting of the flowers.

As a result of his investigations, the author has found that the fungus pro-
duces appreciable amounts of oxalic acid, but no pathological effect of this acid
could be demonstrated. It was found, however, that pectinase was secreted,
and from a study of extracts of this material acting on plant tissue, a pos-
sible explanation was secured of the tissue changes taking place when the
parasite attacks the host.

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 451

Various factors favorable to infection were noted, among them inmiaturity
and imperfect curing of the bulbs ; the application of commercial fertilizers
late in the season or in incorrect proportions; the application of large quanti-
ties of stable manure before planting ; poor air drainage in the field ; and high
humidity, high temperature, and poor ventilation in the storage house.

Methods of control have been worked out which include field sanitation,
care of the curing crop, and storing in properly constructed and regulated
houses. Fumigation of the stock with formaldehyde gas just before or just
after storing has been found ineffective against the fungus. While spraying
the growing crop with Bordeaux mixture has given some promising results,
this method of treatment has not been tested sufllciently to warrant definite
recommendations.

A bibliography is appended.

Onion neck-rot in storage houses, F. H. Hall {Neio York State Sta. Bui. 437,
popular C(L {1911), pp. S, figs. 3). — A popular edition of the above.

Early blight of potato and related plants, R. D. Rands (Wisconsin Sta. Re-
search Bid. 1^2 {1911), pp. ^iS, figs. 10). — The history, occurrence, and economic
importance of early blight of potatoes and related plants due to Altcrnaria
solani are given, together with stu<lies on the host range of the fungus and its
morphology, physiology, and life history.

The disease, which is said to be practically world-wide, causes premature
death of the foliage and thus indirectly damages the crop. In Wisconsin, the
fungus is known to occur on the potato, tomato, and eggplant, the species pre-
viously reported on the jimson weed being a different form to which the author
has given the name A. crassa.

Early blight is said ordinarily to make little development until the host
plant has passed its period of greatest vigor and is being weakened by external
conditions or the drain of tuber formation. Climate and ^il were found to
exert a controlling influence on the disease, and the conclusion is reached that
the development of early blight requires relatively high temperatures alternat-
ing with moist periods, in combination with a more or less weakened condition
of the plant.

Crop rotation and the destruction of dead potato tops, together with spray-
ing with Bordeaux mixture, are recommended for the control of the disease.

Study of a bacterial disease of soy bean and the nature of the root nodules
of Glycine soja and Arachis hypogtea, P. C. van der Wolk {Cultura, 2S {1916),
Nos. 336, pp. 26S-2So; 337, pp. 300-319). — Besides a discussion of parasitic and
so-called symbiotic relationships, the author gives an account, with his explana-
tions, of a soy-bean disease which, appearing first as an etiolated condition,
may result in the death of the plant. The trouble appeared to be due to the
activities of the bacterium {Ehizobixmi bcyerincJcii) associated with the root
nodules, which are here compared with plant galls.

In health, the nodule maintains close relationship with the leguminous plant
by means of outgrowths suggestive of the haustoria of some parasitic plants.
Detached nodules, no matter how small, kept in nutritive media but not those
kept in water, acted somewhat as individual organisms, attaining a considerably
larger size than those naturally attached. The normal and the abnormal
processes, as well as the forms and structures which occur in the rootlets, are
described in some detail, as is also the behavior of these outgrowths in healthy
and in diseased plants.

The trouble appears to be connected primarily with the lowering of re-
sistance and decrease of protective products in the single layer of cells lying
between the nodule and the rootlet proper and normally acting as an absorbing
organ and also a barrier to these bacteria and fui-nishing an antidote for their

452 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. t Vol. 38

harmful products. The absence or inefficiency of tliis barrier results in a con-
dition described as a successful parasitism of tjie plant by its own nodule
bacteria or by abnormally developed outgrowths from the altered nodular struc-
ture itself, which thus behaves as a foreign body or a parasitic organism.

The results are discussed of the examination of a large number of Arachis
and Soja plants, both of which are found to be subject to this trouble when
growing under unfavorable conditions. It is thought that this disorder may be
somewhat common in leguminous plants.

Orobanclie ramosa and O. cum,ana parasites of tobacco iu Roumania, I.
Gbintescu (Bui. Dir. Gen. Reg. Monopol. Stat. [Roumania], 2 {1914-15), No.
3-4, pp. 10-31, pis. 2, figs. 7; 3 (1915-16), Nos. 1-2, pp. 1-28, figs. 7; 3-4, pp.
20-23; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internal. Rev. Sei. and Praet. Agr.,
7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 767, 762; Bol. Tec. Coltiv. Tabacchi [Scafati], 15 {1916),
No. 3-6, p. 91).— It is stated that among the numerous enemies of tobacco in
Roumania the Orobanchacefe hold first place for both harmfulness and rapidity
of spread. The species known in the various localities named are Phelipcea
(O. ) ramosa and 0. cum ana,, the last being now reported for the first time as
parasitic on tobacco in that country. Descriptions are given of both species,
their varieties, origin, distribution, and the control measures employed.

Other cultivated plants attacked by these species include hemp, potatoes, and
pumpkin.

Dying of young fruit trees, R. Waters {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 12 {1916),
No. 2, pp. 112-121, figs. S). — Following up the introductory article on this subject
by Cockayne (E. S. R., 35, p. 456), the author states that in the course of the
preliminary investigations conducted by himself concerning the mortality among
fruit trees, thousands of young trees were found to be affected with apple
canker {Nectria ditissima), New Zealand root fungus {Roscllinia radiciperda),
dieback (somewhat rarely), or the sour sap condition mentioned in the article
referred to.

No fructifications have yet been found on apple twigs showing dieback. The
sour sap condition, said to be by far the most common disorder of young apple
trees in the Dominion, is closely associated with fructifications producing red
or golden fibrils and closely resembling those of apple bark fungus {Valsa
ambiens) ; with fructifications producing black or white fibrils; or with a
fungus the stromata of which burst through the bark and give crescent-shaped
summer conidia similar to those of apricot coral spot (A'^. cinnabarina) . Much
evidence favors the view that sour sap develops almost exclusively on trees pre-
viously weakened by mifavorable soil conditions or treatment, forms of which
are discussed under the heads of soil prejiaration, soil water, feeble nursery
stock, unsuitable varieties, bad planting, lack of shelter, and pruning, with men-
tion of other possible causes.

Dying of young fruit trees, R. Waters {Jour. Agr. [Neio Zeal.], 14 {1917),
No. 3, pp. 190-196). — Emphasizing the claim noted above that the main cause
of debility resulting in sour sap of fruit trees is the undue accmnulation of
water in the low situations in which they are planted and the consequent lack
of aeration in the soil, the author outlines the apparent relations of the sour sap
condition to the various fungi found in connection therewith.

This condition in the wood, cambium, and bark of young apple trees is com-
monly followed by the appearance of at least six kinds of spore-bearing organ-
isms, of which there have been Identified, with more or less probability, Valsa
ambiens, V. auerswaldii, Diplodia griffoni, and Fusarium latcritiutn. The most
marked results of inoculation which were obtained came from tests with a
fungus which has not yet been identified. It appears that the fungi associated

1018] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 453

with sour sap are couimonly saprophytes which are favored by conditions un-
favorabie to healtliy growOi, no conclusive evidence of parasitism having yet
been obtained. Tlie remedy suggested is removal of the predisposing condi-
tions, particularly that of excessive soil water, though other factors also re-
quire attention.

An undescribed bark canker of apple and the associated organism, G. H.
Coons {Rpt. Mich. Acad. ScL, 17 {1015), pp. 117-122, pi. /).— Owing to delay
in the publication of this report, the new combination (Plenodotnus fuscomacu-
lans) here proposed has already appeared in other communications by the
auttior (E. S. R., 34, p. C47; 35, p. 658). The canker is here described, and
the morphology and classification of the organism are discussed.

A blossom wilt and canker of apple txees, H. Wokmald {Ann. Appl. Biol., 3
{1917), No. Jf, pp. 159-204, Pl^- 5)- — Having carried forward the work previously
reported by Salmon (E. S. R., 32, p. 148) on brown rot canker of apple, said
to be increasing in intensity and destructiveness year by year in the southeast
of England and attacking many, perhaps all, of the local varieties, the author
gives the results of a comparison of the blossom wilt fungxis with other Monilias
of fruit trees, with the results of inoculation tests and of other studies.

Infection takes place through the open llowers, invading the spur and some-
times resulting in a branch canker. These dead portions produce pustules dur-
ing the winter and spring, conidia from which infect the blossoms and cause
the wilt. After shedding the conidia the canker becomes callused, and the
lesion eventually heals. Inoculation of apple blossoms with pure cultures re-
sulted in the death of the inflorescences and spurs and in some cases in cankers,
conidia-bearing pustules appearing on the parts during the following winter.

The causal organism is said to be easily distinguished from M. fructigena
and is provisionally referred to M. cincrea, but it is said to show on culture
media a different habit from the fungus bearing that name in America.

Removal of all infected spurs before the blooms open checks the disease, as
does also spraying so as to prevent the conidial pustules from shedding their
conidia during the period of blooming.

The blossom wilt and canker disease of apple trees, H. Wobmald {Jour.
Bd. Agr. {London], 24 {1917), No. 5, pp. 504-513, pis. 4).— The information given
in the article noted above from another source is here briefly presented, with
some advice to fruit growers.

The gnarly apple disease of 1914, W. H. Venable {Vcrtnont Sta. Bui. 203
{1917), pp. 12, 13). — A description is given of a serious trouble of apples in
1914 in Vermont and New York, in which the fruit was misshapen, depressed,
and indented, the flesh below being a mass of brownish, corky tissue. No or-
ganism has been found in connection with this trouble, and it is believed to
have been due to late frost injury, a sharp frost having been reported during
a period when the trees were in full bloom.

The effect of fungicide on the spore germination of Longyear's Alternaria,
R. W, Goss and S. P. Doolittle {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 17 {1915), pp. ISS-
187). — An organism, sometimes referred to as Longyear's Alternaria (B. S. R.,
17, p. 780), has been shown to infect apples in widely scattered regions of the
United States, causing a core rot which appears to be more susceptible to the
influence of Bordeaux mixture than of any other preparation tested, though
several which are named gave a measure of control, and lead arsenate in-
creased the value of several. The author gives a brief account of varietal sus-
ceptibility, symptoms, microscopical characters, cultural characteristics, and
fungicidal tests.

454 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Lime as a preventive aud remedy for gummosis and brown rot in stone
fruits, W. M. Faulknkk ([CorvaUis, Orcy.]: Benton County Courier, 1917, pp.
34, jUjs. 3). — Tests carried out for several years are claimed to have shown that
slaked lime applied to the roots of young trees as indicated will prevent or
cure brov/n rot or gummosis in sour or sweet cherry, also brown rot of prune
or peach. The amount to l)e used varies from 1 to 3 tons per acre, according to
the degree of sourness of the soil. The same result may be obtained, it is
claimed, by the use of 4 or 5 times as much hardwood ashes.

The fig canker, caused by Phoma cinerescens, E. S. Salmon and H. Wobmald
{Ann. Appl. Biol., 3 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1-12, pis. 2, fig. i).— Fig trees of all ages
on plantations in the district of Sompting, Sussex, were found in 1914 to be
suffering from fungus attacks of two kinds, one of these being a Botrytis
causing a die-back which is still under investigation. The other disease is a
canker on both the young and the older branches, often close to the ground.
The disease is of serious economic importance and may threaten the future
of fig growing in this district. The constant occurrence of a fungus with
pycnidial fructifications on the cankered area was noted in the field. The
causal organism, apparently a wound parasite, has been examined and sup-
posedly identified with P. cinerescens.

Temperatures of the cranberry regions of the United States in relation to
the growth of certain fungi, N. E. Stevkns (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 11 (1917), No. 10, pp. 521-529, figs. 3).— Studies have been made of the
temperature and rainfall of the principal cranberry regions of the United
States in connection with the occurrence of the fruit rots due to Glomerella
cingulata and Fusicoccum putrefacicns.

These fungi were found to vary greatly in their temperature requirements,
and this fact is believed to indicate that the problem of their control will be
very different on the Pacific coast and in the eastern United States.

Orange rusts of Bubus, J. C. Arthur {Bat. Gaz., 63 {1917), No. 6, pp. 501-
515, fig. 1). — The writer, concurring in the opinion held by Kunkel (E. S. R.,
37, p. 457) that the two forms of rust on Kubus are distinct and that one is
Gymnoconia inter stitialis, has described the other as a new genus and species,
Kunkclia nitens. lie discusses the iipcial and the telial form in connection with
the hosts used by each form, indicating the geographic range of these two
fungi.

The eflicacy of Bordeaux mixture, V. Vermorel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr.
France, 3 {1917), No. 3, pp. 80, 8i).— The author, referring briefly to his work
with Dantony on grape downy mildew (E. S. R., 38, pp. 153, 154), states that
the claim of superiority for acid Bordeaux mixture should be made instead
for the alkaline spray, which alone should be employed. A strength of 1 per
cent of the alkaline mixture is claimed to be even more efticacious than one of
2 per cent of the acid spray. It is claimed that the general adoption of the
alkaline spray at the lower concentration would result in a large saving an-
nually. Excess of lime is said to be harmless.

Report on fungus rot [of avocado], W. T. Horne {Rpt. Cal. Avocado Assoc,
1915, pp. 13-16). — A brief descriptive account is given of several types of decay
and of organisms present, including both fungi (some of which are named)
and bacteria. One rot organism in particular is said to be indistinguishable
from that causing black rot of apples in the Middle States. It is suggested
that this rot may become very important in connection with avocado culture.

Citrus scab in Porto Rico, J, A. Stevenson {Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Sta. Bui.
17 {1917), pp. 16). — A popular account is given of citrus scab, which is particu-
larly injurious to grapefruit in Porto Rico, with suggestions for some means
of reducing loss.

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 455

Brown spot of Emperor mandarins, G. P. Darnell-Smith (Agr. Gaz. N. S.
Wales, 28 {1911), No. 3, pp. 190-196) .—The present article describes in greater
detail the experiments (E. S. R., 37, p. 352) conducted during tiie last two years
in connection with control of brown spot of the Emperor mandarin due to
Colletotrichum glo^osporioides.

The first essential is destruction of diseased wood. An excellent spray is
Bordeaux mixture, which is not injurious at a strength of 6: 4: 50, though half
this strength is sufficient after the disease has been brought under control.
Early spraying is very essential, but very frequent spraying apparently tends
to increa.'^e the red scale.

Walnut blight in the eastern United States, S. M. McMukran (U, S. Dept.
Agr. BuL 611 {1917). pp. 7, pis. 2).— According to the author, walnut blight, or
bacteriosis, which has proved very destructive on the Pacific coast, is known
to occur in Louisiana, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, Penn-
sylvania, and New York.

Studies of the organism causing the disease, made in the summer of 1916,
gave results similar to those described from California. Based on the single
season's observation, the author reports that late infections are the rule. If
this condition .should generally hold true, it con.stitutes a striking difference
between the di.sease in the Middle Atlantic States and that on the Pacific
coast.

As the results of spraying experiments for the control of the disease in Cali-
fornia have not been satisfactory, the author recommends testing and devel-
oping resistant varieties.

Narcissus disease, J. K. Ramsbottom {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 61 {1917), Nos.
1586, p. 207; 1587, pp. 217, 218; 1588. pp. 226, 227).— This is a report of a re-
cent study carried out at Wisley on a disease of narcissus which has been
attributed to a Fusarium, but is now definitely stated to be due to the nema-
tode Tyleiichiis devastatrix. Field observations show that the disease may
appear first in the neck of the bulb, the leaves at and below the soil surface
decaying and falling over without showing the twisted growth characteristic
of a diseased bulb. The nem;itode is an active parasite, but has not been shown
to pass from bulb to bulb in storage. The organism has been found in both
mature and immature carpels. It may pass from the diseased parent bulb
to the offset by way of the basal plate, or vice versa. Fusarium is thought
to play but a small part in the production of the disease phenomena observed
in this connection. Discussion of preventive and remedial measures includes
rotation, trenching, trap plants, heat, formalin, and lime-sulphur.

The place of origin of this disease is not known.

Narcissus disease, J. K. Ramsbottom {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 61 {1917), 2Vo.
1586, p. 20.'i). — This is a summary of the work above noted, with mention of
other studies on eel-worm or nematode disease of narcissus.

Oidium quercinum on chestnut, A. Trotter {Alpc [ItaJy], 2. ser., 3 {1916),
No. 2, pp. -'{9-53; ahs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and
Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 758, 759). — The author notes the occurrence of
the oak Oidium (0. quercinum) on chestnut, as previously mentioned by Far-
neti (E. S. R., 24. p. 652). In the case now recorded the attack occurred on
sprouts growing from stumps of trees cut out of season. This attack may
have been conditioned, it is thought, by weakness of the host plants due to the
late cutting (not earlier than August 1), the altitude, and the fact that the
fungus was then in or near its most actively reproductive stage.

An epidemic of Cronartium comptoniae at the Roscommon State nurseries,
C. H. Kauffman and E. B. Mains {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 17 {1915), pp. 188.

49984°— 18 5

456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

189). — Pines at Kosconimon {Pinus potiderosa aud P. contorta, but not Scotch
pine) were found in 1914 to be infected witli a blister rust, the Peridermium
comptoniw stage attacl<ing almost every seedling pine, some of which died.
Myrica asplcnifolia showed on its rusted leaves the pustules of the uredospore
and the tcleulospore stage of C. comptonice. The teleutospores infect the pine
seedlings, the mycelium growing slowly under the bark two or three years, the
hypertrophy also developing very slowly. ^Ecidiospores produced by the Peri-
dermium stage on the pine infected the sweet ferns during the spring or early
summer. It is considered possible that the rust is harbored by one or more of
the native pines.

[Rubber diseases], R. D. Anstead (Planters' Chron., 11 {1916), No. 50, pp.
628-630). — This is a very brief acount of observations on pink disease of rubber,
by the author and by W. McRea, and on the good effects of Bordeaux mixture
employed in this connection, with an account of preliminary steps taken to
inaugurate experimentation on five estates totaling 900 acres.

Abnormal leaf fall of Hevea rubber, R. D. Anstead (Planters' Chron., 12
(1917). No. 5, pp. 5^-56). — A program has been drawn up aud circulated to the
several estates undert iking the study of the leaf fall diseases of rubber. The
treatment which is to be thus tested includes the removal of all branches
which have died back, also the previous year's fruits and fruit stalks ; the
collection and destruction of all leaves, fruits, twigs, and branches found on
the ground ; and the removal of all fruits by June 1 to 10. An alternative to
this treatment is the removal by June 1 of the flowers and any stray fruits
which may have developed from flowers overlooked.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Principles of economic zoology, L. S. and M. C. Daugherty (Philadelphia
and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1917, 2. ed., rev., pp. IX+428, figs. 302).— A
second edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R.. 30, p. 52).

Game laws for 1917, G. A. Lawyer, W. F. Bancroft, and F. L. Earnshaw
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 910 (1917), pp. 70). — The usual annual sum-
mary of the provisions of Federal, State, and provincial statutes, the provisions
having been arranged mainly by States and Provinces.

Laws relating to fur-bearing animals, 1917, D. E. Lantz (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 911 (1917), pp. 31). — This is the usual summary of laws in
the United States and Canada relating to trapping, open seasons, propagation,
and bounties.

Control of the jack rabbit pest in Nevada, R. A. Ward (Agr. Ext. Univ.
Nev. Bui. IS (1917), pp. 11, fig. 1). — This is a discussion of the necessity of
organized community and farm campaigns, crops destroyed by rabbits, and the
ways and means of rabbit extermination.

Control of the California ground squirrel, J. Dixon (California Sta. Circ.
181 (1917), pp. 14, figs. 3). — This is a popular account which gives a brief
description of the California or "digger" squirrel (Citellus beecheyi and .sub-
species) and measures for its control. It is pointed out that the five most
effective methods of destroying these squirrels are (1) poisoning with strych-
nin; (2) fumigation with carbon bisulphid ; (3) trapping; (4) shooting; and
(5) encouragement of the natural enemies. Carbon bisulphid is most effective
when the soil is damp; strychnin-coated barley is best used during the dry
season ; trapping and shooting are effective at any time, but are from six to
twelve times more so before the young are out, before April 1, than later in
the season. Powdered strychnin (sulphate) in fresh vegetables and fruit is
specially effective in the dry season when green food is scarce.

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 457

Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the Great
Plains, Great Basin, Pacific slope, and Lower Rio Grande Valley, Florence
M. Bailey (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917, 7. ed., rev.,
pp. LI +574, pis. 33, figs. 601). — A revised pocket edition of the work previously
noted (E. S. R.. 14, p. 551).

Notes on North American birds, H. C. Obekholser (Auk, 34 {1917), Nos. 2,
pp. 191-196; 3, pp. 321-329; ),, pp. J,65-i70).

Notes on the genus Puffinus, H. C. Obekholser (Auk, 34 (1917), No. 4, PP-
471-475).

The shedding of the stomach lining by birds, particularly as exemplified
by the Anatidae, W. L. McAtee (Auk, 34 (1917), No. 4, pp. 415-421, pis. 2).

The food of nestling birds, H. E. Enders and AV. Scott (Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci., 1915, pp. 323-337; abs. in Auk, 34 (1917), No. 4, pp. 494. ^95).— This is a
report of field studies of the number of feedings of broods of the brown
thrasher, robin, wood pewee, and kingbird and the general nature of their food.

English sparrow (Passer domesticus) feeding on the larva of the elm-tree
beetle, N. E. Wilmot (Auk, 34 (1917), No. 4, pp. 479, 480).— In addition to
feeding on the elm-tree beetle in large numbers on the trunks of trees, the
author observed the English sparrow to feed upon small moths on the wing,
May beetles, etc. He is of the opinion that this sparrow is becoming more
insectivorous each year.

[The attraction and protection of birds], E. H. Forbush (Agr. of Mass.,
1916, pt. 2, pp. 191-263, pts. 7, figs. 10).— A discussion (1) of the food plants
that attract birds and protect fruit, including diagrams taken from Farmers'
Bulletin 621, previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 347), which show the seasons
of fruits attractive to birds and of fruits useful to protect cultivated varieties,
and (2) of the natural enemies of birds as previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 54).

Hydrocyanic acid gas as a soil fumigant, E. R. de Ong (V. S. Dept. Agr.,
Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 9, pp. 421-436, pi. 1. fig. i).— This is a
detailed report of investigations conducted at the California Experiment Sta-
tion, the results of which have been summarized as follows :

" The toxicity of hydrocyanic acid gas solutions varied with the insects ex-
perimented upon, from the minimum for house flies of 0.0156 gm. of sodium
cyanid per liter (equivalent to 0.0046 per cent of hydrocyanic acid gas over
the solution) to the maximum for beetles of 0.125 gm. sodium cyanid per liter
(equivalent to 0.0365 per cent of hydrocyanic acid gas over the solution), the
latter being the most resistant of any insect experimented upon. Gas from
a solution of approximately the same strength as that used above on house flies
retarded the germination total of lettuce seed 11.3 per cent. Lettuce seed is
not killed by two days' exposure to hydrocyanic acid gas as strong as 0.0366
gm. of sodium cyanid per liter (equivalent to 0.0109 per cent of hydrocyanic
acid gas over the solution) and will give a good germination percentage if
removed at the end of this time.

" Stimulation was greatest at a point one-sixteenth of that causing retarda-
tion, namely, 0.0011 gm. of sodium cyanid per liter (approximately 0.00033 per
cent of hydrocyanic acid gas over the solution).

" Solutions of hydrocyanic acid gas approximately 256 times as strong as
that necessary to produce gas having the minimum killing strength for flies
were fatal to all seedlings tested and to 50 per cent of the cuttings placed in the
solution, while a solution approximately twice as strong as that required to
produce a gas concentration fatal to flies had no effect even upon seedlings.

" Sodium cyanid solutions introduced into the soil failed to give a trace
of hydrocyanic acid gas in air drawn from the soil. The use of pressure in

458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

forcing gas into tlie soil did not materially increase the rate at which it could
be introduced. Soil and water are both strong absorbents of hydrocyanic acid
gas. Retention of hydrocyanic acid gas by the soil is dependent upon the
character of the soil, while that of water remains constant under uniform
conditions of pressure and temperature.

" The variability of gas absorption by the soil makes it practically impos-
sible in field work to estimate the dosage of .sodium cyanid required to give a
toxic effect on insects and at the same time to be within the margin of safety
to plants. In small amounts of soil of a uniform character it is possible to de-
termine experimentally the margin of- safety between certain insects and plants.
A heavy damp or a very wet sandy soil is almost impervious to hydrocyanic
acid gas. A pure sandy soil when wet will take up hydrocyanic acid gas only
in proportion to the amount of water present and this may again be given off,
but gas in contact with a clay soil either enters into a chemical combination
with some of the soil constituents or is adsorbed by the soil particles.
Gas generated in a .soil body diffuses with extreme slowness in clay soils or
very wet sandy soils, but in sand with a medium amoimt of moisture, the
diffusion of gas is much more rapid. The use of sodium cyanid offers a satis-
factory means of fumigating masses of loose, porous soil, especially those
with only small amounts of clay, or of seed beds and potting soil. Such treat-
ments allow of much wider range of concentrations when the soil is not occupied
by a. crop."

Ventilation after fumigation. — Artificial ventilation of ships after fumi-
gation with hydrocyanic acid gas, S. B. Grubbs {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.],
82 {1911), No. 42, pp. 1151-1161, pis. 2). — "Quarantine stations at which hydro-
cyanic acid gas fumigation is practiced should be equipped with mechanical
means for artificial ventilation. The gasoline-driven fan as adapted for this
use is satisfactory for the prompt ventilation of compartments of vessels after
fumigation. For the expeditious handling of large vessels three machines are
recommended, two of the horizontal pattern (downward thrust) and one of the
vertical pattex-n (horizontal thru.st)."

Fumigation hints {Cal. Citrogr., 2 {1911), No. 12, p. ^).— This is a summary
of recommendations made by R. S. Woglum of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture relative to the injury by and dosage of hydrocyanic acid gas in fumigation
work with citrus. Attention is called to the fact that trees, the branches of
which have been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or painted with Bordeaux
paste, should not be fumigated since it will result in a serious burning. Trees
sprayed with lime-sulphur are unaffected by fumigation, as is the case with
trees of which the trunk alone has been treated with Bordeaux.

Effect of smelter gases on insects, R. W. Doane {Science, n. ser., 46 {1911),
No. 1186. pp. 295, 296). — During the course of several summers spent in
studying insects in regions where smelters are located, the author has detected
no differences in the number of insects or the extent of insect injury due to the
presence of smelter gases. Fumigation tests with sulphur dioxid in strengths
of from 5 to 25 parts to 1.000,000 parts of air failed to demonstrate an insec-
ticidal effect, and he concludes that the sulphur dioxid given off by the smelters
has no effect whatever on the insects in that region.

The natural immunity or resistance of plants to insect attack, R. C.
Treherne {Agr. Gas. Canada, 4 {1911), No. 10, pp. 855-859). — A general dis-
cussion of this subject.

Some problems of sex ratios and parthenogenesis, 0. B. Williams {Jour.
Genetics, 6 {1911), No. 4, PP- 255-261, figs. 5). — "Aleyrodes vaporariorum has
two races, one of which, found in England, produces females parthenogenetic-

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 459

ally ; the other, found in the United States, produces males. A colony of what
is apparently the male-producing race has been found in England. Fertilized
eggs give an equality of the two sexes."

Ninth annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants
from Insects and Fung-us Diseases, 1916-17 {Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec.
Plants [etc.], 9 (1916-17), pp. 1^5, figs. .^9).— Among the papers presented in
this, the usual annual report (E. S. R., 37, p. 156), are the following: Master-
pieces of American Economic Entomology, by W. Lochhead (pp. 12-lS) ; A Few
Notes on the "Pear Tree Slug," by J. C. Chapais (pp. 2.5-27) ; Carriers and
Diluents for Dusting, by C. E. Fetch (pp. 28, 29) ; Cabbage Insects, by A. Gibson
(pp. 30-41) ; What Insecticides and Fungicides Shall We Use in 1917, and When
Shall We Spray This Year? by Father Leopold (pp. 42-44) ; Historical Notes on
Entomologj' in the Province of Quebec, by V. A. Huard (pp. 54-59) ; The White
Pine Weevil, Pissodes strohi, in Quebec, by J. M. Swaine (pp. 60-G4) ; Two
Destructive Shade Tree Borers (Cyllene robinia; and Ayrilus anxius), by C. B.
Hutchings (pp. 65-70) ; The Commoner Grass Moths of Quebec, by J. A. Cor-
coran (pp. 71-77) ; Animal Parasites and Rural Sanitation, by W. A. Riley
(pp. 99-109) ; The Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, by E. M. DuPorte (pp. 118-137) ; and
Near Relatives of Insects Injurious to Plants and Animals, by W. Lochhead
(pp. 138-144).

Report of the Dominion entomolog'ist for the year ended March. 31, 1915,

C. G. Hewitt (Canada Dept. Agr., Rpt. Dominion Ent., 1915, pp. I/O, pi. 1, figs.
6). — This reports briefly the work of the year under the headings of adminis-
tration of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act, and insects affecting cereals and
other field crops, fruit crops, forest and shade trees, domestic animals and
man, and the garden and greenhouse. A map showing the distribution of the
brown-tail and gipsy moths In 1914 and the places in Canada where parasites
and predacious beetles have been distributed to date is appended.

Annual report of the entomolog-ist, A. H. Ritchie (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr.
Jamaica, 1917, pp. 28-34; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 16 (1917), Nos. 401,
pp. 282, 283; 402, pp. 298, 299). — The occurrence of the more important insects
of the year ended March 31, 1917, is reported upon under the headings of sugar
cane, coconut, citrus, pimento, pineapple, storage, corn, truck crop, stock
pests, etc.

The West Indian sugar cane leaf hopper (Stenocranus saccharivorus) was the
most important cane pest worked with. Two new host plants, the mahwa tree
(Bassia latifolia) and the wampee (Clausenia wampi), are recorded for the
spiny white fly (Aleurocanthus woglumi), which has spread throughout Jamaica
since its discovery in 1913 and is a most serious pest of citrus.

Insect pests in British Guiana in 1916, H. W. B. Moore (Abs. in Agr.
News [Barbados], 16 (1917), No. 4OO, pp. 266, 267).— A small undetermined
pyralid moth borer of the subfamily Phycitiuse, discovered in 1916 and appar-
ently new to science, has a wide distribution in British Guiana. The shoot is
attacked in a manner quite different from that by the other small borers. As a
rule it bores straight to the heart and then merely eats out a small cavity
instead of making a longitudinal tunnel. Notes are given on the small moth
borers (Diatnea saccharalis and D. canella), which do considerable damage, the
large moth borer (Castnia licus), the small black hardback (Dyscinetus biden-
tatus), the froghopper (Tomaspis flavilatera), etc.

A summary of the work of the pest control section for the year 1916,

D. B. Mackie (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 10 (1917), No. 2, pp. 128-
145, pis. 3). — This summary records the work in the locust campaign, with
diseases and pests of coconut palms, the control of the tobacco beetle, sugar

460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fVol. 3S

cane pests, pests of abaca, insects affecting rice, and diseases and insect pests
of citrus trees, educational propaganda in connection with pest control, and
work in apiculture with Apis nicUifira, A. indica, and A. dorsata.

[Jnsects of economic importance in Great Britain] {Ann. Appl. Biol., 4
(1911), No. 1-2, pp. 1-U, 28-JtG, 75-90, flfjs. 5).— The papers here presented
include the following: Frit Fly {Oscinns frit) Attacking Winter Wheat, by F.
R. Petherbridge (pp. 1-3) ; Some Farm Insects Observed in the Aberystwith
Area, 1913-1916, by C. L. Walton (pp. 4-14) ; The Life History and Economy of
the Cheese Mites, by Nellie B. Eales (pp. 28-3-5) ; Investigation of Bulb Rot
of Narcissus. — I, The Nature of the Disease, Due to Tylenchus devastatrix, by
E. J. Welsford (pp. 36-46) ; and A List of Coccidse Affecting Various Genera
of Plants (pp. 75-89), and a Note on the Immunity of Chalcid Parasites to
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas (p. 90), by E. E. Green.

[Insects of economic importance in Italy] (Redia, 12 {1911), No. 1-2, pp.
1-359, pis. 5, figs. 11). — The papers here presented include the following:
Aspidiotiphagus and Prospaltella, by A. Btrlese (pp. 1-13) ; A Case of En-
dophagy of Aspidiotiphagus citrinus on Chrysoniphalus dictyospermi, by E.
Malenotti (pp. 15-18) ; First Century of New Acarids, by A. Beiiese (pp. 19-67) ;
A Second Series of Experiments on the Influence of Some Chemicals on Bombyx
mori, by C. Cavazza (pp. 69-108) ; On the Variation in C. dictyospermi, by E.
Malenotti (pp. 109-123) ; Second Century of New Acarids (pp. 125-177) and
ScMtellista gigantea n. sp. (pp. 179, ISO), by A. Berlese; Signiphora merceti
n. sp. (pp. 181, 182), New Diaspinse (pp. 1S3-194), and Prospaltella fasciata
n. sp. (pp. 195, 196), by E. Malenotti; Contribution to the Knowledge of the
AphididiB, by G. del Guercio (pp. 197-277) ; Orthoptera Collected in Southern
Italian Somali, by E. Giglio-Tos (pp. 279-287) ; Third Century of New Acarids,
by A. Berlese (pp. 289-338) ; Aletalaptus torquatus, a New Genus^ and Species
of Chalcididte, by E. Malenotti (pp. 339-341) ; and Revision of the Genus
Hydrozete.s, by L. Chinaglia (pp. 343-359).

[Insect pests in the Federated Malay States] {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States,
5 {1911), No. 8-9, pp. 321-351). — The Diseases and Pests of the Coconut Palm
are discussed by R. M. Richards (pp. 327-337) ; The History and Present Posi-
tion of White Ant Treatment in the Malay Peninsula, by P. B. Richards, acting
government entomologist (pp. 338-348) ; and the Application of the Agri-
cultural Pests Enactment, by F. W. South, chief agricultural inspector (pp.
349-357).

Some important insect pests of cotton in the Punjab, Madan Mohan Lall
{Lahore, Punjab: Dept. Agr., 1911, pp. [S], ?j?s. 3). — Brief descriptions are given
of three of the most injurious pests of cotton in the Punjab, namely, a cotton
bollworm, the red cotton bug, and the dusky cotton bug, including colored plates
of each, showing the various stages and the nature of injury.

Insects attacking fruit trees, L. Caesar {Ontario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 250
{1911), pp. 55, figs. 59). — A summarized account is given of the more important
insect pests attacking fruit trees and means for their control, under the head-
ings of insects attacking the apple, pear, plum, cherry, and peach.

The insects which attack the wood of fruit trees, P. Lesne {Rev. Hort.
[Paris], 89 {1911), No. 19, pp. 300-302, pi. J).— This brief account is accom-
panied by a colored plate illustrating several of the important wood-attacking
species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera and the nature of their work.

Cranberry insect problems and suggestions for solving them, H. B. Scam-
MELL {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 8G0 {1911), pp. 42, figs. 38).— This publi-
cation, which supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 178 (E. S. R., 15, p. 381), gives a
popular summary of the present status of the knowledge of cranberry insects
and means for their control.

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 461

Some insects injurious to cacao plants in the Belgian Kongo (Bui. Ent.
Research, S {1911), No. 1, pp. 111-118, figs. 3). — The present paper consists of
descriptions of a number of species new to science, collected by the government
entomologist in the Belgian Kongo, R. Mayne.

[Report of the entomologist], E. A. Andrews (Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept.
Quart. Jour., No. 2 (1916), pp. SI, 82, 87, SS).— Mention is made of the more
serious pests of tea.

A preliminary list of the insects of the Province of Quebec, III, G.
Chagnon (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Sac. Protec. Plants [etc.], 9 (1916-17), Sup., pp.
161-277).— This third part (E. S. R., 34, p. 449) lists 1,810 species of Coleoptera
as occurring in the I'rovince of Quebec.

Report on a collection of termites from India, Karin and N. Holmgren,
trans, by T. B. Fletcher (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Ent. Ser., 5 (1917), No. 3,
pp. 133-171, fig. 1). — This systematic account, based upon collections made in
diverse parts of India by T. B. Fletcher, includes descriptions of a large
number of new species, one new genus, and one new subfamily.

The second experimental campaign for the destruction of locusts in
Morocco by means of d'Herelle's method, H. Velu (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 31
(1917), No. 6, pp. 277-290; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 5 (1917), No. 3, pp. 210,
211). — This reports upon the results of work carried on from March to July,
1916, in continuation of that previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 857).

A new thrips damaging orchids in the West Indies, C. B. Williams (Bui.
Ent. Research, 8 (1917), No. 1, pp. 59-61, fig. 1). — Under the name Physothrips
xanthius the author describes a new thrips which has recently caused much
damage to orchids grown for ornamental purposes in Trinidad.

Observations on the cotton stainer in St. Vincent, W. N. Sands (West
Indian Bui., 16 (1917), No. 3, pp. 235-252, pis. 2, fig. 1; abs. in Agr. News
[Barbados], 16 (1917), No. 403, pp. 308, 309).— A report of studies of the life
history and habits and of control measures for Dysdercus delauneyi (E. S. R.,
36, p. 654).

Trapping of the cotton stainer (Agr. News [Barbados], 16 (1917), No. J^OO,
p. 267). — A brief report of experiments in the trapping and destruction of the
cotton stainer (Dysdercus delauneyi) in the field in St. Vincent. The cotton
stainers are attracted to traps of cotton seed, placed under cacao trees sur-
rounding silk cotton trees that have been destroyed when heavily infested with
the cotton stainer, and killed by means of a gasoline torch without destroying
the effectiveness or attractiveness of the bait of the traps.

A revision of the genus Lygus as it occurs in America north of Mexico,
with biological data on the species from New York, H. H. Knight (Nciv
York Cornell Sta. Bui. 391 (1917), pp. 557-6J,5, pi. 1. figs. 55).— In this revision
the author recognizes 67 forms of Lygus of which 28 species occur in New York
State and 9 occur in neighboring States which will doubtless soon be found
within New York borders. Thirty-four species' and 11 varieties are described
as new. " Food plants and other biological data are given for all but one of
the species known to occur in this State. The present paper gives a much-
needed systematic revision of the group ; but the most important feature is
that structural characters found in the male genital claspers have been worked
out and shown to furnish a reliable criterion for recognition of the species."

A bibliography of five pages is included.

The Derbidae of the Philippine Islands, F. Muir (Philippine Jour. Sci.,
Sect. D, 12 (1917), No. 2, pp. 49-105, pi. 1, figs. 4).— Ninety-eight species repre-
senting 39 genera of this family of Hemiptera are described from the Philip-
pines, of which 7 genera and 61 species are new.

462 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin, W. D. Funkhouseb
(New York Cornell Sta. Mem. 11 {1911), pp. 181-U5, figs. SSI).— This luemoir
reports investigations made of 61 species of membracids representing 21
genera belonging to three subfamilies, found particularly in the vicinity of
Ithaca, N. Y. Keys are given to the genera and species with technical descrip-
tions and brief accounts of their life histories, an account of the external and
internal anatomy of the Membracidae, etc. Among the subjects discussed are
the geography and physiography of the Cayuga Lake Basin, climatology of the
basin, the basin as a floral and faunal area, distribution and range of the
family, a comparison of Cayuga Lake Basin with the State as a whole, theories
of origin and paths of migi-ation, hosts, migrations, habits, attendance by ants,
communal life, ecology, natural enemies, economic importance, methods of
collecting and preserving, etc. A check-list of the genera and species and a 12-
page bibliography are included.

The Indian sugar cane leaf hopper (Pyrilla aberrans), C. S. Misra {Mem.
Dept. Agi: India, Ent. Ser., 5 {1917), No. 2, pp. 73-136, pis. 11, figs. 9).— This
is an extended report of studies of a fulgorid which first came to attention in
1905, during which year it appeared in large numbers in the experimental
series of canes at Pusa. Since that time it has been a source of serious injury
to cane in 1906, 1907, 1910, and 1914. Three chalcidids, two of which have
been determined as Ooencyrtus pyrillw and l^etrastichtis pyrillcB, two dryinids,
Dryimis pyrillce and Chlorodryiniis pallidus, and a stylopid, Pyrilloxenos coni-
pactus, are recorded as parasites. An extended account of studies of the
biology of C. pallidus is given.

The correct name for our apple-grain aphis, A. C. Baker {Science, n. ser.,
46 {1917), No. 1191, pp. 410, 411).— This is a brief discussion in which the
author shows that more than one species of plant lice occurs upon grains and
grasses under the name Aphis avence Fab. ; that the one of these species which
migrates to apple and related trees where the eggs are laid, must be known as
A. prunifolice Fitch ; that another species, the oat aphis, which migrates to bird
cherries in Europe, must be known as A. padi L., of which A. avenw Fab. is a
synonym ; that the species now known as A. cerasifoliw Fitch migrates to
grains and grasses as does A. padi and is possibly the same species ; and that
the present placing of the name " prtinifoliw " as a synonym of " cardui L." is
not correct.

The pink and green aphid of potato, Macrosiphura solanifolii, J. S.
HousER, T. L. GuYTON, and P. R. Lowry {Ohio Sta. Bxil. 317 {1917), i)p. 61-S8,
figs. 22). — This summary of information on M. solanifolii, its life history and
habits, host plants, nature and extent of injury, natural enemies, and con-
trol measures based upon investigations carried on during 1917, is a much
more detailed account than that previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 849). In the
course of the discussion reference is made to the investigation of this aphid
at the Maine Station, reports of which by Patch have been previously noted
(E. S. R., 19, p. 662; 25, p. 759).

It is stated that while the greatest injury to potatoes diu'ing the season was
caused by this plant louse, another species, Myzus persicce, did some damage to
potatoes, having been taken at Batavia, Liberty Center, Celina, and Canton,
Ohio. A small potato plat was killed outright at Canton.

The insect hibernates as a shiny black egg, probably more frequently on
the rose than on any other host. With the coming of summer the eggs hatch
into agamic viviparous females, some of which acquire wings and fly to the
potato, where they start the series of generations of agamic viviparous females.
About 10 days are required for the daughters to become full-grown and begin

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 463

producing young, hence there are many generations during the summer breed-
ing season. The last brood of suuuuer females produces a generation of
winged males and wingless females by which the overwintering egg is deposited.
At first this egg is greenish but in a few days becomes jet black.

The adults of this species are somewhat more restless than most other
aphids and migrate freely from one place to another, thus field-sprayed plants
are highly subject to reinfestation. It is pointed out that the matter of reinfes-
tatiun of plants by migrants should receive careful consideration when control
measures are being planned.

In recording its host plants the authors have limited their records to those
upon which the female aphid was found producing young. Those heavily
infested include t,he potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper, and sunflower. Those
commonly but not heavily infested include the jimson weed, ragweed, lamb's-
quarter, sweet potato, canna, hollyhock, and matrimony vine. The hosts not
commonly infested include corn, beans, moth muUen, plantain, curly dock,
smartweed, shepherd's purse, catalpa shoots, ground cherry, and pokeweed.
In addition to these Patch has recorded it on Iris sp., Gladiolus sp., red root pig-
weed, turnip, garden pea, apple, pepper vine, cultivated aster, cineraria, and
Lactuca sp. Thus it appears to be a cosmopolitan feeder, which complicates its
control.

Four species of hymenopterous parasites, namely, Aphidius polygonaphis,
Pachyneuron aphidvoruin, and two species of Lygocerus are said to have been
remarkably abundant. Nine species of lady beetles in the adult stage were
observed feeding upon the aphids, of which Hippodamia convergens was the
most common and Cocvinella 9-nntata second in importance. The larvae of three
species of Syrphus flies were found commonly feeding upon the aphids, namely,
Syrphus americanus, Sphaerophoria cylindrica, and AUoyrapta ohliqua. The
chipping sparrow, quail, English sparrow, and domestic fowl were observed
actively feeding upon plant lice, and a fungus (Enipusa sp.) was of consider-
able importance in reducing their numbers.

Control work of the year led to the conclusion that nicotin sulphate, 1.5 to 2
teaspoonfuls to a gallon of water, or about 1 : 500, with enough soap added to
form a suds is the most satisfactory spraying material for the control of this
species. Two applications or more may be necessary to control the pest
and these applications under conditions such as prevailed during 1917 should
not be more than three days apart. Both spraying in the early stages of an
outbreak and thoroughness of application are essential to the successful con-
trol. Because of the wide range of host plants, clean culture is an important
adjunct to control measures. It is stated that with proper equipment, proper
material, and thorough work this potato pest may be effectively and economi-
cally controlled.

A list of the Aphididse of Japan, with description of new species and
genera, S. Matsumura (Jour. Col. Agr. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 7 {1917), No. 6,
pp. 35I-414, pis. 2). — The present list contains 81 species representing 29
genera, among which 57 species and 15 genera are described as new to science.

Contribution to the knowledge of the Aphididae, G. del Guekcio (Redia,
12 {1917), No. 1-2, pp. 197-277, pis. S; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1917),
No. 7, pp. 334, 335). — This paper deals with the classification of 22 species of
aphids occurring in Europe, Africa, and America, many of which are of
economic importance while others are new or insufficiently described.

Francoa elegaiu n. g. and n. sp., which occurs on I'oses in Italy, was the
source of more injury than Macrosiphum rosw or Mysus rosarum when
observed in June. The black peach aphis has been observed in Italy on peaches

464 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

of American orij^in and the injury caused is quite as severe as in the United
States. The species infesting Italian Graminacefe and citrus plants are noted.
The concluding: part of the paper reports upon preliminary studies made of
several root aphids, namely, Ncorhizohius uhniphilus n. sp. on Ulmus americana
and U. campeatris; N. pow n. sp. on grasses; N. stramineus n. sp. on barley;
(Schizoneura) Eriosoma nlmi on currant and gooseberry; and the woolly apple
aphis. In the course of three years' experiments the author has failed to
demonstrate that the spring alates of the woolly apple aphis migrate from the
elm to the apple.

The coccid enemies of the vine in Hungary, J. Jablonowski {Kis^rlet.
Kozlcm., 19 {1916), No. 2, pp. 169-2S8, pis. 8, figs. 22; abs. in Internat. Inst.
Agr. [ffoHie], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 2, pp. 316, 317).^
Six species which infest other agricultural plants are said to be of importance
as enemies of the vine in Hungary, namely, Phcnacoccus arcris, Psendococcus
adonidum, P. citri, Pulvinaria betul(r, Eulecan'mm corni, and E. pcrsicw.

Coccidse of the Philippine Islands, Elizabeth Robinson {Pliilippine Jour.
ScL, Sect. D, 12 {1911), No. 1, pp. 47, pis. 6).— The author records 73 species
representing 25 genera from the Philippines, of which 4 species are described
as new. A host index is appended.

Orchard injury by the hickory tiger-moth, D. Isely ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui.
598 {1918), pp. 14, pis. S). — The present paper is based upon investigations of
Halisidota caryce at North East, Pa., during the seasons of 1914, 1915, and
1916. This gregarious summer caterpillar, although a general feeder on
deciduous trees and shrubs, causes occasional injury in orchards of pomaceous
fruits and cultivated walnuts. The species was first described by Harris in
1841, since which time many complaints have been made of its injury altliough
there appear to be no records of very great destructiveness. It is pointed out
by the author that the hickory tiger-moth is the common name which should
be applied to this insect since it belongs to the tiger-moth and not to the
tussock-moth family. It is distributed over the northeastern United States
and the adjacent Canadian Provinces, ranging from the Atlantic Ocean west
to Missouri, Minnesota, and Saskatchewan and south to North Carolina and
southern Ohio.

Technical descriptions are given of its life stages, including nine larval
instars. Forty-nine host plants are listed for the nearly mature larva, but the
number of food plants upon which the larva can develop from egg to pupa is
much smaller and appears to be restricted to trees of the walnut and hickory
family and to pomaceous fruits. The author has reared larvae from egg
to pupa on Japanese walnut, English walnut, black walnut, apple, and pear.

There is but one generation annually. Pupation takes place in the fall,
the winter being passed in the pupal stage on the ground and the moths emerg-
ing in the early summer, apparently as early as th^ first of June. From 15 to
16 days are required for the egg stage. The duration of the larval feeding
period varies greatly and the number of instars varies from 7 to 9. Larvae
reared by the author on Japanese walnut in 1915 required from 62 to 85 days
from egg to cocoon, with an average of 74.73 days, Vv'hile in 1916 on the same
food plant from 80 to 100 days, with an average of 89.04 days, were required.
This variation is thought to have been influenced to some extent by the con-
siderable difference in the amount of rainfall, there having been an excessive
rainfall in 1915. The minimum period required for the development from egg
to cocoon was 89 days and the longest 96 days, with an average of 92.87 days.
The larvae are gregarious in the early stages and even in the later stages molt
together. They begin to scatter the latter part of the fourth stage.

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 465

The species is remarkably free from parasitic enemies, Pimpla pedalis being
tlie only one recorded. While the injury by this pest is intensive and not ex-
tensive, it is due to the gregarious larvae of the early stages which strip
brandies and sometimes small trees of their foliage and the injury to young
trees may be quite severe. It may be controlled readily by spraying with
arsenicals ; orchards which have been tlioroughly sprayed for the codling moth
have never been observed to be infested. The caterpillars soon become very
hard to poison and large amounts are required to kill them in the later stages.

A list of 19 references to the literature is appended.

The quince boi-er and its control, F. W. Pettey {Union So. Africa .Dept.
Agr. [Puh.'\ 2 {1917}, pp. 17, figs. 10). — A detailed account of Coryphodema
tristis, a lepidopteran of tlie family Cossidse, which is distributed all over
Cape Province wherever quinces or Wemmershoek apples are grown, but which
is not known to occur in any other country. Serious damage is done by
killing the branches infested by it or by impairing the bearing capacity of tlie
whole or of parts of the tree.

Moth borers affecting- sugar cane in Mauritius, D. d'Emmerez de Charmoy
{Dept. Agr. Muuritius, Sci. Ser. Bui. 5 {1917), [English Ed.], pp. 27, pis. 7).—
Summarized accounts are given of the pink borer {Sesamia vuteria), the
spotted borer {Proceras sacchariphaga) , the white borer {Grapholita schis-
taceana), and the brown borer {Alucita sacchari). Descriptions of pan'sites
of these species are appended.

The sweet potato leaf -folder, T. H. Jones {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 609 {1917),
pp. 12, figs. 4)- — This is a report of studies at Baton Rouge, La., of the pyralid
moth Pilocrocis tripunctata, tlie larva of which was first observed to be an
enemy of sweet potatoes in Louisiana in 1914. While it has not as yet been
observed to occur in destructive abundance in that State, it was very injurious
to the sweet potato near Brownsville, Tex., during tlie fall of 1916, where con-
trol experiments with poisons were conducted by M. M. High, a complementary
report of which is incorporated in this account.

In addition to Louisiana and Texas the species is recorded from Mexico,
Jamaica, Cuba, and Grenada, West Indies, and has previously been observed by
the author on sweet potatoes in Porto Rico (E. S. R., 33, p. 59).

Technical descriptions are given of its several stages. In addition to the
sweet potato the moth lias been reared from larvte found feeding on unculti-
vated plants of the genu* Ipomoea, such as bindweed, wild sweet potato, and
wild morning-glory.

At Baton Rouge during the latter part of July and first of August four
days are i-equired for the incubation of the egg. In the field the larvae are
found between separate leaves or portions of the same leaf which have been
fastened together to form " shelters," each of which usually protects one larva.
While tlie number of larval molts varies, there are usually six, for the develop-
ment of which 3 days are required for the first instar, 2 days each for the
second, third, fourth, and fifth instars, and 5 days for the sixth instar. In the
field and in the insectary tlie pupre normally are found in loose cocoons within
the shelters made by the larvae, from 6 to 9 days being required for tlieir
development. Hibernation appears to take place in the larval stage. The
minimum period required for the vai'ious stages at Baton Rouge are egg stage
4 days, larval stages 13 days, prepupal stage 2 days, and pupal stage 6 days,
or a total of 25 days.

The tachinid fly Exorista pyste and an ichneumonid {Bassus sp.) have been
reared from collections of larvae made in the field at Baton Rouge. Spraying
experiments reported indicate that the larvae can be killed readily by timely

466 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

applicatious of arsenical sprays, either arsenate of lead or zinc arseuite at the
rate of 1 or 2 lbs. (powder) to 50 gal. of water.

Results obtained from spraying raspberries with carbolineum for (Lam-
pronia) Incurvaria rubiella, K. Onrust (Tijdnchr. Flantenziekten, 23 {1911),
No. 1, pp. n-30; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Scr. A, 5 (1911), No. 7, p. 277).—
Spraying with carbolineum or banding with adhesive has been found to be
the best measure for controlling infestation by this tineid moth borer, which
sometimes infests the raspberry in the Netherlands to the extent of 50 per
cent. An 8 per cent strength of carbolineum should be applied to the foliage
and roots before March 15.

The toxin of Sotto bacilli, K. Aoki and Y. Chigasaki (Bui. Assoc. S6ri.
Japon, Nos. 20 (1916), pp. 1-6; 21 (1917), pp. J-8).— These data supplement the
accounts previously noted (B. S. R., 37, p. 853). The toxin of the Sotto
bacillus largely remains fixed within the organism ; it does not pass through the
porcelain filter and disappears after boiling for 10 minutes. The spores are
destroyed and the toxin neutralized by Lugol's solution.

Studies in Philippine Diptera, I and II, M. fiEzzi (Philipijine Jour. ScL,
Sect. D, 8 (1913), No. 4, pp. 305-332; 12 (1917), No. S, pp. 107-161, pi. D.—A
catalogue of r>iptera hitherto recorded from the Philippine Islands is first
presented, followed«by descriptive notes on 200 forms. In the first and second
papers, respectively, 2 genera and 17 species and 2 genera and 34 species are
described as new.

The Hessian fly, E. N. Coey (Md. Agr. Ext. Serv. Bui. 7 (1917), pp. 4,
fig. 1). — A summary of information on this pest, including a diagram of its
seasonal development and the planting dates between which it is safe to sow
wheat in various parts of Maryland.

Sheep mag'got flies. III, W. W. and J. L. Froggatt (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales,
Farmers' Bui. 113 (1917), pp. 37, figs. i2).— This report of work, carried on
during 1915-16 in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 160),
deals with the reduction of flies by destruction of offal and carrion, trapping
flies, blow flies breeding in decaying vegetable matter, baits for attracting and
poisoning maggots and adult flies, tests with dips and dressings, chemical
notes, dipping and spraying, rendering sheep immune by internal drenches or
licks, notes on destruction of birds, and climatic conditions that seem to suit
sheep maggot flies in the Riverina. In the first of two appendixes (pp. 27-33)
the parasites of the sheep maggot flies, including Nasonia hrevicornis which
has been reared and distributed all over New South Wales, Chalcis calliphoi-^p
(E. S. R., 36, p. 360), and an undetermined parasite of the shining black fly
(Ophyra nigra), are dealt with. Appendix 2 (pp. 34-37) discusses an amended
classification of the sheep maggot flies dealt with in these reports, with some
account of their identification.

Life history, habits, natural enemies, and methods of control of the cur-
rant finiit fly (Epochra canadensis), H. H. P. Severin (Maine Sta. Bui. 26Jt
(1917), pp. 177-247, pis. If, figs. 7).— This is a summary of the present status of
knowledge of the currant fruit fly, based upon a review of the literature and
investigations conducted by the author in Maine. Following a brief introduction
the subject is dealt with at length under the headings of systematic position,
distribution and destructiveuess, life history, habits and behavior of adults,
natural enemies, and methods of control. A bibliography of 62 titles and an
index are included.

The species appears to be confined to North America ; in Canada, it is dis-
tributed principally in the Canadian zone as far north as Edmonton, Alberta ;
and in the United States it occurs in the Canadian, Transition, and Upper Aus-

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 46?

tral zones. Wild currants and gooseberries appear to be the native host plants
of the species, which is so serious a pest in Maine that frequently the crop of
currants and gooseberries is a total loss. The author found the life stages
under field and laboratory conditions to vary in 1914 and 1915 as follows : The
egg period from 4 to 8 days, larval period from 10 to 25 days, pupal period from
10 to 11 months, mating period from 29 to 38 days, preoviposition period from 6
to 16 days, egg-laying period from 34 to 36 days, and longevity of adults from
29 to 31 days.

In control work the employment of sweetened arsenical sprays appears to
have given the most satisfactory results. The author summarizes these results
as follows : " In 1914, the results of spraying the foliage with arsenate of lead
added to diluted molasses [arsenate of lead 3 oz., molasses 1 gal., and water
2 gal.] showed a loss of 24 per cent of the crop of gooseberries in a commercial
garden consisting of 100 currant and gooseberry bushes. In three adjacent
dooryards 41, 55, and 64 per cent of the gooseberries were infested. The cost
of the insecticide for eight applications of the spray to 100 bushes not including
labor amounted to 65 cts. In 1915, a baited gooseberry bush growing in the
shade showed a loss of 33 per cent of the berries compared with 79 per cent
of infested fruit on the check or control bush similarly located, while a treated
and untreated gooseberry bush in the sunshine showed an infestation of 17
per cent and 29 per cent, respectively. The poisonetl bait, consisting of .sodium
arsenite and diluted molasses, was applied to the lower branches of the bushes
with a bucket pump, while the upper branches were baited with a paint brush.
The cost of four baitings applied to 35 currant and gooseberry bushes without
labor amounted to 57.5 cts."

The sweet potato root weevil in Florida, K. E. Bkagdon (Fla. Buggist, 1
(1911), No. 2, pp. 13-15). — A brief account of Cylas formicarius, which has
been found in eight counties of Florida, namely. Baker, Brevard, St. Lucie,
Palm Beach, Broward, Dade, Monroe, and Lee.

Five years of starvation of larvae, J. E. Wodsedalek (Science, n, ser., 46
(1917), No. 1189, pp. 366, 567).— This paper relates to the larvae of Trogoderma
tar sale, a small beetle well known as a museum pest. The last of a large number
of specimens lived without food for 5 years, 1 month, and 29 days.

The relation of the Malpighian tubules of the hind intestine in the
honeybee larva, J. A. Nelson {Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1188, pp. 3^3-
345).

A new species of Paraphelinus from British Guiana, with a discussion of
the genus and the allied Aphelinus, J. Waterston {Bui. Ent. Research, 8
(1917), No. 1, pp. 43-58. figs. 6). — The genus Paraphelinus represented by five
species, including P. perkinsi n. sp., is considered at some length.

Notes relative to the importation of Tiphia parallela from Barbados to
Mauritius for the control of Phytalus smithi, D. d'Emmekez de Charmoy
{Bui. Ent. Research, 8 {1917), No. 1, pp. 93-102, fig. 1). — An account of intro-
ductory work which has resulted in the establishment of T. parallela in
Mauritius.

The parasites of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi in Spain, R. G. Mercet {Rev.
R. Acad. Cien. Madrid, I4 {1916), No. 11, pp. 776-788, figs. 5; ahs. in Rev. Appl.
Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1917), No. 7, p. 279). — A species here de.scribed as new under
the name Apliycus hesperidum is parasitic on C. dictyospermi on orange trees,
laureds, and oleanders in Spain. Two other parasites, Aphelimis chrysoniphali,
and Prospaltella lounsburyi, and a lady beetle {Chilocorus bipustulatus) are
also recorded as enemies of this scale in Spain.

468 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Further experiments on big bud mite, A. H. Lees ( Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt.
Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1915, pp. 79, 80; 1916, p. 35).— In the control of
this mite a spray containing 10 per cent soft soap and 5 per cent crude carbolic
acid has proved to be the most successful.

The classification and biolog'y of Argentine Ixodidae, R. Dios {An. Soc.
Rural Argentina, 51 (1017), No. 3, pp. 2.'f!)-251, figs. 2).— In this contribution
the new species Amhlyomma altiplanuni is described.

The ticks in Paraguay, P. de la O. Mendoza {An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51
{1917), No. 3, pp. 251-253). — A brief discussion of the economic importance of
ticks in Paraguay.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

The elements of the science of nutrition, G. Lusk (Philadelphia and Lon-
don: W. B. Saunders Co., 1917, 3. ed. rev. and cnl., pp. 6^1, pis. 2, figs. 26). —
This book has the same aim as the earlier edition of which it is a revision
(E. S. R., 22, p. 568), but many important additions to the facts of metabolism
and revisions of its theories have been included. The concluding chapter deals
with the question of food economics in relation to the food supply of nations.

The bowfin: An old-fashioned fish with a new-found use (U. S. Dept.
Com.., Bur. Fisheries Econ. Circ. 26 (1917), pp. ^, fig. 1).— This circular dis-
cusses the bowfin — its habitat, and its use as a food. Methods of cleaning and
smoking bowfin are given, also a few recipes for preparing the smoked bowfin
for the table.

The burbot: A fresh-water cousin to the cod ([/. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fish-
eries Econ. Circ. 25 (1917), pp. 4, fig. 1).—A popular treatise on the uses of the
burbot for food. Some recipes are given.

The eulachon: A rich and delicious little fish (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fish-
eries Econ. Circ. 33 (1917), pp. 4, fig. 1). — This tells of a good fish not well-
known to the public and gives ways of preparing it for the table.

The whiting: A good fish not adequately utilized (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur.
Fisheries Econ. Circ. 32 (1917), pp. 4, fig. i).— The article urges an increased
use of the whiting, which is a delicate fish obtainable in large quantities. Reci-
pes for its preparation are given.

Preserving fish for domestic use {U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fisheries Econ.
Circ. 28 (1917), pp. 2). — This leaflet urges housewives living near streams and
lakes or the seashore to preserve fish for home consumption. Methods for
canning and salting fish ore given.

The digestibility of the dasheen, C. F. Langworthy and A. D. Holmes
{V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 612 (1917), pp. 12).— In digestion experiments lasting
three days on normal men, using immature and mature dasheens in conjunc-
tion with milk, fruit, and butter, with tea or coffee, if desired, it was found
that the average coefficients of digestibility for the total diet were protein
80.8, fat 96.1, ash 78.4, and -carbohydrates 97.6 per cent. The last figure prac-
tically represented the digestibility of the dasheen carbohydrate, and it ap-
peared to be immaterial whether the well-grown dasheen was mature or imma-
ture when harvested.

About li lbs. of dasheens were eaten by the subjects daily without any
observed physiological disturbances. It is concluded that the dasheen is a
valuable addition to the dietary and can well be used to supplement the potato
supply and give variety.

The thermal death point in yeast, E. P. ^VELLS {Vermont Sta. Bui. 203
(1917), pp. 13, 14). — Experiments made with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiw
to determine its thermal death point (the lowest temperature that will kill it

1918] ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 469

in ten minutes) brought out that this point is raised with the addition of
sugars or colloids, such as starch.

Iviving yeast cells were found in loaves baked at 66° C. or less, but none
in loaves baked at 68°. " It seems safe to say that the thermal death point of
yeast in bread making approximates 68° C."

Bacteriological examination of canned foods, A. W. and K. G. Bitting
(Nat. Canncrs Assoc. Bui. H (1917), pp. -kl, figs. 22). — This article gives as the
object of bacteriological examination of canned foods (1) "to determine
whether foods which appear normal are sterile; (2) to determine whether
foods which appear to be defective are sterile, and if not sterile, whether the
spoilage be due to under-processing or to leaks; (3) to determine from the
finished product the character of the original material — in legal verbiage
whether the product is composed in whole or in part of filthy, putrid, or de-
composed material." It gives an explanation of terms used, then takes up in
detail the points in both general and microscopical examinations ; gives tests
for leaks and explains devices for recording pressure and heat penetration
within the cans ; discusses the results of lack of sterilization ; and deals briefly
with some of the organisms which cause spoilage.

The use of microorg'anisnis to determine the preservative value of differ-
ent brands of spices, Fkeda IM. Bachmann {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
10 (1918), No. 2, pp. 121-123). — The investigations on spices previously noted
(E. S. R., 35, p. 557) were continued by a study of the effect of different
brands of spices on the growth of molds, yeasts, and bacteria. Tabulated
results of such a study using five brands of cloves, three of cinnamon, and
three of allspice are given. Contrary to the earlier results, the investigations
indicate that cloves may be as effective a preservative as cinnamon, " that
there is considerable variation in the preservative value of the brands used,
and that the growth of microorganisms on a spiced medium may be used as a
criterion of the preservative value of the brand of the spice."

Camp cookery. — A cookery and equipment handbook for Boy Scouts and
other campers, Ava B. Milam, A. Grace Johnson, and Ruth McNary Smith
{Portland, Oreg.: The J. K. Gill Co., 1918, pp. 7-108, figs. 5).— This book con-
tains lists of supplies and equipment for camping, suggestive rations, meal
plans, food lists, and some camp recipes. It also gives a suggestive outline
for the teaching of camp cooking.

Basic quantity food tables to be used in determining the daily issue of
food to the kitchen (New York, N. Y.: Dept. Pub. Charities, 1917, pp. 120). ~
The tables given are designed to serve as a quick means of determining the
quantity of food necessary for a given number of persons.

ANIMAL PEODUCTION.

Influence of the degree of fatness of cattle upon their utilization of feed,
H. P. Armsby and J. A. Fries {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11
{1917), No. 10, pp. 451-472, pi. 1, fig. 1).—It is the usual experience in cattle
feeding that as the animal fattens the increase in weight is made at a greater
expenditure of feed. This experiment was made at the Pennsylvania Institute
of Animal Nutrition to determine by comparison in a single individual the
reasons that might be assigned for this fact. A steer in medium condition
was fed a maintenance ration and afterwards a fattening ration made up of
concentrates and alfalfa hay. At the conclusion of the trial the steer was
fattened to an increase of 300 lbs. and again fed a fattening ration followed by
a maintenance ration.

470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Both when the steer was in raecUura flesh and when fat the digestibility of the
lighter ration was the greater. The results showed the corresponding rations
to be equally digested with the unfattened and fattened animal. The relative
losses of nitrogen, carbon, and energy in the urine were less on the heavy ration
and a little greater in the fattened condition compared with the unfattened.
The production of combustible gases was less on the heavier ration with the
animal in both medium condition and fattened. The percentage of gross
energy of the feed metabolizable was greater in the heavier ration, with the
animal in either condition. The larger share of the additional heat in the
heavier ration was eliminated by evaporation of water. The heat increment
from a unit of feed was but little more in the fattened condition, while the
net energy values and percentages of metabolizable energy available for gain
were but slightly less.

After an increase in weight of 300 lbs. during three months' fattening the
maintenance requirement of the steer was increased 36 per cent, which was
greater than the comparative increase in weight or body surface.

"The lower economic efficiency of the fattened animal in this experiment
was due chiefly to his higher maintenance requirement and only to a small
extent, if at all, to a difference in the utilization of the .surplus of feed over
the maintenance requirement."

Experiments in crop utilization, C. R. Letteer {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Plant Indus., Work San Antonio Expt. Farm, 1916, pp. 19-22). — Winter oats,
field peas, Sudan grass, and Dwarf milo maize were used as pasture for eight
pigs averaging 35 lbs. each. As the season was bad because of drought and
early frost poor results generally were obtained and no conclusions were
drawn.

Two yearling steers were pastured on 1.5 acres of winter oats from Decem-
ber 20, 1915, to March 6, 191G. The oats sown October 21 were divided into
quarter-acre plats and were eaten very close at the time of the removal of the
steers. The land was then seeded to Sudan grass, but the growth was so
poor due to drouglit that it would support the steers only at intervals and no
reliable data could be drawn.

Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and G. F. Andeeson
(Ver7nont Sta. Bui. 204 {1911), pp. 6-39).— The feeding stuffs examined in-
cluded nearly 600 samples of about 350 brands of cottonseed meals and feeds,
lin.seed meals, gluten feeds, dried distillers' and brewers' grains, wheat offals,
hominy feeds, dried beet pulps, alfalfa meal, proprietary feeds, and miscella-
neous feeds of provender, corn meal, oats, and rye.

Almost two-thirds of the cottonseed meals, two-fifths of the distillers' dried
grains, one-tenth of the wheat feeds, and one out of six of the proprietary
and poultry feeds were found deficient in protein. Suggestions are made re-
garding methods of avoiding buying inferior goods. The feeds examined are
listed alphabetically and their guaranties and deficiencies pointed out.

The 28-hour law regulating- the interstate transportation of live stock:
Its purpose, requirements, and enforcement, H. Goding and A. J. Raub ({7, S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 589 {1918), pp. 19, pis. 5, figs. 6).— The text of the present law,
passed by Congress in 1906 (E. S. R., 19, p. 995), which supplanted the first
act of 1873, is given and attention called to its pui'pose and requirements.
Abuses under the law are noted and the favorable results from improved facili-
ties for handling live stock set forth. While there have been many violations
of the law and penalties applied, yet the influence has been good and conditions
continuously bettered.

Increased cattle production on southwestern ranges, J. T. Jakdine and L. C.
HuETT (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 588 {1917), pp. 31, pis. 12, figs. 2).— This bulletin

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 471

gives certain preliminary results of work done by the Forest Service on the
Jornada Rantce Reserve of about 200,000 acres in southern New Mexico to
secure range improvement by natural revegetation, provision of stock-watering
places, and determining the carrying capacity of the range as means of pre-
venting overstocking.

The great risk in the live-stock industry of the ranges is that during certain
years no rains come. In the past such seasons have wiped out the gains of
years. The most uncertain period is from February to the beginning of the
summer rains about July. It is advisable therefore to have forage in reserve
during this period. In good years the proportion of the number of steers can
be increased and in poor years they can be more rapidly sold without loss
than the breeding stock. As an additional safeguard in times of scarcity the
feeding of a concentrate, as cottonseed cake, should be provideil for.

A pit silo of 20 tons capacity was filled with tobosa grass, Hilaria mutica,
in August and opened late in the winter. The results of attempts to feed it
indicate that it is not of economic value either as hay or silage. In another
silo 150 tons of silage was made of soap weed, Yucca elata. From the
preliminary feeding of 10 tons of this silage the indications are encouraging.

As the result of efforts, during three years, in reducing the number of stock
during the growing season (July to October) to about half the number the
area will carry for the year, and not overstocking during tlie remaining eight
months, and making a better distribution of the watering places, the grnraa
grass range was improved 50 per cent on the Jornada Reserve. For the best
grazing of the range as well as the conservation of the forage the cattle should
not have to travel more than 2.5 miles to water. This means a watering place
for each 13,200 acres, an area that will carry about 500 head of cattle.

During 1916 the Jornada Range Reserve had an estimated carrying capacity
of 41.45 acres per head. Where the grama grass makes up the bulk of the
forage from 20 to 30 acres are required per head. On flats, slopes, and foot-
hills it takes from 38 to 45 acres to support one head and on the mountain range
60 acres per head.

From 500 selected cows fed about 50 lbs. of cottonseed cake an 81 per cent
calf crop was obtained compared to 69.2 per cent with the remaining cows
of the I'eserve and an estimated return of 60 per cent from cows on adjoining
unfenced range. Attention is called to the opportunity of increasing the calf
crop by keeping poor cows in thrifty condition, by avoiding overstocking the
ranges, and by using supplemental feeds when needed.

The average loss of stock on the reserve for 1915 was 1.9 per cent, and for
1916, 1.5 per cent. The average losses for New Mexico are for calves 10.6 per
cent, yearlings 5.6, and older cattle 5.8. The small losses on the reserve are
attributed to vaccination against blackleg, keeping grass in reserve for poor
stock during the spring months, the feeding of a small quantity of cottonseed
cake, and the prevention of straying.

The economical winter feeding of beef cows in the corn belt, J. S. Cotton
and E. H. Thompson (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 615 (1917), pp. 16, fig. i).— An
investigation carried out in the corn belt during three years shows that losses
in producing beef calves for feeders, when they occur, are usually due to the
high cost of maintaining the breeding cows. Attention is called to the im-
portance of feeding farm by-products to this class of animals. Corn stover
and straw may be utilized to a greater extent and special attention given to
balancing rations.

In an inquiry covering 1,000 farms data on various phases of raising feeder
cattle were secured. On 478 farms the average cost of a calf at weaning

49984°— 18 6

472 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

time was $37. This varied in localities and especially in the methods followed
by the breeders, ranging from $25 to over .$50 per head.

The cows on the farms were divided into four lots in accordance with the
number of feed units. The cost of winter feed varied with the amount of feed,
averaging for the winter for the four lots, $10.70, $13.50, $18.50, and $21 per
head, respectively. It is concluded that large quantities of feed in the last
two lots were wasted. P'rom the first lot 800 calves were sold at weaning time
at an average profit of $4.60 per head while 700 from the last group sold at a
loss of $8.90 per head.

In a study of the feeding methods on the 478 farms the cows on those where
no cheap roughage was fed were wintered at an average cost of $18 each.
Those using up to 40 per cent of cheap roughage wintered at a cost of $17.70,
those with roughage up to 80 per cent $13.80, and those with roughage making
up over 80 per cent of the ration at $9 per head.

AVhile the feeding of grain is deemed frequently advisable, as in raising pure-
bred and show cattle, yet it can often be dispensed with. On 154 of the farms
studied corn was fed for at least a part of the time to the breeding herd. The
average winter feed bill was $17.10 per head while in the remaining herds
where no corn was fed the cost was $14.80 per head.

The investigations indicated that the feeding of unhusked corn fodder, a
practice established years ago, is not profitable now with corn at present prices.
Silage, though an excellent feed for breeding animals, w^as relatively more
expensive than much of the cheap roughage.

A study of five representative farms is given with suggestions as to changes
that seem in each case advisable.

Nature and rate of growth in lambs during the first year, E. G. Ritzman
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Jonr. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 11, pp. 607-624, flffs. 2).—
Studies, by total weights and the measurements of parts, were made at the
New Hampshire Experiment Station of the growth of lambs during their
fir.st year and the correlation of different sections of the animal body during
this process. The measurements were made largely on skeletal dimensions and
were not materially affected by flesh. Body size was measured by height,
length of vertebral axis, depth, and spread of frame.

Experiments under way indicate that depth of body is the most satisfactory
index of constitutional development. As the proportions of the parts of the
bodies of newborn lambs are different from those of more mature animals, the
measurements made at different periods and given in tables and cliagrams show
the proportionate changes taking place.

The most rapid development in the growth of young lambs occurred in the
period following birth, decreasing as they reached maturity. In this study the
lambs in their first three months made at least 50 per cent of their growth for
the first year in dimensions and over 60 per cent of their weight. In their
second three months they made 20 per cent, the lessening being partly due to
the lambs going on pasture and being w^eaned. During the third quarter, coming
in the fall of the year, the lambs made 20 per cent more growth, and during
the fourth or winter period not over 5 per cent. This indicates, from an eco-
nomic standpoint, that under usual conditions the greatest profits are to be
expected when the surplus as lambs is marketed as early in life as they can be
fitted for sale.

Fish meal as a feed for swine, F. G. Ashbrook {XJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 610
{1917), pp. 9). — Although fish meal has been used as a feed in foreign countries
for some yeai's its use in the United States for this purpose has been almost
negligible. While valuable as a fertilizer it is deemed more profitable to fii'st
employ it as a feed.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 473

In an experiment made at tlie Bureau of Animal Industry Experimental
Farm at Beltsville, Md., two lots of 12 pigs after weaning were fed 112 days
on a basal ration composed of corn meal and middlings, four parts each. In
addition one lot was fed one part of tankage and the other one part of fish
meal. The lot on tankage made an average daily gain of 1.25 lbs. per head
with 3.62 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. The lot on fish meal averaged 1.31
lbs. daily with 3.65 lbs. of feed per pound of gain.

During a second period the same 12 pigs were fed 28 days as follows: Lot 1
corn meal, middlings, and fish meal, 4:4:1; lot 2 corn meal and fish meal, 9:1;
and lot 3 corn meal and tankage, 9 : 1. Lot 1 made an average daily gain of 1.91
lbs. per head with 4.21 lbs. of feed per pound of gain ; lot 2 gained 2.16 lbs.
daily with 3.93 lbs. of feed per pound of gain ; and lot 3, 2 lbs. daily with
4.62 lbs. of feed per pound of gain.

In another experiment four lots of three pigs each, averaging about 150 lbs.,
were fed 56 days. Lot 1 on corn meal and tankage, 6: 1, made an average daily
gain of 1.57 lbs. per head with 4.03 lbs. of feed per pound of gain ; lot 2 on
dried pressed potato and tankage, 6:1, a daily gain of 0.8 lb. with 6.95 lbs.
of feed per pound of gain ; lot 3 on dried pressed potato and oil meal, 6 : 1, a
daily gain of 0.91 lbs. with 5.84 lbs. of feed per pound of gain ; and lot 4 on
dried pressed potato and fish meal, 6 : 1, 1.32 lbs. witli 4.28 lbs. of feed per pound
of gain.

The heaviest hog from each lot in these experiments was tested, both meat
and lard, to determine vv'hetlier the fishy odor or taste was apparent. In no
case was there any indication that feeding fish meal transmitted any undesir-
able taint to the pork.

The pigs in the experiments outlined ate the fish meal without trouble and
with relish, and were never oft-fed during the tests. It proved to be a very
effective supplement to a grain ration, and was superior to tankage in that
respect in all the comparisons reported.

Feeding' dried pressed potatoes to swine, F. G. Ashbrook and R. E.
GoNGWEB {U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 506 {1911), pp. 10, pis. 2, figs. 2).— The U. S.
Department of Agriculture has been making a study of the preservation of
potatoes by drying. An experiment was made at its farm at Beltsville, Md.,
to determine the value of this product for fattening pigs and the effects of the
ration on the quality of the meat.

Four lots of three pigs each, averaging about 150 lbs., were fed for 56 days on
the following rations : Lot 1 corn meal and tankage, 6 : 1, lot 2 dried pressed
potato and tankage, 6 : 1, lot 3 dried pressed potato and linseed oil meal, 6 : 1,
and lot 4 dried pressed potato and fish meal, 6: 1. They made an average daily
gain with pounds of feed per pound of gain as follows : liOt 1, 1.57 lbs. with
4.03 lbs. of feed ; lot 2, 0.8 lb. with 6.95 lbs. of feed ; lot 3, 0.91 lb. with 5.84 lbs.
of feed ; and lot 4, 1.32 lbs. with 4.28 lbs. of feed.

Mixing or soaking the dried pressed potato for from 15 to 20 minutes was
the best method of feeding it. The analyses indicate that it should be com-
bined with a high protein feed and the results of this experiment indicate that
it is efficient when so fed in producing good gains with pigs.

No difference could be noticed in the curing or the quality of the finished
product of the pigs in the four lots.

Proportions of supplements to corn for fattening swine, AV. L. Robison
(OJiio Sta. Bui. 316 {1911), pp. 57, figs. 2-1) .—Though it has been well demon-
strated that corn must have supplemental feeds combined with it for tlie best
results in fattening swine, the best proportions of the mixture have not been

474 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

tlioroufchly worker! out. These experiments were carried on to determine the
optimum amounts of tankage, soy bean meal, linseed meal, and .skim milk with
corn in pork production.

In the first experiment three lots of five pigs each were fed for 16 weeks just
after weaning on coarsely ground corn and tankage. In lot 1 the tankage was
fed in a definite proportion with the corn, in lot 2 in a constant daily amount,
and in lot 3 in a decreasing percentage, beginning with 20 per cent the first
week and decreasing 1 per cent weekly to 5 per cent at the close. The results,
while not differing greatly, were in favor of the first and third lots.

In a second trial with throe lots of four pigs each, averaging 57.5 lbs., lasting
16 weeks, the pigs fed tankage in decreasing amounts each week made larger
gains and required less feed per unit of gain than those fed the tankage in a
definite proportion with the corn or those on a constant daily allowance.

In a third trial two lots of four pigs each, averaging 75 lbs., were fed for 16
weeks. Lot 1 was fed corn and tankage, 8 : 1, and lot 2 corn with tankage de-
creasing from 20 to 5 per cent. The results were the reverse of those in the
two preceding trials, the feeding of definite amounts of tankage giving greater
increases in weight at a lower expenditure of feed.

In a fourth experiment 30 pigs averaging 47 lbs. were divided into six lots
and fed narrow, medium, and wide rations of tankage with corn, the supplement
being fed in constant proportions and in decreasing amounts. With large
amounts of tankage the best results were obtained in feeding it in a definite
proportion to corn. With small amounts of tankage best results were shown
when it was fed in larger amounts at first, gradually decreasing the proportions.
The medium rations gave better returns than the wide or narrow.

The fifth experiment was made to compare tankage, soy beans, and linseed
meal as supplements to corn (the first two in varying amounts) in feeding hogs.
Eight lots of five pigs each, averaging 144.9 lbs., were employed. Those fed 10
per cent of tankage in the ration made a 36.2 per cent average increase in rate
of gain and required 10.4 per cent less feed than the lot on corn alone. Better
returns were given with 10 per cent of tankage in the ration than with 20 per
cent or with 5 per cent. As the supplemental feed increased in the ration more
of it was required to replace a unit of corn. On a basis of equal amounts of
protein soy bean meal and linseed meal gave a higher result than tankage, ow-
ing to their nonnitrogenous contents. Tankage was most consistent in producing
economical gains. In the beginning of the experiment soy bean meal gave gains
with less feed, but in the latter part of the experiment it was surpassed by
linseed meal.

In the sixth experiment a lot of six pigs averaging 71.75 lbs. was fed corn
and tankage in a self-feeder for 14 weeks, being allowed to select either feed as
wanted. They made an average daily gain of 1.5 lbs. per head with the use
of 3.89 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. The amount of tankage consumed in-
creased during the first three weeks from 14.6 to 19 per cent of the ration and
then decreased to about 5.6 per cent for the last eight weeks of the test. The
average consumed during the experiment was 12.4 parts of corn to 1 part of
tankage.

In the seventh exiieriment three trials were made of skim milk as a sup-
plementary feed with corn for pigs in dry lot. Where fed ad libitum the
pigs consumed less milk as they became older. As the milk was increased in
the ration its replacement value with corn was decreased. Compared with
tankage as a supplement to corn it was less costly per pound of gain, though
there was less difference during the second half of the test than there was
during the first half.

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 475

In the eighth experiment pigs averaging 79 lbs. were used in five lots of five
each in comparing corn and skim milk alone and in combination, and corn and
tankage. The experiment lasted 15 weeks. Rations of corn alone and skim
milk alone gave poor results compared with a combination of the two feeds.
The pigs fed skim milk alone made fair gains but did not fatten. They con-
sumed daily an average of 36.7 lbs. of skim milk each and gained over 1 lb.
per day. With a ration of skim milk and corn in equal parts compared with
corn alone, 3.37 lbs. of the former replaced 1.37 lbs. of the hitter. With skim
milk as the supplement to corn, less nutrients were needed per pound of gain
than when tankage was the supplement. With tankage, however, the rate
of gain was higher.

The ninth experiment was made to secure further data on the u.se of varying
proportions of corn and skim milk for fattening pigs. Seven lots of five pigs
each were employed, of which five lots were fed corn and skim milk in different
proportions, one corn alone, and one corn and tankage. The initial weight of
the pigs averaged 43.6 lbs. and the experiment lasted 15 weeks. The lot fed
corn alone made a very poor showing, averaging 0.35 lb. daily gain per head
at a cost of 6.85 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. The lot on corn and tankage,
9 : 1, made a lower rate of gain than any of the lots on a corn and skim milk
ration. With corn and skim milk in equal parts, and corn and tankage, 9 : 1,
less dry matter of the skim milk than of the tankage was required per pound
of gain. As the proportion of skim milk to corn increased above 50 per cent in
the ration there was a decrease in its replacement value. Where the pigs were
fed corn and skim milk ad libitum, the ratio of milk to corn increased for the
first five weeks and gradually decreased from the seventh to the fifteenth
week. The pigs consumed an average of 20.5 lbs. of milk daily or an average
of 6.4 lbs. of milk to 1 lb. of corn. Their rate of gain was higher than that
of those receiving less milk, while the aiuount of total nutrients required per
pound of gain was lower.

Some conclusions from the results of all the experiments noted are indicated.
While further experiments are necessary to determine the best proportion of
tankage to feed to pigs, it appears that where as much as 10 per cent is given
there is no advantage in feeding a larger proportion in the earlier than in the
later period of the test, but where the tankage is 5 per cent of the ration it
is advisable to feed a larger proportion in the beginning.

The results indicate that as a supplement to corn skim milk has an advan-
tage over tankage, especially for young pigs. There is believed to be no one
best supplementary feed to corn nor one best ratio in which to feed it. There
must be taken into consideration the age of the pigs, the market price when
finished, and the prevailing prices of corn and available supplements.

The self-feeder for hog's, F. G. Ashbrook and R. E. Gonuweu {U. S. Dcpt.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 906 (1917), pp. 12, figs. 9). — In an experiment made at the
Department Experiment Farm at Beltsville, Md., two lots of nine pigs each
were fed by hand and self-feeder for 70 days on corn meal, middlings, and tank-
age. The hand-fed lot made an average daily gain of 1.04 lbs. per head at
the rate of 4.1 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. The lot self-fed made a correspond-
ing gain of 1.62 lbs. with a food consumption of 4.06 lbs. of feed.

In another experiment lasting 28 days, five pigs on rye pasture, corn meal,
and tankage, self-fed, made an average daily gain of 1.61 lbs. per head using
3.63 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. The corresponding gains for five pigs on rye
pasture, shelled corn, and tankage, self-fed, were 1 53 lbs. with a consumption
of 3.32 lbs. feed, and for a third lot of five on rape pasture, corn meal, mid-
dlings, and tankage, 5:4:1, hand-fed, 1.48 lbs. with a consumption of 3.69 lbs.
of feed.

476 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol. 38

From a compilation of results at numerous experiment stations with nearly
GOO piKS tliose hand-fetl consumed an average of 5.47 lbs. of feed per head daily
and made an average daily gain of 1.23 lbs., while those self-fed ate 8 lbs. of
feed daily and made an average daily gain of 1.92 lbs.

Several types of self-feeder.s are figured and described.

Killing hogs and curing pork, F. G. Ashbkook and G. A. Anthony ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 913 {1911), pp. 39, figs. 22).— This publication treats of
home equipment for handling pork, and the killing, dressing, cutting, and curing,
including lard rendering, brine and dry curing, smoking, and sausage making. A
farm smokehouse is described, and a small ice house is figured and specifications
for its construction given.

Standardized war rations for poultry, H. R. Lewis {Ncio Jersey Stas. Hints
to PouUrymcn, 6 {1911), No. 3, pp. 4).— The text is given of resolutions adopted
at a conference held in New York City November 22, 1917, by representatives of
the poultry departments of the colleges of agriculture of New York, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, and New Jersey. These resolutions urged the fixing of prices for
corn and the compulsory sale of cold-storage poultry products.

The following standardized war rations for poultry were also approved :
(1) Scratch rations — cracked corn, feed wheat, heavy oats, and barley,
5:1:2:2; (2) mash — equal parts of wheat bran; wheat middlings; corn meal,
corn meal feed, or hominy; gluten feed; crushed or ground bone; and meat
scrap.

Capons and caponizing, R. R. Slocum {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 849
{1911), pp. 15, figs. 10).— X revision of Fai-mers' Bulletin 452 (E. S. R., 25,
p. 375).

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

The relation of the milk-vein system of dairy animals to production, A. W.
Aldeich and J. W. Dana {Vermont Sta. Bui. 202 {1911), pp. 3-24, fl&s. 3).—
Measurements were taken of the milk-vein systems of more than 600 cows in
the university herd and in the cow-testing associations of the State. These
were compared with the yearly milk and fat yields for as many years as there
were records.

Measurements on a few cows were taken several times during the year to find
out how much variation there is in the same vein at different stages of the
lactation period. A slight increase was found in the size and crookedness of the
veins of some young cows after freshening but not enough to affect the outcome
appreciably. The age of the cow was not taken into consideration in making
up the tables.

Correlation data on the different points compared are tabulated, and the
calculations in connection with one of the comparisons are given. It was found
that some degree of correlation seems to be traceable as between (1) the size of
the milk wells and the milk and fat yields, (2) the diameter of the milk veins
and the milk yield, and (3) body length and milk vein length. There also seems
to be some probability that cows showing forks or extensions of the milk vein
system may be better milk and butter producers than those not thus favored.

The influence of the sire on the herd, J. H. AVilson {Vermont Sta. Bui. 202
{1911), pp. 39-44)- — During the 20 years in which the station herd consisted
essentially of grade Jerseys four pure-bred Jersey bulls were used. Data are
tabulated showing the production of the daughters of these bulls and of their
dams. Each bull at the time of purchase was thought to be a superior animal,
and from the standpoint of pedigree should have done good service. The four
methods used for comparing the production of the daughters with that of their

l9l8J bAIKY FAEMING DAIRYING. 477

(lams are outlined, and the disadvantages of drawing conclusions from such
comparisons are pointed out. Bearing in mind the limitations referred to, the
author rates two of the bulls as rather unsuccessful, one as a serious detriment,
and one as fairly successful.

Feeding trials with dairy cows in Denmark, A. V. Lund {Ber. K. Vet. og
Landbohojskoles Lab. Landukonom. Forsog [Copetihugen], 89 (1915), pp. 109;
ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7
(1916), No. 10, pp. i47S-i.'/Si).— The results of the following experiments are
noted :

I. Trials with mangels and turnips. — In the first test one lot of cows was
fed 79.8 lbs. of mangels (9.3 lbs. of dry matter) per head daily, and another lot
84 lbs. of turnips (9.26 lbs. of dry matter). During the test the average in-
crease of milk yield was 0.73 lb. per cow daily, or about 2.5 per cent, for the
cows fed mangels as compared with those fed turnips. No difference was
noted in the composition of the milli or in the general condition of the two
groups of cows.

In a comparison of mangels and turnips of low dry matter content with
those of comparatively high dry matter content the results showed that the
difference in feeding affected neither the quality of milk, its composition, nor
the general condition of the cows.

In testing the effect of I'oots on the quality of butter 16 cows were fed 99.2
lbs. of turnips each daily, and another lot of 16 cows, 88.2 lbs of mangels. The
butter churned from milk from the turnip-fed lot had a higher iodin number
and oleiu content than that from the mangle-fed lot.

II. Trials tcith cacao cake. — Experiments lasting more than two years were
made with two lots of cows, one lot being fed steadily on cacao cake. During
the first year 1.75 lbs. per head of peuuut and soy bean cake, fed daily to the
first lot, was replaced by 2.42 lbs. of cacao cake. The quantity of milk dimin-
ished but the fat content did not increase so as to equal that of the perma-
nently cacao-fed lot. In the second year an attempt was made to ascertain
the influence of the addition of 1.54 lbs. of cacao cake, particularly as to whether
the milk yield was maintained and at the same time the percentage of butter
increased. The cacao-fed lot, however, in spite of the addition of cake to its
ration, gave less milk than did the other lot, although this contained 0.,15 per
cent more milk fat, so that the cows of the two lots produced almost the same
amount of milk fat. As in the preceding trial, the milk from the cacao-fed
lot proved to be richer in protein but poorer in sugar and ash. A similar
trial made in the third year gave concordant results.

III. Poisoning by theobromin due to cacao cake. — In the experiments here
reported by G. H. Hansen, it is noted that cacao cake contains an amount of
theobromin approximately ^ual chemically and pharmacologically to the caffein
content in coffee and tea. Laboratory experiments both with cacao cake and
with theobromin on fowls, rabbits, and mice led to the conclusion that, owing
to its poisonous character, cacao cake should not be used as a cattle feed.

Experiments on the use of rice polish in the feeding- of milch cows, R.
Giuliani (Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., JfO (1917), Nos. IS, pp.
384-392; 14-15, pp. 403-421). — The author describes the milling of rice and its
by-products and the physico-chemical properties and keeping qualities of rice
polish, including results of analyses. Results are given of experiments with
eight cows in feeding rice polish.

It is noted that rice polish is not injurious to the health of cows, but the
use of ordinary rice polish which contains some of the finer portions of
crushed rice hulls may cause coughing. The amount of rice polish safe to feed

478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.58

depends, therefore, upon its purity. The feeding of rice polish has practically
uo influence on the quantity or quality of milk. For maintenance of weight
rice polish compares favorably with wheat bran. The cheapness of rice polish
makes it of economic importance in the feeding of dairy cows.

The cost of milk and fat production in Vermont in 1911 and 1912, G. M.
Nelson {Vennont Sta. Bui. 202 {1911), pp. 25-39, flys. 6).— Results are given
of a survey in 1911 and 1912 of 71 herds containing 1,547 cows and owned by
members of cow-testing associations in seven counties of the State.

The costs other than feed of keeping a cow for a year varied from $53.39
to $19.18 and averaged $36.87. The feed costs varied from $65.34 to $21.85
and averaged $42.18 per cow. Of 58 herds, totaling 1,170 cows, the owners of
which were personally visited by the author, the herd average milk produc-
tion per cow varied from 6,822 to 3,512 lbs. per annum, with a general average
of 5,157 lbs. The corresponding milk fat production averages were 349, 142,
and 242 lbs. Valuing milk at $1.80 and skim milk and buttermilk at 30 cts.
per hundredweight and milk fat at 32 cts. per pound, with an additional credit
per cow of $1 for a calf and $8 for manure, the net income per cow varied
from $13.45 for milk and $5.83 for fat in the low-producing herds to $33.61
for milk and $32.39 for fat in the highest-producing herds. The total cost of
production varied from $1.51 to $1.31 per hundredweight for milk and from
34.5 to 28.5 cts. per pound for fat. In general, the trend was toward more eco-
nomical production as the herd increased in size.

The data obtained in the study are set forth in graphs and circles.

The cost of producing market milk in 1916—17 on 212 Vermont farms,
G. F. E. Story and W. J. Tubes {Vermont Sta. Bvl. 209 {1917), pp. 3-2^).^
A study is reported of the cost of producing milk during the 12 months ended
April 30, 1917, in 212 herds containing 4,650 cows in 12 counties of Vermont,
together with comments on the feeding and management of dairy herds under
present conditions.

The average total expense per cow on these farms was $136.11, of which
$66.60 was for feed and $35.02 was for labor. Deducting $7.28 for increased'
value per cow due to abnormal war conditions, $12.96 for manure, $3.52 for
calf, and 49 cts. for hides and feed bags, there remained a net cost of $111.86
to be defrayed by the returns from the sale of milk. The average milk pro-
duction of these herds was 2,478 qts. (5,328 lbs.) per cow. For this amount of
milk the cost at the fariu was 4.51 cts. per quart, or with a charge of 0.273 ct.
per quart for hauling, the cost at the railroad station was 4.78 cts. per quart.
The effect of the amount of milk produced per cow upon the cost of produc-
tion is indicated by data which show that the cost varied from 5.78 cts. per
quart on farms averaging 3,535 lbs. per cow to 3.77 cts. per quart on farms
averaging 7,701 lbs. per cow.

An outline for computing cost of milk production and blank foi"ms used in se-
curing the data in this study are given.

Concerning- th.e Burlington milk supply, J. E. Carkigan and W. T. Abell
{Vermont Sta. Bui. 202 {1917), pp. 44-^7). — A study of the conditions under
which the milk supply of Burlington is handled and of the possibility of se-
curing a better and more uniform supply at less cost by establishing a central
processing plant and decreasing the duplication of delivery routes.

Studies on the hygienic production of milk. — Importance and control of
the microflora of the udder in the selection of dairy cows, C. Gorini {R. 1st.
Lomhardo Sci. e Let. Re7id., 2. ser., 49 {1916), No. 14, pp. 480-489; abs. in
Internat. Inst. Ag7: [Romel, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pruct. Ayr., 7 {1916), No.
10, pp. 1482, 1483). — The author reviews his previous experiments on the micro-

1918] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 479

flora of the udder of cows, and gives results of investigations at the Agricul-
tural High School of Milan from which it is concluded that the Importance of
the microflora of the udder increases as milking approaches the ideal condi-
tion ©f absence of external microbial contamination. The microorganisms of
the udder are most often found grouped in albuminous clots, which not only
makes their enumeration diflicult, but also gives them a marked power to resist
heat, although the^' are not sporulating. The microflora of the udder are not
affected by the hygieuic condition of the cow sheds, and for this reason bac-
terial counts of milk may not give a true indication of the cleanliness of the
milking process. The microflora of the udder seem to be connected with ex-
ternal and internal factors which still require to be investigated. AVith cer-
tain cows the quantitative and qualitative examination yield such persistently
high results that the condition may almost be described as abnormal though
not pathological.

For the production of sanitary milk, especially for the feeding of infants
and invalids, the author proposes that in the selection of cows not only their
state of health but also the microflora of their udders should be taken into
account. In the examination of udder microflora the ordinary methods of cul-
ture on artificial media can not be used. It is suggested that aseptically
drawn milk be examined by the fermentation test, which should be carefully
standardized.

What is meant by " quality " in milk, H. A. Haeding, R. S. Breed, W. A.
Stocking, je., and E. G. Hastings {Illinois Sta. Circ. 205 {1917), pp. 3-16). —
This analysis of the problem by the committee on milk quality of the American
Dairy Science Association contains a brief summary of previous work on
various phases of the question, a plea for a broader consideration of the problem
of milk quality, and suggestions regarding future progress in improving city
milk supplies. The elements of quality in city milk are summarized under the
headings of food value, healthfulness, cleanliness, and keeping quality. An
outline for grading milk is proposed.

Enzyms of milk and butter, R. W. Thatcher and A. C. Dahlberg ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1911), No. 9, pp. ^Sl-IfSO) .—AX the Minne-
sota Experiment Station several lots of butter were prepared under carefully
controlled conditions of manufacture, and held in cold storage in order to
study the effect of varying methods of manufacture and storage upon the
keeping qualities of the butter. A study of the enzym content of the butter
after storage is here reported.

Deterioration in quality of butter during storage has been considered by
some investigators to be due to the action of enzyms contained in it. Fat-
splitting (lipase) or protein-hydrolyzing ("galactase" or casease) enzyms
have been suggested as possible agents in causing deterioration. The authors
state that lipases are present in butter in very small amounts, if at all, and
that they could not be conceived to be sufficiently active at the low temperature
used in butter storage to cause any appreciable change in the quality of the
butter. The protein-hydrolyzing enzym was found to be completely inhibited
by sodium chlorid in the concentrations which are present in the water con-
tained in all normally salted butters. This fact, together with the known in-
hibiting effect of low temperatures upon proteolysis by enzyms, makes it im-
possible that the hydrolysis of proteins in the butter by enzyms plays any part
in deterioration changes.

" Proteolysis in skiiu milk was completely inhibited by 1 per cent of chloro-
form and by 15 per cent of sodium chlorid. Galactase can not act in normal
butter because of the high salt content. In the separation of milk the factors

480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

which increase the percentage of casein in the total nitrogen also increased the
galactase content. The ripening of cream did not increase the rate of proteo-
lysis. No oxidase was found in milk or butter. Only one sample of butter
gave any evidence of lipa.se at the end of four days at 40° C. The enzym con-
tent of butter is very small, because of the high dilution in fat. Expressed on
the basis of total nitrogen the butter examined contained as much galactase as
fresh whole milk, twice as much catalase, but only one one-hundred-sixtieth as
much peroxidase. The cold storage of butter weakens the peroxidases, but has
little effect on the catalase and galactase."

It is concluded that enzyms are not to be considered as a factor in the
deterioration of butter during cold storage.

A list of the literature cited as included.

Sugg'sstions for a standard for butter, H. Veeder, R. C. McRIanus, W. P.
Jones, and G. P. McCabe (Chicago: Sw-ift iG Co., 1917, pp. 15). — As a result of a
study of the provisions of existing laws, decisions of the courts, and other data,
the following standard for butter is suggested :

" That the only ingredients which may be used in the manufacture of stand-
ard butter are those named in tbe law of August 2, 1886. These ingredients
are milk or cream or both, with or without common salt, and with or without
additional coloring matter. That milk or cream used in the manufacture of
standard butter shall be (1) pasteurized, or (2) from properly tuberculin-
tested, nonreacting herds. That milk and cream used in the manufacture of
standard butter shall not be filthy, putrid, or decomposed within the meaning
of the Food and Drugs Act, and that standard butter shall not be made to
contain abnormal quantities of salt or curd, and shall contain a definite mini-
mum percentage of butter fat. For the infortnation of butter makers, thei-e
should be a suggestion as to what are the variable limits in standard butter
of the normal quantities of such substances. That no standard butter shall
be made from butter or butter fat in which any substance whatever has been
used to deodorize or remove rancidity. That in the manufacture of standard
butter no process or material shall be used which has the effect of causing the
butter to absorb abnormal quantities of water, milk, or cream. For the in-
formation of butter makers there should be a suggestion as to what are the
variable limits in standard butter of normal quantities of moisture. That, if
it shall be found that small quantities of lime, or of sodium carbonate, or other
alkaline salts may be used as ingredients in butter making without violation
of the Food and Drugs Act, such butter shall not be standard butter, but
shall be defined as ' neutralized butter ' or ' limed butter ' and shall only come
within the terms of such definition when the butter or butter fat from which
the product is made has not been deodorized, or had rancidity removed or
masked ; otherwise it is adulterated butter."

Making butter on the farm, W. White ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' liul. 876
(1917), pp. 23, figs. 18). — Detailed directions for making butter under farm con-
ditions are given, togetlier with notes on the causes of difficult churning and
the equipment needed for butter making on the farm. A plan for a dairy house
is included.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Pathog'enic microorg'anisms, W. H. Paek and Anna W. Wiixiams (Neto
York: Lea d Febiger, 1917, 6. ed., enl. and rev., pp. X+17-709, pis. 9, figs. 209).—
In the enlargement and revision of this work (E. S. R., 21, p. 579) the authors
were assisted by C. Krumwiede, jr., and others.

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 481

Common parasites of farm animals, W. M. Burson (Bui. Ga. State Col.
Agr., No. 137 (1911), pp. 39, figs. 19). — A popular account of the more important
ectopai'asites and endoparasites of farm stock.

Observations on the stability of tbe erythrocytes of the ox, pig, and
sheep, M. W. Lyon, jr. (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 22 (1918), No. 1, pp. ^9-52). —
" The ease with which the erythrocytes of the ox, pig, and sheep are broken up
by the same agent bears no relation to the zoological position of the three
animals. The erythrocytes of the ox on the whole are comparatively stable in
most circumstances and appear to be well adapted as an indicator in comple-
ment-fixation tests with human serum, much better than are sheep corpuscles.
Sheep erythrocytes ai'e comparatively imstable, though relatively resistant to
eel serum. Their use in complement-fixation tests with human serum intro-
duces a variable factor which is undesirable, although it has probably little
effect on the final value of the tests. Erythrocytes obtained at random from
abattoir animals on the whole behave similarly from week to week, and appear
to be quite as suited for hemolysis experiments and indicators in complement-
fixation tests as are the corpuscles from a single animal. Ox erythrocytes seem
to have better keeping qualities than the erythrocytes of the pig or sheep."

The clinical pathology of the blood of domesticated animals, S. H. Burnett
(New York: The Macmillan Co., 1917, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVI-{-166, pis.
4, figs. 23). — A second revised and enlarged edition of this work (E. S. R., 21,
p. 78), which is intended as a textbook of hematology (1) for students and
practitioners of veterinary medicine, and (2) for investigators, to whom it
renders easily accessible data concerning the blood of the kinds of experimental
animals commonly used. In this edition what is considered to be the normal
for each species is stated. Tables summarizing the results obtained by the dif-
ferent investigations are also given. Each of the 11 chapters is accompanied
by a copious bibliography.

Histology of Astragalus mollissimus, Neva Ritter (Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui.,
.to (1917), No. 8, pp. 197-208, ijIs. 4). — A report of studies of a loco weed.

The effect of exposure to temperatures at or above 100° C. upon the sub-
stance (vitamin), whose deficiency in a diet causes polyneuritis in birds
and beriberi in man, IIarkiette Chick and E. Margaret Hume (Proc. Roy.
Soc. [London], Ser. B, 90 (1917), No. B 62Jf, pp. 60-68).— " Exposure of wheat
embryo to a temperature of about 100° C. for two hours resulted in no signifi-
cant loss in antineuritic ' vitamin.' If, therefore, it is included in the flour
from which bread or biscuit is made, it can be relied upon to retain its anti-
neuritic properties after baking. At temperatures in the neighborhood of 120°,
however, there was a swift destruction of antineuritic properties. This fact
has an important bearing where diets are largely composed of preserved and
tinned foods previously sterilized at temperatures above 100°." In experiments
with yeast extract the destruction of the vitamin was rapid at 120°.

The effect of X-rays upon diseases of bacterial origin, C. Kempster (Sci.
Amer. Sup., 84 (1917), No. 2181, pp. 2^3, 2^^).— It is concluded that the effect
of X-rays upon diseases of bacterial origin is due to the decided inhibitory
influence upon the reproduction and increase in the germs, and to the stimula-
tion of the living tissues resulting in an increased phagocytosis, and not to
any germicidal power.

A new mercurial germicide (Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 2 (1917), No. 9, pp.
669, 670).— Results obtained by Schamberg, Raiziss, and Kolmer, of Philadel-
phia, in the preparation of -i new mercurial germicide are summarized from
the report to the National Research Council. It is prepared by the introduction
of mercury into the phenol group, and the trade name proposed is Mercurophen.
The results of a thorough examination indicate that the new compound is a

482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

much stronger antiseptic and disinfectant than mercuric chlorid, while the
precipitating effect on human serum is much less.

Annual report of the civil veterinary department, Bihar and Orissa, for
the year 1916—17, D. Quinlan (Ann. lipt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Bihar and Orissa,
1916-17, pp. 4+8-\-XVI +2). —The usual annual report (E. S. R., 36, p. 879).

Annual report on the Punjab Veterinary College, civil veterinary depart-
ment, Punjab, and Government Cattle Farm, Hissar, for the year 1916-17,
C. A. H. TowNSEND, H. T. Pease, and J. Farmer {Ann. Rpt. Punjab Yet. Col.
and Civ. Yet. Dept., 1916-17, pp. II+2+15+XYIII).— The usual annual report
(E. S. R., 37, p. 78).

Infection and immunity, V. O. Vaughan (Chicago: Amer. Med. Assoc.,
1915, pp. 238). — This monograph is a part of the Commemoration Volume, issued
by the American Medical Association as a tribute to the medical sciences
" which made possible the building of the Panama canal." The purpose of the
author is to " state the essential facts of infection and immunity accurately
and simply, so that they may be understood by the intelligent, nonprofessional
man."

The section on infection includes a historical review of the development of
the germ theory, chapters on the general characteristics of bacteria and avenues
of infection, and separate chapters on 19 diseases of infectious origin, describ-
ing briefly the history, organism, and the sources and avenues of infection.
The section on immunity includes chapters on phagocytosis, precipitins, agglu-
tination, opsonins, and germicidal sera. The volume closes with a discussion
of the general principles and mechanism of infection and immunity.

The intracutaneous absorption of antigen, G. H. Smith and M. W. Cook
{Jour. Immunol., 2 {1917), No. 3, pp. 269-281, fig. 1). — By anaphylactic and
precipitin reactions with sensitized, normal, and immunized guinea pigs sub-
jected to intracutaneous injections of antigen, the authors conclude that the
absorption of antigen from the cutaneous tissues of specifically immunized
animals is much more rapid than in normal animals. The absorption in sensi-
tized is less than in immunized but greater than in normal animals.

The specificity of intracutaneous absoi*ption, G. H. Smith and M. W. Cook
{Jour. Immunol, 3 {1918), No. 1, pp. 35-42). — In this article the subject of
intracutaneous absorption of antigen, noted above, is discussed from the stand-
point of specificity. Guinea pigs immunized to one antigen were tested by the
intracutaneous injection of the specific and of a heterologous antigen to deter-
mine the relative rate of absorption of antigen. Precipitin and agglutination
reactions were employed. The possibility that normal animals possess a selec-
tive action for a certain antigen was disproved by a series ot tests with
various antigens, no difference in elimination of antigen being noted.

From the results of their experiments the authors conclude that "ft-om the
point of view of absoi-ption of antigen, the immune state with the changes
dependent upon it is the result of a heightened reactivity for the specific antigen
only, and does not stimulate the mechanism of elimination of heterologous
antigens." The nonspecific antigen is, moreover, not removed so rapidly from
an immunized animal as is the same antigen from a normal animal.

Preparation of protein extracts for diagnostic cutaneous tests, N. S. Fekby
{Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 2 {1917), No. 9, pp. 655-657).— The following method
has been successfully used by the author :

The protein is first extracted with sterile water containing just enough of
an oil of high efficiency to act as a preservative. Glycerin is added and the
solution evaporated to a standard strength. Sufficient boric acid is added to
the extract to make a heavy paste. This is put up in small collapsible tubes
and applied with a sterile toothpick. By this method the proteins are thor-

1918] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 483

oiighly extracted, accurately standardized, and well preserved. The paste
is nonirritant and perfectly soluble in the body fluids.

[A rapid method for the production of precipitin antigen from bacteria],
C. Krumwiede, je., and W. C. Noble (Jour. Immunol., 3 {1918), No. 1, pp.
1-10). — A very rapid method of preparing a concentrated precipitin antigen
from bacteria is described. A heavy suspension of bacteria in water is dis-
solved by boiling in sufficient alkaline hypochlorite solution to give a final con-
centration of 5 per cent. This is neutralized with normal hydrochloric acid and
precipitated with 95 per cent alcohol. The precipitate is boiled with normal
saline solution and centrifuged, the supernatant liquid being the finished antigen.

This method differs from others in use in that the hypochlorite solutions are
boiled instead of being used in the cold, thereby hastening the process. It is
the opinion of the authors that the method is applicable to all bacteria with
the exception of the acid-fast types, and should be of value in experimental work
where a readily obtainable supply of concentrated antigen is needed.

Contributions to the biochemistry of pathogenic anaerobes. — I, The bio-
chemistry of Bacillus welchii and B. sporogenes, C. G. L. Wolf and .1. E. G.
Harris {Jour. Path, and Bad., 21 {1917), No. 3, pp. 386-^^52, figs. i9).— This
forms part of an investigation of the pathogenic anaerobes in their relation to
wound infection.

" Both the organisms investigated have certain properties in common, which
they exercise to different degrees. They grow with varying vigor on media
with or without the presence of carbohydrates and under favorable conditions
produce large quantities of gas. For their growth they are dependent on a cer-
tain initial concentration of amino acids. Before gas s evolved their activities
seem to be chiefly directed toward a proteolysis in preparation for further
development and gas formation.

" B. sporogenes is particularly potent in its proteolytic action, and during
active growth will further digest a peptone solution which has been made by
the exhaustive treatment of a protein with trypsin and erepsin. It will break
down an albumin-like alkaline egg, until 28 per cent of the total nitrogen orig-
inally present is in a form reacting with nitrous acid. Both organisms have
butyric acid as an end product. The source of this acid in B. perfringens fer-
mentations is unquestionably the sugar group, if sugar be present. B. sporo-
genes forms large quantities of butyric acid in sugar-free media. In those
media containing lactose, this sugar is not apparently greatly affected."

Successful treatment of anthrax by various methods, D. G. Dudley {Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 10 {1918), No. 1, pp. 15-17). — The author has used with
success the following method of treatment of anthrax in human beings infected
in the handling of hides improperly disinfected. The first treatment, where
possible, is excision of the lesion. Eight per cent phenol 'a injected into
the tissues around the lesion, and I in. beyond the phenolized zone five or
sis syringefuls of 25 per cent alcohol are injected. After the excision, the
base and edges of the wound are painted with 95 per cent phenol neutralized
with absolute alcohol and wet dressings applied. If the excision fails, con-
tinued injection of 8 per cent phenol into the tissues is followed. Antianthrax
serum should then be used. The first dose is 35 cc. injected intravenously,
followed in from 8 to 16 hours by a second dose given intramuscularly or intra-
venously. With this treatment strychnin, ^^o grain, is given every 4 hours.

Other methods suggested are the use of normal bovine serum and a steam
treatment, u.seful when the disease is localized.

The diagnosis of dourine by means of the conglutination method, H.
Wehrbein {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., ^S {1917), No. 2-3, pp. 233-23S;

484 EXPEETMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

abs. in Trop. Vet. BuL, 5 {1011), No. 3, p. 155). — "Nineteen dourine sera gave
positive results corresponding with those given by the ordinary deviation of
the complement test, and to a large extent with the agglutination test, with
one exception, in which an animal that had been infected for a considerable
time and had then been treated with atoxyl ceased to give a positive result with
the complement test, but continued to react strongly according to the congluti-
nation test. Thirty normal sera gave negative results, except at first in two
cases where errors of technique were detected."

The author's conclusion is that the conglutination test is applicable for the
diagnosis of dourine sera, but that it is more sensitive to errors and therefore
more difficult to carry out than the ordinary deviation of complement method.

Studies on rinderpest, H. Schein (Ann. Inst. Pasteur., 31 (1911), No. 11,
pp. 511-592).— Thin article reports a series of studies on the vaccination of
cattle and buffaloes against rinderpest. The work was undertaken because of
the unfavorable results with buffaloes of the usual vaccination by simultaneous
injections of serum and virus. In the investigations recorded, horses were
used as the experimental animals.

The earlier conclusions of Kolle and others that the virus is located in the
blood corpuscles were confirmed. The virus was found, for the most part,
in the leucocytes but to a slight extent in the plasma. Dilution experiments
proved that 0.001 cc. of virulent blood constituted a fatal dose and 0.00004 cc.
the limiting infecting dose. Virus was present in 0.1 cc. of centrifuged citrated
plasma.

Experiments with specific and nonspecific serums showed that (1) the non-
specific serum of the horse has no action on the rinderpest virus, (2) the
serum of certain normal cattle can attenuate or kill the rinderpest virus of the
horse, (3) the antirinderpest serum probably acts upon the organism of the
animal injected and not upon the microbe itself, and (4) the success of vacci-
nation depends on the proportion of serum to virus.

The following method of vaccination of cattle and buffaloes during an
epidemic of rinderpest was successfully used: The cattle received, according to
size and age, from 40 to 80 cc. of serum ; the buffaloes from 100 to 160 cc.
Both cattle and buffaloes received 1 cc. of a dilution of virxilent blood of 1 to
1,000. The diseased animal (the source of the blood) was punctured in the
jugular vein with a small 2 cc. syringe and 1 cc. of blood withdrawn and placed
in 1 liter of water containing 8 gm. of sodium chlorid and 2 gm. of sodium
oxalate. The solution was boiled and cooled and was used within half a day.
It was probable that all the animals inoculated liad been infected, but very
few deaths occurred in the six villages where vaccination was employed, and
the epidemic was completely arrested.

The author concludes from his experience that serum infection appears to
give the best results in buffaloes by injecting a sufiicient quantity of serum
(about 50 cc. per 100 kg. for adults and double the amount for young animals),
and infecting it with the least possible amount of virus to retard the growth
of the parasite.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever in California, J. G. Gumming (Jour. Infect.
Diseases, 21 (1911), No. 5, pp. 509-514, figs. 5). — The results obtained from the
inoculation of animals has definitely established the occurrence of Rocky Moun-
tain spotted fever in California, while the finding of tlie tick Dermacentor
venustus in Ventura County and the occurrence of a ca.se there marks that
region as a new area of possible prevalence of the disease in the State.

Experimental trypanosomiasis: T. equiperdum infection in the dog', E. B.
Kbumbhaab {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 22 {1918), No. 1, pp. 3^-42, figs. 5). — " Dogs

1018] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 485

may he readily infected witli T. equipcrduin and a severe anemia he produced.
The incuhation period varies from 3 to 8 days, and fatal termination results
in from 3 to 7 weeks. By successive transmission through dogs the vh-ulence
of the infection may be increased so that both incubation period and duration
of the disease may be shortened and the maximum anemia more quickly reached.

" AVith the appearance of trypanosnmes in the circulating blood, the animals
show general weakness, loss of weight, lethargy, and a lessened tendency to
the healing of wounds?. Subcutaneous edema is a common manifestation and may
appear as a general anasarca or be limited to the genitalia or the extremities.
The edema fluid contains living trypanosomes. Another interesting and almost
constant lesion is keratitis. Choluria is constantly present without evidence of
jaundice in the skin or mucou.s niembrane. The anemia which develops is
progressive and of the hemolytic type. The hemoglobin may fall to 40, and
the red cells to less than 3,000,000 per cubic centimeter."

Complenient fixation in experimental trypanosomiasis, A. C. Woods and
H. H. MoKRis iJo^ir. Infect. Diseases, 22 {1918), No. 1, pp. 7^.3-7,8). — "Dogs
infected with Trypanosoma eguiperdtim develop complement fixation with a
specific antigen within eight days after inoculation. An easily prepared and
a very satisfactory antigen is the salt solution extract of the .spleen of a rat
heavily infected with trypanosomes or dead from the infection. The comple-
ment fixation usually follows the appearance of trypanosomes in the blood, al-
though it may occasionally precede the appearance of trypanosomes. The com-
plement fixation, however, always antedates the appearance of symptoms. Dogs
infected with trypanosomes frequently give a positive Wassermann reaction.

" Within three weeks after the appearance of trypanosomes in the blood, the
serum of the infected dog becomes strongly anticomplementary. This anti-
complementary phenomenon appears to be due to the liberation of anticomple-
mentary substances into the blood by the invading trypano.somes. The blood is
rendered sterile, and all clinical symptoms clear up following the intravenous
injection or arsenobenzol. In the only complete experiment at hand the anti-
complementary action and complement fixation properties with the trypanosome
and Wassermann antigens likewise disappeared."

Concerning the trypanosome of swine in the valley of the Inkissi, J.
Greggio {Bui. Agr. Congo Beige, 8 {1911), No. 1-2, pp. I48-I6O).— In the valley
of the Inkissi 36 of 94 domesticated swine examined were found to carry Try-
panosoma congolense, a human trypanosome, but for them it does not appear
to be pathogenic.

Studies of the tissue reactions to various products of the tubercle bacillus,
P. F. MoKSE and Ethel Stott {Jonr. Lab. and Clin. Med., 2 {1916), No. S, pp.
159-167, pi. 1, figs. 7). — This article reviews the literature on the mechanism of
the formation of the tubercle, the predominant theory of previous investigators
being that the histological lesion caused by the tubercle bacillus is due to a
poison liberated from the body of the bacillus by action of the tissue cells.
The present investigations, which are described in detail, suggest that the lesion
is due rather to the waxy substances of the bacillus acting as a peculiar type
of foreign body.

A study of the relative efficiency of the various differential staining
methods used in identifying the tvibercle bacillus, N. P. Sherwood {Kans.
Univ. Sci. Bui, 10 {1917), No. S, pp. 25-S5). — The author's investigations have
led to conclusions of which the following form a part :

" There is great variation in the acid-proofness of different strains of Bacillus
smegniatis. Even in positive sputums there is some tinctorial difference of the
tubercle bacillus toward Fonte's stain, whereas with the other methods very

486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. S8

little if any tinctorial variations were observed. Tlie methods of Gabbot, Ziehl-
Neelsen, Pappenlieim, and of Bunge and Trantenroth are not at all reliable as a
means of differentiating the tubercle bacillus from the rest of the acid-fast
group. Fonte's method seems to be much superior to the other methods, but
not entirely reliable in urine, and even in sputum examinations. The per-
centage of error can only be determined by much more extensive work. The
error of all of these methods seems to be that of giving too many positive
results."

A note on Petroif' s cultural method for the isolation of tubercle bacilli
from sputum and its application to the examination of milk, F. Constance
Stewabt (Jour. Expt. Med., 26 (1917), No. 6, pp. 75.5-76i).— The author has ap-
plietl the Petroff method ^ for the isolation of tubercle bacilli from sputum to the
examination of milk. The milk to be tested was digested with an equal volume
of 3 per cent sodium hydroxid solution for from 20 to 30 minutes at 37° C.
After neutralizing and centrifuging, inoculations from both fat and sediment
layers were made on the gentian-violet-egg-meat-juice medium of Petroff.

The organism was recovered from 69.2 per cent of the samples of milk arti-
ficially infected. Of 59 samples obtained from widely different sources 5
gave positive cultures, while 29 samples from the Connecticut Bacteriological
Laboratory gave negative tests. All of the organisms isolated were of the
bovine type. The author believes that with slight modifications, such as the
addition of certain amino acids, small amounts of sugar, and phosphates to the
Petroff medium, the method should prove constant and reliable for the isolation
of tubercle bacilli from milk.

Tuberculosis in equines, E. M. Pickens (Cornell Yet., 8 (1918), No. 1, pp.
9-25, pis. 3). — The author has compiled from case reports and textbooks data
on equine tuberculosis, including history, occurrence, source and channels of
infection, symptoms, post-mortem findings, course, and diagnosis. Three typical
cases are described in detail.

Infectious abortion in cows, F. M. Hayes (California Sta. Circ. 183 (1917),
pp. ^).— A popular summai'y of information.

Bovine hematuria, S. Hadwen (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 51 (1917),
No. 6, pp. 822-830). — This paper deals with the symptoms and pathology of the
disease and refers to experimental work.

" Injections of dilute oxalic acid solutions provoke great irritation and subse-
quently the urine is stained with blood. Calcium oxalate crystals are formed
in the bladder as soon as the acid comes in contact with the urine and mucus.
After a time the urine becomes contaminated with bacteria which no doubt
play a part in aggravating and maintaining the lesions. It is probable that the
acid has a direct effect on the walls of the bladder as well as the crystals. Two
out of the three cases developed a disease indistinguishable from natural cases
of hematuria."

The experiments are considered by the author to support the oxalic acid
theory of the causation of the disease, which he advanced in the report of the
veterinary director general of Canada for 1914 (E. S. R., 36, p. 179).

Redwater or bloody urine in cattle, .J. W. Kalkus (Washington Sta., West.
Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 5 (1917), No. 0, pp. 127-129, fig. i).— This is a brief popu-
lar account of this disease and its treatment, a more detailed account of which
by the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 383). As regards the
cause of this disease, the author considers the oxalic acid theory of Hadwen,
above noted, to be the most plausible.

ijour. Expt. Med., 21 (1915), No. 1, pp. 38-42.

1918] RURAL ENGINEERING. 437

Studies of an obscure cattle disease in western Nevada, W. B. Mack and
E. Records {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 (1911), No. 2, pp. HS-155).— The
authors' conclusions are as follows :

"Whatever the nature of this infection, it appears to be taken up from the
intestine and carried to the liver by the portal vein, where it establishes itself,
produces severe local damage, and later overwhelms the animal, either by exten-
sion into the blood stream or by the liberation of a soluble toxin.

" The original hypothesis that this is an atypical form of hemorrhagic sep-
ticemia has not been proved. The bacteriological and serological findings are
rather against this theory. The clinical observations, anatomical changes, and
the results of immunization and serum therapy seem to favor it."

The results of an experiment to note the effects of freezing on antihog
cholera serum, H. C. H. Kernkamp {Cornell Vet., 8 {1918), No. 1, pp. 7-9). —
Experiments are cited which would seem to prove that freezing under condi-
tions that would be likely to occur in transit does not destroy the immunizing
properties of antihog cholera serum or render it unfit for use.

Ticks affecting big game, F. Bradshaw {Ami. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Saskatche-
wan, 11 {1916), pp. 232-235, figs. 2).— This reports upon the infestation of moose
by the winter tick {Dermacentor albipictvs), which resulted in the death of
large numbers.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation by borders, or sloping checks, R. W. Allen (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Plant Indus., Work Vm<itilla Expt. Farm, 1915-16, pp. 20-22). — "A series
of preliminary investigations to determine the manner in which irrigation water
moves in coarse sandy soil showed that it went down very quickly in all
instances and spread out to a very limited extent. In furrow irrigation it
was found that when water was applied by means of furrows 2 ft. apart it
moved laterally through the soil so little that a portion of the soil to a depth
of 6 ft. between the furrows remained dry, although the water was run for
several hours in the furrows. Water was run through shallow furrows 2 ft.
apart for six days in raw land without moistening the surface soil between
them. It was then found that by flooding the land it could be uniformly
moistened to depths which were determined by the quantity of water applied.
Level checks could not be irrigated successfully, because the water disappeared
so rapidly near the box that much waste occurred unless very small checks were
used, or else the head of water must be very large and so cover the ground
quickly. . . .

"An experiment was begun in 1916 to determine the influence of the length
of the border on the amount of water required for successful irrigation \vith a
given head. Three borders were made, 22 ft. wide, 100, 175. and 250 ft. long,
and lettered a, b, c, respectively. The slope in each border is uniform and rela-
tively similar in all of them, the total fall being 1.2 ft. in a, 1.8 ft. in 6, and
1.9 ft. in e. Twenty-one irrigations were applied during the season, using a
head of water that varied from 1 to 1.5 second-feet. . . . With this head of
water and width of borders the 175-ft. border is irrigated as economically as
the 100-ft. one. The 250-ft. border is not so economically irrigated, but no
more water was applied to it than the soil was capable of holding. However,
some waste probably resulted from deep percolation near the upper end.
With a larger head of water it might be irrigated satisfactorily, but 250 ft.
appears to be the maximum distance the water should be run under the best
conditions found on the.se sandy soils. With a larger head of water, which
should be used in general practice, the borders could be made much Avider and
the number correspondingly reduced."
49984°— 18 7

488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Stirface water supply of the South Atlantic and Eastern Gulf of Mexico
Basins, 1915 (C7. S. Qeol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1,02 (1916), pp. 51+XXX,
pis. 2). — This report presents the results of measurements of flow made on
streams in the South Atlantic and Eastern Gulf of Mexico Basins during 1915,
together with the usual list of stream-gauging stations and publications.

Manual for water supply in villages, R. P. Spabbo (Poso'ie dUa SeVskago
Vodosnabzheni{a. Moscow: Glav. Uprav. Zemleustr. i Zemled., Otd. Zeml.
Uluch., 1915, 2. ed., pp. 205, pis. 8, figs. SO). — This book deals with ponds, dug
wells, and springs as sources of water supply for villages and with machinery
and apparatus for making such water available.

Bacteria in deep wells, F. W. Tanneb and E. Babton (XJniv. III. Bui., H
(1916), No. 5 , pp. 214-224, fig. 1; abs. in Abs. Bact., 1 (1911), No. 2, pp. 156,
151 ; Chem. Abs., 11 (1911), No. 11, p. 1106). — This is an abstract of a thesis in
which studies of the number and character of the bacteria of waters from deep
wells at different points in Illinois which had been in use for some time are
reported. The wells varied in depth from 113 to 895 ft., with one 2,000 ft. deep.

While no definite conclusions were drawn, it was found that " these waters,
which apparently are protected against contamination, contained bacteria com-
monly found in water. . . . The bacteria isolated occur in shallow well water
and may not have come from a deep seated water, which is perhaps sterile."

With reference to Bacillus coli in ground waters, an investigation was made
on a series of 19 tubular wells from 80 to 125 ft. deep In alluvial sand and gravel
near a river. The results of analysis showed a decided difference in composi-
tion between the water of the river and that from the wells. Gas-forming bac-
teria were present in 10-cc. samples of the water in more than 90 per cent of the
analyses made. The 1-cc. samples were positive in 43 per cent of the determi-
nations, but in the 0.1-cc. samples there were only nine positive tests in 62. Gas
formers isolated from six samples had characteristics like those of B. coli.
Liquefying bacteria were present in a few samples and fluorescent colonies were
identified in many. Some were identified as B. fluorescens liquefaciens and
B. fluorescens nonliquefaciens.

In an experimental study to determine whether surface seepage enters wells,
1 ton of fine salt was evenly divided among 11 privy vaults located near water
supplies. No direct connection with pollution from surface sources was found.

Twenty-seven references to literature bearing on the subject are appended.

The factors which influence the longevity of Bacillus coli and B. typhosus
in waters, M. E. Hinds (Univ. III. Bui., U (1916), No. 5, pp. 225-233) .—Thl^ Is
an abstract of a thesis, In which experiments are reported and the conclusion
reached that " In pure, natural water and in redistilled water B. coli and
B. typhosus die from starvation at a regular rate. The rate of death inci*eases
with the temperature and Is similar to the rate of a chemical reaction, thus
following the monomolecular law. The presence of mineral matter had no
apparent effect on the organisms. The presence of oxygen under starvation
conditions seems to be harmful to B. coli and beneficial to B. typhosus."

Twelve references to literature bearing on the subject are appended.

The viability of colon-aerogenes bacteria in water, L. A. Rogers (Abs.
Bact., 1 (1911), No. 1, pp. 56, 51). — Recent work, including some unpublished
results of the author, show that fecal bacteria Include, in addition to the true
Bacillus coli which is characterized by a carbon dioxid ratio of approximately
1 : 1, a variety of Bacterium aerogenes which Is distinguished from the type
found commonly on grains by Its uniform fermentation of adonlte.

In water artificially infected with feces and held at 20° C. there was a
gradual change in the ratio of these two types until at the end of nine months

1918] RXJKAL ENGINEEEINQ. 489

the relative numbers were reversed aud there were 39 B. aerogenes to 1
B. colt. In sewage held in running water there was a rapid decrease of colon
bacteria which was more evident in the B. coli than in the B. aerogenes. At the
beginning there were about three times as many B. coli as B. aerogenes but
after seven days there were slightly more aerogenes than coli.

A comparison of a collection of cultures from water with the characteristics
of similar collections from human feces and from grains showed a much greater
similarity bet«'een the water and fecal cultures than between the water and
grain cultures. This was especially true if those cultures evidently not of fecal
origin were eliminated from the water cultures and those of evident fecal
origin from the grain cultures.

Samples were taken at intervals from streams known to be badly con-
taminated and the number of each colon type determined. In each case the
aerogenes type was greatly in excess above the source of pollution, but below
the sewer there were more B. coli than B. aerogenes. In one stream there
were no additional sources of contamination and the ratio of B. aerogenes
to B. coli found above the sewer was regained in about 10 miles. In the second
case there were other sources of contamination and the ratio of the two types
remained at nearly 1 : 1 for the eight miles observed. In this stream it was
found that while nearly all of the aerogenes cultures isolated above the sewer
were not adonite fermenters, below the sewer the adonite fermenters predomi-
nated.

Observations on the types of organisms isolated from water after treat-
ment with calcium hypochlorite, M. A. Smeeton (Jour. Bad., 2 {1911), No. i,
pp. S55-359). — Experiments conducted at New York University with Croton
River water which had been treated with calcium hypochlorite in the propor-
tion of 1 part of chlorin to 2,000,000 parts of water showed that " the
organisms found were apparently of the common saprophytic type usually
found in air and water. No intestinal forms appeared to survive the treatment
in the amount examined. It would appear, therefore, that available chlorin
in the proportion of 1 part to 2,000,000 is sufficient to purify surface water
obtained under conditions similar to that of the Croton supply."

The English incubation test for the putrescibility of sewage and sewage
effluents, F. W. Mohlman (Univ. III. Bui, H {1916), No. 5, pp. 315-324).—
This is an abstract of a thesis in which experimental work consisting of
incubation tests at 20° C. with various dilutions of sewage and distilled water
are reported, the purpose being to determine the value of the procedure rep-

resented and modified by the so-called Phelps formula log q-= KG*. In this

O = the final amount of oxygen present in the water in unit volume, C = the
concentration of the sewage in percentage by volume, t = the time in hours
allowed for the reaction to proceed, O' = initial amount of oxygen present, and
K = a constant determined by the character of the organic matter and in turn
defining the oxidizability of that organic matter.

" Most of the results indicate that the oxygen consumption is nearly complete
in ten days. The variability in the amount of oxygen absorbed per liter of
sewage in different dilutions is excessive. The amount of oxygen absorbed depends
entirely upon the amount added and is always higher in higher dilutions. The
values of K seem to be more concordant, although they are generally higher
in higher dilutions. The excessive consumption of oxygen in higher dilutions
may be caused by the actual loss of oxygen gas, or may be caused by the
more vigorous oxidation. Whatever may be the cause, the fact remains that
the method did not give consistent results in varying dilutions. If the same

490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I Vol. 88

dilution could always be used, the results would be of some comparative value.
The biological oxygen consumption of any sewage as determined by this method,
however, could not be balanced against the oxygen in a stream, since almost
any value could be obtained for the sewage, depending upon the dilution
used. . . .

" As a practical test, the English method of determining biological oxygen
consumption is subject to very grave errors and is only applicable under limited
conditions. These conditions are that the same dilution must always be used if
results are to be at all comparable and that incubation must extend over at
least three days at 20°. Oxygen demand for longer periods may then be cal-
culated by Phelps's formula."

Bacteriological study of sewage purification by aeration, R. Russell and
E. Babtow (Univ. III. Bui., I4 {1916), No. 5, pp. S48-358). — Investigations on
the bacteriology of sewage purification by aeration brought out the following
features :

" There is a large and consistent reduction of the total number of bacteria
in the sewage. The actual stabilization process is due to a typical aerobic
bacterial flora which gains almost complete ascendency. The other inhabitants
are largely incidental. The actual nitrification is accomplished by two typical
known nitrifiers, nitrosomonas and nitrobacter."

Purification of sewage by aeration in the presence of activated sludge,
E. Babtoav and F, W. Mohlman (Univ. III. Bui., 14 (1916), No. 5, pp. 325-335,
figs. 5).' — Some further experiments on this process are described (E. S. R., 34,
p. 591).

Handbook of clearing and grubbing: Methods and cost, H. P. Gillette
(New York: Clark Book Co., Inc., 1917, pp. [Vn+241, figs. 67).— In this hand-
book are compiled a large amount of data on methods and costs of clearing
land, much of which consists of the results of the author's broad experience
along these lines. The first two chapters deal with factors affecting cost esti-
mating and appraising and with specifications relating to methods of land
clearing for roads, reservoirs, and railways and for general purposes. Other
chapters deal in detail with land clearing practice in general; grubbing by
hand ; burning and charpitting ; blasting ; hand, horse, and power stump pullers ;
and heavy plows. A list of manufacturers of supplies and equipment for use
in clearing and grubbing is included.

Tests of a large-sized reinforced-concrete slab subjected to eccentric con-
centrated loads, A. T. GoLDBECK and H. S. Paibbank (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 10, pp. 505-520, figs. 11). — In continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 487; 35, p. 290; 36, p. 788; 38, p. 289)
tests on the effect of eccentricity of loading of a reinforced concrete slab 32
by 16 ft., 14 in. thick with 13 in. effective thickness, are reported. The con-
crete was a 1:2:4 mixture, and the slab which was built in place was sup-
ported by concrete abutments.

It was found that " to provide against the frequently realized condition of a
heavy concentrated load applied near the parapet . . . the resisting moment
required in the portion of a bridge slab near the outer edges is greater than
that which is necessary in the central portion. Further than this, if the rela-
tion indicated above be verified and shown to include other span lengths, it
would seem that in designing a slab the necessary allowance for the con-
centrated load near the outer edge can be made very simple in the following
manner: (1) Use the formulas for narrow rectangular beams, subsituting for
the breadth (b) the value obtained from the table for central concentrated
loads [E. S. R., 35, p. 291] ; (2) determine the loss in effective width due to

1918]

RURAL ENGINEERING.

491

the assumed eccentricity of the load; and (3) supply the deficiency by design-
ing the curb of the parapet to provide a resisting moment equal to that of a
slab of width equal to the loss in effective width due to eccentricity, maliing
allowance for the greater stiffness of the section under the parapet. Thus, sup-
pose a slab of l&-ft. span and 20-ft. width is to be designed to carry a con-
centrated load of 20,000 lbs. applied at a point 4 ft. from one edge, then

Total width 20

=—=1.25

Span 16

from the table for central concentrated loading, the effective width--=0.69X16
ft. =11.04 ft. Consider the load of 20,000 lbs. to be carried by a width of 11.04
ft., u.se the ordinary formulas for rectangular-beam design and determine the
effective depth of the slab and the area of steel required. Now, by the relation
indicated above, determine the effective width with the load in the critical
position 4 ft. from one edge, then
11.04

(be)= ^4=5.52+4=9.52 ft.

2
the difference between the values of he and be is 11.04 — 9.52=1.52 ft. Therefore
the curb of the parapet should be so designed that it will have a resisting moment
equal to that of a width of 1.52 ft. of the slab, maliing allowance for the
greater stiffness of the parapet section. In constructing slabs designed in this
manner . . . the curb of the parapet must be added before the concrete of
the slab has taken initial set."

How the surface of a road affects tractive effort {Engin. News-Rec, 19
(1911), No. 8, pp. 361-369, figs. 5).— Traction tests under California conditions
are reported with a standard farm wagon equipped with steel axles of equal
length and 38- and 46-in. wheels, all wheels having 4-in. tires. The gross load
was 3 tons, and the speed was kept close to 2.4 miles per hour. Typical results
are summarized in the following table:

Tractive resistance for various road surfaces.

Kind of road.

Condition of road.

Tractive resistance.

Total. Per ton.

Concrete (unsurfaced)

Concrete (unsurfaced) (load apparently accelerated

when test was started).
Concrete (|-inch surface, asphaltic oil and screenings),

Do

Macadam (water- bound)

Topeka on concrete

Gravel

Oil macadam (drawn with motor truck at 2h miles i>er

hour).
Oil macadam (drawn with motor truck at 5 miles per

hour).

Gravel

Topeka on plank

Earth road

Topeka on plank

Earth road

Earth

Gravel ,

Smooth, excellent.
do

-do.
.do.
.do.
-do.

Compact, good condition

G ood, new

.do.

Packed, in good condition...
Good condition, soft, wagon

left marks.
Firm, IJ in. fine loose dust...
Good condition, but soft . . . .

Dust f to 2 in

Mud, stiff, firm underneath,
Loose, not packed

Lbs.

83.0
90.0

147.6
155.0
193.0
205.5
225.0
234.5

244.0

247.0
2G5.0

276.0
278.0
298.0
654.0
789.0

Lbs.
27.6
30.0

49.2
51.6
64.3
68.5
75.0
78.2

81.3

82.3

88.3

92.0
92.6
99.3
21S.0
203.0

"The resistance encountered on oiled surfaces was considerably more than on
concrete. . . . The base supporting oiled surfaces affected the amount of trac-
tive effort required. For example, tests ... in which a concrete base was in-

492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Vol. 38

volved showed less resistance than tests ... in which the surface was on
plank."

The tests were made under the supervision of the agricultural engineering
division of the University of California in cooperation with the California
Automobile Association.

Charts for the use of road-oil inspectors, E. E. Glass (West. Engin., 8
(1917), No. 9, pp. 350, 351, figs. 5). — These five charts give data on volume of
cylinders, contents of partly filled horizontal tanks, spread of | and i gal. per
square yard, and thermal corrections for road oil.

A kerosene carbureter, T. C. Menges (Oas Engine, 19 (1911), No. 7, pp.
31G-31S, fig. 1). — This article describes a kerosene carbureter for a throttle-
governed engine and gives a mathematical discussion of the design for a particu-
lar size of engine. Experiments are also described to determine the proper loca-
tion of the kerosene nozzle in the inlet pipe.

It is concluded that In order to operate successfully on kerosene it is neces-
sary to heat up the mixture and keep it hot until it is exploded. Water must
be admitted to the mixture in proportion to the work being done, and the en-
gine must be throttle governed. The inlet orifice should be as small as possible
in order to break up the liquid kerosene, and means must be provided for
starting the engine on gasoline and gradually switching from gasoline to
kerosene.

A laboratory manual in farm machinery, F. A. Wirt (New York: John
Wiley d Sons, Inc., 1917, pp. XXII +162, figs. ^2).— This manual is intended as
a laboratory guide which will not be affected to an appreciable extent by ordi-
nary changes in farm machinery construction. It is considered suitable for
university students, and is arranged with the idea in mind that the questions
a.sked will lead students to draw their o^vn conclusions as to which machines
are best adapted to the various agricultural conditions.

Part 1, Farm Field Machinery, contains chapters on machinery used in
preparing the soil, seeding, cultivating, grain and corn harvesting, hay harvest-
ing, pumping, and miscellaneous work. Part 2, Power Farming Machinery,
contains chapters on power drawn and belt driven machinery. Part 3, Farm
Mechanics, contains chapters on rope, belts, babbitting, soldering, and pipe
cutting. The largest section on a single subject is that devoted to rope, which
includes discussions of methods of preventing the untwisting of rope ends, loops
at the rope ends and between the ends, knots for tying ropes together, hitches,
halters, and block and tackle.

Instructions to students and exercises are also included.

Markets for agricultural implements and machinery in Chile and Peru,
F. H. voN MoTz ( U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., Spec. Agents
Ser., No. 142 (1917), pp. 48). — This report deals with the markets for agricul-
tural implements and machinery in Chile and Peru. It is stated that the
west coast markets are distinctly less promising than those of the farming
countries in the eastern part of South America.

Heat losses through buildings and building materials, R. S. Hawley
(West. Engin., 8 (1917), No. 9, p. 344, fiff- !)■ — Graphic data are given on hciit
loss through building materials which may be of value in designing farm
buildings and their heating systems.

Fire prevention and fire fighting on the farm, H. R. Tolley and A. P.
Yeekes (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 904 (191S), pp. 16, figs. 2).— The pre-
ventable nature of most farm fires is pointed out, and means of fire preven-
tion and fire fighting are described.

1918] EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 493

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Farm management and farm profits on irrigated land in the Provo area
(Utah Lake Valley), L. G. Connob (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 582 (1918), pp. J^O,
pis. i). — This report is based on a study made in 1914 of 104 farms in the
Provo area, Utah, in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p.
689). The author comes to the following conclusions:

" The size of the farm business, type of farming followed, and the diversity
of income, each has an important bearing on profits. As regards size, the labor
income from 26 small fruit farms and general farms [16.48 acres] averaged
$350; for 29 large fruit and general farms [77.2 acres], $598; and for 20 live
stock farms [106.65 acres], $1,394. As regards type of farming, the labor
income of 16 small fruit farms averaged $302 ; of 18 small genex-al farms, $383 ;
of 17 large fruit farms, $611 ; and of 24 large general farms, $646. Eighteen
dairy farmers made an average labor income of $1,427, and three small poul-
try farms averaged $483.

" The greatest need of the small farmers in this district is more land to work.
Failing this, outside labor is a necessity if a good living is to be secured. . . .

" In general, so far as practicable, the farmer taking more land should do
so by rent or lease, rather than piu'chase subject to a mortgage, as he can
usually secure the u.se of the land for little more than half what must be
paid on a mortgage. The money saved can be used for subsequent purchase.
This, of course, does not apply to the man with cash in hand for immediate
purchase.

" Some operators live in town and travel many miles a day to and from the
farms. From a farm-management viewpoint this is an inefficient system.

" With land values and labor cost so high, and the marketing situation so
complicated, farmers in this area should make every effort to keep at the
maximum that part of the family living which is secured directly from the
farm. The garden should be one of the regular enterprises and should be given
adequate care.

" A further increase in the number of very small farms in this region would
seem to be unwise. The operators of such units have not enough land to keep
them busy at profitable work. About 30 acres seem to be the smallest size
for efficient management without much reliance on live stock. Forty to fifty,
preferably about 50 acres, seem to be the smallest unit for efficient manage-
ment where live stock enterprises are given a prominent place by the typical
farmer. This is especially true of dairying. . . .

" In general, owing to market conditions, the proper place for orchard and
truck products in this region is on general farms where they are used as fillers
in the business as a whole. Certainly fruit should be produced only on farms
where the orchard enterprises are supplemented in a substantial way by more
extensive activities. The general farms which grow truck and fruit as sec-
ondary enterprises approximate the ideal cropping combination for this region."

The organization of the farm business for profit, G. N. Daggeb and J. I.
Falconer {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 13 {1917-18), No. 3, pp. 29,
figs. 17). — This bulletin discusses the factors to be considered in choosing the
type of farming to be followed and in organizing farm business for profit. The
text is illustrated with data obtained from Ohio farms.

International yearbook of agricultural legislation {Inst. Internat. Agr.
[Rome}, Ann. Internat. Leg. Agr., 6 {1916), pp. LXX XI +1458). —By adding
new laws, this volume continues the information previously noted (E. S. R-,
36, p. 393).

494 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. [Vol.38

Laws of Maine relating to agriculture {Bui. [Maine] Dept. Aqt., 16 (1917),
No. 4, pp. 112). — This bnlletin continuea information previously noted (E. S. R.,
22, p. 595) by adding information of later date.

The laws of South Dakota establishing a system of rural credits {Rural
Credit Bd. [S. Dak.} Ore. 1 {1917), pp. 12). — This pamphlet contains the text
of the act establishing a system of rural credits, approved February 26, 1917.

Cheaper money for Saskatchewan farmers {Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Bui.,
47 {1917), pp. 7). — This pamphlet contains a brief statement regarding the
Saskatchewan farm loan act, and points out the nature of the loans, methods
of making payments, and purchase of the farm loan bonds.

Live stock on credit terms to Saskatchewan farmers, and the cooperative
marketing of live stock and live stock products, butter, wool, poultry, etc.
{Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Bui. ^5 {1917), pp. 20). — These pages describe the
method of distributing live stock under the provisions of the Saskatchewan
live stock purchasing and sales act, and indicate the various steps in distribu-
tion and finance, selling, organizing, and establishing creameries, and the estab-
lishment of cooperative live stock marketing associations, wool associations, and
cooperative poultry-killing and marketing associations.

Farmers' market bulletin {North Carolina Sta., Farmers' Market Bui., 4
{1917), Nos. 17-19, pp. 8 each). — These bulletins contain the iisual lists of
growers having produce and live stock for sale, indicating quality, shipping
date, and variety and breed.

Suggestions to purchasers of farm lands in New York, E. O. Fippin {N. T.
State Col. Agr., Cornell Ext. Bui. 23 {1917), pp. 58-78, figs. 22).— This publica-
tion describes the general characteristics of farm land in New York State,
indicates some reasons for the wide range in prices of land, and points out
some of the facts relating to agricultural development and social conditions.

Economics of agricultural production in South Africa, R. A. Lehfeldt
{So. African Jour. Indus., 1 {1917), Nos. 1, pp. 35-43; 2, pp. 105-112).— In these
pages are discussed the present system of agricultural production in South
Africa and the possibility of introducing sugar plantations.

Condition and movement of agricultural laborers and rural population in
France in 1913—14, L. Duofi de Bernonviixe {Statis. G4n. France, 6 {1917),
No. S, pp. 295-330, figs. 2). — These pages discuss the extent of the movement of
people from one part of the country to another, the influence of the number of
births upon the increase and decrease in population, the proportion of those
on farms who are owners, operators, and laborers, and the extent of the move-
ment of people from the rural districts and of the decrease in the number of
families. The question of rural health is also touched upon.

The world's food {Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and Soc. Sci., 74 {1917), No. 163,
PP- [8]+S01, figs. 20). — This number contains a series of papers relating to the
world's food, covering such topics as the food situation in various countries,
its utilization and conservation, plans for production and marketing for the
coming year, and price control.

The com trade during the war, C. Kains-Jackson (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc.
England, S. ser., 76 {1915), pp. 49-73). — These pages give statistical data show-
ing the imports into the United Kingdom of grain during the years 1913 and
1914-15, indicating the source, amount, and price.

The com and meat trades since the war {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, S.
ser., 77 {1916), pp. 62-78).— W. Weddel & Co., Ltd., give data which continue
those noted above by adding statistics for the year 1915-16, and also informa-
tion regarding the meat trade during the war.

1918] AGRICtJLTURAL EDUCATION. 495

Prices and supplies of corn, live stock, and other agricultural produce in
England and Wales (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Agr. Statis. 51 (1916),
No. S, pp. 62-93). — This bulletin continues data previously noted (E. S. R., 36,
p. 393), by adding statistics for 1916.

Agricultural statistics of Chile (Statis. Abs. Chile [1916], pp. 78-93).— This
report contains data showing by provinces for 1916 the number of farms, area
classified as to irrigation or nonirrigation, and the area under the principal
crops and their yields, with comparative data for similar items for previous
years.

Agricultural statistics of TJganda Protectorate (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr.
Uganda, 1917, pp. 42-45). — These pages contain data showing by provinces and
districts for 1916-17 the number of live stock by classes and the extent of
crops possessed by the natives and by foreigners.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Departmental organization in agricultural teaching, P. H. Blodgett
(School and Soc., 6 (1911), No. 154, PP- 668-672) .—The author calls attention
to the lack of correlation between the scientific and practical fields of college
subjects, especially noticeable in biology and agriculture. He discusses from
the point of view of organization of the teaching force, rather than the relation
of the topics taught, the grouping of work into divisions of closely related
topics, to include both pure or theoretical and applied phases of the several
subjects. In his opinion, this should effect a closer coordination of work and
procedure than if the divisions are based only on the final utility of the work.

The scope and methods of instruction in rural sociology, J. M. Gillette
(Pubs. Amer. Social. Soc, 11 (1916), pp. 163-180) .—The author defines rural
sociology and discusses the scope of instruction in this subject, including as the
more important centers of interest, rural responses to physical interests, popula-
tion, production in the economic sense, communication, health, neighborhood
institutions and organizations, pathological social conditions of country life, the
psychology of the rural social mind, semirural and town-country communities
and their problems, the relation of country to city, and investigations and sur-
veys. He aLso sketches the more important methods of instruction found
profitable in this field, viz, text and lecture work, the study of rural surveys,
and investigations.

The value of a technical education to a forest supervisor (Yale Forest
School News, 5 (1917), No. 4, pp. 52-56).— This is a series of articles editecj
from letters received in general correspondence with forest supervisors with
reference to their opinion as to the value of their forest school training for the
work they are now doing.

There seems to be a general opinion that, inasmuch as at the present time
the forest supervisor's duties lie more along the lines of a business manager
than a technical forester, so far as direct utilization goes only a little of the
forest school training has applied specifically, a little mensuration, a little
applied silviculture, a good deal of surveying and engineering— about what
could be acquired in a six months' selected course. It is pointed out, however,
that the great value in the forest school training is the establishment of a
background, the fixing of ideals to work toward. While there are many very
valuable men in the service who have never had a forest school training, the
demands of the future vsdll be such as to make such training an extremely
valuable asset. The forest supervisor should have clearly in mind the broad
and basic principles upon which to build a regime and a forest wisely and con-

496 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

servatlvely used. A technical forestry training also gives the supervisor a
broader outlook, enabling him better to realize the possibilities of his forest
and resulting in less danger of having the forest looked upon as something
reserved rather than something to be properly used. There is also the
pleasure derived from the knowletlge of plant and animal life and of silvicul-
tural subjects.

Elementary science, J. G. Coultek {New York: Charles Scribncr's Soils,
1917, pp. VII I +289, figs. 107). — This text includes the following chapters
relating to agriculture : Water and agriculture, origin of soil, kinds of soil,
fertility and soil life — bacteria, food — the nutritive cycle, plant life, the story
of seeds, plant groups, relations between plants and their surroundings, and
insects.

The author has adopted the colloquial method of presentation, accompanied
by more or less repetition, since it proved to be the most effective as tested
by many trials with classes.

Productive agriculture, J. H. Gehrs (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1917,
pp. XIV+436, figs. 245). — The author's object in writing this book is to stand-
ardize seventh and eighth grade agriculture in the rural schools. It is in-
tended to meet the demands of the courses of study of the north central States
and treats of the origin, history, importance, distribution, varieties, breeds,
conditions, cost, and methods of production ; how to increase production ; har-
vesting, and uses of farm crops and animals, Including poultry ; soils and their
improvement, horticulture, including plant propagation, vegetable gardening,
fruit growing, and the farmer's wood lot ; and farm management, including
the choosing and planning of a farm, farm bookkeeping, farm labor, and the
relation of animal husbandry to permanent agriculture. The chapters, each of
which is followed by laboratory exercises, are arranged to conform as closely
as possible to the farmer's seasonal occupations. A list of apparatus and
equipment, with approximate cost, and a brief bibliography are included.

Courses in secondary agriculture for southern schools (third and fourth
years), H. P. Baekows {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 592 (1917), pp. 40).— Continuing
previous work (E. S. R., 37, p. 395), this bulletin outlines (1) one unit of in-
struction in horticulture, including plant propagation, fruit growing, home flori-
culture, home-ground improvement, and vegetable gardening, for the third year ;
and (2) one-half unit of instruction in rural engineering, including farm ma-
chinery, farm structures, farm sanitation, agricultural surveying, farm drain-
age, irrigation, terracing, roads, and rope work, and one-half unit in rural eco-
nomics and farm management, for the fourth year. The distribution of time
and credits, elective courses, practicums, projects, illustrative material, texts,
and references, and equipment are suggested.

The farmer and his friends, Eva M. Tappan (New York: Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1916, pp. VI+lOG, figs. 15). — This book, intended as a reader for the gram-
mar grades, compares the old agriculture and the new, and contains informa-
tion concerning the help given by the Federal and State Governments in teach-
ing the farmer, the production of sugar, the growing, harvesting, storing, and
uses of potatoes, apples, wheat, rice, oranges, raisins, flax, and cotton, bees and
their work, raising chickens, the care and shearing of sheep, the care of cows,
the handling of milk and the production of butter and cheese, and a logging
camp.

Judging sheep as a subject of instruction in secondary schools, H. P. Bar-
Kows (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 593 (1917), pp. 30, figs. 23).— This bulletin, in-
tended for teacher.s, includes (1) an outline of classroom instruction in judging
sheep, comprising the use of illustrative material, a study of types and breeds,

19181 MISCELLANEOUS. 497

market classes and grades, the relation of type to efRciency, and the score card ;
(2) a description of mutton sheep; and (3) suggestions on practice judging,

A simple course in home economics for rural schools, Mary E. Geakinq,
Jessie P. Rich, and M. Minekva Lawrence {Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 49 (1916),
pp. VIII-\-9-162, figs. 5). — These lessons have been specially prepared to meet
the needs of the small schools in which a special teacher and expensive equip-
ment are not as yet possible. The course is intended to give pupils an intelli-
gent understanding of the composition of foods, their value and uses in the body,
and the proper combinations and amounts necessary for a well-balanced diet,
and to enable them to prepare and serve wholesome and attractive dishes at
the minimum expenditure of time, labor, and money. Each lesson consists of
subject matter, references to literature, a plan for teaching and correlating
with other school subjects, and recipes. A plan for the practical application
of the work to solve the question of the noon lunch is suggested. Two lists of
cooking equipment for the 1-room rural school, costing, respectively, $6.50 and
$18.50, are included.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Biennial Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1914—15 (Connecticut Storrs
Sta. Rpt. 19U-15, pp. IX +302 +253-27 Jf, figs. 116).— This contains the organiza-
tion list, a financial statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1914, and June
30, 1915, a report of the director, and reprints of Bulletins 80-89, previously
noted. Meteorological data for 1914 and 1915, noted on page 41G, are appended.

Thirtieth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1917 (Vermont Sta. Bui. 208
(1917), pp. 16). — This contains the organization list, a brief announcement con-
cerning the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917,
and a report of the director on the publications and work of the station.

The work of the Umatilla Reclamation Project Experiment Farm in 1915
and 1916, R. W. Allen (U. S. Depi. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umutilla
Expt. Farm, 1915-16, pp. 39, figs. 3). — This report includes a summary of
meteorological observations from 1912 to 1916, a review of climatic and agi-icul-
tural conditions on the project, and a report of the work on the experimental
farm during 1915 and 1916. The experimental work reported is for the most
part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington
Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 5 (1917), No. 9, pp. 125-1^0, flg. i).— This con-
tains brief articles on the following subjects : The Activities of the Office of
Farm Markets, by A. Hobson; Redwater or Bloody Urine in Cattle, by J. W.
Kalkus (see p. 486) ; Fertilizer Saving by Improved Stable Methods, by H. L.
Blanchard ; Increasing Crop Production by Drainage, by E. B. Stookey ; Mainte-
nance of Egg Production During Winter, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup; The
Adaptability of the Tractor to the Smaller Farms, by J. P. Fairbanks ; Getting
Rid of Rats; and Farmers' Winter School.

Index to General Bulletins 1 to 25, H. B. Clees (Washington Sta., Index
Gen. Buls. 1-25 (1917), pp. 12). — This is a combined subject and author index.

Index (Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Div. Ent. [Patnphlet}, pp. 8). — An
index to Volume 3, comprising Bulletins 6-13.

Two methods of orientation of small objects in paraffin, J. A. Nelson
(Science, n. ser., J,6 (1917), No. 1190, p. 387).

NOTES.

Arkansas IJnlversity. — E. B. Mathew, head of the department of agricultural
education in the Fort Hays (Kans.) Normal School, has been appointed head
of the department of agricultural education.

Kansas College and Station. — N. L. Harris, superintendent of the poultry
farm, has resigned to become poultry specialist in the extension division of the
University of Arizona and has been succeeded by Harold H. Amos. W. S. Lat-
shaw, assistant in soil analysis, has been appointed assistant professor of chem-
istry and will take charge of certain lines of analytical work in the station.
R. W. Titus, instructor in chemistry, has been transferred to the station as
assistant chemist and has been succeeded by H. E. Fowler. C. A. A. Utt, in
charge of analytical work on foods and dairy products, has resigned to engage
in commercial work in Baltimore, Md.

Massachusetts College. — Alfred G. Lunn, instructor in poultry husbandry,
resigned March 1 to become head of the newly established poultry department at
the University of British Columbia.

Minnesota University and Station. — Recent appointments include I. D. Charl-
ton, professor of agricultural engineering at the Washington College, as ijto-
fessor of farm engineering and chief of the newly established division of farm
engineering ; R. O. Westley as assistant professor of agronomy ; and A. M.
Christensen as instructor in farm crops at Crookston. W. W. Cumberland has
been appointed chief of the division of research in agricultui'al economics and
agricultural economist of the station, effective August 1.

F. L. Kennard, agronomist, and O. M. Kiser, instructor in farm crops at
Crookston, have resigned. Leave of absence has been granted to E. C. Stak-
man, associate plant pathologist, to direct work for the control of cereal rusts
in the upper Mississippi Valley ; W. D. Valleau, research assistant in fruit
breeding; and D. O. Spriestersbach, research assistant in agricultural bio-
chemistry.

Missouri ITniversity and Station. — An apportionment of State funds for the
calendar year 1918 has been made as follows: Agricultural laboratories, $3,000;
short winter course, $11,000 ; agricultural engineering, $1,000 ; animal hus-
bandry, $7,500; dairy husbandry, $2,500; entomology, $500; farm management,
$1,000; horticulture, $1,500; poultry husbandry, $750; rent on farm lands,
$1,000; pure bred live stock, $500; repairs and improvements on barns, $500;
for the station, $15,000 ; soils department, $500 ; soil survey, $G,500 ; soil experi-
ment fields, $5,325 ; farm crops experiment fields, $4,675 ; agricultural extension,
$32,500 ; and to promote the growing of improved corn, $1,500.

The second term of the 1917-18 session of the short winter course in agri-
culture closed March 1. In spite of war conditions the enrollment was not
seriously curtailed, the total of 182 students for the two terms being about 10
per cent less than for the previous year. An unusual amount of interest was
manifested in the course, and the enrollment for the next session is expected to
be considerably larger.

P. H. Ross, county agent leader for the State, has been appointed assistant
director of the agricultural extension service. George W. Hervey, assistant in
poultry husbandry, has received leave of absence for the period of the war, his
498

19181 NOTES. 499

work being taken up by E. L. Dakan. T. J. Talbert, extension entomologist,
has also been given leave of absence during the war to serve as executive sec-
retary for the Federal Food Administrator of Missouri. D. A. Spencer, assist-
ant professor of animal husbandry and assistant animal husbandman at the
college and station, has been appointed to take up special work in sheep hus-
bandry in the agricultural extension service.

Nebraska TTniversity and Station. — Dr. L. Van Es, dean of the veterinary
division of the North Dakota College and acting director of that station at the
present time, has been appointed in charge of the department of animal pa-
thology beginning July 1. Laboratories for the department are shortly to be
erected at a cost of from $60,000 to $100,000, and a special State appropriation
is also available for research in animal diseases.

E. E. Brackett, associate professor of agricultural engineering, and I. D.
Wood, extension assistant professor of agricultural engineering, have been
granted leave of absence for war service as first and second lieutenant, respec-
tively, in the aviation section. Howard N. Colman resigned as instructor in
dairy husbandry, March 1, to become superintendent of the advanced registry
work at the Washington College, and has been succeeded by M. N. Lawritson.

Cornell University. — Miss Martha Van Rensselaer has received leave of ab-
sence from the department of home economics to become director of the division
of home economics of the U. S. Food Administration, beginning early in March.

Cecil C. Thomas has resigned as instructor in botany to accept a position
with the plant disinfection work of the Federal Horticultural Board.

Ohio State University. — S. M. Salisbury has resigned as assistant professor
of animal husbandry to become agricultural agent for Medina County.

Oregon College and Station. — John Martin, superintendent of the Belle Fourche
substation of the Bureau of Plant Industry in South Dakota, has been ap-
pointed superintendent of the Harney substation, vice L, R. Breithaupt, re-
signed to engage in farming. J. E. Cooter has resigned as instructor in soils
to become instructor in agriculture in a Portland high school and supervisor
of school gardens in that city.

Porto Rico Insular Station. — Because of the shortage of funds in the Insular
treasury, the act recently passed for the reorganization of the station will
not go into effect before July 1. This act establishes a number of new posi-
tions in the divisions of plant pathology, chemistry, entomology, and horti-
culture, as well as providing for 2 agricultural inspectors and 10 subinspectors.

W. V. Tower resigned as director in December, 1917, and has become ento-
mologist in the Federal Station at Mayaguez. He has been succeeded by E.
Col6n. Leave of absence has been given R. T. Cotton, entomologist, and he is
attending an officers' training camp at San Jiian. R. C. Rose, assistant patholo-
gist, is on leave of absence as a lieutenant in the Reserve Officers' Corps. Luis
Daviia, assistant entomologist, has resigned to enter commercial work.

Clemson College. — Dr. Wilson Gee, professor of biologj- at Emory University,
has been appointed assistant director of extension work.

Utah Station. — J. W. Jones of the Office of Cereal Investigations of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, who has been superintendent of the Nephi sub-
station for several years, has been transferred to the rice experimental farm
at Biggs, Cal. The vacancy will be filled by Aaron F. Bracken, formerly
assistant agronomist of the station and recently a county agent in the State.
Irving J. Jensen has been appointed assistant agronomist, vice N. I. Butt re-
signed to engage in farming.

Vermont University and Station. — George F. E. Story, head of the department
of animal and dairy husbandry, has resigned to become director of the Wor-
cester County (Mass.) Farm Bureau.

500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Wyoming University. — J. D. McVean, who has been on pig club work with
the Bureau of Anir»al Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, has accepted
a position as extension worker in animal husbandry beginning April 1.

Experiment Station Record. — E. H. Nollau, specialist in agricultural, bio-
logical, and physiological chemistry, has resigned to engage in commercial
research on dyes. He has been succeeded by Miss Sybil L. Smith, head of the
department of chemistry in Milwaukee-Downer College.

Cuban Experiment Station. — Dr. Mario Calvino, formerly chief of the de-
partment of horticulture in the Central Experiment Station of Mexico, has been
appointed director.

Farm School and Experimental Work in Uruguay. — A decree of October 16,
1917, of the Uruguayan Government, provides for a school for farm foremen to
be opened at the National Nursery and Poultry Farm maintained by the Gov-
ernment at Toledo. A maximum of 20 pupils over 16 years of age, who must
come from poor families and know how to read and write, will be admitted.
The 2-year course which will be offered will include tree nursery and orchard
work, general farming, pastures, vineyards and wine making, poultry raising,
apiculture, and hog raising.

Experimental studies are to be initiated at once with soil mixtures for pot-
ting and transplanting, sizes of pots and packing, the economic and feeding
value of native forage plants, the extension of plantations of yerba mate
(Paraguayan tea), and the manufacture of starch and alcohol. The commis-
sion in charge of the nursery is authorized to apply $2,585 from the receipts
of the establishment to the installation and maintenance of the school during
the period from November, 1917, to June, 1918.

New Journals. — The Scottish Journal of Agriculture is being issued quarterly
by the Board of Agriculture of Scotland. It is patterned closely after The
Journal of the Board o/ Agriculture of England, consisting of general articles,
a review of recent periodical literature, official notices, statistics, etc. The
initial number contains a description of the important Corn Production Act of
Great Britain. This act took effect in Ireland, August 21, 1917, and will become
effective in England, Scotland, and Wales a year later, and continues in force
until 1922. It supplements the Defense of the Realm Act, and provides for
minimum prices on wheat and oats through a system of subsidies, fixes mini-
mum wages for farm laborers, restricts the raising of agricultural rents, and
confers sweeping powers upon the authorities to enforce proper cultivation of
lands to insure gootl husbandry and maximum food production.

The Yoorhees Farmer is being published at Rutgers College by the E. B.
Voorhees Agricultural Society, as a medium for reaching the progressive farm-
ers in the State in a practical way. The initial number contains several articles
by the members of the college and station staff, including one by Director Lip-
man, entitled The Service Rendered to the Farmers of New Jersey by Their
Agricultural Experiment Station and College.

The South African Journal of Industries is being issued by the Department
of Industries as an official organ for the advancement of the industrial inter-
ests of the Union of South Africa. The initial number contains articles on
The Economics of Agricultural Production in South Africa, The Increase of
Food Production. South African Buchu, etc.

The International Institute of Agriculture has established a publication sup-
plementary to the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics and known as Documentary
Leaflets. This will embody scattered data relative to yields, trade, stocks,
prices, freight rates, etc., especially of such crops as rubber, cocoa, tea, and jute.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PEOCUKED FROM

THE Stn'ERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

■WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

SUBSCRIPTION Price, per Volume

OF Nine Numbers

AND Index, SI

Issued Juno 14, 1918.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 38

ABSTRACT NUMBER

No. 6

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINOTOir

OOVEi^MENT PRINTINO omCB

1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

WEATHEn Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry— J. R. Mohler, Chit/.

Bureau of Plant Industky— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statisticicm.

Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office op Public Roads and Rural E:ngineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau op Markets — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

Co]le<!e Station: Auburn; 3.T. Duggar.'
Canebrake Station: UnioTilown; J. M. Burgess.i
Tustegee Station: Tuikeifct Institute; G. W.
Carver:'

Alaska— Silfco; C. C. Oeorgeson.'

Aeizona— Tiicson; .»

\B.KXssKa—Fayenmlle: M. Nelson.'

Caufoenia— -BerteJfy; T. F. Hunt.'

CoLOEADo— i^'OTf CoUins: C. r. Gillette.'

CONKECTICUT—

state Station: Nm Hav€n\^ ^ Jenkins «

Slorrs Station: Sforrs.' I ' '
Delawaee— AftcarL" H. Hayward.'
Flokida— Oainearinc P. II. Rolls.'
Qzors.QVi.—ExjnrimenU J.D.Price.'
GVKii— Island of Guam: C. W. Edwards.'
Hawah—

Federal Station: Uonolulu; 3. Ji. Wostgate.'

Sugar Planters' Station: Uonolulu; H.P.Agec.'
Idaho — Moscow; J. S. Jones.' -
Illinois— Urbana; E. Davenport.'
tSDU^Ji^LafaytUe: C. G. Woodbury.'
Iowa— ^otm: C. F.Curtiss.'
Ki.^s\3— Manhattan: L. E. Call.*
Kentucky— i«:<7ip/07i.'T. P. Cooper.'
Louisiana—

State Station: Baton Rouge;

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
N'ew Orleans; W. H. Dodson.'

North ia. Station: Calhoun.

Rice Station: Crowley;
Maine— Orcmo; CD. Woods.'
HxartKNo^College Park: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— .4 m/ierit.' F.W.Morse.*
MicniGAN— i^oii Lansing: R. S. Shaw.'
Minnesota— VniversUy Farm, St. Paul; R. W.

Thatcher. «
MiiaassiPPi— ^ grkultural College: E. R. Lloyd.'

Missoinii-

College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.*
Fruit Station: Mountain -Grove; Paul Evans.'

Montana— 2?03e7?ian.' F. B. Llnfinld.'

Nebbaska— Xincoi/i: E. A. Burnett.'

Nevada— iJeno; 8. B. Doten.'

New Hampshiee— DurAam; J. C. Kendall.'

New Jeusey- iVew BruTiswick: J. G. Lipman.'

New Uexico— State College: Fabian Garcia.'

New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.'

NoETH Caeolina— iJakJj/tand West Raleigh; B. W.
Kilgore.i

NoETH Dakota— .4 ^rJcMttwroI College; L. Van Es.*

Omo—Wooster: C. E. Thome.'

Oklahoma— SfiHwofer.- H. G. Knight.'

Oeegon— CorcoMw; A. B.Cordley.'

Pennsylvania-

State College: R. L. Watts.'
State ColUga Institute of Anlm&I Natritlon;
H. P. Armsby.' \

Poeto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayaguez;. D. W. May.»
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; E. Coldn.'

Rhode Isu^no— Kingston: B. L. Hartwoll.'

South Caeolin a— CZcmson College: U. W. Barre.'

South Dakota— JBroot<7i^».- J, W. Wilson.'

Tennessee— Anoitiy*: H. A. Morgan.'

Texxs— College Staiion: Ji.Yonagblood.^

Utah— io^on; F. S. Harris.'

Veemont— BurHjijrfon; J. L. Hills.'

VntGINU—

^lacksburg: A. W. Drlnkard, Jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson.'
Washinoton— PuZZman.' Geo. Severance.*
West Vieginia— JkferjonfotcTi; J. L. Coulter,'
Wisconsin— JfodisoJi; H. L. Russell.'
Wtominq— iaramfe: A. D. Faville.'

• Director.

* Agronomist in chaise.

* Animal husbandman in charge.

fAetlna director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment IStatiom.
Associate Editor : 11. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Clieraistry and Agrotechny — Sybil L. Smith.
Meteorology, SoiLs, and l^ertnizers{W-jf L^^^^-^^_

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology {^^- e'boyd^' ^'^' ^'

„.„, , ri c. /J- I- SCHULTE.

IieldCropsjj j3 LxjcKETT.

Horticulture and Forestry— E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomolog.v — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

Foods and Human Nutrition |?-£-i^i^«ll««l«7'r^- ^- ^- ^"■-

\ Louise B. Pritchett.
]NL
Moore.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming -ItI" jY" ^^
Veterm»,-,- Medicine {J^^^-HooKEB^

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.

Agricultural Education {Lrie'^T.^Spethmann.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 6.

Page.

Recent work in ao;ricultural science 501

Notes .^ ^ 600

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTIJ RAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

The chemistry of colloids 501

Outline of colloid chemistry, I-III, Bancroft 501

Swelling of gelatin in polybasic acids and their salts, Fischer and Hooker 501

The swelling of fibrin m polybasic acids and salts, Fischer and Benzinger. . . . 502

Liquefaction of gelatin in polybasic acids and salts, Fischer and Coffinan 502

The diastatic decomposition of inulin in chicory root, Wolff and Geslin 502

The influence of glycerin on the activity of invertase, Bom'quelot 502

Toxic and antagonistic effects of salts on ^vine yeast, !Mitra 503

The water-soluble accessory growth-promoting substance in yeast, I , Drummond 503

Contributions to biochemistry of pathogenic anaerobes, II, Wolf and Telfer. . . 503

Contributions to biochemistry of pathogenic anaerobes, lit. Wolf and Harris. . 504

Influence of phenol and cresylic acid on antitoxic sera, Homer 504

Use of indicators for hydrogen ion concentration of sera. Homer 505

The preparation of plant nucleic acids, Clarke and Schryver 505

The proteins of cow s milk, Osborne, Wakeman, et al . ._ 505

p^ Adenin and guanin in cow's milk, Voegtlin and Sherwin 506

^ Standard methods of samplint and analysis and standard samples, Hillebrand. 506

f— A simple filter for phosphoric acid estimations Jodidi and Kellogg 500

I

II CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Paper pulp filter in estimation oi calcium and magnesium, Jodidi and Kellogg. 506

A quantitative estimation of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, C'rowell 506

The identification and estimation of lead in water, I, Meldrum 506

The manganese content of the ash of certain drugs, Westman and Rowat 506

The inversion and determination of cane sugar, Rose 507

Preservation of plant juices for analysis of sugar content, Spriestersbach 507

Home canning of meats _ 507

How to diy fruits and vegetables for home consumption, Matthews 507

Action of manganese sulphate in wine fermentation, Lara 507

Alcohol from discard molasses in the Philippine Islands, Brill and Thiu-low.... 508

A handbook for cane-sugar manufactiuers and their chemists, Spencer 508

Modern margarin technology, Clayton 508

Determination of the rubber content of latex in the mixing tank, Hartjens 508

Safety for the household. — VI, Hazards arising from the use of chemicals 508

METEOROLOGY.

Some temperature correlations in the United States, Blair 509

Weather and the yield of winter wheat ._ 509

Influence of weather on nitrogen acids in rainfall and atmosphere, Masson 509

Lunar period in the rates of evaporation and rainfall, Sutton 510

Forests and rainfall experiments 510

Monthly Weather Review 510

Notes on the climate of France and Belgium, Day 511

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil acidity and the hydrolytic ratio in soils, Spurway 511

Soil solution obtained by action of a hydraulic press, Ramann et al 512

Classification of soils according to electrical conductivity, von Howath 512

Soil survey of Pickens County, Ala., O'Neal, jr., et al... 512

Soil survey of Craighead County, Ark., Deeter and Davis 513

Origin and properties of agricultural soils, especially of Java, Mohr 513

Description of the coffee soils of Pasoeroean and Kedui, Java, Senstius 513

Sticky soils (kleefgrond) and red soil (terra rossa) of Limburg, Hissink 513

Soil survey. — I, Pas Geometriques 513

Soil survey. — II, Grand Port 514

Soil flora studies, I-V, Conn ._ _ 514

Recent work at Rothamsted on the partial sterilization of soil, Russell 514

Treatment of peat beds to prevent loss of nitrogen by bacterial action, Arnd. . . 514

Utilization of fertilizer constituents in cane molasses. Cross and Harris 515

The rate of ammonia formation from cyanamid, Kullgren 516

Comparison of lime nitrogen with ammonium sulphate^ Geerts - - - ._ 516

Comparative tests of sources of nitrogen on Coastal Plains soils, Keitt 517

Relation of phosphorus and nitrogen to composition of wheat, Ames and Boltz . 518

Solubility of phosphoric acid in phosphates and phosphatic slag, Aita 519

Factors influencing solubility of phosphoric oxid in fertilizers. Flack 519

Effect of phosphatic manures on green crop when applied without other manure. . 519

The utilization of Thomas-meal phosphoric acid, Mitscherlich 519

Experiments with a new potash -phosphoric acid fertilizer, Remy. 519

Schroder's phosphate-potash, its preparation, action, and utilization, Popp... 520

Potash from tule and the fertilizer value of certain marsh plants, Hibbard 520

The importance of liming, Hughes : • ■ • v ^^^

The action of precipitated magnesium carbonate on soils, Kelley 520

Artificial fertilizers: Prewar and war cost, Robertson 521

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Wessels 521

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Brackett et al 521

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Ecological studies in zone between prairie and woodland. Weaver and Thiel. . 521

Redwoods, rainfall, and fog, Cooper 522

Incipient drying and temporary and permanent wilting of plants, Livingeton. 522

Vapor tension deficit as index of moisture condition of air, Livingston 522

Atmometric units, LiAdngston - 523

Simplified apparatus for measuring conductivity of electrolytes, Hibbard 523

Method for determination of osmotic pressure of sap, Harrington and Hibbard. . 523

1918. J CONTENTS. Ill

Page,

Selective permeability and the plasma membrane, Davidson 523

Influence of incomplete solution on photosynthesis, Gruzit and Hibbard 523

Studies in the physiology of the fungi V, Duggar et al 524

Formation of organic growths by electrolytic action, Lillie *. 524

A comparison of mitochondria m plant and animal cells, Cowdry 524

[Galactosidase (3 in the vegetable kingdom], Mougne 524

The cause of growth in the hypocotyls of pat seedlings, de Vries 525

The department of plant physiology, Livingston 525

The sexual cycle in plants, Bessey 525

The hormone theory of chromosome action, Bessey 525

Hybrids of Zea tunicata and Z. raniosa, Collins 525

A Hauea botanical vocabulary, Dalziel 525

FIELD CROPS.

The overhead electric discharge and crop production, Blackman and Jorgensen. 525

Aerial electrical discharge and increased yields 526

Electro-cultiu-e 526

[Observations on vegetative growth of cereals], Chaianov and Ustinovskil 526

Xenia and other influences following fertilization. Waller 526

Report of the department of agriculture, Barbados, 1915-16, Bovell 526

gi'ield crops], Mackenna 526

eport of the Bugyi experimental plat for the year 1915-16, Thompstone 526

Report of the Hmawbi A^ricultm-al Station for the year 1915-16, McKerral 527

Report of the Tatkon Agricultural Station for the year 1915-16, McKerral 527

Field crops work at Koilpatti Agricultural Station], Sampson and Thomas 527

Field crops work at Manganallur Agricultural Station], Sampson and Thomas . 527

Report of field crops work in Dutch East Indies], Van Breda De Haan et al. . 527

Winter grains, Parsons 527

Varieties of wheat and other cereals 528

Fodder grasses, Java, Backer 528

The grasses of Ohio, Schaffner 528

Studies of leguminous plants, Gangulee 528

Plants producing fibers analogous to that of kapok, Michotte 529

Marine fiber, Winterbottom 529

The identity of fiber Agaves, Dewey 529

Alfalfa management, Sheehan 529

Cassava experiments, de Verteuil 530

Influence of soil temperature upon seedling corn, Halsted and Wakaman 530

Inheritance of a mosaic j^ericarp pattern color of maize, Hayes 531

The relation of cob to other ear characters in corn, Grantham 532

Variety tegta of corn. Winters and Hall, jr 532

Salting soft corn, Hughes 532

Inheritance of the number of teeth in the bracts of Gossypium, Harland 532

Inheritance of oil in cotton, Humbert 533

Cotton varieties in Georgia. — Variation of oil content and resistance, Rast 533

History, development, and botanical relationship of Egyptian cottons, Dudgeon 533

Results of fertilizing experiments with cotton at Clemson College, Keitt 533

Whole V. cut potato tul^ers for irrigated land, I, II, Aicher and Welch 534

[Chilled V. unchilled potato seed for fall planting], Foot _ 535

Proceedings of third annual meeting of Potato Association of America 535

[Potatoes] 535

Comparative trials with rye grasses, Breakwell 535

Weight of seeds as related to their number and position in pod, Halstead 535

Sudan grass, Lougher ._ 536

Experiments with the sugar beet in South Africa, Juritz 536

Increase in sucrose content of sugar beets after removal from soil, Wiechmann. 536

The sugar beet seed industry in France, Malpeaux 537

Sugar cane experiments, 1914-191G, de Verteuil 5-^7

[Report of sugar cane work in Hawaii], Agee et al 537

Cuban varieties of sweet potatoes, Roig and Fortun. ^ 537

A new coefficient for measuring square-headedness in wlieat, Boshnakian 537

Influence of environment on the color of the wheat grain, Kottur 538

WTieat and its products, Millar _ 538

The moisture content of heating wheat, Bailey 2^^

Yucca, Cunliffe : ^38

Montana grain inspection and Federal grain standards for wheat, Atkinson 5o8

IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

[Seed testing and experimental work at Oerlikon, Zurich], Stebler et al 538

Weed seeds and impurities in imported seed, Breakwell 539

Solanum rostratam. — A uew weed plant, Osborn 539

HORTICULTURE.

Commercial plant propagation, Ilottes 539

Color of seeds from crossing Phaseolas vulgaris, Lundberg and Akerman 539

The common bean (Phaseolus vvlgaris), Comes 539

Culture of kitchen vegetables on peat soil rich in nitrogen, von Feilitzen 539

The principles and practice of pruning, Kains 539

The cjuestion of "bulk " pruning, Gardner 540

Report of the director of fruit culture, Benson 540

Sixteenth report of Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Bedford and Pickering . . 540

Statistics of vineyards, orchards, and gardens for 1916-17, Johnston 540

Dusting V. spraying, Caeser 540

Applying sprays for best results, Sanders 541

Helpful hints on dusting peaches, Chase 541

The why of the "June drop " of fruit, Heinicke. 541

California's grape industry, Wetmore et al 541

Where and how to grow avocados, Popenoe and Simmonds 541

The native bananas of the Hawaiian Islands, MacCaughey 541

Better California grapefruit, Shamel 541

Relation of soil moisture to orange growth, Jensen 542

Papaws, Watts 542

Proper place of nut trees in the planting program, Reed 542

Bay trees {Pimenta acHs), Watts 542

The soil of Netherlands Indies and its use in agriculture 542

Rhododendrons and the various hybrids, Millais 542

An introduction to the study of landscape design, Hubbard and Kimball 542

FORESTRY.

Thh'd biennial report of the State forester of Kentucky, 1917, Barton 543

Forestry, Pratt and Holmes 543

Report of the Forest Research Institute for the year 1916-17, Osmaston 543

Proceedings of the National Parks Conference 543

Fai-m forestry, Foster, Millen, and Krausz 543

Plan of cooperation between woodland owners and the State forester 543

The case for New Brunswick's forests. Black 543

British forestry, past and future, Somerville 544

Forestation practice in Norway 544

The trees at Mount Vernon, Sargent 544

Tree growth in the vicinity of Grinnell, Iowa, Conard 544

Oregon forest facts 544

Firewarden 's handbook ; Oregon forest fire laws 544

Present knowledge of forest formations of Isthmus of Panama, Pittier 544

Forestry handbook. — II, Some commercial trees of New South Wales, Maiden. 544

Probable error in field experimentation with Hevea, Bishop et al 544

Results of tapping experiments with Ilcvca brasiliensis, de Jong 544

The suitability of latexometers in field tests, Rutgers and Maas 544

Thirty-seven years of spruce selection in Austria, Reus? 545

The rotation period of teak, Beekman 545

Forest terminology. — Terms used in the lumber industry 545

DISEASES OP PLANTS.

The Michigan plant disease sui'veji; for 1914, Coons 545

'The control of plant diseases and injmious insects in Ontario] 5 15

Plant diseases m Ontario] 546

Plant diseases in Scotland, 1915], Wright et al 546

Plant pathology [India], Butler 547

Diseases and injuries to plants in Dutch East Indies, 1916, van Hall 548

The rusts occurring on the genus Fritillaria, Rees 548

Bacterial blight of barley , Jones, Johnson, and Reddy 548

Stinking smut and loose smut in wheat and barley 548

Potato and tomato diseases, Giddings 549

1918.] CONTENTS. y

Page.

Potato diseases: What they are and how to control them, Edson 51!)

Potato mildew or late blight, Bocher " 5.J9

fTIie so-called Lahaina disease and other diseases of sugar cane], Agee 519

I The Lahaina disease of sugar cane ), Renton 550

Diseases and pests of sugar cane in tlie Pliilippines, Copeland 550

Orchard diseases, Adams 55O

Apple scab and methods of its control, Gunderson 55O

Sprajdng experiments in 1916 for the control of apple blotch, Gunderson 551

Results of eprajdng experiments at the Neoga Station, 1916, Brock 551

One season 's experience with the dust spray, Perrine 551

A bacterial disease of the Wragg cherry, Sackett 55X

Abnormal blossom on black currant, Hatton and Amos 552

A new disease of grapevines. Acarinosia in Navarra, A. Azanza 552

Prevention of mildew outbreak, Gasc6n 552

Control measures against grape downy mildew, Manso de Zuiliga 552

Copper sulphate and copper sprays, Manso de Zuiiiga 552

Treatment of grape downy mildew and Oidium, Manso de Zuiiiga 552

A bacterial spot of citrus, Doidge 552

A bacterial spot of citrus fruits, Doidge 553

Bud rot of the coconut palm, Knowles 553

Investigation of diseases of the rose 553

Montana forest tree fungi. — I, Polyporacete, Wen* 553

Observations on forest tree rusts. Weir and Hubert 553

Practical method of preventing damping-off of coniferous seedlings, Scott 553

How to preserve the oaks, Daniel 554

Hevea canker, III, Rutgers 554

Abnormal leaf fall of Hevea rubber, McRae 554

Poly poms shorese 555

The black zones formed by wood -destroying fungi, Rhoads 555

Damage by spurs, Richards 555

Tests with chemicals on control of nematodes, Schoevers 555

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

The vertebrate zoologist and national efficiency, Taylor 555

Conservation of game in the National Forests and National Parks, Nelson 555

What Big Lake [Reservation] means as a game refuge. Field. . . : 555

Rio Grande bird reservation. New Mexico, Willett 555

A visit to the heronry at Walker Lake, Holland 556

Lost and disappearing wild bhds of Missouri, McAtee 556

The bhds of the Anamba Islands, Oberholser 556

Birds collected on various islands in the Java Sea, Oberholser 556

The status of Aphelocoma cyanotis and its allies, Oberholser 556

Notes on friugilline genus Passerherbulus and its nearest allies, Oberholser 556

A review of the subspecies of the leach petrel, Oberholser 556

The relationships of the fossil bird Palxodiendides vioiceanus, Wetmore 556

How to attract birds in the East Central States, McAtee 556

The agricultural vahie of bhd life in Louisiana, Kopman 556

On the life history of a soil ameba, Wilson 556

Ninth annual report of the State entomologist of Indiana, Wallace 556

Report of the entomologist for 1916, Surface 556

Report of the Dominion entomologist for 1916, Hewitt 556

[Insects of economic importance in Cuba] 556

[Entomological investigations] 557

[Hawaiian insects] 557

Annual report for 1916 of the zoologist, Warburton 557

British insects and how to know them, Bastin 557

Insect and arachnid pests of 1916, MacDougall 557

Imported insect pests, Vrooman 557

Grass and clover insects, Crosby and Leonard - 557

Chortophila cilicmra and Thereva sp., pests of rye in Silesia, Oberstein 557

[Potato and alfaha insects], Escomel 558

Insects affecting vegetables, Bethune 558

The role of insects as carriers of fire blight, Gossard 558

Insects affecting coffee in Porto Rico, Van Zwaluwenburg 558

A summary of our knowledge of insect vectors, MacGregor 558

Selection and breeding of desirable strains of beneficial insects, Mally 558

VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Crop pest controls, Sanders 558

When does the cost of spraying truck crops become prohibitive? Safro 558

A device for sowing grasshopper poison, Parks 558

A suggestion for the destruction of cockroaches, Howard 558

Experiments on the physiology of digestion in Blattidse, Sanford 558

Sex determination in Anthothrips verbasci, Slmll 558

Key to the species of Leptoglossua occiu-ring north of Mexico, Gibson 559

Possibility of transmission of plague by bedbugs, Cornwall and Kesava Menon . . 559

The hop redbug (Paracalocoris hawleyi), Hawley 559

A contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Tingis pyri, Durante 559

A few notes chiefly on the names of nearctic Tingidse, McAtee 559

Key to the nearctic species of Leptoypha and Leptostjda, McAtee 559

AmpMscepa bivittala in its relation to cranberr^^ Scammell 559

The family Isometopidse as represented in North America, Gibson 560

A key to the species of Dictyophara, Gibson 560

The pear woolly aphis, Davidson 560

The box elder aphid {Chaitophorus negundinis) , Webster 560

Aphis immunity of teosinte-corn hybrids, Gernert 561

Chermesidse in relation to British forestry, Steven 561

The fluted scale (Icerya purchasi), Speyer 561

Jcerya purchasi in Ceylon: A warning to India, Fletcher 561

Studies on eggs of Aphis avenie, A. pomi, and A. sorbi, Peterson 561

Some Florida scale insects, Wilson 562

Control of scale insects or Coccidse in Florida, Berger 562

Ocneria dispar in Britain, Adkin 562

Life history of the okra or mallovv caterpillar (Cosmophila erosa), Dozier 562

The pink boUworm in Brazil, Green 562

Note on the life cycle of the sugar beet webworm. Marsh 562

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, in candy, Herms 562

A demonstration in mosquito control, Howard 562

A trematode parasite of anopheline mosquitoes, Sinton 562

Asphondylia loebsteri n. sp., Felt 563

Hypoderma lineata in Netherlands, Baudot 563

Effect of certain chemicals on oviposition in house fly, Crumb and Lyon 563

Studies in flies. — Classification of the genus Musca, Awati 563

Carriage of cysts of Entamceba histolytica by flies, Wenyon and O'Connor 563

A new nematode, Aproctonema entomophagum n. g. and n. sp., Keilin 563

What determines the dm-ation of life in Metazoa? Loeb and Northrop 563

Carabidee injurious to fruit trees, Lesne 564

The phylogeny of the Elateridie based on larval characters, Hyslop 564

Sweet potato root weevil (Cylasformicarius), Newell 564

Shot-hole borer of tea [Xyleborus fornicatus], Speyer 564

Biology of the Tephrosia weevil, van der Goot 564

Toxicity of molds to the honeybee and the cause of bee paralysis, Turesson 564

The wintering of bees in Ontario, Pettit 564

Money in bees in Australasia, Tarlton-P»ayment 564

Notes on Bombidse and on the Life history of Bomhus auncovnus, Prison 564

Occurrence of a fungus-growing ant in Louisiana, Jones 564

A contribution to the Platygasterinse and their Life liistory, Kieffer 565

[New Ichneumonoidea], Girault 565

Chalcididse of the wild fig tree in India, Ceylon, and Java, Grandi 565

New chalcid flies, with notes, Girault 565

Eight new species of reared ichneumon flies, Cushman 565

Three new chalcid flies from North America, Girault 565

Wolfiella niforum n. g. and n. sp., a parasite of Lophynis rufus, Krausse 566

New parasite cages, Pemberton and Willard 566

The biology of Ccelinidea meromyzie, Kelly 566

Latrodectus mactans and Gliptocranium gasteracanthoides in Peru, Escomel 566

New tick records for Minnesota, Howard 566

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Nutrition investigations upon cottonseed meal. III, Richardson and Green 566

How to grow the cowpea and forty ways of preparing it, Carver 567

The uses of the peanut on the home table, Rich 567

The biological efficiency of potato nitrogen, Rose and Cooper 567

Burned grain or flour 567

1918.] CONTENTS. VII

Page.

Bread and bread making, Davis 5g7

The chemistry of bread making, LaWall 5g7

Making sauerkraut, Erwin 507

Essentials in the selection of beef, Coffey and Augustus 567

Sanitary inspection of slaughterhouses, LaBach and Simmons 5G7

Manual of military cooking, 1916 567

New Mexico cookery, Tipton 568

Comparative statistics on foodstuffs and fuel for four years, Younger 568

The role of vitamins in the diet, Osborne and Mendel 568

The "\atamiu-" hypothesis and deficiency diseases, McCoUum and' Pitz 568

The nutritive value of the diamino acids occurring in proteins, Geiling 569

Influence of protein intake on creating excretion in children, Denis et al 569

Bence-Jones proteinuria. Miller and Baetjer 569

Studies in calcium and magnesium metabolism, I-III, Givens and Mendel 5G9

The metabolism of sulphur, II, Lewis 570

The effect of hydrochloric acid on the mineral excretion of dogs, Stehle 570

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The nutritive properties of kafirin, Hogan 570

The soft corn problem, Eward 571

Composition, digestibility, and feeding value of pumpkins, Lindsey 571

Prickly-pear stock feeding experiments at Wallumbilla 571

Prickly pear as cattle fodder. — Experiments in Queensland 572

Oil cakes in the feeding of animals, Gouin and Andouard 572

Commercial feeds, Pickel and Dewar 572

A table of relative values of some concentrated cattle foods, Faulkner 572

The equivalence of live stock foodstuffs and feeding rations, Perkins 572

A study of the normal metabolism of the guinea pig, Smith and Lewis 572

Form and function, a contribution to history of animal morphology, Russell. . . 572

Embryology of the yellow mouse, Kirkham 573

Evidence for death in utero of homozygous yellow mouse, Ibsen and Steigleder. 573

The biology of twins, Newman 574

A mule and a horse as twins, and the inheritance of twinning, Robertson 574

Some breeding statistics, Branford 574

Receipts and shipments of live stock, 1916 574

Live stock slaughtered 574

Indo-China live stock; exports to France and the Far East, Sarazin 574

Inheritance of fertility in Southdown sheep, Wentworth and Sweet 574

Hereditary transmission of "curly wool"*' character of caracul sheep, Adametz. 575

A flock of sheep on the farm. Miller 575

Prices of sheep and wool from 1818 to 1915 575

Pork production in Florida, Scott 576

The swine industry in New Jersey, Minkler 576

Experiments with swine, 1916 576

Feeding work horses, McCampbell 576

The very short gestation of a mare, de Choin 576

The position and prospects of mountain and moorland ponies. Dale 576

Horse breeding in the Ai-gentine Republic at the present day, Martinoli 576

Comparative studies of half-breed or "mestizo'' and native chickens, Velez. . . 576

Satisfactory method of pedigreeing fowls, Philips 577

Feeding for egg production, Atwood 577

Certain characteristics of hen eggs, Atwood and Weakly, jr 577

The care, sanitation, and feeding of foxes in captivity 577

Rabbit and cavy culture: A complete and official standard. Roth and Cornman. 577

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Influence of the age of the cow on the milk and milk fat, Eckles and Pahner. . 578

Management of the dauy herd, Clark 578

Factors and methods in the profitable production of sanitary milk, Nicholls.. 578

Report of cooperative bacterial analyses of milk. Breed, Stocking, et al 579

Buttermaking on the farm, Barr 580

Home cheese making, Scott 580

VIII CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Public health and medicine, Gorgas 580

Practical veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Milks 581

Report of the veterinary director general for 1916, Torrance 581

[Diseases of animals in Saskatchewan], Bredt 581

Wyoming live stock laws and regulations, 1917, French 581

Distribution of substance, deficiency of which causes beriberi, Chick and Hume. 581

Diagnosis of pregnancy by the Abderhalden method, Giuliani 581

The catalase content of Ascaris suum, Magath 582

Researches on the serum of the sea eel, Kopaczewski 582

Experiments in the differentiation of blood and muscular albumin, Lopex 583

New enzym of leucocytes of blood and pus, lipoidase, Fiessinger and Ologne.. 583

Blood fat and lipoids of the dog before and after experimental anemia, Dubiu. 583

Immunity and tissue transplantation, I, Fleisher 583

Is there relationship between antigen dose and antibody production? Tsen.. 584

An experimental investigation of lipovaccines, Wliitmore et al 584

The effect of high pressures on bacteria, Larson et al 584

Identity of toxins of strains of Bacillus tvelddi, Bull and Pritchett 584

Bacterium pyogenes and its relation to suppurative lesions in animals. Ward. . . 585

Use of Javelle water in treatment of infected wounds, Cazin and Krongold 585

Treatment of wounds by radiations, Benoit and Ilelbronner 585

A new method of general chemotherapy — oxidotherapy, Belin 585

Restraining influence of cyanid upon oxidation in arsenical dips, Holborow . . 585

Contagious pustular stomatitis, equine variola, and vaccinia, de Jong 586

A case of Bacillus anthracis septicemia, with recovery, Graham and Detweiler . 586

Studies in blackleg immunization, Eichhorn 587

Epizootic lymphangitis; some treatments, Frans 587

Treatment of epizootic lymphangitia by autolyzed yeast, Nicolle et al 587

Treatment of epizootic and ulcerous lymphangitis by autopyotherapy, Belin. - 587

Preparation of pyovaccine employed in treatment of lymphangitis, Belin 587

Pyotherapy of epizootic lymphangitis, Velu 587

The preparation of pyovaccine for epizootic lymphangitis, Velu 588

Some typical cases of treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by pyotherapy, Velu . 588

Leucocytotherapy or aseptic pyotherapy, its use in the horse, Bride 588

Eflicacy and nonspecificity of anticrypococcic pyotherapy in horse, Velu 588

Necessity of carbon dioxid for growth of B. tuberculosis, Wheery and Ervin 588

Investigation of strains of bacilli from animal tuberculosis, Griffith 588

Infectious abortion in cows, Biichli 588

Mixed bacterial diseases of swiue with differential diagnosis, Reardon 588

The serum treatment of hog cholera, Graham 589

Fagopyrismus (buckwheat poisoning) and similar affections, Bruce 589

Poisoning of horses by common bracken (Pteris aquilma), Hadweu and Bnice. . 589

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Operation and maintenance of irrigation systems, Harding 589

Irrigation flume built with the cement gun 589

Pumping plants of the U. S. Reclamation Service, Harding 589

A method of determining storm-water nm-off , Buerger 590

Daily stages on principal rivers of United States, 1915 and 1916, Henry 590

Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River Basin, 1916 590

Surface water supply of Hawaii, July 1, 1913, to Jime 30, 1915, Larrison 590

The flowing wells of western Queensland, Gregory 591

Tile drainage on the farm, Jones and Zeasman 591

Draining of peat lands by canals, Lundevall 591

Preliminary report on Kearney Vineyard experimental drain, Weir 591

Cultm-e media employed in examination of water, IV, Chamot and Sherwood . 591

Seasonal distribution of the colon-aerogenes group, Greenfield and Skourup. . . 591

Disinfection of water by means of bleaching powder, Langer 592

Interaction of chlorid of lime with constituents of waters and sewage, Heise. . . 592

The construction and operation of concrete septic tanks, Campbell 592

Practical road building, Foote 592

Serial bonds for road building save money, Eldridge 592

Tests of concrete road aggregates, Nash ■ 593

An analysis of poppet valve motion, Knocke 593

A new feed rack for winter feeding, Gardiner 593

Poultry house equipment. Philips and Jones 593

1918.1 CONTENTS. IX

Page.
RURAL ECONOMICS.

The farm-labor problem, Houston 593

Farm labor, Agee and App 594

The farm labor problem, Manss 594

The problem of crop production. Bracken 594

State help for agricultiu-e, Tonkinson 594

Corn production act, 1917 594

The expert agricultm'al ad\'iser in Chateau-Gontier, Beckerich 594

County boards of agriculture and list of granges 594

South Dakota system of rural credits [1917] 595

The cooperative movement among farmers in the United States,' Merriman. . . 595

The operations of the national cooperative organization during the war 595

Cooperative marketing, Cumberland 595

Marketing survey of New Haven, Weld 595

The wheat situation, present and prospective, Doherty 595

Restrictions of consumption of grain products in European countries, Payen... 595

Conditions in the sugar market, January-October, 1917 595

Live stock statistics 595

Reply of Swift & Company to the Federal Trade Commission 595

Monthly crop report 596

[Agricultural statistics of Canada] 596

Census of Manitoba, 1916 596

[Agricultural statistics of Ai'gentina] 596

Agriculture in Switzerland during the crop year 1915 596

Agricultural income in Switzerland, 1915-16 596

Area, live stock, revenue, and transfers of land in native States, Shirras 590

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Annual report of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, 1917 596

Statement of policies 597

Federal aid for vocational agricultm-e in Texas under the Smith-Hughes Law.. 597

A possible core for a program in agricultiiral education, Eaton 598

Report of Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.... 598

Soil physics and management, Mosier and Gustafson 598

Home economics in the Detroit schools, Keen 599

Plans for sei-ving lunches in centralized schools of Ohio, Kauffman 599

School boys on farms; A war time experiment, Hamilton 593

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama Tnske^ee Station: rage.

Bill. 35, Dec, 1917 567

California Station :

Bui. 288, Nov., 1917 520

Circ. 184, Nov., 1917 575

Florida Station:

Bui. 141, Nov., 1917 575

Illinois Station:

Circ. 206, Nov., 1917 567

Circ. 207, Nov., 1917 589

Iowa Station:

Bui. 173, Oct., 1917 560

Circ. 40, Nov., 1917 571

Circ. 41j Dec, 1917 532

Kansas Station:

Circ 62, Nov., 1917 576

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 206, Mar., 1917 578

Bui. 209, Oct., 1917 567

Massachusetts Station :

Bui. 174, Nov., 1917 571

Montana Station:

Circ. 68, July, 1917 538

Ohio Station:

Bul.318, Nov., 1917 518

Rhode Island Station:

Insp. Bui., Oct., 1917 521

South Carolina Station:

Bui. 191, Aug., 1917 533

Bui. 192, Aug., 1917 517

Bui. 194, Sept., 1917 521

West Virginia Station:

Bui. 165, Sept., 1917 549

Bui. 166, Sept., 1917 577

Circ. 27, Nov., 1917 577

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 284, Nov., 1917 591

Wyoming Station:

Bui. 116, Nov., 1917 527

U. S. Department of Agriculture .

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 11, No.

12, Dec. 17, 1917 511, 548, 578

Farmers' Bui. 912, How to Attract
Birds in the East Central States,

W. L. McAtee 556

The Farm-labor Problem, D. F.

Houston 593

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 3, No. 12.

Dec, 1917 596

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1916 —

Soil Survey of Pickens
County, Ala., A. M.
O'Neal, jr., et al 512

1 Printed in scientific and teclmieal
X

U. S. Department of Agricultvre — Contd.
Bureau of Soils — Continued. Page.

Field Operations — Contd.
Soil Survey of Craighead
County, Ark., E. B.
Deeter and L. V. Davis. 513
Weather Bureau:

Nat. Weather and Crop Bui.
32,1917 509

Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 45,

Nos. 9-10, Sept.-Oct., 1917. 509,
510, 511

Daily River Stages, 1915,
pt.l3 590

Daily River Stages, 1916,

pt.l4 590

Scientific Contributions:*

A Simple, Efficient, and Eco-
nomic Filter; Its Applica-
tion to the Filtration of the
Yellow Precipitate in Phos-
phoric Acid Estimations,
S. L. Jodidi and E. H. Kel-
logg 506

The Application of the Paper
Pulp Filter to the Quantita-
tive Estimation of Calcium
and Magnesium, S. L. Jodidi
and E. H. Kellogg 506

Hybrids of Zea tunicata and

Z. ramosa, G.N. Collins 525

The Identity of Fiber Agaves,
L.H.Dewey 529

Origin, Introduction, and
Primitive Culture of the
Potato, W. F. Wight 535

Our Present Knowledge of
Potato Diseases: What They
Are and How to Control
Them, H. A. Edson 535, 549

Potato Utilization Possibili-
ties, H. C. Gore 535

A Preliminary Report Upon
the Making of Potato Silage
for Cattle Food, L. A. Round
andH. C. Gore 535

The Value of Potatoes in Swine
Feeding, F. G. Ashbrook.... 535

Where and How to Grow Avo-
cados, W. Popenoe and E.
Simmonds 551

Better California Grapefruit,
A. D. Shamel 542

Relation of Soil Moisture to
Orange Growth, C. A. Jen-
sen. . 542

publications outside the Deportment.

1918.]

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

XI

U. 8. Department of Agriculture — Coiitd.

Scientific Coutributious — Contd. VAg&.

Proper Place of Nut Trees in
the Planting Program, C. A.
Reed 542

Montana Forest Tree Fungi. —
I, Polyporacese, J. R. Weir. . 553

Observations on Forest Tree
Rusts, J. R. Weir and E. E.
Hubert 55:5

The Vertebrate Zoologist and
National Efficiency, W. P.
Taylor 555

Conservation of Game in the
National Forests and Na-
tional Parks, E. W. Nelson. 555

Wliat Big Lake [Reservation]
Means As a Game Refuge,
G.W. Field 555

Rio Grande Bird Reservation,
New Mexico , G . Willett 555

A Visit to the Heromry at
Walker Lake. — Even the
Egret, Once on the Verge of
Extinction, Is Coming Back
on This Fine Sanctuary,
R. A. Holland 556

Lost and Disappearing Wild
Birds of Missomi, W. L
McAtee 556

The Birds of Anamba Islands,
H. C. Oberholser 556

Buds Collected by Dr. W. L.
Abbott on Various Islands
in the Java Sea, H. C. Ober-
holser 550

The Status of Aphelocoma
cyanotis and Its Allies, H. C.
Oberholser 556

Notes on the Fringilline Genus
Passerherbulus and Its Near-
est Allies, H. C. Oberholser. 556

A Review of the Subspecies of
the Leach Petrel, Oceano-
droma leiu:orhoa, H. C. Ober-
holser 550

The Relationships of the Fossil
Bird Palccochenoides mio-
ceanus, A. Wetmore 550

The Agricultural Value of Bud
Life in Louisiana, H. H.
Kopman 556

Imported Insect Pests, C.
Vrooman 557

Insects Affecting Coffee in
Porto Rico, R. H. Van
Zwaluwenburg 558

Key to the Species of Lepto-
glossus Occurring North of
Mexico, E. H. Gibson 559

A Few Notes Chiefly on the
Names of Nearctic Tingidse,
W.L. McAtee 559

U. S. Department of Agriculture— Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Piige.

Key to the Nearctic Species of
Leptoypha and Leptostyla,
W. L. McAtee 559

Amphiscepa bivittata in Its Re-
lation to Cranberry, H. B.
Scammell 560

The Family Isometopidse As
Represented in North Amer-
ica, E. H. Gibson 560

A Key to the Species of Dictyo-
phara, E. H. Gibson "... 560

The Pear Woolly Aphis, W. M.

Davidson 560

Note on the Life Cycle of the
Sugar Beet Webworm, H. 0.
Marsh 562

The Effect of Certain Chemi-
cals upon Oviposition in the
House Fly ( Musca domestica),
S. E. Crumb and S. C. Lyon. 563

The Phylogeny of the Elateri-
dae Based on Larval Charac-
ters, J. A. Hyslop 564

Occm-rence of a Fungus-grow-
ing Ant in Louisiana, T. H.
Jones 564

[New Iclmeumonoidea], A. A.
Girault 565

New Chalcid Flies, with Notes,
A. A. Girault 565

Eight New Species of Reared
Ichneumon Flies with Notes
on Some Other Species, R.
A. Cushman 565

Tlu-ee New Chalcid Flies from
North America, A. A.
Gii-ault 565

New Parasite Cages, C. E.
Pemberton and H. F. Wil-
lard 566

The Biology of Coelinidea mero-
myzx, E. 0. G. Kelly 565

Home Cheese Making, V. E.
Scott 580

Carlos Finlay on the House
Mosquitoes of Havana, F.
Knab 580

Concerning the Chemical Na-
ture of the Vitamins, R. R.
Williams 580

Bacterium pyogenes and Its Re-
lation to Suppurative Le-
sions in Animals, A. R.
Ward 585

Preliminary Report on Kear-
ney Vineyard Experimental
Drain, W. W. Weir 591

Serial Bonds for Road Build-
ing Save Monev, M. 0.
Eldridge ". 592

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. Abstract Number. No. 6.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICUETURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The chemistry of colloids {New York: John Wiley d Sons, Inc., 1917, pp.
VI I +288, figs. 39).— Part 1 of this volume, by R. Zsigmondy, consists of a trans-
lation, by E. B. Spear, of the German edition (E. S. R., 28, p. 407). In part 2,
by E. B. Spear, certain industrial applications of colloidal chemistry are dis-
cussed, including smoke, riibber, tanning, milk, colloidal graphite, and clays.
The book closes with a chapter on Colloids in Sanitation, by J. F. Norton,
in which purification of wastes and sewage and the mechanism of disinfection
are discussed.

Outline of colloid chemistry, I— III, W. D. Bancroft (Jour. Franklin Inst.,
185 (1918), Nos. 1, pp. 29-57; 2, pp. 199-230; 3, pp. 373-387 ) .—Part 1 of this
paper discusses adsorption of gases, liquids, and solids, including the following
topics : Catalytic action of solids on gases, adsorption of gases and vapors by
solids and by liquids, adsorption of liquids by solids and by liquids, and ad-
sorption of solids by solids and by liquids. Phenomena illustrating each
phase of adsorption are noted.

Part 2 discusses adsorption from solution and coalescence under the fol-
lowing heads : Adsorption from solution by solid, the adsorption isotherm,
abnormal adsorption, negative adsorption, reversibility of equilibrium, speci-
ficity of adsorption, adsorption of several solutes, adsorption from solution by
liquid, adsorption and surface tension, Brownian movements, coalescence of
liquids, coalescence of solids, and plasticity.

Part 3 discusses the preparation of colloidal solutions, including types of
precipitates, theory of peptization, condensation methods, and dispersion
methods. Under condensation methods there are two subdivisions, in which
the stability is due chiefly to the presence of strongly adsorbed substances or
chiefly to the low concentration of agglomerating agents. Under dispersion
methods the subdivisions are disintegration by removing an agglomerating
agent, by adding a peptizing agent, by mechanical methods, by electrical
methods, and by electrochemical methods.

On the swelling of gelatin in polybasic acids and their salts, M. H. Fischer
and Marian O. Hooker (Jour. Amer. Ohem. Soc, 40 (1918), No. 1, pp. 272-292,
figs. llf). — Experiments are described showing the amount of water absorbed by
gelatin discs immersed in different concentrations of the primary, binary, or
tertiary salts of phosphoric, citric, and carbonic acids. The swelling varied
not only with the salt but with its concentration.

501

502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

In further experiments on the absorption of water from phosphate, citrate,
and carbonate mixtures varying from the pure acid through the mono-, di-,
jmd tri-sodium salts to pure sodium hydroxid, the results yielded a V-shaped
or U-shaped curve showing a progressive increase in water absorption to the
left or to the right as the acid or alkali content of the mixture was increased.

" These findings are held to be applicable to the problem of water absorption
by protoplasm and to sustain the old contention that even in the presence of
buffer salts there is an increase in water absorption (increased turgor or
edema) with every increase in the acid (or alkali) content of the protein col-
loids found in the involved cell, organ, or organism."

On the swelling of fibrin in polybasic acids and their salts, M. H. Fischeb
and M. Benzinger {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 40 (1918), No. 1, pp. 292-30S, figs.
6). — The experiments noted above were repeated using a different protein,
fibrin. The results showed a difference in the minimal swelling point for the
two proteins, a point which should be kept in mind in a study of biological
material representing a mixture of proteins.

It is the opinion of the authors that the results of these studies emphasize
the importance of acids, alkalis, and salts in determining the amount of water
absorbed by protoplasm under physiological and pathological conditions.
" Through the accumulation or production in protoplasm of an abnormally
great amount of acid (or of alkali), we are thus enabled to explain the mech-
anism by which the abnormally high hydrations of living cells are brought
about, such as are observed in the excessive turgors of plant tissues and in the
edemas which involve the animal body."

On tlie liquefaction or " solution " of gelatin in polybasic acids and their
salts, M. H. Fischer and W. D. Coffman {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, J^O {1918),
No. 1, pp. 303-312, figs. 3). — Experimental data are given to prove that the
swelling of a protein colloid and its liquefaction or solution are totally different
processes. " There is a progressive increase in the tendency of gelatin to go
into solution in mixtures of the salts of polybasic acids as the amount of acid
or alkali in these mixtures is increased from a given low point."

The article closes with a discussion of the bearing of the experiments upon
the changes observable in living cells subjected to direct or indirect acid in-
toxication and upon the problems of digestion and autolysis.

On the diastatic decomposition of inulin in chicory root, J. Wolff and B.
Geslin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 165 {1917), No. 19, pp. 651-653).—
Continuing the observations on inulin previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 127),
the authors have examined the progressive changes in the inulin of chicory
root on standing and conclude that the decomposition of the inulin is a con-
tinuous process under the influence of diastatic agents until hexoses are reached.
They have chosen the name " inulides " for the intermediary products and
point out the resemblance between the inulides and the different dextrius.
Three groups of inulides have been identified corresponding to the action of
three different yeasts.

The hydrolyzing action of chicory juice on the inulides contained in the
juice is due to a diastase seemingly identical with the sucrase of yeast, as the
same results have been obtained by treating either inulides or a solution of
sucrose with yeast or with fresh chicory juice. Both of these hydrolyzing
agents are withoiit actton on pure inulin.

The influence of glycerin on the activity of invertase, E. Bourqitelot
{Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 165 {1917), No. 17, pp. 567-569; Jour. Pharm.
et CJiim., 7. ser., 17 {1918), Nos. S, pp. 65-71; 4, pp. il3-li7).— Experimental
data are given proving that the activity of invertase is weakened by glycerin.

1918.] AGRIOULTUKAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 503

Whether this effect is due to a progressive destruction of the ferment or to a
particular inliibiting action of the glycerin has not yet been determined.

Toxic and antagonistic effects of salts on wine yeast (Saccharomyces
ellipsoideus), S. K. Mitra {Univ. Cal. Pubs. Agr. Set., S {19111), No. 5, pp. 63-
102, figs. IJf). — In the investigations reported the toxic effects of single salts
and the antagonistic effects of combinations of salts on the growth of yeast
were studied. The yeast S. ellipsoideus was selected on account of its universal
use in wine making. The salts tested were the chlorids of potassium, magne-
sium, calcium, and sodium, selected because their metallic ions are those most
abundant in the ash of grape juice. The nutrient solution was prepared from
hydrolyzed cane sugar, phosphoric acid, and ammonia. To 100 cc. of the solu-
tion was added the salt or combination of salts under investigation in various
strengths of molecular concentration from 0.001 to 2.2M. After inoculation
Rith 1 cc. of a pure culture of the yeast, the flasks were kept in an incubator
at 28° C. The activity of the yeast was determined by the multiplication of
cells noted at intervals of 48 hours for a period of 12 days.

The toxic effects of the single salts were as follows: (1) Each of the four
single salts is more or less toxic to the yeast. At a certain concentration potas-
sium chlorid is the least toxic and sodium chlorid the most. (2) The lower
concentrations of each salt stimulate, the higher concentrations inhibit, the
growth of yeast. The optimum concentrations for growth were found at 0.2M
KCl, O.IM MgCU, O.OIIM CaCU, and O.OOIM NaCl. The lowest concentrations at
which growth was inhibited were at 2.2M KCl, 1.2M MgClz, 0.7M CaCh, and
0.2M NaCl. (3) The results are quite different from those found by other in-
vestigators with either bacteria, the higher plants, or animals, yeast standing
midway between plants and animals. (4) Toxicity is also shown by a decrease
in the size of the yeast cell with higher concentrations of the salts.

The antagonistic effects of combinations of the dilTorent salts in pairs were
found to be in the following order from highest to lowest : MgCU v. CaCU,
KCl V. CaCU, MgCl2 v. NaCl, KCl v. NaCl, KCl v. MgCl^, and CaCU v. NaCl.
Expressed in terms of valency of ions, it was found that divalent ions may
antagonize monovalent and divalent ions, and that monovalent ions may an-
tagonize divalent ions and to a slight extent monovalent ions. In general the
antagonistic elTect on yeast was found to be similar to the recorded work on
bacteria, plants, and animals.

The experimental data are given in tabular and graphical form and a bib-
liography of 38 references to the literature cited is appended.

A study of the water-soluble accessory growth-promoting substance in
yeast, I, J. C. Drummond {Biochem. Jour., 11 {1911), Nos. 3-Jf, pp. 255-272, figs.
15). — The literature on the properties of the " antineuritic vitamin" and the
growth-promoting food accessory " Avater-soluble B " is reviewed, and investi-
gations aiming at the isolation and identification of the latter substance are
described. Experimental evidence is given demonstrating that certain of the
properties possessed by both are very similar, thus supporting the view of Mc-
Collum and others that the two substances are identical. Attempts at isolating
the water-soluble accessory in yeast were unsuccessful, but the failure was
attributed by the author more to the adsorption of substances of this class
from solution by precipitates than to their reputed instability.

Contributions to the biochemistry of pathogenic anaerobes. — II, The acid
production of Bacillus welchii (B. perfringens) and B. sporogenes (Metch-
niffok), C. G. L. Wolf and S. V. Telfer {Biochem.' Jour., 11 {1917), No. 3-4,
pp. 197-212, figs. 2). — This continues work previously noted (E. S. R., 38,
p. 483).

504 EXPERIMENT STATION EEOOED. [Vol.88

In order to investigate tiie acid production of fermentations of B. welchii
and B. sporogenes, a critical study was made of Dyer's inetliod of separation of
volatile fatty acids in a mixture (E. S. K., 37, p. 13). The method, while satis-
factory in dealing with a mixture of two volatile acids, was unsatisfactory
with a mixture of unknown acids, and the following modification was used in
the present investigation:

A portion of the fermented liquid was distilled exhaustively to determine the
total amount of volatile acids present and another portion distilled as a simple
acid mixture according to Dyer's method. This indicated the highest and low-
est acids in the mixture. Fractionated portions of a series of separate steam
distillations were then collected, the total amount of acid in the fractions cal-
culated from the distilling rate of the mixture, and chemical tests applied to
the concentrated distillates of the fractions. Finally, an artificial mixture of
acids was prepared from a study of the data so obtained and its rate of dis-
tillation compared with that of the fermentation liquid. The authors state
that the method is tedious in application and affords only approximate results,
but is useful in giving important information regarding the acids produced by
various organisms.

The results with B. welchii and B. sporogenes show that large quantities of
volatile acids are produced, of which butyric acid is a constant component. In
the action of B. sporogenes on milk, caproic and valeric acids are formed.
Propionic acid was not detected, but its presence is not excluded. Formic
acid is not present. Forty per cent of the total acid produced is nonvolatile.
The nature of these acids has not yet been ascertained.

Contributions to the biochemistry of pathogenic anaerobes. — III, The
effect of acids on the growth of Bacillus welchii (B. perfringens) and B.
sporogenes (MetchnikofE), C. G. L. Wolf and J. E. G. Harris (Biochem. Jour.,
11 (1917), No. 3-4, pp. 213-245, figs. 8).— Investigations on the effect of acids
on the growth of B. perfringens and B. sporogenes are reported, together with
the results of an examination of the behavior of the acids used with nutrient
media.

The addition of acids to liquids containing large amounts of buffer sub-
stances produces a complex effect on the true reaction of the media due partly
to the type of acid and partly to the nature and content of the buffer sub-
stances in the mixture. With the less highly dissociated acids a point is soon
reached where successive amounts of the acid affect the reaction but slightly.

The action of acids on the growth of the bacteria studied affects (1) the
latent period of growth (the more highly acid the medium the greater time
elapses before signs of growth are observed) ; (2) the final reaction at which
growth ceases (with a given acid and varying initial concentrations, a series
of reactions is obtained which can be represented by a curve which is indi-
vidual for each acid) ; and (3) the total inhibition of growth (the fermenta-
tion of both organisms is inhibited by a rise of hydrogen ion concentration
which may merely delay growth or may stop it entirely). The Inhibiting
effect of all acids is the same.

The authors conclude that the results of these investigations confirm their
earlier views (E. S. R., 38, p. 483) that the treatment of gas gangrene infections
by means of acid solutions, highly buffered, is worthy of trial.

Further observations on the influence of phenol and of cresylic acid on
the concentration of antitoxic sera by the Banzhaf (1913) process, Annie
HoMEB (Biochem. Jour., 11 (1917), No. 3-4, pp. 277-282) .—The author reports
that the difficulties in the technique of the Banzhaf process for the concentra-
tion of antitoxic sera and the tendency of the end-products to become cloudy
may be obviated hy the addition of 2 per cent of sodium chlorid and from

1918.]

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY.

505

0.3 to 0.35 per cent of cresylic acid to the plasma previou.s to the heating of
the plasma-ammonium- sulphate mixtures. The mixtures should he neither
heated beyond 60° C. nor allowed to remain at this temperature for more than
two or three minutes. Experimental data are given to show that the addition
of cresylic acid increases the concentration of the sera and the percentage
removal of the serum proteins.

See al.so previous notes (E. S. R., 37, pp. 376, 877).

A note on the use of indicators for the colorimetric determination of the
hydrogen ion concentration of sera, Annie Homek {Biochem. Jour., 11 {1911),
No. 3-4, pp. 283-291). — Results of investigations on the accuracy of the deter-
mination of the hydrogen ion concentration of sera by the colorimetric method
of Clark and Lubs (E. S. R., 37, p. 506) with the use of certain indicators are
reported.

The author suggests that " in view of the personal error involved in the
determination of color reactions with sera it is advisable that each worker using
the colorimetric method should ascertain the degree of approximation of his
own values to the true values determined by the electrical method."

The preparation of plant nucleic acids, G. Clarke and S. B. Schryver
{Biochem. Jour., 11 {1917), No. 3-Jf, pp. 319-324).— Methods are reported for
the preparation of protein-free nucleic acid from plant tissues without peptic
digestion by first bofling the material used with alcohol and then extracting
with warm 10 per cent sodium chlorid solution. The nucleic acid is precipi-
tated from the extract on the addition of hydrochloric acid.

Starch-containing material, such as wheat embryos obtained in the modern
milling processes, should be fermented with diastase before extracting with
sodium chlorid solution to avoid difRculties in filtering. Analyses are included
of nucleic acid obtained by this method from yeast and from wheat embryos.
The results agree closely with the formula C3SH50O29N15P4 suggested by Levene
for plant nucleic acid (E. S. R., 22. p. 115).

The proteins of cow's milk, T. B. Osborne, A, J. Wakeman, et al. {Jour.
Biol. Chem., 33 {1918), No. 1, pp. 7-/7). — A study of the proteins remaining in
milk after the removal of casein is reported. The methods of separation and
purification of the constituents are given in detail. Analyses of the purified
lactalbumin and lactoglobulin gave the following composition :

Composition of purified lactalbumin and lactoglobulin.

Moisture.

Ash.

Ash and moisture free.

Kind of protein.

Carbon.

Hydro-
gen.

Nitro-
gen.

Sulphur.

Phos-
phorus.

Per cent.
6.25
8.55

Per cent.
0.16
2.12

Per cent.
52.51
51.88

Per cent.
7.10
6.96

Per cent.
15.43
15.44

Per cent.
1.92

.86

Per cent.
Trace.

0.24

Special investigation of the phosphorus in the lactoglobulin showed its simi-
larity to that of the vitellin of hens' eggs and suggested to the authors that
lactoglobulin is a similar lecithalbumin or mixture of proteins. That only a
trace of phosphorus was found in lactalbumin would indicate that the phos-
phatids previously obtained from the coagulated protein of milk (E. S. R.,
33, p. 660) are not associated with the purified lactalbumin but with the
globulin.

55096°— 18 2

506 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.88

Experiments to determine whether or not proteoses are original constituents
of milli were unsuccessful. Examination of Siegfried's " nucleon " ' showed
that it is probably a mixture of uucoagulable protein and some still unidenti-
fied organic substances yielding phosphoric acid on hydrolysis. From the alco-
holic washings of casein a protein was isolated resembling gliadin of wheat in
its solubility in alcohol. An investigation of its physical and chemical proper-
ties is to be reported later.

Adenin and guanin in cow's milk, C. Voegtlin and O. P. Sherwin (Jour.
Biol. Chem., 33 {1918), No. 1, pp. 145-149). — This article reports in detail the
methods and data in the determination of adenin and guanin in milk, previously
noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 308). The questiou as to whether the purins of milk
are derived from the blood purins or formed from the breaking down of the
nucleic acid in the mammary gland is still undecided.

Standard methods of sam.pling and analysis and standard samples, W. F.
HiLLEBRAND {Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 8, pp. 68-85 ). --Pre-
viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 415).

A simple, efficient, and economic filter; its application to the fi.ltration of
the yellow precipitate in phosphoric acid estimations, S. L. .Iodidi and E. H.
Kellogs (Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 8, pp. 704-708).— Pre-
viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 314).

The application of the paper pulp filter to the quantitative estimation of
calcium and magnesium, S. L. Jodidi and E. H. Kellogg (Proc. 2. Pan Amer.
Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 8, pp. 843-849). — Previously noted from another source
(E. S. R., 34, p. 712).

A quantitative estimation of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, R. D.
Crowell (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 40 (1918), No. 2, pp. 453-460). — The method
employed by the author consists in the extraction of butyric acid by means of
kerosene from an aqueous solution to which calcium chlorid and a little
potassium chlorid liave been added as salting agents. Some propionic acid is
extracted with the butyric, but can be determined by the method of distilla-
tion and neutralization with barium hydroxid. The method is described in
detail and data given of the mean error in the method of separation.

Experimental work with the method suggested by Phelps and Palmer (E. S.
R., 37, p. 206) proved unsatisfactory.

The identification and estimation of lead in water, I, R. Meldrum (Chem.
News, 117 (1918), No. S036, pp. 49, 50).— This is a report of investigations into
the sensitiveness and reliability of the hydrogen sulphid and potassium chromate
colorimetrlc methods for the detection and estimation of lead in water.

It is pointed out that with the hydrogen sulphid process different waters
with equal lead contents give unequal coloration intensity due to the coloring
matter in the water sample and also to its saline constituents and other
unknown factors. This error may be overcome by using as a standard,
instead of distilled water, a sample of the same water which has been rendered
lead free. When distilled water is used for the standard, the lead is likely
to be underestimated by at least 25 to 33 per cent. With the same water at
variable lead dilutions with slightly excessive ratios of reagents, the resulting
coloration for any specific lead dilution is also not constant as regards the
hydrogen sulphid process.

The hyrirogen sulphid colorimetric process in use by the author is described
In detail. Experimental data will be given later.

The manganese content of the ash of certain drugs, L. E. Westman and
R. M. Row AT (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 40 (1918), No. 3, pp. 558-562). — Data

» Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Phys. Chem., 21 (1895-96), No. 5-6, pp. 373-375.

1918.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 50?

are given of the manganese content of certain laxative drug plants. It has
been found that for the family Rhamnacefe the manganese is extracted by
uater proportionately to its total amount in the bark.

The inversion and determination of cane sugar, A. R. Rose (Proc. Soc.
Expt. Biol, and Med., 15 {1911), No. 2, pp. 16, 17).— The use of picric acid in
the inversion and determination of cane sugar in solutions and extracts is
described as follows :

One cc. of the clear liquid containing the sugars is transferred to each of two
graduated test tubes containing 2 cc. saturated solution of picric acid. To one
of the tubes is added 1 cc. of 20 per cent sodium carbonate. The two tubes are
heated for 10 minutes in a bath of boiling water. The same amount of sodium
carbonate Is added to the second tube and the heating of both tubes continued
for 30 minutes. The tubes are cooled and the contents diluted to a suitable
volume and matched against a standard solution in a colorimeter. The dif-
ference in the readings of the two tubes represents the invert sugar from the
sucrose.

In applying this method to solids, such as mashed fruit pulps, from 1 to
10 gm. are taken and triturated in a mortar with 100 cc. of water and a clear
liquid obtained by filtering and centrifuging.

It is suggested that picric acid may also be used as the inverting agent in the
determination of cane sugar by polarizing. It has no effect on polarized light
and in some cases acts as a clarifier and remover of soluble proteins.

The preservation of plant juices for analysis of sugar content, D. O.

Speiesterseach {Jour. Avier. Chem. Soc, IfO {1918), No. 2, pp. .'f31-.'f.3G) . In

the course of sorghum investigations at the Minnesota Experiment Station the
author examined the action of different preservatives on plant juices to pre-
vent fermentation and hydrolysis of the sugars and at the same time not to
interfere with the proper determination of the composition of the juice.
Toluene and mercuric potassium iodid were both tested. The latter apparently
possesses the greater preserving power. Both showed the maximum effect in
boiled samples which had been rendered slightly alkaline with sodium car-
bonate. From 0.05 to 0.1 per cent potassium mercuric iodid was u.sed or
sufficient toluene to saturate the solution.

Preliminary investigations with mercuric nitrate have indicated that it may
be even more effective than mercuric potassium iodid.

Home canning of meats {Okla. Agr. Col., Ext. Div. Circ. 63 {1911), pp. 8). —
This circular gives a list of materials necessary for the successful home canning
of meats and general directions for the preparation of meat and for filling and
cookstove driers and portable evapoi'ators is included.

How to dry fruits and vegetables for home consumption, C. D. Matthews
(A''. C. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 50 {1911), pp. U/, fig. 1). — The author has compiled
the available information on the different methods of drying fruits and
vegetables, varieties of driers, and related topics. Detailed directions for the
drying of certain vegetables and fruits are given, and a list of firms making
cookstove driers and portable evaporators is included.

Action of manganese sulphate in wine fermentation, J. B. Laba {Proc. 2.
Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vol. 8, pp. 839-84-3). — The investigations reported
show that the addition of manganese sulphate to grape must causes a greater
multiplication of yeast. The optimum proportion to be added is 0.005 gm. of
the sulphate per liter. A larger amount causes the consumption of all the
fermentable sugar by the yeast, imparting to the wine a less agreeable ta.ste.
The wine obtained after the addition of manganese sulphate contains no higher
percentage of alcohol but has a more aromatic flavor.

508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Alcohol from discard molasses in the Philippine Islands, H. C. Bkill and
L. W. TiiuitLOW (Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. A, 12 (1911), No. 6, pp. 267-292).—
Some statistics of the alcoliol industry in the Philippine Islands and abroad
are given and investigations of methods to improve the process of fermentation
of molasses as conducted in the Philippines reported. They include several
trial experiments on a large scale with and without temperature control.
Methods and analytical data are given in detail.

The authors recommend the sterilization of the molasses solution wherever
practical, or at least the use of good water for diluting the molasses to a
definite density, about 16.5° Brix. Two gm. of sulphuric acid and at least 0.4
gra. of ammonium sulphate should be added to every liter of ferment. The
yeast should be grown from pure stock and used in the proportion of 1 part of
fermenting wort to lOQ or 150 parts of the ferment. The most efficient process
was found to be the Molhant method, as applied by Mirior,' of increasing the
resistance of yeast to more concentrated solutions of alcohol by beginaing with
a 10 per cent solution of molasses and gradually increasing the strength. The
tiptimum temperature of reaction was between 28 and 30° O.

A handbook for cane-sugar manufacturers and their chemists, G. L. Spen-
cer (Neiv York: John Wiley d Sons, Inc., 1917, 6. ed., enl, pp. XV+561, flgs.
[It).— This well-known handbook (E. S. R., 35, p. 114) has been enlarged to
include a chapter on Evaporation and Juice Heating, by AV. H. P. Creighton.
This chapter includes a discussion of methods of juice heating, with diagrams
of apparatus, and of methods of calculation with data from various types of
sugarhouse evaporators.

Modern margarin technology, W. Clayton (Jour. Sac. Chem. Indus., 36
(1917), No. 23, pp. 1205-1209; Rev. G6n. Sci., 29 (1918), No. 1, pp. 22-27; Sci.
Amcr. Sup., 85 (1918), No. 2200, pp. 131/, 735).— This article gives a brief his-
tory of the margarin industry and a summary of the methods now employed
in its manufacture.

Determination of the rubber content of latex in the mixing tank for bring-
ing to a standard dilution, J. C. Hartjens (Arch. Rubbercult. Nederland.
Indie, 1 (1917), No. 5, pp. 367-37^; Meded. Procfstat. Malang, No. 20 (1917), pp.
8). — This article reports the results of experiments to ascertain whether the
rubber content of bulked latex about half an hour before all the latex had been
received differed markedly from the rubber content after all the latex had been
received and bulked. The experiments were conducted on five different estates.
Samples were taken out of the mixing tank after one-third, two-thirds, and all of
the latex had been received. There appeared to be only a small difference in
the rubber content of the bulked latex at the different periods of sampling,
and consequently there is thought to be no practical objection to taking the
sample for determination of rubber content by coagulation before all the latex
has been received.

Safety for the household. — VI, Hazards arising from the use of chemicals
(V. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Standards Circ. 75 (1918), pp. 109-117).— This dis-
cusses, first, the dangers from materials in common use without thought of risk,
since they in themselves are harmless, and in some cases necessary for existence.
The contamination of the water supply by means of lead or bacteria or the for-
mation of ptomaines in food are examples. It then considers dangers from mate-
rials of unknown or not generally known properties and composition in more or
less restricted use, such as the use of rodent poisons, disinfecting and fumigating
materials, or the careless storage or use of dangerous chemicals, such as caustic
soda or corrosive sublimate.

iBull. Assoc. Chlm. Sucr. et Distill., 31 (1914), No. 11, pp. 936-940.

1918.1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 509

METEOROLOGY.

Some temperature correlations in the United States, T. A. Klaik (^7. ,S'.
Mu. Weather Rev., 45 (1917), No. 9, pp. U4-450, figs. 8).— Applying the methods
of Craig ' in a study of temperatures in the United States, the following relation-
ships are developed in this paper :

"There is a well-marked seesaw relation between the temperatures of south-
ern California and of the southeastern United States for certain months of the
year ; for other months the temperatures vary independently ; the.se changes in
relationship are not wholly seasonal but appear to have a wave-like oscillation
in value ; in consequence, the coefficients expressing the annual temperature cor-
relations have intermediate values ; there is a definite daily correlation during
the time of greatest monthly correlation."

Weather and the yield of winter wheat (U. S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Weather ana
Crop Bui. 32 (1917), p. 3, figs. 2).— A study of data for rainfall and crop yields
in Kansas (24 years), Missouri, and Ohio (54 years) indicated that the yield of
winter wheat in those States is not controlled by variations in the rainfall for
any month or combination of months of the preceding year. The mean tempera-
ture for March, however, " apparently influences the yield of wheat iu Ohio to a
marked extent," that is, a warm March is generally followed by a good wheat
yield. " In a study of the relation of the temperature to the yield of winter
wheat in Illinois, however, covering a period of 36 years, the marked relation
that was found in Ohio was not evident."

Influence of weather conditions on the amounts of nitrogen acids in the
rainfall and atmosphere in Australia, O. Masson (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., 86 {1916), pp. 128, 129; ahs. in U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1917), No. 10,
p. 501). — The results of examinations of about 1,000 daily samples of I'ain col-
lected at about 16 stations suitably distributed over the continent of Australia,
as compared with the daily weather records and isobaric charts, confirm the
conclusions of Anderson already noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p.
617), to the effect that "for a given type of weather the concentration of
oxidized nitrogen in the rainfall varies inversely as the amount of rainfall.
The total amount of oxidized nitrogen per unit area found in the rainfall
accompanying a storm, depends on the type of weather (Antarctic control,
tropical control, divided control), and is practically independent of the amount
of rainfall."

The results led to the further conclusions that "Antarctic storms at different
stations carry down amounts of oxidized nitrogen which do not differ greatly
from the amounts previously found at Canterbiiry [by Anderson]. Rain falling
at northern stations (equatorial stations) during the prevalence of trade winds
contains amounts of oxidized nitrogen which are almost equal to the amounts
found in the rain accompanying Antarctic depressions (rear isobars) at
southern stations. This is shown to be probably due to the anticyclonic origin
of winds accompanying both types of rain. Passage over land modifies anti-
cyclonic air only to a slight extent ; but if, during the passage, it is subjected
to the influences accompanying monsoonal disturbances, comparatively large
amounts of oxidized nitrogen are found in the subsequent rainfall. The
highest total amounts of oxidized nitrogen are found at southern and inland
stations in rain water resulting from monsoonal storms following a ' heat
wave.' Rains occurring during ' divided-control ' weather contain less oxidized
nitrogen than tropical rains, but more than Antarctic rains. The nitrogen-
fixing powers of inland monsoonal depressions tend toward the gradual enrich-
ment, in respect of oxidized nitrogen, of the soil in southeastern Australia.

» Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London], 41 (1915), pp. 89-98.

510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I Vol. 38

"A number of determinations of (lie volume concentration of nitrogen peroxid
in the atmosphere during the prevalence of anticy clonic weather has shown
that at Canterbury, Victoria, in the rear circulation of anticyclones the air
contains a greater proportion of nitrogen peroxid than the air of the front
circulation. On the assumption that the oxidized nitrogen of the rainfall is
derived from the atmosphere, the amounts of nitrogen peroxid in the latter
were compared with the amounts of oxidized nitrogen found in the rainfall at
Canterbury for the corresponding weather types. It is shown that air con-
taining 0.56 volume of nitrogen peroxid per 10^ volumes in the rear of an
anticyclone would require to be washed out to a height of about 4,000 ft. above
ground-level in order to give the amount of oxidized nitrogen usually found
in the rainfall accompanying this weather condition. Similarly, in the case
of the front of an anticyclone, it is shown that the height would require to be
about 3,100 ft. The above are in fair agreement with the average altitude
of rain clouds (base), which according to leading authorities is about 3,500ft."

Lunar period in the rates of evaporation and rainfall, J. R. Sutton (Ahs.
in Nature ILondon'i, 100 {1911), No. 250^, p. 160; U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 45
(1917), No. 10, p. 501). — The paper "directs attention to the possibility of a
lunar influence governing the evaporation from a water surface, and a lunar
period in the incidence of rainfall. Tables are given showing that as the
result of hourly observations of evaporation and rainfall during the 120 lunar
months from August, 1899, to April, 1909, rainfall has its maximum frequency
about the time of moonrise and its minimum just after moonset ; also that the
rate of evaporation has a maximum and minimum, respectively, shortly after
the moon passes the meridian above and below the horizon."

Torests and rainfall experiments (U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1911), No. 9,
p. 453).— Referring to a review by H. R. Mill of an article by M. Hill (E. S. R.,
37, p. 716), attention is called to the fact that one of the methods proposed by
Mill for studying the relations between rainfall and forestation has been
in use by the U. S. Weather Bureau, cooperating with the Forest Service, since
1910 in two contiguous and practically Identical watersheds in the Rio
Grande National Forest. These watersheds are " at present under identical
forested conditions, and have established therein a large number of thermom-
eter, precipitation, and stream-gauge stations. Careful observations will be
carried on in both watersheds for a number of years, and at the conclusion
of this first period one of the watersheds will be deforested and the same
observations continued for a second period corresponding to the first one."

Monthly Weather Review {V. 8. Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1911), Nos. 9, pp.
439-419, pis. 8, figs. 9; 10, pp. 480-528, pis. 9, figs. 11).— In addition to weather
forecasts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for Septem-
ber and October, 1917 ; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library
and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology ; notes on the weather
of the months ; solar and sky radiation measurements at Washington, D. C,
during September and October, 1917 ; condensed climatological summaries ;
and the usual climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the
following articles:

No. 9. — D()ppler's Principle for a Windy Atmosphere, by H. Bateman ; Propa-
gation to Great Distances of the Sound of Cannonade at the Front, by G.
Bjgourdan ; Acoustic Efliciency of Fog-signal Machinery, by L. V. King ; Sur-
face Currents of Jupiter, by S. Bolton; Effect of Terrestrial Relief on Ionic
Densities in the Atmosphere, by P. L. Mercanton ; Observations of Atmospheric
Electricity During the Total Solar Eclipse on October 10, 1912, at Boa Vista,
Brazil, by W. Knoche and J. Laub ; Release of Radium Emanation from Water

1918.] SOILS FERTILISERS. 511

at Different Temperatures, by J. Moran ; Absorption Bands of Atmospheric
Ozone in tlie Spectra of Sun and Stars, by A. Fowler and A. J. Strutt; Some
Temperature Correlations in the United States (illus.), by T. A. Blair (see
p. 509) ; Rainfall and Gunfire, by A. Angot ; Bird Migration in Central Switzer-
land in Relation to Meteorological Conditions, by K. Bretscher ; Some Nuclei
of Cloudy Condensation, by J. Altken ; Condensation and Evaporation of Gas
Molecules, by I. Langmuir ; Computation and Measurement of the Complex
Molecules of Some Vapors. According to the New Condensation Theory, by
L. Andr6n ; A New Evaporation Formula, by R. E. Horton ; Forests and Rain-
fall Experiments (see p. 510) ; Excessive Precipitation in London, England,
by H. R. Mill; Greatest 24-hour Rainfall at Washington, D. C. ; Revolving
Fluid in the Atmosphere, by N. Shaw ; Motion of a Particle on the Surface of
a Smooth Rotating Globe, by F. J. W. Whipple; Motion of the Air in the
Lowest Layers of the Atmosphere, by G. Hellmann ; The Relation Between
Pi'essure-gradient, Wind, and Friction in Steady Motion, by F. Akerblom;
The Formation of Anticyclonic Stratus, by C. K. M. Douglas; Windward
Islands v. Leeward Islands (illus.) ; and Canadian Astronomical Appointments.

No. 10. — Atmospheric Optical Disturbances, Fall of 1911 to February, 1917,
by C. Dorno ; Transparency of the Atmosphere for Ultra-violet Radiation, by
R. J. Strutt; A. Brester's Theory of the San; Lunar Rainbow, by H. A. French;
Halos of October 3, 1917, in Texas and Ohio (illus.) ; Device for Observing
Radiants of Auroras; Notes on the Climate of France and Belgium (illus.),
by P. O. Day (see below) ; Fog Along the California Coast (illus.), by A. H.
Palmer; Relative Frequency of Fog at United States Lighthouses; Glaze,
" Glazed roads," "Ammil " ; Great Thunderstorm of August 1, 1917, in Trinity
County, Cal. ; Heaviest Rainfall in the British Isles ; Influence of Weather
Conditions on the Auiounts of Nitrogen Acids in the Rainfall and Atmosphere
in Australia, O. Masson (see p. 509) ; Lunar Period in the Rates of Evaporation
and Rainfall, by J. R. Sutton (see p. 510); John West James, 183S-1917;
Tropical Hurricane of September 27-28, 1917, in Southeastern Louisiana
(illus), by R. A. Dyke; and Annual Rise of the Columbia River, 1917 (illus.),
by E. M. Keyser.

Notes on the climate of France and Belg'ium, P. C. Day (U. S. Mo. Weather
Rev., 45 (1911), No. 10, pp. 487-^96, figs. 7).— The climatic conditions are quite
fully discussed, especially from the standpoint of bodily comfort.

SOILS— FEETILIZERS.

Soil acidity and the hydrolytic ratio in soils, C. H. Spxtrway (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 {1911), No. 12, pp. 659-672).— This article reports
investigations made at the Michigan Experiment Station, the results of which
are summarized as follows:

"A definite relationship was found between the ratios of calcium to iron and
aluminum soluble in fifth-normal hydrochloric acid and the soil reaction. All
the acid soils have ratios CaO: (FezOa+AhOa) above 1:1.3, and all the alka-
line soils have ratios below this figure. It is believed that the reactions of the
soils studied depend chiefly upon the hydrolytic ratios existing between hydro-
lyzing compounds of the alkali earths and iron and aluminum.

"A method for determining the calcium oxid required to neutralize a soil
by indirect titration is described in which certain fixed quantities of a stand-
ardized calcium hydroxid solution are allowed to react separately with varying
amounts of soil. The concentrations of soil and solution giving a neutral
reaction are chosen from the series by comparing the electrical resistance of

512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

the several solutions, also by means of phenolphthalein indicatoi-. The greatest
electrical resistance and faint color of the indicator is coincident with the
concentration giving a neutral reaction.

" The quantities of lime required to neutralize the acid soils may be deter-
mined by computing the quantities of calcium osid necessary to add to the
acid-soluble calcium osid found in the soils to bring the ratios CaO : Fe203+
AI2O3 to 1 : 1.3. The quantity of calcium oxid required by this factor method
corresponds closely to the quantities required when determined by means of
the indirect titration method, and it appears that the titration method is acc\i-
rate and convenient."

The literature of the subject is reviewed and a bibliography is given.

Soil solution obtained by action of a hydraulic press, G. Ramann, S. Marz,
and H. Baueb (Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 6 (1916), p. 27; Zentbl. Agr. Chem., .',6
(1917), p. 6; abs. in Jour. Chem. 80c. [London^, 112 (1917), No. 655, I, pp. 311,
312). — The authors point out that the analysis of drainage waters from soils
does not afford an accurate means of determining the composition of the normal
soil solution, as drainage only occurs when the soils are supersaturated. For
this reason they adopted the method of forcing water out of the soil with a
hydraulic press. Samples of 3 kg. of soil were taken from the fields and sub-
jected to a pressure of 300 kg. to the square centimeter, the liquid expressed
being then analyzed for calcium, magnesium, sulphates, phosphoric acid, and
potassium. The sampling was done on six different occasions over a period
lasting from May to October; both surface and subsoil were used.

The calcium content was found to vary considerably in the surface soil, but
in the subsoil it seemed fairly constant, except for a rise in midsummer.
Potassium, contrary to the generally accepted view, behaved very much like
calcium, that is, its content fluctuated according to the general concentration
of the soil solution, rising when evaporation took place and being lowered by
spells of wet weather. Fui'ther, there was evidence of potassium and calcium
being transported from the subsoil to the surface during a prolonged period of
drought, but no evidence was obtained that adsorption exei'ted any regulating
effect on the concentration of the soil solution. The exchange of bases only
occurred when the proportion which the dissolved substances bore to one
another was altered.

The authors suggest that the selective action of the plant roots, by throwing
the soil solution out of equilibrium, would have a considerable effect in bring-
ing fresh supplies of nutrient substances Into solution. They state also that the
pressure method of obtaining soil water Is only applicable in the case of soils
made up of very fine particles or containing a considerable amount of humus.

The classification of soils according' to the electrical conductivity of their
aqueous extract, B. von Howath (Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 6 (1916), No. 4, pp.
230-236; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract.
Agr., 8 (1917), No. 2, p. 195).— Studies on the electrical conductivity of the
water extracts of about forty soils including gray and brown forest soils, prairie
clay, black and brown steppe soils, salt soil, alluvial, and sandy soils are re-
ported to determine whether electrical conductivity of the water extract of soil
can furnish a criterion for soil classification. A great variation in electrical
conductivity of the extracts was found and the conductivity of the same soil
was changed after cultivation. Since electrical conductivity of the aqueous
soil extract represents only the relative content of soluble salts it is considered
of no value for soil classification.

Soil survey of Pickens County, Ala., A. M. O'Neal, jb., J. L. Andbess, J. M.
MooBE, and E. H. Stevens (U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur.

1918.] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 513

Soils, 1916, pp. Ifl, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation witli tlie
State of Alabama, deals with the soils of an area of 560,000 acres, situated iu
western Alabama, bordering the State of Mississippi. "The topography is pre-
vailingly very rolling to hilly, with broad, level terraces along the Tombigbee
and Sipsey Rivers and a few of the larger creeks and broad, flat first bottoms
along all the streams." Drainage is said to be generally well established.

The county lies entirely within the Coastal Plain province, the soils having
been derived from imconsolidated deposits of sands, gravels, and clay ; from
slightly consolidated, calcareous deposits; and from alluvial deposits. Nineteen
soil types of 13 series are mapped. Ruston fine sandy loam and Susquehanna
fine sandy loam predominate, occupying 36 and 17.4 per cent of the total area
of the county, respectively.

Soil survey of Craighead County, Ark., E. B. Dekter and L. V. Davis {TJ. S.
Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 82, pi. 1, fig. 1, map 1). —
This survey deals with the soils of an area of 453,120 acres in northeastern Ar-
kansas. Four-fifths of the county consists of flat to gently undulating stream
bottoms and terraces, the remainder being occupied by Crowleys Ridge, the
topography of which ranges from gently rolling to very hilly. Drainage in the
uplands is good while that of the greater part of the lowlands is generally poor.

The upland soils of the county are derived from loessial material, and the low-
land soils from first-bottom and second-bottom alluvial material. The soils
range in texture from heavy plastic clay to loamy sand. Thirteen soil types of
9 series are mapped. Calhoun silt loam and Sharkey clay predominate, occupy-
ing 33 and 14.1 per cent of the total area, respectively.

Orig'in and properties of agricultural soils, especially of Java, E. C. J.
MoHK {Teysmannia, 28 (1917), No. 3, pp. 137-151). — This is a discussion of the
factors affecting agricultural soil formation, with particular reference to Java
soils.

Description of the coffee soils of Pasoeroean and Kediri, Java, M. W.
Senstius {Meded. Proof stat. Malang, No. 15 {1916), pp. 15). — The physical,
mechanical, and chemical properties of these soils are discussed with analytical
data.

Sticky soils (kleefgrond) and red soil (terra rossa) of Limburg [Nether-
lands], D. J. HissiNK (Verhandl. Geol. Mijnbouwk. Oenoots. Nederland en
Kolon., Gcol. Ser., 2 {1917), No. 5, pp. 197-221) .—Chemical studies on the origin
and formation of a sticky clay soil and of red soil in south Limburg are re-
ported.

It is concluded that both the sticky clay and the red soil of the region are
products of the weathering of limestone residue. The difference between the
two products appears to be indicated by the solubility of weathered silicates in
hydrochloric acid. Tl>e red soil consisted of a very basic weathered silicate and
was practically laterite.

The results of further studies of the process of laterization are taken to indi-
cate that climate and locality Influence the weathering of limestone by carbon
dioxid, and that laterization in the Karst region may be attributed to the basic
reaction of the soil solution.

Soil survey. — I, Pas Geometriques {Dept. Agr. Mauritius, Coil Circ. 1
{1916), [English Ed.], pp. -i, pi. 1). — Physical and chemical analyses of the
soils of a strip of land 250 ft. wide extending around the Island of Mauritius
are reported.

The soils are mainly calcareous sand, containing from 80 to 89 per cent of
calcium carbonate. Sometimes they are mixed with earth, thus reducing the
caicium carbonate content to from 21 to 64 per cent. Physically the sandy soils

514 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD. [Vol.38

are very permeable. The nitrogen content varies within wide limits. The
phosphoric acid content originates only from tlie organic matter content, and
it is shown that the nitrogen and phosphoric acid increase in the same propor-
tions. The calcareous sands are poor in potash, while the black and gravelly
soils contain the most potash.

" The percentage of available elements in these soils is very low. Apart from
the alluvial soils of the ' Gorges ' of Black River, the i-est contains but traces
of phosphoric acid. ... In every place where calcareous sand is in large pro-
portion, only traces of available potash are found. On the other hand, in some
black soils and other uncultivated ones comparatively high percentages are met
with, and these percentages are well above those of the cultivated soils."

Soil survey.— II, Grand Port {Dept. Agr. Mauritius, Soil Circ. 2 (1916),
[English Ed.l, pp. 3, pi. 1). — This survey (Part 1 of Section II) reports physi-
cal and chemical analyses of samples of the soils of lands forming a natural
valley between the Creole Mountain on the east and the highlands east of
Riviere Eau Bleue on the west in the Island of Mauritius.

The nitrogen content is considered normal, but available phosphoric acid is
present only in traces. The potash content is low.

Soil flora studies, I-V, H. J. Conn {Jour. Bad., 2 {1911), Nos. 1, pp. 35-45;
2, pp. iS7-i54).— The substance of this article has been abstracted from an-
other source (E. S. R., 37, pp. 516, 517).

The recent work at Rothamsted on the partial sterilization of soil, E. J.
Russell {Interiiat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8
{1917), No. 5, pp. 613-681). — This is a general review of the work on partial
sterilization of soil at the station, most of which has been noted from time to
time.

Treatment of peat beds to prevent loss of nitrogen by bacterial action,
T, Abnd {Landw. Jahrb., 49 {1916), No. 2, pp. 191-213; abs. in Chem. Zentbl,
1916, II, p. 231; Internat. Inst. Agr, [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract.
Agr., 7 {1916), No. 10, pp. UU, 1415; Chem. Abs., 11 {1911), No. 10, p. 1513).—
Experiments conducted at the Bremen station for peat investigations are re-
ported to determine whether denitrification and the decomposition of nitrates
in peat beds can be prevented. Two methods were used: "(1) Soil conditions
were made such as to encourage nitrification and processes favorable to plant
growth; and (2) the reduction of nitrates was inhibited by the use of germi-
cides. By the first method denitrifying organisms alone were affected, while by
the second method the destruction of both denitrifiers and nitrate reducers was
involved."

The soil used in the first method was from a well-rotted peat bed, crumbly
and rich in bacteria and containing fair quantities of ammonia, traces of
nitrates, but no nitrites. " The sample was put through the 3-mm. sieve and
mixed with pure calcium carbonate at the rate of 0.3 gm. of carbonate to 40
gm. of soil (these proportions having previously been shown to produce maxi-
mum nitrogen losses). The soil was watered to bring it up to its original
water content and placed in glass vessels in layers 0.8 cm., 3 cm., and 9 cm.
thick ; 0.5 gm. of dry nitrate was added to each vessel, which was then plugged
with cotton wool and incubated for a fortnight at 28° C. . . .

" The results showed conclusively that denitrification varies with the depth
of the soil layer in the vessels, 1. e., with the amount of oxidation which can
take place. . . . The mean total losses of nitrogen for the three layers (9 cm.,
3 cm., and 0.8 cm.) were 17.8 mg., 2.1 mg., and 3.8 mg., respectively. Where
the soil was very loosely packed no denitrification took place, but in other

1918.] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 515

cases even thin layers of less thuu 1 cm. thickness showed losses of nitrogen,
and it may be concluded that under field conditions where the soil could never
have such a large surface exposed as in these experiments, denitrification could
never be completely prevented. In practice, therefore, tillage and drainage of
peat soils may be always recommended in order to minimize denitritication, but
some losses must always be expected from tliat cause."

With the second method the same apparatus was employed but the soil layers
were uniformly 9 cm. thick. The germicides were mixed with the soil in the
dry state or in solution at the rate of from 25 to 200 mg. per 60 to 70 gm.
of soil.

•' Even with the maximum doses of 0.2 gm. of copper sulphate per 12 gm. of
dry soil, losses of nitrogen were not completely avoided. With the small doses
denitrification was intensified. This unexpected behavior on the part of copper
sulphate was probably due to the fact that the greater part of the salt is
precipitated as humates in a peaty soil and thus loses its toxicity. The
humates which are hardly ionized actually seemed to have a stimulating effect
on the denitrifying bacteria."

Neither magnesium sulphate nor zinc sulphate totally inhibited denitrifica-
tion. Zinc sulphate diminished the action slightly, but with magnesium
sulphate it was nearly always slightly increased.

" In a last series of experiments disinfectants which did not owe their
germicidal properties to ions were used, 1. e., carbolineum, toluene, and carbon
bisulphid. Where carbon bisulphid was used the period of incubation was
increased from two to five weeks, during which time the soil was maintained
at ordinary room temperature instead of at 28° C. The following results
were obtained : Carbolineum increased denitrification ; toluene had no stimu-
lating effect in whatever proportion used, but neither did it have an inhibitive
effect except in one single instance ; carbon bisulphid on the other hand always
decreased denitrification even when used in very small doses. It would there-
fore appear that on peaty land carbon bisulphid may be recommended as the
best germicide to employ."

Utilization of the fertilizer constituents contained in cane molasses,
W. E. Cross and W. G. Harris (Rev. hidtis. y Agr. Tucumdn, 7 (1916), No. 3,
pp. 95-103; abs. in Internat. Sugar Jour., 19 (1917), No. 222, pp. 281-283; Jour.
Soc. Chem. Indus., 36 (1917), No. 15, pp. 897, 898).— Studies of the ash of cane
molasses and distillery vinasse are reported.

Analyses of the molasses ashes show the potash content to be 45 to 50 per
cent. " Therefore, the ash without requiring further treatment could be used
or sold as a fertilizer, or sold as crude potassium carbonate for use in the
manufacture of glass or soft soap, in dye work, or in washing wool. . . .

" The authors obsex'ved that by acidifying partially concentrated vinasse with
sulphuric acid a complete concentration can be reached, and a black, dry,
nonhygroscopic powder suitable for transportation in bags or barrels be
obtained, its composition being as follows : Phosphoric acid, P2O5, 0.75 per cent ;
potash, K2O, 37.5 per cent ; and no nitrogen. There must exist a good market
for this product, either as a concentrated potash fertilizer (containing about
60 per cent of potassium sulphate), or as potassium sulphate in crude form,
to be used as such, or converted into the pure salt. . . .

"Fractional crystallization, employing the same method used in the case of
the molasses ash, was also tried in the case of a solution made from the dry

516

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[Vol. 38

vinasse, after acidifying with sulphuric acid, the analyses of the three salts
resulting being shown in the following table :

Results of fractional crystallization of distillery vinasse solution.

Fraction.

Lime
(CaO).

Magnesia
(MgO).

Soda
(Na,0).

Potash
(K2O).

Sulplmric
acid
(SO,).

Water.

First

Per cent.
16.1
1.1

Per cent.

0.7

1.0

.6

Per cent.
2.fi
2.1
4.4

Per cent.
2G.3
49.4
42.0

Per cent.
46.7
45.6
44.7

Per cent.
0.10

Second

.04

Third

1.00

Of the three fractious the 13rst is the mo.st impure, as it contains a con-
siderable quantity of calcium sulphate, but by means of repeated recrystal-
lization these salts would be raised in purity according to the demands of the
market, though it would be difficult to effect such operations in a sugar factory
economically.

" In conclusion, the authors mention another method for the utilization of
some of the fertilizing elements of vinasse, namely, that of precipitating the
nitrogenous matter with lime. In this process the lime is added to the vinasse
in the proportion of 1 or 2 per cent and the precipitate formed is separated by
filter presses, a fairly dry and hard mass with 1.9 per cent of nitrogen and 58
per cent of water being thus produced. In their experiments along this line,
the lime was added to the vinasse in various proportions at different tempera-
tures, being in some tests boiled and in others left to precipitate without being
heated at all." It was found that " the lime served only to extract a small pro-
portion of the nitrogenous substance of the vinasse, so it is concluded that it is
not worth while to adopt this method on a large scale with Tucumiln molasses."

The rate of ammonia formation from cyanamid, C. Kullgeen (Svensk
Kern. Tidskr., 29 (1911), No. 2, pp. 4O-U; abs. in Chem. Abs., 11 (1911), No. 15.
p. 2253). — Samples of lime nitrogen containing 16.8 and 18.1 per cent nitrogen
were dissolved in water and heated in an autoclave to certain given tempera-
tures from 120 to 180° C for equal periods of time, after which the ammonia
evolution was determined. It was found that at a temperature of 120° in 15
minutes 11.3 per cent of the nitrogen had been converted into ammonia, in 45
minutes 31 per cent ; at 160° in 15 minutes 48.5 per cent, in 45 minutes 83.7
per cent; and at 180° in 15 minutes 75.2 per cent. The reaction follows the
equation k=(l/t) log A/(A — X), in which A represents the original nitrogen
and X that at the end of the time t. The values for k for each temperature
increased about 50 per cent for each 10°, the averages for each set of determina-
tions for 10° intervals beginning with 120° being 0.00362, 0.0046, 0.00687, 0.0111,
0.0177, 0.027, and 0.0403.

Comparison of lime nitrogen with ammonium sulphate, J. M. Geerts
(Arcli. Suikerindus. Nederland, Indie, 24 (1916), No. U, PP- 1118-1180, fig. 1;
Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 6 (1916), No. 15, pp. 436-^98, fig. i).— This
is a fourth report (E. S. R., 37, p. 123) of fertilizer experiments on Java sugar
cane soils in which tests comparing lime nitrogen with ammonium sulphate were
made.

Out of 59 tests it was found that ammonium sulphate gave generally better
results than lime nitrogen in both cane and sugar production, and on both light
and heavy soils. Lime nitrogen gave better results on light soils than on heavy
soils. The use of lime nitrogen previous to planting and as a top-dressing
showed that partial use of the fertilizer before planting is preferable to its total

l^l^J SOILS FERTILIZERS.

517

use as a top-dressing. When lime nitrogen was used a week before planting
and not too extensively used as a top-dressing for young sugar cane plants, there
was apparently no injurious effect.

A partial displacement of ammonium sulphate with lime nitrogen gave better
results than a total displacement. In this connection the use of lime nitrogen
followed by ammonium sulphate gave the best results. Lime nitrogen showed
no influence on ripening.

Comparative tests of sources of nitrogen on Coastal Plains soils, T. E.
Keitt (South Carolina Sta. Bui. 192 {1911), pp. S-i^).— This is a report of
comparative field tests lit Summerville, S. C, on reclaimed wet Coastal Plains
soil during 1911 to 1915, inclusive, of mixed fertilizers containing sulphate of
ammonia, nitrate of soda, cottonseed meal, fish scrap, dried blood, bone meal,
01- tankage, as nitrogen carriers. The fertilizers were applied at the rate of
600 lbs. per acre. Comparative tests were also made of dried blood, sulphate of
ammonia, and* nitrate of soda (120, 75, and 100 lbs. per acre, respectively), ap-
plied as top-dressings in addition to each mixed-fertilizer treatment. Yields of
corn, cotton, oats, and cowpeas for hay aro tabulated and discussed for each
combination indicated and the results summarized.

Complete fertilizers for corn showed very small increases irrespective of the
source of the nitrogen, but organic sources gave slightly better results than
inorganic sources. The average yield from the 7 nitrogen carriers was 39 bu.
per acre, a gain of only 1.1 bu. over no fertilizer, and 1 bu. less than where no
nitrogen was used. This is held to emphasize the inadvisability of applying
nitrogen to this type of soil before planting corn. Dried blood as a top-dressing
showed an average increase of 5.4 bu., sulphate of ammonia 4.7 bu., and nitrate
of soda 3.7 bu. of corn per acre. These average results were lower in each case
than where the top-dressings were used alone, as follows : Dried blood alone
1.7 bu. more than where applied in addition to complete fertilizers, sulphate of
ammonia alone 5.S bu. more, and nitrate of soda alone 3.1 bu. more. Nitrogen
applied as a top-dressing gave better results in each case where the crop was
unfertilized than where it received an application of acid phosphate and potash
before planting. These differences were ; Dried blood 3.1 bu., sulphate of am-
monia 5.5 bu., and nitrate of soda 5 bu. per acre.

Complete fertilizers showed material increases in the yield of cotton in every
case, the average yield from the 7 sources of nitrogen being 801 lbs. of seed
cotton per acre, a gain of 416 lbs. over no fertilizer, and of 171 lbs. over no
nitrogen, but the same amounts of phosphoric acid and potash. As an average
for the complete fertilizers, dried blood as a top-dressing showed an additional
gain of 419 lbs., sulphate of ammonia 412 lbs., and nitrate of soda 307 lbs. of
seed cotton per acre. Dried blood applied to cotton previously fertilized with
tankage gave the best results.

Complete fertilizers applied to oats showed widely varying results where
top-dressed, but better results than where no top-dressing was used. Sulphate
of ammonia in a complete fertilizer gave the best results. The average increase
over no fertilizer was 13.7 bu., and the increase over an application of phos-
phoric acid and potash 1.2 bu. per acre. Top-dressings of dried blood applied
at the rate of 120 lbs. per acre showed an average increase of 24.6 bu., sulphate of
ammonia at the rate of 75 lbs. per acre 34 bu., and nitrate of soda at the rate
of 100 lbs. per acre 20.7 bu. per acre. The highest yield, 98.8 bu., was obtained
with a complete fertilizer containing nitrate of soda top-dressed with drietl
blood.

The best average yield of cowpea hay was obtained where nitrate of soda
had been used as a top-dressing.

518 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. I Vol. 38

From these results it is concluded that where a definite rotation is practiced
on this type of soil and the land is in a good state of cultivation it does not
pay to fertilize corn before planting, but that fertilization may be practicable
when the crop is about waist high, using a rapidly available source of nitrogen.
The oat crop following the corn should be fertilized with phosphoric acid, and
a small amount of nitrate of soda to give it a vigorous start, and top-dressed
with either dried blood, sulphate of ammonia, or nitrate of soda during the
latter part of February or early in March. Potash is deemed unnecessary.
Cotton should be liberally fertilized with a complete fertilizer before planting
and top-dressed during its early fruiting stage.

Relation of phosphorus and nitrogen in soil to the composition of wheat,
J. W. Ames and G. E. Boltz (Ohio Sta. Bui. 318 {1911), pp. 01-118, figs. 5).—
This bulletin reports in detail the results of studies on the yield, physical
properties, protein and phosphorus content, and baking quality of .wheat grown
in the 5-year rotation experiments at Wooster, in experiments with floats at
Strongsville, and on a number of different kinds of soils Ln other parts of the
State. It was found " that the composition of wheat grown on soils which have
received the same fertilizer treatment for 20 years is affected by the amounts
of phosphorus and nitrogen supplied in fertilizers.

" Fertilizers supplying phosphorus increased the size of the wheat grain.
Plumpness of grain is largely dependent upon the amount of available
phosphorus in the soil.

" The effect of the addition of phosphorus without nitrogen to a soil which
is more responsive to phosphorus than to nitrogen fertilization has been an
increase in yield but a depression of the protein content of wheat. Where the
fertilizer treatment supplied nitrogen with phosphorus the protein content as
well as the yield was increased. Wheat grown on soil where the fertilizer
treatment included potassium with nitrogen and phosphorus had a lower
protein content and produced a larger yield than when the fertilizer treatment
included only phosphorus and nitrogen.

" The highest percentage of protein was found in wheat grown on soil
deficient in available phosphorus and well supplied with available nitrogen.
Nitrate of soda alone caused the largest increase in protein content of wheat
and produced only a slight increase in yield. The proportion of phosphorus to
nitrogen supplied by the fertilizer and differences in the availability of the nitro-
gen have apparently been factors responsible for variations produced in the pro-
tein phosphorus content of wheat grown under these conditions. The protein
content of wheat grown on soil where nitrogen was supplied by organic carriers,
tankage, and dried l)lood was less than where nitrate of soda was used, the
same additions of phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen being made to the soil
in both instances.

" There was a tendency for the protein in the flour to parallel the increased
protein content of wheat where the supply of available nitrogen in the soil
was increased. Nitrate of soda depressed the phosphorus content of wheat
when applied in combination with phosphorus as well as when used alone.
Phosphorus furnished by floats has decreased the protein and increased the
phosphorus content of wheat on Strongsville soil. This effect was produced
in wheat grown on soil which had received applications of acid phosphate as
well as in wheat grown on unfertilized soil, and was most pronounced where
nitrogen without phosphorus was applied.

" The loaf volume of bread obtained in baking tests of flour produced from
these wheats varies as the protein content of the wheat and flour. Different
varieties of wheat grown on the same soil exhibit wide variations in the

1018.1 SOILS — FEETILIZEES. 519

protein and pliospliorus content which do not in all cases have a direct
relation to the baking quality of the flour milled from the wheats.

" The same variety of wheat, grown in different localities throughout the
State on soils which contain varying amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen,
does not show the effect of differences in the total supply of phosphorus and
nitrogen that is produced in wheat grown on ihe same soil where the nitrogen
and phosphorus supply has been modified by the fertilizer treatment."

Studies on the solubility of phosphoric acid in mineral, calcareous, and
basic phosphates and in phosphatic slag, A. Aita {Agr. Mod. [Milan], 23
(1917), No. 9, pp. 123, 12Jf). — Experiments are reported and the conclusions
drawn that phosphatic slag contains phosphoric acid in the form of tricalcium
phosphate, which is fairly soluble in citric acid. In contrast to the mineral
phosphates, this is attributed to the specific action of iron and aluminum ions
present in the slag. The difference in the solubility of the different slags is
attributed to their varying content in iron and aluminum.

Some factors influencing' the solubility of phosphoric oxid in mixed fer-
tilizers containing superphosphates, E. V. Flack {So. African Jour. Sci., 13
(1916), No. 5, pp. 201-208; Chem. News, 115 (1911), No. 3004, PP- 291-294; abs.
in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 36 (1917), No. 15, p. 897). — Experiments are re-
ported from which the following conclusions are drawn :

" Superphosphate can remain mixed for as long as three weeks with either
sulphate of ammonia or sulphate of potash or kainit without an appreciable
loss of water-soluble phosphoric oxid, and if mixed with sulphate of ammonia
there is a possibility of an actual increase of water-soluble phosphoric oxid
in a period of three weeks. If immediate reversion of water-soluble phos-
phoric oxid is to be avoided. Government guano should on no account be
mixed with superphosphate, for in a mixture of equal parts of the two there
is, even after three hours, a total loss of neai'ly 7 per cent of the water-
soluble phosphoric oxid. In the case of bone meal there is a loss of 2 per
cent of water-soluble phosphoric oxid in three hours, but if left for a period
of fourteen days there is considerable loss, amounting to over 14.5 per cent."

The effect at Borblietta of phosphatic manures on a green crop when ap-
plied without other manure (Indian Tea Assoc., Sci. Dc2)t. Quart. Jour., No.
4 (1916), pp. 127-129). — Comparative fertilizer experiments with green crops
on acid soil are reported, in which basic slag, superphosphate, steamed bone
meal, unsteamed bone meal, and bone dust were used at respective rates of
364, 194, 190, 190, and 200 lbs. per acre.

It was found that, per unit of phosphoric acid applied, basic slag gave
markedly superior results, while superphosphate, unsteamed bone meal, and
bone dust gave results roughly equal. Steamed bone meal gave the poorest
results. The difference in the results obtained with steamed and unsteamed
bones is attributed to the greater fineness of the latter. The bone products
also gave results in the reverse order of their price. The superphosphate gave
results characteristic of the effects of acid manure on acid soil.

The utilization of Thomas-meal phosphoric acid with regard to its citric
acid solubility, A. Mitscherlich (Landw. Jahrb., 49 (1916), pp. 661-684; abs.
in Chem. Zentbl, 1916, II, p. 765; Chem. Abs., 11 (1917), No. 15, p. 22J5).— Cul-
ture experiments on the value of Thomas meal as a fertilizer showed that the
plant yields varied approximately as the citric acid solubility of the Thomas
meal. It is concluded that there is no reason why Thomas meal should no
longer be sold on the citric acid solubility basis.

Experiments with a new potash-phosphoric acid fertilizer, the double
silicates of potassium used in its preparation, and various other comparative

520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

fertilizers, T. Remy {Landw. Jahrb., 49 {1916), pp. 685-728; abs. in Chem.
Zentbl, 1916, II, p. 766; Chem. Abs., 11 (1911), No. 15, p. 2253).— A description
is given of the so-called Rhenania phosphate, which is prepared from dicalciura
phosphate and phonolito, the phosphoric acid being rendered available to a
considerable extent and the potash made practically aa effective as potassium
chlorid. " Good Rhenania phosphate must contain 3 to 4 per cent K2O, 12 to
13 per cent P2O5, and at least 90 per cent of fine meal. Furthermore, at least
75 per cent of the PjOs must be citric acid-soluble and at least 50 per cent
citrate-soluble. Tables are given showing the solubility in various solvents of
the P2O5 and K2O in the raw materials, Rhenania phosphate, and two similar
preparations (Wolter phosphate and Gafsa phosphate)."

Schroder's phosphate-potash, its preparation, manner of action, and
utilization, M. Popp {Landw. Jahrb., ^9 {1916), pp. 729-795; abs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1916, II, p. 767; Chem. Abs., 11 {1917), No. 15, p. 2253).— Culture ex-
periments conducted at four experiment stations are reported with so-called
Schroder's phosphate-potash fertilizers which are prepared by heating raw
phosphate with calcium chlorid and magnesium chlorid. The potash was
found to act similarly to that of Stassfurt salts, the phosphate-potash fertilizer
having the same effect on cereals as 40 per cent potash salts. The yield of
potatoes was decreased, due to the action of the chlorin content. The Schroder
fertilizer and Thomas meal gave about equally valuable results.

Potash from tule and the fertilizer value of certain marsh plants, P. L.
HiBBABD {California Sta. Bui. 288 {1917), pp. i87-i92).— Limited studies of
California marsh vegetation, particularly tule {Scirpus lacustris) but includ-
ing certain sedges and cat-tails, indicate that from 100 to 200 lbs. of potash
per acre may be obtained from a heavy growth of tule at an approximate cost
of from $5 to $10. The percentage of ash in samples of fresh material analyzed
varied from 1.8 to 6.6, averaging a little over 3 per cent, and the potash from
0.05 to 1.23, averaging about 0.67. Analyses of crude ash showed that 45.3
per cent of it was soluble in water, and that it contained from 7 to 15 per cent
of potash, mostly chlorid and sulphate. The crude ash is not deemed suited
for mixture with other materials to make high-grade fertilizers but is more
valuable for the extraction of high-grade potash salts.

Fresh tule was found to contain about 6 lbs. of nitrogen, 2 lbs. of phosphoric
acid, and 12 lbs. of potash per ton, the proportion varying considerably with
the season, locality, and treatment, and it is regarded as comparable with
barnyard manure or Pacific coast kelps for fertilizing purposes. Three suc-
cessive leachings of one day's duration each extracted 85 per cent of the total
potash of the plants, and their harvesting before the leaching action of rains
sets in is deemed desirable.

While potash recovery from tule may not be commercially profitable it is
thought that it may be of considerable local importance under present market
conditions.

The importance of liming, J. Hughes {Jour. Bath and West and South.
Cotmties Soc., 5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 27-Iflf). — The use of different forms of
lime on English soils is discussed.

The action of precipitated magnesium carbonate on soils, W. P. Kellet
{Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 9 {1917), No. 6, pp. 285-297). — Experiments with two
light sandy loam soils, low in organic matter, are reported which showed "that
the effects produced by precipitated magnesium carbonate may differ widely
from those of magnesium sulphate. The addition of comparatively small
amounts of the former retarded the formation of nitrate to a marked degree,
while as much as 0.5 per cent of the latter produced no effect. It was also

1918.] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 521

shown that the addition of other allialine reacting substances, such as sodium
and potassium carbonates and calcium oxid, produced effects similar to mag-
nesium carbonate."

It is concluded that the toxic effects that have frequently been noted in
studies with the use of magnesium carbonate have been occasioned by exces-
sive alkalinity. " In view of the fact that the naturally occurring carbonates
of magnesium produce widely different effects from the precipitated carbonate,
together with the evidence set forth above, it seems reasonable to conclude
that this material is unsuited for studies on the lime-magnesia ratio. With
its use, effects on the reaction of the soil may so affect physiological processes
as to obscure the effects that may be inherent within the ratio of calcium to
magnesium itself, and therefore the result obtained may lead to entirely
erroneous conclusions."

Artificial fertilizers: Prewar and war cost, AV. C. Robertson {Jour. Dept.
Agr. Victoria, 15 {1911), No. 5, pp. 295-302, figs. 2).— This paper deals with
prices of fertilizers during the years 1907 to 1917, showing that the increases
in prices over the 10-year period in Australia have been for bone dust 15 per
cent, superphosphate 28, dried blood 38, sodium nitrate 36, and ammonium
sulphate 5G per cent.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, P. H. Wessels {Rhode Island Sta. Insp.
Bui., 1917, Oct., pp. 3-19). — This reports the analyses of commercial fertilizers
and fertilizer materials, including lime, plaster, and wood ashes, inspected
during 1917. A table of lime equivalents for neutralizing purposes is pre-
sented, and the amounts of water-soluble nitrogen and potash determined
as well as the usual determinations. The character of the water-insoluble
nitrogen has been studied, and the chemical work supplemented by tests of
the ability of the nitrogen to supply the needs of growing plants.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, R. N. Brackett et al. {South Carolina
Sta. Bui. 194 {1911), pp. 3-66).— This bulletin contains the results of actual
and guarantied analyses of 1,585 official samples of commercial fertilizers and
fertilizing materials offered for sale in South Carolina during the season of
1916-17.

AGRICULTURAL BOTAITy.

Ecolog'ical studies in the tension zone between prairie and woodland, J. E.
Weaver and A. E. Thiel {Univ. Nebr., Bot. Survey Nehr., n. ser., No. 1 {1911),
pp. 60, pis. 6, figs. 31). — Investigations near Minneapolis, Minn., and Lincoln,
Nebr., are said to show that prairie soils to a depth of 30 cm. (11.8 in.) fre-
quently lack available water during the growing season. This gives a clue to
the absence of trees on high prairies. While even a brief period of lack of
available water would prove disastrous to tree growth, exceptionally wet years
might be so favorable as to permit complete establishment and sufficient root
growth for the seedling to draw upon the moisture of the deeper soil. On the
other hand the prairie soil might be much drier physiologically than the graphs
indicate. The wiiole question of the root distribution of prairie plants as cor-
related with the seasonal march of soil water at different depths and extend-
ing to the lower limit of the soil occupied by the roots, together with the sea-
sonal activity of the plants, requires further investigation.

The great amount of evaporation in the prairie, together with the low water
conterrt of the soil, is deemed sufficient cause for the xerophytic character of
the vegetation. It shows also the difliculties met by trees in establishing
themselves in grassland and may explain their absence .from the prairies.
55096°— 18 ^3

522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Plants placed in the damper scrub community transpire much less vigorously
than others of the same species placed in the prairie. In general there is a
correlation between the evaporating power of the air and the amount of trans-
piration.

When sufficient light is available, the humidity of the air and soil are the
most important factors affecting the establishment of the different plant com-
munities. The progressive increase of the humidity of the habitat causes a
corresponding increase of the mesophytism of the plant community.

The evaporation rates and the amount of soil moisture in the various com-
munities of both Minnesota and Nebraska vary in general directly with the
order of tlieir occurrence in the succession, the community nearest the climax
being the most mesophytic in both respects.

Bedwoods, rainfall, and fog', W. S. Cooper {Plant World, 20 (1917), No. 6,
pp. 179-189, figs. 2). — The studies here noted as carried out during the j-ainy
seasons of 1913-14 and 1914-15 in the Santa Cruz Mountains by means of a
simple type of rain gauge, described as maliing possible the summation of pre-
cipitation for long periods, are said to show that the California redwood (Se-
quoia sempervirens) requires a high ratio of water supply to water loss, being
unusually sensitive to the danger of rapid transpiration, even when the water
supply is ample. During the rainless season the soil becomes dangerously dry,
even in the more mesophytic habitats. In regions of deficient rainfall the red-
wood can exist only near permanent streams. The full development of redwood
forest requires not only heavy winter precipitation but abundant and frequent
summer fogs.

Incipient drying and temporary and permanent wilting of plants, as re-
lated to external and internal conditions, B. E. Livingston (Johns Hopkins
Univ. Circ, n. ser., No. S (1917), pp. 176-182). — Discussing recent and former
work regarding circumstances connected with the phenomenon of diminished
water content designated as incipient drying, the author states that the rate
of absorption of water by plant roots appears to be determined by two condi-
tions, the absorbing power of the roots (internal) and the supplying power of
the medium in which they lie (external). The internal condition is at least
partially controlled by the degree of incipient drying occurring in the plant,
which is in turn partly dependent upon the transpiration rate.

Incipient drying of leaves is due to inadequate water supply to these parts,
due to causes either internal or external to the plant. The data reported are
considered to show that incipient drying, temporary wilting, and even perma-
nent wilting of most of the leaves may occur without any resistance to water
absorption by the roots and even in the presence of a relatively low atmometric
index. In some cases noted, at least, the inadequacy of absorbing power appears
to be due to conditions internal to the plant. None of the three stages of
incipient drying is necessarily related to soil-moisture conditions.

The vapor tension deficit as an index of the moisture condition of the
air, B. B. Livingston (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3 (1917), pp. 170-
175). — This is an analysis of the index of the air conditions which influence
water loss from aerially exposed organisms into its two components, namely,
velocity of the air movement or circulation and the moisture condition of the
air. It is considered important to give serious attention to the latter, which
is defined as that factor in atmospheric evaporating power that is independent
of the rate of air movement. The difference between the tendency for water to
evaporate into air in contact with its surface (vaporization pressure) and to
deposit liquid on the evaporating surface (condensation pressure) is the vapor
pressure deficit, and is the factor of atmospheric evaporating power that is not

^9181 AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY.

523

detenniued by air circulation. The term relative humidity is rejected as its
use is criticized. . o ito

The index of atmospheric evaporating power should equal the product of the
mdex of circulation by the index of the moisture condition, all measurements
having been properly weighted and brought into correspondence in deriving the
indices. " When it is not desirable or expedient to employ the index of atmo.s-
pheric evaporating power itself (as determined directly by some form of
atmometer), the moisture condition of the air should be stated in terms of the
vapor pressure deficit, which demands no correction for air temperature and
may represent evaporating power in all comparisons where the index of effec-
tive air circulation may be considered as constant."

Atinometric units, B. E. Livingston (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. scr
No. 3 (1917), pp. i60-i70).— Summarizing a discussion of atmometers and their
employment, the author states that every atraometric measurement should be so
formulated as to include all of the features, location, period of operation, units
of water lost per unit of time, and type of atmometer. If any of these features
is lacking, the expression for the atmometric reading has no intelli-ible
meaning. "

A simplified apparatus for measuring the conductivity of electrolytes
R. P. HiBBAKD (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 18 (1916), p. 49).— This is a brief exposi-
tion of the work previously noted (E. S. R, 34, p. 732), and of the features
characterizing the modifications in apparatus and technique employed.

A simplification of the present freezing' point method for the determina-
tion of the osmotic pressure of plant sap, O. E. Hakuington and R. P Hib-
BARD (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 18 (1916), pp. 47, 4S).— The work here briefly noted
and reported on previously (E. S. R., 36, p. 823) was done upon fleshy tissues.
Further work is considered necessary to test the applicability of the method
to drier tissues.

Selective permeabiUty and the plasma membrane, J. Davidson (Plant
World, 19 (1916), No. 11, pp. 331-349 ).-Fvom the opinions and evidence here
discussed the author concludes that the data available regarding the existence
of special plasma membranes in plants are too indefinite and indirect to war-
rant any conclusions at the present time, so that the term plasma membrane as
now used may refer to the entire cytoplasm as well as to a special membrane.

There is no adequate method of testing the permeability of living cells. The
accepted explanation of plasmolytic phenomena, it is thought, may be incor-
rect notwithstanding its plausibilits'.

The influence of an incomplete culture solution on photosynthesis, O. M,
Gruzit and R, P. Hibbaed (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Set., 18 (1916), pp. 50-52).— The
studies here briefly noted, which were intended to determine what influence is
exerted upon so-called vital activities of plants (especially photosynthesis) by
an incomplete culture solution, were carried out in the greenhouse during the
month of February.

The results, whicli are tabulated, are considered to show that the dry weight
per unit area of leaf surface of seedlings is less for those grown in a complete
solution than for those grown in a solution which lacks one component. The
assumption that a large amount of photosynthate in leaves indicates energetic
growth is not borne out. Solutions which lack potassium, calcium, and phos-
phorus show relatively great gains in weight, but this is not considered as
indicating metabolic efficiency in plants grown in solutions lacking these ele-
ments. It is suggested that the explanation lies in a reduced translocation and
a retarded photosynthesis. Tests with cucumber seedlings in the various solu-
tions show that the increase in dry weight of detached leaves exceeds consider-
ably that of attached leaves. The greatest gain occurred in the complete sola-

524 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

tion. Further support was afforded to tlie hypothesis that the absence of a
component retards translocation of the pliotosyuthate, also to the theory that
the rate of photosynthesis is retarded wlien an essential element is lacking.

While further work is considered necessary, it appears from the data already
obtained that photosynthesis is greatly modified by the absence of a given com-
ponent in the nutritive solution, the modification being expressed in the retarda-
tion of translocation and the reduced power of photosynthesis.

Studies in the physiolog-y of the fungi. — V, The growth of certain fungi
in plant decoctions, B. M. Duggak, J. W. Se\'ery, and H. Schiiitz (Ann. Mis-
souri Dot. G(ird., Jf (1917), No. 3, pp. 279-288, figs. 5). — A continuation is re-
ported of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 728), the same methods
being employed. Only two fungi were used. AspergiUus nigcr being taken as a
representative of saprophytic and Glwosporium {GlomereUa) gossypii of para-
sitic fungi. Besides the decoctions previously used, namely, bean, sugar beet,
prune, potato, turnip, and corn meal, decoctions of apple, mangold (mangel-
wurzel), celei'y, carrot, and salmon were employed. The lesults, as regards
growth of these fungi, are exhibited in both tabular and graphical form.

The influence of different values of the hydrogen ion concentration (Ph) in
different decoctions is indicated. As in the earlier experiments, the values of
Pjj in solutions in which Aspergillus has grown are shifted toward the acid
side, those in which Glceosporium has grown in the opposite direction.

The formation of structures resembling organic growths by means of
electrolytic local action in metals, and the general physiological significance
and control of this type of action, 11. S. Lillie {Biol. Bui., 33 {1917), No. 3,
pp. 135-186, fig. 1). — The data herein presented and discussed raise the ques-
tion whether in organic growth the essential structural condition is not the
presence of semipermeable and hence electrically polarized partitions separat-
ing the living substance from its medium, and at which processes of electrolysis
may take place. If this is so, it is thought that the prevalence of the cellular
type of organization would be largely accounted for.

The similarity between the phenomena described in this paper and many of
the most characteristic peculiarities of the organic growth process are consid-
ered as too detailed not to signify an identity in some essential underlying
condition.

A comparison of mitochondria in plant and animal cells, N. H. Cowdky
(Biol. Bnl. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 33 {1917), No. 3, pp. 196-228, figs. 26).—
The author, having worked on the problem of the relationship of plant and
animal mitochondria as deduced from observations on these elements in radicles
of the pea and in the aciu-us cells of the pancreas of the mouse, states that the
degree of similarity in animal and plant life is very remarkable. Their reac-
tions to fixatives, stains, and supravital dyes are almost ideuticjil, their dis-
tribution almost universal, and their morphology identical in plants and
animals. It is thought that their chemical composition may be the same in
both cases, although direct chemical analysis is obviously impracticable.
Although their physiology is obscure, their wide occurrence in protoplasm may
mean, it is thought, that in addition to certain specific functions, such as the
production of chlorophyll, they all have a common duty or part in some such
fundamental vital activity as protoplasmic respiration.

[Galactosidase |3 in the vegetable kingdom], Mougne {Jour. Pharm. et
Chim., 7. ser., 15 {1917), No. 11, pp. 339-345 ) .—The author tested a number of
stone or seed fruits (plum, peach, apricot, cherry, apple, cherry laurel), cruci-
fers (Cochlearia armoracia, Sinapis alba, and S. nigra), Aucuha japonica, and
the fungus Aspergillus niger. Nearly all of these gave a decided reaction

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 525

showing the presence of glaetosidase /3, which is thought to exist in all plants
containing lactase.

The cause of growth in the hypocotyls of oat seedlings, Marie S. de Vbies
(Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erland., 14 (1917), No. 2, pp. 109-llS).— The author con-
cludes that hypocotyl development in Avena sativa occurs as the result of
evolution of carbon diosid.

The department of plant physiology, B. E. Livingston {.Johns Hopkins
Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3 (1911), pp. 13.3-159, figs. 2).— This paper, which deals
with the general aims of the department and the work accomplished therein
and which is intended to serve as a preface to the several preliminary reports
which follow, includes a bildiography of the work in plant physiology of Johns
Hopkins University during the 7J years previous to this report.

The sexual cycle in plants, E. A. Bessey (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 18 (1916),
pp. 59-77, figs. 12). — In an address before the Michigan Academy of Science
the author discu.sses various theories regarding the development and signifi-
cance of the sexual cycle in plants.

The hormone theory of chromosome action, E. A. Bessey (Rpt. Mich. Acad.
Sci., 18 (1916), pp. 5.3-.5S).— Reviewing the reasons for the belief that the
phenomena of heredity may be bound up with chromosomes, and, considering
the possible character of their activities and their probable bearing upon the
phenomena of heredity, the author subscribes to the belief that the chromosomes
may be the bearers of heredity.

Hybrids of Zea tunicata and Z. ramosa, G. N. Collins (Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci., 3 (1917), No. 5, pp. 3^5-349). — This article has been previously noted from
another source (E. S. R., 37. p. 5.36).

A Hausa botanical vocabulary, J. M. Dalziel (London: T. Fislier Unwin,
Ltd., 1916, pp. 119). — The author has listed the Hausa names of many of the
more counnon plants of Northern Nigeria, giving the scientific name where
known, a brief definition of the plant, and in many cases an indication of its
native use and of its products.

FIELD CROPS.

The overhead electric discharge and crop production, V. H. Blackman and
I. JoRGENSEN (Jouv. Bd. Agr. [London], 24 (1917), No. 1, pp. 45-49, pis. 2, fig.
1; abs. in Nature [London], 99 (1917), No. 2481, pp. 232, 233).— lu continuation
of work previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 336), the effect of overhead electric
discharge on an oat crop during 1916 is reported. The electrified area was one
acre in extent and tv.'o plats of one-half acre each were used as controls. The
" earthed " screen of wire netting previously employed to insulate the control
areas was deemed unnecessary, the wires being kept low. The discharge was
applied by means of a series of 21 wires 4.5 yds. apart, running parallel to the
short sides of the rectangular area (88 by 55 yds.). The wires were supported
at a height of 7 ft. at each end, but sagged at the center to a height of 6 ft. The
current applied was practically the same as heretofore, but the intensity of the
discharge was much increased by the lowering of the wires, by reducing the
distance between wires, and by reducing the thickness of the wire (24 gauge).
The discharge was applied for 848 hours, extending over a period of 125 days.

The yield secured from the electrified area amounted to 62.8 bu. of grain and
4,924 lbs. of straw, as compared with a total yield of 42 bu. of grain and 2,619
lbs. of straw from the control areas. The total increased yield was valued at
approximately $30.90, while the cost of the current was approximately $2.67.

526 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

A marked residual effect of the discharge upon the clover and grass following
the oat crop of 101 f) was observed and is to receive further study.

Aerial electrical discharge and increased yields {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr.
France, 3 (1917), No. 37, pp. 105.'i-10G2).—\ brief review and general (liscu.s-
sion of the experiment:il results noted above.

Electro-culture (Elect. Rev., 81 (1917), No. 2067, pp. 21-23, figs. 5).— This
briefly reviews experimental work in electro-cxdture as noted above. Electro-
culture apparatus suitable for areas of from 10 to 15 acres is described and
illustrated.

[Instructions for observations on the vegetative growth of cereals], S. K.
Chaianov and M. P. Ustinovsku (Insiruktsiid dim Veden'iia VegetafsionnykJi
Nahliiidenii nad Nickotorymi ^^ — Kh. Rastemiatni na Voronezhskom Opijinom
Poli^ Gubernskago Zcmstva. Chast I: Roc^h, Pshenitfua, Oves, Proso i Kukurnza.
Voronezh: Rosenberg Bros., 1915, pp. VIl-\-37). — Directions are given for the
time and method of making observations on the vegetative growth of cereals in
the field and laboratory, and blank forms illustrated for use in recording such
observations with rye, wheat, oats, millet, and corn.

Xenia and other influences following fertilization, A. E. Waller (Ohio
Jour. ScL, 17 (1917), No. 8, pp. 27S-28Jt). — The author discusses in some detail
the phenomenon of xenia or " hybridization exposed," as he terms it, with special
reference to the distinction between the changes occurring in the endosperm
through triple fusion, thus directly associated with fertilization, and those
changes which follow fertilization but are remote from it. It is pointed out that
the xeniophyte, like the sporopliyte, is a fusion product, the egg nucleus of the
iatter fusing with one male nucleus, while in the former the second male nucleus
and the definitive nucleus fuse. The definitive nucleus forms upon the fusion
of two nuclei from opposite poles of the female gametophyte, the fusion nuclei
appearing after three successive divisions of the megaspore nucleus, during which
the egg is differentiated.

The author suggests the term " ectogony " as a proper designation of those
influences which follow fertilization and are due to tlie developing zygote. In
xenia variation is said to appear as a direct result of the introduction of heredi-
tary factors.

A brief bibliography is appended.

Report of the department of agriculture, Barbados, 1915—16, J. R. Bovell
(Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1915-16, pp. 2-29). — Experimental work with seed-
ling canes noted more fully in a previous report (E. S. R., 3-5, p. 134), cotton
experiments to improve the quality and increa.se the quantity of lint from
varieties of Sea Island cotton grown in Barbados, variety tests with cassava,
economic Caladiums, economic Xanthosomas, and yams, and field tests with
leguminous crops and fodder grasses have been continued. Tabulated data are
given briefly describing the cotton selections and hybrids grown on the experi-
mental plats of the Barbados department of agriculture and on the cooperative
plats, and showing the market classification and value of the cotton selections
grown on all plats in 1915-16.

[Field crops], J. Mackenna (Rpt. Prog. Agr. India, 1915-16, pp. lS-31, 39-
43, Jf-'i, Ji5). — A brief outline is submitted of progress in experimental work
with wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, jute, indigo, tobacco, oil seeds, and fodder
crops conducted at various experimental centers in India during 1915-16. The
work included field tests of cultural methods and crop improvement througli
selection and hybridization.

Report of the Bugyi experimental plat for the year 1915-16, E. Thomp-
BTONE (Dept. Agr. Burma, Rpt. Bugyi Expt. Plot, 1915-16, pp. 5). — This reports

1918.1 FIELD CROPS. 527

the continuation of work previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 830) with somewhat
similar results.

Report of the Hniawbi Agricultural Station for the year 1915—16, A. Mc-
Kerral {Dept. Agr. Burma, Rpt. Hmawhi Agr. Sta., 1915-16, pp. 16). — Fer-
tilizer tests with sesame, cotton, and peanut cake as a source of nitrogen for
rice indicated that all three were applied at a loss. A comparison of phosphatic
fertilizers gave yields of 1,544 and 1,510 lbs. of grain per acre with 2-cwt. ap-
plications of bone meal and dissolved bone, respectively, as compared with 740
and 730 lbs. from untreated checks. With basic slag the yield was 1,520 lbs.
and with the corresponding check 1,632 lbs. Higher increased yields were
secured with combinations of ammonium sulphate and bone meal or dissolved
bone than with ammonium sulphate and acid phosphate.

Field tests to compare broadcasting with transplanting rice seedlings, em-
ploying 8 lbs. of seed in each case, gave yields of 514 and 539 lbs. of grain, re-
spectively, for the same area (0.25 acre), while the total yield of all the trans-
planted seedlings amounted to 1,331 lbs. from 0.6 acre. In broadcasting the best
results were secured from a 50 to 70-lb. rate of seeding.

Selection work with rice and field tests with sugar cane and tobacco are
briefly noted.

Report of the Tatkon Agricultural Station for the year 1915—16, A. Mc-
Kerral (Dept. Agr. Burma, Rpt. Tatkon Agr. Sta., 1915-16, pp. 8). — Field tests
with cotton, sesame, castor beans, pigeon peas, corn, Madagascar beans, teosinte,
and sugar cane are briefly noted.

[Field crops work at the Koilpatti Agricultural Station], H. C. Sampson
and R. Thomas {Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Koilpatti Agr. Sta., 1913-1 Jf, pp. 13;
1914-15, pp. U, pis. 2; 1915-16, pp. 12; 1916-17, pp. 22, pi. i ) .—Continuing work
previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 733), the results of cultural and manurial
tests with cereals, legumes, and cotton are reported for 1913 to 1917, inclusive.
The residual value of different manures and fertilizers applied to unirrigated
crops grown on black soil is briefly noted.

[Field-crops work at the Manganallur Agricultural Station], H. C. Samp-
son and R. Thomas {Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Manganallur Agr. Sta., 1913-14,
pp. 10; 1914-15, pp. 8; 1915-16, pp. 19). — Extensive manurial tests with rice
grown on swamp land are reported for 1913 to 1916, inclusive, with a brief
account of local agricultural practices.

[Report of field crops work in the Dutch East Indies], J. Van Breda De
Haan, J. E. Van Der Stok, and M. Kerbosch {Jaarb. Dept. Landb., Nijv. en
Handel Nederland. Indie, 1915, pp. 83-87, 124-147, 167-172, pis. 3, figs. 2).—
Cultural and plant-selection tests with rice and other important East Indian
crops for 1915 are reported, and the Government's bast-fiber enterprise briefly
outlined.

Winter grains, T. S. Paesons {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 116 {1917), pp. 37-52, fig.
J).— Briefly reviewing cultural and variety tests with winter grains, including
wheat, emmer, rye, spelt, barley, and oats, and tests with spring grains sown
in the fall for the period of 1911-1916, inclusive, certain conclusions have been
reached and suggestions made with regard to winter gi*ain production in
AVyoming.

Winter wheat is deemed the only certain winter grain for the State other
than rye, although emmer, spelt, and sometimes barley may be relied upon
under good conditions. Buifum No. 17 and Turkey Red have proved to be the
best winter wheat varieties. It is recommended that winter wheat be sown
early (about July 15) on a summer fallow or after a cultivated crop, and that
fall irrigation be given before seeding and summer irrigation whenever needed

528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

up to the ripening stage. Spring grains could not be successfully sown in tlie
fall.

Winter rye and winter vetch grown together have resulted in good yields
of excellent forage, the rye affording considerable pasturage in the fall if
seeded early.

Varieties of wheat and other cereals (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 {1911), No.
2, pp. 83-90). — Recommendations are made of wheat, oat, barley, and rye
varieties deemed suited to conditions in New South Wales.

Fodder grasses, Java, C. A. Backer {Teysmannia, 21 {1916), Nos. Jf-5, pp.
253-266, pis. 2; 7-8, pp. 4S0-437, pi. 1; 28 {1917), Nos. 1, pp. 33-J,6, pis. 2; 2, pp.
71-94, pis. 4). — These articles are a continuation of previous work (E. S. li.,
35, p. 440. Botanical and cultural notes on Panicum erus-galli, P. colonum,
P. distachyum, P. mnbiguum, P. amplcxicaule, P. auritum, P. interruptum, and
P. indicum are given in considerable detail, together with the results of chemi-
cal analyses and notes on the yield and feeding value of the grasses. A rather
extensive list of economic and botanical literature relating to these plants
is given.

The grasses of Ohio, J, H. Schajtneb {Ohio State Univ. Bui., 21 {1917),
No. 28, pp. 253-331, figs. 15). — A botanical key to the native, introduced, or
commonly cultivated grasses of Ohio, comprising about 180 species of tli^
Graminese.

Studies of leguminous plants, N. Gangtjlee {Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 8 {1917),
No. 3, pp. lJil-156). — The author presents the results of preliminary studies on
some aspects of nitrogen fixation in certain leguminous plants suitable for
green manuring in Poona. The experiments were planned to study the follow-
ing points : At what stage of growth nodule development and, hence, nitrogen
fixation begins : the quantity of nitrogen fixed in the whole plant at various
stages of growth ; the proportion of nitrogen fixed at various stages of growth
normally occurring above and below the ground, tlie latter being only availalile
with ordinary cultivation, for an increase in the permanent fertility of the
land ; and the influence of available potash, phosphoric acid, and lime on
nodule development, and their effect on the quantity of nitrogen fixed in the
whole plant at various stages of growth. Considerable tabulated data are
presented and discussed and the conclusions arrived at briefly summax'ized for
each crop used in the experiments.

Dolichos lahlab began nodule formation about 15 days after germination,
chiefly on the primary roots. Nodules formed on the smaller roots except at
the extreme ends but gradually disappeared as the plant approached maturity,
with only a few large nodules (about the size of a pea) remaining on the larger
roots. The nitrogen in the plant gradually increased from 0.21 per cent in the
dried seedling to from 3.7 lo 3.9 per cent in the dried plant at the flowering
stage. The portions above ground contained considerably more nitrogen than
the roots at all stages of growth.

Cicer arictinum developed nodules chiefly on the primary roots, although from
15 to 20 days after germination the large nodules shrank and numerous small
ones formed on the smaller roots. Nitrogen increased from 0.23 per cent in
the dried plant just after germination to 0.55 per cent at the end of the seedling
stage. The above-ground portions of the seedlings are reported to have con-
tained from five to six times as much nitrogen as the below-ground portions.

In Crotalaria juncea an abundant supply of nodules were found throughout
the root system of healthy plants, especially in the presence of an excess of
phosphates. The nitrogen increased rapidly during growth, the maximum
being reached at time of full flowering and the most rapid increase occurring

1918.1 FIELD CROPS. 529

between the eleventh and twenty-fifth days of growth. Nitrogen accumulation
appeared to be in direct proportion to an excess of phosphoric acid and lime,
while excess potash gave distinctly inferior results except in the very early
seedling stages.

Nodules first appeared on Phaseolus mungo radiatus when the seedlings
were about 10 days old. With an excess of potash and lime small nodules
formed largely on the primary roots but extended throughout the root system
as the plant approached the flowering stage. An excess of lime encouraged
nitrogen fixation and nodule development particularly, while similar results
wei'e obtained with an excess of phosphoric acid.

Plants producing fibers analogous to that of kapok, F. Michotte {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 3 {1917), No. 17, pp. 489-493).— The author lists 38
species, under 13 families, the fibers of which are somewhat analogous to that
of kapok, indicating the habitat of each and its particular use.

Marine fiber, D. C. Wintekbottom {So. Aust. Dept. Chem. Bui. 4 {1917),
pp. 86, pis. 17, fig. 1). — Marine fiber, consisting of the fibrous remains of the
sea plant Posidonia australis, is said to occur in immense deposits in the
shallow coastal water of Spencer and St. Vincent Gulfs, Australia. Detailed
descriptions are given of the plant and fiber and of the operations of the three
commercial firms occupied in raising and cleaning the fiber. The principal uses
of the product include the insulation of steam and refrigerating plants, house
cooling, and the manufacture of bedding. Fair qualities of paper have been
made from the fiber, and its use by the textile trade is being advocated. The
cost of production is estimated at approximately $81.57 per ton delivered at a
European port. The market value of the fiber is approximately $110 per ton.

The identity of fiber Agaves, L. H. Dewey {West Indian Bui. 16 {1917),
No. 2, pp. 104-111). — In a paper presented before the Fiber Congress held at
Surabaya in July, 1911, and here published for the first time, the author
briefly describes the 16 principal species of Agave producing commercial fibers,
together with synonyms and references to other names which are confused with
fiber-pi'oducing plants.

A key to the Sisalanae in the West Indies, with brief descriptions of A. four-
croydes and A. sisalana, is reproduced from the work of Trelease, previously
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 526).

Alfalfa management, B. F. Sheehan {loioa Agr., 18 {1917), No. S, pp. 114,
115, 129, 130, figs. 2). — Replies to inquiries made of a large number of Iowa
farmers by the Iowa Experiment Station regarding the production of alfalfa
have been compiled and analyzed.

Reports from 367 individuals using a nurse crop showed an average yield of
3.9 tons of hay per acre, as compared with 3.6 tons reported by 603 who seeded
without a nurse crop. The failures reported amounted to 17.2 per cent without
a nurse crop and 23.4 per cent with a nurse crop. Cutting the nurse crop for
hay resulted in an average yield of 3.9 tons of alfalfa for 106 farmers, and
where the nurse crop was allowed to mature 3.2 tons. Failures were repoi'ted
by 10.3 per cent of those who cut the nurse crop for hay, while 21.4 per cent .
reported failures when cutting the nurse crop for grain. An early-maturing
variety of oats, such as Kherson, seeded at the rate of 1.5 or 2 bu. per acre, is
recommended for use as a nurse crop.

Attempts to thicken the stand by reseeding without plowing up the field were
most successful where the seed was drilled in. Cultivation to control crabgrass,
foxtail, or bluegrass was followed by average yields of 3.9 tons for 234 individ-
uals who employed disk harrows and 3.8 tons for 44 who used either spring-
tooth or spike-tooth harrows, while 653 farmers giving uo cultivation averaged

530 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

3.4 tons. The spring-tooth harrow is recommendocl for Iowa conditions, with
cultivation after the removal of the second or third cuttings.

An average yield of 4 tons per acre was reported by 70 farmers using lime,
this being 0.6 ton per acre more than the average yield secured by the 1,003
farmers who did not apply lime. With applications of lime before seeding the
yields averaged 0.2 ton more than in applications after seeding. The Iowa
drift, southern Iowa loess, and the Mississippi loess soils are deemed most
liliely to be acid.

Manuring the soil before seeding to alfalfa yielded an average of 3.9 tons
per acre for 728 farmers, as compared with 3.4 tons for 502 individuals who
did not apply manure. Failures were reported by 14 per cent of those applying
manure and by 18.1 per cent of those not applying it.

An average yield of 3.9 tons was secured from 147 seedings on tiled land,
while 3.6 tons was obtained from 795 seedings on land not tiled. There were
16.3 per cent failures reported on the tiled ground and 18.8 per cent on the
untiled. Higher average yields were secured on the tile-drained fields in all
soil areas.

Cassava experiments, J. de Verteuil {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago,
16 {1911), No. 1, pp. lS-20) .—Tests with 11 varieties of cassava in 1915 are
reported, the Manioc Sellier variety being first with an estimated average yield
of 10.16 tons and Mata Lotera last with 2.62 tons. A comparison of plants
grown from top, bottom, and middle portions of the sticks resulted in uni-
formly higher yields with the middle portions of the three varieties used. Flat
planting compared with planting in forked holes 2 ft. square and on banks
showed no advantage for the last two methods over the former. Cassava
planted with pigeon peas and cotton proved a failure both in the yield of
cassava and of the other crops.

The influence of soil temperature upon seedling' corn, B. D. Halsted and
S. A. Waksman {Soil Sci., S {1911), No. 4. pp. 393-398). —Two comparable lots
of corn were subjected to different soil temperatures in a greenhouse, namely,
the warmth of the seed bed in midsummer, from .July 30 to August 26, and
the comparatively cool conditions of the same bed from October 29 to Novem-
ber 29 before the fire was started. The soil temperatures were taken at 6 a. m.
and 6 p. m., and showed daily averages of 25.68 and 12.83° O. (78.2 and
55.1° F.) for the summer and autumn series, respectively.

The tests involved the factors of texture and size of grain, obtained by the
selection of the crosses that carried both starchy and sugary grains on the
same ear. The shelled corn was assorted into starchy and sugary grains, and
these in turn were separated into the larger and smaller kernels, all defective
kernels being discarded. The following sets of grains were planted in duplicate
for each series, all units having 250 kernels : Starchy larger, starchy smaller,
sugary larger, and sugary smaller. Tabulated data are presented showing the
relationship to texture and size of grain, or to soil temperature and texture
and size of grain of the following factors : Weight of seed, viability, mesocotyl
length, emergence, length of plant, weight of seedlings, vigor of seedlings, and
variability in length of seedlings. The observations are briefly summarized as
follows :

The environmental factor of soil temperature is regarded as a controlling one
in the growth of seedling corn. Starchy grains of the same ears were 27 per
cent larger than sugary grains, 51 per cent more viable, and emerged nearly
one day sooner, showing 25 per cent more vigor and 26 per cent le.ss variability.
The larger grains of the same ears weighed 29 per cent more than the selected
smaller grains, were only 4 per cent more viable, emerged more slowly by 4

1918.1 FIELD CEOPS. 531

hours, showed 7 per cent more vigor, and nearly the same variability as smaller
kernels of the same texture.

The tests suggest that in somewhat favorable conditions for seedlings there
may be a practical method of eliminating the weaker ones, thus leaving only
those that will give better final results than when all plants from a lot of seed
are grown under highly stimulating conditions. This results in a method, of
selection, and an application to crop growing of the general law of the survival
of the fittest. Any conditions of the seed bed that tend to show the degree
of vigor of the seedlings are deemed essential in the vital test, and there is
a possibility that a lack of either heat, moisture, or light, the leading physical
environmental factors, may give the desired result. With such small seeds
as those of tomato, eggiilant, pepper, etc., a lack of high soil fertility may
suffice.

Inheritance of a mosaic pericarp pattern color of maize, H. K. Hayes
(Genetics, 2 (1917), No. 3, pp. 261-281, pi. 1, fig. Jf).— The author describes ex-
periments with a mosaic pericarp pattern color of maize to study the behavior
of this character in continued selection of plus and minus variates this char-
acter having exhibited a high degree of variability. The subspecies Zea mays
indurata, known as " brindle flint," was used but did not prove to be homozy-
gous for the character from which it takes its name ; consequently, attempts
were made to produce homozygous races by self-fertilization. From 1909 to
1914. the work was conducted at the Connecticut Experiment Station and
since 1915 at the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Selection experiments have isolated the following types which breed com-
paratively true: (1) Self-red pericarp, (2) pure for variegation but with a
range of variability from ears with only a few seeds with deep red stripes
to ears in which nearly all seeds are quite heavily covered with red striations,
(3) very slight pattern color which under the microscope appears to be due
to the presence of a faint color in some of the pericarp cells, and (4) an
uncolored pericarp race. Selection within the second type has not succeeded
in isolating strains which breed true for the amount of variegation, extreme
minus types tending to give progeny containing more ears of the minus type
than are obtained from extreme plus types. Heavily striated, self-fertilized
ears proved to be heterozygous, giving a progeny which segregates for one
factor difference. The very deeply variegated, heterozygous, self-fertilized ears
produced progeny having a greater proportion of variegated segregates deeply
variegated than was obtained in the progeny of less deeply variegated, self-
fertilized, heterozygous ears.

Crosses ai'e reported with the homozygous types noted above and the results
obtained may be briefly summarized as follows : A cross between the self-red
selection and the homozygous variegated type gave an intermediate Fi having
ears more deeply striated than the homozygous variegated race. The Fj grown
from self-fertilized Fi ears showed a segregation of self-red, Fi, and homozygous
types, as expected, for one unit factor difference. Back crosses of the Fi with
parental strains gave parental and Fi types in a 1 : 1 ratio.

A cross between the self-red selection and pattern selection showed a domi-
nance of the self-red type in Fi, and in Fz a segregation of self-i-ed and pattern
types, in a 3 : 1 ratio.

A cross between the homozygous variegated selection and the pattern selec-
tion gave increased variability in Fi, shown by ears of a higher grade in varie-
gation than the parental variegated race and by the production of a considerable
proportion of bud sport ears. In the Fz some self-red ears were obtained. Pat-
tern ears bore the proportion to other grades of 1 : 2.3.

532 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

A cross between the homozygous variegated race and the colorless race gave
Fi ears of the variegated type, with a segregation in Fa. One ear higher in
grade than the Fi and several ears of the pattern type were obtained, together
with a number of ears of the two parental types.

The author concludes that the types for pericarp color were self-red, varie-
gated, pattern, and colorless, and that all but the variegated selections were
homozygous for these characters. The failure of the variegated selections to be
homozygous in respect to the range of variation is explained by an hypothesis
of slight germinal variations. Fi'om a study of the relation of these various
pericarp characters in crosses between the various homozygous types, it is
suggested that certain combinations produce germinal instability, and the
conclusion is arrived at that the factors for self-red, variegated, pattern, and
colorless pericarp form a series of multiple allelomorphs.

The relation of cob to other ear characters in corn, A. E. Grantham {Jour.
Amer. Soc. Agron., 9 {1911), No. 5, pp. 201-217, pi. 1).—A statistical study of
certain correlations existing between the cob and other ear characters is re-
ported, as conducted at the Delaware Experiment Station from 1910 to 1915.
The data were obtained from 3,500 ears in investigations made to determine
the relation between the physical characters of ears to the vigor and yield of the
plant. The conclusions arrived at may be briefly summarized as follows :

The yield of grain per ear is strongly correlated with circumference of cob.
Practically no correlation exists between weight of individual kernels and cir-
cumference of cob. Depth of kernel and thickness of kernel are correlated to
a moderate degree with cobs of small circumference. Yield of grain per ear
is con-elated to a considerable degree with weight of cob. Weight of kernel
is moderately correlated with cobs of low weight. A very low correlation exists
between depth of kernel and weight of cob, the heaviest cobs not carrying the
deepest kernels. A fair degree of correlation exists between thickness of kernel
and cobs of low weight. Yield of grain per ear has a very slight correlation
with low density of cob. A moderate degree of correlation exists between weight
of kernel and cobs of low density. Depth of kernel is slightly correlated with
density of cob. The correlation between thickness of kernel and density of cob
is very low and negative. The coefficient of variability is much higher for
weight and density of cob and weight of kernel than for the other characters.

Variety tests of corn, R. Y. Winters and J. H. Hall, jk. {Bui. N. C. Dept.
Agr., 38 {1917), No. 2, pp. 3-23, figs. 2). — Tabulated data are presented showing
the results of tests with 42 varieties of corn at six experimental centers in
North Carolina, giving the yields for 1916 and average yields for 1914, 1915,
and 191G, inclusive. Additional data show the relative value for silage of a
number of the varieties tested at five centers. The older varieties Marlboro,
Biggs Seven-Ear, Weekley Improved, and Cocke Prolific are reported as giving
good results, while promising new varieties which have only been tested a few
years include Latham Double. First Genei'ation Cross No. 182, and Jarvis
Golden Prolific.

Salting soft corn, H. D. Hughes {Iowa Sta. Circ. Ifl {1917), pp. 7).— Tests
of salting down corn of varying degrees of maturity indicated that the salt was
of considerable value in retarding fermentation and the development of molds
and in reducing heating in soft corn. In cribbing soft corn from 0.5 to 1 lb.
of salt per 100 lbs. of soft corn may be used to advantage, the amount depending
somewhat upon the condition of the corn. The necessity of adequate ventila-
tion of corn stored in the crib is indicated.

On the inheritance of the number of teeth in the bracts of Gossypium,
S. C. Harland {West Indian Bill., 16 {1917), No. 2, pp. 111-120, figs. 7/).— Gen-
eral notes are given on bract teeth in cotton, and observations of the first genera-

1918.] FIELD CEOPS. 533

tion of certain crosses between types of cotton differing in the number of bract
teetli are reported.

Frequency polygons of sucli difCereut forms as Sea Island, St. Croix Native,
Upland, and Cauto implied differences in gametic composition in respect to the
character of bract teeth. The Fi generation of two crosses, involving types dif-
fering in the number of bract teeth, showed complete dominance of the larger
number of teeth, while the Fi generation from a third cross exhibited an in-
tensification of the character, having a larger number of teeth than either
parent. Since certain types are known to have bracts entirely free from teeth,
it is deemed possible to secure at least six homozygous types differing con-
stantly in the number of teeth, and consequently at least three factors may be
concerned in determining the tooth character of a type possessing the highest
number.

Inheritance of oil in cotton, E. P. Humbert (Science, n. ser., 45 (1917), No.
1165, p. 411). — Ether extractions of the seed from seven mother plants are re-
ported, giving the oil percentages. This is followed by an analysis of the seed of
their progeny plants for three progeny years, to show the possibility of produc-
ing divergent strains or biotypes from a " variety " of cotton, the one having a
relatively high oil content and the other a relatively low oil content.

The three " high " parents showed an average of 19.51 per cent oil and their 9
progeny an average of 20.72 per cent. The four " low " parents had an average
of 16.89 per cent oil and their 12 progeny an average of 18.2 per cent. The
maximum differences between the parent plants and between the progeny plants
were 4.06 and 4.94 per cent of oil, respectively. Seasonal variations raising the
oil content of all progeny plants are noted.

Cotton varieties in Georgia. — Variation of the oil content of cottonseed
and resistance to disease, L. E. Rast {Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 121 (1917),
pp. 36, figs. 12; ahs. in Science, n. ser., 45 (1911), No. 1169, pp. 507, 508).— A
number of variety tests in different parts of the State are reported, with special
reference to early maturity and disease resistance. Toole appeared best adapted
to conditions in the southern portion of the State, while College No. 1, Trice,
Cook, Hooper, Sunbeam, Cleveland Big Boll, Texas Bur, Culpepper, Caldwell,
Meadow, Brown No. 2, Williams, and Lankford are deemed best for northern
conditions from the standpoint of earliness. In testing varieties for resistance
to anthracnose it was observed that the disease affected both small and prac-
tically mature plants, although the greatest injury occurred to the bolls just
before they opened.

Three years' observations of the oil content of the seed of different varieties
has led to the conclusion that marked differences exist between varieties in this
respect, these differences remaining fairly constant, and being transmitted from
generation to generation. The varieties showing the highest oil content when
grown on the college farm for a 3-year period were Rexall, Hite, Willet Perfec-
tion, Cook, and Willet Ideal, with 23.3, 22.55, 22.38, 21.94, and 21.78 per' cent,
respectively. Lankford and Caldwell, with oil contents of 18.88 and 19.93 per
cent, respectively, were lowest. Marked variations were also found to exist in
the oil content of seed from different plants of the same variety.

History, development, and botanical relationship of Egyptian cottons,
G. C. Dudgeon (]\lin. Agr. Egypt, Agr. Prod. No. 3a (1916), pp. VIII+77, pis.
12). — An extended historical and botanical study of Egyptian cottons is pre-
sented, with tables showing the areas, yields, and average prices for cotton from
1820 to 1916, and the distribution of varieties from 1905 to 1916 by area and
percentage of total area. A bibliography of 71 titles is appended, comprising the
literature cited.

Results of fertilizing experiments with cotton at the Clemson. CoUeg'e sta-
tion, T. E. Keitt (South Carolina Sta. Bui. 191 (1917), pp. 3-11). — In a con-

534

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

tinuation of work previously noted (E. S. K., 21, p. 428), this reports the results
of fertilizer tests with cotton j^rown continuously on a Cecil sandy loam soil In
the upper Piedmont section of South Carolina, including tests of individual fer-
tilizer ingredients, mixed fertilizers, lime, and manure. Crop yields for each
treatment for each year of the nine years 1906-1915 are tabulated and discussed.
Additional tests of various fertilizer formulas for the period of 1912-1915,
inclusive, are noted.

It is concluded that heavy fertilization is required to maintain high yields of
cotton on this soil and that the average of one-third of a bale per acre had not
been maintained on the unfertilized plats during the last years of the experi-
ment. Acid phosphate and manure maintained high yields throughout the test^
phosphorus apparently being the principal limiting factor with nitrogen a close
second. Potash increased yields sufficiently to pay the cost of the fertilizer
at pre-war prices but can not now be used profitably. ISIanure supplemented
with phosphorus resulted in an increased yield of seed cotton of 88 lbs. per ton
of manure used.

In comparing the value of applications of two sources of plant food it was
noted that with phosphoric acid and nitrogen the yield was 25 lbs. less than
with a complete fertilizer, with phosphoric acid and potash 342 lbs. less, and
with nitrogen and potash 539 lbs. less. Lime could not be applied profitably.

A fertilizer containing approximately 10 per cent available phosphoric acid,
nitrogen equivalent to 3 per cent of ammonia, and no potash is deemed best for
cotton on this soil under present conditions.

Whole V. cut potato tubers for planting' on irri*^ated land, I, II, L. C. Aichek
and J. S. Welch {Jour. Amer. Soc. Afiron., 9 (1917), No. 5, pp. 217-230, pis.
2). — Experiments are reported regarding the size of tuber pieces to plant for
the most economical production of Irish potatoes under irrigation. The work
was conducted in Idaho at the Aberdeen substation from 1913 to 1916, inclusive,
where 8-, 4-, and 3-oz. tubers were planted whole, halved, and quartered, and
at the Gooding substation from 1914 to 1916, inclusive, using 8- to 10-oz. and
4- to 6-oz. tubers planted whole, halved, and quartered, and 2- to 3-oz. tubers
planted whole and halved. Idaho Rural was used at both stations.

The average results obtained at the Aberdeen substation are tabidated below
and show that although the total yield from whole tubers was 14.4 per cent
more than from cut tubers, the percentage of marketable tubers from cut seed
pieces was IS per cent more than from whole seed pieces.

Results of tests tcith ivhole and cut potato tubers at Ahcrilccn, Idnho, 1913-1916.

Bond of tuber set planted.

8-oz. wliole

8-oz. halved

8-oz. quartered

4-oz. whole

4-oz. halved

4-oz. quartered

3-oz. whole

3-oz. halved

3-oz. quartered

Whole average

Halved , average

Quartered, average

Stand.

Per ct.
00.91
09.97
,V9 2S
09. 99
09. 99
89. 31

100.00
OR. S7
S2. 19
09. 07
99.61
SC.92

Stalks
per
hill.

S.67
4.71
2. 03
5.41
2.98
1.71
4.82
2.64
1.72
6.30
3.44
2.02

Yield per aero.

Total.

Bush.
392.9
333.5
314.0
368.7
332.9
322.7
361.7
355. 5
262.7
374.4
340.6
299.8

Market-
able.

Bush.
200.6
210.5
218. 2
171.0
220.1
250. 9
201.1
253. 8
201.5
191.0
228. 1
223.5

I'er-
cent-
ase of
market-
able
tubers.

.52.6
G5. 2
69.1
46.3
66.1
77.4
54.2
68.8
78.0
51.0
66.7
71.5

Number of

tubers per

bushel.

Market-
able.

209
190
152
179
171
152
196
162
170
194
176
15S

Culls.

501
4X9
410
■^(•.3
418
414
449
417
412
472
421
412

Weiflit per
tuber.

Market-
able.

Oz.

4.6
4.9
5.7
5.3
5.7
6.2
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.5
5.8

Culls.

Oz.

1.8
2.1
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.2
1.9
2.2
2.2

1918.]

FIELD CROPS.

535

The results obtained at Gooding are summarized below and are largely com-
parable to those secured at Aberdeen.

Results of tests with whole and cut potato tubers at Gooding, Idaho, 1914-1916.

Size and portion of tuber planted.

8 to 10 oz., whole

8 to 10 oz., halved...
8 to 10 oz., quartered

4 to 6 oz., whole

4 to 6oz., halved

4 to 6oz., quartered.

2 to 3 oz., whole

2 to 3 oz., halved

Number
of stalks
per hill.

8.9
5.6
2.9
7.4
4.0
2.3
5.2
2.9

Number
of tubers
per hill.

22.7
17.2
12.5
20.8
15.0
12.0
16.4
12.4

Average

weight

of tubers.

Oz.

2.6
3.5
4.3
2.8
3.5
3.8
3.2
4.0

Total
weight
of tubers
per hill.

Lbs.
3.67
3.76
3.36
3.56
3.33
2.85
3.25
3.11

Total
weight of
market-
able
tubers
per hill.

Lbs.
2.28
2.90
2. 65
2.33
2.50
2.23
2.24
2.41

Percent-
age of
tubers

market-
able.

62.12
77.12

78.87
65.45
75.05
78.25
68.09
77.49

[Chilled V. unchilled potato seed for fall planting], L. Foot {Univ. Ark.
Col. Agr., Ext. Circ. 38 (1917), pp. 4, fig. i).— The results of a field test with
chilled and unchilled seed potatoes from the spring planting used for the fall
crop immediately following showed an estimated acre yield for the chilled
seed of 17.88 bu. as compared with 0.G2 bu. per acre from the unchilled seed.

Proceeding's of the third annual meeting of the Potato Association of
America {Proc. Potato Assoc. Amer., 3 (1916), pp. 16-S3). — Tlie following
papers were read and discussed : Grading Potatoes for Market, by H. R.
Talmage; Definitions of Market Types for Seven Leading Varieties of Pota-
toes, by C. L. Fitch ; Modern Methods of Potato Culture Abroad and in this
Country, by L. D. Sweet ; Origin, Introduction, and Primitive Culture of the
Potato, by W. F. Wight ; Our Present Knowledge of Potato Diseases : What
They Are and How to Control Them, by H. A. Edson; Discussion of Potato
Seed Certification, by M. F. Barrus ; Potato Utilization Possibilities, by H. C.
Gore; A Preliminary Report upon the Making of Potato Silage for Cattle
Food, by L. A. Round and H. C. Gore ; and The Value of Potatoes in Swine
Feeding, by F. G. Ashbrook,

[Potatoes] (Rpt. Minn. Potato Growers' Assoc, 2 {1911), pp. i6-.^//).— The
following papers were presented at the second annual meeting of the Minnesota
Potato Growers Association : Degeneracy of the Potato, by R. Wellington ;
The Potato Industry in America, by L. D. Sweet ; Potato Standardization and
Marketing, by C. T. More ; Potato Demonstration Work in Hennepin County,
by K. A. Kirkpatrick ; Potato Certification, by E. C. Stakman ; Selecting Show
Potatoes, by A. W. Aamodt ; and A New Potato Marketing Plan, by W. A. Morse.

Comparative trials with rye grasses, E. Breakwell {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales,
28 {1917), No. 5, pp. 317, 318). — Comparative trials with Italian and Western-
wolth rye grass at Glen Innes, Yanco, and Grafton Experiment Farms and
Hawkesbury Agricultural College are briefly noted. Westernwolth rye grass
is considered much superior to Italian rye grass, consistently producing a
heavier and more uniform crop, and being especially well adapted to the coast
and irrigated areas of New South Wales. Both grasses behave as annuals in
this region.

Weight of seeds as related to their number and position in the pod, B. D.
Halsted {Torreya, 17 {1917), No. 6, pp. 101, 102).— The following data are
presented to show the relation of the weight of soy-bean seeds to the number
and position of the seeds in the pod for three varieties varying greatly in
season of growth and size of seed. A total of 29,100 seeds was examined.

536

EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Weight of seeds of soy beans of various types.

[Vol. 38

Type of pod.

Early
Brown.

Wilson.

Ito San.

Average.

Pod
average.

1-seeded

2-sceded base. .

3-secded tip

."-seeded base. .
3-sceded middle
3-seeded tip

Averages .

Gm.
0.210
.177
.199

.1S8
.209
.201

Gm.
0.141
.139
.142
.124
.140
.132

Gm.
0.200
.190
.190
.167
.187
.187

Gm.

0. 184
.169
.177
.160
.179
.173

Gm.
0.184

.173

'.'lii

,197

.136

.187

. 17.35

The author suggost.s the possibility of obtaining from persons in widely
separated regions valuable contributions to a luiowledge of the seed weights
of wild plants bearing their seeds in pods.

Sudan grass, T. H. Loughee (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Boh SO {1916), pp.
19, pis. 6). — The introduction of Sudan grass into Cuba is briefly noted and
the production of the crop for hay and seed discussed.

Experiments with the sugar beet in South Africa, C. F. Jueitz {So.
African Jour. ScL, 13 {1916), No. 4, pp. 167-177).— Field tests with sugar beets
and mangels conducted subsequent to those previously noted (B. S. R., 29, p.
432) are briefly reported. Analyses of sugar beets grown during 1911 and 1912
showed a variation of from 3.04 to 17.46 per cent of sugar, depending upon the
maturity of the roots.

Regarding .successful mangel production as an index to the possibilities of
sugar-beet growing, the author presents analyses of five varieties of mangels
grown during 1913 and 1914.

Four varieties of sugar beets were tested by E. T. L. Edmeades during
1915-16 with the average total sugar content varying from 15.89 to 18.43 per
cent. An analysis of the external portion of the average beets of each variety
to a thickness of approximately 1 in. showed a slightly higher percentage of
sugar over the remaining portion of the root. Comparative analy.ses of roots
under the average with those over the average sustained the generally accepted
view that small beets contain more sugar than large ones of the same class.

An increase in the sucrose content of sugar beets after their removal from
the soil, F. G. Weichmann {Sugar [Chicago-], 19 {1917), No. 6, pp. 220-22]^).—
While engaged in the study and development of a process for obtaining sugar
beet cossettes capable of being stored for a long period without sufi'ering decay
or material deterioration, the author found that the processed cossettes con-
tained more sucrose than was evidenced by the analysis of the fresh sugar
beets. Experiments are reported in an effort to study this phenomenon and
to discover a means for the practical application of the results obtained. A
method of analysis of dehydrated cossettes based on the international method
of hot-water digestion (E. S. R., 81, p. 815) has been developed by the author
and is fully described, and its application to the analysis of fresh sugar beets
and dehydrated cossettes is discussed.

It is concluded that the transformation of reserve food products in the cells
of the sugar beet shows an enzymatic action, while a close parallelism was
observed between the manner of action of enzyms and of inorganic catalysts.
In both agents was noted a selective action, the prime importance of tempera-
ture conditions, the necessity of optimum moisture conditions, and the reversi-
bility of the reactions. Preliminary experiments indicated that a temperature
range of from 40 to 50° C. was more favorable for an increase of sucrose than

1918] FIELD CROPS. 537

higher temperatures. Further investigations are to be made to determine the
optimum temperature conditions.

The sugar beet seed industry in France, L. Malpeaux {Vie Agr. et Rurale,
7 {1917), No. 19, pp. 332-3S7). — Tlie commercial production of sugar beet seed
is discussed, and selection based on chemical and genealogical analyses, and se-
lection on the farm outlined.

It is estimated that the cost of production would approximate $77.73 per
acre, and that with a yield of 1,780 lbs. per acre the cost of production of the
seed would be approximately 4.36 cts. per pound.

Sugar cane experiments, 1914—16, J. de Verteuil {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad
and Tobago, 16 {1917), No. 1, pp. l-llf). — Extensive cane variety tests are re-
ported for four experimental centers, with tabulated data on acre yields and
the percentage and general composition of the juice.

Experiments are reported in which the top, the center, aad the bottom por-
tions of the cane were compared to ascertain their relative value for sugar
production. Ripe canes of B. 156 were employed and were cut and topped in
the usual manner. The upper 10 or 12 in., containing 3 or 4 joints, was cut off,
and the remaining portion cut into two equal lengths. The percentage of juice
extracted amounted to 54.6 for the tops, 65.2 for the centers, and 67.4 for the
bottoms, with sucrose contents of 7.52, 17.93, and 17.76 per cent, respectively.

[Report of sugar cane work in Hawaii], H. P. Agee, G. F. Renton, J. T.
MoiK, and J. Hind {Haivaii. Sugar Planters' Sta., Proc, 36 {1916), pp. 13-124,
pi. 1, figs. 4). — The following reports, dealing with field tests with sugar cane,
were read and discussed before the thirty-sixth annual meeting of the Ha-
waiian Sugar Planters' Association: Report of the Director of the Experiment
Station, Report of the Committee on Cultivation, Fertilization, and Irrigation
on Irrigated Plantations, Report of the Committee on Culivation and Fertiliza-
tion on Unirrigated Plantations, and the Report of the Committee on Cutting,
Loading, and General Transportation.

Cuban varieties of sweet potatoes, J. T. Roig and G. M. Fortun {Estac.
Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 33 {1916), pp. 76, pis. 32, fig. i ) .—Forty-seven types of
sweet potatoes found in Cuba are listed, classified as white, yellow, violet, and
red, and briefly described. The cultural practices involved in sweet potato
growing are described and the uses of the crop and its importance in Cuban
agriculture discussed. Insects and diseases attacking the crop are noted.

The comparative efficiency of indexes of density, and a new coefficient for
measuring square-headedness in wheat, S. Boshnakian {Jour. Amer. Soc.
Agron., 9 {1917), No. 5, pp. 231-247, pi. 1, figs. 5).— The comparative efficiency
of the indexes of density now in use are analyzed and a new coefficient pre-
sented as a substitute for the present methods of measuring compactness, which
do not show the differences between the three types of compact wheats, namely,
the squarehead, Triticum capitatum, the club, T. compactum, and squarehead-
club, T. coiiipacto-capitafum. An instrument for determining the density or
squarehead coefficient of large numbers of heads, and which simultaneously
divides the rachis into three equal parts, registers the length of the rachis,
and registers the third of the length of the rachis, is described and illustrated
as designed by the author and constructed by the Office of Cereal Investiga-
tions of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Four of the older formulas are compared, including those of Derlitzki and
Neergaard, with reference to their application in measuring different types of
wheat heads and to determine the experimental errors involved in their opera-
tion. The author concludes that of the formulas given " the average internode

55096°— 18 4

538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

length represents the best method for determining density, as density is
dependent directly upon the length of tlie rachis and the number of its units,
the internodes, of which it is composed." As square-headedness results from
the shortening of the terminal internodes, it was found that the ratio between
the number of internodes in the middle third of the rachis and the number in
the upper third would best express the degree of square-headedness. The coef-
ficient of square-headedness is found, therefore, by the formula Sq=j^> when
Ii is the number of internodes in the terminal third of the rachis and I2 the
number in the middle third.

Influence of environment on the color of the wheat grain, G. L. Kottub
(Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 8 (1911), No. S, pp. 183-185).— A study of environ-
mental influences on the color of the grain of white wheats in the Bombay
Presidency, India, led the author to conclude that while such influences may
result in discoloration of the grain the effect was neither permanent nor
progi'essive.

Wheat and its products, A. Millar (London and New York: Sir Isaac Pit-
man & Sons, Ltd., 1916, pp. X+lSJf, pis. 5, figs. 36). — This contribution to Pit-
man's Common Commodities of Commerce series, contains a brief account of
wheat and its products, with regard to its habitat, transportation, and the
modem methods of producing wheat flour.

The m.oisture content of heating wheat, C. H. Bailey (Jowr. Amcr. Soc.
Agron., 9 (1917), No. 5, pp. 2^8-251). — Moisture and other data are presented
which were secured from an examination of heating spring wheat received at
Minneapolis and sampled during the 14 days from August 3 to 16, 1916, under
unusual temperature conditions. The mean maximum daily temperatures in
July and August, 1916, at Minneapolis were 88.3 and 81.7° F., respectively, as
compared with 75.5 and 75°, respectively, for the same months in 1915. The
determinations were made at the Minnesota Grain Inspection Department
Laboratory.

The data indicate that the moisture content of sound, plump, spring wheat
must be above the normal (about 13.75 per cent) before heating ensues, even
under such extreme temperature conditions as those of 1916. Of two samples
of heating wheat examined, containing less than 14 per cent of moisture, one
was frosted and the other shriveled. All samples containing less than 14.3 per
cent of moisture were shriveled, with low weight per bushel, indicating a tend-
ency of such grain to heat. The author concludes that sound, plump, hard
wheat containing less than 14.5 per cent of moisture will keep without heating
in storage in a temperate climate, while a lower moisture limit must be em-
ployed in storing shriveled and frosted wheat, and possibly with sound, plump
wheat in tropical climates.

Yucca, R. S. CuNLiFFE (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 34 (1916), pp. 66, pis.
22, fig. 1). — Cultural practices employed in yucca growing in Cuba are given
in detail, and its uses as human and stock food and for starch production dis-
cussed. Brief descriptions are given of 54 varieties, together with their chem-
ical analy.ses. Insects and diseases attacking the crop are noted.

Montana grain inspection and the Federal grain standards for wheat,
A. Atkinson (Montana Sta. Circ. 68 (1917), pp. 1-i)- — This circular gives the
rules and regulations governing the taking of samples of grain for grading by
the Montana grain inspection laboratory and the Federal standards for wheat
as announced by the Secretary of Agriculture. That part of the text of the
Montana State grain-inspection law applying to the above is included.

[Report of seed testing and experimental work at Oerlikon, Zurich], F. G.
Steblek, A. VoLKABT, and A. Gbisch (Schweiz. Samen Untcrsuch. u. Versuch-

1918.] HORTICULTUBE. 539

sanst. DerHkon-ZuricJi, Jahrcsher., 39 (1915-lG), pp. 3/// Landw. Jahrb. fichweiz,
30 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1-2S; 31 (Will), No. 2, pp. 26S-301).— The results of seed
inspections for 1914-15 and 1915-16 are reported. Tlie average percentage of
purity, germlnability, and availability Is given for samples of seeds of clover,
grasses, annual and perennial fodder plants, other legumes, gi-ains, fiber plants,
roots, other vegetables, and trees.

General notes are given on cultural experiments in progress at Zurich.

Weed seeds and impurities in imported seed, E. Breakwell (Agr. Gas. N. 8.
Wales, 2S {1911). No. 6. pp. J,05-.iOS).—A tabulated list of the weed seeds found
in 1,000 official samples of agricultural and vegetable seed imported into New
South Wales since July 1, 1916, is presented. The percentage of weeds in the
samples varied from a trace to 12 per cent.

Solanum rostratum. — A new weed plant, T. G. B. Osborn {Jour. Dept. Agr.
So. Aust., 20 {1911), No. 10, pp. 183, 18>t, fig. i).— The first occurrence of 8.
rostratum in South Australia is recorded and the plant briefly described.

HORTICULTTJRE.

Commercial plant propagation, A. C. Hottes {Neiv York: A. T. De La
Mare Co., Inc., 1918, pp. 180, figs. 106).— An exposition of the art and science
of increasing plants as practiced by the nurseryman, florist, and gardener.
The opening chapters deal with propagation by means of seeds, cuttings, bulbs,
layers, divisions, and gi-aftage. Directions are then given for propagating
stocks for various fruits, certain commercial florist's plants, herbaceous peren-
nials, annuals, bulbous plants, trees, and shrubs. The book concludes with a
reference list of books on plant propagation.

Observations on the color of seeds originating from spontaneous crossing
between two forms of Phaseolus vulgaris, J. F. Lundberg and A. Akerman
{8veriges Vtsddesfor. Tid-skr., 21 {1911), No. 3, pp. 115-121).— A study of color
inheritance in the progeny of crosses between two kinds of brown beans is
I'eported.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), H. Comes {Bol. Agr. ISao Paulo],
IS. ser., 1911, Nos. 9, pp. 112-126; 10, pp. 193-801; 11, pp. 928-941).— An ac-
count of the common bean {P vulgaris) with reference to its history, phylo-
genesis, and siipposed toxicity of certain forms.

Observations on the eight-year experimental culture of kitchen vegetables
on peat soil rich in nitrogen near Torestorp, H. von Feilitzen {Svensk. Moss-
kulturfor. Tidskr., 31 {1911), No. 4-5, pp. 364-386, figs. Z9).— Experiments were
conducted with most of the common vegetables for a number of years. The
experiments, as a whole, indicate that good results may be obtained on peat
soil if it is well fertilized and properly cultivated. The soil used in the work
showed a low content in potash and phosphoric acid.

The principles and practice of pruning, M. G. Kains {Neio York: Orange
Judd Co., 1911, pp. XXV+420. figs. 325). — A treatise on pruning embodying the
important results secured in investigations by experiment .station workers and
others in this country and abroad. The successive chapters discuss plant physi-
ology as related to pruning, the philosophy of pruning, buds, pruning princi-
ples, how wounds heal, prevention and repair of mechanical injuries, dressings
for wounds, pruning nursery stock, pruning young trees, pruning mature trees,
care of top-worked trees, bush fruit pruning, grape pruning and training, prun-
ing ornamental trees and shrubs, dwarf tree pruning and training, odd methods
of pruning and training, practical tree surgery, and rejuvenation of neglected
trees.

540 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

References to tlio literature of cited investigations are included.

The question of " bulk " pruning, V. R. Gakdner {Fruit World Austral., 19
{1918), No. 1, pp. 2-4, 6, 7). —In this paper, which was read before the American
Poniological Society, the author analyzes the types of pruning generally em-
ployed, and presents evidence to show that the radius of influence within the
tree of any pruning (i. e., the cutting out or cutting back of any particular
shoot or branch) is comparatively narrow. Roughly speaking, the only parts of
the tree to show response to pruning are those close to the pruning wound and
close to the space left by the removal of a branch. The author concludes in
substance that if the pruning that is to be afforded orchard trees is to be
such as will help establish and maintain rather than disturb a proper balance
between vegetative and fruiting ^^■ood, all parts of the tree should be pruned
annually and the pruning should be limited to the shoots, spurs, and smaller
branches.

Report of the director of fruit culture, A. H. Benson {Anii. Rpt. Dept. Agr.
and Stock [Quee7island}, 1916-17, pp. 6Jf-71, pi. 1).—A review of the present
status of the fruit and vegetable industries in Queensland, including tabular
data showing the exports and imports of fruits and vegetables for the year
ended June 30, 1917.

Sixteenth report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Duke of Bed-
ford and S. U. Pickering {Woburn Expt. Fruit Farm Rpt., 16 {1917), pp. 76,
fig. 1). — In continuation of previous reports dealing with fruit investigations
conducted at the Woburn Experimental Farm (E. S. R., 35, p. 37; 36, p. 140)
this report embodies the results of a large mass of observations made of the be-
havior of apple and other fruit trees, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, and
strawberries under different manurial treatment since the farm was established
in 1894. Comparative data are also given for potatoes and onions. The re-
sults secured are summarized in a series of tables and discussed at length.
Data on the work previous to 1904 have been published in a previous report
(E. S. R., 16, p. 872).

Summarizing the results of the fertilizer investigations as a whole, it ap-
pears that farm crops, such as potatoes and onions, have responded favorably
to manurial treatment and there has been very little difference between the
results from artificial manure and dung. Apples grown in similar soil have
not responded favorably to manurial dressings of any kind. The application
of manures to strawberries increased the yield of fruit by only 12 or at most
15 per cent above that from plants receiving no manure at all. On the other
liand, the authors conclude that it would be madness to attempt to grow goose-
berries or other bush fruits without a liberal supply of dung. Artificial ma-
nures have not proved an efficient substitute for dung and under the conditions
of the experiment their use in addition to dung has produced no good results.

Report on the statistics of vineyards, orchards, and gardens, and root
crops for the season 1916—17, W. L. Johnston {So. Aust. Statis. Dept. Bui. 3
{1917), pp. 4)- — Statistics on the area, production, and value for the year
1916-17, together with comparative data for the four previous seasons.

Dusting V. spraying, L. Caesar {Canad. Uort., 41 {1918), No. 2, pp. 21, 22,
fig. 1). — A comparative test of dust and liquid sprays conducted in 1916 and
in 1917 in the Niagara district of Ontario indicates that the dust spray gave
almost as good results as the liquid spray, both with apple scab and the codling
moth. The cost of the two methods for large trees was about the same, but
for small trees spraying was much cheaper. Although the author succeeded in
controlling the San Jos6 scale on 48 large trees with a special dust sold for this
purpose, it is believed that to do satisfactory work the dust must be gi'ound
much finer or must be applied just after a shower.

1918.1 HORTICULTTTEE. 541

The author used dust with very satisfactory results on sweet and sour cher-
ries as a means of preventing rot during the picking season. The dust applied
was composed solely of sulphur and ground talc without any poison. The
fruit and foliage of these orchards had been kept covered by lime-sulphur and
arsenate of lead during the earlier part of the season.

Dusting successfully controlled powdery mildew on red varieties of grapes
without burning the foliage.

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 37, p. 832).

Applying sprays for best results, G. E. Sanders {Canad. Hart., Jfl (1918).
No. 2, pp. 23, 24, fl(J- 1)- — An extract from an address on this .subject delivered
at the annual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, and
based upon experimental work conducted in Nova Scotia imder the direction
of the author in 1916 and 1917.

Helpful hints on dusting peaches, W. W. Chase (Ga. Bd. Ent. Circ. 24
0918), pp. 7). — This circular contains directions for the use of dusting ma-
chines in applying dust mixtures for the control of brown rot, peach scab, and,
to some extent, curculio.

The why of the "June drop" of fruit, A. J. Heintcke {Cornell Countryman,
15 (1918), No. 5, pp. 267, 268, 292, 294. 296, figs. 3).—\ popular discussion of the
factors influencing the set of fruit, with special reference to apples.

California's grape industry, C. J. Wetmoee et al. (Cal. Bd. Vit. Comrs. Bid.
10 (1918), pp. 30). — A statistical review of the California grape industry for
the season of 1917, including data on present viticultural activities and sug-
gestions dealing -v^ith the preservation and future development of the grape
industry.

Where and how to grow avocados, W. Popenoe and E. Simmonds (Fla.
Grower, 17 (1918), No. 7, pp. 7-10, 16, 17, 23-26, figs. 8).— This article contains
detailed instructions for growing avocados in southern California and southern
Florida, together with a descriptive list of varieties.

The native bananas of the Hawaiian Islands, V. MacCaxjghey (Plant
World, 21 (1918), No. 1, pp. 1-12). — This paper briefly considers some of the
introduced bananas and discusses somewhat in detail the native varieties.

Better California g'rapefruit, A. D. Shamel (Cal. Citrogr., 3 (1918), No. 5,
pp. 94, 115, 116, figs. 4)- — A progress report on work conducted during 1917
in the improvement of grapefruit by top-working inferior or worthless trees
with buds from superior trees. The present work is based upon methods used
in bud-selection experiments in California citrus groves (E. S. R., 37, p. 144).

Relation of soil moisture to orange growth, C. A. Jensen (Cal. Citrogr., S
(1918), No. 5, pp. 98, 113, fig. 1). — This paper presents some of the results of
soil-moisture experiments wdth oranges conducted at Riverside and Meri'yman,
Cal., and at Phoenix, Ariz., during the past summer.

The data here presented indicate that there is a close correlation between
the growth of orange trees and the amount of available soil moisture present
from week to week, an increase in soil moisture producing an almost immediate
increase in orange growth. The orange is likewise sensitive to humidity in
the air, and in the presence of a relatively high humidity will make consider-
able growth even when the percentage of available soil moisture is low.

The orange trees obtained no appreciable amount of moisture from soil below
4 ft., thus indicating that it is a waste of water to apply more than is neces-
sary to keep the deeper subsoil up to its moisture-holding capacity. The
movement of the soil moisture upward from the deeper subsoil is entirely too
slow to supply the roots in the main feeding-soil area with enough moisture to
satisfy the normal needs of the tree after the first 8 ft. of soil has been

542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

exhausted of available moisture. The author points out that it requires com-
paratively little irrigation water to maintain available moisture in the deep
subsoil ; that an excess of water in the subsoil, when the drainage is poor, is
likely to result in root- rot; and that excessive water in a porous subsoil un-
doubtedly carries down nmch plant food beyond the reach of the feeding roots.

Papaws, P. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Ilpt. Ayr, Dept. Montscrrat,
]9I6~n. p. 25). — A brief account of preliminary work undertaken at the Mont-
serrat experiment station with a view to securing a type of papaw with a high
papain content.

Proper place of nut trees in the planting program, C. A. Reed (Amer. Nut
Jour., 8 (191S), Nos. 1, p. 5; 2, pp. 20, 21). — The author briefly discusses the
climatic limitations of cultivated and native nut species in the United States,
calls attention to the lack of nut varieties for the section of country east of
the Rocky IMountains and north of the pecan belt, and advocates the extensive
planting of seedling nut trees along the national highways as a means of
furnishing ample material from which to select improved varieties for orchard
planting.

Bay trees (Pimenta acris), F. Watts {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr.
Dept. Montserrat, 1916-17, pp. 15-18). — Data are given on cultural experiments
with bay trees during the year ended March 31, 1917, with special reference to
tlie yield in leaves and actual amount of oil distilled. Comparative data are
given for the years 1912 to 1916, inclusive.

The soil of Netherlands Indies and its use in agriculture {Verxamel. Ver-
handel. Grand Nedcrland. Indie Gcbruik Landb., Bodemcong. Djokjokarta, 1916,
Nos. S, pp. 4, pis. 12; 6, pp. 4; 8, pp. 4; 13, pp. 5; 14, pp. 3; 15, pp. 20; 16, pp.
14; 17, pp. 19, pis. 3; 18, pp. 7). — Among the papers on the above subject pre-
sented at the Netherlands Indies Soil Congress, held at Djokjokarta in October,
1916, are the following: The Principles of Cinchona Culture (No. 3), by P. Van
Leersum, previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 36, p. 538) ; Principles
of Coconut Culture (No. 6), by P. E. Keuchenius; The Knowledge Relative to
the Manuring of Perennial Cultures (No. 8), by A. J. Ultee; A Short Descrip-
tion of the Usual Methods of Preparation for Planting and Subsequent Man-
agement of Hevea Trees (No. 13), by C. M. Hamaker ; The Principles of Coffee
Culture (No. 14), by T. W^urth ; Soil in Relation to the Forests (No. 15), by
H. Beekman ; Coffee Culture in the Residencies of Pasoeroeau and Kediri (No.
16), by M. W. Senstius; Green Manuring (No. 17), by C. Bernard, previously
noted from another source (E. S. R., 38, p. 20) ; and Notes on the Tea Soils of
Java and Sumatra (No. 18), by J. J. B. Deuss.

Rliododendrons and the various hybrids, J. G. Millais (London and Neio
York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1917, pp. XI +268, pis. 61). — A descriptive ac-
count of all species of the genus Rhododendron, including azaleas, and the
various hybrids. The work is well illustrated with colored and collotype
plates, together with numerous illustrations from photographs.

The introductory chapter discusses the love of gardening and gardens, with
special reference to rhododendrons. The succeeding chapters deal with the
general distribution of the species, Chinese rhododendrons, liybrid rhododen-
drons, cultivation, rhododendrons for each month of the year, and gardens
where rhododendrons are a special feature. The work concludes with an
alphabetical list of all known rhododendrons and their hybrids, with descrip-
tions of all those which are generally cultivated and notes on their cultivation,
history, and geographical distribution.

An introduction to the study of landscape design, H. V. Hubbakd and
Theodoka Kimball (New York: The MacmiUan Co., 1917, pp. XX +406, pis. 72,
figs. 11). — The purpose of this work is to present a general conception of land-

1918.] FORESTRY. 543

scape design from the standpoint of designers and also to serve as a general
introduction to the subject for those whose interest in it is purely that of
appreciation and enjoyment of landscape designs and natural landscapes.

The introductory chapter deals with the scope of land.scape architecture and
its requirements of the practitioner. The succeeding chapters discuss the
theory of landscape design ; taste, ideals, style, and character in landscape
design ; styles of landscape design ; landscape characters ; landscape effects ;
landscape composition ; natural forms of ground, rock, and water as elements in
design ; planting design ; design of structures in relation to landscape ; and
types of landscape designs. Appended to the work are notes on the professional
practice of landscape architecture in America, notes on procedure in design,
and a selected list of references on landscape architecture.

FORESTRY.

Third biennial report of the State forester of Kentucky, 1917, J. E. Babton
(Bien. Rpt. State Forester Ky., S {1911), pp. 39, pis. 6).— A brief review of
the activities of the State Board of Forestry along the lines of forestry propa-
ganda, investigation, and protection and of work in the State nurseries and
experimental forest, including a financial statement for the fiscal years 1916
and 1917.

Appended to the report are papers on Forest Taxation in the United States,
by J. E. Barton (pp. 26-30), and Growing Timber for Mining Purposes, by
M. H. Forester (pp. 35-39), together with a check.list of the trees in Kentucky.

Forestry, J. H. Pkatt and J. S. Holmes (N. C. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bien.
Rpt. State Geol., 1915-16, pp. 20-88, fig. 1). — An account of forest activities in
North Carolina during the biennial period 1915-lG, dealing with forest protec-
tion ; the acquisition of State and Federal forest areas ; examination of forest
lands, farm woodlots, and cut-over lands ; reports of meetings of the North
Carolina Forestry Association and the Southern Forestry Congress ; forestry
propaganda ; and miscellaneous activities.

Progress report of the Forest Research Institute for the year 1916—17,
B. B. OsMASTON {Rpt. Forest Research Inst. [Dehra Dun], 1916-17, pp. 24). —
A report of progress made in investigations dealing with silviculture, develop-
ment of forest working plans, forest botany, forest economy, forest zoology, and
forest chemistry. Appended to the report are a list of forest publications issued
since the creation of the Fore.st Research Institute and a summary of revenues
and expenditures for the year.

Proceeding's of the National Parks Conference {U. 8. Dept. Int., Proc. Nat.
Parks Conf., 4 {1917), pp. S64). — This comprises a report of various papers, ad-
dresses, and discussions of the Fourth National Parks Conference, held In Wash-
ington, D. C, January 2 to 6, 1917.

Farm forestry, J. H. Foster, F. H. Miixen, and H. B. Kbausz {Texas Agr.
Col. Ext. Serv. Bui. B-42 {1917), pp. 17).— A popular bulletin discussing the
Importance of farm forests, the principal woods and wood-using industries, and
methods of handling and marketing woodlot products.

Plan of cooperation between woodland owners and the State forester {Md.
Bd. Forestry Leaflet 18 [1918], pp. 2). — The plan provides to give the owners of
Maryland woodlands expert advice on their management and on the valuation
and sale of woodlot products.

The case for New Brunswick's forests, R. Black {Canad. Forestry Assoc.
[Pamphlet, 1917], pp. 9, pi. 1). — A brief survey of New Brunswick's forest
wealth, together with an appeal for a rational system of forestry and fire pro-
tective measures.

544 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

British forestry, past and future, W. Someeville {London and New York:
Humphrey Mil ford, [1911/], pp. 19). — In this paper the author discusses various
factors tending to make British forestry unprofita])le in the past, shows the
present need for afforestation, and suggests methods of procedure.

Forestation practice in Norway {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 1, pp. 90-
99). — A summary of forestation practice in Norway based on Lindberg's worli
on the culture of pine trees in Norway (E. S. R., 33, p. 542).

The trees at Mount Vernon, C S. Sargent {Reprint from Ann. Rpt. Mount
Vernon Ladies' Assoc, of the Union, 1911, pp. 16, pi. 1). — A record, with plant-
ing plan, of the size and condition of the trees planted by Washington near his
house at Mount Vernon, and of those now standing which have been planted or
have sprung up natunilly in the neighborhood of the mansion since his death
in 1799.

Tree growth in the vicinity of Grinnell, Iowa, H. S. Conard {Jour. For-
estry, 16 {1918), No. 1, pp. 100-106).- — This paper presents some accurate data
on tree growth in Poweshiek, Jasper, and Mahaska Counties, Iowa.

The data show in a general way that the richer upland prairie soils of Iowa
are very favorable for tree growth. Growth increment is great enough for the
production of timber as a crop on these soils. On the other hand, the capital
value has not yet made the timber crop the equal of corn.

Oregon forest facts {Salem, Oreg.: State Bd. Forestry, [1911], pp. 8). — A
brief review of Oregon's timber resources and what State and private activity
in forest protection has accomplished.

Firewarden's handbook; Oregon forest fire laws {Salem, Oreg.: State Bd.
Forestry, 1916, pp. ^S).— This handbook indicates briefly the forest policy of
the State and supplies the information needed by the State firewardens in the
discharge of their duties.

Our present knowledge of the forest formations of the Isthmus of Panama,
H. PiTTiER {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 1, pp. 16-8^). — A paper on this sub-
ject read before the Biological Society of Washington, November 18, 1916. It
comprises a brief account of some results of the study of the flora of Panama
made in connection with a general biological survey organized by the Smith-
sonian Institution.

Forestry handbook. — II, Some of the principal commercial trees of New
South Wales, .J. H. Maiden {Sydney: Govt., 1911, pp. 22J,, pis. 83).— In con-
tinuation of part 1 of this handbook, which discussed forest principles and
practice (E. S. R., 35, p. 346), the present part contains descriptive accounts
of some of the principal commercial trees of New South Wales. The species
are considered with reference to their nomenclature, distinguishing charac-
teristics, character and use of the wood and other products, habitat, and
methods of propagation. The descriptions are accompanied by plates illustrat-
ing the twigs, fruits, buds, etc., and a reference list of accessible illustrations
of trees and shrubs of New South Wales forests is also included.

Probable error in field experimentation with Hevea, O. F. Bishop, J.
Grantham, and M. D. Knapp {Arch. Riibbercult. Nederland. Indie, 1 {1911),
No. 5, pp. 385-366, fig. i).— This has been noted from another source (E. S. R.,
37, p. 837).

Results of tapping experiments with Hevea brasiliensis, A. W. K. de Jong
(Arch. Rubbercult. Nederland. Indie, 1 {1911), No. 5, pp. 318-^02). — A sum-
marized accmmt of the present knowledge on the tapping of Hevea trees.

The suitability of latexometers for determining the rubber content of
latex in field tests, A. A. L. Rutgers and J. G. J. A. Maas {Meded. Alg. Proef-
stat. Alg. Ver. Rubberjylanters Oostkust Sumatra, Rubber Ser., No 3-4 {1911),
pp. l-2If). — In view of the contention supported by various writers that

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545

latexometers often give very inaccurate figures as to the rubber content of
latex, four series of experiments were conducted under estate conditions in
which the percentage of rubber was measured by means of latexometers of
different types and also by the dry weight of a slab coagulated from a 50 or
100 cc. sample of latex. The figures found by the latexometer measurements
differed from those found by the dry-weight measurements, but the relative
figures remained the same.

The authors suggest that the differences may be partly due to errors in the
weight of the dry samples. The errors of the latexometer measurements are
largely explained by errors in the scale and by the influence of temperature on
the readings.

Thirty-seven years of spruce selection in Austria, Reuss {Ccnthl. Gesam.
Forsho., 42 (1916), No. 11-12, pp. 383-417: abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\,
Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1911), No. 8, pp. 1116-1118).— In cou-
tinuation of selection studies reported on in 1884 the results are given in this
paper of .selection studies conducted to 1916. The earlier work is also sum-
marized.

The experiments in pure selection were made with 21 classes of spruce seed
taken from parent trees ranging in age from 23 to 142 years. The influence
of the parent on the progeny is considered with reference to the climatic origin,
age, growth performance, and distinguishing characteristics of the parent. The
study is being continued by the Imperial Forestry Experiment Institute at
Mariabrunn.

The rotation period of teak, H. Beekman (Boschhouwk. TijdscJir. Tectona,
10 (1911), No. 12, pp. 995-1044). — A paper on this subject delivered at the
P'orest-Keepers' Congress, held at Djocja, October 17-18, 1917.

Forest terminology. — Terms used in the lumber industry (Jour. Forestry,
16 (1918). No. 1, pp. i-75).— This comprises an alphabetical list of terms used
in the lumber Industry, prepared by a committee of the Society of American
Foresters. A similar list of terms used in forestry has been noted (E. S. R.,
36, p. 744).

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The Michigan plant disease survey for 1914, G. H. Coons (Rpt. Mich.
Acad. Sci., 11 (1915), pp. 123-133, pis. 4). — This is a preliminary account of re-
sults obtained in a plant disease survey conducted by the department of botany
at the Michigan Agricultural College in cooperation with the U. S. Department
of Agriculture.

The present extent of curly dwarf and that of leaf roll of potato is outlined.
The cucumber disease situation appears to be serious. A disease of unknown
causation, called white pickle, is described supposedly for the first time. A
very injurious stunting disease of celery is ascribed to a bacterium which
plugs the vascular system. A somewhat similar disease of lettuce is named
stunting disease of lettuce. Sclerotinia lihertimia causes a disease of green-
house lettuce and a trench rot of celery. Black rot of lettuce is supposedly
associated with a Rhizoctonia. Chestnut bark disease has not been foimd in
the State, Maple anthracnose and leaf scorch are contrasted. The Phyl-
losticta disease of horse chestnut has not proved to be serious. Certain heart
rots, especially of maple, though doing serious damage, have largely escaped
attention hitherto.

Investigation work [on the control of plant diseases and injurious insects
in Ontario] (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 42 (1916), pp. 12-
14)- — It is stated that work during this year looking to the control of pear
blight was successful, and that a bulletin is to be published on the practical
control of that disease.

546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

A somewhat extensive test was made on apples, plums, cherries, peaches,
and grapes of a dust mixture composed of 85 per cent very finely ground
sulphur and 15 per cent lead arsenate pow^der, the latter being omitted when
not required for insect control. The results have been previously noted
(E. S. 11., 37, p. 832). In case of apples treatment with calcium arsenate and
soluble sulphur resulted in leaf fall and reduction of the size of the fruit.

Peach yellows and little peach have been shown to be spread by budding
healthy stock with material from diseased trees. A considerable proportion
of the pits from diseased trees (8 per cent) have grown, and none have as yet
(after three years) developed the disease.

[Plant diseases in Ontario] (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm,
42 {1916), pp. 15-18). — While certain fungus diseases were favored by the cold
wet weather during the spring, some others which generally cause serious loss
were unusually scarce, owing presumably to the dry weather of the summer
months. The mo.st injurious' diseases of the year were peach leaf curl {Exoas-
cus deformans), apple scab {Venturia pomi), leaf spot or shot-hole fungus of
cherry (CyUndrosporium padi) , and raspberry cane blight {Coniothyrium
fuckelii). Winterkilling was also reported of raspbei'ry and cherry, the latter
having been almost completely defoliated by the shot-hole fungus during the
previous summer.

Diseases thought to be new to Ontario are rust of cultivated snapdragons
and a damping-off disease of young tomato plants, both of which are briefly
discussed. The former is said to be due to Puccinia antirrUini, the latter to
Phytophthora infestans.

The results of experimentation during four years indicate that late blight
of celery may be prevented by spraying with 4 : 4 : 40 Bordeaux mixture when
the plants are in the seed bed and at intervals of ten days or two weeks
thereafter throughout the growing season. Lime-sulphur is not recommended
for celery blight, but the results of one year's test with sulfocide indicate that
this substance may prove to be a cheap substitute in this connection for
Bordeaux mixture, which is now expensive on account of the high cost of
copper sulphate.

Studies have been carried on in the life histories of the fungi causing leaf
spot of currants and gooseberries. Overwintered currant leaves bearing Sep-
toria ribis have always developed Mycospliwrella grossularite, the ascospores
giving rise to a Septoria infecting Ribes spp. and presumably being S. ribis.
Plants have also been infected directly with the ascospores. R. aurea is also
infected with a species described as S. aurea, a perfect stage of which has
been found and studied, and for this the name M. aurea has been proposed.

A report is made on investigations regarding the cause and control of a
disease of winter tomatoes. This does not seem to be carried in the seed, and
no organism has been isolated. Steaming the soil is not effective.

Only one white pine infected with blister rust was found.

[Plant diseases in Scotland, 1915], R. P. W^right et al. (Rpt. Bd. Agr.
Scot., 4 {1915), pp. LI, LIT). — The total number of new cases of wart disease
of potato reported during 1915 is given as 252. Experimentation has added
to the list of known resistant varieties 2 early, 4 second early, and 12 late
or main crop varieties. It is thought probable that the power of resistance to
this disease may diminish from year to year. The formalin treatment for in-
fected soil, as tested in a garden in which the disease had been present in
severe form, proved entirely ineffective.

Inspection control measures regarding American gooseberry mildew having
been neglected during the year 1914, the disease reappeared during 1915 in
more virulent form and over greater area than formerly. It appears that where

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 547

both pruuing and spraying or pruning alone had been carefully done the spread
of the disease was effectively checked, but where spraying alone had been done,
or where one of these treatments had been carelessly done the bushes were in
most cases attacked more severely than usual. The disease was reported from
new districts, being now present in nearly every county of Scotland.

Plant pathology [India], B. J. Butler (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Bci. Advice India,
1915-16, pp. 103-113). — Ufra, due to Tylenchus angahus, the most important
disease of rice at the pi-esent time, continues to extend itself, practically the
whole of the districts of Noakhali, Tippera, and Dacca, and parts of Mymen-
singh and probably Sylhet being affected. The loss is very great, especially in
some sections where the main crop is deep water paddy.

The parasite hibernates in the dried stubble, renewing its activity with the
coming of the rains. It was found possible to carry the organism in an actively
parasitic condition through its normal period of dormancy (December to April)
by supplying constantly renewed young rice seedlings and keeping the air
moist. This last is thought to be an indispensable condition, probably ex-
plaining the comparative immunity of the early crop and of the main crop in its
earlier stages. The spring crop, which is, however, of minor importance, may
not be liable to injury. The nematode does not appear to survive in the soil,
as total destruction of all stubble is followed by a healthy crop. Extensive
experimentation is in progress.

The work of the past two sea.sons has established the view that the parasitic
species of Orobanche in Bihar are 0. indica and 0. cernua.

The work on the black thread disease of Hevea has been continued. Tliis
disease, which is active only during the monsoon rains, is not fatal but causes
much damage by attacking the tapped ai-ea of the bark. The causal fungus,
which is said to differ from Phytophthora faheri, attacks both bark and fruits
at points of injury. The disease is favored by excessive humidity and shade.
The fruits constitute the chief source of infection. P. parasitica found on
Yinca rosea has been studied and germination of the oospores has been accom-
plished, the resulting organism corresponding in essentials with P. erythro-
septica in Ireland.

The study of the opium poppy blight has led to the conclusion that while
Peronospora arborescens is common and epidemic under favorable conditions,
Rhizoctonia develops only under defective drainage conditions.

Colletotriclium nigrum causes a serious anthracnose of chilli peppers in sev-
eral parts of India, the organism penetrating the pod and reaching the seed.

A plantain vdlt prevalent at Pusa is said to be due to a Fusarium distinct
from that causing the Panama disease. In severe cases the rot may reach the
stem and kill the whole crown. Attack of the fruit stalk may lead to loss of
the whole bunch. The fi'uit rot of plantain due to Glwsporium musarum is
controlled by early spraying with Burgundy mixtui-e and repeating this treat-
ment every two weeks until the fruit is nearly ripe, when ammoniacal copper
carbonate should be employed.

Polyporvs shorece is the name given to what is considered a new fungus
thought to cause a disease of sal trees and described on page 5-55.

The study of certain wilts of cotton, til, gram, chilli, and other crops has
yielded no support to the view that such wilts are due to defective air supply
for the roots or to other physical conditions in the soil, a Fusarium appearing
to be the causal agent.

A brief account is given of the chief items of mycological work as carried
out by other scientific departments (chiefly the provincial departments of agri-
culture), including the palm bud rot operations, a study of tlie black thread
disease of Hevea, a disease of paddy {Ephelis oryzce), a root disease of coffee

548 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

(Fomes austraUs), chilli disease {Vennicularia capsici), a leaf disease of
turmeric (T. curcuma), koleroga and a leaf disease of coffee, brown blight
(Colletotrichum cameUkv) of tea, koleroga, (probably Phytophthora arecce) of
the areca palm, spike disease of the sandalwood tree, a Fusarium disease of the
potato, mango mildew, a Nectria on fruit trees, smuts of jowar, grape mildew,
loose smut of wheat, poppy blight (Rhizoctonia and Peronospora), and gray
rim blight of tea.

Diseases and injuries to cultivated plants in the Dutch East Indies in
1916, C. J. J. VAN Hall (Dept. Landb., Ntjv. en Handel IDutch East I^idies],
Meded. Lab. Plantenzielcten, No. 29 (1917), pp. 37). — This is a general review,
giving under the different economic plants condensed accounts of reports re-
ceived from various centers on diseases observed, including injuries caused by
some animal pests.

The rusts occurring on the g'enus Fritillaria, C. C. Rees {Amcr. Jour. Bot.,
4 (1917), No. 6, pp. 368-373, figs. 3).— A key is given of Vromyces wcidiiformis,
U. miurw, U. fritillaricp, and U, holuxiyi with descriptions of all but the last
named.

Bacterial blight of barley, L. R. Jones, A. G. Johnson, and C. S. Reddy
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. 12, pp. 625-6U- P^s. //,
figs. 2). — In a contribution from the AVisconsin Experiment Station, a detailed
account is given of a study of bacterial blight of barley, a preliminary note of
which has been given (E. S. R., 35, p. 845).

This disease, which is said to be widely spread and capable of producing
serious loss, somewhat resembles other bacterial diseases of cereals and allied
plants, but it is considered distinct from these, being caused by a hitherto un-
described organism. The disease is characterized by the appearance on the
leaves of small, water-soaked areas which enlarge to yellowish or brownish,
somewhat translucent blotches or irregular stripes. Similar lesions may appear
later on the glumes, but the chief injury is to the foliage. While there is con-
siderable difference in varietal susceptibility to this disease, all of the main
groups of barley are more or less subject to its attack.

Culture and inoculation experiments have been made with the organism which
have proved it to be the cause of the disease. A technical description is given of
the organism, which has been named Bacterium translucens n. sp. Tlie inocula-
tion experiments have shown that the disease may be readily induced on barley
by spraying with water suspensions of the organism, but negative results were
obtained from inoculations on oats, rye, wheat, spelt, emmer, einkorn, and
timothy. The bacteria have been found capable of overwintering in infected
leaves, but diseased kernels are considered the chief means of dissemination
and source of spring infection.

No control measures have been worked out, but the authors consider avoid-
ance of infected seed and seed disinfection as the most promising means of con-
trol.

Stinking smut and loose smut in wheat and barley (Meded. Phytopath.
Dienst Wagcningen; No. 4 (1917), pp. 2Jf, pis. 5). — A brief account is given of
the distribution, symptoms, progress, and effects of some grain smuts, including
Tilletia triiici, Ustilago tecta hordei, U. tritici, U. nuda hordei, U. avence, and
Urocystis occulta, with control measures in some detail, including costs of a
treatment employed in a cooperative plan.

Stinking smut is best controlled by steeping the seed in a copper sulphate or
formalin solution, loose smut by immersion of the seed grain for 10 minutes in
water heated, in case of barley, to 51° C. (123.8° F.), of wheat to 53°, after
which it should be spread to dry before sowing.

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 549

Potato and tomato diseases, N. J. Giddings (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 165
(1911), pp. 2.'f, fiffs. 21). — Descriptions are given of some of the most widely
spread and destructive diseases of potatoes and tomatoes, with suggestions for
their conrol.

For the prevention of these diseases, rotation of crops, selection of seed tubers
and varieties, removal of diseased material, and thorough spraying with Bor-
deaux mixture are recommended.

In connection with the potato diseases, the author gives an account of an in-
vestigation to determine whether potato powdery scab was liable to become a
serious menace in West Virginia. Badly diseased potatoes were planted in the
field at the West Virginia Station, and at harvest time there was not the least
sign of the disease on any of the tubers. This is believed to indicate that the
southern conditions are unfavorable to powdery scab.

A summary is given of spraying experiments for the prevention of potato
diseases, from which it appears, as a result of six years' work, that plats
sprayed with 5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux mixture gave increased yields of from 11 to 53.5
per cent. These experiments were conducted on a commercial scale and are
believed to indicate the value of spraying even in seasons when neither early
nor late blight was prevalent. Tests of commercial lime sulphur, which is some-
times recommended as a potato spray, gave results indicating that this material
is not to be reconnnended for us(' on potatoes.

Our present knowledge of potato diseases: What they are and how to con-
trol them, H. A. Edson {Proc. Potato Assoc. Amer., 3 {1916), pp. 52-56).— The
author gives a discussion of potato diseases, more particularly in the United
States, including a leaf-bronzing trouble, now becoming prominent, which
appears to be primarily of the malnutrition type, streak, mosaic, late blight
(Phytophtliora infestans) , powdery scab, several diseases induced by Fusarium
spp., blackleg, black scurf (Rhizoctonia), curly dwarf, and leaf roll.

It is thought that, aside from the specific measures mentioned in connection
with these diseases, the most practical method for combating potato disea.ses
is probably that of planting the best stock available in the best soil types,
cultivating in the best manner, frequent roguing out of all undesirable plants,
and careful selection of seed tubers.

Potato mildew or late blight, H. Bocher (Vie Ayr. et Rurale, 1 (1911), No.
21, pp. 369, 310). — This is a brief account of the manifestations, attacks, preva-
lence, effects, and control of Phytoplithora infestans on potatoes.

The organism is said to require temperatures between 20 and 80° C. (6S and
86° P.) and to be controllable by means of two or three treatments of the
potato plants with Bordeaux mixture, the first to be applied before the plants
have bloomed, in May or June, the second, 20 days later. A third may profit-
ably be given in August, if applied very promptly on recognition of its neces-
sity. Seed treatments are also discussed, including the use of copper sulphate
and that of sulphuric acid. Some resistant varieties are named.

[The so-called Lahaina disease and other diseases of sugar cane], H. P.
Agee (Proc. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc., 36 (1916), pp. 18-20). — It is stated
that soil studies by Burgess continue to point to a correlation between the occur-
rence of black alkali and the failure of the cane variety known as Lahaina,
which, though vigorous, gives way under various unfavorable environments.
Tests following out this theory by treating the soil with gypsum or with green
manure have not proved conclusive.

Infectious top rot is reported by Lyon to have appeared on Oahu and Maui
during the year, though apparently confined to Kauai for the previous eight
years. This disease, which is considered dangerous, was arrested by cutting
and burning the affected canes.

550 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. [Vol.38

A new and peculiiir leaf spot was noted on a cane variety brought from
Kauai, but the trouble rapidly disappeared.

A peculiar disease noted in Hawaii and characterized by early yellowing and
death of tl>e leaves is ascribed to a fungus attacking the leaf bases.

[The Lahaina disease of sugar cane], G. F. Renton {Proc. Hawaii. Sugar
Planters' Assoc, 36 (1916), pp. 57-61). — The Lahaina trouble is said to have
caused grave concern to many growers of sugar cane. The trouble is as-
cribed to various causes, such as top rot, stellar crystals at the roots, senility,
excess of sodium bicarbonate due to poor drainage, or some combination of
these causes.

On one plantation ammonium sulphate has been applied continuously from
1909 to 1917, except when an equal portion of sodium nitrate was added in
1911, resulting in a more or less regular diminution of the trouble. It is
considered probable that conditions favorable to the growth of the Lahaina
variety can be gradually brought about by usiug less sodium nitrate and more
sulphates, including gypsum, and by conserving the trash, all of which meas-
ures oppose alkalinity. Breeding experiments are also recommended.

Diseases and pests of sugar cane in the Philippines, E. B. Copeland {Phil-
ippine Agr. and Forester, 5 (1916), No. 10, pp. 3Ji3-3.'i6). — A condensed account of
animals and fungi locally injurious to sugar cane includes, as known representa-
tives of the latter class, Pticcinia kuehnii (leaf rust), XJstilago sacchari (smut),
Balcerophoma sacchari (leaf spot), Cercospora spp. (leaf spots), Phijllachora
sacchari, Meliola arundinis, Apiospora camtospora, Coniosporiitm extremorum
and G. vinosum (on dead leaves), Mclaiiconium sacchari (rind disease), and
Dyctyophora phalloidea, and a Marasmius attacking the roots. A broom rape,
Arginctia indica, is a root parasite on cane and other grasses.

It is supposed that most of the recognized cane pests and diseases are present
at this time in the Philippines, owing to the antiquity of sugar culture and
the presence of wild sugar cane in the islands.

Orchard diseases, J. F. Adams {Proc. State Hart. Assoc. Perm., 58 (1917), pp.
69-77, pis. 5). — This discussion emphasized a few of the more important dis-
eases of apple and peach, more particularly scab {Venturia pomi), which is
designated as the most serious of the orchard diseases, apple fruit spot or
Baldwin spot {Phoma pomi), blotch {PhyUosticta solitaria), sooty blotch
and fly speck {Leptothyrium pomi), with a schedule for the spraying of apples;
peach scab {Cladosporium carpophiluni) , brown rot {Sclerotinia cinerea),
and peach-leaf curl {Evoascus deformans), with a schedule for spraying
peaches.

Apple scab and methods of its control, A. J. Gunderson {Trans. III. Hort.
Soc, n. set., 50 {1916), pp. 357-364). — Apple scab is thought to have caused
more damage to apple orchards in northern Illinois during the past two years
than any other factor, and it is thought that western New York and Michigan
suffered even greater losses.

In addition to reducing the quality of the fruit, this disease increases pre-
mature dropping to a considerable extent and lowers the keeping qua-lities of
the apple by furnishing conditions for the entrance of such organisms as those
of pink rot, brown ripe rot, and black rot. Severe infection of the foliage also
devitalizes the tree to a considerable extent, affecting future crops.

The occurrence of the organism on twigs is rare or unknown in Illinois. The
disease is described as to the development and life history of the causal
organism.

Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur were found to be of about equal value as
regards the control of apple scab, but the former may russet the fruit and injure

I

1918.1 DISEASES OF PLANTS. 551

the foliage, while the latter may bui*n the fruit if applied freely in very hot
weather after July 1, though it favors high coloration and finish and vigorous
foliation. Lead arsenate is said to increase the fungicidal effectiveness of
lime-sulphur. Four applications are ordinarily required for primary apple-
scab infection, or more in a wet season, such as that of 1915. Late fall or
early spring plowing is recommended to reduce the infection.

Spraying experiments in 1916 for the control of apple blotch, A. J. GUN-
DEBSON {Trans. III. Hort. Soc, n. ser., 50 (1916), pp. 248-251). — Reviewing pre-
vious work and conclusions by several investigators, the author notes briefly
the results of tests made at Flora, Clay County, 111., in 1916 against apple blotch
on 108 16-year-old Ben Davis trees, employing different fungicides.

Bordeaux mixture (3:4:50) proved superior to lime-sulphur (2 J gal. to 100
gal. water) as regards protection, though it showed some russeting of the
fruit. Botli these sprays are regarded as valuable for protection if used three,
five, and seven weeks after the fall of the blooms. It is not advisable to alter-
nate these sprays.

Points which were emphasized in the course of these observations were that
unpruned trees or trees with dense tops do not permit thorough spraying, that
low pres.sures are absolutely inadequate as regards apple blotch control, that
every part of the tree must be reached and covered, and that applications must
be made at the proper times in order to be .successful.

Results of spraying experiments at the Neoga Station, Ciunberland
County, 1916, W. S. Brock {Trans. III. Hort. Soc, n. ser., 50 {1916), pp. 252-
273). — The spraying at Neoga, 111., during 1916 is said to have demonstrated
that a dust mixture should contain only active ingredients, of which from 80
to 90 per cent may be fungicidal, the rest insecticidal. Even distribution of dust
sprays requires exceeding fineness of materials, so that the dust will remain sus-
pended in the air as long as possible, enveloping the tree in a dense cloud.

Liquid sprays are deemed superior to dust sprays as at present applied,
though the latter have some advantages in favored localities, their place being
rather that of a .supplemental application or a means of reaching the trees in
time where breakdowns or failure of water supply make liquid sprays unavail-
able. It may develop later from work to be done that certain applications, such
as the follow-up spray or that applied 10 days after blooming, should employ
the dust mixture.

Figures are given on costs and on the relative effectiveness of sprays on in-
sects, scab, blotch, and sooty blotch. It is concluded that liquid sprays are
more efficient, they can be applied during high or shifting winds, they cost
less, and they can be used as dormant sprays; while dust sprays can be ap-
plied more quickly and require fewer men and teams.

One season's experience with the dust spray, W. S. Perrine {Trans. III.
Hort. Soc, n. ser., 50 {1916), pp. 470-472). — It was found that a great saving
in equipment and time could be effected by substituting the dust for the liquid
form of spray. Almost perfect results were obtained with early apples, but
conditions and results were less favorable in case of late apples. A combina-
tion of liquid and dust gave very excellent results. Peaches on which dust alone
was used also showed decided benefit from the treatment.

A bacterial disease of the Wragg cherry, W. G. Sackett {Jour. Bad., 2
{1917), No. 1, pp. 79, SO). — A disease observed by the author first in the sum-
mer of 1915 and kept under observation for further reports causes spots or
specks on cherries (which appear to start only before ripening), also on the
stems (the cherries sometimes dropping prematurely), leaves (causing a shot-
hole appearance), and young twigs (causing watery, elliptical, olive-brown dis-

552 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

colorations surroiindiug the lenticels, which elongate with age and become some-
what sunken and darker in color). The disease appears almost identical with
the bacterial disease of peach and plum ascribed to Fseudohionns {Bacterium)
pruni but not known to have been found previously on the cherry, of which
only the Wragg variety appears to be affected.

Spraying experiments with self-boiled lime-sulphur reduced the fruit injury
from 41.4 to 10.2 per cent.

Abnormal blossoms on black currant, R. G. Hatton and J. Amos (Gard.
Chron., 3. set:, 61 {1917), No. 15S/,, p. 180, figs. 3).— Black currant bushes at
the Wye Station under observation for two seasons have shown, in a bush
that was conspicuously nettle headed, a further abnormality in which the fruit-
ing spurs of the abnormal inflorescence consisted of one or more single blos-
soms, each on a short pedicel, together with several racemes, the abnormal
condition of the blossoms differing in the two instances as described. Both
types of abnormal blossom appeared on each spur and were fairly frequent
over the whole bush, which showed no normal flowers and set no fruit. The
observations are to be continued.

A new disease of grapevines, Acarinosis in Navarra, A. Azanza {Prog.
Agr. y Pecnario, 23 {1917), Nos. 999, pp. 64, 65; 1001, pp. 89-91; 1007, pp. 158-
160; 1012, pp. 221-223; lOl/f, pp. 2 45-2. ',7). —This is a discussion of the anomaly
of grapevine said to be known universally in France as court none, of the work
and the views of various investigators thereon, of the damage suffered in con-
nection with this condition of grapevines, of more or less similar conditions as
variously reported, of somewhat inconclusive experimentation testing for
transmissibility of this condition, of the organisms found in connection there-
with, of the probability of a connection between court noiie and the occurrence
of acarids on the vines, of the conditions apparently related to the occurrence
of the ti'ouble (weather, soils, and age of the vines), and of remedial measures.

Prevention of mildew outbreak, J. Casc6n {Prob. Agr. y Pecnario, 23 {1917),
No. 999, pp. 70, 71). — This is a discussion of the preparation and use of Bor-
deaux mixture or of copper acetate for grape downy mildew. The period
between the swelling of the buds and the opening of the blooms is considered
a time of great danger to the plant on account of the rapid growth and expo-
sure of susceptible surfaces to the infection.

Control measures against grape downy mildew, V. C. Manso de ZtJNiGA
{Prog. Agr. y Pecnario, 23 {1917), No. 1009, pp. 182-184) .—This contains refer-
ence to results of work in 1915 as bearing upon the problems of the current
year, and more particularly as showing the efficacy of copper sprays, when
properly made and used, against grape downy mildew.

Copper sulphate and copper sprays, V. C. Manso de ZtJNiGA {Prog. Agr. y
Pecnario, 23 {1917), No. 1007, p. 163).— As the result of tests at the Haro sta-
tion, it has been found possible to reduce the copper sulphate in the sprays
employed against grape downy mildew to 0.5 per cent by employing casein.
The reduction of the co])per content to 0.25 per cent has not proved successful.

Treatment of grape downy mildew and Oidium, V. C. Manso de ZtJNiGA
{Estac. Enol. Haro Mem., 1916, pp. 40-47).— Ks the result of tests with fungi-
cides for use against grape Oidium and downy mildew, it is stated that
Bordeaux mixture with casein proved to be as effective at 1 per cent strength
as without casein at 2 per cent. A preparation of very high basicity produced
serious injury in all tests.

A bacterial spot of citrus, Ethel M. Doidge {Ann. Appl. Biol., 3 {1917), No.
2-3, pp. 53-81, pis. 11). — An tyccount is given of a citrus disease in the western
part of the Capo of Good Hope. The primarily causal organism is described as
a new species {Bacillus citrimaculans). It is symptomatically diaracterized

1918.1 DISEASES OF PLANTS. 553

by dark sunken spots on the fruit and shoot. The infection gives entrance to
fungi which destroy the fruit.

A bacterial spot of citrus fruits, Ethel M. Doidqe (Agr. Jour. So. Africa,
2 (1915), No. 11, pp. lSO-182, pis. 2). — This is a condensed account of the disease
noted above.

Bud rot of the coconut palm, C. H. Knowles {Dept. Agr. Fiji Pamphlet 20
{1916), pp. 2). — A brief general account of coconut bud rot in other places is
followed by a sketch of conditions noted in Fiji, with suggestions regarding
points to be observed in suspected cases.

Investigation of diseases of the rose (Oard. Chron. Amer., 21 {1911), No. 6,
p. 2^5). — Investigations carried on since August 1, 1916, In northeastern United
States are said to sliow that the more important rose diseases prevalent, in
their order, are black spot, mildew, crown gall, stem canker, Phyllosticta leaf
spot, rust, bud rot, and miscellaneous leaf spots. Fungi and bacteria causing
other diseases are being studied.

A disease which appears to be new and important is briefly described
under the name crown canker. Specimens have been sent in from many
points extending as far west as Missouri. It was first observed by the author
in September, 1916, but has possibly been present for four or five years. All
rose varieties appear to be susceptible. The attack occurs just beneath the
soil surface, advancing slowly, but killing the plant eventually after a decline
in the number and quality of the flowers. Control experiments are now under
way. The fungus is thought to live in the soil and to necessitate soil sterili-
zation when the organism has once gained a foothold.

Montana forest tree fungi. — I, Polyporaceee, J. R. Weib {Mycologia, 9
{1911), No. 3, pp. 129-131, pi. i).— The present list, confined to the Poly-
poracese, is the first part of a classified record intended to include the names
of all forest tree fungi of importance to be found in Montana.

Observations on forest tree rusts, J. R. Weik and E. E. Hubert {Amer.
Jour. Bot., 4 {1911), No. 6, pp. 321-335, figs. 2).— It is suggested, in view of
comparisons made (pending a study of cultures which is considered necessary
for finnl determination), that Uredinopsis copelandi be considered as identical
with U. pte7-idis, a technical description of the secial stage of which is given.

Data briefly noted indicate the presence of a biological species of Puccini-
astrum pustulatum occurring on Epilobium adenocaulon and overwintering by
means of mycelium and uredinia upon the rosettes which live until spring.

Studies carried out on Coleospormm soUdaginis occurring on Aster and Soli-
dago are said to confirm the conclusions of Mains (B. S. R., 36, p. 647) regard-
ing the wintering habit of this fungus.

A practical method of preventing the damping-off of coniferous seedlings,
C. A. Scott {Jour. Forestry, 15 {1911), No. 2, pp. 192-196, pis. 2).— A method
said to be practical and highly satisfactory is described of sterilizing forest
nursery seed beds with steam delivered at 120 to 160 lbs. pressure for from 35 to
45 minutes under inverted pans previously weighted down. This plan has
stood the test of use for two seasons very favorable to the fungus, causing
the damping-oflf of coniferous seedlings, except in the case of the Engelmann
spruce. The unsterillzed beds of all species showed almost a total loss. Ger-
mination in the sterilized beds occurred from two to four days earlier and
was more nearly complete, giving a considerable saving in the cost of seeds.
This methods also destroys all w:eed seeds, thus eliminating the cost of weeding
and counterbalancing thereby the entire expense of sterilizing the beds. The
seedlings in the sterilized beds made a much more vigorous growth, attaining

55096°— 18 5

554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

before the close of the growing season from two to four times the size of those
on the untreated beds.

How to preserve the oaks, L. Daniel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parts], 164
(1917), No. 25, pp. 957-959). — The injury done to oalis by mildew since 1908 is
attributed largely to the defective methods of lopping in vogue, the resulting
changes in the form of the tree and the disturbance of equilibrium between the
fundamental processes culminating in a greater degree of susceptibility.

Hevea canker, III, A. A. L. Rutgers (Dept. Landb., Nijv en Handel [Dutch
East Indies], Meded. Lab. Plantensiekten, No. 28 {1917), pp. 49, pis. 12, figs.
2). — Reporting further (E. S. R., 37, p. 458) on Hevea canker, the author states
that the stripe canker, which shows a decay of the renewing bark and appears
only during the very wet weather of the rainy season, may be induced artifi-
cially by applying conidia suspended in water to the wounds made by tapping.
The black lines enlarge and may so fuse as to cover the whole surface of the
renewing bark. Tran.sition stages between stripe canker and ordinary canker
may be found. The disease may spread with exceptional rapidity where tap-
ping is kept up or where water is used on the tapping cuts. Carbolineum,
formerly used as an antiseptic at 50 per cent concentration, is now used at 20
per cent, and it is thought that this may be safely reduced perhaps to 5 per
cent.

Both forms of canker are due to Phytophthora faberi. Canker patches of the
ordinary sort are produced by inserting mycelium into an incision in the old
bark. Bur formation of a certain sort described is regarded as a symptom
of canker. Under favorable circumstances the trees recover from light attacks
provided tapping is stopped.

The Phytophthora forms from Hevea, cacao, and nutmeg are said to belong
to the same species. The strain from cacao is more virulent for that host and
for Hevea, and the nutmeg strain for its own host. Comparisons of pure cul-
tures are said to show that morphologically the four forms P. faberi, P. nico-
tianw, P. colocasice, and P. jatrophw are distinct species, the last named being
of the type of P. infestans, and P. fagi and P. cactorum being quite different
from the others.

Preventive measures considered as most important for canker include thin-
ning, drainage, and removal of Intercrops, pruning having been abandoned.
Direct measures include cutting out the red patches of canker and the appli-
cation of carbolineum to the stripe cankers. The disease should be detected
early and tapping stopped.

It is thought from very recent experiments that stripe canker can be pre-
vented entirely. P. faberi can attack unwounded fruit, causing a rot which
may spread very rapidly. Drosophila appears to be an active agency in
spreading the disease. The burs found on Hevea trunks may be the result of
leaf scars, pricking, or canker. Of the last named there are two forms, one
deep-seated, the other due to secondary wood formation in the cortex and
curable by stopping the tapping and treating the cankers.

Abnormal leaf fall of Hevea rubber, W. McRae {Planters' Chron., 11
{1916), No. 37, pp. 459-465) .—This is a report of a lecture before the United
Planters' Association of South India in which the speaker discussed some pre-
liminary studies of a disease which is now attributed to a Phytophthora
hitherto but little known on rubber plantations, having been first mistaken for
P. faberi. The effects of the disease on the different parts of the plant are
described. It was first definitely noted as a fruit rot, but is now also charac-
terized by an abnormal shedding of leaves from June to August.

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555

Polyporus shorese (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kcw, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. S (1916),
p. 72). — A fungus suspected to cause a serious disease of sal (Shorea robusta)
is described under the name of P. shorew. The effect on the wood is said to be
similar to that produced by Trametes pini, but more marked.

The black zones formed by wood-destroying' fungi, A. S. Rhoads (Syra-
cuse Univ. IPubs.], 17 (1917), No. 28, pp. 61, figs. 7).— This is the beginning
of an attempt to throw some light on the nature and significance of the black
lines or zones of decay which accompany several fungi in many kinds of wood.
These are said to indicate the first stage of decomposition in dicotyledonous
woods, but may also be found in wounds in such trees while living or when but
newly fallen, even before the presence of fungi can be demonstrated, being in
this case due solely to oxidation of the woody substance. These decomposition
products are said to arise only after the death of the cells through the oxidation
of their contents and certain constituents of the cell walls, this formation occur-
ring most notably in the parenchyma cells, which are infiltrated, causing the
appearance of blackish zones of varying thickness. Wood thus infiltrated is
to be considered as pathological heartwood. The blackish zones move forward
with the advance of decay and disappear with its completion in a given region.
In coniferous woods the formation of these decoloring decomposition products
is relatively insignificant. Three factors said to be necessary are the presence
of dead cells, an optimum supply of moisture, and sufficient oxygen to supply
the needs of the oxidation process.

The partially decomposed material of woody plants forms a particularly
vague and indefinite group of substances containing the nonvolatile products
of the action of fungi, enzyras, and oxygen, all of which are exceptionally
resistant to chemical reagents.

It is possible to prepare, by oxidizing fresh sapwood, a product resembling
that resulting from decomposition in various woods, either in wounded areas
of living trees, in dead wood, or as the result of the activity of wood-destroying
fungi. Decomposition products resembling the so-called wound gum are caused
by oxidation or else by wood-destroying fungi which hasten the decomposition
and hence the oxidation.

Damage by spurs, J. L. Richards (Mass. Forestry Assoc. Bui., 117 (1915),
pp. 25-27, pis. 3). — An accoimt of the admission of destructive nematodes and
fungi, including chestnut blight, by way of the wounds made by climbing irons,
which leads to the conclusion that spurs should not be used on valuable trees.

Tests with chemicals on control of nematodes, T. A. C. Schoeveks (Meded.
Rijks Hoogere Land, Tuin en Boschbouwsch. IWageningen], 12 (1917), No. 1,
pp. 46-48). — The author reports some preliminary tests with several chemicals
In attempting to control Heterodera radicicola in roots of tomato plants. He
states that lime mixed with ammonium sulphate gave the best results, but that
these were almost equaled by those from naphthalin and those from formalin.
Two compounds tested seemed rather to favor the development of the nematodes.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

The vertebrate zoologist and national efficiency, W. P. Taylor (Science,
n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1180, pp. 123-127).

Conservation of game in the National Forests and National Parks, B. W.
Nelson (Amer. Forestry, 23 (1917), No. 279, pp. 139-145, figs. 10).

What Big Lake [Reservation] means as a game refuge, G. W. Field (Wild
Life, 1 (1917), No. 1, pp. 5, 15, fig. 1).

Rio Grande bird reservation, New Mexico, G. Willett (Reclam. Rec. [U. S.],
8 (1917), No. 4, pp. 190, 191, fig. 1).

556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol 88

A visit to the heronry at Walker Lake.— Even the egret, once on the
verge of extinction, is coming back on this fine sanctuary, R. A. Holland
(Wild Life, 1 {1911), No. 2, p. 9).

Lost and disappearing wild birds of Missouri, W. L. McAtek {Wild Life,
1 {1911), No. 2, pp. 1, 16).

The birds of the Anamba Islands, H. O. Obeeholseb {U. S. Nat. Mm. Bui.
98 {1911), pp. 15, pis. 2).

Birds collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on various islands in the Java Sea.
H. C. OBEKHor.sER {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54 {1911), pp. 111-200).

The status of Aphelocoma cyanotis and its allies, H. C. Oberholser {Con-
dor, 19 {1911), No. 3, pp. 91 95).

Notes on the fringilline genus Passerherbulus and its nearest allies, H. G.
Oberholser {Ohio Jour. Sci., 11 {1911), No. 8, pp. 332-336).

A review of the subspecies of the leach petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa,
H. C. Oberholser {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5^ {1911), pp. 165-112).

The relationships of the fossil bird Palaeochenoides mioceanus, A. Wet-
more (Jour. Oeol., 25 {1911), No. 6, pp. 555-551, fig. 1).

How to attract birds in the East Central States, W. L. McAtee {U. S.
Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 912 {1918), pp. U, figs, ii).— This, the fourth of a
series of bulletins describing the best methods of attracting birds in various
parts of the United States (B. S. R., 38, p. 53), covers the territory west of
Pennsylvania, north of Tennessee, and east of the one-hundredth meridian.

The agricultural value of bird life in Louisiana, H. H. Kopman {Mod.
Farming, 41 {1911), No. 12, pp. 3, 4). — This account includes a brief report «f
several bird counts made on farm land in Louisiana during the breeding
season of 1915.

On the life history of a soil ameba, C. W. Wilson {Univ. Cal. Pubs. Zool.,
16 {1916), No. 16, pp. 241-292, pis. 6).— A detailed report of studies of the life
history of Nacgleria gruheri, pure mixetl cultures of which were maintained
under laboratory conditions for -a period of two years. In these cultures
encystment and excystment, enflagellation and exflagellation. and exogenous
and endogenous budding were observed and are described. A bibliography
of 45 titles is included.

Ninth annual report of the State entomologist of Indiana, F. N. Wallace
{Ann. Rpt. State Ent. Ind., 9 {1915-16), pp. 230, figs. 132).— This report in-
cludes papers on Some Injurious Insect Pests of the Year (pp. 23^7) which
incorporates a paper by M. E. Kinsey on the Onion Thrips ; Some Common
Diseases of Vegetables (pp. 77-90) and Directions for Sterilizing Soil in Plant
Beds and Greenhouses (pp. 91-96), by J. B. Demaree; Report of the State In-
spector of Apiaries (pp. 98-104) ; and Some of the Important Insect Pests of
Indiana, by R. E. Snodgrass (pp. 105-225).

Report of the entomologist for 1916, H. A. Surface {Penn. Dept. Agr. Bvl.
290 {1911), pp. 65-70).— This is the usual annual report (E. S. R., 87, p. 459).

Report of the Dominion entomologist for the year ended March 31, 1916,
C. G. Hewitt {Canada Dept. Agr., Rpt. Dominion Ent., 1916, pp. 13, pis. 4). —
This reports on the work of the year under the headings of the administration
of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act ; introduction of parasites and predatory
enemies of the brown-tail and gipsy moths; insects aiffecting cereal and other
field crops, garden, and greenhouse; and insects affecting forest and shade
trees. Summary reports of the work carried out at the field laboratories follow.
[Insects of economic importance in Cuba] {Sec. Agr. Cuba, Com. Sanid.
Veg., Bui. 1 {1911) [English Ed.], pp. 36-48, 52-66, 61-11, pis. 22).— The injury
caused to sugar cane by Pseudococcut sacchari (pp. 36-38) and by the cercopid

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 557

Monecphora Mcincta (pp. 38-43), particularly to parana grass (Panicum nu-
midianum) in Camaguey, is reported upon. A list is given of the insects and
diseases of economic importance in Cuba arranged according to their host
plants (pp. 52-66), and an account of the occurrence of the spiny citrus white
fly {Aleurocanthus woglumi) in Cuba, including a list of host plants (pp. 67-
77), references to which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 462; 38,
p. 158).

[Entomological investigations] (Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc, Rpt. Expt.
Sta. Com., 1917, pp. 6-11). — This is a summary of the entomological work at
The Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. Particular attention was given to work
with the natural enemies of the Anomala beetle.

[Hawaiian insects] (Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, 3 (1916), No. 4, pp. 270-272,
274. 276-280, 2S7, 288, 292-291 296-368, figs. 61).— The papers here presented
include the following: Notes on Two Species of Hawaiian Diptera (Brachy-
deutera argentata and [Homalomyia] Fannia pusio) (pp. 270-272), Clerada
apicicornis Sucking Blood (p. 274), and Webbing Clothes Moth (Tineola Msel-
liella) Predacious (p. 274), by J. F. Illingworth ; Notes on a Peregrine Bethylid
(Epyris extraneus n. sp.) (pp. 27&-279) and Notes on Dictyophorodelphax mira-
hilis (pp. 279, 280), by J. Bridwell ; Notes on the Life History of Attagenus
plebius, by J. F. Illing\vorth, an account of which has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 37, p. 567) (pp. 287, 288) ; Description of a New Species of Spalangia,
S. philippinensis, a parasite of the horn fly (Lyperosia irritans) introduced
from the Philippines in 1914, by D. T. Fullaway (pp. 292-294) ; Exhibition
of "Types" of Some Recent Hawaiian Lepidoptera [41 species], by O. H.
Swezey (pp. 296, 297) ; New Hawaiian Delphacidee, including descriptions of
1 genus and 15 species and subspecies new to science (pp. 298-311) and
Homopterous Notes, including descriptions of 26 new species (pp. 311-338),
by F. Muir; Refei-ence Tables of the Hawaiian Delphacids and of Their Food
Plants, by W. M. Giffard (pp. 339-348) ; and Economic Aspects of our
Predacious Ant (Pheidole megacephala) , by J. F. Illingworth (pp. 349-368).

Annual report for 1916 of the zoologist, C. Wabburton (Jour. Roy. Agr.
Soc. England, 77 (1916), pp. 222-234, figs. 4).— This consists in large part of a
report upon the occurrence of some of the more important insects.

British insects and how to know them, H. Bastin (London: MetJiuen & Co.,
Ltd., (1917), pp. 129, pis. 12; rev. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 7, p.
S27). — This is a small text-book comprising a popular introduction to the study
of British insects.

Insect and arachnid pests of 1916, R. S. MacDougall (Trans. Highland and
Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 29 (1917), pp. 116-152, figs. 25).— This reports observa-
tions of the occurrence, etc., of the more important insect and arachnid pests of
the year (E. S. R., 36, p. 252).

Imported insect pests, C. Vrooman (Country Gent., 82 (1917), No. 43, pp.
12, IS, figs. 8).

Grass and clover insects, C. R. Crosby and M. D. Leonard (N. Y. State Col.
Agr., Cornell Ext. Bui., 20 (1917), pp. 20, figs. 18).— A popular account of the
more important grass and clover insects.

ChortopMla cilicrura and Thereva sp., pests of rye in Silesia, Germany,
Obebstein (Ztschr., Pflansenkrank., 26 (1916), No. 5, pp. 277-280; ahs. in Inter-
nat. Inst. Agr. [i2owe], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 10,
pp. 1558, 1559). — In Silesia during the period 1914-15 it was observed that
over a vast area the leaves of rye were completely devoured by C. cilicrura.
Corn was attacked, but not to the same extent as rye, and lupines that followed
rye were also attacked. Another pest, an undetermined species of the dipterous
genus Thereva, is also mentioned as attacking rye.

(58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

[Potato and alfalfa insects], E. Escomel {Bol. Min. Fomento [Peru], No. 6
(1917), pp. .'fl-51). — The potato aphid (Macrosiphum solanifolii), a small crus-
tacean (Omiscus murarios), and a lepidopteran are reported as injuring the
potato, and the red spider (Tetranychus telarius) as injuring alfalfa.

Insects affecting vegetables, C. J. S. Bethune (Ontario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 251
(1917), pp. 32, fi(js. IfJf) . — A popular summary of information.

The role of insects as carriers of fire blight, H. A. Gossaed (Rpt. Proc.
Mont. State Jlort. .Vor., 19 (1916), pp. S4-90).— Substantially noted from an-
other source (E. S. R., 35, p. 662).

Insects affecting coffee in Porto Rico, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 6, pp. 513-517).— A brief report of observations of
the insect pests of coffee In Porto Rico, in which the coffee leaf miner (Leucop-
tera coffeella), the coffee leaf weevil (Laclinopus sp. ), and the coffee shade ant
(Myrmclachista amhigua) are given particular attention.

A summary of our knowledge of insect vectors, M. E. MacGkegok (Jour.
Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London], 20 (1917), No. 18, pp. 205-209) .—This is a sum-
mary of our knowledge of the more important insect-borne diseases and their
vectors, much of the data being presented in tabular form.

On the selection and breeding of desirable strains of beneficial insects,
C. W. Maixy (So. African Jour. Sci., IS (1916), No. 5, pp. 191-195) .—The author
here discusses the possibility of developing desirable strains of beneficial insects,
particularly as relates to the lady beetle.

Crop pest controls, J. G. Sandebs (Penn. Dept. Agr., Bur. Econ. Zool., 1917,
n. ser., Circs. 3, pp. 15; Jf, pp. 9). — These circulars consist of brief summaries
of information on insect pests and control measures.

When does the cost of spraying truck crops become prohibitive? V. I.
Safko (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 6, pp. 521-523).— The author suggests
the following rule :

" The cost of spraying truck crops for pests that threaten to destroy all or
a large part of the crop does not become prohibitive until the immediate appli-
cation in view, together with such following farm operations as can be definitely
foreseen, have a total cost in excess of the reasonable expectation of gross re-
turns from the crop in question."

A device for sowing grasshopper poison, T. H. Parks (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10
(1917), No. 6, pp. 52Jt, 525, pi. 1). — The author describes and illustrates a
seeder for applying poison bran mash over large areas, improvised during a
grasshopper campaign in western Kansas. It consists of a canvas bag which
is strapped over the shoulder of the operator and fitted with a feeding device
consisting of a canvas sleeve and swinging tube made of tin or galvanized iron.

A suggestion for the destruction of cockroaches, C W. Howard (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 6, p. 561). — The author's experiments show that ex-
posures to temperatures of from 122 to 140° F. for 20 minutes ; 24° for 3 hours ;
18° for 20 minutes; 10° for 5 minutes; and 0° for from 5 to 10 mioutes will
destroy 100 per cent of the croton-bugs (Blatella germanica).

Experiments on the physiology of digestion in Blattidse, E. W. Sanford
(Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., IS (1916), No. 8, p. J9S).— The author's in-
vestigations, which confirm the earlier work of Petrunkevltch (E. S. R., 11,
p. 767), show that fat is split to soluble products and absorbed In large amount
in the crop of the cockroach.

Sex determination in Anthothrips verbasci, A. F, Shuix (Genetics, 2
(1917), No. 5, pp. 4^0-488). — A report of work with the mullein thrips carried
on in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 252). It is shown
that virgin females produce only male progeny.

1918.J ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 559

Key to the species of Leptoglossus occurring north of Mexico, E. H. Gib-
son (Psyche, 24 {1911), No. S, pp. 6V-7S).

On the possibility of the transmission of plague by bedbugs, J. W.
CoBNWALL and T. Kesava Menon {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 5 {1917), No.
1, pp. 137-159). — The authors find that bedbugs fed on a case of septicemic
plague are a potential source of danger,

" Meals which contain bacteria are frequently fatal to bugs. On occasion
bugs may survive an infection with Bacillus pestis for 38 days, and the bacillus
may be recovered from their stomachs by culture at the end of that time.
Bugs can not regurgitate their stomach contents in the act of feeding. If,
therefore, bugs transmit plague by biting, they must do so by washing out
with the saliva bacilli which have been stranded in their sucking tubes. Bacilli
are not likely to remain m the sucking tube for long after an infected feed.

" It can not yet be stated for certain whether bugs can or can not transmit
plague by biting. The likelihood of the transmission of human plague by bugs
in biting under natural conditions is small."

The hop redbug (Paracalocoris hawleyi), I. M. Hawley {Jour. Econ. Ent.,
10 (1917), No. 6, pp. 545-552, pi. 1, figs. 8).— Each year since 1913 this pest has
increased in numbers and caused more and more injury in hopyards about
Waterville, N. Y., especially in the vicinity of Sangerfield, by perforating the
leaves and stunting and deforming the stems. The initial injury is made evi-
dent by many light spots in the still unfolded leaves.

An account of its life history is accompanied by technical descriptions of
its several stages, including five nymphal Instars. The overwintering eggs are
laid in hop poles from the middle of August until September and hatch the
following year from June 1 until nearly the first of July. The nymphal period
lasts about 30 days, the adults beginning to appear about the first of July.

Several predators are mentioned as natural enemies, including Apeteticus
maculiventris, Reduviolus subcoleoptratus, and Trombidium sp. Blackleaf 40,
at the rate of 1 pint to 100 gal. of water with 6 lbs. of soap, applied on July 17,
apparently killed at once. In order to be successful the spraying should be
done about the third week in June before the vines have produced large arms.

A contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Tingis pyri, D. Dueante
(Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 11 {1917), pp. 282-290;
aba. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1917), No. 8, p. S42). — A report of observa-
tions of this pest made during the spring of 1914 on apple trees on which an
outbreak had occurred the previous summer.

The apple and pear are the cultivated plants in Italy usually attacked,
although a case was observed where an infestation of a plum tree took place
from nearby apple trees. The following sprays were found to give satis-
factory control: (1) Petroleum 1 lb., soft soap 1 lb., and water 10 gal., or
(2) soap 2 lbs. and water 10 gal., and (3) soft soap 1 lb., carbolic tobacco
extract 1 lb., and water 10 gal.

A few notes chiefly on the names of nearctic Tingidse, W. L. McAtee {Bui.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 12 {1917), No. 4, pp. 78, 79).

Key to the nearctic species of Leptoypha and Leptostyla, W. L. McAtee
{Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 12 {1917), No. 5, pp. 55-64).

Amphiscepa bivittata in its relation to cranberry, H. B. Scammell {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 {1917), No. 6, pp. 552-556, pi. 1). — This is a report of observa-
tions of the biology of the fulgorid A. bivittata, made during the course of cran-
berry insect investigations in New Jersey and on which but little has been
previously reported. The author suggests that, since this insect is commonly
associated with the cranberry and attacks the woody stems and not the foliage of

560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, [Vol.38

the plant, it be called the cranbtTiy viiu-hopper in preference to the name
" broad-winged leaf -hopper " by which it has been known.

Though the pest is said to be essentially one of secondary importance, being
found only on vines in an unthrifty or dying condition, due to injury by other
insects or drought, it has been taken in every cranberry section of the State.
The author has reared the nymphs from egg punctures made in the wood of
the swamp blueberry (Vaccininm corymhosum) as well as from cranberry. One
generation a year Ls produced, hibernation taking place in the egg stage either
on winter flooded bogs or those not flooded at any time.

Effective remedy consists of the removal of the major insect pests and the
general improvement of conditions of vine growth by better cultural methods,
such as pruning, sanding, and the application of fertilizers. Reflowing the bog
about August 1 for a pei-iod of 24 hours, at which time the nymphs will have
hatched and no eggs have been laid by the new adult, is suggested. A light
wind will blow the bugs to one shore, where they may be killed by the use of a
kerosene-burning spray torch.

The family Isometopidce as represented in North America, B. H. Gibson
(BmI. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 12 {1917), No. 4, pp. 73-77).— Three species are de-
scribed as new and the genus Lidopus erected.

A key to the species of Dictyophara, E. H. Gibson (Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc,
12 {1911), No. 3, pp. 69-71).

The pear woolly aphis, W. M. Davidson {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 6 {1917),
No. 10, pp. 390-396, figs. 2). — This paper, based upon the studies of EHosoma
pyricola previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 463), includes later observations and
a brief discussion of control measures.

In the control work miscible oil, kerosene oil emulsion, and distillate oil
emulsion were used at proper strengths with success in controlling aphis on
the roots of young orchard trees. Carbon bisulphid injected into the soil in
liquid form proved satisfactory both on young orchard trees and in the nursery,
although there is some danger to the trees in its use.

The box elder aphid (Chaitophorus negundinis), R. L. Websteb {Iowa Sta.
Bui. 173 {1917), pp. 95-121, figs. jf2).— This account deals largely with biological
studies of C. negundinis, a plant louse which quite generally infests the box elder,
one of Iowa's common trees. In that State nearly all box elders are infested by
the pest and often to such an extent that it becomes a great nuisance. It was
particularly obnoxious in southwestern Iowa in 1908 and in 1910 was so abun-
dant throughout the State that the box elder foliage was very light. Although
the box elder {Acer negundo) is the only plant on which this species is abun-
dant, the insect has been recorded by Sanborn on catalpa. It is recorded as
occurring from Manitoba and Ontario in the north south to Las Vegas, N. Mex.,
and from New York in the East and California in the West, though most abun-
dant in the States of the Upper Mississippi Valley. It appears to be a native
species, having been originally described by Thomas from Illinois in 1878.

The egg, in which stage the winter is passed, hatches early in the spring just as
the box elder buds are ready to burst and on which the young soon begin to feed.
Early in June or even late in May normal forms give birth to dimorphs and from
then on, during July and August, only the dimorphic forms are generally found
on the leaves. The author has observed the dimorphs to molt twice, after which
they become normal forms that become active late in August or early in Sep-
tember, and when mature give birth to normal forms. It is pointed out that
the presence of these dimorphs in midsummer accounts for the fact that for
about three months but little damage is done to box elders, the dimorphs re-
maining on the leaves, entirely inactive. Due to this fact it is very difficult to

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 561

control the plant lice by spraying infested trees when only the dimorphs are
present since they lie so flat on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves
that it is difiicult to reach any large percentage of them with the spray. The
ti-ue sexes appear in October and eggs are deposited on the bark, twigs, and
branches of the trees. Observations of 12 generations are recorded, the di-
morphs having first appeared in the fourth and in the four succeeding. It is
thought that under normal conditions there are six or seven generations in-
cluding a generation of dimorphs in midsummer. Technical descriptions are
given of the several forms.

Syrphid flies are its most important natural enemies, two species, Allograpta
obliqua and Syrphtis americanus, having been common at Ames in 1912. The
larvse of an agromyzid species (Leucopis sp. near griseola) and a cecidorayiid
(Aphidoletes sp. ) were observed by the author to feed upon this aphid. Among
other predacious enemies observed are several species of lady beetles (Hippo-
damia convergens, Cycloneda sanyuina, Adalia bipimctata, and Scymnus ameri-
canus), the insidious flower bug {Triphleps insidiosus), a capsid (Plagiogna-
thus annulatus), chrysopid larvae (Chrysopa nigricornis, C. plorabunda, and
C. oculata), and a large red mite (Rhyncliolophus pilosus). Hymenopterous
parasites serve as important checks, Praon coloradensis having been the most
common species, and Aphidius polygonaphis was reared.

Control measures recommended include the use of blackleaf 40 (1 : 500) in the
early spring against the eggs on the bark ; and 6§ per cent kerosene emulsion
or whale-oil soap (1:10) against the plant lice on the leaves when abundant
In May and September. Since only the dimorphs are present during the sum-
mer, the spraying must be done before June or after September 1.

A list of 24 references to the literature is appended.

Aphis immunity of teosinte-corn hybrids, W. B. Gernert {Science, n. ser.,
46 [1917), No. 1190, pp. 390-892) .—The data here presented relate to first
generation hybrid plants from seed produced by fecundating teosinte (Eticlcena
mexicana) with pollen of yellow dent corn {Zea indentata), which species
hybridize freely. The author observed that whereas both the roots and foliage
of corn plants were heavily infested with aphids, no aphis was ever discovered
upon either the teosinte or hybrids nearby.

Chermesidse in relation to British forestry, H. M. Steven (Trans. Roy. Scot.
Arbor. Soc, 31 (1917), pt. 2, pp. 131-155, pis. If, figs. ^).— A summary of infor-
mation on this family in which particular attention is given to their life history.

The fluted scale (Icerya purchasi), E. R. Speyer (Dept. Ayr. Ceylon Leaflet
S {1917), pp. 4, fig. 1). — A summary of information on the cottony cushion scale
In Ceylon.

Icerya purchasi in Ceylon: A warning to India, T. B. Fletcher (Agr.
Jour. India, 12 (1917). No. 4, pp. 525-531, pi. 1). — The discovery of the cottony
cushion scale In Ceylon in December, 1915, an account of which has been noted
above, and its rapid spread on Acacia spp. and citrus, together with the possi-
bility of Its introduction into India, have led to the preparation of this account.
A list of 36 titles to the literature consulted or quoted is included.

Studies on the morphology and susceptibility of the eggs of Aphis avense,
A. pomi, and A. sorbi, A. Peterson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 {1917), No. 6, pp.
556-560). — This is a report of studies made at the New Jersey Experiment
Stations.

A series of experiments conducted with various insecticides and other chemi-
cals, briefly summarized, shows conclusively that the eggs of these three species
are susceptible to various Insecticides, particularly lime-sulphur and lime-sulphur
combined with nicotin, and that they are also susceptible to various chemicals
not generally used as insecticides. Orchard experiments with lime-sulphur

562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

(1:9) and llrue-sulphur (1:9) combined with blackleaf 40 (1:500) gave good
results in liilling eggs of A. avcrue and A. sorbi wlien tlie spray was applied as
tlie buds started to swell, March 31 to April 7.

Some Florida scale insects, C. E. Wilson {Quart. Bui. Plant Bd. Fla., 2
(1917), No. 1, pp. 2-65, figs. 70). — Brief descriptions are here given of 86
species of C5occidae found in Florida, together with their host plants and dis-
tribution in the State. Photographic reproductions of most of the species are
included.

Control of scale insects or Coccidse in Florida, E. W. Bebger (Quart. Bui.
Plant Bd. Fla., 2 (1917), No. 1, pp. 66-81). — A summary of information on con-
trol measures for Coccldffi in Florida.

Ocneria dispar in Britain, R. Adkin (Proc. So. London Ent. and Nat. Hist.
Soc, 1916-17, pp. i-6).— This paper reviews the history of the occurrence of the
gipsy moth in Great Britain, where It has been introduced several times. In
some unknown way its extinction has resulted, and it is significant that this
and another species (Chrysophanus dispar) have disappeared from the fen dis-
tricts, so far as has been gathered from known records, within a year or two
of one another.

The life history of the okra or mallow caterpillar (Cosmophila erosa),
H. L. DoziEK (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 6, pp. 5S6-542, pis. 2).— This is
a report of biological studies at Gainesville, Fla., of C. erosa, an account of
which pest by Chittenden under the name Abutilon moth has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 157).

It is said to be a source of serious damage to okra, and to injure the cotton
rose (Hibiscus mutabilis) and the flowering maple (Abutilon striatum) at
Gainesville through attacking the leaves. Thirty-four days were found to be
required for the completion of its life cycle.

The pink bollworm in Brazil, E. C. Green (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 18. ser.,
No. 7 (1917), pp. 583-606, figs. IS). — A summary of information on (Gelcchia)
Pectinopliora gossypiella, which appeared in Brazil in 1914, and means for com-
bating it. It now occurs over large areas in Parahiba, Rio Grande do Norte, and
Ceara.

Note on the life cycle of the sugar beet webworm, H. O. Marsh (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 6, 5JtS, 5^4).— This note supplements the author's
paper on Loxostege sticticalis, previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 861).

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, in candy and notes on its
life history, W. B. Herms (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917), No. 6, p. 563).— The
author reports the thorough infestation of chocolate-coated marshmallow candy
by the larvae of P. interpunctella at San Francisco, Cal. The pest requires 40
days at a temperature of from 23 to 26' C. (73.4 to 78.8° F.) to complete its life
history.

A demonstration in mosquito control, 0. W. Howard (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10
(1917), No. 6, pp. 517-521). — This is a report upon a successful antimosquito
campaign conducted at Minneapolis, Minn.

A trematode parasite of anopheline mosquitoes, J. A. Sinton (Indian Jour.
Med. Research, 5 (1917), No. 1, pp. 192-19^, pi. 1). — A parasite found in Ano-
pheles funestus listoni, A. culicifacies, and A. stephensii which seems to be simi-
lar to the Agamodistomum described by Martirano* in A. claviger and to a simi-
lar parasite described by Alessandrini in A. maculipennis (E, S. R., 23, p. 663) is
here described.

»Policlin., Sez. Prat., 7 (1901), No, 35, pp. 1089-1091, figs. 5.

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY- — ENTOMOLOGY. 563

Asphondylia websteri n. sp., E. P. Felt {Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 {1911), No. 6,
p. 562). — A cecidoniyiid which has been found to occur in an isolated area in
the vicinity of Teiupe, Ariz., and was previously reported to be the European
species .4. miki (E. S. R., 27, p. 161) is here described as new.

Hypoderma lineata in Netherlands, F. Baudet {Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., JfS
{1916), No. 23, pp. 881-889, pis. 4). — A report of observations of this warble tty
in the Netherlands.

The effect of certain chemicals upon oviposition in the house fly (Musca
domestica), S. E. Ceumb and S. C. Lton {Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 {1917), No. 6, pp.
4S2-436. fig. 1). — Experiments conducted by the authors during the summer of
1916 gave positive evidence that carbon dioxid was the oviposition stimulant,
while a limited series of experiments with ammonia gave negative results.
While the re.sults do not agree with those of Richardson (E. S. R., 37, p. 159), a
careful analysis of his experiments have led the authors to conclude that the
apparent discrepancy between his results and theirs is only in the conclusions
drawn.

Studies in flies. — Classification of the genus Musca and description of the
Indian species, P. R. Awati {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 5 {1917), No. 1, pp.
160-191, pis. 10). — A continuation of the studies previously noted (E. S. R., 37,
p. 358).

The carriage of cysts of Entamceba histolytica and other intestinal pro-
tozoa and eggs of parasitic worms by house flies, with some notes on the
resistance of cysts to disinfectants and other agents, C. M. Wenyon and
F. W. O'CoNNOB {Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 28 {1917), No. 5, pp. 522-527).—
In feeding experiments with flies (Musca, Fannia, Calliphora, and Lucilia) the
authors have confirmed the results of Kuenan and Swellengrebel,' and show that
the cyst stage of E. histolytica, the species which causes amebic dysentery, may
be ingested when infected feces are fed upon. They have also demonstrated that
the larger cysts of the nonpathogenic human ameba E. coli and of the flagellate
Lamblia intestinalis are ingested in a similar manner. Cysts of all three species
were found in the intestine 24 hours after the last feeding on feces, but after
this time they had been discharged from the intestine.

The passage of living and active Trichomonas through the flies' intestines was
observed. The un: Itered and living cysts commenced to be deposited in droplets
of liquid feces within 20 to 30 minutes after the fly has fed on infected feces. In
the droppings of 15 wild house flies captured at random were found not only
the cysts of E. histolytica, E. coli, and L. intestinalis, but also the oocyst of a
coccidium and the eggs of varlouo parasitic worms {Twnia saginata, Ankylostoma
duodenale, Trichocephalus trichiurus, Heterophyes heterophyes and the com-
paratively enormous lateral-spined egg of Bilharzia).

Eosin tests of their viability show that while the cysts of E. histolytica do not
survive drying they are fairly resistant if kept moist. Cresoi 1 : 40 or 1 : 50 was
found to destroy them.

On a new nematode, Aproctonema entomophagum n. g. and n. sp., which
parasitizes a dipterous larva, D. Ketlin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parts], 165
{1917), No. 12, pp. 599-401, fists. 6).— This new nematode is a parasite of the
larva of Sciara pullula.

What determines the duration of life in Metazoa? J. Loeb and J. H.
NoBTHEOP {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., S {1917), No. 5, pp. S82-S86).— In the authors'
experiments with the pomace fly the ratio of the duration of the life of the
insect to the duration of the larval, pupal, and imago stages was found to
be approximately constant for all temperatures, and the same was true for the
ratio of the larval to the pupal stage.

iCentbl. Bkt. Letc], 1. Abt, Orig., 71 (1913), No. 5-7, pp. 378-410, pis. 2, figs. 15.

564 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.38

Carabidfe injurious to fruit trees, P. Lesne (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 89 {1911),
No. 18, pp. 283, 284, fiff'"^- 2).— A brief summary of information on injurious
carabid beetles.

The phylogeny of the Elateridae based on larval characters, J. A. Hyslop
(Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 10 (1917), No. 3, pp. 2^1-263, figs. 9).

Sweet potato root weevil (Cylas formicarius), W. Newell {Quart. Bui.
Plant Bd. Fla., 2 {1911), No. 1, pp. 81-100, figs. 2).— A summary of information
on this pest, which appears to infest the entire east coast strip of territory as
far north as Daytona, Volusia County.

Shot-hole borer of tea [Xyleborus fomicatus], E. R. Speyeb {Dept. Agr.
Ceylon Leaflet k {1917), pp. 4, pi. 1). — A popular summary of information.

Biology of the Tephrosia weevil, P. van deb Goot {Meded. Proefstat. Midden-
Java, No. 26 {1917), pp. 36, pis. 2, figs. 2). — An extended account of studies of
the coffee bean weevil {Araeocerus fasciculatus) , its parasitic enemies, and
control measures. This weevil is an important enemy of Tephrosia Candida in
Java.

The toxicity of molds to the honeybee and the cause of bee paralysis,
G. TxJEESsoN {Svensk Bot. Tidskr., 11 {1917), No. 1, pp. i6-S8).— Investigations
of the cause of bee paralysis by the author led to the conclusion that it is due
to molds which infest poorly constructed hives. This contention has been
proved through feeding cultures of fungi, two of which species {Penicillium
sp. and P. stoloniferum) were obtained from the intestines of dead bees and
the others obtained from honeycombs.

"Penicillium sp., P. stoloniferum, and Cladosporium herbarum seem to have
about the same degree of toxicity to bees and were all inferior in virulence
to P. conditaneum and Mucor. . . . The climate has undoubtedly something
to do with the different degrees of virulence in the molds, those of warmer
climates being far more toxic than those of temperate climates. This would
also explain why bee paralysis is much more prevalent and virulent in warm
than in cold climates."

The injury is probably a phenol intoxication. " The symptoms of poison-
ing are on the whole the same irrespective of the mold employed in the
feeding experiments." The action is at first a stimulating one, followed by
paralysis and the death of the bees. Bees fed with pure honey as control
confirmed the finding from the mold material.

The wintering of bees in Ontario, M. Pettit {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 256
{1917), pp. 24, figs. 14). — A popular discussion of the subject in which it is
shown that if properly handled bees may be wintered successfully in any part
of Ontario either in cellars or outdoors.

Money in bees in Australasia, Tablton-Rayment {Melbourne and London:
Whitcombe & Tombs, Ltd., [1917], pp. XVI+29S, pi. 1, figs. 100).— A. guide to
beekeeping In Australasia.

Notes on Bombidae and on the life history of Bombus auricomus, T. H.
Fbison {Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 10 {1917), No. S, pp. 277-286, pis. 2).— The
studies of the life history and bionomics of B. auricomus, here reported, were
made in central Illinois, where the species does not occur very commonly.
The observations of the bumblebees supplement those of Sladen, previously
noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 562). The parasitism of a worker {B. auricomus) by a
mora, Rapides Parish, La., Is recorded.

Occurrence of a fungus-growing ant in Louisiana, T. H. Jones {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 10 {1917), No. 6, p. 56i).— The occurrence of Atta texana at Glen-
mora, Rapids Parish, La., is recorded.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 565

A contribution to the knowledge of the Platygasterinse and their life
history, Kieffer {Centbl. Bakt. [efc], 2. AM., JfG {1917), No. 2^-25, pp. 547-
592; aba. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 {1911), No. 7, p. 319).— This is a sys-
tematic paper with keys to the various genera and species, in which a consid-
erable number of species reared from cecidomyiid hosts are described as new.

[New Ichneumonoidea], A. A, GiBAtrLT {Psyche, 24 {1917), No. 3, pp. 88-
102). — Several papers by the author are here presented, namely, The North
American Species of Pachy neuron, with Three New Species (pp. 88-90) ; New
Miscellaneous Chalcid Flies from North America (pp. 91-99) ; A New Species
of the Genus Mymar from the Woods of Maryland with an Important De-
scriptive Note (pp. 99, 100) ; A Metallic Species of Cirrospilopsis from Mary-
land (p. 100) ; A New Species of Closterocerus from California (p. 101) ; and
A New Genus or Subgenus of Pachyneurine Chalcid Flies (p. 102), namely,
Propachyneuronia.

Records are made in the second paper (pp. 91-99) of the rearing of Pachy-
neuron virginicum Girault from viviparous females of Aphis sorhi on apple at
Blacksburg, Va. ; of Dihrachys clisiocampcc (Fitch) from the larva of the
potato tuber worm at Pasadena, Cal. ; of Polynema bifasciatipenne varium n.
var., from the eggs of (Ecanthus sp. in Kansas ; of Anaphoidea conotracheli
Girault from the eggs of the grape curculio in West Virginia ; of Eutelus
betulw n. sp., from Cecidomyia betulw at Albany, N. Y. ; of Aphidencyrtus
aspidioti Girault from the oyster-shell scale at Monmouth. Me. ; etc.

Chalcididae of the wild fig tree in India, Ceylon, and Java, G. Grandi
{Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 11 {1917), pp. 183-
234, figs. 20; 12 {1917), pp. 3-60, figs. 22; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Internal. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 4, P- 664). — This consists of
a systematic description of the chalcidids found to occur in the fruit of the
tig {Ficus spp.).

New chalcid flies, with notes, A. A. Girault {Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 12
{1917), No. 4< PP- 86-89). — Among the seven species here described as new are
Eurydinota lividicorpus, reared from the pistol case bearer, which occurs in
several localities in California, and Euryloma pissodis, reared from Pissodes
strobi at Taylors Falls, Minn.

Eight new species of reared ichneumon flies with notes on some other
species, R. A. Cushman {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53 {1917), pp. 457-469) .—The
species here described as new are said to have been reared by agents of the
Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the majority
of them to be represented by a considerable series.

The new species are Bathythrix tibialis, probably a secondary parasite of
Ametastegia glabrata at Wenatchee, Wash. ; Aenoplex nigrosoma, Caenocryptus
newcomeri, and Chaeretymnia minuta reared from A. glabrata at Wenatchee,
Wash. ; Spilocryptus polychrosidis from the grape berry moth at North East,
Pa.; ScambVrS ephialtoides from Evetria siskiyouana, at Oolestin, Siskiyou, and
Ashland, Oreg., Corlett, Mont., and Crescent City, Cal. ; Itoplectis obesus from
the fruit tree leaf roller and bud moth at Wenatchee, Wash. ; and Glypta
evetrUe from Evetria taxifoliella from Ashland, Oreg., and Missoula, Mont.

{Tryptus) Microcryptus osculatus has been reared in considerable numbers
from the larvae of A. glabrata at Wenatchee, Wash. ; Aenoplex plesiotypus has
been reared from the codling moth at Wenatchee, Wash., and Vienna, Va. ; and
A. carpocapsw is recorded as having been reared from Enarmonia caryana at
Dewitt, Ga.

Three new chalcid flies from North America, A. A. Gibault {Buh Brooklyn
Ent. Soc, 18 {1917), No. 4, pp. 85, 86). --One of the species here described as

566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

new (Elachistus sanninoidete) was reared from the pupa of the peach borer at
Fayetteville, Ark.

Wolflella ruforum n. g. and n. sp., a chalcid parasite of the eggs of
Lophynis rufus in Germany, A. Krausse {Zischr. Forst u. Jagdw., 49 ilOlU),
No. 1, pp. 26-35; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and
Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 4, p. 665).— The eggs of L. rufus collected from pine
needles were found to be highly parasitized by W. ruforum, here described as
repre.seiitiiig a new genus and species.

New parasite cages, C. E. Pemberton and H. P. Willabd (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
10 (1911), No. 6, pp. 525-527, pi. 1). — The authors describe improved cages made
use of during the course of studies of introduced braconid parasites of the
Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii.

The biology of Coelinidea meromyzae, E. O. G. Kelly (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10
(1917), No. 6, pp. 527-531) — This is a brief summary of information on C.
meromyzce, a parasite of the wheat bulb worm (Meromyza americana), to
which there are but few references in the literature.

The author finds that this parasite oviposits in the eggs of this host, and
that apparently there are two annual broods and an extra brood In case there
is an extra host brood. The examination of a number of infested plants col-
lected in 1914 and 1915 led him to conclude that the percentage of parasitism
is not sufficient to have a controlling influence on the host.

The Latrodectus mactans and the Gliptocranium gasteracanthoides in the
Department of Arequipa, Peru, E. Escomel (New Orleans Med. and Surg.
Jour., 70 (1917), No. 6, pp. 530-542, figs. 2).— "The L. mactans and the 0.
gasteracanthoides are two dangerous arachnids that exist in southern Peru.
Their bite has caused cases of arachnidism with local and general symptoms,
resulting sometimes in death. The treatment with permanganate of potash,
internally and externally, is the one that has given the best results."

New tick records for Minnesota, C. W. Howard (Jour. Econ. Ent., 10 (1917),
No. 6, p. 560). — A male Ornithodoros talaje is recorded from Le Sueur and
Dermacentor albipictus has become established at Itasca Park.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Nutrition investigations upon cottonseed meal.— III. Cottonseed flour.
The nature of its growth-promoting substances, and a study in protein
minimum, Anna E. Richardson and Helen S. Green (Jour. Biol. Chem., 31
(1917), No. 2, pp. 379-S8S, figs. .J).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 38, p.
166), this article reports feeding experiments with rats to show the content
in cottonseed flour of growth-essential factors other than protein and mineral
matter, and reports the results of studies of the protein minimum of cotton-
seed flour. The following results are summarized :

Fifty per cent of cottonseed flour in the diet contains sufficient water-soluble
food accessory for normal growth, but does not contain sufficient fat-soluble
food accessory for normal growth, although 12 per cent of the ether extract
appears quite as efficient in supplying enough of the fat-soluble accessory for
normal growth as does an equivalent amount of butter fat. Eighteen per
cent of cottonseed protein when supplied with adequate amounts of all other
necessary nutritive factors induces practically normal growth and reproduc-
tion In rats but with high mortality in the second generation. Twelve per
cent of cottonseed protein does not Induce perfectly normal growth. Normal
growth has not been obtained on 9 per cent of cottonseed protein, and very
little growth has been obtained with 6 per cent of this protein. With only 4

1918.] FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 567

per cent of cottonseed protein rats have lost weight but later maintained
weight.

How to grow the cowpea and forty ways of preparing it as a table
delicacy, G. W. Carver (Alabama Tuskegee Sta. Bui. 35 (1911), pp. 24, figs.
5). — This bulletin discusses the cultivation and uses of the cowpea, and gives
forty tested recipes for preparing it for the table, also some remedies for its
diseases and insect enemies.

The uses of the peanut on the home table, .Jessie P. Rich (Bui. Univ. Tex.,
No. 1120 (1911), pp. 18, figs. 3). — This bulletin includes a discussion of the food
value of this legume and ways of preparing it for home use.

The biological efficiency of potato nitrogen, Mary S. Rose and Lenna F.
Cooper (Jour. Biol. Chem., SO (1911), No. 2, pp. 201-204) .—The experiments
cited in this article demonstrate that the potato is a source of nitrogen com-
pounds of high nutritive efficiency in spite of the fact that only 63 per cent of
the potato nitrogen is reported to be in the form of protein.

Burned grain or flour (Set. Amer. Sup., 83 (1911), No. 2162, p. 367).— Milling
and baking tests with wheat and flour which had suffered from fire in a grain
elevator at Mans, France, were made by E. Vidiere and indicated that exposure
of the milled product to the air lessened the burnt odor. Bread made from
this flour varied from good tasting to disagreeable, but, in general, was said
to be of fair quality.

The wheat increased in density due to the drying effect of the fire, result-
ing in a proportion of 1 : 1.13. Five per cent of the grain was carbonized. Flour
mixed with fresh bran, 50 parts of flour to 25 of bran, and left in contact for
four days at 20° C, then bolted, was found to be deodorized.

Bread and bread making, Norma J. Davis (Agr. Ext. Univ. Nev. Bui. 12
(1911), pp. 15). — This bulletin gives a short history of the use of bread and
discusses the physics and chemistry and the mechanics of bread making. In-
structions for making bread are taken up in a series of lessons covering both
quick breads and yeast breads. Some recipes are included.

The chemistry of bread making, C. H. LaWall (Trans. Wagner Free Inst.
Sci. Phila., 8 (1911), pp. 11-95). — The author discusses the different types of
bread and their use. The chemical changes normally occurring in bread making
in the leavening of bread by mechanical aeration, by the use of chemicals, and
their bacterial action as in salt-rising bread, are described. The chemical
changes that arise from the use of adulterants of bread are also noted.

Making sauerkraut, A. T. Erwin (Iowa State Col., Agr. Ext. Dcpt., Emer-
gency Leaflet 24 (1911), pp. 2).— This leaflet gives directions for making and
storing sauerkraut.

Essentials in the selection of beef, W. C. Coffey and E. K. Augustus
(Illinois Sta. Circ. 206 (1911). pp. 16, figs. i7).— This circular includes a de-
scription of the cuts of beef, their relative economy, and general methods of
cooking.

Sanitary inspection of slaughterhouses, J. O. LaI^ach and W. H. Simmons
(Kentucky Sta. Bui. 209 (1911), pp. 181-161, fig. i).— The bulletin consists
mainly of the text of the sanitary regulations for the killing, handling, and sale
of meat and meat products in Kentucky, the results of the inspection of
slaughterhouses during 1916 and 1917, and an illustrated description of Ken-
tucky sanitary privy.

Manual of military cooking, 1916 (Ottawa: Govt., 1916, pp. 68, figs. 24).—
This book contains information concerning the duties of the officers of the mess,
gives descriptions of messing arrangements and . apparatus, and includes a
statement of the British Government Army ration and many recipes.

568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

This book contains essentially the same material, with some additional fig-
ures showing the use of camp cooking devices, as that given in the British
Manual of Military Cooking.*

New Mexico cookery, Alice S. Tipton {Santa Fe, N. Mex.: State, Land Off.,
1916, pp. 6Jf). — This booklet gives directions for the preparation of certain New
Mexican dishes from the native food products, including the use of New
Mexican chili, herbs and garlic, olive oil, hulled corn and meal, and the pinto
or frijole bean. ,

Comparative statistics on foodstuffs and fuel for four years as shown in
a budget of the annual cost of living of a family of five persons, O. H.
Younger (Olympi<i, Wash.: State Bur. Labor, 1917, pp. S). — A table showing
the annual cost of foodstuffs and fuel for a family of five for the years 1914,
1915, 1916, 1917 in Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, and the State of Washington ex-
clusive of these large cities is given.

The role of vitamins in the diet, T. B. Osborne and L. B. Mendel {Jour.
Biol. Chem., SI {1917), No. 1, pp. 149-163, figs. 4).— This article discusses the
work of Rohmann, who has taken vigorous exception to the vitamin hypothesis.
The authors cite experiments to prove the necessity for at least two formerly
unappreciated components of the adequate dietary. These occur in natural
foods.

" Despite the success which has attended the use of yeast as an adjuvant to
otherwise inadequate food mixtures, notably in the case where casein or
edestin furnished the bulk of the protein, such yeast-containing ' artificial '
food mixtures have not yet demonstrated a nutrient efficiency equivalent to
that manifested through the use of ' protein-free milk ' or certain other natur-
ally occurring food products like cottonseed meal. The refusal of some rats to
eat an adequate amount of the yeast-containing foods has proved a stumbling
block to exact comparisons. Although some of the animals brought up on the
yeast-containing foods have given birth to young, thus far none of the latter
have been reared."

The " vitamin " hypothesis and deficiency diseases. — A study of experi-
mental scurvy, B. V. McCollum and AV. Pitz {Jour. Biol. Chem., 31 {1917),
No. 1, pp. 229-253, figs. 11 ) . — " The observations reported in this paper furnish
definite support for the idea that scurvy in the guinea pig is not the result
of the deficiency of a specific protective substance. . . . The first cause
of the disease is associated with the retention of feces owing to diets of
unfavorable physical character and debility of the digestive tract through
stretching and contact with irritating and toxic putrefaction products of
bacterial origin."

The authors provisionally adopt the view " that unfavorable proportions
among the well-recognized constituents of the diet as well as of the two but
recently appreciated ones, together with unsatisfactory physical factors and
injury wrought through the agency of microorganisms inhabiting the alimentary
tract, will account for all the observed types of pathological functioning which
specific substance (water-soluble B) in the diet.

The authors agree with Funk that polyneuritis is caused by a deficiency of a
specific substance (water-soluble B) in the diet.

" Since diets containing liberal amounts of butter fat (fat-soluble A) permit
the development of scurvy, rickets, and polyneuritis, there would seem to be
but one syndrome, pellagra, which one might possibly refer to a shortage of
this second unidentified dietary factor. There is, however, not the slightest

» London : Govt., 1910, reprinted 1915, pp. 82, pi. 1, figs. 3.

1918.] FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 569

evidence that there is any reason to attribute pellagra to this cause. Of the
profound importance of proper amounts and relationsliips of the inorganic
constituents of the diet our published results have furnished many examples.
This, together with proteins of poor quality taken regularly at low planes, and
an inadequate supply of fat-soluble A, has contributed to nutritive failure in
fill diets described by Goldberger and his associates as being employed by
peoples where the incidence of pellagra is high."

A bibliography is appended.

The nutritive value of the diamine acids occurring in proteins for the
maintenance of adult mice, E. M. K. Geiling (Jour. Biol. Chem., 31 (1917),
No. 1, pp. 113-199). — The experiments reported were all conducted with adiilt
mice for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not the diamino acids, arginin,
histidin, and lysin, which are precipitated with phosphotungstic acid in acid
solution, are necessary for the maintenance of adult mice. The following
findings are among those summarized :

" If the diamino acids are removed from hydrolyzed casein with phospho-
tungstic acid in acid solution, the residual amino acids are inadequate for the
maintenance of adult mice. . . . Cystin appears to be necessary for the
maintenance of adult mice. Arginin and histidin seem to be interchangeable
in nutrition. Full-grown mice are able to hold their weight when either of
them, together with systin, is present in the ration. In the absence of both,
loss of weight results. . . . Lysin does not appear to be necessary for the
maintenance of adult mice."

A bibliography is appended.

Influence of protein intake on creatin excretion in children, W. Denis, J. G.
Kramer, and Anna S. Minot {Jour. Biol. Chem., SO (1917), No. 2, pp. 189-
196). — "Experimental results are presented on four children and one infant in
which it is shown that the amount of creatin found in the urine of children is
directly dependent on the intake of protein, being high when large quantities
of protein (creatin-free) are ingested, decreasing and in some cases disappear-
ing entirely when the child is fed a diet of an extremely low protein content.
Creatinuria in normal children is therefore due to the relatively high protein
intake which is the rule with practically all children ; that it may also be due
to the low saturation point of immature muscle is suggested by the small creatin
content of the muscles of children and by the relatively low level of protein
consumption at which appreciable quantities of creatin are excreted."

Bence-Jones proteinuria. — Some observations on its occurrence, with par-
ticular reference to nephritis and hypertension, S. R. Miller and W. A. Baet-
JEB (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 70 (1918), No. 3, pp. 137-139) .—This article re-
views the investigations and theories of several workers in regard to the gen-
eral subject of Bence-Jones proteinuria and cites several new cases.

" Bence-Jones protein apparently may occur in seemingly healthy young per-
sons, in whom it may be discovered accidentally. In the cases reported, there
were, in addition, hypertension and cylindruria, despite functional renal tests
which were in all respects normal. These cases may be strong additional proof
of the theory that Bence-Jones proteinuria is an inborn error or anomaly of
metabolism. . . .

" It seems obvious that the association of Bence-Jones proteinuria, hyperten-
sion, and nephritis is probably not uncommon, and the chances are that atten-
tion called to this matter will result in the finding of more cases."

Studies in calcium and magnesium metabolism. — I— III, M. H. Givens and
L. B. Mendel (Jour. Biol. Chem., 31 (1917), No. 2, pp. 421-433, 435-439, 44I-
444)- — Three studies are reported,

55096°— 18 6

570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 88

I. The effects of base and acid. — "Administration of base or acid produced
no significant effect upon the balance of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and
phosphorus in the dog. Administration of hydrochloric acid increased the
urinary excretion of calcium and thereby altered the relation of calcium to
magnesium in the urine. The calcium contained in milk was more effective
than soluble calcium lactate in producing calcium retention. Administration
of large do.ses of alkali bicarbonate to a human diabetic did not decrease the
urinary output of calcium."

II. The effect of diets poor in calcium. — This article gives experimental data
which show that diets poor in calcium are not conductive to a positive calcium
balance even when an abundance of nitrogenous food is available.

III. The effect of fat and fatty acid derivatives. — This article discusses the
experimental feeding of dogs to show the relation of fat and fatty acid deriva-
tives upon the utilization of calcium and magnesium. " It is evident from the
data presented that poor utilization of fats or fatty acids may increase the ex-
cretion of lime in the feces and prevent the storage of calcium even when
the calcium intake is comparatively abundant."

The metabolism of sulphur.— II, The influence of small accounts of cystin
on the balance of nitrogen in dogs maintained on a low protein diet, H. B.
Lewis (Jour. Biol. Chem., 31 (1911), No. 2, pp. 363-377, fig. J).— Continuing pre-
vious work (E. S. R., 35, p. 863), experimental feedings of dogs maintained
on standard diets of low protein content but of ample calorific value and given
small amounts of cystin are reported. The conclusion is reached " that the
addition of small amounts of cystin to the diet of dogs on a low protein diet
diminished the loss of nitrogen from the body and favorably influenced the
nitrogen balance. This is interpreted to be the result of a specific demand
for cystin for metabolic purposes, since tyrosin and glycocoU added to the
diet under like conditions of experimentation did not diminish the nitrogen
loss or influence the condition of nitrogenous equilibrium."

A study of the effect of hydrochloric acid on the mineral excretion of
dogs, R. L. Stehle (Jour. Biol. Chem., 31 (1917), No. 2, pp. 461--i70, figs. 6).—
The conclusions reached by this experiment are that " the administration of
hydrochloric acid by mouth to the dog causes an increased excretion of
calcium and magnesium, as well as of sodium and potassium, but in the case
of the latter pair a compensatory retention makes the loss apparent rather
than real. If an analogous condition holds in human diabetes, the resulting
calcium loss may be something to take into consideration in the ti'eatment of
diabetic patients in whom the excretion of hydroxybutyric acid has reached
a significant figure."

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The nutritive properties of kafirin, A. G. Hogan (Jour. Biol. Chem., SS
(1918), No. 1, pp. 151-159, figs. 4)- — The author reports the results of feeding
experiments with kafirin, the chemical examination of which has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 8). Rats were used as the experimental animal.

A basal diet in which kafirin formed the sole source of protein supply re-
sulted in nutritive failure. The addition of gliadin barely sufficed for main-
tenance. Gelatin caused a slight growth which became more rapid with a
combination of gelatin and gliadin. This led to the assumption that lysin is
the first limiting factor in kafirin, the second being tyrosin, cystin, or trypto-
phane. To test this the amino acids mentioned were added singly and col-
lectively to the basal rations. Experimental data confirmed the assumption
that lysin is the first lirqiting factor and seem to show that cystin is the
second.

1918.] ANIMAL PRODUCTIO]Sr. 571

The author states that the data bring out one fact of general application,
that lysin is indispensable even for the maintenance of young animals. The
literature on this subject is reviewed.

The soft corn problem, J. M. Ewakd (Iowa Sta. Circ. 40 (1917), pp. 8).— The
utilization of soft corn is a problem that confronts the Iowa farmer espe-
cially in backward seasons or in case of an early frost. This circular dis-
cusses methods of employing such corn to the greatest profit.

The silo is deemed the most satisfactory storage for soft corn. It may be
ensiled, using the entire plant or only the ears. Shocking will help to save
the stover, that of soft corn being of high quality. Cribbing is generally
.safe when the corn runs from 25 to 30 per cent of moisture. Shredding is
usually unsatisfactory as the excess moisture in soft corn causes it to spoil
in storage. The marketing of soft corn should be done while it is in a frozen
state. Feeding soft corn is the logical disposition to make of it. Hogs and
cattle can dispose of it with least danger. If moldy it is considered dangerous
for horses and young sheep.

The composition, digestibility, and feeding value of pumpkins, J. B.
LiNDSEY (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 174 (1017), pp. 55-71). — In four analyses of
pumpkins grown in two seasons the average water content was 87.53 per cent,
crude protein 1.92, fat 1.49, fiber 1.84, extract matter 6.25, and ash 0.96 per
cent. The dry matter contained more protein than roots or grain, with a por-
tion of it in the amido form. Of nearly 18 per cent of sugar i was in the form
of cane sugar. Nearly all the fat was contained in the seed.

Two digestion trials were made during successive seasons with two sheep
in each case, the details to be published elsewhere. The dry matter of the
pumpkin was about 81 per cent digestible, which is estimated to be about 20
per cent greater feeding value than mangels and turnips.

An experiment was made to test the value of pumpkins as a feed for dairy
cows. Two cows were fed hay, bran, cottonseed meal, and hominy meal through
three periods of 21 days each. In the second period 5 lbs. of the hay was re-
placed with 30 lbs. of the cut pumpkins, which contained 1 lb. more of digestible
matter than the hay. The yield of milk was substantially the same. The total
solids, evidently due to an increase in the percentage of fat in the milk, in-
creased with the pumpkin ration. The results indicate that from 5 to 6 lbs.
of pumpkins was equal in food value to 1 lb. of hay.

Prickly-pear stock feeding experiments at Wallumbilla (Queensland Agr.
Jour., n. ser., 7 (1917), No. 2, pp. 62-70, figs. 18). — These experiments were car-
ried out to test the value of prickly pear as a cattle feed, how to feed and the
amounts, the water requirements where pear is fed, and the physiological effect
of the diet.

The trials were carried on for six months with 18 young bullocks. The
animals had to be gentled and taught to eat the pear, and some lost as much
as 80 lbs. before becoming used to the feed. None of the animals fed exclu-
sively on pear consumed more than 90 lbs. daily, and on the average maxiumm
of 62 lbs. per day they obtained insufficient nutriment to maintain life for more
than limited periods. With the addition of from 3 to 3.5 lbs. of lucerne chaff
or from 2 to 2.5 lbs. of linseed cake to the ration the animals gained during the
coldest months i lb. per day, and during warmer weather some gained i lb.
per day and became fit for beef purposes. It was not necessary to singe the
pears ; passing them through a power-driven slicer made them fit to feed.
Machine-sliced pear was as acceptable as boiled pear.

Two of the animals slaughtered to test the effect of an almost exclusive pear

diet proved satisfactory for beef purposes and carried a light but even distri-

ibution of fat. The veterinarian's report found that with the exception of a

572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

minor ulceration of the tongue, palate, and stomach there was no evidence of
an unhealthy nature that might be attributed to the pear ration. It appeared
that the mucous membranes of the digestive organs had become thickened as a
result of irritation, but there were no lesions of a serious nature. There was
no accumulation of fiber in the stomachs.

From the results of this experiment prickly pear seems to be a complete
roughage and hay not required. During the cool weather the animals did not
receive any water for 150 days, but when the warm weather set in they drank
considerable quantities.

Prickly pear as cattle fodder. — Experiments in Queensland (Pa si oral Rev.,
21 {1911). No. 5, p. Ii2o). — A brief summary of the work noted above.

Oil cakes in the feeding of animals, A. Goihn and P. Andouakd {Jour. Agr.
Prat., n. ser., 29 (1916), Nos.'12, pp. 21^, 215; 13, p. 228; U, PP. 241, 242).—
This article treats of the feeding of oil cakes (peanut, coconut, sesame, and
palm nut) to cattle, pigs, and horses. Where the prices will permit it may re-
place hay, oats, and other feeds in the usual ration. Its greater utilization is
urged.

The principal place of the manufacture of oil cakes in France is Marseille,
peanut c-ake leading. The production of peanut cake in that city runs about
300,000 tons annually, but only about 250,000 tons were produced in 1915.

Commercial feeds. J. M. Pickel and E. S. Dewab (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., SI
(1916), No. 11, pp. 55, fig. 1). — During the year 1916, 542 samples of feeds were
analyzed, of which 401 were collected. Of the total number 29 per cent were
below the guaranties while 14.7 per cent were substantially not so good as
claimed by the manufacturer.

The feeding stuffs analyzed included wheat bran and middlings ; shipstuff ;
red dog flour ; mixed feeds with and without molasses ; poultry feeds ; cotton-
seed meal and feed ; cracked corn, chop, and meal ; beet pulp ; calf meal ; corn
gluten feed ; meat scrap ; rice meal ; peanut meal, cake, and offal ; velvet bean
meal ; and soy bean meal.

A table of relative values of some concentrated cattle foods, O. T. Faulk-
ner (.Jour. Dairying [Indial, 3 (1916), No. 2, pp. 86-91). — Analyses, percentages
of digestible nutrients, and energy values are given for the following feeds :
Gram meal (Cicer arietinum), guar meal (Cyamopsis psoralioides) , moth meal
(Phaseolus aconitifolius), mash meal (P. mungo), mung meal (P. radiatus),
and juar (Andropogon sorghum).

The equivalence of live stock foodstuffs and feeding rations, A. J. Perkins
(Joiir. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 19 (1915), Nos. 2, pp. 1 42-151 ; S, pp. 260-266; 19
(1916), Nos. 1, pp. 620-621; 10, pp. 900-905).— A. summary of present knowledge
of feeds and feeding with tables of analyses and feed values. A comparison is
made of the prices of local rations with their estimated values. From prevail-
ing conditions and supplies, rations for the various classes of live stock are
proposed.

A study of the normal metabolism of the guinea pig, L. M. Smith and
H. B. Lewis (Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc, 39 (1911), No. 10, pp. 2231-2239) .—The
total nitrogen, ammonia, urea, creatinin, chlorids, phosphates, hydrogen-ion
concentration, and total acidity of the urine of guinea pigs on diets of carrots
and cabbage were determined.

Form and function, a contribution to the history of animal morphology,
E. S. Russell (London: John Murray, 1916, pp. IX-\-383, figs. 15). — This is a
history of anatomy, in which the author seeks to show the continuity of animal
morphology from Aristotle to the present time.

1918.J ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 573

The currents of morphological thought are three — the functional or synthetic,
the formal or transcendental, and the materialistic or disintegrative. " Is func-
tion the mechanical result of form, or is form merely the manifestation of func-
tion or activity?" The author is in sympathy with the functional attitude.
Theories of evolution have blinded us to the questions of vital phenomena, and
the opinion is hazarded that we will return to a simpler attitude toward the
problems of animal form.

Embryolog-y of the yellow mouse, W. B. Kiekham (Ahs. in Anat. Rec, 11
(1917), No. 6, pp. Jf80, Ji81). — Material from nonsuckling yellow mice represent-
ing embryonic stages of each of the first 19 days of pregnancy was compared
microscopically with similar material from nonsuckling white mice.

It was found that the rate of cleavage and of embryonic development is the
same for yellow as for white mice. All of the observed two-cell stages of both
yellow and white mice appear normal. No degenerating morulse or blastulse
were found in white mice, while one or more were present in every yellow mouse
containing embryos of that stage in development. The material covering the
sixth to the seventeenth days of pregnancy yielded degenerating embryos in 8
out of 28 uteri in white mice and in 11 out of 13 yellow mice. If females
that have stillbirths or that eat their new-born young are eliminated, the figures
become more striking, degenerating embryos in white mice appearing in only 1
uterus out of 12 examined, while in yellow mice 11 out of 12 uteri contained
them. No degenerating embryos were found in either white or yellow mice
pregnant more than 16 days. [Apparently the author did not test genetically
the white mice. It is possible that some of them carried the factor for yellow
color.]

Evidence for the death in utero of the homozygous yellow mouse, H. L.
Ibsen and E. Steigleder {A^ner. Nat., 51 {1911), No. 612, pp. 740-152, fig. 1).—
Data are presented substantiating the conclusions of Castle and Little (E. S.
R., 24, p. 475) and Kirkham (see above) that in mice homozygous yellow zygotes
are produced in the yellow X yellow mating, but that these zygotes fail to develop
normally after implantation in the uterus. In the studies here reported 688
embryos were obtained from nonsuckling females pregnant from 13 to 19 days.
These embryos were from the following matings: (1) Yellow? X yellow $,
(2) yellow $ Xnonyellow (chocolate) $, (3) nonyellow (chocolate) $ X yellow
$, and (4) nonyellow $ Xnonyellow $. In this last mating most of the
parents were self-blacks.

During the investigation two types of dead embryos were encountered, (1)
those in which development had ceased shortly after implantation, and (2) a
few which had died after apparently normal development of about 13 days.
The average number of living embryos was less for the mating yellow X
yellow than for any of the other types of matings, singly or combined. In
the yellow X yellow matings the average of 33 litters was only 6.15, while for
49 litters of the other matings combined the average was 7.63. The average
litter size when dead embryos are also included was 8.27 for yellow X yel-
low and 8.47 for all other matings. Of living litters of mice born in the
laboratory during the course of this investigation 140 litters from yellow X
yellow averaged 5.36 each and 180 litters from nonyellow Xnonyellow matings
averaged 6.56 each.

In explanation of this failure of homozygous yellow zygotes to develop, it is
suggested that in mice there may be a " lethal factor," similar to those so
well known in Drosophila, which is so closely linked to the factor for yellow
that they are practically at the same locus and there is consequently no crossing
over.

574 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. ?.8

The biology of twins, H. H. Newman (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1917,
pp. JX+186, pi. 1, figs. 55).— In this book the attempt has been made to gather
from various sources the facts about mammalian twins and to unify these
varied situations into one point of view. A detailed account is given of the
facts revealed by the study of monozygotic twinning in the armadillo, as, in
the author's opinion, this is the nearest approach at present possible to the
direct study of twinning in mammals, and more especially of human twinning.
The phenomenon of freemartinism in cattle is reviewed and its bearings on
the problems of sex biology noted. The study of twins in relation to the fol-
lowing problems is discussed: (1) Tlie time of and the mechanics of sex-
determination, (2) the significance of sex-ratios, (3) the mechanism of sex-
differentiation, (4) the inheritance of twinning, (5) modes of inheritance in
monozygotic or poly embryonic twins, and (6) the nature and significance of
symmetry reversals in monozygotic twins.

A mule and a horse as twins, and the inheritance of twinning, \V. R. B.
ROJ3ERTSON (Kans. Univ. Sci. BuL, 10 (1917), No. 15, pp. 293-298, pis. 4).— The
author presents data in reference to the birth of a female mule and a male
horse as twins. The year previous to the birth of these twins their dam, just
10 minutes before being bi'ed to a jack, had been bred to a 3-year-old stallion.
It is noted that this mare in the nine times she had produced foals had given
birth to twins (mules) on two other occasions. In addition one of her single
mare foals had produced twins (horses), and also her own half sister had
produced twins. The inheritance of color in the twin offspring of this mare is
discussed. Photographs of the mare and the mule-and-horse twins are
reproduced.

Some breeding statistics, R. Beanfobd (Agi: Jour. India, 12 (1917), No. 4,
pp. 573-578). — Brief notes are given on color inheritance in mules, asses, sheep,
and cattle and sex ratios in cattle and asses. The data were obtained for the
most part from breeding operations at the Government cattle farm at Hissar,
India.

Receipts and shipments of live stock, 1916 (Union Stock Yard and Transit
Co. Chicago, Ann. Live Stock Rpt., 51 (1916), pp. 3-56). — This gives the re-
ceipts and shipments of live stock at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, for 1916,
with a summary of receipts and shipments and valuations of all live stock for
a term of 51 years ended December 30, 1916.

Live stock slaughtered (Joitr. Agr. [New Zeal.], 15 (1917), No. 2, p. 110).—
The following stock was slaughtered in New Zealand during the year ended
March 31, 1917: Cattle, 328,708; calves, 19,396; sheep, 3,341,910; lambs,
3,411,621 ; and swine, 153,444. This showed an increase over the previous year
of 20,403 head of cattle, and a decrease of 389,733 sheep, 653,479 lambs, 14,374
calves, and 16,271 swine.

Indo-China live stock; exports to France and the Far East, C. Sarazin
(Bui. Econ. Indocliine, n. ser., 19 (1916), No. 121, pp. 563-608). — A discussion
of the live-stock industry in Indo-China with statistics of exports. The needs
of the industry are discussed and methods proposed whereby it may be bettered
and enlarged.

Inheritance of fertility in Southdown sheep, E. N. Wentworth and J. B.
Sweet (Amer. Nat., 51 (1917), No. 611, pp. 662-682).— The authors review the
literature on inheritance of fertility in sheep and give results of a biometrical
study of data obtained from flockbooks of the Southdown, Shropshire, Dorset,
and Cotswold breeds.

It Is concluded that " in general sheep of a high birth rank tend to produce
offspring of a high birth rank. On the basis of the few data presented the

1918.] AKIMAL PEODUCTIOK. 575

highest record of a ewe appears to be a better selection standard for high
fertility than a random record.

" The frequency of multiple births in sheep varies with the breeil. Physiologi-
cal factors may exert a marked influence on heredity, the most important fac-
tors being the vigor of the ewe, the feeding of the ewe, the age of the ewe, the
season, and the region. Apparently no relation exists between high fertility and
additional mammae.

" In pedigrees started from single births the birth rank of the sire does not
affect the birth rank of the progeny ; in pedigrees started from twin births the
effect of high birth rank of the sire is only slightly significant (more than three
times the probable error). The effect of birth rank of ewe on the birth rank of
progeny is the same as that of the sire except in the ca.se of pedigrees started
from twin births, when it is slightly greater.

"No evidence for a .sex linkage of fecundity factors occurs in the pedigrees
tabulated, as shown by a comparison of the relative influence of progeny of the
maternal granddam and the maternal grandsire. Evidence from Shropshire
triplet pedigrees suggests that triplets are genetically different from twins and
singles, which two are probably genetically alike."

Hereditary transmission of the " curly wool " character of caracul sheep
in crosses between the caracul and Rambouillet breeds, L. Adametz {Ztschr.
Induktive Abstnm. u Vererbungslehre, 11 {1917), No. 3, pp. 161-202; abs. in
Internat. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1911), No.
6, pp. 906-908). — In order to test the popular theory that the lock of caracul
lambs is a specific product of their native, habitat and to gain a better
knowledge of the inheritance of the curl, crossings between caracul and
Rambouillet sheep were made at the agricultural high school at Gross-Enzers-
dorf, Austria. The results thus far secured indicate that the caracul curl is
a strictly hereditary character which is transmitted even if caracul sheep
are crossed with other races of which the lambs have wool which does not
curl. With regard to this character, such crossings produce characteristic
Mendelian segregations. The capacity of caracul sheep to form the.se typical
locks is, therefore, a character which is never caused by the natural condi-
tions of the Bokhara district, but is rather a phenomenon of domestication
due to a mutation.

In the Fi some of the animals have no curls, others have curls like those
of the pure-bred caracul, and there are all kinds of intermediates, indicating
incomplete dominance in the formation of curls. The varying behavior of the
hairs which form the curl at the different stages of the development of the
fleece leads to the supposition that there Is a close relationship between curly,
flat-lying hair on the one hand, and curly, vertical hair and very wavy and
slightly wavy hair on the other. It is clear that the shape of the lower part
of the follicle can not be the cause of this varying behavior of the hairs.

A flock of sheep on the farm, R. F. Milijir {California Sta. Circ. ISi {1911),
pp. 7). — The decrease in sheep production and the increase in wool importa-
tions into the United States has caused the inauguration of a campaign for
the improvement of sheep husbandry. This circular discusses the details of
sheep raising under California conditions.

Prices of sheep and wool from 1818 to 1915 {TranS. HigMand and Agr.
Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 28 {1916), pp. 211-280). — Annual prices are reported for
Cheviot and Blackface sheep and for four classes of wool.

Pork production in Florida, J. M. Scott {Florida Sta. Bid. 1^1 {1911), pp.
S5-56, fig. 1). — A revision and combination of Bulletins 113 and 131 (E. S. R.,
28, p. 770; 35, p. 870).

576 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 88

The swine industry in New Jersey, with suggestions relative to the con-
trol of hog cholera, F. C. Minklek {N. J. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1 {1916), pp. 48, pis.
11). — A general treatise on hog breeding, feeding, and marketing. Hog cholera
and the use of serum for its prevention is described.

Experiments with swine, 1916 {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Gol. and Expt. Farm,
42 {1916), pp. 27, 28). — Two lots of 5 pigs each were used in an experiment
comparing tanliage and sliim milk, ground barley and wheat middlings con-
stituting the basal ration. The tankage at $2.64 per hundredweight was found
more economical than skim milk at 25 cts. per hundredweight. The pigs
on tankage made an average gain per head of 94.2 lbs. in 95 days at a cost
of 3.41 cts. per pound, while the skim milk lot gained 93.8 lbs. at a cost
of 4.75 cts.

Two lots of 5 pigs each were used in a trial comparing wheat middlings,
ground barley, and skim milk fed in the ordinary trough with the same
rations used in self-feeders. In 95 days the first lot gained an average of
93.8 lbs. per head at a cost of 4.75 cts. per pound ; while the latter gained
96.4 lbs. at a cost of 4.9 cts. The higher cost with the self-feeder was thought
to be due to the greater waste, but this might be offset by the saving in
labor over trough feeding.

Feeding work horses, O. W. McCampbell {Kansas Sta. Circ. 62 {1917), pp.
16).— An abridgment of Bulletin 186 (B. S. R., 29, p. 873).

The very short gestation of a mare, de CnorN {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr.
France, 1 {1915), No. 25, pp. 716, 717; abs. in Internat. hist. Agr. [Rome],
Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 10, pp. 1472, i^JTS).— The
author records observations on a mare which was served on March 19, 1915,
and foaled on November 7, 1915, after only 233 days of pregnancy. The off-
spring, which was perfectly viable, weighed 128 lbs. and had a height to the
withers of about 30 in. The only apparent incomplete part at birth was the epi-
dermis of the feet, which grew rapidly during the first few days of the foal's
life.

The position and prospects of mountain and moorland ponies, T. F. Dale
{Jour. Bath and West and South. Counties Soc, 5. scr., 11 {1916-17), pp. 112-
117). — ^An account of steps being taken, with suggestions for future work,
toward the improvement of such ponies as the fell, Highland, New Forest,
Exmoor, Dartmoor, and Welsh breeds of Great Britain.

Horse breeding in the Argentine Republic at the present day, Q. Mar-
TiNOLi {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8
{1917), No. 6, pp. 819-825). — The 1916 census of live stock shows an increase
of over 33J per cent in horses in the Province of Buenos Aires within the last
eight years. Brief notes are given of the history of horses in Argentina, the
improvement of local breeds by the use of imported stallions, and the feeding
and care of horses under Argentine conditions. The lack of a profitable export
market for horses has led to a continujil changing of ideas in breeding, and as a
consequence it is difficult to obtain homogeneous lots of any importance.

Comparative studies of ha.lf -breed or " mestizo " and native chickens, B. C.
Velez {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 5 {1916), No. 4, pp. 103-118, figs. 2).— A
comparative study was made of native chickens of the Philippines with White
and Brown Leghorns and Black Orpington crosses on native stock.

For a period of 13 weeks from hatching the native chickens made an average
weekly gain of 16.5 gm., while the crosses gained as follows : White Leghorn
17.72 gm., Brown Leghorn, 20.5 gm., and Black Orpington 21.66 gm.

While the number of fowls under observation were few and the results In-
complete, the following conclusions are noted : The mestizo chickens were more

1918.] ANIMAL PEODUCTTON. 577

resistant to disease than tlie native. The Black Orpington cross laid more eggs
than the White Leghorn cross, and the latter more than tlie native.

Satisfactory method of pedigreeing fowls, A. G. Philips {Rel. Poultry Jour.,
2i (1918), No. 12, pp. ll(n, llOS, 1171 llt5, 1176, figs. 5).— An outline is given
of the method used at the Indiana Experiment Station for pedigreeing chicks
and recording breeding data. Samples of breeding records are illustrated.

Feeding for egg production, H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 27 {1917),
pp. 32). — This circular summarizes results of experiments by various investi-
gators on feeding for egg production. The subjects treated include the amount
of feed, th-i composition, combination, and digestibility of various feeds and
feeding methods. The rations now used at several experiment stations and col-
leges are given. A bibliography is appended.

Certain characteristics of hen eggs, H. Atwood and C. E. Weakley, jb.
(West Virgi7iia Sta. Bui. 166 (1917), pp. 3-35). — This investigation, carried on
during two years with two pens of 20 each of White Leghorn pullets, sought to
correlate certain differences in the eggs laid. One pen was fed corn products
with beef scrap and the other wheat products and beef scrap. Tables show in
detail the record of each hen and certain physical variations in the eggs.

The results showed that the heavier the egg the heavier the yolk, but its
percentage to the whole egg was less. With eggs laid in cycles — that is, one
each day for two days or more until a day is missed — the first egg was usually
heaviest, decreasing in total weight and weight of yolk until the cycle was
broken. In general the yolk had a lessened percentage decrease.

The eggs of individual hens varied widely in total weight, weight of yolk,
and average percentage of yolk to total egg.

The second year the amount of beef scrap was increased, the results indicating
that a considerable amount of animal protein tends to weaken the viteline
membrane. During both years the eggs and yolks of the wheat-fed fowls av-
eraged somewhat heavier than those of the corn-fed. With the smaller amount
of beef scrap in the ration the peirentage of yolk was greater with the corn-
fed fowls, but with the larger amount of beef scrap it was larger with the
wheat-fed. During the second year the weight of eggs and yolks and the per-
centage of yolk were greater than the first year.

The care, sanitation, and feeding of foses in captivity (Canada Dept. Agr.
Bui. 20 (1916), pp. 20, figs. ^). — The great demand, especially for certain grades
of pelts, has resulted in the increased production of foxes in captivity. This
compilation serves to give information regarding the methods now employed by
fox breeders, and to offer suggestions based partly on experience and partly
on the principles involved in the breeding of similar animals.

The location of the ranch is described and plans of runs and pens given.
About 2,500 sq. ft. of run should be allowed for each pair of foxes. The plant
should be so constructed as to keep similar animals away on account of an-
noyance to the foxes and the liability of bringing in disease.

The proper feeding of foxes of different ages is detailed and an analysis of
the milk of the fox given.

The fur of the silver fox is so highly prized because of its color that an effort
is being made to fix this color by breeding, but as yet no definite result can be
said to have been attained. It is a problem that the breeders must work out,
depending upon the furriers to grade their product and to keep them in touch
with the demands of fashion.

A description of parasites and di.seases is given.

Rabbit and cavy culture: A complete and oflB.cial standard of all rabbits
and cavies, W. F. Roth and C. T. Coenman (Sellersville, Pa.: Item PuhUsMng
Co.. 1916, rev. ed., pp. 134, fiffs. 24). — A description of breeds and methods of
breeding.

578 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Influence of the age of the cow on the composition and properties of milk
and milk fat, C. H. Eckles and L. S. Paxmer {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 11 {1911), No. 12, pp. 645-658, figs. 3). — This paper gives data on this
question taken from records of pure-bred Jersey, Holstein, and Ayrshire cows
of the dairy herd of the University of Missouri. A study is also reported of the
effect of old age on the composition of milk as indicated by data secured from
the records of two Jersey cows and one dairj- Shorthorn cow in the university
herd. The records used in the study consisted of what is termed the " true
average percentage " of fat for tlie entire lactation period of each cow. This
percentage was calculated from the total milk and fat production for the period,
the milk production being based on the actual amount of milk produced at each
milking for the entire period, and the fat production being based on the per-
centage of fat in a composite sample of five days' duration taken at the middle
of each month.

It is concluded that " the percentage of fat in the milk of Jersey cows attains
its raaxinmm with respect to the average for the entire lactation period during
any one of the first three periods, but the chances appear to be greater that
this will be attained in the second or tliird period rather than the first. Ilolstein
cows almost invariably show the highest average percentage of fat for the
lactation period during the first period. Ayrshire cows more frequently show
a higher average lactation test during the first than during subsequent periods,
but less frequently than in the case of Holstein cows.

" The variations in the average percentage of fat among the first few lacta-
tion periods are not sufficiently great to be of much practical importance, but
the gradual decline in average test accumulates to a figure of considerable
importance as the number of periods of lactation becomes greater. A low
plane of nutrition during growth and prior to the first lactation period probably
contributes materially to a decrease in the average percentage of fat for the
first lactation period from that which it would be if the period of growth is
supported by a more liberal plane of nutrition.

" Neither the percentage composition of the milk nor the physical and
chemical constants of the milk fat of aged cows show any abnormalities attribu-
table to old age. Butter made from the milk of a cow 19 years old and in
her thirteenth lactation period was pronounced to be of excellent quality, and
kept for a period of three months at a temperature of 8 to 10° C. without
showing any marked deterioration."

Management of the dairy herd, R. W. Clark {Colo. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Bui.,
1. ser., No. 127 {1917), pp. 13, figs. 7). — Notes are given on dairy barns, pas-
tures, soiling crops, selection and feeding of dairy cows, raising dairy calves,
and the age at which heifers should be bred, and rations are suggested for
milch cows under Colorado conditions.

Factors and methods in the profitable production of sanitary milk, W. D.
NiCHOLLS {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 206 {1917), pp. S-U, figs. 28).— The following
articles are presented :

I. Practical means of controlling bacterial infection of milk (pp. 3-33). —
The author discusses the bacterial and other factors in the production of sani-
tary milk.

II. Experimental study of the conditions affecting the contamination of milk
(pp. 34-43). — This part of the bulletin describes experiments carried on with
a view to determining the number of bacteria to which milk is subjected during
the various daily operations in the dairy barn and milk room and to determine
the best means of preventing bacterial contamination. The results were ob-

1918.1 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 579

tained by exposing glass petri dishes containing a sterile nutrient medium in
the dairy barn of the station and the adjoining milk room.

The results indicate that in a well-cleaned dairy barn very few bacteria are
present in the air, but when dust is present the number is very large. " When
the cows are in the barn the number of bacteria in the air is materially in-
creased. The presence of bedding in the stable greatly increases the bacteria
of the stable air. Dusty mill feeds and hay are fruitful sources of bacterial
contamination. The act of brushing the cows adds myriads of bacteria to the
surrounding atmosphere. Washing the cows' udders, even when apparently
clean, greatly reduces^the number of bacteria falling from the udder. Infection
from washed udders is less than one-seventh of that from unwashed udders. The
air in a pasture upon which is growing a heavy sod of grass is nearly sterile.
In a dairy room having smooth walls and a concrete floor which are regularly
and carefully washed the air should be practically free from bacteria."

It is suggested that " to keep down the bacterial contaminatfon of the air
in the stable where the cows are milked the room must be kept well cleaned
and every effort must be made to keep down all dust. Dusty bedding must be
avoided, and if bedding is used dust should be laid by sprinkling. Since cow
hairs are laden with bacteria, all loose hairs should be removed from the cows
by currying, in order to prevent them from falling into the milk. However,
sufficient time should elapse after currying to permit the dust and bacteria to
settle to the floor before milking begins. The cows' udders should be carefully
washed with tepid water and a clean cloth before milking begins. Wiping the
udder with a clean, damp cloth greatly reduces bacterial contamination of the
milk. In feeding mill feeds and hay care should be taken to raise as little dust
as possible."

A preliminary report on a series of cooperative bacterial analyses of milk,
R. S. Breed, W. A. Stocking, et al. (Jour. Dairy ScL, 1 {1911), No. 1, pp. 19-
SJf). — In this paper, which was read before the Laboratory Section of the
American Public Health Association, at Cincinnati, October 24, 1916, a pre-
liminary report is submitted of bacteriological analyses of milk made to deter-
mine whether the results secured in laboratories by university men trained in
i-esearch methods were as irregular as those secured in the commercial and
control laboratories in New York City. Bacterial analyses were made of four
sets of five samples each by seven men, four working in the Cornell University
laboratory at Ithaca, and three at the New York State Experiment Station.
Each man used the technique he thought would give accurate results. The
results are compared with those secured in New York City and already
reported (E. S. R., 33, p. 767).

A second series of analyses was made on samples of three lots of high-grade
milk inoculated with a culture of the colon bacillus, for the purpose of com-
paring results secured by the plate method, by the dilution method, and group
and individual counts by the microscopic method. These counts were made
by one person only.

It is concluded that " research men using technique which differs much in
details may be depended upon to secure much more consistent agar plate counts
from ordinary samples of market milk than laboratory assistants working
rapidly and using the routine methods of analysis recommended for the
purpose. Inexperienced workers are apt to make gross errors in count when
using the direct microscopic method as a means of making exact counts.
Experienced workers, however, secure results which compare favorably with
those secured by workers who have had experience with the plating technique.
The labor and time necessary in order to make relatively accurate counts by

580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

either method is much greater than that ordinarily employed in making counts
in laboratories where large numbers of routine analyses are made.

" In making comparative counts with the plate and microscopic methods, the
agar plate counts will normally be larger than tlie counts of groups of bacteria
by the microscopic method and smaller than the count of individual bacteria;
but many things may change this relationship in individual cases. Among
these things are inaccuracies in the counts due to exceptionally irregular dis-
tribution, the presence of dead bacteria, or of living bacteria incapable of
growth on the agar used. Where a milk contains nothing but living bacteria
occurring singly (or at least with only a relatively small number of groups
containing two or more individuals), all of which are capable of growth on
the agar used, very consistent counts can be made by either method from
duplicate samples by the same or by different persons. In such cases the
relation between the counts is such as to leave little doubt but that the figures
obtained are remarkably accurate counts of the number of groups of bacteria
in the case of both the microscopic and plate methods; or of the number of
bacteria present in the case of the microscopic method."

Buttermaking- on the farm, G. H. Barb {Canada Dept. Agr., Dairy and Cold
Storage Branch Bui. 53 (1917), pp. 16, figs. 11). — Brief directions are given for
making butter on the farm.

Home cheese making, V. E. Scott (Agr. Ext. Univ. Nev. Bui. 15 {1911), pp.
8, figs. 5). — Simple directions are given for the home manufacture of a number
of common cheeses.

VETERmABY MEDICINE.

Public health and medicine, W. C. Goegas {Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong.,
1915-16, vols. 9, pp. XV+714, pis. 2, figs. 35; 10, pp. Xr+652, j)ls. 7, figs. 24).—
Among the papers hei-e presented relating to diseases and the transmission of
disease by insects mention may be made of the following: In volume 9, Insect-
Borne Diseases in Pan America, by J. Guiteras (pp. 9-41) (E. S. R., 34, p. 754) ;
Filariasis in the Americas, by A. J. Smith (pp. 49-76) ; Present Views in Re-
spect to Modes and Periods of Infection in Tuberculosis, by M. P. Ravenel (pp.
85-95) (E. S. R., 35, p. 281) ; Carlos Pinlay on the Hou.'^e Mosquitos of Havana,
by F. Knab (pp. 107-110) ; and in volume 10, Concerning the Chemical Nature
of the Vitamins, by R. R. Williams (pp. 39-48) ; Specific Parenteral Digestion
and Its Relation to the Phenomena of Immunity and Anaphylaxis, by J. Bron-
fenbrenner (pp. 278-287) ; The Mechanism and Clinical Significance of Anaphy-
lactic and Pseudoanaphylactic Skin Reactions, by J. A. Kolmer (pp. 287-304) ;
Anaphylatoxin and the Mechanism of Anaphylaxis, by R. Weil (pp. 308-315) ;
General Problems and Tendencies in Cancer Research, by L. Loeb (pp. 347-
354) ; Factors in Immunity t>o Cancer, by J. B. Murphy and J. J. Morton (pp.
360-362) ; Immunity to Transplantable Neoplasms, by W. H. Woglom (pp.
362-365) ; Tumor Immunity, by E. E. Tyzzer (pp. 365-382) ; General Biology
of the Protozoan Life Cycle, by G. N. Calkins (pp. 529-536) ; Parasitology of
Certain Animals of Paraguay, by L. E. Migone (pp. 573-576) ; On the Inhibi-
tory Properties of Magnesium Sulphate and Their Therapeutic Application in
Tetanus, by S. J. Meltzer (pp. 007-615) (E. S. R., 35, p. 75) ; Observations on
Tropical Parasites, by R. Gonzaiez-Rincones (pp. 615-618) ; and Antirabic Vac-
cination in Havana with Statistics Compared with Those of Other Nations, by
J. Santos Fernandez (pp. 635-637),

Practical veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, H. J. Mh-ks (Neto
Yark: The Macmillan Co., 1917, pp. [10]+519, pis. 3, figs. 19).— This work is

1918.] VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 581

intended for a practical text on veterinary materia medica, pharmacology, and
therapeutics.

Report of the veterinary director general for the year ended March 31,
1916, F. ToEEANCE {Rpt. Vet. Dir. Gen. Canada, 1916, pp. 36, fig. l).—ln addi-
tion to a report of the work of the year with the more important diseases of
live stock and import testing, a report is given (pp. 16-18) on the phenol co-
efficient of disinfectants tested by tlie Hygienic Laboratory method, under the
direction of C. H. Higgins. A detailed account of the work of the meat and
canned foods division is also included.

The phenol coefficients of samples of disinfectants tested are as follows:
Chlorid of lime, 11.8 and 13.3 ; Cooper's fluid, from 1.53 to 2.7 ; cresol compound,
from 0.12 to 2.98; crude carbolic acid, from 0.34 to 5.56; crude carbolic acid (an
emulsified product), from 0.12 to 2.63; Cooks Cofectant, 10; creolin, from 2.2
to 4.6 ; formaldehyde, 0.2 ; hycol, 4.31 ; izal, 4.18 to 8.6 ; izal, veterinary, 2.62 ;
K. A. G., 1.4 ; K. K. disinfecting fluid, from 0.8 to 2.8 ; lime, from 3.2 to 17.6 ;
Neko, 15.2 and 16.9; Pheneco, 15.8; pyxol, from 10.6 to 13; sand disinfectant,
0.033 ; sodium hypochlorite, 5 ; Wescol, 4.3 ; and zenoleum, 2.3.

[Diseases of animals in Saskatchewan], P. F. Bredt {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr.
Saskatchewan. 11 {1916), pp. 87-97). — This reports on the occurrence of in-
fectious and parasitic diseases of animals in Saskatchewan and incorporates a
report by the provincial veterinarian, M. P. McClellan.

Wyoming live stock laws and regulations of the State veterinarian, 1917,
A. W. French {Cheyenne, Wyo.: State, 1917, pp. 58). — A compilation of the
Wyoming laws.

The distribution in wheat, rice, and maize grains of the substance, the
deficiency of which in a diet causes polyneuritis in birds and beriberi in
man, Haebiette Chick and E. Maegaeet Hume {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 90 {1917), No. B 62It, pp. 44-60).— This is a report of experiments which
deal with the distribution of " antineuritic " vitamins in the various constituents
of wheat, maize, and rye grains.

" Wheat endosperm, after removal of the aleurone layer in the ordinary
milling processes, constitutes white flour. It is deficient in this vitamin, and
if used as an exclusive diet will induce polyneuritis in pigeons (or beriberi in
man) in a manner identical with polished rice. In both the rice and wheat grain
the antineuritic vitamin is concentrated mainly in the germ or embryo ; it is
also present to a less degree in the bran (pericarp and aleurone layer), probably
in the aleurone layer.

" In the case of maize grain the embryo also possesses marked antineuritic
properties. Here the scutellum can be separated from the ' plantlet ' and
separately investigated. Both these constituents of the embryo were found to
contain antineuritic vitamin."

Researches on the diagnosis of pregnancy in cows, mares, and goats by
the Abderhalden method, R. Giuliani {Clin. Vet. [Milan'], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e
Tg., 40 {1917), No. 17-18. pp. 494-428).— Previous literature on the subject of
the pregnancy test as applied to domestic animals is reviewed, and investiga-
tions reported on the value of the test, particularly in connection with artificial
fertilization as described by Pirocchi (E. S. R., 33, p. 71). The dialyzation
method was carefully followed according to the Abderhalden technique. From
the results of the experiments recorded the author draws the following con-
clusions :

(1) The methods can be relied upon in the majority of cases provided that
the technique of Aberhalden (E. S. R., 32, p. 270) be followed scrupulously,
that control tests be made with serum alone and with inactive serum and

582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

placenta, anrl that in doubtful casi?s a second and third test he made. (2) The
specific proteolytic feraieuts can be detected in the blood from the sixteenth
to the nineteenth day after conception ; that is, a diagnosis of pregnancy can
be made about the end of the third week. (3) The ferments seem to remain
in the blood for a period of 15 to 20 days after parturition, a fact which must
be taken into consideration to avoid errors in the application of the method.

The catalase content of Ascaris suum, with a suggestion as to its role in
protecting parasites against the digestive enzyms of their hosts, T. B.
Magatii {Jow. Bin}. Chcm., 33 (1918), No. 3, pp. 305-400, fig. i).— The amount
and distribution of catalase in the body of the common Ascaris, a roundworm
from the hog, were determined with a view to testing the validity of the
theory advanced by Burge (E. S. R., 33, p. 478) that the presence of oxidative
processes in the intestinal parasites protects them from digestion. The method
used was one adapted from ordinary gas analysis. The material was washed
with a 75 per cent sodium chlorid solution and finely chopped up, weighed in
a crucible, and introduced into a bottle containing 25 cc. of one-half diluted
commercial hydrogen peroxid. This was connected with a water-filled burette
with a leveling bulb. After bringing the water to the zero level, connection was
made with the bottle containing the hydrogen peroxid, the action started by
upsetting the crucible in the hydrogen peroxid, and after 10 minutes the water
in the leveling bulb brought to the level of the water in the burette and the
reading made.

Determinations were made of the catalase content of the whole worm, the
body wall, body fluid, and visceral organs with the following results : " There
is five-eighths as much catalase in the body wall of A. suum as in the visceral
organs, and one-fourth as much in the body fluid as in the visceral organs.
There is three times more catalase in the body wall of A. suum than in the leg
muscles of Rana pipiens, if one uses the amount of the catalase in the repro-
ductive organs of each form as the units of measurement. On the basis of this
last statement it can be assumed that there is more than enough catalase in
the body wall of this parasitic worm for its metabolic and locomotory functions,
and hence it is possible that this excess is used to liberate oxygen for protect-
ing the parasite against the digestive enzyms of its host, if Burge's theory be
true."

Researches on the serum of the sea eel, W. Kopaczewski (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 164 (1917), No. 25, pp. 963, 964; 165 (1917), Nos. 18, pp.
600-602; 21, pp. 725-727).— Three papers are presented.

I. The toxicity of the serum. — The serum of the sea eel was shown to be
exceedingly toxic when injected intravenously into guinea pigs, rabbits, and
dogs. The rapidity of the intoxication and the picture on autopsy resemble,
to a certain extent, anaphylactic shock.

II. The toxicity and physical properties of the serum,. — Studies of the effect
of the various factors on the toxicity of the serum showed that the toxicity
is not destroyed by keeping the serum in the dark even for as long a period
as 30 days, by freezing, by absorption in animal charcoal or kaolin, and by
drying, but is destroyed by sunlight and by heating to 75° C.

III. Molecular equilibrium and toxicity of the serum. — In connection with
the study of the effect of physical agents on the toxicity of the serum, noted
above, the serum was examined under the ultramicroscope. It was found that
wherever the serum is inactivated profound changes take place in its ultra-
microscopic structure. The particles previously separated and in an active
Brownian movement arrange themselves in groups and become stationary.
When the serum is mixed with that of an experimental animal an ultramicro-
scopic precipitation takes place. By modifying the surface tension of the serum

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 583

by the addition of cholesterol or sodium oleate the appearance of the agglom-
erations can be hastened or retarded, and simultaneously the disappearance of
the toxicity of the serum hastened or retarded.

Experiments in the differentiation of blood and muscular albumin by
precipitation and anaphylaxis, C. Lopex (Amer. Jour. Yet. Med., 12 (1917),
No. 12, pp. 853-857). — The processes at present employed for obtaining serums
for the differentiation of the albumin of blood serums are reviewed, and the
following conclusions are drawn from the author's investigations of possible
methods :

(1) To obtain precipitating serums for blood albumin, the best method is
that of intravenous injections of 20 cc. each of horse serum into rabbits weigh-
ing at least 3 kg. (2) For the differentiation of albumin of the muscles, the
best and most easily obtained and preserved antigen is that obtained by adding
sodium chlorid to minced meat and dialyzing the juice through parchment
paper.

When a greatly accentuated degree of specificity is required, as in dealing
with meats denaturalized by heat, the author has found anaphylaxis reactions
superior to precipitins for the differentiation of albumin.

A new enzym of the leucocytes of blood and of pus, lipoidase, N. Fies-
siNGEB and R. Clogne {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parisl, 165 {1917), No. 21, pp.
730-732; abs. in Chem. Abs., 12 (1918), No. 7, p. 705).— The authors have demon-
strated that the leucocytes of the blood and acute suppurations have the power
of secreting an enzym (lipoidase) which hydrolyzes lecithin. The enzym is
destroyed by heating to from 56 to 60° C. for 30 minutes. It does not act in
strongly acid or alkaline solutions but preferably in a slightly alkaline medium.
The action is inhibited by formalin, by red corpuscles in large quantities, and
prol)ably by normal serum. The enzym has been identified in normal leuco-
cytes of the blood of man, the dog, and the cat, and in aseptic and septic ab-
scesses. It is present in poly nuclear cells and abseut in the lymphocytes o' cer-
tain chronic effusions, as in pleurisy. This lipoidase can be distinguished from
the leucocytic lipase by its greater thermostability.

Studies of the blood fat and lipoids of the dog before and after the pro-
duction of experimental anemia, H. Dubin (Jour. Biol. Chem., 33 (1918), No.
S, p. 577). — By the use of the nephelometric and colorimetric methods of Bloor
(E. S. R., 34, p. 563; 35 pp. 13, 166), blood fats have been estimated in a dog
before and after infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum. The results shon'
that in trypanosome anemia the total fats are increased while the lecithin and
cholesterol are decreased. These results are in agreement with the reports
of Bloor (E. S. R., 36, p. 365) in pernicious anemia associated with carcinoma
of the stomach.

Immunity and tissue transplantation. — I, The reactions occurring about
tissue transplanted into heterologous animals, M. S. Fleisheb (Jour. Med.
Research, 37 (1918), No. 3, pp. 483-497 ) .—The experiments reported were car-
ried out in normal and immune rabbits into which pieces of guinea-pig kidney
were transplanted. The rabbits were immunized by repeated intraperitoneal
injections of sterile emulsions of kidney cells. In both the normal and im-
munized rabbits pieces of guinea-pig kidney removed from the living animal
were immediately transplanted under aseptic precautions into subcutaneous
pockets on the abdomen of the rabbit. The pieces were removed and examined
at various intervals up to 28 days. The examination showed the following
general differences between the pieces in normal and in immunized animals :

" Kidney of guinea pigs transplanted into normal rabbits remains alive and
shows regeneration even at 28 days. No regeneration takes place in immune
animals. Leucocytes collect in larger numbers about the transplanted tissues

584 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

in immune animals than in normal animals. Tlie leucocytes do not, how-
ever, penetrate the tissue as rapidly in the immune animals. The connective
tissue formation in normal rabbits is more rapid and more marked than in
immune animals. The penetration of the pieces in normal animals by con-
nective tissue cells is also more rapid."

The significance of the difference between the reactions in normal and im-
mune animals has not yet been determined.

Is there any quantitative relationship between antigen dose and antibody
production? E. T. H. Tsen {Joiir. Med. Research, 31 {1918), No. S, pp. S81-390,
figs. 2). — The question was investigated by intravenous injections of different
doses of sheep serum into rabbits and subcutaneous injections of different
doses of antityphoid vaccine into medical students. Examination was made
of the precipitin and agglutinin productions, respectively.

The results seem to show that there is no quantitative relationship between
the antigen dose and antibody production. As much antibody can be produced
in response to the injection of small as to that of large doses of antigen.
Moreover, large doses of antigen are at times harmful through injury to the
cells, so that the animal either dies of intoxication or remains in a state of
lowered resistance with the production of little or no antibody.

A comparison of the slow and rapid methods of antibody production con-
firmed the results of Gay and Fitzgerald, previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p.
581), that the rapid method is as efficient as the slow method.

An experimental investigation of lipovaccines. — A preliminary note, E. R.
Whitmoee, E. a. Fennel, and W. F. Petersen {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 70
{1918), No. 7, pp. Jt2'1-Jf31, fig. 1). — The preparation and methods of preservation
and administration of lipovaccines from typhoid, paratyphoid, pneumococcus,
meningococcus, and dysentery organisms are described with experimental data.
Although considering the work as purely preliminary, the authors feel that
the lipovaccine offers a number of advantages over the aqueous preparation,
including " the diminution of both the local and the systemic reaction, the
feasibility of giving sufficient vaccine at a single injection properly to immunize
the individual, the persistence in the individual of a focus from which the
immunization proceeds over a period of several months with a resulting length-
ening of the period of immunity, the actual detoxicating effects of certain lipoids
that can be incorporated in the vaccine, and the prevention of autolysis and
deterioration of the vaccine."

The effect of high pressures on bacteria, W. P. Laeson, T. B. Haktzell, and
H. S. DiEHL {Jo%ir. Infect. Diseases, 22 {1918), No. 3, pp. 271-279).— This ar-
ticle reports the results of attempts to obtain the antigenic principle of bacteria
in a diffused state in order to make it less accessible to the phagocytes and
consequently capable of producing a higher degree of immunity than is ordi-
narily possible with bacterial antigens.

It was found that a direct pressure of 6,000 atmospheres kills nonspore-form-
ing bacteria in 14 hours. A pressure of 12,000 atmospheres for the same length
of time is required to kill spores. Attempts to discover the mechanism of the
destruction of bacteria in this way resulted in the conclusion that the factor
which destroyed the organisms was the sudden change in the osmotic tension
of the fluid in which the bacteria were suspended.

Filtrate of typhoid bacteria subjected to a direct load of 6,000 atmospheres
for 14 hours was found to be superior to the living culture as an immunizing
antigen. Bacteria killed by carbon dioxid were found to be excellent antigens.

Identity of the toxins of different stuains of Bacillus welchii and factors
influencing their production in vitro, C. G. Bxtll and Ida W. Peitchetx

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 585

(Jour. Expt. Med., 26 (1917), No. 6, pp. 867-883, flgs. 10; abs. in Chem. Abs.,
12 (1918), No. 1, p. 5i).— Continuing previous studies (E. S. R., 38, p. 379) by
investigating 22 additional strains of B. welchii for toxin production and
antitoxin treatment, the autliors have found that " the antitoxin for B.
welchii toxin can apparently be prepared from a single strain of the organism
which yields under the conditions described a high titer of toxin, and this
antitoxin can be employed to combat infection with or prevent infection by
any strain whatever of the bacillus."

Experinieiits to determine the effect of fresh muscle and glucose on toxin
production and the relation of acidity to toxicity in the filtrates have shown
that (1) fresh muscle increases the potency of the toxin fivefold while auto-
claved muscle has little effect; (2) the addition of 0.2 to 1 per cent glucose
to beef infusion broth gives a more potent product than sugar-free broth,
while higher percentages lower the toxin production; and (3) there is no
direct relation between acidity and toxicity.

Bacterium pyog'enes and its relation to suppurative lesions in animals,
A. R, Ward (Jour. Bact., 2 (1917), No. 6, pp. 6i9-628).— Substantially noted
from another source (E. S. R., 37, p. 276).

The use of commercial Javelle water in the treatment of infected wounds,
Cazin and Miss S. Krongold (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], 165 (1917), No.
17, pp. 569-572). — From the results of 510 cases of wounds treated with a
solution of Javelle water (15 parts to 1,000) and from the action on fragments
of skin of this solution as compared with the Dakin-Daufresne hypochlorite
solution, the authors state that at the above concentration, containing 0.427
gm. of hypochlorite per liter, the Javelle water is more germicidal and less
irritating than Dakin's solution.

On the treatment of war wounds by the combined action of visible and
ultra-violet radiations, C. Benoit and A. Helbronner (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], 165 (1917), No. 17, pp. 572-57.^).— Experiments extending over
two years on the use of the Cooper-Hewitt mercury lamp for treating war
wounds are reported. These include the treatment of atonic and ulcerated
wouuds, recent wounds over a larger surface, and closed and open fractures.

A new method of general chemotherapy-oxidotherapy, Belin (Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 165 (1917), No. 26, pp. 1074-1076; abs. in Chem. Abs.,
12 (1918), No. 7. pp. 722. 723).— Clinical cases are cited in which injections of
potassium permanganate of different strengths have been successfully u.sed
In the treatment of tetanus, typhoid fever, etc. Earlier exijerimental work*
has demonstrated the favorable effect on certain infectious maladies of the
injection of oxidizing substances.

The theory advanced by the author is that by oxidation the toxins are ren-
dered inactive, thereby permitting the organism to combat more successfully
with the microorganisms themselves. " Antitoxic therapy based on oxidation,
therefore, would seem to be as indispensable as antimicrobic therapy in pro-
moting phagocytosis." As possible therapeutic agents, the author cites potas-
sium permanganate, sodium chlorate, sodium persulphate, ozone, colloidal
metals, and pinene.

The restraining' influence of cyanid upon oxidation in arsenical dips, A. G.
H01.BOROW (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 14 (1917), No. 6, pp. 733-737).— The article
reports the results of investigations Into the cause of the oxidation of sodium

'Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 156 (1913), Nos. 16, pp. 1260-1262; 24 pp. 1848,
1849; 1.58 (1914), No. 13, pp. 966-968; Bui. Soc. Cent. Med V6t., 92 (1916), No. 14,
pp. 203-209; 93 (1917), No. 12, pp. 244-248.

55096°— 18 7

586 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

arsenite in dipping fluids used for ticlj killing. The arsenate thus formed has
only about one-half the tick-killing power of the arsenite.

To determine whether the oxidation is the result of microorganisms, action
on dipping fluids of various strong disinfectants was tested. Oxidation was
not completely arrested by 2.5 per cent formalin, 5 per cent corrosive subli-
mate, 0.5 per cent carbolic acid, and 2 per cent boric acid, which would seem
to prove that the oxidation is not wholly due to microorganisms. Sterilization
in an autoclave, boiling for half an hour, and passing the original dipping fluid
through a candle filter also failed to arrest oxidation completely. Small
amounts of potassium cyaniu proved most effective. The retarding influence on
oxidatioji reniained constant until 0.005 per cent was reached ; below this, oxida-
tion increased as the amount of cyanid was decreased.

Further investigations are to be reported later.

The relationship between contagious pustular stomatitis of the horse,
equine variola (horsepox of Jenner) and vaccinia (cowpox of Jenner), D. A.
DE Jong (Folm Microbiol. [Delft], 4 {1016), No. 3, pp. 239-266, pis. 5; Jour.
Compar. Path, and Ther., 30 {1911), No. 3, pp. 2Jf2-262, figs. 5; abs. in Trop.
Vet. Bui., 5 (1911), No. 3, pp. 200-202).— The equine affections de.scribed under
the above names are first critically reviewed and reference made to outbreaks
in various countries. A detailed description of the symptoms manifested in
outbreaks of pustular stomatitis at garrisons near The Hague follows.

Numerous experiments in the transmission of contagious pustular stomatitis
of horses 1o healthy horses and also to calves, rabbits, etc., are reported iipon.
The conclusions are as follows : " In the observed cases of contagious pustular
stomatitis of the horse there was an eruption in the mouth and on the skin.
In the experiments material collected from the mouths of the animals attacked
proved capable of transmitting the disease, including cutaneous eruptions.
This material, after it had beeri passed through Chamberland B and F filters,
still possessed the same infective quality. The ordinary vaccine, propagated in
the usual manner, was equally capable of giving the horse pustular stomatitis,
including cutaneous eruptions. The horse which had contracted the stomatitis
spontaneously was refractory to inoculation with vaccine. Two different strains
of the virus of contagious pustular stomatitis of the horse behaved like vaccine
when inoculated to the calf and to the rabbit, and in the latter Guarnieri's cor-
puscles were present in the inoculated cornea. Besides, the complement t&st
furnished corroborative evidence in support of this view.

" The vaccine obtained by inoculating with the virus of contagious pustular
stomatitis of the horse could be propagated in animals with the same regularity
as the ordinary vaccine. This vaccine derived from the horse gave excellent
vaccinal pustules when inoculated into children. The revaccinated subjects
presented only a reaction of revaccination. The rabbits which had been inocu-
lated with ordinary vaccine and had shown a markedly positive reaction after
recovery and revaccination with the virus of stomatitis showed only a preco-
cious allergic (von Pirquet) reaction, whereas the control animals showed a
characteristic reaction.

" We have proved that contagious pustular stomatitis of the horse is actually
the most frequent form of Jenner's horsepox, and that the virus of this stoma-
titis passes through Chamberland B and F filters. This fact was not previously
known."

Anthrax. A case of Bacillus anthracis septicemia with recovery, R. R.
Gbaham and H. K. Detweileb (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 10 (1918), No. 10, pp.
611, 612, figs. 2). — The authors report the successful treatment of a case of
anthrax in man in which the organisms were demonstrable in the circulating
blood despite local excision and subcutaneous injection of serum. Intravenous

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 587

injection of 100 cc. of chloramin-T (Dakin) and 80 cc. of antianthrax serum
was followed by a rapid lowering of pulse and temperature with eventual
recovery.

Studies in blackleg immunization with special reference to blackleg fil-
trate, A. EicHHORN (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 {1918), No. 6, pp. 653-
669). — This has been essentially noted from another source (E. S. R., 37, p.
689). Attention is called to the resemblance between the bacillus of blackleg
and B. welchii morphologically, biologically, and in cultural characteristics.

Epizootic lymphangitis; some treatments, Frans (Bui. Soc. Cent. MM. V6t,,
98 {1911), No. 24, pp. 527-533. fig. i).— The following treatments are discussed:
(1) Local — cauterization, and Vincent's powder (boric acid and calcium
chlorid) ; (2) general — arsenic acid, Lugol's solution of iodin and potassium
iodid, sodium cacodylate, mercuric biniodid, and mercuric benzoate ; and (3)
serum therapy.

Treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by means of the extract of autolyzed
yeast, M. Nicoixe, Fayet, and Truche (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. IParis], 165
{1917), No. 27, pp. 1114, 1115). — An application of antigen therapy in the treat-
ment of epizootic lymphangitis in horses is described. The agent employed is
the filtered extract of brewers' yeast autolyzed for 24 hours at 37° O. in the
vapor of chloroform. To tills is added 5 per cent of phenol. Successful re-
sults obtained by the authors in the treatment of six horses are reported.

The proposed technique is to make a preliminary subcutaneous injection of
2 cc. of the liquid, followed after from four to eight days by 5 cc. and eight days
later by 10 cc. The latter dose may be repeated once or twice if necessary.
The name " rivoltine " is suggested for the preparation.

Treatment of epizootic and ulcerous lymphangitis by autopyotherapy,
Belin {Bui. Soc. Cent. MM. V6t., 93 {1917), No. 18, pp. 346-362) .—The author
describes two methods of preparing pyovaccine from the pus of the diseased
animal, discusses the general manifestations of the vaccination from observa-
tions of 15 cases, and interprets the results obtained.

The pus obtained from a ripe abscess is sterilized by ether or by heating at
70° C. for an hour in six or seven volumes of boiled water. The ether sterili-
zation is preferred by the author.

After inoculation the animal passes through a negative phase of hyper-
sensibility marked by an increase in the acuteness of the symptoms. This Is
followed by a positive phase characterized by a diminution of the symptoms
and general recovery. Lymphangitis can be cured by autopyotherapy alone,
but the treatment does not preclude the use of chemotherapy. The importance
is emphasized of using small doses of the vaccine at first and of using pus from
the animal itself, that is autopyotherapy and not simply pyotherapy.

A complementary note relative to the preparation of the pyovaccine em-
ployed in the treatment of epizootic and ulcerous lymphangitis, Belin {Bui.
Soc. Cent. MM. Y6t., 93 {1917), No. 22, pp. 46M65).— Additional directions are
given for the preparation of pyovaccine by sterilization with ether.

Pyotherapy of epizootic lymphangitis, Velu {Bid. Soc. Cent. M6d. V6t., 93
{1917), No. 22, pp. 452-456). — This article gives detailed instruction relative
to the treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by pyotherapy.

The preparation of pyovaccine for epizootic lymphangitis, H. Velu {Bui.
Soc. Path. Exot., 11 {1918), No. 1. pp. 10, Jfi).— The author distinguishes be-
tween the " polyvalent " pyovaccine obtained from open lesions in epizootic
lymphangitis, and capable of acting on the cryptococci and associated organisms,
and the polyethnical anticryptococcic vaccine prepared from products of new
lesions or closed abscesses of different animals having epizootic lymphangitis.
The latter vaccine contains only the cryptococcus from various sources.

588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I Vol. 88

The technique of the preparation of the polyvalent antipyogenic vaccine Is
described in detail. This can be us-ed not only in the treatment of epizootic
lymplianj^itis but also in that of various pyogenic lesions in the horse.

Some typical cases of treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by pyotherapy,
Velu (Bui. Soc. Cent. MM. V^t., 93 (1917), No. 2Jt, pp. 5il-52//).— Several cases
are described.

Leucocytotherapy or aseptic pyotherapy, its use in certain lymphangites
of the horse, J. Bridk6 {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 165 (1917), No. 27,
pp. 1121-1123; abs. in Rev. G^n. Med. Vet., 27 (191S), No. 313, pp. 20, 30;
Cheni. Abs., 12 (1918), No. 6, p. 593). — The nonspecificity of cryptococcic pyo-
vaccine and the efficacy in ulcerous lymphangites of a pyovaccine very poor in
microorganisms suggested to the author that the vaccines owed their efficacy
not to the specific microbes which they contained but to leucocytes or leucocytic
debris and the products derived from them, and that, consequently, the
same satisfactory results will be obtained by the injection of an aseptic pus
such as is found in a fixation abscess. To test this theory, horses with epizootic
and ulcerous lymphangitis were injected with a dilution of pus obtained from
u fixation abscess previously produced by subcutaneous injection of essence
of turpentine. The liquid was quickly absorbed and generally no trace of the
Injection was left.

The second treatment was in all cases followed by a very rapid cure, thus
confirming the author's theory. " Aseptic pyotherapy can be employed advan-
tageously in equine lymphangitis and in diseases where pyovaccines have
already been satisfactory. It is possible that it is susceptible of a more general
application."

Some considerations on the efficacy and absolute nonspecificity of anti-
cryptococcic pyotherapy in the horse, H. Veltt (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., il
(1918), No. 1, pp. 12-17). — Cases are cited from which the conclusion is drawn
that polyvalent nonspecific pyotherapy is a simple economical method which
by the results already obtained should occupy a position of the first order in
therapeutic veterinary practice.

The necessity of carbon dioxid for the growth of Bacillus tuberculosis,
W. B. Whebry and D. M. Ervin (Jour. Inject. Diseases, 22 (1918), No. 3, pp.
194-197, fig. 1). — Tests on culture media showing the effect of different carbon
dioxid pressures on the growth of B. tuberculosis are reported. The necessity
of carbon dioxid and of a supply of free oxygen for growth of the organism on
artificial media Is shown. The optimum requirements have not yet been
determined.

An investigation of strains of tubercle bacilli from animal tuberculosis,
A. S. Griffith (Jour. Path, and Bad., 21 (1917), No. 3, pp. 329-3^3) .—The
investigations here reported relate to the types of tubercle bacilli from naturally
acquired tuberculosis in the monkey, cat, goat, bovine, and bird ; the cultural
characteristics of bovine tubercle bacilli ; and human tubercle bacilli in the
milk of a vaccinated heifer.

Infectious abortion in cows, K. BtrcHi-i (Meded. Rijksseruminricht., 1
(1917), No. 3-4, pp. 121-205, figs. 2).— The author has reviewed the literature
on this disease including the history, etiology, biology, and course of the dis-
ease ; symptoms and diagnosis ; abortin and its application ; agglutination and
complement fixation ; active and passive immunity ; methods of combating the
disease; and veterinary laws for controlling it. A bibliography of 68 titles Is
appended.

Mixed bacterial diseases of swine with differential diagnosis, J. D. Reab-
DON (Amer. Jour. Yet. Med., IS (1918), No. 2, pp. 57-61).— The author discusses

1818.] RURAL ENGINEERING. 589

under the term "mixed infections of s^viue " variuas pulinonary diseases such
as chronic bronchitis, pulmonary eden a, and catarrhal pneumonia, and also
diseases classified as necrobacillosis c.iused by Bacillus necrophorus and its
associate organisms. He asserts that chronic hog cholera does not exist, but
that the lowered resistance of the animal after an attack of cholera makes pos-
sible an invasion by the organisms of the mixed infection group.

The serum treatment of hog' chole a, R. Graham {Illinois 8ta. Circ. 207
(1917), pp. 3-11. figs. 3). — This is a peculiar summary of information.

Fagopyrismus (buckwheat poisoning) and similar affections, E. A. Bkxtce
{Jour. Amer. Yet. Med. yi-ssoc, 52 {1917), No. 2, pp. 189-194).— An outbreak of
buckwheat poisoning in pigs at the University of British Columbia first recorded
is followed by accounts of similar conditions produced by alfalfa, clover, St
John's wort, and knotweed. The toxic properties claimed for the knotweeds
(Polygonum spp.) have not been substantiated by experiments made at Agassiz.

The poisoning of horses by the common bracken (Pteiis aquilina), S.
Hauwen and E. A. Bkuce (Canada Dept. Agr., Health Anitn. Branch Bui. 26
(1917), pp. 15, figs. 5). — This is a report of investigations and experiments
''vith P. aquilina in British Columbia of which a summary has been previously
1- red from another source (E. S. R., 37, p. 182).

Feeding experiments with five horses reported indicate that the addition to
the daily diet of about 6 lbs. of dried bracken will kill a horse in about one
month.

PJJRAL ENGHTEEBING.

Operation and maintenance of irrigation systems, S. T. Harding (Neio
York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1917, pp. XII+271, pis. 12, figs. 28).— The
purpose of this volume is apparently to cover the practical principles of the
operation and maintenance of irrigation systems and to illustrate them by
typical examples of their local application. No attempt is made to cover prac-
tice outside of the United States.

The opening chapters deal with general maintenance, including damages for
failure to maintain and maintenance of canals, and maintenance of structures
and serviceable life of irrigation structures. Other chapters deal with organiza-
tion for operation and maintenance, methods of delivering irrigation water,
measurement of irrigation water, irrigation rules and regulations, payment for
construction and operation charges, general operation, and operation and main-
tenance accounts. An appendix gives rules and regulations for several irriga-
tion districts and water companies.

Irrigating flume built with the cement gun (Engin. News-Rec, 79 (1917),
No. 10, pp. 4W-451, fiffs- 4)- — This is a brief description of the construction of
a self-supporting flume with 2-in. reinforced walls built upon inside forms.

It was found that 130 linear feet could be constructed per 8-hour shift. The
cement gun was found to operate most economically when within 50 ft. of
the point of application. The mixture used consisted of one part cement plus
10 per cent hydrated lime and 4.5 part§ of coarse sand. In shooting the walls
it was found that the rebound material amounted to about 10 per cent of the
material adhering to the forms.

Pumping plants of the XT. S. Reclamation Service, S. T. Harding (Jour.
Electncity, S9 (1917), No. 3, pp. 108-110, figs. .^).— This article gives data on
comparative costs of raising 1 acre-ft of water through a height of 1 ft.,

690

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[Vol.38

compiled from the records of the D. S. Reclamation Service. Records for
1915-16 service are given in the following table :

Operation records of irrigation puinpint/ plants of the V. S. Reclamation Service

for li)15-l(j.

Plant.

Type of plant.

Capa-

Head

movers.

against.

Total
cost
per
foot
acre-
foot.

Vertical motor-driven
centrifugal Dumps

Bait River Project:
Battery A

B

C

D

E

F

McQueen well

Clemons

Ban Francisco

High line

Minidoka Project:

li!!^'r,H^n>; i I Vertical motor^lrivcn

TlSflilf;.:::::!( centrifugal pumps....

West End....

1812 Station..

A 4 Station

Huntley Project:

Balantine

} Horizontal motor-driven
centrifugal pumps

ilHorizontal motor-driven

/ centrifugal

Scoop wheel

Yakima Project:

Snipes Mount . . .

Hillcrest

Yuma:

Reservation
drainage

Yuma Valley . . .

Vertical turbine-driven
centrifugal

1 Vertical turbine-driven
/ centrifugal

Gas engine-driven
' centrifugal

Horse-
poutr.
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
100
100
450

2,760

2,400

1,5G0

150

5

25

696

500
35

110
40

Feet.
49.0
46.2
48.4
46.5
44.5
32.0
40.0
31.3
30.0
43.0

29.1

30 3

29.9
20.8
3.8
2.9

46.3

197.0
103.3

5 to 6
4.0

13.2
25.0

A method of determining storm-water run-off, C. B. Buerger {Trans. Amer.
Boc. Civ. Engin., 78 (1915), pp. 1139-1205, pis. 2, figs. 9).— The author develops
a formula for storm-water run-off of the form q+Nq%=P, in which q is the
run-off in cubic feet per second per acre and N and P are functions of the
variable elements of topography, rainfall, etc Diagrams are given which afford
a ready means of obtaining results from the formula.

Daily river stages at river gauge stations on the principal rivers of the
United States, 1915 and 1916, A. J. Henry {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur.,
Daily River Stages, IS {1915), pp. 176; U (1916), pp. 27S).— These are the
thirteenth and fourteenth parts of the series of river gauge readings main-
tained by the Weather Bureau.

Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River Basin, 1916 {U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, Water-supply Paper ^34 {1911), pp. 130-{-XXXII, pis. 3).— This report,
prepared in cooperation with the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York,
and Vermont, presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams
tributary to Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Superior, and to the St.
Lawrence River, during 1916, together with the usual list of gauging stations
and publications relating to water resources.

Surface water supply of Hawaii, July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1915, G. K.
Larkison {V. S. Ocol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 430 {1917), pp. 329).— This
report presents the results of measurements of flow made on certain streams

1918] RURAL ENGINEERING. 591

and ditches, and records of rainfall and evaporation in the Territory of Hawaii
for the bienniitl period ended June 30. 1915.

The flowing wells of western Queensland, J. W. Grkgoey {Queensland
Oeogr. Jour., n. set:, 30-31 {1916), No. 16-17, pp. 1-29, pi. 1, fig.'i. /,).— The gen-
eral characteristics of these artesian wells are discussed.

Tile drainage on the farm, E. R. .Tones and O. R. Zeasman {Wisconsin Sta,
Bui. 284 {1917), pp. 32, figs. 22). — This bulletin deals with tile drainage on the
individual farm, discussing the benefits of drainage and some of the construc-
tion problems, and giving detailed directions for the selection and laying of
tile drain. Cost estimates and other data are included.

Draining of peat lands by canals, K. H. Lundevall {Svenska Mosskulturfor.
Tidskr., 31 {1917). No. 1, pp. ^3-54. figs. 8). — Methods of draining peat lands
in Sweden by the use of canals are described and illustrated. The ditches are
apparently designed with sufficient velocity to be self-cleaning.

Preliminary report on Kearney Vineyard experimental drain, W. W. Weir
{Irrig. Age, 32 {1917), No. 10, pp. 151-158, figs. 11).— The substance of this
article has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 36, p. 584).

Studies on the culture media employed in the bacteriological examination
of water. ^ — IV, Neutral red lactose peptone media, E. M. Chamot and 0. M.
Sherwood {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 {1917), No. 8, pp. 1755-1766).— In a
fourth report of studies on culture me<lia for the bacteriological examination of
water (E. S. R., 34, p. 286) experiments were conducted to ascertain (1) the
influence upon the color change of an increased amount of peptone alone instead
of the usual 1 or 2 per cent peptone with meat broth or meat extract; (2) the
effect of systematic variations of the various components ; that is, peptone,
lactose, acidity, salt, and neutral red, on the sensitiveness of the contrast reac-
tion; (3) the effect of these variations on the volume and composition of the
gases formed; (4) the true nature of the chemical reactions involved in the
color change; (5) the value of neutral red medium as an indicator of fecal
pollution, other than human, in drinking water. The following conclusions
were drawn :

''A neutral red medium composed of from 3 to 4 per cent peptone, 0.8 per
cent potassium chlorid or potassium sulphate, 0.6 per cent lactose, 0.008 per cent
neutral red with a reaction of -f 1 per cent affords a very sensitive and accurate
medium for the speedy detection of fecal pollution by bacteria. The addition of
meat broth increases the sensitiveness of the medium but is not essential. The
yellow fluorescent compound formed by the action of the bacteria is probably
dimethyldiaminomethylhydrophenazin, a simple reduction product of neutral
red. Ammonia does not enter into the formation of the reduction product.
The Stokes neutral i*ed medium is a convenient and reliable one for the detec-
tion of fecal contamination in water and is more sensitive than lactose bile."

Seasonal distribution of soil and fecal strains of the colon-aerogenes
group in surface waters, Myrtle Greenfield and W. N. Skourup {Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 9 {1917), No. 7, pp. 675-678). — Experiments conducted at the
Kansas State Board of Health water and sewage laboratory on the variation
of the organisms of the colon-aerogenes group in the surface water supplies
of Kansas are reported.

It is concluded that " there seems to be no difference bet^veen soil and
fecal strains of organisms of the colon-aerogenes group from surface water
supplies in their resistance to treatment, nor is there a difference between
cultures of the four principal groups of MacConkey, isolated from surface
water supplies, in their resistance to treatment. There is a correlation be-
tween the increase in the fecal strains of organisms of the colon-aerogenes
group during dry weather and the sanitary survey."

592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Disinfection of water by means of bleaching powder, H. Langeu {Ztsvhr.
Uyg. u. Infelctiomkrank, 81 {1916), p. 296; Chein. Ztg., 41 {1911), Repert., p.
166; (lbs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 36 (1917), No. 13, p. 733).— A distinction
is drawn between disinfection, i. e.. rendering bacteria liarmless, and the
killing of bacteria. In the case of bleaching powder, disinfection is dependent
only upon the concentration of the available chlorin, not upon the duration of
the exposure, "iie action is a rapid one and does not consist in oxidation but
in absorption of elilorin. The time required to kill the bacteria depends only
upon their power of resistance to the injury effected by the chlorin. Disinfec-
tion, therefore, is independent of the time elapsing before neutralization of the
chlorin. AVhether this follows at a longer or shorter interval, the killing of
the bacteria is not influenced. The presence of organic matter reduces the
concentration of the available chlorin, though the amount of this reduction
can only be determined by a bacteriological test. The disinfecting action is
rendered greater by adding the bleaching powder in fractions, a cumulative
effect replacing that of concentration.

The interaction of chlorid of lime with the normal constituents of natural
waters and sewage, G. W. Heise (Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. A, 12 (1917),
No. 1, pp. 17-35, figs. 5). — Studies of the rate of decomposition of chlorid of
lime in water, sewage, and solutions of organic substances are reported.

It was found that " in the dark, at 28° C, the reactions proceeded with
almost constant velocity for periods of 30 minutes to one hour, after which
they proceeded very slowly. In the light the decomposition rate was greatly
accelerated. In general, the amount of available chlorin consumed is propor-
tional to the con-centration in which it is added, as shown by the Interaction of
chlorid of lime and urea solution. However, for certain definite concentra-
tions of sewage this regularity fails. A study of the reaction between chlorid
of lime with varying quantities of urea showed that the chlorin consumption,
as measured by the starch-potassium iodid reaction, is not necessarily propor-
tional to the concentration of organic matter. The determination of the
chlorin consumption of a water or sewage, though of importance in the con-
trol of hypochlorite disinfection, is not sufficient in itself and should be sup-
plemented by bacteriological tests."

The construction and operation of concrete septic tanks, H. C. CvitPBELi.
(Doin. Engin.. 80 (1917), No. IS, pp. 488-^90, figs. 2),— Notes are given on resi-
dential sewage disposal by means of small septic tanks and tile absorption
areas.

Practical road building-, C. E. Foote (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1917, pp.
XX+11-295, figs. 40). — This is a popular treatise on the subject for the beueflt
of the layman, containing chapters on road history, location, grades, drainage,
foundations, surfaces, bridges and culverts, traffic and finance, and on earth,
gravel, sand clay, topsoil, macadam, brick, concrete, bituminous, sand asphalt,
and special surface roads.

Serial bonds for road building save money, M. O. Bldridge (Engin. Newa-
Rec, 79 (1917), No. 9, pp. 407-411, figs. 5). — Tabular and graphic data are re-
ported and discussed from which the conclusion is drawn that on the basis of
definite comparisons between the ultimate costs of different types of bonds for
road building the serial type is the most desirable. " Especially in local road-
improvement work, where the sinking funds lead to many troubles, serial
bonds are greatly to be preferred. . . .

" Bond issues ought to be resorted to only where they can not be avoided. It
should be a fundamental rule in the financial operations of a county or town-
ship that all current expenses, such as for the maintenance of roads, be paid
from the proceeds of an annual tax levy. Furthermore, if a township or

1918 J RURAL ECONOMICS. 593

county is able to levy a sufficient tax to improve all of the roads required in a
reasonable len;|tli of time without imposing too great a burden on tl'.e taxpayers,
it should by all means adopt this course. The only defense that can be offered
for a local bond issue rests upon the common sense principles of payment by
installment and of capitalizing undeveloped resources. If a system of roads
is to be built, it is usually of common advantage that the people who may be
called upon to pay the bills should be permitted to distribute their contributions
over a period of years and that all who share in the benefits should also share
in the burdens."

" On January 1, 1915, the total local road and bridge bonds outstanding in
the United States, exclusive of cities, amounted to approximately $230,000,000.
It is estimated that at least $160,000,000 of these bonds were of the sinking-fund
variety ; that the average term was 25 years ; and tliat the average rate of
interest was 5 per cent. If these bonds had been issued as serials, for the same
term and bearing the same rate of interest, it would have resulted in a total
saving of approximately .$42,000,000, or an average annual saving of $1,680,000."

Tests of concrete road ag-gregates, J. P. Nash {Good Roads, n. ser., H
(1917), No. 9, pp. 107-110. lU, fig. i).— Tests made at the University of
Texas to determine the resistance to abrasion and the tensile strength of con-
crete made from various aggregates are reported. In the tests the chief varia-
ble was the coarse aggregate.

It is pointed out that " the two most important essentials for a satisfactory
road are (1) uniformity of wear and (2) a minimum of wear. Whenever
these two are combined with a high tensile strength the most satisfactory con-
crete road is found. The conclusions drawn from these tests are as follows :

" The uniformity of wear is obtained when the mortar and the coarse aggre-
gate wear equally, such as when crushed limestone or limestone gravel is used.
The coarse aggregate should be limited in size to about 1.5 in. When hard,
tough stone is used the size should be limited to about 1 in. and the cement
content increased. It is questionable if a richer mix than a 1:2:4 is an
economical one to use with crushed limestone of the ordinary hardness. Crushed
slag when hard and uniform should be satisfactory as a concrete road aggre-
gate. In a 1:2:4 concrete, a gravel composed of very hard stone such as
flint, or quartz, does not wear uniformly. The action of the cubical shot on
the test specimens is a trifle more severe than the traffic on the road. It can
not be said that either the crushed stone or gravel tested Is superior as an
aggregate to produce concrete having a higher tensile strength,"

An analysis of poppet valve motion, L. T. Knocke (Gas Engine, 19 (1917),
No. 9, pp. 436-440, figs. 6). — This is a mathematical analysis of valve mecha-
nism for gas engines.

A new feed rack for winter feeding, H. C. Gardiner ([Bien.] Rpt. Mont.
Live Stock Sanif. Bd., 1915-16, pp. 17, 18, pi. 1). — A cattle feeding rack and
sheep feeding rack designed for Montana conditions are described and diagram-
matically illustrated.

Poultry house equipment, A. G. Philips and L. L. Jones (Purdue Univ.,
Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 57 (1917), pp. 12, figs. 9).— Nests, feed hoppers, and water-
ing vessels are described and diagrammatically illustrated.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The farm-labor problem, D. F. Houston (Washington, D. C: U. 8. Dept. Agr.
[1917], pp. 4).— This pamphlet calls attention in a general way to the farm-
labor problems, and indicates that the most promising solutions are, first, a
systematic survey of the farm-labor situation in order to ascertain the possible

594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

needs of the farmers and to determine ways of meeting them ; second, the pro-
motion of fuller cooperation in the utilization of labor among farmers in the
farm communities; and the further development of machinery in assisting in
the transfer of labor from one section to another ; third, making available labor
which has not before been fully or regularly utilized in farming operations;
fourth, the replacing of men for agricultural purposes, as far as possible, by
woman laborers and by diverting labor from relatively non essential enter-
prises ; fifth, by seeing that all able-bodied men not now doing useful or regular
work shall be fully and regularly employed; and, sixth, the largest possible
production and the fullest possible use of farm labor-saving machinery.

Farm labor, A. Agee and F. App {N. J. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 1 {1917), No. 18,
pp. 31, figs. 11). — In this bulletin the authors have discussed the reasons for
the farm labor shortage, and suggest possible sources of additional workers.
They have also discussed methods of boarding and lodging laborers, especially
the different kinds of camps that have been used in providing shelter for men
and boys in organizations.

The farm-labor problem, W. H. Manss {Baltimore, Md.: B. <t- 0. R. R. Co.,
1917, pp. 10). — This pamphlet discusses the effect of the war upon farm-labor
problems, and outlines a scheme for the organization of agricultural armies of
boys to undertake farm work during the summer months.

The problem of crop production, .T. Bracken {Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Bui.
48 {1917), pp. 2It, figs. 12). — The author, in discussing conditions in Saskatche-
wan, indicates that the elements essential to profitable production of crops are
to know the factors that affect the growth of crops, the profitableness of pro-
duction, the permanence of agriculture, and the methods used for their con-
trol. The factors affecting growth are considered as good seed, plenty of plant
food, and sufficient heat, light, water, and air. The factors affecting profit are
loss from weeds, insects, rust, hail, and those affecting the cost of production
and controlling the selling price. The factors affecting the permanence of
agriculture are the method of dealing with the soil, maintaining its health and
keeping it free from weed seeds and plant diseases, and maintaining sufiicieut
amounts of available plant food.

State help for agriculture, C. W. ToMKi>fsoN {London: T. Fisher Unwin,
Ltd., 1917, pp. 189). — Among the suggestions for improving British agriculture
are the establishment of an import duty on wheat and other grains, the pro-
vision of capital by the State, and a system of administration providing for
instruction to the individual farmer with reference to the mjuiagement of his
farm.

Corn production act, 1917 (London: Govt., 1917, pp. 11+26). — This pam-
phlet contains a discussion of the act effective August 21, 1917, for encouraging
the production of grain in Great Britain and Ireland. It guarantees a minimum
price of wheat and oats, a minimum wage for agricultural workers, makes
restrictions on the raising of agricultural rent, and extends the powers of the
authorities in encouraging culfivation

The expert agricultural adviser in the region of the Chateau-Gontier, A.
BECKEracH {Ann. Sri. Agron., J,, ser., 5 {1916), No. 7-9, pp. 37 1-3D2).— The
author discusses the work and value of such an advisor, indicating the kind
of farming to be followed, the types of farm operations, and his value to the
agriculture of the community.

County boards of agriculture and list of granges (A^^. J. Dept. Agr. Cire.
8 {1917), pp. 62). — This report gives a brief statement of the activities of the
county board of agriculture, together with the principal officers in the various
granges in the State.

1918.] RURAL ECONOMICS. 695

South Dakota system of rural credits [1917] (Pierre, S. Dak.: Rural Credit
Bd., [iyi7], pp. 8). — This pamphlet contains information for prospective bor-
rowers upon farm land as to the workings of the I'ural credit act of that State.

The cooperative movement among farmers in the United States, Louise
Mebbiman (Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse Univ., 1911, pp. 35). — This is a bibliog-
raphj' relating to agricultural cooperation, and the author has classified the
books as those general in nature and those that relate to the commercial,
educational, political, and social phases. Both books and magazines are in-
cluded in the list.

The operations of the national cooperative organization during the war
(L'Opera deUa durante il Periodo della Guerra. Monza, Italy: Lega Naz.
Coop., [1916], pp. 36). — This report discusses the duties of the general secre-
tary of this body, the functions of the central office at Rome, and the activities
of the society in such matters as carrying on propaganda and meeting the
war situation with reference to food and labor, and gives data regarding the
growth of the organization during 1915.

Cooperative marketing, W. W. Cumbebland (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton
Univ. Press, 1917, pp. VIII +226). — This publication describes the methods and
organizations connected with the marketing of California citrus fruit pi'oducts.

Marketing survey of New Haven, L. D. H. Weld (New Haven, Conn.: Yale
Univ., 1917, pp. 52, fl(fs. -i). — In this report have been discussed the various
methods of distributing products in New Haven, with the recommendation
that the various organizations concentrate on the establishment of a well-
organized farmers' wholesale market. For the present it advocates the use of
the markets now in use, but in the future there should be established an open
market place with assignments to individual farmers at a small rental per
day or per season, and a marketmaster chosen, regulations presci-ibed, and the
necessary city ordinance drawn up and passed without delay. It considers that
the retail farmers' market, retail dealers' market, and the wholesale dealers'
market are not essential under present conditions.

The wheat situation, present and prospective, T. K. Doherty (Agr. Oaz.
Canada, 5 (191S), No. 1, pp. 109-112). — The author has discussed the wheat
situation by comparing data for 1916 and 1917 with the five years 1907-1913,
grouping his data as South Mediterranean and the Cape, neutral countries open
to the world's commerce, importing allied countries open to the world's com-
merce, and exporting countries open to the world's commerce.

The restrictions of consumption of grain products in European countries,
E. Pa YEN (Econ. Franc, 45 (1917), II, No. 49, pp. 725-727).— -This paper indi-
cates the articles restricted, variations in different countries, and methods used.

Conditions in the sugar market, January-October, 1917 (New York: Amer-
ican Sugar Refining Co., [1917], pp. 78, pi. 1, figs. 7). — In this report are dis-
cussed the Avorld's sugar supply, the effect of the war upon the supply, and mar-
ket conditions during the first half of 1917. It also contains statements with
reference to the consumption in the United States and arrangements with the
Food Administi'atiou with reference to facilitating distribution.

Live stock statistics (Internat. Inst. Agr. Rome, Internal. Crop Rpt. and
Agr. Statis., 8 (1917), No. 11, pp. 878, 879).— Tiiese pages contain data as to
the number of horses in Scotland in 1917, the 47 governments in European
Russia in 1916, and for New Zealand in 1917, with comparative data for earlier
years.

Reply of Swift & Company to questions submitted July 23, 1917, by the
Federal Trade Commission (Chicago, 1917, pp. 33, pis. 3). — This report dis-
cusses prices of live stock, meat, and meat products, the demand for and supply
of meat, the services performed for middlemen in the meat trade, the functions

596 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

of the packing-Louse system, and the weaknesses iu existing methods of pro-
duction and marketing of live stock.

Monthly crop report {U. S. Dept. Agr. Mo. Crop Rpt., 3 {1911), No. 12, pp.
117-136, fig. 1). — This number contains data showing the final e.stimate of the
1917 acreage, average yield and production, price, total farm value, and value
per acre for the principal farm crops. It also contains data with reference
to production of tobacco by types and districts, and the monthly prices for a
series of years for principal farm crops, together with estiui;!ted farm value
of Important crops November 15, as well as average prices received by producers
and range of prices of agricultural products at important markets. There are
special reports regarding winter and spring truck crops, sugar beets and beet
sugar for 1917, a December estimate of the cotton crop, crop statistics by
States for 1915-1917, winter wheat acreage, clover seed production, sugar beet
seeds, estimated production of hay in 1916-17 by kinds, aggregate crop values
for 1917 with comparisons with earlier years, percentage of total corn crops
consisting of white, yellow, and mixed corn, acreage of winter wheat and rye
sown in 1917, etc.

[Agricultural statistics of Canada] (Canada Yearbook, 1916-17, pp. 176-
2^9, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Among the data included in these pages are those relating
to weather conditions, production, foreign and dome.stic trade in agricultural
products, manufacturing of agricultural products, prices, and public lands.

Census of Manitoba, 1916 (Census and Statis. Canada Bill., [19 17], pp. 13.) —
This report contains data regarding urban, and rural population, the number
of farms and the distribution of the land among the different agricultural pur-
poses, area sov/n to various crops, production and value, and number of live
stock of different classes for 1916.

[Agricultural statistics of Argentina] (Argentine Year Book, 10 (1915-16),
pp. 210-252) .—These pages contain data for 1914 with reference to the area
cultivated and the area under specific crops, trade in agricultural products,
agricultural cooperative organizations, live stock, rural holdings, public lauds,
and industries allied to agriculture.

Agriculture in Switzerland during the crop year 1915 (Ann. Agr. Suisse, 18
(1917), No. 2, pp. 30-49). — This report discusses weather conditions, damage
to crops, extent of the harvest and the milk production, diseases affecting live
stock, export and import trade, prices, and interest rates.

Agricultural income in Switzerland, 1915-16 (Ann. Agr. Suisse, 18 (1917),
No. 2, pp. 50-205). — ^These pages contain data for the crop year 1915-16, show-
ing the incomes of various agricultural exploitations and also giving data
regarding the persons employed, crops obtained, wages, and interest.

Area, classification of area, area under crops, live stock, land revenue
assessment, and transfers of land in certain native States, G. F. Shuebas
(Agr. Statis. India, 31 (191^-15), II, pp. V+116).— This report continues in-
formation previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 291) by adding information for
another season.

actEicitltural education.

Annual report of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, 1917 (Ann.
Rpt. Fed. Bd. Vocational Ed., 1917, pp. 32). — This is the first annual report
of this board under the act previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 701).

The board has in progre.ss studies and investigations of vocational problems
in connection with the military departments of the Government ; vocational
rehabilitation of crippled soldiers and sailors ; training teachers, supervisors,
and directors of agriculture; plant and equipment for agricultural schools; the

1918.] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 597

organization of secondary schools in agriculture, including courses of study and
supervision; materials and methods in secondai-y school agriculture; super-
vised practical work in agriculture, including the home project method of in-
struction ; teacher training for trades and industries ; home economics educa-
tion as vocational education in schools and classes receiving Federal aid ;
teacher training for the teaching of home economics subjects ; suggestive
courses of study and content of courses in home economics ; etc.

The report also includes a statement of the response of the States to the act
as regards the designation of State boards to cooperate with the Federal board,
appropriations for vocational education, etc., and a tabular statement of the
allotment of the Federal funds to the States for the fiscal year 1918. The act
had been accepted by all States except North Dakota and Rhode Island. In 29
States the State board of education was designated as the cooperating board ;
in New York and West Virginia the board of regents was designated ; in Colo-
rado the State board of agriculture, in Minnesota the State high-school board,
and in Wisconsin the State board of industrial education ; while in Alabama,
Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hamp-
shire, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Oregon, new boards for vocational edu-
cation were created. There are no records of acceptance of the act by North
Dakota and Rhode Island.

The total allotment to the States is $1,655,586.72, of which .$547,027.79 is for
the salaries of teachers, supervisors, and directors of agriculture, $564,4^^4.89
for salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industries, and
$544,114.04 for salaries of teachers and maintenance of teacher training. Of
the States New York received the largest appropriation, namely $154,210.39, of
which $19,535.60 is for agriculture, $84,950.35 for trade, home economics, and
industry, and $49,724.44 for teacher training. Thirteen States I'eceived the
minimum of $15,000.00 each. The largest allotment for agriculture made to a
single State was $30,744.79 to Pennsylvania, while 16 States received $5,000
each, the minimum allotment.

Statement of policies {Fed. Bd. Vocational Ed. Bui. 1 (1917), pp. 10, fig. 1). —
This bulletin presents a preliminary and tentative summary of the policies
thus far adopted by the Fe<leral Board for Vocational Education for adminis-
tering the Smith-Hughes Act. Part 1 includes general policies or standards,
and Part 2, principally rulings upon and a discu.ssion of points, raised at the
hearings given to the State boards for vocational education. Two appendixes
contain the text of the act; an analysis of the legal requirements imposed
upon the States, the Federal board, the Secretary of the Treasury, the custodian
for vocational education, etc. ; and statistical tables showing the total annual
grants by the Federal Government under the act for vocational education In
agriculture, trade, home economics and industries, and for teacher training for
the fiscal year 1918.

Federal aid for vocational ag^riculture in Texas under the Smith-Hughes
Law {Dept. Ed. Tex. Bui. 68 (1917), pp. i^)-— This bulletin outlines the condi-
tions governing Federal aid for vocational agriculture in Texas under the
provisions of the Smith-Hughes Act, including a statement of the approximate
appropriations available during the next 10 years.

Under the plan announced. Federal aid may be given to vocational agri-
cultural departments in high schools classified by the State department of
education, special vocational agricultural schools, and part-time or evening
classes for vocational agriculture. The community board of control of voca-
tional agricultural departments in classified high schools must provide a $200
equipment as a minimum and such additional equipment as may be required
by the State board for vocational education, and lease or purchase suitable

598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 88

land of at least one acre and sufficient to provide 0.1 acre for eacli person en-
rolling for plant production projects. The community boards of control of special
schools of agriculture must provide a $500 minimum equipment, 10 acres of
suitable land, the necessary buildings, and such additional equipment as the
State board may require. The teachers of vocational agriculture must be
employed on a 12 months' basis at a minimum salary of $1,200. Federal funds
may be used for only that portion of a teacher's time devoted to vocational
agriculture.

The courses of study for vocational agricultural schools and departments
must consist of 4 years' work, 50 per cent of which time each year must
be devoted to instruction in agriculture, demonstrations, supervised agricul-
tural projects, and supervised study in agriculture and project work, and the re-
maining time to such subjects as will give additional cultural and good
citizenship training. Each student must do six months' supervised project
work each year, and each project must be visited by the supervisor in charge
at least once each month.

The qualifications of all teachers, supervisors, or directors of vocational
agriculture include graduation from a standard agricultural college, or its
equivalent, at least two years of actual working experience on a farm after
the twelfth birthday, one full year's course in education or its equivalent,
one-half year of agricultural teaching experience in a secondary school or its
equivalent, etc. After .Tuly 1, 1921, these qualifications will include the com-
pletion of a 4-year college course in vocational agricultural education with
144 semester hours' worlc, at least 40 hours of which must be technical agri-
culture and from 15 to 24 hours professional training, including supervised
practice teaching in secondary agriculture. Upon the completion of this
course e. permanent teacher's ceatificate will be granted by the State depart-
ment of education. The admission requirements to this course will be 14
units of high-school work.

A possible core for a program in agricultural education, T. H. Eaton
{School and Sac, 6 (1917), No. 157, pp. 755-761).— The author defines agricul-
ture in its narrowest, modern technical, and broadest sense, stating the prime
requisites to succe.ss in each. In his opinion agricultural education may
mean apprenticeship in the processes of husbandi'y, scientific instruction in
the technology of production from the land, or preparation for intelligent
entering upon the life of a farmer. These three aspects are prevocational, voca-
tional, and liberalizing. To serve as a guide to those activities which must be par-
ticipated in by learners fitting themselves for the life of a farmer, he submits a
crude classification of certain activities that seem to him common to the lives
of American farmers, followed by suggestive possible activities of the learner
in two or more of three categories, viz., primary activities for the acquire-
ment of first-hand meanings and a greater or less degree of skill, secondary
activities for organized knowledge and adaptability to varying situations,
and tertiary studies for the sake of insiglit and appreciation.

Sixteenth annual general report of the Department of Agriculture and
Teclmical Instruction for Ireland, 1915—16 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr.
Ireland, Ann. Gcv. Rpt., 16 (1915-16), pp. VI-\-201). — This is the usual annual
report on the department's admnistration and funds, with details of operations
during the year 1915-16, including agricultural and technical instruction.

Soil physics and management, J. G. Mosier and A. F. Gustafson (Phila-
delphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1917, pp. XIII +442, pi. 1, figs. 202). —
This book, which has been written as a textbook for the agricultural student,
a reference book for the practical farmer, and an aid to the land owner desir-
ing information in the personal management of his land, emphasizes the prin-

1918.) AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 599

ciples of soil physics and omits the details of practice except where necessary
for purposes of illustration. It treats of soil material and its origin and
placing, weathering, classification of soils, constituents, physical properties,
control of moisture and irrigation, alkaU lands and their reclamation, tempera-
ture, soil air and soil aeration, soil organisms, tillage, erosion, and rotation.
Each chapter is followed by review questions and references to literature.
Three appendixes deal respectively with soil fertility including some of the
underlying principle-s, data with reference to tlie average yields of crops, the
value of farm land and property, and crop acreage production, by means of
maps.

Home economics in the Detroit schools, Charloite Keen (Jour. Home
Econ., 8 {1916), No. 9, pp. 479-4S7).— This is an account of the present status
of home economics instruction in the elementary, secondary, junior high, and
trade schools of Detroit, Mich.

The first classes in home economics in the Detroit public schools were formed
on December 4. 1899. Instruction is now compulsory in the grades, the junior
high schools, and in one year of the high schools.

Instruction in hand sewing is given in the fourth and fifth grades and in
simple dressmaking in the eighth grade. Domestic science is taught in the
sixth and seventh grades. The aim of the domestic science work in the grades
is to teach dexterity in the handling of utensils and the manipulation of food
stuffs. Simple experiments with carbon dioxid, water, starch, albumin, gluten,
baking powder, and yeast are performed. About one-half of the kitchens
have individual equipments and in the others the group-of-two method is em-
ployed. The equipment is for 24 or 32 pupils, and special effort is made to
make tiie work as much like home processes as possible. In most of the grade
schools one period of 90 minutes a week is given to domestic science, but La
some, two or more 90-minute periods are devoted in the grades to this work.

In tlie secondary schools the various textiles in relation to production, manu-
facture, and cost are studied, and taste and judgment are developed in the
selection and use of materials. Sufficient constructive skill is cultivated to
enable the student to make her own clothes. Sewing is usually given four
periods a week with two hours' credit. The course in domestic science in-
cludes insti-uction in infant and invalid diet, household management, the
household budget, the cost and purchasing of food, housewifery and laundering.
One year of either sewing or cooking is reqxiired for credit.

Sugg-ested plans for the serving of lunches in centralized schools of Ohio,
Teeva E. Kauitman {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.}, IS (1917-18), No.
5, pp. 4S, figs. 5). — ^The work suggested is intended to be a part of the regular
home economics course in the school with full credit and laboratory time.
The plan includes the assignment of committees for each of the various proc-
esses. Receipts and Lists of equipment and supplies, foods grouped according
to their predominant food nutrient to facilitate having a well balanced meal,
data on cost of lunches, and references to the literature are given; also sug-
gestions for general management, making calculations, reducing costs, and
keeping accounts when either a complete or supplementary lunch is served.

Schoolboys on farms: A war time experiment, W. I. Hamilton (Amer.
School Bd. Jour.. 56 (1918), No. 1, pp. 21-23, 76-78).— The author discusses the
principles of mobilization of schoolboys for farm work in Massachusetts, co-
operation, oflSce administration, camps, sites and equipment, camp manage-
ment, evaluation of the movement, and plans for the future.

NOTES.

Purdue University. — G. I. Christie, superintendent of agricultural extension,
has l)een granted leave of absence to become assistant to the Secretary of Agri-
culture, in charge of this Department's activities In remedying farm-labor
problems. T. A. Coleman, State leader of county agents, will serve as exten-
sion director during his .ibsence.

Massachusetts Station. — Dr. W. P. Broolis has been granted leave of absence
as dire<-tor, on account of ill health, until September 1, and F. W. Morse has
been appointed acting director. James P. Bucldey, jr., and B. L. Peables have
resigned as assistant chemists, and Harold B. Pierce has been appointed
assistant chemist.

Minnesota University and Station. — Francis Jager, chief of the bee division,
and C. P. Bull, professor of agronomy, have been granted leave of absence on
an agricultural mission to Serbia for the American National Red Cross. A
tract of about 30,000 acres of rich and practically virgin soil near Monastir is
to be put into cultivation by the use of modern equipment and improved seed
shipped from this country. It is hoped to relieve materially the food shortage
in the region by this enterprise.

A. H. Benton, assistant professor of farm management, has accepted a posi-
tion as professor and chief of the division of farm management and rural
economics at the Manitoba Agricultural College, beginning August 1. Dr.
C. B. Lord, of the veterinary division, has received an appointment in the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Miss
Stella Palmer, assistant professor of foods and cooliery, has been appointed
chief of the division of home economics at the University of Arkansas, begin-
ning August 1.

Science announces the retirement of T. L. Haecker at the close of the college
year, July 31. R. J. Garber has been appointed assistant in plant breeding in
the station.

Montana College and Station. — The contract has been let for a new chemical
building to replace that burned in October, 1916. A 3-story structure 117 by
58 ft. is planned, with provision for a subsequent extension to a frontage of
160 ft. The cost is to be $107,000 exclusive of furnishings. The college and
station work in chemistry will be housed in the new building.

A tract of nearly 20 acres has been added to the college campus, making a
total of over 100 acres. A permanent plan for the future development of the
buildings and grounds has just been completed.

Nebraska University and Station. — L. W. Chase, professor of agricultural
engineering, has been appointed major in the Ordnance Corps, U. S. Army.
C. W. Smith, county agent of Seward County, and C. D. Kinsman, extension
assistant in rural engineering at Purdue University, have been appointed asso-
ciate professors in agricultural engineering. H. B. Pier has resigned as assist-
ant professor of animal hu.sbandry. John A. Luithley has been appointed assist-
ant professor in dairy husbandry.

Oklahoma Station. — Dr. John E. Guberlet has been appointed parasitologist,
effective July 1.

South Dakota College and Station. — Christian Larsen, head of the dairy
husbandry department, has been appointed director of extension, vice Gordon
W. Randlett resigned.
600

O

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

VoL 38

MAY, 1918

No. 7

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Sdentific Bureaus.

Weather Bueeau— C. F. Marvin, Chuf.

Bureau of Akimal Industry— J. R. Mohler, Chkf.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chuf.

Forest Service— H, S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau OP Soils— Milton Whitney, Chkf.

Bureau of Chemistry— C.L. Alsberg, Chuf.

Bureau of Crop Estimates— L.M. Est&htook, Statiatickm.

Bureau of Ej^tomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey— E.W. Nelson, Chuf.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau of Markets— C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. V\\ kVien, Chief .

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Buggar-'
Canebrake Station: Uniontown: J. M. Burgess. i
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Insiitute; G. W.
Carver.*

Alaska— Sttfco; C. C. OeorgesOTi.'

Arizona— Tu^cson: - — — .'

Arkansas— .FojetfeeiKe; Mi Nelson.'

CAiJiOKmx— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.'

Colorado— Fort Collins: C. P. Gillette.

Connecticut—

State Station: New IIaven;\^ ^ Jenkins '■
Storrs Station: Storrs;. ' ' '

Delawaee— JVeuiorfc/ H, Hayward.i

VtoKiDA—aaiTUsviUe; P. H. Rolfs.'

G-EOSQlA.— Experiment: J. T>. Price.'

Qv AM— Island o/Quam: C. W. Edwards.'

Haw AH—

Federal Statioo: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.«
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P
Agoe.'

lb\no— Moscow: J. S. Jones.'

Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.'

INDUNA— ^o/oi^e«e: 0. Q. Woodbury.'

Iowa— Ames; C. F, Curtiss.'

Kansas— JWonftaMon.- L. E. Call.*
^Kentucky— iwin^fow; T. P. Cooper.'

I/0UI3IAN.\.—

State Station: Baton Rouge:

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
New Orleaha; J. W. R. Dodsou.

North La. StatioH: CaVioun;

Rice Station: Crowky;
Maine— OroTio; G. 0. Woods.'
Maryland— CoHfjeParfc." H. J.Patterson.'
Massachusetts— ^mfterrf: F. W- Morse.*
MicmoAN— £a«« Lansing: R. S. Shaw.'
Minnesota— f/niversjij/ Farm, St. Paut E. W.

Thatcher.'
Uississipn— Agricultural College: E. B. Lloyd.'

Missotmi—

College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.'

Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans.'
Montana— BdzfTTion." F. B. Linfleld.'
Nebraska— Z-mcoZw; E. A. Burnett.'
Nevada— iJwo; S. B. Doten.'
New Hampshire- Z)Mrfea7n." J. C, Kendall."
New Jerset— JVcty Brunswick: J, G. Llpman.'
New Mexico— S«a?« College: Fabian Garcia.'
New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'

Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.'
North CAKOLiNA-TJa/e'!?/! and West Raleigh: B.W

Kilgore.*
North Dakota— jljricM/^wraZ College; L. Van Es.<
Ohio- Wooster: C. E. Thorne.'
Oi'i'iJ^nois.k— Stillwater: H. G. Knight.'
Okeoon— Corcoiiis.' A. B. Cordley.'
Pennsylvania-

Slate College: R. L. Watts.'

State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.'

Porto Rico—

Federal Statiom Mayaguez; D.W. May.'
Insular Station: iJio Pedras; E. Col<5n.'
Rhode Isuisii— Kingston: B. L. Hartwejl.'
South Carolina— CZemsoTi College: S.. W. Rarre.'
South Dakota— 5roofci«^«.' J. W. Wilson.'
Tennessee- X'noit'iMe; H. A. Morgan.'
Tzx.\5— College Station: B. Youngblood.'
VtAn— Logan: F. S. Harris.'
Vermont— B«rHn(?;on,' J. L. Hills.'
VinoiNiA—

Blacksburg; A. W. Drinkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station; T.G.Johnson.'
Washington— PttJ?"!are.' Geo. Severance.*
West XmomLK—Aforgantown: J. L. Coulter.'
Wisconsin- ^fadwon.- H. L. Russell.'
Wyoming— -Laramie A. D. Faville.'

• Director. ' » Agronomist in charge.

» Animal husbandman in charge.

« Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Cliicf, Office of Experiment Stations.
Associate Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — Sybil L. Smith.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |j '■p'^ucK^ETT.

. . ,^ , T> ^ T> * • 1 1 T>i J- T> M 1 fW. H. Evans, Ph. D.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology -^,y -j^ royd

„. , , ^ f.T. I. SCHULTE.

Field Crops | j j^ l^j^kett.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. .1. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. "V. M.

„ 1 , TT X' i -J-- fO. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.

Foods and Human >«utrition Jlouise B. Pritchett.

„ . , T^ . • 1 T^ • T-i • fD. W. May.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming j^^^ ^ Mooke.

„ . . T,T 1- • fW. A. Hooker.

Veterinary Medicine {g^,^^^ j^ g^^^^^

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
. . ,, , T-n i.- [F. E. Heald.
Agricultural Education j^^^^^^^ ^ Spethmann.

Indexes — I\I. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 7.

Page.
Editorial notes:

A decade of development of the insular experiment stations 601

Proposed station work in the Virgin Islands 608

Recent work in agricultural science 611

Notes 699

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

Biochemical catalysts in life and industry. — Proteolytic enzyms, Effront €11

The effect of potassium bromate upon enzym action, Falk and Winslow 611

Some new constitutents of milk. — III, A new protein, Osborne and Wakeman. 611

A study of heat-coagulable and water-soluble protein of cow's milk, Palmer. . . 612

A study of the dietary essential, water-soluble B, McCollum and Simmonds. . . 612

Effect of time of digestion on the hydrolysis of casein, McHargue 613

A foam inhibitor in Van Slyke amino nitrogen method, Mitchell and Eckstein. 613

Nitrogen content of bacterial cells. — I, Method, Bradley and Nichols 613

A study of the nonprotein nitrogen of wheat flour, Blish 614

Qualitative and quantitative method for sugar in urine, Folin and McEllroy. . 614

The determination of lactose in milk, Folin and Denis 615

New microscopic method of counting bacteria of milk, Allen 615

Detection of peanut oil in oils and fats, de Jong 615

A study of the solubilities of liquids in liquids, Wroth 616

A special nomon for calculating the purity of sugar solutions, Blake 616

Determination of water in sugar-factory products, van der Linden et al _ 616

Solubility of calcium sulphite in water and sugar solutions, van der Linden. . . ' 616

61347°— 18 1 I

II CONTENTS. CVol. 38

Page.

Preservation of Virginia fruits and vegetables, Roberts 616

Preservation of unfermented grape juice, Anderson. 617

Improvements in methods of pickling olives, Bioletti and Cruess 617

METEOROLOGY.

The meteorological resources of the Empire, Lyons 617

Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1917 617

Climatological data for the United States by sections 618

Meteorological summaries 618

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander et al 618

The climate of Tennessee, Nunn 618

Climate and meteorology _. 618

Meteorological records at Ottawa, Ellis 619

The fertilizing value of rain and snow, Shutt 619

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soils 619

Studies in soil reaction as indicated by the hydrogen electrode, Plummer 620

Hydrogen-ion concentration measurements of soils, Gillespie and Hurst 620

Soil survey of the San Fernando Valley area, Cal. , Holmes et al 621

Soil survey of Howard Coimty, Md., Carter, jr., and Hull 621

Soil survey of Bottineau County, Doneghue 621

Soil survey of Kay County, Okla. , Kirk and Jurney 621

Further studies of the nature of ammo nifi cation, Miyake _ 621

Nitrogen and carbon in cultivated land and land abandoned, Blair and McLean 622

Loss of organic matter in clover returned to soil, Boltz and Schollenberger 622

Decomposition of green and stable manures in soil, Potter and Snyder 623

Ten wheat fields in ' ' Egypt." — A story in figures, Hopkins et al 624

Fertilizer experiments, Shutt _. 624

The proper season for application of fertilizers to sugi, Moriya 624

The cause of the injurious effect of sulphate of ammonia, Ruprecht and Morse. - 624

Electrochemical atmospheric nitrogen fixation industry, Scarpa 625

Method of sale of hitrate of soda to farmers by the United States 625

Nitrogen from sewage, Rideal 625

Acid jjhosphate v. raw rock phosphate, Thome 625

Domestic supplies of potash, Jenkins 625

The fertilizing value of some household wastes. Browning 626

Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Haskins et al 626

Fertilizing materials, Shutt 626

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Leaf product as an index of growth in soy bean, Hildebrandt 627

Seasonal variations in growth of buckwheat in greenhouse, Johnston 627

The effect of aeration on the growth of buckwheat in water cultures. Free 627

Effect of deficient soil oxygen on roots, Livingston and Free 628

Effects of certain mineral poisons on young wheat plants, Free and Trelease. . . 628

Symptoms of poisoning in Pelargonium and other plants. Free 628

Sterilization of popcorn, Brigham 629

The presence of ammonia and of ammonium salts in plants, Weevers 629

A method for approximating sunshine intensity, Hildebrandt 629

Inventory of seeds and plants imported from October 1 to December 31, 1914.. 629

FIELD CROPS.

[Report of field crops work in Kansas, 1915-16] 630

[Report of field crops work at Missouri Station, 1916-17], Helm et al 632

[Report of field crops work in New Mexico, 1916-17] 633

[Field crops work at the Canada stations and farms in 1915], Grisdale et al. . . . 634

Report of Mandalay Agricultural Station for 1915-16, Thompstone and Sawyer. 635

Report of the Padu Agricultural Station for the year 1915-16, Thompstone 635

Driage. — The loss in weight of crops after harvesting, Evans 635

Grass land and plowed land, Stapledon 635

Grain production in Nevada, Knight 636

[Hybridization studies with spelt and wheat], Gmelin 636

1918.] CONTENTS. Ill

Page.

Silage investigations, Eckles and Wing 636

Silage crops for western Washington, Stookey 637

Names of textile plant fibers, DWey 637

Crotalaria usaramoensis as a green manure, van Helten 637

The improvement of the jute crop by pm-e-line selection, Finlow 637

New grasses for California. — I, Phalaris stenoptera, Kennedy 637

The after-ripening of cane. — Chemical changes after cutting, Barnes 637

Behavior of sweet potatoes in the ground, liasselbring 637

Tobacco culture in Egypt, Mosseri 638

Structure of pod and seed of Georgia velvet bean, Piper and Shull 638

Seed Keporter 639

HORTICULTURE.

[Progress report on horticultural investigations] 639

[Report of horticultural investigations] 640

Report from the division of horticulture for 1916, Macoun et al 641

Soil management investigations in a young apple orchard, Woodbury et al 641

Varieties and culture of cane fruits in western Washington, Stahl 643

Shall I plant a garden this year? Lloyd 643

Insecticides and fungicides, Shutt 643

FORESTRY.

Forestry and the war, Femow 643

An inventory of Florida's forests and the outlook for the future. Harper 643

Third biennial report of the State forester of Colorado, Morrill 643

[Progress report on forestry investigations] 644

Report on forestry of Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Thurston et al 644

Relation of stimuli to the cone production of western hemlock, Watson 644

Growth and management of pinon in New Mexico, Chapman and Behre 644

Guide book for identification of woods used for ties and timbers, Koehler 645

Valuation of damages to immature timber, Sparhawk 645

First-aid manual for field parties. Barker 645

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

[Report of the department of] botany, Reed 645

[Notes on plant diseases] 646

Report from the division of botany, Giissow et al 646

Annual report of the mycologist, Dowson 646

[Plant diseases, Bombay Presidency], Bums 647

[The effect of defoliation, of gases, and of fimgi on plants], Ewert 647

Normal parasitism and microbiose, Galippe 647

New Japanese fungi. — Notes and translations, I, Tanaka 648

Chemically induced crown galls. Smith 648

Cereal smuts, Sch0yen 648

Truck crop diseases and how to control them, Vaughn 648

Treatment of Rhizoctonia disease of asparagus, Barker and Gimingham 648

Early and late bUght of potatoes — cause and methods of control. Woodman 649

Odontia sacchari and 0. saccharicola, n. spp., on sugar cane, Burt 649

Mosaic disease of tobacco, Chapman 649

A black rot of apples, Spinks 649

Apple leaf scorch, Barker and Gimingham 649

A spot disease of apples, Spinks 650

A gummosis of apricot, Peglion 650

Observations on pear blight in Illinois, Stevens et al 650

A root rot of black currants, Spinks 650

"Reversion " of black currants, Leea 650

Grape downy mildew, Girard 651

Sulphur mixtures for treating Oidium, Ravaz 651

Studies on the diseases of the mulberry, Arnaud 651

Visit to Upper Rewa to investigate leaf diseases of the banana, Knowles 651

WaLaut diseases, Parmentier 651

Dying of young pines in circles about ant hills, Haasis 651

Summary of blister rust situation in Massachusetts, Fernald 651

White pine blister rust 652

Pure cultures of wood-rotting fungi on artificial media. Long and Harsch 652

IV CONTENTS. Vol.38

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Page.

Birds of America, ealted by Pearson et al 652

Mammals of America, edited by Anthony et al 652

Gophercides, Shutt 653

Wild rats as carriers of Spirochxta icterohxmorrhagiap,, Joblin and Eggstein 653

[Report on entomological work] 653

Entomology 653

[Entomological work] 653

[Economic insects in Yakima County, Wash.] 653

[Economic insects in France] 654

War on greenhouse pests, Gossard 654

Potato plant lice and their control, Pvegan 654

The eye-spotted bud -moth ( Tmetocera ocellana), DuPorte 655

The pecan leaf case-bearer, Gill 656

An outline of the life history of the clothes moth, Benedict 657

The biological method of control for Oeceticus platensis, Massini 658

The malaria parasite in the mosquito, Mitzmain 658

The Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii, Back and Pemberton 658

Fruit fly parasitism in Hawaii during 1916, Pemberton and Willard 659

A new genus of Anthomyiidoe, Malloch 659

A study of the factors which govern mating in the honeybee, Shafer 659

Report from the division of bees for 1916, Sladen et al 659

Beekeeping for the fruit grower and small rancher, or amateur, Coleman 660

Results of cooperative experiments in apiculture, Pettit 660

The North American wasps of the subgenus Pemphredon, Rohwer 660

The Cattleya fly, Moore 660

A revision of hymenopterous insects of the tribe Cremastini, Cushman 660

Notes and descriptions of miscellaneous chalcid flies (hymenoptera), Girault. . 661

The fish louse (Argiilus foliaceus) , Merle 661

Brazilian cecidia, Tavares 661

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Chemistry of food and nutrition, Sherman 661

Food in war time, Lusk 662

[Work of Office of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture], Gawler. . 662

What the Department of Agriculture is doing to aid women's war work 662

Conservation of food by substitution with suggestive menus for families 662

[Food conservation], Wheeler 662

Notes from the Department of Food Sanitation and Distribution 662

Economy in feeding the family. — I, Essential facts, Street and Jenkins 662

Economy in feeding the family. — II, Cereal breakfast foods. Street 663

Other grains than wheat in bread making, Stockham 663

Milling value of barley, Sanderson ". 663

[Milling and flour investigations] 663

Six years' milling tests by gi-ades, Ladd, Johnson, and Sanderson 663

The contributions of zoology to human welfare, Smith 663

Sanitation of steamers 663

Lye unnecessary vrith hot water [for sterilizing glasses] 663

A comparison of three methods of determining defective nutrition, Manny 664

On assumed destruction of trypsin by pepsin and acid. III, Long and Hull. . . 664

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The relative value of field roots, Shutt 665

U tilizing the sorghums. Hunt 665

Silage investigations 665

Inspection of commercial feedstuffs, Smith 665

[Miscellaneous analyses], Shutt 666

Grazing experiment : 666

Cattle feeding, Faville 666

IjCattle feeding Investigations] 666

Beef cattle, Archibald et al 667

Silage for beef cattle investigations 669

Russian thistle eilage for the maintenance of range cattle 669

Sheep feeding.— VII, Fattening western lambs, 1916-17, Skinner and King.... 670

Sheep, Archibald et al 671

1918.1 CONTENTS.

Lamb feeding 672

The agricultural situation for 1918. — I, Hog production should be increased. . . 672

Swine, Archibald et al 672

Rations for pigs at weaning time, Weaver 674

Digestion experiments with pigs, Grindley et al 675

Mesquite beans for pig feeding 675

Tankage for pigs 675

Inheritance investigation in swine 675

Horses, Archibald et al 675

Physiological effect upon work horses of alfalfa hay 676

Com silage as part ration for horses of various ages, Trowbridge and Hughes 676

Report from the poultry di^'ision for 1916, Elford et al 677

Preliminary report of the first year of the Vineland contest, Lewis 677

Poultry experiments 678

Very early hatches pay best, Shoup 678

Poultry on the farm, Dougherty 678

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

Dairy cattle, Archibald et al 678

[Feeding experiments with daiiy cows], Hooper 680

Feeding daiiy cattle, Shields 680

Roughages for milk production, Hayden 681

[Sudan grass pastui'e for dairy cows] 681

Winter rations for dairy heifers, Eckles and Swett 681

Influence of nutrition of heifers and age of breeding, Eckles and Swett 682

Factors influencing the composition of milk, Eckles et al 682

A study to determine the cause of gummy body of butter. Shields et al 683

Stage of lactation affects milk yield, Grady 683

Marketing Wisconsin milk, Hibbard and Erdmann 683

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

[Report of the veterinary department], Connaway et al 684

Peptone-free media for routine culture work. Ferry and Noble 684

Serum veal agar: A substitute for ascitic or blood agar. Ferry and Noble 684

[The Abderhalden l^ood test], Himmelberger and Anderson 684

Eupatorium urticsefolium as a poisonous plant, Marsh and Clawson 685

Gossypol, the toxic substance in cotton seed, Withers and Carruth 685

The solvent action of antiseptics on necrotic tissue, Taylor and Austin 685

Methods of controlling blackleg developed by the Kansas College, Goss 686

The eradication of tuberculosis from cattle and swine, Kieman 686

The struggle against bo\dne tuberculosis, Granu 687

Control of tuberculosis and infectious abortion, Moore 687

Paspalum notatum, cause of new disease of cattle, Rosenbusch and Zabala 687

Concerning " pasto dulce " and the disease wdaich it causes in cattle, Hauman . 687

"El gramillon" or "pasto dulce," Rosenbusch and Zabala 687

Renguera, a paralytic sheep disease in Peru, Gaiger 687

Enzootic paraplegia in sheep, Tabusso 688

Experimental studies in hog cholera, Craig and Whiting 688

Notes on parasitic anaphylaxis and allergy. Van Es and Schalk 689

On the treatment of lymphangitis in the horse, Chaussee 689

Bacillary white diarrhea, Lunn 689

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Second report of the State engineer of New Mexico, French 689

Land drainage: Notes on open and pipe draining. Grant and Faulkner 690

Tile drainage for the farm, Walker 690

Subsidence of muck and peat soils in southern Louisiana and Florida, Okey . . . 690

Leveling of old battle fields, Ringelmann 690

Surface water supply of New Mexico, 1916, French 690

[Ground water studies in the Rio Grande and Socorro Valleys] 690

Surface waters of Vermont, Pierce 690

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, Peter, Averitt, and McHargue 690

Mineral springs of Alaska, Waring 690

Well waters from farm homesteads, Shutt 691

VI CONTENTS. [Vol.38

Page.

RemoAing the taste due to algse in drinking water, Houston G91

The activated sludge process of sewage treatment: A bibliography, Porter 691

A preliminary report on blended Portland cement, McCandliss 691

The effect of sulphid on cement, Witt 691

Asphalt, related bitumens, and bituminous rock in 1916, Nortlirop 692

Investigations of gravel for road surfacing, Agg 692

Labor-saving machinery, Gunness 692

Buying a farm tractor, Sanders 692

Tractors and their use in Mexico, Chavez 693

Farm storage of grain, Buck 693

Farm manure and its housing, Southwick and Duffee 693

Lambing sheds, Miller and Fermery 693

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Successful farming in blue grass region of Kentucky, Arnold and NichoUs 693

Farm management investigations in Missouri, Green and Johnson 693

Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians. — An Indian interpretation, Wilson 694

Social and educational surveys of Lancaster community, Kentucky], Bohannan 694

The farmhouse in relation to food supply and labor problems, Blair 694

The national food supply in peace and war, Wood 694

Appeal for mobilization of agricultural products, Brunelli 694

Wheat dockage on a percentage basis, Davis 694

Monthly crop report 695

Annual statistics of Chile 695

Statistics of trade and agricultural products in Spain, 1916, Matesanz 695

[Agricultural statistics in Switzerland] 695

Agricultural statistics of British India 695

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Plan for the organization and administration of the Smith-Hughes Act 695

Vocational education 696

Report of the committee on teaching 696

The fundamental relation of botany to scientific agriculture, Waggoner 697

Teaching of agriculture in the rural schools, Hathaway 697

A manual of home economics for the rural school 1 697

Suggestions for organizing and super\Tsing junior home project work, Griffin 697

MISCELLANEOUS.

Report of Kansas Station, 1916 697

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1915, Part 1 697

Thirtieth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1917 697

How the station works, Mumford 697

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1917 688

Thirtieth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1917 698

Report of the Canada Experimental Farms, 1916 698

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 698

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 698

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

California Station: Page.

Bui. 289, Dec, 1917 617

Circ. 185, Nov., 1917 660

Circ. 186, Nov., 1917 678

Circ. 187, Dec, 1917 665

Circ 188, Dec, 1917 693

Connecticut State Station:

Bul.196, Nov., 1917 662

Bui. 197, Nov., 1917 663

Bui. 198, Nov., 1917 625

Illinoia Station:

Bui. 200, Abs., May, 1917 675

Circ. 208, Dec, 1917 624

Circ. 209, Jan., 1918 643

Indiana Station:

Bui. 202, Aug., 1917 670

Bul.204, Aucr., 1917 688

Bui. 205, Sept., 1917 641

Kansas Station:

An. Rpt. 1916 630,653,663,

665, 666, 669, 675, 676, 686, 697

Kentucky Station:

Bul.210, Oct., 1917 693

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. 1915,

pt. 1.... 618,680,684,690,694,697

Maryland Station:

Thirtieth An. Rpt. 1917 697

Massachusetts Station :

Bui. 175, May, 1917 649

Bui. 176, Oct., 1917 624

Bui. 177, Oct., 1917 654

Control Ser. Bui. 7, Oct., 1917. 665
Control Ser. Bui. 8, Dec, 1917. 626
Met. Buls. 347-348, Nov.-Dec,

1917 618

Michigan Station:

Tech. Bui. 34, July, 1917 659

Missouri Station:

Bui. 151 (An. Rpt. 1917),

Sept. , 1917 . 612, 619, 632, 636, 639,
644, 645, 653, 674, 676, 681, 682,
684, 693, 697

Nevaitia Station:

Bui. 89, Oct., 1917 636

New Jersey Stations:

Bui. 308, Oct. 2, 1916 660

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6,
No. 4, Jan., 1918 677

New Mexico Station:

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. 1917. 633,
640, 646, 653, 669, 672, 675, 678,
681, 690j 698

North Dakota Station:

Bui. 123, Oct., 1917 663

Bui. 124, Oct., 1917 621

Bui. 125, Oct. , 1917 689

Spec Bui., vol. 4, No. 17,
Nov., 1917 603

Stations in the United States — Contd.

Ohio Station: Page.

Mo. BuL, vol. 2, No. 12, Dec,

1917 . . . 622, 625, 654, 681, 683, 698
South Carolina Station :

Thirtieth An. Rpt. 1917. 680, 683, 698
Washington Station:

West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol.

5, No. 10, Jan., 1918 637,

643,678,698
Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 285, Dec, 1917 683

Wyoming Station:

Bui. 117, Dec, 1917 666

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research:

Vol. 11, No. 13, Dec. 24, 1917. . 623,

638, 685

Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 7, 1918... . 613,

620, 637

Vol.l2,No.2,Jan. 14, 1918.... 652,

659, 685

Bui. 536, The Mediterranean Fruit

Fly in Hawaii, E. A. Back and

C.'E. Pemberton 658

Bui. 571, The Pecan Leaf Case-
bearer, J. B. Gill 656

Office of the Secretary:

Circ. 78, Method of Sale of
Nitrate of Soda to Farmers
by the United States Gov-
ernment 625

Circ 84, The Agricultural Sit-
uation for 1918.— Pt. 1, Hogs 672
Bureau of Crop Estimates :

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 4, No. 1,
Jan., 1918 695

Forest Service:

First-aid Manual for Field Par-
ties, H. W. Barker 645

Guidebook for the Identifica-
tion of Woods Used for Ties
and Timbers, A. Koehler. . . 645
Bureau of Markets:

Seed Rptr., vol. 1, No. 3, Jan.

1,1918 639

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Inventory of Seeds and Plants
Imported by the Office of
Foreign Seed and Plant
Introduction during the
Period from October 1 to
December 31, 1914 629

vn

VIII

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

621

U. S. Dejaartment of Agriculture — Contd.

Bureau df Soils: rage.

Field Operations, 1915 —

Soil Survey of the San

Fernando Valley Area,

Cal., L. C. Holmes et al.

Soil Survey of Kav County,

Okla., N. M. kirk and

R. C.Jurney 621

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Survey of Howard
County, Md.,W. T.Car-
ter, jr., and J. P. D.Hull.
Weather Bureau:

Climat. Data, vol. 4, Nos. 9-10,

Sept.-Oct., 1917

Rpt. 1917 617

Scientific Contributions:^

The Climate of Tennessee, R.

Nunn

Hydrogen-ion Concentration
Measurements of Soils of Two
Types: Caribou Loam and
Washburn Loam, L. J. Gil-
lespie and L. A. Hurst

Names of Textile Plant Fibers,

L. H. Dewey

Growth and Management of
Pinon in New Mexico, H. H.
Chapman and C. E. Behre..
Valuation of Damages to Im-
mature Timber, W.N. Spar-
hawk

621

618

618

620
637

644

645

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

New Japanese Fungi — Notes
and Translations, I. T.
Tanaka 648

Chemically Induced Crown
Galls, E. F. Smith 648

American Ciame Protection,
T. S. Palmer 652

The North American Wasps of
the Subgenus Pemphredon,
S. A. Rohwer 660

A Revision of Hymenopterous
Insects of the Tribe Crema-
stini of America North of
Mexico, R. A. Cushman 660

Notes and Descriptions of Mis-
cellaneous Chalcid Flies
(Hymenoptera), A. A.
Girault

The Eradication of Tubercu-
losis from Cattle and Swine,
J. A. Kiernan

The Subsidence of Muck and
Peat Soils in Southern Lou-
isiana and Florida, C. W.
Okey

Important Factors for Success-
ful Fanning in the Blue
Grass Region of Kentuckv,
J. H. Arnold and W. D.
Nicholls

661

686

690

693

1 Printed ia scientific and teclinical publications outside tlie Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. May, 1918. No. 7.

The employment of experiment stations as a ^asis for the sound
development of agriculture has been a characteristic feature in the
administration of the territorial possessions of the United States
and has constituted one of the important forms of aid rendered to
these dependencies. One by one these regions have been provided
with stations, usually equipped and maintained chiefly by Federal
appropriations, until an interesting and in some respects novel group
has been developed.

Some of the noteworthy features of the stations in these insular
possessions were outlined in these pages about ten years ago, at the
time of the establishment of the station in the Island of Guam. The
interval has been one of steady development, and the group is now to
be extended by the addition of a station for the Virgin Islands.

The oldest of this group of stations is that located at Sitka,
Alaska, which was established in 1898, after a preliminary survey of
conditions and agricultural features of the coast country. The sta-
tions in Hawaii and Porto Rico followed in 1901, and the Guam
Station was opened in 1908 as mentioned above. They thus represent
widely separated geographical areas, which mark the extremes in
territorial expanse of the country with tiie exception of the Philip-
pine Islands, and climatic conditions are presented ranging from the
arctic zone to the tropics, with scarcely less radical differences in
many other respects.

The administration of this group of stations, it will be recalled,
differs materially from that of the experiment stations within the
States. They receive no funds under the Hatch and Adams acts, nor
are they directly connected with the agricultural colleges which have
been provided under the Morrill fund in Hawaii and Porto Rico.
They are maintained from specific annual appropriations carried in
the appropriation act for the Department, and they are Federal sta-
tions supported almost exclusively by congressional appropriations,
with no regular aid from the local governments. Originally estab-
lished by the Department under the direct supervision of the Office of
Experiment Stations, they are still administered through a division of
insular stations of this Office as a part of the States Relations

Service.

601

602 EXPERIMENT STATION' RECORD. [Vol. 38

These stations and their environment, therefore, present many
unusual features, which with the character of their special problems
and the relatively pioneer conditions under which they are operat-
ing, lend special interest to them and to their success in developing
and improving the agriculture of these outlying possessions.

The primary purpose of the stations in Alaska has been to work
out the possibilities for agriculture in that northern region, and to
develop types of farming suited to the country. The first station
was located at Sitka, then the capital of the Territory, which has
remained the headquarters of the agricultural work; but climatic,
soil, and other features differ so widely in Alaska that it was
planned from the first to locate branches in various other sections
typical of conditions or the prospective opportunity for agricultural
development. This plan has been followed, and there are now in
operation additional stations at Kampart and Fairbanks in the
interior some 400 miles back from the coast, on the Island of Kodiak
near the entrance to Cook Inlet, and at Matanuska on the line of
the Government railroad which is being constructed into the interior.

Plant breeding and the introduction and testing of varieties have
occupied a large amount of attention in the Alaska work, and some
very successful results have been secured through the introduction of
economic plants from other countries of high latitude or elevation.
Varieties of oats, barley, rye, and spring wheat have been secured
from other countries that ripen during the average season, and the
necessary period of growth has been reduced through selection and
the development of hybrids. Varieties of barley have been produced
that breed fairly true to type and that ripen from ten days to two
weeks earlier than the parent plants. At the Sitka station, hybrid
strawberries of excellent quality have been developed which have
proved hardy not only for the coast region but also in the interior
valleys. Much attention has naturally been given to vegetable
growing, with such success that it has become widespread and the
local needs for a wide range of vegetable foods are now being met.
The stations have also introduced and established hardy alfalfas for
the great interior valleys, and have added other valuable forage crops
to the indigenous species.

For about ten years experiments with sheep and cattle have been in
progress on Kodiak Island, and except for the interruption in 1912,
due to the eruption of Mt. Katmai, sheep and Galloway cattle have
been maintained almost wholly on locally produced forage and pas-
ture. The Galloways have proved perfectly hard3\ but as there is
a demand for milch cows an attempt was begun in 1917 to produce a
dual-purpose animal by making reciprocal crosses between the Gallo-
way and the Holstein breeds.

1918.] EDITORIAL. 603

With the construction by the Government of a raih'oad connecting
Seward and Fairbanks, Alaska, attention has been directed to the
character of some of the regions through which it passes. Under
the auspices of the Alaskan Engineering Commission, a reconnois-
sance survey of part of this Territory was made by the Bureau of
Soils of this Department in 1914. In the Cook Inlet-Susitna region,
there is reported to be more than a million and a quarter acres of
land possessing topographic and drainage characteristics and chem-
ical and physical properties quite favorable to farming. About one-
half of this good land is to be found in the Susitna and Matanuska
Valleys.

In making appropriations for this Department for 1918, Congress
authorized the establishment of an agricultural experiment station
in the Matanuska Valley. In anticipation of such action, a pre-
liminary survey of the valley was made in 1915 and a site for the
station selected and reserved about two miles from Matanuska Junc-
tion, the point where the branch line from the Matanuska coal
mines joins the main line. This tract, which embraces 240 acres, was
set aside for use as an agricultural experiment station by executive
order dated September 20, 1915.

The entire area of the valley is more or less covered with birch and
spruce timber, with cottonwoods along the creek bottoms. The soil
is a silt loam that has been found by settlers to be fairly productive.
Even before the railroad was begun there were some settlers in these
valleys, and there are now several hundred homesteads in the vicinity
of the station. This region differs from those in which the other ex-
periment stations in Alaska are located in that it combines some of
the continental features found in the interior valleys with the modi-
fied climatic conditions of the coast.

In the spring of 1916 some cooperative work was begun with a
number of farmers to test various grains that had been produced at
the Fairbanks station. On account of unavoidable delays and a very
backward season early seeding was impossible, but several varieties
of barley and oats proved well adapted to the region and quite satis-
factory yields of hay and grain were reported. Some limited ex-
periments with vegetables and small fruits have been undertaken,
the results of which indicate that these also can be successfully pro-
duced in that region.

With the immediately available appropriation, work was begun in
the spring of 1917 on the establishment of the Matanuska station.
Mr. F. E. Rader, who had been formerly connected with the work
at Rampart, was placed in charge at Matanuska, and the clearing of
land, erection of buildings, fences, etc., was begun. By the close of
the season, a number of acres had been cleared and prepared for

604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

planting in the spring of 1918, and the immediately necessary build-
ings had been erected. The experimental field work will be begun
this season. In the meantime, the cooperative work with settlers
will be continued, not only to obtain data but to demonstrate what
food crops can be produced for local consumption. Local markets,
due to the railroad constructon, are available, and every effort is
being made to stimulate the production of those crops that experi-
ments have shown can be reasonably expected to succeed.

The line to be immediately taken up by the station is that of adapt-
ing agriculture to the near-by valleys. Efforts will be made to test
various field and garden crops and through breeding experiments to
improve their adaptability to the region. Later it is expected to con-
duct experiments with live stock, as it is believed the valley where
the station is located is well adapted to dairying.

The work in Alaska has been under strictly pioneer conditions
such as are rarely to be found at present in continental United
States. There has been little to guide since so little had been done
in the way of personal effort and so little confidence was felt in the
possibilities of agriculture. It has been necessary therefore to de-
termine the prospects for crop production, in addition to working
out ways and means, which constitutes the main field of the experi-
ment station. From the data now on hand it is believed possible
to recommend with a fair degree of confidence the crops and vege-
tables that may be expected to succeed in all the more important
agricultural regions.

In Hawaii, the problem chiefly demanding attention on the part
of the station has been that of diversifying agriculture. No work
has been done on the leading agricultural industry, sugar produc-
tion, but much effort has been expended in trying to develop minor
crops and thus to aid in establishing a peraianent type of citizenship
cm the land. Much of the best agricultural land is held by estates
or under lease to corporations, but there is abundant land for in-
dividual holdings if properly administered.

As the Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origin, their soils present
some rather unusual features, and soil studies have formed an im-
portant part of the station's work since its establishment. Surveys
have been made of many of the more important soil types and their
physical and chemical characteristics determined. In many of the
soils a high manganese content is found, and such soils are adapted
only to certain crops and special methods must be followed in hand-
ling them.

In connection with rice culture, which was an important industry
when the station began its work, a study was made of the application

1918.] EDITORIAL. 605

of fertilizers with the result that nitrate of soda, which was for-
merly extensively used as a fertilizer for rice, has been almost aban-
doned for this purpose and sulphate of ammonia is now employed
as the principal source of nitrogen. Nitrate of soda was found to
leach from rice soils and to have little or no residual effect, while the
use of sulphate of ammonia was found highly advantageous.

The growing of pineapples for canning has recently become one of
the large enterprises of the islands, the station having contributed
very largely to the development of the industry. After the discovery
of the injurious effect of a relatively high manganese content of the
soil on the growth of pineapples, investigations were continued from
which it was found that by spraying the plants four or five times
during the growing season with a solution of iron sulphate yellow-
ing was prevented and normal fruits produced. As a result of this
discovery, at least 5,000 acres of land that had been abandoned for
the cultivation of pineapples is being replanted to that crop.

The station has been active in the introduction of forage plants and
improved varieties of grains, fruits, and vegetables, and in the pre-
vention of losses through the control of plant diseases and insect
pests. An experiment in cooperative marketing undertaken in 1913
in order to furnish an outlet for small quantities of produce of va-
rious kinds has proved quite successful, the sales increasing from
$26,500 in 1914 to over $121,000 in 1917, when the marketing division
was taken over by the Territory by which it is now maintained. Ex-
tension and demonstration work is being developed to some extent,
especially on the island of Maui, where a considerable number of
homesteaders are located.

The Porto Kico Station, which is located at Mayaguez, has, since
its establishment, given much attention to soils and their manage-
ment. As many of the soils of the island are peculiar in their
acidity and iron and lime content, and require special management
to retain their fertility, experiments have been conducted in the
laboratory and field to determine their characteristics and require-
ments. In connection with these studies, attention has been given
to lime-induced chlorosis of cane and pineapples, and considerable
data have been accumulated regarding the nature of the diseases and
means for their control.

Fertilizer investigations in connection with the different soil types
have been made for various crops. An extensive series of experi-
ments on the availability of different forms of phosphates for use
on Porto Kican soils is in progress, a preliminary report on some
phases of the work having been made recently. A survey of the bat
guano deposits in more than 100 caves has been completed and the
available supplies have been determined. A number of improved

606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

methods for water culture experiments worked out by the chemist
have been described in scientific journals.

One of the early lines of endeavor of the station was in the im-
provement of live stock through the introduction of pure-bred sires.
This work has proved very popular and the results are beginning to
be apparent in many parts of the island. Experiments begun on
the sanitary production of milk are reported to have brought about
great improvement in the quality of the milk supplies.

Attention has been given to the introduction of new crops and
improved varieties of old ones with the result that many introduced
varieties have to a large degree supplanted those previously grown.
The value of introduced forage crops and the use of cover crops,
not only for the prevention of erosion but for the improvement of
the soil, and the superiority of improved varieties of fruits, etc., have
been fully demonstrated.

In horticulture, citrus and coffee culture have received much atten-
tion. Fertilizer and cover crop experiments with citrus trees have
indicated improved practices that have been widely applied. With
coffee the experiments have had to do with soils, fertilizers, pruning,
varieties, seed-bed and nursery treatment, diseases, and insect pests.
Improved varieties of coffee have been introduced from other coun-
tries and some of them have proved especially adapted to Porto
Rican conditions. Vanilla growing, an industry new to the island,
has been developed, and it is possible that this will in time become
of considerable economic importance. As very little cacao has been
produced in Porto Rico, experiments are in progress that are ex-
pected to show the possibilities of developing cacao production on a
larger scale. Experiments with coconuts have been in progress for a
number of years, and data obtained regarding coconut culture will
soon be available for publication.

As plant diseases and insect pests take heavy toll of agricultural
and horticultural products in tropical countries, the Porto Eico Sta-
tion has given special attention to a number of problems in connec-
tion with life history studies and means of control of some of the
more important plant enemies. Beekeeping, an industry owing its
origin to the station, has been developed within the past ten years,
and now exports of apiary products valued at more than $330,000 are
reported for the nine months ended March 31, 1918. Demonstra-
tion and extension work have been developed to a small degree, espe-
cially of late, in order to secure larger local production of food
crops. As a result of a campaign conducted by the station, Porto
Eico during the past year, instead of importing beans valued at
$800,000 annually as in former years, supplied its own necessities and
had a surplus of this product for export.

1918.] EDITORIAL. 607

The Guam Station, which was established to aid in restoring the
agriculture of the island to its former importance, has had satisfac-
tory success in its efforts. In 1911, Morgan horses, Ayrshire cattle,
Berkshire pigs, and several breeds of poultry were received for use in
breeding up the deteriorated live stock then found on the island.
Since that time, other pure-bred animals, including Toggenburg
goats, Berkshire pigs, and poultry, have been added to the equipment
of the station; and although there have been losses due to various
causes among the cattle, pigs, and goats, on the whole the experiment
in improving the animals of the island has proved a valuable one,
several hybrid races having been established which combine the
hardiness of the native stock with the larger size and other desirable
qualities of the pure-bred stock.

Some experiments have been carried on with locally produced feeds
from which it has been found that within certain limits, breadfruit,
crushed coconuts, coconut meal, etc., can be substituted for imported
or locally grown grain in feeding horses, cattle, pigs, and poultry.
Preliminary to making the live-stock introductions, attention was
given the question of forage production, and a number of grains,
grasses, and leguminous plants were secured from other countries and
sent to the station. Some of these have succeeded remarkably,
among them Para and Paspalum grasses, pastures and meadows of
which have been established, not only at the station but on many
native ranches. Sorghums for grain and forage have proved well
adapted to the local conditions, and Sudan grass, a recent introduc-
tion, has given indications of great value as a forage plant. Velvet
beans, cowpeas, jack beans, soy beans, peanuts, etc., are all being tested
to determine their value for forage and as green manure and cover
crops.

The station has introduced upland. Sea Island, and Egyptian
cottons, and from several years' tests it seems probable that the grow-
ing of certain types can be made very profitable. Attention is also be-
ing given to problems connected with raising tobacco, the question
of insect control appearing to be the limiting factor in successful
tobacco production. As rice growing, once a large industry, has be-
come of minor importance, the station has undertaken experiments
on all phases of rice production in order, if possible, to restore it
to its former place.

An attempt has been begun to improve the corn grown on the
island. This crop furnishes the staple food of the people of Guam,
being about the only cultivated crop that is extensively produced.
In comparative tests with many varieties from other tropical coun-
tries, the native strains of corn appeared to offer more promise of
successful improvement. Selection experiments were undertaken

608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

with these, and several pure lines have been established that out-
yield the parent varieties.

In horticulture, the chief experimental work has been the deter-
mination of the best seasons for planting various crops, the introduc-
tion of new vegetables and improved varieties of some of those
already under cultivation, and the propagation of material for dis-
tribution among the people. As the sources from which seeds and
plants may be obtained are limited, this work forms an important
part in the station's activities. The Hawaii Station is cooperating
most heartily in this work, and many of the best varieties of tropical
fruits and vegetables found in Hawaii may now be obtained in
Guam.

About 1907, the first hives of bees was introduced from Hawaii.
These have done exceedingly well, having proved prolific and well
suited to their surroundings. As a result of the success attained,
instruction in beekeeping is given in connection with all the island
schools, and many small apiaries have been established throughout
the island.

The acquisition by the United States of the Danish West Indies
has led to plans for the extension of experimental work to another
tropical group. Provision for this was embodied by Congress in the
bill making appropriations for the Department for 1919.

These islands, which were acquired from Denmark in 1916, lie 40
to 50 miles east of Porto Rico. Only three of them are of importance,
St. Croix, St Thomas, and St. John, with an area of approximately
200 square miles and a population of about 36.000 people. St.
Thomas and St. John are mountainous and contain little land suitable
under present methods to extensive agriculture. St. Croix, the
largest of the three islands, embraces most of the agricultural area,
though some low mountains exist on the northern side of the island.
The southern part is made up of fertile plains and low, rolling hills,
being well adapted to modern agriculture.

Most of the agriculture now practiced is on St. Croix, Avith sugar
cane and Sea Island cotton as the principal crops. On St. John
there were formerly some sugar estates, but the cultivation of that
crop has ceased to be of importance. St. Thomas is at present of
little agricultural interest, as most of the population depends on the
activities of the harbor for support. Bay rum is the only considerable
product of this island. Lime and coconut trees occur in some num-
bers, but no systematic attempt appears to have been made to extend
their planting.

The climate is said to be healthful, and the trade winds make living
comfortable, especially during the cooler months. The coolest

1918.] EDITORIAL. 609

weather is from January to March, when, in 1916, the maximum tem-
perature was 82° F. and the minimum 65°. The hottest periods are
in August and September, when the maximum and minimum tem-
peratures were 92° and 72° F., respectively. The rainfall is rather
light for the Tropics, the average for 63 years being only about
35 in. on St. Croix and even less on the other islands. If agriculture
is ever extensively developed, some provision for irrigating the crops
will undoubtedly have to be adopted. A hurricane visited the islands
on October 9, 1916, Avhich is reported as having been the only very
destructive one for 50 years or more. Property losses were estimated
at $1,500,000.

Upon the request of the Naval governor shortly after the acqui-
sition of the islands by the United States, an agricultural survey was
made of them by Mr. D. W. May, Agronomist in Charge of the Porto
Rico Station. All the principal islands were visited, several weeks
being spent upon them, and a report of the results of the survey with
recommendations was made to the governor. Sugar and cotton were
found to be the leading crops produced, with considerable areas
given over to forage plants. The sugar output is about 20,000 tons
per year, practically all of it being produced on St. Croix. Sea
Island cotton is second in importance, more than 2,000 acres having
been planted to this crop in 1913. Insect ravages and difficulties
arising out of the European War caused a marked falling off in the
area devoted to cotton, so that the growing of this crop was nearly
abandoned. There is some attempt at cattle raising, which could
undoubtedly be profitably increased. There appears to be very little
effort made to grow fruits and vegetables, even for local consumption.

In 1910, an agricultural experiment station was established on St.
Croix on a tract of 23 acres, two and one-half miles from Christian-
sted, the principal town of the island. This area has since been in-
creased to 225 acres, about 190 acres of which can be cultivated. A
concrete laboratory and office building has been erected, and a con-
siderable amount of equipment has been provided. Experiments
were begun with sugar cane to determine the best varieties for local
production and the fertilizer and cultural treatments required for the
best yields. Some cotton experiments have also been begun, and
considerable attention is given to the growing of sorghums, maize,
sweet potatoes, and various leguminous plants adapted to use as
forage or as green manure crops.

With the change in sovereignty, the income of the station was
impaired, and the new Congressional appropriation makes provision
for a station under the management of the States Relations Service of
this Department. It is expected that the present station will be taken
over, and the experiments now in progress continued and others in-
61347°— IS 2

610 EXPERIMENT STATION EEOOBD. [Vol.38

augurated. Some additions to the staff are planned, to permit the
taking up of studies on soils, horticulture, and possibly live stock.
It is believed that a considerable cattle industry coald be developed,
especially on St. Thomtis and St. John, and with it, dairying, which
is almost unknown, could be profitably developed. Immediate at-
tention to food production is desirable in order that the islands may
be less dependent on the mainland for their maintenance.

These islands are advantageously located for tiie development of
a large maritime shipping transfer, and it is believed with the return
of normal times that they are destined to greatly increased pros-
perity in which agriculture can and should play an important part.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

ACtRICTJLTTJRAL CHEJOSTRY— ACtEOTECHNY.

Biochemical catalysts in life and industry. — Proteoljrtic enzyms, J. Er-
FEONT (Xew York: John Wiley d Sons, Inc., 1011, pp. XI-\-151). — This is a
translation, by S. C. Prescott, assisted by C. S. Venable, of the French test
previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 662).

The effect of potassium bromate upon enzym action, I. S. Faxk; and C. E.
A. WiNSLOw {Jour. Biol. Cliem., S3 (1918), No. 3, pp. 4.53-462) .—The action of
potassium bromate upon trypsin and pancreatin was investigated by means of
digestion experiments with casein and determination of the amino acids pro-
duced in the presence of varying amounts of the salt. From the experimental
data the authors conclude that " potassium bromate appears to exert consist-
ently favorable influence upon the digestion of casein by trypsin in vitro in the
dilutions studied, the action being most marked at bromate concentrations of
1 : 100,000 to 1 : 200,000. Potassium bromate in concentrations of one part or
more in 10,000 appears to exert a slight inhibitive influence upon the digestion
of casein by pancreatin, while in higher dilutions (1:200,000 or 1:250,000) it
appears to exert a stimulating action."

It would thus appear that in the strength in which it is used in Arkady Yeast
Food (1:200,000) potassium bromate may exert a specific stimulating action
upon the proteolytic enzyms active in the fermentation.

Some new constituents of milk. — III, A new protein, soluble in alcohol,
T. B. Osborne and A. J. Wakeman (Jour. Biol. Chem., 33 (1918), No. 2, pp.
243-251). — The authors, in cooperation with G. S. Leavenworth and O. L.
Nolan, give in detail the method of preparation and physical and chemical
properties of the alcohol soluble protein of milk previously noted (E. S. R., 38,
p. 505). The protein was obtained by concentrating the alcoholic washings
from a large quantity of casein which had been several times dissolved in
dilute alkali and precipitated by dilute hydrochloric acid. It was soluble in
50 to 70 per cent alcohol but insoluble in absolute alcohol and nearly so in
water containing more or less inorganic salts.

The average composition of this protein obtained by a series of fractional
precipitations was, on the ash- and moisture-free basis, as follows : Carbon 54.91
per cent, hydrogen 7.17, nitrogen 15.71, sulphur 0.95, phosphorus 0.08, and
oxygen (by difference) 21.18. The distribution of nitrogen, according to Haus-
mann's modified method, was amid nitrogen 1.56 per cent, basic nitrogen 2.55,
and humin nitrogen 0.21. The basic amino acids calculated by the Kossel
method were, per 100 gm. of milk protein, arginin 2.92 gm., histidin 2.28, lysin
3.98, and tyrosin 2.47.

Compared with casein the alcohol-soluble protein contains more carbon and
sulphur and less phosphorus, basic nitrogen, arginin, histidin, and lysin. It does
not resemble the alcohol-soluble proteins of vegetable origin in being character-
ized by a large proportion of amid nitrogen and less lysin than most proteins.
Further evidence that it is not related to casein was shown by negative
anaphylaxis reactions with casein although it is itself highly anaphylactogenic.

611

612 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

Other characteristic properties are its action as an acid compound, precipitation
reaction with potassium ferrocyanid from a solution in dilute acetic acid, strong
tryptophane, Millon's and biuret reactions, and solubility in relatively strong
alcoholic solutions.

" Tlie possible existence of proteins of similar solubility ought to be consid-
ered whenever the complete removal of protein is necessary for the isolation of
nonprotein nitrogenous substances of animal origin."

A study of heat-coag'ulable and water-soluble protein of cow's milk, L. S.
Palmeb {Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 {1917), pp. 37, .98).— In a study of the relation
of milli proteins to their filtration through the Pasteur-Chamberland filter it
was found that only about 75 per cent as much nitrogen passes through the
filter when preserved with chloroform as when preserved with formaldehyde.
The total amount which passes through in the presence of either preservative
or without any preservative at all does not exceed 25 per cent of the total non-
casein nitrogen. The amount of albumin which passes tlirough when formal-
dehyde is added to the milk was found to be only about 10 per cent of that
which may be obtained from the casein filtrate of the original milk when tannic
acid is used as the protein precipitant.

The presence of chloroform in milk materially decreased the yield of albumin,
especially after it had stood a few days.

In regard to the character of the proteins which invariably remain after the
heat-coagulable proteins have been removed, a review of the literature on
methods of analysis and the preliminary work indicates that these proteins are
merely the residues of albumin and globulin from the original milk which have
been sufficiently decomposed during the removal of the casein with the acid to
render them noncoagulable by heat and to alter their properties in other ways.
No indication was obtained of the presence of proteoses and peptones in milk.
It appears that heat coagulation will have to be abandoned as a method deter-
mining the albumin of cow's milk.

A study of the dietary essential, water-soluble B, in relation to its solu-
bility and stability toward reag'ents, E. V. McCollum and N. Simmonds
{Jour. Biol. Chem., S3 {1918), No. 1, pp. 55-89, figs. 12).— This article reports
a series of investigations conducted with the assistance of H. Steenbock, for
the purpose of developing a new method of isolating water-soluble B depend-
ing upon its solubility in various organic solvents. Experimental data and
growth charts are reported and results interpreted. The method was as
follows,:

Rats were used as experimental animals and were fed a diet of purified food
substances complete except that it was free from water-soluble B. Five per
cent of butter fat was used to supply an abundance of fat-soluble A. The rats
were confined to this mixture for about five weeks until they had become sta-
tionary in weight or were declining with evidence of paralysis. The material
to be tested for water-soluble B was then added to the diet. The method served
to show within two weeks whether a sufficient amount of water-soluble B
was in the preparation under investigation.

The authors feel that this method is more satisfactory as a test than is the
conventional method of curing polyneuritic pigeons since the element of growth,
as well as recovery, is introduced. In this connection, they offer the following
alternative explanation for Williams' hypothesis (E. S. R., 36, p. 314) of a
specific type of labile isomerism rather than a specific chemical complex in
accounting for the curative effects on polyneuritic pigeons of various un-
related substances. " The temporary relief of polyneuritis may be the result of
the pharmacological action of certain substances rather than a response with
renewed function of cells which have been subjected to a selective fast and

1918.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 613

later have been supplied with the missing food complex." Absolute proof that
the physiologically active dietary factor is being dealt with should include re-
sumption of grov^ th and maintenance of health.

The experimental data show that the water-soluble B is not extracted di-
rectly from beans, wheat germ, or pig kidney by either benzene or acetone,
but is readily extracted by alcohol. After being removed by alcohol it is
soluble in benzene but very slightly soluble in acetone. That there can be
two or more physiologically indispensable substances in water-soluble B the
authors feel to be improbable in view of the solubility relations with the three
solvents. The water-soluble B is relatively stable toward nitrous acid (an in-
dication that it is neither a primary nor a secondary amin) and toward hy-
drochloric acid. It is rapidly destroyed by even moderately dilute alkalis, as
previously shown by Voegtlin and others (E. S. R., 36, p. 464).

Effect of time of digestion on the hydrolysis of casein in the presence of
starch, J. S. McHaegue (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No.
1, pp. 1-1). — This is a report of experiments conducted at the Kentucky Ex-
periment Station in duplication of the work of Hart and Sure (E. S. R.. 37,
p. 10) on the effect produced on the hydrolysis of casein by the presence of
starch by investigating the effect of varying the time of Tligestion.

Determinations were made with casein alone and with a mixture of 10 gm.
of casein and 50 gm. of starch. The periods of digestion were 12, 15, 24, and
48 hours. The Van Slyke method was followed in detail and the results of
the analyses tabulated. From the data the author draws the following con-
clusions :

" The Van Slyke method for protein analysis, when applied to mixtures of
casein and starch in the proportion of 1 : 5, and hydrolyzed from 12 to 15 hours
with 20 per cent hydrochloric acid gives results for the amino-acid gi'oups that
are comparable with those obtained by Van Slyke upon casein alone. A
digestion period of more than 15 hours with 20 per. cent hydrochloric acid on
a casein-starch mixture brings about a redistribution of the nitrogen con-
tained in the histidin and cystin groups. The insoluble residue obtained from
a casein-starch digestion after being thoroughly washed contains nitrogen,
which is not seriously affected when distilled with calcium-hydrate suspension,
very small amounts being split off as ammonia or remaining in the filtrate.
This indicates that the nitrogen is in an inert form and its estimation should
not be included in the humin determination."

A foam inhibitor in the Van Slyke amino nitrog'en method, H. H.
Mitchell and H. C. Eckstein {Jour. Biol. Chem., 33 {1918), No. 3, pp. 373-
375). — Phenyl ether is reported by the authors to be a very effective foam
inhibitor in the Van Slyke nitrous acid method of determining aliphatic amino
nitrogen in animal and plant extracts. A convenient iJTocedure for preparing the
reagent at comparatively low cost is described.

Nitrogen content of bacterial cells. — I, Method, H. C. Bradley and M. S.
Nichols {Jour. Biol. Chem., S3 {1918), No. 3, pp. 525-529). — An adaptation of
the Folin microchemical method (E. S. R., 29, p. 508) was used for determin-
ing the nitrogen content of Bacillus diphtlieriw and B. hoffmanni. The bacteria
were grown on Loeffler's blood serum medium for 72 hours. The growth was
then removed by a glass spade with rounded edges, transferred to tai-ed cover
slips, and dried in a calcium chlorid desiccator at 37° C. for 72 hours. The
weighing was done on an assay balance sensitive to 0.000,005 gm. The diges-
tion material for each tube consisted of 2 gm. potassium sulphate, 0.2 gm. cop-
per sulpliate, and 5 gm. concentrated sulphuric acid. The digestion was con-
tinued for 15 minutes after the liquid had become colorless. The digest was
cooled, made alkaline with sodium hydroxid, and the ammonia aspirated into

614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [yol. 38

tenth-norraal sulphuric acid. Ttie nitrogen was determined by nesslerization
as in tlie usual Folin method.

The results showed in B. diphtherice 8.35 per cent of nitrogen, and in B.
hoffmanni 9.75 per cent. The authors conclude that " it is possible to determine
the nitrogen content of any bacterium which will grow on a solid medium with-
out liquefaction of that medium, by this method, provided as much material
as 5 mg. can be obtained."

A study of the nonprotein nitrogen of wheat flour, M. J. Blish {Jour.
Biol. Chem., S3 (WIS), No. 3, pp. 551-559).— The author, at the Montana Ex-
periment Station, has applied the copper protein precipitation method reported
by Osborne and Leavenwoth (E. S. R., 37, p. 8) to the separation of protein
from nonprotein nitrogen in flour extracts.

It was found that practically a complete separation may be accomplished in
water extracts of wheat flour by treating the extract with tenth-normal sodium
hydroxid followed by tenth-normal copper sulphate until there is slightly more
copper sulphate than an exactly equivalent amount of sodium hydroxid. The
author states that the method is simple of manipulation and permits of rapid
filtration through ordinary filter paper, giving a clear solution which may be
concenti-ated to one-twentieth its original volume for determinations of amino
nitrogen by the Van Slyke micro method and for amid nitrogen determinations.
The removal of true proteins is practically complete. Some peptid nitrogen is
not precipitated and probably a considerable amount of nonprotein nitrogen
which is neither amino-acid nor peptid nitrogen. Normal patent flour was
found to contain about 2 mg. of amino-acid nitrogen for every 100 gm. of flour
and about three times as much nitrogen in free acid amid form.

The method is thought to be applicable to studies of proteolysis or other
studies involving the estimation of protein cleavage products in wheat flour,
but probably will not be applicable to biological extracts from other sources
than wheat and flour.

Copper-phosphate mixtures as sugar reag'ents. A qualitative test and
a quantitative titration method for sugar in urine, O. Folin and W. S. J.Ic-
Elleoy {Jour. Biol. Chem., 33 {1918), No. 3, pp. 513-519).— A qualitative test
for sugar in the urine, employing alkaline phosphates for holding the copper
hydroxid in solution, as suggested in a previous investigation (E. S. R., 3G,
p. 316), is described as follows:

One hundred gm. of sodium pyrophosphate, 30 gm. of crystallized disodium
phosphate, and 50 gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate are dissolved in about 1
liter of water. To this is added 13 gm. of copper sulphate previously dissolved
in 200 cc. of water. The solution is used exactly as is Benedict's reagent for
sugar. Minute traces of sugar are indicated by various grades of turbidity,
larger amounts by precipitates of cuprous oxid. The test is said to be quite
as reliable and sensitive as Benedict's and a trifle more prompt. Unless a
marked turbidity is noted in the hot solutions, the result should be regarded as
chemically negative.

The authors also describe a practical and inexpensive quantitative method
for the titration of sugar in urine. The reagents are an acidified copper sul-
phate solution containing 60 gm. CuSOi.SHoO per liter, and a dry mixture con-
taining 100 gm. disodium phosphate crystals (HNa2POi.l2H20), 60 gm. dry
sodium carbonate (NazCOa.HjO), and 30 gm. of sodium or potassium sulphocya-
nate. The titrations are made in test tubes, which are considered preferable
to flasks because (1) the cost of chemicals is reduced, (2) the preliminary
heating period is short, (3) there is no necessity of regulating the flame to a
definite speed of boiling, (4) the disappearance of the last traces of blue color

1918.1 AGKICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 615

is more sharply marked on account of the small volume, and (5) there is little
or no return of any blue color at the end of the titration.

By means of a special capillary tip delivering from 45 to 55 drops of urine
per cubic centimeter, the titration can be made on undiluted urine vv^ith an ordi-
nary burette. The burettes are preferably filled by suction and the titration
made by the drop system, starting -with 25 drops of urine added to a clear solu-
tion obtained by heating 4.5 gm. of the dry salt mixture with 5 cc. of the cop-
per sulphate solution. For accurate results the drops should be delivered not
faster than 1 drop per second, and the portion of the burette most used should
be calibrated.

The authors recommend for convenience of manipulation and for work in-
volving very small amounts of material special 5 cc. burettes graduated in 0.02
cc. In the case of urines containing albumin, rather large test tubes should
be used on account of foaming. The albumin alters the appearance of the
cuprous precipitate, but does not change or obscure the end point of the titra-
tion.

The determination of lactose in milk, O. Folin and W. Denis {Jour. Biol.
Chem., 33 (1918), No. 3, pp. 521-524) .—The titration method of Folin and Mc-
Ellroy, noted above, was found by the authors to be applicable to the determi-
nation of lactose in milk without preliminary i-emoval of the protein materials.
The method of procedure was practically the same as that described in the
preceding paper, except that it was found advisable to dilute the milk 1 : 4 for
cow's milk and 1 : 5 for human milk.

A colorimetric picrate method simpler than the one of Dehn and Hartman^
was also used. The method is described in detail and a table given of com-
parative results with human and cow's milk of both the titration and colori-
metric methods. Of the two methods, the authors believe the titration to be
the more accurate, although the colorimetric method has the advantage that
by means of it a large number of determinations can be made more or less
simultaneously.

A new microscopic method of counting bacteria adaptable to all grades
of raw and pasteurized milk, P. W. Allen (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 22 {1918),
No. 3, pp. 245-251, fig. 1). — The method consists of adding to the milk to be
tested a water suspension of aluminum hydroxid which readily collects the
bacteria. By centrifuging, the precipitate is thrown down and can be easily
separated from the fat, casein, and water. It is dried to a thin microscopic
film on a glass slide and stained with methylene blue, for which the hydroxid
has slight affinity. A bacterial count is made, using an oil immersion lens.

The method is described in detail and tables of its accuracy reported. From
the data the author concludes that about 95 per cent of the bacteria in the
average sample of milk appears in the hydroxid thrown down by centrifugali-
zation.

Detection of peanut oil in oils and fats, D. J. De Jong {Pharm. Weekbl.,
54 {1917), No. 47, pp. 1390-1398; abs. in Chem. Abs., 12 {1918), No. 5, pp. 536,
537). — From experimental data a comparison is made of the relative value of
three methods of detecting peanut oil in commercial oils: (1) That of Jean,
recommended in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for testing olive and sesame oils,
in which the oil is saponified with alcoholic potassium hydroxid and kept at
18° C, a precipitate appearing within an hour indicating the pre.sence of 10
per cent or more of peanut oil; (2) that of Franz-Adler, previously noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 14) ; and (3) the solidification point method. The Bellier and
Renard-Archbutt methods are also discussed.

» Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 (1914), No. 2, pp. 403-409.

616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol.38

The authors conclude that for rapidity and accuracy the Franz-Adler method
is the best, although it can not be used to detect peanut oil in lard and cotton-
seed oil. The solidification method is not sensitive enough, as but little difCer-
ence is shown with large variations in peanut-oil content. In the Renard-
Archbutt method 10 per cent of peanut oil can barely be detected.

A study of the solubilities of liquids in liquids. The partition of the
lower alcohols between water and cottonseed oil, B. B. Weoth {[Gettysburg,
Pa.]: Author, 1917, pp. 21, fig. 1). — "The partition ratios of methyl, ethyl,
propyl, isobutyl, and isoamyl alcohols between water and cottonseed oil at
25° C. are found to be 103.6, 28.3, 6.41, 1.7, and 0.47, respectively. These are
found to change regularly with increased number of carbon atoms. The
solubilities of methyl and ethyl alcohols in cottonseed oil are 4.84 and 21.2
gm. per 100 cc. of oil."

A special nomon for calculating the purity of sugar solutions, A. F.
Blake (Internat. Sugar Jour., 20 (1918), No. 230, pp. 73-78, figs. 2).— The
author has constructed a special form of the nomon, previously noted (E. S. R.,
88, p. 204), for the rapid determination of the "exponent" of sugar solutions.
This exponent is the sucrose percentage of the solid matter and is determined
by the following equation :

26
Exponent=polanzationX specific gravity XBT-IZ

In the special form of nomon a scale has been constructed with the degrees
Brix indicated at the point corresponding to the respective values of the factor

--. =— ^ — All data on the regular chart which are not required have

specific gravity XBnx.

been eliminated.

It is the author's intention to work out other applications of the nomon to
the numerous calculations of the sugar industry.

Determination of water in sugar factory products by means of the distil-
lation method, T. van dek Linden, M. Kauffman, and F. Leistra (Arch.
Suikerindus. Nederland. Indiii, 25 (1911), No. 22, pp. 951-962, fig. 1; Medcd.
Proefstat. Java-Suikcrindus., Chem. Ser. No. S (1917), pp. 12, fig. 1; ais. in
Internat. Sugar Jour., 20 (1918), No. 230, pp. 89, 90).— The method described
consists of distilling 50 gm. of the sample with 350 cc. of xylol. The water is
carried over with the distillate and is measured directly in a 250-cc. measuring
cylinder graduated to twentieths of a cubic centimeter. The distillation is so
regulated that about 100 cc. pass over in three quarters of an hour and 100 cc.
more in the next quarter hour, at the end of which time the distillation is
stopped. A meniscus correction for xylol and an apparatus correction for the
small loss of water have to be made.

The method is considered satisfactory, but requires very careful attention.

Solubility of calcium sulphite in water and in sugar solutions, T. van der
Linden (Rev. in Internat. Sugar Jour., 20 (1918), No. 230, p. 91). — Previously
noted from another source (E. S. R., 36, p. 716).

Preservation of Virginia fruits and vegetables, Edith A. Roberts (Va.
Polytech. Inst. Ext. Bui. 17 (1917), pp. Jf8, figs. 4).— In this bulletin, issued in
cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the author has compiled
from various sources extensive material on the different methods of the pres-
ervation of fruits and vegetables. A number of recipes and charts for the
cold-pack process and for making preserves and catsups, as well as suggestions
for the arrangement and equipment for canning by the cold-pack method, are
included.

1918.] METEOEOLOGY. 617

Preservation of unfermented grape juice, S. P. Anderson (Jour. Ayr. [Neio
Zeal.-\, 16 {1918), No. 1, pp. 32-36, fig. i).— The object of this article is to
" assist producers in preparing and placing on the market a pure, wholesome,
and nonalcoholic vinous juice." The principles involved in the preservation of
unfermented grape juice and the methods of operation and utensils required are
discussed. The directions are particularly applicable to the output from a
small vineyard.

Improvements in methods of pickling olives, F. T. Bioletti and W. V.
Cruess {Califoi-nia Sta. Bui. 289 {1911), pp. 195-200, figs. ^).— This bulletin
suggests improved methods for pickling olives, while still adhering to the theory
of treatment with lye and oxidation to darken the color. The new methods are
subject to better control and are much quicker. They have been used success-
fully in the laboratory and in some cases in factory tests.

The methods suggested are a combination of continual movement of the liquid
with continual aeration, high temperature and circulating liquid, aeration by
compressed air with the use of hot standing liquid, and a combination of the
three principles of aeration, circulation, aud high temperature. The last is con-
sidered a very rapid and satisfactory method. Descriptions of the methods
and diagrams of the necessary apparatus are given.

The possibility is suggested of subjecting ripe olives to a method of fermenta-
tion similar to that used in the preparation of " Queen " olives. Two methods
are outlined, in one of which the ripe olives are pickled without exposure to air
and then fermented. In the other method olives pickled by the darkening proc-
ess are fermented. The two methods are said to combine the good qualities
and avoid the defects of the present green and ripe olives.

METEOROLOGY.

The meteorological resources of the Empire, H. G. Lyons {Abs. in Nature
[Lo7idon], 100 {1918), No. 2517, pp. 416, ^i7).— Attention is called to the great
diversity of meteorological conditions and requirements in the British Empire,
the need for better organization and coordination of meteorological agencies,
and the necessity for developing an efficient corps of specially trained men for
meteorological work.

It is stated that " the work of the meteorologist does not end with recording
the pressure, or the temperature, or the monthly amount of the rainfall, but
meteorological observations, after being taken, must be worked up into the
various forms in which they will be most useful for shipping, agriculture,
water supply, engineering, sanitation and health, and now, also, aerial trans-
port. The same form vrill not suffice for all, and meteorology itself has its own
especial needs, but the important thing is that this information, however ac-
curate and detailed it may be, will not be available in exactly the forms that
answer to different requirements unless there is a sufficient staff of trained
meteorologists to handle it and to supervise its preparation."

Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1917 {V. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Rpt., 1917, pp. 291, pis. 7). — This contains (1) an administrative
report summarizing the work of the Weather Bureau during the year, (2) a
review of weather conditions during 1916, including also sections giving de-
tailed data on sunshine and excessive rainfall, and (3) monthly and annual
summaries of pressure, temperature, precipitation, and related data for 1916,
and of monthly and seasonal snowfall for 1916-17. Attention is called par-
ticularly to the extension of the activities of the bureau for the time being to two
primary projects, namely, " the forecasting of the weather for purely military
operations, and the sounding of the upper air for the benelit of aviators, bal-

618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

loouists, and artillerists." Brief statements are made regarding the organiza-
tion and various activities of the division of agricultural meteorology.

Climatological data for the United States by sections (C/. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 4 (1911), Nos. 9, pp. 2JfO, pis. 2, figs. 6; 10, pp. 230,
pis. 2, figs. //).— These volumes contain brief summaries and detailed tabular
statements of climatological data for each State for September and October,
1917, respectively.

Meteorological summaries (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. 73-75). —
Tables are given which show monthly and annual temperature and precipitation
at Lexington, Ky., for 1872 to 1915, inclusive, as well as temperature and pre-
cipitation extremes, wind, cloudine.ss, and casual phenomena for 1915.

Meteorological obserx-ations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostkander, T. H. Reuman, and A. L. Chandler (Massa-
chusetts Sta. Met. Buls. S^7-S^S (1917), pp. 4 eaoft) .—Summaries of observa-
tions at Amherst, Mass., on pres^sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation,
wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during November and De-
cember, 1917, are presented. The general character of the weather for
November is briefly discussed, and the December bulletin gives a summary for
the year. The principal data in this summary are as follows:

Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches).— Maximum, 30.86,
December 17; minimum, 28.93, February 5; mean, 30.010. Air temperature, in
ground shelter (degrees F.).— Maximum, 98.5, July 31; minimum, —22.5, Decem-
ber 30. Humidity.— Mean dewpoint, 36.4 ; mean relative humidity, 78.1. Precipi-
tation.— Total rainfall or melted snow, 43.56 in. ; number of days on which
0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 117 ; total snowfall, 58 in. Weather.—
Total cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 1,770 hours, or 40 per cent;
number of clear days, 129. Bright sunshine.— N^xvahev of hours recorded, 2,684,
or 60 per cent. Wwc?.— Prevailing direction, west ; total movement, 44,653
miles; maximum daily movement, 611 miles, April 11; minimum daily move-
ment, 1 mile, September 20, November 30 ; maximum pressure per square foot,
35 lbs., April 10, northwest. Dates of frost.— Jjnf^\, May 18; first, September
11. Dates of snow. — Last, April 27 ; first, November 24.

The climate of Tennessee, R. Nunn (Resources Tenn., 8 (1918), No. 1, pp.
7-Ji5, fixjs. 1). — This article discusses briefly the physiography and soils and
crops of Tennessee in their relation to climate, and summarizes in notes, tables,
and diagrams the outstanding climatic features (temperature, precipitation.'
humidity, sunshine, and cloudiness, and length of growing season) of the
different sections of the State.

In general the climate of the State is said to range from mild to temperate
and is comparatively free from great extremes of temperature, sudden weather
changes, and severe storms. The rainfall is abundant but not excessive, the
humidity moderate, and sunshine and cloudiness well distributed through the
year. The ground rarely covered with snow for more than a few days at a time
and the crop-growing season is long as compared with that of the northern and
western sections of the United States. The comparatively equable climate
of the State is due in part to the fact that it does not lie within any of the
principal storm tracks.

Climate and meteorology (Canada Yearbook, 1916-17, pp. 176-183, fig. 1).—
The characteristic features of the temperature, precipitation, winds, and bright
sunshine for the Dominion of Canada during each month of the year 1916 are
described, and tables are given which show the temperature and precipitation
during 1916 at representative stations in Canada as compared with the normal
annual averages for the period from 1888 to 1907, inclusive.

1918.] SOILS PEKTILIZERS. 619

Meteorological records at Ottawa, W. T. Ellis (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.
1916, pp. 3, 4)- — Tables based on observations nt the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, are given showing the maximum, minimum, and mean tempera-
ture, the rainfall, snowfall, total precipitation, number of rainy days, heaviest
precipitation in 24 hours, and sunshine, for the period from April, 1915, to
March, 1916, inclusive, also the annual rainfall, snowfall, and total precipitation
from 1890 to 1915-16 with the averages for tlie period.

The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms
Rpts. 1916, pp. 174-178). — Data are reported for the ninth year of this investi-
gation (E. S. R., 36, p. 19).

The total precipitation for the year amounted to 33.65 in. as compared with
an average of 32.81 in. for the 9 years of the investigation, but tlie total nitro-
gen, amounting to 9.765 lbs. per acre, was considerably in excess of that
found in any previous year. Of this amount 4.87 lbs. occurred as free and
organic ammonia and tlie remainder as nitrates and nitrites. The cause of
the increase has not yet been fully explained.

SOILS— FEETILIZERS.

Soils (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 (1917), pp. 55-59, 62-65, figs. 2).— Brief prog-
ress reports are made on various soil fertility experiments as follows :

M. F. Miller and F, L. Duley report further work with corn, the results
of which confirm those of previous experiments in showing that " the period
from the time of laying by to the time of silking is the most important to
final growth from the standpoint of both moisture and nutrition. . . . The
water requirement is less influenced by variations of the moisture supply
during the growing period than it is by the character of the season. In the
case of the variation in moisture supply less concordant results are available
than in the case of the variation nutrients."

The results of investigations by M. F. Miller and R. R. Hudelson on the
rate and manner of applying fertilizers to corn were adversely affected by the
dry season but indicated that heavy applications of fertilizers in the row
slightly injured the corn. Applications of fertilizers in the row at the second
cultivation gave better results than earlier applications. "The fertilized
plats all showed more vigorous early growth than the unfertilized plats."

In tests by Miller and Hudelson on various ways of handling coAvpeas as
a preliminary crop for wheat there was "very pronounced benefit from the
growing of cowpeas between the wheat crops when plowed under, disked in,
or when the cowpea crop was taken off. The yields have always been better
on the plats in which the peas are disked in and the wheat sown afterward.
Rolling after plowing under peas does not seem to be of much help."

In comparative tests by Hudelson of various phosphates in a rotation of
corn, wheat, and clover the relative order of effectiveness has been found to
be bone meal, calcined phosphate, basic slag, acid phosphate, and rock phosphate.

From studies by W. A. Albrecht of the nitrogen content of soils as affected
by storage, the conclusion is drawn that soils absorb ammonia from the air.
The increase of nitrogen from this source varied from a few pounds to as much
as 1,550 lbs. per acre, while the observed changes in nitrogen content due to
bacterial action were within the limits of experimental error. An outline is
given of an experiment which has been undertaken on nitrate production in
soil as affected by crops and cultivation.

In crop rotation and fertilizer experiments carried on by Miller and Hudelson
corn grown continuously has shown a six-year average yield of 11.14 bu. per
acre as compared with a yield of 28.52 bu. for corn grown continuously but

620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

receiving 7 tons of manure annually. Corn in rotation yielded 44.2 bu. per
acre, and corn in rotation receiving 7 tons of manure annually, 54.55 bu. per
acre. Manure has maintained oat and timotliy yields better than crop I'ota-
tion, while Vi^heat grown continuously and manured annually has yielded
slightly more than wheat grown continuously and receiving commercial fer-
tilizers. Corn grown in rotation has been maintained at about the same level
of yields by heavy applications of manure as by heavy applications of commer-
cial fertilizers. The return from manure has been greater on corn, oats, wheat,
and timothy grown continuously than on these crops grown in rotation.

Soil moisture studies by Miller and Duley led to the conclusion that the
effects of loosening the soil on increased absorption was more important than
that of decreased evaporation.

Cooperative work with the U. S. Department of Agriculture in soil mapping,
and with agencies outside the station in soil and crop experiments is briefly
noted.

Studies in soil reaction as indicated by the hydrogen electrode, J. K.
Plummer {IJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 (1918), No. 1, pp. 19-31).—
This article reports experiments made at the North Carolina Experiment Sta-
tion with the hydrogen electrode as a means of indicating soil reaction on a
number of untreated soils in suspension. " The soils experimented with repre-
sent a wide range in texture of those common to the area of the southeastern
portion of the United States, extending from and including the Appalachian
Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean. The H-ion concentration varies from almost
' true neutrality ' to rather excessive ' true acidity ' in the soils.

" With the Morgan apparatus for extracting film water from soils [E. S. R.,
37, p. 717], it is shown that its reaction is the same as the free water, differing
only in intensity.

" The effects of certain fertilizers on the H-ion concentration of long-time-
treated plats of three soils have been measured with the following results:
(1) Ammonia sulphate has materially increased the H-ion concentration of all
plats which have received applications of this material. The acidity thus
developed extends often to the subsoil. (2) Sodium nitrate has slightly
reduced the acidity of the plats to which it has been applied. (3) Potassium
sulphate increases the ' true acidity ' when applied to soils, though not as
greatly as ammonium sulphate. (4) Acid phosphate does not appear to have
affected in either direction the H-ion concentrations of field soils. (5) Lime
materially increases the OH-ion concentration of field plats to wliich it has
been added.

" The acidity developed from ammonium sulphate is more intense in the film
than in the free water of three soils. Monocalcium phosphate does not change
in any way the soil-film water until excessive amounts are added."

Hydrogen-ion concentration measurements of soils of two types: Caribou
loam and Washburn loam, L. .T. Gillespie and L. A. Hurst (Soil Sci., 4
{1911), No. 4, pp. 313-^19). — Studies on the hydrogen-ion concentration of
Caribou loam and Washburn loam soils from Aroostook County, Me., are re-
ported.

It was found that these soils possess broadly differing biological character-
istics before cultivation. " Cultivated soils of the Caribou loam type exhibit,
when examined by the colorimetric method, considerably greater hydrogen-ion
concentrations than do soils of the Washburn loam type. The average hydrogen-
ion exponent for the Caribou loam was found to be 5.2 ; that of the Washburn
loam 5.93. The possibility is indicated that the relative freedom of the Caribou
loam from potato scabs may be due to its greater hydrogen-ion concentration."

1918.1 SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621

Soil survey of the San Fernando Valley area, Cal., L. C. Holmes, B. C.
EcKMANN, G. L. Harrington, J. E. Guernsey, and O. J, Zinn (U. S. Dcpt.
Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 61, pis. 4, fig. 1, map 1).—
This survey, made in cooperation with the University of California, deals with
the soils of an area of 175,360 acres, situated in southwestern California, and
embraces practically all the San Fernando Valley and a part of the lower
mountain slopes and foothills along its margins. Physiographically, the valley,
or main portion of the area, is an oval basin. The somewhat regular and
smooth side slopes consist of " merging alluvial fans which usually are very
sharply differentiated in topography from the hills and mountains flanking
their upper sides."

The soils of the area have been broadly grouped in three main provinces
vvith respect to their origin, as follows: "(a) Residual soils or those occupying
the hills and mountains and derived by weathering in place from consolidated
rocks, (&) coastal-plain and old valley -filling soils or those derived from uncon-
solidated yet old, weathered, water-laid deposits, and (c) recent-alluvial soils
or those of the recent-alluvial fans and valley slopes, this group being by far
the most important." The first group is represented by 7 soil types of 4 series,
the second by 4 types of 1 series, and the third by 22 types of 4 series. In
addition to the above, three miscellaneous classes of material are mapped,
namely, rough broken land, rough stony land, and riverwash. Rough stony
laud, rough broken land, Yolo loam, and Tujunga fine sandy loam predominate,
occupying 13.7, 11.4, S.9, and 6 per cent of the total area, i-espectively.

Soil survey of Hov/ard County, Md., W. T. Carter, .ie., and J. P. D. Hull
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 34, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey,
deals with the soils of an area of 161,920 acres, located in the central part of
the State. Physiographically the county is a thoroughly dissected plateau.
The area lies chiefly within the northern division of the Piedmont Plateau,
wliile the southeastern one-sixth of the county lies within the Coastal Plain.

" The soils of Howard County may be classed in three groups, namely,
residual soils, formed by the disintegration and decomposition of the under-
lying rocks of the Piedmont Plateau ; soils of the Coastal Plain, derived from
sedimentary material deposited on a former ocean bed ; and alluvial soils, con-
sisting of recent sediments deposited along the various streams of the county."
Thirteen soil types of 10 series are mapped. Chester loam, including the stony
phase ; Manor loam, micaceous phase ; and Congaree silt loam, predominate,
occupying 50.5, 18.7, and 10.4 per cent of the area, respectively.

Soil survey of Bottineau County, R. C. Doneghue (North Dakota Sta. Bui.
124 (1917), pp. 115-148, map 1). — This survey has been noted (E. S. R., 38,
p. 422).

Soil survey of Kay County, Okla., N. M. Kirk and R. C. Jukney (17. S.
Dej)t. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 40, pi. 1, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey deals with the soils of an area of 602,240 acres in north-
central Oklahoma, lying wholly within the Great Plains region. The topog-
raphy of the county is level to gently undulating and undulating, the eastern
portion being somewhat hilly. Drainage is well established.

The upland soils of the county are mainly residual in origin, being derived
from limestone and shale, while some are of eolian origin and were derived
from material from the river bottoms. The soils of the first and second bot-
toms are of alluvial origin. Twenty-eight soil types of 13 series are mapped,
Gerald silt loam, occupying 40.3 per cent of the area, predominating.

Further studies of the nature of animonification, K. Miyake (Soil Set.,
4 (1917), No. 4, pp. 321-325).— Further studies on the subject (E. S. R.. 36,

1

622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

p. 513) are reported dealing with ammonification in Caribou silt loam and
Washburn silt loam from Maine, Superior clay from Wisconsin, Scottsburg
silt loam from Indiana, and soil from the Arlington Farm, Virginia. Leucine
and tyrosine were used as the chemicals to be ammonified and were added to
100 gm. of soil in amounts equivalent to 100 mg. of nitrogen.

It was again confirmed that " the process of ammonification is an autocatalytic
chemical reaction and that the increase of ammonia in the process is in accord-

ance with the formula: Log-; =K(* — U).

A — X

" The total amount of nitrogen added to be ammonified does not transform
into the nitrogen in the form of ammonia in the process of ammonification.
The amount of nitrogen transformed into ammonia nitrogen is greatly influenced
by both the soils and chemi-cal compounds used."

Total nitrogen and carbon in cultivated land and land abandoned to
grass and weeds, A, W. Blaib and H. C. McLean [Soil ScL, 4 {1011), No. 4.
pp. 283-293, fig. 1 ) . — " It is pointed out that the average nitrogen content of
land which was allowed to run wild from 1908 to 1916, and which during that
period received annual applications of dried fish amounting to 600 lbs. per acre,
was essentially the same in 1916 as in 1913. (No samples were collected previ-
ous to 1913.) The carbon content of this same land was increased slightly
during the period 1913 to 1916.

" The average nitrogen content of adjoining cultivated plats, under a 5-yeai
rotation, was 0.02 per cent less in 1913, and 0.023 per cent less in 1916, than the
nitrogen content of the corresponding plats that were allowed to run wild.
The average nitrogen content of the cultivated plats was slightly less in 1916
than in 1913.'

" The average carbon content of the cultivated plats was approximately 0.27
per cent less in 1913 and 0.3 per cent less in 1916 than the average carbon
content of the corresponding plats allowed to run wild. The average cax'bon
content of the cultivated soils was slightly less in 1916 than 1913.

"The two cultivated plats which received no nitrogen (the check plats)
yielded, in the crops from these plats, an average total of 196.13 lbs. of nitrogen
for the 9 years. The six nitrogen-treated plats yielded, during the same period,
an average total of 329.94 lbs. of nitrogen in the crops from these plats. There
was recovered from the six nitrogen-treated plats for the 9-year period an
average of 36.36 per cent of the nitrogen that was applied.

" The percentage of nitrogen and carbon in the cultivated soils is decreasing,
even where dried fish is applied at the rate of 600 lbs. per acre annually. The
percentage of nitrogen in the soils allowed to run wild, and which have received
annual applications of nitrogen, appears to run about constant, but the per-
centage of carbon is increasing slightly. Much volunteer white clover is appear-
ing on the two plats which receive minerals but no nitrogen."

Loss of organic matter in clover retvirned to soil, G. E. Boltz and C J.
ScHOLLENBEKGER (J/o. Bul. OMo Sta., 2 (1917), No. 12, pp. 397-400).— Ex-peri-
ments somewhat similar to those previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 324) were
made to determine the loss of organic matter and nitrogen in a crop of clover
subjected to different methods of farm practice. A quantity of dried and finely
cut clover amounting to 4 tons per acre was thoroughly mixed with the surface
6 in. of soil of duplicate plats, and the same amount of uncut clover spread upon
the surface of each of two other plats after spading, all plats being covered
with a wire screen immediately after treatment. The experiment extended
over a period of 187 days, and samples of soil, clover, and clover residues were
analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the period.

1918.1 SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623

The average loss of carbon from tlie clover left on the surface was 48.38 per
cent, and from that incorporated in the soil 34.26 per cent. A previous experi-
ment showed losses of G6.05 and 28.45 per cent, respectively. No loss of
nitrogen was indicated where the clover was incorporated with the soil, and
although some nitrogen leached out of the clover applied to the surface of the
soil, it was nearly all retained in the soil beneath.

Comparing the results of these experiments with those of previous experi-
ments with manure, it is concluded that, eliminating " the comparatively small
amount of fertilizing elements lost in metabolic processes when feeding clover
to farm animals, and considering the carbonaceous matter only, there is little
to be gained by plowing the crop under, as compared with feeding it and apply-
ing the manure. . . .

" While it is advisable to grow cover crops to be plowed under in the spring,
in order to conserve the nitrates formed in the autumn and early spring, it is
doubtful whether it pays to grow a crop during the summer months for green
manuring, except when it could be used to good advantage for feeding purposes
and the organic matter returned to the soil in the form of manure."

Decomposition of green and stable manures in soil, R. S. Potteb and R. S.
Snyder (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1911), No. 13, pp. 677-698,
figs. 9). — This paper is the third of a series of reports of investigations on
this subject made at the Iowa Experiment Station (E. S. R., 38, p. 118).

The conclusions reached from experiments with stable and green manures
applied in dry and ground condition are that " lime in the form of a carbonate
under the conditions of this experiment appreciably enhances the rate of decom-
position of both original soil organic matter and the organic matter of stable
manure and the green manures, oats and clover, when added to soil. Two
of the more important results of this are the increased availability of plant food
and the more rapid depletion of the soil organic matter. This latter effect
would be partially and perhaps entirely offset by the fact that with lime larger
crops could be grown which would give more organic matter to return to the
soil. The green manures, oats and clover, under the conditions of this experi-
ment are decomposed much more completely than stable manure. Clover is
decomposed somewhat more rapidly . than oats. Stable manure increases the
rate of decomposition of gi-een manure when used in connection with the latter.
Both stable and green manures act as conservers of lime."

In experiments in which the green manures and stable manure were applied
in the fresh condition, the decomposition of the original organic matter in the
soil was increased and that of the added manure decreased by liming. The
net result, however, was an increased decomposition due to liming.

" The carbon of stable manures is evolved as carbon dioxid from soil under
unlimed conditions to the extent of approximately 55 per cent. The cjtrbon of
oats under like conditions is evolved to the extent of 79 per cent and that of
clover 95 per cent. Under unlimed conditions the amount of stable-manure
carbon evolved is only slightly less than under limed conditions, while only
about 57 per cent of the carbon of oats and 53 per cent of the carbon of clover
is given off under limed conditions. All the manures tended to conserve the
lime. Under unlimed conditions stable manure did not increase the rate of
decomposition of the green manure as measured by the evolution of the carbon
dioxid. With lime there was a slight increase in the amount of carbon given
from the green manure when used with the stable manure over that given by
the green manure when the latter was used alone. It should be recalled that
in the former experiment stable manure enhanced the rate of decomposition of
the green manure only to a slight extent. There is not a very great difference

624 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

in the rate of decomposition of the green manure when added in a finely ground,
dry state and when used fresh and in a relatively coarse state of subdivision."

A bibliography of the subject is given.

Ten wheat fields in " Egypt." — A story in figures, C. G. Hophins, J. E.
Whitchubch and H. F. T. Fahrnkopf {Illinois Sta. Circ. 208 {1917), pp. 2). —
Wheat grown on poor soil on 10 fields in southern Illinois, where the Illinois
system of permanent fertility (E. S. R., 23, p. 17) is practiced, showed an aver-
age yield for 1917 of 8 bu. per acre from the land itself and of 20.5 bu. from
soil enrichments, such as manure, plant residues, limestone, phosphate rock,
and kainit.

Fertilizer experiments, P. T. Shtttt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp.
189-169). — This reports and discusses the results obtained during 1915 in a
continuation and extension of systematic experiments with fertilizers in differ-
ent parts of Canada, previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 24). Numerous prelimi-
nary tests are in progress to determine the value of Atlantic coast seaweeds as
a nitropotassic fertilizer.

The proper season for application of fertilizers to sugi (Cryptomeria
japonica) and hinoki (Chamsecyparis obtusa) seedlings and the eificacy of
fertilizers, S. Moriya {Extracts from Bui. Forest Expt. Sta., Tokyo, 1915, pp.
SJt-Jfl). — Experiments on loamy soil rich in humus, using ammonium sulphate,
sodium nitrate, rapeseed cake, and night soil as nitrogenous manures and sodium
phosphate and potassium sulphate, are reported. The total application of
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash amounted to 112.5 kg. per hectare (about
100 lbs. per acre).

It is concluded that the fertilizers used are more effective when applied at
the proper times than when repeatedly applied at other times. " The efficacy
of base manures was especially noted both for sugi and hinoki. . . . The
best example of the base manure both for sugi and hinoki is observable. . . .
for ammonium sulphate, Chile saltpeter, rapeseed cake, where one-third of
the entire quantity was given as base manure in a few days previous to the
planting of seedlings, while the rest was given as the top-dressings in two
times, viz, in the middle of September and early in May, next year." The best
effect was obtained with night soil when the entire quantity was applied before
planting. With sugi the second best result was obtained for ammonium sul-
phate, rapeseed cake, and night soil where one-half of the entire quantity was
given at first as base manure, while the rest was given in September, and for
Chile saltpeter where the entire quantity was given at four different times,
viz, at first as base manure, the beginning of June, the middle of September,
and early the next June.

"Among the manures applied ammonium sulphate showed the best results for
both trees and rapeseed cake the worst. With sugi, night soil showed better
results than Chile saltpeter, but it was just the opposite in the case of hinoki."

The cause of the injurious effect of sulphate of ammonia when used as a
fertilizer, R. W. Ruprecht and F. W. Morse {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 176
{1917), pp. 119-13Jf, pi. 1). — In continuation of similar work previously noted
(E. S. R., 34, p. 622) the authors describe laboratory investigations with
field soils to determine the relations between sulphate of ammonia and salts
of aluminium, iron, and manganese, particularly the latter, and pot and water
culture tests to ascertain the quantities of these salts which will injure clover
seedlings.

Based on the results obtained in these and the former studies, it is concluded
that " the positive presence of soluble salts of iron, aluminium, and manganese
in soils which have been repeatedly dressed with ammonium sulphate without
adding lime ; the formation of one or more of these salts in soils that were

1918] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 625

extracted with solutions of ammonium sulphate; and the positively injurious
action of manganese sulphate, iron sulphate, and aluminium sulphate on
seedling plants in water cultures and pot cultures when taken together form
a chain of facts which clearly indicates that the injurious effects of sulphate
of ammonia, when used freely without the accompaniment of lime, are due to
the formation of these soluble salts in the soils of the fields so dressed." Fur-
thermore, it is stated that " in the presence of calcium carbonate, water has
removed no observable amounts of aluminium or manganese salts, and bare
traces of iron salts, indicating that lime either reacts with the ammonium salt
promptly, or subsequently breaks up the salts of aluminium and manganese,
and also iron salts, almost completely."

Electrocheniical atmospheric nitrogen fixation industry, O. Scarpa {Ann.
Chini. Appl. [Ro7ne], 7 {1917), No. 1-4, pp. 27-87, figs. 25).— This is a detailed
description of the manufacture of nitrates by the direct oxidation of atmos-
pheric nitrogen, the synthetic production of ammonia, and the production of
nitric acid by ammonia oxidation.

Method of sale of nitrate of soda to farmers by the United States Gov-
ernment {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 78 {1918), pp. 11).— An outline is
given of the plan of procedure promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture
for the sale and distribution of nitrate of soda to farmers by the United States
Government, under authority of the Pood Control Act (E. S. R., 37, p. 303).

Nitrog'en from sewage, S. Rideal {Canad. Engin., 32 {1917), No. 7, p. 157;
abs. in Chem. Abs., 11 {1917), No. 7, p. 859). — The author states that an enor-
mous bulk of nitrogen is wasted in sewage and that ammonia may be recovered
therefrom by heat or by aeration. If activation is carried on in the presence
of lime, it is thought that some ammonia may be recovered with air. The
further opinion is expressed that nitrogen may also be recovered from the
effluent of sprinkling filters by evaporation in special beds.

Acid phosphate v. raw rock phosphate, C. E. Thorne {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta.,
2 {1917), No. 12, pp. 390-393). — The superiority of acid phosphate over raw
rock phosphate when applied in equal amounts, both alone <ind in combination
with muriate of potash, lime, or manure, is thought to be fully demonstrated
in experiments involving rotations of corn, oats, and clover conducted at
Wooster for thirteen years, and of corn, wheat, and clover in progress for
20 years, as indicated by both crop and money returns based on values pre-
vailing up to 1914 and on current values. An experiment recently established
involving a rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and clover, and in which 480 lbs. of
acid phosphate and 768 lbs. of raw rock phosphate, representing equal money
values, are used, in addition to 8 tons of manure, has given the same relative
results.

Domestic supplies of potash, E. H. Jenkins {Connecticut State Sta. Bui.
198 {1917), pp. 45-52). — The average percentages of potash, phosphoric acid,
and in some cases lime and other constituents, are given for Canada hardwood
ashes, ashes from household fires, corncobs, brush heaps, brick kilns, witch-
hazel stills, brass mills, smokehouses, and seaweeds, and the value of these
materials as well as of salt marsh and river-meadow hay and farm manure
as sources of potash is discussed.

Emphasizing the importance of saving all the wood ashes from stoves and
fireplaces, the author states that " too much can not be said of the value of
the ' open fire ' in the house, whether in city or country. Aside from its value
for heating and ventilation, it should be more used than it is as a ' de-
structor ' for many kinds of wastes, recovering from them the most of what
has any value. A hot fire will dry and consume with no annoyance much of
the kitchen waste of the day, or if the waste is buried at night in the hot aslies
61347'— 18 3

626

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

it will dry and be consumed in the next fire. . . . While the amount of
potash in the wastes themselves is relatively very small, the percentage of
potash in their aslie.s is in some cases surprisingly large."

Recent analyses at the station show the following percentages of potash and
phosphoric acid in the ashes of certain common vegetable wastes :

Potash and phosphoric acid in the crude ashes of common vegetaile tcastes.

Kind of vegetable waste.

Potash.

Phosphoric
acid.

Kind of vegetable waste.

Potash.

Phosphoric
acid.

Per cent.
11.74
49.40
46.64
41.76
30.64
31.00

Per cent.
3.08
2.34
3.04
3.25
3.58
6.30

Orange skins

Per cent.
27.04
6.45
27.54
17.25
16.81

Per cent.
2.90

Baoana stalks, yellow

Peanut shells

1.23

5.18

Corncobs

3.14

Cigar ashes

2.57

The fertilizing value of some household wastes, P. E. Beowninq (Jour.
Indus, and Eng. Chem., 9 (1911), No. 11, p. 10-^3; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 9 (1918), No. 1, p. .^2). — Ash
analyses, made in cooperation with J. P. Street of the Connecticut State Experi-
ment Station, are reported. These include those noted in the preceding ab-
stract, except the analysis of red banana stalks and corncobs, as well as the
following additional analyses :

Potash and phosphoric acid in the crude ashes of some household loastes.

Kind of vegetable waste.

Potash.

Phosphoric
acid.

Kind of vegetable waste.

Potash.

Phosphoric
acid.

Per cent.
12.21
13.89
9.00
27.20

18.09

Per cent.
9.77
3.29
1.79
11.28

4.99

Tea loaves

Per cent.

0.44

.67

1.62

.29

6.W

30.76

Per cent.
1.60

Boiled sweet potato skins.

Dried coffee grounds

Lamb chop bono

.36
26.60

Egg shells

.43

String bean strings and

Peach stones

3.25

Peach skins

6.31

Nitrogen determinations are reported in the case of the dried coffee grounds
(1.99 per cent), and lime determinations in the case of the lamb chop bone (32.2
per cent) and egg shells (52.12 per cent).

Inspection of commercial fertilizers, H. D. Haskins, L. S. Walkek, W. A.
AxLEN, and R. S. Scuix (Massachusetts Sta. Control Ser. Bui. 8 (1911), pp.
6Jt). — This reports the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 626 official
samples of commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials, representing 418
distinct brands offered for sale in the State and inspected during 1917. The
chemical character of the raw materials, mixed fertilizers, and acid phosphates
is discussed, and the quality of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
contained in the fertilizer mixtures indicated.

Tertilizing materials, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp.
125-139). — This reports analyses of limestones and marls from various parts
of Canada and of miscellaneous materials, Including fertilime, limekiln refuse,
calcareous deposits from rivers and lakes, tanbark ashes, stone meal, pond
mud, bone char, cotton-mill waste, and starfish.

1918.1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 627

AGRICTJLTTJRAL BOTANY.

Leaf product as an index of growth in soy bean, F. M. Heldebrandt
(Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser., No. S {1011), pp. 202-205).— The author
emphasizes the statement that the relations established by McLean (E. S. R.,
36, p. 809), first, that the leaf product (the sum of the products of length by
breadth of all the leaflets on a soy bean plant four weeks old) is approximately
proportional to the total leaf area of the plant ; and, second, that this leaf area
is itself nearly proportional to the total dry weight of stem and leaves, applies
generally to the soy bean data obtained at nine different localities in Maryland.

In order to utilize the method proposed by Livingston and McLean (E. S. R.,
35, p. 732) of employing the growth rates of standard plants as climatic
indices, and in order to keep the plants so utilized alive and uninjured, soy
bean leaflets were employed according to methods which are briefly described.
As these leaflets are approximately elliptical in form, and as the area of an
ellipse is proportional to the product of its axes, the sum of the individual
leaflet products of a soy bean plant (the total leaf product for that plant)
should be approximately proportional to its total leaf area.

It is noted that this proportion does hold in case of soy bean plants four weeks
old. The dry weight of stem and leaves of this plant is found to be approxi-
mately proportional to the total leaf area. It is thus possible, by multiplying
the proper constant by the leaf area, to calculate the dry weight of the plant.
The soy bean may thus prove to be suitable for use as a standard plant for the
measurement of climate, as Its growth can be determined from easily obtained
leaf measurements.

Seasonal variations in the growth rates of buckwheat plants under green-
house conditions, E. S. Johnston (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3
(1917), pp. 211-211). — The present study was undertaken with special refer-
ence to its applicability in physiological experimentation in plant growth, which
may show itself to be subject to puzzling variations due to changing conditions
in the greenhouse as the seasons change.

Japanese buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) was employed in connection
with Shive's three-salt nutritive solution (E. S. R., 34, p. 333; 36, p. 328). A
set of similar water cultures was started every two weeks, and each continued
for four weeks, so as to allow successive sets to overlap, several different
kinds of measurements being made each week.

The data, as tabulated, show the growth rates to vary in general inde-
pendently from period to period, although increase of weight and increase of
area correspond rather closely, both giving high rates for summer and low
rates for spring and autumn. So far as these data may be taken as an indi-
cation, there is nothing in the usually uncontrolled conditions in a greenhouse
in this climate that might be expected to produce a regular march of growth
rates in height for buckwheat during spring, summer, and autumn. There is
a general agreement between increase of dry weight and of leaf area.

It appears from the considerations as presented and discussed that by
employment of such a method as the present one the climatic plant-producing
power of any four-week period may be directly compared with that of any
other such period at any time or place, the standard plant being used as an
automatically integrating instrumont for the measurement of the effective
climatic conditions, as has been suggested by Livingston and McLean (B. S. R.,
35, p. 732; 36, p. 809).

The effect of aeration on the growth of buckwheat in water cultures, E. E.

.Free (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3 (1911), pp. 108, 199). — Water

cultures of buckwheat in the solution found by Shive (E. S. R., 34, p. 333) to

628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

be the best for that plant were subjected to several gases and to air by
different methods.

The cultures supplied with oxygen, nitrogen, and air showed no departure
from open controls or cultures sealed in accordance with the method employed
by Briggs and Shantz (E. S. R., 25, p. 214), growth rate and dry matter
production being essentially the same and practically all the plants setting
seed. The degi'ee of aeration of buckwheat appears to be of little influence
under such conditions. This point, it is thought, may be of value in general
water culture practice. The plants continuously treated with carbon dioxid
wilted in a few hours and died in a few days. A test with the admission of
air after the first day resulted in a partial recovery, although the plants
remained permanently smaller than the controls.

The effect of deficient soil oxygen on the roots of higher plants, B. E.
Livingston and E. E. Fkee (Johns HopJcins Univ. Circ, n. ser., No. 3 (1911),
pp. 182-185). — During the last three years, experiments have been in progress
regarding the oxygen requirement of the isolated and controlled root systems
of higher plants, the aerial portions being exposed to the atmosphere.

The response of the root systems apparently differs greatly with the species.
The first noticeable effect of oxygen deprivation is an interference with water
absorption by the roots, complete cessation occurring in 24 lioure in case of
Coleus hlumei and Heliotropium peruviannm. Examination of the root sys-
tems of injured plants showed them to be dead and in some portions disinte-
grated. Coleus may be revived and may form a new system of roots, which
always starts from the base of the stem. The earliest symptoms of injury
appear on plants having the largest root systems. Apparently the crucial con-
dition is limitation of the oxygen supply per unit of root surface or volume.

The evidence suggests that the cause of injury by oxygen exclusion is an
interference with the respiration of the protoplasm of the root cells. The suc-
cess of Salix under deprivation of oxygen raises the question whether the
respiration of its roots may not be anaerobic.

The effects of certain mineral poisons on young wheat plants in three-salt
nutrient solutions, E. E. Frke and S. F. Teelease (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ,
n. ser., No. S (1917), pp. 199-201). — The authors, having experimented with
wheat plantlets in the nutrient solution found by Shive (E. S. R., 34, p. 333)
to be the best for the production of dry weight of tops in case of wheat, give
the results in tabular form, with discussion.

Most of the elements employed failed to show any stimulating effects. It is
suggested that the solution employed is itself slightly toxic because of its
high magnesium content. It produces plants showing modifications character-
istic of magnesium poisoning, but gives the best yield of dry weight. This,
■with other observations, suggests that the best production of dry matter by a
plant occurs as a result of slight poisoning. Work on the Canada field pea is
said to have confirmed this suggestion in some degree. Apparently either
magnesium or boron will serve, and it is suggested that other poisons may
prove to be as efficacious in this respect.

Symptoms of poisoning by certain elements in Pelargonium and other
plants, E. E. Free (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3 (1911), pp. 195-
198). — In tests made by the author regarding symptoms of poisoning shown by
P. zonule and other plants under the action of poisonous elements in different
concentrations, it was found that arsenic, barium, bromin, cobalt, copper, lead,
manganese, nickel, silver, uranium, vanadium, and zinc showed no determinable
poisonous effect for any concentration with any plant employed. INIanganese
and zinc slightly improved both color and condition in Pelargonium. Arsenic

1918.] AGRICULTURAL, BOTANY. 629

in higher concentrations produced a slight but unmistakable stimulation of
growth in case of this plant, but it is suggested that this may have been due
to a resulting greater availability of the phosphorus or of other soil nutrients.
Pronounced and very specific toxic effects followed the use of boron, chromium,
iodin, lithium, and mercury, and it is thought that it may be possible to recog-
nize a poisonous ingredient in plants, as in animals, by its effect on the
organism.

Certain features of the localization of injury in the plants suggest a relation
to transpiration, that is, the poison's being carried into the plant incidentally
by the transpiration stream and producing injury only when and where evapo-
ration sufliciently increases concentration in a local tissue area. Chromium
may prove to be an exception in this regard.

Sterilization of popcorn, R. O. Beigham {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 17 {1915),
pp. 190-193) .—lieqmring several sterile seeds of popcorn for work in progress
on the availability of nitrogen from certain organic compounds in sterile and
in inoculated cultures for the growth of plants, the author carried out experi-
mentation from which he concludes that mercuric chlorid, even at very low
concentrations and for short durations of time, is toxic to popcorn seedlings, but
that sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) used to treat the seeds for four minutes is
the best disinfectant so far tested. While about 90 per cent of the seeds were
free from organisms, yet absolute sterility ctsuld not be obtained as some
fungi probably lie too deep in the seed coat to be reached by the disinfectant.

The presence of ammonia and of ammonium salts in plants, T. Weevers
{Rec. Trav. Bot. N6erland., 13 {1916), No. 2, pp. 63-iO//).— Previous study of
potassium in plants (E. S. R., 26, p. 823) having led to a similar study of the
localization of ammonium, the author gives in considerable detail the results
obtained with different plants by the employment of a method, the limitations
of which are indicated.

In the phanerogams investigated, free ammonia was found only in the root
nodules. Among the cryptogams, it was found in some of the Hymenomycetes
(Clitocybe infundibuliformis) and lichens {Peltigera canlna). Ammonium salts
were found in all species with the exception of certain forms growing in marshy
soils. At a given time of the year, like portions of plants of the same species
gave sensibly the same percentages, the influence of habitat appearing to be
slight.

A method for approximating sunshine intensity from ocular observations
of cloudiness, F. M. Hildebrandt {Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3
{1917), pp. 205-208). — ^This method, as briefly des*-ribed, is based upon the
assumption that, while solar radiation alTects plants in other ways than tlirough
its heating effect, by far the greater part of the sunshine energy absorbed by
plants is converted into heat (largely as latent heat of the vaporization of
water). It seems probable that the total of the other effects produced upon the
plant may be more or less proportional to the total energy equivalent of sun-
shine. The method of measurement of light here described, although only a
rough approximation depending upon the heating effect of the sunshine, is said
to have given numbers rather definitely correlated with plant growth.

Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and
Plant Introduction during the period from October 1 to December 31, 1914
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Inventory No. Jfl {1917), pp. 67, pis. 4).—
This is an inventory of seeds and plants imported, mostly from Asia, during the
period from October 1 to December 31, 1914, about 370 numbers being reported
upon.

630 BXPEEIMENT STATION KECOBD. [Vol.38

FIELD CROPS.

[Report of field crops work in Kansas, 1915-16] (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916,
pp. 12-14. S2-SJf, S6-SS, 39-42). — This reports the progress of variety, cultural,
and fertilizer tests with grain and forage crops conducted at Manhattan and
on the various substations, in continuation of similar work previously noted
(E. S. R., 36, p. 131).

An application of 2.^^ tons of manure increased the yield of wheat grown con-
tinuously 35.2 per cent for a 5-year average, and of alfalfa grown continuously,
80.2 per cent. An annual application of 5 tons increased the average yield of
alfalfa 118.1 per cent, and 2.5 tons of manure supplemented by 380 lbs. of rock
phosphate, 97.4 per cent. Manure produced higher yields with alfalfa than com-
mercial fertilizers, although the difference was not so great where alfalfa was
grown in rotation as where it was grown continuously. Complete commercial
fertilizers and potassium sulphate have not proved profitable for any crop.

Com after corn preceded by alfalfa yielded 70.3 bu. per acre; after wheat
preceded by corn, 63.9 bu. ; after wheat preceded by cowijeas, 60.2 bu. ; and
grown continuously, 52.7 bu. Wheat after corn yielded 19.5 bu. per acre ; after
cowpeas, 15.27 bu. ; and grown continuously, 12.75 bu. The highest wheat yields
were again obtained from the earliest methods of seed bed preparation. The
variations in nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil following various methods
of seed bed preparation appeared to be physical, in the activity of those organ-
isms bringing about cleavage, hydrolysis, or oxidation of native proteins.

P-762, a hard winter wheat, outyielded Turkey and Kharkof by 2.G9 and 3.86
bu. per acre, respectively, for a 5-year average. A strain of Red Texas oats pro-
duced on the average 3.5 bu. more per acre than the best variety previously
grown.

Medium early seeding for oats at the rate of 2.5 bu. per acre, and the seeding
of wheat about October 1 with a rate of 6 pk. per acre, were deemed best.
Corn grown on plats left uncultivated, but with the weeds removed by hand,
gave practically as high yields as that on plats cultivated three times in the
ordinary way.

In silage tests, sweet sorghum was first with a yield per acre of 23.6 tons of
silage and 21.4 bu. of grain, kaJQr corn second with 16.6 tons of silage and 54.4
bu. of grain, and commercial white corn third with 15.4 tons of silage and 74.28
bu. of grain. Sudan grass sown on May 15 and June 16 gave average yields of
3.64 and 2.8 tons of cured hay per acre, respectively.

Seeding experiments with wheat at the Fort Hays substation indicated that
early seedings should be made at low rates and late seedings at high rates. Of
the grain sorghums tested, Dwarf milo was first with a yield of 59.8 bu. per
acre. Date-of-planting tests with sorghums for grain and forage showed that
kafir corn and feterita did best when planted June 1, while saccharin varieties,
such as Freed, Minnesota Amber, and Red Amber grown for forage alone, pro-
duced best when planted June 15. The thickest planting rate, 4 in. apart in the
row, proved best for both feterita and Red Amber in 1915. The 1914 and 1915
yields showed a decided advantage in favor of close-drilled Red Amber as com-
pared with cultivated rows for hay, while feterita planted in alternate rows
yielded only two-thirds as much fodder and grain per acre as was obtained
from 4-in. spacings in regular rows. Of 52 varieties of sorghums tested, Red
Amber was considered best for forage and Dwarf Yellow milo best as a general-
purpose variety. The quality of Sudan grass hay was deemed best when the
crop was cut in the full-head stage, and the optimum time for planting was
found to be from May 10 to 15. Legumes in Sudan grass mixtures failed entirely
in 1914 and 1915. Tunis grass is said to be unsatisfactory. German millet

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 631

proved to be superior to other millets for the past three years, but is inferior
in both yields and quality to Sudan grass.

Alfalfa tests conducted in the dry uplands since 1903 Indicate that only
occasional stands can be obtained, although the crop is an unquestioned success
on the bottom lands of western Kansas. Annual legumes have not proved profit-
able either for hay or for seed, but Tepary beans offer some promise.

The highest yields of barley, oats, and spring and winter wheat were again
obtained on disked corn ground. Kafir corn and milo maize gave the best
results with fall or early spring plowing.

Winter wheat sown on summer-tilled land on the Garden City substation pro-
duced the highest yield, 21.3 bu. per aa-e. Land subsoiled every three years
failed to give increased yields over land not subsoiled. Winter wheat sown on
disked corn ground produced 16.8 bu. per acre, and that on disked potato ground,
14.8 bu.

The highest yields of spring wheat, 16.1 and 17.4 bu. per acre, were obtained
from disked corn land and summer-tilled land, respectively. The highest oat
and barley yields, 56.7 and 45.3 bu. per acre, respectively, were obtained on
summer-tilled plats. Fall plowing for oats resulted in a yield of 28.8 bu., and
spring plowing one of 37.2 bu. Barley yields for these methods amounted to
24.2 and 31.4 bu. per acre, respectively. The highest yields of Dwarf milo
were obtained on land listed in the fall, and amounted to 41.9 bu. of grain and
3,900 lbs. of stover per acre, with yields of 38.2 bu. of grain and 3,300 lbs. of
stover on fall-plowed land. Spring plowing showed much lower yields.

In variety tests with sorghums for grain. Dwarf Yellow milo was first with
48 bu. per acre. Sumac was first in yield of forage with 17,200 lbs., and Orange
second with 15,800 lbs. Kafir corn grown on fall-plowed plants produced 4.3
bu. more grain and 1,309 lbs. more stover per acre than that grown on fall-
listed plats. Summer-tilled land produced 45.6 bu. of corn and 4,000 lbs. of
stover ; spring-listed, 35.6 bu. of grain and 2,500 lbs. of stover ; spring-plowed,
33.1 bu. of grain and 2,730 lbs. of stover; fall-plowed, 28.4 bu. of grain and
1,761 lbs. of stover ; and subsoiled, 30.5 bu. of grain and 2,970 lbs. of stover.
Freed White Dent was first in corn variety tests with a yield of 47 bu. per
acre. Kharkof and Turkey Red were the best winter wheat varieties tested,
with a yield of approximately 16.5 bu. Marquis and Kubanka, with average
yields of 11 and 10.6 bu., respectively, were the highest yielding spring wheat
varieties tested. The highest oat yields were 24.4 bu. for Kherson and 20.2 bu.
for Red Texas, and from Common Six Row and Common California for barley.

The most profitable yields of cereal crops were obtained with a winter irri-
gation of 6 in. followed by a second application of from 4 to 6 in. when the
wheat was in the boot stage. With forage crops one winter and two summer
irrigations, totaling 12 in. of water, are deemed sufficient, while alfalfa was
found to require an application for each cutting. The estimated cost and net
profit for irrigation where the water must be pumped 130 ft. are indicated for
actual field tests with alfalfa, winter wheat, oats, and Sudan grass both for
hay and seed.

In corn variety tests on the Colby substation, Freed White Dent, Pride of
Saline, Ford County White, and Bloody Butcher, with yields ranging from 42.6
to 39.7 bu. per acre, were highest. Kanred winter wheat yielded 34.25 bu., as
compared with 33.66 bu. for local Turkey. Bearded Fife and Black Macaroni
spring wheats yielded 30 and 31.4 bu. per acre, respectively. Red Amber
sorghum was the only variety to mature good seed In 1915.

Freed White, Red Amber, Black Amber, Dakota Amber, and Minnesota
Amber, with yields ranging from 15 to 20 bu. per acre, were the only sorghum
varieties to produce grain in 1915 on the Tribune substation. Pink kafir,

632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Amber and Orange sorghums, and Schrock kafir produced the heaviest yields
of forage, ranging from 8 to 5.8 tons per acre. An early prepared seed bed is
deemed best for sorghums, while fallow is not regarded as being advantageous.
Summer fallow for wheat proved to be the only method to insure a crop,
except the partial fallow system or double spaced corn stubble. For summer till-
age, a listed fallow is deemed superior to a plowed fallow. Turkey wheat, grown
in a rotation with sorghum and fallow produced 22.2 bu. per acre, while other
tests of alternate fallow produced yields of only 10 and 5 bu., respectively, for
listed and plowed fallows. Nebraska Calico, Cassel White Dent, Moore Calico,
Freed White Dent, and Towner White Dent, with yields ranging from 64.4 to
61.2 bu. per acre, were the highest yielding corn varieties tested. Corn on a
fallow seed bed produced an average of 31 bu. per acre, and after wheat, 20.4
bu. Sown in rows 84 in. apart, corn has given larger yields than when sown in
rows 42 in. apart, in average years, but in 1915 both methods produced an aver-
age yield of 27.2 bu. per acre.

Mexican and Tepary beans have each yielded about 8 bu. per acre for three
seasons. Of the potato varieties tested, New York Rurals, Pearl, Green Moun-
tain, Triumph, and Irish Cobbler yielded from 73 to 115 bu. per acre in 1915.

Western Orange and Red Amber sorghums are deemed best for forage on the
Dodge City substation, while Fink kafir and Yellow milo (when free from
chinch bugs) have produced good yields of gi-aiu. Western corn varieties have
produced an average of 51 bu., and eastern varieties of 35 bu., per acre.

Sudan grass sown In cultivated rows 44 in. apart at the rate of 6 lbs. per
acre yielded 400 lbs. of seed per acre. Sown at the rate of 22 lbs. it yields 6,500
lbs. of field-cured hay per acre.

Applications of from 3 to 20 tons of salt per acre have been made upon
bindweed-infested areas. A rate of 10 tons is deemed sufficient to kill the weed,
provided the small spots where the weed grows up are resalted.

[Report of field crops work at the Missouri Experiment Station, 1916—
17], C. A. Helm, J. B. Smith, W. C. Etheridge, E. M. McDonald, and Rachel
Holmes (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 (1917), pp. ^O-U, 62, fig. i).— This briefly re-
ports the progress of work continued along the same general lines followed
in preceding years (E. S. R., 37, p. 730), embracing cultural and variety tests
with soy beans, cowpeas, alfalfa, oats, barley, corn, wheat, and forage crops
at various experimental centers in the State.

Of 84 varieties of soy beans tested for seed production at Columbia the
highest-yielding varieties were Morse with 28.8 bu., Austin with 28.4 bu.,
Virginia with 27.2 bu.. Mikado with 26.1 bu., and Columbia with 25.6 bu. per
acre. At Maryville, Peking, Sable, and Black Beauty were the leading vari-
eties, with yields of 16.9, 15.4, and 14.9 bu. per acre, respectively. At Warrens-
burg 9 varieties were tested for liay production, the leading varieties witli
their respective acre yields of cured hay being as follows : Mikado 3.9 tons,
Wilson 3.6, and Black Beauty 3.5. Cultural tests at Columbia indicated that
better yields of seed and hay were obtained from plantings in 8-in. rows be-
tween June 1 and 15, with the seed drilled in at the rate of 42 lbs. per acre.

In variety tests with cowpeas for hay production at Columbia, Groit, Whip-
poorwill. Clay, Coffee, and Red Ripper were the leading varieties, and at War-
rensburg and Maryville, Whippoorwill. In cultural tests at Columbia the
largest yields of hay were obtained by drilling in the seed at the rate of
5 pk. per acre in rows 16 in. apart.

Afalfa variety tests indicated a marked superiority of northern-grown seed
over southern-grown seed.

The highest-yielding oat varieties at Columbia were Green Russian, Big
Four, White Russian, and Kherson, with yields of 30, 28.6, 28.2, and 27.8 bu.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 633

per acre, respectively. At Maryville the leading varieties included Great
Dakota with 47.7, Kherson with 46.9, Red Rust Proof with 45.1, and Early
Champion with 40.2 bu. per aci"e. At Warreu.sburg the fall-plowed oat plats
yielded nearly 12 bu. per acre more than either early spring-plowed plats or
disked plats. In rate-of-seeding tests the minimum yield, 27.9 bu. per acre
was obtained, with a seeding rate of 4 pk. and the maximum yield, 34.6 bu.,
with a seeding rate of 12 pk. All winter oat varieties winterkilled at Columbia.

Yields of spring barley amounting to 22.7 and 21.5 bu. per acre were ob-
tained at Maryville and Warrensburg, respectively. All varieties of winter
barley winterkilled.

The corn variety tests have been reported upon in detail elsewhere (E. S. R.,
36, p. 185). F'urther studies of factors influencing the development of the
corn plant, including the effects of competition between corn and soy beans,
have been made without arriving at definite conclusions.

It has been concluded from trials with wheat and oats that when seeded in
drill rows 3 or 4 in. apart there is no increase in yield over seedings in 6- or 8-in.
rows provided the same quantity of seed is used.

In selection work with wheat for the past three years average yields of the
original and selected strains have been obtained as follows : Original Fulcaster
35.9 bu. per acre, selected 40.5 bu. ; original Early Ripe 31.4 bu., selected 27.3
bu. ; and original Poole 31.6 bu., selected 31.8 bu. Leading varieties of wheat
in tests conducted at Columbia included Harvest King, with a yield of 23 bu.
per acre, Fulcaster 8-y and Mediterranean 30 with 21.4 bu. each, and Fulcaster
with 19.3 bu. At Maryville, Mediterranean, Jones Red Wave, Harvest King,
and Fulcaster gave the highest yields, amounting to 42.1, 41.4, 37.2, and
36.4 bu. per acre, respectively. Dietz, Fultz, Harve.st King, and Fulcaster,
with respective acre yields of 26.2, 22.7, 20.8, and 20.5 bu., were highest at
"Warrensburg.

In tests of forage crops at Columbia Canada field peas alone and mixed with
oats proved best for spring-sown forage ; mixtures of Amber sorghum and
cowpeas, and Kafir corn and sorghum for summer forage ; and a mixture of
rye and vetch and rye alone for fall sowing. Sudan grass is said to be giving
satisfactory results in numerous tests throughout the State.

The seed testing laboi*atory, conducted in cooperation with the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, received 1,723 samples of seed during the year.

[Report of field crops work in New Mexico, 1916-17] (New Mexico Sta,
Rpt. 1917, pp. 28-30, 55-71, flfjs. 5). — This reports the results of experiments
on the duty of water for alfalfa, irrigation, and cultural tests with potatoes,
and miscellaneous crop experiments, in continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. R., 37, p. 32).

Six cuttings of alfalfa were harvested during the season, with an average
yield of 5.96 tons per acre and an average duty of water of 53.11 acre-inches for
irrigations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 in. The highest yield per acre was obtained from
the 5-in. irrigation, 6.67 tons, and the lowest from the 2-in. irrigation, 5.3 tons,
with duty of water amounting to 61.49 and 42.19 acre-inches, respectively.
Additional irrigation experiments with fallow plats and plats sown to alfalfa
drilled in and planted in rows to study the relation of soil, water, and crop to
irrigation have given results with respect to yield and duty of water com-
parable to those described above. The data are also said to indicate that 3 in.
of water applied at each irrigation to the cropped plats penetrated to a depth
of about 3 ft, while 5-in. applications penetrated to about 6 ft. On the fallow
plats the water appeared to penetrate to a depth of 10 ft. or over. Root
measurements were made, on plats receiving'2 and 5 in. of water, after 2 years'
growth, and roots obtained averaging 42 and 57 in. in length, respectively.

634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.88

Winter irrigations of 10 and 5 in. on potato plats receiving level, ridge, and
Greeley cultivation resulted in an average germination of 93 and 87 plants per
plat, respectively, as compared with 54 plants for plats receiving no winter irri-
gation. Winter and summer irrigated Greeley and level culture plats are de-
scribed as giving satisfactory yields, while the nonirrigated winter or summer
plats were very poor. The effect upon yield of potatoes of different methods of
irrigation and cultivation and of manure are depicted graphically.

Corn receiving manure has produced an average yield of 46.6 bu. per acre
for the two years 1915 and 1916, as compared with a yield of only 17.3 bu. for
unmanured. Corn grown in plats irrigated before seeding produced a S-year
average yield for three different varieties of 37.3 bu. per acre and an average
stand of 53 per cent, as compared with a yield of 41.2 bu. and a stand of 89.3 per
cent for the same varieties grown on plats irrigated after seeding.

Tests of methods of Johnson grass eradication, of Sudan grass and Russian
thistle suitability for forage, and of varieties of sugar beets and alfalfa are
briefly noted.

In cotton variety tests, the three best varieties were Burnett with 1.47 bales
of lint cotton per acre, Durango with 1.46 bales, and Allan Improved Triumph
with 1.37 bales.

[Field crops work at the Canada stations and farms in 1915], J. H. Gris-
DALE ET AL. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. lOS-115, 192-382, 643-647,
701, 702, 704, 705, 721, 722, 733-736, 765-769, 782, 783, 788, 789, 810-813, 817-
822, 847-849, 861, 862, 872, 873, 880, 881, 902, 903, 911, 915, 916, 920-926, 952-
954, 985, 994, 999-1093, 1129-1134, 1195-1300, 1381-1427, pis. 14).— A detailed
report of variety, fertilizer, and cultural tests with cereal and forage crops,
sugar beets, flax, hemp, potatoes, and tobacco in a continuation of similar
work previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 32). The results obtained are presented
in tabular form and briefly discussed.

Variety and cultural tests with winter and spring wheat, oats, barley, field
peas, flax for grain and fiber, winter and .spring rye, emmer, spelt, buckwheat,
vetch, corn for silage, root crops for forage, clover, alfalfa, and miscellaneous
legumes and grasses for hay were conducted at the stations, substations, and
farms in the Provinces of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New
Brunsviack, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.
Rotation and fertilizer tests have been conducted in the same localities, and
a rather extensve study made of the cost of production of various field crops.
Date-oi-planting tests and tests of different sized seed pieces have been made
with potatoes, in addition to variety tests. Analyses of standard varieties of
sugar beets grown at various centers are also presented.

Variety, cultural, and fertilizer tests with tobacco, and observations on seed-
bed majiagement and on harvesting and curing the crop conducted in the
Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, are described as heretofore. Additional work
dealing with a survey of tobacco soils in Canada, and the study of tobacco
diseases and of selection and plant breeding work is outlined. The season of
1915 is described as having been absolutely adverse to tobacco growing,
although a large increase in the production of bright tobacco in Ontario is re-
ported, due to a more judicious selection of the soils. In fertilizer tests con-
ducted at Farnham (Quebec) the yield with superphosphate was 1,583 lbs. of
tobacco per arpent (0.84 acre), as compared with a yield of 1,481 lbs. from
basic slag. A fertilizer formula including 250 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 150
lbs. of sulphate of potash, and 120 lbs. of superphosphate per arpent is recom-
mended.

Tests in seed-bed management at Harrow (Ontario) indicated that the best
results were obtained where fertilizers were applied before steaming the soil.

1918] FIELD CROPS. 635

The root rot disease occurred to some extent in all beds, but is said to have
been most prevalent where the greatest amount of fine mold from bush soil had
been used, and during cool, unfavorable weather. The Turkish varieties and
hybrids appeared to be least affected by the disease, while White Burley was
especially susceptible.

Report of the Mandalay Agricultural Station (including' Natywagon sub-
station) for the year 1915—16, E. Thompstone and A. M. Sawyer {Dept. Agr.
Burma, Rpt. Mandalay Agr. Sta., 1915-16, pp. 57). — Rather extensive fertilizer
tests, cultural experiments, and hybridization work with rice at the Mandalay
station are briefly reported, together with field tests of pigeon peas, wheat,
oats, and gram. Field tests with Phaseolus lunatus and P. acutifoHus and
selection tests with P. lunatus, Cajanus indicus, and Pisum sativum at the
Natywagon substation are also noted.

Report of the Padu Agricultural Station for the year 1915—16, E. Thomp-
stone (Dept. Agr. Burma, Rpt. Padu Agr. Sta., 1915-16, pp. 11). — This station
was established in 1914 for the purpose of improving the varieties and cul-
tural methods of wheat and gram in this region, to improve the short-staple
cottons of the district, and to test new crops and rotations for the poor upland
soils. Selection work with wheat and gram and field tests with wheat, gram,
cotton, peanuts, sesame, and other native crops are briefly noted.

Driage. — The loss in weight of crops after harvesting, G. Evans (Agr.
Jour. India, 12 (1911), No. 2, pp. 224-229).— The author claims that the re-
sults reported of crop experiments are often misleading, due to losses in weight
of the crops after harvesting, so that they do not always represent the true
marketable weight of the crops. He therefore reports a series of experiments
witli rice, peanuts, Andropogon sorghum, Sesamum indicum, Gicer arietinum,
and wheat to determine their loss in weight through drying from time of
harvest to time of thrashing.

Light, medium, late, and very late rice showed losses in weight of 11.75, 11.5,
9.5, and 6.5 per cent, respectively, in three days after harvesting. The Big
Japanese variety of peanut showed a loss of 43 per cent in 8 days, 41.5 per
cent of which occurred in the first 6 days. A smaller Japanese variety showed
a loss of 46.5 per cent in 6 days. A. sorghum lost approximately 15 per cent
in 3 days and more than 22 per cent in two months. The remaining crops
showed losses of from 1 to 3 per cent, attributed to the fact that they were
harvested dead ripe wlien the air was very dry and the temperature high, re-
sulting in rapid evaporation. Further experiments are in progress in an effort
to arrive at some factor which will allow suitable reductions for driage in the
different staple crops.

Grass land and plowed land, R. G. Stapledon (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London"],
Sup. n (1917), pp. IV+5S9; abs. in Nature [Londoni, 99 (1917), No. 2488, p.
S73). — In view of the necessity for increased production of home-grown food
the author discusses in some detail the question of grass lands in their rela-
tion to food production in Great Britain. Dividing all grass land into (1) per-
manent grass (fields down to grass 20 years or more), (2) outrun grass com-
posed of senile leys, or outrun permanent grass, and (3) rotations or temporary
leys, he proposes improvement through top-dressing, renovating mixtures, altered
methods of stocking, substituting pasture for meadow conditions or the re-
verse, eradication of weeds, and drainage, or through the breaking up of the
turf and the conversion of poor grass into rotation laud with temporary leys.
It is suggested that the number of acres of grass land to be broken annually for
a period of years be definitely decided upon in advance, the remaining grass
land to be improved by the most appropriate of the methods noted above. The
extensive use of basic slag, lime, and wild white clover is urged as fundamental

636 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

in stimulating production in districts of low average fertility, together with the
selection of suitable mixtures of grasses and clovers for seeding the temporary
leys. It is pointed out that the possibility of preparing grass land for rotation
during the late spring and summer and in adverse winter weather allows con-
siderable scope for the employment of motor tractors over a greatly extended
period of the year aside from the plowing for fall wheat.

Grain production in Nevada, C. S. Knight {Nevada Bta. Bui. 89 {1917).
pp. 3-14. figs. 16). — Variety tests with wheat, barley, an'l oats and irrigation
experiments with wheat are reported for the period of 1914-1916, inclusive, and
cultural methods and field practices described as employed in the production of
wheat, and in less detail of barley and oats in Nevada.

Of the wheat varieties tested. White Club, Bluestem, Marquis, Minnesota
Fife, and White Australia, with average yields of 58.3, 55.7, 51.6, 48.5, and 45.4
bu. per acre, respectively, are deemed to be especially well adapted to growth
under irrigation in the State.

•The results of the irrigation experiments, embracing a comparison of 3- and 7-
inch applications of water at the 5-leaf, boot, bloom, milk, and dough stages,
respectively, and of the omission of one and two irrigations are held to indi-
cate that in every case the 7-inch applications were superior to the 3-inch.
The avera'ge yield of the 7-inch applications was 24.5 per cent greater than
that for the 3-inch applications where one irrigation was omitted, 11.5 per cent
greater where two irrigations were omitted, and 9.9 per cent where no irriga-
tions were omitted. The highest average yield, 34.9 bu. per acre, was obtained
from 7-inch applications where one irrigation was omitted in the 5-leaf stage.
The lowest yields with both 3- and 7-inch applications were obtained when irri-
gations were omitted at either the boot or bloom stages. The most critical period
in the irrigation of wheat is deemed to be betv/een the boot and milk stages
of development.

In tests of barley varieties New Zealand produced the highest average yield,
80 bu. per acre, for the two years 1915 and 1916, while Montana Blue Ribbon
was highest for the 3-year period of 1914-1916, with 73 bu. per acre. The
results of these tests are held to favor the 2-rowed varieties of barley.

Of the oat varieties tested Early Mountain, with an average yield of 81.75 bu.
per acre for the 2 years of 1915 and 1916, was the only variety not seriously
affected by shattering of the seed due to blasting of the panicles before the
plants had matured. Practically 50 per cent of the grain shattered before har-
vest in most of the varieties tested.

Variety tests with wheat and barley were conducted during 1915 and 1916
in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture on the experiment farm
at Fallon. Little Club, with an average yield of 48.9 bu. per acre, was the
highest yielding wheat variety, and Coast, with an average yield of 39.6 bu.,
the highest yielding barley variety.

[Hybridization studies with spelt and wheat], H. M. Gmelin {Cultura,
29 {1911), No. 345, pp. IJfO-lSS, p?s. 2; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome},
Internat. Rev. Scl. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 9, pp. 1236-1239).— The author
reports and describes crosses of red beardless spelt with velvet chaff Essex
wheat, and presents considerable tabulated data relative to the gametic com-
position of the Fi generation.

Silage investigations, C. H. Eckles and L. W. Wing {Missouri Sta. Bui.
151 {1917), pp. 36, 37).— Results of trials covering a period of four years are
held to indicate that excellent silage may be made from any of several legumes
provided the material contains approximately 40 per cent dry matter when put
into the silo. Legumes cut for hay and containing about 25 per cent dry matter
can be raised to 40 per cent by allowing the material to dry in the sun for

1918] FIELD CROPS. 637

four or five hours after cutting. The loss in dry matter in the silage from
such sources is said to be about 10 per cent, while in material containing only
from 20 to 25 per cent dry matter the loss was more than 20 per cent.

Silage crops for western Washington, B. B. Stookey {Washington Sta.,
West Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 5 (WIS), No. 10, pp. 1^8-152) .—The production and
relative value of corn, clover and grass, winter wheat and spring vetch, and
spring oats and peas or vetch for silage in western Washington are briefly
outlined.

Names of textile plant fibers, L. H. Dewey (In The Rubber Industry,
London: Inlernat. Rubber and Allied Trades Ex. [1911^, pp. SIfl-SSO) .—T\\q
author presents a check list of the principal textile plant tibers and fiber-
producing plants, giving the names of the fibers, the common and botanical
names of the plants, and the countries of production.

Crotalaria usaramoensis as a green manure, W. M. van Helten {Dept.
Landb., Nijv. en Handel {Dutch East Indies'^, Meded. Cultuurtuin, No. 6
{1917), pp. 3, pi. 1). — Observations of field tests with C. usaramoensis (form-
merly C. muyussi) are briefly noted.

The improvement of the jute crop by pure-line selection, R. S. Finlow
{Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1911), No. 2, pp. 283-290). — This is a progress report on
the production of improved seed of pure lines of Corchorus olitorius and C.
capsularis, with the view of improving the crop in Bengal.

New grasses for California. — I. Phalaris stenoptera, P. B. Ivennedy {Univ.
Cal. Pubs. Agr. Sci., 3 {1917), No. 1, pp. 24, pls. 8). — P. stenoptera is described
and illustrated and its value as a perennial grass, capable of standing the
winter temperatures and long, dry seasons in the central valleys of California
Is discussed.

The after-ripening of cane. — Chemical changes which take place after
cutting, .T. H. Barnes {Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1917), No. 2, pp. 200-215).— Bx-
perimental evidence is presented by the author indicating that the custom of
storing cut sugar cane before crushing, as practiced in the Gurdaspur District,
India, is justified, as it tends to further ripening with a consequent increase
in sucrose. It was also observed that the practice was attended with a danger
of loss if the storing was continued for too long a period.

The length of time for which cane can be stored without suffering a decrease
of sucrose and during which a natural increase may be expected is said to vary
Vvith the temperature of the air and the condition of the cane, decreasing with
a rise of temperature. Excessive cold, including too great a change in tem-
perature, may cause losses in sucrose, probably due to suspended cell activity
and a consequent loss of control of the ordinary fermentation changes occurring
in the cell.

The Gurdaspur practice of covering cut cane with damp trash to keep the
cane stem alive maintains a uniform temperature with little loss of moisture
and, according to the author, should result in a natural increase rather than a
decrease in the sucrose content of the cane for a limited time, depending on the
temperature and the condition of the cane. It is pointed out that moist heat
will also induce the growth of molds, fungi, and bacteria, resulting in decay
fermentations and ultimate loss of sucrose.

Considerable tabulated data are presented giving the results of numerous
analyses and calculations.

Behavior of sweet potatoes in the ground, H. Hasselbring {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 1, pp. 9-17, fig. 1). — Experimental
work suggested by the author's previous investigations (E. S. R, 32, p. 633) is
described in which the carbohydrate metabolism in Big Stem sweet potatoes
grown in a sandy field at Bell Station, Md., was followed in order to determine

638 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

whether the quantitative relations between the starch content and sugar content
remain constant throughout the latter part of the growing season and to throw
some light on the determination of the best time of harvesting the crop.
Samples of from 15 to 20 kg. of roots were collected each week from September
18 to November 27, inclusive, and moisture, starch, cane sugar, and reducing
sugar determined in duplicate in 5 potatoes of each lot. The results of the
analyses are presented in tabular form, illustrated graphically, and briefly dis-
cussed. The author also compares his observations with those made by Keitt
in South Carolina (B. S. R., 25, p. 534).

It is concluded " that the changes occurring in sweet potatoes in the ground
during the latter part of the growing season proceed in a regular and orderly
manner. During the later part of the period of growth the composition of
the roots remains remarkably uniform, and presents no striking or irregular
fluctuations. During this period the root is characterized by a high starch
content and a low sugar content. The changes which occur later are associated
with the death of the vines. Prominent among these changes is the accumula-
tion of water in the roots as a result of the cessation of transpiration in conse-
quence of the destruction of the leaves. With the termination of the flow of
materials from the vines the carbohydrate transformations characteristic of
sweet potatoes in storage are inaugurated. These changes consist in the trans-
formation of starch into sugars. In point of time the decrease in starch and
the increase in reducing sugar precede somewhat the increase in cane sugar. It
appears, therefore, that reducing sugar is formed first as an intermediate
step in the change from starch to cane sugar. The loss caused by respira-
tion, which is considerable during the curing process and in storage, is ap-
parently slight in sweet potatoes in the ground. Appreciable destruction of
carbohydrates appears not to occur under these conditions until late In the
season when the roots have been injured by frosts.

" The changes here described have a practical bearing on the question of
maturation of sweet potatoes and on the choice of the time of harvest. . . .
It is evident . . . that the choice of time of harvest is not a matter of maturity
of the roots, but is governed by other factors. The potatoes may safely be kept
in the ground until the leaves have been injured by frost. Of the changes
which occur after the destruction of the leaves, the accumulation of water
in the roots deserves foremost consideration. It can scarcely be doubted that
this increased water content is detrimental to the successful storage of the
roots, and causes them to be more subject to decay than roots of normal water
content. . . . On this account it is of utmost importance that the harvesting
of sweet potatoes be not long delayed after the leaves have been killed by frost.
The other changes occurring in sweet potatoes in the ground are essentially
the same as the changes occurring in storage. These changes are therefore in
no way detrimental to the crop, since no appreciable loss of carbohydrates
occurs until the roots have been so severely injured that they have lost their
market value."

Tobacco culture in Eg-ypt, V. Moss6bi {Bui. Union Agr. Egypte, 15 (1917),
No. 119, pp. SS-7S, figs. 2). — A detailed account of tobacco production under
Egyptian conditions.

Structure of the pod and the seed of the Georgia velvet bean, Stizolobium
deeringianum, C. V. Piper and J. M. Shxji.l (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jo-ur. Agr.
Research, 11 {1917), No. IS, pp. 673-676, pis. 2).— The microscopic structure
of the pod and seed of S. decringianum is described and illustrated. Since
velvet bean meal gives promise of becoming an important commercial feed
these structures are deemed important as a basis of identifying the meal either
pure, adulterated, or in mixtures.

1918.] HORTICULTURE. 639

" In velvet bean meal the most abundant recognizable elements are : ( 1 ) The
palisade cells of the testa; (2) the sclerenchyma cells of the pod; (3) the
hairs of the pod; and (4) an occasional hourglass cell. Most of the fibers are
broken, but with careful examination nearly all of the structures may be
found. The most important elements to determine that the material is com-
posed of velvet beans are the sclerenchyma cells and the hairs of the pods."

Seed Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Seed Rptr., 1 {1918), No. 3, pp. S).— This
number contains the usual statistics and tabulated data on supplies, probable
demands, movement, and market conditions of seed stocks, including seed
sweet corn for canners, millet, velvet beans, seed potatoes for the South, onion
sets (Chicago district), timothy, red and alsike clover, and alfalfa seed ship-
ments, Sudan grass, broom corn, grain and forage sorghums in Kansas, Okla-
homa, Texas, and Missouri, imports of forage plant seed permitted entry into
the United States, and clover and timothy receipts and shipments for Chicago,
Milwaukee, and Toledo markets.

Brief explanatory notes are given on the preliminary garden-seed survey
made November 1, 1917, and previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 441). An appeal
to the corn growers of the United States for cooperation with county. State,
and national agencies with respect to needs and supplies of seed corn is made
by C. P. Hartley. The development and production of pure Pima (Egyptian
long staple) cotton seed by a cooperative cotton growers' association in the
Salt River Valley, Ariz., is described by T. H. Kearney.

HORTICULTTJEE.

[Progress report on horticultural investigations] (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151
(1917), pp. Jf6-53, figs. 5). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 38,
p. 743) concise statements are given of progress made along various lines of
horticultural work during the year ended June 30, 1917.

Among the investigations in charge of J. C. Whltten, fruit nutrition studies
were continued during the year with strawberries, peaches, and apples. The
experimental work with strawberries was limited to applications of lime at
the rate of 500 lbs. per acre. The lime was put on during the growing season
of 1916. The limed plants developed better foliage and mildew seemed more
prevalent on these plants, probably due to the heavier foliage. There was
very little difference in yield between the limed and unlimed plats. Data are
given on yield of varieties included in the experiment.

The peach crop was almost completely destroyed by the cold winter of 1916.
It was shown, however, that the trees receiving nitrogen alone or in combina-
tion are more vigorous than trees not so treated. More trees are alive in the
nitrogen plats than in the other plats.

A portion of the fertilizer work with apples was discontinued owing to the
prevalence of blight, which was more serious on the fertilized trees than on
unfertilized. Observations on the yield of apple trees grown from selected
buds continued to show no superiority of trees from good parentage over trees
from poor parentage. Examinations of buds in winter for forecasting probable
bloom again demonstrated that with a little practice and observation one is
able to predict very accurately the amount of bloom that a given branch of
the tree will produce.

The work of breeding apples for late-blooming habit was continued. Seed-
lings were grown from previous crosses and a number of new crosses made.
In the treatment of apple canker diseases the eradication of apple canker from
the horticultural grounds by cleaning out and disinfecting the canker wounds
has been highly successful.

640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

A number of asparagus seedlings are being grown in the nursery as a result
of intercrossing and selection experiments. The work has thus far shown that
the selection of seedlings from intercrossed parents results in securing fine
large plants, whereas wuth seedlings of ordinary stock of some varieties only
occasional large plants were secured. So far as can be judged a large number
of the seedlings apparently inherit the succulence and desirable qualities of
the parents from which they were selected.

Further observations made by C. C. Wiggans on fruit-bud development as
influenced by treatment and previous crops bear out previous reports that
individual spurs of the varieties under consideration will fruit two years in
succession only in exceptional cases. Attempts are being made to determine the
amount of stored plant food in the spurs by determining the amount of carbo-
hydrates present. Determinations of retlucing sugar, total sugar, and starch
indicate that there is no great difference in the amount of these present in
bearing and nonbearing spurs. The determinations were made between Jan-
uary and June, 1917, upon spurs of the previous year. Moisture determina-
tions showed that the bearing parts have a slightly higher percentage of
moisture than the nonbearing fruit spurs. The water movement from fruiting
parts appears to affect the spurs as well as adjacent leaves. The cortex sap
from bearing parts was found to be more concentrated than the sap from non-
bearing parts. Freezing-point depression tests of sap from parts bearing more
than one fruit indicate that there may be some correlation betv^-een the number
of fruits and depression of the freezing point. Leaf sap and also spur sap
from spurs bearing three apples was slightly more concentrated than sap from
spurs bearing one apple. In general, the bearing spurs have a smaller number of
leaves and the leaves are smaller in size than on similar nonbearing spurs.
The total leaf surface of nonbearing spurs averages nearly 50 per cent greater
than that of the fruiting spurs.

Further observations were made by J. C. Whitten and C. C. Wiggans on the
relative value of fall and spring for planting fruit trees. Fall planting gave
the best results, as in previous years. The past year's work emphasizes more
fully that root growth does not begin imtil after the ground freezes on top
and shows that late fall planted trees came through the winter in far better
condition, making larger growth in the spring than those planted earlier in
the fall.

In continuation of previous station studies on the rest period of horticultural
plants (E. S. R., 35, p. 221) preliminary investigations were undertaken by
W. H. Lawrence with the view of determining greater specific knowledge of
the factors influencing the rest period of horticultural plants. An outline is
given of the preliminary work undertaken, but no results are presented at
this time.

In connection with cooperative spraying experiments conducted under the
direction of W. H. Lawrence, numerous complaints have been received relative
to the burning of the foliage and the russeting and burning of the fruit. A
study was made of several of the combination sprays more conunonly employed,
with special reference to this trouble. The results indicate that lime-sulphur-
arsenate of lead produced fruit of the best keeping quality, had a favorable
action on the size, did not have an inhibitive action on the normal coloring of
the fruit, produced the smallest percentage of injury known as calyx burn, had
the least severe action in russeting the fruit, gave the best results in con-
trolling curculio, and induced the least burning of the leaves and the smallest
percentage of defoliation of the tree.

[Report of horticultural inTestigations] (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp.
43-51, 55, figs. 2). — Brief statements of progress made with various horticul-

1918.] HORTICULTURE. 641

tural projects, including some data on variety and cultural tests of orchard
and small fruits, nuts, and vegetables.

Satisfactory progress was made in the work of impcoving the native chili
(E. S. R., 32, p. 635). In 1916 an acre was planted to No. 9, one of the best
varieties developed. The yield amounted to 10,965 lbs. of fresh red chili, or
2,676 lbs. after it was thoroughly dried and sacked.

Report from the division of horticulture for the year ended March 31,
1916, W. T. Macoun et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 611-6/(2, 647-
701, 702-704, 706-721, 722-7S2, 736-765, 770-781, 783-788, 789-810, 813-817, 823-
847, 849-859, 860, 861, 862-871, 874-879, 881-901, 904-910, 912-915, 916-919, 927-
952, 955-985, 986-993, 994-997, pis. 9).— The usual progress report on breeding,
cultural, and variety experiments with fruits, vegetables, forest and orna-
mental trees, shrubs, and annual flowers, conducted at the Central Farm,
Ottawa, and at the various branch experimental farms and stations in Canada
(E. S. R., 36, p. 39). Most of the experimental work with apples has been
recorded in a recent bulletin of the experimental farms (E. S. R., 36, p. 742).

At the Central Farm the yield behavior studies of Wealthy apple trees
grown from high-yielding and low-yielding parents failed to corroborate the
previous conclusion that the bearing habit of the parent tree had been per-
petuated. In 1915 the yield from the progeny of the poorest-yielding parent
far exceeded the yield from the progeny of the high-yielding parent.

Orchard-heating experiments were continued during the year. The results
secured in conjunction with two previous seasons' results indicate that orchard
heaters may well be used for the purpose of preventing frosts in orchards.
They are not as satisfactory for protecting ground crops, such as strawberries.
A preliminary experiment with cheesecloth covers was conducted with straw-
berries. By suspending cheesecloth at a foot above the ground differences of
from 4 to 6° in night temperature were obtained. The cover was more
effective if removed during the day, thus giving the soil a better opportunity
to absorb the sunlight.

Data are given on a comparative test of Bordeaux, lime-sulphur, and soluble
sulphur with special reference to injury to apple foliage. Bordeaux gave the
least amount of injury but only slightly better in this respect than lime-
sulphur. Soluble sulphur without the addition of arsenate of lead was not
injurious to the foliage or practically so. The burning in every case where
soluble sulphur and arsenate of lead were combined was serious.

Orchard spraying experiments conducted at the Kentville experimental sta-
tion have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 447).

Soil manag'enient investigations in a young apple orchard, C. G. Wood-
BUBY, H. A. NoYEs, and J. Oskamp (Indiana Sta. Bui. 205 (1917), pp. 3-52,
pis. 2, figs. 10). — This bulletin gives the results for the first five years of soil
management investigations in a young apple orchard which were started in 1910
and will continue until the 1925 crop is harvested. The investigation as a
whole has to do with the effects of tillage with cover crop, mulch, and sod on
apple trees and the factors responsible for the.^e' effects.

The investigation is being conducted largely in a 17-acre upland orchard
planted in 1909 to Grimes, Jonathan, and Stayman Winesap apple trees, 35 ft,
apart each way. Interplants have been added subsequently for future re-
moval in connection with the study of root development and physiological
problems. Similar experimental work is also being conducted on three acres
of hillside land, largely to a.ssist in interpreting the results in the upland
orchard.

The systems of soil management include four major treatments, namely, clean
cultivation \vith a winter cover crop; a heavy mulch of straw applied to the

^1347°— 18 i

642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

trees and the grass cut and let lie; the grass cut and allowed to lie where it
falls, no additional mulch given the trees; and the grass cut and raked up to
form a mulch collar ahout the trees. Combinations of these systems of manage-
ment are also being studied on certain plats. Portions of certain plats are also
being fertilized to determine whether lack of any particular fertilizer should
be taken into account in interpreting the effects of different systems of soil
management. In addition to determination of soil temperatures and soil mois-
ture, physical, chemical, and bacteriological studies are being conducted. The
experiment is described in detail, and the results of the different systems of
culture, both with reference to the tree and with reference to the soil, are pre-
sented in a series of tables and fully discussed.

Among the results thus far secured the authors found that there have been
no wide variations in phenological behavior of trees under different systems of
soil management, yet there does occur a marked slacking up of gi-owth on grass
plats during the dry periods in summer. Trees grown under a clean culture-
cover crop system or under a heavy mulch made 44.5 per cent greater average
yearly gains in trunk girth than trees grown in grass with a light mulch or no
mulch at all. There has been no significant difference between the three
varieties in their response to soil management treatments. The Staymau
Winesap made slightly greater trunk girth on all plats than either Grimes or
Jonathan.

The authors point out that the effect of the various systems of soil manage-
ment on the soil moisture as observed in this work can not be directly applied
in the abstract to the humid region in general. The soil in the experimental
orchard has a low organic content and high proportions of silt and clay, thus
making it one through which water percolates slowly and one which is easily
puddled. In this soil, mulching, either by cultivation or by using a heavy
supplemental mulch, maintained the percentage of soil moisture to more than
twice that of grassland during the two June droughts of the five years. These
soil moisture conditions are closely correlated with the girth increase made by
the trees. A study of the precipitation data obtained indicates that the vari-
ation in growth due to seasonal moisture conditions has been quite as large
as that due to cultural practices.

Data secured in the soil temperature studies do not support the opinion that
rains are an important adjunct in warming the soil. The single factor of soil
moisture does not appear to have had an influential bearing upon the tempera-
tures existing under the different systems of soil management. The tempera-
ture range varies inversely with the amount of mulch covering the soil. As
far as this experiment is concerned the r61e of soil temperature within the
limits of ordinary cultural practices appears to be a neutral factor in tree
growth.

Among the chemical changes induced in the orchard soil by cultural practices
during the period 1910 to 1915 it appears that clean cultivation tends to deplete
the soil of its organic matter, despite the fact that a cover crop is being turned
under each year. Organic matter has slightly increased in the straw mulch
plat. The sod plats as a whole have come nearer to holding their own in
volatile matter, humus, and nitrogen than the clean culture-cover crop plats.
There was no apparent correlation between the amount of volatile matter,
humus, and nitrogen in the soil and tree growth.

In most cases more bacteria were present in the sod plats than in the clean
culture-cover crop plats. Variations in the amount of mulch on the sod plats
have some influence on bacterial numbers. There appears to be no correlation
of tree growth and soil moisture with bacterial numbers. Ammonification
yaried with the season. Differences between plats are not consistent with

L

1918.] FOKESTKY. 643

seasonal climatic variations, and it is impossible to say that any cultural
practice has affected the ammonifying power of the soil.

" Tests show that nitrification varies with the season, but that a gi'owing
crop of grass or rye lowers the nitrate content of the soil ; that the most nitrates
are found under the clean culture-cover crop system, the straw mulch ranking
second in amount of nitrates ; that the girth gains of the trees are roughly
proportional to the nitrate content of the soil ; that there is no relation between
the nitrifying power of the soil and either cultural practices or tree growth ;
however, the ratio between the nitrates present in the field and the nitrifying
power of the soil does bear a relation to tree growth."

Varieties and culture of cane fruits in western Washington, J. L. Stahl
{Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 5 (1918), No. 10, pp. 1^-148).—
Popular instructions are given for the culture of raspberries, blackberries, and
loganberries, including descriptions of varieties adapted for culture in western
Washington.

Shall I plant a garden this year? J. W. Lloyu {Illinois Sta. Circ. 209
{1918), pp. 4. ftd^- 2)- — This circular discusses the importance of planning a
home garden, gives a list of the station publications dealing with gardening,
and presents tentative plans for a suburban garden and a farmer's garden.

Insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916,
pp. 169-173). — Analyses are given of samples of lime-sulphur, lead arsenate,
calcium arsenate, zinc arsenite, potassium cyanid, tobacco extracts, and a naph-
thalin preparation received for examination during the year.

FORESTRY.

Forestry and the war, B. E. Fernow {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 2, pp.
149-154)- — A discussion of the relations of the war to forests and forestry,
with special reference to the development of future forest policies in America.

An inventory of Florida's forests and the outlook for the future, R. M.
Hakpeb {Bien. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Fla., 14 {1915-16), pt. 2, pp. 194-213, figs. 12).—
An inventory of Florida's forests with reference to their area and density ; dis-
ti'ibution and character ; frequency of fire in different types ; composition, in-
cluding a list of the commonest species ; rate of growth and consumption ; and
influences affecting the future of the forests.

Third biennial report of the State forester of the State of Colorado, W. J.
MoKBiLL {Bien. Rpt. State Forester Colo., 3 {1915-16), pp. 22, figs. 2).— A prog-
ress report on forest protection, investigation, and educational work, includ-
ing a financial statement for the two-year period ended November 30, 1916.
Recommendations relative to future activities are also included.

Results for four years are given on a fence post treating project being con-
ducted in cooperation with the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. Posts of fire-killed alpine fir and lodgepole pine, and of Englemann
spruce, cut green and seasoned 12 months, were treated in different ways,
principally with water-gas tar creosote from the local gas plant in Fort Collins.
The results to date indicate in general that the open-tank method of treatment
is far superior to the brush method of treatment and has been highly satisfac-
tory in preserving posts. Immersion in hot water-gas tar for 1 hour and allow-
ing the posts to cool 1§ hours in the open tank gave as good results as immersing
the posts for 2 hours in the hot water-gas tar and allowing them to cool for
20 hours in the open tank.

The present condition of plantings of some 51 species of trees on the Colo-
rado Agriculture College farm made in the spring of 1905 is indicated, together
with data on the present condition of plantings made at later dates with stock

644 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

secured from various parts of the United States. In basket-willow experiments
that have been under way for several seasons the purple, American green, and
Caspian varieties have been particularly successful. Data are also given on
the present condition of a number of tree species planted in 1909 and 1910 in
shelter-belt plantings at Akron, Washington County, with special reference to
determining their adaptability to the windy plains region. The results from
this experiment, as a whole, indicate that conifers will prove better than broad-
leaf species in the nonirrigated region of eastei-n Colorado.

[Progress report on forestry investigations] (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 (1917),
p. Jf5). — Investigations of the growth and culture of varieties of basket willow
for Missouri are being conducted by E. C. Pegg. Observations on the willow
holt to date show that the widest spacing yields the fewest rods and gives
greatest weight per rod, and the narrowest spacing yields the greatest number
of rods with least weight. Generally speaking, the number of rods is greatest
from tip cuttings and lowest from butt cuttings.

A third examination was made of fence posts given various preservative treat-
ments and set in November, 1913. *' The most perishable woods are the syca-
more, basswood, willow, persimmon, cottonwood, birch, dogwood, black oak,
red oak, sugar maple, and ironwood. Charring the ends of poets previous to
setting them seems to have been successful only in the case of the sycamore.
In the case of black ash, redbud, and white elm it hastened the decay. Setting
in gravel and with one brush coat of hot carbolineum is of little value in pre-
serving perishable woods. Two coats of creosote lengthens the life of the
posts. The open-tank method of treatment confined the fungus attacks to less
than 7 per cent of the posts. No failures have yet occurred v/ith posts treated
in this manner."

Report of the committee on forestry of tlie Hawaiian Sugar Pl?Lnters'
Association for the year ended September 30, 1916, L. A. Thurston et al.
(Eaivaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc, Rpt. Com. Forestry, 1916, pp. 33). — This re-
port contains data on tree-planting operations on sugar plantations in the Ter-
ritory of Hawaii, the working plan adopted by the Board of Agriculture and
Forestry for investigating the adaptability of different trees for specific pur-
poses, and reports by plantation managers upon the state of forestry upon
tlieir several plantations.

A report upon the present status of forestry in Hawaii by C. S. Judd is also
included. Two new forest reserves were created in 1916, bringing the total
area of proclaimed forest reserves in the Territory up to 798,344 acres, of
which 546,352 acres consist of Government land.

Eelation of stimuli to the cone production of western hemlock, R. Watson
(Jour. Forestry, 16 (1918), No. 2, pp. 16S-175). — Observations are given on the
effect of various stimuli in promoting seed production in the western hemlock.

The author concludes in brief that " very little is as yet known regarding the
factors which influence the seed production of trees. Botanists have shown
that the vegetative and reproductive activity of plants may be controlled to a
certain extent by controlling the factors which influence the growth of the
plant. If the vegetative activities of thrifty western hemlock trees are sud-
denly checked by injuries, the tree usually is stimulated to reproductive
activity. Factors which commonly stimulate the tree thus are injuries by
fire and insects,, mechanical abrasions, wind-throwing, decapitation, and
girdling."

Growth and manag'ement of piiion in New Mexico, H. H. Chapman and
C. E. Behee (Jour. Forestry, 16 (1918), No. 2, pp. 215-217).— On the basis of
growth data collected by the junior author on the Santa Fe National Forest,
it is concluded in substance that the retention and management of pluoa

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 645

(Pinus eduHs) within National Forests as a source of cordwood and mining
timbers is justified.

Guide book for the identification of woods used for ties and timbers, A.
KoEHLER {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Serv., 1917, pp. 79, pis. 31, figs. 19).— This
guide booli points out the differences which are of practical value in the
identification of various species of native woods used for ties and timbers. It
is intended primarily for inspectors, but since it includes most of our com-
mercial species it is of value to others interested in the identification of
woods. Keys for the identification of the wood, both with and without the
aid of a hand lens, are included, together with an appendix on a method of
distinguishing long leaf from short leaf and loblolly pine ties or timbers.

Valuation of damages to immature timber, W. N. Sparhawk {Jour. For-
estry, 16 (1918), 2\^o. 2, pp. 176-191). — A comparative discussion of various
methods of valuing damage in immature stands of timber.

First-aid manual for field parties, H. W. Barker {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest
Scrv., 1917, pp. 9S, figs. 47). — A first-aid manual similar to that issued by the
American Red Cross, and prepared with special reference to its use by field
parties of the Department.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

[Report of the department of] botany, G. M. Reed (Mi.^souri Sta. Bui. 151
(1917), pp. 30-33). — Brief accounts are given of investigations conducted by
the author on the physiological relation of the powdery mildews to their hosts,
forest-tree diseases, a systematic and physiological study of rusts, grain smut
and its control, and watermelon diseases found in southeast Missouri. The
last investigation was carried on by the author in conjunction with Helen
.lohann.

The study of the powdery mildews has been largely to determine the sus-
ceptibility of oats to powdery mildews. So far no variety of common species
of oats has been found entirely resistant to mildew.

The forest-tree disease investigations have consisted largely of collections
and studies of forms occurring on different species of trees. In addition a
study has been begun of fungi which attack fence posts, observations being
made on the durability of fence posts and on the efficiency of different mate-
rials used for their preservation.

The watermelon diseases reported upon are said to occur in southeast Mis-
souri, where considerable damage is done to watermelons, cantaloups, and cow-
peas. Isolations of strains of Fusarium were made, and infection experiments
gave positive results for many of them. It is stated that F. tricJiothecioides,
which has never been known to cause watermelon wilt, may in some instances
prevent the appearance of seedlings above the ground.

In the study of rusts inoculation experiments with the crown rust of oats
were carried out with 49 varieties and species of Avena, practically all prov-
ing highly susceptible and only a few showing any evidence of resistance. In
conjunction with this experiment oats were tested for mildew, and a striking
parallelism was noted between the relation of oat varieties to crown rust and
to mildew. Some additional data were obtained regarding the resistance of
wheat varieties to the black stem rust and orange-leaf rust.

The grain-smut studies have been carried on to determine the relation of
wheat smut (TiUetia fceteiis) to the date of planting, and in practically every
instance the percentage of smut was higher on late planted wheat. Some in-
vestigations with the sorghum-kernel smut (Sphacelotheca sorgJii) were car-
ried on to determine the susceptibility of certain nonsaccharin sorghums. In-

646 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

oculation experiments were made with varieties of oats to determine tlieir
susceptibility to Ustilago avence and U. Icevis, witli the result that all the
varieties showed some degree of infection, the amount varying from 5 to 20
per cent in most cases. Avena nuda was attacked to tlie extent of 86 per cent.

[Notes on plant diseases] (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. .1917, pp. 22, 23, 24-26,
fig. 1). — Continued investigations are reported on a disease of chili pepper in
which an attempt was made to show the relation of the disease to soil and
water factors, but with negative results. A species of Fusarium is reported
to have been isolated from diseased plants, but only a small percentage of in-
oculations made with the organism produced typical signs of the disease.

A brief account is given of a study of root diseases of alfalfa and fruit trees
and of a plant disease survey made in the State. In conjunction with the sur-
vey, the fungus Dothichiza populea is reported as occurring on yoimg poplar
trees.

Report from the division of botany, H. T. GtJssow et ax. (Canada Expt.
Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 1095-1150, pis. 11, fig. 1). — This report contains accounts
of the work carried on under the destructive insect and pest act, investiga-
tions in plant pathology and economic botany, and progress reports on the
work at the field laboratories at St. Catharines, Ont, Charlottetown, P. E. I.,
and Fredericton, N. B.

Considerable regulatory work is reported on potato diseases and white pine
blister rust. On the blister rust, an account is given by W. A. McCubbin of
the life history of the fungus, Pei-idermium strobi, particularly the over-
wintering of the fungus on the currant (E. S. R., 37, p. 558.)

In the plant pathology section of the report, accounts are given of investiga-
tions on powdery scab, mosaic disease, blackleg, and late blight of potatoes,
with descriptions of experiments for their control. Very successful results
were obtained by spraying the potatoes with 6 : 4 : 40 Bordeaux mixture in New
Brunswick under the direction of G. C. Cunningham and on Prince Edward
Island by P. A. Murphy, these men being in charge of the field laboratories in
those Provinces.

Notes are given on the effect of wet seasons on grain, especially on the occur-
rence of sooty ear of wheat due to Cladosporium herbarum, a glume spot of
wheat caused by Septoria glumarum, and wheat scab due to Gibberella saubi-
nettii; also on bitter pit of apples, the author agreeing with McAJpine as to its
cause, etc. (E. S. R., 37, p. 455).

The investigations in economic botany reported upon consisted principally
of studies of the fiber of flax and hemp and work on poisonous plants.

In the reports from the various field laboratories, W. A. McCubbin, of St.
Catharines, gives brief accounts of injury to maple trees by squirrels fol-
lowed by various fungi, the defoliation of sycamores by Gloeosporium nervise-
quum, cherry injuries due to frost and to wet soil, vpinterkilling of straw-
berry roots, ripe rot of fruits due to Rhizopus nigricans, heart rot of peach
trees attributed to various polyporous fungi, mosaic disease of tomatoes, etc. ;
P. A. Murphy, of the Prince Edward Island field laboratory, describes briefly
experiments for the control of club root of cabbages and turnips and of various
potato diseases and gives an account of work in progress on the growing of
seed potatoes in Nova Scotia for planting in Bermuda ; and G. C. Cunningham,
of the New Brunswick laboratory, reports on the organization of the plant
disease work in that Province and on beginning various activities in research
and extension.

Annual report of the mycologist, W. J. Dowson (Dept. Agr. Brit. East
Africa Ann. Rpt. 1915-16, pp. 52-56). — Besides brief mention of experiments in
progress on coffee leaf disease, the selection of wheat varieties derived from

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 647

crossings made four years previously which have proved resistant to rust,
and other matters, the author states tliat it has not been necessary to spray
coffee in the botanic garden since 1914 for the coffee leaf disease (Hemileia
vastatrix). This disease is easily brought under control by pruning and by
one or two applications of any dilute fungicide, after which one spraying each
year is sufficient if weeding and pruning are properly attended to. The quarter
strength mixtures are not so effective against this fungus on coffee at lower alti-
tudes (such as that at the Government Farm, Kibos). This is probably due to
the greater warmth and moisture of the climate.

Citrus (lime, lemon, and orange) trees shoAved marked improvement after
being sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur after the long rains of
1915. It is also recommended that the latter treatment be continued before the
short rains in November.

[Plant diseases, Bombay Presidency], W. Burns (Aim. Rpt. Dept. Agr.
Bombay, 1915-16, p. 69). — The use of copper sulphate on sugar cane sets, in
addition to being harmful to the plants, proves to be ineffective in preventing
smut, which may be transmitted through aerial infection also. Red rot is
exaggerated by an excess of water. The band disease of betel nut palms, said
to be new here and to result in sterility, is under investigation, no fungus or
insect having yet been identified as the cause of the trouble. A gi-eat increase
is noted in the number of these trees sprayed for the koleroga disease of the
betel nut palm.

[The effect of defoliation, of g'ases, and of fung'i on plants], R. Eweet {Ber.
K. Lehranst. Obst u. Gartenbau Proskau, 1914, PP- 156-163; Landw. Jahrb., 48
(1915), Ergdnzungsb.). — Removal of blooms from an apple tree 45 years old
having been followed the next spring by the production of blooms, the same
treatment was tried on a tree 22 years old, with inconclusive results, neither
this tree nor its control producing more than a few blooms. Some trees which
lost their blooms through attacks of insects are said to have produced a good
crop the next year.

Anthracene produced an effect on bush pea and Polygonum sieboUli similar to
that given by coal-tar vapors.

Leaf cast of apple appeared this year to be Independent of the presence of
Fusicladium.

A study reported by Killian on the life history of Yenturia incequalis is
briefiy discussed, as is also one by Pietsch on Trichoseptoria fructigena, the
cause of a rot in quinces and apples.

Normal parasitism and microbiose, V. Galippe {Campt. Rend. Acad. Set.
[Parish, 165 (1911), No. 4, pp. 162-164). — The author has given attention to
the results of traumatism considered as favoring the development, particularly
in fruits but also in animal organisms, of various kinds of the intracellular
microscopic fungi and (rarely) yeasts which are normal to them. These have
been called microzyms, and, it is claimed, may be caused in different ways (some
of which are indicated) to enter upon a developmental phase at the expense of
the cells. Microbiose is the name applied to the corresponding intracellular
organisms in animals.

Norpaal parasitism has been studied as developed in apples by the application
of pressure or of cold. Normal parasitism and microbiose appear to constitute
a general feature of living cells, so that traumatism may develop, in addition,
a quasiparasitism without any infection from without or in addition to the
latter infection, which may really be a secondary feature of the trouble. This
is regarded as having significance in case of wounds from projectiles, which,
though absolutely aseptic, may determine an infection by the normal intra-
cellular organisms.

648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. ?.8

New Japanese fungi. — Notes and translations, I, T. Tanaka {Mycologia,
9 {1911), No. 3, pp. 167-172) .—This is the first of a series of papers regarding
newly discovered fungi or those which have been described only in the Japa-
nese language. Species herein claimed to be new are Valsa (Euvalsa) pau-
loxonice on Paulownia ; Marsonia carthami on Carthamus tinctorius; Myco-
sphwrella hordicola on wheat and barley ; Scorias c»pitata, Pestolossia thece,
and Zitkalia thew on Thea sinensis; and Sclerotinia Jagopyri on Fagopyrum
esculentum. A new combination proposed is Ophiochwta (Ophioholus) graminis,
now found on rice.

Chemically induced crown galls, E. F. Smith (Proc. Nat. Acad. Set., S
{1917), No. 4. pp. 312-314). — The author has continued studies, the main re-
sults of which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 747), which were
Intended to determine what by-products of the organism Bacterium tumefaciens
causally associated with crown gall in plants were the direct cause of the over-
growth. His experiments are said to show that this organism produces in very
simple culture media aldehyde, ammonia, amins, alcohol, acetone, acetic acid,
formic acid, and probably a little cai'bon dioxid, most of these substances being
identical with those which are said to start growth in unfertilized eggs of the
sea urchin. This action is thought to be purely physical ; that is, due to the
withdrawal of water from neighboring cells by increase of osmotic pressure.

Experiments with all of these products, so far as they have been carried out,
gave from young tissues a prompt response in the form of overgrowths, at first
with their water dilutions and in later experiments with the vapors merely of
these substances. These experiments were successfully made on several plants
subject to crown gall, especially on Ricinus, cauliflower, and Lycopersicum.
The tumors were small, being caused by only one application of tlie stimulus.
It is thought that the continued application of these substances in very dilute
form, comparable to the products of the parasite itself, would produce tumors
essentially similar to those from crown gall or bacterial inoculations.

The tumors are either vascularized hyperplasias, mixed hypertrophy and
hyperplasia, or simple hypertrophies, their cells being free from chlorophyll,
closely compacted, and often 100 times as large as those from which they arose.
In the alcohol tumors there was a great increase in the number of cells; that
is, a true hyperplasia. Curious vascular displacements and duplications were
also obtained, including, in one instance, an entire extra vascular cylinder in
the pith of Ricinus.

Small overgrowths on cauliflower leaves have been recently obtained by the
use of formaldehyde or formic acid.

Cereal smuts, T. H. Sch({)yen {Meddel. Statsentomol. INortcay], No. 8 {1917},
pp. Jf, fig. 1). — A brief discussion is given of the treatment of seed grain for
protection against cereal smuts \^ith hot water or with formalin.

Truck crop diseases and how to control them, R. B. Vaughn {Trans. III.
Hart. Sac, n. ser., 50 {1916), pp. 329-333). — This brief discussion includes onion
smut, anthracnose, and rots ; cabbage blackleg, black rot, clubroot, and yel-
lows ; and some account of protective measures.

Experiments on the treatment of Rhizoctonia disease of asparagus, B. T.
P. Baekek and C. T. Gimingham {Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hart. Re-
search Sta., 1916, pp. 39, 40; Jour. Bath and West and South. Counties Soc.,
5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 165-167). — In 1915 diseased asparagus plants from a
plantation at Badsey were badly attacked and eventually killed by a soil
fungus, R. violacea asparagi {R. medicaginis) , causing a rot of roots and
crowns. The soil treatments tested in 1916 showed the best results from 2 oz.
bleaching powder per square yard, and from 1 oz. creosote, | oz. iron sulphate
and 30 oz. lime coming next, and 2 oz. carbolic acid and 2 oz. naphthalin giv-

1918.] mSEASES OF PLANTS. 649

ing the least marked results. A striking feature of the plat treated with creo-
sote was its relative freedom from weeds throughout the season.

Early and late blight of potatoes — cause and methods of control, J. Wood-
man {Tram. III. Hort. Soc, n. ser., 50 {1916), pp. 297-310) .—This address
deals with the causation and control of both early and late potato blights from
the standpoint of the potato grower, also briefly with Rhizoctonia and other in-
fluences affecting the potato industry.

Odontia sacchari and O. saccharicola, n. spp., on sugar cane, E. A. Buet
{Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 4 {1917), No. 3, pp. 233-236, figs. 2).— Two new
species of Odontia, which have been collected by J. A. Stevenson, in Porto Rico,
and which are to be considered by him in a separate paper, are technically
described and have been named O. sacchari and 0. saccharicola.

Mosaic disease of tobacco, G. H. Chapman {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 175
{1917), pp. 72-117, pis. 5). — The results are given of several years' investigation
on the cause, occurrence, appearance, and methods of control of the well known
mosaic disease of tobacco. These experiments were begun in 1907, and some
of them have been repeated several times to confirm data regarding certain
disputed points. More than usual attention seems to have been given the bio-
chemical phases of the subject.

As a result of the author's experiments, it is believed that the disease is
primarily induced by disturbance in the enzym activities and their relation to
each other, due to abnormal metabolism and not to any parasite.

A series of experiments were conducted to test the claim of Lodewijks that
colored light can diminish or cure mosaic disease (E. S. R., 24, p. G4S). The
author found that the different colors have little or no effect on the causal
agent of the disease; but, in the case of the blue, there is a strong depression
of the macroscopic symptoms of the disease.

In connection with the control experiments, it was found that on fields
where the mosaic disease is prevalent, the primary infection can usually be
traced to the seed bed, and that many healthy seedlings are infected by work-
men when setting the plants. It is estimated that about 80 per cent of the
infection occurs in this manner. By careful attention to sterilization of seed
beds and handling of plants at the time of transplanting, it is believed that a
large percentage of infection may be avoided.

A black ret of apples, G. T. Spinks {Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and
Hort. Research Sta., 1916, pp. 2/f-26; Jour. Bath and West and Sotith. Counties
Soc, 5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 153-155). — Having followed up the studies pre-
viously reported (E. S. R., 36, p. 750), the author describes the type of rot pro-
duced by Monilia fructigena in mature apples of different varieties, indicating
some irregularities which were observed. The mycelium grows chiefly between
the cells, but also occurs sometimes within. The kind of rot produced by M.
fructigena can not yet be correlated with any chemical or physical character of
the apple, but it is apparent that the factor which causes the black rot develops
only as the apple approaches maturity.

As results of inoculation with M. cinerea were rather irregular, further ex-
perimentation is considered necessary.

Apple leaf scorch, B. T. P. Babkeb and C. T. Gimingham {Univ. Bristol,
Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1916, pp. 41-45; Jour. Bath and West
and South. Counties Soc., 5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 167-171).— A. form of leaf
scorch of apples, occurring usually during the month of June, with complete
freedom of the leaves of the second growth, is described, with discussion of the
possible bearings of the various factors. Though the problem is still regarded
as unsolved, there is thought to be some ground for the belief that soil moisture
and temperature are in some way concerned.

650 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

A spot disease of apples, G. T. Spinks {Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and
Hort. Research Sta., 1916, pp. 27, 28; Jour. Bath and West and South.
Counties Soc, 5. ser., 11 (1916-11), pp. 155-151).— K study of the spot disease
of apples, which was prevalent during the winters of 1913 and 1914, and again
on some varieties during the winters of 1915 and 1916, has yielded some in-
formation regarding the spots, which look alike during the earlier stages, but
may later show differences in growth rate, color, and firmness or softness.
They may be caused by various fungi which enter through the so-called lenticel
some time before a spot appears, so that the actual time of entry is not known.
The spot grows rapidly as ripeness approaches. November and December ap-
ples, as a rule, can be affected only through points of injury-

A gumm.osis of apricot, V. Peglion {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sd.
Fis., Mat. e Nat, 5. ser., 26 (1911), I, No. 12, pp. 631-6J,1).—An apricot gum-
mosis is described which is said to be due to a Sclerotinia, probably S. laxa,
highly specialized in regard to apricot. It appears first during the period of
blooming, attacking the floral buds, branches, and trunk, and remaining in the
mummied fruit which may hang on the trees.

Observations on pear blight in Illinois, F. L. Stevens, W. A. Ruth, G. L.
Peltier, and J. R. Maxloch (Trans. III. Hort. Soc, n. ser., 50 (1916), pp. 216-
221). — It is stated that conditions in central and southern Illinois favor severe
outbreaks of pear blight It is thought that the use of trees propagated on
the more resistant Japanese stock may prove to be of practical value for
Illinois growers, the grafts being made preferably on the larger limbs to avoid
body cankers.

Apple blight was especially severe in southern Illinois in 1914. A study was
made in 1915 of the disease on 10-year-old pear trees and of control measures
at Savoy, about 1,000 buds being treated with water suspensions of bacilli
applied with a camel's-hair brush, half of these being covered immediately
with wet cotton to prevent drying out. No significant difference in degree of
infection developed between the treated and the untreated lots. Infections
through rapidly growing shoots, especially water sprouts, were numerous during
portions of the summer following wet weather in 1915, recent infections being
seen as late as August 4. Insect agency appears to be important.

In the early spring of 1916 a few holdover cankers were observed on trunks
and larger limbs, giving abundant infective material and spreading the disease
throughout the orchard. Kieffer pear trees appeared to be more resistant
than Garber, as regards pear blight. No exuding cankers were observed after
the pears had bloomed.

Bordeaux mixture applied just as the first flowers were about to bloom
controlled completely the blossom infection on Kieffer pear trees and did not
interfere with the setting of the fruit. Lime-sulphur spraying, started later,
was not quite so effective.

A root rot of black currants, G. T. Spinks (Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr.
and Hort. Research Sta., 1916, pp. 29, SO; Jour. Bath and West and South.
Counties Soc, 5. ser., 11 (1916-11), pp. 151, 158). — Observations were made on
a 4-year-old plantation of black currants, located on an old orchard site, in
which several of the bushes appeared to be dead or dying in 1915 and 1916.
A fungus appears to enter the plant near the crown or at the point where
the main roots divide and then spread downward to the smaller roots. The
fungus has not yet been identified, but is suspected to be of the Armillaria
type. Young apple trees on similar areas are attacked apparently by the same
fungus, which has not yet yielded any fructifications.

"Reversion" of black currants, A. H. Lees (Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr.
and Hort. Research Sta., 1916, pp. Sl-S^; Jour. Bath and West and South.

1918] DISEASES OP PLANTS. 651

Counties Soc, 5. ser., 11 {1916-17), pp. 158-162).— This trouble is said to have
caused extensive loss to tlie growers of blaclv currants in recent years. It is
briefly described according to the characteristics usually displayed. The
presence of the bud mite is not considered fully adequate to explain the effects
observed.

Grape downy mildew, M. Gieaed (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 (1917), No. 18, pp.
S17S19, fig. 1). — This is a general account of data collected by several persons
from the study of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara mticola) and of measures
for its control.

Sulphur mixtures for treating Oidium, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit., S4
(1917), No. 4, pp. 77-84). — The author, reporting results of tests of grape
varieties, as suggested by the differences in the results obtained by some ex-
perimenters, states tliat the materials usually added (ashes, lime, etc.) have
no other value than to dilute the sulphur. This latter may be used in pure
form or with admixtures, according to such circumstances as violence of attack,
susceptibility of the variety in question, and cost of materials.

Studies on the diseases of the raulberry, G. Aenatjd (Min. Agr. [France],
Ann. Serv. ^piphyties, 3 (1914), pp. 25-30). — Continuing to report on mulberry
diseases (E. S. R., 33, p. 54; 36, p. 751), the author gives an account of the
study of mulberry gummosis (Bacterium mori) in 1914, as regards the develop-
ment of the infection, alterations in the leaves, and the incubation period in the
branches.

Careful observation has failed to confirm the supposition that aphids (Aphit
evonymi) are instrumental in the transmission of infection. Hail injury does
not appear to be sufficient explanation for all cases. Uninjured leaves do not
seem to become infected. The incubation period appears to be long and to
depend largely upon weather conditions.

Visit to Upper Rewa to investigate leaf diseases of the banana, C. H.
Knowles (Dept. Agr. Fiji Pamphlet 24 (1916), pp. 5). — Bananas in the areas
visited appear to be affected by leaf-spotting fungi, of which Cercospora muscB
and another fungiis, probably a Dothidella, are mentioned.

Walnut diseases, P. Paementier (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 (1917), No. 22, pp.
S98-396, figs. 6). — The author lists with brief discussion parasitic animals and
plants and nonparasitic injurious influences affecting the walnut.

Dying of young pines in circles about ant hills, F. W. Haasis (Jour. For-
estry, 15 (1917), No. 6, pp. 763-771, figs. 5). — Having made a collection of data
since 1915 on the dying of young pines around ant hills in the 1908 plantations
at Portland, Conn., the author states that the phenomenon is associated usually,
but not always, with ant hills, both Foimica exsectoides and F. fitsca sub-
sericea being noted in this connection. The trouble, which occurs in both planta-
tions and wild stands, is usually associated with fungus and scolytid infesta-
tions, 9 species of fungi having been isolated from the diseased areas. The trou-
ble probably originates at a lenticel. Negative results were sometimes obtained
from bark inoculations. The ants are thought to be instrumental in the spread
of the disease. The infection appears to be primary.

Summary of blister rust situation in Massachusetts, H. T. Fernald (Mass.
Forestry Assoc. Bui. 119 (1916), pp. 23-25, fig. 1).—In the spring of 1915, the
white pine blister rust was known in only a few localities in Essex County
and the central and western portion of the State. In the fall of that year, the
organism was found on currants and pines in Berkshire County. Federal and
State scout work showed that Ribes was diseased in 205 towns of the State
and pine of all ages in about 45 towns. Removal of Ribes on a large scale is
noted.

652 EXPERIMEJTT STATION" RECORD. [Vol.38

White pine blister rust (Rpt. Min. Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario, 1916,
pp. Ufl-lJ/d, pi. 1). — A summary is given of the status of white pine blister
rust as it now exists in Ontario. A large number of infections of white pine
are reported to have been found in the Niagara Peninsula, especially in Pel-
ham, Thorold, and Grimsby townships, many being found on native pine.
The disease appears to have become firmly established and presents a serious
problem owing to the prevalence of both currants and white pine.

Pure cultures of wood-rotting fungi on artificial media, W. H. Long and
R. M. Haksch {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 2, pp. 33-
82). — The authors describe a method by which it is claimed that various wood-
rotting fungi can be differentiated from each other by their cultural characters
alone when grown upon artificial media, also a method by which the fruiting
bodies or sporophores of wood-rotting fungi can be produced from pure cul-
tui'es on artificial media. It is claimed that when cultural characters of closely
related but really distinct species are compared, marked and constant differences
in the character of the mycelium will be found on certain corresponding agars in
the series of cultures representing the two species, while if the fungi are really
of the same species, no constant differences will occur.

Basing the conclusion on these facts, the authors state that unknown rots
can be identified by making pure cultures of the causative organisms from
diseased wood.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Birds of America, edited by T. G. Pearson et al. {New York: The University
Society, Inc., 1917, vols. 1, pp. XV III +272, pis. J,0, figs. 213; 2, pp. XIV+2ni,
pis. 37, figs. 197; 3, pp. XVIII-{-289, pis. 34, figs. 182).— These volumes, which
comprise 1 to 3 of the Nature Lovers Library, contain precise and fairly
complete descriptions of the external physical appearance of about 1,000 spe-
cies and subspecies of American birds, based for the most part on Ridgway's
Birds of North and Middle America (E. S. R., 30, p. 851) ; popular characteriza-
tions, or life histories, of the species with especial regard for portraying their
interesting and distinctive traits; and data on the actual usefulness of birds
based on publications of the Bureau of Biological Survey of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Under each species a technical description is given for
the use of the more expeiienced observer, which includes common names,
general description, color, nest and eggs, and distribution. This is followed
by a popular account in large type intended particularly for the layman. The
descriptions of birds not included in parts 1 to 7 of Ridgway's work were
written by R. I. Brasher. The order in which the birds are arranged is that
followed in the check-list of American Ornithologists' Union.

Volume 2 contains an article by E. H. Forbush on Out-Door Bird Study
(pp. V-XIV) and volume 3 an article by W. W. Cooke on Bird Migration
(pp. V-XVIII). Color keys to water birds, land birds, and to warblers; a
glossary of technical terms; a bibliography; and an index to the three vol-
umes are appended to volume 3.

Mammals of America, edited by H. B. Anthony et al. {New York: The
University Society, Inc., 1917, vol. 4, pp. XXII +335, pis. 6, figs. 224).— This
volume on American mammals is the fourth of the Nature Lovers Library. A
paper on American Game Protection (pp. XV-XXII) by T. S. Palmer, of the
Bureau of Biological Survey of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is followed
by technical descriptions of the species, under each of which is given (1) the
animal's scientific name, (2) other names, (3) general description, (4) dental
formula, (.5) pelage, (6) measurements, (7) range, (8) food, (9) general

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653

remarks, and (10) related species. A glossary of technical terms, a bibliography,
and an index are included.

Gophercides, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 173, lH). —
This is a report of analyses made of prepared gopher poisons that were found
on the market in nortliwestern Canada. Inquiries made among those who have
had experience in gopher poisoning indicate that the proprietary preparations
are being discarded in favor of home-prepared baits, using strychnine or
strychnine sulphate as the poison.

The wild rats of the Southern States as carriers of Spirochaeta ictero-
h88m.orrhagiEe, J. W. Jobling and A. A. Eggstein {Jour. Amcr. j\led. Assoc,
69 {1911), No. 21, p. 1787). —Ten per cent of more than 100 rats collected in
Nashville, Tenn., harbored S. icterohcemorrhagicc. The rats were obtained
from different parts of the city, and so far as could be determined the various
localities gave about the same proportion of infected animals. An acc-ount of
the occurrence of this spirochete in wild rats by Noguchi has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 577).

[Report on entomological work] {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 15, 16. 18, 19). —
Brief statements are made of the status of investigations of the Hessian fly,
com ear-worm, fruit insects, grasshoppers, chinch bug egg parasites (in which
the average percentage of parasitism during the year was 12.9), climate and
injurious insects, etc.

Entomology (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 (1917), pp. 38, 35).— Brief statements
of the work of the year are made by L. Haseman and K. G. Sullivan of an in-
vestigation of the insects injurious to nursery stock in the State; by A. H.
HoUinger on the scale insects of Missouri ; and by L. Haseman on injurious
insect pests of melon and related crops, on the causes of the periodical out-
breaks of insect pests, and on the annual cycle of the Hessian fly in Missouri
and its control.

In control work with the San Jose scale on nursery stock, hydrocyanic acid
gas destroyed from 97 to 98 per cent of living scale and a miscible oil dip de-
stroyed from 99 to 100 per cent. It is stated that 13 new species of scale in-
sects have been found in the State during the year and 9 additional genera
recorded.

[Entomological work] (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 23, 24, 26, 27, 51-55,
fig. 1). — Brief statements are made of the work of the year with the San
Jos6 scale, harlequin cabbage bug, and other injurious insects, including a leaf
miner (Agromyza scutellata) which did considerable damage to early potatoes
and beans in the spring of 1917. Data relating to life history studies of the
codling moth are briefly considered and a spraying calendar for its control on
apples and pears for 1917 is presented.

[Economic insects in Yakima County, Wash.] (Ann. Rpt. Hart. Dept.
Yakima County, Wash., 1916, pp. 6-9, 19-25, 88-72, figs. 2).— The accounts here
given by De Sellem relate to the occurrence of and control work with the more
important pests of horticultural crops during the year (pp. 6-9: codling moth
investigations and determination of spray dates (pp. 19-22) ; summary of data
on codling moth control for the season of 1916 (pp. 23-25) ; codling moth investi-
gations (pp. 38-52) ; codling moth breeding work, season of 1916 (pp. 53-61) ;
and nicotin sulphate for codling moth control (pp. 62-72). The Colorado po-
tato beetle made its appearance in the Yakima Valley, near Sunnyside, in 1916
for the first time and its eradication was attempted.

" The work during 1915 and 1916 indicates that nicotin sulphate acts as a
material check to the work of the codling moth. At the present prices of nico-
tin it would not be advisable to substitute nicotin sulphate for arsenate of lead

654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

in codling moth control alone, but where aphis and sucking insects are to be
controlled the omission of lead will result in a considerable saving."

In the experiments here reported, " when nicotin sulphate and arsenate of
lead have been used side by side the former has proved as efficient as the lead
in codling moth control and has kept the trees free from all sucking insects.
Trees sprayed with nicotin .sulphate showed much higher percentages of extra
fancy and fancy fruit than the trees sprayed with lead. The fruit was more
highly colored. Observations during the seasons of 1915 and 191G indicate that
the nicotin acts as a material check to the spread of San Jose scale. In the
nicotin sprays the addition of soap is advisable. It does not seem necessary
to use nicotin stronger than 1 : 800 for colding moth and 1 : 1,024 has given
nearly as good results."

[Economic insects in France] (Bui. Soc. Path. Veg. France, 4 {1911), No. 1,
pp. S-18, Ifl. 45-47). — Among the papers here presented relating to economic
entomology are Notes on a Bacterial Disease of the Vine Pyralid, by G. DaumS-
zon (pp. 8-10) ; Garabids Injurious to the Strawberry Plant, by P. Lesne (pp.
11-15) ; Concerning a Claim of Priority Relating to Aster olecanium variolosum
(A. qucrcicola) , by G. Arnaud (pp. 16-18) ; on Cynips calicis, by P. Marchal (p.
41), and The Anthonomes, by A. L. Cl§ment (pp. 45-47).

War on greenhouse pests, H. A. Gossaed (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 (1917), No.
12, pp. 394-S96). — This is brief popular summary of information on plant lice
and white fly and the manner in which they may be controlled.

Potato plant lice and their control, W. S. Regan (Massachusetts Sta. Bui.
m (1917), pp. 135-146). — This is a report of investigations made during the
course of the serious outbreak of the potato plant louse (Macrosiphum solani-
foUi) in Massachusetts in 1917. Their injury to potato plants became evident
during the second week in July and rapidly increased in severity until the latter
part of the month and early August, when no progressive injury could be noticed
and an examination of previously badly infested fields showed them to be pres-
ent only in very small numbers or in numbers insufficient to cause further
material injury during the season. Thus it appears that there was a period of
from three to four weeks when the plant lice were dangerously prevalent upon
potato plants, and the author's observations on this point were substantiated
by reports from other sections and the past history of its outbreaks. During
the outbreak the potato fields showed injury varying from slight to complete
destruction of the plants, some patches being completely free from infestation
while others near by were badly injured or destroyed before insecticides could
be applied. Migration to the winter hosts in Massachusetts appears to take
place to some extent during the latter part of July, but mainly during August.

Spraying experiments were conducted with a number of contact insecticides,
several of which (blackleaf 40, 1: 800; Nicofume liquid, 1: 750, with soap; fish-
oil soap, 1:6) destroyed from 98 to 100 per cent of the plant lice without injur-
ing the plants. The results obtained have led the author to conclude that the
pest can be readily controlled by the use of blackleaf 40 or similar nicotin
preparation at the rate of 1 part to 800 parts of water, with the addition of com-
mon laundry soap, dissolved in boiling water, at the rate of 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of
the diluted blackleaf 40 solution. One application properly applied to the under-
side of the foliage when the infestation is severe enough to cause evident wilting
of the leaves can in most cases be made economically and to advantage. Fish-oil
or whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 6 gal. of water is about equally as
effective. It is pointed out that blackleaf 40 can be combined safely with
Pyrox, Bordo-lead, Bordeaux mixture, or arsenate of lead, but that when these
are added soap should be omitted. Kerosene emulsion is not highly effective
against potato plant lice and the labor involved in preparing it is also against

I

1918.] * ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 655

its use. Tests of miscible or soluble oils seem to indicate that these materials
are dangerous to use upon potato foliage. Lime-sulphur is ineffective, even at
double the ordinary strength used upon foliage.

The advisability of applying treatment in the control of this pest depends
upon the severity of the infestation, its seasonal importance, accessibility, avail-
able apparatus, etc. If injurj- to the plants has not been severe enough to kill
portions of the tops of the plants to an evident extent before the first of August,
it is probable that the injury likely to be done vpill not exceed the cost of apply-
ing treatment. When severe injury is noticeable before the first of August, a
thorough treatment should be made at once. " The destruction by burning of
potato vines after harvest, together with all weeds and other refuse about gar-
dens and potato fields, unless such material is composted ; the burning over of
gra.ssy and weedy fields in the vicinity of potato patches in the late fall or early
spring ; and late fall plowing of gardens are methods of clean culture which may
materially reduce future infestation. Injury by potato lice renders the plants
more susceptible to ' blight ' and should emphasize the need for frequent sprays
with Bordeaux mixture." In order to be effective the spraying outfit should
include an extension rod with an underspray nozzle set at a right angle to the
rod, in order that the underside of the leaves may be readily reached by the
spray.

Brief mention is made of natural agents of control.

A report of investigations conducted in Ohio by Houser during 1917 has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 462).

The eye-spotted bud-moth (Tmetocera ocellana), E. M. DuPoete {Ann. Rpt.
Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 9 {1916-17), pp. 118-1S7, figs. i7).— Studies
of the biology of the eye-spotted bud-moth and means for its control, made dur-
ing the seasons of 1914, 1915, and 1916 in the Province of Quebec, chiefly on
the island of Montreal, are reported.

The apple, pear, plum, cherry, quince, peach, blackberry, and laurel oak are
recorded as food plants of this species in America. The author has taken it
in Quebec on all these except quince, peach, blackberry, and laurel oak, and in
addition on Crataegus and an ornamental flowering crab. A marked preference
is shown for the apple.

There is but one brood each year, but the larvae live throughout a portion
of two seasons, and the injury done by the young larvse in the summer and
fall differs from that done by the older larvae in the following spring. The
latter part of April or early May the caterpillars become active and injure
the leaf buds, flower buds, leaves, setting fruit, and sometimes the young twigs.
In one orchard in which the infestation was comparatively light, 18 per cent
of the flowers were destroyed. In Nova Scotia injury to the extent of 59.56
per cent of the blossoms is recorded, and in unsprayed orchards in Quebec the
author found evidence of injury to more than 50 per cent of the fruit buds.
Pupation on the twig commences the first week in June, and 11 or 12 days
pass before the adults emerge. The young caterpillar, which hatches out at
the end of June ox in July, immediately begins feeding on the underside of
the leaf, where it makes tiny excavations in the tissue. The injury caused by
its skeletonizing the leaves in summer may be more or less negligible, but more
important direct injury is caused when the insect attaches a leaf to a fruit,
feeding between the two and injuring the surface of the fruit. Usually in
Quebec the first adults begin to appear about June 20, their emergence con-
tinuing for about 4 weeks. Mating may take place and oviposition begin as
early as 24 hours after emergence, always at night and on the lower surface
of the leaf, and continues for a period of several days. The eggs generally
hatch in 8 or 9 days, but in one instance slightly less than 6 days was required.

656 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.38

The first 4 larval instars, of wliich there are thought to be 7, were observed to
require 5, 6, 6 to 8, and 18 days, respectively. The winter is pa.ssed as a half-
grown caterpillar, the majority hibernating after the third molt, though some
have been found to hibernate in the fifth, some in the third, and a very few
in the second, instars. This often takes place just beneath the leaf buds, but
may occur in any well-protected rough or angular spot on the twigs and
smaller branches.

Three hymenopterous parasites have been Obtained from the bud moth In
Quebec, namely, Pimpla (Itoplectes) conquisitor, {Microdus) Bnssus earinoides,
and Pentarthron minutum. Spraying experiments with lime-sulphur to which
lead arsenate was added at the rate of 5 lbs. paste to 100 gal. was found to
be most effective when employed as soon as the leaves expanded, and next
in effectiveness when applied just before the petals spread.

The pecan leaf case-bearer, J. B. Gill (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 571 (,1911), pp.
28, pis. 3). — This is a report of investigations at a field station at Monticello,
Fla., of Acrobasis nehulella, one of the principal insect pests with which the
pecan grower has to contend. A brief account of the pest has been given by
the author in a publication on pecan insects previously noted (E, S. R., 38,
p. 157), as has studies of the pest by Herrick at the Texas Experiment Station
reported in 1909 (E. S. R., 22, p. 461).

The species was first described by Riley in 1872 from a single specimen
reared from wild crab (Cratcegus sp.). It is a native insect that is disti'ibuted
more or less over the same territory as the hickories which form its preferred
hosts, but the author has found it very diflicult to collect the larvae on species
other than the pecan, even in sections where it ranks as a pest in pecan
orchards. There is said to be an apparent varietal resistance of the pecan to
its attack, some being badly infested while others are slightly so ; in general,
pecan trees with very small leaves seem less likely to be heavily infested by it.

The most serious damage to pecans occurs during the early spring, when the
larvje feed voraciously upon the unfolding buds and leaves. Just as the buds
are bursting, the overwintering larvse gnaw their way out of their hibernacula
or winter cases packed around the buds, and migrate immediately to the tips
of the swelling buds, upon which they commence to feed. Some larvae have
been observed to eat directly through the side of the buds instead of at the tip
as is usually the case. The larvse, when in sufficient numbers, are capable of
eating the green foliage as rapidly as it appears, and it is not unusual for
the trees to remain defoliated for a considerable length of time. On such
trees the buds turn brown as a result of the feeding of the larvse and a block
of badly infested trees takes on the appearance of blight by fire. When the
infestation is less severe the larvse web and tie the tender leaves together
into masses, which soon become unsightly due to the wilting of the leaves and
the presence of particles of excrement and larval cases with which tliey are
united.

Biological studies at Monticello during 1913, 1914, and 1915 in an open-air
insectary are reported upon, much of the data being presented in tabular form.
The adults, which may emerge from early May to early August, live from 2
to 10 days, with an average of 4.8 days, during which time as many as 182 eggs
may be deposited. From 6 to 9 days are required for the incubation of the
eggs, which may hatch from the middle of May to the first days in August.
the young larvre feed sparingly upon the foliage throughout the summer and
early fall for a period of nearly 3 months or even longer in some instance,
during which time they hardly attain a length greater than 0.06 in. During
the latter part of September they begin to seek hibernating quarters around
the buds, where tliey construct small, compactly woven, oval hibernacula and

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 657

by the middle of October practically all larvse will have left the foliage and
may be found snugly protected in the hibernacula. They remain in hibernation
until the latter part of March or the first days of April, when they emerge
and attack the unfolding leaves. The larvse reach full maturity from about
April 20 to the latter part of June, but the majority pupated between May 10
and June 10 in 1913 and about 10 days later in 1914 and 1915.

Among the parasites reared from the pupa of this case-ben rer are Itoplectis
conquisitor, Triclistus apicalis, Calliephialtes grapholithce, and Pristomerus
sp., of the Ichneumonidse ; Macrocentms delicatus, Meteorus sp., Habrobracon
variabilis, and Orgllus sp. of the Braconidae; Secodella acrobasis and Ceramv-
bycobius sp. of the Chalcidoidea ; and Leskiomimu tenera and Exorista sp. near
pyste of the Tachinidse. Spilochalcis vittata has also been reported from this
host and Triclw gramma minutum was on one occasion reared from its eggs.
The small chalcidoid S. acrobasis, which was reared in great abundance from
the overwintering larvse, is the most effective of the parasites.

Experimental control work which extended over a period of three years is
reported in detail. The work shows conclusively that no matter how badly
an orchard may be infested, the pest can be controlled by a single application
of arsenical solution combined with lime, if made during the latter part of the
summer. The best results are obtained from the use of 1 lb. of powdered or
2 lbs. of paste arsenate of lead and 3 lbs. of freshly slaked lime to each 50
gal. of water. It is pointed out that arsenate of lead should not be used un-
der any circumstances without the addition of lime as loss from injury to the
foliage and nuts is likely to follow. Spraying may be done with equal effective-
ness any time between the first of August and the middle of September, which
is after the eggs have hatched.

An annotated list of 19 references to the literature cited is appended.

An outline of the life history of the clothes moth, Tineola biselliella, R. C.
Benedict (Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1193, pp. 464-466) .—The author's in-
vestigations of clothes moths, conducted with a view to solving the problem of
moth proofing ordinary woolen fabrics, have led to the conclusion that, in the
vicinity of New York City at least, the case-making clothes moth (Tinea
pellionella) is of comparatively rare occurrence and that the extensive damage
which is done in connection -with the fur and woolen trades is due almost
entirely to the yellow clothes moth (T. biselliella) . Both the black and buffalo
carpet beetles were found invariably in each supply of moth material ex-
amined, but in comparatively small numbers. A much larger unidentified beetle
occurred in great numbers in the supply of blown hat fur and rabbit skins
which had their source in Australia.

Egg laying began within 24 hours after mating and from 30 to 160 eggs were
deposited, the usual number being between 40 and 50. At the completion of
oviposition, which might be in one day or as long as three weeks, the female
dies. The eggs are carefully placed among the threads of the cloth and fas-
tened by some glutinous material so that they do not readily shake off.
Hatching begins in 7 days and the larvse commence to feed immediately.
They take the color of the cloth fed upon, the dyes passing through the ali-
mentary canal apparently unchanged. When a larva wished to change its
feeding place it either continued its gallery, sometimes for several inches, or
left it entirely and built another. The larval stage is completed in a minimum
period of 10 weeks while the cocoon stage lasts at the shortest two weeks.

Control experiments which were directed toward the discovery of a poison
that would destroy the larvse through their food and which would not be harm-
ful to human beings have given negative results.

61347°— 18 5

658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol. 38

The biological metliod of control for Oeceticus platensis, P. C. Massini
(An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51 {1917}, No. 5, pp. 373-378, figs. 8).— A report
upon the efficiency of several hymenopterous parasites in the control of this
lepidopteran.

The malaria parasite in the mosquito. — The efEects of low temperature and
other factors on its development, M. B. Mitzmain {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.],
32 {1917), No. 35, pp. IJtOO-lJfIS). — "In the work presented here It is indicated
that development of the exogenous elements in the mosquito is restricted or
prevented during an intermittent low temperature even when temperatures
favorable to parasite development are present in the early stages and subse-
quently. The presence of even great numbers of oocysts in various stages does
not give assurance of subsequent maturity and infectivity. Of the IS infected
anophelines kept at low temperature only one appeared to give rise to mature
parasites, while the one control specimen of Anopheles quadrimaGulatiLS re-
tained at room temperature reached normal maturity relative to sporozoite de-
velopment. Plasmodium falciparum was the species of parasite used. The
oocyst stage was maintained up to 59 days in the mosquitoes employed in these
experiments."

Reference is made to the work by King, previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p.
858).

The Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii, E. A. Back and C. E. Pembeeton
{U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 536 {1918), pp. 118, pis. 21, figs. 2^).-^This is a summary
of the present status of the knowledge of Ceratitis capitata, based upon a
review of the literature and extensive investigations conducted by the authors,
much of which data is presented in tabular form. The subject is considered
under the headings of origin, distribution, source of Hawaiian infestation, con-
ditions favorable to establishment in the Hawaiian Islands, economic impor-
tance, injury, methods of spread, host fruits, life history and description, sea-
sonal history, natural control, and artificial control. Some of the data included
have been previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 37, p. 565).

It is concluded that with the pest well established in Bermuda and the
Hawaiian Islands it will only be a matter of time before it will be inadvertently
Introduced into and become established in California and the Southern States.
It is pointed out that this fruit fly has been reared in Honolulu from 72 species
of host fruits, including the peach, plum, pear, guava, mango, orange, lemon,
grapefruit, banana, etc., and that no edible fruit in Hawaii, except the pine-
apple, escapes its attack although the banana is never infested unless overripe
or injured. While a single generation may require as few as 17 days during
the warmest weather, there are usually 15 to 16 generations a year at Honolulu
and 10 to 12 generations in areas where the winter mean temperature drops
to 68' F.

As regards control measures, it is concluded that at the present time the only
hope of relief lies in the establLshment of parasites, six of which have been
introduced during the past three years and have already become well estab-
lished. While they have more than repaid the Territory of Hawaii for the
cost of their introduction by bringing about an improved condition in the
coffee-growing industry, it is doubtful whether they will effect a sufficient
decrease in the proportion of infested host fruits to be considered efficient
factors in control, since adult flies maturing in thick-meated fruits, or in fruits
protecting larvse by other means from attack by parasites, will neutralize the
effective w^ork of parasites attacking larvae in thin-skinned and thin-pulped
fruits. Accumulated data indicate that the fruit fly will not become a serious
pest in a climate where the mean temperature is below 50° F. during periods
covwing three months of the year. Freezing temperatures can be withstood

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 659

successfully only for short periods and little if any development takes place
at 50°.

While Hawaiian conditions are unfavorable to the use of poison sprays, the
authors' work has convinced them that such sprays could be employed success-
fully in combating this pest in commercial orchards of California and of the
Southern States should they become infested. Attention Is called to the use
that can be made of commercial cold storage, the data presented indicating for
the first time the duration of time required for various temperature ranges to
kill the stages of the fruit fly within stored fruits. From these records it is
reasonable to conclude that the certification of properly refrigerated fruit is
practicable.

Considerable attention is given to parasites of the fruit fly, the history,
description, and biology of Tetrastichus gifjardianus, Opius humilis, Diachasma
tryoni, and D. fullawayi being reported upon, and a discussion included of
methofls of rearing the parasites, struggle for supremacy among them, etc.

Fruit fly parasitism in Hawaii during 1916, C. E. Pemberton and H. F.
WiLLAKD (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 2, pp. 103-108).—
The data here presented supplement the parasitism studies considered at length
in the report above noted and an earlier paper covering the year 1915 (E. S. R.,
35, p. 760). The paper includes tabular data on the extent of infestation of
host fruite by larvse of Ceratitis capitata in Hawaii during 1916, percentage
of larval parasitism of C. capitata in Hawaii in 1916 and 1917, and total
parasitism by months of all larvse of C. capitata collected in Hawaii during
1916.

The total percentage varied ftx)m 6.98 per cent in January to 45.2 per cent in
September. The percentage of parasitism by Diachasma tryoni fell in the
winter and spring to as low as 0.2 (March) and rose in the summer and fall
to as high as 34 (September). "The parasite Opius humilis, more hardy and
prolific than any of the other introduced specie, has been overshadowed by
the other species, particularly by D. tryoni, and has had its seasonal rise and
fall directly the reverse and entirely dependent upon the rise and fall of this
species of Diachasma. The slight seasonal changes have little visible effect
upon the activities of O. humilis, however, for in the winter and spring, with
the decrease in abundance of D. tryoni, it rapidly ascends and becomes the
most eftective check upon the fruit fly."

A comparison of data secured during the years 1914, 1915, and 1916 indicates
that the parasites now present in the Territory have reached their maximum
degree of development and can hardly be expected to attain a greater control
of the fruit fly than that evidenced in 1916.

A new genus of Anthomyiidae, J. R. Maixoch {Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 12
(1911), No. 5, pp. 113-115). — The genus Emmesomyia is erected for two new
species.

A study of the factors which govern mating in the honeybee, G. D.
Shafeb {Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 3^ {1917), pp. 5-19, pis. S, figs. 2).— This
brief report of investigations conducted during 1916 deals with the structural
characters of the reproductive organs of both the queen and drone ; position
assumed by the queen and drone in coition on the mating flight; attempts to
control either mating or fertilization of the queen honeybee; classification of
certain recorded attempts to control mating, giving instances of mating during
confinement in one way or another and instances of artificial fertilization by
hand ; and attempts at controlling mating carried out under this investigation.

Report from the division of bees for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916,
F. W. L. Sladen et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 1151-1194, pis.
^). — The work of the year at the branch stations and the Central Experimental

660 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Farm is first reported upon by the apiarist (pp. 1151-1169), followed by reports
by the superintendents on bee work at the experimental farms (pp. 1169-1194).

A table summarizing the production of bees at 14 Dominion experimental
farms in 1915 is included.

Beekeeping for the fruit grower and small rancher or amateur, G. A.
Coleman {California Sta. Circ. 185 {1911), pp. 11, figs. S). — A popular sum-
mary of information on beekeeping.

Results of cooperative experiments in apiculture, M. Pettit {Ann. Rpt.
Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 38 {1916), pp. 33-40, fig. 1).—A brief report of
the results of cooperative work in Ontario.

The North American wasps of the subgenus Pemphredon, S. A. Rohwek
(Bill. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 12 {1917), No. 5, pp. 97-102).— A key is given to the
nearctic species of Pemphredon, and descriptions of four new species and notes
on several others.

The Cattleya fly, J. B. Mooee {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 308 {1916), pp. S-12,
pis. 2). — The hymenopteran Isosoma orchid ear um, known as the Cattleya fly,
which was imported -with orchids prior to 1888, is now the most serious enemy
of certain species of Cattleya. At first considered to be of little importance,
the infestations have increa.sed to such an extent that many growers have been
forced out of business. Its injury is caused by the larvae which burrow out
the interior of the young buds or young pseudo-bulbs and weaken the growth
to such an extent that very poor blooms or no blooms at all are produced. C.
mossicB and C. gaskeliana have very few injuries, while C. labiata, C. per-
civaliana, C. gigas, and C. triance are badly affected.

In the author's life history studies of the pest, which extended over a period
of 13 months, C. labiata and C. triance, inclosed in a wire cage were used as host
plants. The first brood emerged the last week in February, two broods emerged
in March, two in April, etc. The egg is deposited beneath the epidermis at the
base of the young growths and the injury can be detected by a swelling. The
period from oviposition to emergence covers at least three months in the winter.
Upon hatching out the larvaj feed upon the soft interior of the pseudo-bulb,
forming small cavities in which they later pupate, and as many as 10 may be
found in the same cavity. A single female was observed to make 34' piercings
within 18 hours, and it is thought possible that each female lays more than 50
eggs during the three or four days of her life.

In fumigation for the destruction of the advlts, which must be done every
night, Nicofume proved much more satisfactory than pyrethrum, though neither
is sufficiently effective. Spraying for the pest does not appear to be practicable.
In experimental injections of ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphid, nicotin solu-
tion, and pure air separately into infested growth, the first three killed both
insect and infested part of the plant. While nicotin solution killed the insect
in the cavity it did not permeate the plant tissues. The author found that the
simple piercing of the shoot, i. e., the injection of pure air into the cavity,
kills the insects, and he concludes that piercing the swollen portion is a satis-
factory method of control just so long as the cavity is exposed to the air, but
if the stab is made in the wrong place or if only one or two cavities are stabbed,
reproduction of the flies is not prevented. The destruction of the infested parts
appears to be the best method of control known, and in doing so all growths
less than 18 months old should be examined at least once a week, unless the
grower has not imported orchids or had no infestations for a year or longer.

A revision of hymenopterous insects of the tribe Cremastini of America
north of Mexico, R. A. Cushman {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53 {1917), pp. SOS-
SSI). — This revision includes descriptions of one genus (Neocremastus) and 29
species new to science. Among the new species are Cremastus flaviceps reared

1918.]. FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 661

from Pnlvinaria bigclovice at Grand Junction, Colo., and Port Lavaca, Tex. ;
C. minor reared from the blackhead fireworm at Whitesbog, N. J., from Gnori-
moschcma artemisieUa at Chicago, 111., from Oelechia sp., at Benton Harbor,
Mich., from the pecan cigar case-bearer at Victoria, Tex., and from Eucosma
strenuana on Ambrosia trifida at Washington, D. C. : platynotce and Platy-
nota fiaredana at Tempe, Ariz. ; C. tortricidis and C. epagoges reared from
Epagoges sulfureana at Nashville, Tenn. ; C. evetrice from Evetria bushnelli at
Fort Bayard, N. Mex. ; C. cleridivorus reared from the larv£e of Enoclerus
quarigutiatus at Kanawha Station, W. Va., Tryon, N. C, and Lawrence, Kans. ;
C. ros(E from rose hips in company with Rhynchytes bicolor but which were also
apparently infested with a lepidopterous larva, at Vienna, Va. ; C. tetralophcB
from Tctralopfia subcaruilis at Monticello, Pla. ; and C. mordellisteruB from Mor-
dellistena morula in Colorado.

The author has found that C. decoratus has apparently been introduced into
the United States with one of its European hosts, Evetria buoliana, a specimen
having been reared from that host on Long Island, N. Y. C. forbesii, originally
described from specimens reared from Acleris minuta, is represented in the
National Museum by specimens reared from Gelechia trialbamaculella at Pem-
berton, N. J., blackhead fireworm at Pemberton, N. J., O. confusella at Benton
Harbor, Mich., and Episimus argutanus at East River, Conn.

Notes and descriptions of miscellaneous chalcid flies (Hymenoptera), A. A.
GiBAULT {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53 (1917), pp. 445-450). — Twelve species rep-
resenting ten genera are described as new. Among these are Tumidiscapus
oophagus, many specimens of both sexes of which were reared from eggs of
Oxya velox, at Coimbatore, Southern India ; Abbella americana reared from
jassid eggs in Elymus. at Salt Lake City, Utah; and Sympieses ancylce reared
from Ancylis sp. at Whitesboro, N. J.

The fish louse (Argulus foliaceus), R. Meele (Sci. Amer. Sup., 84 {1911),
No. 2189. p. 373, fig. 1). — A brief account of A. foliaceus, w'hich destroys carp,
etc., with a discussion of preventive and remedial measures.

Brazilian cecidia of plants belonging to the families Compositae, Rubia-
ceae, Tiliace^, Lythracese, and Artocarpacese, J. S. Tavares {Broteria, Ser.
Zool., 15 (1917), No. 3, pp. 113-181, pis. 6, figs. 4).— This contribution to the
knowledge of Brazilian cecidia includes descriptions of 4 genera and 11 species
new to science.

FOODS— HUMAN NTJTEITION.

Chemistry of food and nutrition, H. C. Sherman (New York: The Macmillan
Co., 1918, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XIII+454, figs. i6).— This book has been
rewritten and enlarged to include the results of the more important investiga-
tions in nutrition since the first edition (E. S. R., 24, p. 759). Among these
may be mentioned the greatly extended knowledge of the nature and nutritive
value of individual proteins and of the chemical changes involved in the inter-
mediary metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; new data on energy
requirements under different conditions; and additional facts concerning inor-
ganic constituents, particularly calcium and phosphorus, and the maintenance
of neutrality in the body. Perhaps the most interesting and significant of the
recent investigations are those which have led to the establishment of new
factors essential to the nutritive requirements of the body, the unidentified sub-
stances referred to as " vitamins " or as " fat soluble A" and " water soluble B."
These are described in the chapters on antiscorbutic and antineuritic properties
of food in relation to growth and development.

The book closes with a chapter on dietary standards and economic use of food
in which the problems of an adequate diet are discussed from the viewpoint of

662 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

nutritive value and economy. While emphasizing the fact that under modern
conditions scientific dietary standards based on a knowledge of food chemistry
and nutritive requirements " constitute the most rational guide to the formation
of hygienic and economic habits in the use of food," the author states that too
much weight must not be attached to any attempt to state the requisites of an
adequate diet in terms of quantities of certain nutrients.

Many additions and some changes have been made in the tables in the appen-
dix. The table of ash constituents contains many hitherto unpublished anal-
yses, and the data are uniformly given as percentages of the elements and not
of their oxids. An extensive list of references to the original literature is given
at the end of each chapter.

Special attention has been given throughout the book to the task of presenting
the striking results of the most recent investigations in n-utrition in such a
manner as " to make clear their importance without giving exaggerated impres-
sions and with due emphasis upon the fact that on many significant points any
interpretation which can now be offered is necessarily tentative."

Food in war time, G. Lusk {Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co.,
1918, pp. //6). — This book contains three short articles — A Balanced Diet;
Calories in Common Life ; and Rules of Saving and Safety.

[The work of the Office of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture], Mrs. J. C. Gawleb (Gen. Fed. {Women's Clubs) Mag., 16 {1917), No. 9,
p. 26). — A summary of data regarding the organization and work of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture with special reference to war-time activities.

What the Department of Agriculture is doing' to aid women's war work
(Gen. Fed. (Women's Clubs) Mag., 16 (1917), No. 9, pp. 17, iS).— Information
is given regarding the general work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture In
home economics, its extension work, and its relations to the Food Adminis-
tration.

Conservation of food by substitution with suggestive menus for families
of two and five, prepared as far as possible with reference to emergency
food conditions (Mich. Agr. Col., Dom. Sci. and Home Econ. Ext. Depts.
[Pub., 1918], pp. 96). — This bulletin discusses the five food groups and the
planning of meals to include proper proportions of food from each group. Sug-
gestive menus for fall, winter, spring, and summer for families of two and five,
prepared as far as possible with reference to emergency food conditions, are
given.

[Food conservation], Doea E. Wheeler (Women's Munic. League Boston
Bui., 9 (1917), No. 1, pp. 11-20, figs. 2). — Data on the saving of 'wheat and sub-
stitutes for sugar and recipes for Italian dishes are included.

Notes from the Department of Food Sanitation and Distribution (Women's
Munie. League Boston Bui., 9 (1918), No. 2, pp. 27-29). — Recipes for the use
of corn and corn products and inexpensive Italian dishes are given.

Economy in feeding the family. — I, Some essential facts regarding nutri-
tion, J. P. Street and E. H. Jenkiists (Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 196 (1917),
pp. 15). — This bulletin is the first of a series designed to help "those who
provide the food of families to have a clearer understanding of the principles
of nutrition, of the amount of food necessary for health and efficiency, and of
the most economical methods of buying and preparing food." It contains a
short discussion of the following topics : The uses of food, the chemical com-
position of food, the special uses of the proteins, carbohydrates and fats of the
food, the expression of the quantities of food ingredients and their energy, the
number of calories needed by the body each day, and the application of the
knowledge of calories to the preparation of the daily meal. A table is included

1918.] FOODS HUMAN NTJTEITIOl^T. 663

showing the number of calories yielded by standard portions of various common
foods.

Economy in feeding the family. — II, The cereal breakfast foods, J. P.
Street (Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 197 (1917), pp. 19-43). — In this popular
discussion data are reported in tabular form showing the cost, net weight per
package, total calories, percentages of water, fat, crude fiber, protein, ash, car-
bohydrates other than fiber, and starch, and of the food value and cost of
serving of a large number of breakfast foods and other cereal preparations.

Other grains than wheat in bread making, W. L. Stockham (North DaJcota
Sta. Bui. 123 (1917), pp. 100-105, figs. 5).— The need for including a greater
proportion of the wheat berry in flour and the use of other grains in bread
making are discussed. In tests reported admixtures of different extractions
of rye and wheat flour in varying proportions were used in bread making, as
were a series of blends of barley flour and wheat flour. Photographic illustra-
tions of the resulting loaves are given.

Milling value of barley, T. Sandekson (North Dakota Sta. Bui. 123 (1917),
pp. 106, 107). — Experimental data on barley milling are reported and the
economic use of barley discussed.

"According to the . . . figures [given], it would be possible to use an amount
of barley flour that would produce a loaf of bread very little below the quality
of bread made from aU wheat flour and at less cost than if made from all-wheat
flour."

[Milling and flour investigations] (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, p. 22). — From
the investigations noted, it is concluded that the " baking qualities of flour
are markedly influenced by protein decomposition products, and that a large
amount of nitrogen in amino form is an indication of poor baking qualities."

In bacteriological analyses of 51 samples of flour, " ropy " bread organisms
were found in 40 per cent. Since these organisms were found in the better
grades of flour in much higher proportion than the corresponding losses from
" rope " indicate, the ultimate source of the trouble is ascribed to bakery
practice rather than the flour used.

A lai'ge number of baking tests to determine the effect of egg albumin as
an Ingredient of baking powder showed no measurable effect in the amounts
used.

Six years' milling tests by grades, E. F. Ladd, Alma K. Johnson, and T.
Sandekson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 (1917), No. 17, pp. 411-435) .—This
bulletin contains a summary of the results of milling tests carried on from 1911
to 1916, inclusive, and previously noted (B. S. R., 34, p. 759; 36, p. 464, 471; 37,
p. 863).

The contributions of zoology to human welfare, H. M. Smith (Science,
n. ser., ^7 (1918), No. 1213, pp. 299-301). — The author calls attention to the
service rendered by zoologists in learning the best methods of fish production
and protection in the United States.

Sanitation of steamers (Cal. Bd. Health Mo. Bui., 13 (1918), No. 8, pp. 35S-
S61, figs. 2). — In this account of inspection work by E. T. Ross some informa-
tion is given regarding methods followed in preparing food and regarding
sanitary conditions, which in passenger steamers inspected were generally
found to be quite good. The sanitary condition of employees' living quarters
and similar topics are discussed.

Lye unnecessary with hot water [for sterilizing glasses] (Cal. Bd. Health
Mo. Bui. 13 (1918), No. 9, p. 402). — This editorial states that the recent Cali-
fornia law requiring sterilization of drinking glasses has met with some con-
fusion in interpretation.

664 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

" The facts are that the soda solution Is an approved substitute for steriliza-
tion by steam and boiling water, but it is not required that the solution be used
hot. ... It is intended that the lye solution shall be used when arrangements
for heating are not available."

A comparison of three methods of determining defective nutrition, F. A.
Manny (xlrcft. Fed., S5 (1918), No. 2, pp. S-9). — Data compiled from a study
of defective nutrition among 2,538 pupils in two New York City schools are
given here. The basis upon which the need of care is determined varies among
physicians. Three methods for determining the condition of defective nutrition
are here compared. The weight and height measurements of each child were
taken and an experienced physician examined the pupils, classifying them into
four nutrition grades (1) superior condition, (2) passable, (3) border line,
and (4) very bad according to the Dunfermline scale. Some results of the
comparison are summarized below :

"Among these 2,538 children the number assigned to care was greatest accord-
ing to the scale, second on the basis of weight-age, and least on that of weight-
height. With reference to sex and age the scale and the height-age basis
showed deterioration with increased age for the boys and the reverse con-
dition for the girls. The other two bases show deterioration in both sexes,
but this condition was much more marked among boys on the weight-age basis
and for girls on the weight-height basis.

" The scale groups requiring cars would have been detected nearly twice as
well by the weight-age basis as by the weight-height. The weight-age groups
requiring care would have been detected nearly three times as well by the
scale as by the weight-height basis. The weight-height groups requiring care
would have been detected nearly half as well again by the scale as by the
weight-age basis.

" The underheight group shows closest relation to the weight-age underweight
group — 91.9 per cent. Next in order comes those defective according to the
scale — 78.4 per cent — while only 13.5 per cent of those underheight are also
underweight for their height.

" Even weight and even height decrease with age — more rapidly with the
boys than with the girls. Overweight and overheight increase more rapidly
with the girls than with the boys, and the girls of 14 show actually less under-
height than do those of 7. The girls increase slightly in underweight and the
boys increase in percentage of both underweight and height."

It would seem from these data that any adequate system of diagnosis will
make use of the advantages of both weight relationships and points to the need
of careful study in order to work out a system of diagnosis. The Dunfermline
scale is an attempt in this direction.

On the assumed destruction of trypsin by pepsin and acid. — III, Observa-
tions on men, J. H. Long and Mary Hull [Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 39 {1911),
No. 7, pp. 1493-1500) .—" The observations of this paper on the human subject
justify the conclusions reached in previous work performed in vitro and with
dogs ^ that under certain not unusual conditions trypsin may resist the action
of pepsin and acid in the animal stomach through a considerable period fol-
lowing the ingestion of the ferment.

" It is evident that the action of this ingested trypsin is fully as pronounced,
in the quantities used, as is that which seems to be carried back to the stomach,
along with bile, by the regurgitation of duodenal fluid, but it can not be said
that either effect is very important physiologically. The ingestion of a few

iJour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 8, pp. 1620-1638; 39 (1917), No. 1, pp.
162-174.

1918.] ANIMAL PKODUCTIOIT. 665

milligrams of commercial pancreatin or trypsin could not have great importance
as a therapeutic measure.

" Some tryptic digestion may undoubtedly take place in a slightly acid
medium, and therefore, at times, in the stomach."

ANIMAL PEODTJCTION.

The relative value of field roots, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.
1916, pp. 115-121). — Analytical data are reported for a number of years on
the composition of varieties of mangels, turnips, and carrots. For 1915, mangels
varied in dry matter from 7.32 per cent to 13 i>er cent, and in sugar from 2.86
to 6 per cent. A test was made of the influence of hei'edity in mangels vpith
two widely different varieties. Gate Post and Giant Yellow Globe, which were
planted side by side for a period of 16 years. Gate Post invariably proved
superior, averaging for the whole period 23 per cent more dry matter and 33 per
cent more sugar than Giant Yellow Globe.

Thirty-three varieties of turnips were analyzed to determine the average
composition for a 10-year period. For the year 1915 there was a difference of
5.58 per cent of dry matter, indicating that 2,000 lbs. of the best variety was
equivalent to 3,860 lbs. of the poorest. The sugar content was fairly constant,
averaging approximately one-fifth that of mangels.

Analyses made in 1915 with 10 varieties of carrots showed a difference in dry
matter of 2.84 per cent between the best and poorest varieties, indicating that
2,000 lbs. of the former was equal to 2,665 lbs. of the latter.

The average composition of mangels, grown for 11 years, was, dry matter
11.02 and sugar 5.89 per cent ; for turnips, grown for 10 years, dry matter 10.2
and sugar 1.27 per cent ; and for carrots, grown for 10 years, dry matter 10.37
and sugar 2.69 per cent.

Utilizing the sorghums, T. F. Hunt {California Sta. Circ. 187 {1917), pp.
7). — Attention is called to the decreasing number of live stock due to present
world conditions. To again increase this production is a slow process, and the
first requisite is more feed. This circular emphasizes the value of the sorghums
under California conditions and methods of conserving and feeding them.

Silage investigations {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, p. 21). — It is deemed possible,
but difficult, to make silage from alfalfa alone. It requires rigid exclusion of
the air, and the addition of an easily fermentable carbohydrate, as molasses, corn
chop, cane butts, or rye, is helpful, although these methods are not very prac-
tical. Meal from germinated com is more effective than that from com not
germinated.

Inspection of commercial feedstuffs, P. H. Smith {Massachusetts Sta. Con^
trol Ser. Bui. 7 {1917), pp. 30). — The results of the feeding stuffs in.spection
from September 1, 1916, to April 1, 1917, are given, including analyses of 1,082
samples. Prices for the period have ruled high and supplies scarce, but with
few exceptions goods offered have been as represented. Carbohydrate feeds
have ruled relatively higher in price than proteins.

The feeds analyzed were cottonseed, linseed, corn germ, peanut, sesame, and
gluten meals; distillers', brewers', yeast, and vinegar grains; malt sprouts;
wheat middlings, red dog flour, and low-grade flour; durum wheat products;
rye middlings; corn meal, corn bran, and corn and cob meal; ground oats and
oat groats ; hominy feed ; provender ; dried beet pulp ; cut clover ; alfalfa meal ;
and molasses, mixed, and proprietary feeds.

The analyses of cottonseed meals showed a lowered protein content, indicating
the addition of ground hulls. The peanut oil cake, evidently without the hull,
was of excellent quality.

666 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

An appended article on The Grain Problem, by J. B. Lindsey, discusses the
relative values of feeds and their selection under present conditions.

[Miscellaneous analyses], F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916,
pp. 121-125, 178, 179). — Analyses of bran, barley flour, oat flour, rice meal, flax
chaff, flax shives, elevator dust, mangels, several proprietary and by-product
feedstuffs, butter, poultry grit, and an egg preservative are reported. A test
of the egg preservative indicated no advantage over saturated limewater.

Grazing experiment {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 20, 21). — Plats protected
until the predominant species matured seed showed good results. Seeding with
a mixture of tame grasses did not establish a stand. With sweet clover, mow-
ing on level land was practical and kept down weeds.

Cattle feeding, A. D. Favuxe {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 117 {1917), pp. 55-6-^).—
Experiments were made during three years comparing oat and pea silage with
alfalfa hay. The grain rations varied but were the same with lots directly
compared.

The experiments during 1915-16 with beef cows were interrupted, but while
no elaborate results were obtained the data indicated that 7 lbs. of a 15-lb.
alfalfa ration could be replaced by 15 lbs. of oat and pea silage.

During the winter of 1916-17 the cows were fed for 16 weeks as one lot with
and without oat and pea silage reversed every 4 weeks. With silage in the
ration they made an average daily gain per head of 0.55 lb. with a ration cost-
ing 13.8 cts. daily. Without silage in the ration they made an average daily
gain of 0.13 lb. on a daily cost of 13.7 cts. These results taken with others
previously obtained (E. S. R., 34, p. 467) indicate that oat and pea silage can
be substituted for alfalfa hay at 2 lbs. of silage to 1 lb. of hay.

With growing cattle in 1914-15 during 161 days those with oat and pea silage
in the ration made an average daily gain per head of 0.84 lb. on a daily cost
of 11 cts. Those without silage in the ration made a daily gain of 0.8 lb. at
a cost of 13.4 cts. Approximately 9.5 lbs. of silage replaced 7 lbs. of alfalfa.

During 113 days of the winter of 1915-16 growing heifers with oat and pea
silage in the ration made an average daily gain per head of 1 lb. costing 8.4 cts.
daily. Without silage they made an average daily gain of 0.6 lb. on a ration
costing 9.4 cts. per day. Ten lbs. of the silage more than replaced 5 lbs. of
alfalfa. With grain and alfalfa the cost of 100 lbs. of gain was $15.92, while
with the substitution of a part of the alfalfa with the silage it w-as $8.37.

In 16 weeks' feeding with growing cattle during the winter of 1916-17 the lots
were reversed every 4 weeks. With silage in the ration they made an average
daily gain per head of 1.4 lbs. on a ration costing 10.8 cts. per day. Without
silage in the ration they made an average daily gain of 0.63 lb. on a ration
costing 11.4 cts. daily. With grain and alfalfa It cost $18.26 per 100 lbs. of
gain, while with silage in the ration it cost $7.70.

[Cattle feeding investigations] {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. S4-S6). — One
hundred head of 3-year-old heifers were divided into five lots and fed for 20
days during the winter. The rations were feterlta silage and alfalfa, Kafir
corn silage and alfalfa, Kafir corn stover and alfalfa, Kafir corn stover and
alfalfa on range lot, and Sudan stover and Kafir corn silage. Kafir corn silage
and alfalfa made the greatest gain, the animals averaging 0.87 lb. daily at a
cost of 6.1 cts. per pound. The Kafir corn silage was better preserved and
more palatable than the feterlta silage.

In another test of 120 days' duration 40 heifers were fed silage, alfalfa, and
straw and another 40 the same feed with the addition of 4.54 lbs. of corn-and-
cob meal and 1 lb. of linseed meal a day. The first lot made an average dally
gain per head of 0.92 lb. at a total feed cost of $4.73 per head. The second lot,

1918.]

ANIMAL PRODUCTION'.

667

grain fed, made an average daily gain of 1.88 lbs. at a totl feed cost of $11.43
per head.

Beef cattle, E. S. Akchibald et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpis. 1916, pp.
S87-422, pis. 5). — An experiment was carried out at the station at Charlotte-
town, P. E. I., from November 1, iai5, to March 8, 1916, to determine the gains
and profits in fattening beef and dairy types of steers. The grain mixture fed
was made up of bran, barley, and oats, with a roughage of timothy, oat, and
clover hay, turnips, and mangels. Some of the results obtained are shown in
the following table:

Tests in fattening heef and dairy types of cattle.

Lot.

I

II
III

IV
V

Type.

Beef (two good, one fair, one rangy)

Dairy (Holstein grades)

Beef ( Shorthorn)

Dairy (mixed grades)

Dairy (Holstein grades)

Number

of
animals.

daily

gain per

steer.

Lbs.
2.33
2.08
1.90
2.15
2.30

cost per

pound of

gain.

Cts.
7.60
8.50
9.05
8.06
7.98

Dressed

weight

per stoer.

Per cent.
54.3
51.9
57.3
54.5
57.0

Profit
per steer.

$15.09
12.87
12.21
17.06
17.72

The third-year results are reported of an experiment carried out at the
Nappan Station, N. S. The objects of this trial were to determine the results
of increasing the root and grain ration 50 per cent for light and heavy-weight
steers, to find the profit in feeding these two types, and to show the value of
molasses in finishing beef.

Sixteen well-bred Shorthorn steers were divided into four lots of 4 steers
each, good butchers in lots 1 and 3 and good stockers in lots 2 and 4, the latter
being somewhat thinner. The steera were fed a mixture of 40 per cent barley
and oats, 40 per cent bran, 10 per cent oil cake, and 10 per cent cottonseed
meal, with a roughage of turnips and clover hay, and lots 2 and 3 receiving 50
per cent more roots and meal than lots 1 and 4. Half of each lot received, in
addition to the regular ration, 2 lbs. of molasses per head per day.

Some of the results are shown in the following table :

Results of steer-feeding experiment, January 1 to April S, 1916.

Lot.

Type.

Average

Daily

Average

daily

cost of

cost per

gain per

feed per

pound of

steer.

steer.

gam.

Lbs.

Cti.

Cts.

1.927

20.24

10.50

2.358

26.66

11.31

1.811

20.24

11.17

1.941

26.66

13.73

Profit
per steer.

I

ni

IV
U

Butchers (light fed) .
Butchers (heavy fed)
Stockers (light fed) . .
Stockers (heavy fed).

$16. 13
13.68
14.28
10. 9S

The average daily gain of the steers with molasses in the ration was 2.17 lbs.
at a cost of 11.49 cts. per pound, and without molasses 1.77 lbs. at 12.42 cts.
The average profit per steer was $13.57 with molasses and $13.90 without.
The average for three years with good butchers shows a daily gain of 2.252 lbs.
at a cost of 10.33 cts. per pound for heavy-fed steers, as compared with a daily
gain of 2.094 lbs. at a cost of 8.646 cts. per pound for the light fed ; with good
stockers a daily gain of 2.114 lbs. at a cost of 11.08 cts. for the heavy fed, as

6G8 EXPERIMENT STATIOiST RECORD. [Vol.38

compared with 1.9 lbs. at a cost of 9.57 cts. with the light fed. While heavy
feeding increased the weight, it also increased the cost. Molasses also pro-
duced an increase in weight, but at a cost' above $20 or i?2?> per ton it produced
no profit during the three years of the experiment.

Prom the three years' results, it appears that the greatest profit can be
secured with 40 to 50 lbs. of roots and an average of 6.5 lbs. of grain per day,
beginning with 2 or 3 lbs. and finishing with about 10 to 12 lbs. while decreasing
the roots.

In an experiment conducted at the station at Kentville, N. S., to compare
turnips with silage 24 steers were divided into two lots of 12 each. Each of
the steers in lot 1 was fed 60 lbs. of pulped turuijis for the first six weeks, 50
for the next two, 40 for the next two, and 35 for the remaining six ; those in
lot 2, 40 lbs. silage per day for the first six weeks, 35 for the next two, 30 for
the next two, and 25 for the remaining six. The grain ration, made up of
wheat bran, cottonseed meal, ground oats, and corn meal, 2:2:1:1, was fed
each steer as follows : One lb. each per day for the first week, 2 lbs. for the
second, 4 lbs. for the next two, 6 lbs. for the following two, 7 lbs. for the next
two, 8 lbs. for the next four, and 9 lbs. for the remaining four, an average of
6.17 lbs. meal per steer per day. Ten lbs. of mixed hay of fair quality was
fed each steer daily.

During the 120 days of the experiment the turnip-fed lot made an average
daily gain per head of 1.84 lbs. at a cost of 11.31 cts. per pound of gain, while
the silage-fed lot gained 1.87 lbs. at a cost of 11.22 cts. The profit per steer
for the former was .$8.40, and for the kstter $8.48. With turnips at $2 per ton
and silage $3 per ton there is little difference indicated in the cost of the two
rations.

Thirteen grade Shorthorn steers costing $6.23 per 100 lbs. and 11 dairy type
steers costing $4.57 per 100 lbs. were fed at Fredericton, N. B., on rough crops
of the farm to test the effect of the feeding on these types. The animals were
fed for 140 days, beginning December 1, on a ration of 50 lbs. of turnips, 3 lbs.
of grain mash, and hay. The Shorthorn grades made an average daily gain of
1.26 lbs. at a cost of 13.3 cts. per pound, while the dairy type made a daily
gain of 1.11 lbs. at a cost of 15.1 cts. per pound. The Shorthorns sold for $8
per 100 lbs., yielding a net profit of $5.39 per animal, and the dairy type for
$6.34, yielding a profit of $1.34 each.

An experiment was carried out at Brandon, Man., during the winter of
1914-15 to compare the effects of feeding cattle in a warm stable with feeding
in an open shed and corral. A comparison was also made of mixed grass and
gi-een oat hay with straw and corn silage and with alfalfa hay. The cattle
at the beginning of the experiment (November 13) cost $6.46 per 100 lbs. They
were divided into four lots and were fed tlie same grain ration, consisting of
chopped oats and chopped barley or corn, 2: 1. The grain ration, started at 2
lbs. daily, was gradually increased to 8 lbs., at which rate it remained for
about two months. The experiment was closed May 24, 1915, when the cattle
were sold at $8.75 per 100 lbs.

The stable-fed steers showed a higher gain than the open-shed animals, a
result contrary to former experiments. While the animals on hay made a
greater gain than those on straw and silage, the latter brought a greater profit.
The alfalfa hay, though higher in price, gave larger returns than the other hays.

At Indian Head, Sask., during the fall of 1915 60 steers were divided into
five lots of 12 each for a trial of the different methods of wintering cattle.
The lots were fed for 135 days, being given equal amounts of grain and all
the prairie hay tliey would clean up. The two stable lots were fed in addition
silage and roots.

1918.]

ANIMAL PRODUCTrOlT.

669

Lot 1, bush shelter, made an average daily gain of 1.63 lbs. at a cost of 13.81
cts. per pound ; lot 2, open corral, 1.6 lbs. at 13.92 cts. ; lot 3, corral and open
shed, 1.72 lbs. at 13.07 cts. ; lot 4, stable, with addition of silage to ration, 1.56
lbs. at 11.75 cts. ; and lot 5, stable, with addition of roots to ration, 1.72
lbs. at 10.77 cts.

In the Lethbridge (Alta.) section, where alfalfa is the principal field crop
and stock raising has not progressed to the point where all the feed is utilized
locally, the problem of disposing of the alfalfa hay is an important one. An
experiment was carried out to determine the advisability of feeding alfalfa
together with some other roughage.

Three lots of 21 steers each were fed as follows: Lot 1, alfalfa hay; lot
2, alfalfa hay and green oat sheaves, 3 :1 ; and lot 3, alfalfa hay and dry corn
fodder, 3 :1. Of this roughage the steers were fed all they would clean up
well, and in addition they were given small quantities of equal parts of
crushed oats and barley. With alfalfa hay, valued at $10, green oat sheaves
$10, dry-corn fodder $5, and crushed barley and oats .$20 per ton, lot 1 made
an avenige daily gain per head of 1.4 lbs. at a cost per pound of 13 cts.; lot
2, 1.6 lbs. at 12 cts ; and lot 3, 1.2 lbs. at 14 cts. The average net profit per steer
was $2.31, $4.65, and $1.27, respectively, for the three lots. It is thought that
it pays to feed some other roughage with alfalfa as it gives variety to the
ration and the animals eat more and make greater gains.

On December 1, 1915, an experiment was begun at Lacombe, Alta., with 197
yearling and two-year-old steers and heifers in testing the value of various
hays and fodders as roughage. The animals were fed the same grain ration
consisting of equal amounts of oats and barley well ground. The results were
as follows :

Beef-feeding experiments imih various roughages.

Lot.

Roughage.

Number
of steers.

Average
daily

gain per
steer.

Cost per
pound
of gain.

Profit
per steer.

I

II....
III...
IV...

v....

Prairie hay

Prairie hay and oat straw

Prairie hay and green sheaves.

Green sheaves

Timothy and alsike hay

20
118
19
20
20

Lbs.
1. 756

.762
1.508
1.220

.921

as.

8.57
17.52
11.09
13. .36
20.70

$13.06
9.01
10.56

The animals in lot 1 made fair gains, were consistent steady feeders, and
were well finished at the close. Those in lot 2, fed hay and straw in separate
racks, ate the hay but neglected the straw. The animals in lot 4 were off feed
at times due to scouring. Those in lot 5 were well finished.

Silage for beef cattle investigations (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, p. 20). — In the
fourth trial with yearling beeves, those receiving a ration of ground corn, cot-
tonseed meal, and alfalfa and silage as roughage showed more finish and bloom
and dressed out a higher percentage but with a gi-eater cost per unit of gain
than those on other rations. Corn-and-cob meal made slower but cheaper gains
than ground corn, while Kafir corn meal put on slower gains at a still lower
cost. Where corn can not be secured at a reasonable price, Kafir corn seems
to make a good substitute. Cattle fed no silage made the greatest gains and
showed almost as much bloom as the silage lots.

Russian thistle silag'e for the maintenamce of range cattle (New Mexico
Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 74, 75). — A small cement silo was filled with silage made
from Russian thistles of various stages of maturity varying in height from 1.5

670 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECORD. [Vol.38

to 3.5 ft. The filling was made in September and the silo opened in January.
The first 5 ft. was spoiled and the remaining silage was of a dark brown color
and strong acid odor. On being exposed to the air for a few hours it turned
darker and developed a very unpleasant odor. When substituted for corn
silage young stock and dry cows ate it fairly well. On a ration of 10 lbs. of
alfalfa hay and 10 lbs. of the silage daily young heifers lost 10 lbs. each in 10
days and appeared to be hungry most of the time. This silage ean not be said
to be a good feed.

Sheep feeding. — VII, Fattening western lambs, 1916-17, J. H. Skinner
and F. G. King (Indiana Sta. Bui. 202 {1917), pp. 3-20; popular ed., pp. 7).— A
continuation of work previously reported (B. S. R., 36, p. 568), and made to
obtain further data on fattening lambs. The experiments include a compari-
son of various roughages alone and in combination, as alfalfa hay, clover hay,
and corn silage; the value of cottonseed meal and gi-ound soy beans as sup-
plements; and the influence of shearing and of sheltering on fattening lambs.
Western lambs from Colorado were used, divided into nine lots of 25 each, and
the tests continued from November 2 to March 2.

I. Corn silage alone v. com silage and dry roughage for fattening lamhs. —
In this comparison the lambs in one lot on corn silage were given a feed of
clover hay every fifth day to maintain their appetites. This was found neces-
sary in former experiments where the lambs developed fickle appetites when
fed on corn silage alone. The different lots were fed a basal ration of shelled
corn and cottonseed meal (7:1). The lot with corn silage in addition as
roughage (lot 1) gained an average of 17.5 lbs. per head at a cost of 15.43 cents
per pound. The lot on corn silage as roughage with a feed of clover hay every
fifth day (lot 6) gained 28.6 lbs. per head at a cost of 10.97 cts. per pound.
The lot with clover hay and silage roughage, each as wanted (lot 7), gained

36.5 lbs. per head at a cost of 9.92 cts. per pound.

The silage-fed lot ate less grain than the other two lots. When finished they
were valued at 13.5 cts. per pound and returned a profit ©f 83 cts. per head.
The lot on silage with clover every fifth day was valued at 13.9 cts. per pound
and returned a profit of $2.23 per head. The lot with silage and clover hay at
will was valued at 14.25 cts. per pound and returned a profit of $3.18 per head.

II. Clover hay v. alfalfa hay as roughage for fattening lambs.— -This experi-
ment, comparing clover hay with alfalfa hay, is the fourth carried out for this
purpose. In two of these trials clover has produced the best results and in
two others the alfalfa. Where there was a difference in the quality of the hays,
the better one, regardless of kind, produced the best results. While the ani-
mals consumed larger quantities of the poorer hay, the rate of gain was in
every case in favor of the higher quality.

The lambs in this experiment on shelled corn and clover hay of medium
quality (lot 3) gained an average of 34.4 lbs. per head at a cost of 9.71 cts.
per pound. Those on shelled corn and alfalfa hay of excellent quality (lot 4)
gained 36.6 lbs. per head at a cost of 9.12 cts. per pound. The clover-fed lambs
were valued at 13.75 cts. per pound and returned a profit of $2.69 per head,
while the alfalfa-fed were valued at 14 cts. per pound and returned a profit
of $3.22 per head.

III. Alfalfa hay v. alfalfa hay and corn silage for fattening lambs. — Lambs
fed shelled corn, alfalfa hay, and corn silage (lot 5), gained an average of

34.6 lbs. at a cost of 9.85 cts. per pound. The lambs wei-e valued at 14.1 cts.
per pound and returned a profit of $2.99 per head. This lot is compared with
that in the previous experiment (lot 4) receiving shelled corn and alfalfa hay,

IV. Ground soy beans v. cottonseed meal as supplement to ration for fatten-
ing lambs, — In this experiment the ground soy beans and cottonseed meal were

1918.]

ANIMAL PRODUCTION'.

671

fed as supplements to shelled corn, clover hay, and corn silage. The lamhs fed
ground soy beans (lot 8) gained an average of 35.1 lbs. each at a cost of 9.76
cts. per pound, were valued at 14.15 cts. per pound, and returned a profit of $3.09
per head. Comparison was made with lot 7, reported under series I.

V. Influence of shearing on fattening lambs. — In this experiment, lot 2, which
was shorn in the beginning of the test and yielded 57 lbs. of wool, was com-
pared with lot 7, as previously noted. The shorn lambs consumed slightly
more feed and gained an average of 33.8 lbs. per head at a cost of 10.72 cts.
per pound, w^ere valued at 11.75 cts. per pound, and made a profit of 96 cts.
per head.

VI. Open shed v. ham as shelter for fattening lambs. — In this experiment
the lambs were all shorn. Those in the barn (lot 9) ate the same quantity of
grain and silage but less hay than those in the open shed (lot 2). The barn-
fed lambs gained an average of 33.1 lbs. each at a cost of 10.(58 cts. per pound,
were valued at 11.25 cts. per pound, and returned a profit of 51 cts. per head.
This experiment, together with five similar experiments, showed higher profits
from feeding lambs in open sheds than in the barn.

Sheep, E. S. Aechibald et ax. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 532-559,
pis. 4)- — Two experiments were carried out with lambs at the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, to compare the protein in various meals, to discover the
comparative value of two new protein meals recently introduced into Canada,
and to find the best nutritive ratio for fattening lambs. The 50 lambs in each
experiment were devided into five lots of 10 lambs each, and besides protein feeds
were given equal amounts of hay and silage. The grain was fed at the rate of
8 oz. per head in the beginning, increasing 2 oz. weekly until it reached 20 oz.
in the seventh week, at which rate it remained until the end of the experiment.
In the first experiment " short-keep " lambs were fed for the Christmas market
from November 17 to December 15, a period of 28 days ; in the second, " long-
keep " lambs were fed from November 17 to February 9, a period of 84 days.

Average results from both experiments are shown in the following table :

Average results of lamb-feeding experiments.

Kind of grain ration.

Nutri-
tive

ratio of
grain.

niixture.

"Short-keep" lambs.

"Long-keep" lambs.

Lot.

Average

gain.

per

animal.

Cost to

produce

1 lb. of

gain.

Net
profit

per
animal.

Average

gain

per
animal.

Cost to

produce

1 lb. of

gain.

Net
profit

per
animal.

1

1:6.7
1:4.8
1:4.3
1:4.1
1:3.9

Lhs.
10>8
11.2
10.1
9.5
12.8

Cte.
4.3
4.1
4.6
5.0
3.7

SI. 85
1.82
1.77
1. m
2.03

Lbs.
18.7
18.2
15.7
13.1
17.5

Cts.
10.1
10.3
11.9
14.7
11.0

SI. 99

2

1.86

3

1.66

4

1.33

5

Peanut meal

1.S3

During the winter of 1915-16, two lamb-feeding experiments lasting 110
days each were carried out at Charlottetown, P. E. I., beginning December 1, to
compare clover hay with mixed-grain hay (oats and barley cut in the milk
stage), and to compare a heavy grain ration with a light grain ration. Each
experiment included two lots of 10 lambs each. In the first experiment, in
addition to the roughage under test, both lots were fed turnips and a heavy
grain ration of barley, oats, and bran. Lot 1 received the clover hay as rough-
age; lot 2 received the mixed-grain hay up to February 20, when the supply
became exhausted and clover hay was substituted. Up to February 20, lot 1

672 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 38

made the better and more economical gains, from whicli it is concluded that
clover hay is the better roughage for fattening lambs.

In the second experiment each lamb of lot 1 started with 10 oz. of grain
per day and each lamb of lot 2 with 6.4 oz., both lots finishing with 18 oz. per
lamb. During the period of the experiment the lot on the heavy grain ration
made an average gain per animal of 0.162 lb. daily, at a cost of 15 cts. per
pound ; that on the light grain ration averaged 0.126 lb. daily, at 17.9 cts.
per pound.

A trial was made at Agassiz, B. C, of fattening ram and wether lambs on
rape. The lambs were pure-bred Dorset Horned, the rams being the better
individuals. The rape was only a fair crop and would support only 11 lambs
to the acre for 54 days. The lambs were run 14 days without grain and were
then fed 1 lb. each per day of a mixture of 4 parts whole oats, 2 parts crushed
barley, 1 part linseed oil meal, and 1 part corn meal. During the 54 days of
the test the rams made an average daily gain of 0.54 lb., at a cost of 4.6 cts. per
pound, the wethers a gain of 0.453 lb., at 5.6 cts. The value of an acre of rape
with the ram lambs was $17.97, with the wethers $14.03.

Lamb feeding (Neto Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 85-87). — Tliis experiment
was made to determine whether lambs would make profitable u.se of weeds and
other roughage that usually go to waste, and also to determine the most
economical ration for finishing them for market.

Rambouillet grade lambs, 168 in number, were run for 30 days in fields con-
taining cornstalks and weeds. Their gains during this period were small. They
were then divided into four lots and fed for 60 days. Three lots were fed
an average of 1 lb. of shelled corn daily and one lot 0.6 lb. All were fed
alfalfa hay, but in two lots part of it was replaced by corn silage. In one
lot a part of the shelled corn was replaced by corn silage.

The results indicate that it is more economical to limit the grain ration apd
to feed corn silage in connection with the alfalfa hay.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — I, Hog production should be in-
creased (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 84 (1918), pp. 24, figs. 2).— Atten-
tion is called to the increasing needs of pork products to meet home demands
as well as those of our allies. While pork constitutes more than one-half of
the meats produced in the United States it furnishes also large supplies of fats,
the need for which is acute. During 1917 there was a decrease of 5,427,000
hogs, or about 7 per cent less than in 1916. The exports of pork products in
1917 were 1,417,000,000 lbs.

To meet the demands 15 per cent more hogs are needed. There was an
increase in cereals during the year, much of which is available for pig feed,
of 836,624,000 bu. To encourage feeding the U. S. Food Administration fixed
a minimum price on hogs on the hoof at $15.50 per 100 lbs. at the stockyards.

To further the production of pork it is recommended to preserve breeding
animals, to market hogs at heavier weights, to use self-feeders, and to feed
more wastes, such as city garbage. Pig clubs, swine breeders' associations, and
loans to pig feeders are indorsed.

The more common diseases of the hog are explained, special attention being
given to the employment of the serum treatment for hog cholera.

Swine, E. S. Archibald et al. {Canada Expt. Farms lipts. 1916, pp. 560-
573, 577-581, 583-597, pis. .i).— At the Central Experimental Farm an experi-
ment was carried out to determine the best method of feeding weanling pigs
10 weeks old or over during the summer. The pigs were divided into four lots of
eight or nine pigs each and the experiment continued 84 days. Lot 1 received
a mixture of equal parts of shorts, ground oats, and finely ground barlejs plus
skim milk. Lot 2 received the same feeds as lot 1 plus all the green clover they

3018.] ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 673

would clean up. Lot 3 was fed whole barley in the hopper grinder, and as
much each of equal parts of shorts and oats in a grain mixture as they con-
sumed of the barley from the hopper grinder. They also received the same
quantity of skim milk as lots 1 and 2. Lot 4 was fed a grain mixture of equal
parts of shorts, finely ground oats, and finely ground barley fed in a self-feeder ;
also skim milk as in the other lots, but separately.

Lot 1 made an average daily gain of LOG lbs. per head, at a cost of 3.5 cts.
per pound of gain ; lot 2, 1.12 lbs. daily, at 3.51 cts. per pound ; lot 3, 1.12 lbs.,
at 4.6 cts. per pound ; and lot 4, 0.999 lb., at 3.58 cts. per pound. While the
results show little difference in the use of the self-feeder, the fact that it
required only half the time and labor as the usual methods of feeding indicates
its possibilities.

An experiment was made at the same station with litters of young pigs from
the time they began to eat until they were three months old, comparing linseed
oil meal and tankage, skim milk and tankage, and single meals and a mixture
of two or three meals with and without skim milk. The objects of the experi-
ment were similar to tho.se of the previous year (E. S. R., 36, p. 68), except
that corn was the basis of the ration then while barley was, for purposes of
economy, the basis in the present work. The experiment continued for 84 days.
Lot 1, containing 10 Yorkshire pigs, on a ration of ground barley, shorts, and
oil meal, 3:3:1, plus skim milk, made an average daily gain of 0.96 lb., at a
cost of 2.97 cts. per pound of gain. Lot 2, 8 Berkshires, on a similar ration,
except that one part of tankage was used instead of the oil meal, gained 0.66
lb. daily, at a cost of 3.93 cts. Lot 3, 8 Yorkshires, was fed a ration of finely
ground barley and tankage, 6:1, plus skim milk, and made a daily gain of
0.97 lb., at a cost of 3.41 cts., while lot 4, 9 Berkshires, on the same ration, but
without the skim milk, gained 0.52 lb. daily, at a cost of 4.1 cts. Lot 5, 11
Yorkshires, on a ration of finely ground barley plus skim milk gained 0.S7 lb.
daily, at a cost of 3 cts. per pound.

Compared with the experiment of the previous year there was little simi-
larity in the total gains per lot, but in cost of gains there was more concord-
ance. In this experiment oil meal gave better results than tankage, while
in the previous experiments they were practically identical. As in the previ-
ous experiment, increased gains were shown by replacing the shorts with
barley. The superiority of skim milk over tankage for economical gains is
indicated.

An experiment was also made at the same station to compare the palatability,
the digestible economy, and the gains made by pigs fed on various meals on
the basis of protein content. The work was carried out with six lots of 5
pigs each, varying from 4 to 6 months of age, and with five lots from 2 to 3.5
months of age.

In the first experiment, lasting 56 days, the pigs were fed shorts, gi-ound
barley, and skim milk. In addition lot 1 received ground corn and made an
average daily gain per head of 1.1 lbs. at a cost of 4.2 cts. per pound of gain ;
lot 2 with gluten feed made an average daily gain of 1.19 lbs. at a cost of
3,8 cts. ; lot 3 with cottonseed meal, an average daily gain of 1.26 lbs. at a cost
of 2.8 cts. ; lot 4 with linseed oil cake gained 1.24 lbs. daily at a cost of 3.2
cts. ; lot 5 with peanut oil meal, an average daily gain of 0.8 lb. at a cost of 4.3
cts. ; and lot 6 with fish meal, an average daily gain of 1.1 lbs. at 4.7 cts. per
pound.

In the second test, with younger pigs, the lot on fish meal was omitted.

The other five lots were fed as before. Lot 1 on ground corn gained 1.13

lbs. daily at a cost to produce of 4.2 cts. ; lot 2 on gluten feed gained 1.07 lbs.

at a cost of 4.2 cts. ; lot 3 on cottonseed meal gained 1.17 lbs„ at a cost of 3.5

61347°— 18 6

674 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

cts. ; lot 4 on linseed oil cake gained 1.14 lbs., at a cost of 3.7 cts. ; and lot 5 on
peanut oil meal gained 1.11 lbs., at a cost of 3.5 cts.

In tbese experiments cotton.seed meal, fed in proportion of 13.5 per cent of
the ration, proved safe and gave the most economical gains. Linseed meal was
practically equal to cottonseed meal. Peanut meal, while low in gains, showed
up well in cost, due to the small amount necessary on a protein basis. Gluten
meal compared closely with corn meal. Fish meal, while palatable, caused
intestinal disturbances even though fed as only one-tenth of the meal ration.

In Manitoba, barley is the accepted standard feed for pig fattening. An ex-
periment was carried out at Brandon to test the desirability of mixing other
feeds with it. Four lots of pigs were used. Lot 1. containing 5 pigs, was fed
barley; lot 2, 5 pigs, barley and feed flour, 3: 1; lot 3, 4 pigs, barley and shorts,
3:1; and lot 4, 4 pigs, barley and oats in equal parts. In addition each animal
in all lots was fed about 0.4 lb. of tankage daily.

Lot 1 made an average daily gain per head of 1.11 lbs. at a cost of 4.44 cts.
per pound of gain ; lot 2 a daily gain of 1.07 lbs. at a cost of 5.07 cts. ; lot 3 a
daily gain of 0.99 lb. at a cost of 5.08 cts. ; and lot 4 a daily gain of 0.86 lb.
at a cost of 6.18 cts. The previous year barley and feed flour had given the
best results. In both years the barley and oats mixture was the most ex-
pensive and least satisfactory.

As skim milk is not usually available on Manitoba farms, an experiment
was also undertaken at Brandon to find a succulent feed for young pigs to be
used as a substitute. Mangels and potatoes, both raw and cooked, were tried,
being fed A^ath barley chop and shorts. The raw feeds were valued at $3 per
ton and the cooked at $5. The cooked potatoes gave the best results both in
gains and costs, while the raw potatoes were least satisfactory. The cooked
mangels gave better results than the raw but not enough to pay for the cooking.

In another experiment raw and cooked mangels were compared with a
straight grain ration. The raw mangels were about equally successful with
the grain and better than the cooked mangels. The successful use of the raw
mangels compared with grain apparently depends upon the cost.

At the Lacombe station, Alta, three lots of 5 pigs each, after being weaned
at about 10 weeks of age, were fed 30 days on shorts and milk, shorts, and
wheat. Those on shorts and milk gained 0.786 lb. each daily, at a cost of
3.71 cts. per pound of gain ; those on shorts 0.42 lb., at a cost of 4.71 cts. ; and
those on wheat gained 0.373 lb., at a cost of 3.21 cts. These results are based
on milk at 20 cts., shorts at $1.65, and wheat at $1 per 100 lbs.

Another experiment was carried out to test the value of different pastures
in pork production. A basic ration of shorts, wheat, and skim milk was fed
at the values quoted in the previous experiment to seven lots of 5 pigs each on
difljerent kinds of pasture and in a dry pen. The lot on pasture made up of
wheat, oats, and barley made an average daily gain of O.SOS lb. per head
at a cost of 3.5 cts. per pound to produce, on alfalfa pasture 0.808 lb. at a cost
of 3.4 cts., on rape 0.778 lb. at a cost of 3.45 cts., on oats 0.795 at 3.41 cts., on
barley 0.762 lb. at 3.51 cts., on wheat 0.661 lb. at 4 cts., while those in the corral
gained 0.501 lb. daily at a cost of 5.3 cts.

Bations for pig's at weaning time, L. A. Weaves {Missouri Sta. Bid. .151
{1911), p. 29). — Sixty-four pigs averaging 40 lbs. each were divided into eight
lots, seven of which were pastured on rape and one on blue grass They were
fed different additional rations.

From the results of the experiment during 112 days there was found little
difference in the efficiency of the following rations: (1) Corn, snorts, bran,
and tankage (4:4:1:1), (2) corn, shorts, and tankage (6:3:1). and (3)
corn and tankage (9:1). Corn alone was not a well-balanced ration. Corn

1918.] ANIMAL PRODUCTIOIS'. 675

.ind shorts, equal parts, was better than corn alone, but not equal to the above
mentioned rations. Blatchford's pig meal and corn (1:2) was not as effi-
cient as corn and skim milk (1:4). Skim milk was not so good as well-bal-
anced grain rations with pigs on rape. The rape pasture was superior to the
blue grass.

Digestion experiments with pigs, with special reference to the influence
of one feed upon another, and to the individuality of pigs, H. S. Gbindlbtt,
W. J. Caemichael, and C. I. Newlin {Illinois Sta. Bui. 200, ahs. {1911), pp.
.^).— An abstract of Bulletin 200 (E. S. R., 37, p. 677).

Mesquite beans for pig feeding {New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1911, pp. 77-82, fig.
1). — Attention is called to the possibility of the greater utilization of the
mesquite bean as a stock feed. The pods are sweet, and horses and cattle eat
them eagerly. They should not be fed alone as they are constipating, but with
wheat bran, alfalfa hay, or a succulent feed. They were not so well relished
by pigs, but they were readily eaten when ground and mixed with milo maize
meal, 2 : 1. With the milo maize worth $1.50 per hundredweight, the ground
beans are worth about 80 cts. per hundredweight.

In a second experiment two lots of four pigs each were fed for 76 days on
alfalfa hay and concentrates as follows : Lot 1, ground corn and ground mes-
quite beans, 1:1; lot 2, ground corn alone. During the first nine weeks the
ground mesquite beans were about 75 per cent as efficient as gi'ound corn. They
were more efficient in the first period of the experiment than in the latter.

The results of the two experiments indicate that mesquite beans make an
economical feed when grains are high. The digging up of the bushes should
be discouraged unless a more valuable plant is available that will thrive xmder
similar conditions.

Tankage for pigs (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 75-77). — Three lots of
12 pigs each, averaging about 60 lbs., were fed ground com, ground corn and
packing-house tankage, and ground corn and El Paso tankage. The standard or
packing-house tankage contained 62.9 per cent protein and cost $3.60 per hun-
dredweight, and the El Paso tankage, a local product, contained 47.7 per cent
protein and cost $2.50 per hundredweight. The tankage-fed pigs received 15
per cent of the concentrate as tankage until they averaged 100 lbs. each and
after that 10 per cent The three lots were supplied at all times with alfalfa
hay.

The cost per pound of gain of the com fed lot was 11.34 cts., of the standard-
tankage lot 8.76 cts., and of the El Paso-tankage lot 8.56 cts. The lots on
tankage ate more with a better appetite and sold for 10 cts. per hundredweight
higher on the El Paso market.

Inheritance investigation in swine (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, p. 19). — The
results of one year's work in swine inheritance indicate that the short dish-
face of the Berkshire is transmitted as a dominant sex-linked characteristic.
Statistical studies demonstrated (1) that the number of pigs per litter is not
correlated with any of the characteristics of form which are commonly sup-
posed to influence it; (2) that selection of dams and sires on the basis of the
size of the litter in which they are farrowed has no effect on the immediate
progeny nor on the second generation; and (3) that the method of fertility
inheritance is extremely obscure.

Horses, E. S. Abchibald et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 506-
531, pis. 6). — Experimental work with horses at the different stations dealt
largely with the cost of rearing and keeping.

At Charlottetown, P. E. I., two colts foaled in June and July were weaned
October 30. During this time they received some feed in addition to their
mothers' milk. From November 1 to March 31 they were fed hay, roots, and

676 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

a variety of concentrates. The average cost of feed during the first period
was 3.8 cts. per day and during the second period 12.4 cts. per dtiy.

At Kentville, N. S., the average cost of feeding six work horses from April 1
to December 1 was 44.98 cts. per horse per day, and from December 1 to April 1,
32.52 cts.

At Cap Rouge, Que., from a summary of experiments for five years, from
1911, it is stated that idle horses can be wintered on a daily ration of 1 lb. of
rough hay, 1 lb. of oat straw, and 1 lb. of roots (swedes or carrots) for each
100 lbs. of live weight. With hay at $7, straw at $4, and roots at $2 per ton, a
horse of average weight (1,280 lbs.) and idle can be kept for 9.5 cts. per day.
At this station it was found that, while it took more feed to winter horses out-
side, the larger cost was more than compensated for by the continued good
health of the animals in the open air.

At Lennoxville, Que., two mares were wintered on a ration of 20 lbs. of
roots and 27 lbs. of hay each at a cost of 17.5 cts. per head per day, while two
others were wintered on a ration of 4 lbs. of oats, 2 lbs. of bran, and 27 lbs.
of hay at a cost of 21.5 cts. per day. Although the light grain ration made a
little larger gain in weight than the root ration, the latter is recommended for
the more economical wintering of horses.

At the Brandon, Man., experimental farm seven working horses were suc-
cessfully wintered in a corral with an open shed for shelter. They were fed
4 lbs. of grain daily with straw for roughage.

At Indian Head, Sask., one lot of idle hor.ses fed on bran and oat chop with
the run of a straw stack during the day and stabled at night were wintered
at a cost of 5.2 cts. per horse per day. Others fed the same ration and hay
in addition, and stabled, cost 10.75 cts. per day. With light winter work the
cost of keeping horses on the same ration was 26.75 cts. per head per day.

At Scott, Sask., the cost of wintering mature horses from 9 to 12 years old
was 5.6 cts. per day, rising 4-year-olds, 6.8 cts., and rising 3-year-olds, 7.9 cts.
The cost of feeding a pair of geldings at work during the winter was 13.9 cts.
per horse per day.

At Lacombe, Alta., the horses are largely wintered in the open and fed on
hay and grain at a cost of 11.47 cts. per day. The straw stack in the corral
has not given as good returns as the straw stack in the open field where the
horses have access to grass also.

The physiological effect upon work horses of alfalfa hay cut at different
stag'es of growth (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 16, 17). — A continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 171).

The leaves of alfalfa contain from two to tv/o and one-half times as much
protein as the stems, v.-hile the latter contain two and one-half times as much
crude fiber as the leaves. The loss of leaves in harvesting increases with
maturity. The largest yield per acre was obtained when the alfalfa was cut
while in full bloom. The percentage of ash and protein decreases as the plant
matures, while the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract increase. There was a
sufficiently greater amount of protein in the alfalfa cured in the sun to more
than offset the larger loss of leaves over that cured in the shade.

Corn silage as a part ration for horses of various ages, E. A. Tkowbkidge
and E. H. Hughes (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 (1911), pp. 26, 27, fig. i).— Mature
light mares and growing light horses were maintained 84 days on a daily ration
of 5 lbs. alfalfa hay and all the silage they would eat. The four mares consumed
an average of 15.11 lbs. of silage daily and lost 35 lbs. each for the feeding
period. The growing horses, including yearlings and two and three year olds.
consumed 15.9 lbs. silage daily and lost slightly in weight. From the results it

1918.1 ANIMAL PRODUCTTON. 677

seems that alfalfa hay and silage make a cheap ration for horses not at work
during winter.

Report from the poultry division for the year ended March 31, 1916,
F. C. Elford et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp. 1301-1319, pis. 16).—
A report of work with poultry carried on at 13 stations and farms located in
various Provinces of the Dominion of Canada.

For several years prior to 1909 Canada exported poultry products, but from
1909 to 1914 the country not only had nothing to export bnt had to import
both eggs and dressed poultry. In 1914 a small surplus was exported, and in
1915, following the " Patriotic Campaign for Greater Production," the exports
exceeded the imports by $1,842,858.

A farmer's poultry house is illustrated and specifications given.

A test was made to determine whether eggs could be shipped after being in
the incubator long enough before shipping to show that they were fertile.
Five shipmnts in lots of 15 were made from Ottawa to Winnipeg after the
eggs had been incubated for 4, 6, 9, 11, and 12 days, but it was found that all
eggs were dead upon arrival. Poultry survey work was carried on with two
groups of farmers in Quebec and Ontario, and some pen records are given.

At the Kentville Station natural incubation gave a 73.1 per cent hatch
of fertile eggs, while artificial incubation gave only 61 per cent. At the
Nappan Farm natural incubation averaged 49.1 per cent hatch, with 90.5
per cent alive at the end of the eighth week, while artiticial incubation averaged
21.2 per cent with 57.4 per cent alive at the end of the eighth week.

At the Brandon Farm shipping breeding eggs was compared with shipping
day-old chicks for distances of 1,000 and 1,300 miles. Better results were ob-
tained by hatching breeding eggs at their destination than by shipping day-old
chicks. At the Lacombe Station, out of 98 eggs shipped from Brandon 11
chicks were alive at one montli of age, while from 50 day-old chicks only one
was alive after one month. Out of 99 eggs shipped from Agassiz, there were
60 chicks alive at one month of age, while from 75 day-old chicks 64 were
alive after one month.

In an experiment at Agassiz comparing early and late hatched pullets of
two breeds, the cost of eggs per dozen and per pound was found slightly higher
with the late hatched. In another experiment comparing Barred Rock pullets
with 1-year-old-hens, the former protluced eggs at a cost of 15.64 cts. per dozen,
or 10.45 cts. per pound ; the latter at 18.68 cts. per dozen, or 11.98 cts. per
pound. With AVhite Leghorns, the pullets produced eggs at a cost of 14.35 cts.
per dozen, or 9.69 cts. per pound ; as compared with 16.73 cts. per dozen, or
10.35 cts. per pound, for the 1-year-old hens. In a test to determine tlie length
of time eggs would remain fertile after removal of the male, there was a
drop beginning on the sixth day, amounting to 50 per cent on the tenth day,
and reach-ing 16.6 per cent on the fifteenth day, after which all were infertile.

In a test of rice as a ration for young growing chicks it was found that all
the birds fed on iinmilled boiled rice soon became anemic and two of them
(iied, tho.se of a second lot fed on milled rice also became anemic and all died
before the expiration of the experiment, while those on high-grade rice shorts
developed the same symptoms after a somewhat longer period. Similar results
followed the continued feeding of boiled whole rice to ducklings.

Preliminary report of the first year (pullet year) of the Vineland inter-
national egg-laying and breeding contest, H. R. Lewis {New Jersey Stas.
Hints to Ponltrymcn, 6 {1918), No. 4, pp. J/).— A progress report is given of the
first year's performance at the Vineland contest.

In spite of an epidemic of chicken pox which attacked practically every pen
on the centrist plant during September and October, the average egg production

678 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

per bird was 161.8 eggs, or a 44.4 per cent lay. The 1,000 birds weighed 2.06
tons, and they produced 10.1 tons of eggs, the average weight per egg being
2.01 oz. To do this the birds consumed 41,312.1 lbs. of mash and 38,247.9 lbs.
of grain, or an average consumption of 79.56 lbs. of feed per hen. With mash
at $2.70 and grain $3 per hundredweight, the feed cost was $2.26 per bird. It
required an average of 3.9 lbs. of feed to produce 1 lb. of eggs, but in the
highest producing pen, which averaged 221.2 eggs per bird, it required but 2.9
lbs. of feed to produce 1 lb. of eggs. On the basis of 45.4 cts. per dozen for
brown eggs and 50.2 cts. per dozen for white eggs, the contest birds earned
an average of $6.06 each. Deducting from this the cost of feed, there was a
net return per bird of $3.80. With an additional charge of $1.50 for labor,
interest, depreciation, insurance, and other overhead charges, there was a net
profit of $2.30 per bird.

The number of eggs per bird for the different breeds was 169.7 for the Leg-
horns, 155 for the Plymouth Rocks, 150.6 for the Rhode Island Reds, and 144.3
for the Wyandottes. The actual returns above feed per bird varied from $2.91
for the Plymouth Roclcs to $4.30 for the Leghorns. There were 10 hens in the
contest that laid 265 or more eggs each during the year, the highest-producing
hen being a White Plymouth Rock which laid 301 eggs.

Poultry experiments (Neiv Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 87-91). — The results
of a three months' feeding experiment with ground oats, shorts, bran, beef scrap,
and cottonseed meal are reported. They indicate that there are possibilities
in cottonseed meal as a poultry feed.

Very early hatclies pay best, Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup {Washington Sta,,
West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bill., 5 {1918), No. 10, pp. 152-155).— In three seasons'
experiments at this station the early hatching of chickens gave the best returns.
The scarcity of good hatching eggs early in the season is the greatest draw-
back. The lighting of the hoiises and the feeding have an influence on forcing
early laying.

In 1917 the February 1 hatch consisted of 160 pullets and the April 1 hatch
of 320. The cost of the former to 6 months of age was $1.02 each and the
latter $1 each. The net profit per bird to December 1 was $1.75 for the Febru-
ary hatch and 74 cts. for the April hatch.

Poultry on the farm, J. E. Dougheety {California Sta. Circ. 186 {1917),
pp. J/). — A general discussion of returns to be expected from poultry under
average farm conditions in California. Suggestions as to feeds, feeding, and
housing are incorporated.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Dairy cattle, E. S. Archibald et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1916, pp.
Ji23-505, pis. 7). — Corn silage was compared with a soiling crop of peas and
oats as supplements to a grain mixture for summer feeding of milch cows.
This test was conducted in three tri-weekly periods, during the first and third of
which silage was fed and during the second peas and oats. On the peas and
oats ration the 18 cows produced 7,947.5 lbs. of milk containing 300.32 lbs. of
fat, and their average production during the two periods on silage was 7,744
lbs. of milk containing 304.15 lbs. of fat. However, the cost of the green feed
fed was $25.70 and of the silage an average of $5.29.

A comparison was made of the relative value, palatability, and economy of
linseed meal, cottonseed meal, gluten feed, fish meal, and peanut meal for
milch cows. Mixtures of these protein feeds with bran and ground oats were
fed so that the cows received tlie same number of pounds of protein in each
period. The concentrates were supplemented with turnips, silage, and hay. In

1918.] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 679

the quantities used the cows ate each of the grain feeds very readily. The
order of economy and value of these protein feeds was as follows : Linseed
meal, gluten feed, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and fish meal. The costs per
ton were, respectively, $38, $32, $33, $40, and $80. It is stated that although
fish meal is too expensive for profitable feeding to dairy cattle in large quanti-
ties, it might be used to advantage in small quantities on account of its tonic
effect.

In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 36, p. 75), whole milk was com-
pared with various grain substitutes with and without skim milk and butter-
milk for raising calves to six months of age. These experiments have shown
the great economy of feeding a good homemade calf meal with a dairy by-
product, and indicate that buttermilk is slightly sui)erior to skim milk as a
supplement to calf meal.

The feed cost of raising 20 heifers to about 6 months of age varied from
$10.59 to $39.12 per head; of raising 15 heifers to 12 months of age, from $16.42
to $48.42 ; and of raising 9 heifers to 24 months of age, from $29.13 to $47.92.
In this test the most expensive gains were made where whole milk was fed
during the first 5 months.

In a test of a number of proprietary fly repellents some of the repellents
were fairly efficient. It is noted that where these sprays were used there was
a complete absence of warbles on the cattle, whereas unsprayed cattle on ad-
joining pastures were heavily infested with warbles.

Further tests with five different makes of milking machines indicate that,
taking good hand milking as representing 100 per cent thoroughness in milking
clean, the efficiency of the machines varied from 91.59 to 87.46 per cent

The ordinary single-jacket milk can was compared with an insulated double-
jacket can for shipping milk a distance in warm weather. With milk cooled
on eight days in July to an average of 38.2° P. at 6 a. m. and shipped by wagon,
the average temperature 2.5 hours later at the city was 47.4° in ordinary cans
and 40.1° in insulated cans.

The average cost of raising 4 Shorthorn heifers to 12 months of age, when
they averaged 625 lbs. per head, was $36.55. Two Shorthorn heifers cost to
the calving period $89.83 and $96.21, respectively. Detailed data are given of
the cost of raising a bull calf largely with skim milk during the first 6 montlis,
as compared with one which was allowed to suckle the cow. The skim-milk
calf at 320 days of age weighed 580 lbs. and had cost $31.63, whereas the other
calf at the same age weighed 775 lbs. and had cost $78.20. In this test whole
milk was valued at 4 cts. per quart and skim milk at 20 cts. per 100 lbs.

Four lots of from 3 to 4 10-week-old calves each were fed until they were 3
months of age. Lot 1 received whole milk ; lot 2 skim milk with a grain mix-
ture of oats, corn meal, and linseed meal (2:4:1) ; lot 3, a commercial calf
meal and water; and lot 4, the same calf meal and skim milk. The average
daily gains per head were 2.14, 1.82, 1.31, and 1.82 lbs. for the respective lots.
With oats $40, corn meal $38, linseed meal $40, calf meal $80, whole milk $25,
skim milk $4, silage $2, and hay $7 per ton, the average cost per pound of gain
was 10.8, 4.05, 6.9, and 4.18 cts. for the i-espective lots.

In another test the cost of raising 7 dairy heifers to 6 months of age on
whole milk, skim milk, grain, hay, and roots varied from $26.88 to $37.82.

To ascertain the proper quantities of grain to feed with hay, silage, and
swedes a number of dairy cows were fed from November to March each year for
three years. The animals in lot 1, which received all the meal they would
clean up (averaging 1 lb. per 2.19 lbs. of milk), were fed at an average cost of
$24.43, and gave a profit of $15.94 per cow per year. Lot 2, fed 1 lb. of meal to
4 lbs. of milk, averaged in feed cost $17.47 and in profit $14.79 per cow per year.

680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Lot 3, which received 1 lb. of meal to 8 lbs. of milk, was fed at an average
cost of $13.90 and made a profit of .$15.08 per cow per year.

The cost of raising 3 French-Canadian heifers to 18 months and 10 days,
when they weighed 728 lbs., averaged $52.39 each. In another test the feed
cost of raising a dairy heifer from birth to 1 year, on whole milk, skim milk,
grain, roots, and hay, was $33.4G. Another heifer cost $25.95 to feed from 1
to 2 years of age, and another $30.02 from 2 to 3 years of age.

Five lots of from 16 to 20 cows were fed as follows: Lot 1, roots, 1 lb. per
pound of milk, and timothy hay and oat straw ; lot 2, peas and oats as silage
and oat straw; lot 3, peas and oats, 75 per cent as silage and 25 per cent in
green sheaves, and oat straw; lot 4, peas and oats silage and prairie hay (3: 1)
and oat straw; and lot 5, pea.s and oats silage and timothy hay (3: 1) and oat
straw. The average cost of producing 1 lb. of butter was 19.7, 16.7, 22.5, 20.4,
and 22.6 cts., respectively.

A number of pure-bred Holstein heifers were raised to 7 months of age
largely on skim milk, grain, roots, silage, and hay, with some whole milk dur-
ing the first two months. During this time the average feed cost was $19.65
per calf and the average daily gain 1.78 lbs.

In continuation of previous work (B. S. R., 36, p. 77) 4 lots of calves were
fed as follows, in addition to a grain ration : Lot 4, whole milk ; lot 5, skim
milk ; lot 6, linseed cake ; and lot 7, a commercial calf meal. These calves made
average daily gains per head of 1.91, 1.61, 0.7, and 0.77 lb. at a cost per pound
of gain of 14.42, 5.49, 13.02, and 9.55 cts. It was noticed during the year that
calves fed three or four times per day while young gave better returns than
those fed twice per day.

In a comparison of open shed v. stable for senior yearling heifers during a
long and severe winter in British Columbia those in open sheds gained 0.38 lb.
and those in stable 0.6 lb. per head daily. The average feed cost per pound of
gain was 27.9 and 16.4 cts. and the feed and housing cost per heifer $18.21 and
$25.07, respectively.

Clover silage proved a valuable substitute for corn silage for dairy cows.
Oat and barley straw, when it could be obtained cheaply, was an excellent form
of roughage as compared with mixed hay. Field carrots produced good suc-
culence for dairy cattle and are recommended for dairymen who can not suc-
cessfully grow mangels.

From a comparison of watering twice a day with keeping water before the
stock, it is concluded that " the ad libitum system of watering dairy cattle has
certain outstanding advantages over other systems, but not altogether from
the point of increased production."

[Feeding experiments with dairy cows], J. J. Hoopek (Kentucky Sta. Rpt.
1915, pf. 1, pp. 2.'/, 25). — A report of experiments on the feeding value of osage
oranges for dairy cows has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 36, p. 374).
One cow was fed 226 lbs. of osage oranges from February 4 to March 1, in
addition to silage, corn meal, and bran. No effect was noted on the milk yield,
taste of milk, or the yellowness of the cream. On account of a liberal protein
content and the further fact that tlie oranges are succulent it is thought that
they may become of considerable economic importance in winter feeding.

The feeding of 10 cc. of liquid cheese or butter color to another cow during
February failed to increase the yellow color of the cream.

Feeding' dairy cattle, R. L. Shields {SoutJi Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1917 pp.
14-16). — A comparison was made of cottonseed meal and velvet bean meal,
supplemented by wheat bran, corn silage, and corn stover, for dairy cows.
Two cows were fed for 56 days by the reversal method, the concentrates con-
sisting of cottonseed meal and wheat bi'an (2:1) and velvet bean meal and

^^^^•^ DAIRY FAEMING DAIEYIITG. 681

wheat bran (2:1), 1 lb. of concentrates being fed for each 3 lbs. of milk
produced. The velvet bean meal was not eaten with relish at first, but after
the preliminary period each cow ate all the velvet bean meal given her, though
there was a variation in appetite.

No material difference was noted in the effect of the two rations on the
weight of the cows. A slightly better milk flow was maintainetl by the cotton-
seed meal ration. The butter produced by the velvet bean meal ration was
somewhat the softer and whiter and the grain finer. Analyses are given of the
velvet bean meal and cottonseed meal used in the test.

In a comparison of linty and lintless cottonseed hulls for dairy cows no
difference was noticed when the two kinds of hulls were fed in a dry condition.
When the lintless hulls were thoroughly soaked in water before feeding there
was a slight increase in milk flow in their favor.

Roughages for milk production, C. C. Hayden {Mo. Bvl. Ohio Sta., 2
(1917), No. 12, pp. 3S7-390). — The importance of home-grown leguminous
roughages as a means of reducing feed cost on dairy farms under present
conditions is emphasized. Experiments already reported (E. S. R., 32, p. 265)
on the value of soy-bean and alfalfa hay for dairy cows are summarized.

[Sudan grass pasture for dairy cows] {Neiv Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 71~
7 If). — A 7-acre plat seeded April 19 to Sudan grass was divided into two parts,
and after 60 days 12 co\\"s were turned on one of the fields. After a few days
it w'as found that 12 cows were not sufficient to catch up with the growth the
pasture was making, and 8 more cows w'ere added for 12 days. The two fields
were irrigated and pastured alternately during the season, the change being
made at intervals of about two weeks. Heavy rains came about the middle
of October, making these fields too muddy for use, and the cows were given
a small grain ration, averaging 4 lbs. per head. The 12 cows were divided
into two lots, and the grain ration was alternated from one lot to the other
every 30 days.

The results of this part of the experiment indicate that it does not pay to
feed a grain ration to cows running on good pasture. During the four months
that the cows were on pasture they gained an average of 19 lbs. per head,
and gave 27,422.5 lbs. of milk, which contained 1,096.9 lbs. of milk fat. The 8
dairy and beef cows that were temporarily on the pasture gained 18 lbs. per
head in 12 days. The pasture carried an average of 2 cows per acre for four
months. There was no indication of poisoning by pasturing this grass in
November after the frost came. The results of this test indicate that Sudan
grass should prove to be a valuable supplement to permanent pastures during
the summer under dry-land conditions.

Winter rations for dairy heifers, C. H. Eckles and W. W. Swett (Missouri
Sta. Bui. 151 {1917), p. 36, fig. 1). — In this experiment, which has been under
way for four years and has involved 50 heifers, it has been found that heifers
receiving a ration of silage and timothy hay will be maintained but will make
very little gain in weight during the winter. Gains much above the normal may
be had by feeding liberally with concentrates, but this greatly increases the
expense of raising the animals. Where summer pasture is relatively cheap and
grain high the economical plan is to feed the animals a ration composed largely
of roughage during the winter and to keep them in a moderate condition. Under
this plan of feeding a large part of the growth is made from pasture, but the
animal may be somewhat slower to mature. The most practical ration for
Missouri conditions is silage and a legume hay for roughage, with a grain
allowance of about 2 lbs. daily.

Unfavorable rations exert a much more pronounced effect upon the growth
as represented by weight than upon the skeleton growth. Unless the rations

682 EXPERIMENT STAHON RECOBD. [Vol.38

are rather extreme in character the rate of skeleton growth is not affected
appreciably.

Influence of nutrition of heifers and age of breeding upon their subse-
quent development, G. H. Eckles and W. W. Swett (Missoui-i Sta. Bui. 151
(1911), p. 32). — A progress report of investigations upon the normal growth
and protein requirements of growing animals (E. S. R., 35, p. S71).

The growth records as shown by weight and height measurements in these
experiments are proving of great value in connection with other investiga-
tions. The data obtained in the study of protein requirements for growth
indicate that a ration in which about 15 per cent of the energy is from
protein is sufficient for normal skeleton growth, but possibly a little deficient
for the best standard as measured by gain in weight. Little difference has
so far been noted in the efficiency of protein from skim milk as compared with
protein from a mixed ration. Confirming previous results, it has been found
that unfavorable conditions exert their effects much more on gi'o\vth as rep-
resented by weight than on growth as represented by the development of the
skeleton.

Factors influencing the composition of milk, C. H. Eckles, L. S. Palmek,
and W. W. Sweit (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 (1917), pp. 33-35). — Progress reports
are given on the following investigations :

I. Cottonseed meal and cottonseed by-products (pp. 33, 34). — Previously
noted from another source (E. S. R., 37, p. 72).

II. The cause of the counteracting influence of com silage when fed with
cottonseed vieal (pp. 34, 35). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 37, p. 72),
corn silage in the rations of two cows was replaced with alfalfa hay which
had been treated with lactic acid equivalent in amount and concentration to
that found in silage. The results gave substantial evidence that the lactic
acid in silage is responsible for the counteracting effect which silage has on
milk fat when fed with cottonseed meal. In the second experiment the silage
in the rations was replaced by timothy hay treated with lactic acid. The
results were entirely negative, but it is noted that great difficulty was experi-
enced in causing the timothy hay to absorb the lactic acid. In a third experi-
ment the effects of replacing silage with sugar were noted. Commercial
glucose sirup equivalent to the glucose contained in the silage fed in the first
experiment was fed before the typical silage fermentation had taken place.
The amount was calculated from the acid contained in the silage. The hay
fed in the sugar period was a mixture of equal parts of alfalfa and timothy.
The results secured were entirely negative, except that they confirmed observa-
tions on the effects of feeding cottonseed meal. The fat constant during the
period of glucose and hay showed only the effects of the cottonseed meal in
the ration.

III. Influence of condition at parturition on the composition of the milk and
butter fat (p. 35). — Only one cow was under observation in this investigation
during the year (E. S. R., 37, p. 172). This cow calved in July, 191G, at a
slightly lower body weight than in 1915. She was continued on the same
plane of protein intake with the same ration with the exception of silage, and
she produced milk and milk fat of the same general composition as during the
previous year. The protein averaged about 3 per cent and the milk fat slightly
less than 3 per cent ; the constitution of the milk fat showed a high saponifi-
cation value, a high Reichert-Meissl number, and a low iodin value. After
she had been in milk 90 days the protein in her ration was increased from a
little more than 1 lb. to practically 2 lbs. a day. This caused a marked im-
provement in the physical condition, a gain in body weight, and an increase
of several pounds in the milk flovv-. The percentage of protein in the milk

1918] DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 683

increased to 3.5 per cent and the fat to 5 per cent. The constitution of the
milk fat also became normal, but this was probably not due to the change in
ration, as the same change occurred in 1915 without a sinailar change in ration.

A study to determine the cause of gum^my body commonly ckaracteristic
of butter produced in the South, noting' especially the influence of various
rations on texture and flavor, R. L. Shields, J. A. Raitt, and G. F. Lipscomb
(South Carolina Sta. Rpt. WIT, p. 16). — The results of the experiment indicate
that " cottonseed meal products, if fed moderately, as they should be fed, do not
produce sticky or gummy butter. . . . Cottonseed products, even if fed in lim-
ited amounts, tend to increa.se melting point of butter ; wheat bran, peanut
meal, and velvet bean meal tend to lower melting point of butter. Amount of
working, richness of cream, and churning temperature have no effect on gummy
quality of butter. Pasteurization of cream destroys gumminess of butter to
some extent."

Stage of lactation affects milk yield, R. I. Gkady {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2
(1911), No. 12, pp. 401-406, figs. 2).— Data from the yearly milk records of 96
Jerseys and 96 Holsteins are summarized in order to show the effect of the
stage of lactation on the yield and quality of milk.

During the first eight months of lactation the Jerseys decreased in milk
yield from 4 to 8 per cent per month, based on the yield of previous months.
The Holsteins during this pei'iod decreased from 2 to 10 per cent. The total
decrease for this period was, for the Jerseys, 47 per cent in milk yield and 42
per cent in fat yield, and for the Holsteins, 49 per cent in milk yield and 47
per cent in fat yield. After the eighth mouth the decrease in milk flow was
much more rapid, the average for both breeds being about 12 per cent per month.
The fat content of the milk varied very little during the first four months of
lactation. After the fourth montli the percentage of fat gradually increased.
The percentage of fat in the milk of the Jerseys was 15.5 per cent higher and
of the Holsteins 8.1 per cent higher in the tenth month than in the first mouth.

To show how different cows vary in the changes that occiir in milk flow, five
cows of each breed that made but small changes in their milk flow from month
to mouth were compared with five cows from each breed that varied greatly
from month to month. It was found that the average monthly decrease of the
persistent milkers was 3 per cent, and of the short milkers 9.8 per cent, during
the first six months of the lactation period.

Marketing Wisconsin milk, B. H. Hibbaed and H. E. Ekdmann (Wisconsin
Sta. Bui. 2S5 (1917), pp. 71, figs. 14). — In this report of a study of conditions
suiTOunding the niarketing of milk in a number of cities and towns in Wisconsin
the authors discuss the consumption of milk in tlie State, grades of milk,
health regulations affecting the marketing of milk, bases for payment to
farmers, markets for Wisconsin whole milk, direct and indirect marketing,
market organization among the milk producens, prices and price making, the
relation of price to cost of production, and the condensed milk and powdered
milk industries.

The cost of direct delivery of milk by seven producers varied from 1.27 to
2.38 cts. per quart. The average of five of these men who were retailing chiefly
their om'u milk and selling relatively little at wholesale was 1.59 cts. per quart,
while for two retailing bulk milk the cost was 1.28 cts. per quart. The cost of
distribution in indirect marketing of milk varied from 1.22 to 3.61 cts. per
quart. It is estimated that for moderate-sized plants the cost of preparing and
distributing milk prior to the unusual rise of prices of 1916 was slightly over
2.5 cts. per quart. On the basis of 6.47S cts. per quart it is estimated that the
total costs were distributed as follows : Amount paid farmer, 3.276 cts. ; trans-
portation, 0.489 ct. ; handling at plant, 1.172 cts. ; and delivery, 1.541 cts.

084 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

A brief report is made of an experiment in two Chicago district!?, in whicli
present metliods of millj delivery were compared witli a trial systematized, or
imified, delivery. In one of these districts, under present methods, 33G bottles
of milk were delivered in 337 minutes by eight different men representin,:: six
companies. Under the unified experimental delivery this milk was delivered
at the rate of 1.87 bottles a minute, or about 54 per cent of the time taken by the
present system. In the other district the efficiency of the present method as
compared with the trial delivery was just under 55 per cent. It is estimated
that under a unified system of milk delivery only 37 per cent of the horses now
used would be required. Other economies in such a delivery system are pointed
out.

VETERINAEY MEDICINE.

[Report of tlie veterinary department], J. W. Connawat, A. J. Durant,
and H. G. Newman (Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 {1911), pp. 59-61). — In continua-
tion of hog cholera immunity studies (E. S. R., 37, p. 779) investigations were
made of the duration of infectiousness of the blood of swine which have been
treated by the serum-virus method. Forty-six pigs were treated with the blood
taken from 9 immunized in this way, and it was found that the blood was regu-
larly infectious for 8 days after imiuunization ; that there was a variation in
the infectiousness after the eighth day ; and that the infectiousness ceased
after the seventeenth day. It is thought, however, that the inoculation of
larger doses of the blood would probably show the presence of active virus
for a period longer than 17 days.

Studies made of the intra-vitam contamination of the blood of swine by
tubercle bacilli furnish proof of the possibility of transmitting tuberculosis of
the bovine type by blood inoculation from infected to other swine and to rabbits
and guinea pigs, as well as from rabbit to rabbit.

In investigations of contagious abortion, 52 of 73 suspected herds of cattle
were found to be infected with contagious abortion. Of the 1,471 cattle tested.
516 gave positive reactions to the abortion test and 955 negative. Tests of
blood samples from 29 pure-bred brood sows in four herds in which contagious
abortion was suspected showed positive reaction to the complement fixation
test in 21 of the 29 tested.

Peptone-free media for routine culture work, N. S. Feery and A. Nobi,e
{Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 3 {WIS), No. 5, pp. 298-300) .—Trinls with ten
different media without peptone, part of them neutralized and part made 1 per
cent acid, showed that for organisms which grow readily on standard plain
agar, neutral veal or beef media without peptone can be substituted.

Serum veal agar: A dependable substitute for ascitic or blood agar, N. S.
Fekky and A. Noble {Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 3 {1918), No. 5, pp. 295-297).—
The authors have found that ascitic or blood agar may be successfully replaced
in most cases by a veal agar (neutral to phenolphthalein) to which has been
added normal horse serum. A formula for the medium is given.

[The Abderhalden blood test], L. R. HiMiiELBEuoER and W. S. Anderson
{Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1015. pt. 1, pp. 25, SO, 31).— The Abderhalden blood test
was made on a number of brood mares and it was found that pregnancy can
be determined in 80 cases out of 100. It is believed that with more experience
the test will become almost infallible.

Owing to the fact that dialyzers could not be obtained, a modification of the
original method was employed, the serum proteins being precipitated out by
chemical means as follows : The placental protein and serum were placed in a
test tube covered with toluol and incubated for 16 hours. The contents of the

1918.] VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 685

tube were then filtered and treated successively with dilute acetic acid, ammo-
uium hydroxid, and a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate, filtering after
the addition of each reagent. The final filtrate was tested with 0.2 cc. of 1 per
cent solution of triketohydrinden hydrate.

Eupatorium urticaefolium as a poisonous plant, C. D. Maksh and A. B.
Clawson (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 11 (1917), No. IS, pp. 699-
715, pis. //). — The authors here report upon feeding experiments in Illinois
and at Washington, D. C, with the plant commonly called snakeroot and also
known as rich weed.

The results substantiate those obtained by Curtis and Wolf (B. S. 11., 37,
p. 583), and show conclusively that it is toxic for cattle and sheep as well as
other animals, producing a definite line of symptoms bearing close resemblance
to those characteristic of the disease known as milk sickness, trembles, etc.
The authors conclude that probably many, possibly most, cases of trembles In
cattle and sheep are due to poisoning by this plant. It is stated, however, that
under the term " milk sickness " or " trembles " are probably grouped at least
two distinct affections, one poisoning by E. urticwfoliutn and the other a
bacterial disease.

A list of 14 references to the literature is included.

Gossypol, the toxic substance in cotton seed, W. A. Withers and F. E.
Cakkuth (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 (1918), No. 2, pp. 83-102,
pi. 1, figs. 3). — In continuation of investigations previously reported (E. S. R.,
34, p. SSI) the authors present the results of comparative experiments with an
isolated and purified gossypol fed to various animals. The results have led to
the following summary :

" Raw cottonseed kernels contain about 0.6 per cent of gossypol and are
highly toxic to rats. Ether extraction renders the material nontoxic and gives
a highly toxic extract containing about 2 per cent of gossypol. Gossypol fed in
milk diets in amounts equivalent to those contained in the raw cottonseed diets
has proved as toxic as raw cottonseed. Gossypol may be quantitatively
removed from the ether extract by precipitation as its insoluble anilin com-
pound. The extract is thus rendered nontoxic to rats. The insoluble anilin
compound of gossypol is not toxic because of its insolubility. Gossypol pre-
pared from this compound possesses its original toxic properties.

" Cottonseed meal is much less toxic than raw cotton seed, owing mainly to
the oxidation of gossypol during cooking. Cottonseed meal, ether-extracted
cotton seed, and gossypol have been fed to small pigs in pens under comparable
conditions. Cottonseed meal has been found definitely injurious, while the
ether-extracted raw seed does not appear to cause cottonseed-meal poisoning.
Gossypol has been found toxic to pigs.

" If the presence of an injurious substance in tlie meal is disregarded, a diet
of cottonseed meal and corn meal has nutritive lijnitations which may, under
restricted conditions of living, lead to failure of pigs to thrive. Such failure
is a phenomenon distinct from cottonseed-meal poisoning.

" Outdoor exercise, access to forage and soil, and improved diets tend to
postpone or avert cottonseed-meal poisoning of swine. The deficiency hypothe-
sis that cottonseed-meal poisoning of swine is similar to beriberi is untenable."

A list of 19 references to the literature cited is appended.

The solvent action of antiseptics on necrotic tissue, H. D. Taylob and
J. H. Austin (Jour. Expt. Med., 27 (1018), No. 1, pp. 155-16Jf, pi. i).— The
solvent action of Dakin's solution on necrotic tissues was compared with that of
other chlorinated antiseptics, including chloramin-T, dichloramin-T, and chlor-
inated paraffin oil and eucalyptol, by adding 50 cc. of each solution to 5 cc.
of an emulsion of macerated liver tissue, shaking the mixture thoroughly

686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

every half hour for two liours, and measuring the amount of sediment remain-
ing after centrifugation. From the experimental data obtained the following
conclusions were drawn :

Dakin's hypochlorite solution has the power of dissolving necrotic tissue,
pus, and plasma clot in the concentration and reaction used clinically, but the
other antiseptics tested do not show this action. The solvent action of Dakin's
solution is due primarily to its hypochlorite content, but its slight alkalinity
increases the effectiveness of the liypochlorite. The hypochlorite concentration
at which the solvent action cea.ses is lower the more alkaline the solution, and
in the degree of alkalinity used clinically the minimum concentration for solvent
action is about 0.2 per cent. None of the antiseptics studied lias a solvent
action on blood clot.

These results do not support the clinical observations of Sweet (E. S. R., 37,
p. 876) and others that the more recent and more stable chloramins are more
effective in dissolving dead tissues than the older chlorin compounds. The
greeter solvent action of Dakin's solution the author assumes to be due to its
greater instability.

Methods of controlling blackleg developed by tlie Kansas State Agricul-
tural College, L. W. Goss (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. U-^9).—As a result of
investigations continuing those previously noted (E. S. R., 36, pp. 180, 578),
" a serum has been produced from the horse which will stop immediately the
losses in a herd in which calves are dying from blackleg. Also, a germ-free
fluid vaccine or aggressin has been produced from calves, which when used
upon healthy calves will produce a more durable immunity against blackleg."

The serum is prepared by five successive injections, from 7 to 10 days apart,
of pure cultures of Bacillus chauvwi into the jugular vein of a horse. Nine
days after the la.st injection a sample of blood is drawn and 0.55 cc. of the
clear serum injected subcutaneously into each of three guinea pigs which are
15 hours later injected subcutaneou.sly with 125 mg. of dried muscle from a
blackleg lesion of a calf. If the test is satisfactory the horse is bled upon the
third day and the clear serum bottled after the addition of 0.5 per cent of
phenol. The serum produces only a passive immunity, but active immunity
may be acquired by following the serum inoculation In three days with from 4
to 8 mg. of a virus made from the darkest meat of a blackleg lesion of a calf.
This is ground, passed through an SO-mesh sieve, and made into pellets which
are then attenuated at 60° C. for an hour to kill nonspore-forming organisms.

The germ-free fluid vaccine or aggressin is made by the inoculation of calves
with muscle virus in doses of 1 gm. or by the use of from 20 to 30 cc. of pure
cultures of B. cJiauvcei. After the death of the calf the affected tissue is re-
moved, ground, frozen, thawed, and filtered through infusorial earth filters. The
filtrate is sterilized with 0.5 per cent of phenol or 1 per cent of chloroform and
tested for potency and sterility by subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs with
10 cc. of the vaccine.

The blackleg serum is curative in the early stages of the disease and will
check outbreaks within 12 to 24 hours. The germ-free vaccine will not cure
blackleg but will produce immunity within four or five days after inoculation.
This immunity is of longer duration than that produced by the powder or pill
form of vaccine. It is advised that " serum should be used upon animals with
symptoms of blackleg. Serum and pellets should be used upon herds in whicli
losses are occurring at the time of vaccination. Germ-free fluid vaccine should
be used as an annual vaccination upon calves at weaning time or earlier, should
conditions indicate necessity."

The eradication of tuberculosis from cattle and swine, J. A. Kieknan
(Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 13 {1918), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — A paper presented at the

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 687

thirty-fifth annual meeting of the Illinois Veterinary :\Iedical Association at
Chicago, in December, 1917, in which the author outlines some proposed plans
for the eradication of tuberculosis from cattle and swine.

The strug-gle against bovine tuberculosis, A. Grantj (Vie Agr. et Rurale,
8 (1918), No. 9, pp. 155-157, fig. 1). — The author emphasizes the necessity of
prophylaxis against bovine tuberculosis, and describes a French organizaton
for its control having as its aims (1) to combat by the tuberculin test the
propagation of bovine tuberculosis in the stables as far as possible, (2) to safe-
guard and defend the Interests of the members in a contested case, and (3) to
indemnify the members of the society in case of loss caused by the death or
seizure of a tubercular animal.

Control of tuberculosis and infectious abortion, V. A. Moore (N. Y. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 94 (1917), pp. 25-33). — The history and nature of bovine tuberculosis
are discussed and requirements necessary in a successful campaign for its sup-
pression suggested. The author states that much more research will have to be
done before definite successful methods of control of infectious abortion can be
formulated, but that the provisional method of prophylactic treatment consist-
ing of douches and disinfection should be carried out.

Paspalum notatum, the cause of a new disease of cattle, F. Rosenbusch
and J. Zabala (An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51 (1917), No. 3, pp. 245-2Jf8, pi. 1). —
This is a report upon a disease of cattle which occurs in the Provinces of Buenos
Aires and Santa Fe, Argentina, and is characterized by generalized muscular
trembling and debility. It is known as " tembleque " or " chucho."

Concerning " pasto dulce " and the disease which it causes in cattle, L.
Haumax (An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51 (1917), No. 5, pp. 379, 3S^).— The author
takes exception to the identity of the plant reported as the cause of a new dis-
ease in cattle in the paper noted above.

" El gramillon " or '' pasto dulce," the cause of " tembleque," F. Rosen-
busch and J. Zabala (An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51 (1917), No. 5, pp. 380-
S83). — A further discussion of this subject.

Kenguera, a paralytic sheep disease in Peru, S. H. Gaigek (Jour. Compar.
Path, and Ther., 30 (1917), No. 3, pp. 185-209, figs. 4).— " Renguera is a new
and hitherto undescribed disease of lambs, occurring in the Peruvian Andes.
Sheep only appear to be susceptible. Renguera belongs to the class of nervous
disea.ses to which louping-ill, scrapie, and sMing-back in Britain, and pataleta
in South America belong. Renguera is distinguishable from louping-ill by its
affecting lambs only and by there being no convulsions in any form of the dis-
ease. From scrapie it is distinguished by there being no symptoms of skin
irritation. Owing to insufficient knov/ledge of swing-back, it is not at present
possible to compare that disease with renguera. Renguera agrees closely with
some of the descriptions of pataleta in Argentina, but not with other descrip-
tions. Renguera is almost constantly associated with a micrococcus, which can
be grown from the fluids and tissues of the body, including sometimes the brain
and spinal fluid, but in the absence of success in all attempts to transmit the
disease, either with this coccus or with any of the fluids and tissues of the body,
it is not possible yet to say if this coccus is the casual agent.

" Curative meaures hold out little promise of success. Preventive measures
may be found in course of time from experiments in this direction which are
now being carried out by those on the spot. The occurrence of this disease at
an altitude where ticks do not exist should be of special interest to those con-
cerned with sheep diseases in Britain, as it shows that ticks are unnecessary
for the propagation of at least one sheep disease of the nervous type."

This report is based upon investigations made in Peru, following the author's
arrival there in August, 1916.

688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Enzootic paraplegia in sheep, I\I. E. Tabusso {Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol.
Banit. e Ig., 40 {IDH), No. 16, pp. Jf57-Ji72, fig. 1; ahs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 5
(1917), No. If, pp. 269-273). — This is a report of studies of the disease of
lambs occurring in the Peruvian Andes referred to as renguera by Gaiger in his
report of investigations noted above, and also known as pataleta, tembladera,
vertigo, and chucho.

Experimental studies in hog cholera, R. A. Craig and R. A. Whiting
(Indiana Sta. Bui. 204 (1917), pp. 3-12, fig. 1). — This is a report upon micro-
scopical and cultural examinations made of blood and other virulent material
from cholera hogs and inoculation and blood attenuation experiments.

The studies have shown that while Bacillus suipestifer, B. suisepticus, B. coli,
and diplococci may be present in the blood and tissues of cholera hogs those
present may not be the same in different outbrealis of the disease. B. suipesti-
fer is usually met with and B. coli is not uncommonly present in highly virulent
strains of blood.

In order to prevent blood used for virus from losing its virulence and avoid
losses from septicemia in the hyperimmunes, it has been found necessary to
inoculate pigs a few weeks old with filtered hog cholera blood and use their
blood for inoculating the hogs used for producing virus. Since there is danger
of stock virus losing its virulence if every generation is filtered, the authors'
practice is to filter every second generation of blood used for inoculating young
pigs.

In filtration and blood examination work more than 500 bacteria-free filtrates,
mostly blood and virulent salt solution from cholera hogs, were studied, five
different filters being used. It was found by inoculation tests that the filtrable
virus did not uniformly pass through Pasteur-Chambeiiand filter B. It was
noted that where filtration took place very slowly, extending over a period of
several hours, and a vacuum maintained, the bacteria would pass through the
different filters used.

An experiment undertaken for tlie purpose of determining the character of
the hog cholera lesions produced by the filtrable virus is briefly reported upon.
Hog cholera blood and blood filtrate inoculation experiments in which pigs from
nonimmune mothers and weighing from 40 to 60 lbs. were inoculated with hog
cholera blood and blood filtrates from virus hogs from 4 to 8 days following
inoculation are reported upon in tabular form. The controls showed infection
in from 4 to 10 days after one or more of the inoculated pigs developed a tem-
perature of 104° F. The pigs inoculated with the 7- and S-day virus did not
live so long as those receiving 4-, 5-, and 6-day virus. It appears that 8-day
virus is no more virulent than 4-day and less virulent than 6-day virus.

In determining the effect of heat hog cholera blood was heated in a water
bath for different periods, ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours, and at different
temperatures. One lot of virus heated to 57° C. and three lots heated to from
51 to 55° for 2 hours produced the acute form of hog cholera in pigs that were
inoculated with them. Virulent salt solution heated to from 55 to 60° in a
water bath for 1 hour produced hog cholera in pigs inoculated with it.

Hog cholera blood to which normal salt solution had been added in the
proportion of 1 : 2 was incubated for from 21 to 72 hours at 36.5° and afterward
heated 1 hour in a water bath at 60°, after which a 0.5 per cent phenol solution
was added. Several lots of pigs were inoculated with 2 cc. each, and with some
repeated in 5 days, but none reacted and all contracted hog cholera when
exposed 2 to 3 weeks later.

Different proportions of hog cholera blood and antihog cholera serum were
mixed and kept in a refrigerator for one day, then heated to 60° in a water
Dath for 1 hour, and 0.5 per cent phenol added. Tests upon pigs showed the

1018.] RURAL ENGINEERING. 689

virus to have been destroyed and all contracted hog cholera on exposure.
Experiments indicate that hog cholera blood to which 0.75 per cent carbolic
acid has been added for 19 days or longer loses its virulence, as was shown
by a longer incubation period, the percentage of recoveries, and the slowing
up of the symptoms of tlie disease.

Experiments with desiccated hog cholera blood demonstrate that the virus
can not be attenuated by the methods practiced, and that desiccated blood
exposed to daylight and room temperature is usually destroyed within a short
time.

Work with sensitized virus indicates that it is possible to immunize hogs
against the disease in this way. Inoculation experiments with filtrates made
from rabbits show that the filtrable virus maintains its virulence for this
animal for a period of 7 days, but when passed through two rabbits it does
not produce a typical hog cholera temperature reaction.

Notes on parasitic anaphylaxis and allergy, L. Van Es and A. F. Schalk
(North Dakota Sta. Bui. 125 (1911), pp. 151-193, pis. 2, fig. i).— The conclusion
of the Seyderhelms (E. S. R., 35, p. 80) that infectious anemia of the horse is
caused by a toxic substance obtained from Gastrophilus larvae led the authors
to conduct the investigations here reported in detail. In addition to ex-
periments with Gastrophilus larvae, which take up the greater part of the
work, experiments were also carried on with Ascaris megalocephala, Tricho-
dectes parumpilosus, Toxascaris limbata, Belascaris inarginata, Dipylidium
cnninnifi, Tccnia serrata, Gyropus ovalis, and G. porcelli.

The results obtained have led to the following conclusions: "There is no
reason to believe that Gastrophihis spp. play a specific part in the causation of
infectious anemia or swamp fever of the horse. The severe intoxication fol-
lowing the injection of Gastrophilus material into horses is not due to a spe-
cial substance in the sense of the ' oestrin ' of the Seyderhelms. Such intoxi-
cations are purely a manifestation of anaphylaxis and in no way differ from
those precipitated by the use of any foreign protein. Many parasitic species
sensitize their hosts, who upon reinjection will re.spond by anaphylactic or
allergic reactions. The acutely toxic properties thus far found to be asso-
ciated with parasites owe their toxicity to the specific sensitization of the
animals injected with materials of parasitic origin. It is reasonable to assume
that anaphylactically intoxicating substances of parasitic origin can gain en-
trance into the body through the same channels which previously served for
the entrance of the sensitizing ones. By a more or less constant presence
of certain parasites the body may be constantly supplied by parasitic anaphyla-
toxins. It is within the range of possibility that such a form of intoxication
may give rise to certain more or less definite disease processes."

On the treatment of lymphangitis in the horse, Chaussee (Rev. Gen. Med.
V6t., 21 (1918), No. 313, pp. 12-14) .—The author describes a method of cauteri-
zation in the treatment of lymphangitis and emphasizes the importance of
applying this treatment at the first indication of the disease.

Bacillary white diarrhea, A. G. Lunn (Jour. Mass. Poultry Soc, 1 (1911),
No. 2, pp. 13-15). — This is a summary of information.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Second report of the State engineer of New Mexico, .7. A. French (Rpt.

State Engin. N. Mex., 2 (1914-1916), pp. 103, pis. 30).— This report deals with

the work and expenditures of the ofiice of the State engineer of New Mexico,

especially on roads and bridges, irrigation, and river protection for the period

61347°— IS 7

690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

from December 1, 1914, to Noveinl)er 30, 1916, and continuing previous worli
(E. S. R., 36, p. 284).

Land drainage: Some notes on open draining and points in pipe draining,
L. J. B. Grant and A. J. Faulkner (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 15 (1917), No. 2,
pp. 91-95, figs. 5). — Brief notes on open surface drains and on subsurface pipe
drains for New Zealand conditions are given.

Tile drainage for the farm, H. B. Walker (Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 20
(1915-16), pp. 152-169, figs. 12). — Tliis is a brief discussion of tile drainage
with special reference to Kansas farms.

The subsidence of muck and peat soils in southern Louisiana and Florida,
C. W. Okey {Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., ^3 (1917), No. 7, pp. U99-1522, pi.
1, figs. 18). — The object of this paper is to call attention to the fact that in
designing drainage improvements it is often necessary to anticipate the sub-
sidence of muck and peat lands subsequent to drainage. The results of some
observations made in England on the subsidence of drained muck and peat
lands are reviewed, and the results of first-hand observations made in Louisiana
and Florida are reported in detail graphically.

" It is clearly evident that in planning drainage improvements for areas
of deep muck land, some provision should be made for the gradual but certain
decrease in elevation of the surface. In relatively small districts, whei'e
drainage is secured by pumps, this decrease can be met easily by lengthening
tlie suction pipes on the pumps. As the drainage channels in such soft soils
require considerable maintenance in the earlier years of drainage, they can
be deepened accordingly. Where the land is drained by gravity, the elevation
of the vi^ater at the outlet is usually fixed, and a change in elevation of the
land to be drained will mean a revision of the hydraulic gradient in the main
drainage channels, with the consequent change in width and depth of the
channels."

Leveling of old battle fields, M. Ringelmann (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., SO
(1917), No. 10, pp. 178-180, figs. 2). — Methods and machinery for leveling battle
fields in France and preparing them for cultivation are described.

Surface water supply of New Mexico, 1916, J. A. French (Santa Fe, N.
Mcx.: State Engin. Dept., 1916, pp. 146). — This report presents the results of
measurements of flow made on the Canadian, Gila, Mimbres, Pecos, Rio Grande,
Rio Tularosa, San Francisco, and San Juan River Basins and in Estancia
Valley, N. Mex., for 1916, continuing previous work (E. S. R., 37, p. 384),

[Ground water studies in the Rio Grande and Socorro Valleys] (New
Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. Sl-JfS, figs. 4). — Preliminary observations are re-
ported, together with maps and curves showing the behavior of the water
table.

Surface waters of Vermont, C. H. Pierce (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply
Paper 424 (1917), pp. 218, pis. 10, figs. 2, maps If). — This report, prepared in
cooperation with the State of Vermont, describes the general features and gives
the results of flow measurements made on streams in the St. Lawrence and
Connecticut River Basins of Vermont. A gazetteer of the streams of the State
is appended.

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, A. M. Peter, S. D. Averitt, and
.L S. McHargue (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. 49-72). — Analyses of 57
samples of potable and mineral waters from 29 counties in Kentucky are
reported.

Mineral springs of Alaska, G. A. Waring (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Sttpply
Paper 4I8 (1917), pp. II4, pis. 6, figs. 16, maps 3). — This report denls with the
mineral springs of Alaska, with particular reference to their hygienic value.

1918.] EUEAL ENGINEEKING. 691

A chapter on the chemical character of some surface waters of Alaska, by
R. B. Dole and A. A. Chambers, is included.

" The few analyses available show a favorable condition of the surface
waters. They indicate that the streams in general yield supplies moderate in
mineral content, low in clilorid and sulphate, and essentially calcium carbonate
in character. All the supplies tested are low enough in mineral matter to be
useful for domestic and industrial use, and they resemble in composition the
least mineralized waters of the United States."

"Well waters from farm homesteads, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms
Rpts. 1916, pp. 180-185). — Analyses of 173 samples of Canada farm water sup-
plies reported show that 22 per cent were pure and wholesome, 24 suspicious
and probably dangerous, 32 seriously polluted, and 22 per cent too saline to be
potable.

Removing' the taste due to alg-ae in drinking' water, A. C. Houston (Brit.
Med. Jour., 2919 {1916), pp. 816, 817; Pluirm. Jour. [London^, 4. ser., 98 {1911),
p. 139; abs. in Jour. Sac. Chem. Indus., 36 {1917), No. 4, p. 232). — "Potassium
permanganate, added in quantities of 2.5 to 5 lbs. per milliwn gallons, proved
much more effective than hypochlorites in removing the nauseous taint due to
the growth of alga? in reservoirs. . . . The use of hypochlorites involves the
risk of merely replacing one taste by another or even of introducing a super-
added taste."

The activated sludge process of sewage treatment: A bibliography of the
subject, J. E. Porter {Rochester, N. Y.: General Filtration Co., Inc., 1917, pp.
JfO). — This is a bibliography of the subject with brief abstracts, patents, news
items, etc., compiled from current literature.

A preliminary report on blended Portland cement, E. S. McCandliss {Bv.1.
School Mines and MetaUurg., Univ. Missouri, tech. ser., 3 {1917), No. 3, pp.
53-\-13, figs. 22). — Experiments are reported from which the conclusions are
drawn that " Portland cements of a fineness sufficient to pass a No. 200 sieve
may be blended as much as 40 per cent, by weight, with quartz sand, the latter
of a fineness sufficient to pass a No. 65 sieve, but not fine enough to permit of
more than 20 per cent to pass a No. 200 sieve, and the resulting blended cement
will satisfactorily pass the requirements of the present standard specifications
for Portland cement of the American Society for Testing Materials. Quartz
sand is a satisfactory substitute for the inert clinker particles in Portland
cement in maintaining the present physical characteristics of the latter, when
used in amounts not to exceed 30 per cent, by weight."

The effect of sulphid on cement, J. C. Witt {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. A,
11 {1916), No. 6, pp. 273-290, pi. 1, fig. i ) .—Experiments on the influence of a
sulphid solution on the properties of cement are reported.

It was found that the time of setting is greatly modified by the presence of
sodium sulphid, being retarded by the low concentrations, but after reaching a
maximum further additions accelerate the set. In general, the cements highest
in iron were the most sensitive to this influence.

" There is a decided decrease in tensile strength. The percentage loss varies
with the concentration of the sulphid and with the iron content of the cement.
The briquettes appear normal in every other respect, except in color. There is
no cracking nor distortion of any sort. In most cases sulphid may be present
in concentrations up to 1 gm. per liter without causing the tensile strength to
fall below United States Government specifications. Certain results indicate
that a colloid is formed by the action of sodium sulphid on the iron in the
cement. Based on the results of both chemical and physical observations, the
following explanations of the decrease in tensile strength are offered: (1) The
precipitated colloid forms films of inert material through the cement and inter.

692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

feres with the cohesion. (2) When the colloid is precipitated a portion of the
dissolved calcium hydroxid Ls removed from solution. Since the latter sub-
stance is a very important factor in the strength of cement, it is to be antici-
pated that the strength will be lowered when some of it is removed.

" It is probable that a number of other factors influence the effect of sulphid
on cement. Among these may be mentioned the fineness of the cement, the
temperature at which it is mixed, the percentage of water used, and the amount
of dissolved calcium hydroxid."

Asphalt, related bitumens, and bituminous rock in 1916, J. D. Northkop
{U. S. Oeol. Survey, Min. Resources U. S., 1916, pt. 2, pp. II +263-281). —This
report discusses- the occurrence, distribution, and production of asphalt and
related bitumens, and states that " the quantity of natural asphalt, including
bituminous rock, grahamite, gilsonite, wurtzilite, and the native parafBn,
ozokerite, produced and sold at mines and quarries in the United States in 1916
was 98,477 short tons. This quantity was greater by 22,726 tons, or 30 per
cent, than the output in 1915." Data on imports and exports are also included.

Investigations of gravel for road surfacing. T. R. Ago (Iowa Enyin. Expt.
Sta. Bui. 45 {1916), pp. 32, figs. 23). — Investigations are reported, the purpose
of which was to determine in a general way the character of the road building
gravels in the State of Iowa, to establish construction and maintenance methods
adapted to Iowa conditions, and to determine the possibilities of the use of
bituminous materials for the construction and maintenance of gravel roads.
Analyses of 151 Iowa gravels show that they do not contain as great a per-
centage of pebbles as is desirable in road surfacing material and not sufficient
clay to serve as a permanent binder, " yet the gravels do bind in time, show-
ing that some other element in the gravel is a factor in the bonding action."

Experiments on methods of construction are also described, in which several
sections of road with gravel surfaces were constructed by the two-course trench
method, the single-course trench method, and as a single-course surface placed
on top of the earth road. A road was also constructed of river gravel.

Experiments on the use of bituminous coatings on concrete surfaces are also
described. In one case it has been found possible to maintain concrete roads
in good condition by this method at a cost of not to exceed 2 cts. per square
yard per year. Further experiments showed " that only a very few materials
can be used for carpet coats on concrete and that they must be applied with
ext<reme care or they will peel off the surface."

Experiments along this line in other States are reviewed and the conclusion
drawn that " the service value of a well-built gravel road is so much greater
than of the poorly built I'oads that it far outweighs the relatively small differ-
ence in cost. It is especially clear that it does not pay to skimp the materials
and it is an extravagance to construct a good road and then fail to keep it In
good repair. Gravel roads deteriorate very rapidly if neglected."

Labor-saving machinery, C. I. Gunness {Mass. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Circ.
42 {1911), pp. 4, fiO^- 6). — The purpose of this circular is to call attention to
the machines which can be used to advantage in the raising of potatoes, corn,
beans, and other garden crops, and when possible to indicate the size of plats
which can be most profitably used.

Buying a farm tractor, W. H. Sanders {Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 20
(1915-16), pp. 123-145, figs. iS).— This is a review of the main factors influ-
encing the selection and purchase of a tractor for a Kansas farm, including
relative economy, first cost, depreciation, repairs, tractor types and speed, motor
styles, fuel, lubrication, and size and power ratings. The use of the tractor
on special kinds of work is also briefly discussed.

1918.] EURAL ECONOMICS. 693

Tractors and their use in Mexico, E. Chavez {Rev. Agr. [Mex.], 1 {1917),
No. 1, pp. 17-20, pis. 5). — A brief note on the use to wliich tractors may be put
in Mexican agriculture.

Farm storage of grain, C. P. Buck {Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 20 {1915-16),
pp. 1^5-151, figs. 4). — This is a brief discussion of portable and stationary
grain storages and grain elevators for use on Kansas farms.

Farm manure and its housing, B. G. Southwick and F. W. Duffee {Conn.
Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Bui. 5 {1917), pp. 22, figs. 7). — The purpose of this bulletin
is to draw attention to the value of farm manures and to emphasize the eco-
nomic importance of their proper care and housing. Plans for manure pits and
other equipment for manure conservation are included.

Lambing sheds, R. F. Millek and G. E. Fermeey {California Sta. Circ. 188
{1917), pp. 16, figs. IS). — Illustrated descriptions are given for a lambing barn,
an open-front lambing shed, movable lambing pens, and sheltered lambing
pens and corrals.

RURAL ECONOmCS.

Important factors for successful farming in the blue grass region of
Kentucky, .J. H. Aenold and W. D. Nicholls {Kentucky Sta. Bui., 210 {1917),
pp. 171-206, figs. 7). — This bulletin contains additional data with reference to
farms located in Mason, Scott, and Madison Counties, Ky., as previously noted
(E. S. R., 36, p. 789).

The authors point out that the type of farming that should be followed in
this community depends upon " the amount of land available, the topography,
the quality of the land, and accessibility to market. The most general type
suited to conditions in the blue-grass region is the stock with tobacco type.
This type combines stock grazing, an enterprise characteristic of the most ex-
tensive type of farming, and tobacco culture, one of the most intensive enter-
prises, in such a way as to make the most profitable use of the land. It should
be remembered in this connection that the farmer who keeps a large percentage
of his acreage in blue grass for grazing of live stock will have better lands
for tobacco raising, and that lands which have the best blue grass sods raise
the best quality of tobacco. Blue grass is specially adapted to the soil and
furnishes a nutritious food for fattening cattle, and at the same time it pre-
vents erosion of the soil and keeps up its fertility ; while an intensive crop
like tobacco enables the farmer to get large returns per acre. Such a system
enables the farmer here to make about as much off of a given area of high-
priced land as is secured in other good agricultural sections where land is
cheaper. A small farm can often be made profitable by intensifying more than
is usually done, with tobacco or by dairying."

The authors illustrate their conclusions by citing data obtained from a
number of representative farms from each type.

Farm management investigations in Missouri, R. M. Gbeen and O. R.
Johnson {Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 {1917), pp. 44, 45). — These pages report pre-
liminary results with reference to the average cost of keeping horses on farms
during the year 1912-1915, inclusive.

The average cost was $90.33 per annum. The horses appreciated in value
through the sixth year, and the average cost of feeding made up 72 per cent
of the total cost of keep. On the 20 farms with the lowest feeding cost per
head 30 per cent fed oats with corn in equal or larger proportion, while on
the 18 farms with the highest feed cost per head 61 per cent used the large
proportions of oats. For the economical management of horse labor the study
indicated that the horse should work 800 to 1,500 hours a year. The average
cost per hour of horse labor for 1912, 1913, and 1915 was 7.6, 8.2, 7.2, and

694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

7.6 cts., respectively. The difference between the lowest and highest average
feed cost per hour of horse labor was 4 cts.

Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians. — An Indian interpretation, G. L.
Wilson [Viiii-. Miwi., Studies Soc. Sci., No. 9 (1911), pp. X-{-129, pis. 5, figs.
JfO). — This study is based on the narrative of an Indian woman, and contains
information regarding the methods of laying out the garden, crops grown,
methods of selecting seed, cultivating crops, tools used, storage for winter use,
and the influence of the white man upon their system of agriculture.

[Social and educational surveys of Lancaster community, Kentucky],
C. I). BoHANKAN (Kentucky Sta. Rpt., 28 (1915), pt. 1, pp. 10-12).— This sur-
vey has as its purpose the extension of the relations existing between town
and country, and to formulate a plan for community development based on
actual needs of the community. It points out that for sincere development
there must be hearty cooperation. While country schools are on a par with
those of any other community, there is too large a dropping out of pupils
between the first and eighth grades. There is need for improvement in the
housing conditions amon^- the poorer classes, both owner and tenant. In place
of a cultivated crop on hillsides subject to erosion alfalfa is suggested. It
recommends the admission of farmers as well as city men to membership in
the Lancaster Commercial Clubs and the installation in the high school of a
department of agriculture and home science, with a short course during the
winter months for older l)oys and girls.

The farmhouse in relation to food supply a.nd labor problems, j\Irs. Blair
(Jour. Bath and West and South. Counties Soc., 5. ser., 11 (1916-17), pp. 25!i-
262). — The author points out that it is the function of the farm home to be
attractive and efficient; in order to maintain the necessary number of persons
in the rural community.

The national food supply in peace and war, T. B. Wood (Cambridge, Eng-
land: JJniv. Press. 1917, pp. J/3). — The author believes that in order to secure
the necessary food supply for Great Britain " the policy which should be
adopted must be based on five general principles: (1) It must secure the
maximimi amount of food for human consumption. (2) It must be suffi-
ciently simple to be put into actual practice. (8) It must avoid dislocation of
the ordinary channels of distribution. (4) It must remove temptation from
the farmer, by making agricultural products which can be dispensed with less
remunerative than those which are indispensable. (5) It must be enforced
by penalties so heavy that no one dare risk them."

He also believes that these plans could be given effect, first by the publica-
tion of an order forbidding the use of potatoes and cereals for feeding live
stock or for any other purpose than for human food ; second, that in order
that distribution may be continued through ordinary channels, there must be a
certain elasticity in price which will allow distributing agents to make suffi-
cient profit to maintain their normal efficiency.

Appeal for mobilization of agricultural products, G. Brunnelli (Agr. Mod.
Milan, 23 (1917), No. 18, pp. 237, 238).— The autJior recommends the establish-
ment of an Italian national committee with subsidiary local committees to
supervise propaganda, provide fertilizers, aid in the requisition of agricultural
products for military purposes, and obtain the services of scientific institutions
in giving necessary advice regarding regional products and the national pro-
gram.

Wheat dockage on a percentage basis, E. D. Davis (Minneapolis, Minn.:
Author, 1917, pp. Jf8). — This pamphlet contains tables designed to facilitate
the figuring of dockage and net weights on wheat when the dockage is com-
puted on a percentage basis.

1918.] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 695

Monthly crop report (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., ^ (1918), No. 1, pp.
S). — This number contains the usual monthly data with reference to the esti-
mated value of important farm products, average prices received by producers,
and range of prices of agricultural products at important markets, and also
contains special articles on the largest 1916 crop yield, stocks of potatoes on
January 1, firewood used on farms, and other miscellaneous data.

Annual statistics of Chile {An. Estad. Chile, 7 {1915-16), pp. [8]+ii3).—
These pages continue data previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 92), by adding
a later year.

Statistics of trade and agricultural products in Spain, 1916, M. Mate-
SANz {Mem. Estad. Renta Aduanas, 1916, pp. 115). — This report gives data
with reference to the production and internal and foreign trade in agricultural
products for 1916, with comparative data for earlier years.

[Agricultural statistics in Switzerland] {Status. Jahrb. Schweiz, 25 {1916),
pp. 2SS). — These pages continue information previously noted (E. S. R., 36,
p. 393 ) , by adding information for a later year.

Agricultural statistics of British India {Statis. Abs. Brit. India, 50 {1905-
1915), pp. y7//+260).— These pages supplement information previously noted
(E. S. R., 36, p. 291).

AGEICULTUEAL EDUCATION.

Plan for the organization and administration of the Smith-Hughes Act
{Salem, Oreg.: Supt. Pub. Instr. [1917], pp. i.^).— This is a detailed statement
of the plan for the organization and administration of vocational education
in Oregon under the Smith-Hughes Act. submitted by the Oregon State Board
for Vocational Education to the Federal Board for Vocational Education and
adopted December 18, 1917, together with local plans for administering the
same.

It has been arranged that the Oregon State Agricultural College will make a
formal transfer to the State Board for Vocational Education of the time and
services of its professor of agricultural education.

The plant and equipment of schools receiving Federal aid for vocational in-
struction in agriculture is to consist of a minimum of approved general equip-
ment valued at $500 for an all-day or department school, an approved reference
library, ground sufficient for experi menial and demonstration purposes, and an
annual fund of not less than $100 for incidental expenses. The minimum
salary of teachers of vocational agriculture shall be $1,200, in addition to an
annual maintenance fund.

In an all-day school or department at least 50 per cent of the time is to be
spent on vocational agriculture, including project work, the study of material
bearing directly on the project, and the study of related material. There must
be at least six months' supervised farm-project work, carried on upon a com-
mercial basis.

The minimum qualifications of a teacher of vocational agriculture shall be
(1) graduation from a 4-year standard agricultural college course with the
major work in general agriculture, and not less than 15 semester hours of
agricultural education comprising practice teaching, special methods in teach-
ing, educational psychology, principles of education, and a study of vocations
and the relation of agriculture to economic conditions; and (2) not less than
2 years of practical farm experience. He shall be employed for the calendar
year with provisions for vacations, etc.

The training of teachers of agi-iculture will be done by the Oregon College
under the supervision of the State Board for Vocational Education. The course

G96 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

of study will include 50 per cent of technical agricultural studies, 15 per cent
of agricultural education subjects, including practice teaching, 20 per cent of
related and allied subjects, and 15 per cent in approved electives to malie
a well-balanced course. Not less than two years of practical farm experience
is required.

All-day home economics classes or departments must be in session for at
least 9 months in the year and not less than 30 hours In the week. The
course will be so arranged that at least one-half of the time of instruction
will be devoted to such phases as garment making, foods and cookery, sani-
tation and home nursing, house planning and furnishing, textiles, millinery,
dressmaking, and home management. The minimum qualifications for teachers
will be (1) graduation from a 4-year course in home economics, with not less
than 15 semester hours in educational subjects, including special methods,
practice teaching, etc.; and (2) not less than 2 years of practical teaching
experience and sufficient practical experience in housekeeping to make the in-
struction practical.

A teacher of vocational home economics in part-time schools must be a
graduate from a standard college or university with a degree in home eco-
nomics, conforming to the State school law of Oregon on the certification of
teachers, and have had sulficient practical experience in the trade to make her
instruction practical. In the evening classes the teacher must be a graduate
from a standard college or university, or hold a life State certificate or State
diploma secured by examination before the State department. The minimum
salary of the teacher of vocational home economics is $1,000.

The training of teachers of home economics under this act will be done In
the Oregon College under the supervision of the State Board for Vocational
Education. By an arrangement for itinerant teaching, teacher-training will be
carried on in the regular classes in the college and in evening schools in
Portland. The course of study corresponds to that for teachers of agriculture,
but requires practice work in different departments of a practice house main-
tained on a practical housekeeping basis.

Vocational education (Oregon Bd. Vocational Ed. Bui. 1 {1911), pp. 15-
28). — This bulletin, which is combined with the plan for the organization and
administration of the Smith-Hughes Act noted above, contains the general regu-
lations of the State Board for Vocational Education.

A standard course in vocational agriculture for all-day or department students
is to consist of 4 full years' or 16 units' credit, 15 units being required for gradu-
ation. A unit covers 2 hours a day for 36 weeks, or 360 hours a year. For
practical work not requiring preparation, two hours' work is required for one
hour's credit. No projects will be accepted as worthy of school credit which
do not involve new experience and the acquiring of new skill for the student,
i. e., projects to be acceptable must have educational value.

For instruction in home economics the State or local community, or both
must provide an approved general equipment of not less than $500 value, an
approved reference library, a practice house of not less than 5 rooms with
approved furnishings, and an annual fund of not less than $50 for incidental
expenses. Twenty pupils will constitute the maximum class or group of pupils
to be instructed in home economic subjects by one teacher. A local advisory
board is provided.

Report of the committee on teaching (Amcr. Farm Management Assoc.
Rpt., 7 (1916). pp. 108-116) .—This is a report previously noted (E. S. R., 36,
p. 297) on the status of advanced undergraduate teaching in farm management
offered in 17 of the agricultural colleges.

1918.] MISCELLANEOUS. G97

The fundamental relation of botany to scientific agriculture, H. D. Wag-
goner {School Sci. and Math., IS (191S), No. 1, pp. 11-15). — This is a consid-
eration of the fundamental relations of the scientific study of the plant to agri-
cultural practices, in which the autlior urges that the thorough study of the
fundamental structures and processes of plant life and the practical application
of these scientific principles should form closely correlated courses for elemen-
tary students in agriculture. In his opinion this can be done without dif-
ficulty if the teacher of botany has sympathy for and knowledge of present-
day agriculture and if the teacher of agriculture is familiar with the funda-
mental structures and processes of the plant.

Teaching of agriculture in the rural schools, F. C. Hathaway {State Nor-
mal and Indus. School [Ellendalc, N. Dak.], Bui., 12 {1917), No. 1, pp. 55, figs.
17). — This is a series of 39 exercises planned to follow the order of the seasons
and outlining the object, materials for, and method of studies of the general
structure of plants and their parts, weeds, wheat, potatoes, corn, soils, crop
rotation and farm management, horses, breeds of dairy cattle, dairy sanitation,
hogs, and poultry. Suggestions for gardening and for a fly campaign, and ref-
erences to the literature, are included.

A manual of home economics for the rural school {Bui. State Normal
School, San Diego, Cal., 4 {1916), No. 3, pp. 40, figs. 3).— This bulletin offers
suggestions for teaching health and sanitation, sewing, foods and cookery, care
of babies and young children, the keeping of household budgets, etc., in rural
schools without equipment for home economics instruction and in which the
teacher has no special training in the subject. Recipes, suggested equipment at
minimum cost, illustrative reports from rural teachers of home economics on
work done in their schools, and references to the literature are included.

Suggestions for organizing and supervising junior home project worK,
F. L. Griffin {Cor^icU Rural School Leaflet, 11 {1917), No. 2, pp. 325-372, figs.
22). — This leaflet offers suggestions for the Drganization and supervision of
junior home projects in elementary agriculture and home making in the State of
New York, the plan of which hns been previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 896).
References to the literature are included.

MISCELLAISTEOUS.

Beport of Kansas Station, 1916 {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 49). — This con-
tains the organiz^ion list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1916, a report of the director summarizing the work and publications of the
station, and one special article. The experimental work recorded is for the
most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1915, Part 1 {Ken-
tucky Sta. lipt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. IX-^79, pis. 4)- — This contains the organization
list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, a report of
the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, de-
partmental reports, reports of analyses of mineral waters, and meteorological
data. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted else-
where in this issue.

Thirtieth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1917 {Maryland Sta. Rpt.
1917, pp. XXVIII-\-347, figs. 49). — This contains the organization list; a report
by the director on the organization, work, and publications of the station; a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917; and reprints of
Bulletins 197-208, previously noted.

How the station works, F. B. Mumford {Missouri Sta. Bui. 151 {1917), pp.
68, figs. 12). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on

698 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

tlie work and publications of the station, and a financial statement for the
Federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917. The experimental worli
reported and not previously noted is for the most part abstracted elsewhere
in this issue.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1917 (Neiv Mexico
Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 92, figs. 14). — This contains the organization list, a report
of the director on the work and publications of the station. Including reports of
heads of departments, and a financial 'tatement for the Federal funds for the
year ended June 30, 1917. The experimental features not previously reported
are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Thirtieth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1917 {South Carolina
Sta. Rpt. 1911, pp. 32). — This contains the organization list, a report of the
director on the work of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1017, and departmental reports, of which portions of that of the
animal husbandman are abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Report of the Canada Experimental Farms, 1916 (Canada Expt. Farms
Rpts. 1916, vols. 1, pp. VIII +598, pis. 39; 2, pp. 599-1093, pis. U; 3, pp. 1094-
1499, pis. 43, fig. 1). — Volume 1 of this report contains the report of the di-
rector, including general notes, meteorological data, and synopses of the work
of the various divisions, branch farms, stations, and substations, and reports of
the divisions of chemistry, field hu.sbandry, and animal husbandry. Volume 2
contains reports of the divisions of horticulture and cereals. Volume 3 contains
reports of the divisions of botany, bees, forage plants, poultry, tobacco, illus-
tration stations, and extension and publicity. The experimental work recorded
is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2
(1911), No. 12, pp. 383-419, figs. 4)- — This contains several articles abstracted
elsewhere in this issue, together with one entitled Feeding Swine in Dry Lot,
by W. L. Robison, and notes. An index for 1917 is appended.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington
Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 5 (1918), No. 10, pp. 141-156).— This number
contains brief articles on the following subjects: The Function of Grades and
Standards in the Marketing of Farm Products, by A. Hobson ; A^arieties and
Culture of Cane Fruits in Western Washington, by J. L. Stahl (see p. 643) ;
Silage Crops for Western Washington, by E. B. Stookey (see p. 637) ; Very Early
Hatches Pay Best, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup (see p. 678) ; and Winter Work
in the Orchard, by A. Frank. •

NOTES.

Connecticut State Station. — Elijah Rogers, of Southington, and William H.
Hall, of South Willingtou, have been appointed to the board of control, vice
Frank H. Stadtmueller and H. \V. Conn, deceased.

Delaware College. — R. V. Mitchell, professor of poultry husbandry, has been
granted leave of absence to assist in poultry and egg handling studies in the
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Iowa College. — The college abattoir building has been completed. It is a
spacious brick structure with a judging ring and seating accommodations for
1,000 persons. A killing pen, cooling rooms, cooking vat, and equipment for by-
product utilization are also provided.

Kansas College and Station, — W. M. Jardine, dean of the division of agricul-
ture and director of the station, has been appointed president, effective March 1.
L. E. Call, head of the department of agronomy, has been appointed acting
dean of the division of agriculture and acting director of the station. O. E.
Reed, in charge of dairy husbandry work, has also been appointed State dairy
commissioner, vice G. S. Hine resigned to accept a commercial position.

Kentucky University and Station. — Under a State reapportionment tax law,
enacted by the recent legislature, the revenues of the university have been in-
creased by $200,000 per annum. Plans are under way for a material increase
in the teaching staff and the undertaking of extensive repairs. The construc-
tion of new buildings is to be postponed for the present, but plans are being
formulated for campus grounds under a permanent plan.

Dr. F. L. McVey was installed as president, June 4.

In the station. Dr. Philip L. Blumenthal, of the department of chemistry,
and Owen S. Lee, of the department of fertilizer control, have been granted
leave of absence for military service.

Maryland College. — The new agricultural building, costing $175,000, was
dedicated at Commencement May 30. F. A. Wirt, of the Kansas College and
Engineering Station, has been appointed extension lecturer in farm mechanics.

Minnesota University.— A recent State law authorized the maintenance of
experimental peat farms at Dibbell, Goodridge, and Anoka. A tract has been
secured for the farm at Goodridge. Arthur G. Tyler has been appointed
assistant professor of farm engineering, vice L. R. Whitson resigned.

Missouri University. — L. F. Childers, extension specialist in soils, has been
appointed emergency demonstration agent with headquarters at Fayette, be-
ginning April 1. R. A. Kinnaird, extension instructor in soils, has been ap-
pointed agricultui-al agent for Clinton County. Miss Bab Bell, extension as-
sistant professor of home economics, has resigned, effective March 9, and has
been succeeded by Miss Essie Margaret Heyle. The resignations are also noted
of John S. McDaniel, extension assistant professor of veterinary science, effec-
tive April 1, and Clifton R. Thomson and S. R. Miles as assistants in animal
husbandry, effective April 6 and March 15, respectively.

Two-year certificates in agriculture have been awarded to a class of 20
students.

Cornell University and Station. — Dr. Lewis Knudson, professor of botany in
the college of agriculture and plant physiologist in the station, has been granted

699

700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. ?,8

leave of absence to engage in Y. M. C. A. work in P^rauce. Lawrence Erickson
has resigned as instructor in botany and has enlisted in the Coast Artillery.

Ohio State University. — The appointment is noted of L. O. Lantis, of the
extension department, as instructor in rural economics.

Porto Rico Federal Station. — F. E. Kerapton, Fh. D., University of Illinois,
1918, has been appointed pathologist.

Tennessee University. — Four tractor short courses of three days each were
held during IMarch and April at Kuoxville, Jackson, Memphis, and Columbia.
The courses were under the supervision of the division of extension and the
college of engineering of the university, the Food Administration, and the
State department of agriculture, and in the Memphis short cour.se the ex-
tension divisions of Mississippi and Arkansas and the college of engineering
of the University of Arkansas cooperated.

Virginia College and Station. — The legislature made substantial increases in
its appropriations for the biennial period ending February 29, 1920. The col-
lege will receive $153,000 the first year and $128,000 the second year, and pro-
vision is made for the establishment of a department of education. The sta-
tion will receive $30,000 each year, this being an annual increase of $14,000.
The extension division will receive $76,191.57 the first year and $92,191 the
second year. The Crop Pest Commission and the Live Stock Sanitary Board
will receive $15,000 and $12,500, respectively, each year.

A. B. Massey, assistant professor of botany and assistant botanist of the
Alabama College and Station, has been appointed associate plant pathologist and
bacteriologist, effective June 1.

Canadian Instruction in Agriculture behind the Lines. — A system of instruc-
tion has been organized in one of the divisions of Canadian troops in France,
and known as the University of Vimy Ridge. Lectures are given to large
groups on subjects selected to equip men in active service for " greater efficiency
in business, the professions, agriculture, and other great industries of the
Dominion." Classes are organized for smaller groups, and individual instruc-
tion for more advanced students with recognition and credit on their return to
Canada for work accomplished. It is ahso planned to obtain in this way an
organization and staff which will be prepared to devote its attention to edu-
cating the soldiers during the interval which may elapse between the conclu-
sion of peace and their return to Canada. Agriculture, applied science, and
vocational branches are among the subjects to be taught in this way.

What is known as Khaki College has subsequently been organized. This
work is carried on farther back of the lines than the foregoing and is constituted
on a somewhat more elaborate and permanent basis. A chancellor and senate
have been appointed to serve as the governing body, together with what is
termed an executive faculty, consisting mainly of heads of departments.
Certificates of proficiency are issued by the college on the recommendation of
heads of departments.

Eight departments have been arranged, among which is agriculture.
Lieutenant P. Stewart, formerly district supervisor of agriculture in New On-
tario, has been given charge of the work in agriculture, which also has two
lecturers on animal husbandry, and one each on field husbandry, horticulture,
farm bookkeeping, agricultural English, and poultry.

Khaki College has been under way about six months. Over 900 students
have been enrolled and about 370 took the first examination.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

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AND Index, $1

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 38

JUNE, 1918

No. 8

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICB

1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientijic Bureaus.

Wbathee Buhbau — C. F. Marvin, Chief,

BuREATT or Animal Industby — J. R. MoUer, CMef.

Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief,

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — 0. L, Alaberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Eetabrook, Statistician.

BxmEAU OP Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office op Public Roads and Rural Engineering — ^L . W . Pj^e, Director,

Bureau op Markets— 0. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office op Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, ChUf,

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn; 3. F. Duggar.i

Canebrake Station: UniorUown; J. M. Burgess.*

Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Imttiute; Q. W.

Carver.i

Alaska— Sttfctt/ C. C. Georgeson.'

Abbona— Tucson: — — — .

ARZJM9A9—FayetteviUe; M. Nelson.i

Caufobnia— BerfceJey; T. F. Hunt.»

COLOBADO— i?'ort Collina: C. P. Qlllette.J

Connecticut—

State Station: New flat)en,*\„ __ t^„ui„ .
n^ _ cji ii o. . fE. H. Jenkins J

Storrs Station: Storrs; I

Delaware^ JVetPorfc; H. Hayward.i

Tjx>vsD^—OdlnesviIle: P. n. RoHsJ

Geoequ— Eiperfmenf." J. D. Price.'

GvJM—hland of Quam: C. W. Edwards.'

HAWAn—

Federal Station: Eonolulu;!. M. Westgate.'

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu;B.. P. Agee.i
Idaho — Moscow:-.-^ — .
luUNOis— Urbana: E. Davenport.'
Indiana— La Fayette: 0. 0. Woodbury.'
lovi^— Ames: C. F. Curtiss.'
Kusaks— Manhattan: L. E. Call.*
KtrsToass— -Lexington: T. P. Cooper.'

LoxnsiANA—

State Station: Baton Rouge;
Sugar Station: Av4vhonPark,

New Orleans;
North La Plata Station: CW.

houn;
Klce Station: Crowley;
Maine— Orono; C. D. Woods.'
Maetland— CtoBs^i Path' H. J. Patterson.'
MASSACHTTSEris— /ljnft«r»f.- F. W. Morse.*
Michigan— i^osf Lansing: R. 8, Shaw.'
MnmKSOTA— UniversUy Farm, St. Paul: R. W.

Thatcher.'
msmssvm—Agricxitiural CoUege: E. R, Lloyd.'

>Dire«tor. > Agronomist in charge. * Animal husbandman In oharse.

W. R.Dodson.'

Missouiu—

College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain Ofove; F. W, Faurot.'

Montana— BozewwTi; P, B. Llnfield.i

Nebraska— iijicoZn; E. A. Burnett.'

Nevada— iJeno.* S. B. Doten.'

New Hampshiee— Durftam." J. C. Eendall.i

New Jersey— iV«w Brunswick: J. O. Llpman.i

New Mexico— Sft«« College: Fabian Garcia.'

New Yoek—

State Station: Oentva; W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.'

NoETH C\B,otmA— Raleigh and West Raleigh;
B, W. Kllgore.i

NoETH DA-KOii.— Agricultural College: . *

Ohio— TTooster.- C. E. Thome.'

OKiASOUiL— Stillwater: H. Q. Knight.'

Oeegon— CortwKi*; A. B, Cordley.'

Pennstltanu—

StaU College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
n. p. Annsby.'

PoETo Rico—

Federal Station: Mayaguet; D. W. May.*
Insular Station: Rio Pledras: E. CoWn.'

Rhode Island— Jri;ij«ton.*B. L. Hart well.'

South Caeolina— Cfemson CoUegei H. W. Barre.'

South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson.'

Tennessee— XnoiwMe.' H. A. Morgan.'

Texas— Ci)Re^< Station: B. Youngblood.l

UtJiS— Logan: F. S. Harris.'

Vezho^t— Burlington: J. L. Hills, i

Virginia—

Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station, T, C. Johnson.'

Washinqton— PwMman.' Geo. Severance. •

West Xmormx— Morgantown: J. L. Coulter.*

Wisconsin— Jfadfeon; H, L. Russell.'

Wyoming— iaroroJ« A. D. Favllle.'

f Acting dliMtor.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Station*,
Associate Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITOBIAL DEPABTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — Sybh. L. Smtth.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |j 'j^ Luckett.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology | ^" j,' ^qyo. '

T^ ij /-. fJ. I. SCHULTE.

Field Crops |^ j^ Luckett.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. .T. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hookeb, D. V. M.

_ , ^ „ ^, ^ ... fC. P. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.

Foods and Human Nutrition [^^^^^^^ j^ Pkitcheit.

^ . . , -^ . „ . fD. W. May.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming |^_ j^ Mooee.

_ ^ . Ti, ^- ■ fW. A. Hookek.

Veterinary Medicine jg^^^ ^ g^^^^^^

Rural Engineering — R. W. TBtrxLiNGEK.
Rural Economics — -E. Merritt.

Agricultural Education |j^^^ ^ Spetthmann.
Indexes — M. D. Mooee.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 38, NO. 8.

Editorial notes: , . . , i!;

The first decade of the International Institute of Agriculture 7Ui

Recent work in agricultural science • 708

Notes.

797

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

The physical ehemistry of the proteins, Robertson 708

A detailed method for the preparation of histidin, Jones 708

The distillation of cellulose and starch in vacuo, Pictet and Sarasm 708

Enzyms concerned in decomposition of glucose and mannitol. Grey 709

Studies on enzym action.— XIV, Experiments on lipolytic actions, Fa,lk. .. ... 709

Method of specific coagulation with pancreatic juice, London and Pakhotma. 710

Improvements in bacteriological media.— I, Substitute for ' ' nutrose, " Wallis. 710

Method for preparation of uniform collodion membranes for dialysis, Farmer. 710

Oxidation of ammonia to oxids of nitrogen, Adam 710

The preparation of cyanamid, Osterberg and Kendall. . -.-.---: - ■ - 711

Dried blood in agiiculture ; its importance and adulteration, birot and Joret. . 7ii

Ratio of total nitrogen to soluble nitrogen in flour, Rousseaux and Sirot 712

Soluble nitrogenous matter as index of baking value, Rousseaux and Su-ot. . . 712

The catalase activity of American wheat flours, Bailey 712

OC Wheat bran, its substitution and adulterations, Collin 7U

'— Poisonous bread and flour: Determination of sapotoxins, Stcecklin 712

*-^ On the estimation of amino-acid nitrogen in the blood, Okada 713

I

II CONTENTS. (Vol. 38

Page.

A rapid colorimetric method for estimating glucose in urine, Isaacson 713

Italian turpentines, I-III 713

Fats and fatty acids from petroleum , Moore and Egloff 714

A new oil extracted from Blephawcalyx gigantea (Horco-molle), Zelada 714

Power-alcohol: Proposals for its production and utilization in Australia 714

Microbiological retting. — Applications in colonial textiles, Heim and KuUier. 715

Chemicals in use in the rubber industry and their applications, Ultee 715

The chemical composition of Hevea latex, Gorter 715

Possibility of manufacturing acetic acid on rubber estates, Keuchenius 715

Home canning and curing ot meats, Hauser 715

The canning and preserving of vegetables and fruits, Elliot 715

Canning chart, directions, and recipes, compiled by Wimple 715

How to utilize and preserv-e fruits with pr,esent scarcity of sugar, Truelle 715

Fruit and vegetable drjdng. — Types and models of driers, Overly 716

A successful community drying plant, Pugeley 716

METEOROLOGY.

Climatology, Connor 716

Where wheat is grown 717

Spring frosts ^ 717

Storm rainfall of eastern United States, Morgan and Paul 717

The desiccation of the earth, von Herrmann 718

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Meriwether County, Ga. , Baldwin and Kerr 718

Soil survey of 1 ■ ichmond County, Ga. , Bushnell and Snyder 718

Kane County soils, Hopldns, Mosier, Van Alstine, and Garrett 718

Soil surv'^ey of KimVjall County, Nebr . , Meyer et al 719

The experimental determination of a dynamic soil moisture minimum. Pulling. 719

Moisture equilibrium in pots of soil equipped with autoirrigators, Holmes. .. 719

lielation of carbon dioxid to soil reaction, Hoagland and Sharp 720

[Partial sterilization of soil]. Tiussell 720

Humification of compounds in vegetaljle matter, Trusov 720

The decomposition of sweet clover under greenhouse conditions, Maynard 721

Composition of fallen leaves of forest trees and their quantities, Moriya 722

The utilization of sewage water in Italy, Aita 723

Commercial fertilizers in war time, Thome 723

Influence of sodium nitrate upon nitrogen transformations in soils, Coleman. .. 723

Influence of nitrates on nitrogen-assimilating bacteria. Hills 724

Addition of tar to cyanamid to facilitate spreading, Schomoeger and Lucks . . . 725

A new German phos^atic and potassic manure, Beger 726

Substitution for Stassfurt potash salts of Austrian phonolites, Stoklaaa 726

Bromin content of German potash salts. Winkler 726

New experiments on the action of sulphur on crop production, Pfeiffer 726

The use of iron in agriculture, Monnier and Kuczj'aski 727

Manurial experiments with manganese slag, Popp 728

AGRICULTURAL, BOTANY.

A textbook of botany for colleges, Ganong 728

Plant physiology, Palladin, edited by Livingston 728

[Studies in plant nutrition], Gile and Carrero 728

Biometric studies on somatic and genetic physiology of sugar beet, Harris .... 729

Growth and inhibition, MacDougal and Spoehr 729

Approximation of limits of germination in seeds of Lepidium sativum, Lesage .... 729

The physiological significance of tannin, Dekker ". 729

On the relation of chlorin to plant growth, Tottingham 729

Study of salt proportions in nutrient solution containing chlorid, Trelease 730

Relation of concentration of nutrient solution to growth of wheat, Trelease 730

Effect of renewal of culture solutions on growth of wheat, Trelease and Free 730

Experiences in use of copper sulphate in destruction of algae, Embrey 731

Serodiagnostic studies on gymnosperms, Kotetsu 731

Studies on root nodules, SMbata and Tahara ". 731

Variegation in Plantago, Ikeno 731

Recent studies on variation in some micromycetes, Mutto and Pollacci 731

1918] CONTENTS. HI

Page.

Some unusual featiu-es of a subarctic soil, Pulling 732

The western flower guide, Saunders 732

Flora of the Rocky Moim tains and adjacent plains, Rydberg 732

Marking microscope slides, Bryan 732

FIELD CROPS.

Relation of size of seed to yield of small grain crops, Kiesselbach and Helm 732

The effect of weeds upon cereal crops, Brenchley 734

Wheat-rj^e hybrids, McFadden 735

Winter forage crops, Kennedy 735

Report of department of agriculture [of New South Wales] for 1916, Valder 735

[I^eld crops work in Java], van Rossem 735

The production of alfalfa seed in southern Idaho, Aicher 735

Barley for New York, Love and Bussell 736

Effect of hydrogen and hydroxyl-ion concentration on barley, Hoagland 736

Inheritance of endosperm color in maize, AVhite 737

New place effect in maize, Collins 738

Observations regarding the com crop of 1917 739

Selecting and testing seed com, Goodman 739

Cotton in San Joaquin Valley, Gilmore 740

Cotton production in the United States : Crop of 1916 74O

Oats investigations, Kiesselbach and Ratcliff 74O

The deep-water paddy of Orissa, Rout 74I

Soy beans, Schmitz ; 74I

Selection experiments with Deli tobacco. Honing 74I

Comparative anatomy of wheat, Triticum albidum and T. erythrospermum, Komar. 741

The improvement of wheat [in Argentina], Backhouse 741

Geography of wheat prices, Zapoleon 742

Seed reporter 743

Noxious weeds in New Zealand, Cockayne 743

HORTICULTURE.

Variability of ^delds of fruit trees in field trials, Batchelor and Reed 743

Abscission of flowers and partially developed fruits of the apple, Heinicke 745

The common honeybee as an agent in prime pollination, Hendrickson 747

Pruning the seedless grapes, Bioletti 747

The mango in Porto Rico, Kinman 747

Report of the horticulturist, Kinman 748

Report of the assistant horticultiuist, McClelland 749

Bush beans in the greenhouse, Green 749

Heredity studies in the morning-glory (Ipomoza purpurea), Barker! 750

FORESTRY.

A manual for northern woodsmen, Cary 75I

State forest administration in South Australia for the year 1916-17, Gill 751

A few notes on bamboos 751

Incense cedar, ]\Iitchell 751

Note on kokan or lampatia timber (Dualanga sonneratioides) , Pearson 751

Contraction and warping in Pinus longifolia timber while seasoning, Pearson 751

Comparative yearly volmne increments of certain Indian tree crops, Marsden . . . 751

Imports of tirnber into British India during the years 1912-13 to 1916-17 751

Lumber used in the manufacture of wooden products, Nellis 751

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Embryomas in plants (produced by bacterial inoculations). Smith 752

The British species of Phomopsis, Grove. 752

[Cotton rust investigations in Texas], Olive 752

Peronospora on hemp, Peglion 753

Conditions influencing the distribution of potato blight in India, Dastur 753

A potato parasite new to Italy, Peyronel 753

Irrigation experiments on apple spot diseases, Brooks and Fisher 753

The tar treatment for court-nou^, Ravaz 754

IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Filage of grapes, Ravaz 754

Little leaf of grapevines in California, Bioletti and Bonnet 754

Grape dowTiy mildew, Ravaz 754

Grape downy mUdew at Montpellier in 1916, Ravaz 754

Rainfall and grape downy mildew, Cadoret 755

Sprajing for gi-ape downy mildew in rainy weather, Cadoret 755

The treatment for do-wny mildew, Taboreau 755

Treatment of grape do^vny mildew in southwest France, Capus 755

Treatment of grape downy mildew, Capus 755

The comparative efficacy of acid and alkaline Bordeaux sprays, Degnilly 756

Acid and alkaline sprays, Vermorel and Dantony 756

Acid and alkaline sprays, Cadoret 756

Alkaline and acid sprays, DegruUy : 756

Mixtures of lime and sulphur, Cadoret 757

Rust of grapevines, Ravaz * 757

Report of the plant pathologist, Brandes 757

Geographical distribution of melanose and stem end rot, Fawcett 757

Relation of temperature to growth of certain parasitic fungi, Fawcett 757

The June drop of Washington navel oranges, Coit and Hodgson 757

Algal disease of cacao, Rorer 758

The diseases . . . of the coconut palm, Richards 758

Leaf bitten diseases of coconuts, Ashby 758

The white pine blister rust m Canada, McCubbin 758

Diseases of Hevea brasiliensis in Malay Peninsula, Richards 759

Clean clearing, pests, and diseases, Shelton-Agar . ..." 759

Preventive measures against black thread [Phytophthorafaberi), Pratt 759

Note on the development of chromogenic organisms in rubber, Eaton 759

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America, Merriam 760

The rat as a carrier of Spirochseta icterohssmorrhagise, Ido et al 760

Animal parasites of rats at Madison, Wis., Moll 760

Investigations of the value of nitrobenzol as a parasiticide, Chandler 760

A study of the toxicity of kerosene, Moore and Graham 760

The distribution of bird life in Colombia, Chapman 761

Three new Mallophaga from North American birds, McGregor 761

Eight new Mallophaga of genus Lipeurus from North American birds, McGregor. 761

Field book of insects, Lutz 761

Report of the entomologist, Van Zwaluwenburg 761

War on greenhouse pests, Gossard 762

Pecan insects. Turner 762

The changa or West Indian mole cricket, Van Zwaluwenburg 762

The citrus thrips, Horton 763

Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, Van Duzee 763

Idiocerus scurra, a poplar leaf-hopper, Dickerson and Weiss 764

The genus Ophiderma (Membracidae : Homoptera), Gibson and Wells 764

The genus Harmostes, Gibson 764

On the Chinese gall (Aphididae), Baker 764

The com root aphis and methods of controlling it, Davis 764

Control of the melon apliis, Chittenden 764

Cattle lice and how to eradicate them, Imes 764

Methods of control of clothes louse {Pediculus humanus [vestimenti]) , Moore 765

[Papers on body lice] 765

The pink bollworm of cotton, Scholl 765

The pink bollworm in cotton districts of northeastern Brazil, da Costa Lima. . . 765

Outbreaks of Philtrsea elegantaria on privet in Louisiana, Tucker 765

Descriptions of some lepidopterous larvae from Mexico, Dyar 765

A new pyralid from California, Dyar 766

Brabantia rhizoleuca, redescribed, Dyar 766

The genus Culex in the United States, Dyar and Knab 766

The mosquitoes of the Pacific Northwest, Dyar 766

The larva of Aedes idahoensis, Dyar 766

A second note on the species of Culex of the Bahamas, Dyar 766

Dytiscus as a destroyer of mosquito larvae, Chidester 766

New American mosquitoes, Dyar and Knab 766

1918] CONTENTS. V

Page.

Notes on Aedes curnei, Dyar and Knab 766

Notes on Aedes at Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho, Dyar 766

Notes on the Aedes of Montana, Dyar 766

A new Aedes from the Rocky Mountain region, Dyar 766

Note on mode of existence of flies during winter, McDonnell and Eastwood . . . 766

Interrelations of fruit-fly parasites in Hawaii, Pemberton and Willard 767

A new ortalid from the Philippines, Knab 767

New genera of Amobiinse, To-vvnsend 767

Five new species of North American Tachinidse, Smith 767

White grubs injuring sugar cane. — I, Life histories of May beetles, Smyth 767

Synopsis of the Cioidae of America north of Llexico, Diiry •. 768

How to reduce weevil waste in southern com, Kyle 768

A key to the known species of South Carolina ants, with notes, Smith 768

Notes on parasitic Hymenoptera, Girault 768

New Australian chalcid flies, Girault 768

The North American species of Trigonoderus, females, Girault 768

Ichneumons v. Apanteles, Donisthorpe 768

FOODS — ^HUMAN NUTRITION.

Twenty-first Convention of Association of Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials 768

Native wild mushrooms for food 768

Food supply in families of limited means in Boston, Davis 769

Cost of living in the District of Columbia, [I-V] 769

Food supply of Jamaica in relation to the great war, Cousins 769

[Public dining room service]. — Five per cent eat in public dining rooms 769

Suggestions to State institutions of California for food conservation, Jaffa 770

How to use left-overs 770

Effect of omnivorous and vegetarian diets on reproduction, Slonaker and Card. 770

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

[Velvet beans compared with cottonseed meal, com, and dried blood for stock] 770

Palm-kernel and coconut cake, compared with soy cake, Gilchrist 771

The question of silage and its fermentation, Perroncito 772

Commercial feeding stuffs, 1916-17, Woods et al 772

Live stock in Colorado, with special reference to beef cattle and sheep. Bray. . 772

Cattle rearing, Bruce 772

[Prickly pear for cattle]. Smith 774

Wool price calculator 774

Age affects rats and economy of gains in hogs 774

The breaking of unruly horses, especially those from America, Darras 775

The practicable utilization of the light horse, Diffloth 775

How to select laying hens, Kent 775

Wing molt as an indication of production, Kent 775

Value of breeding from selected stock, Lamon 775

A fowl's breeding value, Lippiucott 775

Poultry culture 776

Poultry raising in Colorado, Vaplon et al 776

Pets: Their history and care, Crandall 776

Color inheritance in mammals. — II-V, Wright 776

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Agricultural situation for 1918. — II, Dairy production should be maintained. . . 777

Relation of size of dairy to economy of milk production, Hopkins, jr 777

The management of dairy herds, Ellington 777

The cost of milk production in Massachusetts, Bronson 778

Dairying in Uruguay, Abella 778

Experiments with artificial one-year pastures, Davydenko 778

Mineral metabolism of the milch cow, Forbes 779

Simple problems concerning the fat secretion of milk glands, Isaachsen 779

Gradual conversion of colostrum into normal milk 780

The analysis of milk secreted by a suckling doe kid, Hill 780

Report of the Maj^or s Committee on Milk, City of New York, 1917, North. . . . 780

VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Inspection and sanitation of dairies, LaBach and Cregor 781

Dairy Bacteriology. — I, Bacteriology of milk, Stevenson 781

Investigation of conditions affecting content of water in butter, Roseugren 781

Varieties of cheese: Descriptions and analyses, Doane and Lawson 781

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

[Live stock diseases], Humphrey 781

A practical textbook of infection, immunity, and specific therapy, Kolmer 781

Veterinary sui^ical operations, Merillat 781

Report of the bureau of animal industry [New Jersey], McNeil 781

Veterinary division, annual report, 1915-16, Gray 782

Occurrence of nor-hyoscyamiae in Solandra longiflora, Petri e 782

A discussion of some principles of anthelmintic medication, HaJl 782

Some new antiseptics and disinfectants, Mayo 782

"X-acid " as a remedy in polyneuritis and beriberi, Hulshoff 782

An experimental investigation of lipovaccines, Whitmore and Fenm •! 782

Preparation of Dakin's solution and the Carrel technique, McDonell 782

Studies on the cicatrization of wounds, Tuffier and Desmarres 782

Apparatus for counting and identifying organisms of surface wounds, Grysez . . 782

Ptomaines and war wounds, Berthelot 783

The hematoxin of Bacillus welchii (B. perfringens) , Ouranoff 783

Developmental cycle of Bothriocephahis talus, Janicki and Rosen 783

Wohlfariia maiini'fica, a sarcophagid parasitizing man, Gough 783

A new genus of blood parasites, Martoglio 784

[Anthrax and disinfection of hides] 784

Foot-and-mouth disease in Sweden in 1914-15, Kjenulf . 784

Glanders in Brazil. — Observationg made on a tour of investigation, Mendy. . . . 784

The serum treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia, Mack and Records 784

The curative treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by vaccinotherapy, Velu... 785

Report on ixodic lymphangitis, Jarvis 785

The bacteriotherapeutic treatment of ulcerous lymphangitis, Truche 785

Vitality of rinderpest virus outside the animal body, Shilston 785

Method for separation of toxins, particularly tetanus, London and Aristovsky . . 786

An antigen for use in complement fixation in tuberculosis, Fleisher and Ives. . . 786

Vesicular stomatitis of horses and cattle, Mohler 787

Researches upon abortion of cattle, Williams 787

Pathology and bacteriology of ovaritis in cattle. Fitch 787

The vaccine treatment of Texas fever, Rhea 787

The etiology and mode of infection in white scours of calves, Hagan 787

Hog cholera in Argentina, Rosenbusch, Zabala, and Gonzalez 787

Trichinosis in Denmark, Fibiger 787

Fern poisoning or fern staggers, Simms 788

Insect transmission of infectious anemia of horses, Howard 788

The treatment of pneumonia by intratracheal injections. Chambers 788

Fowl typhoid, Pfeiler and Roepke 788

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Surface irrigation for eastern farms, Stanley 788

Artificial spray irrigation 788

Quantities and frequency of irrigation as influenced by soil, Miintz and Laine. . 788

Surface water supply of Missouri River Basin, 1915 789

The oxygen-consuming power of natural waters, Heise and Aguilar 789

Minnesota road laws, compiled by Smith 789

Annual report on highway improvement, Ontario, 1916, McLean 789

Paving economy: Road and street, Mullen 789

Report on experimental convict road camp, Fulton Coun ty , Ga. , Fairbank et al . 789

Reports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation, 1916 790

Mechanical culture and draft animals, de Lapparent 790

Re^dew of mechanical cultivation, Ringelmann 790

Tests of mechanical cultivation, Dissoubray 790

Tests of mechanical cultivation, Zacharewicz 790

Actual situation of motor cultivation in Haute-Garonne [France], Heron 791

Tests of motor cultivation at Perigueux, Beziat 791

A study of the plow bottom and its action upon the furrow slice, White 791

1918] CONTENTS. VH

Page.

Electricity on the farm, Crane 791

Modern methods of lighting and ventilating cow stalls, Kuijsten 791

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Rural planning and development, Adams 791

United States Food Administration policies and plan of operation 792

Agriculture clubs in California, Crocheron 792

Value of a small plat of ground to the laboring man, Funk 792

A study of haymaking crews and labor costs, McClure 793

System of accounting for fruit-shipping organizations, NahstoU and Humphrey. 793

A plan for short-term farm loans in Connecticut, Smith 793

Monthly crop report 793

Agriculture in Oklahoma, Snider 793

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

History of Michigan Agricultural College and biographical sketches, Beal 794

Reports of the development commissioners, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917 794

Report of the agricultural and housekeeping schools for 1915-16 794

Education ." 794

How school gardens tend to direct a natural course in botany, Monsch 795

School gardens and greater production. De Wolfe et al 795

Rural school fairs, Reid et al 795

"Boys' and girls' clubs in food production and conservation, Benson 795

Ten lessons on our food supply, Vinal 795

MISCELLANEOUS.

Report of Porto Rico Station, 1916. 796

Report of station committee of Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1917 796

Report of the executive committee of the Commonwealth Advisory Council 796

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 796

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 796

Guide to plots 796

ILLUSTRATION.

Page.
Fig. 1. Efficiency of varying amounts of rainfall 717

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station: Page.

Bui. 198, Nov., 1917 770

California Station :

Bui. 290, Jan., 1918 757

Bui. 291, Jan., 1918 747

Circ. 189, Jan., 1918 735

Circ. 190, Jan., 1918 792

Circ. 191, Jan., 1918 747

Circ. 192, Feb., 1918 740

Delaware Station:

Bui. 118, Jan., 1918 777

Idaho Station:

Bui. 101, July, 1917 735

Bui. 102, Nov., 1917 777

Illinois Station:

Soil Rpt. 17, Aug., 1917 718

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 211, Dec, 1917 781

Maine Station:

Off. Insp. 84, Oct., 1917 772

Massachu.setts Station:

Guide to Plots, June, 1916 796

Nebraska Station:

Bui. 160, Nov. 15, 1917 740

Research Bui. 11, Dec. 1, 1917 . 732

New York Cornell Station:

Bui. 392, July, 1917 750

Bui. 393, July, 1917 745

Bui. 394, Nov., 1917 721

Ohio Station:

Mo. Bui., vol. 3, No. 1, Jan.,

1918 723,

739, 749, 762, 774, 779, 796

Porto Rico Station:

Bui. 23, Feb. 12, 1918 762

Bui. 24, Feb. 4, 1918 .' 747

Rpt. 1916 728,

748, 749, 757, 761, 796

Washington Station:
West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui.,
vol. 5, No. 11, Feb., 1918. .. 796

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 12:

No. 3, Jan. 21, 1918 720,753

No. 4, Jan. 28, 1918 724,791

No. 5, Feb. 4, 1918 738, 743, 767

Bui. 578, A Study of Haymaking
Crews and Labor Costs, H. B.

McClure 793

Bui. 583, Report on Experimental
Convict Road Camp, Fulton
County, Ga., H. S. Fairbank, R.
H. Eastham, and W. F. Draper. . . 789

vin

U. S. Department of Agriculture— Contd.

Bui. 586, Progress Reports of Ex-
periments in Dust Prevention

and Road Preservation, 1916 790

Bui. 590, A System of Accounting
for Fruit Shipping Organizations,
G. A. Nahstoll and J. R. Hum-

Plu*ey 793

Bui. 594, Geography of Wheat

Prices, L. B . Zapoleon 742

Bui. 602, Value of a Small Plot of
Ground to the Laboring Man,

W. C. Funk ! 792

Bui. 604, Incense Cedar, J. A.

Mitchell 751

Bui. 605, Lumber Used iu the Man-
ufacture of Wooden Products,

J. C. Nellis 751

Bui. 608, Varieties of Cheese: De-
scriptions and Analyses, C. F.

Doane and H. W. Lawson 781

Bui. 616, The Citrus Thrips, J. R.

Horton 7(33

Farmers' Bui. 891, The Corn Root-
aphis and Methods of Controlling

It, J. J. Davis 764

Farmers' Bui. 899, Surface Irriga-
tion for Eastern Farms, F. W.

Stanley 788

Farmers' Bui. 909, Cattle Lice and

How to Eradicate Them, M. Imes. 764
Farmers' Bui. 914, Control of the

Melon Aphia, F. H. Chittenden. . 7G4
Farmers' Bui. 915, How to Reduce
Weevil Waste in Southern Corn,

C.H.Kyle 768

Farmers' Bui. 916, A Successful
Community Drying Plant, C. W.

Pugsley 716

Office of the Secretary:

Circ. 85, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. II,

Dairjdng 777

Bureau of Biological Survey:

North American Fauna 41, Re-
\dew of the Grizzly and Big
Brown Bears of North Amer-
ica (Genus Ursus) with De-
scription of a New Genus,
Vetularctos, C. H. Merriam. 760
Biu-eau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 4, No. 2,

Feb., 1918 793

1918.]

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

IX

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd

Bureau of Markets: Page.

Seed Rptr., vol. 1, No. 4,

Feb. 1, 1918 743

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1916—

Soil Survey of Meriwether
County, Ga., M. Bald-
win and J. A. Kerr 718

Soil Survey of Richmond
County, Ga., T. M.
Bushnell and J. M. Sny-
der 718

Soil Survey of Kimball
County, Nebr., A. H.

Meyer etal 719

Weather Bureau:

Nat. Weather and Crop Bui. 4,

1918 717

Nat. Weather and Crop Bui. 7,

1918 717

Scientific Contributions: ^

Marking Microscope Slides,

Mary K. Bryan 732

Embryomas in Plants (Pro-
duced by Bacterial Inocula-
tions), E. F. Smith 752

Three New Mallophaga from
North American Birds, E. A.

McGregor 761

Eight New Mallophaga of the
Genus Lipeurus from North
American Birds, E. A. Mc-
Gregor 761

The Genus Ophiderma (Mem-
bracidae: Homoptera), E. H.
Gibson and Emma Wells. . . 764
The Genus Harmostes, E. H.

Gibson 764

On the Chinese Gall (Aphi-

didse), A. C. Baker 764

Descriptions of Some Lepidop-
terous Larvae from Mexico,

H. G. Dyar 765

A New Pyralid from California,

H. G. Dyar. 766

Brabantia rhizoletica, Rede-
scribed, H. G. Dyar 766

The Genus Culex in the
United States, H. G. Dyar
and F. Knab 766

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

The Mosquitoes of the Pacific
Northwest. H. G. Dyar 766

The Larva of Aedes idahoensis,
H. G. Dyar 766

A Second Note on the Species
of Culex of the Bahamas, H.
G. Dyar. 766

New American Mosquitoes, H.
G. Dyar and F. Knab 766

Notes on Acdes curriei, H. G.
Dyar and F. Knab 766

Notes'on Aedes at Lake Pend
d'Oreille, Idaho, H. G. Dyar 766

Notes on the Aedes of Montana,
H. G. Dyar 766

A New Aedes from the Rocky
Mountain Region, H. G.
Dyar 766

A New Ortalid from the Philip-
pines, F. Knab 767

New Genera of Amobiinse, C.
H. T. Townsend 767

FiA'e New Species of North
American Tachinidae, H. E.
Smith 767

A Key to the Known Species of
South CaroUna Ants, with
Notes, M. R. Smith 768

Notes on Parasitic HjTnenop-
tera, A. A. Girault 768

New Australian Chalcid Flies,
A. A. Girault 768

The North American Species
of Trigonoderus, Females,
A. A. Girault.. 768

Value of Breeding from Se-
lected Stock, H. M. Lamon. 775

Color Inheritance in Mam-
mals.—II-V, Wright 776

Vesicular Stomatitis of Horses
and Cattle, J. R. Mohler. . . 787

Education for the Baccalaure-
ate Degree As Administered
in Agricultural Colleges, A.
C. True 794

Accomplishments of Boys' and
Girls' Clubs in Food Produc-
tion and Conservation, O. H.
Benson 795

Fimted in soienti&c aad teclmioal publications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. June, 1918. No. 8.

From time to time reference has been made in these columns to the
progress and development of the International Institute of Agri-
culture at Rome. This unique institution, conceived to bring to-
gether the nations of the world for the advancement of agricultural
interests through cooperative endeavor, has been from its inception a
very interesting undertaking. Organized after many discourage-
ments and delays, and regarded even after its establishment with
some skepticism, it has entered upon a number of important fields of
service and has demonstrated its capacity for usefulness in many
directions.

The Institute has now completed its first decade of active opera-
tions. Much of this period has been necessarily devoted to problems
of organization. The number of countries supporting it financially
has been increased from forty to fifty-six, representing fully ninety-
eight per cent of the entire population of the world. To enlist and
retain the cooperation and support of these nations for so novel an
enterprise has been in itself no small achievement. In addition a
permanent organization has been effected, a staff of about one hun-
dred regular employees has been built up, several series of publica-
tions established, and tangible progress made on numerous projects
of importance.

It will be recalled by those familiar with the history of the In-
stitute that responsibility for its establishment belongs primarily to
two men. The idea originated with an American, Mr. David Lubin,
of California, who has from the beginning remained the representa-
tive of the United States on the permanent committee. In carrying
the project into effect, Mr. Lubin obtained the active support of King
Victor Emmanuel of Italy, upon whose invitation an international
conference was held in Rome in 1905. This conference formulated
a treaty under which, upon the ratification of the various nations, the
Institute was permanently located in Rome.

The king erected a palace in 1908 as the headquarters of the In-
stitute, and provided an annual fund of about $60,000 toward its
support. The greater part of its budget, however, is supplied by the
adhering nations on a cooperative basis from subscriptions ranging

701

702 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

from $500 to $8,000 each per year. Additional appropriations are
made by many nations for the translation of the publications
from French, the official language of the Institute, into their respec-
tive tongues. Some revenue is also obtained from the investment of
the accumulated reserve funds and the sale of publications. The
total income is normally about $250,000 per annum. Of this amount
the United States now contributes $16,600, of which $5,000 is toward
the publication of English editions and the remainder for the pay-
ment of its subscription quota and the maintenance of a permanent
representative.

The management of the Institute is intrusted to two bodies, a
governing board laiown as the general assembly, and an executive
board termed the permanent committee. The delegates to both these
bodies are chosen by the respective governments, thus making the
Institute distinctly an international enterprise. The general as-
sembly was expected to meet about once in two years for sessions of
about a week's duration to vote the budget, review and approve the
work of the permanent committee, and authorize changes desired in
the plan and methods of work, but on account of the war conditions
no meeting has been held since 1913. The permanent committee,
however, which comprises the permanent resident representatives of
the various nations, has continued to meet about once a month and to
administer the affairs of the Institute along substantially the usual
lines.

The original aim in founding the Institute is well set forth in a
letter of King Victor Emmanuel in 1905, advocating its establish-
ment, as follows : " Farmers, who generally form the most numerous
class in a country and have everywhere a great influence on the
destinies of nations, can not, if they remain isolated, make sufficient
provision for the improvement of the various crops and their dis-
tribution in proportion to the needs of consumers, nor protect their
own interests on the market, which, as far as the more important
produce of the soil is concerned, is tending to become more and more
one market for the whole world. Therefore, considerable advantage
might be derived from an international institute, which, with no
political object, would undertake to study the conditions of agricul-
ture in the various countries of the world, periodically publishing
reports on the amount and character of the crops, so as to facilitate
production, render commerce less expensive and more rapid, and es-
tablish more suitable prices. This institute, coming to an under-
standing with the various national offices already existing for the
purpose, would also supply information on the conditions of agricul-
tural labor in various localities, so as to serve as a safe and useful
guide for emigrants; promote agreements for mutual defence against
diseases of plants and animals, where individual action is insufficient,

1918.1 EDTTOBIAL. 703

and, finally, would exercise an action favorable to the development
of rural cooperation, agricultural insurance, and credit." Most of
the objects set forth in this letter were embodied in the treaty of
1905, which constitutes its basis of operations.

The work of the Institute is now organized under foUr bureaus.
These consist of the General Secretary's Department and Library,
and the Bureaus of General Statistics, Agricultural Intelligence and
Plant Diseases, and Agricultural Economics. Mention should also
be made of the four permanent commissions corresponding to the
bureaus. These commissions serve as advisory bodies to the respec-
tive bureaus, while their presidents, together with the president
and vice-president of the Institute, form a special committee to deal
with many matters of administration. A number of special commis-
sions have also been created from time to time. The permanent staff
of employees consists mainly of abstractors, statisticians, and transla-
tors, and usually represents from ten to twelve nationalities.

The General Secretary's Office is largely administrative, but also
includes the Library and the Bureau of Agricultural Legislation.
The Library is, of course, an important feature of the Institute. It
has now been organized eight years and consists of about 70,000
volumes dealing with agriculture, the natural and social sciences,
etc., of the various countries. Nearly 2,700 periodicals are normally
received, special efforts being made to secure those dealing with agri-
cultural economics and statistics. It is thus already among the largest
agricultural libraries in existence, and it is expected to build it up
much more extensively at the close of the war.

The Bureau of Agricultural Legislation began work in 1911 and
has since published annually an International Yearbook of Agricul-
tural Legislation. This volume contains the texts of the most im-
portant enactments of the year and bibliographical references to
many others of less significance. It constitutes a most useful com-
pilation of material not otherwise assembled and most difficult of ac-
cess. The preparation of a five-year index to this legislation was
approved in 1916, but its execution has been postponed until the close
of the war.

The Institute has been from the beginning particularly interested
in the production of statistical information as to crop and market
conditions. It has realized the great advantage to farmers and to
others of complete and authoritative information as to the state of
the world crops, the estimated and actual harvest, wholesale and re-
tail prices and their -fluctuations, trade movements, and similar factors.
The obtaining of such information obviously presupposes the ex-
istence of adequate crop reporting machinery within the various na-
tions, and the provision of such machinery is a national and not an

704 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

international problem. The Institute has, however, endeavored
through its permanent committee and general assembly to bring
about an improvement in this direction and considerable progress is
reported. It is announced that the agricultural statistical service
in several countries has been organized entirely or in part on the
basis recommended by the Institute, and that in a number of others
greater uniformity in methods of reporting data has been secured.

The statistical work of the Institute is centered in the Bureau of
General Statistics. This bureau has published monthly since 1910
the Bulletin of Agricultural and Commercial Statistics^ each number
now averaging about forty pages and issued in French, English,
German, Italian, and Spanish editions. It constitutes a monthly
international compilation of data furnished by the respective coun-
tries as to the most important crops, and despite many difficulties
and limitations, supplies much data not previously available in so
complete a form. During the present year a supplementary series,
known as Documentary Leaflets, has been added, these comprising
data on miscellaneous agricultural projects of tropical countries.
Two semi-annual reviews are prepared, one dealing with the statistics
of cereals and the other with the international movement of fertili-
zers and chemicals useful to agriculture. Most of these data, to-
gether with other information, are subsequently assembled into the
voluminous International Annual of Agricultural Statistics. Several
monographs dealing with special phases of statistical work have
also been issued. Among them may be mentioned Les hoses theo-
riques de la statistique agricole internationale, published in 1914,
which discusses in detail the principles to be followed in organizing
agricultural statistical services.

As a recent statement by the Institute points out, " an international
institute of agriculture can not be conceived which has no service
designed to supply the nations with information of every sort regard-
ing the increasing progress along technical lines in every branch of
agriculture." This essential function is intrusted to the Bureau of
Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases. This Bureau pub-
lishes a monthly abstract journal in five languages, as well as mono-
graphs on current questions from time to time.

The abstract journal, which has special interest to readers of the
Record, was established in 1910 under the name of the Monthly Bul-
letin of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, but has re-
cently been rechristened the Inteimational Review of the Science and
Practice of Agriculture. Originally it contained both abstracts and
original articles, but of late it has restricted itself to the abstracting
of current literature. It is stated that about 1,000 publications are
regularly abstracted, and from 1,300 to 1,400 abstracts are published

1918.1 EDITORIAL. 705

each year. This number is of course much smaller than that for the
Record^ which in recent years has abstracted from 7,000 to 8,000
articles annually. The point of view is also sgmewhat different, one
leading aim being to supply information directly to farmers. Many
of the publications received by the Institute are not available in this
country, particularly since the outbreak of the war, and most timely
assistance has thus been rendered in making their contents available
to scientific workers. The Record welcomes this opportunity to
acknowledge its appreciation of this assistance.

Special arrangements have been made by the Institute with the
Dominion of Canada, whereby in recent years many of the abstracts
in the ^er?**??/? have been reprinted in the original or condensed form
in the AgHculturaZ Gazette^ the official publication of the Canadian
Department of Agriculture, The recently established official
Journal of the Board of Agrlcidfure of Scotland has also been aid-
ing in the further dissemination of the information provided by the
Review.

Three monographs have thus far been prepared by the^ Bureau of
Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases. These deal respec-
tively with the organization of the services for the control of plant
diseases and insect pests in the various countries, the production and
consumption of chemical manures in the world, and the campaign
against locusts in several regions.

The fourth division of the Institute is the Bureau of Economic
and Social Intelligence. This bureau deals, as its name implies,
with questions of rural economics and sociology, giving special
prominence thus far to agricultural cooperation, credit, insurance,
and legislative measures. Its publications correspond in a general
way to those of the Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant
Diseases. Its monthly periodical, however, the title of which was
recently changed to the InterrMtional Review of Agricultural Eco-
nomics, consists chiefly of original articles on current economic
questions. The monographs have dealt with the status of agricul-
tural cooperation in the principal European countries, hail insur-
ance and some of its problems, the organization of the statistics of
agricultural cooperation in certain countries, and an outline of
European cooperative credit systems. The last-named publication
was reprinted in this country as a public document and received wide
dissemination during the discussion of the Federal Farm Loan Act.

Each of the bureaus prepares short communications for the press.
Brief abstracts are given of the contents of the various bulletins,
crop summaries, and other important data. The Bureau of Eco-
nomic and Social Intelligence issues monthly, in five languages, leaf-
lets of from four to six pages summarizing its longer articles for use
of the press. The various press leaflets are widely distributed, par-

706 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

ticularly to the agricultural press of the world, and have proved very
successful in securing extensive dissemination of the findings of the
Institute.

In addition to the service rendered by its publications, the Insti-
tute is empowered under the treaty of establishment to submit to
the various governments " measures for the protection of the common
interests of farmers and for the improvement of their conditions."
This function has been attempted in several directions.

Reference has already been made to eiforts to standardize crop
statistical reports. As one step along this line the Institute has advo-
cated the general employment of the metric system. The introduction
of dry farming practices employed in this country has been suggested
to various other nations, and it is stated that the suggestion has met
with favorable response in Hungaiy, Russia, Italy, Spain, Greece,
Algeria, and Tunis.

The international protection of birds useful to agriculture, hail
insurance and other meteorological problems extending far beyond
national boundaries, and the combating of the spread of locusts n>ay
be cited as other features of endeavor. The Institute suggested the
holding of the International Congress of Phytopathology, which met
in Rome in 1914, and has proposed to the International Meteorologi-
cal Committee the formulation of a program of an international
service of agricultural meteorology.

The operations of the Institute have been, of course, profoundly
affected by the war. At the begimiing of hostilities its very exist-
ence seemed dubious. As its vice-president, M. Louis-Dop, has
pointed out in a recent report reviewing its history and progress, the
question was immediately raised as to the possibilty of maintaining,
in a conflict which has transformed the political and economic con-
ditions of every continent, an organization based upon the collabora-
tion of nations, the working together of a committee representing all
the powers, belligerent or neutral, and the efforts of a personnel of
international composition. Notwithstanding these obstacles, the
continuation of the enterprise was decided upon. Apparently it was
felt that the Institute had been established as a permanent institution
and the suspension of its :)perations should be avoided if possible.
More than this, it was expected that the usefulness of the Institute
to the world would be in many ways intensified by the war conditions.

The work of the Institute has, therefore, been carried on so far as
possible. No nation has abrogated the treaty, so that all are full
members as before. Meetings of the permanent committees have
been held regularly, and each of the bureaus has been performing

1918.] EDITORIAL. 707

its functions much as in 1914, although crop reports and similar
data have been withheld by the Central Powers.

The immediate result of the war upon the Institute has been on the
whole to increase and stimulate its activities. The need for accurate
statistical data regarding the world's food supply has never been so
urgent. Information as to improved farm methods and economic
measures has been eagerly sought for and with more prospect than
ever before of its practical utilization. As regards technical material,
particular efforts have been made to render available data as to
means of diminisliing the impoverishment of the soil, overcoming
the shortage of fertilizers and labor, and increasing the use of farm
machinery. A special function has been the answering of inquiries
regarding agriculture in countries whose own agricultural and sta-
tistical departments have been disorganized by the war. It is an-
nounced that these various efforts of the Institute have met with
unusual appreciation from the governing authorities of many
nations.

The officers of the Institute are also looking forward quite opti-
mistically to the future of the institut.ion after the war. They be-
lieve that the return of peace will bring with it vast agricultural
problems of international significance, and that during the recon-
struction period the Institute will have a specially important func-
tion to perform. There will be a great demand for accurate informa-
tion along statistical, economic, and technical lines, much of it inter-
national in its scope, and for the collection and dissemination of
which a central clearirrg-house, such as this, will have unique possi-
bilities. The Institute is already making plans for service in these
directions, and more specifically in such projects as the control of
locusts, the improvement of the economic status of the farmer, the
establishment and development of small holdings, maritime transpor-
tation of farm products, the unification of methods for agricultural
statistics, farm accounting, control of seed adulteration, and con-
centrated feeding stuffs, and the development of rural sociology.

Despite the unexpectedly difficult problems it has encountered, the
Institute thus enters upon the second decade of its operations with its
organization virtually intact, its publications and other lines of
work going on with little interruption, and an ambitious program
being formulated for the future,
62077°— 18 2

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The physical chemistry of the proteins, T. B. Robektson {New York and
London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1918, pp. XV+J/83, figs. 7). — This is a new
edition in English of the book previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 408), and has
been almost entirely rewritten and enlarged to include the literature on the
subject through the middle of 1917.

In the introduction the aiithor comments upon the development of two rather
sharply differentiated schools of opinion in regard to proteins and colloids in
general. " The one school endeavors, so far as technical difficulties permit, to
apply directly, with modifications suggested by the properties and structure of
the particular colloid under investigation, the known laws of what may be
termed ' molecular ' physical chemistry to protein and other colloidal systems,
while the other school hesitates to^lo so." The author claims allegiance to the
former school, and in this work endeavors to interpret tlie physico-chemical
behavior of the proteins in the light of the laws of Boyle and Gay-Lussac as
applied to solutions by van't Hoff and of the Guldberg and Waage mass-law.
He has assumed the validity in protein systems of the first and second laws of
heat, and in considering the electrochemical behavior of proteins the applica-
bility of Arrhenius' hypothesis of electrolytic dissociation, of Kolrausch's law
of the independent motion of ions, of the Nernst theory of concentration cells,
and the applicability of the Guldberg and Waage mass-law to reactions between
ions.

The book contains an extensive bibliography and an appendix in which the
author's technique of electrochemical measurements in protein systems is
explained.

A detailed method for the preparation of histidin, H. M. Jones {Jour. Dial.
GJiem., 33 {1918), No. 3, pp. 429-^31). — The author describes in detail a method
for the preparation of histidin from the so-called " blood paste," a concentrated
suspension of red blood corpuscles obtained by centrifugating defibrinated ox
blood. The method is a more detailed statement of the one already in use and
emphasizes certain apparently insignificant steps in the process which are
easily overlooked.

The distillation of cellulose and starch in vacuo, A. Pictet and J. SABASii!^
{Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 166 {1918), No. 1, pp. 38, 39).— The distilla-
tion of cellulose under a pressure of 12 to 15 mm. results in the formation at a
temperature of between 200 to 300° C. of a thick yellow oil which soon changes
to a pasty semicrystalline mass. Purification by recrystallization from boiling
acetone or water gives a white anhydrous crystalline substance very soluble in
water, alcohol, acetone, and acetic acid, and almost insoluble in other organic
solvents. The water solution is neutral to litmus and both sweet and bitter to
the taste. It does not distill without decomposition at ordinary pressure. It
reacts readily with acetyl and benzoyl chlorids, giving triacetyl and tribenzoyl
derivatives.
708

1918.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 709

The properties of the substance agree closely with those of levoglucosane, an
hydrolysis product of certain glucosids. Starch and dextrin also yield the same
product when distilled under reduced pressure, indicating that it is possibly the
primary hydrolysis product of carbohydrates in general.

The enzyms which are concerned in the decomposition of glucose and man-
nitol by Bacillus coli communis, I-III, E. C. Gbey {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 81 (1914), No. B 597, pp. 4^2-484, fig. 1; 90 (1918), No. B 625, pp. 75^
106, figs. 5). — Part 1 of this paper deals with the action on glucose and man-
nitol in the presence of peptone of two artificially selected strains of B. coli
communis obtained by growth of normal B. coli communis on agar containing
sodium chloracetate.

It was found that the selected strains produced from glucose lactic acid in
relatively gi-eater, and alcohol, acetic and formic acids in relatively less, propor-
tion than did the original strains, while from mannitol there was no diminution
in the production of alcohol and acetic and formic acids. It is concluded that
the artificially selected strains have not lost the enzyms which bring about the
final reaction in the production of alcohol and acetic acid, but that a diminution
of the reducing mechanism of the cell has resulted so that some intermediate
substance from which formic acid and the precursor of alcohol and acetic acid
are derived can not be readily decomposed.

Part 2 reports experiments of short duration with an emulsion of the organ-
isms similar to those above with the exception of the omission of peptone. A
heater proportion of alcohol, acetic acid, and succinic acid and a smaller pro-
portion of lactic acid were obtained.

The results of the experiments show that (1) succinic acid has an origin in
common with acetic acid and alcohol, (2) the formation of lactic acid is inde-
pendent of the formation of the above products, and (3) the enzyms which
effect the decomposition of glucose also cooperate in the decomposition of
mannitol.

The author concludes that the fermentation of various carbohydrates an^
allied substances by bacteria is brought about by a single set of enzyms whose
actions are common to all such cases of fermentation. It is possible that the
first step in the degradation of a particular molecular structure may require a
special enzym in order to produce the first intermediate substance which would
be the same for all analogous cases of fermentation.

Part 3 deals with various phases in the decomposition of glucose by an emul-
sion of the organisms. The products resulting at different stages in the decom-
position of glucose by B. coli communis were analyzed with the following
results : During the period characterized by the rapid death of the cells there
was no formation of lactic acid, the sugar being transformed into alcohol and
formic, acetic, and succinic acids. During the period of multiplication there
was a transformation of glucose into a more complex substance, and in the
period immediately following lactic acid was produced to the extent of 70 per
cent of the sugar consumed. The independent existence of enzyms in the cell
has been shown by the fact that the amount of sugar decomposed during the
rapid diminution in the number of cells was as great as during the growth of the
cells and by the fact that the several fermentation phenomena are independent
of one another.

Studies on enzym action. — XrV, Further experiments on lipolytic actions,
K. G. Falk (Jour. Biol. Chem., SI (1917), No. 1, pp. 97-12S). — Continuing the
studies previously noted (B. S. R., 34, p. Ill), a systematic investigation of the
factors v.'hich control the loss or destruction of the activity of the ester-hydro-
lyzing enzyms or lipases was undertaken.

710 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

" The inactivation of esterase and lipase preparations by acids, bases, neutral
salts, alcohols, acetone, esters, and heat led to the hypothesis that the active
enzym grouping in these substances possessed the enol-lactim structure,
— C(OH)=N — , which became inactive by tautomerization to the keto-lactam
structure, — CO — NH — . This hypothesis vpas tested by studying the actions of
such groupings in dipeptids and an imido ester."

It was shown that '.' in the presence of simple peptids, esters are hydrolyzed
under conditions which favor the production in the former of the enol-lactim
grouping, that ethyl imidobenzoate, having the enol-lactim structure, possesses
marked ester-hydrolyzing action as well as certain properties strikingly analo-
gous to those of the naturally occurring lipolytic enzyms, and finally that, under
conditions under which the occurrence or formation of the enol-lactim structure
might be expected (action of alkali), ester-hydrolyzing substances are produced
from proteins."

The method of specific coagulation applied to the ferments of the pan-
creatic juice, E. S. London and E. P. Pakhotina {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol.
[Paris-l, SO (1911), No. 15, -pp. 75S, 759; abs. in Chem. Abs., 12 {1918), No. 1,
p. -^7).— By fractionating a mixture of the ferments of pancreatic juice by suc-
cessive treatments with ammonium sulphate ions according to the principle out-
lined on page 786, the authors were able to obtain a successive precipitation of the
different ferments. The aipylolytic ferment was precipitated first at a concen-
tration of ammonium sulphate of 20 gm. per 100, the proteolytic next at 30 gm.
per 100, and the lipolytic last at almost 50 gm. per 100. '

Improvements in bacteriological media. — I, A new and efficient substitute
for " nutrose," R. L. M. Wallis {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 4 {1917), No. 4,
pp. 786-796; Agr. Jour. India, 12 {1917), No. k, pp. 621-632; abs. in Chem. Abs.,
12 {1918), No. 5, p. Ji93).— The new substitute for " nuti'ose " is composed of 94
parts peanut flour, 5 parts casein, and 1 part sodium carbonate. The product
consists of a very finely divided white powder with a sweet taste and a neutral
reaction. Its solution in hot water gives a faint opalescence due to the fat
still remaining in the peanut flour. Used in the Conradi-Drigalski culture
medium, it gives a transparent medium on which organisms of the typhoid-coli
group grow very rapidly. The property of stimulating the growth of organisms
is apparently due to the presence of a " vitamin " associated with the globulin
of the peanut flour.

The author states that combined with egg white and a little salt the new
nutrose makes an excellent diabetic bread of high protein and low carbohydrate
content.

A method for the preparation of uniform collodion membranes for dialysis,
C. J. Farmeb {Jour. Biol. Chem., 82 {1917), No. 3. pp. U7-453, fig. i).— An ap-
paratus is described by means of which uniform collodion dialyzing membranes
may be made. The permeability and time of dialysis may be established by
standardization with phosphate mixtures and may be changed by varying the
period of drying.

Oxidation of ammonia to oxids of nitrogen, W. G. Adam {Chem. Trade
Jour., 62 {1918), No. 1606, pp. 181, 182. fig. 1). — A commercial converter is de-
scribed capable of producing one ton of nitric acid every 24 hours from synthetic
ammonia. The converter consists essentially of an aluminum box containing a
window for observation and having four close layers of platinum gauze held by
asbestos rings between aluminum flanges. The lighting up of the catalyst is
obtained by means of an electrically heated platinum spiral inserted in the mix-
ture of ammonia and air in close contact with the catalyst, a mixture richer in
ammonia being passed for a few seconds until the catalyst is sufficiently hot to

1918.] AGRICULrURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNV. 711

continue the action. With the thickness secured by four layers of the gauze,
and the correct flow by gas, the heat developed is sufficient to maintain the cata-
lyst at the correct temperature after the action has started. Less than four
layers allows a slip of ammonia through the catalyst.

The preparation of cyanamid, A. E. Ostekberg and E. C. Kendall (Jour.
Biol. Chem., S2 (1917), No. S, pp. 297, 298).— A method by which cyanamid may
be easily obtained in a high State of purity is described as follows :

Two hundred gm. of calcium cyanamid are mixed in a 3-liter flask with 1,500
cc. of distilled water. Into this mixture carbon dioxid is passed until the reac-
tion is neutral or only slightly alkaline. The temperature should be kept below
40° C. to prevent polymerization. The precipitate is then filtered on a Buchner
funnel and washed with water. The filtrate Ls placed in a 3-liter flask, a small
amount of talcum added, and the solution concentrated by distillation on a
water bath in vacuo until a solid crystalline mass is formed on cooling under
cold water. This is extracted three times with ether, the ether distilled off
on a water bath, and the remaining solution concentrated over sulphuric acid
in vacuo. The method gives a yield of 92 per cent of the theoretical.

Dried blood in agricuJture; its importance and researches on its adultera-
tion, M. SiKOT and G. Joret (Ann. Sci. Agron., Jf. ser., 5 {1916), No. 10-12, pp.
47S-495). — The authors emphasize the importance of detecting adulteration in
dried blood, describe the usual methods of preparing blood and roasted leather
for fertilizers, and discuss the detection of adulteration in dried blood by the
microscopic method, its general characteristics, tannin content, and proximate
analysis.

The most common adulterant of dried blood is roasted leather meal, which,
from the point of view of rapidity of as.similation of nitrogen, is of very little
value compared vpith dried blood. Detection of this adulterant Is difficult by
microscopic examination on account of the presence in a poorly prepared blood
of particles closely resembling those in leather meal. Pure samples of dried
blood and of leather meal can be differentiated by their general appearance,
odor, and behavior on heating, but in a mixture of the two the tannin test is
tlie best indication of the presence of the leather meal.

Tables are given of the content of nitrogen, moisture, ash, total organic mat-
ter, and protein in pure dried blood, leather meal, dried meat, dried horn, and
other fertilizers. The difference between the total organic matter and protein
is a useful factor in detecting adulteration of dried blood, for the pure blood
gives a value of from 0 to 3..5, while in adulterated bloods the values are con-
siderably above 3.5. Composite fertilizers sold under the name of organic fer-
tilizers and characterized by mixtures of mineral superphosphates and organic
nitrogen in the form of blood, leather, or dried meat have been e!s:amined and
the amount of leather determined by this factor.

In 112 samples of dried-blood fertilizers examined by the authors from Sep-
tember, 1913, to March, 1917, 46 were adulterated, those by leather alone exceed-
ing 26 per cent. Attention is called to the importance of determining in a fer-
tilizer not only the amount of nitrogen but its nature.

Tlie ratio of total nitrogen to soluble nitrogen in flour, E. Rousseaux and
M. SiEOT {Ann. Falsif.,' 10 {1917), No. 109-110, pp. 556-560 ) .—Continuing in-
vestigations previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 809), the authors have deter-
mined the ratio of total to soluble nitrogen in several varieties of flour with
particular reference to the baking quality of the flour. The following results
were obtained : Flour with extraction value below 70 per cent, 5.73 ; extraction
value above 70 per cent, 6.2 to 7.3 ; American flour rich in gluten, 7.8 to 8 ; .sus-
pected flour, L6 to 5 ; corn flour, 5.5 ; rye, 4.4 ; a mixture of 15 per cent rye and

712 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

So per cent wheat, 5.57 ; bean flour, 8.2 ; rice flour, 23.6 ; 10 per cent rice and 90
per cent wheat, 7.75. Addition of limewatcr to an interior flour gives a lower
nitrogen ratio and improves the balding quality.

The authors conclude that a too great disproportion between total and soluble
nitrogen corresponds to difficulties in baking, and that the action is most favor-
able when the nitrogen ratio is in the vicinity of G. The determination is of
practical interest in indicating the proportions of different flours neces.sary to
produce the best results in baking.

The soluble nitrogenous matter as an index of the baking value of flour,
RoussEAUx and Sirot (Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL [Paris], 166 (1918), No. 4, pp.
190-192; Ann. Chim. Analyt., 23 (1918), No. S, pp. 50-55).— Substantially noted
above.

The catalase activity of American wheat flours, C. H. Bailey (Jour. Biol.
Chem., 32 (1917), No. S, pp. 539-^45, fig. i).— The author at the Minnesota Ex-
periment Station has investigated the relationship between the catalase activity
and grade of American wheat flours with a view to the practicability of utilizing
this test in distinguishing between different grades of flour. Pour series of sam-
ples from different mills in Minnesota were tested, including samples of patent,
straight, first clear, and second clear flours. The method employed was as
follows :

One gm. of flour was placed in a mortar and triturated with about 25 cc. of
dLstilled water and then washed into a bottle with 75 cc. of water. The bottle
was connected with a eudiometer and a separatory funnel, through which, after
the water level in the eudiometer had been brought to zero, 5 cc. of a perhydrol
(30 per cent H-Os) solution was admitted to the flour suspension. The first
reading of the evolved gas was made at the end of 80 minutes, the second and
last at the end of an hour.

Tables are given showing the source and grade of the samples, their ash con-
tent, and catalase activity expressed in terms of cubic centimeters of oxygen
evolved in 30 and 60 minutes with a 1 gm. charge of flour. The results show a
close but not exact parallelism between the percentage of ash and the quantity
of oxygen evolved. The catalase activity increases at a more rapid rate than
the percentge of ash, which is of distinct advantage in distinguishing between
the various grades of flour. An additional advantage of this procedure is that
it can be made in shorter time and with less expensive apparatus than the ash
determination. The author considers the test to be of consrderable value in
indicating the grade of flour.

Wheat bran, its substitution and adulterations, E. Collin (Ann. Falsi/.,
10 (1917), No. 109-110, pp. 5S9-554, figs. 12).— This article describes the physi-
cal, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of wheat bran and of the various
substances used to adulterate it, such as the husks of various cereals, cornstalks,
peanut shells, sawdust, and mineral matter, as sand, chalk, etc. Attention is
called especially to the occasional presence in commercial bran of castor-bean
meal, which is exceedingly poisonous to animals.

Poisonous bread and flour: Characterization and determination of sapo-
toxins, L. Stcecklin (Ann. Falsif., 10 (1917), No. 109-110, pp. 561-572, figs.
S). — Attention is called to the possible presence in flour not highly milled of
poisonous grains, particularly fennel, which can be eliminated from wheat only
with great difficulty. The presence of fennel in flour may cause the war bread
made from the flour to be injurious to the health on account of the sapotoxins
contained in it.

The author reviews the chemical and physical properties of the sapotoxins
and describes a method of detecting their presence in flour by means of their
hemolyzing action on blood. The materials employed for the reaction are an

1918.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHlSrY. 713

artificial physiological solution of sodium chlorid and a 10 per cent blood emul-
sion. The flour to be examined is extracted with ether to remove the fat, and
the sapotoxins are subsequently extracted by the physiological salt solution.
The clear filtrate containing the sapotoxins is treated with 0.5 cc. of the blood
emulsion and the time of hemolysis noted. Using fresh ox blood, a content of
6 to 8 per cent of fennel produces hemolysis in 35 to 45 seconds, 2 per cent in
about 2 minutes, and 0.2 per cent after 2 hours. The author considers as
" frankly toxic " a flour which, under the experimental conditions noted, hemo-
lyzes within a minute ; as " injurious to the health " within 15 minutes ; and as
" dangerous " or " suspected " up to 2 hours.

The rapidity of the hemolysis depends not only on the concentration of the
sapotoxins but also on the temperature of the reaction, the nature of the blood,
and the age of the blood emulsion. Diagrams are given showing the time of
hemolysis with pure saponins at a temperature of 17° C, and with extractions
of flour mixed with known proportions of fennel, using fresh ox blood for the
hemolysis.

On the estimation of amino-acid nitrogen in the blood, S. Okada {Jour.
Biol. Chem., 33 (WIS), No. 2, pp. 325-331).— The author describes a modifica-
tion of Bock's process (E. S. R., 37, p. 14) for the removal of proteins in the Van
Slyke nitrous acid method for the determination of amino acids in blood. After
coagulation of the blood at boiling temperature in weakly acid solution, the
filtrate is thoroughly shaken with kaolin (20 gm. per 100 cc.) and immediately
filtered through a folded filter. The first portion of the filtrate is usually cloudy,
but on refiltering through the same filter a clear filtrate is obtained giving no
turbidity or precipitation with trichloroacetic acid or piciic acid and no biuret
action. The filtrate rarely exhibits any tendency to froth.

Experimental data comparing the various methods of precipitation show no
appreciable differences in results between this method and the heat-trichloro-
acetic precipitation method of Bock, but the new method is recommended as being
" accurate, less troublesome, saving in time, and economical."

A rapid colorimetric method for estimating: glucose in urine, V. I. Isaac-
»on {Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 3 {1918), No. 5, pp. 289-294, figs. 2).— In this
new method the amount of alkaline-copper sulphate solution reduced by the
glucose is computed indirectly by determining with the aid of a colorimeter the
amount left unreduced. The solutions used and methods employed are described
in detail.

Italian turpentines, I-lll {Ann. R. 1st. Sup. Forestale Naz. Firense, 2
(1916-17), pp. 155-181, fig. 1 ; 182-189; 190-202; Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome], 6
{1916), No. 5-8, pp. 135-153; 7 (1917), No. 1-4, pp. 88-94; ahs. in Chem. Abs.,
n (1917), Nos. 1, pp. 97, 98; 12, pp. 1911, 1912).— Three studies are reported.

I. Essential oil of turpentine of Pinus pinea, F. C. Palazzo. Extensive studies
are reported of the oil obtained from P. pinea with a view to its production and
commercial use. As is true of other varieties of the Pinus family a high per-
centage of a-pinene was obtained. The fraction distilling from 175 to 180° C.
was practically all Wimonene. Distillation of the oil gathered at different times
of the year showed a marked variation due partly to climatic conditions, the
largest amount of essence being obtained generally in April.

The author emphasizes the value of this essence of turpentine as a new source
of Mimonene, which has a commercial use in the manufacture of artificial
ethers, perfumed soaps, and varnishes, and on account of its high solubility in
90 per cent alcohol, high inflammability, and pleasant odor. It is claimed that
it has a beneficent physiological action in cases of tuberculosis, and that its
continued inhalation does not cause headache, vertigo, nor kidney affections.

714 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

II. Italian turpentine from Pinus pinaster, Mina Palazzo. — Analyses are re-
poi-ted of an industrial turpentine oil from P. pinafitcr, and also of an industrial
turpentine oil produced in Italy consisting of a mixture of the turpentines of the
maritime and domestic pines and varying in its composition according to the
proportions of the two constituents. The oil contained 2.35 per cent resin and
colophony oils as adulterants.

III. Applications of the essence of turpentine from the domestic pines, F. C.
Palazzo and E. Azzarello. — Further studies of the properties of the essence
of turpentine from the domestic pine (P. pinca) are reported. The drying
power of tlie oil in enamels, varnishes, and paints compares favorably with that
of the commercial oil of turpentine and technical limonene. Its notable solvent
power for many substances combined with its high flame test make it a valuable
solvent. Inhalation of the vapor does not produce the narcotic effect of the
ordinary oil of turpentine.

Fats and fatty acids from petroleum, R. J. Moore and G. Egloff (Metallurg.
and Chem. Engin., 18 {1918), No. 6, pp. S08-S11, fig. 1; Oil, Paint and Drug Re-
porter, 93 (1918), No. 18, pp. 59, 60). — This paper shows the extent to which
the synthetic production of fats and fatty acids from hydrocarbons present in
petroleum oil has been successful. The past work on the subject is reviewed
under the following methods: (1) Through halogenation of aliphatic hydrocar-
bons, (2) by way of Grignard's reaction, (3) by way of naphthenes, and (4)
through direct oxidation of paraffins or olefins. Preliminary experiments have
been conducted by the authors of passing vaporized kerosene and chlorin after
heating into an electrical silent discharge field of high potential, adding carbon
dioxid at the same time. Indications are that a certain amount of fatty acids
is formed under these conditions.

Data in reg^ard to a new oil extracted from Blepharocal3rx g'igantea (Hor-
comolle), F. Zelada (An. Soc. Quim. Argentina, 5 {1917), No. 21, pp. 226-237,
figs. S; Univ. Tucumdn, Inform. Dept. Invest. Indus., 1917, pp. 5-lS, figs. 3).—
A study of the Horco-molle, a tree which grows abimdantly in Tucumdn, within
the subtropical zone, showed that from it could be extracted a new oil which,
because of its agreeable aroma and easy extraction, could be incorporated into
perfumes. The botanical and histological properties of the tree are summarized
and the following analytical constants given :

Density at 15° C, 0.9188 ; boiling point at 760 mm., 169.9° ; specific rotation
at 28°, —2° 22'; index of refraction at 27.5°, 1.4732; solubility in 80 per cent
alcohol 6.1, in 90 per cent alcohol 3.7 ; saponification number, 56 mg. ; percentage
of ether, 18.164 ; percentage of alcohols, 15.66 ; acetyl number, 172 mg. ; per-
centage of total alcohol, 31.563 ; and percentage of free alcohol, 15.903. The oil
gave as color reactions with sulphuric acid, an intense red ; with nitric acid,
a brownish red ; and with hydrochloric acid, a greenish red color.

Power alcohol: Proposals for its production and utilization in Australia
{Aust. Advisory Council Sci. and Indus. Bui. 6 {1918), pp. 69, figs. 2). — This
publication includes a general discussion of the question of liquid fuels in Aus-
tralia, the advantages of alcohol as a fuel, the available sources for its produc-
tion with the relative cost of the product from each source, the engine problem
witli proposed alterations necessary to existing types of internal-combustion
engines, the utilization of by-products in distillation of alcohol, and Government
regulation for the manufacture and denaturation of industrial alcohol.

The crops suggested as promising for cultivation as raw material for the
manufacture of power alcohol are green sorghum stalkJs, sorghum grain, cassava,
and sweet potatoes. As these crops are not grown at all or only on a small
scale in Australia at the present time, their development may lead to the culti-
vation of areas unsuited for other crops, and so may assist in diversification.

1918.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 715

It Is recommended that power alcohol be denatured with 2 per cent of either
the fractions of coal-tar oil distillates obtained at a temperature of from 170
to 230° C. or with creosote oil.

Actual state of our knowledge of microbiological retting. — Applications in
the study of retting of colonial textiles, F. Heim and Rulldcr (BuI. Off.
Colon. IFrancc], 10 (1917), No. 118-120, pp. S2i-639).— This is a review of the
literature on the subject of the mechanism of the retting of flax and hemp and
the organisms which are involved in the process, with a view to the establish-
ment of a series of experiments in regard to the retting of colonial textile fibers.
The authors suggest that, since the retting organisms in tropical countries are
probably different from those in European countries, it is logical to attempt to
isolate the organisms acting naturally upon the vegetable tissues in the Tropics
rather than to study the effects on these textile tissues of the microorganisms
involved in the retting of European fibers.

Chemicals in use in the rubber industry and their applications, A. J.
Ultee {Arch. Uubbercult. Ncdcrland. Indie, 1 {1017), No. 5, pp. Jf03-412). — This
Is a general discussion of the various chemicals in use for coagulation, anti-
coagulation, bleaching, and disinfection.

The chemical composition of Hevea latex, K. Goetee {Arch. Rubbercult.
Nederland. Indie, 1 {1917), No. 5, pp. 575-577) .—The following analysis of
Hevea latex is reported per liter of latex : Rubber after coagulation with acetic
acid, 370 gm. ; and serum, 29.1 gm. The composition of the serum was ash,
5.3 gm. ; protein, 3.4 gm. ; quebrachite, 14.5 gm. ; and sugar, 2.5 gm.

Investigations in regard to the influence of protein hydrolysis products on
the velocity of vulcanization of rubber were conducted by treating 185 gm. of
rubber with 15 gm. of sulphur and 0.37 gm. of leucin and comparing the vulcani-
zation time with that of the same amounts of rubber and sulphur without the
leucin. The time of vulcanization with leucin was 105 minutes, and for the
control 115 minutes. The author suggests that possibly amyl amin, which at
high temperatures under the influence of carbonic acid breaks down into leucin,
is the substance which acts as a vulcanization accelerator.

In regard to the possibility of manufacturing acetic acid on rubber es-
tates, P. E. Keuchenius (Arch. Rubbercult. Nederland. Indie, 1 {1917), No. 5,
pp. Jtl3-Itl7, fig. 1). — Investigations conducted by the Central Rubber Station,
Dutch East Indies, show that it is possible to manufacture acetic acid from
alcohol by fermentation which is cheaper than the present market price of
acetic acid, and which is satisfactory for coagulation of rubber. The simple
apparatus required for the fermentation is described.

Home canning and curing of meats, M. Anna Hausee {N. J. Agr. Col. Ext.
Bui., 1 {1917), No. 15, pp. 11). — This publication gives general directions for
canning meat and poultry, for curing meat by drying and smoking, and for
utilizing the fat, scraps, and trimmings in various ways.

The canning and preserving of vegetables and fruits, H. S. Elliot {Bien.
Rept. Dept. Agr. Fla., 14 {1915-16), pt. 2, pp. i//S-i62).— This is a compilation of
Information on the above subjects from numerous sources. It includes a classifi-
cation of the methods of food preservation, a definition of canning terms, useful
tables for the canner, general directions for preserves, jellies, and marmalades,
and special directions for bottling the juice of grapefruit.

Canning chart, directions, and recipes, compiled by Dilla E. Wimple {Ann.
Rpt. So. Dak. Eort. Soc, 13 {1916), pp. 2S, 29). — A two-page chart is given
with explanations and suggestions for canning by the cold-pack method. Some
recipes are included and a bibliography of bulletins on canning is appended.

How to utilize and preserve our fniits with the preeent scarcity of sugar,
A. Teueixe (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 {1917), No. 39, pp. 220-223). — The author has

716

Experiment station eecoed.

tVol. 38

described the preparation of different products from apples and pears according
to old recipes without the use of sugar.

Fruit and vegetable drying. — Types and models of driers, F. L. Ovebly
(lotva State Col., Agr. Ext. Dept., Emeryency Leaflet 23 (1917), pp. 7, figs. 8). —
This leaflet discusses the advantages of drying and gives simple rules for drying.
It also discusses various types of driers that are adapted to home use.

A successful community drying plant, C. W. Pugsley (f7. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 916 (1917), pp. 12, figs. 9). — A successful community drying plant
located at Lincoln, Nebr., is described. The principle employed is an adapta-
tion of the electric-fan process of drying. A stream of dry air is drawn con-
tinuously across the products being dried. A detailed description of the drier
is given with diagrams and a bill of materials for its construction. A con-
venient method of heating is described. The publication also contains sug-
gestions for the preparation of fruits and vegetables for the drier and for the
storing and cooking of the dried articles. The importance of community driers
is emphasized, and a working scheme for their operation outlined.

METEOROLOGY.

Climatology, A. J. Connor (Statis. Year Book Prov. Quebec, 1917, pp. SS-^S,
figs. 6). — Tables are given which summarize data regarding temperature,
precipitation, and sunshine at a number of stations in Quebec during 1916, as
compared with preceding years. A method of combining temperature with rain-
fall to yield an index number for each month of the growing season is described,
and the application of the method to the months of April to September, 1916, is
illustrated. The limits of optimum temperature for plant growth as selected
for this purpose were as follows :

Limits of optimum temperatures for plant growth in Quebec, Api'il to September.

Period.

April.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

° F.

' F.

° F.

" F.

" F.

GO

60

70

70

70

43

43

50

50

50

Sept.

Day, lower limit..
Night, lower limit.

" For each station the number of days with a temperature equal to or exceed-
ing the limit in the respective months was counted and tabulated and also the
number of nights in which the temperature did not fall below the assigned
limit. In effect this procedure measures the number of days wlilch received a
sufficient quantity of heat and gives no weight to heat in excess."

Regarding rainfall, it is stated that for the crops usually grown in Quebec
" the efficiency of the moisture ... in promoting growth increases rapidly and
directly with the rainfall at first, but after the rainfall has reached the neigh-
borhood of 4 in. for the month it is evident that normally a much smaller addi-
tional quantity will suffice to maintain the soil in a condition sufficiently moist
for agriculture. Some method of weighting the rainfall figures is, therefore,
required which will give the greatest weight to increase in rainfall below some
assigned limit and little or no weight to increase above the same limit. . . .
The rainfall totals (for each month) may be considered as ranging upward from
zero without limit, and it is therefore always possible to find an arc of which
the rainfall total is the natural tangent. Thus, for example, if the rainfall be 0.3
in., we have 0.3 as the tangent of 16° .42' ; or if the rainfall be 4.5 in., we have
that the tangent of 77° .28' is 4.5. Further, after the corresponding arc is

1918.1 METEOROLOGY. Yl?

found, wo can always determine its natural sine. Thus, in the examples now
quoted, the .sines of 16° .42' and 77° .28' are known, respectively, to be 0.287
and 0.976. The final measure of the influence of the rainfall of 0.3 in. is 0.287
and of 4.5 in. is 0.976. A reference to the diagram (fig. 1) will show how
rapidly the measure increases with the rainfall at first, but that after the rain-
fall has reached what we assume to be near the optimum amount the measure
becomes practically constant."

The figures for temperature and rainfall are combined by means of a triangle,
one side of which has units of length equal in number to the number of suffi-
ciently warm days and the other units of length corresponding to the number
of sufficiently warm nights. " If the angle between these two sides be the angle
whose tangent is the rainfall, then the area of the triangle is equal to the prod-
uct of those two sides into half the sine of the included angle. Or more briefly,

Index-area=FdXF»iXi sine arc tan R

where Fd is the frequency of warm days, and F» the frequency of suflaciently
warm nights, and R is the total rainfall for the month. Now, since the fre-
quencies and the rainfall are
variable for the months and
for the stations, we shall ob-
tain a .series of areas which
may be entered on a map and
differentiated by lines in the
usual manner." Charts illus-
trating the application of the
method are given.

Where wheat is grown
( U. S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Weather

and Crop But., No. 7 (1918), ~ / ~2 3 ^ 5 & ^

pp. 2, 3, figs. 5).— Two charts a>^^a/^^^^ r/AVCH£SJ

.,,,,. ^, J. ^ ., ^. -. Fig. 1. — Efficiency of varying amounts of rainfalL

illustrating the distribution of

winter wheat growing in the United States and one chart showing the world
wheat acreage are given and discussed. It is stated that " the ideal climate for
wheat is one v/ith a long and rather wet winter, prolonged into a cool and rather
wet spring, which gradually fades into a warmer summer, the weather growing
gradually drier as it grows warmer, with only comparatively light rains after
the blossoming of the crop, just enough to bring the grain to maturity, with
abundant sunshine and rather dry air toward the harvest, but without dry
and scorching winds until the grain is fully ripe ; and then hot, dry, rainless
weather until the harvest is gathered."

Spring frosts {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Nat. Weather and Crop Bui., No. 4 (1918),
pp. 2, 3, 7, S, figs. 3). — Three charts are given and explained showing (1) dates
of planting in seven zones into which the eastern part of the United States has
been divided, (2) dates in spring when killing frost occurs on the average only
1 year in 10. and (3) average dates of last killing frost in spring.

Storm rainfall of eastern United States, A. E. Moegan and C. H. Paul
(Miami [Ohio'\ Conserv. Dist., Tech. Rpts., pt. 5 {1917), pp. 310, pis. 3, figs.
111). — This report gives in detail the results of an extended study of storm
rainfall and run off in the United States east of the 103d meridian.

This study was undertaken in connection with an engineering examination of
the Miami Valley, begun immediately after the subsidence of the great flood
of March, 1913, for the purpose of determining the best plan for preventing
damage by future floods. Every record of storms of consequence within the

718 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

area named was utilized in compiling the data reported. In compiling and
analyzing the data particular attention was given to duration, intensity, and
distribution df precipitation, the factors which are of most interest to engineers
in general and of vital importance in investigations pertaining to flood control.
A detailed analysis is given of the time-area-depth relations of 33 important
storms, the aggi'egate extent of which reached to nearly every part of the
eastern United States. For the benefit of those not especially versed in meteoro-
logical matters there is given a brief summary of the well-established meteoro-
logical facts which are most necessary for understanding and interpreting the
results of the investigation. Snowfall was not considered in the investigation
because it has been found to be a negligible quantity in relation to floods in
the Miami Valley.

The primary object of the investigation was to reach safe and logical con-
clusions as to the probable size and frequency of floods in the Miami River,
with a view to the working out of plans for protecting the valley against floods.
The general conclusion reached was that an adequate flood-protection plan
should " provide against a hypothetical storm which would cause a maximum
flood run-off almost 40 per cent in excess of that of the storm of March 23-27,
1913, the latter having caused the greatest rate of run-off during the 100 years
of record for the Miami River."

The desiccation of the earth, C. F. von Herkmann (Science, n. ser., 47
(1918), No. 1217, p. 4^7).— This is a brief note referring to the formation of
hydrogen by electrical discharges in the atmosphere as a cause of desiccation
of the earth.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Meriwether County, Ga., M. Baldwin and J. A. Kerb (17. S.
Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 31, pis. 2, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey deals with the soils of an area of 318,720 acres in west-central
Georgia lying wholly within the Piedmont Plateau province. The topography
is generally rolling, with drainage well established.

" The soils of the county are derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks,
chiefly granite, granite-gneiss, mica schist, hornblende schist, quartz schist,
and qnartzite. The upland soils are residual from these rocks, while the allu-
vial soils consist of material washed from the uplands and deposited by
streams." Eighteen soil types of 8 series are mapped, in addition to meadow
(Congaree material). Cecil sandy clay loam and Cecil sandy loam predominate,
occupying 32.2 and 19.7 per cent of the total area, respectively.

Soil survey of Richmond County, Ga., T. M. Bushnell and J. M. Snyder
(f7. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. S8, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey deals with the soils of an area of 202,240 acres situated in
northeastern Georgia. The greater part of the county lies within the Coastal
Plain province, the surface being reduced by stream erosion to a series of
valleys and broad, level ridges with gentle to steep slopes. The extreme
northern portion of the county, comprising rolling, somewhat broken land,
lies in the Piedmont Plateau province, while alluvial flood plains and terraces
are extensively developed along the Savannah River, which borders the county
on the east.

Twenty-seven soil types, including two phases, of 16 series have been mapped,
in addition to meadow, swamp, and rough broken land. Norfolk sand, including
the sand-hill phase, is the chief type, occupying 33.8 per cent of the total area
of the county.

Kane County soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W.
Gabeett (Illinois Sta. Soil Rpt. 11 (1917), pp. 60, pis. 2, figs. S). — Kane County

1918.] SOILS PERTILIZEBS. 719

is situated in the northeastern part of the State, lying in three gladations and
comprising an area of 513 sq. miles. A small portion of the northwest corner of
the county is in the lowan glaciation, but the material deposited by that glaciation
has been almost entirely covered by a late Wisconsin gravel outwash. The
east and northeast parts of the county lie in the late Wisconsin glaciation,
while the western and southern parts of the county are in the early Wisconsin
glaciation. The Illinoisan glaciation preceded all the glaciations named, cov-
ering the area with a layer of drift 20 to 60 ft. deep. The topography of the
county is undulating to slightly rolling in the intermorainal tracts, while the
morainic areas are composed of a series of irregular ridges containing many
kettle holes now mostly filled with partially decayed vegetation. Natural
drainage is said to be frequently imperfect, and, although no large lakes exist
in the county, many swamps occur that need artificial drainaga

The soils of the county include (1) upland prairie soils, (2) upland timber
soils, (3) terrace soils, and (4) late swamp and bottom land soils, covering,
respectively, 46.37, 29.4S, 4.73, and 18.8 per cent of the area. Chemical analyses
of the various soil types are reported.

The fertility needs and methods of management of the soils are fully dis-
cussed.

Soil survey of Kimball County, Nebr., A. H. Meyer, J. O. Veatch, B. W.
Tillman, F. A. Hayes, H. C. Mobtlock, and C. E. Collett {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Adv. Sheets FMd Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 28, fig. 1, map-1). — This survey,
made in cooperation with the Nebraska Soil Survey, deals with the soils of an
area of 613,120 acres in the extreme western part of the State and lying within
the Great Plains province. The county is a high, nearly level to moderately
rolling, practically treeless plain with an elevation of from 4,800 to 5,300 ft
above sea level. Drainage is generally good.

" The soils of the county are prevailingly light brown in color at the surface
with grayish, highly calcareous subsoils having a loose, friable structure. Over
the greater part of the county the soils are residual in origin, the material
being derived entirely from a single geologic formation. The soils derived from
allu%aal deposits constitute about 10 per cent of the area of the county."
Twelve soil types of 5 series are mapped, in addition to rough broken land.
Sidney loam, Sidney gravelly sandy loam, and Sidney silt loam predominate,
occupying 40.3, 28.9, and 12.8 per cent of the total area, respectively.

The experimental detennination of a dynamic soil moisture minimum,
H. E. Pulling {Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. S {1917), pp. 186-188). —
It is stated that a method has been devised by the use of which soil samples
may be obtained with so small a water content that during 24 hours only
about 0.001 gm. is moved through a space having a cross section of 30 sq. mm.
The graphs obtained by plotting the data are discussed with their bearings.

Moisture equilibrium in pots of soil equipped with auto-irrigators, F. S.
Holmes {Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3 {1917), pp. 208-210). — The
author has employed the auto-irrigator devised by Livingston, studying the
details of adjustment required by this device for different soils and different
moisture contents. Three soils were used, medium fine white sand, light clay
loam, and a mixture of volumetrically equal parts of the two, each being
tested, with auto-irrigators having 1, 3, and 5 porous cups, respectively.

Approximate equilibrium of the soil moisture content was reached in 75
days for the loam, 80 for the mixture, and 90 for the sand. The number of
porous clay cups appeared to influence the period required to attain equilibrium in
case of the sand but not in case of the loam or the loam-sand mixture. The
larger the number of cups, the sooner equilibrium was reached. With a pres-
sure of 5.5 cm, of a column of mercury, the soil moisture content at equilijjrium

720 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

was too low for plant cultures in the sand and perhaps also in the loam-sand
mixture, but in the loam it appeared to be capable of supplying the plants with
sufficient water for growth under ordinary greenhouse conditions.

Relation of carbon dioxid to soil reaction as measured by the hydrogen
electrode, D. R. Hoagland and L. T. Shabp (U. S. Dept. Ayr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 12 {1918), No. 3, pp. 139-1 Jt8). — In continuation of work at tlie Cali-
fornia Station, previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 117), the authors studied more
fully the question of the effect of carbon dioxid on soil reaction as determined
by the hydrogen electrode.

The apparatus used was the same as that employed in the previous work.
"To provide a chamber for mixing the hydrogen and carbon dioxid a graduated
1,000-cc. cylinder, the base of which had been cut off, was immersed in a larger
cylinder filled with mercury. The upper end of the inner cylinder was tightly
stoppered and contained two capillary stopcocks for admission and outlet of
the gases. A definite quantity of purified hydrogen, electrolytically generated
was admitted to this cylinder through one stopcock. Through the other stop-
cock there was admitted from a gas burette a known quantity of pure carbon
dioxid. Roth gases were measured at atmospheric pressure. A sufficient time
was then allowed for the thorough diffusion of the gases, which was aided by
raising and lowering the inner cylinder. The reservoir of mixed gases was
then connected to the hydrogen-electrode chamber which contained the soil
suspension. Forty to 70 cc. of the gas mixture were forced into the space above
the soil suspension, adjusted to atmospheric pressure, and the hydrogen-electrode
cell was then closed. Equilibrium was hastened by the shaking method, and
the voltmeter readings were noted. This procedure was repeated with new
portions of the gas mixture until the voltmeter readings were constant to within
0.005 volt."

The H-ion concentrations of soil suspensions were measured under various
partial pressures of carbon dioxid. It was found that " the H-ion concentration
of suspensions of acid soils was not markedly affected by increasing the content
of carbon dioxid up to 10 per cent. The H-ion concentration of slightly alka-
line soils was slightly increased by such treatments. A notable increase in
H-ion concentration was observed when soils containing alkali carbonates were
similarly treated." None of the carbon dioxid treatments produced an alkaline
reaction in suspensions of an acid soil, and when the original conditions were
restored there was no permanent change in soil reaction which could be at-
tributed to the carbon dioxid. The point of view that solutions in equilibrium
with acid soils contain H ion in excess of OH ion was confirmed.

A short bibliography of the subject is given.

[Partial sterilization of soil], E. J. Russell (Cowitry Life [London^, 42
{1911), Nos. 1092, p. 548; 1093, pp. 578, 579, figs. 6).— The history and general
principles of soil sterilization as a means of increasing productiveness are
briefly discussed, and methods in practical use in England, particularly by
tomato growers, are described. In one of the methods most successfully used
steam is blown from a boiler under a large tray 6 by 8 ft. placed on the soil,
and it rapidly penetrates and heats the soil to a depth of 8 or 9 in.

The search for a suitable antiseptic soil sterilizer which will also be an effec-
tive insecticide is referred to. This is considered a great national need in
England, since so much grassland has to be plowed up, and " wireworms, leather-
jackets, and other pests appear in the young crops on the freshly broken land
and do considerable damage."

Humification of compounds entering into the composition of vegetable
matter, A. G. Trusov {Selslc. Khoz. i Liesov., 252 {1916), Nov.-Dcc, pp. 26-^
47), — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 26),

1918.] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721

Experiments on the formation of so-called humin acid in mixtures of leaves
with various organic substances showed that liguin, tannic acid, and albuminous
substances, and some vegetable oils are sources of humin acid, while cellulose,
starch, glucose, gum, and cork are not. The amount of humin acid was greatly
decreased by the elimination of substances soluble in water and alcohol from
decomposed vegetable remnants. More humin acid was washed into the soil
from steppe grass than from the same amount of forest litter.

Papilionaceous plants gave only humin acid soluble in water.

The decomposition of sweet clover (Melilotus alba) as a green manure
under greenhouse conditions, L. A. Maynakd {New York Cornell Sta. Bui.
S94 (1911), pp. 121-149, figs. S).— This reports the results of investigations con-
ducted during 1914 and 1916 relating to the use of sweet clover as a green-
manure crop, with special reference to the ability of the plant to gather nitro-
gen and the rate of decay of the plant when incorporated with the soil. Volusia
silt loam soil was employed in the experiments, the plants being grown in pots
in the greenhouse. The soil was inoculated with a pure culture of the sweet
clover organism. In one series of pots the lime requirement was satisfied by
the use of slaked lime, in a second series by finely ground limestone, while a
third series was left unlimed. Seed tested for germination showed a germina-
tion percentage after four days of from 28 to 32 for untreated seed, and of
from 95 to 98 for seed treated by the sulphuric-acid method described by Love
and Leighty (E. S. R., 27, p. .524).

The investigations during 1914 comprised a study of the yield and composi-
tion of the sweet-clover pliint after a period of growth of 62, 89, and 118 days,
respectively, for both the limed and unlimed pots. Data are also presented on
the formation of nitrates in pots having the plants removed or turned under
after a growth of 89 and of 118 days for a four-month period.

The 1914 results having indicated that the four-month period of growth gave
the best results from the standpoint of the amount of available green manure
produced, it was decided to grow the plants for that period in 1916 before turn-
ing them under. Data similar to that noted above are, therefore, presented for
plants grown 116 days.

In discussing the results obtained statistical methods are employed so far as
possible with regard to the production of dry matter and nitrogen, percentage of
fiber, and rate of decay.

Recognizing the desirability of repeating the experiments under field condi-
tions before drawing general conclusions, the author summarizes his studies as
follows : " These experiments show that sweet clover will make a satisfactory
growth for use as a green manure in three or four months on a worn-out soil,
provided the lime requirement is satisfied. When the crop is harvested at
either of these periods it compares favorably in nitrogen content with other
legumes, and sufficient fiber has not developed to inhibit rapid decay. Growing
the crop for the longer period does not result in an increased proportion of
fiber.

" The plant responds readily to inoculation with the appropriate organism.
To secure a good stand the seed bed should be compact and treated seed should
be used. The use of treated seed is important also from the standpoint of
ecoDomy. Treating the seed with acid increases the percentage of germination
threefold, and seed so treated does not lose its increased germinating power for
at least ten months. Satisfying the lime requirement of the soil was found to
increase the yield 50 per cent for the crop grown four months. . . .

" Sweet clover grown for three or four months decays rapidly when used as
green manure. It was found that in the limed pots sufficient nitrates had been

722 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

produced four months after harvest to account for approximately 50 per cent
of the nitrogen added in the material turned under. From the standpoint of
the amount of available plant food, it is desirable that sweet clover, to be used
as a green manure, should be grown for at least four months.

" The measurement of nitrate formation in pot experiments is subject to a
large probable error. This fact is a real objection to the method as a quanti-
tative measure of rate of decay."

A bibliography of 22 -titles is appended.

Composition of fallen leaves of forest trees and their quantities, S. Mobiya
{Extracts from Bui. Forest Expt. Sta., Tokyo, 1915, pp. 28-33; ahs. in Chem.
Abs., 11 {1917), No. 10, p. 1513). — To ascertain the manurial value of fallen
leaves of forest trees the fallen leaves of sugi {Cryptameria japonica), akamatsu
{Pinus densiflora), kuromatsu {Pinus thunbergii) , kunugi {Querctis serrata),
konara {Quercus glanclulifera) , and shirakashi {Qucrcics vibrayana) were col-
lected and analyzed.

" The most important ingredient of fallen leaves is no doubt nitrogen.
Among conifers, the sugi leaves are richest in nitrogen, containing 0.972 per
cent, or about 1 per cent of the air-dried substance. Sugi is followed by
akamatsu, showing a percentage of 0.885, and kuromatsu, of 0.855. Broad
leaves are generally richer in nitrogen than needle leaves, those of kunugi
containing 1.116 per cent, shirakashi 1, and konara 0.945.

" Broad-leaved trees have a larger proportion of ash in their leaves than
conifers. Among conifers, sugi, however, is relatively rich in ash, containing 6.1
per cent of the air-dried substance, which is three times that of the ash content
of akamatsu or kuromatsu. Among broad-leaved trees, kunugi has an ash con-
tent of 3.55 per cent, while konara contains nearly twice as much as the preced-
ing, and shirakashi has a still larger quantity, the content being 9.12 per cent.

" Taking the three important ash ingredients known as phosphoric acid,
potash, and lime among the fallen leaves of the six aforesaid trees, sugi leaves
are richest in phosphoric acid and lime. Its richness in lime is particularly
noteworthy, as it contains 2.999 per cent of the air-dried substance, or 49.164
per cent of the total ash. Phosphoric acid, too, is found in considerable amount
in sugi leaves. Akamatsu and kuromatsu leaves . . . are rich in phosphoric
acid, being not inferior to those of broad-leaved trees, although they are poor
in potash content. The content of silica in kuromatsu is richer than that in
akamatsu, and to this is due the difference in the total ash content of the two
pines, though there is no particular difference in other ingredients of the ash.
Further, among broad-leaved trees, shirakashi and konara are rich in ash
content owing to the large amount of silica, while phosphoric acid and lime
are found almost in the same quantity as in other oaks such as kunugi.
Shirakashi is further characterized by the rich content of potash."

With the object of determining the difference in the composition of fresh
fallen leaves and well-rotted ones, samples were taken from beds of well-rotted
leaves in the spots where fallen leaves were collected. It was found that
" well-rotted leaves a-re richer in nitrogen than fresh fallen leaves. Since
well-rotted leaves of akamatsu and kunugi contain 1.5 per cent of nitrogen in
round numbers, they both have a certain manurial value owing to their nitrog-
enous content. . . . Compared with freshly collected leaves, the silica, mag-
nesia, and oxid of iron contained in the ash of well-rotted leaves are remarkably
large in quantity. Phosphoric acid, potash, and lime are, however, gradually
washed away and decrease with the lapse of years."

Studies of the soils of sugi, akamatsu, and kunugi woods showed them to
differ considerably in composition, " This is chiefly due to the difference of tree

1918.J SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 723

species, the age and [spacing] of the standing trees, as well as the other forest
conditions. One point common to the three lots is the richness in nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, potash, and lime."

The utilization of sewage water in Italy, A. Aita {Italia Agr., 53 {1915),
No. 11, pp. Jf99-502; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. IRomel, Internat. Rev. Set. and
Pract. Agr., 8 {1911), No. 1, pp. 30-32). — Analyses of the sewage waters of sev-
eral Italian cities and of night soil from Cremona are reported and discussed.

The author is of the opinion that with normal coal prices the manufacture of
ammonium sulphate in Italy fi'om the supernatant liquid from settled night
soil would be worth while, especially in the smaller towns. Large-scale experi-
ments by him showed the impracticability of the method of extracting ammonia
by the prolonged effect of a current of air passing through the liquid. A brief
description is also given of the treatment of the solid residues as carried out
in England and Germany to extract the fatty matter.

Commercial fertilizers ^n war time, C. E. Thokne {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 3
{1918), No. 1, pp. 5-7, figs. 2). — Reviewing the results of experiments extending
over several years at four different places in Ohio, the general conclusion is
reached that " acid phosphate may be used with certainty of a profitable in-
crease of crop under existing market conditions, but that the additional in-
crease produced by adding nitrogen or potassium to the phosphate is likely to
be worth less than the added cost of the fertilizer." The results also emphasize
the importance under present conditions of the systematic production and care-
ful saving and use of animal manures.

The influence of sodium nitrate upon nitrogen transformations in soils
with special reference to its availability and that of other nitrogenous
manures, D. A. Colesian {Soil Sci., 4 {1917), No. 5, pp. 345-432, fig. 1). — This is
a report of a detailed study of the influence of sodium nitrate on ammonifi-
cation of dried blood and cottonseed meal in acid and alkaline soils and in
the presence of acid phosphate or potassium chlorid, or both ; on nitrification
of ammonium sulphate, dried blood, and cottonseed meal ; and on nitrogen fixa-
tion ; as well as observations upon nitrate transformation by soil micro-
organisms. Seven typical sandy, loam, and muck soils from different parts of
the country, as well as " niter spot " soils from Colorado, were used in these
studies. The data are tabulated and discussed in considerable detail and the
more pertinent results of the investigations summarized.

Applications of sodium nitrate markedly increased the simplification of
protein material applied to soils, the results varying somewhat with the source
of the organic matter. For example, cottonseed meal was ammonified to a
larger extent in the presence of sodium nitrate than was dried blood.

Acid phosphate increased the ammonification of dried blood nitrogen, but
sodium nitrate added as a limiting factor did not stimulate the decay of the
material. Potassium chlorid had a slight stimulating effect in some soils while
in others no action was observed. Sodium nitrate decreased ammonia accumu-
lation In soils supplied with dextrose. Combined in the proper proportions,
sodium nitrate, acid phosphate, and potassium chlorid increased the simplifica-
tion of organic matter to a greater extent than any one of these substances
alona

Sodium nitrate lost its stimulating power to a great extent in alkaline soils
due, it is explained, to an increased number of bacteria which assimilated a
considerable proportion of the simplified material, and also to a rearrange-
ment of the soil fliora. Of the soil flora studied the soil fungi responded most to
applications of sodium nitrate with the bacteria next.

The stimulating influence of sodium nitrate was found to be due to the anion.
62077°— 18 3

724 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol. . -58

Sodium nitrate stimulated the nitrification of dried blood, cottonseed meal,
and to a less extent ammonium sulphate. This stimulative action was not
apparent, secondary reactions, such as increased cell division, with a subse-
quent assimilation of nitrates, masking the end point. Large quantities of
sodium nitrate depressed nitrification, the amount of the depression depending
first upon the sources of nitrifiable material and second upon the soil type. In
large quantities sodium nitrate became toxic first to the nitrification of am-
monium sulphate, then to dried blood, and lastly to cottonseed meal.

Sodium nitrate in amounts up to 5.000 lbs. per acre affected Nitrobacter the
same as Nitrococcus, while in amounts beyond 5,000 lbs. it stopped the activities
of Nitrobacter but not those of Nitrococcus. Sodium nitrate in small quantities
stimulated nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter and in large quantities depressed it.

Large quantities of nitrates were assimilated by organisms in the soils, the
amount so assimilated being approximately 20 per cent of the nitrogen applied.
Apparently calcium nitrate was as readily a.ssimilated as sodium nitrate.
Experiments on the nitrifiability of microbial matter gave widely varying
results.

Of the three nitrogen-transforming groups, sodium nitrate afi'ected the
nitrogen-fixing group most adversely, the nitrifying group to a lesser degree,
and the ammonifying group least. As used in agi'icultural practice, sodium
nitrate generally stimulates the activity of the ammonifying and nitrifying
groups, but depresses the activity of the nitrogen-fixing group. In no case is
it thought to cause toxicity if applied rationally.

It is concluded that " the entire study of the influence of the sodium nitrate
upon nitrogen transformations in soils seems to indicate rather strongly that in
the cases where larger quantities of nitrogen are recovered in the crop than
can be accounted for by the amount of sodium nitrate applied this is due to a
drawing on the soil's own nitrogen supply. This supply is acted upon by a
stimulated bacterial flora, brought about by the presence of sodium nitrate.
On the other hand, where more or less of the nitrogen applied is recovered the
variations in the recovery may in a large measure be explained on the grounds
of assimilation of nitrates by soil organisms."

The literature of the subject is reviewed at some length and a bibliography of
226 titles is given.

Influence of nitrates on nitrogen-assimilating- bacteria, T. L. Hiij:.s (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Refsearch, 12 (1918), No. //, pp. 183-230).— ThiR is a re-
port of investigations contributed from the Wisconsin Experiment Station, on
the influence of ammonium, potassium, sodium, and calcium nitrates in amounts
varying from 10 to 300 mg. per 100 gm. of dry soil on the growth and physio-
logical activities of Azotobacter and Bacillus radicicola in sterilized silt loam
sou containing 2.75 per cent of organic matter and 1.5 mg. of nitrate per 100 gm.
of dry soil. The following is a summary of the results :

" Small quantities of potassium, sodium, and calcium nitrates caused a great
increase in the number of Azotobacter in sterilized soil. Ammonium nitrate in
the same quantities caused a less marked increase. Higher concentrations were
not so favorable to the growth of the organisms.

" Potassium and sodium nitrates in the concentrations studied caused an in-
crease in the amount of nitrogen assimilated by Azotobacter on agar films.
Calcium nitrate in the same amounts brought about a decrease in the amount
of nitrogen fixed to a point even below that representing the amount assimilated
in the absence of nitrates. In soil cultures nitrates of sodium and calcium
caused an increase in total nitrogen, wliich was more marked in the unsterilized
cultures than in those cultures sterilized and inoculated with a pure culture
of Azotobacter. However, the increase in total nitrogen Is not commensurate
with the increase in the number of Azotobacter noted under the same conditions.

1018.] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 725

" Under aerobic conditions Azotobacter in liquid cultures reduced nitrate to
nitrite, but not to ammonia. More atmospheric nitrogen was assimilated in the
presence of nitrate than in the absence of this salt.

"Pigmentation occurred when potassium and sodium nitrates, and especially
calcium nitrate, were used with Azotobacter, the coloration increasing with the
concentration of the salt. This effect was more marked in Azotobacter strains
which produce little or no pigment in the absence of nitrates.

"All three nitrates studied caused an increase in the number and size of
volutin bodies in Azotobacter cells. From all appearances these salts also
tended to hasten the development of these bodies.

" The number of B. radicicola in sterilized soil was increased by the addition
of small quantities of potassium, sodium, ammonivun, and calcium nitrates.
This increase was not so marked as in the Azotobacter cultures. B. radicicola
appeared to be much more resistant to higher concentrations of nitrates than
Azotobacter.

"B. radicicola under aerobic conditions did not reduce nitrates in solution to
nitrite, ammonia, or elemental nitrogen. The presence of nitrates did not mate-
rially influence the small amount of atmospheric nitrogen fixed under these
conditions. When grown on agar films, B. radicicola fixed a small amount of
nitrogen, varying from 0.15 to 0.43 mg. of nitrogen in 100 ca of the medium.
The addition of various amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium nitrates in-
creased to a slight extent the amount of nitrogen assimilated. In liquid cul-
tures all three nitrates caused a large increase in the amount of gum obtained
by precipitation with acetone.

" The presence of large amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium nitrates
proved detrimental to the formation of nodules on alfalfa. B. radicicola did
not appear to lose its infecting power when grown on media containing varying
amounts of sodium and calcium nitrates. Alfalfa seedlings grown in the pres-
ence of large amounts of nitrate did not produce nodules when inoculated with
a viable culture of B. radicicola. Nitrates in soil cultures prevented the re-
formation of nodules once removed and also caused a decrease in the number
of nodules already present."

A list of 49 references to literature cited is given.

The addition of tar to calcium cyanamid to facilitate spreading, Schmoe-
GER and Lucks {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., No. 10 {1917), pp. 156, 15T; abs. in
Internat. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1911), No.
6, pp. 842-84^). — "In experiments carried out at the agricultural station at
Danzig (Pru.ssia) to find, if possible, a method to facilitate the spreading of
calcium cyanamid, good results were obtained by mixing the manure with 15
per cent of coal tar.

" The cyanamid is first mixed with the tar and then passed through a minc-
ing machine. The material thus obtained is rather similar to superphosphate.
It may be easily spread without powdering, a characteristic which it does not
lose even when kept for a long time. The addition of tar causes no loss of
nitrogen.

" In order to determine whether the addition of tar is harmful to plants
fertilized with cyanamid, pot-manuring experiments were cari-ied out with oats
durins the summer of 1915. The plants grew equally well in pots treated with
cyanamid and tar as in those treated with pure cyanamid or with ammonium
sulphate, and much better than in pots without nitrogenous manure. . . .

" In April, 1916, a .second experiment was begun. This was carried out with
ten pots divided into five equal groups treated respectively with the following
manures: (1) No manure, (2) pure calcium cyanamid, (3) cyanamid plus

726 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

10 per cent of tar, (4) cyanamid plus 25 per cent of tar, and (5) ammonium
sulphate. In each pot were sown 20 oat seeds, in five immediately after manur-
ing, and in the other five a fortnight later. The pots were kept in the garden
throughout the whole experiment. Sprouting was normal in all the pots, hut
shortly after, the plants which had not been manured showed less vigor.
. . . The plants matured well and gave the following average yields: (1) Grain
7.1, straw 13; (2) grain 12.5, straw 24.2; (3) grain 12.4, straw 23.2; (4) grain
12.5, straw 21.6; and (5) grain 12.2, straw 24.3. Nitrogenous manure thus
increased the yield by about 70 per cent without there being any visible dif-
ference between the various kinds. It may, therefore, be concluded that
cyanamid had no harmful effect on the plants."

In 1915-16 the experiment was repeated with wheat in the open. Six plats
of 614 sq. yds. each were used, three of these being treated with 35 lbs. of
cyanamid and tar and the other three not manured. The manure was har-
rowed in and the seed sown immediately after. " The plats, especially those
which had been manured, all looked exceedingly well throughout the experi-
ment. Two cwt. of tarred cyanamid (1.6.7 per cent nitrogen) increased the
grain yield by 1.04 cwt. and the straw yield by 4.07 cwt."

A nev/ German phosphatic and potassic manure, C. Begek {Fiililing's Landw.
Ztg., 66 (1917), No. 2, pp. 55-58; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. IRomcl, Internal.
Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 5, pp. 697, 698).— Analyses of a new
phosphatic potassic manure made in Germany showed it to contain 8.7 per cent
total, no water-soluble, and 6.1 per cent citrate-soluble phosphoric acid ; and 6.3
per cent total and 5.6 per cent water-soluble potassium.

" The author tested this manure on mustard in pots, taking into consideration
only the phosphoric acid and comparing it in three different amounts (0.2 gm.,
0.4 gm., and 1 gm. of P2O5) with manure containing all the chief food materials
except phosphoric acid, basic slag, and ' Rhenaniaphosphat.' Basic slag gave
the best results ; next came ' Germaniaphosphat ' and ' Rhenaniaphosphat,'
which gave yields only equal to 38 to 74 per cent and 48 to 83 per cent, respec-
tively, of the yield obtained by the use of slag. ' Germaniaphosphat ' is, there-
fore, slightly isuperior to ' Rhenaniaphosphat.' The author considers ' Germania-
phosphat ' worthy of use in agriculture, but realizes that his manuring experi-
ments only have a limited value and should be repeated."

The substitution for Stassfurt potash salts of fiinely crushed Austrian
phonolites, J. Stoklasa {Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 1^5
{1916), No. 5-6, pp. Jt21-456; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Internat. Rev.
Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 5, pp. 698-700; Chem. Abs., 12 {1918), No. 7,
p. 735). — Experiments are reported from which the conclusion is drawn "that
potassic salts promote the growth and activity of bacteria useful to the soil. In
this respect, however, phonolite is much inferior to kainit and potassium
chlorid."

Bromin content of German potash salts, L. W. Wlnkueb {Ztschr. Angew.
Chem.. SO {1917). No. 27, pp. 95, 96; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], In-
ternat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 6, pp. 841, 8^2).— Data are re-
ported showing that German potash salts contain a fairly high percentage of
bromin.

New experiments on the action of sulphur on crop production, Pfeiffeb
{Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 65 {1916), No. 7-8, pp. 193-207; abs. in Internat. Inst.
Agr. [Romel, Intermt. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 1, pp. 32-34).—
Plat experiments with barley on a soil rich in organic nitrogen compounds are
reported to determine the influence of sulphur when added with barnyard
manure and with dried blood. The manure was used at the rate of 8 tons
pex acre and the sulphur at the rate of 357 lbs. per acre.

1918] SOILS — FEETILIZERS. 727

It was found that with sulphur plus barnyard manure there was a decreased
yield of grain and straw as well as a decreased nitrogen content of the crop.
Sulphur plus dried blood acted satisfactorily, but the exee^ of yield was not
very great. It is concluded that the application of sulphur either with barn-
yard manure or dried blood produced no particular effect in the crop. The
author is also of the opinion in this connection that the calculation of the prob-
able variation is an excellent method for forming an objective opinion on the
results of experiments.

Former experiments by the author on the action of sulphur have been
previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 331).

The use of iron in agriculture, A. Monnier and L. Kuczyaski (Arch. Sot.
Phys. et Nat. [Geneva], JfS (1917), No. 1, pp. 66-68; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rovie], Internat. Rev. Set. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1911), No. 5, pp. 693-695.)— Bx-
periments are reported to determine (1) the degree of solubility of the iron
already in the soil, and (2) the changes undergone by ferrous and ferric com-
pounds in arable land.

Soils of normal composition showed no trace of iron when washed with
pure water or dilute solutions of alkaline carbonates and bicarbonates. A
soil containing 3.2 per cent of iron and 6 per cent of lime showed traces of
iron when treated with 5 per cent acetic acid. The solution by 1 per cent
citric acid and tartaric acid gave distinct iron reactions, and that by 1 per
cent oxalic acid gave' a strong iron reaction. " One hundred gm. of soil gave
0.02 gm. of iron when treated with the citric solution, and 0.06 gm. of iron
when treated with the oxalic solution.

" Certain silicious soils entirely lacking in lime, as, for example, the soil of
Angers, give a fairly l«rge proportion of iron soluble in pure water. In these
soils pink hydrangeas give blue flowers ; but, if a small quantity of calcium
carbonate or magnesia is mixed with the soil it no longer gives up any iron
and the hydrangeas do not become blue. The compounds of soluble iron are,
therefore, precipitated by the lime.

"A 1/1,000 solution of ferric chlorid was filtered through a layer of soil 20
cm. thick. All the iron was retained in the upper part which turned red-
brown. Calcium carbonate precipitates the iron in the form of a basic car-
bonate which gradually becomes a hydrate. The line of separation is clearly
marked, and the filtered liquid contains no iron, but a large proportion of
chlorin and calcium. This experiment was repeated with many samples of
soil containing different quantities of lime. The colored layer increases in
thickness in proportion as the lime content of the soil decreases. The thick-
ness of the colored layer does not exceed 2 cm. in soU containing 5 per cent
of calcium carbonate. If ferrous sulphate is used instead of ferric chlorid,
the salt is oxidized and precipitated, and a mixture of basic sulphate and
hydrate is formed, which colors the superficial layer red-brown, as in the
case of ferric chlorid.

" The results of these experiments show that the iron contained In soils of
normal composition is present in a form very difficult to assimilate, which
explains the increased yield when vei*y small amounts of soluble iron are
added. The manure can have no favorable effect unless it is placed directly
within reach of the roots. This condition is found in pot cultures or when
the manure is added at the beginning of growth, but it is no longer present
when the roots have entered the soil to a certain depth where they receive
no trace of the ferric manure, which has been held up and made insoluble in
the surface layers of the soil.

" Tests were also made with potassium ferrocyanid as a source of iron.
The results showed that the compound Is not rendered insoluble in the soil.

728 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

but that the salt undergoes a double decomposition, part of the potassium
being retained by the soil. When the solution filters through the soil it
turns greenish. This is due to the transformation of the ferrocyanid into
ferricyanid. This oxidation appears to be due to some surface action, as
it also occurs when the solution is filtered through fine sand. Experiments
with potassium ferrocyanid did not give good results as, even in dilute solu-
tions, the salt has a harmful action on vegetation."

Manurial experiments with mang'anese slag, M. Popp (Fiihling's Landw.
Zty., 65 {1916), No. 15-16, pp. 354-360; abs. in Interna t. Inst. A(jr. [Rome^,
Internat. Rev. Sei. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 11, pp. 1600, 1601; ahs. in
Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., S6 {1917), No. 16, p. 933). —It is stated that " the manu-
facture of ferromauganese and spiegeleiseu in Germany yields as by-product
large quantities of manganese slag, of which the average composition is 24.4
per cent Mn., 30.5 per cent SiOj, 9.S per cent AI.O3, 33.4 per cent CaO, 6.3 per
cent MgO, 1.2 per cent sulphur, and traces of iron. The manganese is insolu-
ble in water but slowly soluble in weak acids.

"A series of pot experiments were carried out to compare its manurial
value with that of anhydrous manganese sulphate. White Petkus oats were
sown in pots each containing 10 kg. of sandy soil (with 0.28 per cent CaO,
0.14 per cent P2O5, 0.13 per cent KjO, and 0.15 per cent nitrogen), which re-
ceived further 1.5 gm. of potash, 1 gm. of phosphoric acid, 1.5 gm. of nitrogen,
and 60 gm. of calcium carbonate in the form of marl, besides dressings rang-
ing from 0.5 to 10 gm. of manganese either as finely powdered slag or as
sulphate. The manganese slag increased the yield of both grain and straw,
and the increase was greater the larger the amount applied, except for the
maximum dressing (10 gm.). In small amounts (0.5 and 1 gm.) the sulphate
was more effective than the slag, but with the larger dressings (2.5 and 5
gm.) the reverse was the case. With manganese slag the yield of grain was
affected more than that of straw, while the sulphate affected the yield of
straw most"

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

A textbook of botany for colleges, W. F. Ganong {New York: The Mac-
millan Co., 1917, pp. XIII-J-6O4, figs. ^02). — This edition is practically the same
as the volume previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 429), with the addition of
chapters on the genetic and ecological classification of plants.

Plant physiology, V. I. Palladin, edited by B. E. Livingston {PhiladelpJiia:
P. Blakiston's Son £ Co., 1918, English ed., pp. XXV+320, figs. i7'3).— This is
an authorized English edition based on the German translation of the sixth
Russian edition and on the seventh Russian edition published in 1914. The
book is specially designed for students and is noteworthy for its brevity and
conciseness. The subject matter is largely treated from the standpoint of
physiological chemisty as applied to plant life, the chemical aspects of plant
physiology receiving special emphasis. The editor, by means of copious notes,
has added much pertinent material, thus completing the presentation of the
subject. The part of the work devoted to the physiology of nutrition is much
more extended than that treating of growth, configuration, and reproduction,
but a classified list of books makes available references to additional infor-
mation.

[Studies in plant nutrition], P. L. Gile and J. O. Carbeko {Porto Rico Sta.
Rpt. 1916, pp. 13-17). — Summary reports are given of investigations on lime-
induced chlorosis, immobility of iron in the plant, the assimilation of iron by
rice from certain nutrient solutions, and the absorption of nutrients as affected

1918] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 729

by the number of roots supplied with the nutrient. More detailed accounts of
these investigations have been published elsewhere (E. S. R., 36, pp. 546, 128,
431; 37, p. 222).

Biometric studies on the somatic and genetic physiology of the sugar
heet, J. A. Haukis (Amer. Nat., 51 (Wn), No. 608, pp. 507-512).— Thin is a
discussion of the recent work by investigators bearing upon the conclusions
previously announced by the author with Gortner (E. S. R., 30, p. 208), re-
garding the correlations in the sugar beet, more particularly between the weight
of the root and the sugar content of the juice.

Growth and imbitition, D. T. MacDougal and H. A. Spoehb {Pix>c. Amer.
Phil. Soc, 56 (1917), No. 4, pp. 289-352, figs. 13).— The chief purpose of the
studies here described was to correlate some of the more striking features of
the growth in plants with the action of the factors contributory thereto, and
to analyze this complex process so far as possible.

To a study of cacti, continuing that previously reported (E. S. R., 36, p. 524),
was added a study chiefly of Zea and Triticum, results of which are given in
detail and discussed. Experimentation with colloids, presumably comparable
with protoplasm, has yielded many striking parallels with growth, making
possible some new correlations in metabolism, imbibition, and growth. Tiiere
has been effected, however, no simplification of the major processes of growth,
the advances being i-ather in the opposite direction.

Newly determined features of carbohydrate metabolism have been found to be
extremely complex. Imbibition in the plant is not that of a single colloid and
swelling is not the simple resultant of the action of two or more substances.
The interaction between two emulsoids presents many possibilities. The pro-
teins viewed physiologically are thought to act as sensitizers to the carbohydrate
gels which make up the greater part of the bulk of the protoplast, and to pro-
duce in them highly specialized effects with acids, alkalis, and neutral solutions.
The general character of respiration and the nature and amount of its by-
products acting upon the sensitized protoplastic gel may be taken, it is thought,
to determine the general aspect, rate, course, and amount of growth in plants.

Approximation of the limits of the germination in seeds of Lepidium
sativum, P. Lesage (Rev. Gen. Bat., 29 (1917), Nos. SJfO, pp. 97-112; 3J,1, pp.
137-158, fig. 1; 342, pp. 181-192). — The author reports with discussion some
tabulated results of experimentation which is still in progress on the germinabil-
Ity of seeds of L. sativum subjected for different periods of time to various
media, such as alcohol, ether, salt solutions, moist air, oxygen, and water.

The physiological significance of tannin, J. Dekkek (Rec. Trav. Bot. N^er-
land., 14 (1917), No. 1, pp. 60, pis. 8).— The author describes a study of the
presence, location, and significance of tannin in Ribes, Rhododendron, Rosa,
and Kentia. This is conceded to be inadequate as a basis for sweeping general
conclusions, although these four plants agreed in showing the presence of tannin
in the conducting cells of the phloem. The agreement may be accidental or
of limited significance.

A noteworthy result of this investigation is the discovery of tannin-conducting
channels in the pith and in the outer cortex of the younger shoots. These are
described. Differences are pointed out among the plants investigated.

Large accumulations of tannin are noted in regions in which the life processes
are particularly active, as in the point of a shoot in full growth, in buds, or
near regions from which a stem or root arises. In such localities also a
considerable amount of calcium oxalate is often found.

On the relation of chlorin to plant growth, W. E. Tottingham (Johns Hop-
kins Univ. Circ, n. ser., No. 3 (1917), pp. 217-221). — Preliminary investigations
are here discussed.

730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol.38

The results up to this time on the different plants named leave the question
regarding the influence of the chlorin ion and chlorids upon plants in a very
complicated and unsatisfactoi-y condition, apparently not admitting of any gen-
eral statement. It is thought that the effect of chlorin upon any given plant
depends upon the nature of the plant and the soil and climatic conditions.
Progress in the interpretation of the climatic complex as a whole may be re-
quired. More complete experimental control of the very numerous conditions
that make up the environment of the plant is also essential, as it is the summed
or integrated effect of all of these that is registered by plants in growth and
crop production.

A study of salt proportion in a nutrient solution containing chlorid, as
related to the growth of young wheat plants, S. F. Tkelease {Johns Hopkins
Univ. Circ, n. ser., No. S {1917), pp. 222-225). — In the experiments of which
this is a preliminary report, the chlorin ion was added as potassium
chlorid to nutrient solutions already containing all the essential elements
usually absorbed by plant roots, in the form of the salts calcium nitrate,
magnesium sulphate, monopotassium phosphate, and . ferric phosphate. The
total concentration of the solutes corresponded to an osmotic pressure of about
1.6 atmospheres at 25° C, and the relative proportions of the salts were used
in aU possible ways by making additions of one-tenth of this total concentra-
tion, each complete set including 84 different solutions. The data obtained are
discussed in connection with the findings and views of other investigators.

It was found tliat with combinations of the three salts monopotassium phos-
phate, calcium nitrate, and magnesium sulphate, or these with potassium
nitrate or with potassium chlorid, the same growth is obtained if the best pro-
portions of the salts are used in each case. This generalization is thought to
have an important bearing upon the whole problem of physiological balance in
nutrient solutions, and to furnish what may prove to be important suggestions
bearing on our general conceptions of conditional control and conditional optima
for plant activities.

The relation of the concentration of the nutrient solution to the growth.
of young wheat plants in water cultures, S. F. Trelease (.Johns Hopkins
Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. S {1917), pp. 225-227). — These experiments differed
somewhat from those above noted. The salt proportions were the same in all
different solutions of each series, but the solutions differed from each other in
total concentration.

It is stated that transpiration and dry weight showed an approximately
linear relation to the concentration of the medium above the optimum and
that these decreased with an increase in concentration. The optimum con-
centration for dry weight of tops was altered from 1.6 to 4.5 atmospheres by
changing the proportions of the four salts used in two of the series. The
omission of potassium chlorid did not change the relation between growth and
concentration.

The effect of renewal of culture solutions on the growth of young wheat
plants in water cultures, S. F. Tbelease and E. E. Free {Johns Hopkins Univ.
Circ, n. ser., No. S {1917), pp. 227, 228). — Reporting detailed results of experi-
ments on the growth of wheat plantlets in the nutrient solutions found by
Shive (E. S. R., 36, p. 328) to be the most suitable for the production of dry
weight of tops in wheat, the author states that frequent changing of the solu-
tion increased the yield. Daily change produced marked improvement and
continuous flow was even more beneficial. Marked injury was observed when
the solution was changed as infrequently as every two weeks. Shaking with
bone black improved the solution slightly but did not correct in any great

1918.] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 731

degree the harmful effects of infrequent changing. Magnesium injury was
more marked in case of frequent changing.

Some experiences in the use of copper sulphate in the destruction of algae,
G. Embrey (Analyst, ^2 (1911), No. J,97, pp. 264-271, pi. i).— This is a report,
with discussion, of a number of experiments following up the studies of Moore
and Kellerman (E. S. R., 17, p. 12) on the effects of combined copper on algae
in reservoirs.

Chara was destroyed by a solution of 1 part copper sulphate to 3,000,000
parts water. This plant (as well as its parasites) appeared, however, on
careful study, to be free from the odor ascribed to it Further tests seemed
to identify this odor as due to Tabellaria or Asterionella, or both, and to deter-
mine its character as that of a fatty oil colored with diatomiu, a body closely
allied to chlorophyll. The changes supposed to occur in the copper compound
are briefly indicated. It is thought that oxid of copper is the real poisoning
agent, and if, as is supposed, the fatty oil serves as a lubricant, the oxidation
of the copper compound may be the real cause of the death of the plants.

The copper sulphate should probably be added not later than the end of
April. This destroys the desmids and diatoms and prevents the formation of
an organic mass into which the rootlike thallus of Chara can penetrate. This
organism is almost eradicated from water subjected to this treatment.

Serodiag'nostic studies on gymnosperms, R. Koketsu (Bot. Mag. [Tokyo],
SI {1917), No. 365, pp. i4^-J55).— This is an attempt to extend the method of
serodiagnostlc study to gymnosperms, a number of these having been em-
ployed in this investigation, the methods and results of which are detailed.
It is claimed that the indicated relationships of the plants employed agree
in a general way with those already expressed in modern classification.

Studies on root nodules, K. Shibata and M. Tahaea {Bot. Mag. [Tokyo],
SI {1917), No. 366, pp. 157-182, pi. 1, figs. 16).— The authors report studies on
the comparative anatomy of root nodules, classifying the plants examined so
that the first type of root nodules is represented in Coriaria, the second In
Myrica, the third in Gale (Myrica gale), and the fourth in Alnus, Elaeagnus,
and Ceanofhus.

Variegation in Plantago, S. Ikeno {Genetics^ 2 {1917), No. 4, pp. 390-416,
figs. 2). — In a study of a variegated garden race of Plantago major asiatica
the author found this plant to breed true to type generally by self-fertilization,
though this process sometimes gave a few self-colored green plants. The Fi
hybrids between variegated and ordinary self-colored green plants are self-
colored gi-een irrespective of the direction in which the cross is made. The
self-colored green plant contains two factors, showing variegation only when
both are absent. Each of these factors is able, independently of the other, to
produce the exact intensity of green produced by both together. The Fj plants
which breed true to greenness in successive generations (constant green plants)
are not always of the same genetical constitution, as has been shown by hybridi-
zation tests. Each of the few green plants produced by self-fertilization of
variegated plants exhibited segregation In approximately the ratio of three
green to one variegated.

Further tests are in progress regarding the genetical behavior and constitu-
tion of these plants.

Recent studies on variation in some species of micromycetes, Elisa Mutto
and G. Pollacci {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser.,
26 {1917), I, No. 9, pp. 498-502), — The investigations previously reported (E. S.
R., 35, p. 547) have been\followed by studies with cultures of Coniothyrium tiro-
lense and Phyllosticta pirina on different media, the results of which are tabu-
lated and contrasted.

'32 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[Vol. 38

Some unusual features of a subarctic soil, H. E. Pulling (Johns Hopkins
Univ. arc, «. ser., No. S (1911), pp. 1S8-190).—A prelimiuary survey of the
ecological features of subarctic forests in northern Manitoba has yielded in-
formation that emphasizes the need of including the physical root environment
in an ecological study of these regions.

The soil of the spruce forest, the characteristic type of this region, is covered
chiefly with sphagnum, which holds large quantities of water, except in hillside
forests, in which case the soil underneath the moss, due to conditions which are
explained, is usually dry and may blow as dust. Roots penetrate this dry layer
only to a slight extent, although organic deposits occur as far down as the
frost line. No explanation is given of the mode of origination of these deposits,
nor of the fact that the soil in the dry layer is often flocculated to such a degree
that it resemble;^ a mass of small clay pellets, retaining its .spherulate character
even after it has been soaked with water.

The westei-n flower guide, C. F. Saundebs (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday,
Page d Co., 1911, pp. 286, figs. 250).— Brief nontechnical descriptions, accom-
panied by colored drawings, are given for the ready identification of 250 of
the more common wild flowers found from the Rockies to the Pacific coast.

Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, P. A. Rydgeeg (New
York: Author, 1911, pp. XII +1110). —This is a manual of the flowering plants,
ferns, and their allies of the Rocky IMountain region, the area covered embrac-
ing Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and
neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Co-
lumbia.

Marking microscope slides, Maey K. Bryan (Science, n. ser., J^l (1918),
No. 1201, p. 111).— The author briefly describes the use of a carborundum pencil
for the marking of microscope slides.

FIELD CROPS.

Relation of size of seed and sprout value to the yield of small grain
crops, T. A. KiESSELBACH and C. A. Helii (Nebraska Sta. Research Bui. 11
(1911), pp. 3-13, figs. 7).— The authors report exten.sive investigations with
wheat and oats to determine the extent to which differences in size of seed
may affect the crop produced, superior yielding power having been frequently
attributed to extra large seed. Sprout value is described as " the muisture-
free weight of the maximum plant growth derived from the seed when planted
and grown in a nonnutritive quartz medium and in absolute darkness."

The experimenf&l work embraced the following lines of study : The relative
sprout values of different grades of seed wheat, the relation of size and sprout
value of seed to yield at different depths of planting, the effect of competition
between plants grown from seeds markedly different in size and sprout value,
the influence upon total yield of competition between large and small seeds, the
effect of competition between varieties, the relation of size of seed to yield of
wheat when various grades are planted alone in equal numbers, the reasons why
small seeds yield less per acre than large seeds when planted in equal numbers
at the normal rate for the large seed, the relative yields from large and small
seeds when planted in equal numbers and at equal weights, and the relative
yields of seed grades of wheat and oats as separated by the fanning mill. A
historical summary of the experimental work of other investigators on the
yielding qualities of large and small or light and heavy seeds Is presented,
including tests with winter and spring wheat, oats, barley, and rye. The loss
of seed substance through respiration was determined by means of an especially

1918.] FIELD CROPS. , 733

designed apparatus, and the loss not recovered in the vegetative growth or the
inert seed residue partially accounted for. Considerable tabulated data are
presented and fully discussed. The observations may be summarized as
follows :

For all the grades of wheat seed tested in 191S and 1914, the total sprout
value of the seed averaged 54.2 per cent and 46.3 per cent of the weight of
seed planted, respectively. The total loss of substance not recovered in either
the sprout or the inert seed residue averaged 3S.5 per cent for the two years.
In all tests conducted during 1913 and 1914 the ratios for the moisture-free
weight of unselected seed to the large and small seed averaged, respectively,
100 : 127 and 100 : 85, while the ratios for the total sprout value averaged
100 : 123 and 100 : 88, respectively, indicating a rather close relationship between
the size of seed and its sprout value. As an average for three tests the carbon
dioxid liberated from wheat seeds by respiration during fourteen days' growth
In the dark in a nonnutritive medium amounted to 39.22 per cent of the
original moisture-free weight of the seed, the sprout value of the same seed
equaling 47.28 per cent of the original dry matter of tlie seed.

Very small or shrunken wheat seeds were at a marked disadvantage in
comparison with large seeds, when planted at the unusual depth of 5 or 6 inches.

Separation of the mature crop of wheat, grown at the normal rate of planting,
into individual plants was accompanied by an average error of 7.6 per cent, and
for this reason the number of individual plants surviving from large and small
seeds at harvest was not determined in these experiments. The relative pro-
duction of large and small seeds of wheat was determined when planted alone
and when grown in competition by alternating the seeds in rows planted at the
normal field rate. The small .seeds weighed 66 per cent as much as the large
seeds and had a sprout value 68 per cent as large, the germinations of the two
grades being practically equal. When planted alone the small seeds produced
6 per cent fewer culms, and in competition 18 per cent fewer culms than the
large; the yield of grain was 11 per cent smaller when planted alone and 24
per cent smaller in competition ; the yield of straw 6 per cent smaller for the
small seed alone, and 25 per cent smaller in competition ; and the total plant
yield 7 per cent smaller for the small seed planted alone and 25 per cent smaller
in competition than for the large seed.

That competition between alternating plants of two wheat varieties may be
very marked was shown by Big Frame winter wheat in 1914, when grown at
the normal rates of planting, the yields of grain, straw, total crop, and number
of culms being respectively 90, 88, 89, and 80 per cent as large as for Turkey
Red. When grown in competition, however, Big Frame yields were respectively
only 55, 70, 67, and 68 per cent as large as for Turkey Red. Planted alone in
1915, the yields for Big Frame were respectively 82, 105, 99, and 94 per cent
as large as for Turkey Red, and in competition were respectively 120, 128,
125, and 117 per cent as large. Similar results were obtained for spring wheat.
These investigations are thought to indicate that competition may play a very
important role in the natural improvement of cereal crops.

In a 2-year yield test of unselected, large, and small seeds of two winter
wheat varieties, the average relative seed weights were 100, 134.6, and 86.9,
with corresponding sprout values of 100, 133, and 92.3. The grain yield of the
large seed was 2.3 per cent superior to the unselected seed and of the small
seed, 3.1 per cent inferior. The 2-year average relative weights of unselected,
large, and small seeds of two spring wheat varieties were respectively 100,
117.3, and 78.4, while the corresponding relative sprout values were 100, 110.4,
and 71.8. The large seed outyielded the unselected for grain 11.8 per cent,
while the small seed was 7.7 per cent inferior to the unselected seed. In these

734 EXPERIMEN'T STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

tests, the seeds were planted in equal numbers at a noinial rate for the large
seeds.

When two gi-ades each of spring wheat and oats were space-planted to per-
mit maximum plant development, the small seed compared with the large
produced SO per cent as many culms per plant, 72 per cent as high grain yield, 77
per cent as high straw yield, and 77 per cent as great total yield, the small
seeds averaging 52 per cent as heavy as the large. In yield tests comparing
large and small seeds planted both in equal numbers and equal weights at rates
normal for the large seed, (1) the small seed of winter wheat yielded 4 per
cent less than the large planted in equal numbers, with equal yields when
planted at equal weights; (2) the small seed of oats yielded 11 per cent less
than the large when sown in equal numbers, both yielding alike with equal
weights of seed; and (3) the small seed of spring wheat yielded 10 per cent
less than the large seed sown in equal numbers, and only 1 per cent less when
equal weights of seed were used.

During 12 years of continuous grading of Turkey Red and Big Frame winter
wheat (by means of a fanning mill), the heaviest one-fourth seed averaged 0.4
bu. more, and the lightest one-fourth 0.5 bu. less than the unselected seed. For
the same period the heaviest and lightest one-fourth seed of Kherson oats
yielded, respectively, 0.83 bu. and 0.09 bu. more than the ungraded seed. Dur-
ing 8 years' continuous use of the fanning mill, the lightest one-fourth seed of
American Banner oats has yielded 1.43 bu. more than the heaviest one-fourth.
In a 4-year period the ungraded seed was also compared and yielded 1.6 bu.
less than the light seed, while tlie heavy seed yielded 3.67 bu. less than the
lightest seed.

Based on a review of 60 experiments by various investigators, regarding the
relative yields of grades of small grain seeds, the following principles are in-
dicated: (1) When space-planted to permit maximum development of the in-
dividual plants, a higher yield per plant is obtained from large than from
small seed. (2) When planted in equal numbers at a rate optimum for large
seed, a lower yield is obtained from small than from large seed. (3) When
planted in equal weights, at a rate optimum for the large seed, all three grades
of seed — large, small, and unselected— -yield equally. (4) When distinct grades
of light and heavy seeds (or small and large) are obtained from a fanning
mill and planted in equal volumes slightly smaller yields are apt to result from
the light seed. The difference in favor of large or heavy seed as compared with
the original unselected seed is very slight and is deemed to have little prac-
tical significance, indicating that the practical use of the fanning mill consists
largely in the removal of weed seeds and trash. (5) Competition between
plants from large and small seeds sown in a mixture acts to increase the rela-
tive yield from the large seeds, suggesting a natural elimination (within a mass
variety) of poorly adapted types which produce unduly small or light-weight
seed.

The effect of weeds upon cereal crops, Winifred E. Beenchley {New
Phytol., 16 {1911), No. 3-4, pp. 58-76; a&.s. in Physiol. Abs., 2 {1917), No. 6, pp.
368, 369; Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8
{1917), No. 7, pp. 984, 985). — The author reports pot culture tests conducted
at Rothamsted for the past four years with crops grown in association with
weeds to determine whether vegetative competition is the sole factor suppressing
the growth of crops or whether weeds excrete poisonous substances from their
roots which actively inhibit growth. Wheat, barley, and buckwheat were grown
alone and with Alopecurus agrcstis, Brassica alba, Papaver rhoeas, and Spergula
arvensis, respectively. The plan of the experiments is outlined in detail, and

1918] FIELD CHOPS. 735

the results fully discussed. Tabulated data show the total dry weight of the
shoots and roots of the crops and weeds, and tiie average dry weights of the
shoots of each. In addition to the pot experiments, an attempt was made to
throw some light on the question of toxicity by a series of water cultures made
in 1915, in which v/heat was grown alone and with S. arvenis and A. agrestis.

No evidence or indication was forthcoming to show that any toxic action was
involved. It was obvious, ho\\ever, that the mere competition of plant with
plant, irrespective of species, had much to do with plant development, and that
the time and duration of such a competitive check were the chief factors
involved. Differences between pots in each set were regarded as accidental
and not due to any inherent quality of the soil, as no definite correlation was
observed between the 1915 crop from any one pot and the 1916 crop from the
same pot. This is deemed to be further evidence of the absence of toxic sub-
stances, or at least of any toxin capable of remaining in the soil unchanged
from one season to the next.

Wheat-rye hybrids, E. A. McFadden (Jour. Heredity, 8 {1917), No. 7, pp.
S35, SS6, fig. 1). — The author describes a wheat-rye hybrid secured from a
cross of Turkey winter wheat with Swedish rye in the summer of 1915.

The most noteworthy differences between the hybrid and its parents were the
number of spikelets on the normal spike and the length of the culms. The
hybrid possessed 14 or 16 pairs of spikelets per spike, with culms intermediate
in length between the two parents. The plant was thrifty in appearance and
produced 25 vigorous culms that developed heads and also several tillers that
did not develop fully. The first spikes to appear produced no seed, due to the
failure of normal pollen grains to develop. A few of the flowers on later spikes
were hand-pollinated with pollen from Kharkov winter wheat, resulting in the
production of three seeds, two of which produced vigorous plants in the fall
of 1916, although neither survived the winter.

Assuming that hardiness is a recessive unit character, the author asserts that
the hybrids could not be expected to survive a winter when nearly all unpro-
tected wheat winterkilled. Working on this hypothesis, hybridization work
along the same line was to be continued in tJie summer of 1917 on a larger
scale, and the Fi and Fj plants carried through the winter in a greenhouse.

Winter forage crops, P. B. Kennedy {California Sta. Circ. 189 {1918), pp.
11). — Brief notes are presented regarding the production and use of the fol-
lowing crops for winter forage in California : Field peas, common and hairy
vetch, horse beans, rape, kale, giant marrow cabbbage, white mustard, root
crops, bur clover, sweet clover, miscellaneous grasses, rye, and barley.

Report of the department of agriculture [of New South Wales] for the
year ended June 30, 1916, G. Valdee {Rpt. Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, 1916, pp.
25-29, 36-Jt2, 99-102, 109, 110, US, lU-116, pis. 4).— Field tests at several ex-
perimental centers are reported with wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, cotton, rice,
and numerous forage crops.

[Field crops work in Java], C. van Rossem {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel
[Dutch East Indies], Meded. Agr. Chem. Lab., No. 15 {1917), pp. 135). — Fer-
tilizer and cultural experiments, chiefly with rice, and studies of economic phases
of agriculture on the island are reported in detail for the year 1915-16.

The production of alfalfa seed in southern Idaho, L. C. Aichee {Idaho
Sta. Bui. 101 {1917), pp. 20, figs. 9). — Approved methods of alfalfa seed pro-
duction under irrigation in the Snake River Valley of southern Idaho are
described, and production on dry land is briefly outlined. Alfalfa seed is said
to be produced in this region at elevations ranging from 2,000 to 5,000 ft., the
principal factors involved being climate, moisture, wind, and insects, especially

i60 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.38

Inaf-cuttins bees. The yield of seed varies from 1 to 15 bii. per acre, experi-
enced growers usually obtaining from 4 to 7 bu. per a«re. Directions are given
for harvesting and marketing the seed crop.

Barley for New York, H. H. Lo\t: and F. P. Busseix (N. T. State Col. Agr.,
Cornell Univ. Ext. Bui. 13 {1911), pp. ^61-472, figs. 3).— Variety tests with 2-
and 6-rowed typos of barley, begun in 1913, are reported for the 4-year period
1913-1916.

Of the 6-rowed varieties Featherston No. 7 gave the highest average yield for
the 3-year period 1914-1916, amounting to 50 bu. per acre, while Manchury
Selection N. D. A. C. 2125 was second with a yield of 45.4 bu. Guy Mayle
was lowest with 25.3 bu. per acre. Manchury X Champion of Vermont No. 2
was best of the 2-rowed types, with an average yield of 47.1 bu., and Champion
of Vermont second with 43.8 bu. per acre. Primus (Svalof) was lowest with
29.2 bu. The average yield of the 5 best 6-rowed varieties for the 3 years 1914r-
1916 was 45.6 bu. per acre as compared with an average yield of 44 bu. from
the best 5 2-rowed types. Commercial types deemed superior in yielding quali-
ties include Champion of Vermont, Common Six-Row, Oderbrucker, Common
Two-Row, and Silver King.

The effect of hydrogen and hydroxyl-ion concentration on the growth of
barley seedling's, D. R. Hoagland {Soil Sci., S {1917). No. 6, pp. 547-560).—
Having measured the hydrogen-ion concentrations of various soil suspensions
representing soils of acid, alkali, and slightly alkaline types, investigations
were undertaken to study the effect of similar hydrogen and hydroxyl ion con-
centrations in nutrient media where the numerous other variables of the soil
could be eliminated.

Barley seeds were sprouted between layers of white paper toweling, and the
seedlings transferred to 150-cc. bottles containing the culture media and grown
for 14 days. The effect of the various solutions on the seedlings was deter-
mined from the general appearance of the roots and tops, the development of
lateral roots and root hairs, and the dry weights of tops, roots, and residual
seeds. In many of the experiments the fresh weight and average length of the
tops were noted and microscopic examinations made of the roots. The
hydroxyl-icm concentration of the solutions was controlled by varying the pro-
portions of KsPOi and KsHPO*, and the hydrogen-ion concentrations by the use
of KH2PO4, supplemented in one set by 1 per cent of HsPO*. Neutral solutions
were used as checks. The hydrogen-ion concentrations of all solutions were
ascertained by electrometric measurements.

The general effect of the higher concentrations of the hydroxyl ion was to
decrease the fresh and dry weights of the tops and the average length. The de-
velopment of lateral roots was almost entirely repressed, while microscopic
examinations of the root tips indicated unquestionable injury. The leaves also
gave evidence in many cases of toxicity. Concentrations of the hydroxyl ion
greater Wian about 1.8 X 10"' are considered detrimental to barley seedlings,
while concentrations greater than 2.5 X 10"* are considered extremely toxic.

Acid conditions are said to be favorable to the growth of seedlings in con-
centrations as high as 0.7 X 10'° hydrogen ions. The- fresh and dry weight of
the tops and the average length increased over that of the neutral solutions.
Lateral root development was good and microscopic examinations showed no
evidence of injury to the root tips. These results substantiate those obtained by
Tottingham (E. S. R., 31, p. 425) as shown by electrometric measurements of
solutions similar to those employed by him in studies with wheat. Decided
injury, accompanied a hydrogen-ion concentration of 0.3X10"', resulting in a

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 737

large decrease in dry weight, an unhealthy appearance and lack of lateral roots,
and the death of the root tips.

Seedlings were also grown in gooo Potassium hydroxid and hydrochloric
acid solutions and in a solution of acid potassium carbonate (500 parts per
million). The hydrochloric acid solution . proved fatal to the plants, while
neither of the others caused perceptible injury. These results led to the con-
clusion that such dilute solutions were not capable of showing the effect of the
hydroxyl ion on plant growth. The practical bearing of these studies on field
conditions is briefly discussed, but no definite conclusions are reached.

Further data are presented which are held to indicate a general tendency on
the part of the plant to so regulate the reaction of the media that excessive
concentration.s of the hydrogen or hydroxyl ion can not occur. Barley seed-
lings grown in potassium chlorid solutions of .500 parts per million total con-
centration gave no evidence of injury due to excessive hydrogen-ion concentra-
tion through the formation of hydrochloric acid as a result of the selective
absorption of the potassium ion. The addition of aluminum to potassium chlorid
solutions in which a number of barley seedlings were grown caused injury to
the root tips and inhibited the formation of lateral roots.

Inheritance of endosperm color in maise, O. E. White {Amer. Jour. Bot.,
4 {1911), No. 7, pp. 396--i06). — The author reviews and briefly summarizes the
work of Lock, East (E. S. R., 22, p. 627), East and Hayes (E. S. R., 25. p. 736),
Burtt-Davy (E. S. R., 31. p. 331), Emerson, and Collins (E. S. R., 29, p. 34),
and presents new data obtained from his own studies showing the growing
complexity of facts and their interpretation in the heredity of endosperm color
in maize.

California Golden Pop (Z 14) with yellow endosperm and a strain of white
endosperm maize (Z 21), known as Zea caragua (E. S. R., 11, p. 23), were
used as the parent strains, together with a white endosperm variety of Hopi
maize. The Fi progeny of Z 14XZ 2] gave uniformly white endosperm grains,
while similar results v.'ere secured from a cross of Z 14 with the Hopi variety.

The Fz progeny of Z 14XZ 21 numbered 9,663 individuals, 6,999 of which were
classed as white and 2,664 as yellow. Assuming a one-factor difference between
the two races, vrith white completely dominant or nearly so, the theoretically
expected numbers would be 7,248 ^^' : 2,416 Y. The yellow segregates presented
all shades from a dark yellow (not orange) to a very light, lemon yellow on
the same ear, while in .some ears the yellow color was largely confined to the
base of the grain.

From self-pollinated ears of the Fo generation approximately 1,000 plants
were grown, giving Fs endosperm seed. Of these 43 ears were self-pollinated,
27 coming from Fj seed classed as white and 16 from F2 seed classed as yellow.
Nine of the white seeds gave all white Fs progeny, while 19 gave both white
and yellow grains approximating a 3 W : 1 T ratio. The 16 Fi seeds classed as
yellow gave 14 all yellow ears and 3 ears with both white and yellow seeds,
in a 3 W : 1 Y ratio. The yellow and white endosperm color varied markedly
in this generation, due to a segregation of factors affecting the texture and
the degree of translucency.

Unbagged ears of Z 14 grown in close proximity to varieties with deep yellow
or orange endosperm color invariably developed a larger number of dark
yellow or orange grains, from which a dominance of these yellows over that
of Z 14 is to be inferred, as baggctl ears always gave ;i uniform medium yellow.
Unbagged ears of Z 21 gi'own under similar conditions have never been kno^vn

738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

to develop yellow grains, while cultures of Z 21 grown beside Fi and Fj gen-
eration hybrids (Z 14 XZ 21) have always been observed to produce only
white ears.

In view of these observations the author concludes that the endosperm
color differences between Z 14 and Z 21 may be regarded as due to the presence
and absence of a single factor A. The presence of A prevents the development
of yellow color when the factors for yellow are present, and does not reveal
its presence in a variety which lacks these factors. In the absence of A a
given variety may be either yellow or white. Assuming a factor Y for yellow
pigment to be present in both races studied, Z. caragua is regarded as homo-
zygous for both A and Y, while California Golden Pop is homozygous for the
presence of Y and the absence of A. It is pointed out, however, that, including
the suppression factor A, at least three, and possibly five, pairs of factors are
primarily responsible for endosperm color in maize.

New place effect in maize, G. N. Collins (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 12 {1918), No. 5, pp. 2S1-243). — The author describes experimental work
with first-generation hybrids and a so-called pure strain of com, grown in the
same and in different localities as the parent stock to determine the effect upon
yield of a change of place. The four varieties selected for the experiment were
Stockton, Strawberry, Hickory King, and Boone. In 1912 each of these varieties
was planted in rows alternating with Boone, including Boone itself, which was
used as the male parent in making the hybrids, at Stockton, Kans. ; Victoria,
Tex. ; and Lanham, Md. In 1913 the seed produced at the three localities was
grown at each place, each hybrid, together with the pure-seed Boone, con-
stituting a separate experiment involving only a comparison of the yield from
the seed of the three localities. Seed of each sort from the different sources
was sown in adjoining rows, and each series repeated ten times. Excessive
drought destroyed the entire crop at Stockton. At the other points the corn
from all the experiments was harvested on the same day, and the weight of
ears and the number of plants recorded for each row. Tabulated data are
presented showing the yields in pounds per row and per plant from the several
rows, and the stand of plants secured from Maryland and Texas grown seed
subsequently grown and compared m Maryland and Texas.

Regarding the ability to produce a stand as one of the manifestations of
greater vigor, it was concluded from these preliminary results that " with all
four kinds a comparison of the relative stand at the two localities is in favor
of the transferred seed. In the Boone variety the transfer of seed has resulted
in an 8 per cent increase of stand, a difference nearly four times the probable
error. Since the analysis of the comparative stand of local and transferred
seed shows that the differences are not accidental, but are consistently in favor
of the transferred seed, it would seem that yield per row is a more reliable
measure of comparative vigor than yield per plant. Yield per row is the meas-
ure of the practical results, and from this standpoint it is seen that all four
strains showed an increase in yield as a result of transfer of seed. In Texas,
where there was a definite tendency for an increased number of plants in a
row to reduce the yield per plant, yield per plant is obviously ill-calculated to
bring out the real difference in vigor."

To corroborate these conclusions, somewhat simillar experiments were con-
ducted at Greenville, Tex. ; Sacaton, Ariz. ; and Lanham, Md., during 1915 and
1916, employing the varieties named above. The crop was a failure at Green-
ville. To eliminate differences due to irregularities in the stand of plants, seed
from Maryland and Arizona were planted in each hill, the source of the seed
being Indicated by the position of the plant in the hill. Measurements were
recorded of the height of each plant and the total length of the ear or ears in

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 739

hills containing plants from botti Maryland and Arizona grown seed. In 1915
the crosses were made by hand instead of by detasseling alternate rows as in
1912.

In spite of all precautions a certain measure of selection was thought to pre-
vail, but it is concluded that " the entire effect of selection would be to favor
the home-grown seed, and that the transferred seed was not superior to the
home grown in every instance may not be held to vitiate the cases in which
significant differences in favor of the transferred seed were observed. The
results indicate, however, that the stimulation is more pronounced in some
stocks than in others. Thus, in the 1916 comparisons Boone X Hickory King
stands out as a conspicuous exception. In all other stocks the transferred seed
produced taller plants than the home-grown seed; but with Boone X Hickory
King, the home-grown seed exceeded the transferred by 6.2 per cent, a difference
not to be ascribed to chance, being more than eight times the probable error.
Of the three stocks in which the yield was taken, Boone X Hickory King is also
the only one to show superiority for the home-grown seed. Taken alone, the
differences in yield could not be considered significant, but the agreement with
the results for height confirms the reliability of these results."

The investigations are held to indicate the existence of a hitherto neglected
factor in maize production, but much more extensive experiments are deemed
necessary to determine its extent and practical importance. The experimental
work reported is summarized as follows : " Hybrids between the same pairs
of varieties made at different localities showed no decrease in yield as a result
of transferring the first-generation seed to a new locality. On the contrary,
the change of environment seemed to act as a stimulus, with the result that the
yields were increased in all but one of the hybrids tested. One unhybridlzed
variety was included in the experiment, and this also gave slightly increased
yields as a result of being transferred to a new environment. In 6 of the 10
comparisons the increase is too large to be ascribed to experimental error and
indicates that new-place effect should be taken into consideration as a factor
of production. . . .

" There is no evidence that the importance of using acclimatized seed has been
overestimated. On the contrary, the experiments show that new-place effect
may often obscure the differences between acclimatized and unacclimatized
seed when first compared, and thus interfere with a full appreciation of the
value of adaptation. . . . The results also indicate that adaptation in maize
comes about through selection rather than as a direct reaction to the environ-
mental conditions."

Observations regarding the corn crop of 1917 {AIo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 3 {1918),
No. 1, p. 26). — The results obtained with corn in five- and three-year rotations
at Wooster (Ohio) under various fertilizer and manure treatments are briefly
reviewed.

Grown continuously without fertilizer, corn yielded but 9.67 bu. per acre,
while in a rotation of corn, oats, wheat, clover, and timothy it produced 30.28
bu. With applications of 12.5 and 25 tons of manure per acre in five years,
corn grown continuously gave yields of 19.2 and 33.3 bu. per acre, respectively,
while with an application of 16 tons in a five-year rotation it produced 75.36 bu.

Approximately 55 per cent of the Ohio corn crop is said to have fully ma-
tured in 1917, only about one-fourth being fit for seed and 39 per cent being
described as soft and unmerchantable.

Selecting' and testing seed corn, C. W. Goodman (Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. 53
(J9i7), pp. 23, fi[ts. 10). — Detailed dii'ections are given for the selection and
testing of seed corn.

62077°— 18 4

740 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.88

Cotton in the San Joaquin Valley, J. W. Gilmobe (CaUfomia Sta. Circ. 192
(1918), pp. S). — This circular briefly outlines the possibilities of cotton produc-
tion in the region indicated, with special reference to the growing of Egyptian
cotton. The soil, cultural, and moisture requirements of the crop are noted.

The adoption of a constructive policy embodying the economic features of
labor, community organization and education, and the cultural features of soil
preparation, planting, cultivating, irrigating, harvesting, and crop improvement
is deemed essential in making the crop of permanent value to the agriculture
of the State.

Cotton production in the United States: Crop of 1916 (Bur. of the Census
[U. S.], Cotton Prod. U. S., 1916, pp. ^3).— This presents tabulated statistics
of the cotton ginned from the 1916 crop for the United States, for the several
States, and for individual counties.

Oats investigations, T. A. Kiesselbach and J. A. Ratcuff (Nebraska Sta.
Bui. 160 (1917), pp. 4-48, figs. i7).— This reports on the status of oat growing
in Nebraska on the basis of observations covering a long period of years, and
including variety and selection tests, comparisons of irrigated and unirrigated
oats for seed, a study of the effect of grading on the seed value of oats, rate-of-
planting tests, notes on the relative yields of oats and other crops at Lincoln,
and general observations on growing the crop and on substitute crops. Consid-
erable tabulated data are presented and discussed.

The crop is said to be grown frequently at a loss in Nebraska, except in the
northeastern part of the State. Early varieties are deemed superior to late
varieties, tests covering a period of 15 years, 1902 to 1916, inclusive, showing
an average yield of 54.7 bu. per acre for six early varieties as compared with
41.7 bu. for 13 late varieties. Similar tests covering a 12-year period, 1905 to
1916, showed an average yield of 58.3 bu. per acre for three early varieties and
47.2 bu. for four late varieties ; while in tests covering a period of six years,
1911 to 1916, 4 early varieties showed an average yield of 56.4 bu., and 10
late varieties, a yield of 39.7 bu., there being an average difference of eight
days in time of ripening for the last two periods. The best early variety was
Burt, and the best late variety Swedish Select.

Forty strains of Kherson oats, originating from 750 head selections, have
been grown for six years, 1911 to 1916, in the nursery, and 10 of these selec-
tions for four years, 1913 to 1916, in field plats. A white strain designated as
Nebraska No. 21 is considered best, giving an average yield of 57.39 bu. per
acre in the nursery and 61.9 bu. in field plats as compared with yields of 52.62
and 54.1 bu., respectively, for the original Kherson, and 64.5 and 62.3 bu. per
acre, respectively, for Burt and Texas Red grown in the field during the same
four-year period.

Kherson and Swedish Select unirrigated seed grown in eastern Nebraska
produced an average yield for a five-year period, 1912 to 1916, of 47.6 and 33.6
bu. per acre, respectively, as compared with yields from irrigated seed grown
in western Nebraska of 51 and 36.8 bu., respectively.

Fanning mill tests are noted from Research Bulletin 11, on page 732.

During five years, 1912 to 1916, large and small hand-selected seeds of Kher-
son oats were compared for yield when sown in equal numbers and equal
weights per acre at an optimum rate for large seed. The average yield from
seed planted in equal numbers amounted to 46.1 bu. for large seed and 40.9 bu.
for small seed. In plantings of equal weights, a yield of 46.1 bu. was obtained
from both large and small seed, and of 45.3 bu. from unselected seed.

Rate-of -planting tests extending over a period of 12 years are held to indicate
that a rather wide range in rate of planting may prevail without materially
affecting the yield per acre, but the data suggest a rate of from 10 to 12 pk. per

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 741

acre for varieties of the Kherson type and of 12 pk. for those of the Swedish
Select type. Somewhat lower rates are deemed best for central and western
Nebraska because of the less favorable moisture conditions.

Calculated in pounds per acre and allowing 30 per cent for hulls in oats, the
relative grain yields of oats, corn, and winter and spring wheat for an eight-
year period, 1909 to 1916, were 1,165, 2,576, 2,160, and 1,140 lbs., respectively.
Assuming 30 per cent for hulls in oats and 15 per cent for hulls in barley, aver-
age yields of grain were obtained for a four-year period, 1907 to 1910, amount-
ing to 1,147 lbs. per acre for Kherson oats, 1,750 for Oderbrucker spring barley,
1,195 for Tennessee winter barley, and 2,472 f®r Turkey Red winter wheat.
Barley is deemed to be the best spring crop to substitute for oats.

Increased soil fertility, careful seed-bed preparation, early seeding, and treat-
ment for smut are deemed important factors in successful oats production.

Th.e deep-water paddy of Orissa, E. L. Rout {Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa
[India], 4 {1916), pp. 66-69, pi. 1; abs. in Nature [London], 99 (1917), No.
2Jf90. p. 411). — Eight rice varieties adapted to growth in deep water (from 6
to 12 ft.) are briefly described and illustrated.

Soy beans, N. Schmitz (Pcnn. State Col. Ext. Circ. 59 (1917), pp. 16, figs.
4). — Soy-bean growing in Pennsylvania for forage and seed production is out-
lined and the use of ^oj beans as human food briefly discussed.

Selection experiments with Deli tobacco, J. A. Honing (Meded. Deli-Proef-
stat. Medan, 10 {1917), No. 5, pp. 79-128). — ^Extensive selection experiments
with tobacco at several experimental centers are reported in detail.

The comparative anatomy of wheat, Triticum albidum and T. erythros-
permum, M. Komar {Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Jour. Agr. Expt.), 17 {1916), No. 5,
pp. 370-399, figs. 16). — The author arrived at the following conclusions:

In T. crythrospennum the size of the epidermal cells which form the chloro-
phyll layer and integument was greater on the ventral side than on the
lateral and dorsal sides.

Although T. albidum is of western origin, the prolonged culture (six years)
and consequent adaptation to the conditions of the region made it difficult to
discern in the anatomical structure of the grain the characteristics which
would indicate its origin. Consequently, differences in structure were con-
sidered due to individual peculiarities of the plants which were all produced
under constant climatic .and soil conditions.

Measurements of the epiderm and of the chlorophyll layer did not show
any significant difference between the two wheats, but in T. erythrospermum
the exterior integument was found to be thicker, with the pigment more
intense and with the cells larger. Moreover, very large stomata were observed
which may indicate to a certain degree that more intense physiological phe-
nomena took place in the life of the plant. A possible relationship was dis-
covered between the aleurone cells, which were larger in T. erythrospermum,
and an increased quantity of the fats of the albuminoid bodies as shown by
microchemical reactions (o.smic acid, eosin, Millon's reaction, picric acid, and
nitric acid).

The pigment layer in the two wheats was composed of four layers of cells,
the second from the outside being wholly colored. Two layers of cells lay
below this pigmented layer, but their origin has not yet been definitely
established.

The improvement of wheat [in Argentina], G. O. Backhouse {Min. Agr.
Nac. [Buenos Aires], Dir. Gen. Ensenanza e Invest. Agr. [Pub.] No. 73 {1917),
pp. 72, figs. 17). — This is a general discussion of wheat improvement in Ar-
gentina through selection and variety testing in different sections of the
country. A report of the work for 1915-16 is included.

742 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Geography of wheat prices, L. B. Zapoleon (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 59^
(1918), pp. 46, figs. 9, maps 4)- — This bulletin presents a detailed study of the
wide variations occurring in the producers' price of wheat throughout the
continental United States, based on figures showing price averages by counties
compiled from annual returns of some 30,000 township reporters for the five
years 1910 to 1914, inclusive, and being a survey of the geography of wheat
prices and price factors. The tabulated data are supplemented by maps and
graphs showing geogi-aphic price zones and related factors.

The bearing of price factors on the indicated price differences is outlined
in an empirical manner, these factors being described as complex, frequently
interdependent, and not susceptible of absolute measurement Price factors
from 1871 to 1915 are briefly reviewed in an effort to trace present tendencies
through their indicated development. In conclusion, the gross price of wheat
is contrasted with the actual returns by coordinating prices, yields, and cost
of production per bushel and per acre. The basic elements in geographic price
differences are deemed to be population, prod;iction, demand, and indicated
trade movement, the author stating that " farm prices group themselves geo-
graphically into zones responding to economic conditions attending the transit
of wheat from areas of supply to those of demand."

The lowest farm price for wheat, 65 cts. per bushel, appeared in the surplus
areas of Idaho and Montana, having small consuming populations and located
most disadvantageously as to foreign markets. Ii"'rom this pivotal area, wheat
prices gi'aduated upward in every direction, following closely wheat move-
ments toward areas of deficient production. Toward the Pacific they increased
to the west and south, attaining a maximum of $1 per bushel at San Francisco
and in southern California, and toward the Atlantic they increased to the
east and south, with a maximum of $1.15 and over in the Southeast (chiefly
in South Carolina and Georgia). Localities with higher or lower price levels
than those of the surrounding territory sometimes occurred entirely subordi-
nate to the general price current, responding to peculiarities of the commercial
wheat movement.

Comparative stability and small local differences in prices were found in the
great wheat-producing sections having a great volume of wheat traffic, com-
petitive primary markets, and elaborate freight adjustments, whereas in
regions having small wheat movements, greater price irregularity and higher
prices obtained. A large part of the commercial wheat was found in a limited
number of markets with highly organized distributive systems, each ordinarily
receiving its supplies from some particular territory. " The largest single
element in the regional price disparities is represented by freight rates.
Though subject to change in their main features, they are constant in their
influence on price conditions."

Based on summarized data showing average prices and cost of production
for the period of 1911 to 1915, inclusive, it was noted that areas of high price
showed minimum net returns, higher prices per bushel being offset either by
high acreage costs or such relatively low yields per acre as to make the per
bushel cost high. On the other hand, low prices per bushel with high yields
showed high returns per acre at the lowest costs. The ratios of returns per
acre or per bushel to cost, based upon average figures for the United States
as 100 per cent, were 201 and 205 per cent, respectively, for Montana and
Idaho, as compared with 155 and 139 per cent for South Carolina and Georgia,
respectively.

In reviewing farm prices for wheat and price factors for the period of 1871
to 1915, inclusive, it was observed that the minimum farm price has moved
steadily north and west, appearing in Nebraska from 1871 to 1875, in the
Dakotas from 1891 to 1895, and in Idaho and Montana from 1911 to 1915.

1918.] HORTICULTURE. 743

During this period geographic differences in wheat prices, although still large,
have narrowed notably, especially as between importing Eastern and exporting
Western States, the diminishing price spreads being accompanied by decreasing
transportation costs and the development of distributive methods, and also
by a decline of wheat growing east of the Mississippi, as well as by a compara-
tive concentration of the national wheat production within the Western North
Central States.

Although wheat production in the United States practically trebled during
the period of ISTl to 1915, in proportion to population it has remained sta-
tionary since 1882 to 188G, with 8.2 bu. per capita as against 8.3 bu. in 1911
to 1915. A notable and general decline was also observed in the proportion
of wheat to total improved land within the wheat belt, showing that increased
production was chiefly due to new areas brought under cultivation, together
with some slight increase in the yield per acre. Wheat production east of the
Mississippi dropped from 62.2 per cent of the total to 26.2 per cent, while
that of the Western North Central States (including Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,
North and South Dakota, Nebrasl^a, and Kansas) increased from 26.1 per cent
to 51.8 per cent. It was only in the Mountain States (Montana, Wyoming,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho), however, that any
considerable recent growth in the ratio of wheat production to population
was observed, due largely to new areas brought under cultivation, the per
capita production in this region increasing from 0.8 bu. during the period 1871
to 1875 to 20..S bu. in 1911 to 1915.

Seed Reporter {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Seed Rptr., 1 (1918), 2Vo. 4, pp. 4).—
Tabulated statistics are presented on seed stocks of cowpeas, soy beans, le.spe-
deza, Sudan grass, sweet and grain sorghums, and millets based upon reports
made December 31, 1917, by shippers ; on forage plant seed permitted entry
into the United States during January, 1918 ; and on a comparison of retail
prices of vegetable seeds for 1918 with those for 1917 compiled from a large
number of retail mail-order catalogues received from representative seedsmen.

Information relative to the clover-seed situatiT)n is presented, and jobbers*
prices for country-run seed, and quotations on recleaned seed, are briefly noted
for millet, forage and grain sorghums, Sudan grass, alfalfa, sweet clover, and
corn in the Missouri Valley.

The .seed spring wheat situation in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Montana is
reported as generally favorable, and the quality of the seed as excellent.

Noxious weeds in New Zealand, A. H. Cockayne (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 14
(1917), No. 5, pp. SS9-3J/4). — From 669 replies to inquiries sent out to farmers
by the New Zealand Department of Agriculture relative to the most serious
weeds of arable and pastoral land, a tabulated statement is presented showing
the 15 principal weeds reported for North Island and the same number for
South Island. Ten weed's of the latter group are weeds of arable land as com-
pared with only two of the former group, due to the difference in farm prac-
tice in the two localities. The State is divided into weed districts, giving the
three principal weeds for each.

HORTICULTURE.

Relation of the variability of yields of fruit trees to the accuracy of field
trials, L. D. Batchelok and H. S. Reed (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
12 (1918), No. 5, pp. 245-283, figs. 5). — In this paper the authors present the
results of a study at the California Citrus Substation of the nature and extent
of the casual variability of yields of fruit trees under field conditions and its
bearing on the reliability of plat trials. The results of previous studies relat-

7-^1:4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

ing to the varying productivity of fruit trees, together wltti studies dealing
with errors in field trials, are reviewed, and a bibliography of cited literature
is appended.

The results of this investigation, which are presented in a series of tables and
fully discussed, are summarized as follows : " Studies have been made upon the
variability of the yields of orange, lemon, apple, and walnut trees. The
orchards studied were selected on account of uniformity of treatment and ap-
pearance, yet the variability in productivity was considerable. The coefficient
of variability for the yield of individual trees of the clonal varieties ranged
from 29.27±0.69 to 41.23±1.52 per cent, but for the individual seedling walnuts
the coefficient was somewhat higher, reaching 53.91±1.92 per cent. The varia-
bility of these tree yields approaches the normal curve of errors. This varia-
bility may be assumed to be the result of ' casual ' factors which are beyond the
control and possibly the recognition of a careful experimenter.

" The effect upon variability of combining trees into plats of various sizes
and shapes has been investigated. As the number of trees per plat is increased,
the coefficient of variability decreases. The coefficient of variability does not
decrease, however, in proportion to the increased number of trees per plat. In
most cases there is little gained in accuracy by increasing the plat to include
more than eight adjacent trees.

" One of the great causes of variability in yields appears to be the hetero-
geneity of apparently uniform soil. While a combination of a sufficient number
of adjacent trees into a plat will overcome largely the fluctuations of individ-
uals, nevertheless the plats may not sufficiently include both high and low
yielding areas to give a typical average. Greater reliability may be secured by
a systematic repetition and distribution of plats through the experimental area.
A consistent gain in reliability resulting from this method of repetition is
shown by the use of several different methods of computing the variability.

" The coefficient of variability for an average plat of 16 adjacent trees was
22.58±1.01, while 16 trees in 4 scattered ultimate plats each of 4 ti*ees have
a coefficient of variability of .9.29it0.4. The larger the number of units in a
combination plat the more typical is the sample of the area obtained. A 16-tree
plat can be expected to give more reliable results if divided into four equal plats
and repeated at four regularly placed intervals than can either two 8-tree
plats, or 16 adjacent trees. The same principle holds true for larger units. A
given number of unit plats wiU give a greater accuracy than half the number of
units vsdth twice as many trees per unit

" Four repetitions of an ultimate plat reduced the coefficient of variability to
a point considered practical for cultural operations. Farther repetitious,
though reducing the coefficient In less degree, did not appear to justify the ad-
ditional number of trees required. A minimum of 8 to 10 trees is required for
plats involving cultm-al experiments. In case of rootstock, pruning, or variety
trials, twice as many plats each containing half as many trees might be used to
obtain greater accuracy.

" The fact that marked soil variations occur which tend to make adjacent
trees or adjacent plats yield aUke, even on soUs which were chosen because of
their apparent uniformity, is well shown by applying the formula proposed by
Harris [E. S. R., 33, p. 727] for measuring the coefficient of correlation between
neighboring plats of the field. Applying this to the Arlington navel oranges, the
writers have calculated the correlation between the yield of the 8-tree plat as
the ultimate unit and the yield of the combination of four such adjacent plats,
and it was found that

r=+0.533±0.0S5.

1918.] HORTICULTURE. 745

" This result shows a marked correlation, indicating a pronounced hetero-
geneity in the soil of this grove influencing fniit production. However, when
the correlaton between the 8-tree plat as the ultimate unit and the yield of the
combination of four such systematically scattered plats was calculated it was
found that

r =+0.137±0.120.

" This coefficient is practically equal to its probable error and can be regarded
as significantly zero.

" In the computations made by the writers emphasis is also laid upon the
nature and magnitude of the probable error. It is shown in several cases that
the probable error of comparison between plats may be so large that relatively
large differences must be evident between treated and untreated plats for a
reasonable assurance that It is due to the factors being experimented upon.
With the plats of 16 to 32 adjacent trees which were studied, a difference of
from 62.94 to 81.97 per cent of the mean production would be necessaiy in order
to obtain chances of 10 to 1 that the results were due to differential treatment
and not to casual variation in the productivity of the trees. With the same
number of trees in scattered units, a difference of 28.42 to 50.02 per cent would
be necessary for the same odds. It seems probable, therefore, that a difference
between two tree plats of less than 50 per cent ®f the mean production should
be considered with caution before attributing it to differential treatment

" The relation between the shape of a plat and its variability was investi-
gated by making comparisons between square plats and linear plats containing
the same number of trees. Except in the case of large plats, the difference
in the variability of plats of different shapes was insignificant.

" In anj- method of field experimentation where a standard of comparison is
desired the theoretical or ' normal ' yield of a plat is a question of importance.
By the use of certain formulas the ' normal ' yield may be computed from control
plats. As a standard, one may use the average yields of the control plats of the
entire area, or of the nearest control plats, or a combination of the two. In
cases studied, the coeflicient of variability was reduced 50 per cent by calculat-
ing the normal yield from the nearest controls in place of using the mean of the
entire area. The employment of every alternate row as a control plat was not
suflicient to offset the variability due to soil heterogeneity.

" Computations made on the yields of orange, walnut, and apple trees for
several consecutive years showed little annual fluctuation in their variability.
One or two crops may not show greater variability than the average of six or
seven crops."

Fa.ctors influencing th.e abscission of flowers and partially developed
fruits of the apple (Pynis m.alus), A. J. Heinicice {New York Cornell Sta.
Bui. S9S (1911), pp. 45-114, figS: 8).— This bulletin contains the results of ob-
servations and experiments made during the three seasons 1914-1916 with the
view of determining the factors influencing the abscission of flowers and of
partially developed fruits of the apple during the so-called June drop. The
literature of the subject is briefly surveyed and a bibliography is appended.
A popular summary of the work had been previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 541).

The data collected during the course of the study and here recorded show
the percentage of flowers developing fruits and of flower spurs retaining fruits
after the first drop and after the June drop ; the relation between amount of
bloom and set of fruit ; set of fruit on limbs with large leaves and on limbs
with small leaves ; set of fruit as influenced by the location of the spur on the
twig growth of different years ; set of fruit on spurs formed on different parts
of a given year's growth; relation between the number of flowers to the spur

746 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

and ability of the spur to set fruit; relation between length of spur growth
made during the preceding season and fruitf ulness of the spur ; relation between
weight of flower-bearing spur and its fruitfulness ; relation between weight of
spur to the number of flowers and to the length of the previous season's
growth ; relation between the weight of the new spur growth and the diameter
of the conducting tissue ; relation between diameter of conducting tissue and
weight of spurs, from limbs having a light bloom and from those having a fuU
bloom ; relation between water supply, leaf area, and pushing of buds ; relation
between amount of lateral growth from the flower-bearing spur and fruitful-
ness of the spur ; relation between sap supply and fruit setting ; fruit setting
as influenced by varying amounts of leaf surface on the flower-bearing spur ;
influence of sunlight on the setting of fruit ; relation between seed formation
and fruit development ; observations concerning some of the physiological
effects of seeds ; i-elations to be considered in choosing fruits borne under simi-
lar conditions ; and experiments concerning the formation of the absciss layer,
showing the effect of removing fruit and leaving varying lengths of stem, effect
of coating fruit with vaseline to inhibit transpiration and exchange of gases,
effect of slow and rapid drying of leaves on detached spurs with uncoated
fruit and on detached spurs with vaseline-coated fruit, and the effect of a satu-
rated and of a dry atmosphere on abscission of fruit on detached spurs.

The author found that from two-fifths to four-fifths of the total number of
flowers are lost during the early drop, or within from one to four weeks after
the petals fall, only 3 to 7 per cent of the total number of flowers finally
develop into fruits, and from one-sixth to one-third of the flower-bearing spurs
finally set fruit. The proportion of spurs that set fruit after the first drop and
that hold fruit after the June drop varies with the variety, with individual trees
of the same variety and on different limbs of the same tree.

Summing up the evidence as a whole, the author concludes that " the results
presented . . . emphasize the importance of vigor, more especially the vigor
of the individual spur, as a factor in fruit setting. As compared to weak spurs,
the previous season's growth of vigorous spurs is longer, the new spur growth
Is heavier, the leaves are larger and more numerous, there are more flowers to
the spur, the diameter of the conducting tissue is greater, and the weight of the
lateral spur growth is greater.

" The vigorous spurs seem to favor fruit setting because they can supply the
developing fruits with an abundance of water and food. Seeds appear to be
valuable because they supplement the forces that bring sap to the fruit.
Strong seeds are of primary importance for the setting of fruit on relatively
weak spurs ; they are of lesser importance for the setting of fruit on strong
spurs.

" The number of strong seeds is dependent on effective fertilization, which in
turn presupposes cross-pollination. Even though the grower may plant several
varieties of the same fruit which bloom during the same time, nevertheless
cross-pollination is frequently prevented by unfavorable weather during bloom-
ing time. Man has little control over the weather. On the other hand, man may
influence the vigor of the tree by cultural methods. Trees in sod, for example,
are usually less vigorous than trees in a tilled orchard. The latter, as a rule,
produce heavier crops of fruit. . . .

" The application of a quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, such as sodium
nitrate, early in spring may have a decided effect in stimulating early and
rapid spur growth that would be likely to set fruit the following year. Some
evidence for this suggestion is contained in the paper by Lewis and Allen
[E. S. R., 35, p. 540] received by the writer while the present report was in
the course of preparation. . . .

1918.] HORTICULTURE. 747

" The observations and experiments recorded . . . justify the tentative con-
clusion that unfavorable conditions of nutrition and water supply are among
the basic factors which cause the normal drop of flowers and partially devel-
(jped fruits of the apple. All factors that have a direct or an indirect influence
on nutrition and water supply of the flower and the fruit, sucli as pollination,
weather, cultivation, and the like, are of importance. Fruit development, how-
ever, is possible without cross-pollination and even under relatively unfavorable
weather conditions, so long as the young fruit has an abundant supply of water
and of readily available food."

The comixion honeybee as an agent in prune pollination, A. H. Hendbick-
SON {California Sta. Bui. 291 (1918), pp. 215-236, figs, i.3).— In some tent ex-
periments conducted in 1916 (E. S. R., 36, p. 536) it was shown that bees are
a necessary aid to pollination with the French and Imperial varieties of prunes.
The study was continued on a larger scale in 1917 and is here reported on in
detail. The tent experiments were so arranged as to test the effect of the
absence of pollen-carrying agents, to study the question of interfertility or the
necessity for interplanting for purposes of cross-pollination between the two
varieties, and to determine the ability of each variety to set fruit with its own
pollen. Counts were also made of the blossoms of each vaiiety on trees growing
in the open, in order to get the set of fruit that occurred under average orchard
conditions.

Summing up the results of the two seasons' work, the author concludes that
" both the French and Imperial prunes may be aided in setting fruit by the
use of bees in the orchard during the blossoming period, provided the trees are
in a normal, healthy condition. The absence of bees in the orchard may mean a
low percentage of set with both of these varieties. The French prune does not
absolutely require interplanting with the Imperial, even though this arrange-
ment may prove beneficial to both varieties."

Pruning- the seedless grapes, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Circ. 191
{1918), pp. 12, figs. 10). — This circular contains specific directions for the
methods of pruning which have given the best results with seedless raisin
grapes. Information is given relative to the treatment of young vines, trellising,
and pruning bearing vines.

The mango in Porto Rico, C. F. Kinman {Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 2Jf {1918),
pp. SO, pis. 11). — This bulletin embodies the more important results relative to
mango culture in Porto Rico, based upon several years' work at the station
during which trees of many varieties have been imported, propagated, and in
some cases brought into satisfactory production. The important phases dis-
cussed include the soil and climate of Porto Rico, with special reference to
mango growing, blossoming period, propagation, importance of classification,
desBcription of varieties, weights of different parts of fruits, protection against
fruit flies, harvesting and packing, and mangoes as ornamentals.

The investigation as a whole has shown that imported varieties of mangoes
superior to the common mango of Porto Rico can be grown successfully in prac-
tically all Porto Rican soils, provided that there is a good subdrainage and that
they should be planted extensively for market and home use. Good crops are
more certain along the western and northern lowlands of the island where the
rainfall is light during the blossoming season. The prevailing winds and morn-
ing sun seem to be very beneficial both for the growth of the trees and setting
of fruit ; hence open, exposed sites should be selected for the orchard. Propaga-
tion both by inarching and by bark grafting has proved satisfactory for use
in the nursery and for top working large trees. Large seeds which produce
only one plant are most satisfactory for stocks. The East Indian varieties pro-
duce larger and more thi-ifty plants as a rule than the native mangoes. Both

748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

nursery and other mango trees may be transplanted successfully if they are not
making a new growth and rainfall is plentiful.

The confusion in the classification of types of mangoes as well as the great
variation in growth and productiveness of the trees and quality of fruit seri-
ously handicap the present development of mango orchards in Porto Rico. Of
the imported varieties that have fruited, the most productive of the thrifty
kinds with fruits of high quality are Cambodiana, Totafari, Amini, Bennett,
and Paheri. Of these, Cambodiana and Paheri appear to be better suited to
home than to commercial use. Fruits of the native varieties and all varieties
from Martinique. Trinidad, and South America are less desirable than many of
the other imported kinds.

The station's work has shown that mangoes that have not softened on the
tree should be picked with a stem longer than the fruit stalk so as to prevent
the juice of the base of the fruit from escaping through the fruit stalk and
leaving passages for the entrance of infection- Fruits in orange wrapping paper
did not ripen or decay so quickly as those wrapped in oil paper, newspaper, or
coconut fiber, or those left in the open air. Fruits packed in coconut fiber
ripened earliest. East Indian varieties showed much better keeping qualities
than the native varieties.

The author points out that the mango is one of the most satisfactory orna-
mental trees for Porto Rico and that it is possible to select from varieties pro-
ducing fruit of high quality those which best carry out a particular scheme of
landscape gardening.

Report of the horticulturist, C. F. Kinman (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp.
11-21, pis. 2). — A progress report on investigations with pineapples, coconuts,
and mangoes, including notes on some miscellaneous introductions. The work
with mangoes is reported on in a bulletin on page 747.

During the past two years the work with pineapples has included a compari-
son of the effects of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia in a complete
fertilizer. The results of these tests indicate not only that sulphate of am-
monia is the most desirable source of nitrogen for pineapples in soils similar
to that at the station, but that nitrate of soda should not be used for fertilizing
pineapples in this soil type and that experiments should be conducted to deter-
mine Its value in other soil types before it is used commercially. The plants
receiving their nitrogen from sulphate of ammonia continued their vigorous
growth and maintained their healthy color throughout the year, whereas those
on the other plats, including the plats receiving nitrogpn from nitrate of soda,
made a very slow growth and remained abnormal in color.

In the fertilizer experiments with coconuts the plats receiving a complete
fertilizer continue to produce much larger crops than those given an incomplete
mixture, whereas in the group of plats where either nitrogen, phosphate, or
potash is omitted from the fertilizer the yield is little heavier than that of the
check plat. Complete fertilization has gradually increased the number of nuts
harvested, but the average diameter of the nuts has remained practically the
same throughout all plats in the experiment. Measurements made of the husks
and nuts from a number of selected trees for several years have shown that the
product from a given tree varies little in size and proportion of husk and nut
from harvest to harvest. A study is being made of the progeny of seed from
selected trees.

Twenty varieties of American-grown sweet potatoes, which were sent to the
station by the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
in 1911 and grown at the station, have all lost their characteristic flavor and at
least some of them have developed a coarseness not common on the mainland.
These importations are not in general superior in flavor or texture to the types

1918.] HORTICULTURE. 749

which have been grown in Porto Rico over a long period of years. A compara-
tive test of a new stock of these varieties is to be made. Among the native
sweet potatoes one with superior qualities, known locally as mamey, is being
propagated for distribution.

Two types of the leguminous plant Phaseolus mungo received from the
Philippine Islands have proved very thrifty and prolific at the station when
planted during the spring, although poor crops have resulted from summer,
fall, and winter plantings. The cooked seed of this plant is palatable as food
and its heavy foliage makes it valuable as a soil improver or cover crop.

A variety of banana known as Hua Moa received by the station from Hawaii
several yeai-s ago is giving some promise as a cooking banana, although it does
not appear to thrive well except when given good applications of stable manure.

Report of tlie assistant horticulturist, T. B. McClelland {Porto Rico Sta.
Rpt. 1916, pp. 21-24). — The testing of coffee varieties new to Porto Rico was
continued and promising varieties are being distributed widely. Observations
on an extensive planting of Robusta coffee indicate that it is inferior in quality
to that of the Arabian type grown in Porto Rico, but its heavier yield makes
it a promising crop for supplying a low-priced market. This coffee matures
later than the native coffee, the main crop ripening in late winter and early
spring rather than in autumn. This is suggested as being an advantage as it
furnishes employment to pickers in a dull season. The rank growth of the
trees necessitates topping to 7 or 8 ft. to facilitate picking. The coffee locally
Icnown as " Murta " has proved to be a mongi-el and inheritance ©f different
forms is being studied. The experimental transplanting of coffee trees con-
tinues to show wide differences both in growth and yield as the result of the
method followed. This work is discussed in detail in a separate report (E. S.
R., 37, p. 649). Fertilizer experiments with coffee contimae to show beneficial
effects, both on growth and crop, from the application of nitrogen. A native
tree of dwarf growth (Erythrina corallod-endron) , not hitherto used locally as
coffee shade, is being tested for this purpose. Plantings without shade of differ-
ent coffee varieties are also being made to compare their relative vigor in
the open.

Records have been kept of the number of pods produced on individual cacao
trees for several years. Of plantings made in the spring of 1909 a little more
than one-fourth of the trees produced no crop in the calendar year 1915. The
others averaged nearly 10 pods per tree. In plantings made in 1903 about the
same proportion of trees failed to produce but the average yield from the fruit-
ing trees was 6.5 pods per tree. Attempts to propagate cacao from cuttings
have been unsuccessful.

The experiments thus far conducted witii vanilla show this to be a promising
crop for Porto Rico. It requires careful attention and a great deal of labor,
but with proper conditions large returns may be secured from a small acreage.
In crossing vanilla species some very marked modifications, here noted, in the
shape of the resulting pod have followed the application of foreign pollen. A
new planting of vanilla has been made for further tests of the effects of light
and dense shading, different pruning systems, the removal of superfluous blos-
soms, and the pollination of few to many blossoms per cluster.

Trees of mahogany {Sioietenia iiuici'ophylla) continue to show adaptability
to local conditions. In a planting made at the station the average height at
3 years from seeding was 16 ft, the maximum height 30 ft

Bush beans in the greenhouse, S. N. Gbeen {Mo. Bid. Ohio Sta., 3 {1918),
No. 1, pp. 16-20, figs. 2). — Experiments on the greenhouse culture of bush beans
conducted during the three seasons 1915-1917 are reported.

750 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

Of twelve varieties tested, the variety Plentiful gave the highest average
yield of 6.4 oz. of green beans per hill for the three seasons, followed by
Canadian Wonder with 5.9 oz. and Sunrise with 5.1 oz. per hill. The author
points out that at present most of the varieties suited to greenhouse culture
are of English origin, and that suitable varieties must be bred in America be-
fore the fullest returns can be expected from this crop.

In these experiments, the beans were planted in March and April. The
average variety matured the crop in 70 days. There was no great difference
between the yield of beans planted in hills and those planted in rows. Hills
planted 12 by 18 in. apart with 2 plants per hill gave better average results
than hills spaced 12 by 12 in. with either 2 or 4 plants per hill. With rows
planted 16 in. apart, a 1-in. space between the beans gave somewhat better
results than a 2-in. space. It is pointed out that planting distances must be
determined for specific soil and other conditions.

A test of various soils indicated that nearly all greenhouse soils are suitable
for forcing beans without more attention than is given tomato and cucumber
soils, but that the bean crop should be watered more sparingly than the tomato
or cucumber crop in order to keep the soil in good physical condition and to
prevent the rapid spread of fungus diseases. An excess of water may also in-
terfere with proper pollination of the flowers. Methods of controlling insects
and diseases are briefly discussed.

Heredity studies in the morning-glory (Ipomosa purpurea), E. E. Barker
{New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 392 (1917), pp. 5-38, pis. S).— This bulletin pre-
sents the results of experiments with morning-glory plants which were studied
in pedigree cultures. Germinal analyses of them were made by means of cross-
ing and subsequent selflng, supplemented by collateral breeding tests from the
parents used in the crosses. The data secured are presented in a series of tables
and fully discussed. A bibliogi-aphy of cited literature is given.

The important results and deductions from the study are summarized as fol-
lows : " Several characters were studied which in heredity behaved in an
alternative and Mendelian manner. These were color of the seed coat, feather-
ing of the corolla, color of the corolla, and flaking of the corolla.

"The seed coat is either black or yellowish bi'own (tan). Black is the
dominant color. Black, being the dominant color in the maternal somatic
tissues, may lend character to the seed coat without giving any indication
whatever of the nature of the embryo within it. A black seed coat may con-
tain a homozygous or a heterozygous black embryo, or a homozygous tan
embryo. A tan seed coat may contain a heterozygous black embryo, but never
a homozygous black embryo. It may contain a homozygous tan embryo.

" Feathering of the corolla is a Mendelian character dominant over its
absence. The color of the corolla differed in the several types in the series
here studied. The types were progressively epistatic one to another from
white through pink, magenta, and blue to dark purple.

" Anthocyanic colors are due to the action of enzyms upon colorless chromo-
gens, producing thereby colored pigments. The color types studied in the
morning-glory were in complete accord with the enzym theory. Each epistatic
type is due to the addition of one or more genes probably enzymatic in nature
which are not present in the hypostatic type. Flaking is a dominant character
in the moi'ning-glory material here studied. It is explained by a hypothesis
supposing the character to be due to an enzym which is locally distributed in
the corolla and which reacts with a colorless chromogen to produce the colored
flakes. Where it is present without the gene for producing solid color, flaked
whites result ; when present together with this gene, flaked solids are pro-
duced."

1918.] EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. 751

FORESTRY.

A manual for northern woodsmen, A. Cart {Camhridge: Uarvnrd Univ.
Press, 1918, rev. ed., pp. XIV -{-302, pis. S, figs. 87).— The present edition of
this manual (E. S. R., 21, p. 241) has been brought up to date as concerns
appliances and methods, and new matter and tables have been introduced that
are mainly intended for the benefit of western woodsmen.

Annual progress report upon State forest administration in South Aus-
tralia for the year 1916-17, W. Gill (Ann. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So.
Arist., 1916-17, pp. 12, pis. 6). — A statistical review relative to the administra-
tion and management of the State forests of South Australia, including data
on alterations in forest areas, planting and other forest operations, revenues,
expenditures, etc.

A few notes on bamboos (Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No.
S (1917), pp. S5-87). — Brief notes on the propagation of bamboos including
descriptions of the most common species in Assam.

Incense cedar, J. A. Mitchell (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. GO4 (1918), pp. 40, pis.
6, figs. S). — An account of the incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) of the
Pacific Coast States, with reference to its commercial importance, products
and uses, available supply, characteristics of the wood and tree, reproduction,
lange, silvical requirements, growth, stand per acre, enemies, management,
and artificial forestation. Volume tables in cubic and board feet ba.sed on
measurements in several National forests in California are appended.

Note on kokan or lampatia timber (Duabanga sonneratioides), R. S. Pkar-
soN ([Indian] Forest Bui. 36 (1917), pp. 8, pi. i).— This note deals with the
general distribution, locality, and habit of kokan (D. sonneratioides) timber,
together with its natural reproduction, rate of growth, distinguishing character-
istics of the tree and timber, properties and uses of the timber, method of
extraction, yields, and prices. The note is accompanied by an actual specimen
of the wood.

Note on the contraction and warping' which takes place in Finus longi-
folia timber while seasoning, R. S. Pearson ([Indian] Forest Bui. 37 (1917),
pp. 6, pis. 5). — This note describes experiments undertaken to ascertain the
amount of warp which takes place in P. longifolia timber when seasoned by
different methods, and also an experimental test of the amount of contraction
across the gi'ain which takes place as the timber passes from a green to an
air-dry state.

Comparative yearly volume increments of certain Indian tree crops.
R. E. Marsden (Indian Forester, U (1918), No. 1, pp. 10-16) .—Tahnlnr data
are given showing the comparative yearly volume increments of several Indian
tree crops.

Imports of timber into British India during' the years 1913—13 to 1916-
17 (Indian Forester, 44 (1918), No. 1, pp. 20-22). — A comparative statement
of imports of timber into India and Burma by sea from foreign countries during
the last five years.

Lumber used in the manufacture of wooden products, J. C. Nellis (U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 605 (1918), pp. 17, figs. 2). — ^This report presents statistics
showing the average annual consumption of wood by the wood-working indus-
tries in the United States. The basic data were secured by a series of State
wood-using industry studies. Those for the more important States have been
published separately and have been noted in the Record from time to time.
Although the State studies were begun in 1909 and were not completed until
1913, a period of 12 months was made the basis for the statistics for each
State, and the final figures for the whole country here presented are considered

752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Vol.38

a very good average of the demand of each industry and the demand for each
kind of wood. All imported woods used by factories are included in the
statistics.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Embryomas in plants (produced by bacterial inoculations), E. F. Smith
(Bui. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 28 (1917), No. S19, pp. 277-294, P^- 28, fig. 1).—
Having continued to experiment since reporting previously on the relation of
crown gall of plants to human cancer (E. S. R., 35, p. 545), the author offers
further data on the production by bacterial inoculation of anomalous crown
galls, which are considered as atypical teratoid tumors.

Such (embryonal) tumors have now been produced by the author bn plants
of 16 genera in 15 families. All that is necessary is to introduce the crown
gall bacteria into the growing tissues of susceptible species in the vicinity of
totipotent cells, which may be either dormant axillary buds or meristematic
cells, remote from leaf axils and buds or bud anlage, these cells having the
potentiality of germ cells whether they be somatic or germinal as regards origin.
The principal genera used for the work here reported were Nicotiana and
Pelargonium.

The present paper reports the result of efforts to produce hyperplasias in the
middle of internodes remote from the usual points of origin of buds and shoots ;
to determine under what conditions tumors can be made to grow as ordinary
sarcomata destitue of teratoid elements or to produce roots, leafy shoots, floral
abortions, and mixtures of these ; to determine what particular tissues may give
rise to teratoids, and what can produce only sarcomata; to record photo-
graphically the inception, progress, and rapid proliferation and decay of these
tumors; to demonstrate by photomicrographs the embryonic and fragmentary
nature of deep-lying teratoid elements; and to show the existence of jumbled
sarcomatous elements in their vicinity. Records were also obtained on fascia-
tion and related abnormalities; on variation in the rate of tumor growth; on
secondary infections ; on the failure of tumors, after once starting, to continue
to grow; and on the germicidal effect of collodion used to cover the wounded
surface after bacterial inoculation.

The British species of Phomopsis, W. B. Grove (Rop. Bot. Gard. Kerc. Bui.
Misc. Inform., No. 2 {1911), pp. 49-73, pis. 2).— The two features considered
most distinctive of the genus Phomopsis are the permanent sporophores and
the nature of the pycnidium, the latter bearing little resemblance to that of a
typical Phoma. The four chief accounts given of the genus by other authors
since Saccardo are noted. The British list, which is more or less descriptive,
includes 76 species. This is followed by a list of 21 species found elsewhere,
and this by a discussion in this relation of Phoma aspnragi and Cytospora stic-
tostoma. A list of host plants is also given.

[Cotton rust investig-ations in Texas], E. W. Olh'e {Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Rec, 6 {1917), No. 4, pp. 154-158).— The author investigated a sudden out-
break of cotton rust which was violent during May and June, 1917, in southern
Texas, having spread supposedly from Mexico. The effects as noted some time
after the violence of the attack had passed are briefly described. The crops in
the area affected suffered a loss of probably from 20 to 70 per cent. Several
rusted grasses v.-ere collected for examination, as the rust is thought to utilize
some wild plant or plants as alternate hosts.

It. is considered probable that the rust in question occurs sporadically every
season, perhaps in many localities. The restricted area affected suggests that
the infection of the grass host which is supposed to carry the alternate stage

1918.1 DISEASES OF PLANTS. 753

must have been limited or else that the weather conditions In this vicinity were
specially favorable this year. A similar rust is said to have appeared previ-
ously in California, Lower California, Mexico, Falfurrias, Tex,, and Miami,
Fla.

Peronospora on hemp, V. Peglion (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CU Sci. Fis.,
Mat. e Nat., 5. set:, 26 {1917), I, No. 11, pp. 618-620).— The author reports hav-
ing noted the presence of oospores in various cultures of a fungus on hemp
which has been referred to Peronospora. On the basis of studies of this and
related forms he holds that this organism should be referred to the subgenus
Peronoplasmopara proposed by Clinton (E. S. R., 17, p. 156).

Conditions influencing the distribution of potato blight in India, J. F.
Dastub (Agr. Jour. India, Indian Sci. Cong. No., 1917, pp. 90-96). — The author
discusses further (E. S. R., 35, p. 150) the history of potato late blight {Phy-
tophthora infestans) in various parts of the world as evidencing its inabilty
to exist continuously at points having prolonged periods of temperature much
above 77° F. He states that on the plains of India the fungus is normally un-
able to survive in soil or tubers, so that potatoes ordinarily susceptible to this
disease may be grown if they are imported in summer when the temperature
is sufficiently high to kill the fxmgus.

A potato parasite new to Italy, B. Peyronel (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend.
CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 26 (1917), I, No. 9, pp. 509-512).— In the course
of work with potatoes supposed to be completely sterilized in preparation for
other work, a fungus appeared on the surface of the tubers which was found
to be Spondylocladium atrovirens and which is briefly discussed. Since that
time the author has seen this fungus in potato tubers produced elsewhere in
Italy.

Irrigation experiments on apple spot diseases, C. Brooks and D. F. Fisher
(V. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 il91§). No. 3, pp. 109-lSS, pis. 4,
figs. 10). — This paper deals with the effect of soil water supply upon bitter
pit, Jonathan spot, and certain other nonparasitic spot diseases of the apple.
It also includes notes upon the relation of the time of picking to the development
of apple spots in storage. The experimental work on this investigation was
carried on in the State of Washington.

It is claimed that bitter pit and Jonathan spot are readily distinguished
from rosy-aphis stigmonose, drought spot, cork, and blister, bitter pit usually
appearing first as spots of dead brown tissue in the subepidermal tissue of the
apple. These spots are associated with tlie terminal branches of the vascular
bundles, and in the later stages of the disease the browning often follows the
vascular bundles deep into the flesh of the apple. Rosy-aphis stigmonose is
said to be characterized by similar brown spots, the affected tissue being
firmer than in the case of bitter pit and there being no association with the
vascular bundles. The early stages of Jonathan spot are said to be confined
to the color-bearing cells of the skin of the apple. Drought spot is characterized
l)y the checking of the growth at certain points on the apple without the pro-
duction of any large quantity of corky tissue. Cork differs from drought spot
in the presence of comparatively large areas of corky brown tissue and in the
fact that these areas are usually rather deeply seated in the flesh of the apple.
Blister is the name given to superficial lesions associated with cork and charac-
terized by a blister-like appearance.

Drought spot is said to be produced by sudden and extreme drought. Cork is
apparently a drought effect, but it differs from drought spot in that its occur-
rence is usually associated with certain peculiar soil types.

'^^4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

Experiments have shown that there is a close relationship between the soil
water supply of the orchard and the development of bitter pit in storage, heavy
irrigation greatly increasing the disease, light irrigation reducing it. The
lowest percentage of bitter pit was found on apples which received a heavy irri-
gation followed by a light one. Heavy irrigation seemed to favor slightly the
development of Jonathan spot, but the contrast was so slight as not to justify
definite conclusions. During the first weeks of storage more Jonathan spot
developed on apples that were picked early than on those which were picked
late, but as the period of storage was prolonged these contrasts seemed to dis-
appear. The results, however, are believed to indicate a greater susceptibility
to this trouble in the early-picked apples. Bitter pit was worse on Jonathan
apples that were picked early than on those that were picked late.

The tar treatment for court-noue, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit (Ed I'Est-
Centre), S8 (1917), No. S, pp. 173-175).— A discussion of reports and opinions
by different investigators on court-noue as related to varieties and as affected
by treatment with tar.

The results of treatment were either negative or inconclusive. The author
states that the studies carried out at Montpellier for several years are still in
progi-ess regarding the characteristic internal changes, the conditions under
which the trouble becomes evident, and the factors which may lead to its
appearance.

Filage of grapes, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. I'Est-Centre), 38 (1917),
No. 20, p. J,G2).—T\i\s phenomenon, described as due to the arrest of floral
development and excessive growth of the parts bearing flowers, is said to be
related to disproportionate alimentation in cloudy or rainy weather and to be
controllable by appropriate pruning operations.

Little leaf of grapevines in California, F. T. Bioletti and L. Bonnet
(Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. I'Est-Centre), 38 (1917), No. 22, pp. 517-522).— This is
a resume of a previous report (B. S. R., 36, p. 849) by the authors, who call
attention to the resemblancas and differences between this trouble and some
others prevalent in Europe. It is distinguished from mal nero by a different
kind of leaf coloration and by the fact that the latter is not transmissible but
is confined to particular areas. An important character which little leaf has
in common with court-noue is the shortened internodes characterizing the latter
Grape downy mildew, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre) 38
(1917), No. 12, pp. 269-277).— ThiB is a discussion regarding what is known
of grape downy mildew (Peronospora viticola) ; its mode of attack and develop-
ment on vines, leaves, branches, and grapes ; its propagation ; climatic, cultural,
and varietal conditions favorable or xmfavorable to the disease; and remedial
measures.

Grape downy mildew at Montpellier in 1916, L. Ravaz (Prog Aar ct Vit
(Ed. I'Est-Centre), S8 (1917), No. 16, pp. 365-373, flg. i).-Having conducted
an official investigation of the phenomena of grape downy mildew, the author
states that the several invasions are each derived from a previous one. Except
for a portion which is small and unimportant from a practical standpoint, they
are due to rains or mists which are sufficiently heavy to bathe the upper sur-
face of the leaf and run over to the other side, carrying the infecting spores.
Each time favorable conditions occur a contamination takes place. Between
this and the appearance of the invasion (in the form of sterile or fertile spots)
is the period of incubation, the length of which varies from 4 or 5 to 7 or 8
days, according to the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere.

Grape downy mildew, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. I'Est-Centrc), 38
(1917). No. 24, pp. 557, 558 ) .—Continuing the above work, the author reports
that vines sprayed on May 19 remained clear of mildew, which was, however

1918.]

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 755

produced in other vines by tlie heavy rain (100 mm.) of May 20. The grapes
showed the contamination three days later than did the leaves.

The length of tlie interval between contamination and the evidences of attack
(inoculation period) depends upon the temperature and humidity of the air,
being shortest when these are 25° C. (77° F.) and 100 per cent, respectively.
The conditions prevalent in early spring usually give an incubation period of
seven days. From the first appearance of the white spots, each good rain pro-
duces an invasion seven days after the precipitation occurs. Spraying must
be done about the end of this period to be effective. Applications made during
a rain, except perhaps just at the beginning, are lost, the fungicide being
washed away.

Rainfall and grape downy mildew, A. Cadoret {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
TEst-Centre), 38 {1917), No. 25, pp. 588, 589).— A comparison in tabular form
as regards precipitation is made between years of serious mildew attack (1910
and 1915) and years of relative freedom from such attack.

Spraying for grape downy mildew in rainy weather, A. Cadobet {Prog.
Agr. et Vit. {Ed. I'Est-Centre), 38 {1917), No. 2^, pp. 565-567).— The author
reviews opinions regarding the advisability of the prfictice of spraying grape-
vines for doAvny mildew during humid and rainy weather.

The treatment for downy mildew, L. Taboureau {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre), 38 {1917), No. 11, pp. 255-258, fig. i).— This is a discussion of
spraying experience and observations of the biological and meteorological phe-
nomena connected with the development of grape downy mildew.

It is stated that years of serious mildew outbreaks are not always years of
heavy precipitation. Treatment is not effective if delayed for several days
after a rain or after the general occurrence of conditions favoring spore
germination.

Treatment of grape downy mildew in southwest France, J. Capus {Prog.
Agr. et Vit. {Ed. I'Est-Centre), SB {1917), No. 19, pp. Wh U5).—lt is said that
in soils naturally dry in spring, as in those of Medoc or Graves (in Gironde),
the invasions of downy mildew which ordinarily occur in regions of moister
soils do not appear. The latter part of May or the first of June is usually
sufficiently early for the first sprayings. The most important period of con-
tamination is about June 10, the corresponding invasion occurring about ten
days later.

In other soils of the southwest of France the most important period for
treatment is from May 15 to 31, though in case of very humid soils May 1 is
late enough for the first treatment. Certain localities are supplied from the
stations with special instructions regarding the time to spray. It is said to be
impossible to fix the exact dates when spraying is required, as these vary from
year to year, according to circumstances. Success in spraying depends upon
thoroughness and care in applying 2 per cent copper sulphate.

Treatment of grape downy mildew, J. Capus {Rev. Vit, 46 {1917), Nos.
1191, pp. 265-269; 1192, pp. 282-285) .—For the information of growers not so
situated as to be supplied with information from stations regarding the time
to spray in order to prevent outbreaks of grape downy mildew (see preceding
abstract), the author states that the proper moment for the application of the
spray is the most important question arising in this connection. The develop-
ment of an outbreak presents three phases, namely, contamination, or pene-
tration by the fungus, after its germination, into the plant tissue; incuba-
tion, or development of the fungus within the host, with little or no outward
indication of its presence; and the appearance of the oil spots popularly
termed the invasion. This development may require from 6 to 28 days, accord-
62077°— 18 5

756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

ing to temperature and humidity, and it can not be arrested at any Btage
beyond its inception, at which time, however, treatment properly used is
absolutely effective. The primary infection develops from the bodies that have
overwintered, and may occur several times. The secondary infection develops
from the oil spots if conditions are favorable.

The progress of the mildew in the berries parallels that in the leaves, and
both require thorough treatment.

In case of a single rain, contamination in a definite manner follows in a
short time. In case of rains in close succession, repeated applications of the
treatment are necessary until the end of the rainy period, particularly if this
is accompanied by a lowering of temperature. Humidity and low temperature
favor the development of the fungus and at the same time render the plants
more receptive. During a certain period the young leaf or grape is par-
ticularly receptive to mildew, and during this time treatment should be prompt
and thorough, employing a copper spray not lower than 2 per cent in con-
centration.

The comparative efficacy of acid and alkaline Bordeavix sprays, L. Deq-
BULLT (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 38 {1917), No. 7, pp. 11,9-155, fig.
1). — This is a discussion of the comparative merits of acid, neutral, and allca-
line Bordeaux mixtures as reported recently by several investigators, giving
prominence to the cPaim of superiority for the allialine mixture made as a
result of recent tests by Vermorel and Dantony (E. S. R., 38, p. 153).

Acid and alkaline sprays, V. Veemorel and E. Dantony {Prog. Agr. et
Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 38 {1917), No. 9, pp. 201-2'b7).— This gives the details
ol the experimentation referred to above.

One series was continued for 16 days, the other for 50 days. Copper sulphate
of 99.8 per cent purity was employed at 2 per cent strength in each series,
the acid spray containing 0.32 per cent, the alkaline 0.96 per cent, calcium
oxid. The greater persistence of the copper on the leaves in case of the
alkaline spray was very marked as compared with that of the acid spray.

A second test employing the neutral in place of the acid spray showed this
to give results approximately the same as regards the persistence of soluble
copper on the leaves.

Acid and alkaline sprays, V. Vermobel and E. Dantony {Rev. Vit., Jf6
(1917), No. 1192, pp. 285, 286). — In a statement supplementary to that above
noted, the authors discuss acid and alkaline sprays in regard to their actual
contents and qualities, so far as known. They claim that the acid preparation
at 2 per cent strength is actually less efficacious than the alkaline mixture at
half that concentration.

Acid and alkaline sprays, A. Cadoset {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre),
S8 {1917), No. 17, p. S94). — In 1914 the use of acid Bordeaux spray was fol-
lowed by the defoliation of the vines and the loss of the crop. In 1915, when
an alkaline spray was used, the leaves were retained and the crop was normal.
Lead arsenate appeared to improve the quality of adherence in the copper spray
liquid.

Alkaline and acid sprays, L. Degbtjlly {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-
Centre), 38 {1917), No. 11, pp. 247, 248). — Noting an inquiry as to the mean-
ings of the terms acid and alkaline as applied to sprays, the author states
that the usual mixture of 2 per cent copper sulphate with 1 per cent lime
Is regarded as fully adequate and practically always alkaline, in spite of the
usual impurity of the lime. The failure of the spray noted in Armagnac,
where 12 or 14 sprayings are often insufficient to keep down black rot and
downy mildew, is attributed to the climate, which is thought to be very favor-
able t« mildew and black roL

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 767

The greater duration of efficacy in case of alkaline sprays Is admitted, but
it is questioned whether the acid spray may not at the time of its application
prove more effective against these diseases.

Mixtures of lime and sulphur, A. Cadoret (Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. VEst-
Centre), 38 (1917), No. 11, pp. 258, 259).— Oidium of grapevines is said to be
controllable by the employment of four or five applications of the residual
sulphur obtained in certain industries. This should be mixed with lime or
wood ashes in the ratio of 50 : 50 from the end of May to June 20 and in the
ratio of 60 : 40 between June 20 and August 1.

Rust of grapevines, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. I'Est-Centrc), S8
(1917), No. 20, p. .'/63).— Pending further study of the phenomenon, a brief
description is given of an arrest of development in grapevines closely resembling
that due to injury from strong copper sprays, but appearing on vines which
have not been sprayed.

Report of the plant pathologist, E. W. Bkandes (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1916,
pp. 28-Sl, pis. 2). — In addition to an account of routine worls carrietl on by
the plant pathologist, a preliminary report is given of an investigation of banana
wilt or Panama disease.

This disease, which seems to be particularly injurious to the Chamaluco
variety, was previously reported in Porto Rico (E. S. R., 36, p. 352). The
studies of the author have shown that it is due to a species of Fusarium which
is indistinguishable from that previously described as F. cubense, an amplified
technical description of which is given. Preliminary investigations have shown
the possbility of controlling this disease by sterilization of the soil.

A more detailed account of the disease is to be given in a subsequent publica-
tion.

The geographical distribution of the citrus diseases, melanose and stem
end rot, H. S. Fawcett (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.. No. 3 (1917), pp.
190-193). — This is a discussion of Phomopsis citri as an example of the failure
of a parasitic organism to extend itself to the limits of the territory occupied
by the host. In this case, it is suggested that humidity may constitute one
factor, but it is of limited value as an illustration owing to the absence of
melanose in southern Florida and in Cuba. Experimentation is now in progress
regarding the temperature relations of this fungus.

Preliminary note on the relation of temperature to the growth of certain
parasitic fungi in cultures, H. S. Fawcett (Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, n. ser.,
No. 3 (1917), pp. 193, 19If). — This is an account of a study intended to compare
the temperature-growth curves for cultures of a number of fungi producing
diseases of citrus trees, but limited in their geographical distribution, with a
view to the interpretation of the observed facts of distribution and seasonal
occurrence and the suggestion of control measures. Cultures on solicl media
were studied as to daily growth under controlled conditions, and the results
are detailed.

In marked contrast with the observed results reported by other workers, the
author notes the fact that Pythiacystis citrophthora exhibited no time diminu-
tion of growth rate, which often continued unchanged for a period of eight days
or more.

The June drop of Washington navel oranges, J. E. Coit and R. W. Hodgson
(California Sta. Bill. 290 (1918), pp. 203-212, figs. 3).— A progress report is
given of a study of the June drop of this well-known variety of oranges. In the
previous publication (E. S. R., 37, p. 154), Alternaria citri was said to be the
cause of the disease. Later investi-gntion (E. S. R., 37, p. 834) seemed to indi-
cate that abnormal water relations also influence the dropping of fruit

758 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

The authors report that the major part of the June drop occurs early in the
season and has to do with blossoms and small fruits. It is caused by a stimulus
to abscission arising from abnormal water relations within the plant due to
peculiar climatic conditions. The major part of the drop of the larger oranges
is caused by the fungus A. citri. The drop caused by water relations is consid-
ered to bear a definite relation to climatic conditions, and all efforts looking to
prevention or control must be either in the nature of modifying environmental
conditions or in selection for dry heat resistant strains. Attempts to control
the June drop by spraying have not given any promising results.

Algal disease of cacao, J. B. Rorer {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago,
17 {1911), No. 9, pp. 345-348). — It is stated that an alga (Cephaleuroa vires-
cens) causes a leaf fall and die-back disease of cacao on practically every estate
in Trinidad. This disease has been under observation since 1912 and has been
described as attacking any cacao tree at any time during the year, but more
readily during the last two months of the dry season especially if the trees are
not in a good situation or condition. The disease has been called die-back and
sun scald, but the author suggests the name of algal disease in order to distin-
guish it from true die-back and sun scald, which are said to be caused by a
Diplodia.

Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has been attended by beneficial results,
and attention to tillage, drainage, shade, and protection from wind are also
considered essential to the complete control of this disease.

A full report of the disease, with illustrations, is to appear later.

The diseases ... of the coconut palm, R. M. Richabds {Agr. Bui. Fed.
Malay States, 5 {1917), No. S-9, pp. S27S32) .—In the section of this general
review of coconut palm diseases and pests here noted the author discusses,
together with other diseases in neighboring territory, bleeding di.sease {Thiela-
viopsis etJiacetirt(s) . a leaf disease {Pestalozzia palmarum which may be inter-
mingled with Helmintliosporium sp. ), a leaf breaking disease, supposedly due to
Botryodiplodia sp., though other fungi may be present, bud rot (bacterial),
and a sooty leaf fungus {Meliola palmarum) . No root disease of coconut palm
has been found in the region covered by this review.

Leaf bitten diseases of coconuts, S. F. Ashby {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 21
{1917), No. 7, pp. 269-273). — This is a discussion of pineapple leaf bitten dis-
ease {Thielaviopsis paradoxa), hard or little leaf bitten disea.se, and Phytoph-
thora leaf bitten disease of coconuts as regards their causation, symptoms,
and treatment.

The white pine blister rust in Canada, W. A, McCTJBBnsr {Ann. Rpt. Fruit
Growers' Assoc. Ontario, 48 {1916), pp. 81-86). — In a somewhat general dis-
cussion of the white pine blister rust situation in Canada it is stated that ob-
servations in the Niagara district in 1916 showed that although the fungus may
enter the limbs through wounds, the majority of infections seemed to occur by
way of the leafshoots. From this point of entry the fungus grows in all direc-
tions in the soft bark, killing the tree eventually if it is weakly, otherwise
causing a swollen and sickly appearance. A long time is required to kill a
large tree, even if a number of infections work in different portions of it.
The period between infection and spore formation varies from three to six
years or more, but is usually about three and a half years.

During 1916 data were collected apparently supporting the conclusion that
the fungus is able to winter on the currant, and thus live from year to yeai
even when the white pine host is absent. Extended surveys in 1915 and 1916
.showed that in addition to a large area of infection in the Niagara peninsula,
Isolated cases have occurred at Guelph, Brantford, Port Burwell, Button, Oak-

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 759

ville, Cookstown, Lindsay, Bowmanville, and Ottawa. At present only
two points of infection are linown in Quebec, namely, at Oka and St. Anne de
Bellevue.

Diseases of the leaves and stem of Hevea brasiliensis in the Malay Penin-
sula, R. M. Richards (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 5 (1917), No. 8-9, pp. S07-
317; Proc. Agr. Conf. Malaxja, 1 (1917), pp. U-54)-—^t is stated that though
the Para rubber tree has shown itself to be a particularly healthy plant in the
Malay Penin.sula, losses have occurred following improper or inadequate man-
agement. A species of Phytophthora which is said to cause an abnormal leaf
cast from July to September in Ceylon has not been observed here. The most
serious stem diseases discussed are those caused by Corticmm salmonicolor
(pink disease), Phytophthora faberi (bark canker), Phytophthora sp. (decay
of tapped areas), and Botryodiplodia theobronuE (die-back). The less harmful
troubles are due to Phyllosticta ramicola, GlCBOsponum albo-rubrum, Cyphella
heveoe (thread blight), and burs in the tapped areas.

Clean clearing, pests, and disease, W. R. Shelton-Agab (Agr. Bui. Fed.
Malay States, 5 (1917), No. S-9, pp. 300-306; Proc. Agr. Conf. Malaya, 1 (1917),
pp. 37-43). — This is a di.scussion of rubber tree pests and diseases. The dis-
eases are classed as those that are fatal (requiring prevention) and those
amenable to treatment. The fatal class include such diseases as Fomes. Hy-
menoch^ete, Ustulina, and Poria, and the amenable class stem and bark diseases
such as Diplodia, pink disease, thread blight, and cankers.

The author gives results of experience in the control of Termes gestroi, and
observations on the various seasons of fungus attack and on the control of
disease.

Preventive measures ag-ainst black thread (Phytophthora faberi), H. C.
Pbatt (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 5 (1917), No. 5-6, pp. 180-182).— This is
a preliminary note on the causation, progress, and treatment of black thread of
rubber trees in Sumatra.

The disease is favored by light rains and an overcast sky, but ceases in dry
weather. It is more prevalent on flat land and on densely shaded areas. The
attack is limited mainly to the first 20 in. of basal bark. The results of tests
with fungicides are tabulated. Daily disinfection is considered necessary. For
this purpose izal is not so satisfactory as carbolineum. A 20 per cent strength
izal burns the delicate tissue of the tapped surface, but a 10 per cent strength
has proved quite satisfactory.

Note on the development of chromogenic org'anisms in dry raw rubber
allowed to become damp, B. J. Eaton (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 5 (1917),
No. 5-6, pp. 177-179). — The author has experimented in order to ascertain
whether or not sheet rubber may develop spot diseases after being shipped in a
perfectly dry and clean condition, owing to splashing or absorption of water.
He claims to have found that such a change is possible, and that consequently
carelessness or accidents at the shipping port may in this way injure sheet
rubber in transit It is stated that dry well-smoked sheet rubber may develop
mildew, while low-grade rubber may ferment and become tacky. Thickness
also appears to be a factor in susceptibility.

It appears that the presence of air Is necessary for the development of the
organisms or for the formation of pigments. Excessive moisture may retard
or prevent the formation of the pigments which may develop after the mois-
ture content is somewhat reduced, or it may be removed so quickly that the
formation of the pigment may be prevented. These organisms may act on the
protein or its decomposition products and destroy the accelerating agent, or may
produce furthe;* cleavage.

760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America (genus
Ursus), with description of a new genus, Vetularctos, C. H. Mebriam (17. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey, North American Fauna No. Jfl {1918), pp. 136,
pis. 16). — lu the present review the author describes 19 new species and 4
new subspecies and erects the new genus Vetularctos, of which V. inopinatus
n. sp., the patriarchial bear, is the type. A total of 86 forms of the grizzly
and big brown bears are recognized.

The rat as a carrier of Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae, the causative
agent of Weil's disease (spirochsetosis icterohaemorrhagica), Y. Ido, R. Hoki,
H. ITO, and H. Wani (Jour. Expt. Med., 26 (1917), No. 3, pp. Sftl-353) .—The
author's findings, here reported, led to the conclusion that the extermination
of rats and field mice is a highly important prophylactic measure against Weil's
disease.

" The chemical composition of soil and water plays an important part in the
development of S. icterohoeinorrhagioE and consequently in the spread of the
disease of which it is a causative agent."

Animal parasites of rats at Madison, Wis., A. M. Moix (Jour. Parasi-
tology, 4 {1917), No. 2, pp. 89, 90). — In an examination of 25 rats captured in
different parts of Madison, Wis., 53 per cent were found to be parasitized by
fleas, 60 per cent by lice, 12 per cent by mites, 88 per cent by intestinal round-
worms, 4 per cent by trichinae, and 20 per cent by the dwarf tapeworm {Hy-
menolepis diminuta).

Investigations of the value of nitrobenzol as a parasiticide, with notes
on its use in collecting external parasites, W. L. Chandleb {Jour. Parasi-
tology, 4 {1917), No. 1, pp. 27-32). — This is a brief report of investigations
conducted to determine the action of nitrobenzol upon various animals when
such animals are exposed to the vapor of this drug at various temperatures
and for various periods of time.

The results show that it is impossible to predict jiist what effect any given
condition of exposure to the vapor will have on an animal. The fact that it
is impossible to kill either fleas or biting lice by any condition of exposure
under that corresponding to 26° C. (78.8° F.) for six hours makes it clearly
evident that this drug can not be used with any degree of safety in the fumi-
gation of animals to destroy their external parasites.

Since it seems hardly probable that one hom-'s exposure to the vapor of
nitrobenzol at temperatures between 20 and 25° C. (68 and 77° F.) will seri-
ously affect any of the domesticated animals and fleas and biting lice become
stupified after an hour's exposure at the same temperatures and are shaken
off by the host in great quantities, it is quite possible that nitrobenzol fumi-
gation may be used to good advantage in collecting specimens of external
parasites.

A study of the toxicity of kerosene, W. Moobe and S. A. Graham {Jour.
Econ. ErU., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 70-75). — "Kerosene varies greatly in its physi-
cal characteristics and its chemical composition, even when coming from the
same oil field. Low boiling point fractions of kerosene are in general more
toxic to plants than high boiling point fractions when used pure. Injury by
fractions with low boiling points can largely be prevented if they are applied to
the form of an emulsion, since the emulsion holds the oil away from tlie plant
until such time as it has evaporated. Emulsification of high boiling point
fractions does not give this protection since the oil remains on the leaf after the
emulsion is destroyed. Low boiling point fractions are more toxic to insects
in the form of vapor than high boiling point fractions due to the slight vola-

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 761

tility of the higher fractions. High boiling point compounds are more toxic
than low boiling point compounds when used as contact Insecticides in the
form of an emulsion."

The distribution of bird life in Colombia; a contribution to a biolo^cal
survey of South America, F. M. Chapman (Bui. Ainer. Mus. Nai^ Hist., 36
(1917), pp. X+729, pis. 41, figs. 21).— This report, based on 15,775 birds col-
lected in Colombia, forms a part of an intensive zoological survey of South
America, commenced by the American Museum of Natural History in December,
1910.

The first part of the work (pp. 3-169) includes ^ review of Colombian or-
nithology, a report on the American Museum's expeditions in Colombia, an out-
line of Colombian topography, remarks on the distribution of forests, notes on
the climatology, the life zones of the Colombian Andes, the Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones and their faunas, the Central Ajnerican extension of the Sub-
tropical Zone, the Temperate and Paramo zones, a tabular synopsis showing
the zonal distribution of families of Colombian birds, etc. The second part
(pp. 170-639) consists of a distributional list of birds collected in Colombia by
the Ajnerican Museum's expeditions in which 1,285 forms are represented.

A gazetteer of Colombian collecting stations, a list of 24 of the more impor-
tant faunal papers relating to Colombian birds, and a subject index are
appended.

Three new Mallophaga from North. Am.erican birds, E. A, McGeegob (Ent.
News, 28 (1917), No. 10, pp. Jt3S-If37, pi. 1). — Goniodes zenaidurcB from a mourn-
ing dove (Zenaidura macroura) at Aberdeen, S. Dak.; Lwmobothrium thter-
medium from the sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius) from Minnesota and
Uvalde, Tex. ; and Physostomum melospizoB from the song sparrow (Melospiza
tnelodia), St. Anthony Park, Minn., are described as new.

Eight new Mallophaga of the genus Lipeunis from North American
birds, E. A. McGeegoe (Psyche, 24 (1917), No. 4, pp. 105-117, pis, S).

Field book of insects, F. E. Lutz (New York and London: G. P. Putnam' $
Sons, 1918, pp. X+509, pis. 24, figs. 628). — This pocket handbook deals with the
more common insects under their respective orders and families, with special
reference to those of northeastern United States. Keys are given for the
separation of many of the groups, together with illustrations, many of which
are in color. Habitat and plant and entomological indexes are included.

Report of the entomologist, R. H. Van Zwaluwenbitbg (Porto Rico Sta.
Rpt. 1916, pp. 25-28, pi. 1). — Work witl^ ticks has shown both ifargaropus an-
nulatus and M. annulatus australis to infest cattle on the island, the latter
being much the more common. From 20 to 22, days were required Ifor the
development of M. annulatus australis upon the host at Mayaguez. Under nat-
ural conditions at an average mean temperature of 74.7° F. in February the
incubation period of the egg was 3G days, and at an average mean tem-
perature of 79.6° in September, 23.5 days. The maximum longevity of larvae
hatching in April was 94 days under natural conditions and 108 days when pro-
tected from rain and direct sunlight.

In collections made during the spring fight both sexes of the large common
species of Lachnosterna were attracted to the light of a 400 candlepower gaso-
line lamp in about equal numbers, only 17 per cent of the females collected
having completed oviposition.

A dark-brown cricket (Amphiacusta caraibea) severely injured seedlings of
various kinds in the station plant houses. As many as 59 eggs were laid by one
female in captivity, the eggs hatching in about a month. Flour and Paris green
were used with success in controlling it.

762 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38

Heavy summer and fall rains resulted in a very poor honey crop during the
year. Weighing experiments with shaded and unshaded colonies showed that
there was no striking or consistent difference in production.

Experiments with paraffin oil emulsion as a contact insecticide have shown
it to be more effective than homemade lime-sulphur when used against Porto
Rican insects. A serious outbreali of the yellow aphid (Sipha flava) on young
sugar cane at Ponce is recorded, the growth of the cane having been severely
retarded and in a few cases death resulting from its attacli. The outbreak
was eventually controlled by natural enemies. The occurrence of Stcrictiphora
zaddachi, the larvae of which feed on leaves of sea-grape (Coccoloba uvifera),
and icaco (Chrysobalaiuts icaco) is noted.

Studies of the changa are noted below.

War on greenhouse pests, H. A. Gossard (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., S (1918), No.
1, pp. 21, 22, figs. 2). — In continuation of the paper previously noted (B. S. R.,
38, p. 654) a brief account is given of control measures for greenhouse mites and
cutworms.

Pecan insects, W. P. Tueneb {Ga. Bel. Ent. Bui. 49 (1918), pp. 6-37, pis.
J2). — This is a general summary of information on the more important insects
affecting the pecan, based upon investigations by the author and by O. S.
Spooner in south Georgia, a brief report on which by Worsham has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 25G).

The species considered are the pecan leaf case-bearer (Acr-obasis nebulella),
pecan luit case-bearer (A. hcbescclla), pecan cigar case-bearer (Coleophora
carycefoliella), pecan bud worm (Proteoptcryx bolliana), pecan shuckworm
([Enarmonia] Laspeyresia caryana), fall webworm, walnut or pecan caterpillar
(Datana integerrima), vecan catocalas (Catocala spp.),twig girdlers (Oncideres
cingulata), flat-headed apple tree borer, Chrysobothris scitula, Agrilus anxius,
cossid borer (Cossula magnifica) , red-shouldered shot-hole borer ([Sinoxylon]
Xylebiops buailare), pecan ambrosia beetle ([Xyleborus'\ Xyleborinus pecanis),
lesser pecan tree borer (Synanthedon [Sesia] geliformis) , a pecan nut curculio
(Conotrachclus juglandis), the hickory and pecan weevil (Balaninus caryw), a
leaf -feeding beetle (Diylotaxis excavata), a leaf-hopper (Empoasca sp.), pecan
phylloxera (Phylloxera sp.), pecan aphis (MonelUa costalis), and a spittle
insect. A Farmers' Bulletin on pecan insects by Gill has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 38, p. 157) as have investigations, by the same author, of the pecan
leaf case-bearer (E. S. R., 38, p. 656).

The changa or West Indian mole cricket, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg
(Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 23 (1918), pp. 28, pis. 3).— This is a summary of the
present status of knowledge of the changa, based ui>on a review of the literature
and investigations conducted by the author, and replaces the bulletin by Barrett
previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 885).

The changa is the most serious pest to general agriculture in Porto Rico, the
general gardener sustaining the greatest losses from its attacks. Its injury is
commonly caused by attacking the crown of the plant. It is shown that the
species occurring in Porto Rico is Scapteriscus vioinus instead of »S'. didactylus
as formerly supposed.

Life history studies have shown that there are usually eight molts, although
occasionally there are but seven in the male. The entire period from egg to
adult averaged 281 days for 11 males and 321 days for 7 females. The average
duration of the instars of changas reared from the egg was 40.2, 29.4, 26.8, 27.5,
30, 47.5, 45.7. and 54.1 days, respectively. The preoviposition period of three
individuals observed in the field averaged 79 days, 62 days having been the
minimum and 93 days the maximum. The maximum number of eggs deposited

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 763

by a single female in captivity was 110, deposited in four lots. The duration of
the egg stage averaged about 19 days, with variations from 15 to 38 days.

The natural enemies of the changa in Porto Rico are ineffective, an unde-
termined nematode being the single parasite that atta(;^s it, though the fungus
Metarrhizium anisopliw is thought to have killed some in the breeding cage.
During the fall months the changa flies in large numbers on damp overcast
evenings at which time the females in particular are attracted to light. Flood-
ing is of value in control work wherever the location of fields makes water
easily available as changa eggs fail to survive a submergence of 24 hours.
Naphthalin and sulphur are the only repellents found to be of any value, and
even they are only partially effective. Sugar cane is protected from the
changa by planting it in a perpendicular or slanting position, and hilling up the
plants greatly reduces injury by this pest in gardens. Poison baits, particularly
one consisting of cheap flour and Paris green, together with clean cultivation,
are recommended.

A list of 54 references to the literature is appended.

The citrus thrips, J. R. Hoeton ([7. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 616 (1918), pp. 42,
pis. S, figs. 10). — This is a summary of the present status of knowledge of
(Euthrips) Scirtothrips citri, based upon the author's investigations in Califor-
nia and a review of the literature, including earlier reports of the Bureau of
Entomology, prevously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 354). The history and distribu-
tion of the citrus thrips, nature and extent of injury, dissemination, food plants,
life history and habits, seasonal history, natural checks, natural enemies, and
control experiments are considered and a bibliography of 16 titles appended.

Plain lime-sulphur solution, 1 : 56 of the 36° B. density or 1 : .50 of the 33°, is
recommended as the most reliable of the four best mixtures resulting from the
tests, a soda-sulphur solution being the next most effective mixture. The first
application should be made when four-fifths or more of the petals have fallen,
at which time the orange is most susceptible to deep injury by the thrips. The
second application should be timed to prevent injury both from larvye issuing
from the very young fruits and from adults emerging from the pupal stage
existent at the time of the first application, i. e., from 10 to 14 days after the
first spraying. The time of application of the third spray depends upon the
effectiveness of the first two, it usually taking from three to four weeks for the
thrips to again become dangerously numerous. "All three applications should
be completed by the time the fruit is half grown, after which it rapidly loses
its attractiveness for the insects, which then find it necessary to spread out
over the comparatively scant tender orange growth and miscellaneous food
plants.

" During the latter part of August and early in September there is usually
another abundant growth of orange shoots, and upon this the thrips congregate
in large numbers. A fourth application during this period is advisable in some
seasons to prevent severe injury to this growth, which is often the most abun-
dant of the season."

On nursery stock the first application should be made when the thrips become
numerous on the spring growth and before their injury becomes very evident,
usually between April 15 and May 15. From two to four further applications
should follow the first spraying, depending upon the number of growths and
the degree of infestation.

Catalogue of the Herniptera of America north of Mexico, excepting the
Aphididae, Coccid£e, and Aleui'odidae, E. P. Van Duzee (Vniv. Cal. Pubs. Ent.,
2 {1911), i^'o. n, pp. XIV+902; rev. in Science, n. ser., 41 (1918), No. 12i2,
pp. 292. '293).— This catalogue undertakes to give a complete enumeraUon of

764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

all tii:» described Hemiptera, to and including the Chermidae, recorded from or
known to occur in America north of the southern boundary of the United States.
For the Heteroptera the Reuter classification of 1912 has been followed very
closely, but the author has found it desirable to reduce a number of the families
to subfamily rank. The international code has been foUow^ed in the determina-
tion of genotypes. A total of 3,198 accepted species are listed, of which 263
have been added since the publication of the author's check list in June, 1916
(E. S. R., 36, p. 550). The numbers given in the check list are retained and
additional species interpolated in fractional form.

Additions and corrections are appended, together with a list of works cited
and indexes to the genera and higher group names and species.

The review is by H. M. Parshley.

Idiocerus scurra, a poplar leaf -hopper, E. L. Dickebson and H. B. Weiss
(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 25 {1911), No. 4, pp. 218-22^ pi. i).— This is a report
of morphological and biological studies of /. scurra (I. gemmisimulans), a
poplar leaf hopper introduced into this country from Europe which is becoming
more abundant and widely distributed in New Jersey, having been noted in
several cases occurring on poplars growing along city streets.

Oonatocerus ovicenatus has been previously recorded as parasitizing its eggs
(E. S. R., 34, p. 657), and the authors have observed O. maga ovipositing in the
tissue directly over I. scurra eggs.

The genus Ophiderma (Membracidae: Homoptera), E. H. Gibson and Emma
Wells (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 25 {1917), No. ^, pp. 199-20S).— The authors
recognize ten species of this genus as occurring in the United States, of which
two are described as new to science.

The genus Harmostes, E. H. Gibson {Ent. News, 28 {1917), No. 10, pp. 4S9-
450). — A key is given for the separation of 16 species of this coreid genus,
eight of which occur north of Mexico, one being described as new.

On the Chinese gall (Aphidi'dje), A. C. Baicer {Ent. News, 28 {1917), No. 9,
pp. 385S93, pi. 1). — The literature relating to galls produced by aphids on
Rhu^ semialata, which for many centuries have been an important article of
commerce in China, is brought together and the species compared with its well-
known relatives in this country. The galls produced by this aphid are eruployed
in dyeing and tanning, as well as in native medicines, and the export of these
galls in recent years has amounted to a million dollars annually. A list of
references appended consists of 35 titles.

The corn root aphis and methods of controlling it, J. J. Davis {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 891 {1917), pp. 12, figs. 6).— A practical summary
of information in which the life history of this plant louse and its association
with the cornfield ant {Lasius niger americanus) are graphically illustrated.
Control measures include crop rotation, early and deep spring plowing followed
by several deep diskings, the use of a substance offensive to the ants to be
applied with a chemical fertilizer to prevent their colonizing the aphids on
corn roots, and the maintenance of soil fertility through the use of barnyard
manure or other fertilizer as an aid in producing stronger plants.

Control of the melon aphis, F. H. Chittenden {XJ. S. Dept. Agr., Farmer^
Bill. 914 {1918), pp. 16, figs. 9). — A popular account of this pest with direc-
tions for its control. The use of 40 per cent nicotin sulphate, 3 fluid ounces;
water, 25 gal. ; and laundry soap, 1 lb., is said to have given the best results
thus far. The importance of using plenty of spray, 200 gal. to the acre, ap-
plied at high pressure, if possible, is emphasized.

Cattle lice and how to eradicate them, M. Imes {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 909 {1918), pp. 26, figs. 14). — A popular summary of information relative
to suctorial and biting lice, their life history and habits, and methods of

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 765

treatment, including plana for a dipping plant. Arsenical dips, coal-tar creosote
dips, and nicotin solutions may be used for dipping cattle to destroy lice, two
or more treatments with one of which should be given 15 to 16 days apart.

Methods of control of the clothes louse (Pediculus humanus [vestimenti]),
W. MooRE {Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 3 (1918), No. 5, pp. 261-268). — The
author's investigati9ps here reported, conducted at the Minnesota Experiment
Station, show that sachets (small bags) of naphthalene, camphor, sulphur,
paradichlorbenzene, and various other chemicals, worn about the neck or the
waist, are not successful in eliminating the body louse.

" Talc 20 gm., creosote 1 cc, sulphur 0.5 gm. is six times as effective a louse
powder as NCI [naphthalene 96 per cent, creosote 2 per cent, and iodoform 2
per cent], •causing less irritation to the skin and, being dry, is easier to apply.
Impregnation of the underwear does not appear promising, but a cheesecloth
suit impregnated with saturated solution of sulphur in creosote could be suc-
cessfully worn outside the underwear. Chlorplcrin can be used as a funiigant,
penetrating the clothing and killing the lice in all parts of the clothing in 15
minutes and the eggs in 30 minutes. By increasing the heat in tlie fumigation
chamber, the time required to kill the eggs could be reduced."

[Papers on body lice] (Parasitology, 10 (1917), No. 1, pp. 188, pis. 3, figs.
12). — The articles here presented on body lice are as follows: Bibliography
of Pediculus and Phthirus, including Zoological and Medical Publications Deal-
ing with Human Lice, Their Anatomy, Biology, Relation to Disease, etc., and
Prophylactic Measures Directed Against Them (pp. 1-42), The Part Played by
Pediculus humanus in the Causation of Disease (pp. 43-79), and The Biology
of P. humanus (pp. 80-185), by G. H. F. Nuttall ; and Notes on Head and
Body Lice and upon Temperature Reactions of Lice and^'Mosquitoes, by F. M.
Hewlett (pp. 186-188).

The pink bollworm of cotton, E. E. Scholl (Farm and Ranch, 36 (1917),
No. 50, p. 2, figs. 4)- — -A- brief account of the appearance of this pest in Texas
and measures taken for its eradication. A law enacted by the Texas legis-
lature which became effective December 28, 1917, makes it possible for the
governor to quarantine any county or area where the pink bollworm is found
and he may, upon the advice of the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture, restrict and
regulate the growing of cotton in the border counties when the pink bollworm
is found in Mexico within 50 miles of the Rio Grande.

Report on the pink bollworm in the cotton districts of northeastern
Brazil, A. M. da Costa Lima (Relatorio sobre a Lagarta Rosea do Capulho
{Pink Bollworm) nos Algodoeiros do Nordeste. Rio de Janeiro: Govt., 1917,
pp. 50, pis. 4; rev. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A,. 5 (1917), No. 12, p. 537).— This
is a report to the Brazilian minister of agriculture on the pink bollworm
([Gelechia] Pectinophora gossypiella) in Brazil, accounts of which pest in
that country by Hunter (E. S. R., 37, p. 358), Busck (E. S. R., 37, p. 564), and
Green (E. S. R., 38, p. 562) have been previously noted.

Notes on its natural enemies and on other cotton pests in northeastern Brazil
are included, as is a bibliography of 28 titles.

Outbreaks of the elegant looper (Philtrsea elegantaria) on privet in Loui-
siana, E. S. Tucker (Ent. News, 28 (1917), No. 9, pp. 394-396) .—These u5tes
relate to the occurrence of the elegant looper on Amoor privet (Ligustrum
amurensc) at Baton Rouge, La., in May and June, 1913. There was a high
percentage of parasitism by Chalcis ovata, and specimens of Eutelus sp. and
Phorocera (Euphorocera) claripennis were also reared.

Descriptions of some lepidopterous larvae from Mexico, H. G. Dyar (In
secuior Inscitice Menstruus, 5 (1917), No. 7-9, pp. 128-132).

766 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 3S

A new pyralid from California, H. G. Dyar (Insecutor Inscitice Menstruus
5 (1917), No. 1-9, p. 132).

Brabantia rhizoleuca, redescribed, H. G. Dyar (^Insecutor Inscitice Men-
struus, 5 {1911), No. 10-12, p. 169).

The genus Culex in the United States, H. G. Dyar and F. Knab {Insccnior
Inscitia- Menstruus, 5 {1911), No. 10-12, pp. 170-183).— The author presents
notes on 17 species of Culex, including two new species ; and on three additional
species belonging to other genera. A table for the separation of subgenera ol
Culex by the male genitalia and a table for the separation of species of Culex
by coloration are included.

The mosquitoes of the Pacific Northwest, H. G. Dyar {Insecutor Inscitiw
Menstruus, 5 {1917), No. 7-9, pp. 97-102, pi. 1).

The larva of Aedes idahoensis, H. G. Dyar {Insecutor Inscitiw Menstruus,
5 {1917). No. 10-12, pp. 187, 188).

A second note on the species of Culex of the Bahamas, H. G. Dyar {In-
secutor Inscitiw Menstruus, 5 (1917), No. 10-12, pp. 183-187). — This second
note (E. S. R., 34, p. 553) gives a list of mosquitoes of the Bahamas collected
in 1903 by T. H. Coffin,^ together with the corrected nomenclature as supplied
in the monograph of Howai'd, Dyar, and Knab (E. S. R., 37, p. 762). A descrip-
tion of one new species and records of two additional forms are included.

Dytiscus as a destroyer of mosquito larvae, F. E. Chiuester {Ent. News,
28 {1917), No. 10, p. 454).— The author finds that while dytiscid larvte may bei
of considerable importance in killing mosquito larvre when the latter are present
in great numbers, complete extermination by them where the mosquito larvie are
widely distributed is not probable.

New American mosquitoes, H. G. Dyar and F. Knab {Insecutor Inscitice
Menstruus, 5 {1917), No. 10-12, pp. 165-169). — Four species of mosquitoes are
here described as new. j

Notes on Aedes curriei, H. G. Dyar and F. Knab {Insecutor Inscitice Men-]
struus, 5 {1917), No. 7-9, pp. 122-125). j

Notes on Aedes at Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho, H. G. Dyar {Insecutor In-\
scitice Menstruus, 5 {1917), No. 7-9, pp. 102-104).

Notes on the Aedes of Montana, H. G. Dyab (Insecutor Inscitice Menstruus,
5 (1917), No. 7-9, pp. 104-121).

A new Aedes from the Rocky Mountain region, H. G. Dyar (Insecutor
Inscitice Menstruus, 5 (1917), No. 7-9, pp. 127. 128).

A note on the mode of existence of flies during winter, R. P. McDonnell
and T. Eastwood (Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 29 (1917), No. 1, pp. 98-100). —
The continued occurrence of adult flies in houses, hutments, and elsewhere in
France following a few days of sunny weather, notwithstanding the extreme cold
experienced in the latter part of February and early part of March, led thd
authors to conduct the investigations here reported.

No hibernating' flies could be found, but examinations of manure heaps indi-
cated that eggs deposited in late autumn and covered over or otherwise buried
in the heap may hatch as a result of the warmth in the depths of the manure.
Such larvae continue to feed and eventually pupate, in which stage they may
remain until spring or appear as adult flies hatched out by a few warm days,
the heat of which has penetrated the superimposed layers of manure, thus ac-
counting for the fact that adult flies are frequently encountered in wintertime.
The finding of living fly larvae and pupse in such numbers in manure heaps is
considered remarkable on account of the extreme cold during the late winter,
when from 18 to 20° of frost were experienced for many days.

iTlie Bahama Islands, edited by G. B. Shattuck (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1905,
pp. 275-2S9).

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 767

" It would appear that manure heaps may be a source of danger at any time
of the year, and if the spread of flies is to be prevented, manure should either
be burnt, or spread out in thin layers; dumping in the immediate vicinity of
camps and buildings should be avoided. Covering over the heaps with earth, or
sowing the surface with grass or other seeds, would appear to be of doubtful
value once eggs are deposited in the manure.

" In the month of March, the presence of living fly larvse was demonstrated
in a mixture of earth and human excreta made six months previously ; it would
seem therefore that reliance can not always be placed on the method of disposal
in shallow trench latrines as a preventive of fly breeding ; in some soils the dis-
appearance of excreta is slow."

Interrelations of fruit-fly parasites in Hawaii, C. E. Pemberton and H. F.
WiLLAKD {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 5, pp. 285-^95,
pis. 4). — This is a report of studies made in connection with the work pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 659).

The observations have shown that where Mediterranean fruit fly larvae have
been parasitized by both Opius humilis introduced from South Africa and
Diachasma tryoni introduced from Australia, 0. humilis was killed and D.
tryoni developed to maturity. D. fullawayi, a later introduction, and D. try-
oni have been responsible for the great suppression of O. humilis, which is
more hardy and prolific than either of the two species of Diachasma and more
generally efficient than both combined. Tefrastichm gitfardianus, a late in-
troduction into Hawaii, has proved decidedly destructive to any of the opiines
when occurring in the same fly larvae or puparia with them, and has given
but small promise of accomplishing any perceptible control of the fruit fly.

It is thought that sufficient evidence is presented to prove the superiority of
0. humilis over the other introduced fruit fly parasites in Hawaii, and to
demonstrate the decided restraint operated over it by the unfailing canni-
balistic activities of the larvse of D. tryoni in particular and of the other
parasites in part. Since O. humilis has a capacity of parasitizing from 80
to 90 per cent of the larvse of the fruit fly in favorable localities, such as the
large Kona coffee belt, the authors maintain that detrimental results to a
certain extent have arisen from the liberation in Hawaii of parasites other
than 0. humilis that attacked the larvse of the fruit fly. As a result the total
parasitism has been reduced to that of a parasite of secondary value.

A new ortalid from the Philippines, F. Knab {Insecutor Insciticc Menstruus,
5 {1917), No. 7-9, pp. 125-127).

New genera of Amobiinse, C. H. T. Townsend {Insecutor Inscitice Men-
struus, 5 {1917), No. 10-12. pp. 157-165).— In this paper, which deals with one
of the two subfamilies of Sarcophagidae, the author erects 11 genera and de-
scribes the type species of three.

Five new species of North American Tachinidse, H. E. Smith {Psyche, 24
{1917), No. 5, pp. 137-141). — Homwonychia rapce, one of the species here de-
scribed as new, was reared from the imported cabbage worm at Melrose High-
lands, Mass.

The white grubs injuring the sugar cane in Porto Rico.^ — I, Life histories
of May beetles, E. G. Smyth {Jour. Dept. Agr. P. R., 1 {1917), No. 3, pp. 14I-
169). — This is a continuation of the report of investigations of the May beetles
previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 161).

The infection of Phyllophaga vnndiriei n. sp. with Metarrhizium anlsopUce
and Micrococcus nigi-ofaciens is first reported, followed by accounts of work
with the common white grub {P. portoricensis n. sp.), the south coast white
grub (P. guanicana n. sp.), the citrus white grub (P. citri n. sp.), and the

768 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

little brown May beetle (Phytnlus insvlaris n. sp.), previously referred to as
Lachnosterna " grande," "media," "media (northern form)," and " pequeiaa,"
respectively (E. S. R., 36, p. 753). As with P. vandinei the life cycle of all
four of these species covers just one year.

Synopsis of the coleopterous family Cisidse (Cioidae) of America north of
Mexico, C. DuBY (Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 22 {1911), Ao. 2, pp. 1-21).—
The beetles of this family are said to live in woody fungi of the different
polyporoid kinds. " The North American species are of but little economic
importance so far as is known, though they and their larvae are voracious
feeders on the substance of the inner parts of woody fungi."

How to reduce weevil waste in southern com, C H. Kyi>e (C/. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 915 (1918), pp. 7, figs. S). — It is pointed out that a great
increase in loss results when corn is stored with short, loose shucks, and that
such corn should be fed or sold as rapidly as possible. Corn in which the
shucks extend beyond the tips of the ears and clo.se tightly about the silks
is weevil proof, both in the field and in storage. When necessary to store
corn that does not have good shuck protection, the damage can be reduced
by shelling, cleaning, and placing the corn in bags of closely woven cloth.

A key to the known species of South Carolina ants, with notes, M. R.
Smith {Ent. Neics, 29 [1918), No. 1, pp. 17-29).

Notes on parasitic Hynienoptera, A. A. Girauxt {Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc,
12 (1917), No. 5, p. 118). — The tetrastichinid genus Neoniphaloidomyia is
erected and two species described as new. One of these, Hypoptcromalus per-
cussor, was reared from the larvre of Zotheca tranquilla at Wenatchee, Wash.

New Australian chalcid flies, A. A. Gieatjlt {Insecutor Inscitice Menstruus,
5 (1917), No. 7-9, pp. 133-155*). — This paper, which is in continuation of that
previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 569), contains descriptions of 29 new species,
and nine genera are erected. Among the new .species is Dibrachys australia,
reared from the codling moth at Glen Innes, N. S. Wales.

The North American species of Trigonoderus, females, A. A. Gikault
{Ent. Netcs, 28 {1917), No. 9, pp. 396, 397).— Five species of the genus are
recognized, of which four are described as new.

Ichneumons v. Apanteles, H. Donisthorpe {Ent. Rec. and Jour. Variation,
29 {1917), No. 11, p. 231). — These notes relate to observations of the braconid
parasite Apanteles glomeratus and two ichneumonids {Hemiteles fulvipes and
Panargyrops pellucidato-r) , all reared from Pieris hrassicce.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Convention of the Association of
American Dairy, Food, and Drug Oflacials {Amer. Food Jour., 12 {1917), No.
9, pp. 453-500). — The proceedings of this convention, held in Atlantic City
from .July 31 to August 3, 1917, are given in full. The subjects under discus-
sion included Grades for Canned Corn, Peas, and Other Foods ; Commercial
Edible Fats; Sanitation and Health from the Food Standpoint; Report of the
Committee on Swells and Springers in Canned Goods ; the Law as Laid Down
in the Iowa and Pennsylvania Department of Ice Cream Cases; the Essentials
for Clean Milk Production; and the Use of Inferior Ingredients and Cheap
Substitutes.

Native wild mushrooms for food {Missouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 5 {1917), No.
8, pp. 119-129, pis. 7). — A discussion of the food value of mushrooms, methods
of preservation, and means of distinguishing the edible from the inedible
varieties.

1918.] FOODS HUMAN NUTRITIOIT. 769

Food supply in families of limited means. — A study of present facts of
the food problem in Boston families, by six welfare agencies, members of
the League for Preventive Work, M. M. Davis {Boston: League for Preventive
Work, 1917, pp. 2ff}. — The author concludes from this study that "the general
public needs to be much more fully awakened to the serious effect of present
food prices upon the nutrition of families of small means, particularly families
in which there are many young children." An increase of income as well as
food instruction may be necessary in the lower income group. " Present food
conditions obviously demand of all charitable societies which administer mate-
rial relief that they revise and study carefully the money standards of income
which they are providing for their families." Each social worker should have
a general knowledge of food values and should advise with a trained dietitian
on problems of the food budget for the families.

Cost of living in the District of Columbia, [I-V] (Mo. Rev., U. S. Bur.
Labor Statis., 5 {1911), Nos. 4, pp. 1-17; 5, pp. 1-12; 6, pp. 1-18; 6 {1918), Nos.
1, pp. 1-12; 2, pp. 1-12). — This is a series of reports of the findings of the
special agents of the Bureau of Labor as to the cost of living of wage earners
in the District of Columbia.

In the initial report, a summary view of family incomes in the District is
given. It is shown that a large proportion of families, both white and colored,
in Washington receive incomes of $900 to $1,000, which are held to be inadequate
to maintain a normal family in comfort.

The second report presents a summary of family expenditures. The fact that
a very large proportion of the low-income families of Washington are not spend-
ing enough money upon food to maintain the family members in good health is
brought out. Family expenditures for food, clothing, housing, sickness, amuse-
ment and recreation, insurance, car fare, and other incidentals are also discussed.

In the third report, dealing with the feeding of the family, a Special dietary
study made by the Bureau of Labor in cooperation with the Office of Home
Economics of the U. S. Department of Agriculture is reported, which records
the dietaries of 31 families. These dietaries are analyzed and comments made
on those of selected families. The conclusion is reached that 30 cts. per day
is the least sum upon which an adult male could be properly fed in 1917 at the
prices then prevailing. It is further pointed out that this sum is extremely
low, and that even when no allowance Is made for waste and ignorance a very
large number of families covered by the investigation fall below the " minimum
of subsistence " line and many far below.

The fourth report deals with wage-earning women, who they are and what
they do. A general consideration of the personal and working conditions of
600 wage-earning women is presented.

In the fifth report, dealing with wage-earning women and their clothing, it is
pointed out that of 600 wage-earning women of Washington studied 82 per cent
spent less than $150 per year for clothing, 93.5 per cent less than $200, and only
6.5 per cent as much as $200.

Food supply of Jamaica in relation to the great war, H. H. Cousins {Ann.
Rpt. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 1917, pp. 1-6). — The fact that .Jamaica is well
adapted for the production of a variety of foodstuffs and can obtain very
large yields per acre is emphasized. An increased production of the native
foodstuffs for 1917 was predicted. That the people are quite largely dependent
upon Imported fish, bread, and dairy products Is also' brought out.

[Public dining room service]. — Five per cent of population eat in public
dining rooms {Hotel Mo., 26 {1918), No. 300, p. 55).— The estimate is made
that the hotels, restaurants, and dining cars of the United States feed approxi-

770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

mately 3 per cent of the population ; and that hotels, restaurants, lunch rooms,
and cafeterias of the large cities feed approximately 5 per cent of the popu-
lation.

Suggestions sent to the State institutions of California for food conserva-
tion in accordance with the proclamation of the United States Food Admin-
istration, M. E. Jaffa (Cal. Bd. Health Mo. Bui., 13 (1918), No. 9, pp. 417-
422). — Suggestions are given for conserving food in hospitals, prisons, reform
schools, and homes for the feeble-minded according to the suggestions of the
U. S. Food Administration. The suggestions are arranged according to food
classlftcations, and include how to conserve meats, flours and meals, bread,
breakfast foods, pastes, sugar, butter, and fats.

How to use left-overs {[Nerv York]: Mayor MilcheVs Committee on Food
Snppljt, 1915. pp. 52).— Suggestions and recipes for the utilization of left-over
foods are given.

The effect of omnivorous and vegetarian diets on reproduction in the
albino rat, J. R. Slonaker and T. A. Card {Science, n. ser., 47 (1918), No.
1209, pp. 223, 224). — Results are given of an experiment now in its fifth year
to show the effect of a vegetarian diet as compared with an omnivorous diet
on reproduction in the albino rat. The general conclusion reached is that a
vegetarian diet not only reduces the vitality, the growth, and the ability to
reproduce, but tends to the extermination of the race.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

[Velvet beans compared with cottonseed meal, corn, and dried blood for
live stock] (Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 19S (1917), pp. 103-122) .—In. this con-
tinuation of work previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 563), three experiments
are reported.

I. Velvet heans compared with cottonseed meal -for fattening steers, by G. S.
Templeton and E. Gibbens (pp. 103-109). — In this experiment, carried out in
the winter of 1916-17. the steers were of different quality and the velvet beans
were prepared in another way from the previous year. The animals averaged
773 lbs. in weight at the beginning of the experiment which lasted 137 days.
They were in lots of 15 each. The beans were fed in the pod mixed with the
silage. After four weeks they were soaked in water 12 hours before feeding.
The local prices of the feeds were, cottonseed meal $38, velvet beans in pod
$20, and corn silage $3 per ton.

The lot of steers on velvet beans in pod and corn silage for 119 days gained
an average of 1.6 lbs. each daily at a cost of 9.3 cts. per pound of gain, and
the lot on cottonseed meal and corn silage gained an average of 1.55 lbs. each
daily at a cost of 10.42 cts. per pound of gain.

The steers cost 6 cts. per pound when put on feed, and the velvet bean
lot was sold at 9.75 cts. per poimd, netting a profit of $19.62 each. The
cottonseed meal lot sold for 9.4 cts. per pound and returned a profit of $16.39
each.

In this experiment 1 lb. of cottonseed meal was equal to 2.05 lbs. of velvet
beans in pod. The velvet bean lot, however, consumed only two-thirds the
amount of silage as the cottonseed meal lot. The velvet bean ration was
relished by the animals.

II. Velvet beans v. cottonseed meal as feeds for dairy cattle, by G. S. Tem-
pleton and H. C. Ferguson (pp. 110-117). — -The ob.iect of the experiment was
to determine the value of velvet beans in the production of milk and milk
fat and the relative cost compared with cottonseed meal. Two lots of five cows

1918] ANIMAL PRODUCTIOlsr. 771

each were fed for 28 days and after 7 days reversed and fed for 28 days more.
One lot was fed a mixture of corn meal and cottonseed meaj, 7 : 8, witli corn
silage, and the other lot velvet beans in pod, ground, and corn silage.

More milk and milk fat were produced on the corn meal-cottonseed meal ra-
tion, but the cost was lower on the velvet bean ration.

In a second experiment two lots of four cows each were fed for the same
periods as in the preceding. One lot was fed corn meal and cottonseed meal,
4 : 3, with corn silage, and the other corn meal and velvet lieans and pod meal,
4 : 6, with corn silage. As in the previous experiment, more milk and milk fat
were produced on the cottonseed meal ration, but on the velvet bean meal ration
the cost was lower. With cottonseed meal at $40 per ton the velvet beans were
worth $15.80 per ton for milk and $15.92 for milk-fat production. One lb. of
cottonseed meal was equal in feeding value and economy to 2.5 lbs. of velvet
beans in the pod.

The velvet beans were not palatable to all the cows. The consumption varied
between 11 and nearly 4 lbs. daily per animal. The milk flow and the mainte-
nance of body weight of individual cows on the velvet bean rations varied with
the amount eacli consumed.

III. Velvet bean pasture compared loith corn and dried blood; velvet bean
meal compared with corn for -fattening hogs, by G. S. Templeton (pp. 118-122). —
The farmers of Alabama are using the velvet bean in two ways with hogs.
The more common method is to gather the corn after frost has killed the velvet
bean vines growing over it and then turn the pigs in the field. The other
method is to gather the ripe beans and feed as a concentrate.

An experiment was made with three lots of pigs of five each with corn and
dried blood, 10 : 1, as concentrates. Lot 1 was fed a full ration alone, lot 2 a
half ration (2 lbs. to each 100 lbs. live weight) with the pigs on velvet bean
pasture, and lot 3 a one-fourth ration (1 lb. to 100 lbs. live weight) on velvet
bean pasture.

Valuing tlie corn at $1 per bushel, the dried blood at $60 per ton, and the
velvet bean pasture at $2.83 per acre, it cost $6.59 to produce 100 lbs. increase
in lot 1, $4.91 in lot 2, and $4.02 in lot 3.

In another experiment lot 1 was fed corn meal and lot 2 corn meal and velvet
bean meal without the pods, 1:1. It took 483.57 lbs. of the corn meal to pro-
duce 100 lbs. gain and 537.64 lbs. of the mixture. Valuing the corn at $1 per
bushel and the velvet beans at $34 per ton. it cost 8.64 cts. per pound of gain
with the com meal and 9.37 cts. with the mixture.

The melting point of the lard from the corn-fed lot was 46.04° C. and from
the corn meal-velvet bean meal lot 44.35°. The carcasses of the latter were
slightly darker. All carcasses were firm.

Palm-kernel cake, palm-kernel meal, and coconut cake, compared with,
soy cake, for fattening cattle, young store cattle, and fattening sheep,
1915-16, D. A. GiLCHEiST (County Northitmb. Ed. Com. Bui. 25 [1917], pp.
8). — During the years 1912 and 1913 Germany imported an average of 248,000
tons palm kernels, 109,000 tons copra, 445,000 tons linseed and linseed meal,
217,000 tons cotton seed, 125,000 tons soy beans, and 84,000 tons peanuts. Large
quantities of these are now diverted to England and the experiments here re-
ported were made to determine the best utilization of the resulting by-products.

Four lots of three bullocks and four of three heifers each were used in the

trials with fattening cattle. Lot 1 was fed daily a standard ration per 1,000

lbs. live weight made up of 78 lbs. swedes, 14 lbs. seeds hay, 2.25 lbs. soy cake,

and 4 lbs. Egyptian cotton cake. In lot 2 the cotton cake was replaced with

62077°— 18 6

772 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

4 lbs. palm-kernel cake, in lot 3 with 4 lbs. palm-kernel meal, and in lot 4 with
4 lbs. coconut cake. During the third and fourth months 1 lb. of these four
cakes in the four rations was replaced with 0.25 lb. soy cake and 0.5 lb. maize
meal to make the rations more palatable. The bullocks during the four months
made average gains each per week as follows: Lot 1, 16.5; lot 2, 12.44; lot 3,
14.19 ; and lot 4, 15.7 lbs. The average profits per head for the four months
were for lot 1, £4 5s. 4d. ($20.77) ; lot 2, £3 2s. 4d. ; lot 3, £5 19s. 7d. ; aud lot 4,
£3 10s. 3d., respectively. The heifers gained 8.92, 10, 9.25, and 7.42 lbs. each
per week, respectively. The profits were for the entire period per head as fol-
lows : Lot 1, £2 14s. ; lot 2, £3 4s. Id. ; lot 3, £2 19s. 5d. ; and lot 4, £2 9s. 7d.,
respectively.

In the experiment with store (stocker) cattle just over six months old three
lots of 11, 5, and 6 head, respectively, were used. Lot 1 was fed a daily ration
per 500 lbs. live weight of 10.5 lbs. seeds hay, 0.5 lb. soy cake, and 2.5 lbs.
palm-kernel cake ; lot 2, 10.2 lbs. seeds hay, 0.5 lb. soy cake, and 2.5 lbs. palm-
kernel meal; lot 3, 25 lbs. swedes, 6 lbs. seeds hay, 1 lb. soy cake, and 2 lbs.
palm-kernel cake. The average weekly gains per head were for lot 1, 7.44 lbs. ;
lot 2, 9.5 lbs. ; and lot 3, 11.06 lbs. The profits per head for the 16 weeks of
the experiment were for lot 1, 10s. ; lot 2, £1 3s. 3d. ; and lot 3, 10s. Id. Lots 1
and 2 were wintered outside and lot 3 inside. Lot 3 made better average gains,
but the lots wintered outside were in better feeding condition and valued
higher in the spring.

The sheep were divided into three lots of 16 each and fed the following
rations daily per 100 lbs. live weight: Lot 2, 8 lbs. swedes, 1.5 lbs. seeds hay,
0.4 lb. soy cake, 0.4 lb. Egyptian cotton cake, and 0.25 lb. maize meal ; lot 2,
7.2 lbs. swedes, 1.2 lbs. seeds hay, 0.4 lb. soy cake, and 0.5 lb. palm-kernel cake ;
aud lot 3, 8 lbs. swedes, 1.2 lbs. seeds hay, 0.4 lb. soy cake, and 0.5 lb. palm-
kernel meaL Those with cotton cake in the ration gained an average of 1.82
lbs. per week, with palm-kernel cake 1.8, and with palm-kernel meal 1.89. The
gains above expenses for the three months of the trial were for the three
lots 3s. ; 4s. 6d. ; and 5s. per head, respectively.

Palm-kernel meal containing less than 2 per cent of oil gave better results
with all the animals than palm-nut cake containing nearly 6 per cent The
meal and cakes were stored in a granary and kept in good condition for some
mouths. No diflSculty was encountered in getting the animals to eat them.
The composition of the cakes and meal used in the experiments is shown.

Analyses, by S. H. Collins, of the feeds used are given.

The question of silage and its feraientation, E. Pebkoncito (Ann. R. Accad.
Agr. Torino, 58 (1915), pp. 219, 220). — Preliminary work with the organisms
concerned in fermenting silage is outlined.

Commercial feeding' stuffs, 1916-17, C. D. Woods et al. {Maine Sta. Off.
Insp. 84 {1917), pp. 53-120). — Tabulated data are given as to the registration
and the general results of the examination of about 700 samples of feeding
stuffs.

Live stock in Colorado, with special reference to beef cattle and sheep,
C. I. Bray {Denver: Colo. Bd. Immigr., [191T[, pp. 18 figs. 2). — The live-stock
industry in Colorado is described and information of value to newcomers to
the State is detailed.

Cattle rearing, W. Bbuce {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 28
{1916), pp. iS^-i SO). —Attention is called to the great change in the Scottish
cattle industry whereby cattle rearing has been replaced by cattle feeding
as the more general practice. This article is timely because of the scarcity

1^18] ANIMAL PEODUCTION". 773

of feeders, and seeks to bring out the methods of producing good commercial
cattle rather than pure-bred breeding stock. In the former case the animals
must be grown on the minimum amount of economical feeds and must recoup
from a narrow range of prices compared witli the possibilities of breeding
cattle.

The natural system. — Where there is a scarcity of housing but sheltered
fields and second- or third-rate grass, animals may be kept out all winter living
on what they gather, supplemented with a little second-rate hay or a few
turnips fed on the grass. Cattle that lend themselves to this method of winter-
ing are Galloway and West Highland breeds. The slowness in maturity of
their offspring may be somewhat overcome by breeding them to the Shorthorn,
this breed having proved from experience best for using on these hardy out-
wintered cows.

The best calving time for these cows is early in April. The animals should
be tied up for a week or two at this time so that they may be better attended
to and gentled. The calves should be weaned, put on extra feed, and housed
by the beginning of October. Both dams and calves can then be put into good
condition for the winter. The cost of raising cattle by this method varies
chiefly with the value of the grazing.

A second method of rearing cattle employs housing, thus permitting the
use of the better and earlier maturing, though less hardy, beef breeds. De-
scribing the method as carried out at Camperdown the cows calve in Feb-
ruary, except the heifers which, for their further development, are allowed to
go till April. The cows are fed on turnips and oat straw until they go on
grass in May, while the calves are allowed access to the same feed as early as
they desire. The calves are weaned in October and put on a ration of turnips
and straw and 1 lb. of cake and 1 lb. of dried grain daily. The concentrated
ration is increased gradually to 3 lbs. per head after midwinter. At the com-
mencement of the grazing season the following spring the cake is increased to
from 5 to 6 lbs. daily. The calves are later brought into the yards and finished
off with turnips, straw, hay, and at the end 8 lbs. of concentrated feeds. They
are sold to the butcher between November and the middle of January, weigh-
ing from 10 to 13 cwt. at from 21 to 22 months of age. After the calves are
weaned in October the cows are grazed until the middle of December and
then housed in the cattle yards, where, except for an occasional airing on a
good day, they pass the winter on turnips and oat straw.

The author describes methods whereby two, four, and even five calves are
suckled by one cow during a season. In this system the cows must be good
milkers and the pasture abundant. The cows must be watched closely and
additional food beyond grass, turnips, and straw given when the conditions
demand.

After the calf is bom it is rubbed dry and a boHght-in calf tied with it
behind the cow and both allowed to suckle three or four times daily. After a
few weeks all are turned out together. At the end of June or the beginning of
July the calves are taught to eat linseed cake and bruised oats and weaned, the
cow tied up, and two young calves put to suckle her. These are weaned late in
the year and in some cases one more calf put upon the cow.

The artificial system. — Three lines of hand feeding calves are generally
followed: First, the young calf is fed mostly whole milk for three or four
months, and in the meantime taught to consume other feeds. Second, it is fed
skim milk, with some substitute for the butter fat removed. Third, when milk
is very dear, the calves are fed substitutes after the first week or two.

774 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

A number of experiments made in Scotland and Ireland are cited and dis-
cussed. The author describes one in which he reared calves on 100 gal. of
whole milk each, which with a good cow means about eight calves, using calf
meal, cake, and grain as supplements. The scheme as carried out was as
follows :

Beginning the first week the calf was given 8 gal. of milk, which was in-
creased to 10.5 gal. from the second to the fourth and then gradually decreased
to 1.75 gal. the sixteenth week. Beginning the fourth week the calf was fed 10
pints of gruel, which was gradually increased to 42 pints the twelfth week and
reduced to 28 pints by the sixteenth. At the seventh week 1.75 lbs. of calf meal
was fed, which was gradually increased to 7 lbs. weekly at the sixteenth.
Good hay was given after four weeks, and turnips and grass when the calves
would take them. The calf up to 16 weeks consumed 100 gal. of milk, 47 gal.
of gruel, and 88 lbs. of calf meal.

The calf meal was made up of linseed meal, crushed linseed, wheat par-
ings, and locust-bean meal, 4:2:1:1. The gruel was made of from 2 to 3
lbs. of calf meal made into a paste with 1 qt. of cold water, to which was
added 1 gal. of boiling water and fed at blood heat.

[Prickly pear for cattle], F. Smith (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 6 (laid),
Nos. 4, pp. 239-244; 5, pp. 304-307). — This is the first and second progress
report of work on this subject at the prickly-pear feeding station at Wallum-
billa.

In studying the comparative values of scrub and forest pear in stock feeding
no essential difference was found by analyses. That the animals selected one
in preference to another seemed due to the number and condition of the spines
borne and not to any difference in flavor or palatability.

In maintenance feeding prickly-pear feeding alone does not suffice but is
more efficient with a medium amount of nonnitrogenous roughage. Pear with
small amounts of nitrogenous concentrates or leguminous hay conserves weight
and permits small gains. With supplementary feeds the animals will eat more
of the pear than when on a feed of it alone. The amount of pear consumed de-
pends largely upon the individuality of the animal. In minimum amounts
nitrogenous feeds added to the ration will cause a longer consumption of pear
than nonnitrogenous. Too large a use of supplementary feeds will cause a
lessened consumption of pear.

Slicing pear to make it acceptable to the animals is preferred to singeing.
Under the methods employed at the station one man can handle and distribute
pear for from 50 to 60 head of cattle per day. In five months of feeding no
animal showed any trouble from eating pear prepared in this way. Scouring
was not pronounced except in cases where pear was fed alone or in amounts in
the ration of over 90 lbs. daily.

Future work in feeding pear is outlined. See also the articles previously
noted (E. S. R., 38, pp. 571, 572).

■Wool price calculator (Canada Dept. Agr., Live Stock Branch Pamphlet 13
(1916), pp. 71). — A calculating device is described.

Age affects rate and economy of gains in hog's (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., S
(1918), No. 1, p. 29). — In the first experiment the pigs, shortly after weaning
time, were placed on a ration of corn, middlings, and tankage (10:4:1), and
in the second a ration of corn and tankage was fed. The corn and tankage
was fed in the proportion of 8 : 1 at first, the corn being increased one-fourth
part weekly for 24 weeks, after which the ratio remained constant.

1918]

ANIMAL PRODUCTION,

775

The following table shows by 100-lb. intervals the average results of the
two experiments :

Effect of age on rate and economy of gains in pigs.

Weight of pigs.

Number
of pigs.

Average
daily gain.

Average

time
required.

Feed per

poiind of

gain.

Birth to 100 lbs

25

20
15
10
5

Pounds.
0.705
1.745
1.720
1.S16
1.694

Days.
137. 72
57.05
58.33
53.2
60.8

Pounds.
3.18

100 to 200 lbs

3.62

200 to :^00 lbs

4.35

300 to 400 lbs

4.50

400 to 500 lbs

4.97

The breaking of unruly horses, especially those from America, Dakras
{Tie Agr. et Rurale, 7 {1911), No. 1^, pp. 239-242, figs. 3).— Many horses im-
ported into France for war purposes are not properly broken and some are so
vicious that they are of little or no use. A method is described for breaking
such horses quickly and using them in various branches of the service. For this
work a specially constructed box or stall is used which confines the animal and
yet allows handling by the trainer without the necessity of employing undue
force or brutality. The stall is figured and described in detail.

The practical utilization of the light horse, P. Diffloth {Vie Agr. et
Rurale, 7 {1917), No. U, pp. 233-235, figs, -i).— The adaptability and value of
the small horse in modern warfare are discussed.

How to select laying hens, O. B. Kent {N. Y. State Col. Agr., Cornell Univ.
Ext. Bill. 21 {1917), pp. 23-33. pis. 5, figs. 9).— The author points out indica-
tions of laying condition in hens as shown by changes in fat, color, body shape,
secondary sexual characters, plumage, and actions. Directions are given for
culling flocks of hens on this basis.

Wing molt as an indication of production, O. B. Kent {Cornell Country-
man, 15 {191S), No. 4, pp. 192, 198, 212, figs. 3). —A method is described of de-
termining quite accurately by the primary wing feathers how long a fowl has
been in molt. It has been found that the time that a fowl stops laying in the
fall is closely related to her total egg production, and that a hen, especially
a Leghorn, usually stops laying when she begins molting. The time of onset of
molting thus furnishes a means for determining how many eggs a bird has laid.

Value of breeding from selected stock, H. M. Lamon {Jour. Alass. Poultry
Soc, 1 {1917), Nos. 2, pp. 15, 16; 3, p. 24; 4, PP- 30-52).— This is a di.scussion
of the selection of poultry for vigor and vitality and the value of breeding from
selected stock. The author recommends that in breeding work (1) a detailed
description of matings be kept, (2) every hen trap nested and every chick toe
punched, banded, or marked in some way, (3) 2 or 3-year old hens used to
breed from, as these lay larger eggs than pullets, and (4) chicks hatched in
March and April. He maintains that healthy fowls and good incubation, brood-
ing, feeding, and range are necessary for the successful production of high-class
stock.

A fowl's breeding value, W. A. Lippincott {Country Oent., 82 {1917), No.
52, pp. 10, 11, figs. 8). — In a flock of a breed of chickens, some of whose dis-
tinguishing characteristics are dominant, there is always a chance that some
such character as rose comb or silver or black color may be carried in an impure
or heterozygous condition. The author outlines the method of testing indivi-

776 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

dual fowls for the purpose of discarding those heterozygous for the character in
question.

Poultry culture (Mass. Bd. Agr. Bui. 1, 5. ed. rev. {1917), pp. 159, pis. 14,
figs. 6). — This is the fifth edition, revised, of this treatise on the different
phases of poultry culture in Massachusetts. A bibliography is appended and
the bulletin indexed.

Poultry raising in Colorado, W. E. Vaplon et al. {Denver, Colo.: State
Bd. Immigr., [1917], pp. 16, fig. 1). — ^A series of articles on poultry raising
written by men of practical experience in the State for the information of
prospective settlers.

Pets: Their history and care, L. S. Ckandaxl {New York: Henry Holt and
Co., 1017, pp. XII +372, pis. 32). — This work, which closely follows the title,
was written by the assistant curator of birds, New York Zoological Park. It
treats of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes that are or may be reared as pets.

Color inheritance in mammals. — II— V, S. Wrighi {Jour. Heredity, 8
{1917), Nos. 8, pp. 373-378; 9, pp. 426-430; 10, pp. 473-475, 47&-480).—Fo\it
papers are presented.

II. The mouse. — In this paper a detailed analysis is given of the present state
of knowledge of color inheritance in the mouse. A list is given of the seven
sets of MendeUan allelomorphs that have been identified and of the three series
of color variations that so far have been analyzed. These are classified ac-
cording to their apparent physiological effects under the scheme already noted
(E. S. R, 37, p. 866).

III. The rat. — This digest of data on the inheritance of color in rats consists
in the main of an interpretation of the results of Castle's selection experiments
with hooded rats (E. S. R., 27, p. 369).

The author concludes that genetic variations are occurring sufficiently often
to give a basis for selection to an indefinite extent. " Under any interpretation.
Castle's selection experiment demonstrates the efficacy of Darwinian selection.
It is true that one large mutation occurred with effects perhaps as large by
itself as the entire plus selection series, but where such a variation gives one
new level selection has produced a continuous series of stable levels. This
would give selection of small variations a more important place in evolution
and animal husbandry, where it is nice adjustments of one character to another
or to the environment that count."

IV. The rabbit. — The author lists the ten unit differences known to be in-
volved in the inheritance of color in rabbits. These are classified into seven
independent sets of allelomorphs, three of which have been proved to be triple
allelomorphs. These three sets of allelomorphs, as in the case of several other
mammals, determine linear series of physiological effects not to be explained as
linkage of factors in the germ cells.

V. The guinea pig. — In this brief discussion it is noted that " coat pattern
in guinea pigs, and doubtless other animals as well, must be determined by a
complex of causes of very diverse kinds. There are hereditary factors of various
sorts and factors which are of the nature of accidents in development. There
are factors which affect the extent of pattern and others which determine its
localization. Of the latter some relate the pattern to the axis of symmetry and
organs of the body, while others are random in their incidence. Some factors
affect only the tortoise pattern in one way or another, or only the piebald pat-
tern, while others have a simultaneous influence on both. The result is such a
diversity of pattern among tricolors that a rough sketch will identify almost any
animal in a stock of a thousand."

1918]

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

777

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — II, Dairying. — Dairy production
should be maintained (U. S. Dent. Ayr., Office Sec. Circ. 85 (1918), pp. 24,
figs. 11). — This article, one of the series prepared by the Department in the
effort to increase the food production of the Nation in the present crisis, relates
to the importance of proper maintenance of dairy production. The subject is
treated under the headings importance of dairying, exports increase and imports
decrease, food value of milk not fully appreciated, the dairy cow an economical
producer of animal food, some advantages of dairying, how to increase produc-
tion, economical feeding makes for profits, better utilization of dairy products,
the war's effect on the world's supply of dairy cattle, duties of dairymen, and
increased production through reduction of disease.

The relation of size of dairy to economy of milk production, J. A. Hopkins,
JR. (Delaicare Sta. Bui. 118 (1918), pp. 3-50, figs. 2).— The study here reported
was made to determine the correlation between the size of dairies operating
under given conditions and their profitableness as indicated by profit per cow
per year, cost per quart of milk, and profit per quart. The investigation was
conducted during 1916 and involved 87 dairies in northern Delaware and south-
eastern Pennsylvania. As a method of comparison these dairies were divided
according to size into nine classes which varied from dairies of less than 10 cows
in class 1 to those of from 75 to 100 cows in class 9. Data for each of the classes
are tabulated and discussed in detail.

The following table gives some of the results obtained :

Effect of size of dairies on cost of milk production.

Number of
cows in

Number
of herds.

Average

, armual

production

per cow.

Cost of
feed and
pasturage
per cow.

Cost of

labor

per cow.

Total
expense
per cow.

Cost per quart of
milk.

Price
received
per quart
of milk.

dairies.

Lowest.

Average.

Under 10

10-14

10
11
10
11
9
10
8
8
9

Quarts.
2,044
1,873
2,326
2,375
2,935
2,939
2,891
3,018
3,475

S92. 23
94. 48
81.39
86. 88
90.20
81.78
80. .35
90.81
97.57

S27. 46
19.20
25.82
23.54
27.23
22.71
23.03
24.28
48.93

$163. 91

158. 36
151. 79

159. 40
167. 52
145. 18
150. 43
164.80
218. 44

Cents.
5.8
5.6

■ 3.9
4.6
4.0
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.7

Cents.
7.70
8.40
6.35
6.50
5.50
5.20
4.70
5.20
5.90

Cent?.
5.2
4.4

15-19

4.6

20-24

5.3

25-29

5.7

30-39

4.9

40-49

4.6

50-74

5.2

75-100

7 2

The superior productiveness of larger dairies was found to be caused, in part
at least, by the better type of cows which they kept. The cost per cow for
hauling milk decreased as the size of the dairy increased up to 40 cows ; then
increased slightly as the addition of another horse became necessary; then
decreased again as the .size of the dairy increased. Cost of bull service per cow
decreased as size of dairy increased up to 40 cows, then increased slightly as a
second bull was added, and increased again as a third bull was added in
dairies of over SO cows. Cost of supervision increased slightly with the size
of dairy. However, this added expense was more than offset by greater intelli-
gence of management. The larger dairies produced a higher gi-ade of product
than the smaller ones and disposed of it at a higher and better price.

The management of dairy herds, E. V. Ellington (Idaho Sta. Bui. 102
(1917), pp. 3-40, pi. 1). — This bulletin is a general discussion of the oppor-

778

EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

[Vol. 38

tunities for dairying in Idaho, tlie breeds of dairy cattle, community breeding,
selection and management of the herd bull, feeding dairy cattle, silos and silage,
other feeding stuffs, calf raising, dairy barns, and milking machines.

The cost of milk production in lidassachusetts, W. H. Bronson {Mass. Agr.
Col. Ext. Serv. Bui. 19 {1918), pp. 20, fig. i).— The records used in estimating
the cost of milk production in Massachusetts are for the year ended April 30,
1917, and are based upon data obtained from 87 herds distributed in 10 counties
in that State. The following results are shown :

Cost of milk production in Massachusetts tcith different grades of cows.

Items of cost.

Average for
ail grades.

Less than
5,.501 lbs.

5,501 to
7,500 lbs.

More than
7,500 lbs.

Feed

§109. 82
5.'.. 10
08.44

$100. 45
42.06
29. 61

$109. 12
50.41
06.30

S120. 11

69. 98

52.11

201. 30
185.31
. 0I51S

172. 12
150. 88
.0721

195. 83
182. 86
. 0624

2 )2. 20

217. 54

. 0552

Dairying in Uniguay, A. Abklla {Iiiternat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Intbrnat.
Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 620-637). — This is a discussion
of the dairy industry in Uruguay, including statistics of dairy cattle, milk con-
sumption and price, and imports of dairy products, and an epitome of legislative
measures for the sanitary control of milk supply of cities in Uruguay.

Experiments with artificial one-year pastures, A. V. Davydenko {Rostovo-
Nakliichevan. na Donu Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Sta. Bfiil. 102 {1916), pp. S4). —
Experiments carried on in 1911, 1914, and 1915 Vi'ith milch cows on one-year
pasture crops are reported. The aim was to investigate the nutritive value
and digestibility of rye-cowpeas mixture, oats-cowpeas mixture, and early
sorghum, and the influence of the.se mixtures on the production and composition
of milk. The green fodder mixtures were fed to one lot of cows each on
pasture and in the stable. As a control one lot of cows was fed in the stable
and on dry lot a ration of bran and straw, hay, and silage.

The coefRcieuts of digestibility of the fodder mixtures are given in the
following table :

Coefflcients of digestibility of green fodder mixtures.

Kind of fodder.

Ryc-cowpeas mixture .
Oats-co^^eas mixture
Sorghum

Dry
matter.

Per cent.
70.27
6G.76
67.02

Organic
matter.

Per cent.

73.28
69.23
70.29

Protein.

Per cent.
70.24
69.23
64.43

Fat.

Per cent.
79.66
69. 06
78.53

(Cellulose.

Per cent.

74.28
58.13
68.41

Nitrojen-

free
extrr.ct.

Per cent.
70.60
72.43
72.79

The results obtained in 1915 indicated that the green fodder mixtures had
no specific effect on the quantity or quality of the milk. The pasture mixtures
furnished the cows sufficient nutritive substances for their needs. On green
fodder the cows gave more milk and fat on pasture than in the stable. This
increased productivity of the cows on pasture may be explained by a greater
amount of nutritive substances obtained in the fodder brought about by an
increase of appetite as a result of exercise in the open. The pasture mixtures

1918] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 779

had no bad effect on the general condition of the cows, nor was there any
perceptible decrease in their live weight.

Mineral metabolism of the milch cow, E. B. Forbes {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta.,
S {1918), No. 1, pp. S-10). — A brief report is made of results secured in the
third experiment of this series of studies (E. S. R., 37, p. 169), together with
suggestions to dairy farmers upon the importance of legumes in feeding for
heavy milk production.

The rations used in this experiment consisted of alfalfa as a sole roughage,
with corn, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, and wheat bran. In certain periods
the rations were supplemented by large amounts of calcium lactate, calcium
chlorid, and precipitated bone Hour. The cows almost invariably gave off more
calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in milk and excreta than was consumed
in the feed. It was impossible by any of the means employed to prevent
entirely this loss of minerals.

Results of investigations upon the causes of the limited capacities of cows
to utilize mineral nutrients indicate that this was not due to lack of proper
proportion among these nutrients, nor to deficiency of common salt, from which
is formed the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, nor to difficult solubility
of the supplements used, since even the water-soluble calcium lactate and
calcium chlorid were poorly utilized. The limiting factor, it is thought, is in
the process of assimilation of the mineral nutrients by the bones.

" It is true that most of the losses of minerals observed were small in com-
parison with the extent of the cow's mineral stores ; and that these overdrafts
would doubtless be repaid later in the period of lactation when the milk flow,
and therefore the draft upon the mineral reserves of the skeleton would have
become sufficiently reduced, provided the conditions of feeding were favorable.
Still the facts as demonstrated are considered to be practically significant in
relation to the frequent failure of heavy-milking cows to breed, to the shrink-
age of milk production coincident with advance in the period of lactation, and
to malnutrition of the bones.

"Aiuong other facts of general significance which were observed was the lack
of a close relation between the nitrogen of the body and the minerals of the
bones in their metabolism. Bone starvation may proceed for some time before
it seriously affects the gToss body metabolism. In general it appears that
the character of the body metabolism is highly variable ; the organism does not
gain and lose in each of its constituents at proportional rates, but rather it
exhibits a remarkable degree of metabolic adaptability."

Simple problems concerning- the fat secretion of milk glands, H. Isaach-
SEN {Nor.sk Vet. Tidsskr., 29 {1917), No. Q, pp. 165-178, figs. 7).— In experi-
ments here reported, involving four cows, one cow was slaughtered before
milking, another after milk had been abstracted by means of a catheter, the
third after having been partly milked, and the fourth after having been milked
dry. Samples of the milk glands were taken immediately after slaughtering
for microscopic examination. In the living cows part of the milk gland was
removed by harpooning.

Microscopic examination showed that the milk glands from cows that were
not milked or vrhich had only been tapped for samples contained large, extended
alveoli and alveolar ducts. The epithelial cells were full of fat drops. In
samples of milk glands from cows that were milked dry, showing many smaller
alveoli, the alveolar ducts were much broader and there were no fat drops in
the epithelial cells. Milk glands from cows milked half dry showed smaller
alveoli, and the fat content of the epithelial cells was less than of those from
cows which had not been milked.

780

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 3S

The results indicate that the stimulation necessary for normal milk secretion
Is of varied origin, and that the irritation produced by the hand and by the
calf's sucking causes a change in the composition of the milk. Hand milking
appears to be more stimulating to milk secretion than machine milking. It is
noted that the leucocytes increase in the milk during milking.

Gradual conversion of colostrum into normal milk {Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 24
{1917), No. 14, p. 129; abs. in Intermit. Inst. Agr. [Rome'i, Internat. Rev. Sci.
and Pract. Agr., 8 {1911), No. 10, pp. ISIS, 1379).— A series of analyses of the
colostrum of milch cows was made at the Station for Milk Control at Mem-
mingen, Bavaria, during 191G. Some of the results of these analyses are given
in the following table :

Results of analyses of colostrum.

Age of colostrum.

Sp. e.T. at

is-'c.

Fat
content.

Dry
matter.

Solids-
not-fat.

Acidity
(HjSOh).

Refractive
index.

Days.

1

1.0745
1. 0392
1. 0350
1. 0341
1.0333
1. 0323
1. 0321
1. 0321
1. 0312
1. 0316
1. a329
1.0316
L 0322

Per cent.
5.60
3.80
4.20
3.70
3.60
3.60
3.80
3.65
3.70
3.63
3.73
3.70
3.58

Per cent.
25.60
14.62
14.05
13.22
12.90
12. 65
12.84
12. 66
12. 50
12.51
12.95
12.60
12.60

Per cevt.
20.00
10.82
9. W
9.52
9.39
9.05
9.04
9.01
8.80
8.88
9.22
8.90
9.02

13.60

9.20
11.20
10.00
9.20
8.40
8.40
8.20
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.20
7.20

1

1.x

39.2

2

39.0

3

39.0

4

39.0

5

39.2

6

39.7

7

39.6

8

39.4

9

40.6

10

39.7

11

40.8

The results indicate that, while milk may become practically normal as
early as the fifth day, the acidity only becomes normal on the tenth. The
relation between casein and albumin and the results of fermentation experi-
ments indicate that the milk is not capable of caseification before the tenth
day. Until the fourteenth day milk that is 'not fresh adheres to cooking ves-
sels and acquires a burnt flavor.

The analysis of milk secreted by a suckling doe kid, R. L. Hill {,Jour.
Biol. Chem., S3 {1918). No. 3, pp. 391-S9S).— The author, at the Maryland Ex-
periment Station, reports chemical analyses of milk secreted spontaneously by
a 4-months-old virgin doe kid.

The milk had the characteristics, properties, and chemical composition of the
milk secreted by the kid's mother and other goats. Since no colostrum was
secreted, the inference is that the " secretion of colostrum is associated with
and possibly is produced by the cessation of pregnancy, and may not occur in
lactation not associated with pregnancy."

Report of the Mayor's Committee on Milk, City of New York, 1917,
C. E. NoKTH {Town [Baltimore], 3 {1918), No. 19, Sup., pp. 2-6). —This article
contains extracts from the report of the committee on milk. The conclusions
from the report are as follows :

"(1) Milk is the most valuable and the cheapest of human foods, even at
present prices. (2) For drinking purposes New York City now uses only about
700,000 qts. daily. The city should use about 2,000,000 qts. daily for drinking
in an ideal diet. (3) The cost of milk production at present prices is 7 cts.
per quart, and the prices asked by the Dairymen's League are .lustified.
(4) The cost of distribution, as shown by the dealers' accounts, is justified, and
not large enough to prevent business losses. (5) The cost of production can

191S] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 781

be reduced by (a) eliminating low-producing cows, (b) collective hauling of
milk, (c) collective buying of grain. (6) The cost of distribution can be
reduced by abolishing competition and duplication through centralizing the
distributing system into a single company or public-service corporation."

Inspection and sanitation of dairies, J. O. LaBach and N. M. Cregob
{Kentucky Sta. Bui. 211 {1917), pp. 211-228) .—The first part of this bulletin
contains notes en the inspection and sanitation of dairies and a reprint of the
report of the committee on rules and regulations of the International Associa-
tion of Dairy and Milk Inspectors on standards necessary for securing a clean
and safe milk supply. Part 2, by N. M. Cregor, outlines the scope and use of
the dairy score card and gives tabulated results of inspection of the dairies of
the State.

Dairy Bacteriology. — I, Bacteriology of milk, W. Ste\'enson {Trans. High-
land and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 29 {1917), pp. 153-181). — This article treats in
a popular way of the bacteriology of milk and briefly describes a few of the
more common species of each of the main groups of bacteria ordinarily found in
milk, indicating the main characteristics of each, the effects produced, and the
usual sources of infection. Simple directions are given for the control of bac-
terial growth in milk and for dealing with faults in milk.

Investigation of conditions affecting' the content of water in butter, with
the use of various types of chums, L. P. Rosengren {K. Landtbr. Akad.
Handl. och Tidskr., 55 {1916), No. 4, pp. 249-263).— This is a comparison of
various types of churns and of the influence of salt on the water content of
butter.

It is noted that if the water content is too large the butter must be re-
worked. Reworking decreases the water content of salted butter, but not of
sweet unsalted butter. The working of butter without washing reduces the
percentage of water. Washing decreases the water content of sweet cream
butter, but it does not change the water content of sour cream butter.

Varieties of cheese: Descriptions and analyses, C. F. Doane and H. W.
Lawson {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 60S {1918), pp. 80).— This is a revision of a
bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 75). A few additional varieties of
cheese have been included, and notes are given on the manufacture of domestic
varieties of European cheese in the United States.

VETEmiirAIlY MEDICINK

[Live stock diseases], G. C. Humphrey (In The Rural Efficiency Guide. —
lY. Stock Book. Cleveland, Ohio: The Peoples Efficiency Puhlishing Co., 1918,
pp. 62-100, 139-181, 200-212, 234-272, 32SS55, 376-380, S94, 402, figs. 52).—
In this volume the diseases of cattle (pp. 62-100), of horses (pp. 139-181), of
sheep (pp. 200-212), of SAvine (pp. 234-272), and of poultry (pp. 328-355, 376-
380, 394, 402), are dealt with.

A practical textbook of infection, immunity, and specific therapy, with
special reference to immunologic technique, J. A. Kolmer {Philadelphia and
London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1917, 2. ed. rev., pp. XIII+978, pis. 35, figs.
104). — A thoroughly revised edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R.,
33, p. 476).

Veterinary surgical operations, L. A. Merillat {Chicago: Alexander Eger,
1918, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 556, pis. 4, figs. 281). — A textbook for the student
and practitioner of veterinary medicine.

Report of the bureau of animal industry [New Jersey], J. H. McNeil
(N. J. Dept. Agr. Bui. 9 {^917), pp. 308-311).— A brief report on the occurrence
of and work with the more important infectious diseases of the year.

782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Veterinary division, annual report, 1915—16, C. E. Gray (Union So. Africa
Dcpt. Agr. lipt. 1916, pp. 27-38). — The usual report of the occurrence of and
work with the more important infectious diseases of live stock during the yeer.

The chemical investigation of some poisonous plants in the natural order
Solanacese. — III, The occurrence of nor-hyoscyamine in Solandra longi-
flora, J. M. Peteie (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Jfl {1911), No. 164, PP- 815-
822). — The leaves of S. longiflora were found to contain nor-hyoscyamine as the
chief alkaloid, this alkaloid having been isolated and described by the author in
1907 under the name " solandrine." Solandra also contains hyoscyamine in
lesser amount, but scopolamines are absent. The total amount of alkaloid ob-
tained was 0.17 per cent in the leaves (dried at 100° C).

A discussion of some principles of anthelmintic medication, M. C. Hall
(Neto Orleans Med. and Surg. Jour., 70 {191S), No. 8, pp. 637-653). — A general
discussion of this subject.

Some new antiseptics and disinfectants, N. S. Mayo (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med.,
IS (1918), No. 3, pp. 111-115). — Dakin's solution, chlorazene, and dichlora-
min-T are considered as to composition, preparation, use, and applications in
veterinary surgery and practice. Cases are reported of the successful use of
chlorazene for intravenous injections in cases of septicemia and contagious
abortion, and of dichloramin-T in the treatment of fistulous withers.

" X-acid " as a remedy in polyneuritis and beriberi, D. J. Hulshoff {Jour.
Physiol., 51 {1917), No. 6, pp. 432-Jf39). — An experiment reported by the author
indicates that 1 gm. of dry extract, prepared from katjang hidjoe {Phaseolua
radiatus) and dissolved in water, suffices to cure polyneuritis gallinarum.
"Administration of the dry extract dissolved In a small quantity of water
gives better results than administration of the decoction since the disadvan-
tages attached to passing large quantities of fluid into the crop are avoided."

An experimental investigation of lipovaccines, E. R. Whitmoee and E. A.
Fennel {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 70 {1918), No. IS, pp. 902-904). — Continuing
the work previously reported (E. S. R., 38, p. 584), the authors report that
" the lipovaccines can be made on a large scale by growing the bacteria in
Kolle fla.sks, taking off the growth with a vacuum scraper, freezing and
drying in vacuo, and emulsifying in lanolin and oil by grinding in a ball mill,
using glass l^ottles and steel balls. The oils can be sterilized by steam at 15
lbs. for 15 minutes, by heating to 90° C. for 10 hours on a water bath, or by
mixing with potassium iodid."

The preparation of Dakin's solution and the Carrel technique in the treat-
ment of infected wounds, W. N. McDonell {U. S. Naval Med. Bui., 12 {1918),
No. 1, pp. 45-53, fig. 1). — Details are given of the preparation of this solution,
which, it is pointed out, may be satisfactorily prepared in several ways.

Studies on the cicatrization of wounds, TtrrFrER and Desmarres {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'\, 166 {1918), No. 5, pp. 230-2.32).— Observations of
various processes for hastening the healing of wounds have led to the follow-
ing conclusions :

A simple dry, sterile, and absorbent dressing applied to a sterile wound pro-
duces a slightly more rapid cicatrization than Dakin's solution. Alternating
aseptic dressings following the cycle of sodium hypochlorite, physiological
serum, boiled water, and dry dressing, increases only slightly the rate of
healing. Heliotherapy associated either with hypochlorite or a dressing of
neutral substances, such as zinc oxid or bismuth subgallate, gives excellent
results.

Note on an apparatus for counting and identifying the organisms of sur-
face wounds and of the skin, Grtsez {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 80
{1917), No. 15, pp. 736, 737, fl,gs. 2).— The apparatus consists of a layer of agar

lOlS] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 783

2 mm. thick fastened aseptically on tlie outer wall of a test tube. The cylinder
of nutritive material can be rolled over the wound or skin to be examined
and the organisms thus fixed on the surface grown, counted, and identified.

The technique of the preparation of the cylinder is described.

Ptomaines and war wounds, A. Beethelot {Compt. Raid. Acad. Sci.
[Paris}, 166 {1918), No. J,, pp. 187-1S9).— The author suggests the possibility
that the formation of ptomaines in war wounds may be one of the causes
of auto-intoxication which aggravates the condition of certain severe wounds.
In verifying this hypothesis he has shown by test-tube experiments that toxic
ptomaines, particularly imidazoethylamin, may be formed by the action on the
blood of proteolytic and decarboxylating organisms present in war wounds.

The hematoxin of Bacillus welchii (B. perfringens), A. Oukanoff (Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 80 (1917), No. 15, pp. 706-708; abs. in CJiem. Abs., 12
(1918), No. 1, pp. 63, 64). — The following conclusions ai-e drawn from a study
of several strains of B. icelchii:

Strains of B. tvelchii isolated from different wound infections have the
property of secreting a hematoxin which acts upon the erythrocytes of various
animals. The faculty of producing hematoxin is characteristic of the strains
of B. welchii in dilTerent degrees. The same strain can temporarily lose its
faculty of producing hematoxin and recover it later. The hematoxin is
destroyed by heating for half an hour at 60° C. and by keeping in strong
light for several days, but it may be kept for several months at a temperature
of 14 to 15° or at a temperature near zero. On filtering through Chamberland
or Berkefeld filters a part of the hematoxin remains on the filter.

Phenomena of hemoglobinuria have been observed in rabbits and young
dogs which have died following injection of B. welchii hematoxin, thus proving
the intravital destruction of erythrocytes by this toxin. The serum of the
animals studied (man, pig, dog, horse, cow, sheep, guinea pig, rabbit, and
chicken) diminishes the action of the hematoxin. Prolonged hyperimmunity in
horses by cultures of B. icelchii increases considerably tlie action of serum on
the hematoxin, showing that the production of antihematoxin becomes more
intense under the influence of the introduction of B. icelchii into the organism.
Increase in antihemolytic titer toward the hematoxin of B. icelchii is not
observed in the serum of horses hyperimmunized by the organisms of putrefac-
tion (B. protcus vulgari and B. sporogenes) . During filtration through Cham-
berland filters of the serum of normal horses and those hyperimmunized by
cultures of B. icelchii, a large part of the antihematoxin remains on the filter.
Cultures of B. icelchii devoid for various reasons of hemolytic properties often
present the phenomena of hemagglutination.

The developmental cycle of the Bothriocephalus latus, C. Janicxi and
P. Rosen (Corresp. Bl. Schweiz. Arzte, 47 (1917), No. 45, pp. 1505-1516; abs. in
Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 69 (1917), No. 26, p. 2212). — In work at the labora-
tories of the universities of Lausanne and Neuchatel the authors found that
the larvte of (If.) Dibothriocephalvs latus are ingested by Cyclops strennus and
Diaptomus gracilis, which are eaten by fish, and thus the parasite finds its
way to man, dog, and cat. Each of the five phases of the cycle may take from
three to four weeks.

Wohlfartia magnifica, a sarcophagid parasitizing' man, L. GouGH (Bvl.
Soc. Ent. Egypte, 10 (1917), No. 1, pp. 25-.25).— The author records the collec-
tion of W. magniflca from the orbits and from ulcers behind the ears of pa-
tients in the ophthalmic hospitals at Sheybeen-el-Koom, Kafr-el-Dawar,
Zagazeeg, Mahalla-el-Koubra, and Damanhoor.

784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

A new genus of blood parasites, F. Maktoglio (Ann. Ig. \_Rome^, 27 [1911),
No. 9, pp. 561-563, pi. 1). — The genus Hsemotrichomouas is erected for H.
ophidhim and H. gallinarum.

[Anthrax and disinfection of hides] (Jour. Amer. Leather Cliem. Assoc,
12 {1917), No. 8, pp. SUt-JfOO, ^^08-424). — Papers are here presented by A. S.
Ross on Anthrax (pp. 374-381) ; by H. J. Frisbie on the Practice and Theory
on Treatment and Diagnosis of Anthrax (pp. 381-384). by A. P. Hitchens
on the Nature of Anthrax and Antlanthrax Serum (pp. 384-388) ; by V. A.
Wallin on Anthrax and Hide Disinfection (pp. S96-400) ; and by O. L. Peck
on the Treatment of Tannery Sewage (pp. 422-424). Discussions by Buswell
and others of disinfection of tannery sewage by means of chlorin (pp. 389-395)
and of anthrax by R. W. Hickman, Dorset, and others (pp. 408-421) are also
presented.

Foot-and-mouth disease in Sweden in 1914—15, G. KirEKEXJT.F {Medclel. K.
Med. Sti/r. [Sweden'], No. 26 (1916), pp. US, pis. 2, figs. 3).— This report deals
particularly with the sanitary police measures adopted in combating foot-
and-mouth disease in Sweden.

Glanders in Brazil. — Observations made on a tour of investigation, J. B.
Mendy {An. Sac. Rural Argentina, 51 {1917), No. 3, pp. 25Jf-261, figs. 12). — This
article summarizes the possible means of spreading glanders by contaminated
drinking troughs, feed, bridles and equipment, public grazing ground, etc.
An examination of all the horses and mules in the First Cavalry and Second
Artillery during an epidemic of glanders showed that all the horses either
had the disease as recognized by clinical symptoms or reacted positively to the
mallein test. Observation cases are cited of glanders in man and of -the
mallein test in experimental rabbits and in horses having the disease.

The serum treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia, W. B. Mack and E. Rec-
ords {Jour. Amer. Yet. Med. Assoc., 52 (1918), No. 7, pp. 810-819) .—This is a
detailed account of the serum treatment of the cattle disease previously noted
(E. S. R., 38, p. 487).

The serum was prepared by injecting horses with increasing doses of living
cultures of Bacterium bovisepticum isolated from cattle until their serum
reached such a potency that 5 mils given intravenously would protect a rabbit
against approximately 1,000 fatal doses of the organism given subcutaneously
at the same time. Of 140 cases receiving the treatment 60 died and 80 re-
covered, giving a mortality of 43 per cent as against over 95 per cent in un-
treated cases.

Factors apparently affecting the percentage of recoveries after vaccination
are as follows: (1) Previous vaccination: Animals previously vaccinated have
apparently an 11 per cent better chance of recovery. The vaccine consisted of
a 4S-hour bouillon culture of mixed strains of B. bovisepticum killed by the
addition of 1 per cent phenol and used in a dose of 5 mils. This was followed
in from 10 to 14 days by a 2-mils dose of a 48-hour bouillon culture of a
strain of B. bovisepticum which had lost its virulence for cows. (2) Apparent
severity of attack as judged by clinical symptoms: There is apparently no
relation between the severity of symptoms and chances for recovery. A
moderate delay in the administration of serum does not seem to greatly re-
duce the chances for recovery provided it is administered before the animal
passes into the final stage of collapse. (3) Amount of serum administered:
Tabulated results of varying amounts from 30 up to 1,000 mils seem to show
that doses in excess of 200 mils are of little value.

The authors feel that the results obtained by the use of serum therapeu-
tically may not be due to specific action, and that possibly nonspecific and
even normal serum would produce as good results.

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 785

The curative treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by vaccinotherapy,
Velu (Bui. Soc. Cent. MM. Y6t., 93 {1911), No. 9-10, pj). 195-204; abs. in Jour.
Anier. Vet. Med. Assoc., 52 {1911), No. 2, pp. IS^-ISG).— The author presents the
details of eiyht cases treated bj^ a polyvalent anticryptococcic pyovaceine and
summarizes his observations as follow^s :

After the first injection of the vaccine the negative stage is immediate; it
lasts from 2 to 5 days, according to the dose given. The following positive stage
is longer, varies vsdth the dose injected up to 10 days, and lasts on an average
from 5 to 6 days. After the end of the positive stage, the disease resumes its
normal course, about 5 to 15 days after the injection of the vaccine.

A second injection, made during the negative stage, gives rise to a lasting
aggravation of the disease. When made at the end of the positive stage it is
followed by the appearance of phenomena absolutely identical to those that
follow the initial injection. When made at the proper time, before the end of
the positive stage, the negative phase is less severe; it appears later, toward
the second or third day, does not last so long as after the first injection, and
even after tlie third or fourth injections there is only a retarded progress in
the recovery. The best time for renewing the injections is when the positive
stage is at its height.

The formation of lasting or only predominating positive stages allows the
complete cicatrization of the abscesses in 20 to 30 days after they are punc-
tured, providing the puncture has been made after the first injection. The
doses, which give rise to severe positive stages, vary with the individual sus-
ceptibility and the degree of acuteness of the affection. A strong dose produces
a severe negative stage sometimes without a positive stage. Too weak a dose
gives a slight negative stage and a short and slightly confused positive one.

" Improvement of the lesions and their rapid cicatrization require constant
watching. Interference brings an aggravation of the disease. It is absolutely
necessary to open very freely and thoroughly all the abscesses and surrounding
, tissues as soon as the pus is well formed. Abscesses which have culs-de-sac,
fistulous tracts, or those with pale, old granulations do not progress toward
rapid cicatrization. Injections must be continued until complete recovery, even
when a positive, well-marked stage seems to show it. The local treatment,
besides the early punctures, must consist of only ordinary antiseptics without
washing and needs to be renewed only every 3 or 4 days. In some cases the
cryptococci disappear from the pus b'^fore the complete repair of the lesions,
and then there is general sterilization oj. :he organs before the final cicatrization."

Beport on ixodic lymphangitis, E. il. Jaevis {Vet. Jour., IJ, {1918), No.
512, pp. Jf4-53). — This di-sease, or tick pyemia, is defined as "an inoculable
disease originating in primary causes through the agency of Amblyomma ticks
as mechanical carriers. The infective organisms are of telluric origin, and the
invasion is usually of mixed microorganisms. The disease is usually charac-
terized by suppuration, ulceration, and necrosis."

The article discusses the disease from the point of view of its history,
geographical distribution, etiology, clinical symptoms, dissemination of the
virus, and surgical, antiseptic, medicinal, and prophylactic treatment.

The bacteriotherapeutic ta'eatment of ulcerous lymphangitis, C. Truche
{Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 31 {1911), No. 5, pp. 209-214). — Noted from another source
(E. S. R.. 87. p. 583).

The vitality of the rinderpest virus outside the animal body under natural
conditions, A. W. Shilston {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. Ser., 8 {1911), No.
1, pp. 32, pis. 4). — "The length of time that the rinderpest virus is able to sur-
vive in blood from a sick animal kept at air temperature in an open vessel varies
within wide limits ; in one observation such blood was noninfective after three

786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

days' exposure, while in anotiier it remained infective for 51 days, although
putrefaction set in after a few days' exposure, and by the thirtieth day the
blood was completely desiccated. In two other observations blood was still
infective after nine days' exposure to the air, and in a third it was infective
after seven days' but noninfective after nine days' exposure. In two observa-
tions the virus maintained its vitality in bone marrow for nine days, but in one
cf these cases infectiveness was lost after 15 days. Meat was infective after
three days in one observation when blood from the same animal was noninfective
within that period ; in another case meat remained infective for five days.

" Further tests are necessary to determine the factors influencing the survival
of the rinderpest virus in animal tissues under natural conditions. The tem-
perature at which the material is kept appears to have a considerable effect,
possibly in determining the rate and character of the putrefactive changes taking
place, but it has been shown that these may not destroy the virus as rapidly as
many authorities have stated to be the case."

A new method for the separation of toxins, particularly tetanus toxin,
E. S. London and V. M. Aeistovsky (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 80 {1911),
No. 15. pp. 756-758; abs. in Chem. Ahs., 12 {1918), No. 1, pp. 43, 44).— The
method is called a method of specific coagulation by ions, and depends upon
the specific property of the tetanus toxin of diminishing the surface tension
of the colloidal particles of culture bouillon and precipitating itself on the
surface of those particles whose surface tension corresponds to the distension
of the toxin itself. By selecting an electrolytic substance whose ions are
capable of exercising a pressure on the surface of the particles charged with
the toxin, a coagulation can be formed containing the toxin.

The method employed for tetanus toxin consists of first adding to the culture
bouillon ammonium sulphate in a concentration of 17 gm. per 100, centri-
fuging, and rejecting the precipitate. On addition to the filtrate of ammonium
sulphate (1 to 3 gm. per 100), the precipitate which forms contains the toxin.
The toxic coagulum dried in a vacuum is dissolved and reprecipitated by ammo-
nium sulphate of the right strength until animal tests show that further puri-
fication will not increase the toxicity of the preparation.

This method should be considered only as a scheme which must be modified
each time, depending upon the quality of the substances used in the preparation
of the bouillon, the toxicity of the cultures, etc., but it is the opinion of the
authors that it is a method of general application in the preparation of toxins
and ferments.

An antigen for use in complement fixation in tuberculosis, M. S. Fleisher
and G. Ives (Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., S {1918), No. 5, pp. 302-305) .—The an-
tigen described is prepared as follows:

Tubercle bacilli from a number of different strains are isolated from sputum
and grown on Petroff's medium for six or eight weeks. The organisms are
then transferred to a sterile open Petri dish, dried overnight in an incubator at
37° 0., transferred to a sterile mortar, and ground thoroughly for three or four
hours with the addition of a small amount of distilled water. Sufficient 0.S5
per cent sodium chlorid is then gradually added to make a 0.5 per cent sus-
pension of bacteria, the grinding being continued until the bacteria form an
even suspension. Finally enough of 5 per cent carbolic acid is added to equal
one-tenth the volume of the sodium chlorid solution.

The antigen is considered to be a suspension and a watery extract of tubercle
bacilli, both of which have the power of fixing complement in the presence of
the sera of tuberculous individuals. The entire antigen is stronger than either
the fluid or the suspended matter alone. From results obtained with the

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 787

antigen, the authors believe that it is the equal of any of the antigens proposed
by others and that it has the advantage of being sterile and stable, and possibly
more sensitive.

Vesicular stomatitis of horses and cattle, J. R. Mohlee {Jour. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc, 52 (1918), No. 4, pp. 410-422) .—This paper, presented at the 1917
meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Kansas City, Mo.,
Includes later data than those previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 81).

Researches upon abortion of cattle, W. L. Williams (Rpt. N. Y. State Vet.
Col., 1915-16, pp. 117-198, figs. 9). — In this discussion, which is in continuation
of reports previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 183), the author considers the
avenue and date of intrauterine infection, the immunity of contagious abor-
tion, researches in a large dairy herd, the influence of copulation and other
agencies upon the agglutinating power of the blood, and diseases of newborn
calves. An outline of recommendations for control is included.

A preliminary study of the pathology and bacteriology of ovaritis in
cattle, C. P. Fitch (Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col., 1915-16, pp. 199-208) .—This is
a preliminary report of investigations under way which have led the author to
consider the following tentative conclusions justified :

" Cystic degeneration of the ovaries of cattle is common. The character of
the cysts is often simple, but cystic corpora lutea or ' hemorrhagic cysts ' are
found. Adenocystoma and papillomatous and carcinomatous cysts are rela-
tively uncommon. Cultures made from cystic ovaries of cattle show a variety
of organisms to be associated with this condition."

The vaccine treatment of Texas fever, R. L. Rhea (Vet. Notes, 11 (1917),
No. 1, p. S). — The successful treatment of two cases of Texas fever by the use
of a combined streptococcus and staphylococcus vaccine is recorded by the
author.

The etiology and mode of infection in white scours of calves, W. A. Hagan
(Cornell Vet., 7 (1917), No. 4, pp. 263-283) .—A summary of the present status
of knowledge of this disease.

Investigations have shown that " a large percentage of calves are born with
infected meconium. Bacillus coli and certain cocci are the organisms found.
The same organisms are found in the fetal fluids and utero-chorionic space in
the sealed uteri of apparently normal cows. The utero-chorionic space is first
infected, followed by the fluids and lastly, the meconium. The infection reaches
the meconium by swallowing of the amniotic fluid by the calf. The infection
probably reaches the utero-chorionic space by passing through the cervix uteri
from the vagina before the seal is formed, and persisting there throughout
pregnancy.

" The infection frequently existing in the intestine of the unborn calf some-
times produces scouring before birth, but usually induces an acute toxic condi-
tion with diarrhea soon after birth. These diarrheic feces are highly virulent
to other calves. Ordinary disinfection is insufficient to deal with this disease
because of the number of calves born with the infection contained within them.
These calves will develop tlie disease despite the most rigid disinfection of their
surroundings and care used with their food."

Hog' cholera in Argentina, F. Rosenbusch, J. Zabala, and R. Gonzalez
(An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51 (1917), No. 9, pp. 657-665, pis. 7, figs. 5).— This
is a discussion of the nature and occurrence of hog cholera in Argentina.

Trichinosis in Denmark, J. Fibiger (Hospitalstid. [Copenhagen'^, 60 (1917),
No. 42, pp. 1021-1048; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 69 (1917), No. 26, p.
2212). — The author points out that meat from a single hog infested with
62077°— 18 7

788 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. [Vol.38

trichinae may start an epidemic such as occurred at Habersleben, where 337
persons were affected and 101 died.

Fern poisoning or fern staggers, B. T. Simms (Oreg. Countryman, 10 (1917),
No. 2, pp. 15. 33, 34). — The author reports that a very lieavy loss of horses in
western Oregon extending over several months has resulted from fern poisoning.
The cause appears to be the same as that described by Hadwen and Bruce in
a report previously noted (E. S. R.. 38, p. 5S9).

Insect transmission of infectious anemia of horses, C. W. Howard {Jour.
Parasitology. If {1911), No. 2, pp. 70-79). — A brief discussion of swamp fever,
including a review of previous investigations, followed by a report of experi-
mental work conducted at the Minnesota Experiment Station. The results of
the experiment indicate that the disease can be carried from one horse to
another by the stable fly, but the author is not fully convinced that insects are
the usual or only carriers of the disease.

The treatment of pneumonia by intratracheal injections. Chambers {Vet.
Jour., 75 {1917), No. 510, pp. Jf21-425). — The author reports upon his experience
in the treatment of pneumonia at a port of embarkation, which extended over
a period of ten months.

He found a remarkable decrease in the mortality among horses to follow the
routine procedure of giving an intratracheal injection of 10 cc. of a slightly
warm solution of formalin in water or 10 cc. of creosote 1 part and 63
per cent alcohol 10 parts to every animal admitted to the port with catarrh
or catarrhal fever. Over 400 cases of chest affections were treated by both,
and while the two mixtures appear equally beneficial the author favors
the use of creosote on account of its nonirritability. With the formalin solution
one or two Injections may be given daily but it is not advisable to make more
than four or five consecutive injections, while with creosote four or more
consecutive injections may be given without danger.

Fowl typhoid, Pfeiler and Roepke {Ccntbl. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 79
{1917), pp. 125-139; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 30 {1917), No. 3, pp.
263-266. — This is a report of studies of a disease identical with that first de-
scribed by Pfeiler and Rehse in 1912 (E. S. R., 30, p. 385) as due to Bacillus
typhi gallinamm alcalifaciens. The present paper deals mainly with the bio-
chemical and agglutinating properties of this organism.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Surface irrigation for eastern farms, F. W. Stanley {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 899 {1917), pp. S5, figs. 21). — This publication "discusses the so-
called surface methods of irrigation and their possibilities for the farmer whose
pocketbook, crops, and market facilities do not justify consideration of the
other methods." Among the points discussed are the conditions adapted to
surface irrigation, the amount of water needed in furrow irrigation, obtaining a
water supply, conveying the water to the land, details of the pumping plant,
distributing the water by terra cotta pipe systems, reinforced concrete, and
sewer pipe, and applying the water to crops by the use of portable pipe and
hose and furrow irrigation, and the cost of irrigation.

Artificial spray irrigation {Tijdschr. Nederland. Heidem/i<it., 29 {1917), No.
7, pp. 193-210, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This article gives data on the design, installa-
tion, operation, and cost of overhead irrigation systems.

The quantities of water and the frequency of irrigation as influenced by
the physical properties of soil, A. Muntz and E. Lain^ {Bnl. Soc. Encour.
Indus. Nat. [Paris], 116 (1917), I, No. 2, pp. 386-397; abs. in Internnt. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 7, pp. 974-978).—
Further experiments (E. S. R., 32, p. 586) are reported on the relation between

1918.1 RURAL ENGINEERING. 789

permeability of soils and the amount and velocity of irrigation. Soils classed
as impervious, slicrhtly pervious, and pervious were used in the experiments. It
is concluded that the module and width of iri-igated plats should be such that
the velocity of the irrigation water will be high for very pervious soils and
low in relatively impervious soils.

A general conclusion from these studies is that a study of the physical prop-
erties of the soil to be irrigated should precede the design of an irrigation
system.

Field studies of the intluence of module, of quantity and distribution of irri-
gation, and of frequency of irrigation on harvest are also reported, the purpose
being to show the proper procedure on soils in different parts of France.

Surface water supply of Missouri River Basin, 1915 (U. S. Geol. Survey,
Water-supply Paper 4O6 {1911), pp. 282+XLI, pis. 2).— This report, prepared
in cooperation with the States of Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, and Wyoming,
presents the results of measurements of flow made on the Missouri River and
tributary basins during 1915. Additional sections are included on stream-
gauging stations and a list of publications relating to water resources.

The oxyg'en-consuming power of natural waters, G. W. Heise and R. H.
Aguilar {Philippine Jovr. Sci., Sect. A, 11 {1916), No. 1, pp. 37-47; ahs. in
Internat. Inst. Ayr. \_Rome'\, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Ayr., 7 {1916), No.
11, pp. 1577-1579). — In connection with quantitative studies on some of the
factors influencing the determination of the oxygen-consuming capacity of
natural waters by means of potassium permanganate in acid solution, it is
concluded that the determination of oxygen consumption at best is not an
accurate measure of the organic content of a water and that such uncertain
results are obtained as to make isolated determinations of very little value.
" It is only when a water supply is to be examined repeatedly that the deter-
mination becomes very useful."

Minnesota road laws, compiled by L. A. Smith {Minneapolis: State, 1917,
pp. 50).- — The text of the laws is given.

Annual report on highway improvement, Ontario, 1916, W. A. McLean
{Ann. Rpt. Hiyhvay Improv. Ontario. 1916. pp. 31, fiys. 12). — This is a brief
report on highway improvement works and expenditures in Ontario, Canada,
for 1916.

Paving' economy: Road and street, C. A. Mullen {Montreal: Indus, and Ed.
Press, 1917. pp. 98. figs. 4). — This book deals with the economics of design, con-
struction, maintenance, and repair of pavements for roads and streets.

Report on experimental convict road camp, Fulton County, Ga., H. S.
Fairbank, R. H. Eastham, and W. F. Draper {U. S. Depl. Ayr. Bui. 583 {1918),
pp. 64. pl-^- IT' flO^- 2). — The operation of an experimental convict road camp,
maintained for 10 months in Fulton County, Ga., is described. The camp was
established as the result of the studies of convict labor for road work con-
ducted in 1914 and 1915 by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering
and the Public Health Service, previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 386).

A special type of portable building, designed with a view to determining the
practicability and economy of this type in comparison with other camp struc-
tures, is described. A balanced ration was installed to ascertain whether this
diet and system would effect economy and promote the welfare of the convict.
The honor system was followed in the discipline of the convicts, all of whom
were negroes, and no attempts to escape were made.

Construction data on the cost of the various road projects are included, as
well as cost data for the construction and maintenance of the camp. "Taken
as a whole, the outstanding results of the experiment demonstrate that clean-

790 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. [Vol.38

liness; comfort, and humanity in the convict camp are not inconsistent with
economy and efficiency in the work of the inmates."

Progress reports of experim.ents in dust prevention and road preservation,
1916 {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 586 (1918), pp. 78).— New experiments begun by
the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering during the year 1916 are
described. These included experiments on bituminous macadam and bitu-
minous gravel construction on the Ru.=;sel Road in Alexandria County, Va. ;
bituminous gravel concrete and earth-oil asphalt on the Alexandfia-Accotink
Road in Fairfax County, Va. ; and the bituminous surface treatment of a new
gravel road leading from Gum Spring to Mount Vernon in Fairfax County, Va.
In addition special experiments with corrugated metal culverts were initiated
on the Texas post road in Comal and Hays Counties, Tex.

Supplementary reports on experiments previously reported (E. S. R., 36, p.
188) are also included on bituminous macadam and bituminous concrete on
Mount Vernon Avenue Road, Alexandria County, Va., 1915 ; bituminous surface
treatment on Falls Road, Montgomery County, Md., 1915 ; bituminous macadam
on Bradley Lane, Montgomery County, Md., 1915; bituminous concrete at
Washington, D. C, 1915; oil asphalt-coralline rock at Buena Vista, Fla., 1915;
oil a.sphalt-sand at Jupiter, Palm Beach County, Fla., 1915; bituminous sand
and oil-limestone mixing methods at We.st Palm Beach, Fla., 1915; sand-
asphalt at Ocala, Fla., 1915 ; oils, tar preparation, and calcium chlorid-coralline
rock at Lemon City, Fla., 1914; oil, tar, and oil asphalt-coralline rock at West
Palm Beach Fla., 1914; oil-coralline rock at Miami, Fla., 1913; bituminous
surface treatment on Rockville Pike, Montgomery County, Md., 1913; tar
preparation and oil surface treatment at Washington, D. C, 1912 ; bituminous
concrete, cement concrete, oil cement concrete, vitrified brick, and bituminous
surface treatment on concrete at Chevy Chase, Md., 1912; bitimiinous con-
struction and surface treatment at Chevy Chase, Md,, 1911; oil cenaent con-
crete, oil asphalt, and tar and fluxed native asphalt at Jamaica, N. Y., 1911;
oil asphalt gravel at Ames, Iowa, 1910; tar and oil preparations at Knoxville,
Tenn., 1910; slag, lime, waste sulphite liquor, and tar at Youngstown, Ohio,
1910; sand-clay at Dodge City, Garden City, Bucklin, and Ford, Kai^, 1908;
and Kentucky rock asphalt at* Bowling Green, Ky., 1907.

Mechanical culture and draft animals, -H. de Lappakent (Jow. Agr. Prat^
n. ser., SO (1917), No. 10, pp. 177, 178). — Data from French sources are given
on the cost of maintenance of horses, mules, and cattle 'as draft animals, it
being shown thaH; cattle can be maintained for about one-fourth, the expense
of horses and mules. The economic conclusion is drawn that the development
of mechanical culture should involve the raising of cattle for draft animals,
thus making a great reduction in the number of mules and horses actually
needed, particularly in regions where the use of cattle as draft animals is not
unusual. ^ ,

Review of mechanical cultivation, M. Ringelmann {Bui. Soe. Encour.
Indus. Nat. [Paris'], 116 {1917), I, No. 2, pp. S99-418, figs. 7).— This outlines the
duties of the French Service for soil cultivation, reviews recent mechanical
cultivation experiments in France, and describes French, English, and Ameri-
can medianical cultivating machinery.

Tests of mechanical cultivation, J. Dissoubrat {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre), S7 {1916), Nos. 49, pp. 542-548; 50,' pp. .561-563) .—F.onr days'
plowing tests of five tractors on stony calcareous clay soil, tenacious calcareous
day, siliceous clay, and rocky calcareous clay soil are reported and discussed.

Tests of mechanical cultivation, E. Zachakeayicz {Rap. Trav. Dir. Scrv.
Agr. [Dept. Vauclus^, Prance], 1915-16, pp. 786-199).— Tests of six French
tractors on deep and shallow plowing are reported.

191S.] EURAL ECONOMICS. 791

Actual situation of motor cultivation in Department of Haute-Garonne
[France], G. Hj&eon {Jour. Agr. Prat. Yit et Econ. Rurale Midi France, 112
{1916), No. 8-12, pp. 190-210). — This is a discussion of the economics of motor
cultivation in Department of Haute-Garonne, France.

Tests of motor cultivation at Perigueux, E. Beziat {Proy. Agr. et Yit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre), S8 {1917), No. 18, pp. 421-^28, figs. 2).— Tests of five American
tractors on direct draft plowing under French conditions on February 22 and
23, 1917, are reported. All the tractors were of the two-drive wheel type and
with either one or two guide wheels. Three bottom plows were used.

It is concluded that the American tractors are far from ideal for French use.

A study of the plow bottom and its action upon the furrow slice, E. A.
White {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 4, pp. 149-182,
pis. 4, figs. 26). — This paper, contributed from the New York Cornell Experi-
ment Station, " is an attempt to begin a fundamental analysis of the plow bot-
tom and its work." It includes (1) a study of the forms of plow bottoms, (2)
an attempt to analyze the motion of the soil particles as they pass over the
surface, and (3) a mathematical analysis of the surfaces of the most important
historical plow bottoms which were designed to be geometrically exact.

" There is considerable evidence, based upon field experience, which indicates
that a portion of a hyperboloid of one sheet is the proper form for the surface
of a plow bottom. So far as is known this hypothesis awaits definite proof."

Electricity on the farm, C. O. Crane {Reclam. Rec. [U. S.], 8 {1917), No. 10,
pp. 471-4^S, 4'^6). — This article deals with the economics of using electrical
power for various farm and household operations, with special reference to con-
ditions in southern Idaho. It is stated that under the prevailing rate of 6 cts.
per kilowatt-hoiar for electrical power in southern Idaho, man power at 15 cts.
an hour is about thirty-two times as expensive as electrical power. Consider-
able data are given on the electrical power requirements for various farm oper-
ations, including irrigation pumping and cost data therefor.

" There are now 1,770 rural customers using current for lighting residences
and barns, 273 for domestic power, 312 for irrigation, 18 for grinding feed, 130
for cooking and water heating, 80 for washing machines, 1,220 for flatirons, and
1,060 for some of the other labor-saving domestic appliances."

Modern methods of lighting and ventilating cow stalls, A. M. Kuijsten
{Cultura, 29 {1917), No. 347, pp. 216-228, pi. i).— Lighting and ventilating
methods are described and mathematical formulas given.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Rural planning and development, T. Adams {Ottawa: Com. Conserv. Canad.,
1917, pp. [9^+281, pis. 65). — This report is a study of rural conditions and
problems in Canada, and discusses present systems of surveying and planning
land in rural areas, rural transportation and distribution (railways and high-
ways), rural problems that arise in connection with land development, organ-
ization of rural life and rural industries, government policies and land develop-
ment, returned soldiers and land settlement, and provincial planning and
development legislation.

The report concludes that several matters require special attention, and
recommends that " the federal and provincial government legislation and ma-
chinery for dealing with the control of the planning, settlement, and develop-
ment of land be extended and improved.

" There should be closer cooperation than hitherto between federal, provincial,
and municipal governments, and between different branches of the public
service, in regard to all matters dealing with land.

792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

" The surveying branches of the governments should be strengthened and
more comprehensive surveying work assigned to them.

"A complete and coordinated system of federal, provincial, and municipal
administration of land resources should be devised, with the whole organization
centralized in a department or permanent commission of the federal govern-
ment.

" Definite steps should be taken by joint government action to prevent the
holding of agricultural land by absentee landlords for purely speculative pur-
PQses. The operations of vendors of real estate should be regulated, so as to
prevent misrepresentation and other immoral practices in connection with
the sale of land, and all real estate operators should be licensed by governments
under safeguards designed to prevent improper dealing In land.

" Provincial governments should reconsider their systems of administrating,
colonization, lughways, municipal affairs, and public health, with special regard
to the need of securing more cooperation and efficiency in connection with land
and municipal development than is possible under present conditions and for
increasing the responsibilities and powers of municipal authorities, under the
advice of a skilled department of local government in each Province.

" To meet a temporary need, the federal government should take an active
interest in the housing of workers engaged in munition plants, particularly in
government arsenals and in small towns and rural districts where there is
lack of strong local government. The federal government should either require
adequate accommodation and proper sanitary conditions to be provided at a
reasonable cost for those who are engaged in the service of the country, or
itself assist in making that provision, as is being done in Great Britain and
allied countries."

United States Food Administration policies and plan of operation [with
reference to] wheat, flour, and bread {Washington, D. C: U. S. Pood Admin.,
1917, pp. 171, fig. 1). — This publication outlines the world situation with refer-
ence to wheat, and contains a general statement with reference to the marketing
of the 1916 crop, and as to the supply for 1917. It describes the plan of the Food
Administration for the organization of government buying, with suggestions for
the saving of wheat. It also contains orders and proclamations under the Food
Control Act, and instructions and explanations issued by the Food Adminislra-
tion with reference to conduct of Hour mills and the milling trade.

Agriculture clubs in California, B. H. Crochekon (California Sta. Circ. 190
(1918), pp. 24, figs. IJf). — The author states that the assumption on which agri-
culture clubs start are as follows :

"(1) The agricultural institutions of the State and nation have information
which, applied to farming, will increase farm profits. (2) Many boys and some
girls want to make money by farming and would like to be shown how. (3)
The chances for individual success are increased when several per.sons in a
neighborhood undertake the same work, an added interest for which comes
through competition."

He discusses briefly the history of the agriculture clubs in California, and
suggests a model constitution and rules with reference to conducting various
club activities.

Value of a small plat of ground to the laboring man, W. C. Funk (U. 8.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 602 (1918), pp. 10, pis. S, fig. i).— This is a study of food raised
by operators in southern cotton-mill towns, and is based on records of 548 gar-
dens, 165 poultry flocks, 75 cows, and 62 pigs.

It was found that the average size of the gardens was 723 sq. yards, the aver-
age value of the vegetables raised $29.87, and the average cash expenditure

1918.1 RURAL ECONOMICS. 793

$3.54. The average size of the flocks was 13.2 hens, and the number of eggs
used and sold was 8G dozen, valued at $19.35. In addition, the number of fowls
sold and used was 36, valued at $11.07, making a total income of $30.42 per
flock. The average cash expenditure was $16.22. In the case of the pigs, the
average purchase price was $6.34, and the average live weight at killing was 270
lbs., valued at $24.30. The cost of feed was $12.12, leaving a net return of $5.84
after deducting the purchase price. The value of the produce from the dairy
cow was estimated at $119.90, and the average cost of feed was $80.49 a year.

A study of haymaking' crews and labor costs, H. B. McClxjke {U. S. Dept.
Ayr. Bui. 578 (1918), pp. 50, figs. 15).— This bulletin is based on a study of the
methods of gathering hay from the different parts of the Northeastern and Cen-
tral States. Altogether it describes 53 different methods found, including cost
data.

The author points out that small crews often were more efficient than very
large ones. Five push rakes often will put into the stack as much hay as seven,
since the latter, where the haul is short, will bring the hay in much faster than
it can be stacked. Bailing hay from the field was found to be the cheaper system
of putting hay into the bale, but this system usually can be used to advantage
only in regions where little or no rain falls during the haying season. The two
reasons given why the hay loader is not in more general use were the rela-
tively large cash outlay entailed and the fact that handling hay on the wagon
with a loader is very heavy work as compared with driving a push rake.

A system of accounting for fruit shipping organizations, G. A. Nahstoll
and J. R. Humphrey (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 590 (1918), pp. 60).— "The system
outlined in this bulletin is intended to cover all operations incident to the
handling of growers' supplies and of the growers' fruit, from the time it is
received at the packing-house until final returns have been made for it The
aim has been to avoid duplication and to reduce clerical work ; care has been
used to provide a method applicable to the working conditions of the local offices,
which are not always favorable, and to allow for a proper division of labor."

This book also gives a brief discussion and sample copies of the various types
of forms and records necessary to complete the system.

A plan for short term farm loans in Connecticut, G. C. Smith {Conn. Agr.
Col. Ext. Serv. Bui. 10 {1917), pp. 8, figs. 2). — This pamphlet explains a plan
for a short-term loan to farmers as adopted by banks and trust companies in
Connecticut, and includes forms of statements used, together with suggestions
as to methods of obtaining credit.

Monthly crop report {U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 4 {1918), No. 2, pp.
9-20). — This number contains the usual data with reference to estimated farm
value of important products, range of prices of agricultural products at im-
portant centers, and range of prices received by producers in the United States,
and data as to the estimated number and value of the principal classes of live
stock. It also contains special articles on the weight of mature farm horses
and mules, price of live stock by ages or classes, yearly marketings of live
stock, monthly price of milch cows, beef cattle, calves, sheep, wool, hogs, the
United States foreign trade in meat animals and meat products, number of live
stock in the principal countries and changes since the outbreak of the war,
number of horses used per plow, and depth of plowing, together with other
miscellaneous data.

Agriculture in Oklahoma, L. C. Snidee {Okla. Geol. Survey Bui. 27 {1917),
pp. ISI-I42, 247-325, figs. 8). — These pages contain statements with reference
to the soils, principal crops, and live stock, together with data for each county
showing the physiography, geology, industries, and population.

794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

History of the Michigan Agricultural College and biographical sketches
of trustees and professors, W. J. Beax (East Lansing, Mich.: Mich. Agr. Col.,
1S15, pp. 7111+519, pis. 2, figs. 266). — Chapters are devoted to accounts of the
laying of the foundation of the college, the administrations of its successive
presidents, courses of study, extension work, methods of teaching, manual
labor, influence of the grange and farmei's' clubs upon the college, college
publications, the campus and buildings, attendance, endowments and appropria-
tions, etc. An appendix contains the opinions' of alumni, including some who
have taught only in a separate college of agriculture or in an agricultural
college connected with the university and others who have had the dual expe-
rience of teaching in both types of institutions, as to whether an agricultural
college should be independent or united with a university.

Reports of the development commissioners on their proceedings during the
years ended March 31, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917 {Rpt. Develop.
Comrs. [Gt. Brit.], 3 {1913), pp. [2]+72; // (WU), pp. [2]+77; 5 (.1915), pp.
[g]+i//; 6 (1916), pp. [2]+12; 7 (1917), pp. [2]+13).—A detailed review of
action taken and progress made under the Development Act is given for each
year. The report for 1913 also contains a brief explanation of the legal position
of the commissioners under the act, and some of the practical results from it.

In the report for 1917 the commissioners state that since the commencement
of the war advances from the development fund have been mainly confined to
schemes already established, for vrhich just sufficient advances have been
recommended to secure continuity. They have also recommended expenditures
on certain new schemes in order to meet vt^ar conditions, particularly in connec-
tion with food supply and natural products, the two most important advances
recommended during the year being $607,500 for the purchase of an estate
for sugar-beet growing and $243,000 for improving the fish food Supply.
Expenditures were also recommended for a largely increased supply of plants
for afforestation purposes and increased growings of flax for aeroplane cloth, as
well as for the preparation of preliminary surveys and reports of projects of
development for commencement after the war when the employment of labor
upon a large scale may be desirable. The total of recommended expenditures
during the year for agriculture, rural industries, and forestry was $1,860,916,
including loans amounting to $607,500. The sum total of advances recom-
mended for this purpose up to March 31, 1917, was $9,116,952, including loans
amounting to $1,870,087.

Report of the agricultural and housekeeping schools for 1.915—16 {Aarsber.
Offentl. Foranst. Landbr. Fremme, 1916, II, pp. VIII+359). — This is a detailed
report on the faculty, students, equipment, instruction, farm work, and receipts
and expenditures of the agricultural and housekeeping schools in Norway.

Education (Proc. 2. Pan Amer. Sci. Cong., 1915-16, vols. 4, pp. XV+650, figs.
6; 5, pp. XVII-{-658, figs. 11). -^These volumes contain the report of Section IV,
Education, of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held in Washing-
ton, D. C, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916. Among the papers and dis-
cussions in volume 4 are the following relating to agricultural education, which
have been previously noted (E. S. R;, 34, p. 307) : Education for the Baccalau-
reate Degree as Administered in Agricultural Colleges, by A. C. True (pp.
80-87) ; A National System of Agricultural Education, by H. J. Waters (pp.
226-229) ; A Decade in Agricultural Education, by A. M. Soule (pp. 229-241) ;
and Agricultural Instruction, by J. Comallonga y Mena (pp. 305-344).

Volume 5 contains, among others, papers on agricultural education as fol-
lows : Scientific Agriculture or Agricultural Education in Brazil, by L. F. S.

1918.] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION-. 795

Carpenter (pp. 341-3454, a review of the status and further needs of agricul-
tural education in Brazil; Agriculture in Secondary Schools with Special Refer-
ence to the State of Minnesota. A. V. Storm (pp. 345-353), which deals with
the development of State-aided secondary agricultural education in Minnesota ;
Agricultural Education in County Schools, by H. L. Russell (pp. 353-357), in
which are discussed the efforts that have been made in Wisconsin to establish
agricultural education in secondary schools through a system of county agri-
cultural schools and county short courses in agriculture ; The American College
of Agriculture, by P. B. Mumford (pp. 357-359), which discusses briefly the
proper function and purpose of the agricultural college, the author holding
that the real function of the undergraduate course in agriculture is and should
be to train men thoroughly for agriculture as a' vocation, and that the training
of teachers, investigators, and technical experts must be accomplished by grad-
uate departments; Agricultural Education, by E. Davenport (pp. 360-363),
which treats of the two great objects in agricultural education, viz, to train
for farming and to fit for country life; Agricultural Extension Work, by G. I.
Christie (pp. 363-369), in which are considered the needs of agriculture and
country life, and a few of the mediums and methods employed in extension
work to meet these needs; and What Preparation Should be Required of Stu-
dents for Admission to National and State Colleges of Agriculture, by B. H. A.
Groth (pp. 569-574).

How school gardens tend to direct a natural course in botany, Genevieve
MONSCH {School Sci. and Mat'h., 18 (1918), Nos. 1, pp. 86-42; 2, pp. 124-129). —
The author outlines and discusses, by weeks, a 10 weeks' course in botany de-
veloped with a class of seventh grade girls and boys. Only 50 hours of class time
were given to .the course, but individual members of the class were permitted
to work in the garden at odd times. In conclusion, attention is called to the
difference in the sequence in a course in botany founded directly and entirely
on garden work, as the one described, and the ordinary textbook work.

School gardens and greater production, L. A. DeWolfe, R. P. Steeves, J. B.
Dandeno, R. E'letchek, A. W. Cocks, F. W. Bates, and J. H. Kiteley {Agr.
Gas. Canada, 4 (1917), No. 12, pp. 1073-1079, figs. 7).— The aims and methods
of school-garden and food-production work in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are outlined and some of the results
obtained are noted.

Rural school fairs, W. J. Reid, L. A. DeWolfe, R. P. Steeves, J. H. McOuat,
J. C. Magnan, R. S. Duncan, F. W. Bates, A. W. Cocks, J. McCaiq, and J. C.
Readey (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 5 (1918), No. 1, pp. 52-73, figs. 10). — These reports
by agricultural education officials deal with the organization and development
of rural school fairs in Prince Edward Island, Novp. Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.

Accomplishments of boys' and girls' clubs in food production and conser-
vation, O. H. Benson (Ann. Amer. Acad. PoUt. and Soc. Sci., 74 (1917), No. 163,
pp. 147-157). — The author describes the work and some of the results of the
boys' and girls' clubs in food production and conservation in 1916. It is stated
that it cost the Federal Government, States, and local people 79 cts. per capita
to supervise, direct, instruct, and encourage boys and girls in food production
work. As a result, it is estimated that they produced an average of $20.96
worth of food for the Nation, thus returning $20.17 net profit on the invest-
ment.

Ten lessons on our food supply, W. G. Vinal (Gen. Sci. Quart., 2 (1918),
No. 2, pp. 337-344) .—This is a summary of lessons taught in the Rhode Island
Normal School, and intended to be merely suggestive as to the method of teach-
ing. The lessons deal, respectively, with the organization of the course, com-

796 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol. S8

muaity projects in food conservation, local community projects, the fundamen-
tals of an adequate diet, the cost of breakfast, a comparison of the cost of break-
fast for the different members of the class, some of the reports on individual
projects, new foods and methods, a war breakfast, and organizing the school into
a working unit.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Report of Porto Rico Station, 1916 {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. SI, pis.
5).— This contains the organization list, a summary by the agronomist in
charge as to the general conditions and lines of work conducted at the station
during the year, and reports of the chemist and assistant chemist, horticulturist,
assistant horticulturist, entomologist, and plant pathologist, the experimental
features of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Report of the experiment station committee of the Hawaiian Sugar Plant-
ers' Association, 1917 {Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc, Rpt. Expt. Sta. Com.,
1917, pp. 25). — This includes a report by the director on the work of the sta-
tion for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1917.

Report of the executive committee of the Commonwealth Advisory Coun-
cil of Science and Industry, 1916-17 {Advisory Council Sci. and Indus., Aust.,
Rpt. 1916-17, pp. 56). — This report covers the period from April 14, 1916, to
June 30, 1917. It discusses the policy and nature of the work of the committee,
including the collection of information for the use of executive and State com-
mittees and a proposed permanent institute, the distribution of research grants
of about $17,000, and some of the principal results thus far obtained.

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station {Mo. Bui. Ohio Siu.,
S {1918), No. 1, pp. 31, figs. 14). — This contains several articles abstracted else-
where in this issue; Permanent Pastures, by C. W. Montgomery; Ox Warbie
Flies, an abstract of the article previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 464) ; and
notes.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation {Washington
Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 5 {1918), No. 11, pp. i57-i7^).— This numoer
contains brief articles on the following subjects : Contagious Abortion of Cattle,
by J. W. Kalkus ; The Organization of Cooperative Agricultural Associations, by
A. Hobson; Tomato Culture in Western Washington, by J. L. Stahl ; Spring-
sown Grain Crops for Western Washington, by E. B. Stookey ; Artificial Incuba-
tion, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup; Orchard Spraying, by A. Frank; and a
garden planting calendar.

Guide to plats {Massachusetts Sta. Guide to Plats, 1916, pp. 20, pis. 2, fig.
1), — Plans for the field plats of the agricultural department of the station are
given, together with a description of the plats and their treatment and brief
notes on the principal results obtained,

NOTES

California TTniversity and Station. — The formal dedication of the first
of the new buildings for the Citrus Substation and Graduate School of Agricul-
ture was held March 27.

R. S. Vaile, assistant professor of orchard management at the Citi'us Sub-
station, has accepted an appointment from the National Armenian Relief Com-
mission to go to Persia as agriculturist. His work is expected to be of an
extension nature and designed to rehabilitate the agricultural interests of the
region.

Idaho University and Station. — A substation for the study of problems inci-
dent to high altitudes was authorized at the last session of the legislature.
Action has been taken by the board of regents looking toward Its establishment
on State land at Felt, in Teton County, at an elevation of approximately 6,300
feet.

In response to direct requests from farmers, the department of bacteriology
has sent out this year cultures sufficient for the inoculation of 15,000 acres of
legumes. The cultures are sold to farmers of Idaho and neighboring States at
the actual cost of manufacture, exclusive of equipment, of approximately 20
cents per acre.

J. S. Jones has resigned as director and chemist of the station and professor
of agricultural chemistry in the university, effective June 30, and has ti.ssumed
charge of the operating laboratory of one of the Government nitrate plants
under the Ordnance Division of the War Department. Other resignations in-
clude W. C. Edmundson as assistant professor of horticulture and assistant
horticulturist to accept a position with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Glenn S. Ray as assistant professor of farm
crops to become agricultural advisor for Franklin County, Wash., and A. C.
Burrill as station entomologist to accept a position with this Deparrment as
extension entomologist with headquarters iu eastern Washington. Dr. T. I^.
Hills, bacteriologist of the university and station, has been granted leave of
absence for the period of the war and has been commissioned first lieutenant in
the Sanitary Corps.

L. E. Longley, formerly of this Department, has accepted an appointment as
assistant professor or horticulture and assistant horticulturist. R. H. Smith
has been appointed entomologist and has been detailed to southern Idaho for
special work in the study of the clover aphis.

Purdue TTniversity and Station. — O. E. Reed, of the Kansas College and Sta-
tion, has been appointed chief of the department of dairy husbandry beginning
August 1. R. E. Caldwell, acting chief of the department, has resigned to
engage in commercial work. Chester G. Starr, acting associate in animal hus-
bandry, has been appointed agricultural agent for Tazewell County, 111. P. W.
Mason, assistant professor of entomology, has accepted a position in the Divi-
sion of Deciduous Fruit Insects in the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

Massachusetts College. — A new department of horticultural manufactures
has been established with W. W, Cheuoweth of the pomulogicul department as

797

798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

its head. The work to be developed will deal principally with questions of
preserving fruits and vegetables, utilizing by-products which have formerly
been wasted, and the like.

Benjamin G. Southwich, of the Connecticut College, has been appointed
demonstrator of farm management, vice Wesley H. Bronson now in war service.
Daniel J. Lewis has been appointed assistant to the director of extension serv-
ice. Harry R. Francis, of the forestry department of Syracuse University, has
been appointed garden supervisor, and Wm. F. Howe, assistant in the direction
of boys' and girls' club work. A. S. Thomson, assistant professor of market
gardening, has been elected superintendent of schools for a group of towns in
Franklin County.

Michigan College and Station. — Vocational teacher training in agriculture and
home economics was begun in March under the provisions of the Smith-Hughes
Law. E. L. Grober has been appointed in charge of agricultural teacher train-
ing work, and Miss Elizabeth Frazer in home economics.

The botanical laboratory has been named the Beal Botanical Laboratory in
honor of Dr. W. J. Beal, professor emeritus.

L. H. Cooledge, assistant professor and research associate in bacteriology,
and I. F. Huddleson, research assistant in bacteriology, have enlisted in the
Army Medical Corps. Miss L. Zae Northrop and Dr. E. T. Hallman have been
appointed research associates in bacteriology. Chas. Robinson, chemist of the
station, C. F. Murphy, graduate assistant in plant physiology, B. E. French and
T. E. Friedemann, instructors in chemistry, and J. Frank Morgan, research
assistant in bacteriology, have been granted leave of absence for military serv-
ice. Ray Nelson has been appointed research associate in plant pathology, vice
J. H. Muncie. Everett Doherty, instructor in agricultural chemistry at the
Oregon College, has been appointed assistant professor of chemistry beginning
next September. Dr. W. L. Chandler, instructor in parasitology at Cornell
University, has been appointed research associate in enlomologj- in the station,
vice Dr. G. D. Shafer.

A short course in tractor management recently held reached an attendance
of 135.

Missouri University and Station. — Benjamin W. Tillman, of the Soil Survey
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been appointed extension assistant
professor of soils beginning June 1. F. W. Faurot, extension assistant profes-
sor of horticulture, has resigned. A. H. Hollinger, instructor in entomology
and deputy inspector of nurseries, was succeeded April 4 by K. C. Sullivan.
J. L. Stadler and Cannon C. Hearne have been appointed assistants in farm
crops.

Nebraska "University and Station. — J. W. Rovner has been appointed assist-
ant professor of dairy husltandry. Elliott Davis has been appointed assistant
professor of animal husbandry, vice H. B. Pier, resigned. B. L. Jenkins,
assistant professor of animal husbandry, is on leave of absence for Army
service, and B. H. Thompson has resigned as instructor of dairy hubandry
for the same purpose. H. M. Plum has resigned as professor of agi'icultural
chemistry to take up chemical work in connection with war industries.

New Jersey College and Stations. — Two courses in farm tractor operation,
continuing for two weeks each, were given at the college during March.

Experiments in the use of fertilizers on potatoes have been begun in coopera-
tion with the State potato association. The department of entomology is
making detailed maps of the area infested by the Japanese beetle, with a view
to attempting its extermination.

The Slate seed laboratory has been unusually active in making analyses
for persons interested in particular lots of seeds. Large numbers of sam-

1918.] NOTES. 799

pies of vegetable seeds have been received for test in comparison with those
for previous years. Over 300 lots of seed corn, representing several thousand
ear samples, have been tested with results demonstrating the urgent need for
testing corn this season.

Work has been begun on a calf bam, for which the legislature appropriated
$9,000.

Dr. Louis M. Massey has been granted leave of absence as assistant pro-
fessor of plant pathology at Cornell University and assigned to this station
by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to conduct extension work in plant
pathology. Mitchel Carroll has been appointed first assistant to the ento-
mologist for mosquito control and experimental work.

John H. Hankinson has resigned as State leader of farm demonstration.
Irving L. Owen has been appointed manager of the college farm to succeed
C. S. Van Nuis. Willard C. Thompson, assistant poultry husbandman, has
resigned to enlist in military service.

New Mexico Station. — J. R. Meeks has resigned as dairyman to take up
county agent work in Indiana. Cliarles E. Coi'many has been appointed assist-
ant agronomist. J. M. Franklin, assistant in horticulture, has resigned to
join the Navy.

North Dakota College and Station. — Dr. A. F. Schalk, professor of veteri-
nary physiology in the college, has been appointed station veterinarian. .James
Godkin has been appointed assistant botanist C. J. T. Doryland, soil bac-
teriologist, has been granted leave of absence for six months.

Oregon College and Station. — At the last annual session of the board of re-
gents, the president of the board was appointed to take charge of the special
war-time work which will be carried on in connection with the regular college
activities. President Kerr has been lecturing very extensively on food conser-
vation and the war in Oregon, North Dakota, Idaho, and other States.

Two service flags, made by the home economics club and bearing 1,23.5 stars,
have been presented to the college by the students' assembly. At the annual
commencein^nt, June 3, 192 students received degrees and 23 received cer-
tificates. The fre.shman and sophomore classes have been larger than ever
before and the decrease in the upper classes has been merely nominal and due
to heavy enlistments.

H. V. Tartar has resigned as associate professor of agricultural chemistry
and station chemist to accept a position on the chemical staff of the University
of Washington. R. V. Gunn, assistant instructor in agricultural economics and
farm practice at the University of Wisconsin and assistant in agricultural
economics at the Wisconsin Station, has been appointed assistant professor in
farm management extension beginning July 1. . Clair Wilkes has been apnointed
assistant in farm management. L. W. Wing, jr., instructor in dairy' bus nulry,
and Fred W. Miller, instructor in veterinary medicine, are now serWng in the
aviation .section of the Signal Corps.

Science notes that Dr. F. E. Denny, of the University of Chicago, has been
appointed research assistant in horticulture, vice J. R. Magness, effective April
1. Dr. Helen M. Gllkey, of the University of California, has been appointed
assistant professor of botany and curator of the herbarium, to succeed the late
H. S. Hammond.

R. W. Allen, sjiperintendent of the Umatilla Substation at Hermiston, has
resigned to accept a position with^he U. S. Department of Agriculture. L. R.
Breithaupt, .superintendent of the Harney County Substation, has been suc-
ceeded by John Martin of the Belle Pourche, S. Dak., Substation of the Bureau
of Plant Industry of this Department

800 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

Pennsylvania College and Station. — The re.signations are noted of L. C. Tom-
Icins, April 1, as instructor in dairy husbandry extension, and R. S. Spray as
assistant in botany, April 10. H. D. Edniiston, for many years assistant in
agricultural meteorology and transferred in 1915 from assistant in agricultural
chemistry to assistant in agricultural extension, died March 17.

W. S. Taylor, formerly associate professor of agricultural education in the
University of Texas and more recently engaged in graduate work at Cornell
University, has been appointed professor of agricultural education beginning
April 1. Other appointments include W. B. Connell as instructor in animal
husbandry extension, M. D. Leonard and S. W. Frost as instructors in ento-
mology, and R. C. Walton as instructor in plant pathology.

South Carolina College and Stations. — The resignations are noted of F.
J. Cridor, professor of horticulture and associate horticulturist, to become pro-
fessor of horticulture at the University of Arizona ; AV. L. Hutchinson as
professor of agronomy and acting chief of the agronomy division, and suc-
ceeded by C. P. Blackwell" as professor of agronomy, chief of the agronomy
division, and agronomist of the station ; R. L. Shields as professor of animal
husbandry and chief of the animal husbandry division of the station; W. A.
Thomas as assistant professor of entomology and assistant entomologist ; Dr.
W. A. Barnett as associate professor of veterinary science and assistant State
veterinarian; G. M. Armstrong as instructor in botany and assistant botanist,
to engage in pathological extension work for the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this Department ; and L. H. Leonian as research assistant in horticulture to
engage in plant disease survey work for the Bureau of Plant Industry. G. H.
Collings has been appointed assistant professor of agronomy and assistant
agronomist. H. E. Shiver has returned as assistant chemist of the station.

Texas College and Station. — J. H. Foster, in charge of the division of fores-
try and State forester, resigned April 1, and has been succeeded by E. O. Seicke.
L. B. Burk, associate professor of animal husbandry, who has been acting as.
collaborating animal husliandman in swine investigations for the station, has
resigned to accept a position with tlie Bureau of Markets of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. The station swine work has been put in charge of P. V.
Ewing, animal husbandman of the station.

E. R. Spence, superintendent of the feeding and breeding substation near
the college, resigned April 30 to engage in farming in Missouri, and has
been succeeded by N. E. Winters, transferred from the Angleton Substation.
E. A. Miller has been appointed superintendent of the Angleton Substation.
R. W. Edwards, superintendent of the Chillicothe Substation, resigned March
1 to take charge of a farm in Kansas, and has been succeeded by A. B. Cron
of the Office of F'orage Crop Investigations of this Department.

It is reported that up to the present time an amount equivaient to over 25
per cent of the annual station salary budget has been subscribed to Liberty Loan
Bonds of the various issues by members of the staff.

Washington College and Station. — Dr. F. L. Pickett, head of the department
of botany, has been appointed botanist in the station. AV. S. Robertson has
been appointed assistant horticulturist.

Wyoming Station. — Dr. H. M. Martin, research assistant in veterinary sci-
ence, has resigned to accept a position with the University of Nebraska and
has been succeeded by Dr. S. H. Burnett of Cornell University.

Association of American Agricultural Co»lleges and Experiment Stations. — It
is announced that the thirty-second annual convention of this association will
be held at the Southern Hotel, Baltimore, Md., November 13-15, 191S.

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Vol. 38 ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 9

EXPERIMENT

STATION

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1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

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Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau of Markets— C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

AtABAHA->

CoUe'^e Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar."
Canebrake Station: Unioniawn: I. M. Bargess.2
Tuskegee Station; Tmkegee Imtitute; G. W.
Carver.'

ALASKA— S«fca; C. C. Georgeson.'

Abbona— Tucson: - — — .

ASKAiiSAS—FayetUviUe: M. Nelson.'

CAUfonmA—BerMey: T. F. Hunt.'

CoLOBADO— fort Collins: C. T. Gillette.'

Connecticut—

State Station: New Haven;\„ „■,-,, ,
ot „o» i. o, . JE. H. Jenkins.'
Storrs Station: Slorrs: i

Delawaee— Aewttrfe; H. Hayward.'

¥\jOBSDK—Gainesrme: P. H. Rolls.'

Geokgu— ^iperimewt: J. D. Price.'

GVJM— Island of Quam: C. W. Edwards.'

Hawah—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.'

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H.P.Agee.'

Idaho — Moscow: .

Ilunois— J7r6o»o; E.Davenport.'
Indiana— io/oj/fttft' C. G. Woodbury.'
lOTiK—Ames: C. F. Ciutlss.'
Kansas- Jtfonftatton.- L. E. Call.<
Kentucky— iainfr^on." T. P. Cooper.'
Louisiana—

State Station: Baton Rouge;

Sugar Station: Auiuhon Park,
New Orleans;

North La. Station: Caihoun;

Rice Station: Crowley;
Maine— Orono; C. D. Woods.'
VxRYLsifD— College Park: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— XmAerst: F. W.Morse.*
Michigan- £bMt Lansing: R. 8. Shaw.«
Minnesota— t/7i«t)frai(y Farm, St. Paul; R.

Thatcher. «
UaaissiPTi— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd.'

W. R. Dodson.'

W

MlSSOUEI—

College station: CoZumdia; F. B, Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; F.W.Faurot.'
Montana— Bo0«TOan; F. B. Linfield.'
Heb^aska— Lincoln: E. A. Burnett.'
Nevada— iJeno; S. B. Doten.'
New Hampshibe— DarftaTO.- J. C. Kendall.'
New Jersey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.'
New Mexico— S«ot« College: Fabian Garcia.'
New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.'
North Carouna— JBoJdi^ftand West Raleigh; B. W.
Kilgore.J

North Dkkota— Agricultural College: .

Omo—Wooster: C. E, Thome.'
Oklahoma— Stjttwaier; H. G. Knight.'
Oregon— CorDaHts; A. B. Cordley.'
Pennsylvania-

State College: R. L. Watts.'
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.'
Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.'
Insular Station: Rio Picdras; E. Col6n.'
Rhode IShKSxy— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell.'
South Carolina- CkTnsora College: H. W. Barre.'
South DkViotk— Brookings: J. W. Wilson.'
Tennessee— XjioxwUf; H. A. Morgan.'
Tt.xkS— College Station: B. Youngblood.'
Utah— Xo^on.* F. S. Harris.'
\-ESMOin:— Burlington: J. L. Hills.'

ViEQINU—

Blacksburg: A. W. Drlnkard, jr.'
Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson.'

Washington- PwHrnan; Geo. Severance.*

West Virginia— Aforjantown; J. L. Coulter.'

Wisconsin— Ifadison.' H, L. Russell.*

Wyomino— Loramte.' A. D. Faville.'

' Director. > Agronomist in charge.

* Animal husbandman in charge.

« Actlnfj director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Statiom.
Associate Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITOKIAL DEPARTMENTS,

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotecliny — Sybil L. Smith.
Meteorology, Soils, and I^'eltilizerslJ^'j^-^^^^^^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology V^y- ^- gJ^D^^' ^^' ^'

T^- u ri „ / J- I- SCHUXTE,

Field Crops I J j^ Luckett.

Horticulture and Forestry — E, J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

Foods and Human Nutrition (f • ^- Langwokthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.

(.Louise B. Pritchett.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming 1-^ ^- ^/oqjJjj^

Veterinary Medicine &-±- ^''^'^^l'
[i>YBTL L. Smith.

l^ural Engineering — 11. W. Trullingeb.

Rural Economics- — E. Merritt.

Agricultural Education |f; ^- ^}^''^}f-
^ 1.MARIE T. Spethmann.

Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 3S, NO. 9.

Page.

Recent work in agricultural science 801

Notes 900

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

Contribution to the chemistry of gossypol, Carruth 801

Corn stover silage, Sherman and Bechdel 802

The biochemical phenomena of oxido-reduction, Abelous and Aloy 802

Necessity of a hydrogen acceptor and an oxygen acceptor, Abelous and Aloy. . 802

Studies on enzym action, XV, Proteolytic activity of papain, Frankel 802

Studies on enzym action, XVI, Hulton-Frankel 803

Polarimetry 803

An improved automatic pipette-washing device, Fuller 803

A new method of extracting the soil solution, Lipman 803

The valuation of lime for various purposes, Meade 804

Notes on tlie analysis of molasses, Walker 804

Comparison of desiccated skim milk with normal milk, Harding and Ringstrom. 804

Tentative methods for sampling and analysis of commercial fats and oils 804

Determination of arsenic in insecticides by potassium iodate, Jamieson 804

Optical method for determination of malic and tartaric acids, Willaman 805

Deterioration of raw cane sugar: A proljlem in food conservation, Browne 805

General instructions regarding the manufacture of fruit wines, de Bano 806

65162°— 18 1 I

n CONTENTS. [Vol 38

Page.

Beechnut oil, an indiKonous edible oil to manufacture in time of war, Truelle. . 806

Influence of time of harvest, drying, and freezin-j of spearmint on oil, Rabak. . 807

A preliminary study of the Philippine coconut oil industry, Villyar 807

The manufacture of nut margarin, Pickard 807

The utilization of v/aste tomato seeds and skins, Rabak 807

The utilization of waste toniato seeds and skins, Rabak 808

Effect of incomplete distillation on distillation of birch, Palmer 808

Influence of moisture on distillation of hardwood, Palmer and Cloukey 808

Effect of catalyzers on destructive distillation of hardwoods, Palmer 808

Effect of varying cooking conditions on sulphite pulp from spruce, Lunak 809

Pulping extracted yellow-pine chips by sulphate process, Kress and Textor. . . 809

Sulphite turpentine, Schorger 810

Van Nostrand's chemical annual, edited by Olsen 810

Charles Anthony Goessraann 810

METEOROLOGY.

Suggestions in regard to extending the area of spring-wheat culture 810

Nitrites from nitrates by sunlight, Moore 811

Monthly Weather Review ._ 811

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Chandler. 812

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Hempstead County, Ark. , Taylor and Cobb 812

Soil survey of Fillmore County, Nebr. , Meyer et al 812

Water extractions of soils as criteria of their crop-producing power, Burd 812

Effect of season and crop growth in modifjdng the soil extract, Stewart 813

Freezing-point metliod as index of variations in soil solution, Hoagland 813

Humus in mulched basins and effect of mulches on orange production, Jensen. 814

Relation of weed growth to nitric nitrogen accuuuilation. Call and Sewell 814

Alkali soils: Some biochemical factors in reclamation, Barnes and Barkat Ali. . 815

Observations on occurrence of infertility under trees, Jatindra Nath Sen 816

Results of fertilizer experiments conducted at the Pee Dee Station, Keitt 816

A simple way to increase crop yields. Miller 816

Our mineral supplies. — Nitrates, Gale — 817

Sul^jhate of ammonia: Its source, production, and use 817

Experiments on availability of treated phosphates, Lipman and McLean 817

Sixteen per cent acid phosphate, Bachtell 817

Explorations and studies of beds of phosphorites in Russia, 1914, Samoilov 817

Influence of carbonates of magnesium and calcium on Wisconsin soils, Fulmer.. 818

Nitrification as a measure of availability of calcium carbonate. Burgess 819

The principles of the liming of soils, Shorey 819

The use of lead for stimulating growth in plants, Stutzer 819

Commercial stocks of fertilizer and fertilizer materials 820

Peat in 1916, Turp 820

AGRICULTURAL BOTANT.

Significance of colloidal chemistry in physiology, Crocker 820

Osmotic pressure in animals and plants, Atkins 821

Carbon assimilation, Jorgensen and Stiles 821

Buffer processes in the metabolism of succulent plants, Hempel 321

A study of stomata, Relif ous -_ 821

The nature of tendrils and the formation of branch nodes, Oinoue 822

Slow changes in buried grapevines, Panteanelli 822

A method of prophesying the life duration of seeds, GroA^es 822

Electromotive phenomena in plants. Waller et al 822

Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity, Blackman et al 822

Studies of inheritance in Pisum, II, Wliite 822

Biocharacters as separable units of organic structure, Osborn 823

Studies on self-sterility. — I, Behavior of self -sterile plants, East and Park 823

Ecology and physiology of the red mangrove, Bowman 823

A cyanogenic Mucor, Guyot ._._. _. .._ 824

Comparison of Rocky Mountain grasslands with prairie of Illinois, Fuller 824

The vegetation of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, Weaver 824

The vegetation of Paraguay, Chodat and Vischer 824

1918.] CONTENTS. UI

FIEI;D CROPS.

. . Page.

Cropping systems for 'Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, Fluharty 824

Crop rotation investigations. — P'ield T experiments, Arny 825

[Report of field crops work in Hawaii], Kjauss 826

Report of [field crops work at] the Glenwood substation, Thompson 827

Report of the agronomy diAdsion, Sahr 828

Progress report, Substation No. 7, Spur, Tex., 1909 to 1914, Dickson 829

Progress report, Substation No. 8, Lubbock, Tex., 1909 to 1914, Karper 830

The identification of varieties of barley, Harlan 833

The agricultural situation for 1918.- — VIII, Corn. — A large acreage needed 833

Method of sale of war emergency seed corn to farmers 834

The seed-corn situation for 1918, Burlison and Dungan 834

The agricultural situation for 1918. — V, Cotton. — Maintaining the supply 834

The agricultural situation for 1918. — IX, Potatoes. — An ample supply needed.. 834

Potato culture, Hutcheson and Wolfe 835

Black heart and the aero lion of potatoes in storage, Stewart and Mix 835

Poor ventilation injures stored potatoes, Hall 836

The agricultural situation for 1918. — ^VI, Rice. — Produce more rice 836

The agricultural situation for 1918. — III, Sugar 836

The agricultural situation for 1918. — VII, Wheat. — More wheat is needed 837

Experiments with durum wheat, Ball and Clark 838

Cost of harvesting wheat by different methods, Yerkes and Chiurch 839

The application of dockage in the marketing of wheat 840

Shrinkage in grain, Welton 840

Seed Reporter 841

HORTICULTURE.

Report of the horticultural division, Higgins 841

[Horticulture at Substation No. 8, Lubbock, Tex., 1909-1914], Karper 842

Massey's garden book for the Southern States, Massey 842

Home vegetables and small fruits, Duncan 842

Dutch raarket gardening and its organization, Leopold 842

The farm vegetable garden, Werner 843

Disease-resistance varieties of tomatoes. Green and Humbert 843

Spray calendar, Britton and Clinton 843

Information for fruit growers on insecticides, etc., Quaintance and Siegler 843

Dusting V. liquid spraying, Blair 843

Dusting V. liquid spraying in Quebec, Petch 844

Preparation and use of lime-sulphur, Stevenson and Cotton 844

Cost of producing apples in Yakima Valley, Wasli., Miller and Thomson 844

The keeping quality of different varieties of apples, Macoun 844

Growing peaches: Sites and cultural methods, Gould 844

Gooseberries and currants, Oskamp 844

Some results in raising new raspberries, Newman 845

Direct bearers at National School of Agriculture, Montpellier, Ravaz 845

[Report on cultural plats at the Nasinu fixperimental Station, Fiji], Knowles. . 845

Fig growing in Florida, Elliott 845

A method of feeding manure to orange trees, Shamel 845

FORESTRY.

Report of Cloquet Forest Experiment Station, Kenety 845

Report on forest administration in Bihar and Orissa, 1916-17, Haines 845

Forest administration in Northwest Frontier Province, 1916-17, Parnell 845

Report of forest administration in Assam, 1916-17, Blunt and Tottenham 846

Report of forest department of Madras Presidency for 1917, Latham et al 846

Report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1916-17, Mulraj 846

A practical reforestation policy, Retan 846

Significance of native vegetation in determination of forest sites, Korstian 846

Artificial regeneration in re-enforcement of hardwood woodlots, Secrest 846

The relation of germination in the greenhouse and nursery. Show 846

Aspen as a temporary forest type. Baker 847

Accelerated growth of balsam fir in the Adirondacks, McCarthy 847

The planting of Scotch pine in Pennsylvania, Illick 847

Studies of yield and production of western yellow pine, Pearson 847

First season's growth and mortality of white pine and red pine. Guise 847

IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

Page.

Clean clearing of rubber estates, Sharpies and Belgrave 847

The production and use of fuel wood, Secrest 847

Measuring woodland products, Berry 847

Distribution of softwood lumber in the Middle West, Pts. I, II, Butler 847

DISEASKS OF PLANTS.

Report of the division of plant pathology, Carpenter 848

Plant diseases, 8tewart and Barrus 848

Notes on South Indian fungi. McPiae 848

Diseases of woody plants in North Africa, Maire 849

Rhizopus maydis, a new species, Bruderlein 849

Grain smut, Lo Priore 849

Results of corn disease investigations, Hoffer and Holbert 849

Greenhouse experiments on the rust resistance of oat varieties, Parker 849

Tylenchus Iritici on wheat in Virginia, Fromme 850

Sclerotinia trifoliorum, the cause of stem rot, Gilbert and Bennett 850

Cabbage diseases, Harter and Jones 850

Short smut on cholam, Sundararaman 850

A Sclerotinia parasitic on Maithinla vallesiaca, Lendner 850

Wilt diseases of okra and the Verticillium Avilt problem, Carpenter 851

Varietal resistance of peanuts to Sderolium rolfsii, McClintock 851

Sugar-cane fungi and diseases of Porto Rico, Johnston and Stevenson 851

An epiphytotic of cane disease in Porto Rico, Stevenson 852

Tobacco wildfire, Wolf and Foster 852

Brown rot of fruit. — Investigations in Hawke's Bay, Esam 852

Root knot of fruit trees, Campbell 852

Field experiments with crown gall, 1913-1917, Ness 852

Black spot of apples [and pears], Taylor 852

A fungoid disease attacking pears, itelmsing 853

Black knot of plum and cherry, Walton 853

The anthracnose disease of the raspberrj^ and related plants, Burkholder 853

Ammonium sulphid wash for vVmerican gooseberry mildew. Eyre and Salmon. 853

The supposed injury to vines by sulphurous anhydrid, Trotter 853

Anthracnose or black spot of the vine, de Castella and Brittlebank 853

New disease of the pineapple reported, Mackie 853

The crown canker disease of rose, Massey 854

Cronariium cerebrum on Pinus resinosa, Weir and Hiibert 854

Significance of diseases in Malayan rubber plantations. Sharpies 854

Bark canker in Ilevea brasiliensis, Sharpies 854

Spike disease of sandal , Coleman 855

The effect of Roentgen and ultraviolet rays upon fungi, Trumbull and Hotson. 855

The treatment of fungus diseases by spraying, Salmon and Eyre 855

The conduction of potassium cyanid in plants, Elliott 855

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Food habits of the swallows, a family of valuable native birds, Beal 856

The crow and its relation to man, Kalmbach 856

Diagnosis of a new pycnonotine family of Passeriformes, Oberholser 856

British birds, Thorbum 857

The control of imported pests recently found in New Jersey, Weiss 857

[Insects and insect control in Oregon] 857

Report of Dominion entomologist for year ended March 31, 1917, Hewitt 857

Insect pests [in Grenada], Watts 857

[Economic insects of Japan] 857

War on greenhouse pests, Gossard 857

Important foreign insect pests on imported nursery stock in 1917, Sasscer 857

Notes on insects injiuious to coffee, Anderson 857

Insects and camp sanitation, Felt 857

Graphically illustrating distribution of injury by an insect pest, Hartzell 858

Toxicity of volatile organic compounds to insect eggs, Moore and Graham 858

Influence of molasses on the adhesiveness of arsenate of lead, Hartzell 858

Spreaders for arsenate sprays, Lovett 858

Appearance of the male Cnransius morosus and its longevity, Fouchor 858

The eggplant lace bug in Porto Rico (Corythvrha monacJia), Cotton S5S

Key to species of genus Ceresa occurring north of Mexico, Gibson and Wells.. . 858

1918.] CONTENTS. V

Page.

Notes on three species of apple leaf -hoppers, LaUirop 858

Texas aphid noles, Paddock 859

A simple means of ascertaining if a sterilizing hut is hot enough, Bacot 859

Annual reports of the Royal Sericultural Station, Padua, Verson et al 859

Use of phototaxy in selecting larvaj most resLstant to flacherie, Acqua 860

Gii)sy moth larvie in dissemination of pine blister rust, Gravatt and Posey 860

The apple ermine moth, Parrott 860

The imported cabbage worm in Wisconsin, Wilson and Gentner 860

Nicotin sulphate an effective ovicide for codling moth eggs, Lovett 860

Some experiments on the adults and eggs of the peach tree borer, Peterson 861

The striped peach worm, Ingerson 861

Notes on the strawberry leaf -roller {Ancylis comptana), Webster 862

Notes on biology of Angoumois grain moth, Sitolroqa cerealella, King 862

The apple leaf-mining case bearer ( Coleophora volckei n. sp.), Volck 862

Malaria control. — A report of demonstration studies, Derivaux et al 862

Relation of kinds and varieties of grain to Hessian fly, McCoUochand Salmon.. 863

Early spring Syrphidas in California and a new Pipiza, Davidson 863

Poisoned bait for the onion maggot, Howard 863

Meigenia Roralis, a parasite of the black alfalfa-leaf beetle, L^caillon 863

Control 01 the common white grub, Cotton 863

Studies on tho life history of two Kansas Scarabfeidse, Hayes 864

Notes on the habits and metamorphosis of Lepidiota frenchi, Jarvis 864

Insecticide tests with Diabrotica vitlata, Howard 864

Life history of Ealtica jamaicensis, Cotton 864

Sweet potato root borer ( Cylas formicarius), Hinds 864

Weevils which affect Irish potato, sweet potato, and yam, Pierce 864

The strawberry root weevil, Melander 864

The agricultural situation for 1918. — IV, Honey. — ^More honey needed 865

Rearing queen bees in Porto Rico, Van Zwaluwenburg and Vidal 865

Bee disease control, Carr 865

On three new parasitic acari. Hirst 865

Scale feeding habits of a Porto Rican milliped, Rhinocricus arboreiis, Cotton . . . 865

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Commercial stocks of miscellaneous animal food products in the United States . . 865

The supply of lard in the United States on August 31, 1917 866

The supply of canned salmon in the United States on August 31, 1917 866

Stocks of cereal and vegetable foodstuffs in United States, August 31, 1917 866

Sugar supply of the United States on August 31, 1917 866

Commercial stocks of wheat and flour in the United States on August 31, 1917. 867

Use of wheat-saving cereals. Green, Skinner, and Richards 867

Hints to housewives 867

Ninth biennial report of the Food and Drug Department 867

[Food and drug inspection], Ladd and Johnson _. 867

Annual report of the dairy and food commissioner of Wisconsin 867

Digestibility of some nut oils, Holmes 867

Bacteria in ice cream. — II, Hammer and Goss 868

Dietary deficiency of cereal foods in "antineuritic vitamin," Voegtlin et al. . . 869

The origin of creatin. — II, Baumann and Hines 869

Effect of starvation on catalase content of tissues, Burge and Neill 869

Effect of thyroid feeding on catalase content of tissues, Burge et al 870

The role of catalase in acidosis, Burge 870

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Wintering and fattening beef cattle in North Carolina, Ward et al 870

The utilization of dry farm crops in beef production, Foster and Smith 872

Cattle feeding.— XIII, Winter steer feeding, 1916-17, Skinner and King 873

Digestion of starch by the voung calf, Shaw, Woodward, and Norton 874

The agricultural situation for 1918.— X, Wool 874

[Feeding experiments with pigs], Templeton 874

[Feeding pigs com, velvet beans, and peanuts], Templeton 875

Influence of ration on intestinal flora of swine, Bushnell and Frey 875

Winter cycle of egg production in the Rhode Island Red breed, Goodale 876

Successfiil incubation practices in New Jersey, embryo mortality, Hannas. . . . 876

VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 38

DAIRY FARMING — ADIRYINQ.

Page.

Feeding for milk production, Scott 876

Dairying in Florida, Scott 877

A study of share-rented dairy farms in Wisconsin and Illinois, Boeger 877

Milk goats, Shaw 878

The milch goat, McCandlish and Gillette 878

Germ content of milk. — II, As influenced by the utensils, Prucha et al 878

Factors of importance in producing milk of low bacterial count, Roadhouse... 880

Pasteurization of sour, farm-skimmed cream for butter making, Hunziker et al. 880

Errors in the weight of print butter, Runkel and Roeser 882

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Preventive medicine and hygiene Rosenau 882

Report of veterinarian, Gary 882

White snakeroot or rich weed as a stock-poisoning plant, Marsh and Claweon . . 883

Efficacy of some anthelmintics. Hall and Foster 883

The treatment of severe bums with ambrine, McMullen 885

Bacteria in dust, Burnet 885

The action of cold on microorganisms, Ruata 885

The value of Wulff s method for the diagnosis of anthrax, Sani 886

Studies on diphtheria toxin, I, Davis 886

The intrapalpebral mallein reaction, Lanfranchi 886

Intrapalpebral reaction in diagnosis of epizootic lymphangitis, Lanfranchi 886

Pyotherapy in epizootic lymphangitis, Lanfranchi and Bardelli 887

A study of hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep and mouflon-sheep hybrids, Mori. . 887

The enzyms of the tubercle bacillus, Corper and Sweany 887

Bovine tuberculosis: Its diagnosis and control, Moore 887

The biological behavior of Piroplasma bigeminum in cows, Di Domizio 888

A bacteriological report in regard to hog cholera, Gardenghi 888

Fundamental principles governing the control of hog cholera, Luckey 888

Statistics on the use of hog cholera antiserum and hog cholera virus, Cole 888

Ulcerous lymphangitis in horses 889

Infections caused by Bacterium pullorum in adult fowls, Hadley et al 889

A study of the etiology of roup in birds, Jackley 889

A further study of the etiology of roup in fowls, Jackley 890

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Surface water supply of North Atlantic slope basins, 1916 890

Surface water supply of the lower Mississippi River Basin, 1916 890

Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1916 890

Southern California floods of January, 1916, McGlashan and Ebert 890

Rapid chemical determination of the potability of water, Comte 890

The cracking and buckling of cement concrete pavements, Tuthill 891

Tests show advantages of laying brick directly on concrete base, Wiley 891

Tests on nailed joints in fir and hemlock timbers, Blood and Plummer 892

Relative resistance of hardwoods to creosote, Teesdale and MacLean 892

The farm machinery situation. White 893

Gas engine nomenclature 893

[Magnetos for farm engines], Hull 893

The relations of port area to the power of gas engines, Du Priest 893

A new fuel for internal-combustion engines 893

How to lay out and put up a lineshaft. Smith 893

The use of rope on the farm, Overholt 893

Movable hog houses, McVean and Hutton 894

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Factors of successful farming near Monett, Mo. , Spillman ._ 894

Determination of cost of production of live stock and dairy produce, WylUe 894

The cost of production of milk, Ferguson 894

A study of farm labor in California, Adams and Kelly 894

Cooperative organization by-laws, Bassett and Jesness 895

Cooperalri-ve stores in Minnesota, 1914, Durand and Robotka 895

Modern market methods, Clark 895

1918.] CONTENTS. VH

Page.

The mill market for corn and wheat, Camp 895

Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture for cotton warehouses 805

Parcel post business methods, Hawbaker and Law 895

Geography of the world's agriculture, Finch and Baker 895

Agricultural production for 1918 896

Prospects of Fi-ench agriculture, Mangin 896

Reorganization of agriculture in France, Coquide 896

The food of France, Bellet 896

Agricultural statistics of Uruguay 896

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Teaching value of the sciences in animal husbandry. Savage and Maynard 896

Value of fundamental sciences in animal husbandry, Savage 896

The curriculum , Coffey 897

Coordination of courses in animal husbandry, Plumb 897

Conventionalism in the teaching of live stock judging, Forbes 897

Teaching breed history to advanced students, ivlumford 897

Home course in soils and soil management, compiled by Pennewell 897

Courses in agriculture on the home project basis 897

Subject matter for 1917-18 in natural history, agriculture, and home making 897

Rural science, including school gardening, Sheridan 898

A primer of household biology, Gudger 898

The States Relations Service and the cooperative extension service. True 89S

MISCELLANEOUS.

Report on experiment stations and extension work in the United States, 1916 . . . 898

Thu-tieth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1917 899

Annual report on work done under the local experiment law in 1917, Duggar 899

Report of Hawaii Station, 1917 899

]\Ionthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 899

Farm knowledge, edited by Seymour 899

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station: Page.

Circ. 37, Feb., 1918 864

Circ. 38, Feb., 1918 874,899

Thirtieth An. Rpt. 1917. 875, 882, 899

California Station:

Circ. 179, Oct. , 1917 880

Circ. 193, Mar., 1918 894

Connecticut State Station:

Bui. 199 843

Florida Station:

Bui. 142, Jau., 191S 877

Bui. 143, Feb., 191S 876

Hawaii Federal Station:

An. Rpt. 1917 826,

827, 828, 841, 848, 899

Illinois Station:

Bui. 204, Feb., 1918 878

Circ. 210, Feb. , 1918 893

Circ. 211, Jan. , 1918 834

Indiana Station:

Bui. 206, Sept., 1017 873

Bui. 207, Aug., 1917 844

Bui. 208, Sept., 1917 880

Iowa Station:

Bui. 174, Dec, 1917 868

Circ. 42. Jan., 1918 878

Kansas Station:

Tech. Bui. 3, Aug., 1917 875

Tech. Bui. 4, Nov. , 1917 889

Kentucky Station:

Bien. Rpt. Food and Drug

Dept., 1916-^17 867

Massachusetts Station :

Met. Buls. 349-350, Jan.-Feb.,

1918.... _ 812

Minnesota Station:

Bui. 169, Oct., 1917 845

Bui. 170, Oct., 1917 325

Bui. 171, Oct., 1917 895

New Jersey Stations:

Hints to Poultrymen, vol. 6,
No. 5, Feb., 1918 876

New Mexico Station:

Bui. 108, Aug. , 1917 872

New York Cornell Station:

Bui. 395, Nov., 1917 853

New York State Station:

Bui. 436, June, 1917 835,836

North Carolina Station:

Farmers' Market Bui., vol. 5,
No. 20, Jan. 1, 1918 895

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui., vol. 4. No. 18,

Dec, 1917 867

Circ. 17, Jan., 1918 843

VUI

Stations in the United States — Continued.

Ohio Station: Page.

Mo. Bui., vol. 3, No. 2, Feb.,

1918. . . . 840, 843, 847, 853, 857, 899

Porto Rico Station:

Circ. 16, Feb. 26, 1918 865

Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Station:

Circ 12, 1918 863

Circ. 12 (Spanish ed.), 1918. . . 863
Circ. 13, 1918. 844

Rhode Island Station:

Bui. 172, Nov., 1917 889

South Carolina Station:

Bui. 193, Dec, 1917 816

Texas Station:

Bui. 211, Oct., 1917 852

Bui. 218, Sept. , 1917 829

Bui. 219, Sept., 1917 830, 842

Virginia Station:

Bui. 217, Dec, 1917 835

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 12:

No! 6, Feb. 11, 1918 812, 813

No. 7, Feb. 18, 1918. . . . 852, 860, 883
No. 8, Feb. 25, 1918. . . . 814, 818, 863

No. 9, Mar. 4, 1918 820,

851, 858, 864, 874, 876

Bui. 541, Cooperative Organization
By-laws, C. E. Bassett and O. B.
Jesness 895

Bui. 599, The Striped Peach Worm,
H. G. Ingerson 861

Bui. 603, A Study of Share-rented
Dairy Farms in Green County,
Wis., and Kane County, 111.,
E. A. Boeger 877

Bui. 600, Relative Resistance_ of
Various Hardwoods to Injection
with Creosote, C. H. Teesdale
and J. D. MacLean 892

Bui. 614, Cost of Producing Ap-
ples in Yakima Vallev, Wash.,
G. H. Miller and S. M. Thomson. 844

Bui. 618, Experiments with Durum
Wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A.
Clark 838

Bui. 619, Food Habits of the Swal-
lows, A Family of Valuable Na-
tive Bii'ds, F. E. L. Beal 856

Bui. 620, Effect of Varjdng Certain
Cooking Conditions in the Pro-
duction of Sulphite Pulp from
Spruce, S. E. Lunak 809

lOlS.l

LIST OF PUBIJCATIONS,

IX

U.S. Dcpartmrnt. of Ac]ricuUure — Coutd.

Page.

Bui. 621, The Crow and Its Rela-
tion to Man, E. R. Kalmbach. . . 856

Bui. 622, The Identific-ation of
Varieties of Barley, H. V. Har-
lan 833

Bui. 625, Cropping Systems for the
Moister Portion of Eastern
Washington and Oregon and
Northern Idaho. L. W. Fluharty. 824

Bui. 627, Cost of Harvesting Wheat
by Different Methods, A. P.
Yerlces and L. M. Church 839

Bui. 628, Wintering and Fattening
Beef Cattle in North Carolina,
W. F. Ward, R. S. Curtis, and
F. T. Peden 870

Bui. 629, Greenhouse Experiments
on the Rust Resistance of Oat
Varieties, J. H. Parker 849

Bui. 630, Studies on the Digesti-
bility of Some Nut Oils, A. D.
Holmes 867

Bui. 6:i2, The Utilization -of Waste
Tomato Seeds and Skins, F.
Rabak 807

Bui. 633, Factors of Successful
Farming near Monett, Mo.,
W. .1. Spillman 894

Farmers' Bui. 008, Information for
Fruit Growers about Insecti-
cides, Spraying Apparatus, and
Important Insect Pests, A. L.
Quaintance and E. H. Siegler. . . 843

Farmi^rs' Bull. 917. Growing
Peaches, H. P. Gould 844

Farmers' Bui. 919, The Applica-
tion of Dockage in the Marketing
of Wheat 840

Farmers' Bui. 920, Milk Goats,

E.L.Shaw 878

Farmers' Bui. 921, The Principles
of the Liming of Soils, E. 0.
Shorey 819

Farmers' Bui. 922, Parcel-Post
Business Methods, C. C. Haw-
baker and J. W. Law 895

Farmers' Bui. 924, A Simple Way
to Increase Crop Yields, H. A.
Milfer 816

Farmers' Bui. 925, Cabbage Dis-
eases, L. L. Harter and L. R.
Jones 850

Report on Experiment Stations
and Extension Work in the
United States, 1916 898

Office of the Secretary:

Circ. 86, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. Ill,

Sugar 836

Circ. 87, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. IV,

Honev 865

Circ. 88, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. V,
Cotton S34

U. S. Deparlmnif, nf Agrindlure — Contd.

Office of the Secretary^ — Contd. Page.

Circ. 89, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. VI,
Rice 836

Circ. 90, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. VII,
Wheat 837

Circ. 91, The Agi-icultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt.
VIII, Corn 833

Circ. 92, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. IX,
Potatoes...., 834

Circ. 93, The Agricultural
Situation for 1918.— Pt. X,
Wool 874

Circ. 94, Regulations of the
Secretary of Agriculture
under the United States
Warehouse Act of August 11,
1916. — Regulations for Cot-
ton Warehouses, D. F.
Houston 895

Circ. 95, Errors in the Weight
of Print Butter, H. Runkel
and H. M. Roeser 882

Circ. 96, Sugar Supply of the
United States: Its Extent
and Distribution on August
31,1917 866

Circ. 97, The Supply of Lard in
the United States: Its Ex-
tent and Distribution on
August 31, 1917 866

Circ. 98, The Supply of
Canned Salmon in the
United States: Its Extent
and Distribution on August
31,1917 866

Circ. 99, Commercial Stoclcs
of Miscellaneous Cereal and
Vegetable Foodstuffs in the
United States on August 31,
1917 866

Circ. 100, Commercial Stocks
of Wheat and Flour in the
United States on August 31,
1917 867

Circ. 101, Commercial Stocks
of Miscellaneous Animal
Food Products in the United
States on August 31, 1917. . . 865

Circ. 102, Movable Hog Houses,
J. D. McVean and R. E.
Hutton 894

Circ. 103, Agricultural Produc-
tion for 1918 896

Circ. 104, Commercial Stocks
of Fertilizer and Fertilizer
Materials in the LTnited
States as Reported for Oc-
tober 1, 1917 820

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

rvoi. S8

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Office of the Secretary— Contd . Pase.
Circ. 105, Method of Saki of
War Emergency Seed Clorn
to Farmers in C ertain States
by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture 834

Rpt. 115, The Distribution of
Softwood Lumber in the
Middle West: Wholesale
Distribution, O. M. Butler. . 847
Rpt. 116, The Distribution of
Softwood Lumber in the
Middle West: Retail Dis-
tribution, 0. M. Butler 847

Geography of the World's
Agriculture, V. C. Finch

and O.E. Baker 895

Bureau of Animal Industry:

White Snakeroot or Richweed
(Eupalorium urticn'folium)
as a Stock-poisoning Plant,
C. D. Marsh and A. B.

Clawson 883

Bureau of Markets:

Seed Rptr., vol. 1, No. 5,

Mar. 1, 1918 841

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1916—

Soil Survey of Hemp-
stead County, Ark., A. E.
Taylor and W.B.Cobb. 812
Soil Survey of Fillmore
County, Nebr., A. H.
Meyer, C. E. Collett,

and N. A. Bengtson 811

Weather Bureau:

Nat. Weather and Crop Bui. 1,

1918 810

Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 45,

Nos. 11-12, Nov.-Dec, 1917. 812
Scientific Contributions: ^

An Improved Automatic Pi-
pette-washing Device, A. V.

Fuller 803

The Determination of Arsenic
in Insecticides by Potassiiun

lodate, G. S. Jamieson 804

Influence of Time of Harvest,
Drying, and Freezing of
Spearmint upon the Yield
and Odorous Constituents of

the Oil, F. Rabak 807

The Utilization of Waste To-
mato Seeds and Skins, F.

Rabak 808

The Effect of Incomplete Dis-
tillation on the Yield of
Products in the Destructive
Distillation of Birch, R. C.
Palmer 808

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Conti'ibutions — Contd. Page.

Tln^ Influence of Moisture on
the Yield of Products in the
Destructive Distillation of
Hardwood, R. C. Palmer and
H. Cloukey 808

The Effect of Catalyzers on the
Yield of Products in the
Destructive Distillation of
Hardwoods, R. C. Palmer. . 808

Some Experiments on the
Pulping of Extracted Yel-
low Pine Chips by the Sul-
phate Process, O. Kress and
C. K. Textor 809

Sulphite Turpentine, A. W.

Schorger 810

A Method of Feeding Manure
to Orange Trees, A. D.
Shamel 845

The Indicator Significance of
Native Vegetation in the
Determination of Forest
Sites, C. F. Korstian 846

The Relation of Germination
in the Greenhouse and Nur-
sery, S. B. Show 846

Aspen as a Temporary Forest
Type, F. S. Baker 847

Studies of Yield and Repro-
du(',tion of Western Yellow
Pine in Arizona and New
Mexico, G. A. Pearson 847

Diagnosis of a New Pycnono-
tine Family of Passeriformes,
H. C. Oberholser 856

Important Foreign Insect Pests
Collected on Imported Nur-
sery Stock in 1917, E. R.
Sasscer 857

A Key to the Species of the
Genus Ceresa Occurring
North of Mexico and the De-
scription of a New Species,
E. H. Gibson and Emma
Wells 858

Early Spring Syrphidse in Cali-
fornia and a New Pipiza,
W. M. Davidson 863

Poisoned Bait for the Onion
Maggot, N. F. Howard 863

Insecticide Te§ts with Diabro-
tica vittata, N. F. Howard . . . 864

The States Relations Service
and the Cooperative Exten-
sion Service, A. C True 898

* Printed in scientific and teclauical publications outside tlie Depai'tmtait.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. 38. Abstract Number. No. 9.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICTTLTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECimY.

Contribution to the chemistry of gossypol, the toxic principle of cotton
seed, F. E. Cakkuth {Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 40 {1918), Nu. 4, pp. 647-6GS). —
Continuing the investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. GS5), a special
study was made of tlie chemical nature of gossypol.

Analyses of the purified substance prepared by several different methods
which are given in detail show an empirical formula for gossypol of CsoHasOg or
C30H30O9. It forms a crystalline compound with acetone, amorphous acetyl and
benzoyl derivatives, and an insoluble substance with aniline. It readily forms
salts with alkalis, and dissolves easily in sodium hydroxid and carbonate and
very slowly in bicarbonate and disodium phosphate. Limewater and baryta
water and ammonium hydroxid, both strong and dilute, do not dissolve it as
readily as do alkali hydroxids. Alkaline solutions of gossypol oxidize readily
on exposure to air or by adding hydrogen peroxid with the formation of a
complex substance. Strong nitric acid dissolves gossypol with the formation
of a substance no longer giving color reactions.

Three new substances which resemble gossypol more or less have been
isolated. One called " B " gossypol is formed by heating gossypol in the air
to its decomposition point. " C " gossypol is formed by fusing gossypol with
alkalis to a fairly high temperature. " D " gossypol can be isolated from
cottonseed meal and is thought to be the substance formed from gossypol in the
cooking of cotton seed. The " B " and '* C " forms are less poisonous than the
original gossypol, but the " D " variety, although less toxic than the original
gossypol, has been shown to give rise to cottonseed meal poisoning of rabbits and
swme. If rather dry seed is used in the preparation of cottonseed meal, the
gossypol is apparently not so readily converted into the less soluble, less toxic
oxidation product but remains in part as such in the meal, causing such a meal
to be more toxic than a properly cooked meal.

" Attempts to get a clue to the constitution of gossypol have failed through
inability to split the substance into simpler known substances.

" The fact that several flavone pigments occur in the cotton plant and the
fact that gossypol has 30 carbon atoms suggests that it may be derived by
condensation and subsequent reduction of two molecules of a flavone. The
acidic properties are thought to be due to carbonyl and hydroyxl groups arranged
as in flavonols rather than to carboxyl groups. These substances are suf-
ficiently acid to form salts from an alkali acetate. The presence of o-hydroxyl
is indicated by the green ferric chlorid reaction and by the formation of lake-
like compounds with lead and ferrous salts. The presence of 9 oxygen atoms

SOI

802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [VoL 38

may be readily accounted for by the presence of 5 hydroxyls, 2 carbonyl groups,
and 2 hridj^e oxysen atoms, all of wliich types occur in the flavonols."

Corn stover silage, J. M. Sherman and S. I. Bechdel (V. S. Dept. Agr.,
Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 9, pp. 589-600). — The authors at the Penn-
sylvania Experiment Station have tested the practicability of ensiling corn
stover, and investigated the nature of the fermentation in the silage obtained.
The stover used had been kept for several months and was quite dry at the
time of cutting. It was cut and packed in the silo by means of tramping,
water being added in a continuous stream. Samples of the silage were taken
at frequent intervals and examined for general appearance, texture, and
aroma. At the end of the experiment feeding tests were made. It was con-
cluded that corn stover ensiled with a suitable quantity of water (from 2 to
2.5 parts by weight of water to 1 of stover) undergoes fermentation with the
production of a palatable silage resembling ordinary corn silage in aroma and
appearance and possessing good keeping quality.

In Investigating the nature of the fermentation, determinations were made
of the volatile and nonvolatile acids, temperatures, and numbers, and types of
bacteria at various stages." The total acidity was somewhat lower than in ordi-
nary silage, but the ratio between the volatile and nonvolatile acids agreed
closely. A gradual decrease in volatile and an increase in nonvolatile acids
were noted. The temperature changes were similar to those observed in ordi-
nary silage. Bacteriological observations showed that the rather complex
bacterial flora present at the beginning of the process gives way to one which
Is almost entirely acid-forming as the fermentation progres.ses.

In connection with a study of the nature of the fermentation, the authors
review the present status of the question as to whether bacteria or plant cells
ave mainly responsible for silage fermentation (E. S. R., 35, p. 9; 36, pp. 611,
802; 37, pp. 208, 612). While their results tend to support the cell respiration
theory, conclusions on this point are withheld. The fermentation taking place
in stover silage is, however, believed to be similar in its essential points to
that of ordinary silage and caused by similar factors.

The biochemical phenomena of oxido-rediiction, [J.-E.] Abelous and [J.]
AiOY (Cotnpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], 165 {1911), No. 7, pp. 270-272; abs. in
Cham. Ahs., 11 {1917), No. 21, pp. 2909, 2910).— In repeating the experiments
of Bach on milk, previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 507), the authors have
found that a large number of substances other than aldehydes act as cofer-
ments, among them the amins, heterocyclic compounds, terpenes, and mineral
salts. On addition of an oxidizable substance simultaneous oxidation and re-
duction occurs. It would seem that there is present in milk an agent able to
decompose water to furnish oxygen to the oxidizable and hydrogen to the re-
ducible substances.

The necessity of a hydrogen acceptor and an oxyg'en acceptor for the
manifestation of the processes of oxido-reduction in organic liquids of ani-
mal and vegetable origin, J.-E. Abelous and J. Aloy {Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], 166 {1918), No. S, pp. i50-iS2).— Continuing the work noted above,
experiments on the oxidation of salicylic aldehyde in milk and potato juice,
with and without the addition of oxidizing substances like methylene blue or
potassium chlorate, have shown the presence in milk of an agent capable of
decomposing water in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor and an oxygen ac-
ceptor, both of which are indispensable. Although the nature of this agent is
unknown it appears to act like a soluble ferment.

Studies on enzym action. — XV, Factors influencing the proteolytic activity
of papain, E. M. Fkanicei. {Jour. Biol. Chem.. 31 {1917), No. 1, pp. 201-215,
figs. 2). — The papain used in this work was pui-ified by dissolving in water,

1918.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 803

precipitating with acetone, redissolving in water, and repreoipilating with
alcolaol. The optimum action of papain was found to be at pH=10"'. Papain
seems to act like urease, invertase, and lipase in forming an intermediary
compound which is broiven up into cleavage products and liberates the enzym.
The quantitative relations of the enzym, hydrocyanic acid, and protein lend
support to the view tliat there is a ternary compound formed which then breaks
down. Hdyrocyanic acid may be recovered almost quantitatively from diges-
tion mixtures, indicating that it is not utilized in the reaction of fermentation
but tliat It can renew proteolysis in papain digests that are almost in equilib-
rium.

Studies on enzym action. — XVI, The formation of ester-hydrolyzing sub-
stances by the action of alkali on proteins, Florence Hulton-Frankel {Jour.
Biol. Chein., 32 (1917), No. 3, pp. SOS-JfOT ; abs. in Chem. Ahs., 12 (1918), No. S,
p. 281). — The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether the
activity of the ester-hydrolyzing substances follows the general laws of enzym
action and to what extent they are specific in their action. The proteins used
were casein, gelatin, and dried egg al)}umin. The esters used were of a liigh
grade of purity and were in most cases redistilled after drying over sodium
carbonate. The factors studied were the influence of concentration of alkali
used and duration of action, of hydrogen ion concentration on the activity of
alkali-treated proteins, of temperature of standing on the action of alkali on
protein, the lipolytic activity of a papain digestion mixture of casein, and the
effect of boiling on the lipolytically active substance.

It was found that proteins when treated with alkali yield substances which
have the power to accelerate hydrolysis of esters. For casein, gelatin, and egg
albumin, 3 N alkali seemed to produce solutions of the highest activity. These
solutions showed greater activity at a concentration of the hydrogen ions less
than 10''' N. or they were more active in a slightly alkaline solution. The time
and temperature at which the alkali stood in contact with the protein did not
affect the activity of the solution except where the temperature was above
S0° C. The solution obtained by hydrolyzing the protein by acid instead of
alkali did not possess ester-hydrolyzing properties.

Polarimetry (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Standards Circ. 44 U918), 2. cd., rev.
and cnl., pp. 196, pis. 2, figs. IS). — This is a revised and enlarged edition of the
circular issued in 1914. It contains chapters on absolute measurement in cir-
cular degrees, saccharimeters, temperature corrections and control, polari-
scope tubes, cover glasses, flasks, thermometers, weights, optical activity in
organic compounds, testing of raw sugar, polarimetric analysis of other sugars,
estimation of reducing substances, the preparation of pure sugars, general in-
structions to applicants for tests, etc. In the appendixes 43 pages of addi-
tional data have been added comprising 10 tables, the results of recent polari-
metric researches, a consideration of the polarization of low-grade products,
a resumg of the work of the International Commission for Uniform Methods
of Sugar Analysis, and amendments to the U. S. Treasury Department sugar
regulations.

An improved automatic pipette-washing device, A. V. Fulleb (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 10 (1918), No. 4, p. 297, fig. 1). — This is a modification of the
device previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 203), the improvements being greater
capacity, smaller table space occupied, lower first cost, and cleaning of both
outside and inside pipettes.

A new method of extracting the soil solution, C. B. Lipman (Univ. Cat.
Pubs. Agr. Set., 3 (1918), No. 7, pp. 131-134; abs. in Chem. Abs., 12 (1918), No.
10, p. 1094)- — By means of a special form of pressure tube the author has
succeeded in obtaining from soils the soil solution as it exists in thin films

804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

around the soil particles. The method, which will be described in detail in a
later paper, allows of the direct determination of the concentration of the soil
solution and of the amounts of each of the solutes contained therein, and offers
a means of obtaining quickly and directly large portions of the soil solution as
it exists naturally under field conditions when crops are growing.

The valuation of lime for various purposes, R. K. INIeade {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chevi., 10 {1918), No. 3, pp. 214-219, fig. i).— This is a collection of ma-
terial on the more important uses of lime in the arts, the classification of
limes according to chemical composition, etc., the properties which lime should
possess to be acceptable in each industry, and the methods most generally
employed for the chemical analysis of lime.

Notes on the analysis of molasses, H. S. Walker {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 10 {1918), No. 3, pp. 198-202). — Experimental evidence indicates that in
Clerget sucrose determinations in waste molasses the method of clarification
with lead subacetate solution as recommended by the Hawaiian Chemists'
Association yields results from 0.5 to 0.7 per cent too high, due to the large
volume occupied by the lead precipitate. Clarification with dry lead subacetate
is apt to run a little low, especially if an excess of lead is used. A modifica-
tion of the dry lead method which gives more correct results is described.

A comparison of the proximate and mineral analysis of desiccated skim
milk with normal cows' milk, E. P. Harding and H. Ringstrom {Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 10 {1918), No. 4, PP- 295-291). — Proximate and mineral
analyses are reported of four different samples of commercial desiccated skim
milk and the results compared with previous analyses of skim milk powders
and with normal cows' milk. The color, odor, and emulsifying power of the
samples were noted.

The data show that the percentages of the mineral constituents in the four
samples agreed quite closely, but did not agree well with those found by other
analyses. The sulphuric acid, calcium and magnesium oxids, and phosphoric
anhydrid were higher and the ferric oxid lower than in other methods. The
high phosphorus and calcium content may be due to phosphate and calcium
added as emulsifiers.

The proximate analyses agreed quite closely with previous analyses. The
color, odor, emulsifying power, high protein, low lactose, high calcium and
phosphorus content, and low total proximate analysis of one of the samples
indicated that it was not genuine desiccated skim milk powder.

Tentative standard methods for the sampling' and analysis of commercial
fats and oils {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10 {1918), No. 4, pp. 315-320,
fig. 1). — To the methods previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 206) have been added
methods for the determination of the iodin value according to the Wijs method
and the saponification or Koettstorfer number.

The determination of arsenic in insecticides by potassium iodate, G. S.
.Tamieson {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10 {1918), No. 4, PP- 290-292) .—The
author has applied the iodate titration method as first described by Andrews
(E. S. R., 15, p. 226) to the determination of total arsenic in arsenical insecti-
cides or fungicides, and compared the results with those obtained by the official
iodimetric method (E. S. R., 35, p. 207). The method is described in detail
and data reported of the determination of arsenic in several samples of Paris
green and zinc arsenite.

The results of the test analyses agree closely with those obtained by the
official method. "This accurate method is not only quicker, but is simpler
than the iodin titration. The very definite and remarkably sharp end-point,
the great stability of the potassium iodate solution, and the readiness with

1918.] AGKICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNT. 805

which it cfin be prepared all reeoniiiiend its use in place of the iodimetric
procedure."

An optical method for the determination of malic and tartaric acids in
the same solutions, J. J. Willajian (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 40 (1918), No.
4, pp. 69S-70Jf, fig. 1). — The method described is based upon the use of a given
set of conditions in constructing tables or curves with known amounts of pure
malic and tartaric acids, which curves can then be used for the determination
of unknown quantities of these acids. The combination of conditions to give
satisfactory results from the standpoints of accuracy, ease of manipulation,
and applicability to materials from varied sources was determined after a
study of the effect of various factors on the rotating power of solutions of
malic and tartaric acids. The method adopted is as follows :

An amount of the sample that will probably furnish at least 0.1 gm. of
either acid and not more than 0.6 gm. of tartaric acid and 0.8 gm. of malic
acid is neutralized with approximately normal ammonium hydroxid, treated
with 2 volumes of 95 per cent alcohol, and the pectins filtered off on a Biichner
funnel and washed with alcohol. To the filtrate is added an excess of a 10
per cent barium acetate solution in .50 per cent alcohol and enough 95 per
cent alcohol to make 14 volumes to 1 of the original solution. The pi'ecipitated
barium salts are removed by centrifuging or by filtering on a Biichner filter.
The precipitate is transferred to a beaker with hot water, heated to boiling,
10 cc. of 20 per cent ammonium sulphate solution added, and the mixture con-
centrated on the steam bath to about 80 cc. volume and transferred to a 100 cc.
flask. After cooling, 6 cc. of glacial acetic acid is added and the contents made
up to the mark with water. It is then filtered or centrifuged and two 25 cc.
aliquots of the clear solution are treated, respectively, with 10 cc. of 8 per cent
uranium acetate solution, and 10 cc. of 10 per cent ammonium molybdate solu-
tion. After standing in the dark for three hours, the solutions are polarized
in a 2 dm. tube at about 20° C. The two readings are then referred to the
graph and the amounts of malic and tartaric acids computed.

As some of the reagents and conditions may be difficult to duplicate in some
laboratories the author recommends that each worker adopt conditions and
reagents as near as possible to those listed and then standardize his procedure
against known amounts of malic and tartaric acids. The factors likely to be
subject to change in different laboratories and which can be safely changed,
provided they are incorporated in the above standardization, are the kind of
light used with the polariscope, the length of time of standing before polariza-
tion, the temperature at which the polarization is made, and the purity of the
uranium and molybdenum salts used as activators.

The method is said to be applicable for all products containing d-tartaric
or ?-malic acid, or both. Highly colored solutions can be worked with only
after decolorizing Math bromin and neutralzing the hydrobromic acid formed
with ammonia.

The deterioration of raw cane svigar: A problem in food conservation,
C. A. Beowne {Jour. Indus, and Enc/in. Chcm., 10 {1918), No. 3, pp. 178-190,
figs. 15). — The results of chemical and mycological investigations on the dete-
rioration of raw cane sugar are reported.

Periodic analyses of sugars showed that the so-called factor of safety,

— where W is the percentage of water and S the percentage of sugar,

100 s,

should be about 0.3. If sugars are to be kept where the temperature maximum

exceeds 20° C, only such sugars should be selected as have a factor of safety

below 0.3. Where sugars of low factor deteriorate, the explanation may be

SOG EXPEBIMENT STATION KECOED. [Vol. ;5S

that the sugar is k).sing- moisture and that the loss in polarization from de-
struction of sucrose is counterbalanced by the drying out of the product, or
that there is uneven distribution of moisture with consequent fermentation
where the Alms of molasses adhering to the sucrose are more dilute. The fol-
lowing corollaries to the ratio between moisture and nonsucrose as the gov-
erning factor in the keeping quality of raw cane sugar should be considered:
(1) Slight fluctuations in moisture content have a much greater influence upon
the keeping quality of high-grade than of low-grade sugars, (2) displacement
or saturation of moisture by nonsucrose constituents should render a ques-
tionable sugar fit for storage, and (3) sugars which are prevented from ab-
sorbing moisture, as in a sealed container, can deteriorate only to a certain
limit.

Mycological investigations with raw Cuban sugar showed the presence of
a relatively harmless noninverting Torula, named by the author T. communis;
two destructive varieties of Monilia, M. nigra and M. fusca; a liquefying in-
verting organism to which the name Bacterium invertens was given; and other
organisms, including molds. The conclusions emphasized by the author are
" that the microorganisms of raw cane sugars, as regards their action upon
sucrose, are in part harmless and in part destructive; that the destruction of
sucrose in deteriorated sugar is not due to any single organism or class of
organisms; molds and budding fungi, as well as bacteria, must be looked for
when searching for the agents of destruction ; and that the fungi and bacteria,
which cause the inversion of sucrose in raw sugars, are unable to thrive in
saturated solutions. The washing of raw sugars in the centrifugals, by diluting
the saturated films of sirup to a point where the inverting organisms can
thrive, must therefore be regarded as a leading cause of deterioration."

As a means of prevention of the deterioration of raw cane sugars the author
suggests that " in the matter of manufacture it is necessary to exercise the
utmost possible cleanliness and care in order to diminish infection, to control
the moisture content of the sugar so that the ratio of nonsucrose to water is
within the limits of safety, and to cool the sugar thoroughly before bagging to
prevent the migration of water and the formation of zones of high moisture
content. In the matter of storage it is necessary to keep the sugar perfectly
dry in warehouses which are rain-proof, to keep the warehouse tightly closed
in wet weather to prevent the sugar absorbing moisture from the air, and to
construct the warehouse and store the sugar so as to secure in dry weather
the maximum ventilation underneath and between the bags."

General instructions reg'arding the m.anufacture of fruit wines, J. de Bang
{Instriicciones Oenerales sobre la Fabricacion del Vino de Frutas. Mexico
City: Dir. Gen. Agr., 1911, pp. 34, fi9S. 9). — This publication includes general
methods for the manufacture of fruit wines and cider, and special directions
and recipes for sparkling cider, pear cider, and cherry, currant, mulberry,
pomegranate, orange, honey, and quince wines.

Beechnut oil, an indigenous edible oil to manufacture in time of war,
A. Tbuelle (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 (1917), No. S8, pp. 209, 210).— This article
gives a summary of the different phases of the manufacture of beeffiliut oil
and of the properties and uses of the oil and its by-products with a view toward
its greater utilization as an edible oil and in soap making. The analytical
constants of the oil are given, together with the analysis of the decorticated
and undecorticated oil cake. The undecorticated cake is poisonous, but the
decorticated can be used to advantage in animal feeding. The purified oil has
an agreeable taste resembling that of hazelnuts and can be used as a table
oil alone or mixed with olive oil.

191S.] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 807

Influence of time of harvest, drying, and freezing of spearmint upon the
yield and odorous constituents of the oil, F. Rahak {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Cliem., 10 (lOlS), No. J,, pp. 2?'5-r?9).— Investigations of spearmint oil having
indicated that esters or alcoliolic compounds play an important part as car-
riers of the aroma and flavor, a study of the plant was undertaken at Arlington
Farm, Va., to obtain information regarding the effect of time of harvest, drying
of the plant, and frost action upon the constituents as v^^ell as upon the yield
and physical properties of the oils. The plants were harvested and distilled
at three different stages of growth, viz, budding, flowering, and fruiting.

It was found that the yield of oil is affected by seasonal conditions, being
distinctly higher in some seasons than in others. The maximum content of oil
is present during the flowering period, the tops containing the largest amount
of oil. Esterification and alcohol formation tend to increase, and yield of total
oil to decrease, during the maturing and drying of the plants. Freezing of the
plant produces a marked increase in the formation of the odor-bearing esters
and alcohols.

A preliminary study of the Philippine coconut oil industry, P. A. Villyar
{Philippine Agr. and Forester, 6 {1917), No. 2-3, pp. 66-83, figs. 10). — A study
of the factory conditions in some oil-producing localities in the Province of
Laguua is reported. The article includes a description of the native hand-press
and machine-press methods with illustrative plates, and an efficiency study of
11 native factories based on field investigation of methods practiced and appli-
ances used, on laboratory analyses of samples obtained in the field investiga-
tion, and on a comparison of the native methods of coconut oil extraction with
the modern methods.

As a result of the study the author offers the following suggestions for the
improvement of the coconut oil industry :

" Cooperation is urged as a remedy against the loss of money due to poor
cultural methods, to the improper preparation and handling of coconut prodxicts,
and to the combined work of the middlemen. Adoption of modern methods is
essential to increase the copra and oil production. Nuts for copra and oil
manufacture must be properly aged to insure a maximum yield. The passing
of law.'s facilitating the transportation of coconut products should be demanded
from the proper authorities."

The manufacture of nut margarin, G. H. Pickabd {Amer. Food Jour., 13
{1918), No. 1, pp. 16-19). — This article includes a description of the raw ma-
terials used and the general processes of manufacture of nut margarin, with a
discussion of its digestibility and food value.

The utilization of waste tomato seeds and skins, F. Rabak {U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 632 {1917), pp. 15). — This includes a review of work already done in
foreign countries on the utilization of tomato waste, an investigation of the
annual output of tomato refuse in the United States, a comparison of methods
of separating the ingredients of the waste, and chemical analyses and value of
the most important ingredients.

It is estimated that the annual dry waste from the tomato industries in the
United States is about l,.50O tons of seeds and 1.800 tons of skins. From the
seeds can be extracted an oil averaging by the continuous extraction process
22 per cent of the dry seeds.

The refined oil is similar in constants to cottonseed, soy-bean, sesame, and
corn oils. Digestibility experiments by the Office of Home Economics show a
coefficient of digestibility of 97, comparing favorably with the common edible
oils. Ii possesses a certain value as a paint or varnish oil and makes a soap
of good texture. The residue after extraction of the oil compares favorably
65162°— 18 2

808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

with other seed meals used for stock I'eed, analysis sbowinc;; moisture T.in, asli
4.64, protein 37, niti'Ogen-free extract 29.1, and liber 22.11 per cent. By incor-
poratini,- the dried skins with the meal, the annual amount available as feed
stuff would be about 3.000 tons.

The accumulation of tomato residue occurs principally in the North Central
and North Atlantic States. The author of the bulletin suggests that the reduc-
tion of waste material to oil and meal could best be handled by establishing
a reducing plant at some central point in each of these sections. In view of
the threatened shortage of fatty oils, it is suggested as an economic measure
of both agricultural and industrial importance that the utilization of this
mater ip.l be considered.

The utilization of waste tomato seeds and skins, F. Rabak {Chem. Neios,
in (1918), No. SO-'iO, pp. 100-10Jf).—A condensation of the above article.

The effect of incomplete distillation on the yield of products in the de-
structive distillation of birch, R. C. Palmer {Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJiem.,
10 (1918), No. Ii, pp. 260-262). — Semicommercial laboratory distillations were
made with birch in which the distillation was stopped before completion and
the brands obtained redistilled.

The results showed that the combined effect of the distillation in two steps
gave practically the same yields of valuable products as when the distillation
was completed in one step. The order in which the products were formed in
the destructive distillation process is foinnic acid, acetic acid, tar soluble in
pyroligneous acid, wood alcohol, and oily tar.

The influence of moisture on the yield of products in the destructive dis-
tillation of hardwood, R. C. Palmee and H. Cloukey (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 10 (1918), No. //, pp. 262-2(j4).— Uncontrolled and controlled destructive
distillations were made with beech, birch, and maple, one lot of which had been
seasoned for about IS months and the other for about 8 months. In uncon-
trolled distillation the maximum fire was kept under the retort until the lar
point was well established, and the fire was then checked so that the distillation
was completed largely by means of the exothermic reaction. In the controlled
distillation the fire was checked at the first indications of tar in the distillate
and the firing so regulated that after that point the rate of rise in tempera-
ture was appreciably lower than in uncontrolled distillations. The effects of
moisture and control on the yields of the various products were as follows:

The highest yields of acetic acid from beech and maple were obtained with
carefully controlled distillations after moderate seasoning; with birch the
amount of seasoning did not seem to affect the total yield. The highest yields
of formic acid were obtained from rapid uncontrolled distillation, particularly
in the case of beech. Excess of moisture gave higher yields of alcohol in the
case of beech, and in uncontrolled distillation, of maple. The drier wood gave
more alcohol in the case of- birch, and in controlled distillation, of maple.
Excess of moisture gave a lower yield of tar in maple and birch and of char-
coal in maple and beech.

The effect of catalyzers on the yield of products in the destructive distil-
lation of hardwoods, R. C. Palmek (Jour. Indu^. and Engin. Clwm., 10 (191S),
No. 4, pp. 26Jf-26S). — Preliminary laboratory experiments were made for the
purpose of studying the influence of hydrolytic catalyzers on the formation of
wood alcohol, acetic acid, etc., (1) during the primary reaction occurring in the
destructive distillation of wood and (2) during any secondary reactions that
take place between the original products. Experiments were also made on the
distillation of wood in the presence of wood tar in a study of the possibility of
splitting off methyl groups from the tar to form methyl alcohol. Maple and

1918.] AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 809

wood chips were used which had beeu souked in pliosphoric acid as a cataly/er.
Analyses were made of the moisture content of tlie charge ; weight of distillate
and charcoal ; and percentage of total, acetic, and formic acids, settled and
soluble tar, wood alcohol, and acetone in the distillate. The conclusions drawn
from the preliminary tests are as follows :

"(1) Under the proper conditions a very high yield of acetic acid may De
obtained by the destructive distillation of wood, by using phosphoric acid as
a catalyzer. Two and seven-tenths times as much acid as normal was ob-
tained in one run. (2) The distillation of wood in the presence of phosphoric
acid showed a pronounced tendency to give more wood alcohol. Increases vary-
ing frpm 40 to 90 per cent were obtained. (3) The distillation of mixtures of
wood and tar under pressure showed that the methoxy groups in the tar can
be readily split ofC, forming wood alcohol. Nearly 20 per cent of a possible
theoretical was obtained at 90 lbs. pressure."

A study is being made of the possiblity of recovering the metaphosphoric
acid residual in the charcoal, thus making practicable the use of phosphoric
acid as a catalyzer.

Effect of varying certain cooking conditions in the production of sulphite
pulp from spruce, S. E. Lunak (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 620 {1918), pp. 23, pis.
12, figs. 10":. — In the experiments recorded in this publication the foUowing fac-
tors involved in the sulphite process for wood pulp were studied for the effect
of variations in them on duration of cooking, yield of pulp and of screenings,
bleach consumed, and color and strength of pulp produced: (1) Ratio of free
to combined sulphur dioxid, or the amount of lime in the cooking liquor; (2)
total sulphur dioxid; and (3) temperature of cooking.

The wood used in the experiment was Wisconsin white spruce {Picea cana-
densis), cut into f-in. chips and screened in the usual way. In order to control
the various factors the digester was heated by indirect steam. The best method
to judge when the digestion was finished proved to be a color test in wliich the
standard was a previously prepared extract of coffee of the desired shade.
The methods of analysis are described in detail and a diagram given of the
apparatus used.

The experimental data show that at constant temperature and total SO2 an
increase in the combined SO- causes an increase in the yield of screened pulp
owing to the more thorough cooking, while a decrease in the combined SO2
causes quicker cooking action. The limit to which the combined SO2 can bo
decreased to obtain good cooking seems to be about 1 per cent, below which
there is a rapid darkening of the pulp produced, and an increase in the screen-
ings and bleach consumed..

An increase in the total SO2 causes a decrease in the cooking period and
greater ease in bleaching the pulp. The screenings and color of the pulp remain
constant, as the total SO2 is decreased to about 5 per cent, after which there
is a rapid inci-ease in both factors.

A decrease in temperature causes more even cooking, with consequent reduc-
tion in the amount of so'cenings and bleach and increase in the yield of pulp.

Some experiments on the pulping of extracted yellow pine chips by the
sulphate process, O. Kress and C. K. Textou (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
10 {1918), No. 4, pp. 268-210; abs. in Chcm. Abs., 12 {1918), No. 10, pp. 1122,
1123). — Experiments were conducted to determine whether longleaf pine chips,
after the extraction of rosin and turpentine, would be suitable for the manu-
facture of kraft paper.

The results show that a commercial grade of kraft pulp might be made from
the chips, but it is evident " that the best results will be obtained if the chips

810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.38

are carefully selected by means of a proper screening system, by using the
largest chip for extraction compatible with maximum recovery of the oils and
rosin, and by avoiding, as far as possible, the burning of the chips in the pre-
liminary steaming for removal of turpentine and rosin."

Sulphite turpentine, A. W. Schobgeb (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 10
{1918), No. 4, pp. 258-260). — Attention is called to the sulphite turpentine ob-
tained during the recovery of the sulphur dioxid in the manufacture of pulp
by the sulphite process and to its possible value as a source of toluene and of
cymene from which carvacrol can be prepared. The recovery of this oil is
from 0.36 to 1 gal. of turpentine per ton of pulp. Methods for identifying
cymene and for preparing carvacrol from cymene are described.

Van Nostrand's chemical annual, edited by J. C. Olsen (2Vew York: D.
Van Nostrand Co., 1918, 4. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVIII +778, pi. i).— In the
preparation of the fourth issue of this annual a very thorough revision of aU
tables has been made and about 48 new tables have been added. The section
on stoichiometry has been revised and explanations of the use of various tables
have been inserted throughout the volume.

Charles Anthony Goessmann {Cambridge, Mass.: Corporation and Associate
Alumni Mass. Agr. Col., 1917, pp. [VII]+1S7, pis. 11; rev. in Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc, 40 {1918), No. S, pp. 578-582). — Dr. Goessmann was associated with the
Massachusetts Agricultural College for nearly 40 years as professor of chemistry
and first director and chemist of the station (E. S. R., 18, p. 1101; 23, p. 401).
The book is not only a personal biography but a historical record of the chemical
and agricultural investigations conducted at the college and station during the
period of his service there from 1868 to 1907. The book contains also letters
from Frederick Wohler and an appendix consisting of a list of the published
writings of Dr. Goessmann and a chronolo.gy of his life.

METEOROLOGY.

Suggestions in regard to extending the area of spring wheat culture ( U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Nat. Weather and Crop Bui., No. 1 {1918), p. 3).— Briefly reviewing
a paper dealing with the northern and southern limits and optimum conditions
for spring-wheat culture in the United States " it is shown by means of com-
puting table and maps that there is a considerable area where the climatic con-
ditions appear to be favorable for spring wheat, but in which it has not been
tried at all or only in a small way. If it is possible to grow it, even as a catch
crop, when winter wheat has been winterkilled and when smaU quantities are
needed for local consumption it would contribute to increased supplies. Such
areas include certain sections of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, western Virginia,
and western Maryland when tillable land occurs above certain altitudes, as
above 600 ft. in northern to above 1,800 ft. in southern Pennsylvania, above
1,800 ft. in northern to above 3,000 ft. in central West Virginia, above 1,800 ft.
in western Maryland, and above 2,000 to 3,000 ft. in the mountains north of the
38th parallel of latitude in Virginia. . . . The time to sow, in an average sea-
son, will be between about the last of March to May 5, the earlier dates at the
lower and the later at the higher latitudes and levels in the States mentioned.

" In addition to these higher altitudes where the conditions should be most
favorable for the growth of spring wheat as a catch crop or to increase the area
over that devoted to winter wheat, there is a far more extensive area similar in
climate to that of northern Illinois and eastern Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas
where the reports show that spring wheat is sometimes grown as a regular or
catch crop. Such areas are found in northern and central Indiana and Ohio,

1918.] METEOROLOGY. 811

western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Virginia between about 800 and 2,000
ft. elevation, and in North Carolina, northwestern corner of Georgia, eastern
Tennessee, and Kentucky above about 1,400 ft. elevations. It would seem that
experiments with early varieties, such as Marquis, which have been found best
adapted to the more southern range in which they have been tried should be
undertaken on a small scale in all of these areas. The dates for sowing in the
larger area as well as those for the higher levels mentioned will agree closely
with those which have been found best for spring oats, and the time it will
be ready for harvest will also agree quite closely with that of oats. In the
larger area mentioned the time of seeding would be from as early as it is possi-
ble to sow in March to the 10th of April, with harvest from the middle of July
to the 10th of August."

Nitrites from nitrates by sunlight, B. Moore {Abs. in Nature [London], 100
{1911), No. 2513, p. 338; U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., J^ {1911), No. 12, pp. 602,
603). — " Dilute solutions of nitrates exposed either to sunlight or to a source of
L'ght rich in light-energy of short wave-length (such as light from a mercury
vapor arc inclosed in silica) undergo conversion of nitrate into nitrite. There
is an uptake of chemical energy in this reaction transformed from light energy,
as in the formation of organic carbon compounds in foliage leaves ; it is to be
added to the relatively small number of endothermic reactions induced by light.
When green leaves are immersed in nitrate solution comparatively little nitrite
accumulates, indicating that nitrites are rapidly absorbed by the green leaf.
Nitrates taken up by plants from soil would, in presence of sunlight, be
changed to nitrites; which are much more reactive than nitrates. This indi-
cates that the early stages of synthesis of nitrogenous compounds are carried
out in tlie green leaf and aided by sunlight. Rain water collected for a consid-
erable time contains no nitrites, all having been oxidized to nitrates ; but if
exposed to bright sunlight or ultra-violet light for a few hours a strong reaction
for nitrites is always obtained. There is no hydrogen peroxid or ozone in air
at surface level."

Monthly Weather Review {U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 45 {1917), Nos, 11, pp.
529-572, pis. 9, figs. 12; 12, pp. 573-636, pis. IS, figs. 5).— In addition to weather
forecasts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for November
and December, 1917 ; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of
recent papers on meteorology and seismology ; notes on the weather of the
months; solar and sky radiation measurements at Washington, D. C, during
November and December, 1917 ; condensed climatological summaries ; and the
usual climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following
articles :

No. 11. — Observations of the Neutral Points of Atmospheric Polarization from
Great Heights, by A. Wigand (reprinted abs.) ; Sf>me Nuclei of Cloudy Con-
densation, III, by J. Aitken (reprinted abs.) ; Relation between Sunlight and
Moonlight, by J. S. Dow (reprinted abs.) ; Minute Structure of the Solar Atmos-
phere, by G. E. Hale and F. Ellerman (reprinted abs.) ; Why the Axes of the
Planets are Inclined (illus.) by W. H. Pickering (reprinted) ; Shall We Revise
Our Nomenclature for Thermometric Scales? by C. F. Marvin; Some Researches
in the Far Eastern Seasonal Correlations. — Fourth Note (illus.), by T. Okada
(abs.) ; Sun Spots, Magnetic Storms, and Rainfall (illus.), by H. Arctowski ;
Local Wind of the Foehn Type near San Francisco Bay (illus.), by B. M.
Varney; Nebraska Hailstorm of August 8, 1917 (illus.), by G. A. Loveland ;
Vapor Pressure of Ice, by S. Weber (reprinted abs.) ; The Arithmetic Mean
and the " Middle " Value of Certain Meteorological Observations, by L. Becker
(reprinted abs.) ; and New Zealand Standard Time (reprinted).

812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3S

No. 12.— 'Lxmar Total Eclipse, 1917, July 4, by L. Picard (reprinted abs.) ;
Lunar Total Eclipse of December 27-28, 1917, at Honolulu, by C. A. Reichelt ;
Permanent Periodicity of Sun Spots, by J. Larmor and N. Yamaga (reprinted
abs.) ; Polarization of Slsylight, by A. Goclie] (abs.) ; Solar Coronce: Five Years'
Recent Observations, by J. Maurer (abs.) ; Need of Geophysical Observing Sta-
tions, by P. Gruner (abs.) ; West Indies Hurricanes as Observed in Jamaica
(illus.), by M. Hall; The Settlement of Tropical Australia (illus.), by G. Taylor
(reprinted) ; Practical Hint in Forecasting Minimum Temperatures, by W. G.
Reed ; Meteorology and War-Flying, by R. DeC. Ward ; Waterspouts ^"isit
Tatoosh Island, Wash., by R. C. Mize; Meteorology of Greenland's Inland Ice
and Its Foehn, by A. de Quervain (abs.) ; Variations of Alpine Glaciers, by
P. L. Mercanton (reprinted al)s.) ; Aqueous Exchange between the Neve and
the Atmosphere, by R. Bilhviller (abs.) ; Use of Monthly Mean Values in
Climatological Analysis, by E. G. Bilham (reprinted abs.) ; Bathyrheonieter as
Anemometer, by Y. Delage (abs.) ; Nitrites from Nitrates by Sunlight, by B.
Moore (reprinted abs.) (see p. 811) ; Centennial of Meteorological Station at the
Grand Saint-Bernard, by R. Gautier (abs.) ; Time Zones at Sea (reprinted
abs.) ; Baron Dairoku Kikuchi, 1855-1917, by T. C. Mendenhall ; Rollin Arthur
Harris, Ph. D., 1SG3-1918 ; and Recent Distinctions in Meteorology.

Meteorolog'ical observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment
Station, J. E. Ostkander and A. L. Chandler {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls.
S40-350 {1918), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on
pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and
casual phenomena during January and February, 1918, are presented. The
data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of eaoli month,

SOILS— FERTILIZEIIS.

Soil survey of Hempstead County, Ark., A. E. Tayt^or and W. B. Corb
(U. S. Dept. Ayr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916, pp. 53, fig. 1, map
1 ) . — This survey deals with the soils of an area of 465,280 acres in southwestern
Arkansas lying entirely within the Coastal Plain province. The topography is
generally undulating to gently rolling, the area being well drained, although
there are rather extensive level, poorly drained sections consisting of broad
flood plains and river terraces.

About 75 per cent of the soil material of the county is residual in origin, the
remainder being of alluvial origin. Thirty-three soil types of twenty series
are mapped. Ruston fine sandy loam and Ruston very fine sandy loam pre-
dominate, occupying 15.8 and 12.1 per cent of the total area, respectively.

Soil survey of rillmore County, Nebr., A. H. Meyer, C. E. Collett, and
N. A. Bengtson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Adv. Sheets Field Oper. Bur. Soils, 1916,
pp. 24, pi. 1, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State
of Nebraska, deals with the soils of an area of 308,640 acres in the southeastern
part of the State lying entirely within the loess-covered portion of the Great
Plains province. The topography of tlie county ranges from almost flat to
slightly undulating, with a small area of terrace and bottom land along the
streams. The region as a whole is well drained. '

The soils of the county are derived from loess material, glacial drift, and
alluvial and lacustrine .deposits. Seven soil types of six series are mapped,
Grundy silt loam occupying 87.4 per cent of the total area.

Water extractions of soils as criteria of their crop-producing power, J. S.
BxmD (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 (1918), No. 6, pp. 297-309, fig.
1). — On the basis of investigations at tlie California Experiment Station on
extractable su))stances (nitrate, phosphate, and basic ions — K, Ca, and Mg) in

I'^IS.] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 813

cropped and uncropped soil, here reported, the author concludes that the evWence
obtained from a strictly chemical examination of the water extracts of soils
is sufficient " to justify the hope that we may be able to predict, within reasonable
limits, the relative crop-producing powers of soils by comparing their figures
expressing these characters with similar data derived from soils whose pro-
ductive power is known. Before such a method is generally applicable, however,
it will be necessary to study the behavior of many soils with numerous type
crops."

Effect of season and crop growth in modifying the soil extract, G. R.
Stewart (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 6, pp. 311-368,
pi. 1, figs. 24).— In the investigations at the California Experiment Station here
reported in detail " the water-soluble nutrients in 13 soils of 2 different types
were periodically determined during tn^o seasons. Throughout the second
season comparisons were made between the planted soil and its uncropped
duplicate. Notable difterences were observed between the nitrates, calcium,
potassium, and magnesium present in the water extracts from the cropped and
uncropped soils. The phosphates did not exhibit corresponding differences.
Great dissimilarities were observed in the phosphate content of different soils,
but in any one soil the amount v,-as practically constant in both the cropped
and uncropped plat. Striking differences occurred between the soluble nutri-
ents present in the various uncropped soils. While the crops were gHowing the
concentrations of nutrients in 8 of the 13 planted soils were practically the
same. These eight included both good and poor soils. The three poorest
soils yielded the smallest amounts of water-soluble nutrients and the smallest
differences between the cropped and uncropped duplicates. The comparisons
between the planted and unplanted duplicates furnished valuable indexes
of the inherent capacities of the soils to produce nutrients. . . .

"The amounts of the water-soluble nutrients obtained by varying the ratio
of soil to water were studied. The relationship of the compounds extracted
did not change essentially in the lower concentrations. By comparison with
freezing-point determinations the concentration of the soil solution calculated
from the water extract was shown to be from two to four or five times as
great as the actual soil solution.

" Variations in the water extract were correlated with variations in the
freezing points of the same samples of soil. From the results of the freezing-
point determinations it is concluded that variations in the water extract reflect
actual changes in the soil solution. The results of the investigation show
that large amounts of water-soluble nutrients are developed by cultivation,
fallowing, and biennial cropping, and demonstrate the soundness of tliese
practices."

A list of 63 references to literature cited is given.

The freezing-point method as an index of variations in the soil solution
due to season and crop growth, D. R. Hoagland {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 12 {1918), No. 6, pp. 369-395, figs. 9).— In the investigations at the
California Experiment Station here reported freezing-point depressions were
determined on 13 soils under a variety of conditions. The concentration of the
soil solution was " found to vary with the season and also as a result of treat-
ment with carbon dioxid, leaching, incubation, etc. The growth of a crop
markedly diminished the concentration of the soil solution. This effect was
still evident at the beginning of the following season. The soil solutions under
conditions favorable to crop growth were found to be very dilute, particularly
at the height of the growing season. Certain general agreements between the
extraction and freezing-point methods are discussed."

Nine references to literature bearing on the subject are cited.

814 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

Humus in mulched "basins, relation of humus content to orange production,
and effect of mulches on orange production, C. A. Jensen (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 8, pp. 505-518).— This is a report of a study
made at Riverside, Cal., on (1) the changes in tlie humus content of soils in
basins mulched \vith different organic substances, (2) the effect of lime on
the humus content of the soils, and (3) the relation of the humus content of
the soil to fruit production. " Humus " was determined colorimetrically in the
extract obtained by boiling the soil, which had previously been freed from lime
by extraction with 1 per cent hydrochloric acid, in 7.5 per cent sodium-hydrate
solution for 2 minutes. The " basins " referred to were areas in the citrus
grove inclosed in earth embankments for purposes of irrigation. The materials
used as mulches included alfalfa, sweet clover, bur clover, bean straw, barley
hay, pine shavings, and cow manure. The mulches were iised with and with-
out the addition of lime, and in one exiieriment dried blood, tanlcage, phosphate,
bone meal, and sulphur were used in addition to alfalfa and manure mulches.

The percentage of humus in the soil of the mulched basins varied from time
to time. With manure and alfalfa mulches it increased more rapidly in clay-
loam soils than in lighter soils. As a rule, the increase was greater mth
manure than with alfalfa. The addition of lime to the manure did not increase
the humus, but in most cases there was an increase of humus when lime was
used with^the alfalfa mulch. Blood, tankage, acid phosphate, bone meal, or
sulphur did not appreciably affect the humus content. There was no evidence
of appreciable accumulation of humus in the lower depths of the soil as a
result of leaching; there was no evident correlation between the humus content
of the soil in the mulched basins and the amount of fruit produced ; and there
was no evident effect of lime on orange production. "Alfalfa and bean-straw
mulch in basins on the heavier soil types produced from 30 to 100 per cent more
oranges per tree than manure mulch. Manure mulch produced more oranges
per ti-ee than either barley hay, sweet clover, bur clover, or pine shavings.
These differences were obtained in the summer following the application of the
mulches in the preceding fall." Apparently alfalfa and manure mulches had
no effect on fruit production of lemons during the first year on lighter soils.

In all experiments so far conducted the mulched-basin system has produced
favorable growth response in a few months on the heavier soil types, a longer
time being required to produce appreciable response on the lighter soil types.

" It would appear directly from the work here reported, and indirectly from
work elsewhere reported, that the degradation products from freshly decompos-
ing organic substances are more effective in orange production than the amount
of 'humus' formed. And the value of a given mulch does not necessarily
depend upon its being a legume or nonlegume."

The relation of weed growth to nitric nitrogen accumulation in the soil,
L. E. Call and M. C. Sewell (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 10 {1918), No. 1, pp.
35-U; abs. in Chem. Abs., 12 {1918), No. 5, p. 511). — This paper reviews the re-
sults of experimental work conducted at the Kansas Experiment Station, in an
effort to show that "in the past too much emphasis has been placed on tillage
as an agent directly contributing to the formation of nitrates through its effect
on [the incorporation of organic matter, the distribution of bacterial flora,
aeration, and moisture], and too little emphasis on it as an indirect means of
assisting in the accumulation of nitrates by preventing weeds from using them
in their growth."

Briefly reviewing previous investigations by the senior author (E. S. R., 33,
p. 217), additional experimental work is described in which the nitrates in the
soil were determined on plats left uncultivated and weeds allowed to grow,
cultivated 3 in. deep, cultivated G in. deep, and left uncultivated but the weeds

191S.] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 815

removed. The average annual development of nitrates for tlie period of 1914
to 1916, inclusive, amounted to 81.6, 413.3, 481, and 556.3 lbs. per acre, respec-
tively. In 1916 and 1917 the quantity of nitrogen contained in the weeds on
the weed plats was determined, calculated as nitrates, and when added to the
nitrates present in the soil of the weed plats amounted to 474.3 lbs. of nitrate
per acre in 1916 and 35S.8 lbs. in 1917, as compared with nitrate contents of
531.5 lbs. in soil cultivated 3 in. deep and 445.7 lbs. in soils with a bare surface
in 1916, and 372 and 361.2 lbs., respectively, in 1917. Further observations of
nitrate formation in the soils of plats left to weeds and those plowed early
(July) and cultivated led to the conclusion that the small amounts of nitrate
found in the soil of the weed plats were due to the fact that the nitrates had
been reduced by weed growth. Available data seemed to indicate that the
depth of cultivation did not greatly affect nitric nitrogen accumulation in the
soil of plats prepared in different ways for wheat.

Data similar to that compiled by Gates and Cox (E. S. R., 28, p. 233), rela-
tive to the effect of tillage on corn, have been obtained in experiments con-
ducted at this station from 1914 to 1916, inclusive, aud show that the unculti-
vated plats where the weeds were removed produced practically as high yields
as the cultivated plats.

In summarizing, the authors state that " if moisture is lost from the soil prin-
cipally through weed growth, and if nitrogen and other elements of plant food
become available rapidly in unstirred soil, it is a matter of economy to handle
the soil so that weeds may be controlled with the minimum of labor. It should
not be understood that tillage is unessential. It will be necessary ... to
maintain the proper structural conditions of the soil, to dispose of crop residue
on the surface of the soil, to incorporate manures and organic matter In the
soil, and to place the soil in suitable condition for seed. Further than this,
with the possible exception of heavy types of soil, it is doubtful if tillage is
essential where the soil is in a receptive condition to absorb rainfall and
where there is no weed growth."

A list of 19 titles is appended, comprising the literature cited.

Alkali soils: Some biochemical factors in their reclamation, J. H. Babnes
and Baekat Au {Ac/7: Jour. India, 12 {1917), No. 3, pp. S6S-389, pis. 5; abs. in
Cliem. Abs., 11 {1917), No. 22, p. S082).—This is a full account of investiga-
tions, previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 516) from a briefer report, wliich
indicate that the activity of the oxidizing, nitrifying, and nitrogen-fixing bac-
teria of the soil may be utilized as a simple and effective means of measuring
the progress of the reclamation of alkali soils. The methods of making the
tests are fully described, and laboratory and field tests in which they were
successfully used to measure the progress of reclamation by washing and
drainage are reported. The proposed procedure is based upon the conclusion
that the salts present in alkali soils do not exert any toxic effect on the plant,
hai-mful effects being observed only when the osmotic pressure of the saline
solution exceeds that of the cell sap. The author maintains that this condition
can be determined as well aud more quickly and easily with soil bacteria than
with the higher plants.

It was found that nitrifying organisms are comparatively resistant to the
ordinary alkali salts and can withstand a solution of higher osmotic pressure
than the higher plants. That is, increased nitrification begins in a soil before
it is sufficiently freed of soluble salts to admit of the growth of ordinary crops.
The ammonifying organisms were found to be still more resistant than the
nitrifying organisms. Apparently all of the organisms affecting the nitrogen
supply of the soil are present in alkali soils, but are dormant as long as the

816 EXPERIMENT STATION IlECORD. [Vol.38

soluble salts are in excess and iininodlately become active wlien the excess of
salts is removed.

" The method adopted is not to attempt a count of the organisms present,
but to measure tlieir cliemical activity under standard conditions. Tliis in-
volves the measurement of the rate of carbon dioxid formation, the rate of
nitrification of ammonia botli in a nutrient solution and in the soil, and the
rate of nitrogen fixation. Tlie figures so obtained give an index to tlie num-
ber and condition of the bacteria responsible for these important processes or
will, in other words, be an indirect measure of the decrease in the osmotic
pressure of the soil water, using for the test not merely one type of organism
but all those responsible for the three chief chemical reactions necessary to the
full fertility of the soil."

Some observations on the occurrence of infertility under trees, Jatindra
Nath Sen (Agy. Jour. India, 12 (1011), No. 3, pp. SUO-JfOo, pis. 5; abs. in CJiem.
Abs., 11 {1911), No. 22, p. 307S). — Data are presented from observations on the
occurrence of infertile spots under tamarind trees and bamboo clumps. They
indicate that, wMle numerous factors were perhaps involved, the infertility
in these particular cases was due mainly to the accumulation of soluble salts
accelerated by the great transpiring power of the plants whicli removed the
soil moisture, leaving behind the greater part of the solnl)le salts.

Results of fertilizer experiments conducted at the Pee Bee Station, T. E.
Keitt {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 198 {1917), pp. 3-2.'/). — Rather extensive fer-
tilizer experiments in progress at the Pee Dee substation are described, and
the results obtained from the first rotation (1914 to 1916, inclusive) are re-
ported. The experiments embrace four series each containing 45 tenth-acre
plats. Three series consist of 3-year rotations of corn and cowpeas, oats
followed by cowpeas, and cotton, and the fourth series of cotton grown continu-
ously. Detailed tabulated data are presented and discussed, showing the yields
obtained with each crop under the different fertilizer treatments, and com-
parisons are made of the effects of the different fertilizer ingredients used
singly and in combination. The results in general are regarded as tentative.
The more or less definite conclusions may be summarized as follows :

The addition of potash to phosphorus on this soil was beneficial in most
cases where the rotation was used, but had little if any effect where cotton
was grown continuously. Nitrate of soda used as a top-dressing gave good
results generally when applied to cotton, both when grown continuously
and in rotation, the results indicating that nitrogen is the first limiting factor
in cotton production. Very little benefit was gained through the application
of either muriate of potash or kainit alone, although marked increases of seed
cotton were obtained from a combination of nitrogen and potash on cotton
grown continuously. Neither ground limestone nor caustic lime proved to be
profitable on this soil in either the common 3-year rotation or where cotton
was grown continuously. Applications of lime failed to give increased yields
of cotton even when a heavy growth of cowjjea vines was incorporated with
the soil. The best time for plowing under eo-\\T)ea vines appeared to be after
the peas were picked, rather than at the time of most luxuriant growth.

A simple way to increase crop yields, H. A. Miller {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 92Jf {1918), pp. 2Jf, figs. 10). — Cropping conditions on the im-
poverished light soils of the Coastal Plain area of New Jersey, Maryland, Dela-
ware, and Virginia are described. The principal need of the region is said to
be a liberal supply of organic matter obtained chiefly through the growing of
leguminous crops such as crimson clover, cowpeas, soy beans, red clover, and
hairy vetch ; and of rye, buckwheat, or suitable grasses. Commercial fertilizers
and lime are recommended when necessary to stimulate the growth of the soil-

1918.] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 817

improving crops. Improved cropping systems are outlined, and the results
obtained from system.s followed on some of the more successful farms of the
region are described.

Our mineral supplies. — Nitrates, H. S. Gale {U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 666-Z
{1917), pp. 4). — This is a brief review of the nitrate situation in the United
States, it being pointed out that there is in the Unitfcd States no known natu-
ral source of nitrates that can be counted on to furnish any considerable supply
of the refined nitrate salts. Imports and consumption in the United States for
various puiiDOses, including fertilizers and explosives from 1912 to 1916, are
summarized and artificial nitrogen fixation processes reviewed. It is stated
that while the electric arc fixation proces.ses are fundamentally the simplest,
a great amount of electric power is required. " It seems doubtful if the power
available in this country could be spared for use in this way. . . .

" By-product ammonia, derived from the production of coke and of illuminat-
ing gas, is an important source of combined nitrogen and is an available source
for the production of nitric acid or nitrates. Such ammonia can be practically
oxidized to nitrates, and the supply of this material is therefore available to
relieve emergencj' requirements should other sources fail."

Sulphate of ammonia: Its source, production, and use {Nciv Yoj'k: The
Barrett Co., 1917, pp. 23, figs. 19). — Tliis is a brief practical treatise on the
sources, production, and use of ammonium sulphate, with particular reference
to its u.se as a fertilizer.

Veg'etation experiments on th.e availability of treated phosphates, J. G.
LiPMAN and H. G. McLean {Soil Sci., 4 {1917), No. 4, pp. SS7-343, fig. 1).—
Vegetation experiments on the availability of untreated ground rock phosphate,
ground phosphate rock previously composted with sulphur, and acid phosphate
are reported.

It was found that " some crops can utilize the phosphorus in floats to good
advantage. This is particularly true of buckwheat. The ability of buckwheat
to use effectively the phosphorus of ground, but otherwise untreated, phosphate
rock suggests that this crop may be made a valuable green manure and em-
ployed to increase the content in the soil of organic matter and of available
phosphorus. Ground rock phosphate properly composted with ground sulphur
becomes a source of available phosphorus and may be employed to advantage
as a substitute for acid phosphate."

Sixteen per cent acid phosphate, M. A. Bachtell {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio
State Univ.] 13 {1917-18). fig. 4, pp. 15, figs. 7). — This bulletin, summarizing ex-
perimental work at the Ohio Experiment Station, states that from 600 to 1,000
lbs. of acid phosphate per acre can be used with profit during a rotation of three
or four years on most Ohio soils, and that 16 per cent acid phosphate should
not cost over $16 a ton. Other practical information on the subject is given.

Explorations and studies of the beds of phosphorites in Russia, 1914,
lA. V. Samoilov {Otchet Geol. Izsliedov. Fosfor. Zalezhei, 7 {1915), pp. 25 +
591, pis. 8, figs. 71; abs. in Intcriiat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and
Pract. Agr., 8 {1917), No. 4, pp. 5G1, 562).— This report for the year 1914 of the
Commission for the Study of Phosphorite Beds (of the Agricultural Institute
of Moscow), contains twelve detailed accounts of the phosphorite beds of
many districts of Russia, made by various authors and enlarged with numerous
figures, plates, and maps. An introduction by Samoilov summarizes the gen-
eral results of the researches and exiilorations of 1914. The principal facts
are summarized as follows :

In 1914 research work and explorations were carried out in the Provinces of
Samara, Tambov, Kur.sk, Orel, and Kaluga, and in the districts of Turgaish
and the Ural Mountains. In each di.strict the productivity of the beds, their

818 EXPERIMEjSTT SIATION record. [Vol.38

total surface area, the total quantity of phosphorites contained in the beds,
and the corresponding total quantity of phosphoric anhydrid, were estimated.
The phosphorites were divided into three groups, containing, respectively, from
12 to 18, from 18 to 24, and more than 24 per cent of phosphoric anhydrid.
Among the phosphorites studied in 1914 those of group 2 were found in 13 out
of 17 of the beds examined and usually coutai&ed 20 per cent of phosphoric
anhydrid. The phosphorites of the other four beds belonged to group 1.

The districts examined in 1914 contained a total surface area of beds of
1,730 square miles, a total quantity of phosphorites of 1,730,000,000 tons, and
a total quantity of phosphoric anhydrid of 283,000,000 tons. The average pro-
duction was 7 cwt. per 10 square miles.

If the quantity of phosphorites estimated in the beds in 1914 be added to
that of preceding years, a total of 5,020,000,000 tons is obtained, of which
68.1 per cent is in group 1, 29.2 per cent in group 2, and about 2 per cent in
group 3.

The report ends with a study by SamoOov of the pliosphorite beds of the
right bank ©f the river Desna (Krolevets district, Chernigov Province). These
beds on account of their origin, their form, the large accumulation of phos-
phoric nodules of various types, and the nature of the cementing body, possess
particular scientific interest from a geological and raineralogical point of view.

Influence of carbonates of magnesium and calcium on bacteria of certain
Wisconsin soils, H. L. Fut.mee {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 12
{WIS), No. 8, pp. Jt6S-50Ji, figs. 11). — Investigations at the Wisconsin Experi-
ment Station are reported in which the effect of magnesium and calcium car-
bonates, limestone, monocalcium phosphate, and dibasic magnesium phosphate
(and in certain cases calcium and magnesium chlorids) on the number and
activity (ammonia and nitrate formation and nitrogen fixation) of bacteria
was studied with pure cultures and with the ordinary flora in acid Colby silt
loam soil, acid Plainfield sand, and neutral Miami silt loam. " The calcium
carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and limestone were added in amounts suf-
ficient to satisfy one-fourth, one-half, and full calcimn-carbonate requirement —
that is, to neutralize one-fourth, one-half, and the total active acidity." The
phosphates were added in varying amounts.

It was found that the number of bacteria in the acid silt loam and acid
sand was increased by the applications of calcium carbonate, magnesium car-
bonate, or limestone, magnesium carbonate increasing the number to a much
greater extent than either calcium carbonate or limestone. Monocalcium
phosphate and dibasic magnesium phosphate slightly increased the number of
bacteria in neutral soil.

Nitrification was promoted by adding limestone, calcium carbonate, or mag-
nesium carbonate. In soils to which no nitrogenous matter had been added,
magnesium carbonate favored nitrate accumulation more than either calcium
carbonate or limestone. The phosphates increased the accumulation of nitrate
nitrogen to a very small extent. When gelatin was added to the soil, mag-
nesium carbonate did not increase nitrification any more than calcium car-
bonate or limestone. The three carbonates increased ammonification of blood
meal by pure cultures of Bacillus tumescens and B. subtilis in sterile acid silt
loam soil.

A culture of B. azotobacter failed to show an increase in total nitrogen in the
acid sand treated with carbonates and mannit and only a slight gain in acid silt
loam soil so treated. Pure cultures of B. radicicola, of both alfalfa and lupine
strains, and B. azotobacter were greatly benefited when inoculated into the
sterile acid silt loam soil previously treated with magnesium carbonate or
calcium carbonate. Limestone barely increased the number of B. azotobacter

1918.] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 819

in the acid silt loam soil. In neutral and acid soils made strongly alkaline with
magnesium carbonate the increase In number of B. azotobacter was much greater
than in the untreated soils.

The data in general show that magnesium carbonate was superior to calcium
carbonate or limestone in stimulating the reproduction of bacteria in acid silt
loam and acid sand soil.s. As_a rule the smaller applications gave better re-
sults than the larger.

A Ust of 64 references to literature cited in the article is given.

Nitrification as a measure cf the availability of different forms of calcium
carbonate when employed as correctors of soil acidity, P. S. Bubgess {Soil
Sci., 4 (1911), No. 4, pp. S27-3S6, fig. 1 ) .—Experiments conducted at the
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station with coral sand and finely-
ground coral limestone are reported.

It was found that " where no additions of nitrogen are made, coral .sand and
ground coral limestone are about equally effective in enhancing the nitrification
of an acid .soil's own organic nitrogen. After neutralizing Hawaii acid soils, the
average amounts of nitrate formed over a period of five months under optimum
conditions are comparatively small. The increment of gain in nitrate formed
over the soil exactly neutralized, due to adding twice the amounts of lime re-
quired (either as coral sand or as gi'ound limestone), is too slight to warrant
double applications. Twice the required amounts of coral sand effect a greater
increase in nitrate produced over the soils exactly neutralized than do twice
the amounts of flnely-gi'ound coral limestone.

" Where coral sand was used in sufficient amounts to bring the soils to exact
neutrality, the following percentages of gain over the soils to which no lime in
any form was added, are indicated: No nitrogen added (soil's own nitrogen),
486 per cent ; dried blood nitrogen added, 165 per cent ; and ammonium sulphate
nitrogen added, 398 per cent. Where finely-ground coral limestone was used
to neutrality, the following percentages of gain over the ' no lime ' cultures are
indicated: No nitrogen added (soil's own nitrogen), 518 per cent; dried blood
nitrogen added, 235 per cent ; and ammonium sulphate nitrogen added, 608 per
cent.

" Comparing the average percentage of increased nitrate production due to
neutralizing exactly the soil with coral sand with that brought about by the
addition of finely-ground coral limestone, where both ammonium sulphate nitro-
gen and dried blood nitrogen were supplied, we have, as a general average over
the entire incubation period of five months, an increase of 281 per cent due to
sand applications and an increase of 421 per cent due to ground limestone appli-
cations. From these figures a simple ratio shows that, when lime availability is
measured in the soil by enhanced nitrification, 1 ton of the finely-ground lime-
stone is practically equivalent, in neuts-alizing soil acidity, to 1.5 tons of the
best grade of coral sand."

The principles of the liming of soils, E. C. Shorey (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farm-
ers' Bui. 921 (1918), pp. SO, figs. 6). — This presents information regarding the
materials used in liming and their preparation, together with a discussion of
the changes, so far as they are known, which are brought about in the soil by
lime. The relative merits of different forms of lime and the factors which
determine their use in farm practice are fully explained. A list of terms com-
monly used in the di.scussion of liming is included.

The use of lead for stimulating grovrth in plants, A. Stutzek (Jour. Landw.,
64 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 1-8; abs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 110 (1916), No.
648, I. p. 704; Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. mid Pract. Agr.,
8 (1917), No. 6, pp. 844, 845; Chem. Abs., 11 (1917), No. 8, p. iOr)8).~" Experi-
ments carried out in 1914 and 1915 on the action of aqueous solutions of lead

820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

nitrate showed that plants grew vigorously when treated with small quantities
of lead. The maximum growth was obtained with 0.5 gnx of nitrate per liter
of nutritive solution. Not only did larger quantities affect the development of
the roots, but they also i-etarded that of the leaves. The same results were
obtained in this respect with all the experimental plants, rye, wheat, oats,
barley, maize, and peas. The difficulty of spreading the lead nitrate was over-
come by making it into a fine powder and mixing it well with the potash salt
or sodium nitrate used as manure. Manuring experiments with beets resulted
in a certain increase in yield of both roots and sugar which could be attributed
to the lead nitrate. Potatoes, on the other hand, proved vei*y sensitive to the
action of lead, which caused a decreased yield of tubers and starch."

In experiments with wheat in sandy loam, " the addition of 44 lbs. of nitric
nitrogen to the basic manure increased the grain yield by 880 lbs. ; 56 per cent
of this nitrogen was assimilated. The addition of 9 lbs. of lead nitrate only in-
creased the grain yield by 187 lbs. as compared with tlie basic manure and only
21.5 per cent of the nitrogen was assimilated. The addition of 66 lbs. of nitric
nitrogen to the basic manure increased the grain yield by 1,320 lbs. and 82.3 per
cent of the nitrogen was assimilated. In this case the addition of 9 lbs. of lead
nitrate had a favorable effect on the grain yield, which it increased by 2,123
lbs. as compared with the basic manure. . . .

" There is nothing against the practical use of lead nitrate and, so long as
the manufacturer can guarantie a uniform distribution of the lead, the mixing
of lead nitrate with potash salts and sodium nitrate on a commercial basis is
recommended."

Commercial stocks of fertilizer and fertilizer materials (J7. S. Dcpt. Agr.,
Office Sec. Circ. lOJf (1918), pp. 12, fiys. 5). — This circular presents statistical
information obtained through the AVar Emergency Fertilizer Survey of October

1, 1917, regarding the stocks on hand and in transit ; the quantities under con-
tract or option for delivery before April 1, 1918 ; comparative figures based on
returns from concerns reporting for both 1916 and 1917 ; imports ; and produc-
tion of nitrate of soda, potash, sulphuric acid, sulphate of ammonia, slaughter-
house and garbage tankage, sulphur, foreign and domestic pyrites, acid and reck
phosphate, mixed fertilizers, cottonseed meal and cake, dried blood, raw and
steamed bone, fish scrap, cyanamid, and base goods.

The returns for 1917 showed an increase over 1916 in commercial stocks of
potash, sulphate of ammonia, and acid and rock phosphate, while a marked
decrease was noted in the case of nitrate of soda, mixed fertilizers, dried blood,
slaughterhouse and garbage tankage, and to a less degree of sulphuric acid and
foreign and domestic sulphur and pyrites.

Peat in 1916, J. S. Tuep (U. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Resoiirces U. S., 1916, pt.

2, pp. 2S9, 290). — Statistics regarding the use of peat as fertilizer and fertilizer
filler, stock food, and litter in the United States during 1916 are given. Of the
total consumption of 55,548 short tons, 48,106 tons was used as fertilizer and
fertilizer filler, as compared with 38,304 tons in 1915.

AGEICTJLTTJRAL EOT AIT?.

Sig'nificance of colloidal chemistry in physiology, W. Cbocker (Trans. III.
Acad. ScL, S (1915), pp. 47-6S). — This paper deals with the colloidal nature of
living cells, general characteristics and water relations of cell colloids, diffusion
in a colloidal medium, enzyms and immunity bodies as colloids, some colloidal
phenomena of soils, and topics in colloidal chemistry and their bearing upon
physiology (as in aging seeds), giving a bibliography of the subject.

1918.] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 821

Osmotic pressure in animals and plants, W. R. G. Atkins {Set. Prog.
[Lo7idon], 11 (1917), No. 44^ pp. 562-577). — Summing up observed results m
comparative studies of osmotic pressures iu animal and plant cells, the author
notes that in this respect, as v^'ell as in other phases of their physiology, there
is an abbreviated recapitulation of phylogeny in case of members of each
division, notwithstanding the difference in the conditions under which the two
great divisions of living matter have developed.

It is stated that in animal cells the upper limit of osmotic pressure is not
far from 7.5 and that within the body each cell may be considered as a water
dweller, being in osmotic equilibrium with the other cells and the intercellular
solutions. In primitive naked plant cells, in free sperms, and in unfertilized
ova, the osmotic relationships are much the same as those for lower animals.
In case of higher plants, however, the presence of a comparatively inextensible
cellulose wall brings about entirely new conditions (which are discussed),
and as a result very great differences as regards osmotic pressure exist in the
different tissues. In this division a very great part of this osmotic influence
is due to nonelectrolytes, sugars preponderating. The effect of light upon
chlorophyll-bearing organs is considered by far the most powerful of the many
causes which influence osmotic pressure in plants.

The main purpose of this paper is to emphasize the differences existing as
regards osmotic pressure in animals and in plants.

Carbon assimilation, I. Jokgensen and W. Stiles {New Phytol., U^ {1915),
Nos. 8-9, pp. 240-250; 10, pp. 281-294; 15 {1916), Nos. 1-2, pp. 11-23; 3-4, pp.
85-96; 5-6, pp. 117-135, figs. 6; 7, pp. 144-160, figs. 7; 8, pp. 176-193; 9-10, pp.
205-232, figs. 4; 16 {1917), Nos. 1-2, pp. 24-45, fig. 1; 3-4. pp. 77-i04).— This is
mainl5' a review of recent work by different investigators on the pigments of
the green leaf and on the processes connected with them.

Buffer processes in the metabolism, of succulent plants, Jenny Hempel
iCompt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 13 {1917), No. 1, pp. 130, figs. 16).— The author
gives an account of investigations carried out on ijlants subjected to widely
diiferent external conditions, designed to determine the concentration of
hydrogen ions in the cell sap extracted from leaves and the relation of such
concentration of hydrogen ions to the quantity of contained acid as shown by
titration, and to estimate the importance of such relation.

It is stated that in the sap from leaves of succulent plants the concentration
of hydrogen ions varies, but is determined by the quantity of titratable acid
and the quantities of dissociated malates. In certain saps (possibly in all
succulents) acid is never associated with acid salt, though varying quantities
of acid salt and normal salt occur together in a mixture of a marked buffer
character. The facultj^ of producing and accumulating acids varies greatly in
succulents. It may stand in causal relation to the quantity of dissociated
malates. Species vary greatly as regards the distance between the litmus
and phenolphthalein points as shown by titration, older leaves sometimes
exceeding younger ones in this respect, and the quantity of aluminum malate
appearing to be influential in this respect. Sap from seedlings of lupines
{Lupinvs albus) showed nearly uniform values for the concentration of
hydrogen ions. Fluid from nonstimulated pitchers of Nepenthes showed
indefinite concentrations of hydrogen ions as contrasted with the fluid from
pitchers subjected to stimulus. By means of lacmoid paper an approximate
value is obtainable for the concentration of hydrogen ions in a liquid when
such concentration falls within certain limits.

A study of stomata, L. Rehfous {Bui. Soc. Bot. Geneve, 2. scr., 9 {1917),
No. ^-6, pp. 245-350, figs. 135). — The author gives an extended account of

822 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOBD. [Vol. 38

studies on stoiiuital chtiraclers and related phenomena as carried out in a
number of families of plants.

It is held that stomatal structure in a given natural group possesses a
remarkable tixity, being an expression of ancestral characters rather than
of local and temporary adaptations. The characters marking some families are
cited as illustrating this fact. The Polypodiacese are thought to constitute a
special group in some respects. A striking analogy is noted between the
stomatal characters of Cycadaceaa and those of conifers.

The nature of tendrils and the formation of branch nodes, Y. Oinoue
{Bui. Inst. Oinoue, Num. Extra, 1917, pp. 27, figs. 42). — The author concludes
from the study here described that tendrils are anticipatory buds transformed
into tendrils during the course of evolution. Bifurcation of a branch is simply
a vegetative partition of the tip due to surplus vigor in the part. The probable
course of ancestral development in these parts is briefly traced.

Slow changes in buried grapevines, E. Pantanelli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital.,
49 (1916), No. 12, pp. 605-648, i)ls. 4). — Tests with varieties of grapevines are
outlined with a brief account of the results, which indicate that Rupestris is
very resistant to decomposition after the death of the tissues. The most char-
acteristic change is humification, affecting the protoplasmic contents of the
cells. Maceration is most rapid in the parenchyma. Aeration favors humifica-
tion. The invasion of microorganisms, especially of fungi, accelerates the proc-
ess, which is hindered by sterilization in the autoclave. Changes in the chemi-
cal contents are also indicated.

A method of prophesying' the life duration of seeds, J. F. Geoves (Trans.
III. Acad. Sci., 8 {1915), pp. 133-136, fig. 1). — This is a continuation of the work
previously noted as done by the author with Crocker (E. S. R., 33, p. 128).
Turkish Red wheat was employed in these two series of tests.

Increased time of heating shows a delay in germination as well as a fall in
germination percentage, which is also true of seeds stored for a long time at
room temperature. A comparison of the life duration at various temperatures,
as found by experiment with the calculated life duration, shows a close agree-
ment between the two sets of values. It is thought, therefore, that the time-
temperature formula for protein coagulation may be applied as a formula for
the temperature-life duration for seeds; though, in order to establish the gen-
eral application of this principle, much more work is regarded a.s needed and
several influential factors need to be considered, as outlined La the previous
work.

Electromotive phenomena in plants,* A. D. Waixee et al. {Rpt. Brit. Assoc.
Adv. Sci., 86 {1916), p. 305). — The object of the work of this year, as reported
by the committee, was to determine whether or not a sufficiently strong electri-
cal response is obtained by employing the whole seed in germination tests. Re-
sults are given of six tests with the whole pea and with the extracted radicle,
showing that the response of the radicle was much greater in the latter than in
the former.

Experimental studies in the physiolog'y of heredity, F. F. Blackman et al.
{Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 86 {1916), p. S06). — In this report of the committee
regarding the work of the year on Primula sinensis, it is stated that progress has
been made in several directions. A new form has been produced, fulfilling
a prediction previously made. The gap between the ordinary fully hoary type
of stock and the wallflower-leaved variety is gradually being bridged by experi-
mental breeding.

Studies of inheritance in Pisum. — H, The present state of knowledg'e of
heredity and variation in peas, O. E. AVhite {Proc. Amer. Phil. Sac, 56
U917), No. 7, pp. 487-588). — The object of the present bibliographical review

1918.] AGRICULTURAL BOTAlTy. 823

is to summarize the large amount of Isnowledge recently gained and to corre-
late this with that which was available at the time of Lock's summary in 1908
<E. S. R., 20, p. G29), in order to show the progress made and to indicate what
really is the basis of the Mendelian analysis of Pisum. Thirty-six hereditary
factors as recognized and represented are dealt with and the available data
are interpreted.

Biocharacters as separable units of organic structure, H. F. Osbobn (Amer.
Nat., 51 (1917), No. 608, pp. U9-456) .—The purpose of this synopsis is said
to be to bring together and review some of the noteworthy phenomena of char-
acter separability as contrasted with those of interdependence, cooperation,
•correlation, and coordination. The author proposes the term biocharacters as
the general designation of the character unit in the organism. These are dis-
cussed as observed in paleontology, and also in regard to their modes of sepa-
rability in heredity, in genesis, and in rate of evolution of forms.

It is claimed that biocharacters are separable in origin, development, evolu-
tion, and heredity. They are separable tlu'ough their many modes of origin
from the germ, either saltatory, gradational, or continuous. They have different
rates of motion, or velocity, in individual development (ontogeny), exhibiting
acceleration or retardation. They have different rates of evolution in different
phyla, again exhibiting acceleration or retardation. All the biocharacters coop-
erate tlirough different modes of grouping in functional correlation, in compen-
sation, and in sex linkage. In the hard parts of the body, while the biocharac-
ters of form and proportion may originate through continuity, through saltation,
or through minute gi-adations, all the known evolution of proportion biocharac-
ters is continuous. In the hard parts the biocharacters of rectigradatious have
been observed to originate and develop only through continuity.

Studies on self-sterility. — I, The behavior of self -sterile plants, E. M. East
and .1. B. Park {Genetics, 2 {1911), No. 6, pp. 505-609) .—This investigation and
the conclusions therefrom have been limited to the self-sterile species Nicotiana
foi-getiana, N. alata, N. glutinosa, and N. angustifoUa bred among themselves,
all questions connected with the relation between true self-fertility and self-
sterility being considered as constituting a distinct problem.

The tendency to self-sterility is regarded as inherited, these four species
breeding true to the quality. This is expressed in these plants from the begin-
ning of the flowering season, though toward its close some self -fertility may be
shown, especially in plants exhibiting the effects of adverse environmental
conditions. This phenomenon, which is called pseudo self-fertility, is consid-
ered as a noninherited fluctuation. Self-sterility, whatever its nature may
prove to be, is regarded as only a physiological impediment to self-fertilization.
The fact that the waning of the reproductive period affects N. alata and
N. glutinosa more markedly than the other two species is regarded as indicating
multiple allelomorphism in a fundamental factor, the presence of which Is neces-
sary to the development of self-sterility. Cross-sterility, identical in its nature
with self-sterility, was found in every population of self-sterile plants tested.
Self-sterility behaves as a sporophytic character. Part or all of the individuals
resulting from one mating may be fertile with one or both parents. It is stated
that if A is sterile with B and C, the last two will be sterile when bred togetlier.
A varied series of facts observed in this connection is detailed, with discussion.

Ecolog-y and physiology of the red mangrove, H. 11. M. Bowman {Proc.
Amcr. Phil. Soc, 56 {1917), No. 7, pp. 589-672, pis. 6, figs. S).— This is an account
of the discussion of a study carried on since 1915 by the author on the red
mangrove, RMzopliora mangle, which is claimed to be a plant of economic
importance (E. S. R., 37, p. 821).
65162°— IS 3

824 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The thickenings of the cortex cells of the submerged absorptive root? are
claimed to be really artefacts due to a slight shrinkage of the walls of the
delicate transfusion cells. The pollen shedding device is explained. The
endosperm is considered as a placental organ rather than as reserve material.
The high mortality in specially concentrated media is due in H-S mud cultures
to increased hydrogen ion concentrations, and in hyperconcentrated sea water
to the difficultj of absorption and retarded metabolism. In moist soil cultures
the transpiration rate is delicately balanced by available soil moisture. No
definite inverse proportion was maintained between tannin and dextrose during
the growth of the seedling. Tannase tests seemed to show that tannin does not
serve as reserve food in the hypocotyl. Red mangrove is facultative as regards
its growth in fresh or salt water, though it requires the latter for its optimum
development.

A cyanog'enic Mucor, H. Guyot (Bui. Soc. Bot. Geneve, 2. ser., 9 {1911), No.
1-3, pp. 30-35). — A further account is given of the fungus previously reported
(E. S. R., 36, p. 734), which is now technically described as a new physiological
species, M. cynnogenes.

A comparison of certain Bocky Mountain grasslands with the prairie of
Illinois, G. D. Fuller {Trans. 111. Acad. Set., 8 {1915), pp. 121-130).— The
author makes some comparisons between Rocky RTountain grasslands and the
prairies of Illinois. He states that these regions agree as regards conditions of
rainfall and humidity and as regards summer deficiency in soil moisture, both
showing a well-marked hydrarch succession passing from the aquatics through
the sedge moor in a closely comparable series of associations, and both possess-
ing a climax prairie meadow association in which herbaceous species other than
grasses are fairly abundant. The two regions differ in altitude, temperature,
length of growing season, and soil. The mountain region shows fewer aquatic
species and a xerarch succession comparable to nothing noted in Illinois.

A study of the vegetation of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho,
J. E. AVeaver {Univ. [Nebr.] Studies, 11 {1917), No. 1, pp. II4, p/s. 19, flo-'<. 17}.—
This is an account of ecological observations made during 1912 to 1914 on the
three principal plant formations and subdivisions thereof occurring in this
region.

The vegetation of Parag'uay, R. Chodat and W. Vischer {Bui. Soc. Bot.
Geneve, 2. ser., 9 {1917), Nos. 1-3, pp. 55-107, figs. 46; 4-6, pp. 165-244, figs.
60). — Some results are detailed of the work of a Swiss expedition for botanical
study in Paraguay, this account being confined to the IMalpighiacese, the
Podostemacese, and the Bignoniacese.

FIELD CROPS.

Cropping systems for the moister portion of eastern Washing'ton and
Oregon and northern Idaho, L. W. Fluharty (f7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 625 {1918),
pp. 12.) — Three and four year crop rotation systems are outlined in which clover
is substituted for the common summer-fallow method of growing cereals in the
region adjacent to the Bitter Root and Blue Mountains in Washington, Oregon,
and Idaho. This region has an annual rainfall of 20 in. or more, and comprises
an area of approximately 1,875,000 acres of improved farm land. A farm survey
made in 1915 on 246 farms in a representative portion of the district showed
that 30.2 per cent of the rotation area was idle each season as summer fallow,
while observations on a few farms where clover was employed in the rotation
as a substitute for sununer fallow showed an increase per acre in crop yields
following this practice of from 15 to 25 per cent.

1918.1 FIELD CROPS. 825

A study of the effect upon the profitableness of farming of different amounts
of idle land in summer fallow indicated that the interest on investments varied
from 5.9 per cent on farms having 46.5 per cent of the rotation area in summer
fallow to 8.3 per cent for those having only 6.4 per cent of the area idle, with
respective labor incomes of —$200 and $490. With respect to the per-acre yiol.5
of crops, the interest on investments varied from 5.5 per cent for an average
crop index (crop yield as compared with average of all farms taken as 100) of
79 to 8.2 per cent for a crop index of 122, with labor incomes of —$220 and $480,
respectively. It is concluded, therefore, " that any cropping system which either
will increase yields or reduce the amount of land devoted to summer fallow
without decreasing the crop yields will materially increase farm profits on these
farms."

The effect on crop yields of eliminating summer fallow is noted as indicated
by a farm survey made in 1912 on 144 silt loam soil farms in the Willamette
Valley, Oreg. The crop index for farms without summer fallow was found to
be 101, as compared with 96 for farms with summer fallow, wheat being the
only crop to produce more per acre with summer fallow than without it. The
introduction of legumes, principally clover, into the rotation was regarded as
the determining factor in these results, the crop index ranging from 82.8 for
farms with no legumes to 111.4 for those with 44.8 per cent of the crop area in
legumes. In a study of the field crop area in clover in relation to farm profits
and yields, the average labor incomes varied from — $1.35 to $560, and the crop
index from 95.8 to 110.7, for farms with no clover and those with 32.7 per cent
of the field crop area in clover, respectively.

Clover seeded with four different nurse crops produced a successful stand
on 75.9 per cent of the area seeded in winter wheat, on 96.5 per cent of that
seeded in spring wheat, on 89.7 per cent of that seeded in oats, and on 97.8 per
cent of that .seeded in barley. The principal factors contributing to the failure
of clover seeded with a nurse crop are said to be foul land, poor seedbed prepa-
ration, too thick seeding of the nur.se crop, poor seed, late seeding, and lack of
proper soil inoculation. The pure culture and the field soil methods of inocu-
lating clover are briefly described, and the production of clover for seed is dis-
cussed.

Crop rotation investigations. — Field T experiments, A. C. Akny (Minnesota
Sta. Bui. no {1911), pp. 3-55, figs. 3). — This reports the results of crop rotation
experiments extending over a period of six years, 1909 to 1914, inclusive, and
embracing a study of different cropping systems, tests of commercial fertilizers
in addition to barnyard manure for good rotations, and observance of methods
(if tillage and manuring. Rotations of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 years' duration were
inaugurated, employing wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, flax, and timothy and clover
lor hay and pasture, and are compared with continuous cropping schemes, in-
cluding oats, wheat, oats and wheat mixed, corn, and mangels. With certain
exceptions, manure has been applied to each rotation and cropping system at the
rate of 2 tons per acre per year. The fertilizer experiments were conducted on
a standard 3-year rotation of oats, clover for hay, and corn, and included tests
of complete commercial fertilizers, used with and without manure, and of raw
rock phosphate, acid phosphate, muriate of potash, and nitrate of .soda \ised
singly with 6 tons of manure per acre. The same standard rotation was em-
Iiloyed for the tillage and manure experiments, and the usual method of tillage,
fall plowing the meadow for corn, and double di.sking corn land for oats, was
adopted as a standard and compared with spring plowing for corn and fall and
spring plowing for oats. Observations were also made of rotations without
manure, of manure applied to the meadow, of pasturing off the grass, and of

826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. IVol. 38

broadcasting v. drilling grass and legume seed with grain. Considerable tabu-
lated data are presented and fully discussed, showing both crop yields and crop
\ a lues for the various treatments outlined.

The results may be summarized as follows : Rotations of grains, clover and
timothy hay, and cultivated crops, with moderate applications of manure, have
maintained yields, and with one exception returned a net income of $8.76 or
over per acre. Cropping systems of different grains alternated, or of grain and
corn alternated with moderate applications of manure but without clover, have
not maintained yields, although an average net income of $7.75 per acre was
realized. The yields of grain and corn grown continuously, with moderate
amounts of manure, have been consistently lower than those obtained in the
better rotations, and somewhat lower than those secured from rotations of
grains only or grains and cultivated crops only. The average net income per
acre has been $2.84 for wheat, $5.15 for oats, and $8.95 for corn. A 4-year
rotation of oats, wheat, clover hay, and corn showed increased yields over
the same crops grown continuously of 13.7 per cent for corn, 14.95 per cent
for oats, and 30.98 per cent for wheat, and increases in the net income per acre
of 29.2 per cent, 35.2 per cent, and 72.3 per cent, respectively. Mangels grown
continuously with annual applications of 6 and 12 tons of manure per acre,
respectively, did not in either case yield a product equal to the cost of pro-
duction.

An average net return of $11.95 per acre was obtained from a 3-year rotation
of oats, clover hay, and corn, with 6 tons of manure per acre applied preceding
the corn crop. A complete commercial fertilizer in place of the manure gave
practically the same yields, but at a financial loss of $3.44 per acre. Raw rock
phosphate, acid phosphate, muriate of potash, and nitrate of soda applied
singly, in addition to the manure, resumed in losses amounting to $4.59, $3.77,
$4.83, and $11.37 per acre, respectively. A complete fertilizer used in addition
to the manure resulted in a loss of $8.84 per acre.

A consistent lowering of corn yields during the last four years of the experi-
ment was observed in the rotation without manure. Manure applied to meadow,
in the spring of the year and preceding corn, failed to increase appreciably the
hay yield and resulted in a lowering of corn yields. Pasturing off the gi-ass
crop as compared with removing two hay. crops gave no increase in yield of oats
or corn. There was no appreciable difference in the yields of corn on fall
or early spi'ing-plowed clover sod, although fall plowing is deemed the better
farm practice. Oats were not so satisfactory on double-disked spring-plowed
corn land as on double-disked fall-plowed land or as on cobu land double disked
only. On weedy, infertile, or compact corn land, plowing for grain crops is
deemed preferable to double disking only. The stands of clover and timothy
and the yields of hay were less satisfactory when sown with oats on double-
disked spring-plowed corn land than on double-disked fall-plowed land or on
land double disked only. Yields of hay from clover and timothy sown broadcast
averaged 2.65 tons per acre, while that drilled with the grain, in a 3-year rota-
tion, averaged 2.89 tons.

The author concludes from these results that " adopting a systematic rota-
tion of crops in wliich is included clover and timothy for hay or pasture will
ordinarily result in as large a total yield of grains and corn each year as for-
merly, when the acres were cropped largely to grain and corn only. The net
income per acre from the grains and corn grown in rotation with clover or
similar legumes may be expected to b« higher than from the same crops grown
continuously or in rotations not including clover."

[Report of field crops work in Hawaii], F. G. Krauss {Hawaii Sta. Rpt.
1917, pp. 29-31, pi. 1). — Field tests with leguminous and nonleguminous crops

1918.1 FIELD CROPS. 827

for forage and green manure are noted as conducted both at the demonstration
farm at Haiku and in cooperation with farmers. The crops used in these tests
included cowpeas, velvet beans, peanuts, soy beans, alfalfa, pigeon peas, jack
beans, Japanese cane. Sudan grass, Paspalum dilatatuin, and corn.

Among the most promising cowpea varieties are the Brabham and Iron for
forage and green manure, the Groit and Taylor for seed, and the Whippoorwill
as a general-purpose sort. The Brazilian velvet bean, the Improved Valencia
peanut, the jack bean, and the pigeon pea are said to be well established.
Alfalfa did not thrive on the raw uplands, but of 10 varieties tested smooth
and hairy Peruvian gave the most promise. All varieties responded to liberal
manuring and fertilizing with phosphate, but liming and artificial inoculation
appeared to have no beneficial effect. Japanese cane and Paspalum are deemed
preferable to Sudan grass, due to the susceptibility of the latter to rust.

Corn sown in 30-in. rows on a medium loam soil and receiving about 60 tons
of green manure in the course of three years and 500 lbs. of high-grade fertilizer
at seeding time produced at the rate of 100 bu. per acre, as compared with an
average yield of about 35 bu. per acre on virgin soil. Slightly less than one-
half of the yield of the 30-in. rows was obtained from coyn sown in 60-in. rows
with all other conditions identical. This difference in yield is thought to be
due to the added protection against strong winds afforded by the narrow spacing.

Tests were made with grain sorghums, millets, buckwheat, and sunflower for
chicken feed and with wheat, oats, barley, and rye, the last proving totally
unsuited to local conditions.

A strain of Bliss Triumph potato has been developed, and is said to be well
established in the Kula potato district. More than 50 per cent increase in yield
resulted from spraying with Bordeaux mixture.

Report of [field crops work at] the Glen wood substation, J. B. Thompson
{Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 4^-48, pis. 2). — Field tests with various crops to
obtain suitable forage for dairy cows are reported in continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 132), and additional work is described on lue
development of blight resistant strains of potatoes for the Glenwood section.

The area planted to Paspalum dilatatum was extended at an estimated cost
of $11.25 per acre, the relatively high initial cost being deemed justified by the
permanent nature of the grass. The common bamboo grass {Panicum palmi-
folium or Chcetochloa palmifoUa) is said to possess considerable value as a
forage crop, being extremely jj|alatable to stock. It is a prolific seed bearer.
With clean cultivation and fairly liberal applications of stable manure, this
grass gives promise of very satisfactory yields during the cold season, one crop
harvested from a small area yielding at the rate of 23.5 tons per acre. Canada
field peas have proved to be of value when planted during the cool season
of the year on soil treated with heavy applications of stable manure. Improved
Swedish oats sown November 20, 1916, on soil which had received about 50
tons of stable manure per acre, produced approximately 24 tons of green feed
when cut on April 9, 1917. Subsequent plantings made on December 12 and 28,
1916, and on January 16, 1917, are said to have given excellent returns. Spelt
and spring rye produced yields of green feed of 15,687 and 17,430 lbs. per acre,
respectively, after a growing period of 4.5 months. Both crops were badly in-
fested with aphids, and are not deemed comparable to oats. Thousaud-headea
kale and Dwarf Essex rape drilled in rows on November 20, 1916, and trans-
plated on January 5, 1917, made a vigorous growth during the cold season
and yielded at the rate of 19.5 and 22 tons of green feed per acre, respec-
tively. A planting of Dwarf Essex rape made in April was totally destroyed
by cutworms. Seedings of different species of bur clover were made in Novem-
ber, 1916, and included Mcdicago smtcllata, M. orbicularis, M. arahica, M.

828 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD, [Vol. 38

hispida, M. hispida sardoa, and M. tubcrculata. M. sciitcllata was the first to
reach maturity, but is described as ranking lowest in forage production.

Two varieties of potatoes of the so-called " Hamakua Hybrid " designated
as Blue Ribbon and White Ribbon, respectively, were grown in comparative
tests for blight resistance with Portuguese Red and five common white var»e-
ties. Tlie hybrid varieties and the Portuguese Red exhibited a marked degree
of resistance and outyielded the white varieties in every instance.

Report of the agronomy division, C. A. Sahr (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1917. pp.
48-55, pi. i).-^This reports the continuation of previous work (E. S. K., 37,
p. 131).

In a study of soil aeration vnth rice, the increases favoring nonaeration in
1916 were 18.7 per cent for the spring crop, and 4.9 per cent for the fall crop,
and in 1917 3.1 per cent for the spring crop.

Plantings of Burbank and Early Rose potatoes produced average yields of our
0.47 lb. per hill for both varieties, due to an attack of mites and to dry weather.
Three varieties of sweet potatoes were propagated for cuttings for distribution.

Individual yields of alfalfa varieties, based on 9 cuttings per annum for a
period of 32 months,, were obtained as follows : Utah Common 30 tons of
green forage per acre, Kansas Common 28.4 tons, Peruvian 21.7 tons, and
Turkestan 14.7 tons. From the same number of cuttings for a period of 28
months, yields of Grimm, dry-land, and common alfalfa were obtained amount-
ing to 26.6, 26.4, and 9.3 tons per acre, respectively.

Tests with tepary beans for seed have given varying results. A fall seeding
made a growth of 9 in., the plants dying before reaching maturity, while a sec-
ond seeding drilled in rows 1.5 ft. apart failed to fill the space between the
drills, but yielded at the rate of 10 bu. of shelled beans per acre. In a third
test made under drier conditions, with the beans drilled in rows 2 ft. apart
at the rate of 15 lbs. per acre, the crop attained maturity in 76 days and
yielded at the rate of 33.4 bu. per acre.

A new variety ef pigeon pea introduced from India is said to have given
favorable results.

Brief notes are given on limited field tests with various grasses including
Polytrias prcemorsa, blue couch (Digitaria didactyla) Napier (Pemiisetnm pnr-
ptircum). Wilder, fuzzy top, Australian blue, and Natal redtop. In sorghum
variety tests Sugar Drip was again first in yield of both grain and forage.
Nut grass control by spraying with a solution vof 1 lb. of white arsenic and
0.5 lb. of caustic soda in water to make 20 gal. when the plants were in full
bloom necessitated treatments at average intervals of 40 days the first year
and 65 days the second year. The third year, an interval of 9 months has
elapsed since the last spraying without the appearance of any blooms.

Variety and fertilizer tests with corn failed completely due to severe attacks
by the leaf hopper {Percgrinus maidis), although the infestation was sufficiently
controlled by means of parasites (Ootctrastichns sp.) to obtain a crop of sweet
corn, the yield being at the rate of 43 bu. per acre.

Small plantings of edible canna yielded at the rate of 23 tons edible tubers,
20.5 tons immature tubers, and 20.25 tons forage per acre.

A white sweet variety of cassava from Trinidad and a red bitter sort common
to the islands, planted in the summer of 1915 and harvested in March, 1917,
yielded at the rate of 81 and 16.25 tons fresh roots per acre, respectively.

A study of forage-crop problems was begun in July, 1916, on the military
reservation at Castner, Oahu, and experimental plantings were made of
numerous leguminous and nonleguminous forage crops. Chemical soil analyses
showed from 1.24 to 6.02 per cent of manganese dioxid in the surface soil

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 829

(tirst foot) and from 0.7 to 3.67 per cent in the subsoil (second foot). Of the
crops sown in the summer only pigeon peas and Japanese cane made satisfac-
tory growth, all others failing completely after a period of about 70 days'
stunted growth. Fall seedings resulted in good stands, but no better growth
was made than in the case of the summer plantings, except on small scattered
areas where brush piles had been burned. The stimulated growth observed
on these areas led to rather extensive studies of the effect of burning brush in
ditches and on the level surface of these soils and incorporating the ashes with
the soil. A comparative test of stable manure applied at the rate of 33 tons
per acre in ditches 1 ft. deep and rolled level was also includsd. Various
crops, numbering 45 in all, and including grasses, oats, wheat, Japanese millet,
edible caunu, sorghums, cassava, and legumes, were grown on soils receiving
the various treatments, and the resulting growth is indicated in tabular form
on a basis of 100 per cent for normal growth under normal soil and moisture
conditions. The best average results for all crops were obtained from the
manured plats, while burning over the ditched and level soil resulted in in-
creased production over the untreated checks for practically all the crops.
Observations are also noted on the effect of iron compound sprays on the
various forage crops lh'Owu on manganese soils. Alfalfa sprayed with copperas
every two weeks during April and May showed a slight effect previous to a
cutting made June 2, but not on later growth, while on Japanese cane the
effects were quite marked.

Progress report, Substation No. 7, Spur, Tex., 1909 to 1914, R. E. Dickson
(Texas Sta. Bui. 218 {1911}, pp. 7-33, figs. 7).— This reports the results of
variety and cultural tests with alfalfa, Sudan grass, grain and forage sorghums,
cotton, corn, small grains, and cowpeas ; and of field experiments on time and
methods of seed-bed preparation, and on manuring. The average annual pre-
cipitation for the 20-year period 1895 to 1914. inclusive, was 21.73 in., of which
15.17 in. fell during the sis summer months. The average date of the last
killing frost in the spring was March 18, and the first in the fall, October 25,
for the iDeriod 1911 to 1914, inclusive. Much of the experimental work reported
was conducted during 1914, when a total precipitation of 34.63 in. obtained.

The successful production of alfalfa is deemed the most important contribu-
tion of the substation to the agriculture of the State, a 4-year-old field giving
a total yield of 3.74 tous of hay per acre in 1914. Fall seeding is said to be
much more desirable thisn spring seeding. In the fall of 1913 alfalfa sown in
close drills and in 18 and 36 in. rows showed average yields amounting to 2.27,
1.42 and 1.22 tons of hay per acre, respectively. Yields of cured hay, ranging
from 1.72 tons for Province to 2.96 for Turkestan, were obtained in variety
tests conducted during 1913-14. A seeding rate of 10 lbs. per acre is deemed
amply sufficient on a well prepared seed bed, while excellent results are said
10 have been secured with a rate of 4 lbs. per acre.

Seeding Sudan grass for hay in 18-in. rows, broadcast, and in 36-in. rows
resulted in yields amounting to 4.927, 4.551, and 4.204 tons per acre, respectively.
A seeding rate of 14 lbs. per acre gave a slightly heavier yi^eld, 5.14 tons of
hay, than rates of 7, 18, 22, 32, or 40 lbs. Sudan grass was also grow-n in close
drills and in 36- and 18-in. rows for seed in 1914, and resulted in yields of 989.5,
973.5, aud 847 lbs. per acre, respectively. A seeding rate of 22 lbs. with a yield
of seed of 1,209 lbs. was found to be superior to rates of 7, 14, IS, 32, or 40 lbs.
per acre.

In grain sorghum variety tests, Dwarf Yellow milo, feterita, and Dwarf
White milo gave average yields of 50.58, 40.58, and 37.32 bu. per acre, re-
spectively. Red Kafir, with a yield of 15.46 tons of green forage per acre,

■830 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

Kafir corn with 14.52 tons, and Dwarf Kafir with 14.27 tons were first in tests
lor silage production in 1914. In ratc-of-seeding tests with Dwarf milo and
r>Iackhull Kafir, the highest yields, amounting to 68.21 and 56.51 bu. per acre,
respectively, were obtained with the plants 11.2 in. and 14.3 in. apart in 3-ft
rows. Milo maize and Kafir corn planted in S-ft. rows produced 50.53 and
46.28 bu. per acre, respectively, as compared with yields of 46.45 and 30 bu.
when planted in 6-ft. rows. Date-of-planting tests with milo maize showed
yields j-anging from 51.59 bu. for plantings made J\lay 7 to 21.44 bu. for those
made July 15. Variety tests with saccharin sorghums resulted in maximum
yields of 6.068 and 6.051 tons of cured roughage per acre for Orange and Sumac,
respectively. Further tests of the same varieties for silage showed yields of
green forage amounting to 15.79 tons per aci'e for Sumac and 14.46 tons for
Orange.

Cotton variety tests conducted during 1912 and 1914 showed average yields
of seed cotton ranging from 703.4 lbs. per acre for long staple to 1,003.57 for
Cleveland Big Boll. Based on factors other than yield. Lone Star and Mebane
Triumph are deemed best for local conditions, pending furtlier trial. Half-
and-Half is regarded as decidedly inferior to these varieties. The highest
yield of lint cotton, 573.69 lbs. per acre, obtained in rate-of-thinning tests was
secured with the plants thinned to 16 in. apart in 36-in. rows.

June corn and yellow dry -land corn grown during 1914, an unusually favor-
able year for corn in this region, gave yields of 29.2 and 7.9 bu. per acre, re-
spectively. Variety tests with wheat, barley, emmer, rye, and oats are held to
indicate that the winters are usually too long and dry for the successful pro-
duction of small grains. Turkey, Kharkof, and Crimean winter wheats and
Tennessee winter barley are regarded as showing some promise.

New Era and Early Buff cowpeas, with yields amounting to 12.22 and 12.6
bu. of seed per acre, respectively, are deemed best for this locality.

Date-of -plowing tests for seed-bed preparation are described and are held to
indicate the need of early seed-bed preparation. Cotton yields varied from
753.84 lbs. of lint cotton per acre for November 21 (1913) plowing to 593.29
lbs. for April 2 (1914) plowing; yields of Sumac sorghum for hay varied from
7.1 tons for February 2 plowing to 6.02 tons for April 2 plowing, and for silage
from 19.69 to 17.25 tons per acre, respectively ; and yields of cowpeas fi-om
10.41 bu. of seed per acre for the February 2 plowing to 7.5 bu. for tJie April 2
plowing. Various methods of seed-bed preparation for milo maize wei'e tested,
the highest grain yield, 73.9 bu. per acre, being obtained from fall-listed plats,
and the highest yield of green forage, 16,300 lbs., from plats fall-plowed 6 in.
deep. Spring listing, as compared with January plowing, 3, 6, and 9 in. deep,
for cotton resulted in yields of lint cotton amounting to 589.21 lbs. per acre for
the former method and a maximum yield of 548.15 lbs. for January plowing
3 in. deep. Fall plowing as compared with fall listing for cotton gave average
yields amounting to 737.51 and 734.57 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, respectively.

Applications of 2 tons of manure per acre to feterita gave yields of grain
amounting to 39.73 bu., and of dry forage of 14,196 lbs. per acre, as compared
with yields of 35.09 bu. of grain and 13,512 lbs. of forage, respectively, from
unmanured plats.

Progress report, Substation No. S, Lubbock, Tex., 1909 to 1914, R. E.
Karpeb {Texas Sta. Bill. 219 (1917). pp. 5^36, 39-^1, figs. 7).— This reports the
results otf variety and cultural tests with grain and forage sorghums, corn,
Sudan grass, millet, cotton, cowpeas, peanuts, broom corn, wheat, oats, and
barley ; field trials of legume and nonlegume jnixtures for hay, and of alfalfa,
sweet clover, and beans ; and soil-fertility tests with feterita and cotton. The
substation is located at an altitude of approximately 3,200 ft., and for the

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 831

4-year period of 1911 to 1914, inclusive, had an average annual rainfall of
20.32 in., 75 per cent of which fell during the growing season, April to Sep-
tember, inclusive. Data for three years indicate that the average date of the
last killing frost in the spring is April 8, and of the first killing frost in the
fall, November 1. The experimental work reported covers the period 1912 to
1914, inclusive.

In variety tests with grain sorghums, the average yields of all varieties
tested amounted to 32.66 bu. for feterita, 30.25 bu. for Kafir corn, and 28.79 bu.
for milo maize. The dwarf varieties are deemed superior as indicated by
average yields for 1913 and 1914 of 40.3 bu. per acre for Dwarf milo, 36.9 bu.
for feterita, and 35.4 bu. for Dwarf Kafir. Spacing tests with these three crops
conducted during 1914 showed average yields ranging from 36 bu. per acre
for plants 6 to 7 in. apart in 36-in. rows to 57.4 bu. for spacings of 2 to 3 in.
Similar tests with Dwnrf milo in 1913 and 1914 resulted in average yields of
39.75 bu. for 3 to 4 in. spacings, 32.75 bu. for 5 to 6 in. spacings, and 2S.7 bu.
for 7 to 8 in. spacings. Feterita and milo maize grown alone in 3 and 6 ft.
rows and in pairs of 3-ft. rows with 6 ft. between pairs, as compared with
growing the crops with cowpeas sown in the interspaces, showed an average loss
of grain of 5.6 bu. per acre and an average gain in cowpea hay of 356 lbs.
per acre. It is concluded that the practice of mixed planting is not profitable
for early grain sorghums in this locality.

Corn varieties grown on the substation in 1914 showed a variation in yield
of from 18.5 bu. for Brown County Yellow Dent to 54.6 bu. per acre for Mexican
June. The average yield of all grain sorghums tested for the period of 1912
to 1914, inclusive, amounted to 31.92 bu. per acre, as compared with 20.94 bu.
for Slexican June corn for the same period.

In comparisons of Sudan grass and Tunis grass for forage, made in 1914,
Sudan grass outyielded the latter in every case, showing a total average
increase in yield of 0.85 ton per acre. Millet proved to be much inferior to
Sudan grass. Seeded in 36-in. rows at different rates of seeding, Sudan grass
produced yields of hay ranging from 3.9 tons for a seeding rate of 1.3 lbs. per
acre to 4.45 tons for a rate of 6.9 lbs. Seeded in close drills, it produced 2.36
tons of hay per acre, and in 36-in. rows 2.35 tons, while for the two years 1913
and 1914 the highest average yield, 3.85 tons per acre, was obtained from
plantings in 18-in. rows. In date-of-seeding tests the maximum yield for

1913, 3,542 lbs. of hay, was secured from plantings made May 15, and for

1914, 9,941 lbs., for plantings made April 10. Sudan grass grown in rows for
seed produced yields ranging from 294 to 910.5 lbs. per acre.

Maximum yields of millet were obtained from seedings in close drills, and
amounted to 2,062.5 lbs. for White Proso in 1913 and 3,437.5 lbs. for Yellow
Proso in 1914. German millet seeded in 36-in. rows and in close drills produced
1.5 and 1.49 tons of hay per acre., respectively. Seeded in close drills it pro-
duced 2,983 lbs. of hay per acre during 1912 and 1914, as compared with a
yield of 4,855 lbs. for Sudan grass seeded in 36-in. rows.

Variety tests with 14 saccharin sorghums conducted during 1914 resulted in
maximum yields of green forage of 43.780 lbs. per acre and of dry forage of
18,700 lbs. for Sumac. This variety was also highest in limited tests con-
ducted during the period of 1912 to 1914, inclusive, with an average yield
of 7,347 lbs. of dry forage per acre. Tests for seed production in 1914 resulted
in maximum yields of 69.87 and 68.64 bu. per acre for Planters and Sumac,
respectively. Sumac seeded in close drills at rates of 2 and 4 pk. per acre
showed average yields of 7.947 and 7.675 lbs. of forage per acre, respectively.

Cowpeas and saccharin sorghums planted together in 36-in. rows and in close
drills produced average yields of 5,487 and 3,084 lbs. of forage per acre, re-

832 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

spectlvely, while soedings of 6:1 and 4:1 mixtures of cowpeas and sorghums
resulted in average yields of 4,057 and 4,524 lbs. per acre, respectively. Rate-
of-seeding tests in close drills with a 4 : 1 mixture resulted in average y^lds
of 3,721 lbs. of cured forage per acre for a 60-lb. rate and 3,609 lbs. for a
30-lb. rate. For the two years 1913 and 1914, the maximum yield, 4,207 lbs.
was obtained from a 60-lb. rate. Tests of various planting rates of a 4 : 1 mix-
ture sown in 36-in. rows showed a maximum yield of 7,186 lbs. of forage per
acre for a 19-lb. rate of seeding. A mixture of 6 parts cowpeas to 1 part Sudan
grass seeded in 4, 6, and 8 pk. rates produced 3,300, 2,950, and 3,350 lbs. of
cured hay per acre, respectively. Seeded alone at a 12- and 30-lb. rate, Sudan
grass gave respective yields of 1,764 and 2,887 lbs. of hay per acre, but when
sown with 60 lbs. of cowpeas it produced only 1,056 and 2,039 lbs. of hay per
acre, respectively. It is concluded that a mixed cropping system is inadvisable,
it being deemed more profitable to produce the crops separately and mix them
when fed.

Burnett and Mebane Triumph, with respective yields of seed cotton of 1,199.5
and 980.4 lbs. per acre, were highest in cotton variety tests. In rate-of-thinning
tests with two varieties during 1912 to 1914, inclusive, and with 3 varieties
during 1913 and 1914, the highest yields were obtained from spacings of from

11 to 12 in. in 3-ft. rows, amounting to 883.19 and 1,399.53 lbs. of seed cotton
per acre, respectively. Similar tests with 3 varieties in 1914 showed a maxi-
mum yield of 2,287 lbs. of seed cotton per acre for a spacing of 6 to 7 in.,
together with the highest number of bolls per pound of seed cotton, 78.4. The
results, on the whole, are deemed rather inconclusive, although a stand of

12 in. apart in 3~ft. rows is regarded as satisfactory in this locality.

The highest yielding cowpea varieties were Khotan, with an average yield of
16.85 bu. per acre, and Old Bokhara, with 16.04 bu. Tests of different seeding
rates of cowpeas sown in close drills for forage indicated that a rate of 6 to
7 pk. per acre was best for maximum production. Seeded in rows for forage,
a rate from 18 to 20 lbs. gave the highest yield, 2,574 lbs. per acre. Aver-
age results for all methods of planting for the period of 1912 to 1914, inclusive,
showed a yield of 2,949 lbs. of forage per acre for drill plantings and 2,472 lbs.
for row plantings.

Peanuts are said to be successfully grown, as a rule, in this region, the Span-
ish variety having produced an average yield of 32.15 bu. per acre for a 3-year
period.

Average yields of Tepary beans for 1912 and 1914 amounted to 17.67 bu. per
acre. Navy beans and Extra Early I^ima Ijeans grown in 1914 gave yields of
5.6 and 16.73 bu. per acre, respectively.

Dwarf, Dwarf Standard, and Standard broom corn produced yields of cured,
clean, strij)ped brush in 1912 of 198, 251, and 257 lbs. per acre, respectively,
and of cured unstripped brush in 1913 of 1,622 and 2,355 lbs., respectively,
for the first two varieties.

Cereal crops are regarded as rathor uncertain except in seasons of abundant
moistui'e supply, although rye, wheat, and emmer are said to make excellent
winter pasture. Maximum yields in variety tests with small grains were
obtained as follows : Burger, Malakof, Turkey, and Crimean winter wheats
with 5.8, 5.4, 5.2, and 5 bu. per acre, respectively ; Burt and Sixty-Day oats
with 11.5 and 10.4 bu. per acre, respectively ; Odessa and Caucasian barley
with 10.25 and 9.65 bu. per acre, respectively ; and rye with 10.8 bu. per acre.

Applications of 2 tons of manure per acre to feterita resulted in yields of
51.4 bu. for the manured plats and 49 bu. for the unmanured. Similar appli-
cations to cotton showed an average yield of seed cotton of 1,593.1 lbs. per
acre as comftared with 1,524.2 lbs. for the unmanured plats.

1918.1 FIELD CROPS. 833

The identification of varieties of barley, H. V. Haklan (U. S. Dept. Ayr.
Bui. 622 (1918), pp. 32, pis. Jf). — This bulletin presents a scheme of classifica-
tion of cultivated barleys, designed primarily for the use of experiment-station
workers and advanced students in agronomy, and aims especially to coordinate
previous schemes of classification, to render available work already published
on barley, to suggest modifications for obtaining a more logical arrangement of
the varieties, to add four new varieties discovered during the progress of tlie
work, and to serve as a basis for a discussion of all the agricultural varieties
of barley grown upon the farms in America.

In describing species and varieties, only the major characters were used,
embracing six variable factors, namely, fertility, adherence or nonadherence of
the fiowering glume, outer glumes, terminal appendages of the lemma, color,
and density. Less important characters were utilized in describing subvarieties.
Keys are presented for the identification of the four recognized species of barley,
viz: Hordeum vulgare, H. intermedium, H. distichon, and H. deflclcns; of 32
varieties occurring under the four species ; and of the subvarieties.

An alphabetical list of rejected species, subspecies, and varieties, also of
synonyms which have been published from time to time, has been prepared be-
cause " in the analysis of the relative value of the variable characters of barley,
a number of variations were regarded as of too minor a nature to be used even
in the description of named subvarieties. These included the elevation of the
hood on a short awn, awns produced on the hood itself, malformed awns,
short awns, the nature of the hairs on the rachilla, the toothing of the nerves
of the lemma, and the widening of only the two outermost glumes at a node.
Varieties established upon these characters are not recog;,nized in the key." A
few groups founded on characters other than those just named have been in-
cluded in the list. " The most important of these is probably that of compound
spikes. The inclusion of compound spikes as a recognized character would sim-
ply double the number of varieties. In barley, proliferation of spikes is com-
mon, but in most strains it is not inherited. In others, while the tendency is
transmitted, it is inherited imperfectly."

Distinction between colors and variations of density are not deemed suffi-
ciently well established to be entirely satisfactory for use in taxonomic work,
and are regarded as fields for further study.

The identification of thrashed barley by means of the keys is described, and
in the common agronomic varieties tlie chance of error is said to be negligible.

A key has also been prepared listing a few well-known agronomic varieties
of barley in each of the more common subvarieties, although no attempt is made
to distinguish between the agTonomic varieties within a subvariety. " In the
varieties at present grown in America, separations are most difficult in the lax
forms of the common 6-rowed barleys. In general, there are two groups, the
Manchuria-Oderbrucker and the Coast. These groups are separated by the
longer, heavier grain and the more tenacious awn of the latter. Within a
group such as the Manchuria, identifications must be based on combinations of
minor characters, such as the density of the spike, the nature of the hairs on the
rachilla, the length of grain, and, if necessary, distinctive culm characters and
the length of the growing season."

A list of 41 titles is appended, comprising the literature cited.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — VIII, Corn. — A large acreage of
corn needed {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 91 (1918), pp. i6).— This presents
a general discussion of the relative importance of the corn crop and of means
for increasing the acreage and yield per acre. The employment of improved
implements in preparing the land and in planting, cultivating, and harvesting
the crop is recommended in addition to the use of good seed, improved cropping

834 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

conditions, and the control of insect and other enemies. The utilization of the
crop for human and stock food and as a raw material for the manufacture of
numerous products is noted.

Method of sale of war emergency seed corn to farmers in certain States by
the United States Department of Agriculture (U. S. Depi. Agr., Office Sec.
Circ. 105 (1918), pp. 3). — Directions are given for filing applications for seed
corn by farmers in those sections of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa,
Minnesota, Nebraska, Missoiu'i, and Wisconsin where a shortage of viable seed
is known to exist.

The seed-corn situation for 1918, W. L. Buklison and G. H. Dungan {Illi-
nois Sta. Circ. 211 (1918), pp. 8, figs. 5). — This describes the preparation and
manipulation of the so-called rag-doll tester for seed corn, together with brief
notes on the sawdust and sand box tester. Summarized data show that yields
of corn from seed produced near Urbana (central .Illinois) and grown at
Urbana and at DeKalb (northern Illinois) have varied but little over a period
of several years.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — V, Cotton. — Maintaining the supply
of cotton {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 8S (1918), pp. 3^/).— The present
status of cotton production throughout the world is reviewed, and the demands
placed upon the United States for cotton and its by-products are noted.

Increased production per acre by employing superior varieties, including the
substitution of long-stiiple upland strains wherever possible, and by adopting
improved methods of culture is deemed more desirable than increased acreage.
The relation of disease and insect enemies to cotton growing is discussed with
special reference to the appearance and measures for control of the pink boll-
worm.

Factors entering into the marketing of cotton with regard to a proper grad-
ing and handling of the product are outlined, and the advantages of coopera-
tion among producers to obtain uniform lots of cotton, to build gins and oil
mills, and to employ expert graders are indicated.

Gin compression of bale cotton to a density of 33 lbs. per cubic foot, or com-
pression to a density of from 35 to 37 lbs. by high-density compression, at
terminal points, is recommended as a means of materially reducing the number
of freight cars required to carry the crop. It is estimated that a car holding
30 bales of uncompressed cotton would hold 65 bales of ordinary railroad-
compressed cotton or 115 bales of high density compressed cotton. Further-
more, by selling cotton in the bale by net weight it is claimed that the custom
of adding surplus tare to bring the tare up to the full amount allowed would
be eliminated, and that 2,200 less freight cars would be required to move a
12,000,000-bale crop.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — IX, Potatoes. — An ample supply of
potatoes needed (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 92 {1918), pp. 39, fig. 1).—
The potato is said to contribute about 13 per cent of our food material in
normal times and to serve as a bread grain supplement or substitute, and for
these reasons an adequate production at the present time is deemed most im-
portant. The crop of 1917, amounting to 442,536,000 bu., was the largest in
the history of the country, while during the four years 1914 to 1917 the average
acre yield ranged from 80.5 to 110.5 bu.

Field practices and cultural methods employed in the early-trucking regions
of the South and Southwest, in the late or main crop region of the North and
West, and in the irrigated regions of the West are described in considerable
detail. The more important potato diseases and insect pests are noted, and
appropriate control measures are outlined. The subjects of grading and
marketing potatoes are also discussed.

191S.1 FIELD CROPS. 835

Potato culture, T. B. Hutcheson and T. K. Wolfe (Virginia Sta. Bui. 217
{1911), pp. 16, figs. 5). — This bulletin outlines cultural methods for potatoes
based upon experimental work and observations made at Blacksl)urg on
Hagerstown silt loam soil and deemed applicable to most of the soils west of
the Tidewater area.

In tests of early, medium early, and late varieties of potatoes, the highest
average yields for a 5-year period were obtained from Irish Cobbler with 152.06
bu. per acre, Early Rose with 170.3G bu., and Vulcan (3-year average) with
162.57 bu., respectively. Eye pieces and 0.5, 1, and 2 oz. seed pieces were em-
ployed in 3-year tests to determine the influence of size of seed piece on yield
with average results of 43.93, 99.75, 148.13, and 172.53 bu. per acre, respec-
tively. A comparison of sprouted and unsprouted seed made during 1915 and
1916 resulted in yields of 143.13 and 137.5 bu. per acre, respectively.

Potato fertilizers are briefly discussed, and notes on storage and on potato
diseases and insect pests and their control are presented.

Black heart and the aeration of potatoes in storage, F. C. Stewart and
A. J. aiix (Neio York State Sta. Bui. 4S6 (1917), pp. 321-362, pis. 10}.— The ac-
cidental discovery that the exclusion of air from potatoes induced the produc-
tion of black heart at temperatures much below those employed by Bartholomew
(E. S. R., 35, p. 349) led the authors to undertake extensive investigations to
determine the relation of the air supply to the occurrence of black heart, and
also to determine the effect of storing potatoes in deep piles in cellars and bins
and in unventilated pits and piles out-of-doors. Most of the experiments were
made with sound washed and dried tubers placed in wide-mouthed glass museum
jars having a capacity of 3,500 to 3,700 cc, and provided with tight-fitting ground
glass stoppers which were hermetically sealed. To study the effect of storing
potatoes in deep piles, tall galvanized iron cylinders 9 in. in diameter and from
SO to 126 in. in height were employed. These were left open at the top, but
were air-tight at the sides and bottom. One experiment was made out-of-doors
with piles of potatoes protected from freezing by a covering of oat straw and
soil. The temperatures varied from 2 to 24° C. (35 to 75° F,). The experi-
ments were conducted during April and May, 1914; from January to May,
1915 ; and from October. 1915, to May, 1916. The Sir "Walter Raleigh was used
throughout the investigation. The observations are fully discussed, and form the
basis for the following summarized statement of the conclusions reached :

Potatoes can not long endure close confinement. Within a certain length of
time, which varied with the temperature and quantity of air available, tubers
confined in hermetically sealed jars became moist over a part or the whole of
their surface, and if they were then exposed to the air the moist surface areas
turned brown, and the color of the flesh changed first from white to pink and
then to black. With a volume of air equal to the volume of the tubers, a con-
finement of 10 or 12 days was sufRcient to produce the symptoms described pro-
vided the temperature was around 70° P. At a temperature of 55 to 60°
about 20 days were required, and at 40° from 23 to 40 days. Tubers in half
full and quarter full jars behaved similarly to those in full jars, except that the
symptoms were slower in making their appearance. Tubers confined in sealed
jars with less than about ten times their volume of air were unable to do more
than barely start sprouts. For normal sprouting about 19 volumes of air per
volume of tubers were required. Black heart may be expected to appear when-
ever the volume of air available to the tubers is less than that required for
normal sprouting.

Different tubers of the same lot exhibited marked differences in suscepti-
bility both to black heart and to surface discoloration. The cause of this has not

836 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

been determined. It appears doubtful that the size of the tubers is an im-
portant factor.

Data obtained from the experiments with tubers in deep tanks to determine
how deeply potatoes may be piled with safety were deemed Insufficient for the
formulation of definite rules, but it appears that 6 ft. should be considered
the maximum depth of piling when potatoes are to be stored for several months
at temperatures below 45°, while at temperatures above 50° the depth limit
should be 3 ft. if the potatoes are to be stored longer than three or four
weeks. Tubers suffering from insufficient aeration through deep piling behaved
in general like tubers in .sealed jars, sprouting feebly or not at all, becoming
moist on the surface, discoloring externally upon exposure to the air, and often
being affected with black heart internally. The principal difference was in
the occurrence of rotten spots caused by fungi and bacteria.

Black heart sometimes occurred in potatoes stored out-of-doors in pits, and
was due to insufficient aeration, although the experiments indicate that the
aeration of potatoes in unventilated pits is better than might be supposed and
that the ventilation of small pits is unnecessary.

Injury resulting from insufficient aeration was due to the lack of oxygen rather
than to the accumulation of carbon dioxid.

Tubers affected with black heart produced by exposure to high temperature
usually appeared normal externally, while those affected with black heart
produced by exclusion of the air usually showed more or less surface dis-
coloration.

Insufficient aeration during storage did not cause spindling sprout, the tubers
upon being supplied with air sprouting normally if at all.

Tubers severely affected with black heart are deemed unfit for seed purposes,
but slightly affected tubers may be planted. If tubers are sound and normal in
apparance, it is said to be unlikely that they have been injured for seed pur-
poses by any storage conditions to which they may have been subjected.

The prevention of black heart is a shipping problem as well as a storage
problem, as the trouble often results from the overheating of potatoes during
shipment in stove-heated cars.

Poor ventilation injures stored potatoes, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta.
Bui. ^36, popular ed. {1917), pp. 11, figs. 5). — A popular edition of the above.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — VI, Rice. — Produce more rice for
consumption and export {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 89 {1918), pp. 2Jh
figg_ 2), — The value of rice for human food is emphasized and increased con-
sumption in the United States urged. The production of rice in this country
attained a maximum of from 36,000,000 to 40,000,000 bu. during the last two
years, the consumption being about 90 per cent of the amount produced. Im-
ports declined approximately 40,000,000 lbs. during the last three years, while
exports increased about 139,000,000 lbs. for the same period. The largest
acreage was seeded to rice in this country in 1917 and amounted to 964,100
acres, while it is estimated that millions of acres are well adapted to growing
the crop. Aside from increased acreage, means for increasing the output of
rice suggested include better methods of irrigation ; proper seed bed prepara-
tion, seed selection, and method, rate, and time of seeding; the judicious use
of fertilizers; the proper drainage of land for harvesting the crop; careful
thrashing the eradication of weeds ; and the control of insects and diseases
affecting the crop.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — III, Sugar. — More beet and cane
sugar should be produced {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 86 {1918), pp.
34. figs. 2). — Stating that the world's annual shortage of sugar since the war
began has been more than 2,000,000 tons, the possibilities of increasing the

1918.1 FIELD CEOPS. 837

sugar supply for 1918 by curtailing consumption of refhierl sugar and by main-
taining and, wherever possible, extending the domestic cane and beet-sugar
output are fully discussed. The measures outlined may be summarized as
follows: The cane sugar supply may be maintained and incftMsed by extend-
ing cane growing to suitable lands ; by better cultural methods ; by adopting
a rotation system that will improve the soil ; by the improvement of cajie
varieties through selection and breeding; by the control of diseases and in-
sects; by utilizing to the best advantage the by-products (tops, leaves, bagasse,
and molasses), including a combination of live-stock production with cane
growing, thus utilizing tops and leaves for feed and increasing the supply
of barnyard manure ; by developing and extending the cane-sirup industry to
provide a substitute for refined sugar and thus conserve the supply ; by im-
proving the methods of making sirup so that a better and more uniform grade
will be produced and a wider and a more constant market obtained ; and by
producing raw sugar suitable for many household purposes.

Measures recommended for maintaining and increasing the beet-sugar out-
put include the improvement of cultural methods ; proper methods of crop
rotation; a proper relation between sugar plants (beet or cane) and live stock,
permitting the feeding of a larger supply of by-products (tops, pulp, and mo-
lasses ) , and the production of a larger supply of manure ; a proper relation
between mill capacity and quantity of raw material produced, so that a
maximum mill run will be possible ; the bringing under cultivation of suitable
new areas not now productive, such as certain uncultivated Indian lands in
Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho ; the drainage of certain wet ai'eas otherwise
capable of producing profitable crops of beets ; the development of new systems
of irrigation in dry areas otherwise suited to sugar-beet culture and the exten-
sion of established irrigation systems in irrigated areas where sugar-beet
growing is or may be carried on profitably; increasing the beet acreage in
present beet areas by inducing more farmers to grow beets ; harvesting the
beets more carefully, so that there will be no waste of the sugar-containing
part of the beet or of its by-product; developing satisfactory seeding and liar-
vesting machines and other beet implements that will save labor and expense
in producing and handling beets ; the production of an adequate supply of high-
grade sugar-beet seed ; and the development of strains of sugar beets that will
produce a greater tonnage of beets and yield a greater percentage of sugar.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — VII, Wheat. — More wheat is needed
for home use and for the Allies {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 90 (1918),
pp. 32). — A general review of the wheat situation throughout the world with
regard to acreage, production, iind consumption is presented. The needs of
England, France, and Italy are especially emphasized and the necessity and
ability of the United States to meet these needs indicated.

The total supply of wiieat for the year 1917-18 in this country is estimated
to be 699,000,000 bu. and the demand of the Allies upon the United States,
Australia, and India more than 200,000,000 bu. beyond that required by Brazil
and neutral countries and to offset the losses by sinkings. Normal ccmsumption
in this country, said to be at the rate of 5.3 bu. per capita, would necessitate
the retention of 549.000,000 bu., seed requirements of 87,000,000 bu., and stocks
on hand July 1, 1918, of 40,000,000 bu. These estimates lead to the conclusion
that the normal consumption must be reduced and that production must be
increased in 1918.

The measures adopted for the conservation of wheat and the stimulation of
production both in this country and in Europe are outlined with particular
reference to winter and spring wheat acreage in the United States; the farm-
labor problem; important practices in wheat growing, including selection of

838 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. [Vol.38

soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, and preparation of the seed ; the availability
of seed stocks, and approved control measures for the principal insects and
diseases attacking the wheat crop.

The value of rye as a substitute for wheat under certain soil and climatic
conditions and possible uses of the crop are noted, and increases in rye produc-
tion in the United States reviewed.

The control of wheat by the Food Administration, and the fixing of wheat
prices at primary markets in 1917 and in 1918 are also noted.

Experiments with durum wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Claek {U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 618 (1918), pp. 64, Jlffs. 13). — The authors discuss the history of durum
wheat in the United States, the agronomic adaptation of the crop, statistics of
production, the characters and relationships which mark the durum wheats as
distinct from the common wheats, and present the results of all the principal
variety tests with durum wheat conducted in this country during the period
1895 to 191G, inclusive, together with the results of two experiments made in
Canada.

The work comprises an assemblage of the principal accumulated experimental
data from 30 field stations, many of which are here published for the first
time, while some have appeared previously in publications cited. The investi-
gations have been made cooperatively and independently by this Department
and by the State experiment stations. The stations from which the data were
obtained are grouped as follows : Subhumid Prairie States, including Mcpher-
son and Manhattan, Kans. ; Ames, Iowa ; Brookings, S. Dak. ; Fargo, N. Dak. ;
Lincoln, Nebr. ; Ashland, Wis. ; and St. Paul and Crookston, Minn. ; the Great
Plains or semiarid area, including Hays, Kans. ; Highmore, Eureka, and Newell,
S. Dak. ; Dickinson, Edgeley, Laugdon, and Williston, N. Dak. ; Moccasin.
Mont. ; Arcber, Wyo. ; Amarillo, Tex. ; Akron, Colo. ; North Platte. Nebr. ; Bran-
don, Man. ; and Indian Head, Sask. ; and the basin and coast or arid area of
the far West, including Neplii, Utah; Aberdeen, Idaho; Burns and Moro, Oreg. ;
and Modesto and Chico, Cal. The results obtained in the variety tests are
presented in tabular form and discussed in detail, and the yields of the durum
wheats are compared with those of standard common wheats grown at each
station. The detailed presentation of these data are briefly summarized as
follows :

For the nine stations in the subhumid prairie area, it is concluded that " in
general, the durum wheats are not adapted to the humid conditions often obtain-
ing in the eastern part of this area, but they do comparatively well in the sub-
humid northwestern part. In the southern part of the prairie area, which in-
cludes the eastern portions of Kansas and Nebraska, neitlier durum nor common
spring wheats do well. Wherever the hard red winter wheats of the Crimean
group can be grown they greatly outyield any spring wheat. In the northeastern
portion of this area, under the conditions obtaining at Ashland, Wis., and St.
Paul, Minru, winter wheat is reaching the northern limits of its present culture,
and is not so outstandingly superior. The durum wheats are equal in yield to
some of the common wheats and poorer than others. The value of the durums
will depend on the quality of their grain and the need which exists for their
rust resistance. In the northwestern portion of this area, including the western
part of Minnesota and the eastern parts of the Dakotas, the durum wheats have
a much higher comparative value. They largely outyield the spring common
wheats and nearly equal winter wheat in the districts where it can be grown at
all. Of the varieties of durum wheat tested Arnautka is best adapted for grow-
ing in western Minnesota and the eastern portions of the Dakotas."

The summarized results from 1.5 stations in the Great Plains area are thought
to support the following conclusions ; " Durum wheats produce very well in all

1918.] FIELD CROPS. 839

but the southern part of this large area. No spring wheats do well in the south-
ern part of the Great Plains. Wherever the hard red winter wheats of the Crimean
group can be grown conuuercially they are better yielders than any spring
wheat. In the higher and drier parts of the plains of Colorado and Wyoming
and In central South Dakota their advantage is very small. In the central and
northern parts of this area, wherever spring wheat is commercially important,
durum exceeds spring common wheat in yield almost without exception.
Usually this is by a large margin, of 10 to 30 per cent, but occasionally by as
little as 5 per cent.

" Of all the varieties of durum wheat tested in this area, the Kubanka is best
adapted to all the varying conditions. It is most suitable for central and west-
ern North and South Dakota and eastern Montana, at altitudes ranging from
1,800 to 4,000 ft. The Arnautka is slightly better adapted to the more humid
eastern part of the Northern Plains with altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 1,800 ft.
The Pelissier is a better yielder in the western and drier sections at altitudes
of 4.000 to G,000 ft.

"A number of pure-line selections of durum wheat are proving better adapted
to the local conditions where they were developed than are the older standard
varieties. Three which differ appreciably from the standard varieties from
which they were selected have been named. Five of these races appear to be
of sufficient value to be tested under a wide range of conditions. They are as fol-
lows : Acme (C. I. No. 5284), a selection from Kubanka (C. I. No. 1516) made at
Highmore, S. Dak.; Arnautka (C. I. No. 40G4), a selection from Arnautka (C. I.
No. 1494) made at Akron, Colo. ; Monad (C. I. No. 3320), -a selection made from a
field in Russia but tested at Dickinson, N. Dak. ; Buford (C. I. No. .5295), a selec-
tion from Taganrog {C. I. No. 1570) made at Willistoii, N. Dak. ; Kul)anka No. 8
(C. I. No. 4063), a selection from Kabanka (C. I. No. 1440) made at Dickinson,
N. Dak. Of these five, Acme and Monad are very rust resistant."

A study of the data from the six stations located in the arid basin and coastal
areas indicates that " except for the Crimean group of winter wheats, the
standard varieties of the western areas differ from those of the Great Plains
and Prairie States. In these areas the better yields have been obtained from
hard red winter wheats of the Crimean group or from some variety of soft white
wheat."

A bibliography of 99 titles is appended.

Cost of harvesting- wheat by different methods, A. P. Yerkes and L. M.
Chitrch {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 627 (1918), pp. 22, pis. 2).— Summarized data
are presented and fully discussed regarding the present cost of harvesting
wheat in the United States with binders, headers, and combines, and of shock-
ing and stacking wheat, as compared with harvesting by hand, as formerly
practiced. The ol)servations are based on a large quantity of statistics relative
to operating expenses, including man and horse labor ; original cost of the
apparatus ; repair, interest, and depreciation charges ; and the cost of twine.
Various other factors entering into consideration are the topography and size
of the fields, the area covered by the various pieces of apparatus studied, the
character of the soil, the yield of gi-ain and straw, the climatic conditions, etc.

" The cost of harvesting wheat at the present time varies widely in different
sections of the country largely because of the different methods employed in
these operations. In most cases the particular manner in which the crop is
handled is inllueneed by climatic conditions and the requirements of the
cropping system followed, as well as by the character of the wheat itself.
The various methods followed throughout the country, therefore, generally are
those which have been found to be well adapted to the particular conditions
65162°— 18 4

840 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

existing wliere they are used, although local custom has in some places
operated to continue systems that are more expensive than others which would
be entirely practicable."

The total estimated cost of cutting one acre of wheat with a binder varied
from .$0,884 for a binder with an 8-ft. cut to i^l.lTS for a binder with a 6-ft.
cut, each machine being drawn by 4 horses. The possibilities of reducing the
cost of harve.sting with a binder by the use of a small gasoline engine to
operate the binder mechanism are briefly discussed. Twelve and 14 ft. headers
with different sizes of crews showed a total cost of $1.06 per acre each for
12-ft. headers with 5 men and 10 horses and for 14-ft. headers with 6 men
and 12 horses, as compared with a cost of $1.34 for 12-ft. headers with 6 men
and 14 horses, and $1.38 for 14-ft. headers with 8 men and 16 horses. In the
case of the combines the maximum cost per acre was $1.88 for the 14-ft. size
employing 5 men and 24 horses, decreasing to $1.32 for the 24-ft. size employing
6 men and 36 horses, with a minimum of $1.10 per acre for the 7-ft. size
requiring 2 men and 8 horses.

The cost of shocking estimated for various yields ranged from 16 cts. per
acre for yields under 20 bu. to 26.5 cts. for yields of 31 bu. or over. The cost
per acre of stacking wheat is estimated to be $1,065 for one man pitching and
one man loading ; 80 cts. for 2 men pitching, with one wagon ; and 88 cts. for 2
men pitching, with 2 wagons. Based on present values for man labor, it is
estimated that cutting wheat with a cradle and binding and shocking by hand
would cost approximately $1.60 per acre, as compared with an average cost
of $1.23 for the modern binder, assuming a yield of 16 bu. per acre in each case.

It is concluded that the greater items of expense are for man and horse
labor and depreciation of machinery. The large machines showed the smallest
cost per acre, while a material saving in harvesting expense is deemed possible
by a little inexpensive care of the apparatus, such as better housing, careful
overhauling during the winter, etc.

The application of dockage in the marketing of wheat (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Fanners' Bui. 019 {1911), pp. 3-12, fig. 1). — The object of this publication is
to explain clearly to gi'ain farmers and dealers the methods of determining
docl^age and its relation to the marketing of wheat under the United States
Grain Standards Act. The equipment necessary for separating dockage is
briefly described, the methods of detei'mining and handling dockage outlined,
and the value of dockage indicated. Improper applications of the dockage
system are discussed, and the conclusion reached " that the majority of the
objections to the assessment of dockage have arisen through misunderstandings
as to the proper methods of applying dockage to the grading of wheat."

Shrinkage in grain, F. A. Welton {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 3 {1918). No. 2, pp.
39-.'i3). — This reports the results of shrinkage tests with well-matured and with
damp corn, also with oats, wheat, rye, and soy beans, in an effort to determine
the exact loss from shrinkage in grain held in storage.

One hundred lbs. of well-matured ear corn was placed in a wooden box on
November 1, 1908, and each succeeding year for eight years, and stored in the
loft of a corn crib, there being a free circulation of air about the grain at all
times. The monthly shrinkage for each of the eight years was determined.
The total shrinkage per year ranged from 6.5 to 26.75 per cent, with an average
maximum of 20.41 per cent. With one exception (1908-09) the shrinkage
increased uniformly, the maximum being attained from July 1 to September 1.
Decided variations from the average were thought to be due to unusual climatic
conditions during the growing season, especially excessive rainfall.

A duplicate lot of 100 lbs. of corn was kept under the same conditions as
noted above, and moisture determinations made on samples of both corn and

1918.3 HORTICULTURE. 841

cob on the first of each month. The 8-year average results showed that on
November 1, immediately after shelling, the grain contained 24.91 per cent
moisture and the cobs 41. .51 per cent.

Damp corn was likewise stored for five years, analyses showing that on
November 1 the shelled corn contained 30.29 per cent moisture and the cobs
50.21 per cent. The maximum .shrinkage was attained on August 1, and
amounted to 29.2 per cent. In both grades of corn the greater part of the
excessive moisture was retained until after March 1, while after August 1
both grades absorbed moisture, showing an average increase of 4.17 per cent
from August 1 to the date of maximum increase, which occurred the following
February to April. Values of corn, equivalent to $1 per bushel on November 1,
have been computed at which the crop must be sold to avoid financial loss
through shrinkage in storage. These prices attained maxima on August 1 of
$1.26 for well-matured grain and $1.41 for damp grain.

For five consecutive years 40 bu. each of oats and wheat were weighed and
stored in a bin for approximately one year, after which the contents of the bin
were reweighed. Forty bu. of rye were similarly treated for a 4-year period.
Increases in weight were noted in two cases each with oats and rye and in
one case with wheat. On the average the oats gained 0.8G per cent moisture,
while the wheat and rye lost 2.04 and 3.62 per cent, respectively. Data are
presented which indicate that only slight fluctuations of the moisture content
of the small grains occurred throughout the year.

Forty bu. of soy beans stored in a small bin November 2, 1911, contained
17.67 per cent moisture, and when weighed at the end of the storage period,
October 23, 1912, showed a loss of 3.76 per cent.

Seed Beporter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Seed Rptr., 1 (1918), No. 5, pp. 8, fig. 1).—
The principal feature of this number is a summary by States of the seed-corn
situation ba.sed on information from various sources in an effort to show the
predominating features. The States included are Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska,
Missouri, Kansas, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Wis-
consin, Michigan, Kentucky, Tennessee, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Virginia, and West Virginia. Tabulated data are presented showing the seed-
corn deficiencies and surplus supplies in the first 12 States named above.

Statistical information relative to the stocks on hand and total receipts of
red and alsike clover is presented, based on the War Emergency Seed Survey
of January 31, 1918, and, in addition, data showing the stocks held for export
as found by the Export Clover Inquiry of February 13.

The method of procedure as to approval of export shipments of corn to
Canada by the War Trade Board is outlined.

The provision for war-emergency purchases and sales of seeds to farmers by
this Department, as autharized by the Food-production Act of August 10, 1917,
is described, and its administration in the southwest, northwest, and south
plains areas is indicated. Provisions for handling the seed-corn situation are
noted from another source on page 834.

Brief comments on tagging shipments of seed corn (E. S. R., 38, p. 441), the
vegetable seed situation, profiteering in seeds, and seed-corn prices are pre-
sented. Data on the imports of forage plant seed permitted entry into the
United States during February are given as usual.

HORTICTTLTTJRE.

Report of the horticultural division, J. E. Higgins {Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1917,
pp. 11-23. pi. 1, fig. 7).— Work with seedling pineapples (E. S. R.. 37, p. 142)
was continued dimng the year. Several thousand potted seedlings are under

842 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 38

observation and are to be brought to fruit under regular field conditions.
Selections were made in the fields of several hundred pineapple plants to be
propagated by slips or by suckers to determine the constancy of certain
characters under asexual propagation. Through the cooperation of the Office
of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture two varieties new to the island were introduced, one, the MacGregor, from
Queensland, which is said to be immune to the black heart disease ; the other
variety, the Commonwealth, is a seedling which has given much promise in
Australia.

In connection with investigations of fruits suited to tropical conditions a co-
operative vineyard of about an acre in extent was established and various
fertilizer, variety, and cultural experiments are in progress. The fertilizer ex-
periments thus far conducted indicate that phosphoric acid in li)>eral amounts
must be applied to the type of soil iised. It was found that the Japanese
beetle {Adoretus umbrosus), one of the most important insect pests of grapes
in that region, was fairly well controlled by using rather strong doses of
arsenical sprays.

The principal work with avocados has been in connection with the develop-
ment of a winter-ripening type with a rind sufficiently hard and tough for pro-
tection from the fruit fly and for profitable shipment. Several different avoca-
dos resulting from the crossing of an unnamed promising seedling of Guate-
malan type with pollen from four varieties of West Indian avocados are under
observation. Seven varieties of avocados attracting much attention in Cali-
fornia were introduced into Hawaii during the year.

A number of mango hybrids have been produced in an attempt to combine
the several good qualities of the different varieties and are being gro^vn to
fruiting. In connection with the papaya breeding investigations, it is noted
that the excellence of flavor which characterized one of the original selections
has now been transmitted through three generations in a large proportion of
the offspring. There is also an encouraging ratio of bearing to nonbearing
ti'ees. Breeding work is being conducted with certain varieties of tomatoes in
an effort to secure a strain combining sufficient size with resistance to the
melon fly, Dacus ciicurhitw.

Notes are given on the possibilities of cacao growing in Hawaii, including a
discussion of climatic and soil requirements, previous trials of cacao, and
methods of cultivation.

[Horticulture at Substation No. 8, Lubbock, Tex., 1909-1914], R. E.
Kaeper (Texas Sta. Bui. 219 (1917), pp. 36-39. figs. 3).— A brief summary of
variety and adaptation tests conducted with vegetables, fruits, flowers, vines,
and shade and ornamental trees.

Massey's garden book for the Southern States, W. F. Massey (Birming-
ham, Ala.: The Progressive Farmer Co., 1918, pp. 121, pi. 1, figs. If). — The in-
troductory part of this work discusses garden soil and equipment. The suc-
ceeding parts give specific information for the culture of all the common vege-
tables, a monthly working calendar, instructions for growing small fruits and
the control of plant diseases and insects, various reference tables, and direc-
tions for lawn making.

Home vegetables and small frvrits, Fr.^nces Duncan (Neio York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1918, pp. XIV+193. pis. 8, figs. 28). — A popular treatise on the
culture and preservation of home vegetables and small fruits.

Dutch market gardening and its organization, H. M. R. Leopold (Internal.
Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Intcrvat. Rev. Agr. Eenn., 8 (1917). No. 9, pp. 1-6).— A
statistical account of the market garden industry in Holland. A short bibli-
ography of cited literature is included.

1918.] HORTICULTUBE. 843

The farm vegetable garden, H. O. Webnek {North Dakota Sta. Circ. 17
(1918), pp. 64. figs. 66). — A treatise on growing, harvesting, and storing the
farm vegetable supply, prepared with special reference to conditions in North
Dakota The winter forcing of plants and the starting and culture of vege-
tables in hotbeds and cold frames, as well as the outdoor culture of vegetables,
are considered. A plan is given of a one-third acre farm vegetable garden
operated at the station for three years, together with a graphic representation
of dates when various vegetables are seeded, harvested, and stored or forced in
order to carry out the station plan.

Disease-resistant varieties of tomatoes, S. N. Gkeen and J. G. Humbekt
(Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 3 (1918), No. 2, pp. 43~iS, figs. S).— This paper summarizes
tbe station work in the selection and improvement of disease-resistant strains
of tomatoes.

A number of individual plant selections were made in 1911 and selections
from these strains have been grown each season on the trial grounds at Wooster.
Another series of selections was begun by tbe authors in 1915 and the work of
testing the selections continued both at Marietta and at Wooster. The results
of trials at Marietta in 1917, with special reference to Fusarium resistance, are
presented in tabular form.

A strain of the Acme variety procured from the Louisiana Stations gave
complete resistance or immunity. This strain, however, gave no greater yield
than the nonresistant commercial varieties and was so late in season as to be
worthless for early cropping. Two strains of the Beauty variety, the Ohio 76
and the Tennessee Station strain 10-3, gave about the same resistance, 82 and
87 per cent, respectively. The Ohio strain gave the much heavier yield and
ripened its crop earlier. Selections are being made of the Bonny Best variety.
The work is to be continued until commercially important strains are secured
and increased for distribution.

Spray calendar, W. E. Brixton and G. P. Clinton (Connecticut State Sta.
Bui. 199 (1918), pp. 51-98, figs. 99).— A revision of Bulletin 183 of the station
(E. S. R., 32, p. 637). The present edition has been enlarged both as to text
and illustrations.

Information for fruit growers about insecticides, spraying apparatus, and
important insect pests, A. L. Quaintance and E. H. Siegler ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 90S (1918), pp. 99, figs. 7^). — This gives directions for the prepa-
ration and use of the more important insecticides necessary in combating the
various insect pests of orchards, vineyards, etc., as well as other information
of use in preventing or reducing insect losses to these crops. Various types of
spraying apparatus, nozzles, etc., are described and illustrated, with special
reference to their use in orchards and home grounds. A ready reference table
for the dilutions of sprays is given, and also a chart showing what sprays may
be combined and what plants treated with given sprays.

The paper concludes with a discussion of the more important insects attacking
the apple, pear, quince, peach, cherry, plum, grape, currant, and gooseberry,
and gives spraying schedules for the treatment of insects and diseases of the
apjjle, peach, and gi-ape.

Dusting V. liquid spraying, W. S. Bl.mk (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 5 (1918), No.
.3. pp. 226. 227). — Tests were conducted by the Experimental Station at Kent-
ville, Nova Scotia, in 1917 to find out the relative efiiciency of sulphur dust as
compared with the regular lime-sulphur spray in spraying apple trees.

Under the seasonal conditions of 1917 the dust was equally efficient a fungi-
cide as the lime-sulphur and gave better control of cankerworm and other
insects. The foliage injury was also less where the dust was used. The esti-
mated cost of dusting one 'acre of trees was $3.59 more than for spraying one

844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

acre with lime-sulphur, but this increased cost was offset by the great advantage
of reduced time In applying the dust.

Dusting V. liquid spraying in Quebec, C. E. Fetch (Agr. Gaz. Canada,
5 (1918), No. 3, pp. 231-233, fig. 1). — These experiments comparing the value of
dustiug and liquid spraying as methods of applying insecticides and fungicides
were performed in the demonstration orchard of the Quebec Department of
Agriculture at Havelock, Quebec.

The results for the one season of 1917 indicate that dusting with sulphur and
lead arsenate is fully as efficient in controlling diseases and pests as spraying
with lime-sulphur and does not burn the foliage so badly. Altliough dusting
costs more than spraying, the reduced time of application is considered to be a
great advantage, especially with the present shortage of labor.

Preparation and use of lime-sulphur, J. A. Stevenson and R. T. Cotton
{Porto Rico Dept. Agr. Sta. Circ. 13 (1918), pp. 9, fig. i).— Directions are given
for the preparation and use of lime-sulphur with special reference to the spray-
ing of citrus trees.

Cost of producing apples in Yakiina Valley, Wash., G. H. Miller and
S. M. Thomson (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 614 (1918), pp. 74, pls. 6, figs. i4).— This
is the fourth of a series of bulletins on the cost of apple production (E. S. R.,
36, p. 841). It reports a detailed study in 1915 of the current cost factors in-
volved in the maintenance of orchards and the handling of the crop on 120
representative bearing orchards in Yakima Valley.

The total annual acre cost of producing apples for the 120 farms studied was
$345.68, or 80.02 cts. per box, figured on an average yield of 432 boxes per acre
The net labor cost was 34.49 cts. per box, or 43.11 per cent of the total net cost.
Of the labor cost 17.71 per cent of the total cost was charged to maintenance
and 25.4 per cent to handling. Material and fixed costs were 45.-53 cts. per box,
or 56.S9 per cent of the total net cost. The greatest item of fixed cost was the
interest on investment, which made up 43.91 per cent of the cost other than
labor and 24.98 per cent of the total net annual cost. The increased labor cost
in cultivated orchards was offset by lower yields from orchards under the
mulch-crop system, hence the total cost of production was essentially the same
for both classes of orchards. Only orchards of bearing age, 7 years or older,
were considered in this investigation, their average age being 12.6 years.

Of the principal commercial varieties now grown, Winesap, Jonathan, and
Ben Davis make up about 43 per cent of the total acreage. Other important
varieties grown are Esopus. Missouri, Yellow Newtown, Rome, Beauty. Gano,
Arkansas, and Stay man Winesnp.

Tlie keeping quality of different varieties of apples, W. T. Macoun (Armi.
Rpt. Pomol. and Fruit Growing Soc. Quebec, 1916, pp. 82-88).— In this paper
the author discusses the keeping quality of various apples under average con-
ditions on the farm and presents the results of tests conducted for a number of
years in a small room in the apple cellar at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa.

Growing peaches: Sites and cultural methods, H. P. Gould {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 911 (1918), pp. 44. flffs. 27).— This is a revision and combi-
nation of the two publications formerly issued as Farmers' Bulletins 631 and
632 (E. S. R., 32, p. 338).

Gooseberries and currants, J. Oskamp {Indiana Sta. Bui. 207 {1911), pp.
S-11, figs. 10).— This bulletin contains suggestions relative to the culture, har-
vesting, and marketing of gooseberries and currants, including directions for
the control of insects and diseases and a descriptive list of varieties recom-
mended for Indiana based upon a 5-year test at the station.

1918] FORESTRY. 845

Some results in raising new raspberries, C. P. Newman (Ann. Rpt. Poiitol.
and Fruit Groiciny Soc. Quebec, 1916, pp. 114-121).— A popular account of the
author's methods of breeding and raising raspberry seedlings, including some of
the results secured.

The direct bearers at the National School of Agriculture, Montpellier,
L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. I'Est-Centre), 39 (1918), No. 10, pp. 218-
224). — -A- table is given showing the behavior of a large number of direct-bearing
hybrids with reference to the quantity of grapes and number of bunches per
plant, relative immunity of foliage and fruit to mildew, period of ripening, and
average weight of shoots per plant when grown both on its own roots and stock
grafted.

[Report on cultural plats at the Nasinu Experimental Station, Fiji], G. H.
Knowles (Fiji Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1916, pp. 2-8). — A progress report on cul-
tural experiments with cacao, coffee, rubber, bananas, citrus, and spices.

Fig growing in Florida, H. S. Elliott (Bien. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Fla., 14
(1915-16), pt. 2, pp. I4O-1 48) .—Popular directions are given for growing figs,
with special reference to the production of fresli figs and figs for canning.

A method of feeding manure to orange trees, A. D. Shamel (Cal. Citrogr.,
3 (1918), No. 6. pp. 124, 125, figs. 4). — Observations on the Bahian method of
using manure as experimentally tested in California orange groves are given.

The method here described consists essentially in burying the manure in
furrows midway between the tree rows. As tested in two groves in California,
this method appears to result in better tree growth than with the usual method
of broadcasting manures. In one of the tests described, the manure is applied
in a furrow midway between the trees running north and south one year and
midway between the trees i-unning east and west the next year.

FORESTaY.

Report of Cloquet Forest Experiment Station, W. H. Kenety (Minnesota
Sta. Bui. 169 (1917), pp. 64, figs. 53). — This bulletin comprises a progress report
on the various subprojects conducted at the Cloquet Station since its estab-
lishment in 1909. The methods used in the investigational work, including
summarized data on some of the projects, are given.

The projects considered include studies in forestation, such as seed produc-
tion, viability, and methods of extraction, nursery practice, species, methods,
and seasons for artificial reforestation, ecological conditions limiting the growth
and development of each species, exotics, and species not native to tliis region
but climatically adapted ; the effect of different forest stands on the accumula-
tion and melting of snow ; cutting systems for securing reproduction ; methods
of cutting ; natural reproduction ; thinnings ; valuation, based on immature
growth, soils suitable for forests, and other considerations; growth and yield
of different species; silvicultural studies; and individual tree studies.

Annual progress report on forest administration in the Province of Bihar
and Orissa for the year 1916-17, H. H. Haines (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin.
Bihar and Orissa, 1916-11, pp. [6.J]).— The u.sual progress report on the con-
stitution and management of the State forests of the Province of Bihar and
Orissa, including data relative to alterations in area, forest settlements, forest
surveys, working plans, forest protection, silviculture, exploitation, revenues
and expenditures, etc.

Progress report on forest administration in the Northwest Frontier Prov-
ince for the year 1916-17, II. Paenelt. (Rpt. Forest Admin. Northwest Frontier
Prov., 1916-11, pp. [23]-f AA'//).— A report similar to the above relative to the

846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fVol. 38

administration of the State foi-ests in tlie Nortlnvest Frontier Province for the
year 1910-17.

Progress report of forest administration in the Province- of Assam for the
year 1916-17, A. W. Blunt and W. F. L. Tottenham (Rpt. Forest Admin.
Assam., 1916-11, pp. [S2], pi. 1). — A report similar to the above relative to the
administration of the State forests of the Western and Eastern Circles in the
Province of Assam for the year 1916-17.

Annual administration report of the forest department of the Madras
Presidency for the twelve months ended June 30, 1917, H. A. Latham, H. B.
Bryant, P. M. Lushington, and C. D. McCakthy {Ann. Admin. Rpt. Forest
Dept. Madras, 1917, pp. 78+I/F+iS);— The usual progi-ess report (E. S. R., 37,
p. 146) relative to the administration of the State forests in the Northern,
Central, Southern, and Western Circles.

Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1916—17,
MuLRAj {Rpt. Forest Admin. Balucliifitan, 1916-17, pp. 11+27). — The usual
progress report (E. S. R., 37, p. 45) relative to the State forests in Baluchistan
for the year 1916-17.

A practical reforestation policy, G. A. Retan {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918),
No. 3, pp. 335-340). — In this paper the author examines the silvical and
economic status of the State-owned land in Pennsylvania and offers sugges-
tions relative to a practical policy for reforesting these lands.

The indicator significance of native vegetation in the determination of
forest sites, C. F. Korstian {Plant Woild, 20 {1917), No. 9, pp. 267-287).— In
this paper the author reviews the related literature of the subject and presents
tree growth data showing the relative productivity of tv\'o distinct western
yellow pine sites with differing types of native vegetation.

The role of artificial regeneration in the reenforcement of hardwood
woodlots, E. Seckest {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 3, pp. 329-33J,) .—In this
paper the author calls attention to certain species which might prove of value
in regenerating Ohio woodlots.

The relation of germination in the greenhouse and nursery, S. B. Show
{Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 3, pp. 319-328). — In this paper the author sum-
marizes the results of cutting, greenhouse, and nursery germination tests with
seed of yellow pine, .Jeffrey pine, and incense cedar conducted at the Feather
River Experiment Station (near Quincy, Cal.) of the U. S. Forest Service.

The work so far done .shows that for some species the cutting test gives an
excellent index of the germinating power of the seed, while for others it is
nearly worthless. With seed of yellow pine and Jeffrey pine from northern
California the relations between germination in the greenhouse and the nursery
to cutting-test values are remarkably consistent for all lots and for all years.
The first-year greenhouse tests, running for a period of 100 days, averaged but
75 per cent of the cutting test. The corresponding niu'sery tests exceeded the
greenhouse tests slightly and were 76 per cent of the cutting test, or just
normal. There is a much wider range of variation in seed from southern
California than for northern seed, and other considerations aside, the use
of southern seed is undesirable because of its inconsistent behavior.

The behavior of incense cedar is extremely variable. The nev,' seed with
eqiial greenhouse and nursery germination averaging 40 per cent of cutting test
values was the most reliable. Generally speaking, yellow and Jeffrey pines
display reasonably consistent average values for number of seed per pound,
relation of germination to the cutting test, and rapidity of germination, whereas
such species as sugar pine, incense cedar, and firs show such great variability
that average figures probably will apply only about half the time.

1918] FOBESTEY. 847

Aspen as a temporary forest type, F. S. Bakke (Jniir. Forestry, 16 (]f)18),
iVo. S, pp. 294-30'S, figs. S). — In this paper the author sums up the evidence
showing the temporary nature of aspen in contrast to the paper by Fetherolf
(E. S. R., 37, p. S37), in which aspen is considered as a permanent forest
type.

Accelerated growth of balsam fir in the Adirondacks, E. F. McCaethy
{Jour. Forestry. 16 {1918), No. 3, pp. 30J,-307, fig. 1).— The data here presented
are based upon measurements made following a pulp logging operation near
Brandeth Lake, N. Y. The author concludes that a crop of balsam tir, mer-
chantable as pulp logs, can be produced in 60 years from seedlings, and that
thinning will not be necessary during this period of production.

The planting of Scotch pine in Pennsylvania, J. S. Illick (Forest Leaves,
16 {1911), No. 6, pp. 87-90, pis. 4)- — A discussion of the peculiarities and de-
mands of Scotch pine {Pimis sylvestris), based on observations of plantings
made for several years in the State forests of Pennsylvania and on the Eiiro-
pean literature of the subject.

Studies of yield and reproduction of western yellow pine in Arizona and
New Mexico, G. A. Peakson {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 3, pp. 273-293).—
A progress report on yield and reproduction studies which were started in
1909 and are to be continued for several years.

The data given comprise a five-year record of four " extensive " plats ag-
gregating 1,138 acres in area. They show the increase in number of trees,
condition of stands, number of dead trees and cause of death, increment, and
reproduction. Factors influencing these data are also discussed. In view of
the short period of observation data secured on " intensive " plats which deal
with individual trees are for the most part omitted from this article.

First season's growth and mortality of white pine and red pine planta-
tions, C. H. Guise {Jour. Forestry, 16 {1918), No. 3, pp. 308-318, figs. 2).— The
study reported in this paper was conducted largely on an experimental area
of the department of forestry at Cornell University to determine the relative
rates of height growth and root development and the mortality during the first
season of planting with various grades of red pine and white pine nursery
stock. The data given are for the one season, 1915.

All grades of stock commenced and ceased height gi-owth during the same
period. The better the grade of stock planted, the more satisfactory were the
results as to growth and absence of mortality.

Memorandum recommending clean clearing of rubber estates in Malaya,
A. Shakples and W. N. C. Belgeave {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 6 {1917),
No. 2. pp. 88-91). — The authors present a general scheme for the treatment of
pests and diseases which attack the roots of rubber trees. The reconnnonda-
tions herein embodied are the result of work carried out in the mycological
laboratory of the Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture duriNg
1915-16.

The production and use of fuel wood, E. Seckest (Mo. Bvl. Ohio Sta., 3
{1918). No. 2. pp. 49-54, figs. 2). — This paper contains information relative to
the equipment and cost of producing fuel wood, together with hints on using
wood for fuel and suggestions relative to woodlot improvement.

Measuring woodland products, J. B. Berey {Ga. State Col. Agr. Bui. 142
{1918). pp. 16, figs. 9). — Methods of measuring and calculating the contents of
standing timber and of wood lot products are illustrated and described.

The distribution of softwood lumber in the Middle West, Pts, I, II. —
Studies of the lumber industry, VIII-IX, O. M. Butlee {U. S. Dept. Agr.
Rpts. 115 {1917), pp. 96, pis. «, figs. 25; 116 {1918), pp. 100, figs. 25).— A study
of lumber wholesaling and retailing in eleven of the Central States, including

848 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Voi. 38

data on costs and returns, retail and wholesale prices, lumber freights, and the
division of the retail piice of lumber among the various agencies concerned in
its manufacture and distribution. Report 115 deals with wholesale distribu-
tion and Refr?)rt 116 deals with retail distribution. The study was conducted
during 1914 and 1915 in connection with the general study of conditions in the
lumber industry in the United States (E. S. R., 36, p. 644; 38, p. 248).

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Report of the division of plant pathology, C. W. Carpenter (Haioaii Sta.
Rpt. 1917, pp. 33-Jf2, pis. 2). — An outline is given of work carried on by the
station during the year covered by the report, the principal investigations hav-
ing been on the diseases of the Irish potato and the banana.

Considerable trouble is reported with the Fusarium wilt disease of Irish
fiotatoes and the late blight due to Phytophtliora infestans. Spraying experi-
ments for the control of late blight were conducted on a large scale, an in-
crease of 57 per cent in yield of tubers being secured from plants given three
applications of 5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux mixture. The wilt disease due to F. oxyspo-
rum> has been repeatedly observed, and the author suggests hill selection of
seed, the discarding of such tubers as show brown discoloration at the cut
stem end, and planting in new soil as the best available means of control. The
mite disease of potatoes is briefly described, the trouble having been observed
early in May and June. It seems very prevalent and destructive in hot
weather, and is characterized by the withering and drying of the new terminal
growth and that in the leaf axils. Examination of infected material has
shown the constant presence of mites, but whether they are entirely responsible
for the trouble or only associated with it remains to be determined.

The author reports the occurrence in Hawaii of a disease of bananas closely
resembling that described by Drost (E. S. R., 27, p. 50) as due to a species of
Fusarium. This is said to be identical with the disease described by Fawcett
(E. S. R., 36, p. 852) as occurring in Porto Rico. Among other diseases of
bananas, a brief description is given of the rotting before they unroll of the
central leaves of the Chinese variety and the occurrence of minute gray spots
which later turn black on the fruits of the same variety. The spots are said
to increase in size more or less and to disfigure the fruit, rendering it unsightly
and unfit for export. A Gkeo.sporium-like fungus seems to be associated .with
this trouble.

A number of diseases on vegetables and fruits are listed.

Plant diseases, F. C. Stewart and M. F. Bakrus (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui 86
(1916). pp ?Ji26-2Jt31) . — Brief notes are given on apple scab, peach leaf curl,
pear blight, oat smut, stinking smut of wheat, tomato blight, bean anthracrose,
and potato diseases, and on the use of powdered sulphur.

Notes on Kouth Indian fung-i, W. McRae {Madras Agr. Dept. Yearbook,
1911, pp. 108-111). — A spike disease of paddy noted in the wet lands near
Coimbatore and said to be caused by Ephelis oryzos is briefly described. In
Karamadai, Coimbatore, and Pollachi, in Coimbatore District, and in Koilpatti
in Tinnevelly District, Andiropogon sorghum is attacked by a fungus which
changes the starch of the developing grain to sugar. In the absence of a per-
fect stage the fungus is called Sphacelia sorglii. Hapalopliragmium ponderosum
is noted as having produced galls on Acacia leiicophylla in Nellore, Chittoor,
Salem, aud Coimbatore districts. Mclampsora lini has been found on the
leaves of Linum iisitatissinmm, Melampsorella ricini on leaves of Ricinus com-
munis, and Puccinia spongiosa on Webera corymbosa, all in Coimliatore. Rhi-
zoctonia destruens is reported on potatoes near Balliguda Agency, Ganjum

1918.1 DISEASES OF PLANTS. 849

District, and on Sesbajiia grundiflora at Nellikuppan, South Arcot, and R. vio-
lacea on Medicapo saliva in tlie Salem District. On tlie Nilsiri HilLs, Phyllac-
tinia corylea (conidial stage only) was found on leaves of Moms alba, O'idium
citri on Citrus auranUum, and Pestalozzia funerea on Evcalyptus globulus.
Vermicularia curcumw was found on Curcuma longa in the districts of Kistna,
Coimbatore, and Kurnooi. CoUybia albuminosa, an edible mushroom, appears
each year during and after the northeast monsoon, growing from the " comb "
of an Odontotermes.

Diseases of v.oody plants in North Africa, R. Maire [Bui. Sta. Porest.
Nord Ajrione, J (1911), No. 5, pp. 183-1S6, fig. i).— Study of a leaf spot and
deformation of Rhus oxyacantha showed the presence of a fungus which is dis-
cussed and technically described as a new species of Exobasidium under the
name E. hesperUlum.

Rhizopus maydis, a new species, J. Bruderlein {Bui. Soc. Bot. Geneve,
2. 'seu, 9 (1917), No. IS, pp. 108-112).— A fungus found in corn meal is con-
sidered a new species and is technically described as R. maydis.

Grain smut, G. i.o Pkioee {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 49 (191(1), No. IS, pp. 425-
435). — Referring to earlier studies by himself (E. S. R., 7, pp. 224, 787) and
by others, the author gives an account of his more recent investigations on
Cladosporium herbarum as to its effects on different varieties of wheat. These
effects are discussed as to the alterations produced by the fungus.

Results of corn disease investigations, 6. N. Hoffeh and J. R. Holbeut
(Science, n. ser., 41 (1918), No. 1210, pp. 246, 247). — A preliminary report is
given of a three years' study of some little understood diseases of corn, tlie
investigations having been made with dent corn in ear-to-row tests.

The authors have found that barren stalks and .stalks which bear only
nubbins appear to be correlated with certain pathological conditions in the
plants. In test rows grown from ears wliich exhibited this pathological con-
dition in the seedlings, 15.2 per cent were barren stalks, and 6.2 per cent of
the stalks bore nubbins only, as contrasted with 6.3 per cent barren stalks
and 3.4 per cent nubbin-bearing stalks where no such condition was shown.

These investigations indicate that surface-sterilized seeds may harbor bac-
teria and species of Fusarium. This is particularly true of the bacteria which
cause a rotting of the seedling root tips, and this rotting is said to be charac-
teristic of the ears of corn which develop the greatest number of barren and
down stalks in the field. Controlling by hand poUiuation tlie fertilization of
apparently disease-free stalks greatly reduced the number of barren stalks.

Tests made of seed in the germinator are said to have shown that all kernels
from the same infested ear do not harbor pathogenic organisms, nor can the
rate of seedling development usually referred to as vitality be taken as a
criterion for assuming freedom from bacteria and species of Fusarium. The
rate of seedling development in the germinator is claimed to be not indicative of
the yield possibilities of that seed ear.

Greenhouse experiments en the rust resistance of oat varieties, J. H.
Parker (V. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 629 (1918), pp. 16, i)ls. S, figs. 3).— This paper
presents results obtained in greenhouse culture work at Cornell University with
the stem rust (Pucciiiia graminis avenw) and the crown or leaf rust of oats
(P. lolii avence).

Inoculations made on more than 120 strains showed SO of these to be entirely
susceptible to the rusts at both the seedling and the heading stages. Unques-
tionable resistance to stem rust appeared in only two varieties. White Tartarian
and Ruakura Rustproof, though several varieties of red oats (Avena sterilis),
including certain strains of Burt. Cook. Appier, Italian Rustproof, Red Rust-
proof, and Turkish Rustproof, are very resistant to crown rust. Resistance

850 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

to each of these rusts is claimed to be somewhat strictly specific. The evideuces
of I'esistauce as described for wheat also apply to oat varieties. Early pro-
ductiOH of telia ou seedling leaves probably indicates resistance.

Further search must be made for varieties resistant to stem rust, as no
variety of the A. sierilis group has yet been found which will withstand its
attacks. A basis is now olTered for making selections and crosses to produce
improved oat varieties resistant to crown rust and suited to conditions in
different oat-growing portions of the United States.

Tylenchus tritici on wheat in Virginia, F. D. Fkomme {Phytopathology, 7
(1911), No. 6, pp. J{52, .',5S. fiy. 1). — The author reports having received s])eci-
meus of wheat attacked by T. tritici from a correspondent in Virginia. Th*
presence of this nematode in wheat is said to have been noted for about six
years, and the loss in a field of 10 acres duf to its presence in 1017 is e.stimated
as about 2.5 per cent.

Sclerotinia trifoliorum, the cause of stem rot of clovers and alfalfa, A. H.
Gilbert and C. W. Bennett {Phytopathology, 7 {1911), No. 6, pp. Jii2-JtJf2. figs.
5). — An account is given of investigations of 8. trifoliorum, which is said to
attack alfalfa, crimson clover, red clover, and white clover and to have been
observed on one occasion on Euphorbia inueiiluta. This fungus has long been
known to attack red clover in Europe, but was first reported in this country on
red and crimson clover in 1890 (E. S. R., 3, p. 6S9). The authors desci-ibe the
disease and life history of the causal organism and give observations on its
morphology, parasitism, saprophytism, etc.

The disease causes a wilting of the leaves and stems and a rotting of the
stems and root systems, accompanied l>y the formation of black sclerutia.
Greenhouse experiments resulted in the production of the disease ou young
clover and alfalfa plants from pure cultures of the fungus.

Suggestions are given for the control of this disease, deep plowing, scattering
lime over the soil, and rotation of crops being considered effective methods.

Cabbage diseases, L. L. Harter and L. R. .Tones {U. &'. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 925 {lOlS), pp. 30, figs. H). — This is a revision and extension of Farmers'
Bulletin 488 (E. S. R.. 27, p. 249).

Short smut on cholam, S. Sundabaeaman {Madras Agr. Dept. Yearbook,
1911, pp. 99-101). — The fungus {Cintractia sorghi- vulgaris) causing the so-
called short smut ou cholam {Andropogon sorghum) is briefly described. This
is said to be the second crop, as regards acreage and importance, in the Madras
Presidency, and the loss caused by the smut is very considerable.

Tlie study here reported was intended to determine the location of infection
of the host plant, the minimum efl'ective concentration of copper sulphate solu-
tion, the effect of this concentration on germinability, and the efficiency of a
copper sulphate solution of definite concentration in preventing infection in a
crop. Steeping seeds in copper sulphate solution of 0.5 to 1 per cent concen-
tration did not reduce germinability, but sucli reduction did follow the use of
16 per cent strength. The duration of the treatment did not markedly affect
the germinability of the seeds. Strengths of 0.5 per cent and upward com-
pletely prevented the development of smut spores, untreated spores germinating
freely in 24 hours. Stirring appears to be essential to complete prevention of
the disease. Field tests gave similar results, and it was decided to recommend
a 2 per cent solution and a 15-niinute pcM'iod as safe and convenient. Formalin
is not considered as suitable for general use.

A Sclerotinia parasitic on Matthiola vallesiaca, A. Lendner {Bui. Soc. Bot.
Ge7irve. 2. scr., 9 {1911), No. 1-S. pp. 21-29. figs. .^).— The author notes the
presence of the fungus described as <S. hiatthbAn n. sp. on several crucifers,

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 851

but more particularly iDjurious to M. vallesiaca. The fungus is considered to
be closely related to S. panacis and )S. libertiana.

Wilt diseases of okra and the Verticillivim wilt problem, C. W. Cakpkmek

{V. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 (1918), No. 9, pp. 529-.5Jf6, pis. 12).

The author states that there are two wilt diseases of okra, caused, respectively,
by Fusarium vasinfectuiii and T'. alboatrum, which are so similar that they can
be differentiated only by isolating the causal fungi. The Fusarium wilt is
more serious in the southern portion of the okra-growing district, while the
Verticillium wilt is more serious in the northern portion, although the former
has been found in Connecticut and the latter in South Carolina and Alabama.
It is claimed that cotton may be attacked by both these fungi. V. alhoatruni
was isolated also from the discolored vascular system of wilting plants of
eggplant, potato, Abutllon, and Xanthium, causing a wilt disease in at least
the first two of these. It is also known to cause a wilt disease of snapdragon.
Both the fungi are readily cultivated artilicially, suggesting the persistence
of both in a saprophytic con'lition in the soil. Control measures suggested
include selection of seed from healthy plants only ; disinfection in formalin
solution, 1 : 240, for tv.o hours ; and avoidance in planning rotations of all
plants known to be susceptible to these fungi.

Further evidence relative to the varietal resistance of peanuts to Sclero-
tium rolfsii, J. A. McClintock {Science, n. ser., Ifi {191S), No. 1203, pp. 12,
13). — In continuation of a previous report (E. S. R., 37, p. 49), the author
presents additional data regarding the resistance of the variety Virginia
Runner to attacks of S. rolfsii.

Sugar-cane fungi and diseases of Porto Rico, .1. R. Johnston and J. A.
Ste\-enson (Jour. Dept. Agr. P. R., 1 (1911), No. 4, pp. 111-264, pJs. IS).— In
this report, which is intended to be a complete discussion of the sugar-cane
fungi of Porto Rico so far as yet studied and definitely determined, technical
descriptions are given of some ftmgus forms with some popular descriptions
of diseases and causal organisms.

It is stated that sugar-cane diseases have been present and serious since
1870, and that some now present several difficult problems. Fungi found
chiefly on the roots or lower stalk include Marasmius sacchari, Rimantia
stellifera, and (Jdontia saccharicola, all of these being more or less concerned
in the so-called root disease. The principal stalk diseases include red rot
(CoUetotrichum falcaUim), rind disease (Melanconium sacchari), and a new
disease (Cytospora sacchari) which seriously threatens certain varieties.
A number of leaf diseases are of universal occurrence, though none appear
to be seriously injurious. Descriptions are given of red spot of the leaf
sheath (Cercospora vagina:;), red rot of the leaf sheath (Sclerotiuin rolfsii),
eye spot (Hehninthosporium saccliari), ring spot (Lcptosphwria saccltari),
brown leaf spot (Cercospora longipes), red stripe, and wither tip. The only
important disease of cane cuttings, which is that due to Thielaviopsis paradoxa,
is readily prevented by dipping the seed in Bordeaux mixture.

A chlorotic disease occurring on the south coast is described in connection
with control measures. Yellow stripe occurs in very limited areas. The new
disease (as yet uncontrolled), which is characterized by a mottling of the
leaves followed by a stalk canker, occurs in the western portion of the island
occasioning heavy losses. Injuries due to such agencies as lightning, winds,
floods, and drought are also discussed. Certain abnormalities mentioned are
regarded as of little importance.

A bibliography is appended.

852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Tol. 38

An epiphytotic of cane disease in Porto Rico, J. A. Stevenson {Phyto-
pathology, 1 (Wll), Xo. 6, pp. Jfl8-Jf25, figs. 2). — An account is given of a dis-
ease of sugar cane which has been noted elsewhere (E. S. R.. 38, p. 150).

Tobacco wildfire, F. A. Wolf and A. C. Foster {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 12 (1918), No. 7, pp. 449-^58, pis. 2, figs. 2).— In this contribution
from the ISortli Carolina Experiment Station, the leaf spot of tobacco which
has been named wildfire (E. S. R., 38, p. 150) is said to exist in 19 counties of
North Carolina and in 3 of Virginia, and also to occur in Wisconsin. It is
claimed to be the most destructive disease of tobacco. While the disease origi-
nated in the seed bed or plant bed, only negative evidence has been obtained
to show that infection occurs through the seed. The organism (Bacterium
tahacum), which has an incubation period of about 72 hours, forms large
spots within one week on the leaves, to the parenchymal portions of which it
is confined. Moisture, especially when accompanied by wind, is of prime im-
portance in the rapid spread of the disease.

Brown rot of fruit. — Investigations in Hawke's Bay, G. Esam (Jour. Agr.
[Neny Zeal.], 15 (1911), No. 2, pp. 84-89) .—Brown rot. considered the most
destructive of the many pests and diseases attacking fruits and fruit trees
in New Zealand, is briefly discussed as causing severe injury in Hawke's Bay
and Auckland. A brief account is given of the life history of the disease, and
also of investigations. Inoculation tests are described which seem to indicate
that the organism is a wound parasite.

Root knot of fruit trees, J. A. Campbell (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.'\, 15 (1917),
No. 2, pp. 63-68, figs. 5). — Root knot and associated or similar abnormalities due
to Bacterium tumefaciens, after being almost totally suppressed in New Zea-
land following Government and other action, appeared again in 1915. In 191G
a serious situation became evident, this leading to investigations vmder the
direction of the minister of agriculture.

The resulting report states that root knot and hairy root are due to the same
organism. Trees from affected nurseries appearing clean when planted may
develop galls after 12 months. Root knot is said to be highly detrimental to
peach and raspberry, and possibly detrimental also to apple or pear.

Field experiments with crown gall, 1913-1917, H. Ness (Texas Sta. Bui.
211 (1917), pp. 3-21, figs. 7). — The rapid spreading of crown gall in Texas
orchards is thought to have had its beginning in the extensive planting of
commercial-peach orchards some 25 or 30 years ago. The climate of the
Southern States is thought to be favorable to this disease, owing to its humidity
and comparative freedom from frost. Absence of noticeable galls is no reliable
indication of freedom from infection by the gall organism (Bacterium tume-
faciens). Infection may occur through very slight contacts.

Tests were made with several fungicides of different strengths, and it ap-
pears that copper sulphate will prevent the occurrence of crown gall on nur-
sery stock, if it is properly used. For sound peach trees 7 oz.. and for apple
trees about 1 lb., to 26 gal. of water, with an exposure of two hours in either
case, are recommended. Preparation for this treatment includes the cleaning
and pruning of the roots and branches and careful examining of the roots. The
collar should be several inches below the surface of the disinfecting solution.
The tops also should be carefully wetted with the copper solution.

Black spot of apples [and pears], W. H. Taylor (Jour. Agr. [Neiv Zeal.},
15 (1917), No. 2, pp. 98-100). — Venturia inwqualis (Fusicladium dendriticum)
and V. pyrina are discussed in connection with their effects on apple and pear,
respectively, and their treatments, the latter being very similar for both species
and preferably preventive.

1918.] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 853

A fungoid disease attacking pears, I. W. Helmsing {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.],
15 {1917), Xo. 2, pp. 96, 97, figs. 4)- — Entomosporium macitlatiim. causing a
disease resembling pear scab {Tenturia pyrina), is briefly described as attack-
ing readily the fruits of several varieties of pear and sometimes the young
trees in the nursery, causing defoliation with a severe drain on their vitality.
Peach, quince, and other orchard trees are also attacked by this fungus.

Black knot of plum and cherry, R. C. Walton {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta.. S
{191S), Xo. 2, pp. 36-38, figs. 2). — A popular description is given of the charac-
teristics of the black knot of plum and cherry due to the fungus Plowriyhtia
morbosa, with recommendations as to control measures.

The anthracnose disease of the raspberry and related plants, W. H. Burk-
HOLDEK {Xevj York Cornell Sta. Bui. 395 {1917), pp. 155-183, figs. iO).— A marked
decrease in raspberry acreage and yield occurring within the last ten years
is attributed principally to several diseases, of which anthracnose is regarded
as the most serious. Varietal susceptibility is not prominent within this species.
The red raspberries {Ruhus idccus and R. idanis aculeatissimus) are not very
susceptible but the black raspberry {R. Occident nlis) is very markedly so. The
disease has been shown previously to be caused by Plectodiscella veneta, the
perfect form of Glceosporium ven-etum (E. S. R., 33. p. 350; 38, p. 252). An ac-
count is given of the life history and the geographic distribution of the fungus,
the symptoms on various portions of the host, its morphology and nomenclature,
its pathological histologj', its cultural characters, inoculation experiments,
effects of weather conditions, and control, which is aided greatly by careful
selection. A review of spraying experiments is not uniformly encouraging.

Ammonium sulphid wash for American gooseberiy imildew, J. V. Eyre
and E. S. Salmon {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 {1917), No. 11, pp. 1098-1100).—
This note states that an extensive series of experiments, carried out under
glass and in the open air during 1916, has again demonstrated the value of
ammonium sulphid as a fungicide as against powdery mildews (Erysiphacese)
in general, and in particular the American gooseberry mildew, the results com-
pletely corroborating the conclusions from a study previously reported (E. S.
R., 35, p. 654). The present communication emphasizes the absolute necessity
of including 0.5 per cent soft soap (5 lbs. to 100 gal.) in order to secure thorough
wetting of the surface. Directions are given for making up an effective form
of this preparation.

The supposed injury to vines by sulphurous anbydrid, A. Trotter {Riv.
Patol. Veg., 9 {1917), No. 1-2, pp. 1-24).— A discussion Is given of the data
and views of several investigators regarding the alleged Injury to grapevines
by sulphur compounds.

Anthracnose or black spot of the vine, F. de Castella and C. C. Brittle-
bank {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Virtorin, 15 {1917), No. 7, pp. m-421, figs. 16).— It is
stated that after being almost completely absent from vineyards in Victoria
for almost 20 years, black spot has reappeared, showing in some localities
unusual virulence. A discussion is given of the disease and of preventive
measures.

New disease of the pineapple reported, D. B. IMackie {Philippine Agr.
Rev. [English Ed.], 10 {1917), No. 2, p. 150, pi. i).— Mention is made of a dis-
ease affecting two varieties of pineapple in the Philippine archipelago. It is
characterized by tissue hypertrophy, causing a rough appearance of the fruit.
A heart rot of the suckers may be due to the same trouble. The disease is
thought to be identical with the one which has proved troublesome in the
Hawaiian Islands.

854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

The crown canker disease of rose, L. M. Massetx" {Phytopathology, 7 {I'.ill),
No. 6, pp. JtOS-417, figs. S). — The author reports having his attention called in
September, 1916, to a hitherto unreported disease of roses grown near Phila-
delphia. Subsequently, plants affected with the crown canker disease were re-
ceived from growers in Missouri, Pennsylvania, Indiana, iMlchigan, Massachu-
yetts, and New York. Botli grafted plants and those gi'owing on their own roots
are said to be affected, and it is considered questionable whether any variety
is inunune. From the investigation thus far carried on, the author believes
that this may prove to be one of the most important diseases of roses grown
under glass. So far no record of the disea.^e on plants gi-own out-of-doors lias
been made.

Plants are affected at the crown, usually just at the surface of the soil, the
lesion in advanced cases frequently extending several inches above the soil.
The first indication of the disease is a slight discoloration of the bark, the color
rapidly deepening to black and the tissues appearing water-soaked. Soon cracks
appear in the bark, extending into the wood. Later a swelling of the stem
occurs at and above the affected areas and the cracks become deeper and more
evident. One very noticeable characteristic of the disease is said to be the
punky consistency of the diseased tissue, especially that underground. Suckers
developing from the roots of diseased plants are usually spindling and yellow
and are commonly affected at the point of attachment to the main stem.
Affected plants do not die quickly but yield increasingly poorer and fewer
blossoms.

The crown canker disease is said to be caused by the fungus Cylindrocladium
scoparium, and a detailed account is given of its pathogenicity, cultural charac-
ters, and moisture relations.

Experiments are said to be under way in the hope of developing some
method of control for the crown canker of the rose, but at present soil steriliza-
tion and the exercise of care in using only healthy stock and scions seem to be
the only feasible methods of controlling the disease.

Cronartiuru cerebrum on Pinus resinosa, J. 11. Weib and E. B. Hubert
{Phytopathology. 7 (.1917), No. 6, pp. 450, 451). — The Norway pine (P. resinosa)
is usually considered free from attacks of tree rusts, but the authors report
infection by C. cerebrum on a young Norway pine tree which stood in a dense
staml of 7'. banksiana heavily infected v.nth the rust.

The sig'nificance of diseases in the economy of Malayan rubber planta-
tions, A. SiiAKPLES (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 6 (1917), pp.
225-229). — A review is given of researches on fungus diseases of Ilevea hrasili-
ensis in Malaya. Two instances of serious attack by root diseases are cited as
showing the necessity for active measures in sanitation. A practice which has
been effective in the past in combating diseases was to grow more ti'ees than are
absolutely necessary in order to provide a compensatory growth to offset the
ravages of root disease. Conditions for the spread of fungus diseases are said
to be more favorable at the present time in Malaya than in any other rubber
growing region, so that this practice is now ineffective and the menace from
disease is becoming serious. The two main requirements of the present time
are a physiological investigation regarding the role of the latex in the metabolic
processes of the plant and the extent of the interference of latex exti*action
with the development of the tree.

Bark canker in Hevea brasiliensis, A. Shaeples {Roy. Bot. Gard. Keio, Bui.
Misc. Inform., No. 6 {1917), pp. 219-225). — The author has collected observa-
tions on Hevea bark canker which have been made in various rubber growing
regions. These are considered to show that the present situation is most un

1918] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 855

satisfactory and that the subject still requires further patient investigation
before the disease can be successfully combated.

Spike disease of sandal, L. C. Coleman (Dept. Agi: Mysore, Mycol. Ser. Bui.
3 {1917), pp. IV+52, pis. 19, figs. 3).— A study of the so-called spike disease of
sandal continued for several years is described in considerable detail in a re-
port which is considered as clearing the way for further studies of this trouble,
which is said to cause large and increasing losses over a considerable portion of
southern India.

While the disease was not referred to any unfavorable condition in soil,
climate, or association as regards its causation, it is thought that unfavorable
conditions increase its virulence and transmissibility. The trouble shows itself
in a profound disturbance of the ordinary functions, leading to a continuous
growth of leaves and twigs, a characteristic reduction in the size of the latter,
an accumulation of starch in the leaves and branches, and death of the haustoria
and root ends. It is communicable by grafting, and supposedly due to an ulti-a-
microscopical organism. Similar and similarly infectious diseases have been
noted on other trees in areas where sandal grows. It is claimed that the disease
may be spread by means of root connections, birds, or insects.

The efEect of Roentgen and ultraviolet rays upon fungi, H. L. Tbumbuix
and J. W. HoTSON {Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 6, pp. 426-431, figs. 2).— It is
stated that the museum of the University of Washington, Seattle, which served
as a forestry building during the exposition conducted in 1909, was built of
logs of green Douglas fir and western hemlock. These logs are said to be
showing signs of decay resulting from an attack of Pomes pinicola. Experi-
ments have been conducted to combat the ravages of the fungus, principally by
impregnation of the wood with copper and other salts, but to avoid the dlRiculties
of such treatment experiments were also conducted with Roentgen and ultra-
violet rays to determine the possibility of destroying the fungi. Exposures were
made to both kinds of rays for varying periods of time.

The results obtained do not indicate that the method employed would prove
suitable for the control of such wood-destroying fungi as F. pinicola.

Some problems connected v/ith the treatment of fungus diseases by spray-
ing, E. S. Salmon and J. V. Eyee {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Set., 86 {1916), pp.
488, ^89).— This is mainly a discussion of the different avenues of approach
ordinarily open to the solution of the various jiroblems that arise in connection
with economic diseases of plants, namely the fungus itself, the host, and the
nature of the fungicide. Another aspect of the problem is the effect of a sub-
stance to increase the fungicidal properties of another substance, as in the case
of parafiin in a spray fluid containing soluble sulphid, or of soap in liver of
sulphur. Still another aspect is the question of securing intimate contact of
the spray with the fungus by the addition of ingredients to lower the surface
tension of the si^ray fluid and the measurement of such lowering.

The conduction of potassium cyanid in plants, J. A. Elliott {Phytopa-
thology, 7 {1917), No. 6, pp. 44S-4Jt8, figs. 2). — A report is given of experiments
conducted by the author with herbaceous and woody plants to determine the
path of conduction of potassium cyanid through the plants and the extent of
local and general injury.

It was found that potassium cyanid is conducted in the vessels and diffuses
from them into the surrounding tissues, the diffusion being greatest when the
conduction is slowest. Injury to the plants is said to be local, corresponding
to the distribution of the potassium cyanid, except where the local injury
has a secondary injurious effect on other parts of the plants. Actively growing
tissues are most readily killed. In woody plants, injury is dependent on the
65162°— 18 5

856

EXPEBXMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

amount of cambium reached by the cyanic! and the extent to which other parts
of the plant are dependent on the injured cambium.

The wide difCerences in results of treatment of plants with potassium cyanid
are believed to be due to slightly different manners of treatment in the different
cases. Less injury is to be expected when trees are treated in the dormant
state.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ElilTOMOLOGY.

Pood habits of the swallows, a family of valuable native birds, F. E. L.
Beal {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 619 {1918), pp. 28, pis. 2).— This is a report of a
technical study of the food habits of 7 of the 13 species of swallows occurring
within the limits of the United States, namely, the purple martin {Progne
&ubis) ; cliff, or eaves, swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons) ; barn swallow
(Hirundo erythrogastra) ; tree, or white-bellied, swallow {Iridoprocne bicolor) ;
violet-green swallow {Tachycineta thalassina) ; bank swallow (Riparia rip-
aria) ; and rough- winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) . All the species
are more or less gregarious and these 7 are of such wide disti*ibution as to
render their food habits a subject of economic interest.

Lists are given of the insects identified in the stomachs of the 7 species,
together with the following table showing the relative proportions of the most
important elements of food of the species:

Relative prqportitons of the most important elements of the food of swaUoics.

Food items.

Purple
martin.

CHff
swal-
low.

Barn
swal-
low.

Tree
swal-
low.

Violet-
green
swal-
low.

Bank
swal-
low.

Roueh-
winced
swal-
low.

Avera.f^e
for tlie
7 species
of swal-
lows.

Weevils

P.ct.
2.63
9.90
3.52

19.47

14.58

16.09

9.39

1.09

22.87

.46

P.ct.

8.38

18.50

8.24

20.51

26.32

13.25

.46

.71

2.56

.41

.65

P.ct.

1.96

13.66

9.89

12.82

15.10

39.49

2.39

.51

3.72

.28

.18

P.ct.

1.92

12.50

6.37

7.58

5.59

40.54

1.07

.38

4.25

.34

19.46

P.ct.

4.12
6.45
9.42
17.48
35.96
19.36
3.12

P.ct.

5.78

12.12

13.39

20.10

7.96

20.63

1.21

.01

12. 64

.14

.02

P.ct.
4.93

9. GO

11.99

18.91

14.90

32.89

1.11

.12

4.48

.56

.21

P.ct.

4.25

Other beetles ...

11.86

Ants :

8.07

16.70

Hemiptera

17.20

Diptera

20. 89

2.68

.40

4.09

7.80

.31

2.93

The crow and its relation to man, E. R. Kalmbach {V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui.
621 (1918), pp. 92, pis. 2, figs. 3). — This new treatise on the economic status of
the crow (E. S. R., 7, p. 840) discusses in detail the beneficial and harmiiu
food habits of the crow, gives a general account of its life history and geo-
graphic distribution, and shows how it may be controlled where necessary.
It is pointed out that while the misdeeds with which the crow has been con-
victed greatly outnumber its virtues these are not necessarily equal in impor-
tance. Much of its damage to crops and poultry can be prevented while its
services in the control of insect pests can ill be spared. As the capabilities of
the crow for both good and harm are great, it is believed that an extermina-
tion of the species would have ultimate consequences no less serious than
an overabundance.

A list of the insects and other animals and plants specifically or generically
identified in the stomachs of 2,118 crows examined is included.

Diagnosis of a new pycnonotine family of Passeriformes, H. C. Obeb-
HOLSEB {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7 (1917), No. 17, pp. 537-541).

1918.1 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 857

British birds, A. Thobbuen {London: Longmans, Green d Co., 1916, 2. ed.,
vols. 1, pp. VIII +143, pis. 20; 2, pp. VI +72, pis. 20; 3, pp. VI +87, pis. 2o]
4, pp. VII +107, pis. 20). — This work contains sketches in color from life
of more than 400 species of British birds, including not only resident species
but also tliose which more or less regularly or even rarely visit the British
Isles. An attempt has been made, where space permitted, to represent as many
species as possible of the same family on the same plate, drawn to the same
scale. A short description is given of each of the various species represented
as well as notes on their distribution, nest and eggs, food, song, and habits.

The control of imported pests recently found in New Jersey, H. B. Weiss
{Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 122-125).— l<iotes are given on the more
important insects imported irnto New Jersey and their control.

[Insects and insect control in Oregon] {Proc. Wash. State Hort. Assoc,
IS {1917), pp. 99-104, 108-124) .—The sever^il papers relating to insects and
their control, here presented, include the following: Codling Moth Conditions
of 1916, by R. E. Trumble (pp. 99-104) ; Spraying Apple Orchards, with Special
Reference to Aphis Control, by S. W. Foster (pp. 108-111) ; Nicotin Sulphate in
Codling Moth Control, by F. E. De Sellem (pp. 111-121) (E. S. R., 38, p. 653) ;
and The Strawberry Root Weevil, by A. L. Melander (pp. 121-124), noted on
page 864.

Report of the Dominion entomologist for the year ended March 31, 1917,
C. G. Hewitt {Canada Dept. Agr., Rpt. Dominion Ent., 1917, pp. 24). — This is
the usual brief statement of the work of the year (E. S. R., 38, p. 556). An
index to the subject matter is included.

Insect pests [in Grenada], F. Watts {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies^ Rpt.
Agr. Dept. Grenada, 1916-17, pp. 12, 13). — A brief report on the more important
inseqt pests of the year.

[Economic insects of Japan] (In A Collection of Essays for Mr. Yasushi
Natca, letc.], edited by K. Nagano. Gifu, Japan; Naica Ent. Lab., 1917, pp.
1-95, pis. 8, figs. 10). — Among the papers included in this collection of essays
written in commemoration of the sixtieth birthday of Y. Nawa are A New
Genus of Bark Beetles [Orosiotes], by Y. Niisima (pp. 1-4) ; Two Species of
Termites from Foochow, China, by M. Oshima (pp. 5-7) ; Three New Species of
Trichosiphum in Formosa, by M. Maki (pp. 9-22) ; Notes on Some LeuidoD-
tera Heterocera of Japan, with Descriptions of Two New Genera [INIargaronia
and Hirayamaia] and Four New Species, by N. Marumo (pp. 23-37) ; and
Synopsis of the Pemphigidre of Japan, by S. Matsumura (pp. 39-94). Twenty-
nine species of aphids of the family Pemphigidje representing 19 genera are
recognized as occurring in Japan, of which 20 species and 7 genera (Mansakia,
Nurudea, Nurudeopsis, Fushia, Gobaishia, Watabura, and Nishiyana) are de-
scribed as new to science.

War on greenhouse pests, H. A. Gossard {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 3 {1918), No.
2, pp. 55-61, figs. 4). — A popular account in continuation of that previously
noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 762).

Important foreign insect pests collected on imported nursery stock in
1917, E. R. Sasscee {Jotir. Econ. Ent., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 125-129).— This is
a summary of information on the insects intercepted during 1917 in the course
of State and Federal inspection work.

Notes on insects injurious to coffee, T. J. Andeeson {Dept. Agr. Brit. East
Africa Bid. 2 {1917), pp. 20-43) .—This consists of brief notes on the more im-
portant insects of coffee, mth a discussion of control measures.

Insects and camp sanitation, E. P. Felt {Jour. Eeon. Ent., 11 {1918), No.
1, pp. 93-106).— A general discussion of the subject on which a more extended
account by the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 760).

858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3S

A method of graphically illustrating the distribution of injury by an
insect pest, F. Z. Haktzell {Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 (1918), No. 1, pp. 32-39, figs.
2). — The method devised by the author is described, the grape flea-beetle being
used in giving a practical explanation of its application.

Toxicity of volatile organic compounds to insect eggs, W. Mooke and S. A.
Gbaham (TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jo,ur. Agr. Research, 12 (1918), No. 9, pp. 579-587).—
Investigations conducted at the Minnesota Experiment Station, here reported,
are summarized by the authors as follows:

" In general compounds with high boiling point and slight volatility are more
effective in dipping and spraying insect eggs than compounds with low boiling
point and high volatility. Compounds with low boiling points kill freshly laid
eggs more readily than eggs in which the embryo is partially or fully developed.
Compounds of higher boiling points are more toxic to eggs with fully developed
embryos than they are to eggs in which the embryo is only slightly formed.
Kerosene containing both high and low boiling points is destructive to both
young and old, but is only slightly toxic to partially developed eggs. The
toxicity of the vapor or organic compounds to insect eggs is related to the
boiling point and the volatility. As the boiling point increases and the vola-
tility decreases the toxicity increases."

A list of 10 references to the literature is appended.

The influence of molasses on the adhesiveness of arsenate of lead, ^. Ti.
Haetzell {Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 62-66). — In reporting upon
the results of adhesive tests it is stated that the success which attended earlier
experiments was probably due to the lack of rain immediately following the
application of the spray mixture containing molasses. In field work excellent
results have been secured from the use of molasses and arsenate of lead in the
control of the grape root-worm through studying tlie weather conditions and
applying the spray at a time when there is little probability of rain, and by
following the first spraying in a'bout one week with an application of Bordeaux
mixture and lead arsenate to act as a repellent to invading beetles which might
enter the vineyard during the dispersion period. It is recommended that the
weather conditions be observed and the molasses and arsenate of lead mixture
applied at a time when freedom from rain is to be expected for at least three
or four days.

Spreaders for arsenate sprays, A. L. Lovett {Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 {1918),
No. 1, pp. 66-69). — In preliminary tests at the Oregon Experiment Station sage
tea and a casein lime mixture gave the least burn and approximated the ideal
sought for in a spreader.

Appearance of the male Carausius morosus and its longevity, G. Foxjcheb
{Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris}, 165 {1917), No. 16, pp. 511-513).— This paper
relates to an orthopteran which is a remarkable example of parthenogenicity.

The eggplant lace bug in Porto Bico (Corythucha monacha), R. T. Cotton
{Jour. Dept. Agr. P. R., 1 {1917), No. 8, pp. 170-173).— An. account of studies
of C. monacha, which is the worst of the many insect pests of the eggplant in
Porto Rico.

A key to the species of the genus Ceresa occurring north of Mexico and
the description of a new species, E. H. Gibson and Emma Wells {Bui. Brook-
lyn Ent. Soe., 12 {1917), No. 5, pp. 110-118). — A key is given for the separation
of 17 species of membracids of the genus Ceresa, known to occur north of
Mexico, of which the species Ceresa militaris from Missouri is described as
new.

Notes on three species of apple leaf-hoppers, F. H. Lathrop {Jour. Econ.
Ent., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 144-148, figs. 5).— This is a brief report of observa-
tions at the New York State Experiment Station on the life history and habits

1918.1 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 859

of three important leaf-hoppers attacking apple, Empoasca mali, E. unicoloi;
and Empoa roscc.

During the summer and fall of 1915 there was a heavy infestation in the
district of western New York about Geneva of E. mali and E. rosce was quite
common. Their attacks were in evidence in all orchards observed, whereas
E. unicolor was comparatively rare and no cases of heavy infestation were
observed. During the following season, which was fully two weeks later than
normal, E. mali, though decidedly injurious, was less in evidence than during
the preceding season, while E. unicolor was exceedingly plentiful, proving to
be a true pest and by far outnumbering E. mali. E. rosw was again prevalent
in 1916, and in spite of its natural enemies did considera-ble injury.

On apple E. mali feeds almost exclusively on the tender terminal growth and
shows a marked preference for young, growing trees. E. rosw and E. unicolor
both largely attack the older leaves, but occur on both old and young trees.
E. mali causes a severe and characteristic curling of the foliage and resultant
injury to the trees. Further experiments must be conducted before any conclu-
sion can be drawn as to their transmission of fire blight.

E. rosoi and E. unicolor pass the winter in the egg stage, while E. mali hiber-
nates largely if not exclusively in the adult stage.

A graph is given showing the life cycles of the three species as observed at
Geneva during the two seasons.

Texas aphid notes, F. B. Paddock (Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp.
29-32). — A brief review of observations of plant lice in Texas that have been
recorded by the author and others.

A simple means of ascertaining if a sterilizing hut is hot enough to de-
stroy lice and nits in clothing- or blankets, A. Bacot {Brit. Med. Jour., No.
2953 {1917), p. 151).— The author has found that stearin, which melts at 60°
C. (140° F.), is a satisfactory indicator as to tlie amount of heat and length of
time required for destroying lice and nits in clothing and blankets, nits pro-
tected by a single thickness of khaki cloth being killed by 15 minutes' exposure
to a temperature of 52°. Seven gm. of stearin in a porcelain pot 2.5 in. deep
and 2.5 in. in diameter requires 30 minutes to melt, a small portion being still
unmelted after 25 minutes ; 10 gm. requires between 40 and 50 minutes for melt-
ing, only a narrow ring being melted within 30 minutes.

" If two pots, one containing 7 gm. and the other containing 10 gm., are
placed or hung slightly below the level of the lowest garments in the sterilizing
room, one can be sure, if all the stearin in the 7 gm. pot is melted before the
removal of the garments, that the exposure has been sufficient, botli as regards
period and heat ; while, if all the stearin is melted in the pot containing 10 gm.,
it will show that greater heat or longer exposure than was necessary has been
used. ...

" Nits and stearin were exposed together, and it was found that the stearin
was more resistant to these conditions than the nits. For instance, when the
temperature was rapidly raised from 21 to 80° within 20 minutes, the nits were
killed, while the 7 gm. of stearin was not quite all melted. A rise to the same
temperature in IS minutes showed the same result. A rise to 82° in 15 minutes
was jxist sufficient to melt aU the stearin, the nits being kiUed. Again, a rise
in 12 minutes to 81° killed the nits, but left a central disk of stearin unmelted."

Annual reports of the Royal Sericultural Station, Padua, E. Verson et at..
{Ann. R. Staz. Bacol. Padova, 89-40 {1911), pp. 282, pi 1, figs. S; 41 {1914),
pp. 201; pU. 4; 42 {1915-16), pp. 185, pl-s. 3, figs. 13).— These ai-e the usual re-
ports (E. S. R., 25, p. 662) dealing with sericultural investigations. Each
includes a list of publications relating to the subject that were issued during
the period covered.

860 EXPEBIME-NT STATION EECORD. [Vol.38

The use of phototaxy iu selecting from the moment of their birth those
larvae of Bombsrx mori most resistant to the disease flacherie, C. Acqua
(Abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'[, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8
(1917), No. 6, pp. 910-912). — During investigations carried out to determine
tlie action of liglit on tlie movements of B. mori the autlior found tliat the
newly-hatched larvse immediately turn to the source of light and that this
movement diminishes during the following days and disappears entirely at
the end of the first stage. During the subsequent stages there is an inverse
but less energetic movement and the larvse tend to avoid the light. The larvae
which were most resistant to flacherie were those which from the time of
their birth had traveled farthest

Gipsy moth larvse as ag'ents in the dissemination of the white-pine blister
rust, G. F. Gravatt and G. B. Posey {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
12 {1918), No. 7, pp. 4^9-462). — The investigations here reported, which were
conducted in 1917 at Kittery Point, Me., with the view of determining the
relation of gipsy moth larvse to the dissemination of the spores of the causal
organism of white-pine blister rust {Cronartium ribicola), have been sum-
marized as follows :

" The period of hatching and of wind dissemination of gipsy moth larvse
came within the period of spore production of the blister rust on pines. Larvse
fed abundantly on spores and injured the fruiting layer of the pustules so
that further spore production was arrested. Darvse from blister rust cankers
.had thousands of viable spores on their bodies. A small percentage of the
larvse collected from fly paper and from species of Ribes near infected pines
showed seciospores on their bodies. Gipsy moth larvse were found feeding on
leaves of Ribes spp., and in some cases the only infected leaves on plants of
this genus were tho.se showing insect injury. The Bureau of Entomology has
shown (E. S. R., 37, p. 254) tliat these larvse are blown by the wind up to a dis-
tance of 20 miles. Within this distance the larvse are potential agents in the
spread of the white-pine blister rust (within the area infested by the gipsy
moth)."

The apple ermine moth, P. J. Parrott (Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 (1918), No. 1,
pp. 55, 56). — In an earlier report from the New York State Experiment Station
(E. S. R., 23, p. G57) the author dealt with the cherry ermine moth (Ypono-
meuta padellus) which was imported on cherry seedlings. An associated
species, the apple ermine moth (Y. mfilinella), has since been observed in New
York on apple, and in the present paper notes on its identity and distribution
in nurseries are presented. Since 1910 It has been discovered each year In
plantings of foreign stock in New York, but has not been reported from outside
the State, except in New Brunswipk. Whether the two forms represent dis-
tinct species or are only varieties of the same ^peeies remains to be determined.

The imported cabbag-e worm in Wisconsin, H. F. Wilson and L. G. Gent-
nee (Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 (1918), No. 1, pp. 79-81, pis. 2).—" While Paris green
gives efiicient control the cost is too high for eoonomical use. Lead arseuat-e
and calcium arsenate at the rate of 1 lb. of the powder or 2 lbs. of the pa.ste to
50 gal., with the addition of 1 lb. or more of common laundry soap, give effi-
cient control and are the most economical to use. The failure of zinc arsenite
to control the cabbage worm is not understood and further experiments will
be made. No trace of arsenic was found to be present on sprayed heads pre-
pared for cooking even when sprayed as late as a week before picking. The
outer leaves may carry enough arsenic to poison stock and are therefore dan-
gerous to use for that purpose."

Nicotin sulphate an effective ovicide for codling moth eggs, A. L. Lovett
{Jour. Econ. Ent^ 11 (1918), No. 1, pp. 149, 150).— The author first refers to

1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 861

the successful results obtained by De Sellera at North Yakima, Wiish., in the
control of the codling moth through the use of nicotin sulphate (E. S.' R., 38,
p. 653). See also abstract noted on page 857. Experiments conducted by the
author and briefly reported upon show that nicotin sulphate is an effective
ovicide for codling moth eggs and that the addition of soap renders it practi-
cally perfect in this regard.

Some esperiments on the adults and egg-s of the peach tree borer, Sanni-
noidea exitiosa, and other notes, A. Peterson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 {1918), No.
1, pp. 46-55, figs. 2).— This is a report of studies at the New Jersey Experi-
ment Stations, particularly of control measures, made during the summer of
1917, near Clementon, N. J., in a heavily infested SO-acre orchard of seven- to
eight-year old peach trees of different varieties.

Data relating to the repellent effect of various sprays during oviposition,
the effect of sprays on eggs, etc., are reported in tabular form. The results
obtained indicate the improbability of developing a poison bait for the adult,
the partial repellent effect of certain chemicals on the female while ovipositing,
and the partial destruction of eggs when certain substances are applied as a
spray. While experiments under way on the use of various chemical and
mechanical tree protectors do not as yet warrant a statement, the author is of
the opinion that the peach borer trouble will be solved through the finding of
some mechanical or chemical barrier that will prevent its gaining entrance or
will kill tlie larva before it enters the tree.

The striped peach worm, H. G. Ingekson {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 599 {1918),
pp. 14, pis. 4)- — This is a report of biological and control investigations of
Gelechia confusella {Deprcssaria persicceella) conducted during 1915 and 1916
in Michigan at Benton Harbor, the only State in which the species is known
to occur.

This lepidopteran, first described by Chambers in 1875 from an unknown
locality, has received but little notice as an economic species. While not at
present a major pest of peach, it has been observed feeding on sand cherry
{Prunus pumila), its only other plant host, in such numbers as to web nearly
every terminal and partially defoliate it, thus indicating a possibility of exten-
sive injury to peach orchards. The larvae feed either singly or gregariously
on both host plants and though not voracious feeders include in their webs
much foliage that is not used as food. Their webbing commences directly after
hatching, even before they feed, which takes place next to the midribs of the
leaves, small irregular holes first being eaten through the parenchyma and later
either or both leaf surfaces being skeletonized. The injury to the peach is
caused by the feeding of the larvae on the foliage. The webs which they spin
are loose and often very conspicuous, but tlie leaves included in the webs soon
become dry and cease to function.

At Benton Harbor there was one full brood and a partial second, the earliest
emergence of moths in 1916 taking place May 22, and emergence being quite
regular from June 5 to July 14. Moths placed in jars with peach foliage and
fruit deposited eggs both on the fruit and under the scales surrounding the
attachment of the peach to the stem. In observations of 118 eggs the period
of incubation varied from 10 to 19 days, with an average of 13.18 days. The
feeding period of the transforming first brood larvae reared in cages varied
from 22 to 36 days, with an average of 29.6 days for transformation ; of winter-
ing first brood larvae, 22 to 48 days, with an average of 34.2 days. The co-
coons of the first brood are formed in the soil at an average depth of 0.5 in.
The average length of the period in the cocoon was 12.4 days, the longest period
21 days, and the shortest 9 days. The first brood moths were emerging in 1915,

862 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 38

from All gust 4 until September 12, with the largest number on August 10.
From 683 larvae collected on sand cherry on July 28, only two moths subse-
quently emerged during the season, one on August 28 and the other on Sep-
tember 9. Ovipositlon of the first brood moths took place in 1915, from August
15 to 19. The second brood eggs began to hatch in 1915 on August 31, and
continued to hatch until September 8, the average incubation period being 15.6
days. The lai'vae were observed feeding from August 23 to November 14, the
maximum length of the feeding period being 74 days, the minimum 39 days,
and the average 52.1 days. While cocoouing normally takes place in the soil,
13 of 361 individuals recorded pupated in the webbed foliage in which they had
lived as larvfe.

A number of parasites were reared, including four ichneumonids, namely,
Angitia discoocellellw, Cremastus forhesii. Cremastus sp., and Epirus indigator;
three braconids, Apanteles gelechice, Ascogaster carpocapsco, and Epirhyssalus
atriceps; two tachinids, Exorista pysfc and Frontina ancilla; and one bombyliid,
Anthrax lateralis.

In spraying experiments where arsenate of lead powder at the rate of 1 lb. to
50 gal. of water was employed 5 per cent of the terminals were webbed, where
used at the rate of 1.5 lbs. to 50 gal. of water, 3 per cent were w^ebbed, whereas
with trie unsprayed checks 90 per cent were webbed. It is suggested that the
occurri^nce of tliis pest may be so local as to be remedied by cutting out tlie
infested terminals or branches, and that it will probably not occur in damaging
numbers in orchards sprayed regularly with arsenicals for control of the plum
curculio

Notes on the strawberry leaf-roller (Ancylis comptana), R. L. Webster
{Jour. EcoH. Ent., 11 (1918), No. 1, pp. ^2-46). — This paper consists of brief
notes on the biology of the strawberry leaf-roller, a more complete account of
which is being issued in bulletin form.

Notes on the biology of the Ang'oiunois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella,
J. L. King (Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 (1918), No. 1, pp. 87-9S, figs. 2).— This is a
report of biological studies at a field station located at York, Pa., In the
southeastern part of the State. In this section the wheat production is about
one-tliird of the total grown in the State, and it suffers an aggregate annual
loss from insect injury of over a million dollars. A diagram is given which
shows the appearance of the several broods during the year. It is pointed out
that the practice of storing unthrashed wheat in the mow is responsible for
much of tlie loss, and the importance of thrashing as soon after harvesting as
possible and storing the grain in tight granaries or in good sacks is emphasized.

The apple leaf-mining case bearer (Coleophora volckei n. sp.) W. H.
VoLCK (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cat, 6 (1911), No. 11-12, pp. 463-^67, figs. 6).—
These notes relate to the life history and habits of a new tortricld to be
described by Heinrich under the name of Coleophora volckei. Its injury,
which consists of one or more small punctures in the skin extending a short
distance into the pulp, has been more or less in evidence on Pajaro Valley
apples at harvest time for several years past. General observations indicate
that nicotin sulphate is capable of a very marked control of C. volckei, but that
the control of the codling moth or fruit-tree leaf-roller is not so good as with
arsenicals.

Malaria control. — A report of demonstration studies conducted in urban
and rural sections, R. C. Derivaux, H. A. Taylor, and T. D. Haas (Pub.
Health Serv. U. S., Pub. Health Bui. 88 (1911), pp. 51, pis. 11, fi^s. 7).— A report
of demonstration studies in malaria control conducted by the Public Health
Service in cooperation with the International Health Board during 1916 in two
highly endemic localities in southeastern Ai-kansas.

1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 863

Relation of kinds and varieties of grain to Hessian fly injury, J. W. Mc-
CoLLOCH and S. C. Salmon (TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918),
No. 8, pp. 519-521). — This is a preliminary report of investigations conducted
at tl)e Kansas Experiment Station.

Tiie autliors find that the Hessian fly is able to discriminate between different
kinds and varieties of grain. "Eggs were laid on all the kinds and varieties
of grain studied, but very sparingly on winter oats, winter barley, einkorn,
spring emmer, spelt, and durum spring wheat. On the average, fewer eggs
were laid on soft winter wheat than on hard red winter wheat, but exceptions
in both cases were found. There appeared to be a large mortality of eggs or
larvae on all kinds and varieties studied. This appeared to be greatest for rye,
einkorn, spring emmer, winter oats, and Illini Cliief wheat. Very few flax-
seeds were found on winter barley, and on Beechwood Hybrid, Currell Selection,
and Dawson Golden Chaff wheats."

Early spring Syi-phidae in California and a new Pipiza, W. M. Davidson
{Ent. News, 28 (1911), No. 9, pp. 414-419, fig. l).—ln addition to observations
on the occurrence of syrphids in spring, the author describes a new species
under the name Pipiza calif arnica. The larva of this species is aphidophagous,
having been found to feed upon the sexes of Pemphigus, populicaulis.

Poisoned bait for the onion maggot, N. F. Howard (Jour. Econ. Ent., 11
{191S), No. 1, pp. S2-S1, pis. 2). — Tills is a report of investigations carried on
by the Bureau of Entomolo.gj' of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in Wis-
consin in continuation of those previously noted at the Wisconsin Experiment
Station by Sanders (E. S. R., 33, p. 357) and by H. H. P. and H. C. Severin
(E. S. R., 34, p. 360). The results obtained have led to the following summary :

" For two seasons the poisoned bait for the onion fly has given decidedly
negative i-esults. Failure was due, to a great degree, at least, to adverse
climatic conditions. These conditions are normal to this section of the country,
however, and to other onion-growing districts. In sections where the onion
tly occurs and where climatic conditions are more favorable to poisoned bait
applications, further trial is strongly recommended."

Meigenia lloralis, a parasite of the black alfalfa-leaf beetle (Colaspidema
atrurn), Lecaillon (Cotnpt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, S {1911), No. 30, pp.
SS1-8S5). — This tachinid {M. floralis), a parasite of the asparagus beetle, each
year destroys large numbers of the chrysomelid beetle C. atrxim.

Control of the common white grub, R. T. Cotton {Porto Rico Dept. Agr.
Sta. Circ. 12 {1918), pp. 1, figs. 2; Spanish Ed., pp. 1, figs. 2).— A brief summary
of information relative to the control of Phyllophaga vandind and P. portori-
ccnsis, an account of which by Smyth has been previously noted (E. S. R.,
38, p. 7G7). Collecting the white grubs and the beetles is said to be the best
method of control now known.

Studies on the life history of two Kansas Scarabaeidae, W. P. Hayes {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 136-144). — This is a report of morphological
and biological studies at the Kansas Experiment Station of two white grubs,
Cyclocephala- villosa and Anomala hinotata.

The life cycle of C. villosa is one year. Adults appear at lights in June, July,
and early August. Eggs, which are laid in soil, hatch in from 9 to 25 days.
The winter is passed in the larval stage, which stage was found to average 347
days. The pupal stage varied in length from S to 24 days.

The adults of A. Mtwtata are injurious to fruit-producing plants, and the
grubs are minor pests of corn, wheat, and oats. The winter is passed in the
adult stage. Eggs are laid in the spring and soon hatch, producing larvte
whose average time of development was found to be 83 days. The pupal

864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tVal. 3S

stage lasts on an average 16 days. The adults transform in the fall and remain
in their pupal cells until the following spring, tlius completing a one-year life
cycle.

Lists of references to the literature on the two species are included.

Notes on the habits and metamorphosis of Lepidiota frenchi, E. Jarvis
(Bur. Sugar Expt. Stas. Queensland, Div. Ent. Bui. 5 (1917), pp. Uf, figs. 29). —
This beetle is said to rank second to the gray-back cockchafer in economic
importance among the scarabeids affecting sugar cane in Northern Queensland.
It feeds habitually on the roots of native cereals and other herbaceous plants
and has acquired a liking for cane.

Insecticide tests with Diabrotica vittata, N. F. Howard (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
11 {1918), No. 1, pp. 75-79).— In tests in 191G at Madison, Wis., of Bordeaux
mixture (2:4: 50) and lead arsenate paste (4: 50) combined, against the spotted
cucumber beetle the efficiency of tlie spray was about 25 per cent. The average
efHciency of insecticides, based upon two seasons' results, Is as follows : Zinc
arsenite 24 per cent, lead arsenate 17, sweetened lead arsenate 17, Paris green
16, zinc arsenate 14, Bordeaux-lead arsenate 14, lead arsenate dust 9, cobalt
arsenate 4, calcium arsenate 1, and arsenic bisulphid 0 pef cent.

Life history of Haltica jamaicensis, R. T. Cotton (Jour. Dept. Agr. P. R.,
1 {1917), No. S, pp. 173-175).— An account of the largest of the flea-beetles
found in Porto Rico, which at times is extremely abundant. Though it now
confines its attention to weeds of the genus Jussia?a, it occasionally feeds on
garden beans.

Sweet potato root borer (Cylas formicarius), W. E. Hinds {Alahama Col.
Sta. Circ. 37 {1918), pp. 3-8, figs. 9). — This circular, which is intended pri-
marily as a warning against the sweet potato root borer, gives a brief summary
of information regarding it. Quarantine against the pest is announced by the
Alabama State Board of Horticulture and the rules and regulations relating
tliereto are presented.

Weevils which affect Irish potato, sweet potato, and ya.m, W. D. Pierce
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 9, pp. 601-611, pis. 7).—
Notes are first presented on three important Andean weevil pests which affect
Irisli potato tubers, namely, Rhigopsklius tucumanus, Premnotrypes solani, and
Trypopremnon latithoi'ax, descriptions of which have been previously noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 459), and a table for the identification of Irish potato tuber
weevils in the field is also given. A description of the larva of T. latitliorax
follows, and a fourth potato tuber weevil from Cuzco, Peru, T. sanfordi, is de-
scribed as new to science.

Four species of weevils are described as attacking the tubers of the sweet
potato {Iponioea batatas), namely, the sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius),
C. turdpennis, C. femoralis, an4 the scarabee (Euscepcs hatatw), the first-men-
tioned being the only one of the four to occur in the United States, though E.
hatatoB occurs in the West Indies, including Porto Rico, and in Hawaii, Guam,
and Brazil. A weevil which attacks the tubers of yams (Dioscorea batatas) in
Jamaica is described as new under the name Palosopus dioscorew.

The strawberry root weevil, A. L. Melander (Proc. Wash. State Hort.
Assoc., 13 (1917), pp. 121-124; Better Fruit, 12 (1918), No. 11, pp. 7, 8; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 5 (1917), No. 12, p. 579).— This is an account of the
strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovattis), which was introduced from
Europe some 50 years ago and which now occurs in the Northern States and is
particularly injurious in British Columbia. The pest first appeared in Wash-
ington State in 1904 and has now invaded the principal berry regions of the
Stata Studies of the pest in British Columbia by Treherne have been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 568).

i918] FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 865

In control work good results were obtained with carbon bisulphid. The in-
fested parts of rows were covered with a 30 ft. strip of canvas or cloth sheeting
made gas-tight by painting with linseed oil, under which at intervals of 5 ft.
saucers, each containing § oz. of carbon bisulphid, were placetl. When neces-
sary, the canvas was raised above, the saucers by wooden props to allow of free
evaporation and made air-tight at the edges by earth shoveled on it. The fumes
penetrate the soil to the depth of several inches and kill the adults, larvte, and
pupaj, as well as wireworms, tipulids, and other insects. It is best applied dur-
ing the few days after the crop is gathered, before migration and egg-laying
begin.

The agricultural situation for 1918. — IV, Honey. — More honey- needed
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Sec. Circ. 87 {1918), pp. 8).— Attention is called to tlie
importance of enlarging the number of colonies of bees wherever possible. The
opportunity for expansion of beekeeping is pointed out and the factors in suc-
cessful beekeeping brielly considered.

Rearing queen bees in Porto E,ico, R. H. Van Zwaluwenbukq and R. Vidal
(Porto Rico Sta. Circ. 16 (1918), pp. 12, figs. 5). — This circular, which is based
largely on Bulletin 55 'of the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture (E. S. R., 17, p. 8S5-), gives directions for the rearing of que©n bees
in Porto Rico. It is pointed out that degenerated stock is the principal caase of
poor houjey production in Porto Rico, and that this fault can be remedied only
by the introduction of fresh stock to -be used as a basis for improving the stand-
ard of the apiary by constant and intelligent selective queen breeding.

Bee disease control, E. G. Cabr (N. J. Dept. Agr. Circ. S (1917), pp. 30, pis.
11). — A report upon the occurrence of and control work with bee diseases in
New. Jersey, accompanied by maps which show the results of bee inspection
work for the years 1912 to 1916, inclusive.

On three new parasitic acari, S. Hibst (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. ser.,
20 (1911), No. 120, pp. JfSl-JjSJt). — Chirodiscoides cavioe n. g. and n. sp. from the
guinea pig, Deinodex muscardini n. sp. from dormice (Mtiscardinus avella-
narius), and D. erinacei n. sp. from an English hedgehog are here described.

Scale feeding- habits of a Porto Rican milliped, Rhinocricus arboreus,
R. T. Cotton (Jotir. Dept. Agr. P. R., 1 (1917), No. S, pp. 175, 176).— This milli-
ped has been found to feed upon scale insects in Porto Rico, the purple scale
being preferred.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Commercial stocks of miscellaneous animal food products in the United
States oil August 31, 1917 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 101 (1918),
pp. 19, figs. 15). — "Commercial stocks of cured hams, bacon, and shoulders in
the United States on August 31, 1917, the date of the preliminary War Emer-
gency Food Survey, were approximately 488,000,000 lbs. Nearly 85 per cent
of these stocks were held by the meat packers. . . .

" The reports giving data for both August 81, 1917, and August 31, 1916, In-
dicated an increase of 0.8 per cent in the total holdings. This net increase was
due almost entirely to an increase in the holdings of storage warehouses.

" The stocks of cured and salted pork amounted to 215,000,000 lbs., the meat
packers holding nearly 75 per cent of the total. . . . The stocks reported for
1917 were 5.5 per cent larger than those reported for 1916.

" The stocks of salted and cured beef amounted to 57,000,000 lbs., of which
nearly seven-tenths were held by the meat packers. ... A 35 per cent increase
in total stocks of the United States was indicated for the year ending August
31, 1917.

866 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOEI). [Vol. 38

" The holdings cd dry-salted and cured fish, and fish in brine, amounted to
approximately 115,000,000 lbs. About 51 per cent of tliese stocks were held by
fish packers and wholesale fish dealers, and 30 per cent by storage ware-
houses. . . . There was an increase of about 6 per cent over the holdings of the
previous year.

" Stocks of condensed and evaporated milk totaled 390,000,000 lbs. Con-
deuseries and wholesale dealers each held about 30 per cent of the total stocks.
Retail dealers held about 13 per cent, while storage warehouses and exporters
held 11 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively. . . . The 1917 stocks were 77.5
per cent larger than those of 1916."

The supply of lard in the United States. — Its extent and distribution on
August 31, 1917 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 97 {191S), pp. 32, figs.
12). — "This circular presents the results of the War ICmergency Food Survey
of August 31, 1917, so far as they relate to pure lard, lard compounds, and lard
substitutes other than purely vegetable substitutes. For convenience, the term
' lard ' has been used to designate this entire group of food products.

" The survey indicates that the total stocks of lard in the possession of com-
mercial concerns on August 31, 1917, were approximately 240,000,000 lbs. Of
the total reported supply the meat packers held slightly more than 50 per cent;
the wholesalers held, roughly, 16 per cent ; the retail dealers, 14 per cent ; the
storage warehouses, 10 per cejit ; and the bakers and a group .of miscellaneous
dealers, 10 per cent.

" The survey further indicates that the total stocks on hand August 31, 1917,
were 6.3 per cent larger than stocks held on the corresponding date of 1916."

The supply of canned salmon in th.e United States. — Its extent and dis-
tribution on August 31, 1917 (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 98 (1918),
pp. IS, figs. 6). — Detailed information concerning the extent and the distribu-
tion of the supply of canned salmon on August 31, 1917j is presented.

The commercial stocks amounted to approximately 310,000,000 lbs., an increase
of 18.2 per cent over the previous year. Four-fifths of the stocks were located
in the State of Washington, and nearly three-fifths were held by canners of
E»a food.

Commercial stocks of miscellaneous cereal and vegetable foodstufEs in the
United States on August 31, 1917 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 99
{1918), pp. 28, figs, 24). — Commercial stocks of several foodstuffs on August 31,
1917, are listed in this contribution from the Bureau of Markets. The total
holdings were, for corn, 13,664,582 bu. ; corn food products, 200,806,674 lbs. ;
beans, 3,212,749 bu. ; roUed oats, 76,976,273 lbs.; rice, 192,124,953 lbs.; sirup
and molasses, 43,571,916 gal. ; vegetable oils, 36,631,369 gaL ; and solid vegetable
cooking fats, 35,529,611 lbs. The 1917 stocks for corn were 43.8 per cent
smaller tlian in 1916, stocks of beans practically equal, and stocks of other
foodstuffs from 12.3 to 42 per cent larger in 1917.

Sugar supply of the United States. — Its extent and distribution on Au-
gust 31, 1917 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 96 (1918), pp. 55, figs. 19).—
This circular presents the results of the 'IS^ar Emergency Food Survey. It
" indicates the sources of the country's sugar supply, the estimated extent of
sugar shortage on the date of the survey and the probable reasons therefor, and
the distribution of the existing stocks as compared with that of a year ago."
Detailed information is given in the circular regarding the distribution of the
stocks of sugar not only among the several classes of concerns from which
information was secured, but also among the several States and the different
sectiens of the coimtry.

1918.] FOODS HUMAN- NUTKITTOlSr. 867

" On the basis of the returns from the survey, it is estimated that the stocks
of sugar in commercial channels on August 31, 1917, were about 1,500,000 lbs.,
as compared with 2,000,000 lbs., on August 31, 1916."

Commercial stocks of wheat and flour in the United States on August 31,
1917 iU. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 100 (WIS), pp. SI, figs. iT).— "Total
commercial stocks of w^heat in the United States on August 31, 1917, the date
of the preliminary War Emergency Food Survey, were approximately 75,000,000
bu., representing less than a two-months' supply.

" Of the stocks reported, more than four-fifths was held by elevators, mills,
and wholesale grain dealers. The West North Central division of States, re-
ported about one-third of the stocks of the entire country, while the East
North Central and the Pacific divisions each reported about one-fifth of the
total.

" About five-sixths of the reports, based on quantity reported, gave data not
only for August 31, 1917, but also for the corresponding date of 1916. From
these two-year reports it appears that the stocks of August 31, 1917, were only
36.9 per cent of the stocks on hand August 31, 1916.

" Total commercial stocks of flour in the United States on August 31, 1917,
based on estimates from the survey, were about 12,000,000 lbs. This represents
approximately a six-weeks' supply.

" The largest stocks of flour were reported by the group of flour mills,
elevators, and wholesale grain dealers, which held a total of 3,633,6.53 bbls.
Retail dealers held 2,456.826 bbls., and bakers 1,999,583 bbls. Five States held
one-third of the total stocks of flour. These in order of their holdings were:
New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Nebra.ska, and California.

" The stocks reported for August 31, 1917, were 75.7 per cent of those for
August 31, 1916. The decrease in holdings was general among all groups and
classes of concerns."

Use of wheat-saving' cereals, Helen L. Green, Alice B. Skinner, and
Lenore Richards {Kans. State Agr. Col. Circ. 9 {1918), pp. 12). — In this cir-
cular, issued by the Subcommittee on Food Production and Food Conservation
of the Women's Committee, Kansas State Council of Defense, recipes for the
use of wheat-saving cereals are given, most of which make use of corn meal
or corn flour, the substitutes most available for the Kansas housewife.

Hints to housewives on how to buy; how to care for food; meats; drip-
pings and butter substitutes; substitutes for meats; fish; vegetables; cereals;
bread; how to use left-overs; how to make soap; fij-eless cooker; canning
frtiits and vegetables; how to preserve eggs (New York, N. Y.: Mayor
MitcheVs Food Supply Committee, 1917, pp. 111). — ^A general discussion of
foods with recipee.

Ninth biennial report of the Food and Drug Department {Kentucky Sta.
Food and Drugs Bien. Rpt., 9 {1915-1917), pp. 10). — This gives a report of the
work under the Kentucky Food and Drugs Act and the Kentucky Food Sanita-
tion Act from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1917.

[Food and drug inspection], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson {North
Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 {1917), No. IS, pp. 4S7-53S) .—The sanitary inspection
score card used in 1917 for all food producing and handling establishments in
the State of North Dakota is given, also the names of firms and their ratings.

Annual report of the dairy and food commissioner of Wisconsin {Ann. Rpt.
Dairy and Food Comr. Wis. [1915], pp. 98).— The work of the commissioner
during the year ended June .30, 1915, is reported.

Digestibility of some nut oils, A. D. Holmes {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 6S0
{1918), pp. 19).— In this, the fom-th of the series of bulletins dealing with the

868 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 38

digestibility of fats and oils (E. S. R., 36, p. 860), data regarding tlie diges-
tibility of almond, black-walnut, Brazil-nut, butternut, English-walnut, hickory-
nut, and pecan oils are reported. As in the former experiments, normal young
men served as subjects and the nut oils studied were incorporated in a basal
ration. The results are summarized as follows:

An average of 70 gm. of almond, 56 gm. of black-walnut, 81 gm. of Brazil-nut,
43 gm. of butternut, 78 gm. of English-walnut, 95 gm. of hickory-nut. and 104
gm. of pecan oil was eaten per subject per day in the experiments, out of a total
of 71 gm., 68 gm., 84 gm., 46 gm., 80 gm., 97 gm., and 107 gm. of fat supplied by
the respective diets. The oils were found to be well digested, the coefficients of
digestibility being 97.1 per cent for almond oil, 97.5 per cent for black-walnut
oil, 96.3 per cent for Brazil-nut oil, 95.4 per cent for butternut oil, 97.6 per cent
for English-walnut oil, 99.3 per cent for hickory-nut oil, and 96.8 per cent for
pecan oil.

The nut oils, which are liquid at ordinary temperatures, thus have prac-
tically the same digestibility as the common vegetable oils (cottonseed, peanut,
olive, sesame, and coconut oils), which are also liquid at ordinary temperatures.
While in these experiments as much as 81 gm. of almond oil, 64 gm. of black-
walnut oil, 100 gm. of Brazil-nut oil, 49 gm. of butternut oil, 109 gm. of hickory-
nut oil, and 130 gm. of pecan oil were eaten per day by one of the subjects for
a 3-day test period, no laxative effect was noted; accordingly the limits of
tolerance for these fats seems in excess of these amounts. In the experiments
with English-walnut oil the three subjects ate 69.9 gm., 83.8 gm., and 81.6 gm.
per day, and all reported a slight laxative effect.

The values obtained for the digestibility of the protein and carbohydrates in
the simple mixed diet eaten in conjunction with the different nut oils were in
agreement with those obtained in the earlier experiments of this series, indicat-
ing that the nut oils did not exert any unusual influence on the digestibility of
the foods eaten with them.

" The results of this study of the digestibility of these nut oils indicate that
they are very well assimilated by the human body, and that whenever available
they could be used freely for food purposes."

Bacteria in ice cream. — II, B. W. Hammer and E. P. Goss (Iowa Sta. Bui.
174 H^n), PP- ^1)- — ^ continuation of the study of bacteria in ice cream
(E. S. R., 28, p. 166) is reported. The following conclusions were reached by
the authors :

" The freezer may be an important source of contamination where an effort
is being made to produce ice cream with a low bacterial count, and accordingly
considerable attention should be given its care. Water sherbets contain but
few bacteria compared to the number ordinarily found in ice cream. The
counts on 17 samples ranged from 6 to 7,800 per cc. Ice cream other than
vanilla ordinarily contain large numbers of bacteria. The counts on 13 sam-
ples ranged from 130,000 to 40,850,000 per cc. There is no evidence that there
is an increase in the numbers of contained organisms during the proper stor-
age of ice cream while commonly there is a decrease. These results apply to
the organisms developing on agar held at 37° C. for 48 hours.

" There is an apparent increase in the number of bacteria as determined
by the plate method during the freezing of ice cream. This is apparently due
to the breaking up of the clumps of organisms as a result of the agitation in
the freezer. There is usually a decrease in the number of bacteria in ice cream
during the hardening process, pre.sumably as a consequence of the destructive
action of the lowered temperatures.

" The softening and rehardening of ice cream may result in a significant
increase or in a decrease in the number of bacteria contained. The effect is

1918.] FOODS HUMAN- NUTRITION. 869

probably dependent on the types of bacteria present and on the extent of the
softening, a decrease being more likely to occur when the ice cream is softened
at a higher temperature since, under these conditions, the rehardeuing has a
more destructive action."

The dietary deficiency of cereal foods with reference to their content in
" antineuritic vitamin," C. Voegtlin, G. C. Lake, and C. N. Myers {Pub.
Health Rpts. [U. S.}, 33 (1918), No. 18, pp. 647-666, flos. 7).— The report deals
with the occurrence of the antineuritic vitamin (water-soluble B) in corn and
wheat. Experiments were made on laboratory animals (chickens and pigeons)
to determine whether bread made from " white " flour or highly-milled corn
meal includes all the essential food elements contained In the intact grain.
The following conclusions are reached :

" The results obtained in this investigation clearly show that for pigeons an
exclusive diet of whole wheat or corn furnishes an adequate supply of anti-
neuritic vitamin. The antineuritic vitamin seems to reside in the peripheral
layers and the germ of these seeds, whereas the endosperm is relatively poor
in this substance.

"If wheat and corn foods containing only a small percentage of the peripheral
layers and germ of the seed are fed to pigeons and chickens exclusive of other
food, polyneuritic symptoms appear on an average of three weeks after the
beginning of the feeding periotl. The appearance of polyneuritis is preceded
by a gradual loss in body weight. The birds can be relieved of their paralysis
in a striking way by the oral or subcutaneous administration of a highly-con-
centrated preparation of antineuritic vitamin derived from ' whole-wheat '
breadf. yeast, ox liver, rice polishings, or beans.

"The addition of yeast (in amounts use by bakers) in the preparation of
bread from highly-milled flour does not prevent the appearance of polyneuritis
in birds fed on this food [exclusively], but prolongs slightly the period of in-
cubation. The addition to ' highly-milled ' flour, or bread made from ' highly-
milled ' flour, of a small amount of antineuritic vitamin preparation will
correct this particular dietary deficiency, and will prevent the appearance of
polyneuritis and the loss of bodj' weight. The total phosphorus content of corn
and wheat foods is a fairly satisfactory index of the amount of antineuritic
vitamin contained in these foods. In a general way, it can be said that a high
total phosphorus content is an indication that the particular corn or wheat
product is relatively rich in antineuritic vitamin."

The origin of creatin. — II, L. Baumann and H. M. Hines {Jour. Biol. Chem.,
31 {1917), No. 3, pp. 549-559). — Continuing previous work^ this article reports
experiments made to determine whether the animal organism possesses the
power to convert glycocyamin into creatin.

The authors conclude that their experiments offer no " evidence for the
methylation of glycocyamin by muscle or liver tissue in vitro. Tlie injection of
glycocyamin into rabbits and dogs may be followed by an increased excretion
of creatin."

The effect of starvation on the catalase content of the tissues, W. E.
BuRGE and A. J. Neiix {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 43 {1917), No. 1, pp. 58-61). —
Experiments made upon 12 laboratory animals (rabbits) led the authors to
conclude that the " catalase content of the heart, which is not autolyzed during
starvation, remains normally high while the catalase content of the fat and
skeletal muscles, which are autolyzed during starvation, is greatly decreased.
In view of the fact that the catalase content of a muscle is directly propor-
tional to the amount of oxidation in the muscle, and that the autolyzing

iJoiu-. Biol. Chem., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 49-53,

870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

enzyms are destroj^ed by oxidation, the further conclusion is drawn that the
heart is not autolyzed during starvation, because oxidation in this organ
remains normally intense, and thus provides for this oxidation of the autolyz-
ing enzyms and the maintenance of the normal balance between oxidation and
autolysis ; on the other hand, the fat and skeletal muscles are autolyzed
during starvation because of the decreased oxidation, which leaves the autolytic
enzyms free to digest these tissues."

The effect of thyroid feeding on the catalase content of the tissues, W. B.
BuRGE, J. Kennedy, and A. J. Neill (Amer. Jour. Physiol., JfS {1911), No. 3,
pp. ^33-^37). — The object of this investigation was to determine whether thy-
roid feeding increases the catalase content of certain tissues, which would
account for the increased oxidation of animals fed thyroid, while in other
tissues, such as the muscles and fat, it causes a decrease in oxidation, which
would account for the increased autolysis in these tissues. Experiments were
made with cats. The following conclusions were reached :

" Thyroid feeding increases the catalase of the blood and decreases it in the
heart and probably in the fat and skeletal muscles. The increased catalase of
the blood may account for the increased oxidation in animals to which thyroid
is fed, while the decreased catalase in the heart, skeletal muscles, and fat may
account for the increased autolysis in these tissues, the idea being that when
oxidation is decreased in these tissues a smaller amount of the autolyzing
enzyms is oxidized and destroyed, resulting in an increase in the rate of
autolysis."

The role of catalase in acidosis, W. E. Bubge {Science, n. ser., Jft {191S),
No. 1214, PP- 347,'3JfS). — From observations made upon the catalase consent of
the blood of animals under conditions of pancreatic diabetes, " surgical shock,"
anesthesia, and starvation, the conclusion is drawn that the defective oxidation
in diabetes and the decreased oxidation in anesthesia, starvation, and " surgical
shock," with resulting acidoses," is probably due to the decrease in catalase.

AiraiAL PRODUCTION.

Wintering and fattening beef cattle in North Carolina, W. F. Waud, R. S.
CxJETis, and F. T. Peden {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 628 {1918), pp. 53, figs. S).—
This work, done in cooperation with the North Carolina Experiment Sta-
tion, covers the results of three years' experiments with beef cattle in the
western part of the State. It is deemed applicable to similar conditions pre-
vailing in the mountainous sections of the Virginias, Carolinas, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and Georgia. The following studies are reported:

I, Wintering steers preparatory to grazing on pasture. — Cattle in the moun-
tainous sections are usually carried through the winter on light maintenance
rations and put on pasture the following summer for gains when feed is more
abundant The objects of this experiment were to determine the costs and
methods of wintering stock cattle, the value of feeding for the maintenance of
weights, and the effects of wintering on the gains on pasture during the follow-
ing summer. The results cover three years with four lots, the first and second
lots averaging 24 head, the third 33, and the fourth 19. Lot 1 was wintered
on ear corn, corn stover, hay, and straw ; lots 2 and 3 on corn silage, stover,
hay, and straw ; and lot 4 on winter pasture, being fed dry roughage and corn
only when snow was on the ground.

For the three years the steers in lot 1 cost $11.13 to winter, and lost an
average of 32 lbs. per head each season, the increased cost per 100 lbs.
in the spring being $1.74. Lot 2 cost $7.11 to winter, lost 51 lbs. each, and

1918.] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 871

had an added cost in the spring of $1.40 per 100 lbs. Lot 3 cost $6.7G to winter,
lost 52 lbs. per head per season, and had an added cost of .$1.47 per 100 lbs.
Lot 4 cost $5.39, gained an average of 20 lbs. per season, and had an added
cost in the spring of 6S cts. per 100 lbs. In these experiments the average
requirements of pasture for the winter were 1.8 acres per head.

II. Winter grazing of steers. — In the second experiment the winter grazing of
cattle was tried out on mountain cut-over lands too steep for general agi-icul-
ture. The coves and flats were seeded to a mixture of 15 lbs. of orchard grass,
4 lbs. of blue grass, and 7 lbs. of timothy and clover per acre sown in corn at its
last cultivation. This was allowed to grow during the following summer to
malve winter pasture. During the three years of the experiment the cattle
were put on the pasture late in the fall and were without shelter during the
entire winter. During stormy weather it was necessary to feed, this period
averaging less than three weeks each season.

The first year 17 cattle on pasture cost $4.66 per head to winter and weighed
17 lbs. heavier in the spring ; the second winter 26 head averaged $6.29 to winter
and were 17 lbs. heavier ; the third winter 16 head averaged $5.23 to winter
and weighed 26 lbs. more per head in the spring. The average cost per head for
three years was .$5.39, approximately one-half of what it cost to dry-feed cattle
in the barn, besides showing a gain in weight while the latter showed a loss.
Winter grazing and the use of the silo promise greater gains in these rough
mountain lands in wintering cattle than the old methods of using dry har-
vested roughage.

III. Summer fattening of steers. — This experiment, carried on for three years,
was made with the steers wintered on dry roughage, on dry roughage and
silage, and on winter grass. Most of the mountain cattle are finished on grass,
but the.se were finished on grass alone and on grass with cottonseed cake. Dur-
ing the first two summers the feeding of cottonseed cake on grass was profitable,
but in the third season it was not so, owing to its high price.

The results show that the cattle that had been wintered on pasture produced
the best gains the following summer with an average of 350 lbs. per head at a
cost of 3.1 cts. per pound. The next most economical results were made by the
cattle wintered on silage, stover, and hay, followed by grass in summer. They
made an average gain per head for the summer of 319 lbs. at a cost of 3.9 cts.
per pound. The dry-fed wintered cattle on grass the following .summer made an
average gain of 344 lbs. per steer at a cost of 4.8 cts. per pound. The silage-
wintered cattle on summer pasture and cottonseed cake made gains of 328 lbs.
at a cost of 6.5 cts. per pound, compared with 3.8 cts. per pound without the
cake. The cattle wintered on dry rations during the following summer on pas-
ture made gains of 314 lbs. at a cost of 7.4 cts. per pound with cake, contrasted
with gains at a cost of 4.8 cts. per pound without the cake.

IV. Winter fattening of steers. — It is the custom in the mountain districts to
sell the steers in the fall as feeders. There are, however, oftentimes corn and
roughages available for fattening such cattle. These experiments were carried
out to test the profitableness of utilizing the.se home-grown feeds supplemented
with cottonseed meal and hulls.

In the winter of 1913-14 one lot of 12 steers was fed cottonseed meal, cotton-
seed hulls, corn stover, and hay. A second lot of 12 was fed the same plus ear
corn. During 113 days the steers in lot 1 averaged an increase daily of 1.36 lbs.
per head at a cost of 13.32 cts. per pound, and lot 2, 1.42 lbs. at 13.92 cts. per
pound.

In the winter of 1914-15 four lots of steers consisting of 10, 10, 21, and 26
head each were fed. All the animals received cottoaseed meal. In addition

65162°— 18 6

872 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

those in lot 1 were fed ear corn and cottonseed hulls, in lots 2 and 4 cottonseed
hulls, and in lot 3 corn silage. The steers in lots 1, 2, and 3 were fed 96 days,
and those in lot 4, 111 days. Those in lot 1 made an average daily increase of
1.61 lbs. per head at a cost of 12.96 cts. per pound ; lot 2, 1.42 lbs. at 11.21 cts. ;
lot 3, 2.07 lbs. at a cost of 7.6 cts.; and lot 4, 1.43 lbs. at a cost of 9.4 cts.
per pound.

From the two years' work the following conclusions are drawn, applicable to
local conditions : Good hay materially increases the cost of fattening and should
be replaced by cheaper roughages where possible. Ear corn increases gains and
improves the finish. The cost and availability of corn for fattening cattle
should be carefully reckoned and compared with cottonseed meal when ration-
ing. The gains with corn silage in the experiments are striking, and attention
is called to the value of corn for ensiling and its utilization in this form in the
region for cattle feeding. Cottonseed meal, even in moderate amounts, proved
efficient, and it, as also cottonseed hulls, produced economical and satisfactory
gains.

Owing to the long shipping distances the shrinkage of these cattle on ship-
ment to market was large. It was fairly uniform on all lots.

Farmers with surplus feed, especially roughages, should feel safe in feeding
steers in the winter when the prices of feeders and cottonseed meal are favorable
and shipping points for fat cattle are not too far distant.

The utilization of dry farm crops in beef production, L. Foster and H. G.
Smith (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 108 {1917), pp. 3^, figs. 6). — These experiments,
carried out in cooperation vvith the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, covered three winter periods. They were made to
determine if local crops grown under dry-farming conditions could be profitably
employed in feeding range steers for beef. The feeds used were milo maize,
Kafir corn, and other sorghums, and cowpea hay fed dry and ensiled. Cotton-
seed meal also used was the only feed brought in. The steers were range
grown in the neighborhood of Tucumcari, N. Mex., those of the first experi-
ment covering 3-year-olds, those of the second under 17 months old, and those
of the third were " long yearlings." Tables are given showing the costs of the
locally grown feeds.

In the first experiment two lots of three steers each were fed ground milo
maize heads and Kafir corn silage. In addition lot 1 was fed cowpea hay and
lot 2 cottonseed meal and shredded Kafir corn stover. The steers in lot 1
made an average daily gain per head for 76 days of 2.84 lbs. at a cost of feed
per pound of gain of 4.19 cts. Those in lot 2 made a daily average gain of
2.39 lbs. at a cost per pound of 5.45 cts.

In the second experiment two lots of five steers each were fed the same
rations as in the previous experiment. The steers in lot 1 made an average
daily gain per head for 122 days of 2.14 lbs. at a cost of 4.78 cts. per pound
of gain. Those in lot 2 made an average daily gain of 1.48 lbs. at a cost of
6.07 cts. per pound of gain. The average rate of gain in lot 2 was lowered by
the results with one animal which was not a good feeder.

The third experiment was divided into two periods. The first test was made
by 10 steers on 48 acres of pasture for 50 days, and being fed in addition 25
lbs. of cottonseed cake daily and as much Kafir corn silage as they would con-
sume up to 200 lbs. They made an average daily gain per head of 1.71 lbs. at
a cost per pound of 4.52 cts.

In the second period they were taken off pasture, divided into two lots of five
each, and fed for 55 days. They were fed the same feeds as in the previous
experiments except that shredded sorghum fodder was substituted for the

1918.] ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 873

shredded Kafir corn stover in lot 2. The steers in lot 1 made an average
daily gain per head of 2.07 lbs. at a cost per pound of 5.98 cts. Those in hjt 2
made a corresponding gain of 1.51 lbs. at a cost per pound of 8.43 cts.

These experiments indicate that feeds necessary for fattening range cattle
with a properly balanced ration can be grown under local dry-farming condi-
tions. Very favorable results are shown with cowpea hay compared with cot-
tonseed meal that must be purchased. It may also take the place of alfalfa.
As silage, inmiature Kafir corn gave satisfactory results. The reservation of
native pasture for winter feeding is deemed advisable from the results in the
last experiment.

Cattle feeding. — XIII, "Winter steer feeding, 1916-17, J. H. Skinner and
F. G. King (Indiana Sta. Bui. 206 (1917), pp. S-27; popular ed., pp. 8).— This
is a continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 36, p. 564). The ob-
.iect of the experiments was to obtain further information on the comparative
value of leguminous hay alone and combined with corn silage for fattening
cattle ; to test the comparative value of clover with alfalfa hay for cattle on
full feed ; and to test the value of a full feed of corn in the ration with a
limited feed of corn combined with corn silage.

In a ration of shelled corn, cottonseed meal, and clover hay, the addition of
33.88 lbs. of silage daily displaced 2.79 lbs. of the corn and 11.46 lbs. of the
hay per steer, while the rate of gain was increased 0.19 lb. per head daily and
the cost of gain decreased $2.48 per 100 lbs. With the same ration, except
that alfalfa hay was used instead of clover hay, 34.21 lbs. of silage daily dis-
placed 3.06 lbs. of corn and 13 lbs. of hay, while the rate of gain per day was
lowered 0.15 lb. daily and the cost of gain decreased 41 cts. per 100 lbs. The
steers with corn silage in the ration sold for 25 cts. per 100 lbs. higher than
those without. The profit per steer, not counting that made by the pigs fol-
lowing, was increased $10:08 each when silage was added to the ration con-
taining clover hay aad $6.10 when silage was added to the ration containing
alfalfa hay.

Cattle receiving a full feed of shelled corn in addition to a ration of cotton-
seed meal, corn silage, and clover hay made a daily gain of 2.5 lbs. at a cost
of 17.51 cts. per pound of gain. They were valued at $12 per 100 lbs. and
made a profit, including that of pigs following, of $35.65 per head. The steers
on the same ration but with the corn eliminated consumed 19.33 lbs. of silage
and 0.87 lb. of hay more per day. They gained 1.63 lbs. daily at a cost per
pound of 14.87 cts., and when fat were valued at $10.75 per 100 lbs. and gave
a profit, including pork, of $21.21 per head.

With one-half the corn eliminated the average increased silage consumption
was 8.77 lbs. and hay 0.7 lb. daily. The steers gained 1.62 lbs. daily at a cost of
20.97 cts. per pound of gain, were valued at $10.85 per 100 lbs. when fat, and
returned a profit, including pork, of $14.95 per head.

In the ration where no corn was fed the first month but afterwards added
in increasing amounts to the fifth month when it was 11 lbs. dually per head,
the average increased consumption of roughage was 10.15 lbs. of corn silage and
1.97 lbs. of hay daily per head. The steers gained daily 1.91 lbs. at a cost of
18.12 cts. per pound of gain. They were valued at $10.85 per 100 lbs. when
fat and yielded a profit, including pork, of $20.53 per head.

In a comparison of clover and alfalfa hays with and without silage, the
basal ration was made up of shelled corn and cottonseed meal. With clover
hay as the roughage the steers consumed slightly less corn and much less hay
than with alfalfa as the roughage. With clover hay they made an average
daily gain per head of 2.31 lbs. at a cost of 19.99 cts. per pound of gain, while

874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

those on alfalfa hay gained 2.16 lbs. daily at a cost of 21.77 cts. per pound. The
animals on clover were valued at $11.75 per 100 lbs. and returned a profit, not
including that of pigs follov?ing, of $10.85 per head. Those on alfalfa were
valued at the .same price and returned a profit of $7.74 per head.

With clover hay and silage in the ration the animals consumed slightly more
grain and hay but less silage than with the ration of alfalfa hay and silage.
With the clover-silage ration the steers gained an average of 2.5 lbs. daily per
head at a cost of 17.51 cts. per pound, while those on alfalfa-silage gained
2.01 lbs. daily at a cost of 21.36 cts. per pound. Valuing the two lots at $12 per
100 lbs. when finished, the clover-silage lot yielded a profit, not including that
of pigs following, of $20.93 per head compared with $13.84 for the alfalfa-
silage lot.

Digestion of starch by the young' calf, R. H. Shaw, T. E. Woodward, and
R. P. Norton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 (1918), No. 9, pp. 575-
578, fig. 1). — This investigation was undertaken by the Dairy Division of this
Department to ascertain how early in life the calf can utilize starch or starch-
containing feeds.

Digestion experiments were conducted with two male calves. Beginning at
4 days of age each calf received 40 gm. of ordinary cornstarch per feeding, mixed
with the milk, for a period of 3 days. Following this starch-feeding period the
calves were fed whole milk solely for about 5 days, after which the starch was
again fed for 3 days. The experiment continued until one calf was 39 days
old and the other 31 days old.

From 4 to 7 days of age one of the calves digested 22.02 per cent and the
other 20.3 per cent of the starch consumed. When calf 1 was 12 to 15 days old
the percentage of starch digested had more than doubled, and when 3 weeks old
it had nearly tripled, while at 4 weeks, in the case of calf 1, and 3 weeks, in calf
2, the percentage of starch digested was well over 90.

" While it is quite probable that a calf but a few hours old can not digest an
appreciable amount of starch, it can readily be seen that the quantity of starch-
splitting enzyms must increase very rapidly in the first few days of life, for
the calves under experiment, when only 3 to 4 weeks old, were able to digest a
ration nearly 10 per cent of the dry matter of which was starch. These results
indicate that the milk ration of a calf but a few days old may be supplemented
with a starchy food, and that the starchy material may be rapidly increased as
the calf grows older."

The agricultural situation for 1918. — X, Wool. — War makes more sheep
and wool necessary (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Off. Sec. Circ. 93 (1918), pp. ^7/).— This
circular points out the effect of the war upon the requirements and supplies of
wool, and gives reasons and plans for the immediate increase of sheep raising
in the United States, especially on the ordinary farm. It is stated that before
many decades have passed the United States should possess three or four times
the present number of sheep, that a doubling of the present number within four
years is possible, and that it would be of most valuable assistance to our war
interests if such a result could be produced in a shorter time.

[Feeding experiments with pigs], G. S. Templeton (Alabama Col. Sta. Circ.
S8 (1918), pp. 29, SO). — In a cooperative experiment in Bullock County 60 head
of pigs were grazed on peanuts for eight weeks during the fall of 1917. Follow-
ing the peanut-pasture period 45 head were divided into three lots of 15 each
and fed the following rations for five weeks on dry lot : Lot 1, two weeks on
corn and tankage and three weeks on corn and cottonseed meal (2:1) in self-
feeders; lot 2, corn and velvet beans (4:1) ; and lot 3, corn and tankage in a
self-feeder. The three lots were classified by the packing company to which
they were sold as medium soft, indicating that tlie finishing period increased the

1918.] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 875

value of tlie pigs 1 ct per pound over straight peanut-fed pigs. Lot 3 returned
tlie greatest profit and lot 2 tlie least profit per head.

[Feeding pigs com, velvet beans, and peanuts], G. S. Templeton {Ala-
'bama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1911, pp. 23, 24). — In an experiment in feeding pigs on
coi-n, velvet beans, and peanuts in various combinations, the velvet-bean meal
produced a carcass as firm as that of the pigs fed on corn. In appearance the
fat was slightly darker. The carcass of the pigs fed on peanut meal and corn
(1:1) was somewhat softer than the corn-fed carcass, while that of those fed
on peanuts and corn (1:1) was considerably softer.

The influence of the ration upon the intestinal flora of swine, L. D. Bush-
NELL and J. J. Feey (Kansas Sta. Tech. Bui. 3 (1917), pp. 3-54, flds. 3). — The
literature of the relation of bacteria to the development of higher animals, the
harmful and beneficial influence of bacteria in the intestinal tract, and the
effect of diet upon the intestinal flora is reviewed, and a bibliography of 78
titles is listed.

An investigation was made of the effect of different diets upon the intestinal
flora of pigs as shown by the Gram method of staining, and the influence of
tliese diets upon the number and types of bacteria in the feces. A special study
was made of the effect of such diets upon the Bacillus coli gi"Oup in the intes-
tinal contents and feces of the pigs. The six pigs used in the studies were given
the experimental diet for 200 days from the time of weaning. Four of the pigs
were fed corn meal alone, and the other two corn meal plus the albumin from

12 lbs. of milk to each pound of corn meal. Three of the corn-fed pigs gained
in weight from an average of 30.6 lbs. each at the beginning of the test to 79 lbs.
at the end of the 200 days, while the two corn-and-protein-fed pigs gained from
an average of 29.8 to 268 lbs. The fourth pig of the corn-fed group was kept on
the corn-meal diet for about IS months. This pig made only slight gains fgr

13 months, but during the next 5 months gained about 140 lbs., due mostly to
the laying on of fat

The Gram method was found to be an index to the influence of diet upon in-
testinal flora only within limits. Observations made upon samples taken from
the stomach and at about each 6-ft. level of the intestines to the rectum of two
slaughtered pigs showed that the Gram-positive types were more prevalent at
lower levels in the corn-and-protein tlian in the corn-alone pig. S.-coii-like or-
ganisms were isolated from the stomach and at each level below to the rectum
in the corn-alone pig, while in the corn-and-protein pig organisms of this type were
not found in the stomach or for about IS ft. below in the small intestine. All
the data obtained indicate that about 10 per cent more organisms are present in
the feces of corn-and-protein pigs than in the feces of corn-alone pigs. There
were, however, great individual and daily variations. In reference to the types
present, there were great individual variations in the mixed intestinal flora,
but it was noted that pigs on a corn diet generally show a slightly more sim-
plified flora than pigs fed on a more complex diet.

" There is a tendency for a diet of corn alone to throw the varieties of the
colon bacilli into the B. communis variety rather than into the B. communior
variety. This is not due entirely to the physical condition of the feces, as the
poverty of B. communior was as marked in the contents of the intestine as in
the feces. Small variations in diet affect the intestinal flora, but very little as
compared to highly carbonaceous or nitrogenous diet. A study of the fermenting
capacity of the colon bacilli will not explain the difference in metabolism in
pigs on a strict corn diet and one of corn plus milk albumin. It is not possible
to attribute the stunting effect of a strictly corn diet to marked variation in the
bacterial flora of the alimentary canal as determined by the present technique."

876 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 38

Winter cycle of eg^g production in the Rhode Island Red breed of the
domestic fowl, H. D. Goodale {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 1&
(1918), No. 9, pp. 547-574). — At the Massachusetts Experiment Station the
daily egg records of tliree flocks of Rliode Island Red pullets, hatched, respec-
tively, in 1913, 1915, and 1916, were biometrically analyzed and compared with
montlily egg records of White Wyandottes and Barred Plymouth Itocks re-
ported by Gowell from the Maine Experiment Station (E. S. R., 15, p. 394).

The winter cycle was found to be much more characteristic in the Maine
Station flocks than in the Massachu.set-ts Station flock. In the case of the
Rhode Island Reds the winter cycle could be determined In only a portion of
the flock. As to the evidence of a winter cycle in tlie individual, it is concluded
that (1) the rate of production as shown by the montlily egg records is not a
satisfactory index of a winter cycle in the individual Rhod:e Island Red pullet.
(2) The best criterion of the existence of a winter cycle in the individual is
the existence of a pause in production in one or more of the winter months,
followed by a period of continuous egg production, and usually exceeding 10
days in length. (3) In some instances a pause of 10 days or less occurring in
February or March, and following a period of sev-eral weeks of continuous egg
production, may delimit the winter cycle. In cases where winter pauses could
be determined with some accuracy, practically no correlation was found be-
tween the number of eggs laid before the pause and the length of the pause.

Evidence is presented which indicates that the winter cycle of egg produc-
tion may be inherited in some definite but undetermined manner.

Successful incubation practices in New Jersey, embryo mortality, R. R.
Hannas (New Jersey Stas. Hints to Poultry men, 6 (1918), No. 5, pp. 4)- — •
Among points considered are the location of the machine, the holding of the
eggs at a low temperature with moist air in the room, and daily turning, and
the operation of the incubator at the proper temperature, with care in turning,
cooling, and sanitation.

In a trial in holding, eggs with 900 eggs in three lots those kept at 45 to 50°
gave 57 per cent hatch; those at 60 to 65°, 51.8 per cent hatch; and those at
75 to 80°, 33.7 per cent hatch.

Cooling seems to make no difference in the percentage in the hatch, but
there is possibly a heavier chick produced where it is practiced. From a trial
with 1,500 eggs in three lots extreme cooling gave 66.7 per cent hatch, medium
cooling 68.8 per cent, and no cooling 65.5 per cent. Those receiving extreme
cooling hatched a day late, with medium cooling on time, and with no cooling
a day ahead of time. The chiclis averaged in weight 1.35, 1.32, and 1.27 oz.,
for the respective lots.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIE-YING.

Feeding for milk production, J. M. Scott (Florida Sta. Bui. 143 (1918),
pp. 79-88, fig. 1). — Part of the experiments here reported, comparing sorghum
silage with Japanese cane silage and with sweet potato silage for dairy cows,
has already been noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 683).

In an experiment with three lots of three cows each, covering three 20-day
periods, the rations consisted of 9 lbs. of wheat bran and 12 lbs. of silage, and
in addition 3 lbs. of cottonseed meal for lot 1, 4 lbs. of peanut meal for lot 2,
and 6 lbs. of velvet bean meal for lot 3, these concentrates being changed so
that each lot of cows received a different concentrate during each 20-day period.
The cows varied but little in live weight during the test. On velvet bean meal
the cows produced 2,818.4 lbs. of milk, on peanut meal 2,755.3 lbs., and on

1918] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 877

cottonseed meal 2,601.8 lbs. of milk. With peanut meal at $40, velvet bean
meal at $32, and cottonseed meal at $50 a ton, milk was produced at IG, 1G.5,
and 16.6 cts. per gallon, respectively, when these concentrates were fed.

Corn silage and sweet potato silage were fed by the reversal system to two
lots of seven cows each during four 16-day periods. In addition, the cows
were fed a ration of 2.5 lbs. of cottonseed meal and 7.5 lbs. of wheat bran.
Little variation occurred in the weight of the cows during the test. On corn
silage the cows gave 7,888.3 lbs. of milk at a cost of 11.8 cts. per gallon, while
on sweet potato silage they gave 7,598.4 lbs. of milk, at a cost of 14.2 cts. per
gallon. In thi^ test corn sUage was valued at $4 and sweet potato silage at
$13.33 per ton.

Dairying- in Plorida, J. M. Scott {Florida Sta. Bui. 1^2 {1918), pp. 5D-76,
figs. 6). — The author discus.ses the need for increased dairy production in
Florida, especially on the average farm ; the factors affecting cost of milk
production ; the improvement of dairy herds by selection, the use of good sires,
and the raising of heifers from the best-producing cows ; the effects of feeding
stuffs on the color, odor, and composition of milk ; qualifications of a good
dairyman ; and cow-testing associations.

The station herd is cited as an example of what may be accomplished in
improving dairy herds by selection and by the use of good sires. Ten years
ago the average annual milk production per cow of the 12 cows in this herd
was 2,600 lbs. During the past year the average of the 20 cows in this herd
was 4,440 lbs. The average total feed and labor cost of producing milk in the
station herd during the past year was 19 cts. a gallon.

A study of share-rented dairy farms in Green County, Wis., and Kane
County, 111., E. A. Boeger {V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 603 {1918), pp. IJ,, fig. 1).—
The material for this study was obtained from 84 farm-management survey
records made in Green County, Wis., in cooperation with the Wisconsin Ex-
periment Station, and from 59 records made in Kane County, 111., all for the
crop year 1915, together with data from 147 survey records taken in the
Illinois region by the Illinois Station in 1912.

With regard to rental terms, the landlord in the Illinois group generally
owned the cows and paid all the farm road tax, while in the Wisconsin group
he owned but half the cows and paid only part of the road tax. In the Wis-
consin group 76 per cent of the leases ran for one year, none being for more
than three years. In the Illinois group 63 per cent of the leases were for one
year, none being for more than five years.

The average farm in the Wisconsin group had 140 acres tillable and 84 acres
in pasture and supported 25 cows. The Illinois farms averaged 139 acres
tillable and 58 acres in pasture and supported an average of 43 cows. The
Wisconsin cows produced an average of $70 worth of dairy products, and the
Illinois cows $94 worth per head annually. In the Wisconsin group both
landlord and tenant made least on farms selling milk fat, more on farms
marketing milk through the cheese factory, and most on farms selling milk to
condenseries. In the Illinois group none of the milk was made into cheese,
and the profits were about the same, both to landlord and tenant, whether
the milk was sold to the condensery or for market. The introduction of pure-
bred cows into the dairy herd in the Wisconsin group has been very profitable
both to landlord and tenant, but apparently only to the tenant in the Illinois
group.

In both the Wisconsin and Illinois groups the tenant remained on the farm
longer under the yearly lease than he did where the lease was for a longer
period.

878 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. [Vol.38

Milk goats, E. L. Shaw (V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 920 {1918), pp. 36,
figs. 18). — A general treatise on the status of the industry in the United States,
the character of goat's milk, and the breeds, breeding, care and management,
and diseases of goats.

It has been found that goat's milk can be thoroughly separated in a separator.
When goat's milk testing 4.4 per cent fat was run through the separator the
skim milk tested only 0.03 per cent fat. The composition of the milk in the
Bureau of Animal Industry's herd of common American goats averaged the
following percentages : Specific gravity, 1.0338 ; fat, 5.99 ; solids-not-fat, 10.97 ;
sugar, 4.93 ; protein, 4.63 ; and water, 83.04. Tests indicate that when goat's
milk and cream are properly handled butter of a good quality and free from
objectionable features may be secured. Directions are given for the manu-
facture of cheese from goat's milk. Results secured in a cooperative experi-
ment by the Sea View Hospital, New York, and the Bureau of Animal Industry
upon the value of goat's milk for tuberculous patients were entirely negative.

The essentials of a goat dairy are noted, and the floor plans and details are
given of the goat dairy at the department experiment farm at Beltsville, Md.
Breeding experiments at this farm have involved the crossing of pure-bred
Saanen and Toggenburg bucks on common American does. The crossbred
goats from each of these breeds have shown great improvement over the
common goat. The grade Saanen does have had a lactation period of from
7 to 10 months and have given an average of 3.1 lbs. of milk per day, ranging
in fat content from 4 to 6 per cent. The grade Toggenburg does have milked
from 6 to 10 months and produced an average of 3.2 lbs. of milk per day, the
fat content of which ranged from 4 to 6 per cent. The average weight of the
mature half-Saanen does in 1917 was 129 lbs., and of the half -Toggenburg
does 103 lbs. In 1915 the average daily milk yield per head of 10 selected
common does was 1.5 lbs. for periods of from 7 to 10 months. This milk ranged
in fat content from 6.5 to 9.4 per cent

The Bureau herd of does in milk are fed in winter a ration of 2 lbs. of
alfalfa or clover hay, 1.5 lbs. of silage or turnips, and fi'om 1 to 2 lbs. of a
grain mixture of corn, oats, bran, and linseed meal (10: 10: 5: 1). On pasture
the does are fed from 1 to 1.5 lbs. of a gi-ain mixture of corn, oats, and bran
(2:2:1). In 1916 the herd of 10 grade Toggenburg and Saanen does during
their lactation period required 1.21 lbs. of grain to produce a quart of milk.

The milch goat, A. C. McCandlish and L. S. Gillette {Iowa Sta. Circ. 42
{1918), pp. .^).— Brief notes are given on the adaptations, breeds, feeding, man-
agement, and product of milch goats.

Germ content of milk.- — II, As influenced by the utensils, M. J. Peucha,
H. M. Weeter, and W. H. Chambeks {Illinois Sta. Bui. 20.'/ {1918), pp. 217-
257, fig. 1). — In continuation of the study of the relative importance of the
various channels through which bacteria enter milk (E. S. R., 37, p. 684),
results are here given of investigations begun in 1913 upon the influence that
the various utensils in which milk is normally handled exert upon the germ
content of tlie milk. In part 1 of the bulletin are reported the results of ex-
periments in which the influence was studied by direct examination of the
cans and bottles. The aim of these tests was to determine the number of bac-
teria in freshly washed unsteamed cans and bottles, whether bacteria In-
creased in washed utensils before being filled, and the source of these bacteria.

The study of bacteria in freshly washed cans was made with 170 cans that
had been used In shipping sweet milk from 37 farms to two dairies. In dairy
A the milk handled in the cans had a low germ content. The number of cans
washed in the same lot of wash water was from 20 to 30, and the amount ot

1918.] DAIRY FAjaMING DAIEYING. 879

wash water used was 60 gal., the cans being rinsed after washing. In dairy B
tlie milli had a high germ content. From 60 to 80 cans were washed in the
same lot of wash water, the amount of water being about 25 gal., and the cans
were not rinsed after they were washed. The cans were washed immediately
after the milk was poured from them, and the plating of tlie rinse water was
made in from one-half to four hours.

More than 1,000,000,000 bacteria were removed from each of 39 of the cuua
washed in dairy A, and from each of 3S others the numl)er was more than
100,000,000. Even larger numbers were removed from the 56 cans washed In
dairy B. In only 4 of the cans in this dairy was the number smaller than
100,000,000. Had these 170 freshly washed cans been fiUed with sterile milk
the resulting germ content would have varied from 197 to 2,557,000 per cubic
centimeter. The results of successive rinsings vpith sterile water indicate
that, while a considerable fraction of the germ life in the cans was temoved by
the first rinsing, it is by no means the entire germ life present.

Fifty cans washed, steamed, and left 30 hours uncovered and inverted on a
rack, if filled with milk would have added to tlie milk an average of 8 bacteria
per cubic centimeter. Fifty cans similarly cleansed but left 30 hours witn
the lids on, if filled with milk would have -added to the milk an average of
1,816 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Fifty cans washed but not steamed and
held 30 hours uncovered and inverted on a rack, if filled with milk would have
added to the milk an average of 27,164 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Ten cans
similarly cleansed, but held 30 hours with the lids on, if filled with milk would
liave added to the milk an average of 128,730 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
Ninety-one milk cans that had been washed, rinsed, and steamed at tne
dairy and covered with their lids, examined as they were about to be used
on several dairy farms showed that had they been filled with milk they
would have added to the milk an average of 23,523 bacteria per cubic centi-
meter. The treatment of these cans at the farms was not uniform, either as
to their being kept covered or as to the length of time elapsing before their
use.

A comparison of the germ content of each of 153 milk cans after the cans
had been emptied and washed, but not rinsed or steamed, and the germ con-
tent of the milk previously held by the cans, in most cases revealed no direct
relationship. However, taken as a whole, the dairy which received the milk
with the higher germ content also had the cans with the higher germ content.

An examination of 134 freslily washed cans and of the water in which they
were washed showed that the wash water became heavily seeded with bacteria
during the washing process. However, the extremely large numbers of bac-
teria found in some of the washed cans could not be accounted for by con-
tamination from the wash water.

Bacterial counts were made of a number of washed but unsteamed milk bottles.
The results show that if these bottles had been filled with milk the germ content
of the milk would have been increased by an average of 1,339 bacteria per cubic
centimeter by the freshly washed bottles and 12,930 bacteria per cubic centi-
meter by the bottles held 24 hours after washing.

The experiments reported in part 2 were designed to test the influence of the
various unsteamed utensils upon the germ content in actual dairy operations, as
shown by the difference in the germ content of the milk handled in steamed and
in unsteamed utensils. The steaming consisted in holding the utensils in a
chamber filled witli flowing steam for about an hour, except that some of the
pails and cans were held over a steam jet for two to three minutes. Bacterial
examination of the utensils showed that this steaming was satisfactory.

880 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

An examination of 81 cans of milk at the farm ready for transportation to the
dairy, when all utensils had been carefully steamed, showed an average germ
content of 6,807 bacteria per cubic centimeter. A similar examination of the
milk in 117 cans from the same farms, when all utensils were similarly treated,
except that the steaming was omitted, showed an average germ content of
285,600 bacteria per cubic centimeter.

When the bottle filler was carefully washed and steamed it exerted no ap-
preciable effect upon the germ content of the milk passing through it. When it
was similarly w-ashed, but not steamed, the germ content of the milk of the first
bottle was increased on the average by 96,900 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
The continued use of the bottle filler gradually washed the larger part of the
germ life from the machine.

A study of the collective infiuence of all the utensils that normally come into
contact with the milk, both at the barn and at the dairy, showed that when all
the utensils were carefully steamed the germ content of the milk in the bottles
was about 4,566 bacteria per cubic centimeter. When similar conditions ob-
tained, except that tlie steaming of the utensils was omitted, the germ content
of the millc approximated 257,240 bacteria per cubic centimeter.

Of all the various utensils coming into contact with the milk at the barn and
at the dairy, the clarifier and the bottle filler when unsteamed proved to be the
most prolific sources of contamination. The clarifier added an average of 141,340
bacteria per cubic centimeter to the milk passed through it, while the bottle-filler
tank and the four valves of the filler added appproximately 436,000 bacteria per
cubic centimeter to the same milk.

Factors of im.portance in producing milk of low bacterial coiuit, C. L.
RoADHousE (California Sta. Circ. 119 (1911), pp. 11, figs. 6).— This circular
points out briefly the principal sources of microorganisms in milk, and explains
how the care of milk leads to a lower bacterial content. Specifications are given
for the construction of an inexpensive combination hot-water heater and steam
sterilizer for dairy utensils.

The pasteurization of sour, farm-skimmed cream for butter making, O. F.
HuNziKEE, G. Spitzeb, H. C. Mills, H. B. Switzeb, et al. (Indiana Sta. Bui.
208 (1911), pp. 3-16). — The experiments here reported were undertaken to de-
termine (1) the effect of pasteurization of sour, farm-separator cream on the
flavor, keeping quality, and market value of butter; (2) the effect of different
processes of pasteurization on the bacterial count of cream and butter and on
the flavor and keeping quality of butter; (3) the effect of pasteurization on the
chemical properties of fresh and stored butter; (4) the causes underlying the
changes in the flavor of raw and pasteurized cream butter in storage.

In each set of experiments about 1,600 lbs. of 80 to 40 per cent cream of 0.3 to
0.7 per cent acidity was used. This cream was divided into four churnings, as
follows: (1) Churned raw; (2) pasteurized at 145° F., holding for 20 minutes;
(3) pasteurized at 165° flash process; (4) pasteurized at 185° flash process.
Five-lb. cartons of the butter were held in cold storage at from 0 to 20°, and
were scored when fresh and when 30, 60, and 90 days old. The average scores
of 204 churnings indicate that the butter from the raw cream possessed the
poorest keeping quality, scoring 3.03 points lower when fresh and 4.51 points
lower when 90 days old than the butter from cream pasteurized at 145° hold-
ing process, which scored highest when fresh and after storage. Butter from
cream pasteurized at 165 and 185° flash process had a pronounced oily flavor.
The flavor largely disappeared in storage, but flavors characteristic of storage
butter developed.

On the basis of market conditions at the time of this study, the butter from
the pasteurized cream, averaged, after 30 days' storage, from 0.8 to 0.9 ct, in

191S.] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 881

the case of the flash process, to 1.7 cts., in the case of the holding process,
higher In price tlian tiae butter made from raw cream.

Tlie holding process of pasteurization at 145° was most efficient, averaging
over 99.9 per cent in its germ-killing effect on all types of microorganisms.
The flash process at 185° lacked uniformity, and at 165° was deficient in germ-
killing efficiency. The germ-killing efficiency of pasteurization in summer was
greater and the keeping quality of such butter was better than that of winter
cream and butter. However, pasteurization at 145° holding process destroyed
over 99 per cent of the germ content of cream, regardless of the season of the
year and variations in the resistance of different types of germs.

In order to test the effect of time of holding cream at 145° on the germ-kill-
ing efficiency and on the keeping quality of butter, cream was held at this
temperature for 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. From the standpoint of the keep-
ing quality of the butter 20 minutes' holding proved best. The greatest reduction
of microorganisms occurred when the cream was held at 145° for 40 minutes,
and tlie germ-killing efficiency was greatly diminished when the time of ex-
posure was shortened to 15 or 10 minutes. Butter from cream held at 145°
for more than 20 minutes, however, contained as large numbers of liquefiers,
yeasts, and molds as when held for 20 minutes only, and exposure at 145° for
longer than 20 minutes was found to produce a mealy body in the butter under
certain conditions.

Anotlier experiment demonstrated the necessity of guarding against recon-
tamination after pasteurization. It has been found that an unclean vat may
reduce the efficiency of pasteurization 50 per cent. It was also shown that the
better the flavor and the lower the acidity of the cream at .the time of pasteuri-
zation, the better will be the flavor of the butter when fresh and when it comes
out of storage.

In 104 churnings the average percentages of fat In the buttermilk were as
follows : From raw cream 0.101, and from pasteurized cream at 145° held 20
minutes 0.137, at 165° flash 0.12, and at 185° flash 0.12. In these churnings
there was a somewhat larger loss of fat from the high-acid cream than from the
low-acid cream.

Pasteurization of cream had very little effect on the chemical composition
of the butter. The moisture, curd, and acid were somewhat lower in the
pasteurized cream butter than in the raw cream butter, and the highest tem-
perature used for pasteurizing showed the greatest difference. There was a
gradual decrease in lactose and increase in acidity of the raw and pasteurized
cream butter after three months' storage ; however, the raw cream butter in-
creased far more rapidly in acidity than the pasteurized cream butter. There
was also a decrease in the acidity of the fresh butter, due to pasteurization.
The fat constants in butter in storage were found to undergo but very slight
changes, and these changes averaged somewhat greater in raw cream butter
than in pasteurized cream butter. Results of monthly analyses of milk fat
held for one year at ordinary room temperature show that the fat constants
in the stored fat underwent very slight changes, not at all commensurate with
the degree of rancidity and tallowiness developed in the fat.

The hydrolyzed or cleavage products of the proteins in butter were deter-
mined in 64 separate churnings of the butter from raw and pasteurized cream,
when the butter was fresh, and after storage at —6° for one, three, and five
months, respectively. The results indicate that some protein decomposition
takes place in all butter during storage even at a temperature below 0°, and
it is suggested that this protein hydrolysis may, in a large measure, be re-
sponsible for off flavors in storage butter. Butter that is intended for pro-
longed storage should, therefore, be as free as possible from curd. It is also

882 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

noted that the protein hydrolysis was greatest in the raw cream butter and
least in butter made from cream pasteurized at 185° flash process. The protein
cleavage was greatly increased after butter had been transferred from cold-
storage to room temperature.

The causes of protein hydrolysis are discussed, and the methods used in
these experimental analyses of the cream and butter are outlined. Detailed
tabular data brought out in the study are appended.

Errors in the weight of print butter: Their causes and prevention, H.
RUNKEL and H. M. Roeser (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Cire. 95 {1918), pp. IJf,
figs. 7). — This circular, which is based upon studies by the Bureau of Chem-
istry in cooperation with the Division of Weights and Measures of the Bureau
of Standards, is issued to show the responsibility of butter makers in complying
with the requirements of the Federal net weight law and to suggest a procedure
to reduce the inaccuracy and lack of uniformity in present methods of printing
butter.

The average difference between the heaviest and lightest of 50 1-lb. prints
selected at random in about 250 plants was 0.56 oz. The types of errors made by
manufacturers may be due to (1) the difference of single prints from 16 oz. and
(2) the difference of the average weight from 16 oz. Errors on single prints,
when the average is correct, are due principally to the physical condition of the
butter, the Inaccuracy of the printing machine, and the carelessness of the opera-
tor. These errors may be largely eliminated by attention to such details as
uniformity of mixing, control of the temperature at which printed, securing a
uniform solidity of the print, cutting all prints squarely, filling out the corners,
preventing air holes in the middle of the print, elimination of worn utensils, and
keeping cutting wires tight and the proper distance apart

Errors on the average weight are due largely to inaccurate scales and incor-
rect methods of adjusting the machine. They may be largely eliminated by first
securing an accurate scale and then looking carefully to its preservation ; also,
by weighing at least 5 per cent of all prints in groups of five or ten at frequent
intervals during each churning in order to check up the printing machine.

Actual conditions as they were found in the field are discussed and the rela-
tion of the different sources of error to one another is pointed out.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Preventive medicine and hygiene, M. J. Rosenatj (New York and London:
D. Appleton & Co., 1917, S. ed., enl., pp. XXX7I+1S7J,, pi. 1, figs. 206).— This
new edition is called by the author a " special " or " military " edition, inasmuch
as it contains a discussion of the " duties and organization of the Sanitary Corps,
the examination of recruits, diseases of the soldier, sanitation of troops in camp
and on the march, sanitation of barracks and trenches, physical training, per-
sonal hygiene and equipment of the soldier. Red Cross, rations, etc and

the ' new ' diseases and new medical conditions which have arisen in the present
world war, such as trench fever, trench foot, war nephritis, shell shock, gas
poisoning, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, etc." The book contains chapters on
Sewage and Garbage, by G. C. Whipple; Vital Statistics, by J. W. Trask ; and
Mental Hygiene, by T. W. Salmon.

Report of veterinarian, C. A. Caey (Alabama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 25-
27). — Work with the kidney worm (StepJianurus dentatus) has shown that its
eggs pass out from the body of its host in the urine and hatch at ordinary tem-
peratures in about 17 days in urine, water, and moist soil. Its eggs were found
in the urine in the bladder of a niunber of pigs,

1^18.1 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 883

Tests made of the action of " bitterweed " {Helenhim tenuifoUum) Indicate
that it is toxic for horses, mules, and dogs, but not so for cattle. A collection of
ISO tabanids was made during the fall.

A series of tests made to determine the toxic action of Eupatonum ageratoides
indicate that it produces progressive degenerative change in the red blood cells,
polymorphonuclear cells, and eosinophils. In the cat, dog, and goat it failed to
produce any symptoms resembling " trembles."

White snakeroot or richweed (Eupatorium urticagfolium) as a stock-
poisoning plant, C. D. Marsh and A. B. Clawson (C7; S. Dept. Affr., Bur.
Anim. Indus., 1918, pp. 7, fig. 1). — This is a popular summary of information,
based upon the investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 685), in which it
is pointed out that the losses of live stock from poisoning by this plant should be
avoided by prevention rather than by reliance upon remedies. Since it takes a
fairly large quantity to poison an animal, little harm will result from eating the
plant for a short time unless the animal is unusually hungry.

Efficacy of some anthelmintics, M. C. Hall and W. D. Foster ([/. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 7, pp. 897-447, fig. 1). — In carrying out
the series of experiments here reported the plan of the authors was to test as
many drugs as possible having a known or alleged anthelmintic value, making
further experiments with the more promising. The animals were given an
appropriate dose of the anthelmintic to be tested. ' The treatment was usually
administered in the morning and all feces were collected and examined every
morning thereafter until the animal was killed, which was usually the morning
of the fourth day after the administration of the last dose of the anthelmintic,
and all parasites remaining were collected and counted.

The experimental data presented are arranged in three groups, (1) simple
purgatives, (2) a group including anthelmintics having a mineral base and coal-
tar products, and (3) a group covering the vegetable anthelmintics. The con-
clusions drawn by the authors from the results of the investigations reported
are as follows :

" Simple purgatives, calomel and castor oil, may have some slight value as
anthelmintics, but it is hardly sufficient to justify their use for this purpose.
Ascarids in dogs are sometimes removed by castor oil given as a preliminary
purge, and this fact may prove of benefit in veterinary practice as a diagnostic
measure when the more accurate method of microscopic fecal examination can
not be carried out. However, castor oil failed to remove ascarids more fre-
quently than it succeeded, and in no case were all the ascarids removed from any
one animal. As many of the experiments on dogs were preceded by a dose of
castor oil, the writers have fairly extensive data on this subject.

" The most reliable vermifuge for ascarids, whether in dogs or s\vine, is oil of
chenopodium. This drug, which was tested out on 34 dogs in six experiments,
showed an efficacy for the entire series of 97 per cent. It rarely fails to remove
all the ascarids present in a dog if given at the rate of 0.2 mil per kilogram,
preceded by a dose of castor oil and the animal starved for 24 hours before
treatment. The chenopodium treatment is also very efficacious for ascarids in
swine and when properly administered may be expected to remove most, if not
all, of the worms present. It would seem, however, that neither chenopodium nor
any other drug tested will give satisfactory results if mixed with the daily
ration and the animals allowed to dose themselves ; it is best given to each pig
individually in suitable dosage, preceded by a fast. While this method neces-
sarily involves considerable labor when treating animals as unruly as swine,
the labor can be reduced by sorting the liogs roughly into classes according to
size and confining them in inclosures which will permit them to be caught with

884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.38

a minimum amount of struggling. The treatment has proved practical on a
large scale and the results, as far as they could be determined, were entirely
satisfactory. Oil of chenopodium appeared to be effective for stomach worms
in sheep, although the data on this subject are not sufficient to warrant its recom-
mendation. It is also of some efficacy for hookworms in sheep and in dogs,
though in the latter case chloroform was found more reliable.

" Other remedies which seem to have more or less merit as anthelmintics
against ascarids are the latex of Ficus laurifolia, santonin in repeated doses,
and thymol. Although thymol in repeated doses is fairly efficacious against
hookworms, it was inferior to chloroform for this purpose, causing more dis-
tress. An excellent preparation for mixed infestation in dogs consists of equal
parts of oil of chenopodium and chloroform, given at the rate of 0.2 mil per
kilogram, combined with 30 mil.s of castor oil. This preparation may be ex-
pected to remove all the ascarids present, a large proporti£)n of hookworms, and
possibly a certain percentage of whipworms. This latter parasite seems to be
very difficult to eliminate, and nothing tried by the writers proved very effica-
cious, almost any anthelmintic occasionally proving successful. This experience
may perhaps be explained by an intermittent peristalsis of the cecum, which
occasionally allows the anthelmintic to enter, but which usually excludes it.
Although chloroform was fairly successful in removing stomach worms from
sheep, both animals upon v/hich it was tried subsequently died from its effects,
and it would seem to be too dangerous for use on sheep.

" In the case of stomach worms in sheep, copper sulphate was found to be
the most satisfactory remedy, the experiments confirming the findings of
Hutcheon. A simple apparatus devised by the senior writer reduces the labor
involved in drenching a flock of sheep and insures accurate dosage. Petroleum
benzin also proved satisfactory and was more efficacious for hookworms than
copper sulphate. However, it is much more expensive than copper-sulphate
solution, must be given three times and in a vehicle like milk, which adds
greatly to the expense. The fact that petroleum benzin (refined gasoline)
proved efficacious, while commercial gasoline was considerably less so, is per-
haps related to the differences in specific gravity and consequent volatility of
the refined product compared with the commercial product.

"Among anthelmintics intended for use against tapeworms, male-fern proved
efficacious when tested on dogs. In the case of cats it removed all tapeworms
from 75 per cent of the animals tested, though it proved fatal to two out of
six animals which were somewhat enfeebled from disease. Apparently it is
more toxic to cats than dogs and should be prescribed with caution and only
given to healthy subjects. So far as can be judged from a single experiment
with dogs, there seems to be no danger in combining male-fern with castor oil,
as is done in the so-called Hermann's mixture. In fact, the writers are in-
clined to agree with Seifert (1908) that the administration of castor oil after
male-fern will avoid the toxic effects of the latter by causing Its rapid and
thorough elimination, and that for this purpose no other purgative is quite
so effective. This subject, however, should receive more study before con-
clusions are drawn.

" Pelletierine tannate was a failure in the one experiment in which it was
tested on cats but was efficacious on dogs. No remedy was efficacious against
tapeworms In poultry. Of the four drugs tested, chenopodium gave the best
results for this purpose, but its efficacy for tapeworms is very slight.

" Turpentine proved the most efficacious of the remedies tested on poultry
for the removal of Ascaridia perspicillum, while chenopodium was nearly as
good. When tested ©n dogs and pigs, turpentine was not very efficacious ; and.

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 885

as it caused grave symptoms of nephritis in pigs and caused the death of some
of the experiment dogs, .its use upon these animals is inadvisable.

" The treatment with chopped tobacco stems recommended by Herms and
Beach for ascarids in poultry proved fairly efBcacious for Ileterakis papulosa
and would presumably be at least as efficacious for A. perspiciUitm, since this
latter worm is more easily reached by anthelmintics than is //. papulosa.

" There are a large number of drugs showing a greater or less degree of
efficacy for the various intestinal parasites of domestic animals. Usually their
action is selective — that is, they show a pronounced efficacy for certain species
of intestinal worms, while they are decidedly less efficacious or entirely ineffi-
cacious against other intestinal parasites. If we consider the ideal anthel-
mintic one which will remove all worms of a given class or species, and do this
every time in a single dose, we find that very few drugs approach this ideal.

" Among the drugs which have given the best results under experimental con-
ditions for the purposes intended and concerning which the writers have suffi-
cient data to warrant positive conclusions may be mentioned the following:
(1) Copper sulphate in drench for stomach worms in sheep; (2) oil of
chenopodium for ascarids in pigs and dogs; (3) oleoresin of male-fern for tape-
worms in dogs; (4) turpentine for A. pcrspicillum in fowls; and (5) chopped
tobacco stems for H. papulosa in fowls."

The treatment of severe burns with ambrine, C G. McMullen {Gen. Elect.
Rev., 20 (1918), No. 9, pp. 111-122, figs. 6; Sci. Amer. Sup., 85 (1918), No. 2203,
pp. 190, 191).— This article describes the use of ambrine in severe burns and
gives a resume of the literature on the subject.

Bacteria in dust, E. Burnet (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 31 (1911), No. 12, pp.
593-600). — In bacterial examinations of sarapl(?s of fresh street dust, 3 out of
IS samples contained the tubercle bacillus. Dried dust obtained from vacuum
cleaners in theaters, stores, etc., gave evidence at first of very few organisms,
but with proper cultivation under anaerobic conditions it was found to contain,
in addition to BacUlus subtUis and various representatives of the mesentericus
group, putrefj-ing organisms such as B. welchii, B. tetanus, and B. sporogenes.

The author suggests the possibility that certain cases of tetanus, the origin
of which is obscure, may be caused by the tetanus spores penetrating into the
body with very fine dust.

The action of cold on microorganisms, A. Q. Ruata (Ann. Ig. [Rome], 28
(1918), No. 1, pp. 1-10). — The purpose of the studies reported was to determine
whether microorganisms are actually destroyed by cold or whether they are
simply rendered inert during the time in which they are kept at low tempera-
ture. Various organisms in gelatin culture were kept for from 1 to 24 days at
a temperature of from —3 to —12° C. in a dry atmosphere. Each day a small
portion of the gelatin culture was removed from the refrigerator and placed in
an incubator at 22° for 10 days, at the end of which time the colonies in the
various tests and in the control were counted. The biological properties of
the organisms studied were tested in various ways. Studies were made on
BacUlus coli, B. pyocyaneus, B. proteus v^dgaris, B. hulgaricus, B. clavatus,
and other putrefying organisms.

The results show that the prolonged action of cold produces not only a
paralyzing effect upon microorganisms but progressively destroys them. The
spores of B. clavatus, although more resistant than the bacillus Itself, were
gradually killed under prolonged action of cold. The bacteriological properties
of the organisms studied showed progressive changes in accordance with the
gradual destruction of the organism.

886 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 38

The author concludes that a practical application of the results obtained
could be made in the preserving industry in the sterilization of various fresh
foods.

The value of WulfE's method for the diagnosis of anthrax, L. Sani {Clin.
Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 41 (1918), No. 1-2, pp. //-iO).— The diag-
nosis of anthrax ^yith the aid of bone marrov? as described by WulfC (E. S. R.,
27, p. 781) is considered by the author, after experimental work, to be prefer-
able to all other methods, particularly where the diagnosis has to be made
on carcasses which have undergone extensive putrefaction. The compactness
and chemical composition of the bones are such as to offer greater resistance to
putrefactive action and a favorable place for the development and preservation
of the anthrax bacillus.

Studies on diphtheria toxin. — I, Hydrogen-ion concentration and toxi-
cogenicity determinations with Bacterium diphtherias, L. Davis {Jour. Lab.
and Clin. Med., 3 {1918}, No. 6, pp. 358-367, figs. 2).— The purpose of the present
investigation was to determine by means of the hydrogen electrode the reaction
changes which take place in the medium during the formation of diphtheria
toxin on a practical scale, and to note the relationship between toxicogenicity
and hydrogen-ion concentration. The medium used for the study was plain
bouillon made by adding 20 gm. of peptone and 5 gm. of sodium chlorid to every
liter of beef infusion prepared in the usual way. Adjustment to the desired
hydrogen-ion concentration was made by the method of Clark and Lubs (E. S.
R., 37, p. 506). The experimental data led to the following conclusions:

" Toxin of maximum potency is produced In bouillon by B. diptherice only
when the initial reaction falls within a certain zone of alkalinity, included
within the hydrogen-ion concentration limits of about 7X10'' to about 5X10'^
Luxuriant growth of the organism appears to be possible where the reaction of

the bouillon ranges from about Cg^lXlO"* to about CjJ=8.4X10-'°. When
cultivated in plain bouillon under optimal conditions, B. diphtheria undergoes
an initial increase in hydrogen-ion concentration. This is soon followed by a
steady decrease until apparently a limiting alkaline reaction is attained. The
total acid produced is relatively small and seems to vary in amount v/ith each
individual strain. Toxicogenic strains appeared to develop more acid than an
avirulent strain. The initial increase in hydrogen ions is due to fermentation of
some constituent in both peptone and beef infusion. No direct relationship can
be found between the hydrogen-ion concentration of the medium and toxicity
during the growth of B. diphtherice."

The intrapalpebral mallein reaction, A, Lanfranchi {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte
Set., 28 {1917), No. 9, pp. 197-202. fig. 1; abs. in Rev. G6n. MM. V6t., 27 {1918),
No. SlJf, p. 86). — The author states that in cases where the intrapalpebral
mallein reaction, previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 874), produces either through
successive injections or other causes sclerosis of the connective tissue, the in-
jection of mallein may be made in the iipper instead of the lower eyelid. In
case of a negative reaction at least 15 days should elapse before repeating the
injection.

The intrapalpebral reaction in the diagnosis of epizootic lymphangitis,
A. Lanfranchi {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 28 {1917), No. 10, pp. 217-225, figs.
5; abs. in Rev. G4n. M6d. Y6t., 27 {1918), No. 314, pp. 80, 81).— The intrapal-
pebral reaction employed in the diagnosis of glanders, previously noted
(E. S. R., 32, p. 374), has been successfully applied for the diagnosis of epi-
zootic lymphangitis. The material for the test, taken aseptically from mature
lesions rich in cryptococci, is attenuated by shaking in ether for about 24
hours, evaporating the ether, and heating the mixture for from 15 to 20 min-

1918.] VETERINARY MEDICINE. ' 887

utes in a water bath at 80° C. It is then centrifuged for 20 to 30 minutes,
and the clear liquid is ready for injection in doses of from 2.5 to 3 cc, accord-
ing to the technique employed for the mallein reaction.

Pyotherapy in epizootic lymphangitis, A. Lanfranchi and P. Baki)ei.li
(Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 28 (1917), No. 12, pp. 261-275, figs. 3). —The author
reviews the literature on the treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by pyo-
therapy and reports unsuccessful results of using this method in cases of
light, moderately severe, and severe lesions. He concludes that pyotherapy
or autopyotherapy does not represent a method for the definite cure of epi-
zootic lymphangitis.

A study of hemorrhag'ic septicemia: Observations in sheep and in moufloii-
sheep hybrids, N. Mori (R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, Ann. Staz. Sper. Malattie
Infctt. Bestiame, 3 (1916), No. 2, pp. 3-35; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rovie],
Intcrnat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 7, pp. 1010-1012;, Abs. Bad.,
1 (1917), No. 6, p. 529). — ^A short history of the disease as reported by various
investigators is given followed by a detailed study of it as observed in mate-
rial from the Naples Veterinary School and other districts of southern Italy.
The symptoms and anatomical lesions in subacute and chrome forms of the
disease are described.

The organism Bacillus ovisepticus, responsible for the disease, is polymor-
phous, Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, and aerobic. Immune
serum prepared with it agglutinates the strains of hemorrhagic septicemia of
other animal species, thus justifying the interpretation that the various strains
are races of a single organism derived through acclimatization in organisms of
another species. For the treatment of the disease the author refers to the
serum vaccine treatment of Raebiger (E. S. R., 35, p. 77) and others.

A bibliography of 14 titles is appended.

The enzyms of the tubercle bacillus, H. J. Corpek and H. C. Sweany (Jour.
Bact., S (1918), No. 2, pp. 129-151, figs. S). — Studies on the autolysis of tubercle
bacilli, previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 181), were continued by the determi-
nation of autolysis of bovine tubercle bacilli and a determination of the a-amino
nitrogen in the autolysate. It was found that " tubercle bacilli of both the
human and bovine varieties possess autolytic enzyms, as indicated by the non-
coagulable nitrogen and a-amino acid nitrogen liberated at incubator temijera-
ture after the bacilli have been killed by toluene and chloroform."

The presence of individual enzyms in the tubercle bacillus was determined
by the nephelometric method of Kober and Graves (E. S. R., 32, p. 310) and
by examining the autolysate for the various products of enzym action. It
was found that " the bacilli themselves, or autolysates therefrom, also possess
a trypsin-like enzym capable of splitting proteins in alkaline solution, an
erepsin-like enzym capable of decomposing peptone in acid solution, a weak
pepsin-like enzym capable of splitting proteins in acid solution, a nuclease
capable of splitting nucleic acid, and a urease capable of decomposing urefx.

" The tubercle bacilli, or autolysates therefrom, do not possess enzyms ci;pa-
ble of hydrolyzing starch or inverting sucrose, demonstrable by the delicate
Lewis and Benedict picramic acid method. Autolysates from tubercle bacilli
do not possess enzyms capable of digesting elastic tissue prepared from lamb
lung, or connective tissue prepared from tubercles, at least as indicated by the
methods used for demonstrating these enzyms."

Bovine tuberculosis: Its diagnosis and control, V. A. Moore (Amcr. Jour.

Vet. Med., IS (1918), No. 4, pp. 167-172) .—This article gives a historical survey

of bovine tuberculosis and the measures taken in different countries for its

control, a description of the nature and distribution of the lesions of the disease,

65162°— 18 7

888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

and a discussion of the tuberculiu reaction. An inquiry into the cases wliere
tuberculin has failed to produce a reaction on tuberculous animals has shown
that the failure may be attributed to one or more of the following causes: (1)
The use of strains of tubercle bacilli which do not make an efficient tuberculin,
(2) the use of cultures of the bacilli which are not properly grown and do nor
contain a sufficient quantity of the specific protein to enable it to cause a reac-
tion, (3) the interpretation of the manifestations following the use of tuber-
culin not made in accordance with the laws governing the reaction between it
and the products of tuberculous lesions in the living animals, (4) the applica-
tion of tuberculin in the period of incubation, (5) the tuberculous lesions being
arrested, healed, encapsulated, or very extensive, and (6) repeated administra-
tions of tuberculin resulting in the failure of the reaction after one or more
injections. In the opinion of the author subcutaneous injection has been more
satisfactory than other methods of administering tuberculin.

The biological behavior of Piroplasma bigeminum in cows in Eritrea. —
The variety acquired in the practice of serum vaccination against rinder-
pest, G. Di DoMizio {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 28 (1911), Nos. 10, pp. 232-
236, fig. 1; 11, pp. 2Jf7-259). — P. bigeminum in Eritrea is so widespread that
practically all cows are afflicted with it at some period of their lives. As a
latent infection it may not be detected by itself either clinically or microscopi-
cally, but it is very easily detected in connection with rinderpest. An animal
whose resistance is weakened by rinderpest is more susceptible to P. bigeminum,
which is often present in the blood used for inoculation against rinderpest.
For this reason the author recommends that in serum vaccination against rinder-
pest in Eritrea great care should be taken regarding the purity of the serum
in order to have it as free as possible from the Piroplasma. This can best be
accomplished by taking the serum on the fourth or fifth day of the disease at
which time the symptoms of rinderpest alone are present, the circulating blood
containing active rinderpest virus but with no Piroplasma or in such small
quantities that it can not be detected in microscopic examination. The serum
should not be taken on the sixth or seventh day of the illness, because the
virulence of the virus is more attenuated and because the P. bigeminum is
probably present in greater numbers and in a more virulent form.

A bacteriological report in regard to hog cholera, G. F. Gardenghi {Clin.
Vet. [Milan'i, Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., J,l {1918), No. If, pp. 84-88).— A typical
case of hog cholera is reported with post-mortem findings and a bacteriological
study of the filterable virus obtained from the animal.

The results led to the conclusion that the Voldagsen strain of paratyphoid
B can be found associated with filterable virus in hog cholera.

Fundamental principles governing the control of hog cholera, D. F. Lvckey
{Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 13 {1918}, No. 4, pp. 157-160, 200).— The principles dis-
cussed are more thorough and efficient organization, attention to the sources of
infection, more stringent quarantine regulations, and laws forbidding the sale
of hogs affected with any disease and prohibiting vaccination except by graduate
veterinarians.

Statistics on the use of hog cholera antisertim and hog cholera virus, C G.
Cole {Amcr. Jour. Vet. Med., 13 {1918), No. 4, pp. 173, 77^/).— During the year
3917, 16.7 per cent of all the hogs in Iowa were immunized. The average per-
centage- of losses from the use of the simultaneous method in healthy herds
over a period of five years was 2.1, the loss in 1917 being only 0.7 per cent. A
report on 264,307 hogs, consisting of 92,943 sick or exposed and 171,424 healthy
hogs, shows a loss of 2.1 per cant of healthy and 15.5 per cent of sick hogs.
Of the hogs actually sick when treated, a recovery of 34.1 per cent is shown
by the use of the serum-alone method against 29 per cent by the use of the

1918.1 VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 889

simultaneous method. The serum-alone treatment thus seems to be more suc-
cessful in the case of sick hogs, although the simultaneous method is superior
from the standpoint of imnmnizing hogs.

IHcerous lymphangitis in horses {Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e
Ig., U {1918), No. 1-2, pp. 11-19, pi. l).—lu this article are summarized the
clinical forms and symptoms of ulcerous lymphangitis caused by the Preisz-
Nocard bacillus, the evolution and differential diagnosis of the disease, and its
prophylactic and therapeutic treatment.

Infections caused by Bacterium pullorum in adult fowls, P. [B]. Hauley
KT AL. {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 172 {1917), pp. 3-^0). — This bulletin reports the
results of a study in which it was established that Bacterium pullorum was
the causative agent in an epidemic in adult fowls indi.stinguishable in its clinical
picture and pathological manifestations from fowl typhoid.

" The primary observations and the experimental features of the study lead
to the conclusion that latent B. pullorum infection was stimulated into active
manifestations of fatal generalized infection as a result of intestinal irritation,
or other physiological changes, following the feeding of a ration containing a
large proportion of roughage in the form of oat husks. The author points to
the need of regarding more seriously the endogenous as opposed to the exogenous
origin of ' epidemic ' diseases among poultry. Among possible endogenous dis-
ease-stimuli the importance of a hygienic feeding regime is especially em-
phasized.

" The existence of intermediate bacterial forms, resembling B. pullorum, but
varying slightly toward B, gallinarum Klein is suggested, and it is proposed to
make use of the terms B. pullorum A and B. pullorum B in order to keep these
types distinct pending their further study. It is further suggested that B.
pullorum appears to stand as a border line group in the colon-typhoid inter-
mediates, separating the actual paratyphoids (B. gallinarum, etc.) from the
actual paracolons {B. suipestifer, B. paratyphosus A and B, etc.). It is recom-
mended that, in order to facilitate bringing about some degree of order in the
group of ' colon-typhoid intermediates,' gas-forming strains be referred to the
paracolon group, which should be revived ; and that androgenic forms only
should be referred to the paratyphoid group, in which B. gallinarum might
stand as the type species."

The author reports that he has data on three epidemics in adult stock due
to the agency of B. pullorum. These epidemics, two of which were somewhat
extensive, occurred in widely separated parts of the country. In all three
bacteria of the fowl typhoid type {B. gallinarum) were absent, yet the clinical
picture and the pathological manifestations were those of fowl typhoid.

A list of 13 references to the literature is given.

A study of the etiology of roup in birds, J. G. Jackley {Kansas Sta. Tech.
Bui. 4 {1917), pp. 5-23).— A summary of inquiries pertaining to poultry diseases
at the station gave the following approximate percentage relationship of the
various poultry diseases in Kansas: Roup 70 per cent, cholera 15 per cent,
white diarrhea 9 per cent, blackhead 1 per cent, and other troubles, including
mites, lice, worms, etc., 5 per cent. Losses to the Industry from roup vary with
different seasons, occasional outbreaks showing a mortality of from 50 to 100
per cent, while in other years only 5 per cent of the flock may be infected with
perhaps less than 1 to 2 per cent mortality. Cases that recover from roup are
believed to be unprofitable, egg production generally being completely suspended
for a time, and the bird seldom fattens and may die later.

In the course of the investigations here reported small Gram-negative, dip-
lococcus-like rods, which did not form spores nor form gas In carbohydrates,

890 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.38

were isolated and apparently deserve recognition as the etiological factor in
roup. This organism was recognized in smears from all cases of diphtheria and
ocular roup examined. It was grown upon artificial media and the disease again
reproduced, and a high degree of protection was shown against the natural dis-
ease after immunization with pure cultures. A bibliography is appended.

A further study of the etiolog'y of roup in fowls, J. G. Jackley {Jour.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 52 (WIS), No. 7, pp. 858-858, fig. i).— Additional re-
sults obtained in the work above noted further support the claim that a bac-
terium of the Pasteurella group isolated by the author is the etiological factor
in roup.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Surface water supply of North Atlantic slope basins, 1916 {XJ. 8. Geol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper 431 (1918), pp. lie+XXXVI, pis. 2).— This re-
port, prepared in cooperation with the States of Maine, Vermont, Massachu-
setts, and New York, presents the results of measurements of flow made on
the St. John, Machias, Union, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Presumpscot,
Saco, Merrimac, Blackstone, Connecticut Housatonic, Hudson, Delaware, Sus-
quehanna, Patuxent, Potomac, and Rappahannock River Basins during 191Q^
Lists of the steam-gauging stations and the publications of the Geological
Survey relating to water resources for this region are appended.

Surface water supply of the lower Mississippi River Basin, 1916 {U. S.
Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 487 {1918), pp. 50-\-XXXII, pis, 2).— This
report presents the results of measurements of flow made on tlie Arkansas and
Red River Basins during 1916. A section on stream-gauging stations and publi-
cations relating to water resources is appended.

Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1916 {TJ. S. Geol. Surrey, Water-Supply
Paper Iilf5 {1917), pp. 224). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the
Territory of Hawaii, presents the results of measurements of flow made on
certain streams and ditches and rainfall records of the islands of Kauai, Oahu,
Maui, and Hawaii for 1016.

Southern California floods of January, 1916, H. D. McGlashan and F. C.
Ebekt {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 426 {1918). pp. 80, pis. 16, map
1). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the State of California, presents
precipitation records, describes the flood of January, 1916, and reports measure-
ments of flood run-off in tlie various river basins within the flood area.

Rapid chemical determination of the potability of water, Comte {Jour.
Pharm. et Chivi., 7. ser., 14 {1916), No. 5, pp. 185-140; abs. in Chem. Abs., 11
{1917), No. 7, p. 857). — It was found that, as a result of the examination of
more than 250 samples of water in the Argonne region of France, in impure
waters the amounts of nitrites in the same specimen may double in 24 hours
at laboratory temperature while pure waters show no such variation. The
maximum action is reached in 48 hours. Two nitrite determinations are made,
one at once and the other on the same sample after 24 hours. By this method
even a very slight microbic action may be detected.

" The waters of the Argonne region are graded as follows : Good waters —
NaCl, below 12 mg. per liter ; NHs, below 0.05 mg. ; oxygen consumption, below
1.2 mg. ; nitrites calculated as KNO2, below 0.03 mg. if there is no variation
after 24 hours. Suspected waters— NaCl, 12 to 20 mg. ; NH3, 0.05 to 0.1 mg. ;
oxygen consumption, 1.2 to 2.5 mg. ; nitrites, 0.03 to 0.1 mg. ; if the amount
varies in the same sample within 24 hours, the limits are 0 to 0.03 mg. Bad
waters contain — NaCl, above 20 mg. per liter; NHs, above 0.1 mg. ; oxygen con-
sumption, above 2.5 mg. ; nitrites, above 0.1 mg. ; if there is appreciable varia-

1918] BITRAL ENGINEERING. 891

tion in the same sample in 24 hours, 0.03 mg. of nitrites will be the lower limit
for bad water."

The cracking and buckling of cement concrete pavements, H. T. Tuthill
{Good Roads, n. ser., 14 (1917), No. 20, pp. 255, 256, figs. -;).— Data on thrfee
concrete roads paved with 1 : 1.5 : 3 concrete and provided with transverse ex-
pansion joints 80 ft. apart are reported. The joint used consisted of a J-in.
strip of creosoted yellow pine and the shoulders in all cases were of a sandy
loam.

It was found that " in the case of the pavement built with the coarse aggre-
gate of imported crushed stone, there has been no buckling or heaving of the
slabs. The pavement developed cracks, but the number of them as compared
with the number in the gravel concrete was less, as was also the width of the
cracks. No buckling occurred in the pavement built with the deep ditch section,
in which the coarse aggi-egate was gravel. There were numerous cracks, how-
ever, running in every direction, those occurring longitudinally of the pavement
opening very wide. On the shallow ditch section of the gravel concrete pave-
ment, bad ca.ses of buckling, considerable distances apart, occurred within a
week during an extremely hot spell. Longitudinal cracks were also more or
less frequent on this section, but tliere were few diagonal cracks."

Tests show advantages of laying brick directly on concrete base, C. C.
Wiley (Engin. Netcs-Rec, 79 (1017), No. 18, pp. 820-822, figs. 5).— Tests at the
University of Illinois are reported on 66 slabs, including plain concrete slabs in-
dented to represent ordinary concrete roads and monolithic brick slabs (1) con-
sisting of grouted brick only, (2) with a thin layer of mortar used to smooth
the surface of the concrete, and (3) with the bricks laid directly on the green
concrete. Wire-cut-lug bricks were used in virtually all slabs.

" Comparison of the results given in the accompanying tabulation will show
that when the concrete side of the slab is in tension the direction of the brick
courses has little effect on the strength, and that the modulus of rupture is
approximately that of plain concrete of the same quality. This is true when the
concrete forms roughly one-half of the thickness of the slab. With the very
thin bases, the brick makes up a sufficient part of the total slab to govern its
behavior.

" When the bricks are in tension there is a marked difference in strength
with the direction of the courses of brick, as would be expected. Here the
slabs with longitudinal courses show high strength, in most instances greater
than that of 1 : 2 : 3 concrete. This is doubtless due to the fact that the bricks
lap in such a way that a shearing stress is set up between the bricks and the
grout, and the bond in this direction is sufficient to develop high beam strength.
The slabs with transverse joints are very much weaker since in this case the
stress is direct tension on the bond between the brick and the grout. The
beams with diagonal courses show a strength intermediate between these
two. . . .

" Little difference in strength is noted between the ' dry-layer ' type and the
' direct-contact ' type of construction, and what difference exists is probably
due to a difference in the gi-out. The * dry-layer ' slabs used a grout of J-in.
sand, which a few tensile tests showed to yield a stronger groitt than the i^-in.
sand used in the ' direct-contact 'specimens. The grout of i-in, sand was
decidedly more difficult to mix properly and showed more tendency to segregate
than did the other — a point worth considering in actual construction. In the
' dry-layer ' type of construction the bricks show the greater tendency to sepa-
rate from the concrete. The materials in a dry mix are never associated as
intimately as those in a wet mix, and consequently the cement does not come

892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

into as thorough contact with either the sand grains or the brick. The ' dry-
layer ' is, tlierefore, weaker than the underlying concrete, and the bond to the
brick i.s not great. ...

" The monolithic tyT>e of construction combines the strength of the brick
slab with that of the concrete base in such a manner as to develop the maxi-
mum in both, and these tests show that such a compound slab is fully equal in
strength to a concrete road slab of the same thickness. It appears, therefore,
that in the monolithic brick road the brick and the concrete should not be con-
sidered as separate units of a pavement, but rather as integral parts of a single
structure. . . . With this type of construction it seems, therefore, en-
tirely logical to reduce the total thickness of the slab, either by reducing the
thickness of the base or by using thinner bricks, provided a sufficient gross
thickness is retained to furnish strength enough to carry the probable loads,
and this necessary gross thickness can be determined on the same basis as the
thickness of a concrete road."

Tests on nailed joints in fir and hemlock timbers, H. F. Blood and H. E.
Plummer (Abs. in Engin. News-Rec, 79 (1917), No. 19, pp. 871, 872, fig>i. 3;
West. Engin., 8 (1917), No. 12, pp. 478-483, figs. 8).— Tests on the strength of
nailed joints, using Douglas fir and western hemlock, are reported, which
covered 110 joints, 87 with Douglas fir and 23 with western hemlock. All tests
were designe<l to show the strength of nailed joints with wire nails used in
single shear.

Safe values for nails driven in perpetidicularly to the grain in either wood,
with the load perpendicular to the length of the nail, were established as
follows: 10 and 12-penny nail.s, 120 lbs. load value per nail; 16-penny nail. 160
lbs.; 20-penny nail, 200 lbs.; 30-penny rniil, 270 lbs.; 40-penny nail, 320 lbs.;
50-penny nail, 400 lbs. ; 60-penny nail. 480 lbs.

** For nails driven parallel with the g^ain of the wood the figures above should
be reduced 25 per cent. All of these values should be reduced if the penetration
of the nail in the holding piece is less than 50 per cent of its length.

" Other conclusions in the report are that the resistance of nails driven per-
pendicularly in the timber with the grain of the wood parallel to the load is
but little more than for nails driven similarly with the grain of the wood per-
pendicular to the load. It is also indicated that the standard nail heads are
of proper proportions, there being no difficulty with the nail head pulling
through the outside timber. The strength of the joint seems to be affected but
little by the penetration of the nail in the centerpiece if that penetration is 40
per cent or more of the length of the nail, but wth less penetration the loads
were reduced, and for a penetration of 30 per cent the strength reduction
amounted to about 25 per cent. The examination showed that each nail in a
joint seemed to support an equal proportion of the load. . . .

" The resistance of the nailed joint, if depending solely on the resistance of
the wood to crushing, varies with the diameter of the nail, other things being
•unchanged. On the other hand the resistance of the joint, if depending solely
on ftie resistance of the nail to bending, varies as the cube of the diameter
of the nail. As the resistance of the joint depends on the combination of these
two, various sized nails give varying degrees of resistance, but it is found
that the variation of the resistance corresponds quite closely with the square
of the diameter of the nail."

Relative resistance of various hardwoods to injection with creosote, C. H.
Teesdaij: and J. D. MacLean (U. S. Ucpt. Agr. Bui. 606 {1918), pp. 36. pis.
12, figs. 16). — Creosote penetration tests similar to those previously reported
for coniferous woods (E. S. R., 31, p. 743) are here reported for some of the

1918.1 RURAL ENGIICEERING. 893

more important hardwood species native to this country. The experiments
were made at the Forest Products Lahoratory maintained by the Forest Service
in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.

The subject matter is discussed under the following general headings : Struc-
ture of the hardwoods, methods used in the experiments, apparatus, materials
used, method of applying the creosote, factors affecting penetration, effect of
structure on penetrance, grouping of species, relation of grouping to commercial
treatment, and conclusions. Notes on the characteristics of the various species,
together with the results of the tests and a bibliography of related literature
are appended.

The farm machinery situation, E. A. White {Illinois Sta. Circ. 210 {WIS),
pp. 4). — The need under present conditions of careful overhauling of farm ma-
chinery and early ordering of new machinery and repairs is emphasized.

Gas engine nomenclature {Oas Engine, 19 {1917), No. 10, pp. 504-513). —
This is the report of the nomenclature division of the data committee of the
National Gas Engine Association.

[Magnetos for farm engines], C. V. Huix {Power Farming, 26 {1917), Nos.

7, pp. 25, 82, SIf, figs. 9; 8, pp. 24. 34. 35, figs. 8; 9, pp. 85. 36, 40, figs. 9; 10,
pp. 42, 48, 45. figi<. 7 ; 11, pp. 16, 36, 37, figs. 6).— This is a series of five articles
on magnetos for farm engines.

The relations of port area to the power of gas engines and its influence on
regulation, .T. R. Du Priest {Gas Engine, 19 {1917), Nos. 7, pp. 357-364;

8, pp. 397-399, figs. 14). — Experiments are reported the object of which was to
present a method of determining the port area required for any fractional
load on a throttling gas engine operating on the four-stroke cycle and to sug-
gest a means of so admitting the fuel as to get the same degree of speed regula-
tion throughout the full range of load.

From a consideration of data obtained in tests of a horizontal double-acting
tandem throttling engine, operating on natural g«is, and the characteristic curve
of the governor used, a method was devised by means of which the relation
between the travel of the governor eollar and port area for a given power can
be determined. This is expressed mathematically and by tabular data.

A new fuel for internal-combustion engines {Brit. Patent 1719 {1916),
Mech. Engin., 39 {1917), pp. 813, 314; »&«• in ^oi. Abs., Sect. B-Elect. Engin.,
20 {1917), No. 235, p. 220).— A British method for starting and running in-
ternal-combustion engines is described in which the fuel can be prepared in a
plastic state from ingredients independent of oil fields. One composition con-
sists of 41 parts potassium nitrate, 41 parts charcoal, and 18 parts sulphur
with moisture to make it plastic. The most important feature is the method
for obtaining partial combustion to provide a residue of energy after the first
stage, to be used in a second cylinder by the addition of air or oxygen. The
second combustion stage may be further subdivided. The products of partial
combustion are mainly carbon raonoxid, methane, and hydrogen, diluted with
nitrogen and carbon dioxifl. An example of the use of this fuel is in the start-
ing of an engine for which large air compressors would be necessary. By
igniting a cartridge of solid fuel an independent re-servoir can be immediately
charged with gas at high pressure and used for the engine.

How to lay out and put up a lineshaft, R. H. Smith {Power Farming, 26
{1917), No. 11, pp. 9, 41, fig. i).— The details of this process are here given.

The use of rope on the farm, V. Overholt {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State
Vniv.l, 12 {1916-17), No. 5, pp. 48, figs. 757).— This bulletin is published for the
instruction of farmers and .students and deals with rope materials and con-
struction; kinds, weight, and strength of rope; coiling and uncoiling of rope;

894

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

[Vol. 38

whipping rope ends ; rope splicing ; rope halters and halter ties ; knots, bends,
and hitches; and blocks and tackle. Tabulated data on weights and safe and
breaking loads of ropes are included.

Movable hog' houses, J. D. McVean and R. E. Hutton (17. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office Sec. Circ. 102 (1918), pp. 8, figs. 7). — The advantages of colony or mov-
able houses are discussed, and instructions, illustrations, and bills of materials
for building the box-shaped and A-shaped houses are given.

RTTRAL ECONOMICS.

Factors of successful farming near Monett, Mo., W. J. Spillman (U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 633 {1918), pp. 28). — This is a report of a study of 274 farms
which have been divided into the following types : Grain and live stock, grain
only, grain and fruit, fruit only. The following table gives data showing
variations found for these four types:

Effect of type of the farm upon investment, size, and income.

Typi^ of r>.rm.

Number.

Total
invest-
ment.

Average

number

acres.

I,abor
income.

Grain and live >5tock

116
66
41
17

811,015
7,395
7,594
4,919

95
76
68
36

$4^8
192

(IraiTi

Grain and fruit... . .

410

Fruit

294

The author discusses the organization of farms by types, as well as the
profitableness of the various types, the proper status of the strawberry indus-
try in southwest Missouri, the speculative nature of fruit enterprises, mainte-
nance of soil fertility, organization of some typical farms, use of legumes, and
tenure.

The determination of the cost of production of farm live stock and dairy-
produce, J. Wyllie {Scot. Jour. Agr., 1 {1918), No. 1, pp. 15-29).— The author
discusses the various factors to be considered in the cost of producing farm
live stock and dairy produce. Among his conclusions are that home-grown
feeds should be charged to the stock according to their farm market value ;
also that special consideration should be given to the valuation of manure
from the stock in obtaining the net cost. He outlines various methods that
may be used in valuing the manure.

The cost of production of milk, G. A. Ferguson {Scot. Jour. Agr., 1 {1918),
No. 1, pp. 29-33). — The author outlines a system of bookkeeping designed to
obtain the cost of milk, together with the different items that must be main-
tained in order to obtain accurate accounts. He considers that there should
be a record book to be kept by the man in charge of the cow, together with a
cash book to be kept by the accountant. He discusses the methods that are to
be used in arriving at a fair price for the feeds raised on the farms, the value
of the farm manure, and of the live stock at the beginning and the end of the
year.

A study of farm labor in California, R. L. Adams and T. R. Kelly {Cali-
fo7-nia Sta. Circ. 193 {1918), pp. 75). — This report discusses the farm labor
shortage in 1917 and the probable situation in 1918. It gives details with
reference to wages, living conditions, and sources of labor. The principal part
of the report consists of excerpts from reports made to the investigators by
various persons in regard to the labor problem.

1918] RURAL ECONOMICS. 895

Cooperative organization by-laws, C. E. Bassett and O. P. Jesness (U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 5^1 {191S), pp. 23). — The authors give sug^'estions in regard to
methods of organization, especially to those desiring to meet the requirements
of the amendment to the Sherman antitrust law commonly known as the Clay-
ton amendment. They discuss methods of dealing with nonmembers, differences
between nonstock and stock forms of organization, financing and perpetuating
nonstock organizations, and the relation of this amendment to existing organ-
izations, and have also suggested forms of by-laws for a cooperative nonprofit
marketing association formed without capital stock.

Cooperative stores in Minnesota, 1914, E. D. Durand and F. Robotka
(Minnesota Sta. Bui. Ill {1917), pp. 31, figs. 4). — Among the conclusions
brought out in this publication are that the number of cooperative stores in
Minnesota is about 125, changing very littte. About two-thirds of the com-
panies reporting paid dividends. For all stores adequately reported, the
average gross sales were $45,836 for 1914, the ratio of expense to gross sales
11.7 per cent, and the ratio of net gain to gross sales, 4.5 per cent. If the
success of cooperative stores be measured by the ratio of net profit to gross
sales, the factor showing the greatest influence is the ratio of total operating
expense to gross sales. The rapidity of turn-over of stock greatly influences
success. The size of business has considerable influence upon success, although
some success-ful stores are found in groups of all sizes. In a business of a given
size the most efficient management is secured by the managers with the
higher salaries.

Modem market methods, A. L, Clark (A^. J. Dept. Agr. Bui. 7 {1017), pp.
215-246, pis. 12). — This bulletin calls attention to the different methods of
marketing agricultural products in New Jersey, and points out the factors
necessary in any system to be successful. Among these factors are the stand-
ardization of grades, packs, and packages, cooperative selling organizations.
State regulation of the commission business, municipal promotion of retail mar-
keting, and thrift and more accurate information on the part of housewives.

The mill market for com and wheat, W. R. Camp {North Carolina Sta.,
Farmers' Market Bui., 5 {191S), No. 20, pp. 10). — This bulletin contains the
usual data with reference to products which the farmers have for sale, together
with information regarding the number of mills in the State grinding corn
and wheat.

Reg'ulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the United States
Warehouse Act of August 11, 1916. — Regulations for cotton warehouses
{V. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 94 {1918). pp. .',.?).— Regulations promul-
gated January 4, 1918, are presented. The text of the legi.slatiou (E. S. R., 35.
p. 308). is appended.

Parcel-post business methods, C. C. Hawraker and J. W. Law {V. 8. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 922, pp. 20, figs. 4). — This gives detailed suggestions re-
garding means of obtaining customers and methods of carrying on business,
with samples of suitable bills, letterheads, order blanks, and other business
forms. It points out that parcel-post shipments are increasing in nunibor,
though probably they always will mf^eoX only a small percentage of the farm
produce going to market. It is concluded that dealings h*f parcel post should
be successful if the farmers are careful to keep up the quality of their produce,
pack it safely and attractively, and meet engagements promptly, and the con-
sumer likewise observes business methods in the transaction.

Geography of the world's agriculture, V. C. Finch and O. E. Baker ( V. S.
Dept. Agr., Office Sec, 1917, pp. 149. pls. 2, figs. 20ff).— The purpose of this
study is to show the geographic origin of the world's supply of food and of
other important agricultural products, and to indicate briefly the climatic, soU,

896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38

and aoonomic conditions that account for the distribution of the crops and
live stock of the world. The volume contains a series of maps showing, by
means of the dot system, the acreage and production of practically all types
of agricultural crops and live stock, not only for the United States but for
foreign countries, together with brief descriptive accounts as to the principal
areas of production. There are also maps showing altitude and precipitation
for all countries of the world. An introductory article on The Food Supply of
the United States is included, in which it is concluded " that the United States
is dependent on the outside world for very few articles of fundamental im-
portance and that the majority of tliese are supplied by countries in the West-
ern Hemisphere."

Agricultural production for 1918, with special reference to spring plant-
ing and to live stock {U. S. Dept. Agr., Offlce Sec. Circ. 103 (1918), pp. 22).—
This report contains the Department recommendations with reference to acre-
age of spring plantings and number of live stock that are deemed necessary in
order to feed our own population and to make up the deficit in the food
supply of the allies as previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 101.)

Prospects of French agriculture, L. Mangin {Rev. Set. Paris, 55 (1917),
No. 18, pp. 5Ii5-553). — The author discussed the crop situation in France in
1916 as compared with previous years, together with the situation in other
countries. In conclusion he advises, in order to meet the present prices, that
bread be made containing from 10 to 12 per cent rice flour; that the colonial
and other laborers in France be reguhited and organized for agricultural pur-
poses ; that additional tractors be manufactured and used ; that the price of
wheat be Increased to stimulate production ; and that some means be found
for increasing the supply of artificial fertilizer. He also suggests that better
methods of distribution are needed in certain communities.

Reorganization of agriculture in France. E. Coquid6 {Ani. Sci. Agron., 4-
ser., 5 (1916), Nos. 7-9. pp. S9S-419 : 10-12. pp. 497-5J,S).—This report deals
primarily with the lands which have been devastated by the war. It discusses
the methods of reconstruction of the farm buildings, and the necessary agri-
cultural machinery, and also takes up the question of introducing new methods
of cultivation and of selling crops and of using waste lands. Attention is given
to the questions of social hygiene, eugenics, and the influence of the extensive
use of alcohol upon the rural people.

The food of France, D. Bellet (Paris: Librarie FMx Alcan, 1917, [41+.
pp. 249-f-[7]). — In this report are discussed the food requirements and sources,
giving details with reference to meat, fish, cereals, poultry, milk, butter, fruit,
and sugar.

Agricultural statistics of Uruguay (E.^tadis. Agr. [Vrnguay'], WIG. pp.
IV+164+CCCXLI). — This issue continues information previously noted (E. S.
R., 36, p. 690), by adding data for a later year.

AGRICULTTTRAL EDTTCATION.

Teaching the value of the fundamental sciences to students in animal
husbandry, E. S. Savage and L. A. Maynard (Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. I'roc.
1916, pp. 174-177). — In this article a plea is made for greater attention to the
teaching of the fundamental sciences in training prospective teachers and in-
vestigators in animal husbandry.

The value of the fundamental sciences in teaching and in Investigation in
animal husbandry, E. S. Savage (Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proc. 1915, pp. 77-
81). — An outline of a suggested 4-year course, with the approximate time to be
devoted to each subject, is presented and discussed, indicating the author's

1918.] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 897

conception of the character and amount of the funchimental sciences nocessary
in teaching the science and art of animal husbandry and leadership in life.

The curriculum, W. C. Coffky {Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. I'roc. 1915, pp. 82-
93). — In this paper the author contends that the so-called practical subjects
should be retained in the animal husbandry curriculum, but not permitted to
dominate it.

Coordination of courses in animal husbandry, C. S. Plumu {Amer. Soc.
Ani?n. Prod. Proc. 1915, pp. 70-76).— The author briefly reviews the history of
the fntroduction of animal husbandry courses into the a;,'ricultural colleges of
this country and discusses the present status of these courses in 14 agricultural
colleges in the Central West. He urges that the colleges, in order to strengthen
and advance the pedagogical significance of animal husbandry instruction,
adopt uniform titles for the same or closely related subjects, cover much the
same ground work in all courses having like titles, so arrange the courses as to
pass in logical sequence wherever possible from freshman to senior years,
clearly define and establish prerequisites when necessary in connection with all
courses, and adopt uniformity in credit hours so as to enable the exchange of
cre<lits between institutions of comparable rank.

Conventionalism in the teaching of live-stock judging, E. B. Pokbes
(Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proc. 1916, pp. 178-185). — The author submits de-
tailed observations in substantiation of his contention that the present teaching
of live-stock judging is not of the highest grade of educational value, because of
its lack of scientific basis and of its large measure of conventionalism, and sug-
gests possible methods of improvement in the instruction.

Teaching breed history to advanced students, H. W. Mumford (Amer. Soc.
Anim. Prod. Proc. 1916, pp. 252-259). — An outline, used in teaching Duroc
Jersey history to a class of graduate and advanced undergraduate students, Is
offered as suggestive of the subject matter of a course in teaching breed history
to a rather small group of advanced students specializing in animal husbandry.
Helpful equipment and practicums are also suggested.

Home course in soils and soil management, compiled by C. F. Pennkweix
(Alameda, Col.: Cotnpiler, 1911, Books 1, pp. 12; 2, pp. 8; 3, pp. 12; 4, pp. 10;
5, pp. 12; Answers, pp. 14)- — This home course in soils for the rancher consists
of a series of five booklets which deal respectively with (1) the origin, forma-
tion, and composition of soils, and soil and plant growth; (2) physical proper-
ties of the soil; (3) water supply of the soil, and soil temperature and drain-
age; (4) nitrogen, inoculation, nitrification, green manuring, and crop rotations;
and (5) the phosphorus and potassium of soils, and acidity and liming. Answers
to the question in each book are added in a separate pamphlet.

Courses in agriculture on the home-project basis (Ind. Bd. Ed., Ed. Bid.
21 (1911), pp. 395, fig. 1). — This bulletin contains (1) outlines, subject matter,
and references to literature for carrying out home projects in swine production,
baby-beef production, sheep raising, colt raising, dairy-cow management,
dairy-c-alf raising, poultry raising, egg production, home gardening (also mar-
ket and truck gardening and gardening and canning), fruit growing, landscape
gardening, potato growing, bee-keeping, and corn production; and (2) outlines
of courses In soils and farm crops, respecticely, prepared by M. L. Fisher, for
the seventh and eight grades and high school and vocational grades (18 weeks).
Directions are given to seventh und eighth grade, high school, and vocational
teachers with reference to the amount of work to cover In one year, the selec-
tion of projects, and the method of instruction.

Subject matter for 1917-18 in natural history, agriculture, and home
making, based on the New York State syllabus for elementary schools
(ComeU Rural School Leaflet, 11 (1911), No. 1, pp. 322, figs. 255).— This leaflet

898 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol. 38

is intended as a book of i-eference and suggestions for teachers, Indicating to
them wliat may be learned about a given topic and ways in which boys and
girls may be led to gain the knowledge by first-class observation and experience.

Part 1 contains extracts from letters from rural and urban teachers, stating
their attitude toward and success in nature-study work ; articles by a number
of scientific writers on such topics as the Migration of Birds, Keeping Dairy
Herd Records, Handling Milk, Biting and Sucking Insects, and Potato Growing ;
and descriptions of various birds, insects, common farm crops, weeds, trees, etc.
Suggestions for using the technical knowledge are contained to some extent
in the articles themselves but more largely in editorial notes introducing the
various sections.

Part 2, Home Making, consists of a special article on hand sewing, by Julia
Gleason, including a few examples of the application of various processes.

Part 3 is devoted to notes and suggestions on the teaching of nature study,
physical training, children's gardens, the improvement of school grounds, ob-
servations on corn day, a general exhibition for farmers' week in February,
1918, junior home project work, etc. A brief list of reference books on nature
study and elementary agriculture, home making, plant life, animal life, etc., is
included.

Rural science, including school g'ardening, R. N. Sheridan {Dept. Agr.
and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 11 {1917), No. 2, pp. 260-263 ) .—After briefly
defining the school garden, the author discusses its evolution and development
in Ireland.

A primer of household biology, E. W. Gudgeu {Bui. N. C. State Norm, and
Indus. Col., 7 {1917), No. 1, pp. 103, figs. 25). — In this bulMin it is the purpose
of the author to give students a sound scientific conception of some of the
fundamental principles of biology and a practical knowledge of certain im-
portant living things. The plan, which is the outcome of 12 years' teaching
of household biology to freshmen students in the State Normal College of North
CJarolina, began as a course strictly in preparation for domestic science, but
has widened its scope to include some of the fundamentals of hygiene and
sanitation and of the maintenance of soil fertility. It includes studies of a
green alga, an animalcule, yeasts, bacteria, molds, and the cycles of matter.
A statement is made at the beginning of each chapter as to where and how the
material needed can be obtained.

The States Relations Service and the cooperative extension service, A. C.
True {Gen. Fed. {Women's Clubs) Mag., 17 {191S), No. 1, pp. 19-21, fig. 1).—
The work of the States Relations Service of particular interest to women is
discussed. This includes home economics club work ami extension activities.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Report on experiment stations and extension work in the United States,
1916 {V. S. Dept. Agr., Rpt. Agr. Expt. Stas. and Coop. Agr. Ext. Work. U. S.,
1916, pp. 33Jf+406, pis. IS). — This report, prepared by the States Relations
Service for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, consists of two parts.

Part I. Work and expendittires of the agricultural experiment stations,
1916. — This part includes the usual report on the work and expenditures of the
agricultural experiment stations in the United States, including Alaslva. Hawaii,
Porto Rico, and Guam, together with detailed statistics compiled from official
sources as to the organization, revenues, additions to equipment, and expendi-
tures of the stations.

The total income of the experiment stations, including the insular stations,
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, was $5,334,073.90. Of this amount

1018] MISCELLANEOUS. gQQ

$720,000 was derived under the Hatch Act, $719,999.75 under the Adams Act,
$119,978.34 from Federal appropriations for the insular stations, $2,303,824.19
from State appropriations, $17,686.13 from individuals and communities,
$335,269.84 from fees, $515,791.47 from the sale of products, and $601,523.96
from miscellaneous sources. The value of additions to the equipment of the
stations was estimated at $1,018,976.05, of which $499,345.97 was for buildings.
The stations employed 1,866 persons in the work of administration and in-
quiry. Of this number 933 were also members of the teaching staff of the col-
leges and 561 assisted in farmers' institute and other extension work. During
the year the stations published 1,733 annual reports, bulletins, and circulars,
aggregating 25,923 pages, and these were distributed to 1,147,309 addresses on
the regular mailing list.

Part II. Cooperative extension work in agrieidture and home economics,
1916. — This part comprises a report on the receipts, expenditures, and results
of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics in the United
States. Of this, pages 17-150 are devoted to Extension Work in the Soutli,
pages 151-371 to Extension Work in the North and West, pages 373-375 to
Farmers' Institutes in the United States in 1916, by J. M. Stedman, and pages
376-400 to statistics of farmers' institute and extension work.

Thii-tieth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1917 (Alabama Col.
Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 28).— This contains the organization list, a financial state-
ment for the Federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917, and reports
of the director and heads of departments on the work of the station during the
year. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted else-
where in this issue.

Annual report of the director of the experiment station on w^ork done
under the local experiment law in 1917, J. F. Dugg.'^ {Alabama Col. Sta.
Circ. S8 (1918), pp. 7-52). — This includes a report by the director on the prog-
ress of the work under this law (E. S. R., 24, p. 400), a financial statement for
the year, and reports from heads of departments, including detailed reports of
boys' and girls' club work and other extension activities. Experimental work in
pig feeding is abstracted on page — of this issue.

Report of Hawaii Station, 1917 {Hatvaii Sta. Rpt. 1917, pp. 56, pis. 8, fi'j.
1). — This contains the organization list, a summary by the agronomist in
charge as to the work of the year, and reports of the divisions of horticulture,
chemistry, plant pathology, agronomy, extension, and Territorial marketing, and
of the Glenwood substation. The experimental work recorded is for the most
part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 3
(1918), No. 2, pp. 31-64, figs. 19). — This numlx?r contains an article entitled
Sorghum As a Substitute for Sugar, several other articles abstracted elsewhere
in this issue, and miscellaneous notes.

Farm knowledg'e, edited by E. L. D. Seymour (Garden City and New York:
Doubleday, Page d Co., 1918, vols. 1, pp. XVI+552, pi. 1, figs. 721; 2, pp.
Xri+558, pi. 1, figs. 677; 3, pp. XVI+488, pi. 1, figs. 715; 4- PP- XVI+559.
pi. 1 figs. 439). — This is a farmer's cyclopedia, consisting of a large number of
special articles, many of which are by agricultural college, experiment station,
and U. S. Department of Agriculture officials. Volume 1 deals with farm ani-
mals, volume 2 \\ith soils and crops, volume 3 with farm macliiuery, and volume
4 with farm management.

NOTES.

Delaware College and Station.— The horticultural department is undergoing
reorganization. C. A. McCue will retain general direction of all its activities
but has been relieved of other station work. It is expected that a research
horticulturist will be appointed. R. R. Pailthorp, assistant horticulturist, has
resigned to accept a position with the Bureau of Markets of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, with headquarters at Spokane, Wash.

M. L, Nichols, assistant professor of agronomy, has resigned to accept a posi-
tion at the Virginia College in charge of extension work in farm engineering
and has been succeeded by F. M. Rast, jr., assistant professor of soils and ferti-
lizers in the University of Florida. C. E. Neff, assistant agronomist in the sta-
tion, has resigned to enter military service and has been succeeded by Geoffrey
Houghland. Dr. R. D. Mullinix, of the University of Chicago, has been ap-
pointed assistant chemist in the station beginning July 1.

Kentucky Station. — S. L. Hibberd, of the department of agronomy, and J. U.
Field, field agent in cooperative purchasing and marketing, have resigned.
W. H. Simmons, dairy inspector, has bt^u transferred to veterinary work in
cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

Louisiana Stations. — The legislature has appropri.ited $82,000 for the pur-
chase of a college farm, A tract has been .selected about three miles from the
college grounds which comprises approximately 600 acres of alluvial lands and
500 acres of highlands, or bluff, soil. Practically the entire area is now in cul-
tivation. Plans for the equipment and operation of the farm have not yet been
completed, but the property will be taken over by the college of agriculture
January 1, 1919, and used for instructional work.

Minnesota University and Station. — The resignations are announced of W. L.
Oswald as assistant professor of botany, effective April 18 ; Ben C. Helmick as
assistant professor of agronomy, effective April 1, to become instructor in
agronomy and associate agronomist in the Connecticut College and Storrs Sta-
tion ; William Dietrich as assistant professor of animal husbandry and animal
husbandman at CnK)kston, effective May 1, to become county agent at Preston ;
David O. Spriesterback as research assistant in agricultural biochemistry, effec-
tive April 1 ; and Carl Kurtzweil as assistant in cereal crops, effective April 1.
I. D. Charlton, professor of farm engineering, has been placed in charge of the
work in army mechanics being given at the training school now in progress at
the university farm.

Nevada Station. — Owing to heavy losses where lambs are produced on the
open range, a study of methods of increasing the percentage of lambs in Nevada
flocks has been planned. Where lambs are produced under sheds, the per-
centage is as high as from 120 to 130 per cent, while on the range it seldom i-uns
above 85 per cent.

Porto Rico Federal Station. — William P. Snyder, assistant in plant breeding,
has been CDmniissioiied second lieutenant in the National Army. T. B. McClel-
land has been promoted to horticulturist and Leonard A. Dalton has been
appointed assistant horticulturist.

Bhode Island Station. — Marguerite W. Elkins, assistant in animal breeding
and pathology, has resigned.

900

o

Issued Decombor 20, 1918.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. 38 INDEX NUMBER

EXPERIMENT
STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OCTICB

1918

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaxit.

Weather Bubeau— C. F. Marvin, Chief.

BuKBAU OF Animal Industry— J. R. Mohler, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chi/if.

Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils— Milton Whitney, Chkf.

Bureau of Chemistry— C. L. Alsberg, Chkf.

Bureau of Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chi£f.

Bureau op Public Roads— L. W. Page, Director.

Bureau of Markets— C. J. Brand, Chi£f.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. AUen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn; 3. F. Duggar.'

Canebrake Station: Uniontown; J, M. Burgess.'

Tnskegee Station; Tusk€gee Institute; G. W.
Carver.*
Alaska— Siifco.' C. C. Georgeson.*
. Aeizoka— Tucson: R . B. KleinSmid.i
AnKxiiSAS—Fayetteville: M. Nelson.'
Ci.uvoKmA— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.'
COLOEADO— fort Collins: C. P. Gillette.'
Connecticut—

State Station: New Eavenr^^ ^ Jenkins '

Storrs Station: Stom; I ' '
Delawake— JVeMJark; H. Hayward.'
YhOJiXDA— Gainesville: P. H. Eolfc.'
G-EOTiQU.— Experiment: J. D. Price.'
Guam— /«towd of Guam: C. W. Edwards.*
Hawah—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.»

Sugar Planters' Station: Eonolulu; H.P.Agee.'
iDSMO—Uoicoro: E. J. Iddings,'
Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.'
tSDUNi.— Lafayette: C. G. Woodbury.'
Iowa— J-tom; C. F. Curtiss.'
Kjcxsab— Manhattan: F. D.Farrell.'
KvNTVCKY— Lexington: T. P. Cooper.'
Louisiana—

State Station: Baton RQuge;

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
New Orleans; W.R.Dodson.'

North La. Station: Calhoun;

Eice Station: Crowley;
Maine— Orono; CD. Woods.'
Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson.'
Massachusetts— ^ro?i€r«(; F. W. Morse. «
Michigan— £■««« Lansing: R. S. Sliaw.'
Minnesota— l7ntBer«i<j/ Farm, St. Paul; U. W.

Thatcher. «
Misaissim— j4?ricuU«raZ College: E. R. Lloyd.'

Missouei—

College Station: Columbia; F, B. Mumford.'
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; F. W. Faurot.
Montana— Bozcmon." F. B, Linfleld.»
Nebeaska— LiTicoZn; E. A. Burnett.'
Nevada— Keno; S. B. Doten.'
New ELampshiee— i>urftam; J. 0. Kendall.'
New Jersey— New Brunsivick: 3. G. Lipman.'
New Mexico— S^ate College: Fabian Garcia.'
New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.'
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.'
NoETH Casolina— iJaWi/Aand West Raleigh; B. W.

Kilgore.'
NoETH DA.KOTJL— Agricultural College: P.F.Trow-
bridge.'
Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.'
Oklahoma— StiMwoiCT.- H. Q. Knight.'
Oeeqon— CorooKw.- A. B. Cordley.'
Pennsylvania—

State CoUege: R. L. Watts.'
State CoUege: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby.'
PoETo Rico—

Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.'
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; E. Colto.'
Rhode Islani>— ^in^sfonv B. L. Hartwell.'
South Caeouna— CTcnwon College: H. W. Barre.'
South Dj^koi a.— Brookings: S. W. Wilson.'
Tennessee— Jfnwii«n«.' H. A. Morgan.'
TzxjkS— College Station: B. Youngblood.'
HtkB— Logan: F. S. Harris.'
Vermont— iurWn^on; J. L. Hills.'
ViEonnA—

Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr.«
Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson.'
Washington— i'tiZ/moTi; Geo. Severance.*
West Vieginia- 3fof^on/wcn: J. L. Coulter .>
Wisconsin— iifodison.' H. L. Russell.'
Wyoming— ioronit<; A. D. Favllle.'

« Director.

' Agronomist in charge.

I Animal husbandman In charge.

< Actlnc dkeetor.

INDEX OF NAMES.

Aamodt, A. W., 535.
Abbe, C, jr., 210.
Abbot, C. G., 114.
Abbott, W. L., 556.
Abdur Rahman, G., S36.
Abel, J. J., 366.
Abell, W. T., 478.
Abella, A., T^S.
Abelous, J.-E., 802.
Ackert, J. E., 83.
Acqua, C, 860.
Acree, S. F., 254.
Adam, W. G., 710.
Adametz, L.. 575.
Adams, F., 441.
Adams, J. F., 550.
Adams, R. L., 89, 894.
Adams, T., 791.
Adams, T. W., 378.
Adamson, C. R., 299.
Adkin, R., 562.
Agar, W. R. S., 447, 759.
Agee, A., 594.
Agee, H. P., 537, 549.
Agg, T. R., 602.
Aguilar, R. H., 789.
AherD, G. P., 246.
Alcher, L. C, 231, 534, 735.
Alta, A., 423, 519, 723.
Aitken, J., 511, 811.
Akerblom, F., 511.
Akerman, A., 539.
Albrecht, W. A., 619.
Albrechtsen, J., 286.
Albuquerque, J. P. d', 135.
Alderman, W. H., 41.
Aldous, A. E., 82.
Aldrich, A. W., 476.
Aldrich, P. H., 442.
Alexander, A. S., 275.
Alexander, W. H., 116.
Ali, B., 815.
Allard, H. A., 49.
Allen, F. W., 99.
Allen, P. W., 615.
Allen, R. W., 422, 431, 434,

443, 487, 497, 799.
Allen, W. A., 626.
Allison, H. O., 272.
Almedia, M. C. du P. e, 347.
Aloy, .1., 802.
Alway, F. J., 210.
Amadeo, T., 296.
Ames, J. W., 19, 518.
Amos, H. H., 498.
Amos, J., 552.

Ampola, G., 28.
Ananda Rao, D., 433.
Anderson, A. C, 422.
Anderson, E., 124.
Anderson, G. F., 425, 470.
Anderson, S. F., 617.
Anderson, S. L., 281.
Anderson, T. J., 857.
Anderson, W. S., 684.
Anderton, B. A., 289.
Andouard, P., 572.
Andr6n, L., 511.
Andress, J. L., 214, 512.
Andrew, H. W., 141.
Andrews, B. R., 114.
Andrews, E. A., 357, 359,

461.
Angell, E. I., 198.
Angot, A., 511.
Angremond, A. d", 137, 140.
Ankeney. J. V., 400.
Annett, H. E.. 135.
Anstead, R. D., 354, 456.
Anthony, G. A., 476.
Anthony, H. E., 652.
Aoki, K., 466.
App. F., 33, 594.
Appleyard, A., 117.
Archibald, E. S., 66, 607,

671, 672, 675, 678.
Arctowski, H., 15, 210. 415,

811.
Arens, P., 153, 247.
Arias G., .J. M., 362.
Aristovsky, V. M., 786.
Armsby, H. P., 68, 268, 469.
Armstrong, G. M., 800.
Armstrong, R., 192.
Arnaud, G., 651, 654.
Arnd, T., 420, 514.
Arnett, C. N., 169, 275, 369.

400.
Arnold, J. H., 693.
Arnott, G. C, 119.
Arny, A. C, 134, 429, 825.
Arthur, I. W., 96.
Arthur, J. C, 454.
Arthur, J. M., 399.
Arup, P. S., 279.
Ashbrook, F. G., 169, 274,

372, 398. 472, 473, 475,

476, 535.
Ashby, S. F., 758.
Ashley, G. H., 122.
Aston, B. C, 309.
Atcheson, W. J., 399.

Atkins, W. R. G., 821.
Atkinson, A., 135, 136, 333,

538.
Atkinson, G. F., 331.
Atwood, G. G., 39.
Atwood, H., 577.
Aubry, 174.
Augustus, E. K., 567.
Aune, B., 30, 44. 67.
Austin, J. H., 685.
Averitt, S. D., 690.
Averna-Saccfi, R., 51, 352.
Avery, S., 97.
Awati, P. R., 563.
Ayers, S. H., 75.
Ayyar, T. V. R., 359, 360,

361.
Azanza, A., 552.
Azzarello, E., 714.

Babcock, D. C, 252.
Babcock, E. B., 237, 434.
Babcock, F. R., 230.
Babcock, O. G., 155.
Baehmann, F. M., 469.
Bachtoll, M. A., 817.
Back, E. A., 58, 202, 364,

658.
Backer, C. A., 528.
Backhouse, G. O., 741.
Bacot, A., 159, 859.
Baden-Powell, R., 194.
Baetjer, W. A., 569.
Bailey, C. H., 439, 538, 712.
Bailey, P. E., 112, 374.
Bailey, F. M., 457.
Bailey, L. H., 196.
Bailey, R. K.. 123.
Bain, S. M., 3.50.
Baird, A. B., 358.
Baker, A. C, 260. 462, 764.
Baker, A. W., 358.
Baker, C. F., 100.
Baker, F. S., 209, 210, 847.
Baker, H. A., 414.
Baker, J. L., 410.
Baker, O. E , 895.
Baker, W. F., 180.
Balakrishnamurtl, D„ 230,

337.
Bald, C, 347.
Baldwin, M., 718.
Balfour, A., 60.
Ball, C. R., 838.
Ball, E. D., 360.
Ballard, E., 359, 360.

901

902

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

[Vol 38

Balls, W. L., 338.
Bancroft, C. K., 153, 229,

356.
Bancroft, W. D., 501.
Bancroft, W. F., 456.
Banks, N., 256.
Bano, J. de, 806.
Barb6, G., 115.
BaTbieri, N. A., 330.
Bardelli, P., 887.
Bardwell, W., 42.
Barkat, All, 815.
Barker, B. T. P., 114, 648,

649.
Barker, E. E., 750.
Barker, H. W., 645.
Barker, P. B., 399.
Barnes, J. H., 637, 815.
Barnes, L. C, 45.
Barnett, EL J., 298.
Barnett, W. A., 800.
Barr, G. H., 580.
Barre, H. W., 100, 150.
Barrett, J. T., 147.
Barrows, H. P., 99, 496.
Barrus, M. P., 235, 535,

84S.
Barss, H. P., 100.
Barton, B., 488.
Barton, J. E., 543.
Bartow, B., 120, 490.
Bassett, C. E., 895.
Bastin, H., 364, 557.
Batchelor, L. D., 743.
Bateman, H., 510.
Bates, F, W., 795.
Bates, L. B., 183.
Baudet, P., 563.
Bauer, H., 512.
Baumann, L., 869.
Baumberger, J. P., 61.
Baume-PIuvinel, G. de la,

264.
Baumgarten, .J. T., 137.
Beal, F. E. L., 856.
Beal, W. J., 794, 798.
Beals, E. A., 317.
Beard, S. D., 181.
Beattle, J. H., 241, 316.
Bebout, J. D., 274.
Bechdel, S. I., 802.
Beck, M. W., 422.
Becker, L., 811.
Beckerich, A., 594.
Bedford (Duke of), 540.
Beekman, H., 542, 545.
Beger, C, 726.
Behre, C. E., 644.
Behrman, A. D., 112.
Behrman, A. S., 203.
Belgrave. W. N. C, 447, 847.
Belln, 585, 587.
Bell, B., 699.
Bellet, D., 896.
Bender, W. H., 399.
Benedict, R. C.^ 657.
Bengtson, N. A., 812.

B«nnett, C. W., 850.
Benolt, C, 585.
Benskin, E., 247.
Benson, A. H., 540.
Ben.son, H. K., 309.
Benson, O. H., 12, 795.
Bont. J. R., 179.
Bentley, G. M., 357.
Benton, A. H., 600.
Benton, T. H., 198.
Benzinger, M., 502.
Bequaert, J., 263.
Bergeim, O., 412.
Berger, B. F., 368.
Berger, B. W., 562.
Berlese, A., 460.
Bernard, C, 20, 542.
Bernonvllle, L. D. de, 494.
Berry, J. B., 847.
Bers, G. H. C. van, 311.
Bertettl, E., 379.
Berthelot, A., 783.
Besemer, A. M., 180.
Besley, F. W., 144.
Bessey, B. A., 525.
Bethel, E., 249.
Bethune, C. J. S., 256, 558.
Bfeiat, E., 791.
Bezizi, M., 466.
Bie, H. C. H. de, 296.
Biesterfeld, C. H., 314.
Bigelow, W. D., 63.
Bigourdan, G., 510.
Bijl, P. A., -can der, 51.
Bilham, E. G., 812.
Billings, W. A., 400.
Billwiller, R., 812.
Binford, E. E., 31, 40.
Eioletti, F. T., 617, 747, 754.
Birch, R. R., 179.
Bird, II. S., 143.
Bishop, O. F., 544.
Bishopp, F. C, 160. 261. 363.
Bitting, A. W., 208, 469.
Bitting, K. G., 469.
Black, R., 543.
Blackman, P. F., 339, 822.
Blackman, V. H., 223, 525.
Blackwell, C. P., 800.
Blackwell, J. D., 99.
Blair (Mrs.), 694.
Blair, A. W., 214, 622.
Blair, T. A., 509, 511.
Blair, W. S., 843.
Blake, A. F., 616.
Blake, M. A., 43.
Blakeslee, A. P., 171, 276.
Blanehan, N., 53.
Blancbard, H. L., 95, 298,

497.
Blatter, E., 44.
Bledsoe, R. P., 400.
Blieck, L. de, 296.
Blish, M. J., 614.
Blodgett, F. H., 495.
Blood, H. P., 892.
Blumenthal, P. L., 699

Blunt, A. W., 846.
Boardman, W. C, 217.
Bocher, H., 549.
Bodlne, W. G., 443.
Boeger, E. A., 877.
Boerner, E. G., 140.
Boerner, P., jr., 184.
Bogue, v., 446.
Bohannan, C. D., 694.
Bolduan, C. P., 378.
Bollman, J. L., 379.
Bolton, S., 510.
Boltz, G. E., 518, 622.
Boncquet, P. A., 250.
Bond, J. R., 190.
Bonnet, L., 754.
Boorsma, W. G., 296.
Borden, A. D., 160, 258.
Eorgogna, P., 300.
Bos, J. R., 147.
Boshnakian, S., 537.
Bosshart, J. K., 286.
Bottomley, W. B., 202.
Bourquelot, fi., 502.
Bouska, P. W., 281.
Bouyoucos, G. J., 16.
Bovard, ,1. P., 94.
BoYell. J. R., 135, 526.
Bowman, H. H. M., 823.
Boyd, M. P., 265.
Boynton, W. H., 80, 183.
Bracken, A. P., 230. 320,

499.
Bracken, J., 594,
Braclfett, E. E., 499.
Brackett, R. N., 521.
Bradley, H. C, 613.
Bradshaw, P., 487.
Bragdon, K. E., 467.
Brand, C. J., 366.
Brandos, E. W., 757.
Branford, R., 574.
Brasher, R. I., 652.
Bray, C. I., 772.
Breakwell, E., 535, 539.
Breazeale, J. F., 18.
Brechemin, L., 174.
Breda de Haan. J. van, 527.
Bredt, P. P., 581.
Breed, R. S., 377, 479, 579.
Breithaupt, L. R., 4r'9, 799.
Brenchley, W. E., 734.
Brester, A., 511.
Bretscher, K., 511.
Bridr^, .7.. 588.
Brldwell, J., 557.
Brierley, W. B., 150.
Brigham, R. O., 629.
Brill, H. C, 8, 508.
Brill, .T. B., 215.
Brimhall, S. D., 283.
Brin, B., 246.
Brinkley, L. L., 216.
Briosl. G., 351.
Brittaln, W. H., 156, 262,

358.
Brlttlebank, C. C, 853.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES,

903

Britton, W. E.. 843.
Brock, W. S., 42, 551.
Brodle, F. J., 116.
Brodriek, T. N., 247.
Bronfenbrenner, J., 5S0.
Bronson, W. H., 778, 798.
Brooks, C, 353, 75,3.
Brooks, C. F., 209.
Brooks, E. A., 356.
Brooks, F. T., 50, 52.
Brooks, W. P., 218, 231,

600.
Brossard, B. B., 391.
Broughton, T. H., 281.
Brown, F. C, 71.
Brown, H. C, 283.
Brown, N. ,C., 146.
Brown, P. B., 18, 118, 322.
Brown, R. W., 78.
Brown, T. W., 347.
Brown, W. H., 181.
Browne, C. A., 805.
Browning, P. E., 626.
Bruce, D., 248.
Bruce, E. A., 589.
Bruce, O. C, 899.
Bruce, W., 772.
Bruderlein, J., 849.
Brueckner, A. L., 383, 384.
Brues, C. T., 63.
Brunelli, G., 694.
Brunton, J. S., 44.
BruschettinI, A., 81.
Bryan, A. H., 8.
Bryan, H., 423.
Bryan, M-. K., 732.
Bryant, A. P., 266.
Bryant, H. B., 846.
Bryce, G., 53.
Bucher, J. E.. 423.
Buchli, K., 588.
Buck, C. P., 693.
Buckley, J. P., jr., 600.
Buckley, W., 280.
Buckner, G. D., 127.
Buerger, C. B., 590.
Bull, C. G., 379, 584.
Bull, C. P., 600.
Bunning, G. E., 182.
Burd, .T. S., 812.
Burdick, R. T., 423.
Burgc, E. L., 167.
Burge, W. E., 167, 869, 870.
Burger, O. F., 252.
Burgess. A. F., 58, 61, 159.
Burgess, ,T., 292.
Burgess, J. L., 141.
Burgess, P. S., 819.
Burgwald, L. H., 98.
Burk, L. B., 800.
Burke, E., 318.
Burke, R. T. A., 216.
Burkholder. W. H., 252, 853.
Burlison, W. L., 834.
Burn, R. R., 216.
Burnet, E., 885.
Burnett, S. H., 481, 800.

Burns, C. P., 441.
Burns. W., 647.
Burril), A. C, 164, 797,
Burson, W. M., 481.
Burt, B. C, 54.
Burt, E. A., 649.
Bush. C. L., 209.
Bushnell, L. D., 166, 875.
Bushnell, T. M., 718.
Bussell, F. P., 736.
Buswell, 784.
Butler, E. J., 349, 547.
Butler, O., 255.
Butler, O. M., 847.
Butt, N. I., 499.

Cadoret, A., 90. 755, 756,

757.
Caesar, L., 358, 460, 540.
Cahill, E. A., 179.
Cnire, A., 142.
Calderwood, J. P., 87.
Caldwell, G. L., 96.
Cnldwell, J. S., 99.
Caldwell, R. E., 281, 375,

797.
Cale, G. H., 899.
Calkins, G. N., 580.
Call, L. B., 699, 814.
Calmon du Pin e Almedla,

M.. 347.
Calvert, A. S., 358.
Calvert, E. B., 210.
Calvert, P. P., 358.
Calvino, M., 500.
Cameron, A. B., 259, 357,

358.
Cammack, F. R., 78.
Camp. W. R., 895.
Campbell, H. C, 592.
Campbell, J. A., 852.
Campbell, L. E., 45.
Campbell, R. H., 349.
Cance, A. E.. 177.
Capus, J., 257, 755.
Card, L. E., 270.
Card, T. A., 770.
Cardot, C, 77.
Cardot, n., 77.
Caride Massinl. P., 258, r>.-)S.
Carmlchael, W. J., 675.
Carpenter. C. W., 848, 851.
Carpenter, F. A., 210.
Carpenter, L. F. S., 795.
Carpenter, L. G., 288.
Carr, B. G., 865.
Carrol, A., 283.
Carrero. J. O., 728.
Carrlgan, .T. E., 478.
Carroll, M., 799.
Carruth, F. E., 113, 282, 685,

801.
Carter, W. T., jr., 021.
Carver, G. W., 567.
Cary, A., 751.
Cary, C. A.. 882.
Cary, M., 255.

Ca.sc6n, .T., 552.
Castella, F. do, 853.
I Castle, W. E., 258.
Gates, e. R., 38.
Cavazza, C, 400.
Cazln, 585.
Chagnon, G., 461.
Chianov, S. K., .")26.
Chambers, 788.
Chambers, A. A., 691.
Chambers, W. H., 878.
Chamot, B. M., 9, ,591.
Champlin, M., 341.
Chandler, A. L., 618, 812.
Chandler, W. L., 760. 798.
Chapals, .1. C, 92, 459.
Chapman, F. M., 701.
Chapman, G. H., 649.
Chapman, H. H., 644.
Chappel, G. M., 416.
Charlton, I. D., 400, 498,

900.
Charmoy, D. d'E. de, 465,

467.
Chase, L. W., 390, 600.
Chase, W. W., 541.
Chatterjee, N. C, 257.
Chauss<5e, 689.
Chfivez, E., 693.
Chelvaranga Raju, J., 336.
Chenoweth, W. W., 797.
Cherkashenko, I. G., 14.
Chevalier, A., 247.
Chick, n., 481, 581.
Chidester, F. E., 706.
Chien, S. S., 27.
Chifflot, J., 50.
Chlgasaki, Y., 466.
Chilcott, E. C, 342, 440.
Child, ri.. 283.
Chllders, L. F., 699.
Chlnaglia. L., 460.
Chittenden, P. H., 61, 135,

241, 764.
Chittenden, R. H., 366.
Chodat. R., 824.
Choin. de, 576.
Chollet. 82.

Christenson, A. M., 498.
Christensen, H. R., 419.
Christie. G. 1.. 600, 795.
Church, C. G.. 8.
Church. .T. E., jr., 416.
Church, L. M., 8.39.
Clurea, .T., 82.
Clapp. S. C, 98.
Clark, A. L., 895.
Clark. .T. A., 838.
Clark, R. W.. 578.
Clnrk, \V. M., 225.
Clarke. C, 136.
Clarke, 0.. 505.
Clawson, A. B.. 085. 883.
Clayton, n.. 336.
Clayton, W., 508.
Clees, H. B., 497.
Clemens, R. H., 132.

904

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

[Vol. 3S

Clement, A. L., 654.

Clement, P. E., 391.

Clinton, G. P., 235, 843.

Clock, R. O., 181.

Clogne, R., 583.

Clopper, E. N., 191, 193.

Close, C. P., 317.

Cloukey, H., 808.

Clowes, E. S.. 209.

Goad, B. R., 62.

Cobb, .J. N., 13.

Cobb, N. A., 147, 254, 357.

Cobb, W. B., 422, 812.

Cockayne, A. H., 743.

Cocks, A. W., 93, 297, 795.

Coe, H. S., 35, 441.

Coffey, W. C, 567, 897.

Coffin, T. II., 766.

Coffman, F. A., 35.

Coffman, W. D., 502.

Cohen, M. S., 179.

Cohen, N. H., 139.

Colt, J. E., 757.

Cole, A. C, 361.

Cole, C. G., 888.

Cole, H. I., 9.

Cole, J. S., 342, 440.

Colebatch, W. J., 1.32, 133.

Coleman, D. A., 723.

Coleman, P., 433.

Coleman, G. A., 660.

Coleman, L. C, 135, 855.

Coleman, T. A., 600.

Colin, H., 26.

Collett, C. E., 719, 812.

Colley, R. H., 355.

Collin, B., 712.

Coliings, G. H., 800.

Collins, C. W., 61.

Collins, G. N., 445, 525, 738.

Collins, S. H., 772.

Collins, W. D., 9.

Colman. H. N., 499.

Colfin, E., 499.

Comallonga y Mena, J., 794.

Comes, H., 539.

Comte, 890.

Conard, H. S., 544.

Condell, L., 167.

Conn, H. J., 322, 514.

Conn, H. W., 699.

Connaway, J. W., 684.

Connell, W. B., 800.

Conner, S. D., 219, 418.

Connor, A. J., 716.

Connor, L. G., 493.

Connors, C. H., 43.

Conrey, G., 217.

Cook, F. C, 22.

Cook, L. J., 433.

Cook, M. T., 48, 50, 251, 253.

Cook, M. W., 482.

Cook, O. F., 445.

Cook, S. J., 41.

Cooke, W. W., 652.

Cookson, W. S., 446.

Cooledge, L. H,, 286, 798.

Cooley, A. S., 179.

Cooley, J. S., 353.

Coolldge, P. T., 349.

Coombs, G. E., 446.

Coons, G. H., 100, 150, 453,
545.

Cooper, J. R., 198.

Cooper, L. F., 567.

Cooper, M. O., 292.

Cooper, W. S., 522.

Cooler, J. E., 499.

Copeland, E. B., 550.

Coquid^, E., 896.

Corbitt, H. B., 283.

Corcoran, J. A., 459.

Cormany, C. E., 799.

Corner, G. W., 65.

Cornman, C. T., 577.

Cornwall. J. W., 559.

Corper, H. J., 887.

Cory, E. N., 154, 466.

Costa Lima, A. M. da, 765.

Costelloe, M. F. P., 198.

Cotton, C. E., 179.

Cotton, J. S., 471.

Cotton, R. T., 499, 844, 858,
863, 864, 865.

Cotton, W. E., 179.

Coulter, J. G., 496.
Coupin, H., 330.
Cousins, H. H., 769.
Covert, R. N., 15.
Cowdry, N. H., 524.
Cowgill, H. B., 136.
Cox, J. F., 38.
Craig, 509.
Craig, H. A., 296.
Craig, R. A., 688.
Crandall, C. S., 245.
Crandall, F. K., 400. ■
Crandall, L. S., 776.
Crane, C. O., 791.
Cranfleld, H. T., 424.
Crede, E., 378.
Creel, R. H., 356.
Cregor, N. M., 781.
Creighton, W. H. P., 508.
Creswell, M. B., 12.
Cribbs, J. E., 425.
Crider, F. J., SOO.
Crocheron, B. H., 792.
Crocker, W., 820.
Cron, A. B., 800.
Crooks, F. D., 98.
Crosby, C. R., 557.
Cross, W. E., 515.
Crossman, f5. S., 58.
Crowe, H. E., 79.
Crowell, R. D., 506.
Crowther, C, 12, 167.
Cruess, W. V., 208, 414,

617.
Crumb, S. E., 563.
Crumbaker, J. W., 299.
Crumley, J. J., 348.
Cuddie, D., 281,

Cumberland, W. W., 498,

595.
Cumming, J. G., 484.
Gumming, M., 296.
Cumming, T. J., 447.
CuDliffe, R. S., 340, 538.
Cunningham, G. C, 646.
Cunningham, J., 283.
Currie, B. P., 56.
Curry, B. E., 328, 368.
Curson, H. H., 83.
Curtis, A. J. R., 95.
Curtis, H. E., 124.
Curtis, R. S., 870.
Cushman, R. A., 565, 660.

da Costa Lima, A. M., 765.
Dadant, C. P., 164.
Dadant, M. G., 164.
Dagger, G. N., 493.
Dahlberg, A, O., 77, 178,

479.
Dakan, E. L., 499.
Dakin, H. D., 288.
d'Albuquerque. .T. P., 135.
Dale, T. F., 576.
Dalton, L. A., 900.
Dalziel, J. M., 525.
Dana, J. W., 476.
Dandeno, J. B., 93, 297,

795.
d'Angremond, A., 137, 140,
Daniel, L., 129, 554.
Dantony, E., 153, 154, 756.
Darlington, H. R., 44.
Darlington, H. T., 224.
Darnell-Smith, G. P., 448,

455.
Darras, 775.
Darrow, G. M., 14."5, 346,

347.
Dash, J. S., 350.
da Silveira, A.. 261.
Dastur, J. F., 753.
Daube, H. J., 389.
Daubigny, P. T., 296.
Daugherty, L. S., 456.
Daugherty, M. C, 4r.6.
Daughters, M. R., 203, 410.
Daumfeon, G., 654.
Davenport. E., 795.
Davidson, J., 438, 523.
Davidson, J. B., 190
Davidson, W. M., 560, 863.
Daviia, L., 499.
Davis, A. P., 389.
Davis, B. M., 28.
Davis, E., 798.
Davis, E. D., 694.
Davis, H. P., 376,
Davis, J. D., 311.
Davis, J. J., 764.
Davis, K. C, 297.
Davis, L., 886.
Davis, L. v., 216, 51.3.
Davis, M. M., 769.
Davis, N. J., 567.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES.

905

Davis, R. O. E., 423.

Davis, W. A., 118.

Davis, W. E., 126.

Davis, W. R., 299.

Davydenko, A. V., 778.

Day, G. E., 100.

Day, P. C, 511.

Dean, D., 235.

Dean, E. W., 389.

Dean, H. K., 418, 431.

Dean, H. R., 79.

Dean, W. S., 434.

Dearing, C, 114.

de Ban6, J^ 806.

de Bernonville, L. D., 494.

D Bie, H. C. H., 296.

de Blieck, L.. 296.

de Castella, F., 853.

de Charmoy, D. d*E., 465,

467.
de Choin, 576.
Deeter, E. B., 513.
Degmlly, L., 756.
De Haan, J. Van B., 527.
Delielly, G., 283.
Dehn, 615.

de Jong, A. W. K., 544.
de Jong, D. A., 586.
De Jong, D. J., 615.
Dekker, J., 729.
de Koning, A., 296.
De Kruif, P. H., 378, 379.
de la Baume-Pluvlnel, G.,

264.
Delage, Y., 812.
de Lapparent, H., 790.
Delaval, H., 317.
del Guerclo, G., 460, 463.
Demaree, J. B., 556.
de Mattos, A. T., 359.
Deming, H. G., 204.
d'Emmerez de Charmoy, D.,

465, 467.
de Morals, R., 81.
Demoussy, E., 329.
Denier, 331.
Denis, W., 515, 569.
Dennis, S. J., 88.
Denny, P. E., 25, 126, 799.
de Ong, E. R., 457.
de Quervain, A., 812,
Derivaux, R. C, 862.
De Sellem, 653, 857.
Deslandres, H., 115.
Desmarres, 782.
de Souza, R. G., 51.
Detweiler, H. K., 586.
Deuss, J. J. B., 542.
Devaux, H., 38.
de Verteuil, J., 530, 537.
Devine, J. F., 286.
de Vries, M. S., 525.
de Vrles, O., 137, 138, 139,

146, 238.
Dewar, B. S., 572.
Dewey, L. H., 529, 637.
De Windt, E. A., 368.

82481°— 18 3

DeWolf, D. A., 297.
DeWolfe, L. A., 156, 795.
de ZQnlga, V. C. M., 552.
Dickerson, B. L., 764.
Dickerson, I. W., 100.
Dickey, J. B. R., 33, 324.
Dickinson, C. G., 82.
Dickson, R. E., 829.
Di Domizio. G., 888.
Diehl, H. S., 584.
Dienert, F., 188.
Diesem, H. C, 187.
Dietrich, W., 900.
Diffloth, P., 775.
Dines, W. H., 210.
Dies, R., 468.
Dissoubray, J., 790.
Dixon, J., 456.
Doane, C. F., 781.
Doane, R. W., 365, 458.
Dobrovlianskli, V. V., 256.
Dodson, J. H., 255.
Doherty, E., 798.
Doherty, T. K., 595.
Doidge, E. M., 552, 553.
Dole, R. B., 691.
Domizio, G. Di, 888.
Doneghue, R. C, 621.
Donisthorpe, H., 768.
Donnadieu, A., 51.
Doolittle, S. P., 449, 453.
Dop, L., 706.
Dorno, C, 511.
Dorset, 784.
Dorset, M., 82, 178, 183,

381.
Dorsey, M. J., 42.
Doryland, C. J. T., 799.
Dougherty, J. E., 678.
Douglas, C. K. M., 511.
Douglass, A. E., 415.
Dow, J. S., 811.
Dowell, C. T., 98.
Downing, E. R., 195.
Downing, G. J., 242.
Dowson, W. J., 646.
Dozier, H. L., 562.
Drake, C. J., 158.
Draper, W. F., 789.
Drummond, J. C, 265, 503.
DubLn, H., 583.
Dudgeon, G. C, 533.
Dudley, D. G., 483.
Duffoe, F. W., 693.
Duffr^noy, J., 331.
Dug6 de Bernonville, L., 494.
Duggar, B. M., 524.
Duggar, J. F., 899.
Duley, F. L., 217, 619, 620.
Duncan, F., 842.
Duncan, R. S., 795.
Dungan, G. H., 834.
Dunham, E. K., 288.
Dunn, J. E., 421.
Dunn, L. C, 258.
Dunn. L. H.. 58.
Dunn, R., 372,

Dunnewald, T. J., 324.
du Pin e Almedia, M. C, 347.
Dupont, P. R., 144.
Du Porte, E. M., 358, 459,

655.
Du Priest, J. R., 893.
Duiand, E. D., 178, 190, 895.
Durand, H., 413.
Durant, A. J., 684.
Durante, D.. 559.
Dury, C, 768.
Dustan, A. G., 156, 358.
Dwight, T. W., 46.
Dyar, H. G., 765, 766.
Dyer, 1>. C, 96.
Dyke, R. A., 511.
Dyson, 0. E., 286.

Bales, N. B., 460.
Earnshaw, F. L., 456.
East, E. M., 823.
Eastham, R. H., 789.
Eastwood, T., 766.
Eaton, B. J., 447, 759.
Eaton, T. H.. 598.
Eaves, L., 64.
Ebert, F. C, 890.
Echegoyen, H., 246.
Eckert, J. E., 98.
Eckles, C. H., 578, 636, 681,

682.
Eckmann, B. C, 214, 215,

621.
Eckstein, H. C, 613.
Ediofsen, N. E., 98.
Edmeades, E. T. L., 536.
Edmiston, H. D., 13, 800.
Edmundson, W. C, 797.
Edson, H. A., 535, 549.
Edwards, R. W., 800.
EfCront, J., 611.
Eggington, G. B., 140.
Eggleston, C, 182.
Eggstein, A. A., 653.
Egloff, G., 714.
Elchhorn, A., 179, 587.
Ekblaw, K. J. T., 291.
Eldrld^e, M. O., 592.
Elford, P. C, 173, 677.
Eliason, O. H., 179, 180.
BUot, H. M., 89.
Elklns, M. W., 900.
Ellenberger, H. B., 281.
Ellerman. F., 811.
Ellington, E. V., 777.
Elliott, H. S., 715, 846.
Elliott. J. A., 855.
Ellis, W. T., 619.
Elsdon, G. D., 413.
Elvove, E., 316.
Embrey, G., 731.
Emerson, H. A., 344.
Emery, C, 364.
Bmmerez de Charmoy, D. d',

465, 467.
Bnders, H. E., 457.
Erb, B. S.. 3S.

906

EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

[Vol. 38

Erdman, L. W., 399.
Erdmann, H. E., 683.
Ervln, D. M., 588.
Erwin, A. T.. 567.
Esam, G., 852.
Escomel, E., 558, 566.
Espe, K., 198, 215.
Essig, E. O., 157, 260.
Esten, W. M., 416.
Etherldge, W. C, 632.
Evans, G., 635.
Evans, G. H., 180.
Evenson, O. L., 314.
Evvard, J. M., 372, 571.
Ewert, R., 647.
Ewing, H. E., 63.
Ewing, P. v., 800.
Ewlng, S., 98.
Byre, J. V., 853, 855.

Fabre, J. H., 359.
Faes, H., 159.
Fagan, M. M., 63.
Fahrnkopf, H. P. T., 624.
Fain, J. R., 231, 342.
Fairbank, H. S., 490, 789,
Fairbanks, J. P., 497,
Fairchild, D., 446.
Falconer, .T. I., 493.
Falk, I. S., 611.
Falk, K. G., 709.
Farmer, C. J., 710.
Farmer, J., 482.
Farnham, A. B., 13.
Fassig, O. L., 415.
Faulkner, A. J., 690.
Faulkner, O. T., 572.
Faulkner, W. M., 454.
Faulwetter, R. C, 47.
Faurot, F. W., 798.
Faville, A. D., 168, 666.
Fawcett, H. S., 757.
Fayet, 587.
Feilitzen, H. von, 124, 132,

134, 539.
Felber, P., 421.
Felt, E. P., 60, 563, 857.
Fennel, E. A., 584, 782.
Ferguson, A., 115, 223.
Ferguson, G. A., 894.
Ferguson, H. C, 770.
Ferguson, J. A., 44.
Ferguson, M., 267.
Ferguson, R. H., 177.
Fermery, G. E., 693.
Pernald, H. T., 256, 651.
Fernandez, J. S., 580.
Femow, B. E., 348, 643.
Ferrifere, C, 264.
Ferris, E. B., 342.
Ferris, L. W., 11.
Ferry, N. S., 482, 684.
Fibiger, J., 787.
Field, A. M., 400.
Field, F. F., 82.
Field, G. W., 555.
Field, J. D., 900.

Fiessinger, N., 583.
Filaudeau, G.. 203.
Finch, V. C, 895.
Findlay, J. J., 194.
Finlay, C, 580.
Finlow, R. S., 637.
Finzi, G., 379.
Fippin, E. O., 494.
Fischer, A. F., 45.
Fischer, H., 419.
Fischer, M. H., 309, 501,
502.

Fischer, W., 347.
Fisher, D. F., 753.
Fisher, M. L., 897.
Fisk. W. W., 281.
Fitch, C. L., 535.
Fitch, C. P., 179, 183, 787.
Flack, B. v., 519.
Flammarlon, C, 417.
Fleischner, B. C, 381.
Fleisher, M. S., 583, 786.
Fletcher, R., 297, 795.
Fletcher, T. B., 257, 461,

561.
Flint, L. H., 441.
Flohr, L. B., 72, 90.
Flora, S. D., 209.
Floyd, B. F., 151.
Floyd, M. M., 392.
Fluharty, L. W., 434, 824.
Folin, O., 614, 615.
Foot, L., 535.
Foote, C. E., 592.
Forbes, E. B., 779, 897.
Forbes, R. H., 28, 299.
Forbush, E. H., 54, 457, 652.
Foreman, F. W., 282.
Forester, M. H., 543.
Fortier, S., 84, 186, 242, 434.
Fortun, G. M., 537.
Fosse, R., 110.
Foster, A. C, 150, 852.
Foster, J. H., 145, 394, 543,

800.
Foster, L., 872.
Foster, O. H., 297.
Foster, S. W., 857.
Foster, W. D., 385, 883.
Foucher, G., 858.
Fowler, A., 511.
Fov^ler, H. B., 498.
Fox, H., 263.
Fracker, S. B., 155.
France, N. E., 155.
Francis, C. K., 410.
Francis, H. R., 798.
Francois, L., 240.
Frank, A., 298, 698, 796.
Frank, L. C, 85.
Frankel, B. M., 802.
Frankel, F. H., 803.
Franklin, J. M., 799.
Frans, 587.

Fraps, G. S., 324, 325, 328.
Fraser, W. J., 74.
Fraser, W. P., 151.

Frazer, E., 798.
Frear, W., 22, 36.
Fred, E. B., 27.
Free, E. E., 627, 628, 730.
Freiberg, G. W., 48.
French, A. W., 581.
French, B. E., 798.
French, H. A., 511.
French, J. A., 690, 689.
Frey, J. J., 875.
Friedemann, T. E., 798.
Friedemann, W. G., 410.
Fries, J. A., 68, 469.
Frink, C. J., 414.
Frisbie, H. J., 784.
Frison, T. H., 564.
Froggatt, J. L., 466.
Froggatt, W. W., 257, 466.
Fromme, F. D., 850.
Frost, S. W., 800.
Frost, W. H., 377.
Frothingham, L., 284.
Fryer, J. C. P., 57.
Pullaway, D. T., 557.
Fuller, A. V., 203, 803.
Fuller, G. D., 824.
Fuller, G. L.. 216.
Fuller, P. E., 186.
Fulmek, L., 57.
Fulmer, H. L., 27, 818.
Fulton, T. W., 366.
Funchess, M. J., 119.
Funck, W. C, 792.
Funk, C, 367.
Funk, S. W., 261.
Funkhouser, W. D., 462.

Gahan, A. B., 165.

Galger, S. H., 687.

Gain, E., 405, 408.

Gainey, P. L., 211.

Gale, H. S., 326, 817.

Galippe, V., 647.

Galitzin, B., 210.

Gamble, C. H., 88.

Gangulee, N., 528.

Gano, L., 145.

Ganong, W. F., 728.

Garber, R. J., 600.

Gardenghi, G. F., 888.

Gardiner, H. C, 593.

Gardner, V. R., 540.

Garman, H., 249, 258, 264.
Garner, W. W., 49.
Garrett, F. W., 718.
Gaskill, E. F., 218, 2.31.
Gassner, G., 148.
Gates, B. N., 264.
Gautler, R., 812.
Gauvain, H. J., 285.
Gawler, (Mrs.) J. C, 662.
Gayle, H. K., 371.
Gearing, M. E., 497.
Gebhard, H., 191.
Gee, W., 499.
Geerts, J. M., 516.
Gehrs, J. H., 496.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES.

907

Geib, W. J., 216, 217, 324.

Ceiling, E. M. K., 569.

Gentner. L. G., 860.

Gerlaugh, P., 371.

Gernert, W. B., 561.

Gershenfeld, L., 283.

Gerth van Wi.ik, H. L., 125.

Geslin, B., 502.

Gibbens, E., 770.

Gibson, A., 60, 162, 257,
358, 459.

Gibson, E. H., 559, 560, 764,
858.

Gibson, J. I., 78, 178.

Gibson, J. W., 93. 297.

Giddings, N. J., 549.

Giffard, W. M., 557.

Giglio-Tos, E., 460.

Gilbert, A. H., 195, 850.

Gilbert, A. W., 235.

Gilchrist. D. A., 432, 771.

Gile, B. M., 399.

Gile, P. L., 728.

Gilkey, H. M., 799.

Gill, J. B., 157, 656.
Gill, W., 751.

Gillam, L. G., 43. 97.
Gillespie, L. J., 620.

GUlespie, W. C. 42.
Gillett, L. H., 63.
Gillette, H. P., 490.

Gillette, J. M., 495.
Gillette, L. S., 878.
Gilllatt, F. C, 156.
Gilmore, J. W., 140, 740.
Gimingham, C. T., 648, 649.
Girard, M., 651.
Girault, A. A., 565, 661, 768.
Giuliani, R., 477, 581.
Given, A., 8.
Given, G. C, 22.
Givens, M. H.. 569.
Glass, E. E., 492.
Gleason, J., 898.

Glenn, P. A., 361.
Gmelin, H. M., 434, 636.
Gockel, A., 812.
Godden, W., 167.
Godfrey, E. H., 294.
Coding, H., 470.
Godkin, J., 799.
Godoy, M., 199.
Goesmann, C. A., 810.
Goldbeck, A. T., 289, 290,

490.
Goldberg, S. A., 180.
Goldschmidt, R.. 65, 261.
Golitsyn, B., 210.
Gongwer, R. E., 473, 475.
Gonzalez, R., 787.
Gonzfilez-Rincones, R., 580.
Good, C. A., 262.
Goodale, H. D., 170, 275,

287, 876.
Gooderham, C. B., 156.
Goodling, C. L., 71.

Goodman, C. W., 739.

Goodrich, F. J., 265.

Goot, P. van der. 364, 564

Gordon, L. S., 191.

Gore, H. C, 207, 535.

Gorgas, W. C, 580.

Gorini, C, 478.

Gorter, K., 715.

Gortner, R. A., 110, 126
201, 310.

Goss E. F., 868.

Goss, L. W., 686.

Goss, R. W., 453.

Gossard, H. A., 197, 353,
558, 654, 762, 857.

G6tz, I. D., 368.

Gough, L., 264, 783.

Gouln, A., 572.

Gould, H. P., 316, 844.

Gourley, J. H., 43, 345.

Grady, R. I., 277, 376, 683.

Graham, J. C, 287.

Graham, R., 383, 384, 589.

Graham, R. J. D., 435.

Graham, R. R., 586.

Graham, S. A., 760, 858.

Graham-Smith, G. S., 282.

Grandi, G., 565.

Grant, L. J. B., 690.

Grantham, A. E., 532.

Grantham, J., 544.

Granii, A., 687.

Grassi, B., 58.

Gravatt, G. F., 151, 860.

Gray, C. E., 782.

Gray, Cora E., 366.
Gray, G. P., 140.
Greathouse, L. H., 204.
Greaves, J. E., Ill, 322.
Green, E. C, 562.
Green, E. E., 460.
Green, H. L., 867.
Green, H. S., 166, 566.
Green, R. M., 693.
Green, S. N., 142, 344, 749,

843.
Greene, J. H., 93, 94.
Greenfield, M., 591.
Greggio, J., 485.
Gregory, J. W., 591.
Grey, E. C, 709.
Griffin, F. L., 697.
Griffin, T., 240.
Griffith, A. S., 588.
Grimes, K. A., 196.
Grindley, H. S., 675.
Grisch, A., 350, 538.
Grisdale, J. H., 634.
Gritescu, I., 452.
Grober, E. L., 798.
Groenewege, J., 357.
Gr6h, J., 368.
Groman, H., 179.
Groth, B. H. A., 795.
Grove, O., 114.
Grove, W. B., 752.

Groves, J. F., 822.
Grubbs, S. B., 258, 458.
Gruner, P., 812.
Gruzit, O. M., 523.
Grysez, 782.
Guarnieri, P., 314.
Guberlet, .T. E., 600.
Gudger, E. W., 898.
Guerclo, G. del, 460, 463.
Guernsey, J. E., 214, 621.
Guignard, 83.
Guilliermond, A., 127, 328

329.
Guillin, 121.
Guise, C. H., 847.
Guiteras, J., 580.
Gultet-Vauquelin, ^., 446.
Guitigrrez-Lanza, M., 319.
Gunderson, A. J., 550, 551.
Gunke, M., 316.
Gunn, R. V., 799.
Gunness, C. I., 692.
Guppy, H. B., 125.
Giissow, H. T., 147, 250,

646.
Gustafson, A. F., 598.
Guthrie, E. S., 77.
Guthrie, F. B., 124.
Guyot, H., 824.
Guyton, T. L., 462.

Haan, J. Van B. De, 527.
Haas, T. D., 862.
Haasls, F. W., 651.
Hackett, W., 82.
Iladley, C. H., jr., 54.
Iladley, P. B., 78. 889.
Iladllngton, J., 72.
Hadwen, S., 486, 589.
Haecker, T. L., 600.
Hagan, W. A., 787.
Hagedoorn, A. L., 331.
Hagedoorn-La Brand, A. C,

331.
Hahn, G. G., 53.
Haigh, L. D., 413.
Haines, C. J., 315.
Haines, H. H., 845.
Hale, G. E., 811.
Hall, A. D., 102, 401, 402.
Hall, C. J. J. van, 448, 548.
Hall, F. H., 299, 451, 836.
Hall, J. H., jr., 532.
Hall, M., 210, 812.
Hall, M. C, 184. 782, 883.
Hall, W. H., 699.
IJalllburton, W. D., 265.
Hallman, E. T., 798.
Hnlstead, B. D., 443, 5.30,

535.
Halverson, J. O., 412.
Hamaker, C. M., 542.
Hamilton, C. C, 54.
Hamilton, W. I.. 599.
Hammer, B. W., 112, 868.
Hammett, F. S., 320.

908

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Hammond, H. S., 799.
Hand, I. P., 210.
Hankinson, J. H., 799.
Hannas, R. R., 876.
Hansen, A. A., 446.
Hansen, D., 118, 129, 142,

169, 175.
Hansen, G. H., 477.
Hanson, L. P., 216.
Harbison, T. B., 378.
Hardenbergh, J. B., 184.
Harding, E. P., 804.
Harding, H. A., 479.
Harding, S. T., 389, 589.
Hardison, R. B., 216.
Hardman, G., 400.
Harger, R. L., 15.
Hargraves, H. J., 107.
Harlan, H. V., 833.
Harland, 352.
Harland, S. C. 234, 532.
Harling, B. P., 96.
Harper, C, 198.
Harper, R. M., 643.
Harrington, G. L., 621.
Harrington, O. B., 523.
Harris, 464.

Harris, F. S., 319, 320.
Harris, J., 146.
Harris, J. A., 29, 65, 114,

125, 126, 171, 235, 276,

729.
Harris, J. E. G., 483, 504.
Harris, N. L., 498.
Harris, R. A., 812.
Harris, W., 180.
Harris, W. G., 98, 515.
Harrison, F. C, 297.
Harrison, J. B.. 220.
Harrison, W. H.. 117, 368.
Harrowell, R. W., 372.
Harsch, R. M., 652.
Harshberger, J. W., 147.
Hart, B. B., 10.
Barter, L. h., 449, 850.
Hartjens, J. C, 508.
Hartley, C, 53.
Hartley, C. P., 639.
Hartman, 615.
Hartman, B. G., 365.
Hartwell, B. L., 325, 326,

337.
Hartzell, A., 198.
Hartzell, F. Z., 858.
Hartzell, T. B., 584.
Harvey, R. B., 26, 224.
Haseman, L., 160, 653.
Haskell, G. B., 299.
Haskins, H. D., 626.
Hasselbring, H., 637.
Hastings, B. G., 479.
Hastings, F. S., 179.
Hatfield, W. D., 120.
Hathaway, P. C, 697.
Hatton, R. G., 552.
Hanman, L., 687.
llauser, M. A., 715.

Havner, H. H., 69, 71.
Hawbaker, C. C, 895.
Hawes, A, P., 248, 355.
Hawkins, L. A., 149, 225,

252.
Hawley, I. M., 559.
Hawley, R. S., 492.
Hayden, C. C, 681.
Hayden, C. E., 180.
Hayes, P. A., 216, 719.
Hayes, P. M., 486.
Hayes, H. K., 231, 237, 241,

332, 429, 531.
Hayes, W. P., 863.
Headden W. P., 324, 386.
Heald, P. D., 99.
Heald, P. E., 93, 99.
Hearne, C. C, 798.
Hebard, M., 258.
Hechler, W. R., 33.
Hecke, G. H., 258.
Hector, G. P., 29.
Hedgcock, G. G., 253.
Hedrick, U. P., 42.
Helm, P., 715.
Heinicke, A. J., 541, 745.
Heinrich, 862.
Heise, G. W., 592, 789.
Helbronner, A., 585.
Hellendoorn, H. J., 146.
Hellmann, G., 511.
Helm, C. A., 632, 732.
Helman, M. P., 87.
Helmick, B. C, 900.
Helmlck, C. W.. 288.
Helmsing, I. W., 853.
Helphenstine, R. K., jr., 447.
Helten, W. M., van, 637.
Helyar, P., 97.
Helyar, J. P., 41.
Hempel, J., 821.
Hempsall, W. H., 364.
Henderson, G. S., 336, 338.
Hendrickson, A. H., 747.
Henkel, J. S., 144.
Henry, A. J., 210, 590.
Henry, G. M., 62.
Heribert-Nilsson, N., 236.
Herms, W. B., 562.
H6ron, G., 791.
Herrick, G. W., 358.
Herrmann, C. P., von, 718.
Herrod-Hempsall, W., 364.
Hervey, G. W., 498.
Hess, O. B., 82.
Hewer, D. G., 111.
Hewer, E. B., 268.
Hewitt, C. G., 40, 62, 459,

556, 857.
Heyle, E. M., 699.
Hibbard, B. H., 293, 683.
Hibbard, P. L., 425, 520.
Hibbard, R. P., 523.
Hibberd, S. L., 900.
Hibino, S., 128.
Hicken, C. M., 246.
Hlckey, S, G. M., 180.

Hickman, A. S., 196.
Hickman, R. W., 784.
Hicks, W. B., 123.
Higgins, C. H., 182, 380,

581.
Higgins, J. E., 43, 841.
High, M. M., 465.
Hildebrandt, F. M., 627,

629.
Hill, G. P., 82.
Hill, L. E., 267.
Hill, R. L., 780.
Hill, R. R., 447.
Hillebrand, W. P., 506.
Hills, J. L., 423, 425, 434,

470.
Hills, T. L., 724, 797.
Hilson, G. R., 230, 337,

433.
Himmelberger, L. R., G84.
Hind, .T., 537.
Hindman, E. P., 265.
Hinds, M. E., 488.
Hinds, W. B., 864.
Hine, G. S., 699.
Hine, L. W., 191.
Hines, H. M., 869.
Hirst, C. T., 111.
Hirst, S., 865.
Hislop, W., 400.
Hissink, D. J., 513.
Hitchcock, E. B., 322.
Hitchens, A. P., 784.
Hoagland, D. R., 720, 736,

813.
Hobson, A., 293, 497, 698,

796.
Hodgkiss, H. E., 257.
Hodgson, R. W., 354, 757.
Hoerner, G. R., 50.
Hofifer, G. N., 198, 849.
Hofmann, J. V., 145.
Hogan, A. G., 96, 570.
Hogarth, G., 189.
Hoki, R., 760.
Holben, P. J., 22.
Holbert, J. R., 849.
Holborow, A. G., 585.
Holden, B., 98.
Holden, G. H., 53.
Holding, W. A., 327.
Hole, R. S., 332.
Holland, R. A., 556.
Hollinger, A., 223.
Hollinger, A. H., 653, 798.
Holm, G. E., 201, 310.
Holmes, A. D., 365, 468,

867.
Holmes, P. S., 719.
Holmes, J. S., 543.
Holmes, L. C, 621.
Holmes, R., 632.
Holmgren, K., 461.
Holmgren, N., 461.
Holtz, H. P., 226.
Homer, A., 504, 505.
Honcamp, P., 66.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES,

909

Honing, J. A., 127, 741.
Hoobler, B. K., 167.
Hooker, M. O., 501.
Hooper, J. J., 680.
Hoover, H. C, 93.
Hopkins, C. G., 624, 718.
Hopkins, J. A., jr., 777.
Horn, J. S., 124.
Home, W. T., 454.
Horsford, F. H., 446.
Horton, J. R., 363, 763.
Horton, R. B., 511.
Hotson, J. W., 855.
Hottes, A. C, 539.
Houghlaad, G., 900.
Houghton, H., 39.
Houser, J. S., 462.
Houston, A. C, 691.
Houston, D. F., 593.
Howard, A., 186, 230, 345.
Howard, B. J., 13, 166.
Howard, C. W.. 61, 155, 558,

562, 566, 788.
Howard, G. L. C, 186, 230,

345.
Howard, L. O., 60, 62, 159,

357, 358.
Howard, L. P., 400.
Howard, N. F., 863, 864.
Howard, W. L., 446.
Howarth, W. J., 263.
Howath, B. von, 512.
Howe, F. B., 18.
Howe, F. C, 392.
Howe, G. H., 400.
Howe, W. F., 798.
Howell, C. E., 298.
Howell, W. H., 96.
Howitt, J. E., 251.
Hewlett, F. M., 765.
Huard, V. A., 459.
Hubbard, H. V., 542.
Hubert, E. E., 253, 553, 854.
Huddleson, 1. F., 284, 798.
Hudelson, B. R., 619.
Huelsen, W. A., 96.
Hughes, B., 191.
Hughes, E. H., 676.
Hughes, H. D., 532.
Hughes, J., 520.
Huish, H. C, 279.
Hulce, R. S., 278.
Hull, C. v., 893.
Hull, J. P. D., 621.
Hull, M., 664.
Hulshoff, D. J., 782.
Hulton, H. F. E., 410.
Hulton-Frankel, F., 803.
Humbert, E. P., 533.
Humbert, J. G., 843.
Hume, E. M., 481, 581.
Humphrey, C. J., 254.
Humphrey, G. C, 781.
Humphrey, H. B., 147.
Humphrey, J. R., 793.
Hungerford, E. H., 374.
Hunt, C. L., 166.

Hunt, N. R., 253.
Hunt, R. E., 271.
Hunt, T. F., 134, G65.
Hunter, B., 434.
Hunter, O. W., 379.
Hunter, W. D., 62.
Hunter. W. E., 98.
Ilunziker, O. F-., 375. 880.
Hurst, L. A., 214, 620.
Hurtt, L. C, 470.
Husain, N., 136.
Husmann, G. C, 346.
Hutcheson, T. B., 240, 835.
Hutchings, C. B., 459.
Hutchinson, C. M., S22.
Hutchinson, W. L., 198, 800.
Hutchison, R. H., 60.
Hutson, J. C, 58, 61, 158.
riutton, R. E., 894.
Hj-nd, A., 12.
Hyslop, J. A., 564.

Ibsen, H. L., 269, 573.
Iddings, E. J., 399.
Ido, Y.. 760.
Iglesias, F., 54.
Ikeno, S., 731.
Illick, J. S., 46, 847.
lUingworth, J. F., 557.
Imes, M., 764.
Imms. A. D., 361.
Ingersoll, E. H., 12.
Ingerson, H. G., 861.
Ingram, P. A., 179.
Ireland, P. M., 378.
Irons, E. E., 381.
Irons. W. C, 400.
Isaacbsen, H., 779.
Isaacson, V. I., 713.
Isacson, S. E., 399.
Isely, D., 464.
Ito, H., 760.
Ives, G., 786.
Iyengar, K. R. K., 283.
Iyer, A. K. Y., 220.

Jablonowski, .T., 464.
.Tack, R. W., 164.
Jackley, J. G., 889, 890.
.Jackson, C. K., 494.
Jackson, H. S., 250, 251.
Jackson, W. E. W., 210.
Jacobson, C. A., 400.
Jaffa, M. B., 770.
Jager, F., 600.
James, C. C, 122.
James, J. W., 511.
Jamieson, G. S., 804.
Jamison, N. C, 298.
Janlckl, C. 783.
Jardine, J. T.. 470.
Jardine, W. M., 299, 699.
Jarvis, C. D., 192.
Jarvls, B., 238, 864.
Jarvis, E. M., 785.
Jatindra Nath Sen, 340, 816.
Jeannot, E., 199.

Jegorov, M. A., 117.
Jonkin, T. J., 338.
Jenkins, E. H., 025, 002.
Jenkins, E. L., 798.
Jennings, H. S., 268.
Jensen, C. A., 541, 814.
Jensen, H., 139, 238, 239.
Jensen, I. J., 499.
Josness, O. P., 895.
Jobling, J. W., 633.
Jodidi, S. L., 506.
Johaun, H., 645.
Johansen, H., 99.
Johns, H. A., 400.
Johnson, A. G., 469, 548.
Johnson, A. K., 167, 266,

663, 867.
Johnson, A. N., 189.
Johnson, B. R., 19.
Johnson, H. M., 349.
Johnson, M. O., 231.
Johnson, O. R., 693.
Johnson, T., 64.
Johnson, W. T., jr., 75.
Johnston, E. S., 627.
Johnston, J. R., 851.
Johnston, W. L., 540.
Jolly, N. W., 145.
.Tones, C. H., 425, 470.
Jones, C. R., 258.
Jones, D. P., 231, 237, 241,

367.
Jones, D. H., 120, 288.
Jones, D. W., 56.
Jones, E., 192.
Jones, E. R., 591.
Jones, P. M., 309.
Jones, G. B., 215.
Jones, H. M., 708.
Jones, J. S., 797.
Jones, J. W., 230, 319. 499.
Jones, L. L., 593.
Jones, L. R., 149, 548, 850.
Jones, T. H., 465, 564.
Jones, W. P., 480.
Jong, A. W. K. de, 544.
Jong, D. A. de, 586.
Jong, D. J. do, 615.
Jordan. E. O., 284,
Jordi, E., 149.
Joret, G., 711.
Jdrgensen, I., 525, 821,
Judd, C. S., 644.
Juritz, C. F., 536.
Jurney, R. C, 216, 323, 621.

Kains, M. G., 40, 539.
Kains-Jack.«!on, C, 494.
Kalkus, J. W.. 4S6, 497, 796.
Knlmbach, 856.
Kandel, I. L., 395.
Karny, H., 259.
Karper, R. E., 830, 842.
Karpowlcz, A., 210.
Kastle, J. H., 127.
Kauffman, C. H.. 455.
Kauffman, M., 616.

910

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Kanffman, T. E., 599.
Kaupp, B. F., 385.
Kay, D. J., 97.
Kayser, E., 317.
Kearney, T. H., 639.
Keen, C, 599.
Keil, J. B., 143.
Keilln, D., 261, 563.
Keitt, T. E., 517, 533, 816.
Kelley, W. P., 144, 520.
Kellogg, E. H., 506.
Kellogg, J. W., 369.
Kelly, E. O. G., 566.
Kelly, T. R., 894.
Kelsick, R. E., 313.
Kempster, C, 481.
Kempton, F. E., 700.
Kempton, J. H., 28, 445.
Kendall, E. C, 711.
Kenety, W. H., 146, 845.
Kennard, D. C, 96.
Kennard, F. L., 498.
Kennedy, C, 310.
Kennedy, J., 870.
Kennedy, P. B., 637, 735.
Kent, H. L., 299.
Kent, O. B., 775.
Kepler, E. J., 98.
Kerbosch, M., 527.
Kern, P. D., 100.
Kernkamp, H. C. H., 487.
Kerr, J. A., 718.
Kerr, W. J., 799.
Kesava Menon, T., 559.
Keuchenius, P. E., 157, 354,

542, 715.
Keyser, E. M., 511.
laolodkovskn, N. A., 158.
Kieffer, 565.
Kiernan, J. A., 686.
Kiesselbach, T. A., 732, 740.
Klllian, 647.
Killough, D. T., 334.
Killough, H. B., 89.
Kilsby, A. A., 433.
Kimball, T., 542.
King, C. L., 293.
King, E. W., 447.
King, F. G., 670, 873.
King, J. L., 862.
King, L. v., 510.
Kingman, H. E., 283.
KInman, C. F., 747, 748.
Kinnaird, R. A., 699.
Kinsey, M. E., 556.
Kinsler, J. H., 445.
Kinsley, A. T., 179.
Kinsman, C. D., GOO.
Kirillov, L., 145.
Kirk, n. B., 262.
Kirk, N. M., 621.
Kirkham, W. B., 573.
Kirkpatrick, K. A., 535.
Kirkpatrick, W. F., 171.
Kirwan, J. D. M., 45.
Kiser, O. M., 498.
Klser. R. W., 299.

Kisliuk, M., jr., 262.
Kiteley, J. H., 795.
Kittredge, J., 46.
Kjerrulf, G., 784.
Klein, L. A., 280.
Kline, M. A., 210.
Knab, F., 580, 766, 767.
Knapp, M. D., 544.
Knight, C. S., QRQ.
Knight, H. H., 461.
Knight, R. C, 223.
Knoche, W., 510.
Knocke, L. T., 593.
Kno\^les, C. H., 553, 651,

845.
Knowlton, K., 171.
Knudson, L., 224, 699.
Knuth, P., 83.
Koch, E. W., 180.
Koch, L., 236.
Koeber, J., 214.
Koehler, A., 645.
Koen, J. S., 178.
Koketsu, R., 731.
Kokjer, T. E., 216.
Kolmer, J. A., 481, 580, 781,
Koltsov, L. I., 336.
Komar, M., 741.
Koning, A. de, 296.
Koopman, J., 378.
Kopaczewskl, W., 582.
Kopeloff, N., 21.
Kopman, H. H., 556.
Korstian, C. F., 846.
Kottur, G. L., 538.
Kracke, E. A., 392.
Kraebel, C. J., 45.
Kramer, J. G., 569.
Kraus, E. J., 42.
Krauss, F. G., 826.
Krauss, R. B., 378.
Krausse, A., 566.
Krausz, H. B., 543.
Kraybill, H. R., 36.
Kress, 0., 809.
Krishnayya, H. V., 220.
Krongold, S., 585.
Krosby, P., 140.
Krumbhaar, B. B., 484.
Krumwiede, C, jr., 480, 483.
Kuczyaski, L., 727.
Kudo, R., 262.
Kuenan, 563.
Kuijsten, A. M., 791.
Kullgren, C, 516.
Kurtzweil, C, 900.
Kusama, T., 79.
Kuska, J. B., 440.
Kyle, C. H., 768.

La Bach, J. 0., 567, 781.
La Brand, A. C. H., 331.
Lacomblez, 393.
Ladd. E. F., 167, 2G6, 663,

867.
Lagrange, G., 74.
Lain6, E., 788.

Lajoux, H., 315.
Lake, G. C, 869.
Lall, M. M., 460.
Lamb, A. R., 111.
Lamb, C. G., 179.
Lamon, H. M., 775.
Lament, N., 159, 349.
Landels, B. H., 288.
Lane, C. H., 99, 297.
Lanfranchi, A., 886, 887.
Lang, H. L., 114, 266.
Langer, H., 592.
Langmuir, I., 511.
Langworthy, C. F., 300, 468.
Lantis, L. C, 700.
Lantz, D. E., 154, 3r.6, 456.
Lanza, M. G., 319.
Lapham, P., 96.
Lapparent, H. de, 790.
Lara, .J. B., 507.
Larcher, O., 171.
Larmor, J., 812.
Larrison, G. K., ,^90.
Larsen, C, 374, 600.
Larsen, J. C, 234.
Larson, C. "W., 73.
Larson, W. P., 584.
Latham, H. A., 846.
Lathrop, F. H., 858.
Latshaw, W. S., 498.
Laub, J., 510.
Laudat, M., 204.
Lauder, A. M. R., 188.
Laurence, L. H., 400.
Law, J. W., 895.
LaWall, C. H., 567.
Lawrence, E. W., 98.
Lawrence, J. V., 125, 126,
Lawrence, M. M., 497.
Lawrence, W. H., 640.
Lawritson, M. N., 499.
Lawson, H. W., 781.
Lawyer, G. A., 456.
Leake, J. P., 283.
Leathers, C. E., 399.
Leavenworth, C. S., 611.
Leavitt, C, 246.
L^caillon, 863.
Le Clerc, J. A., 438.
Lee, O. S., 699.
Leefmans, S., 59, 259.
Leersum, P. Van, 542.
Lees, A. H., 468, 650.
Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, J. van,

259.
Leeuwen-Rei.invaan, W. van,

259.
Leffmann, H., 325.
Lcgendre, R., 206.
Lehfeldt, R. A., 494.
Leibold, A. A., 80, 287.
Iveighty, C. E., 240, 341.
Lendner, A., 448^ 850.
Lenher, V., 310.
Leonard, M. D., S."")?. 800.
Leonian, L. n., 800.
Leopold (Father), 459.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES,

911

Leopold, H. M. R., 842.

Leplae, E., 247, 248.

Le Poer Trench, M. D., 43.

Lesage, P., 429, 729.

Lesne, P., 460, 564, 654.

Lestrla, F., 616.

Letteer, C. R., 430, 444,

470.
Levin, E., 150, 225.
Levine, M., 19.
Lewis, A. C, 233.
Lewis, D. J., 798.
Lewis, H. B., 570, 572.
Lewis, H. G., 98, 422.
Lewis, H. R., 94, 373, 476,

677.
Liems, J. A., 43.
Liepsner, F. W., 67 .
Light, J. J., 87.
Lillie, R. S., 524.
Lima, A. M. da C, 765.
Linch, C, 182.
Linden, T. van der, 616.
Lindner, P., 83.
Lindsey, J. B., 571, 666.
Lingelsheim, A., 152.
Linlt, G. K. K., 149.
Linklater, W. A., 95.
Linnaniemi, W. M., 256.
Lipman, C. B., 119, 803.
Lipman, J. G., 500, 817.
Lippincott, W. A., 775.
Lipscomb, G. F., 683.
Listen, W. G., 285.
Livingston, B. E., 522, 523,

525, 628, 728.
Lloyd, F. E., 210, 330.
Lloyd, F. J., 368.
Lloyd, J. W., 643.
Lochhead, W., 358, 459.
Loeb, J., 563.
Loeb, L., 182, 580.
London, E. S., 710, 786.
Long, D. D., 215.
Long, J. H., 664.
Long, W. H., 125, 652.
Longley, L. E., 797.
Lopex, C, 583.
Lo Priore, G., 314, 849.
Lord, C. B., 600.
Lougher, T. H., 536.
Louis-Dop, 706.
Love, H. H., 736.
Loveland, G. A., 811.
Lovett, A. L., 858, 860.
Lovis, A. M., 289.
Lovo, P. J., 133.
Lowry, P. R., 462.
Lufices, R. L., 69.
Lubs, H. A., 225.
Lubin, D., 701.
Luckey, D. F., 178, 286,

888.
Lucks, 725.
Luithley, J. A., 600.
Lunak, S. E., 809.
Lund, A. v., 477,

Lundbeck, W., 263.
Lundberg, J. F., 539.
Lundevall, K. H., 591.
Lunn, A. G., 498, 689.
Lushington, P. M., 846.
Lusk, G., 468, 662.
Lutman, B. F., 352.
Lutz, F. E., 761.
Lyford, C. A., 94.
Lyman, G. R., 100.
Lyon, M. W., jr., 481,
Lyon, S. C, 563.
Lyon, T. L., 196.
Lyons, H. G., 617.

Maas, J. G. J. A., 544.
Macalister, G. H. K., 287.
Macoun, W. T., 446, 641, 844.
McAlpine, D., 352, 353.
McArthur, C. L., 81, 96.
McAtee, W. L., 53, 457, 556,

559.
McCabe, G. P., 480.
McCall, A. G., 228.
McCampbell, C. W., 576.
McCandlish, A. C, 878.
McCandliss, E. S., 691.
McCann, R., 378.
McCarthy, C. D., 846.
McCarthy, E. F., 847.
MacCaughey, V., 541.
McClellan, M. P., 581.
McClelland, T. B., 749, 900.
McClintock, J. A., 99, 851.
McClure, H. B., 88, 793.
McColloch, J. W., 863.
McCollum, E. v., 568, 612.
McCool, M. M., 16, 417.
McCracken, R. F., 204.
McCubbin, W. A., 254, 646,

758.
McCue, C. A., 900.
McDaniel, J. S., 699.
McDole, G. R., 210.
McDonald, E. M., 632.
McDonell, W. N., 782.
McDonnell, C. C, 206.
McDonnell, H. B., 425.
McDonnell, R. P., 766.
MacDougal, D. T., 729.
MacDougall, R. S., 557.
McDowell, F. N., 216.
McBUroy, W. S., 614, 615.
McFadden, E. A., 735.
M'Fadyean, J., 183, 282.
McGaig, J., 795.
McGehee, T. F., 62.
McGill, A., 366.
McGilllvray, C. S., 207.
McGUvray, C. D., 296.
McGlashan, H. D., 890.
McGregor, E. A., 61, 63, 761.
MacGregor, M. E.. 558.
McHarg, C. K., 46.
McHargue, J. S., 71, 613,

690.
Machens, A., 65.

Mclndoo, N. E., 55, 154, 160.
Maclntire, W. H., 312, 327.
Ma.k. W. B., 179, 299, 487,

784.
McKay, A. W., 143.
McKay, J. W., 336.
Mackenna, J., 350, 526.
McKerral, A., 527.
Mackie, D. B., 459, 853.
McKinney, W. H., jr., 50.
McKnight, G. G., 400.
McLarty, J. E., 93, 297.
McLaughlin, W. J., 281.
McLaughlin, (Mrs.) W. J.,

281.
McLaughlin, W. W., 186.
McLean, H. C, 214, 622,

817.
MacLean, J. D., S92.
McLean, W. A., 789.
McLendon, C. A., 233,
McManus, R. C, 480.
MacManu.s, R. D., 265.
McMaster, L., 115.
McMullcn, C. G., 885.
McMurran, S. M., 52, 455.
McNair, J. B., 202.
McNeil, J. H., 781.
McNeill, J., 145.
McNicol, J., 447.
McQuat, J. H., 795.
McRae, W., 354, 456, 554.

848.
McVean, J. D., 398, 500, 894.
McVey, F. L., 699.
Madan Mohan Lall, 460.
Magath, T. B., 582.
Magnan, J. C, 795.
Magness, J. R., 799.
Magoon, C. A., 298, 400.
Maiden, J. H., 544.
Mains, E. B., 224, 252, 448,

455.
Maire, R., 849.
Maki, M., 857.
Malenottl. E., 460.
Malet, A. H., 447.
Malloch, J. R., 61, 161, 650,

659.
Mally, C. W., 558.
Malmros, J., 195.
Malpeaux, L., 368, 537.
Mangham, S., 224.
Mangin, L., 896.
Mann, B., 378.
Mann. F. C, 283.
Mann, H. H., 91.
Mann, L. B., 273.
Manning, D. F., 210,
Manny, F. A., 664.
Manso de Zflfiiga, V. C, 652.
Manss, W. H., 594.
Manwaring, W. H., 79.
Maquenne, L., 329.
Marcarelli. 424.
Marchal, P., 256, 654.
Marchand, B. de C, 411,

912

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol 38

Marchand, W., 60.
Marcovitch, S., 155, 163.
Harden, J. W., 315.
Markell, E. L., 143, 444.
Marsden, E., 144.
Marsden, R. B., 751.
Marsh, C. D., 6S5, 883.
Marsh, H. 0., 562.
Marshall, R. E., 257.
Marshall, C. J., 179, 380.
Marshall, F. R., 69.
Martin, H. M., 800.
Martin, J., 499, 799.
Martin, J. H., 230.
Martin, T. T., 399.
Martin, W. H., 126, 250.
Martinoli, G., 576.
Martirano, 562.
Martogllo, F., 784.
Marumo, N., 857.
Marvin, C. F., 209, 210,

811.
Marz,S., 512.
Masini, A., 210.
Mason, P. W., 54, 797.
Mason, S, C, 344.
Mason, W. P., 31 o.
Massart, J., 224.
Massey, A. B., 700.
Massey, L. M., 799, 854.
Massey, W. F., 842.
Massini, P. C, 258, 658.
Masson, 0., 509, 511.
Matesanz, M., 695.
Mather, C. S., 178.
Matheson, K. J., 78.
Matheson, R., 358.
Mathew, B. B., 498.
Mathieu, G., 188.
Matsumura, S., 264, 463,

857.
Matthews, A., 82.
Matthews, C. D., 507.
Mattos, A. T. de, 3.59.
Matz, .T., 252.
Maurer, J., 812.
Maxon, B. T., 215, 216.
Maxted, E. B., 409.
May, D. W., 609.
Maynard, L. A., 721, 896.
Mayng, R., 364, 461.
Mayo, N. S., 782.
Maz6, P., 48.
Mead, E., 278.
Meade, R. K., 424, 804.
Medri, L., 412.
Meeks, J. R., 799.
Meggitt, A. A., 230.
Meinecke, B. P., 355.
Meinzer, O. E., 187.
Melander, A. L., 857, 864.
Meldrum, R., 506.
Mellck, C. O., 166.
Meltzer, S. J., 580.
Melvin, A. D.. 183.
Mena, J. C. y, 794.
Mendel, L. B., 568, 569.

Mendenhall, T. C, 812.
Mendoza, P. de la O., 468.
Mendy, J. B., 784.
Menegaux, 38.
Menges, T. C, 492.
Menon, T. K., 559.
Mercanton, P. L., 510, 812.
Mercet, R. G., 467.
Merriam, C. H., 760.
Merillat, L. A., 178, 781.
Merle, R., 661.
MerrUl, D. E., 61.
Merrill, E. D., 247.
Merrill, F. S., 96.
Merrill, H. B., 310.
Merrill, K., 394.
Merrill, M. C, 345.
Merrill, S., 53.
Merriman, L., 595.
Merwin, H. C, 274.
Merz, A. R., 123, 124.
Mesman, W. L., 286.
Metcalf, C. L., 362.
Metcalf, H., 52.
Metzler, L. F., 211.
Meyer, A. H., 719, 812,
Michotte, F., 529.
Mlessner, H., 287.
Migone, L. E., 580.
Milam, A. B., 469.
Miles, S. R., 699.
Milks, H. J., 580.
Mill, H. R., 510, 511.
Millais, J. G., 542.
Millar, A., 538.
Millard, H. B., 210.
Millen, F. H., 145, 543.
Miller, C. C, 164.
Miller, C. E., 210.
Miller, C. F., 204, 409.
Miller, D., 257.
Miller, E. A., 800.
Miller, B. R., 317.
Miller, F. W., 799.
Miller, G. H., 844.
Miller, H. A., 816.
Miller, J., 97.
Miller, J. C, 297.
Miller, M. F., 217, 619, 620.
Miller, R. F., 575, 693.
Miller, S. R., 569.
Millin, R. B., 69.
Mills, H. C, 880.
Milroy, T. H., 365.
Milsum, J. N., 41.
Minkler, F. C, 576.
Minot, A. S., 569.
Mirior, 508.
Misra, C. S., 462.
Mitchell, A. J., 210.
Mitchell, H. H., 613.
Mitchell, J. A., 751.
Mitchell, .T. D., 160.
Mitchell, R. V., 699.
Mitra, S. K., 503.
Mitscherlich, A., 519.
Mitzmain, M. B., 160, 658.

Mix, A. J., 835.
Miyake, I., 426.
Miyake. K., 621.
Miyake, T., 357.
Mize, R. C, 812.
Mohan Lall, M., 460.
Mohler, .J. R., 78, 787.
Mohlman, F. W., 489, 490.
Mohr, E. C. J., 513.
Moir, J. T., 537.
Mokrzecki, S. A., 163, 164.
MokrzhetskH, S. A., 163,

164.
Moll, A. M., 760.
Molliard, M., 426.
Molloy, T. M., 191.
Mondlni, S., 142.
Monnier, A., 727.
Monsch, G., 795.
Montanari, C, 428.
Montgomery, C. W., 796.
Montgomery, B. G., 241.
Mooers, C. A., 212.
Moomaw, C. W., 42.
Moore, B., 45, 246, 348,

811, 812.
Moore, C. W., 426.
Moore, H. F., 165.
Moore, H. W. B., 459.
Moore, J. B., 660.
Moore, J. M., 512.
Moore, R. J., 714.
Moore, V. A., 687, 887.
Moore, W., 155, 158, 330,

760, 765, 858.
Morais, R. de, 81.
Moran, J., 511.
Moran, J. S., 392.
More, C. T., 535.
Morgan, A. C, 159.
Morgan, A. E., 717.
Morgan, H. A., 346.
Morgan, J. F., 798.
Morgan, T. H., 65.
Mori, N., 887.
Moriya, S., 624, 722.
Morkoberg, P. A., 169.
Morosinl, A., 66.
Morrill, J. S., 395.
Morrill, W J., 643.
Morris, H. H., 485.
Morrison, T. C, 47, 159, 161.
Morse, P. W., 600, 624.
Morse, P. F., 485.
Morse, W. A., 535.
Morse, W. J., 237.
Mortensen, M., 78.
Mortlock, H. C, 719.
Morton, .T. .T., 580.
Mosher, B., 160.
Mosier, J. G., 598, 718.
Moss. A. B., 247.
Moss, B. G., .37, 49.
Moss^ri, v., 338, 6.38.
Motz, F. H., von, 492.
Mougne, 429, 524.
Moyer, J. A., 87.

1918]

Mulr, F., 461, 557.
Mullen, C. A., 789.
Mullinix, R. D.. 900.
MulraJ, 846.
Mulvania, M., 329.
Mumford, F. B., 697, 795.
Mumford, H. W., 897.
Munde, F. W., 144.
Muncle, J. H., 148, 798.
Hunger, T. T., M8.
Munn, M. T., 450.
Munns, E. N., 53.
Munro, J. W., 364.
Monro, R. W., 446.
Mtntz, A., 788.
Murdock, H. E., 186, 188,

190.
Murphy, C. F., 798.
Murphy, J. B., 580.
Murphy, L., 172.
Murphy, L. S., 146.
Murphy, P. A., 149. 646.
Murray, .T. M., 355.
Murray, T. J., 198.
Mutto, E., 731.
Myers, C. E., 41.
Myers, C. N., S69.
Myers, P. R., 63.

Nagai, I., 24, 128.
Nagano, K., 857.
Nahstoll, G. A., 793.
Nash, J. P., 593.
Nath Sen, J., 340, 816.
Nawa, Y., 857.
Nayudu, K. R., 433.
Neff, C. E., 900.
Neill, A. J., 869, 870.
Nellis, J. C, 751.
Nelson, A. F., 178.
Nolson, E. W., 255, 555.
Nelson, G. M., 478.
Nelson, J. A., 497, 497.
Nelson, J. W., 421.
Nelson, R., 798.
Ness. H., 852.
Nestell, R. J., 124.
Neuls, J. D., 158.
Nevens, W. B., 278.
Nevin, M., 378.
Newell, W., 564.
Newlin, C. I., 675.
Newman, C. P., 845.
Newman, H. G., 684.
Newman, H. H., 574.
Nieholls, H. M., 261.
NichoUs, W. D., 578, 693.
Nichols, H. E., 198.
Nichols, J. B., 203.
Nichols, M. L., 900.
Nichols, M. S., 613.
NicoU, W., 363.
Nlcolle, M., 587.
Niisiam. Y., 857.
Nilsson, N. H., 236.
Noble, A., 684.
Noble, W. C, 483.

INDEX OP NAMES.

Noel. P., 54.
Noguchl, H., 262.
Nolan, A. W., 93, 94.
Nolan, O. L., 611.
Noland, D. R., 98.
Noll, C. F.. 19, 34, 35, 239.
Nollau, B. H., 500.
Norgaard, V. A., 80.
North, C. E., 780.
Northrop, J. D., 692.
Northrop, J. H., 563.
Northrop, L. Z., 798.
Norton, J. B., 444.
Norton, J. F., 501.
Norton, R. P., 77, 874.
Norton, T. H., 248.
Nourse, E. G., 196.
Novelll, 424.
Nowell, W., 154, 157, 351,

352.
Noyes, H. A., 641.
Noyes, W. A., 309.
Nunn, R., 618.
Nuttall, G. H. F., 765.
Nystrom, B., 392,

Oberholser, H. C, 457, 556,

856.
Oberstein, 557.
Ocfemia, G. O., 231.
Ockerblad, F. O., jr., 420.
O'Connor, F. W., 563.
O'Connor, W. F., 392.
Odell, F. I., 41, 198.
O'Gara, P. J., 249, 250.
Ohle, E. L., 115.
Oi.jen, M. van, 345.
Oinoue, Y., 822.
Okada, S., 713.
Okada, T., 811.
Okamoto, H., 261.
O'Kane, W. C, 54, 155.
Okey, C. W., 387, 690.
Oldershaw, A. W., 368.
Olive, E. W., 752.
Oliver, B., 116.
Olney, C. B., 96.
Olsen, J. C, 810.
Olson, G. A., 365.
Olson, N. E., 299.
Olson. O., 36.
Omelianskii, V. L., 426, 427,

428.
O'Neal, A. M., Jr., 512.
Ong, E. R. de, 457.
Onrust, K., 466.
Ormsbec, E. J., 98.
Orton, C. R., 50.
Orton. W. A., 135, 149, 241.
Osborn, H., 158.
Osbom, n. F., 823.
Osborn, T. G. B., 539.
Osborne, T. B., 505, 568,

611.
Osgood, W. A., 54.
Oshima, M., 857.
Oskamp, .T., 246, 641. 844.

913

Osmaston, B. B., 543.
Osmun, A. v., 249.
Osner, G. A., 250.
Osterberg, A. E., 711.
Osterhout, W. .1. v., 25.
Ostrander, J. E., 210, 618

812.
Ostwald, W., 309.
Osward, W. L., 000.
Ouranoflf, A., 783.
Outcault, H. E., 10.
Overholt, V., 893.
Overly, F. L., 716.
Owen, I. L., 799.
Owens, J. S., 198.

Packard, W. B., 184.

I'addock, F. B., 859.

Page, C, 44.

Paige, J. B., 281.

Paillot, A., 159, 162. 163.

Pallthorp, R. R., OOO.

Paino, J. H., 56.

Pakhotina. E. P., 710.

Palazzo, F. C, 713, 714.

Palazzo, M., 714.

Palkin, S., 10.

Palladin, V. I., 728.

Palmer, A. H., 115, 416, 511.

Palmer, E. L., 343.

Palmor, L. S., 578, 612, 082.

Palmer, R. C, 808.

Palmer, S., 600.

Palmer, T. S., 652.

Pantonelli, E., 156, 822.

Park, J. B., 197, 823.

Park, W. H., 480.

Parker, J. ri., 849.
Parks, K. E., 190.
Parks, T. H., 558.
Parman, D. C, 160.
Parmentier, P., 651.
Parnell, R., 845.
Parrott, P. .1., 860.
Parrozzani, A., 329.
Parshley, H. M., 764.
Parsons, T. S., 134, 527.
Patch, E. M., 60.
Paterson, W. G. R., 70.
Patten, A. J., 368.
Patterson, C. T., 172.
Patter.son, F. W., 254.
Patterson, .T., 210.
Patterson, S. W.. 176.
Patton, C. A., 116.
Paul, C. n.. 717.
Pauls, J. T.. 289.
Payen, E., 595.
Peables, B. L., 600.
Penlrs, L. M., 93.
Pearce, L., 181.
Pcarcy, K., 152.
Pearl, R., 64, 65, 175. 176,

209, 299, .•:!72.
Pearson G. A., 847.
Pearson, R. S., 751.
Pearson. T. G., 53. 652.

914

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. :;s

Pease, H. T., 482.
Peck, C. L., 784.
Peck, E. L., 416.
Peden, F. T., 870.
Peel, (Mrs.) C. S., 1G7.
Pegg, E. C, 644.
Peglion, v., 650, 753.
Peitersen, A. K., 441.
Pellet, H., 113, 311.
Peltier, G. L., 51, 650.
Pemberton, C. E., 566, 658,

659, 767.
Pendleton, R. L., 421.
Pennewell, C. F., 897.
Perkins, A. J., 572.
Perkins, S. O., 323.
Perracini, F., 314.
Perrine, W. S., 551.
Perroncito, E., 772.
Petch, C. E., 459, 844.
Fetch, T., 46, 354.
Peter, A. M., 383, 690.
Petersen, P. T., 287.
Petersen, W. F., 584.
Peterson, A., 561, 861.
Peterson, N. F., 400.
Petherbridge, F. R., 57, 460.
Petrie, J. M., 782.
Petroffi, 486.
Pettey, F. W., 465.
Pettigrew, R. L.. 46.
Pettit, M., 564, 660.
Pew, W. H., 81.
Peyronel, B., 753.
Pgzard, A., 170.
Pfeififer, 726.
Pfeiler, 284, 788.
Phelps, C. S., 191.
Philips, A. G., 577, 593.
Philiptschenko, I., 65.
Phillips, E. P., 164.
Phillips, W. J., 263.
Phinney, G. H., 299.
Picard, L., 812.
Pickard, G. H., 807.
Pickel, J. M., 572.
Pickens, E. M., 179, 4S6.
Pickering, S., 221.
Pickering, S. U., 540.
Pickering, W. H., 811.
Pickett, F. L., 800.
Pickett, W. F., 299.
Pictet, A., 708.
Piemeisel, F. J., 47, 249.
Piemeisel, R. L., 222.
Pieper, E. J., 254.
Pier, H. B., 600, 798.
Pierce, C. H., 690.
Pierce, H. B., 600.
Pierce, R. G., 53, 254.
Pierce, W. D., 61, 154, 357,

864.
Pieters, A. J., 441.
Pi&tre, M., 183.
Pietsch, 647.
Pincoffs, M. C, 366.
Pin e Almedia, M. C. du, 347.

Piper, C. v., 638.
Pitchford, H. W., 184.
Pitt, J. M., 337.
Pittier, H., 544.
Pitz, W., 568.
Plaisance, G. P., 98.
Plum, H. M., 798.
Plumb, C. S., 897.
Plummer, H. E., 892.
Plummer, J. K., 620.
Plunkett, H., 402.
Pluvinel, G. de la B., 264.
Poels, J., 180.
Poer Trench, M. D. le, 43.
Pollacci, G., 329, 448, 731.
Pond, G. G., 190.
Pontius, R. L., 383, 384.
Popenoe, W., 541.
Popp, M., 520, 728.
Porter, A. E., 80, 81.
Porter, J., 90.
Porter, J. E., 691.
Porter, R. S., 623.
Posey, G. B., 860.
Post, C. B., 217, 324.
Potter, G. M., 179.
Potter, R. S., 118.
Poulton, E. B., 54.
Powell, G. H., 43.
Powell, 0., 12, 114.
Powell, R. B., 194.
Powers, W. E., 344.
Pozen, M. A., 266.
Praegcr, W. E., 222.
Pratolongo, U., 313.
Pratt, H. A., 299.
Pratt, H. C, 759.
Pratt, J. H., 543.
Prentice, D. S., 180.
Prescott, S. C, 611.
Preston, J. F., 46.
Price, H. B., 190.
Price, J. C. C, 136.
Pridham, J. T., 231, 342.
Prince, P. S., 34.
Pritchett, H. S., 396.
Pritchett, I. W., 584.
Proctor, R., 98.
Prothero, R. E., 192, 402.
Prucha, M. J., 878.
Pucci, C, 168.
Pugsley, C. W., 93, 716.
Pulling, H. E., 321, 719, 732.
Puran Singh, 8.
Putney, F. S., 73.

Quaintance, A. L., 144, 843.
Quervain, A. de, 812.
Quick, H., 191.
Quinlan, D., 482.
Quir6s, E. L., 246.

Rabak, F., 807, 808.
Rabild, H., 190.
Raciborskl, M., 238.
Rader, F. E., 603.
Radford, G., 190.

Raitt, J. A., 683.
Raiziss, 481.
Ralston, G. S., 257.
Ram, A., 234.
Ramachandra Rao, D. G.,

220.
Ramachandra Rao, Y., 359.
Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V.,

359, 300, 361.
Ramann, G., 512.
Ramasastrulu Nayudu, K.,

433.
Ramsay, A. A., 258.
Ramsbottom, J. K., 455.
Ramsey, H. J., 88, 143, 444.
Ramsower, H. C, 100.
Ranck, E. M., 179.
Randall, J. L., 297.
Randlett, G. W., 600.
Rands, R. D., 249, 451.
Rane; F. W., 53, 145, 159.
Ran.som, B. H., 385.
Rao, D. A., 433.
Rao, D. G. R., 220.
Rast, F. M., jr., 900.
Rast, L. E., 533.
Ratcliff, J. A., 740.
Rather, J. B., 11.
Raub, A. J., 470.
Ravaz, L., 51, 651, 754, 757,

845.
Ravenel, M. P., 580.
Ravenhill, A., 394.
Ray, G. S., 797.
Ray, S. H., 168.
Rayleigh, (Lord), 210.
Rayment, T., 564.
Readey, J. C, 795.
Reardon, J, D., 588.
Recknagel, A. B., 45.
Record, S. J., 45.
Records, E., 400, 487, 784.
Rector, F, L., 389.
Reddy, C. S., 548.
Reed, C. A., 44, 542.
Reed, E. 0., 414.
Reed, E. P., 400.
Reed, G. M., 645.
Reed, H. J., 241, 245.
Reed, H. S., 43, 743.
Reed, J. B., 67.
Reed, J. H., 296.
Reed, O. E., 699, 797.
Reed, W. G., 415, 812.
Rees, C. C, 548.
Regan, W. S., 654.
Rehfous, L., 821.
Reiche, K., 336.
Reichelt, C. A., 812.
Reid, D. J., 234.
Reid, W. J., 795.
Reijnvaan, J. van L., 259.
Reijnvaan, W. van L., 259.
Remick, ii. L., 269.
Remy, T., 520.
Rengade, E., 310.
Renton, G. P., 537, 550,

1918)

INDEX OF NAMES.

915

Retan, G. A., 846.

Reuman, T. H., 618.

Reuss, 545.

Reynolds, F. P., jr., 74.

Rhamy, B. W., 80.

Rhea, R. L., 787.

Rhoads, A. S., 555.

Rhodes, F. W., 72.

Ricci, R., 33.

Rich, J. P., 497, 567.

Richards, E. H., 325.

Richards, J. L., 555.

Richards, L., 867.

Richards, P. B., 460.

Richards. R. M., 446, 447,

460, 758, 759.
Richards, W. L.. 180.
Richardson, A. E., 166, 566.
Richert, J. G., 392.
Richmond, H. D., 279.
Richmond, T. E., 19.
Rideal, S., 625.
Rietz, H. L., 232.
Riley, 656.
Riley, E. H., 169.
Riley, W. A., 399, 459.
Rincones, R. G., 580.
Rlnehart, E. F., 168.
Ringelmann, M., 390, 690,

790.
Ringstrom, H., 804.
Ritchie, A. H., 459.
Ritter, N., 481.
Ritzema Bos, J.. 147.
Ritzman, E. G., 472.
Riviere, C, 340.
Roadhouse, C. L., 880.
Roark, G. W., 198.
Roark, R. C, 206.
Robb, L., 70.
Robbins, R. B., 367.
Robbins, W. J., 129, 140.
Roberts, E. A., 616.
Robertson, J. M., 90.
Robertson, T. B., 708.
Robertson, W. S., 800.
Robertson, W. A. N., 74.
Robertson, W. C, 521.
Robertson, W. R. B., 574.
Robinson, C, 798.
Robinson, E., 464.
Robinson, G. W., 116.
Robinson, J. L.. 99.
Robinson, W. O., 409, 412.
Robison, W. L., 274, 473,

698.
Robotka, F., 178, 895.
RobsoD, 352.

Rocasolano, A. de G., 122.
Rochaix, A., 81.
Rock, J. F., 45, 145.
Rockwell, F. F., 39.
Rockwood, E. W., 311.
Rodger, A., 247.
Rodhaln, J., 263.
Roopke, 788.
Roeser, B. 31., 882.

Rogers. F. E., 235.
Rogers, E., 699.
Rogers, L. A., 488.
Rogers, R. F., 422.
Rohwer, S. A., 63, 164, 660.
Roig, .1. T., 537.
Rommel, G. M.. 169, 172.
Ronnet, L,, 315.
Rorer, J. B., 758.
Rose, A. R., 507.
Rose, D. H., 251.
Rose, M. S., 567.
Rose, R. C, 499.
Rose, R. E., 423,
Rosen, F., 783.
Rosenau, M. J., 882.
Rosenbuseh, F.. 687, 787.
Rosengren, L. F., 781.
Rosenheim, O., 328.
Roser, C. E., 181.
Rosett, .1., 125.
Ross, A. S., 784.
Ross, E. T., 663.
Ross, G. D., 72.
Ross, P. n., 498.
Ross, W. A., 58, 358.
Ross, W. H., 123. 124, 313.
Rossem, C. van, 735.
Rost, C. O., 205,
Roth, F., 46.
Roth, W. F., 577.
Roubaud, E., 83.
Rouchelman, N., 223,
Rouiller, C. A., 366.
Round, L. A., 207, 266, 535.
Rou.sh, A. J., 99.
Ronsseaux, E., 711, 712.
Rout, E. L.. 741.
Rovner, J. W.. 798.
Row at, R. M., 506,
Rowles, W. F., 39.
Ruata, A. Q., 885.
Rucker, E. H., 275.
Ruddick, J. A., 292,
Rudolph, B. A., 251.
Ruehle, G. L. A., 377.
Rufener, L. A., 98.
Ruggles, A. G.. 155, 399.
Ri'.hl, H. T., 399.
Rulller, 715.
Runkel, H., 882.
Runner, G. A., 61.
Ruprecht, R. W., 624.
Russell, E. J., 102, 117,

514, 720.
Russell, E. S., 572.
Russell, E. Z., 179, 286.
Russell, H. L., 299, 795.
Russell, R., 490.
Ruston, A. G., 168.
Rutgers, A. A. L., 165, 544,

554.
Ruth, W. A., 650.
Rutherford. J. G.. 179.
Rutherford, W. J., 296.
Rydbcrg, P. A., 732.

Sabachnikoff, V., 429.
Saccfi, R. A., 51, 352.
Sackett, W. G., 551.
Sadtler, S. P., 248.
Safiford, W. E., 167.
Safro, V. I., 56, 558.
Sagnier, H., 90.
Sahr, C. A., 231, 828.
Saillard, E., 368.
Salisbury, S. M., 499.
Salmon, E. S., 450, 454,

853, 855.
Salmon, S. C, 415. 863.
Salmon, T. W., S82.
Samollov, lA. V., 817.
Sampson, H. C, 527.
Sanders, G. E., 15G, 541.
Sanders, J. G., 155. 558.
Sanders, W. H., 692.
Sanderson, E. D., 93.
Sanderson, T., 663.
Sands, W. N., 461.
Sandston, E. P., 32.3.
Sanford, E. W., 558.
Sani, L., 886.
Santos Fernfindez, J., 580,
Sanzin, R., 260.
Sarasin, J., 708.
Sarazln, C, 574.
Sargent, C. S., 544,
Sasscer, E. R., 258, 857.
Sato, S., 170.
Saunders, C. F.. 732.
Saunders, L. G., 156.
Sauvage. G., 293.
Sauvageau, C, 426.
Savage, E. S., 896.
Savage, W. G., 11.
Sawyer, A. M., 635.
Sawyer, E. B., 100.
Sayre, C. B., 246.
Scammell, H. B., 59, 159,

460, 559.
Scarpa, O., 625.
Schafifner, J. n., 528.
Schalk, A. F.. 689, 799.
Schamberg, 481.
Scheffer, T. H., 53.
Scheln, H., 484.
Schldlof, A., 210.
Schlatter, F. P.. 97.
Schlotz, W. G., 293.
Schmidt, D., 97.
Schmidt, R., 96.
Schmltz, II.. 524.
Schmltz. N., 741.
Schmoeger, 725.
Schoenlng, 11. W.. 284.
Schoenmann, L. R., 216.
Schocvers, T. A. C, 555.
Scholl, E. E., 765.
Schollenberger, C. J., 298,

622.
Schoppe, W. F., 184, 373.
Schorger, A. W., 46. 309,

810.
SchSyen, T. H., 648.

916

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Schribaux, E., 38.
Schroeder, E. C, 179.
Schryver, S. B., 505.
Schuck, W. P., 9.
Schultz, O. C, 97.
Schumacher, P., 361.
Schutt, F. T., 653.
Schwarze, C. A., 251.
Scoates, D., 100.
Scott, C. A., 553.
Scott, E. K., 122.
Scott, J. M., 575, 876, 877.
Scott, J. R.. 362.
Scott, R. C, 132.
Scott, V. E., 580.
Scott, W., 4.j7.
Scott, W. K., 98.
Scull, R. S., 626.
Seal, J. L., 150.
Sea ton, L. F., 95.
Secrest, E., 846, 847.
Seeley, D. A., 208, 209.
Seelye, L. C, 301.
Seicke, E. 0., 800.
Seidell, A., 411.
Seltz, C. E., 389, 391.
Seklguchi, S., 381.
Selden, C. A., 344.
Sellem, F. E. De, 653, 857.
Sen, J., 429.
Sen, J. N., 816.
Sen, S. K., 160.
Senstlus, M. W.. 513, 542.
Severance, G.. 298.
Severin, H. H. P., 466.
Severson, B. 0., 68, 69, 371.
Severy, .7. W., 524.
Sewell, M. C, 814.
Seymour, E. L. D., 899.
Shackell, L. P., 317.
Shafer, G. D., 659, 798.
Shamel, A. D., 446, 541, 845.
Shantz, H. L., 23, 222.
Sharp, L. T., 720.
Sharpies, A., 847, 854.
Shattuck, G. B., 766.
Shattuck, H. B., 87.
Shaw, A. N., 210.
Shaw, E. L., 878.
Shaw, N., 361, 511.
Shaw, R. H., 77, 874.
Shear, C. L., 144, 252.
Shedd, O. M., 221.
Sheehan, B. P., 529.
Shelford, R. W. C, 54.
Shelton, A. C, 255.
Shelton-Agar, W. R., 447,

759.
Shepard, J. H., 841, 400.
Shepherd, F. R., 234.
Sherbakoff, C. D., 48, 251.
Sheridan, R. N., 898.
Sherman, H. C, 63, 661.
Sherman, J. M., 74, 75, 802.
Sherwin, C. P., 506.
Sherwood, C. M., 591.
Sherwood, N. P., 485.

Sherwood, R. C, 341.

Sherwood, R. M., 190.

Sherwood, S. P., 8.

Shibata, K., 731.

Shields, R. L., 680, 683, 800.

Shilston, A. W., 785.

Shipley, A. E., 256.

Shirai, M., 426.

Shishido, C, 447.

Shive, J. W., 126.

Shiver, H. E., 98, 800,

Shorey, E. C, 819.

Shoup, G. R.. 95, 298, 497,

678, 698, 796.
Shoup (Mrs.), G. U., 95, 298,

497, 678, 698, 796
Show, S. B., .348, 846.
Shreve, P., 330.
Shuey, P. McG., 205.
Shull, A. P.. 558.
Shull, J. M., 638.
Shurras, G. P., 596.
Shutt, P. T., 619, 624, 626,

643, 665, 666, 691.
Sidenius, E., 137, 238, 239.
Siegfried, 506.
Siegler, B. H., 843.
Sievers, A. P., 55.
Siggers, P. V., 225.
Silveira, A. da, 261.
Sim, J. M., 15.
Simmonds, E., 541.
Simmonds, N., 612.
Simmons, W. H., 567, 900.
Simms, B. T., 788.
Simola, E. P., 141.
Simpson, G. C, 210.
Singh, P., 8.
Sinton, J. A., 562.
Siriusov, M. G., 15.
Sirot, M., 711, 712,
Skalskij, S., 17.
Skinner, A. E., 867.
Skinner, G. R., 96.
Skinner, G. S., 309.
Skinner, J. H., 670, 873.
Skourup, W. N., 591.
Skupienski, P. X., 331.
Slack, P. H., 377.
Sladen, F. W. L., 659.
Slate, W. L., jr., 231.
Slocum, R. R., 373, 374,

476.
Slonaker, J. R., 770.
Small, J., 225.
Smeeton, M. A., 489.
Smies, E. H., 215.
Smith, A. J., 580.
Smith, A. Z., 299.
Smith, C. W., 600.
Smith, E. B., 290.
Smith, E. P., 648, 752.
Smith, P., 774.
Smith, P. H., 447.
Smith, G. A., 877.
Smith, G. C, 793.
Smith. G. H., 482.

Smith, G. P. D., 448, 455.
Smith, G. S. G., 282.
Smith, H. C., 214.
Smith, H. E., 767.
Smith, H. G., 872.
Smith, H. M., 663.
Smith, H. S., 258.
Smith, ,T. B., 632.
Smith, J. W., 209, 210, 317.
Smith, L. A., 789.
Smith, L. B., 54.
Smith, L. H., 232.
Smith, L. M., 572.
Smith, M. R., 708.
Smith, O. R., 389.
Smith, P. H., 665.
Smith, R. E., 225.
Smith, R. H., 797, 893.
Smith, R. M., 469.
Smith, R. W., 230.
Smith, S. D., 348.
Smith, S. L., 500.
Smith, T. 0., 328, 368.
Smith-Gordon, L., 191.
Smither, F. W., 309.
SmolSk, J., 50.
Smoll, A. E., 368.
Smyth, E. G., 161, 767.
Snell, J., 361.
Snider, L. C, 793.
Snodgrass, R. B., 556.
Snow, J. H., 196.
Snyder, J. M., 216, 718.
Snyder, R. S., 118, 623.
Snyder, W. P., 900.
Soderbaum, H. G., 121.
Soesman, R. A. W., 238.
Solunskov, M., 428.
Somerville, W., 544.
Soparkar, M. B., 285.
Soule, A. M., 794.
Soule, A. M. G., 166.
Souter, F. G., 447.
South, P. W., 460.
Southwick, B. G., 231, 693,

798.
Souza, R. G. de, 51.
Spafford, W. .7., 48. 240, 433.
Sparhawk, W. N., 645.
Sparro, R. P., 488.
Spaulding, P., 151, 253, 254.
Spear, E. B., 501.
Spence, E. R., 800.
Spencer, D. A., 98. 499.
Spencer, G. J., 358.
Spencer, G. L., 508.
Speyer, E. R., 561, 564.
Spillman, W. J., 99, 292,

894.
Spinks, G. T., 649, 650.
Spitzer, G., 880.
Spoehr, H. A., 729.
Spofford, C. M., 248.
Spooner, C. S., 762.
Spray, R. S., 800.
Spriestersbach, D. C, 498,

507, 900.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES.

917

Spring, F. G., 41, 447.

Spulor, A., 99.

Spurway, C. H., 511.

Stadler, J. L., 798.

Stadtmueller, F. H., 699.

Stahel, G., 153.

Stahl, J. L., 95, 298, 643,

698, 796.
Stakman, E. C, 47, 100,

498, 535.
Stanford, E. E., 250.
Stange, C. H., 81.
Stanley, F. W., 788.
Stapledon, R. G., 635.
Starbecker, M., 266.
Starr, C. G., 797.
Starr, S. H., 342.
Stearns, O., 10.
Stebbins, M. E., 422.
Ptebler, P. G., 433, 538.
Stedman. J. M., 899.
Steenbergen, H. D., 314.
Stcenbock, H., 612.
Steeves, R. P., 93, 297, 795.
Stefko, W., 183.
Stehle, R. L., 570.
Steigleder, E., 573.
Steinkoenig, L. A., 4t)9.
Stephenson, C. H., 13, 166.
Steven, H. M., 561.
Stevens, E. H., 214, 215,

512.
Stevens, F. L., 147, 349,

650.
Stevens, N. E., 52, 225,

252, 454.
Stevenson, J. A., 51, 150,

250, 454, 649, 844, 851,

852.
Stevenson, R., 413.
Stevenson, W., 781.
Stevenson, W. H., 18.
Stewart, 386.
Stewart, F. C, 253, 486,

835, 848.
Stewart, G. R., 813.
Stewart, J. D., 286.
Stewart, J. P., 42.
Stewart, J. S., 296.
Stewart, P., 700.
Stewart, "W. A., 69.
Stiles, J. E., 190.
Stiles, W., 821.
Stirniman, E. J.. 292.
Stockberger, W. W., 9.
Stockham, W. L., 663.
Stocking, W. A., 579.
Stocking, W. A., jr., 479.
Stockman, S., 82.
Stoddard, E. M., 242.
Stoecklin, L., 712.
Stok, J. E. van der, 527.
Stokey, B. B., 698.
Stoklasa, J., 726.
Stone, A. I., 240.
Stone, J. A., 164.

Stookey, E. B., 95, 298,497,

637, 796.
Stordy, R. J., 180.
Storm, A. V., 795.
Story, G. F. E., 478, 499.
Stott, B., 485.
Stout, A. B., 226.
Strahorn, A. T., 421, 422.
Straugn, M. N., 8.
Strebler, F. G., 350.
Street, J. P., 626. 662, 663.
Strong, R. M., 171.
Stroud, J. F., 214.
Strutt, A. J., 511.
Strutt, R. J., 511.
Stuart, D., 95.
Stuart, W., 89.
Stunkard, H. W., 365.
Sturtevant, J. F., 98.
Stutzer, A., 819.
Suchting. H., 66.
SulUns, D. G., 399.
Sullivan, K. C., 653, 798.
Sundararaman, S., 850.
Sure, B., 10.
Surface, H. A., 556.
Sutherland, M. E., 95.
Sutton, J. R., 510, 511.
Swaine, J. M., 163, 257, 358.

459.
Sweany, H. C, 887.
Sweeney, O. R., 10.
Sweet, E. A., 280.
Sweet, J. B., 574,
Sweet, L. D., 535.
Swellengrebel, 563.
Swett, W. W., 681, 682.
Swezey, O. H., 557.
Swift, C. H., 173.
Swingle, D, B., 249.
Switzer, H. B., 880.
Sylvan, N., 447.

Taboureau, L.. 755.
Tabusso, M. E.. 688.
Tahara, M., 731.
Takahashi, T., 316.
Takasawa. H., 287.
Talbert, T. J., 157, 499.
Talmage, H. R., 535.
Tanaka, T., 648.
Tanner, F. W., 488.
Tappan, E. M., 496.
Tarlton-Rayment, 564.
Tartar, H. V.. 799.
Taiibenhaus, .7. .T., 149.
Tavares, J. S., 661.
Taylor, A. E., 324, 812.
Taylor. E. P., 242.
Taylor, F., 434.
Taylor, G.. 812.
Taylor, G. B., 311.
Taylor, H. A., 862.
Taylor, H. D., 685.
Taylor, H. F.. 165.
Taylor, N., 447.

Taylor, W. H., 852.
Taylor, W. P., 555.
Taylor, W. S., 800.
Tecsdale, C. H., 249, 317,

892.
Teidebold, T. C, 178.
Telxeira de Mattos, A., 359.
Telfer, S. V., 503.
Tempany, H. A., 313, 314,

321, 437.
Templeton, G. S.. 770, 771,

874, 875.
TenBroeck, C, 382.
Textor, C. K.. 809.
Thatcher, L. E., 430.
Thatcher, R. W., 134, 479.
Thelen, R., 248.
Thiol, A. E., 521.
Thlcssen, A. H., 319.
Thorn. C. C. 226.
Thomas, C. C. 499.
Thomas, M., 422.
Thomas. N., 115, 223.
Thomas, R., 336, .527.
Thomas. W., 23.
Thomas, W. A., 800.
Thompson, A. R., 231.
Thompson, B. H., 798.
Thompson, C, 324.
Thompson, C. A., 299.
Thompson, E. H., 471.
Thompson, F., 96.
Thompson, H. C, 41, 142,

235.
Thompson, J. B., 827.
Thompson, .T. I., 96.
Thompson, W. C, 799.
Thompson, W. H.. 265. 267.
Thompson. W. S., 191.
Thompstone, E., 526, 635.
Thomson, A. S., 798.
Thomson, C. R., 699.
Thomson. S. M., 844.
Thomson, W. W., 90.
Thorhurn, A., 857.
Thornber, J. J., 23.
Thorne. C. E., 119. 219, 326.

625, 723.
Thornton. W. M.. jr.. 411.
Thorson, T. T.. 97.
Throckmorton, R. I.. 422.
Thurlow, L. W., 508.
Thurston. L. A., 644.
Tlemann. H. D., 46.
Tillman. B. W.. 719. 798.
Tipton. A. S., 568.
TIsdale. W. H., 449.
Tlsserand, 38.
Titus. R. W.. 498.
Todaro. 340.
Tolley, H. R., 492.
Tolman. L. M., 365.
Tomhave, W. H., 68, 69.
Tomkins. L. C. 800.
Torakinson. C. W., iS94.
Tomson, W. E., 96.

918

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

[Vol. 38

Torrance, F., 179, 581.
Tos, B. G., 460.
Tottenham, W. F. L., 846.
Tottlngham, W. B., 729.
Tower, W. V., 499.
Townsend, C. A. H., 482.
Townsend, C. H. T., 767.
Trabut, L., 45, 332.
Tracy, W. W., sr., 241.
Trask, J. W., 882.
Traum, J., 380.
Treherne, R. C, 155, 259,

458.
Trelease, S. F., 628, 730.
Trench, M. D., le P., 43.
Troop, J., 54.
Trotter, A., 455, 853.
Trowbridge, E. A., 676.
Truche, C, 83, 587, 785.
True, A. C, 794, 898.
True, R. H., 224.
Truelle, A., 715, 806.
Truffaut, G., 343.
Trullinger, R. W., 99.
Trumble, R. B., 857.
Trumbull, H. L., 855.
Trusov, A. G., 26, 27, 720.
Tryon, H. H., 146.
Tsen, B. T. H., 584.
Tsiropinas, F., 313.
Tubbs, W. J., 478.
Tucker, E. S., 765.
Tuffler, 782.
Tufts, W. P., 246.
Tunstall, A. C, 354, 355.
Turesson, G., 564.
Turnbull, G., 372.
Turner, H. W., 380.
Turner, W. F., 762.
Turp, J. S., 820.
Tuthill, H. T., 891.
Tyler, A. G., 699.
Tyzzer, E. E., 580.

Udall, D. H., 179.
mUe, A. J., 542, 715.
Underbill, F. P., 366.
Updegraff, H., 96.
Uphof, J. C. T., 23.
Urich, F. W., 159.
Ustinovskii, M. P., 526.
Utt, C. A. A., 166, 498.

Vaile, R. S., 797.
Vakil K. H., 266.
Valder, G., 735.
Valleau, W. D., 498.
Van Alstine, E., 718.
Vanatta. B. S., 216.
Vanatter, P. O., 231, 342.
van Bers, G. H. C, 311.
Van Breda De Haan, J., 527.
van der BIjl, P. A., 51.
van der Goot, P., 364, 564.
Vanderleck, J., 358.
van der Linden, T., 616.
Van der Stok, J. B., 527.

van der Wolk, P. C, 451.
Van Duzee, E. P., 763.
Van Ermengem, 383.
Van Es, L., 499, 689.
Van Fleet, W., 152.
van Hall, C. J. J., 448, 548.
van Helten, W. M., 637.
Van Hissenhoven, P., 393.
Van Leersum, P., 542.
van Leeuwen-Rcijnvaan, J.,

259.
van Lecuwen-Reijnvaan, W.,

259.
Van Nuis, C. S., 799.
van Oijen, M., 345.
Van Rensselaer, M., 499.
van Rossem, C, 735.
Van Slyke, 613.
van Wijk, H. L. G., 125.
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H.,

558, 761, 762, 865.
Vaplon, W. E., 776.
Varney, B. M., 811.
Vaughan, V. C, 482.
Vaughn, R. E., 648.
Vauquelin, P. G., 446.
Veatch, J. O., 422, 719.
Veeder, H., 480.
Veitch, F. P., 414.
Veitch, R., 163, 164.
Velez, B. C, 576.
Velu, H., 184, 461, 587, 588,

785.
Venable, C. S., 611.
Venable, W. H., 453.
Vendelmans, H., 86.
Vermeil, 237.
Vermorel, V., 153, 154, 454,

756.
Vcrnet, G., 331.
Verrifere, H., 85.
Verson, E., 859.
Verteuil, J. de, 530, 537.
Vestal, C. M., 96.
Vesterdal, A. P. N., 447.
Victor Emmanuel (King),

701, 702.
Victorson, R., 284.
Vidal, R., 865.
Vidiere, E., 567.
Vigel, 82.
Vik, K., 133, 135.
Villyar, P. A., 807.
Vinal, S. C, 60.
Vinal, W. G., 795.
Vischer, W., 824.
Viswanath, B., 9.
Vivenza, A., 28.
Voegtlin, C, 506, 869.
Voelcker, J. A., 69.
Vogt, P. L., 89.
Volck, W H., 862.
Volkart, A., 350, 538.
Voorhees, J. F., 318, 319,

414.
Voorhies, E. C, 174, 177.
Vries, M. S. de, 525.

Vries, O. do, 137, 138, 139,

146, 238.
Vrooman, C, 557.
Vurtheim, A., 312.

Wade, O., 359.
Waggoner, H. D., 127, 697.
Wagner, C. R., 123, 313.
Wagner, J. B., 248.
Wakeman, A. J., 505, 611.
Waksman, S. A., 530.
Waldron, C. H., 141, 240.
Walker, E. M., 256.
Walker, H. B., 690.
Walker, H. S., 804.
Walker, L. S., 626.
Walker, P. H., 309.
Wallace, F. N., 556.
Walld^n, J. N., 15.
Waller, A., 430.
Waller, A. D., 822.
Waller, A. E., 526.
Waller, A. G., 173.

Wallin, V. A., 784.
Wallis, R. L. M., 188. 710.
Walsh, M. D., 204.
Walters, B. H., 202 .
Walters, G., 80.

Walton, C. L., 460.

Walton, R. C, 353, 800, 853.

Walton, W. R., 54.

Walz, F. J., 208, 209.

Wani, H., 760.

Warburton, C, 557.

Warburton, C. W., 340.

Ward, A. R., 585.

Ward, F. W., 84.

Ward, R., 229.

Ward, R. A., 456.

Ward, R. DeC, 209, 812.

Ward, R. H., 281, 286.

Ward, T. J., 411.

Ward, W. F., 870.

Waring, G. A., 690.

Warner, D. E., 276.

Washburn, R. M., 77.

Waterman, H. I., 128.

Waterman, W. G., 195.

Waters, A. L., 180.

Waters, H. J., 794.

Waters, R., 452.

Waterston, J., 467.

Watkins, W. I., 422.

Watkins-Pitchford, H., 184,

Watson, C. C, 84.

Watson, E. B., 421.

Watson, R., 644.

Watt, A., 116.

Watts, P., 33, 164, 335, 542,
857.

Watts, R. L., 343.

Weakley, C. B., jr., 577.

Weaver, J. E., 521, 824.

Weaver, L. A., 674.

Webb, A. C, 196.

Weber, 284.

Weber, S., 811.

1918]

INDEX OF NAMES.

919

Webster, E. L., 560, 862.
Weddeld, W. & Co., 494.
Weed, C. M., 260.
Weed, H. E., 40.
Weeter, H. M., 878.
Weevers, T., 629.
Wehrbein, H., 286, 483.
Weiant, A. S., 174.
Weichmann, F. Q., 536.
Weil, R., 78, 182, 580.
Weimer, J. L., 151, 448.
Weinstock, H., 191.
Welnzirl, J., 377.
Weir, J. R., 152, 249, 253,

553, 854.
Weir, W. W., 288, 388, 591.
Weiss, H. B., 764, 857.
Welch, H., 183, 377.
Welch, J. S., 534.
Weld, L. D. H., 595.
Wellington, J. W., 41.
Wellington, R., 535.
Wells, E., 764, 858.
Wells, E. L., 317.
Wells, E. P., 468.
Welsford, E. J., 460.
Welton, P. A., 840.
Wentworth, E. N.. 260, 574.
Wenyon, C. M., 563.
Werner, H. O., 391, 843.
Wery, G., 406, 407, 408.
Wessels, P. H., 326, 521.
Wesson, D., 265.
Wester, P. J., 349, 360.
Westley, R. O., 498.
Westman, L. E., 506.
Weston, W. H., 225.
Wetmore, A., 556.
Wetmore, C. .T., 541.
Wheeler, D. E., 662.
Wheeler, H. J., 421.
Wheeting, L. C, 417.
Wherry, W. B., 588.
Whetzel, H. H., 100.
Whipple, P. J. W., 511.
Whipple, G. C, 882.
Whipple, O. B., 344.
Whitchurch, J. E., 624.
White, E. A., 791, 893.
White, P. M., 391.
White, G. C, 74.
White, J. W., 20.
White, O. E., 226, 737, 822.
White, W., 480.
Whitehead, T. A., 146.
Whitehouse, W. E., 198.
Whiting, R. A., 688.
Whitmarsh, R. D., 197.
Whitmore, E. R., 584, 782.
Whitson, L. R., 699.
Whittelsey, A. H., 114.

Whitten, J. C, 41, 639, 640.
Whlttier, A. C, 96.
Wibeck, E., 447.
Wicks, W. H., 436, 437.
Wlckson, E. J., 343.
Wickware, A. B., 83.
Wigand, A., 811.
Wiggans, C. C. 640.
Wight, W. F., 332, 535.
Wijk, H. L. G. van, 125.
Wiley, C. C, 891.
Wilkes, C, 799.
Wilkins, C. L., 344.
Wilkins, L. K., 97.
Willaman, J. J., 330, 805.
Willard, H. F., 566, 659, 767.
Willard, H. H., 204.
Willard, J. T., 299.
Wlllcocks, F. C, 158.
Willett, G., 555.
Williams, A. W., 366, 480.
Williams, C. B., 158, 458,

461.
Williams, H. E., 179.
Williams, I. W., 234.
Williams, R. R., 580.
Williams,, W. L., 78, 179,

183, 787.
Willis, C. P., 347.
Willis, L. G., 312, 327.
Wills, J. G., 179.
Willson, C. A., 369.
Wilmot, N. E.. 457.
Wilson, C. E., 562.
Wilson, C. P., 11.
Wilson, C. W., 556.
Wilson, E. n., 39.
Wilson, G. L., 694.
Wilson, H. D., 90.
Wilson, H. P., 860.
Wilson, J., 367.
Wilson, J. B., 22.
Wilson, J. H., 476.
Wilson, M. L., 135.
Wilson, W. A., 280.
Wimple, D. E., 715.
Wing, L. W., 636.
Wing, L. W., Jr., 799.
Winkler, L. W., 726.
Winn, A. P., 358.
Winrlght, G., 341.
Winslow, C. E. A., 188, 611.
Winterbottom, D. C, 529.
Winters, N. E., 800.
Winters, R. Y., 532.
Wirt, F. A., 95, 492, 699.
Wise, L. B., 202.
Wlsler, C. O., 186.
Withers, W. A., 282, 685.
Withrow, J. R.. 10.
Witt, J. C, 691.

Wodsedalek, J. E., 467.
Woglom, W. n., 580.
Woglum, R. S., 158, 458.
Wohl, M. G., 181.
Wiihler, P., 810.
Wolf, C. G. L., 483, 503,

504.
Wolf, P. A., 49, 150, 250,

852.
Wolfe, T. K., 240, 835.
Wolff, J., 223, 502.
Wolff, M., 258.
Wolk, P. C, van der, 451.
Well, P. W., 168, 174.
Wood, I. D., 499.
Wood, R. C, 433.
Wood, T. B., 694.
Woodbury, C. G., 641.
Woodhouse, H., 168.
Woodman, H. E., 168.
Woodman, J., 649.
Woods, A. C, 485.
Woods, C. D., 166, 772.
Woodward, E. G., 99.
Woodward, T. E., 874.
Woimald, H., 453. 454.
Worsham, E. L., 256.
Wortley, E. J., 149.
Wright, L. H., 400.
Wright, M. O., 255.
Wright, R. P., 546.
Wright, S., 776.
Wright, W. J., 39.
Wroth, B. B., 616.
Wuertz, A. J., 110.
Wurth, T., 542.
WylUe, J., 70, S9. 894.

Yamaga, N., 812.
Yamazaki, T., 316.
Yegnanarayana Iyer, A. K.,

220.
Yerkes, A. P., 88, 492, 839.
Young, C. O., 11.
Young, W., 288.
Youngblood, B., 369. *
Younger, C. H., 568.

Zabala, J., 687, 787.
Zacharewicz, E., 790.
Zapoleon, L. B., 742.
Zeasman, O. R., 591.
Zelada, P., 447. 714.
Zell, C. A., 181.
Zoman, V., 148.
Zlmmermann. FT., 66, 148.
Zinn, C. J., 214, 215, 621.
Zironi, A., 181.
Zon, R., 246.
Zslgmondy, R., 501.
Ztjfiiga, V. C. M. de, 552.

INDEX OF SUBTECTS.

Note. — The abbreviations " Ala. College," " Conn. State," " Mass.," etc., after entries
refer to the publications of the respective State experiment stations ; " Alaska," " Guam,"
" Hawaii," and " P.R.," to those of the experiment stations in Alaslia, Guam, Hawaii,
and Porto Rico ; " Can.," to those of the experiment stations in Canada ; and " U.S.D.A.,"
to those of this Department.

Page.

Abaca, insects affecting 460

Abattoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.)

Aiella americana n.sp., description 661

Abortion, contagious —

control 687

In cattle 179, 183, 588, 787

in cattle, Cal 486

in cattle. Mo 684

in cattle, Mont 183

In cattle, Wash 796

transmission by milk 286

Absorption and evaporation, U.S.D.A. 210

Alutilon theophrasti seeds, permea-
bility 126

Acacia arahica, descriptive account- 45

Acarids, new, of Italy 460

Acetic acid —

determination 506

manufacture on rubber estates. 715

Acetone waste products as a source

of lime. Pa 22

Acetylene —

gas for heating and lighting 190

waste products as source of

lime, Pa 22

Achlya sp., reproduction in 225

Acid phosphate. (See Superphos-
phate.)

Acidosis, catalase in 870

Acids —

amino, absorption by digestive

apparatus 366

fatty, distribution in milk fat — 12

fatty, from petroleum 714

fatty, of grain sorghums, Okla_ 410

organic, humification 26

volatile fatty, determination 504

Acorns —

analyses 410

feeding value, Cal 168

Acridldae of Nova Scotia 156

Acro'baMs —

nebulella, studies 656

spp. affecting pecan 762

spp. affecting pecan, U.S.D.A — 157

spp., notes 256

82481°— 18 4

Page.

Adelura gaha/ni n.sp., description 2(;4

Adenin in cow's milk 506

Adisura atkitisonl, notes 359

Adoretus umhrosus, remedies, Hawaii 842

JT^cidium gossypii, investigations 149

Aedes spp., notes 766

^geria tipuUformis. (8ee Currant

borer.)
/Enoplex —

carpocapsm, notes 565

nigrosoma n.sp., description 565

plesiotypus, notes 565

JEschynomene indica as a green ma-
nure ' 234

Afforestation. (See Forestation.)
Agaricus tabularls, effect on vegeta-
tion, U.S.D.A 222

Agathi weevil, egg-laying habits 359

Agaves, flber-producing, description. 529
Agglutination tests, standardizing re-
ports of 78

Agricultural —

adviser, work and value 594

associations, cooperative, Wash- 796

clubs in California, Cal 792

colleges, entrance rea_uiren)ents_ 795
colleges, laws concerning, U.S.

D.A 95

colleges, statistics 91

(See also Arizona, Arkan-
sas, etc.)
conditions in Litchfield Co.,

Connecticut 191

contracts in Finland 392

cooperation in Finland 191

cooperation in Minnesota, Minn_ 190

cooperation in Saskatchewan 90

cooperation in United States,

bibliography 595

cooperation in Wisconsin, Wis 293

cooperation, treatise 190

cooperative organizations, U.S.

D.A 895

courses for teachers in Canada 297

credit in South Dakota 595

credit laws in Saskatchewan 404

921

922

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

[Vol. 38

Agricultural — Continued. Page.

credit laws in South Dakota 494

credit, short term, in Connecti-
cut 793

development fund in Great Brit- '

ain 794

economics. (See Rural econom-
ics.)
education —

at Pan American Scientific

Congress 794

Federal aid 395

for negroes 91

In Brazil 794

in England and Wales-- 295

In Massachusetts 301

In Netherlands 195

program in 598

Tocational, in Texas 597

(See also Agricultural in-
struction.)
engineering education in United

States and Canada 195

experiment stations. (See Ex-
periment stations.)
extension and experiment sta-
tions, closer relation 6

extension in Massachusetts 305

extension, paper on 795

extension, work and expendi-
tures, U.S.D.A 898

implements and machinery, mar-
kets in Chile and Peru 492

Instruction —

for Canadian troops in

France 700

for city boys In England — 194

for soldiers' orphans ;!00

home projects in 697

in Argentina 296

in Canada 92, 93, 299

in Dutch East Indies 296

In elementary schools 897

In Georgia 296

in Ireland 598

in Latin America 199

in Massachusetts 396

in Michigan high schools-- 195

in normal schools 195

in relation to community

food production 93

in rural schools 697

in secondary schools 795

in Uruguay 500

(See also Agricultural edu-
cation.)

insurance in Switzerland 293

journals, new 500

labor by school children 193

labor in California 89, 894

labor in Great Britain 105

labor in New Jersey 594

labor in Saskatchewan 191

labor in United States 594

labor in United States, U.S.D.A- 593

laborers in France 90, 494

Agricultural — Continued. Page.

laws in Maine 494

legislation, yearbook 493

machinery, college course in 95

machinery, laboratory manual 492

machinery, notes 692

machinery situation. 111 893

meteorology. (See Meteorol-
ogy.)

practices in a Deccan village 91

production in England, increas-
ing 90

production in South Africa 494

products, marketing 293, 294, 895

products, marketing, N. C 494

products, marketing, Wash 698

products, mobilization in Italy_ 694
products, mobilization in Por-
tugal 99

program for United States 101

reconstruction in France 405

reconstruction in Great Britain- 401

resources of German colonics-- 192

resources of Massachusetts 307

resources of Minnesota 294

schools in Chile 195

schools in Norway 794

schools in Philippines 300

schools in Quebec 92

statistics in — ■

Argentina 596

Australia 393

Brazil 393

Canada 596

Chile 495, 695

England and Wales— 192, 494, 495

Egypt 295

Florida 294

France 393

India 590, 695

Ireland 90, 295, 393

Kansas 91

Manitoba 596

Netherlands 393

Norway 295

Russia 295

Spain 695

Switzerland 695

Uganda 495

Uruguay 896

students and selective service

law 198

teaching, departmental organiza-

tton 495

wages in Sweden 392

Agriculture —

cyclopedia 899

Department of. (See United
States Department of Agri-
culture. )

economic factors in 594

elementary, textbook 196, 496

geographical atlas, U.S.D.A 895

home project courses in 897

in Babira, Belgian Kongo 393

in Europe after the war 401

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

923

Agriculture — ContinuPd. Page.

in Prance 90,896

in Germany and France, review. 293

in Great Britain, state aid 594

in Great Britain under war con-
ditions 102

in Java 735

in Louisiana 91

in Maine 91

in Oklalioma 793

in Scotland, conference on 293

in Switzerland 91,596

in Virgin Islands 608

in Zanzibar 192

of Hidatsa Indians 694

secondary, courses in, U.S.D.A- 496

Agrilus anmus, notes 459, 762

Agromyza scutellata, notes, N.Mex 653

Air —

bath, electric, description 9

movement, control in transpira-
tion experiments 223

(See also Atmosphere.)

Alabama —

Canebrake Station, notes 96

College Station, report 899

Alaska Stations, work of 602

Albumin —

blood and muscular, differen-
tiation 583

egg, nitrogen distribution in 310

humiflcatlon 26

Albumoses in body tissues and blood- 366

Alcides bubo, egg-laying habits 359

Alcohol —

determination 315

from horse chestnuts and acorns- 411

from molasses 508

production and use in Australia. 714

production from raw materials. 317

Aldehydes, effect on protein hy-
drolysis 201

Alder —

analyses 309

red, as a forest tree 349

Aleuroca/nthiis woglumi, notes. 158, 459, 557

Aleyrodes —

citri. (See White fly, citrus.)
va/poraHorum. (See White fly,
greenhouse.)

Aleyrodids, remedies 58

Alfalfa —

as affected hy sulphur, U.S.D.A. 221

culture, Vt 434

culture experiments 132, 133, 230

culture experiments. Can 634

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Kans 631

culture experiments, Minn 132

culture experiments. Mo 632

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 829, 830

culture in apple orchards, U.S.

D.A 443

culture in Imperial Valley, Cal — 184

Alfalfa — Continued. Page.

culture in Iowa 529

culture on alkali soil, U.S.D.A.. 118

effect on soil moisture, U.S.D.A. 418

fertilizer experiments, Kans 630

fertilizer experiments. Mass 218

fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A. 131,431

harvesting with sheep, U.S.D.A. 68

hay, analyses, Ind 376

hay for work horses, Kans 676

hybrid origin 332

inoculation experiments 134

irrigation experiments, Cal 184

irrigation experiments, N.Mex.. 633

irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 434

meal, analyses 369

meal, analyses. Mass 665

meal, analyses, Mich 368

meal, analyses, N.H 369

meal, analyses, N.Y.State 67

meal, analyses, Tex 369

pasture for pigs 372

pasturing experiments, U.S.D.A. 67

root diseases, studies, N.Mex 646

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A 129

seed production, Idaho 735

seed production, U.S.D.A 131

self-sterlllty 426

silage from, Kans 665

stem rot, investigations 850

toxic effect on pigs 589

varieties 433

varieties. Can 634

varieties, Hawaii 827, 828

varieties. Mass 231

varieties, Minn 132

varieties. Mo 632

varieties, N.Mex 634

varieties, Tex 32, 829

water requirements, U.S.D.A 434

weevil, control in western

United States 163

Algce, destruction in reservoirs 731

Alkali —

effect on proteins 803

salts, effect on nitrification 322

Allergy, parasitic, notes, N.Dak 689

Alligator pears. (See Avocados.)
Alloxan, nitrification as affected by

lime. Ala. College 119

Allspice, preservative value 469

Almond oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A 868

Almonds, permeability of seed coat 25

Altemaria —

citri ceraH n.var, description 251

orassa, notes. Wis 451

solani, spore production 249

solani, studies 235

solani, studies. Wis 451

sp. on apple 453

Alucita sacchari, notes 465

Alum, detection In flour 412

Aluminum —

chlorld, action on cymene 309

In plants, U<S.D.A____,^ _,., 409

924

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Aluminum — Continued. Page.

separation from iron 10

Amilpomma altiplanum n.sp., de-
scription 468

Ambrine, use in severe bums 885

American Phytopathological Society,

war emergency board 100

Ametasteffia glabrata, notes 156, 358

Amino acids, absorption by digestive

apparatus 366

Ammonia —

effect ou oviposition of house fly_ 563

formation from cyanamid 516

oxidation 311, 710

synthesis, Haber process 423

titrations, indicators for 311

Ammoniflcation in soils, nature 621

Ammonium —

citrate solution, preparation 205

nitrate, effect on nitrogen-as-
similating bacteria, U.S.D.A._ 724

nitrate, preparation 310

presence in plants 629

salts, fertilizing value 121

sulphate —

application 624

availability in presence of

sodium nitrate 723

effect on burning quality

of tobacco 140

effect on soil acidity, Pa_- 20
effect on soil acidity, U.S.

D.A 620

effect on weed growth in

meadows 141

fertilizing value 135,

137, 229, 516. 624

fertilizing value. Mass 218

fertilizing value, S.C 517

for pineapples, P.B 748

injurious effect, Mass 624

source, production, and use_ 817

use on peat soils 433

sulphid, fungicidal value 853

Amobiinn?, new genera 767

Amphiacusta caraibca injurious to

plants, P.R 761

Amphiscepa iivittata as a cranberry

pest 559

Anaerobes, pathogenic, biochemis-
try 483, 503, 504

Analytical methods, standard 506

Anaphoidea conotracheli, notes 565

Anaphylaxis —

papers on 580

parasitic, notes, N.Dak 689

studies 78, 181, 182

Anapiasmosis in cattle —

in Philippines 183

in Turkey 183

AnatidiE, shedding of stomach lining. 457

Anatomy, history 572

ylis —
comptana. (See Strawberry

leaf-roller.)

nubeculana, notes 358

Andropogon sorghum — Page.

analyses 572

loss in weight after harvesting- 635
pollination and cross ferliliza-

tion 435

short smut of 850

Anemia —

experimental, in dogs 583

infectious, in horses 788

Infectious, in horses, N.Dak 689

Angitia tineavora n.sp., description- 164
Animal —

breeding problems, mathematics

in 367

breeding, review of investiga-
tions 367

breeding, selection problem in__ 64
breeding systems, formulas

for_ 208, 269

(See also Cattle, Horses,
etc.)

diseases in British East Africa. ISO

diseases in India ISO, 482

diseases in Ireland 180

diseases in Nevada 179

diseases in New Jersey 781

diseases in North Dakota 180

diseases in Saskatchewan 581

diseases in South Africa 782

diseases in United States 179

diseases in Wisconsin 180

(See also specific diseases.)
food products in United States,

U.S. D.A 865

husbandry, courses in 897

husbandry students, funda-
mental sciences for 896

meal, sterilized, manufacture 423

morphology, history 572

parasites, external, collecting 760

parasites in Paraguay 580

parasites, notes 459

Animals, fur-bearing, laws, U.S.D.A__ 456
(See also Mammals, Live stock.
Cattle, Sheep, etc.)
AnJcylostoma duodenale, transmis-
sion by flies 563

Anomala beetle, natural enemies 557

Anomala hlnotata, life history 863

Anopheles spp. as hosts of malarial

parasites 160

Anteris nepw n.sp., description 264

Anthelmintic medication, principles- 782

Anthelmintics, efficacy, U.S.D.A 883

Antherwa peryni, notes 361

Anthocyanin as affected by oxidase- 128

Anthomyidae, subfamily keys 61

Anthonomes, notes 654

Anthonomus —

g r an di 8 . (See Cotton-boll
weevil.)

pedicularius in Bessarabia 163

signatus. (See Strawberry
weevil.)

Anthostomella coffece, notes 51

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

925

Anthothrips ver'basci, sex determina- Page

tion in 558

Anthracene, effect on plants G47

Anthrax —

diagnosis 880

in Hawaii SO

in man, treatment 586

notes 179, 784

outbreaks in England 282

review of investigations 182

symptomatic. (See Blackleg.)
treatment 483, 586

Antibodies —

relation to antigen within the

cell 78

transmission from mother to

fetus 284

Anticarsia gemmatilis in West In-
dies 58

Anticyclonlc stratus, formation, U.S.

D.A 511

Antigen —

dose and antibody production,

relation 584

intracutaneous absorption 482

precipitin, production from bac-
teria 483

relation to antibody within the

cell 78

Antiseptics —

action on necrotic tissue 685

new 283, 782

Antlsheep hemolytic amboceptor,

preservation 181

Antler moth, notes 361

Ants —

fungus-growing, in Louisiana-- 564

Gramang, economic importance- 364

of South Carolina 768

predacious, of Hawaii 557

remedies 47

white. (/See Termites.)

Apanteles —

diacrisicB n.sp., description 165

glomeratus, notes 70S

Aphelinus chrysomphali, notes 467

Aphelocoma cyanotis and its allies — 556

Aphidencyrtus aspidiotij notes 565

Aphididae —

of California 200

of Italy ■460

of Japan 463

Aphidids, notes, Tenn 357

Aphids —

injurious in Georgia 2.">6

nomenclature 462

remedies 47, 159

remedies, U.S. D.A 56

Aphis —

avence in Maryland 154

avenw, remedies 561

foriesi, studies, Tenn 357

ffossypii. (See Melon aphis.)
maidi-radiois. (See Corn root

aphis.)

maUfolicB in Nova Scotia 156

Aphis — Continued. Page.

persicw nioer. (Bee Peach

aphis, black.)
pomi. (See Apple aphis.)

sorbi in Maryland 154

sorhi, remedies 561

Aphis —

immunity of teosintc-corn hy-
brids 561

rosy, in Maryland 154

rosy, in Nova Scotia 156

yellow, attacking sugar cane,

P.R 762

Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and-
mouth disease.)

Aphycus hesperidum n.sp., descrip-
tion 467

Apiaries —

inspection in Indiana 556

inspection in Wisconsin 155

Apiculture. (See Beekeeping.)

Apiospora camtospora, notes 550

Apis —

fasciata, bionomics 264

mellifcra. (See Bees.)

Aplanobacter agropyn, occurrence in

Montana 249

Apple —

Alternaria rot, Longyear's 453

aphids, notes 358

aphis, correct name 462

aphis in Maryland 154

aphis, remedies 257, 501, 857

aphis, woolly, studies 464

bark canker, studies 453

bark disease, studies 251

bitter pit, investigations 352

bitter pit, notes. Can 646

black rot, studies 649

blight, resistance to, Tenn 350

blight, studies 650

blister spot, studies 251

blossom wilt and canker, studies 453

blotch, treatment 551

canker and blossom wilt, studies 453

canker, treatment 639

diseases and pests, treatment,

U.S.D.A 843

diseases in Indiana, Ind 251

diseases In New Zealand 452

diseases, notes 550

diseases, notes, N. .1 50

ermine moth, identity and dis-
tribution 860

fruit miner, life history 261

gnarly disease, notes, Vt 453

Jonathan spot, studies, U.S.D.A. 353

leaf cast, notes 647

leaf-hopper, life history and

habits 858, S59

leaf-mining case bearer, notes 862

leaf scorch, studies 649

maggot, investigation 262

maggot, remedies 338

mildew In Washington 47

mildew, treatment 47

926

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Apple — Continued. Page.

parings, analyses, Conn. State 626

scab, de.scrlption and treatment- 550

scab fungus, overwintering 151

scab, notes 848, 852

scab, notes, Can 546

scab on twigs 251

scab, treatment 540

scald, studies, U.S.D.A 353

seed chalcis, note.s 156

skeletonizer in New Yorit 60

spot disease, studies 650

spot diseases, development in

storage, U.S.D.A 753

spot diseases, relation to soil

moisture, U.S.D.A 753

tree borer, flat-headed, on pecan_ 762
tree borer, flat-headed, on pecan,

U.S.D.A 157

Apples —

abscission of flowers and fruits,

N.Y.Cornell 745

as affected by removal of blooms- 647

as affected by spray materials 156

breeding experiments, Can 641

breeding for late blooming, Mo- 639

breeding in Canada 446

conservation without use of

sugar 716

cost of production, U.S.D.A 844

crab, seed production, 111 245

cross-pollination experiments 345

culture experiments. Conn. State- 242

culture experiments, Ind 641

culture experiments, N.H 345

culture experiments. Pa 42, 244

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 443

Duchess, improved type 42

dusting experiments, Can 546

dusting V. spraying 540

evaporation 207

fertilizer experiments 42, 540

fertilizer experiments. Mo 639

fertilizer experiments, N.ll 345

fertilizer experiments, Pa 244

forcing experiments, Vt 443

foreign markets for 42

handling and storage, U.S.D.A 143

Insects affecting 15G, 460

Insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

irrigation experiments, Idaho__ 242

June drop, N.Y.Cornell 745

keeping quality 844

packing, Cal 246

planting and care, Ind 245

planting costs 41

seed production, 111 245

spray injury. Can 641

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 54

spraying 550

spraying experiments 551

storage, U.S.D.A 143, 241

storage houses for, U.S.D.A 88

Tariabllity of yield, U.S.D.A— 744

varieties, Tex 41

varieties, U.S.D.A 142

Page.

Apricot gummosis, description 650

Apricots —

fruit stocks for 345

varieties, Tex 41

Aproctoncma entomophagum n.g.

and n.sp., notes 563

Aqueous vapor In atmosphere, con-
densation, U.S.D.A 210

Arachls oil, accessory growth sub-
stance in 265

Arwcerus fasciculatus. {See Coffee-
bean weevil.)

Areca palm koleroga, notes 351, 548

Arginetia indica affecting sugar cane

roots 550

Arglnin —

metabolism 267

nutritive value 569

Argulus foliaceus, notes 661

Argyresthia conjuf/ella, life history- 261

Aristida adscensionis, studios 66

Arizona University and Station,

notes 299

Arkansas —

Station, notes 96

University, notes 96, 498

Armillaria root rot on English wal-
nut 152

Army worm —

fall, on cranberry 159

life history and remedies, U.S.

D.A 54

Arsenates, effect on sugar cane roots- 238
Arsenic —

determination in insecticides 804

effect on soil bacteria 322, 428

in hops, U.S.D.A 9

on sprayed fruits and vege-
tables, N.H 54

toxic effect on plants 628

Arsenical —

dips, oxidation 585

poisons, use of fungicides with- 156

sprays, spreaders for 858

sprays, use against wild morn-
ing-glory, Cal 140

Arsenious acid, effect on sugar cane

roots 238

Artesian wells in western Queens-
land 591

Arthritis, chronic, in swine 381

Artichoke —

diseases, notes, N.Y.State 41

Globe, culture and use, N.Y.State 41
Asbestos stopper for use in distilla-
tion 203

Ascaris —

lumiricoides and related forms,

life history, U.S.D.A 385

suum, catalase content 582

Aschersonia (cuiensisf) on star scale 157

Ashes, analyses. Conn. State 625

Asparagin, nitrification as affected by

lime, Ala. College 119

lUlS]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

927

Asparagus — Paso.

beetle, notes, U.S.D.A CI

breeding and selection, Mo 640

canning, U.S.D.A 41

culture, U.S.D.A 41

culture experiments, Pa 40

Rhizoctonia disease, treatment- 648

rust, notes, U.S.D.A 41

varieties. Pa 40, 241

Aspen as a temporary forest type 847

Aspergillus niger, growth in plant de-
coctions 524

Asphalt, production in United States 692
Asphondylia webstcri n.sp., descrip-
tion 563

A spidiotiphagus dtrinus, endophagy- 460
Aspidiotus —

perniciosus. {See San Jos6

scale.)
rapax. (See Greedy scale.)

spp. on olive, Cal 157

Aspilogastridse of North America 365

Asses, color inheritance and sex ratio- 574
Association of —

American Agricultural Colleges

and Experiment Stations 800

American Dairy, Food, and Drug

Officials, proceedings 768

Asterolecanium variolosum (A. quer-

cicola), notes 654

Astragalus molUssimuB, histology 481

Ataxia crypta, notes, U.S.D.A 363

Athalia flacca, notes 164

Atmometers, discussion and use 523

Atmosphere —

and the N^v^, aqueous exchange

between, U.S.D.A 812

aqueous vapor of, U.S.D.A 210

ionic densities, U.S.D.A 510

moisture condition, index 522

motion in lowest layers, U.S.D.A. 511

nitrogen in, U.S.D.A 509

radiation in, U.S.D.A 210

revolving fluid in, U.S.D.A 511

transparency for ultraviolet ra-
diation, U.S.D.A 511

windy, Doppler's principle, U.S.

D.A 510

Atmospheric —

electricity during solar eclipse,

U.S.D.A 510

optical disturbances, U.S.D.A 511

polarization from great heights,

U.S.D.A 811

pressure. (See Barometric pres-
sure.)
temperature. (See Temperature.)

AUa tetsana, occurrence in Louisiana 564

Attagenus pleiius, life history 557

Aurora of August, 1917, U.S.D.A— 210
Auroras, device for observing radi-
ants, U.S.D.A 511

Australia, tropical, settlement, U.S.

D.A 812

Automeris janus, notes 159

Auxoamylases, nitrogenous, notes 311

Page.

A\ccado fungus rot, description 454

Avocados —

culture 541

Improvement, Hawaii 842

Azotohacter ehroococ um —

fixation of nitrogen by 427

in Rus&ian soils 428

review of investigations 426

Azotobacter, symbiosis with water

plants 419

Babul tree, description 45

Bacilli, pathogenic, detection in wat-
er and sewage 188

Bacillus —

abortus in milk 286

hotulinus, relation to forage

poisoning, Ky .383,384

citrimaculans n.sp., description- 552
coli communis, action on glucose
and mannitol in presence of

peptone 709

coli, longevity in water 389, 488

coli, notes 354

cuniculicida, isolation from

house fly 362

hoplosternus n.sp., description- 162

liparis parasitizing gipsy moth_ 159
lymantricB parasitizing gipsy

moth 159

mclolontha, studies 162

morulans n.sp., description 250

ovisepticus, studies 887

perfHngens, studies 503, 504

pyogenes, suppuration due to 585

smegmatis, acid-proofness of

strains , 485

sotto, toxin of 466

sporogenes, biochemistry 483

sporogenes, studies 503, 504

typhi gallinarum alcalifaciens,
biochemical and agglutinating

properties 788

typhosus, longevity in water 488

toelcliii and blaclileg bacillus, re-
semblance 587

welchii, antitoxin for 379

welchii, studies 483, 503, 504

welchii, toxins of 378, 584, 783

Bacon, price in England 90

Bacteria —

agglutinating, biochemical activ-
ity 181

as affected by pressure 584

as affected by spices 469

determination in ice cream,

U.S.D.A 75

determination in milk 615

in milk, soils, etc. (See Milk,

Soil, etc.)
nltrogen-flxing, action of olygo-

dynamic elements on 428

nitrogen-fixing, of manure 27

nltrogen-flxing, physiology and

biology 42(;, 427

928

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

[Vol.38

Bacteria — Continued. Page,
paratyphoid-enteritidis, differen-
tiation 284

production of humus by, Tenn 329

relation to coagulation of latex_ 331

viability in water 488

Bacterial diseases as affected by

Roentgen rays 481

Bacterium — •

aerogenes, longevity in water 488

asophile n.sp., nitrogen fixation- 27

citrarefdciens, notes 354

invertens in sugar 806

mori, studios 651

phaseoli as cause of bean stem

disease 148

pullorum, fermenting properties. 180

pullorum in adult fowls, R.I 889

pullorum, investigations. Mass 281

sanguinarium, fermenting prop-
erties 180

solanacearum, studies 250

solanacearum, treatment, U.S.

D.A 50

tabacum n.sp., notes 150

tabacum, studies, U.S. D.A 852

transliicens n.sp., description,

U.S.D.A 548

tumefaciens, studies 648, 852

tumefaciens, studies, Tex 852

Bakerophoma sacchari, notes 550

Balaninus carym —

notes 762

studies, U.S.D.A 157

Balsam fir, growtli in Adironuacks 847

Bamboo —

grass as a forage crop, Hawaii 827

propagation and description 751

Banana —

borer, notes 164, 364

diseases, studies, Hawaii 848

leaf diseases, notes 651

moth, biology and remedies 59

skins and stalks, analyses. Conn.

State 626

wilt or Panama disease, studies,

P.R 757

Bananas —

culture 43

culture experiments 845

Hua Moa variety, tests, P.R 749

of Hawaii 541

Barium —

effect on nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 428

effect on Spirogyra 27

in plants, U.S.D.A 409

toxic effect on plants 628

Bark —

beetles, new, of Canada 163

ringing, effect on trees 128

Barley —

bacterial blight, studies, U.S.

D.A 548

bran, analyses, Mich 368

by-products, analyses, N.Y.

State 67

Barley — Continued. Page.

classification, U.S.D.A 833

culture, Nev 636

culture experiments 132, 133

culture experiments, Can 634

culture experiments, Kans 631

culture experiments, Mo 632

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 830

culture experiments, Wyo 134

culture for chicken feed, Hawaii- 827

culture for winter forage, Cal 735

culture In New South Wales 231

culture in Wyoming, Wyo 527

culture on moor soUs 132

fertilizer experiments 122, 726, 820

flour, analyses. Can 666

growth in association with

weeds 734

liming experiments 22

milling value and use, N.Dak 663

rod-row tests, technique, U.S.

D.A 429

seedlings, growth In nutrient

solutions 736

smut in Dutch East Indies 448

smuts, description and treat-
ment-, 548

varieties 432, 433, 736

varieties, Can 634

varieties, Minn 131

varieties. Mo 632

varieties, Mont 333

varieties, Nev 636

varieties, Tex 830, 832

varieties, U.S.D.A 30, 131

varieties, Wyo 134

varieties for New South Wales- 528
varieties for the Dakotas and

Montana U.S.D.A 230

varieties for Utah dry lands,

U.S.D.A 230

varieties, identification, U.S.

D.A 833

water requirement. Wash 227

yields in Australia ^ 133

Barns, concrete, for cold climate 292

Barnyard manure —

application, Hawaii 829

decomposition in soil 623

fertilizing value 133, 238, 239, 432

fertilizing value, Minn 120, 825

fertilizing value, Mo 217

fertilizing value. Pa 244

fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 422

fertilizing value. Wash 298

fertilizing value, Wyo 134

preservation experiments 19

use on moor soils. 132

utilization. Wash 497

value and conservation 693

Barometric pressure, relation to sun

spots 115

Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Basket willows —

culture. Mo 644

191S]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

929

Basket willows — Continued. Page.

culture experiments 644

Baskets, standard, U.S.D.A 40

Basset hounds, tricolor inheritance 269

Basswood, forcing experiments, Vt 443

Bast-fiber industry in Dutch East

Indies 527

Bat guano, analyses, Pa 23

Bathyrheometer as anemometer, U.S.

D.A 812

Bathythrix tibialis n.sp., description. 505

Battle fields, leveling 690

Bay trees, culture experiments 542

Bean —

anthracnose, notes 848

anthracnose, treatment, Ky 249

diseases and pests in green-
houses, Ohio 750

diseases, notes, N.J 48

embryos, nutrition and growth. 127
pod blight, Investigations, U.S.

D.A 449

stem disease, studies 148

strings and stems, analyses 626

thrips, notes 258

thrips on olive, Cal 157

Beans —

culture experiments, Tex 830

culture in greenhouses, Ohio 749

culture in Northwest, U.S.D.A__ 434
fertility In relation to ovules

per pod 29

forcing experiments, Vt 443

green, as meat subsrtitute, U.S.

D.A 160

harvesting and storage, N.J 41

history and phylogenesis 539

home drying, N.J 41

inheritance of seed color in 539

Madagascar, culture experi-
ments 336, 527

preservation, U.S.D.A 260

resistance to rust 149

seed testing, N.J 41

tepary, culture experiments,

Kans 631

tepary, seed production, Hawaii. 828

toxicity 539

use by prehistoric Americans 167

varieties : 432

varieties, Kans 632

varieties, Mont 344

varieties, Ohio 750

varieties, Tex 832

velvet. {See "Velvet beans.)

water requirements. Wash 227

Bears, grizzly and big brown, of

North America, U.S.D.A 760

Bedbugs, transmission of plague by 559
Bee —

diseases in New Jersey 865

paralysis, cause 564

Beech, destructive distillation 808

Beechnut oil, manufacture and use. 806

Beef — Page,

cured and salted, in United

States, U.S.D.A 865

fat, accessory growth substance 265

selection and cooking. 111 567

Beekeepers' Association of Ontario,

report 264

Beekeeping —

extension work in 164

handbooks 164

in Australasia 564

in Ontario 204, 660

in Philippines , 460

notes. Cal 660

notes, P.R 762

Bees —

and their man%ement, hand-
book 364

Egyptian, bionomics 264

experimental work with. Can 659

Malpighian tubules of hind in-
testine 467

mating, Mich 659

papers on 256

queen, rearing, P.R 865

relation to horticulture 264

relation to spread of fire blight 164

role in prune pollination, Cal 747

wintering experiments, Tenn 358

wintering in Ontario 564

Beet —

curly leaf disease, studies, Utah 360

juice, viscous fermentation 317

leaf-hopper, studies, Utah 360

pulp, dried, analyses 369, 572

pulp, dried, analyses, Mass 665

pulp, dried, analyses, N.H 369

pulp, dried, analyses, N.T. State 67

pulp, dried, analyses, Tex 369

Beetles injuring cotton in Arizona 61

Beets-
fertilizer experiments 820

fertilizer experiments, Mass 218

field or fodder. (See Mangels.)

sugar. (See Sugar beets.)

winter storage, Vt 442

Benzin, petroleum, as a vermifuge,

U.S.D.A , 884

Beriberi —

relation to diet 268

treatment 782

Berries, standard containers for,

U.S.D.A 40

Berseem —

culture in Egypt 338

yields in Australia 133

Beschiilscuche. (See Dourine.)

Betel nut palm diseases, notes 647

Bhindi, bollworms attacking 54

Bibliography of —

abortion, infectious, in cows 588

agricultural cooperation in

United States 595

930

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD,

[Vol.38

Bibliography of — Continued. Page,

albumoses in body tissue and

blood 3GG

anaphylaxis 181

apples, abscission of flowers and

fruits, N.Y.Coruell 745

bees in relation to fire blight 164

birds of America 652

blood of domestic animals 481

blueberries, N.H 43

Calosoma spp., U.S.D.A 61

canning and preserving 114

climatology 317

colloidal chemistry 820

cotton l)ollworm, pink 765

cotton, Egyptian 533

creosoting of hardwoods, U.S.

D.A -_ 893

currant fruit fly. Me 466

diamino acids in the diet 569

diet deficien<;y diseases 569

egg production, feeding for,

W.Va 577

entomology, American economic- 256

entomology, Canadian 256

field experiments, U.S.D.A 430

fruit trees, variability of yield,

U.S.D.A 744

germination in Graminese 25

grasses of Java 528

Helopeltis . 259

heredity in morning-glory, N.Y.

Cornell 750

Homoptera 361

horses, breeding, care, and man-
agement 275

inheritance in peas 822

intestinal flora of swine, Kans_ 875

Lygus, N.Y.Cornell 461

manganese, determination 205

manure, decomposition in soils,

U.S.D.A 624

maricet gardening 842

Membracidse, N.Y.Cornell 462

mononchs 254

Nwgleria gruberi 556

nitric nitrogen, determination In

soil 112

nitrogen fixation 325

onion neck rot, N.Y. State 451

peaches, N.Y. State 43

plant physiology 525

poultry raising 776

proteins 708

quassia, insecticidal value, U.S.

D.A 56

rainfall, U.S.D.A 209

roup in fowls, Kans 890

school lunches 1C7

seeds 343

septicemia, hemorrhagic 887

sewage purification 691

sex characters, secondary male,

in female birds 171

soil acidity, U.S.D.A 512, 720

soils, hygroscopic coefficient,

U.S.D.A 211

Bililiography of — Continued. Pago.

strawberry weevil 163

stream-flow moasuremeut 187

sugar cane diseases 851

sweet clover as a green manure,

N.Y.Cornell 722

trees, influence of source of seed 45

trematodes of North America-- 365
water requirements of plants.

Wash 228

wheat, durum, U.S.D.A 839

white grubs 162

xenia 526

yeasts, effects of salts on 503

zoology, Canadian 256

Big Lake Reservation as a game

refuge 555

Bilharzia, transmission by flies 563

Billbugs —

in Minnesota 155

life history and remedies, U.S.

D.A 54

Bindweed, eradication, Kans 632

Biocharacters, definition 823

Biographical sketch of C. A. Goess-

mann 810

Birch, destructive distillation 808

Birds —

attracting, U.S.D.A 53, 556

attraction and protection 457

biology, textbook 94

books on 53, 255, 256

eating poison ivy fruits 203

female, secondary male sex

characters in 171

game, of West Virginia 356

houses 255, 256

migration in Switzerland, U.S.

D.A 511

natural enemies of 54

nestling, food habits 457

of America, treatise 652

of Anamba Islands 556

of British Isles, treatise 857

of Colombia, treatise 761

of Java Sea islands 556

of Louisiana, agricultural value- 556

of Minnesota 155

of Missouri, notes 556

of North America, notes 457

of the orchard 344

of west central Oregon 255

of western United States, hand-
book 457

shedding of stomach lining 457

textbook 196

Bison. (See Buffaloes.)

Bitterweed, toxicity, Ala.College 883

Bitumens and bituminous rock, pro-
duction in United States 692

Black scale in California, Cal 157

Blackberries —

culture, Ind 246

culture. Wash 643

culture experiments, Tex 41

fertilizer experiments. Mass 218

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 55

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

931

Blackberries — Continued,

varieties, Ind

varieties, Wash

Blackleg —

bacillus and B. welchii, resem-
blance

immunization

immunization, Kans

Blatella germanica, destruction

Blattldae —

of North America

physiology of digestion

Blepharocalyx gigantea —

oil from

turpentine-like essence from

Blissus leucopterus Say. (See
Chinch-bug.)

Blister beetle, ash gray, notes, Tenn_

Blood —

dried. {See Dried blood.)

fat of anemic dogs

meal, analyses, N.Y.State

meal, analyses, Tex

meal, fertilizing value, U.S.D.A_
of domestic animals, pathology-
serum, method of obtaining

Blue grass, liming experiments. Pa

Blue-gum oil industry in Nilgiris

Blueberries —

canned, examination. Me

culture, N.H

Body lice, papers on

Boll weevil. (See Cotton-boll weevil.)

Bollworm. (See Cotton bollworm.)

Bombus auricomus, life history and
bionomics

Bombus, paper on

Bombyx mori. (See Silkworm.)

Bone —

char, analyses, Can

dissolved, fertilizing value

dust, fertilizing value

feeds, analyses, N.H

granulated, analyses, Mich

ground, analyses, Tex

meal, analyses, N.Y.State 67

meal, fertilizing value 519, 527

meal, fertilizing value, Mo 217, 619

meal, fertilizing value, S.C 517

Books on —

agricultural cooperation 190, 191

agricultural imprcvement in

England 90

agricultural legislation 49:>

agricultural machinery 492

agriculture 496, 899

agriculture, French, In \,ar time 90
agriculture in Germany and

France 293

animal morphology 572

beekeeping , 164, 364, 564

biochemical catalysts 611

birds 53, 94, 196, 255, 256

birds of America 652

birds of British Isles 857

birds of Colombia 761

Page.
246
643

587
587
686
558

258
558

714
447

358

583

67

369

422
4S1
ISl
219

S

166

43

765

564
256

626
527
519
369
308
369

Books on — Continued. Page,

birds of western United States 457

botany 728

butterflies 260

camp cookery 469

cane sugar manufacture 508

canning and preserving 114

carnations 44

chemicals 810

citrus fruits 446

colloid chemistry 309, 501

concrete on the farm 87, 291

cooking 167, 469, 567, 568

corn culture for school children 93

cost of living 392

diet of working women In Bos-
ton 64

Diptera, Danish 263

entomology 93, 357

farming 297

farming in England 192

fertilizers 119

flora of western United States 732

food and nutrition 661

food, bacteriological examination 11

food conservation 94

food in war time 662

food tables 469

forestry 751

fruit culture 446

fungi of Japan 426

furs and skins, home manufac-
ture 13

gardening 39, 94, 344, 842

gardening for little girls 297

grasshoppers 359

greenhouses 39

hematology 481

horses . 274

Ice cream manufacture 281

Infection and Immunity 482, 781

insects 256, 761

insects of Costa Rica 358

insects of Great Britain 557

Irrigation engineering 5S9

irrigation In United States 389

land clearing and grubbing 490

landscape design 542

live stock diseases 2S7, 781

lumber, kiln drying 46

mammals of America 652

marketing, cooperative 595

Mendelism 367

microorganisms, pathogenic 480

milk hygiene 280

moose and elk 53

mycology and plant pathology 147

nature study 196

nutrition 468, 661

nutrition of farm animals

peaches of New York, N.Y. State-
pets

plant distribution by ocean cur-
rents

plant names

plant physiology

268

42

776

125
125
728

932

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Books on — Continued. Page.

plant propagation 539

potatoes 235

poullxy houses and appliances 190

preventive medicine and hy-
giene 882

proteins, physical chemistry 70S

pruning 53!)

rabbits 174

rabbits and cavies 577

rhododendrons 542

road building 592

roses 44

rural economics 196

rural sociology 89

serums, immune 378

soil physics and management-- 598

soils and fertilizers 190

spraying 40

sterility in cows 286

sugar manufacture 50S

tea 347

tractors 390

tuberculosis, bovine 286

twins 574

butter making . 281

vegetable gardening and canning. 94

vegetables 343

veterinary obstetrics iS

veterinary pharmacology and

therapeutics 580

veterinary surgical operations 781

water analysis 313

water, bacteriological examina-
tion 11

water supply for villages 488

wheat and its products 538

wood, seasoning 248

wounds, treatment 283

zebu cattle 69

zoology, economic 456

(Boophilus) Margaropua annulatus.
{See Cattle tick.)

Bordeaux mixture —

acid and alkaline 153, 154, 756

effect on leaf transpiration 126

fungicidal value 454

fungicidal value, Conn. State 235

use with lead arsenate 258

Boron —

effect on wheat, U.S.D.A 22

toxic effect on plants 629

Botany —

elementary course in 795

relation to scientific agriculture 697

textbook 728

Botflies, horse, Investigations 83

Bcthriocephalus latus, life cycle 783

Botryodiplodia —

sp. on coconut 758

theotromcB, notes 52, 53, 759

Botrytis —

allU, studies, N.Y.State 450

sp. on fig 454

Botulism — Page.

due to canned goods, Cal 208

in man, notes, Ky 383

Bovie potentiometer, value 284

Bewfin, use as a food 468

Box elder aphid —

notes 257

studies, Iowa 560

Boys, city, agricultural instruction

for 194

Beys' —

and girls' club contests in Can-
ada 297

clubs, food production by 795

Brabantia rhizoleuca, redescription- 766

Brachydeutera argentata, notes 557

Bracken poisoning in horses 589

B}-acon sp., parasitism 364

Bran —

analyses. Can 666

determination in flour and bread 206
(See also Wheat, Corn, etc.)

BrassoUs istlimia in Panama 58

Brazil-nut oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A- 868

Bread —

antineuritic properties 481

conservation in United States 792

dried, analyses, N.Y.State 67

economy of different sized

loaves 266

making, chemistry of 567

poisonous 712

purchacing and use 867

use 567

Breadfruit dieback and leaf oast 350

Breakfast foods. {See Cereal foods, i

Breeding problems, mathematics in- 367
{See also Animal breeding and
Plant breeding)

Brewers' grains-
analyses, Mass 6G5

analyses, N.H 369

dried, analyses 369

dried, analyses, Mich 368

dried, analyses, N.Y.State 67

dried, analyses, Tex 369

Brick, laying directly on concrete

base 891

Bridges —

construction in Ontario 189

slab and girder, plans 189

L'rine salts, analyses 411

Bromln- —

in German potash salts 726

toxic effect on plants 628

Broom corn —

culture experiments, Tex 830

culture in eastern Oregon,

U.S.D.A 432

varieties, Tex 830, 832

Brown-tail moth —

control by forest utilization-. 145

control by parasites 159

distribution in Canada 459

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

933

Brown-tail moth — Continued. Page.

notes 358

notes, U.S.D,A 58

parasites and predatory enemies

in Canada 556

Brown thrasher, food habits 457

Bryobia pratensis. {See Clover

mite.)
Buckwheat —

as a green manure 817

culture experiments, Can 634

culture for chicken feed, Ha-
waii 827

effect on succeeding crop 337

feed, analyses 369

fertilizer experiments 817

germination as affected by

temperature 25

growth in association with

weeds 734

growth in greenhouses, seasonal

variations 627

growth in water culture 627

liming experiments 22

middlings, analyses 369

poisoning in pigs 589

products, analyses, N.Y. State 67

varieties, Can 634

Bud-
mite, remedies 468

moth, eye-spotted, notes 459, 655

Buffalo-cattle hybrids, skull char-
acters 65

Buffaloes, immunization against rin-
derpest 484

Building materials, heat transmis-
sion through 87, 492

Bumblebees —

life history and bionomics 564

paper on 256

Burbot, use as a food 468

Burns, treatment with ambrine 885

Butter —

analyses, Can 666

and milk fat, differences be-
tween 280

as affected by age of cow,

U.S.D.A 578

changes in during storage, Ind_ 880

color, feeding to cows, Ky 680

deterioration during storage,

U.S.D.A 479

enzyms of, U.S.D.A 479

fat. (See Fat and Milk fat.)

gnmminess in, S.C 683

industry in New Zealand 281

making, manual 281

making on the farm 580

making on the farm, U.S.D.A — 480

making, pasteurization in, Ind_ 880

marketing cooperatively 494

marketing in Canada 294

oil, blowing at pasteurizing

temperature "^7

print, errors in weight, U.S.D.A. 882

Butter — Continued. Page,

quality, relation to acidity of

cream 281

shrinkage in storage 77

standard for 480

substitutes, accessory growth

substance in 265

substitutes, purchasing and use 867

typhoid infection through 265

water content, factors affecting 781

Butterflies, treatise 260

Butternut oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A. 868

Butyric acid, determination 506

Cabbage —

breeding experiments, Pa 40, 241

clubroot, treatment, Can 646

culture experiments. Pa 40, 241

diseases, description and treat-
ment, U.S.D.A 850

diseases, notes 648

insects affecting 459

mulching experiments, Mont 344

preservation, U.S.D.A 266

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 55

storage experiments, Mont 344

tokras disease, notes 351

varieties. Pa 41

worm, imported, remedies 860

worms in Maryland 154

Cacao —

algal disease, studies 7."iS

analyses 8

cake for cows 477

cake, toxicity 477

culture experiments 845

culture experiments, P.R 749

culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 842

culture in Philippines 8

fermentation 8

industry, statistical account 347

Insects affecting 461

products, use by prehistoric

Americans 167

shells as a feeding stuff, Mich__ 368

thrips fungus, trials 57

Cactus —

for cattle 571, 774

growing in Michigan 222

growth, metabolism, and imbi-
bition 729

Insects affecting 257

spineless, analyses 368

spineless, feeding value, Cal 168

spineless, resistance to cold, Ariz 23

Caenocryptus newcomeri n.sp., de-
scription 505

Caesium —

determination in plant ash 412

in plants, U.S.D.A 409

Cajanus indicus —

analyses 368

germinating, enzyms of 9

selection experiments 635

Caladiums, varieties — , . 526

934

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol.38

Calcareous deposits from rivers and Page.

lalses, analyses, Can 626

Calcium —

arsenate, analyses, Can 643

carbide for heating and lighting 190
carbonate, availability, deter-
mination 81&

cyanamid, ammonia evolution — 516

cyanamid, fertilizing value 516

cyanamid, mixing with coal tar_ 725

determination, filter for 506

hypochlorite, effect on bacteria

in water 489

metabolism in dogs 569

nitrate, effect on nitrogen-as-
similating bacteria, U.S.D.A. 724
nitrate, effect on weed growth

in meadows 141

phosphate, effect on sugar con-
tent of cane 230

salts, effect on root hairs 330

salts, effect on soil bacteria,

IJ.S.D.A 818

sulphate. (See Gypsum.)
sulphite, solubility in sugar so-
lutions 616

California —

Station, report 197

University and Station, notes — 797

Caligonus mali n.sp., description 63

Calliphora spp., hibernation 262

Callopistria floridensis, notes 358

Calomel as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A 883

Calosoma, studies, U.S.D.A 61

Calvatia spp., effect on vegetation,

U.S.D.A 222

Calves —

feeding experiments 69, 773

feeding experiments, Can 679

hand feeding 773

preserved skim milk for, Mont- 377
young, digestion of starch by,

U.S.D.A 874

Camp cookery, book on 469

Canada Experimental Farms, report- 698

Cancer, papers on 580

Cane sugar-
inversion and determination 507

manufacture, handbook 508

raw, deterioration 805

Cankerworm, notes 257, 358

Canna, edible —

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 829

yields, Hawaii 828

Canned foods —

bacteriological examination 469

poisoning from, Cal 208

Cannery refuse, feeding value, Cal 168

Canning —

book on 114

club products, marketing,

U.S.D.A 90

home and farm, Cal 208

Industry in United States 208, 414

notes 94, 715

Cannonade, sound, propagation,

U.S.D.A 510

Cannonading — Page.

effect on rainfall 115

effect on rainfall, U.S.D.A 511

Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.)

Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.)

Capnodium —

hrasiliense, notes 51

sp. on sugar cane 352

Capons and caponizing, U.S.D.A 476

Capsids, remedies 57

Carabids —

injurious to fruit 564

injurious to strawberries 654

Carausius morosus, parthenogenicity 858

Carbon —

and nitrogen, equilibrium in

soils 421

assimilation in green plants. 329, 821
bisulphid, effect on soil organ-
isms. Vt 420

black, effect on nitrification in

soil, Ala.CoUege , 119

dioxid, effect on oviposition of

house fly 563

dioxid, effect on soil reaction,

U.S.D.A 720

dioxid, production in soil, Iowa_ 118
dioxid production of cultures,

apparatus for determining 181

in cultivated and abandoned

lands 622

monoxid, effect on catalytic hy-

drogenation 409

Carbonate —

determination In soils 313

effect on soil bacteria, U.S.D.A- 818

Carburetor, kerosene, description 492

Carnation —

wilt or crown rot, cause and

treatment 51

yellows, studies 51

Carnations —

fertilizer experiments 144

yearbook 44

Carp, nutritive value and recipes 165

Carpocapsa potnonella. (See Codling
moth.)

Carrots —

analyses and feeding value,

Can 665

winter storage, Vt 442

Casein hydrolysis in presence of

starch, U.S.D.A 613

Cassava —

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii- 829

hawk moth, notes 261

planting experiments 530

varieties 33, 335, 526, 530

varieties, Hawaii 828

Castnia licus, notes 459

Castor —

bean cake, fertilizing value— 220, 337
bean meal as a wheat bran

adulterant 712

beans, culture experiments 336, 527

beans, culture in Egypt 338

oil as a vermifuge, U.SD.A 883

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

935

Catalase— Page,
content of liver, effect of emo-
tions on 167

content of tissues during starva-
tion 869

content of tissues during thy-
roid feeding 870

rOle in acidosis 870

Catalpa midge in Maryland 155

Catalyzers —

biochemical, textbook 611

use in destructive distillation

of hardwoods 808

Catastoma spp., effect on vegeta-
tion, U.S.D.A 222

Catocala spp. affecting pecan 762

Cats, tortoise-shell, color inheri-
tance in 269

Cattle —

Aberdeen-Angus, economic im-
portance 69

and Bison hybrids, skull char-
acters 65

as draft animals 790

beef, maintenance. Pa 270

beef V. dairy type, fattening,

Can 667

breeding for dairy production,

Me 176

breeding for dairy production,

Minn 176

color inheritance in 574

cost of raising, U.S.D.A 471

disease In Philippines 18.3

disease in western Nevada 487

disease, new, in Argentina 687

diseases, control during war 287

diseases, relation to phosphate

depletion of soil 118

diseases treatise 781

feeding experiments 167,

370, 571, 771, 774
feeding experiments, Ala. Col-
lege "■'■0

feeding experiments, Kans — 666, 669

feeding experiments, Miss 371

feeding experiments, Mont 369

feeding experiments, Tenn 369

feeding experiments, Wyo 666

feeding rack, description 593

immunization against rinder-
pest 484

industry in Colorado 772

lice, life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 764

Jersey, inbreeding -69

manure, fertilizing value 433

oil cakes for 572

plague. (See Rinderpest.)

poisoning with ragwort 82

raising in Pennsylvania, Pa 69

raising in Scotland 772

raising on southwestern ranges,

U.S.DJ^ '^'^^

range bred, interstate movement- 179

sex control in. Me—.,—, — -.— 175

Cattle — Continued. Page.

sex ratios in 574

stable V. open shed for. Can 668

tick in Australia 286

tick, Incubation period in rela-
tion to heat intensity 415

ticks In Porto Rico, P. R 761

ticks. (See also Ticks.)

utilization of feed by, U.S.D.A_ 469

wintering In corn belt, U.S.D.A. 471
wintering In North Carolina,

U.S.D.A 870

wintering on waste forages.

Miss 371

Cattleya fly, studies, N. J 660

Cauliflower, mulching experiments,

Mont 344

Cavies, breeds and breeding 577

Cecidia —

of Brazil 661

thysanopterous, of Java 259

Cecidomyia catalpw in Maryland 155

(Cecidoinyia) Maiictiola destructor.
(/S'ce Hessian fly.)

Cedar —

incense, commercial importance,

U.S.D.A 751

nursery blight of, U.S.D.A 53

rust fungi, galls of 448

rust fungi. Investigations 151

Celery —

culture experiments, Vt 444

decay In transit, U.S.D.A 444

diseases in Michigan 545

growth and quality, Vt 444

handling and precooUng, U.S.D.A. 444

late blight, treatment, Can 546

premature seeding, Mont 344

storage experiments, U.S.D.A__ 142

Cellulose — ■

distillation in vacuo 708

humiflcation 26

Cement —

as affected by sulphld 691

blended Portland 691

mills, potash from 124

mills, potash from, U.S.D.A 123

Cephaelin derivatives, protozoocldal

and bacterial action 180

Cephaleuros —

sp. on rubber 53

virescens, notes .".54, 758

Ceratitis capitata —

In Hawaii, U.S.D.A 658

parasites of, U.S.D.A 659

Cercospora —

colfeicola, notes 51

longlpes, studies 851

musw, notes 651

spp. on sugar cane 550

vaginw, studies 851

Cereal —

diseases in Italy 351

fly, winter, control In Kief 257

foods, dietary deficiencies 869

936

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[Vol. 38

Cereal — Continued. Page,

foods, nutritive value and cost,

Conn. State 663

foods, preparation, Wash 365

rusts, overwintering and distri-
bution in Soutli America 148

smuts in Argentina 148

smuts, treatment 648

Cereals —

culture experiments 433, 527

culture in Washington, Oregon,

and Idaho, U.S.D.A 824

fertilizer experiments 433, 527

frost injury to, studies 148

growth in association with weeds 734

growth studies, methods 526

insects affecting 459, 556

Irrigation experiments, Kans 631

of Chile '. 330

purchasing and use S67

small V. large seed, Nebr 229

varieties 433

water requirements, Wash 227

winterkilling 415

(See also Grain and specific
kinds.)
Ceresa —

milttaris n.sp., description 858

spp. north of Mexico 858

spp. ovipositing in apple 156

Cerium, effect on Spirogyra 27

Chaeretymma minuta n.sp., descrip-
tion 565

Chaitophorvs negundiiiis. (See Box

elder aphid.)
Chalcid —

flies, new, of Australia 768

flies, new, of North America 565

parasites, immunity to hydro-
cyanic gas 460

Chalcididaj of wild fig In India, Cey-
lon, and Java 565

Chalcis calliphorcB, notes 466

ChamcBcyparis obtusa, fertilizer ex-
periments 624

Changa, studi<>s, P.R 762

Charwas graminis, notes 361

Charbon. (See Anthrax.)
Cheese —

analyses, U.S.D.A 781

color, feeding to cows, Ky 680

cottage, making on the farm,

U.S.D.A 78

factories, cooperative, in Minne-
sota, Minn 178

factories, cooperative, in Wis-
consin, Wis 298

industry in Canada 294

industry in New Zealand 281

making in the home 580

mites, life history and eco-
nomics 460

soft, making, Iowa 78

varieties, U.S.D.A 781

Chelonus i)ltthr:rrhr-(r n pp.. flopcvin-

tion ,-. 165

Chemical — Page.

calculating chart, new 204

glassware, tests 309

Chemicals —

used in household, hazards

from 508

Van Nostrand's annual on 810

Chemistry, colloid, treatise 309

Chemotherapy-oxidotherapy, new

method 585

Chenopodium oil as a vermifuge,

U.S.D.A 883

Chermes attacking fir trees 158

Chermesidse injuring British forests. 561
Cherries —

cross-pollination experiments __ 345

dusting experiments, Can 546

injury by frost and wet soil,

Can 646

insects affecting 460

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

Cherry —

aphis, secondary host 58

bacterial diseases, studies 551

black knot, description and

treatment, Ohio 853

brown rot or gummosis, treat-
ment 454

diseases, notes, N. J 50

leaf spot disease, studies 251

leaf spot or shot-hole fungus,

notes, Can 546

rot, treatment 541

Chestnut —

blight, reforestation after 45

blight, studies 52

OTdium, notes 455

varieties for blight districts 152

Chicken pox, paper on 179

Chickens —

dissemination of forage poison-
ing by, Ky 383

early hatching. Wash 678

Mediterranean and Continental

classes, U.S.D.A 373

of Philippines, improvement 576

rearing and management 276

(See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.)
Chicks —

as affected by rice diet, Can 677

day-old, shipping long dis-
tances. Can 677

Child labor in sugar-beet fields of

Colorado 191

Children. (See School children.)
Children's gardens. (See School

gardens.)
Chilies. (See Pepper.)

Chilocorus iiptistulatus, notes 467

Chinch-bug —

egg parasites, Kans 653

life history and remedies, U.S.

D.A. 54

Chion cinctus on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

CMrodiscoides carirr n.s. ■aw\ n.sp..

description . 865

1918]

IITDEX OF SUBJECTS.

937

Chloramin compounds for sterilizing Page.

water 188

Chlorazene, composition and use 782

Chlorld of lime, decomposition in
water, sewage, and organic solu-
tions 592

(Chloridea) Heliothia obsoleta. (See

Cotton-boU worm.)
Chlorids, titration, McLean-Van-

Slyke method 204

CMorin —

determination in body fluids 204

determination in milk, Iowa 112

in rain and snow 416

relation to plant growth 729, 730

Chlorinated antiseptics, action on

necrotic tissue 685

(See also Dakin's solution and
Dichloramin-T. )

Chloris spp., studies 66

Chloroform —

as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A 884

effect on chernozem soil 17

Chlorophyll formation, effect on tox-
icity of magnesium nitrate 224

Chlorosis, Investigations, P.R 728

Chaetochloa palmifolia as a forage

crop, Hawaii 827

Cholam short smut, studies 850

Cholus cattlcyw (cattleyarum) In

Wisconsin 155

Chondriomes in tulip flower 127

Chortophila ciliorura as a rye pest- 557

Chromatophores, movement 426

Chromium —

in plants, U.S.D.A 409

toxic effect on plants 629

Chromosome action, hormone theory- 525
Chrysanthemum cineraricBfolium,

manganese content, U.S.D.A 207

Chrysanthemum—

leaf-miner in Wisconsin 155

midge, notes 160, 358

varieties 446

Chrysohothris —

femorata. (See Apple-tree

borer, flat-headed.)

scitula, notes 762

Chrysocharus malloohi n.sp., de-
scription 165

Chrysomphalus —

aurantii on olive, Cal 157

dictyospermi, parasites of 467

dictyospermi, variation in 460

Ohrysophanus dispar, notes 562

Cicada, net-winged, on olive, Cal 157

Clcadidae of Japan and Formosa 264

Oicer arietinum —

analyses 368, 572

loss In weight after harvesting. 635

nodule formatiop 528

Cichorium intybus, fertility In 226

Cider-
analyses 114

changes during fermentation

and storage 365

82481°— 18 5

Cider — Continued. Page.

manufacture 806

Cigar ashes, analyses. Conn. State 626

Cigarette beetles, life history and

remedies, U.S.D.A 62

Cimex lectularius. (See Bedbugs.)

Cinchona, culture 542

Cinnamon, preservative value 469

Cintractia sorghi-vulgaris, studies 850

Cioidffi of America north of Mexico- 768

Cirrospilopsis sp. from Maryland 565

Cisldae of America north of Mexico 768

Citelhc^ beecheyi and subspecies, con-
trol, Cal 456

Citromyces spp., relation to Penlcil-

lium 448

Citrus —

bacterial spot, studies 552, 553

black fly in Cuba 158

blast, notes 354

dleback, cause and treatment,

Fla 151

mealy bug, control in Califor-
nia, U.S.D.A 158

mealy bug, notes 464

melanose, distribution 757

scab in Porto Rico 454

scales, remedies 58

stem end rot, distribution 757

thrips, studies, U.S.D.A 763

white fly. (See White fly.)
wood rot, description and treat-
ment 61

Citrus fruits —

culture 446

culture, Tex 40

culture experiments 845

culture in Surinam 43

fertilizers for, Cal . 144

Industry, cooperation in 43

insects affecting 459, 460

marketing 59S

varieties, Tex 40

(See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.)
Oladosporlum —

carpophilum, notes 550

cucumerinum, studies 449

herbarum, investigations 849

herbarum, notes, Can 646

herbaT^m, toxicity to bees 564

sp. on tea 354

Clemson College, notes 98, 499, 800

Clerada apicomis sucking blood 557

CUmate —

changes In 15, 415, 718

effect on burning quality of to-
bacco 239

effect on cropping systems and

farm operations 414

of Canada 618

of Cuba 319

of France and Belgium, U.S.D.A 511

of Long Island, U.S.D.A 209

of Salt Lake City 319

of Switzerland 14

of Tennessee - — 618

938

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol.38

CUmate — Contiimed. Page.

relation to sun spots 114

(See also Meteorology.)

Climatic Index for plants 627

Climatologlcal data. (See Meteoro-
logical observations.)

Climatology. (See Meteorology.)

Cloeterocerus n. sp. from California 565

Clostridium pasteurianum —

fixation of nitrogen by 427

in Russian soils 428

Clothes —

louse, life history and remedies 765

moth,' life history 657

moth, webbing, predacious 557

Clothing, removal of stains from,

U.S.D.A 114

Clouds, scarf, U.S.D.A 209

Cloudy condensation, nuclei, U.S.D.A.

511, 811

Clover —

alsike, effect on succeeding crop 237

alsike, self-sterility 426

as a green manure 27

as affected by sulphur, U.S.D.A. 221

berseem, culture in Egypt 338

berseem, yields In Australia 133

bur, as a forage crop, Hawaii 827

bur, culture for winter forage,

Cal 735

bur, varieties, Tex 32

crimson, liming experiments 21

culture experiments 132, 133

culture experiments, Can 634

culture experiments, Minn 825

culture experiments. Pa 229

culture In Washington, Oregon,

and Idaho, U.S.D.A 825

culture on Ozark uplands. Mo 217

cut, analyses. Mass 665

fertilizer experiments, Minn 825

fertilizer experiments. Mo 217

fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A, 422

for Irrigated pastures 337

insects affecting 557

Japan, as a cover crop, Tenn 346

liming experiments, Pa 219

meal, analyses, N.H 369

mite, notes 365

red, ctilture experiments, Tenn_ 334

red, effect on succeeding crop 337

red, improvement 434

resistance to Colletotrichum,

Tenn 350

seed production, U.S.D.A 441

seed production in Idaho, Idaho 231

seeding experiments, U.S.D.A__ 130

stem rot. Investigations 850

sweet. (See Sweet clover.)

toxic effect on pigs 589

varieties 433

varieties. Can __^ 634

varieties, Minn 131

white, wild v. ordinary seeds 338

Cloves, preservative value 469

Coal, wetting tot domestic use... 87

Coal-tar — Page.

disinfectants, toxicity 284

dyes, separation 12

Coat color. (See Color.)

Cobalt, toxic effect on plants G28

Coccid enemies of grapes in Hungary 464

Coccldae —

of Florida 562

of Philippines 464

Coccidiosis —

in a calf 183

in fowls in South Africa 83

Coccus viridis, notes 364

Oochylis amhiguella, remedies 257

Cochylis moth, control in Switzer-
land 159

Cockchafer, bacterial diseases of 162

Cockerels, feminization 275

Cockroaches —

destruction 558

of North America 258

physiology of digestion 558

Coconut —

beetle, investigations 163

bud rot, notes 553

cake, analyses 771

cake, feeding value 572, 771

diseases in Dutch East Indies 354

diseases in Jamaica 758

diseases in Malay States. 446, 460, 758

diseases in Philippines 459

meal, analyses 369

oil, accessory growth substance. 265

oil, determination in mixtures. 413

oil industry in Philippines 807

red weevil in Ceylon 62

tree caterpillar In Panama 58

Coconuts —

culture 446, 542

fertilizer experiments 144

fertilizer experiments, P.R 748

Insects affecting 157, 446, 459, 460

Codling moth —

eggs, destruction by nicotin sul-
phate 860

in Maryland 154

Investigations 361

life history, N. Mex ^ 653

remedies 540, 653, 857

CasUnidea meromyzm, biology 566

Coffee —

bean weevil, studies 564

black rot, treatment 351

culture 446, 542

culture experiments 845

culture in British East Africa. 43

diseases, notes 51, 548

fertilizer experiments, P.R 749

grounds, analyses 626

Insects affecting 558, 857

leaf disease, treatment 646

root disease, notes 547

soils of Java 513

substitutes 266

transplanting, P.R 749

variettes, P.R -,«. .... 749

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

939

Cold — Page.

effect on microorganisms 885

storage In Canada 392

waves in Florida, U.S.D.A 210

(See also Temperature.)

Coleophora —

carymfoUella, notes 762

carywfoUella, studies, U.S.D.A- 157

volckei n.sp., description 862

Coleoptera of Quebec 461

Coleosporium —

solidaginis, spore germination — 225

soUdaginis, studies 553

spp., occurrence in Vermont 254

Coll bacillus. (See Bacillus coU com-
munis.)

Colleges. (See Agricultural colleges.)

Colletotrichum —

camellice, notes 354, 355, 548

cereale, notes 147

falcatum, studies 851

glOBOsporioides, treatment 455

gUBOsporioides, variations 252

nigrum, notes 547

solanicolutn on eggplant 250

spp. on coffee 51

Collodion —

dialyzing membranes, prepara-
tion 710

germicidal effect 752

Colloidal metals, therapeutic value — 585

Colloids —

chemistry of 309, 501, 708

significance in ptiysiology 820

CoUybia albuminosa, growth on

Odontotermes 849

Color inheritance in animals. 269, 574, 776

Colostrum —

analyses 780

change Into normal milk 780

Columbia River, annual rise, U.S.D.A. 511

Community development, plan, Ky — 694

Complement —

fixation as affected by tempera-
ture "^9

preservation 80

Composltse, pollen presentation

mechanism 225

Concrete —

construction, college course in__ 95

flow under sustained loads 290

friction on various sub-bases 290

pavements, cracking and buck-
ling 8^1

road aggregates, tests 593

sand, grading -^ 389

slabs, tests 189- 289

slabs, tests, U.S.D.A 490

use on the farm 87, 291, 292

Confections, methods of analysis 315

Conifer diseases in Italy 3yl

Coniferous seedlings, damping-off 553

Coniosporium spp. on sugar cane 550

OotUothyrium —

coffecB, notes 51

fuckeUi, notes, Can 546

Coniothyrium — Continued. Page.

tiroleTise, variation In 731

Connecticut —

State Station, notes 699

State Station, report 297

Storrs Station, report 497

Conotrachelus juglandis, notes 762

Conetheyla rotunda, Ufe history and

habits 359

Convict road camp, experimental,

U.S.D.A 789

Cookers, flreless, notes 867

Cookery for campers 469

Cooking —

instruction in London 394

Italian, notes 662

military, manual 567

New Mexican, booklet 568

temperatures for 366

Cooperative organizations, U.S.D.A- 895
Copper —

and phosphate mixtures as

sugar reagents 614

arsenate, effect on sugar cane

roots 238

compounds, effect on irrigated

crops, Ariz 28

effect on nitrogen-fixing bac-
teria 428

sulphate as a vermifuge,

U.S.D.A 884

sulphate, destruction of algae by_ 731

toxic effect on plants 628

Copra meal as a feeding stuff, Mich- 368
Corks, extraction apparatus, treat-
ment 411

Corn —

and cob meal, analyses, Mass__ 665
and corn products, use In the

diet 662

and cowpeas, associated growth,

Tex 32

and soy beans, associated

growth 338

and teosinte hybrids. Immunity

to aphids 561

antineurltic vitamins in 581, 869

as a foodstuff 265

as affected by soil temperature- 530

barren stalks 849

biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 430

bran, analyses 369

bran, analyses. Mass 665

bran, analyses, N.Y.State 67

bran, analyses, Tex 369

breeding experiments 336

breeding experiments. Conn 231

breeding, statistical study,

U.S.D.A 232

canned, examination, Me — 166

chlorosis, studies 48

chop, analyses 572

chop, analyses, Tex 369

cob and other ear characters,

relation __ 532

cracked, analyses-.,.-...--. ■ . 572

940

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

[Vol. 38

Corn — Continued. Page.

culture experiments 336, 527, 735

culture experiments. Can 634

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Kans 630

culture experiments, Minn 825

culture experiments, Mo 217, 632

culture experiments. Pa 229

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex_ 31, 829, 830
culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 430

culture in Montana, Mont 135

culture In Utah, U.S.D.A 230

culture, manual 93

culture on Ozark uplands. Mo — 217
diseases and insect pests,

U.S.D.A 834

distance experiments 335

distance experiments, Tex 31, 335

ear and kernel, measurements. 33

earworm, notes, Kans 653

earworm, notes, U.S.D.A 261, 445

endosperm color and albinism,

correlation 28

endosperm color, inheritance 28,

226, 737

feed meal, analyses 369

fertilizer experiments,— 230, 335, 820
fertilizer experiments, Hawaii — 828

fertilizer experiments, Mass 218

fertilizer experiments, Minn 825

fertilizer experiments, Mo 217, 619

fertilizer experiments, N.Mex — 634

fertilizer experiments, S.C 517

for silage, yields, Cal 174

germ meal, analyses. Mass 665

germ meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67
germinated, meal from, Kans — 665

germination studies 24

gluten feed, analyses 369, 572

gluten feed, analyses, Mich 368

gluten feed, analyses, N.Y. State 67

gluten feed, analyses, Tex 369

gluten meal, analyses 369

gluten meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67

ground, analyses, Ind 376

growth, metabolism, and im-
bibition 729

growth studies, methods 526

harvesting with sheep, U.S.D.A. 68

hogging-down, U.S.D.A 68

hybridization and selection 336

Identification of races 33

inheritance of endosperm color_ 28,
226, 737
Inheritance of mosaic pericarp

color 332, 531

Insects affecting 54, 459

insects aflEecting, U.S.D.A 834

irrigation ^periments, N.Mex 634

meal, analyses 572

meal, analyses. Mass 665

meal, analyses, Mich 368

meal, analyses, N.Y.State 67

meal, composition and digesti-
bility, U.S.D.A_.._,v,,. ,_ 68

Corn — Continued. Page.

meal, energy value, U.S.D.A 68

mill market for, N.C 895

oil meal, analyses 369

oil meal for pigs 372

Physoderma disease, notes,

U.S.D.A. 351

place eflfect, U.S.D.A 738

preparation for steers. Mo 272

production, 1918 program,

U.S.D.A 833

products, preparation, Wash 365

root aphis, life history and

remedies, U.S.D.A 54, 764

rotation experiments, Ohio 739

rotation experiments, Tex 334

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A — 129
sampling and grading, U.S.D.A- 140
seed, home-grown v. trans-
ferred, U.S.D.A 738

seed, sale by U. S. Department

of Agriculture, U.S.D.A _ 834

seed, selection, Cal 434

seed, selection, Tex 335

seed, selection and testing 739

seed, testing, lU 834

shrinkage tests, Ohio 840

silage. (See Silage.)
sirup and corn sugar, manufac-
ture 266

smut, studies 249

soft, utilization, Iowa 532, 571

stover silage, studies, Pa 270

stover silage, studies, U.S.D.A- 802

supplements for pigs, Ohio 473

use by prehistoric Americans-. 167

varieties 33, 336, 532

varieties. Can 634

varieties, Hawaii 828

varieties, Minn 131

varieties. Mo 632

varieties, Tex 31, 335, 829, 830, 831

varieties, U.S.D.A— 31, 131, 430, 431

water requirements, Mo 619

water requirements, Nebr 228

water requirements, Wash 227

weevil, remedies, U.S.D.A 768

yield as affected by change of

place, U.S.D.A 738

yield as affected by tillage 815

yield in relation to weather- 317, 415
yield in relation to weather,

Tenn 319

Corncobs —

analyses, Conn. State 626

analyses, Tex 369

CorneU University, notes 499, 699

Cornstalk beetle, rough-headed, life

history and remedies, U.S.D.A 263

Cornstalks, feeding value, Cal _ 168

Cornstarch, manufacture 266

Comus controversa as affected by

ringing 128

Corticium salmonicolor, notes 53, 759

Coryneum icyerinckii, notes ._ 50

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

941

Page.

Coryphodema tristU, notes 465

Corythucha —

ciliata, studies, Okla 359

monacha, studies 858

Cosmophila erosa, life history 562

Cosmopolites sordida, notes 164, 364

Cossula moffniflca —

notes 76^

on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Cost of living —

in District of Columbia 769

treatise 392

Cottage cheese, manufacture, U.S.

DJl 178

Cotton —

anthracnose, treatment 234

beetles affecting 61

biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 430

boll weevil, combating 233, 234

boll weevil in Georgia 256

boll weevil, investigations,

U.S.D.A 62

bolls, internal disease of 351, 352

bollworm, description 460

bollworm, life history and reme-
dies, U.S.D.A 261

bollworm, pink, control, U.S.D.A. 834

bollworm, pink, in Brazil 562

bollworm, pink, notes 765

bollworms in India 54

breeding experiments 336, 526

bugs, red and dusky, descrip-
tions 460

Caravonica, history 340

culture experiments 230,

336, 433, 526, 527, 635, 735

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 31,

335, 829, 830
culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 430

culture in Brazil 135

culture in San Joaquin Valley,

Cal 740

de Motril, history 340

disease resistance 533

diseases and insect pests,

U.S.D.A

Egyptian, factors affecting yield
Egyptian, historical and botani-
cal study

exports from United States

fertilizer experiments 33, 433, 527

fertilizer experimont-s, S.C_ 517,533,816

fertilizer experiments, Tex 832

gin and warehouse law in Ar-
kansas 294

hybridization and selection 336

Improvement 635

inheritance of bract teeth in 532

Inheritance of oil in 533

insects affecting 54, 61

Insects affecting, U.S.D.A— 357, 8.'54

leaf blister mite, remedies 234

leaf spot, angular, treatment — 234
leaf spots and mildew, notes 350

834
338

533
393

Page.

54

834

792
626
147
740

834
63
334
334
752
149
234

434

461
371
234
371
167
340

Cotton — Con tinued.

leaf worm in BrazU

marketing, U.S.D.A

mill operators, food raised by,

U.S.D.A

mill waste, analyses, Can

new nematode infesting, U.S.D.A,

production in United States

production, 19 18 program,

U.S.D.A

red spiders on, U.S.D.A

root disease, notes, Tex

rotation experiments, Tex

rust, investigations

rust, outbreak in Texas

Sea Island, lint characters

selection experiments 33, 336, 433

spacing experiments, Tex 832

spinning and weaving tests,

U.S.D.A

stalner, life history and remi*-

dles .

stalks for cattle. Miss

stalks, plowing under

stalks, silage from. Miss

use by prehistoric Americans

variation in

varieties 230, 233, 336, 433, 533

varieties, N.Mex 634

varieties, Tex___ 31, 334, 829, 830, 832

varieties, U.S.D.A 430

warehouse law in Arkansas 294

warehouses, regulations, U.S.D.A. 895

wilt-resistant varieties 233

wilts, notes 1 351, 547

Cottonseed —

cake, analyses, Tex 369

cake, digestibility 168

cake, fertilizing value 220, 527

cold-pressed, analyses, Tex 369

feed, analyses 572

feed, analyses, Mich 368

feed, analyses, Tex 369

gossypol-like substance in 801

hulls, lintless, for cows, S.C 681

meal, analyses 369, 572

meal, analyses, Ind 376

meal, analyses. Mass 665

meal, analyses, Mich 368

meal, analyses, N.H 369

meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67

meal, analyses, Tex 369

meal, availability in presence of

sodium nitrate 723

meal, fertilizing value 33

meal, fertilizing value, S.C 517

meal for human food 166, 566

meal for pigs, Tenn 370

meal for poultry, N.Mex 678

meal, palatablllty and nutritive

value 66

meal, toxicity 282

meal v. velvet bean meal for

cows, S.C 680

oil, accessory growth substance- 265
oil. detection 616

942

KXPEBIMENT STATION EECOEO.

[Vol.38

Cottonseed — ContiHued. Page.

products, composition and use 266

products, effect on composition

of mUk, Mo 682

products, effect on texture and

flavor of butter, S.C 683

products, toxicity, determina-
tion 113

toxicity 801

toxicity, U.S.D.A 685

Cottonwood —

analyses 309

forcing experiments, Vt 443

Cottony cuslilon scale In Ceylon 561

Conmarin in soils, studies, Ala.

College 119, 129

Connty boards of agriculture in

New Jersey 594

Cover crops —

culture in New Jersey, N. J 33

for orchards. Pa 244, 245

for orchards, Tenn 346

for orchards, U.S.D.A 443

Cow —

manure, analyses. Pa 23

stalls, lighting and ventilating. 791
testing associations in Nebraslia,

Nebr 278

testing associations in Wiscon-
sin, Wis 293

testing, illustrated lecture,

U.S.D.A 95

Cowpeas —

and com, associated growth,

Tex ' 32

as a green manure 220, 230

as a preliminary crop for wheat.

Mo 619

culture 231

culture, Ala.Tuskegee 567

culture experiments 336

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Mo 217, 632

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 829, 830

culture on Ozark uplands. Mo 217

fertilizer experiments, Mo 217

fertilizer experiments, S.C 517

plowing under, S.C 816

recipes, Ala.Tuskegee 567

seeding experiments, Tex 32

varieties 336

varieties, Hawaii 827

varieties, Mo 632

varieties, Tex 334, 829. 830, 832

Cowpox in horses 586

Cows —

advanced registry, milk and fat

production, U.S.D.A 377

age at first calving 74

aged, milk and milk fat of,

U.S.D.A 578

cost of raising, Can 679

dairy breeds, U.S.D.A 376

Cows — Continued. Page. '
dairy, economy of production,

Ohio 277

dairy, open shed v. closed stable

for, Pa 277

digestion experiments, Pa 73

feeding experiments 66, 168, 477, 778

feeding experiments, Cal 174

feeding experiments, Can 678

feeding experiments, Fla 876

feeding experiments, Ind 375

feeding experiments, Ky 680

feeding experiments. Mass 571

feeding experiments, N.Mex 681

feeding experiments, Pa 73, 277

feeding experiments, S.C 680

Jersey and Holstein, economy

of production, Ohio 277

leguminous roughages for, Ohio 681

milk flow as affected by age, Me. 176
milk vein system In relation to

production, Vt 476

mineral metabolism, Ohio 779

mineral metabolism, S.Dak 374

nutrients returned by, Ohio 376

pasturing experiments, U.S.D.A. 175

protein requirements, Pa 74

pumpkins for. Mass 571

record.s. (See Dairy herd rec-
ords.)

sUage crops for, Cal 174

sunflower silage for 74

testing 74

udder flora, Pa 76

watering, Can 680

watering at different intervals,

S.Dak 374

Crab apples, seed production, 111 245

Crambus hortuellus, studies, U.S.D.A. 59

Cranberries, insects affecting, U.S.

D.A 460

Cranberry —

end rot, studies, U.S.D.A 252

fruit rots, studies, U.S.D.A 454

glrdler, studies, U.S.D.A 59

vinehopper, notes 559

Cream —

acidity, relation to butter qual-
ity 281

cost of distribution, Mass 177

neutralizing 281

pasteurization for butter mak-
ing, Ind 880

tests, variations 280

Creameries —

cooperative. In Minnesota, Minn_ 178

cooperative, in Wisconsin, Wls_ 293

statistics in Canada 294

Creamery license division, report,

Ind 281

Creatin —

excretion in children 569

origin 869

Cremastua n.spp., descriptions 6G0

1918]

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

943

Creosote, penetration of hardwoods Page,
by, U.S.D.A 892

Cresol preservatives —

determination in serums 316

preparation 378

Cresols, commercial, toxicity 283

Cricket, dark brown, injurious to

plants, P.R 761

Crimson clover, liming experiments- 21

Crioceris aspara^L (See Asparagus
beetle.)

Gronartium —

cereirum on Norway pine 854

cotnptonice, notes 455

rihicola, diagnosis, U.S.D.A 356

ribicola, dissemination by gipsy

moth larvae, U.S.D.A 860

ribicola, inoculations on Ribes 151

riMcola, notes 254, 355

spp., inoculation experiments 253

spp., pycnial stages 253

spp., spore germination 225

Crop —

production in Saskatchewan 594

production in Switzerland in

1916 91

production, relation to weather,

U.S.D.A 208

reports, U.S.D.A 91,

294, 393, 596, 695, 793
rotations. (See Rotation.)
yield, analysis 338

Cropping systems —

climatic control 414

for Middle Atlantic coastal

plain, U.S.D.A 816

for Washington, Oregon, and

Idaho, U.S.D.A 824

Crops —

cost of production, determina-
tion 89

effect on nitrogen content of

soils, Tenn 213

food value per acre, U.S.D.A 292

loss in weight after harvesting- 635
toxic effects of copper on, Ariz_ 28

Crossties —

identification of wood, U.S.D.A- 645
Industry in Canada 147

Crotalaria —

juncea, nodule formation 528

ttriata as a green manure 220

usaramoensia as a green manure 637

Croton-bugs, destruction 558

Crown gall —

chemically induced 648

studies 752

studies, Tex 852

Crows, economic status, U.S.D.A 856

Crude —

fiber. (See Cellulose.)
petroleum. (See Petroleum.)

Oryptomeria japonioa, fertilizer ex-
periments 624

Orvptorhynohus lapathi, notes 155, 358

Cuban Experiment Station, notes 500

Cucumber — Page.

beetle, spotted, remedies 864

diseases in Michigan 545

downy mildew, studies. Mass 249

first generation crosses. Conn.

State 241

scab, studies 449

skins, analyses __»_ 626

wild, seeds of 410

Cucurbits, parthenogenesis in 331

Culfcidse. (See Mosquitoes.)

Cultivation, mechanical. In France. 790

Culture —

media for water examination 591

media. Improvement 710

media, tests 684

solutions, studies 730

Culverts, concrete highway, plans.- 189

Cumbu, culture experiments 433

Cuprammonium washes, studies,

N.H 255

Currant —

borer in Tasmania 261

fruit fly, studies. Me 466

leaf spot, studies, Can 546

root rot, studies 650

Currants —

black, abnormal blossoms 552

black, " reversion " of 650

culture and marketing, Ind 844

cultiire in California 346

culture in western Washington,

Wash 298

fertilizer experiments 540

insects affecting, U.S.DA 843

resistance to pine blister rust 151

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 55

Cutworms —

control In greenhouses, Ohio 762

life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 54

Cyamopsis peoralioides, analyses 572

Cyanamid —

as a source of nitrogen. Pa 220

preparation 711

Cyanld, effect on oxidation In arsen-
ical dips 585

Cyanuric acid —

distribution In soils 202

identity with " tetracarbonl-

mid " 202

Cyclocephala villoaa, life history 863

Cylas —

formicariu8, notes 467, 564

formicariua, notes, Ala.College- 864
spp. atacklng sweet potatoes,

U.S.D.A 864

Cylindrocladium acoparium, studies. 854

Cylindroaporium padi, notes. Can 546

Cyllene robiniw, notes 459

Cymatodera cethiopa, notes 61

Cynlpoidea, type species of _-— 63

Cynipa oalMa, notes 654

Cynodon plecto atachyum, studies. 66

Cynomyia cadaverina, hibernation — 262

Oyphella hevew, notes —-.—,- 62, 759

944

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

[Vol. 38

Cystln — Page.

addition to low-protein diet 570

nutritive value 569

Cytology, methods and value 328

Cytoplasm, fixation 329

Oytospora —

sacchari, studies 851

stiotostoma and Phoma as-

paragi, relation 752

Dactyloctenium mgyptiacum, studies 6S

Daincba as a green manure 220, 336

Dairies —

farm, plans 292

inspection and sanitation, Ky 781

Dairy —

bacterioJogy, outline 781

farms, share-rented, in Wiscon-
sin and Illinois, U.S.D.A 877

herd records 74

herd records, Minn 176

herds, accredited, papers on 179

herds, care and management. 111. 278
herds, economy in relation to

size, Del 777

herds, improvement, Fla 877

herds, management 578

herds, management, Idaho 777

house, plan, U.S.D.A 480

industry in New Zealand 281

produce, cost of production 894

production, maintenance, U.S.

D.A 777

rations, computing. Pa 73

records, illustrated lecture, U.S.

D.A 95

score card, scope and use, Ky 781

sires, effect on production of

herd, Vt 476

Bires, futurity test, Me 176

sires, pure-bred, value. Wash 298

utensils, effect on germ content

of milk. 111 878

Dairying —

in Colorado 378

in Florida, Pla 877

in United States, U.S.D.A 777

in Uruguay 778

Dakin's solution —

action on necrotic tissue 683

composition and use 782

use 283

Dark day in Jamaica, U.S.D.A 210

Dasheen —

culture 231

digestibility and use as human

food, U.S.D.A 468

Dasyneura rhodophaga, notes 155, 358

Datana integerrima —

notes 762

on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Dates, culture In Egypt 347

Delaware —

College, notes 96, 399, 699, 900

Station, notes 96, 900

Delphacldse, new, of Hawaii 557

Dematophora necatritc, notes 51

Demodew — Page.

erinacei n^p., description 865

musca/rdini n.sp., description 865

Dendrometer, description 248

Dendrophotna coffeicola, notes 61

Department of agriculture. (See
United States Department of Agri-
culture.)
Depressaria persicwella, biology and

remedies, U.S.DA 861

DerbidsB of Philippines 461

DerTnacentor —

alMpictus affecting moose 487

albipicttts in Minnesota 566

venustus in California 484

Dermatobia cyaniventris, notes 362

Derostenus pallipes n.sp., description 165

Desiccation of the earth 718

Development Act in Great Britain 794

Dew, relation to spread of plant dis-
eases, U.S.D.A 47

Dewberries, culture experiments, Tex. 41
Diachasma —

fullawayi, notes 767

fullawayi, studies, U.S.D.A 659

tryoni, studies, U.S.D.A 659, 767

Diamino acids in proteins, nutritive

value 569

Diaporthe phaseolorum, investiga-
tions, U.S.D.A 449

Diaprepes in West Indies 61

Diarrhea, bacillary white —

in fowls 689

in fowls. Mass 281

Diarthronotnyia hypogwa —

in United States 160

notes 358

Diaspinae, new, of Italy 460

Diatrcea spp. In British Guiana 459

Dibothriooephalus latua, life cycle 783

Dibrachys —

australia n.sp., description 768

clisiocoimpw, notes 565

Dlchloramin-T —

composition and use 782

preparation 378

Dictyophara spp., key 560

Dictyophora phalloidea, notes 550

Dictyophorodelphaw mirabUis, notes- 557

Didymium nigripes, sexuality in 331

DidymaaphcBria coffeicola, notes 51

Diestrammema marmorata, economic

importance 258

Diet —

deficiencies, correction 367

effect on reproduction in albino

rats 770

for nursing mothers 167

of cafeteria patrons 366

of families in District of Colum-
bia 769

of laborers in Glasgow 267

of munition workers in England 267

of working women in Boston 64

poor in calcium, effect 570

relation to diseases 267

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

945

Diet — Continued. Page.

relation to pellagra 366

r61e of vitamins in 568

war-ration, in England 167

(See also Food.)

Dietaries, calculation 366

Dietary studies in cities 63

Digestion, specific parenteral 580

Digit aria —

didactyla, tests, Hawaii 828

horizontalis, studies 66

Dilophonota ello, notes 261

Dining room service, public, in

United States 769

Diospilus neoclyti n.sp., description- 165

Diphtheria toxin, studies 886

Diplococcus —

lymantricB parasitizing gipsy

moth 159

melolonthw, studies 162

Diplodia —

coffeicola, notes 51

griffoni, relation to apple sour

sap 452

Diplotaxis excavata, notes 762

Dipping fluids, oxidation 585

DIptera —

classification 161

of Denmark 263

of Philippines 466

parasitic, of Africa 263

viviparous 261

Discosia thew, notes 51

Diseases —

diet deficiency, notes 267, 568

insect-borne, notes 558, 580

of animals. (See Animal dis-
eases.)
of plants. (See Plant diseases.)

Disinfectants —

new 782

phenol coefiScients 581

Distillation under dlmished pressure,

apparatus for 300

Distillers' grains —

analyses. Mass 66.5

analyses, N.H :^69

dried, analyses ■'''69

dried, analyses, Mich 368

dried, analyses, N.Y.State 67

Distillery vinasse, fertilizing value- 51.'

Distilling head, description 10

Dock sawfly, notes 156, 358

Dockage —

In marketing wheat, U.S.D.A — 840

on wheat, computing 694

Dogwood, analyses 309

Dolichos —

iiflorus, analyses 368

lablab, analyses 368

lablab, culture experiments 336

lablab, nodule formation 528

Dolomite, fertilizing value 124

Dothichiza populea —

notes 1^7

notes, N.Mex 6-^^

Douglas fir, second-growth, source of

■eed, U.S.D.A 145

Dourine — Page.
diagnosis by conglutination

method 483

in Iowa 78

Drainage —

effect on bacteria In peat soils 420

farm, notes 690

farm, notes. Wash 497

farm, notes. Wis 591

in California, Cal 288

In New Zealand 690

in Nova Scotia 288

in southern Louisiana, U.S.D.A- 387

in Virginia 389

of alkali lands 591

of Irrigated lands, U.S.D.A 388

of peat lands 591, 690

pumping in relation to rainfall,

U.S.D.A 387

Dried blood —

adulteration and use 711

availability in presence of so-
dium nitrate 723

effect on composition of wheat,

Ohio 518

fertilizing value, Mass 218

fertilizing value. Pa 220

fertilizing value, S.C 517

nitrification as affected by lime,

Ala.College 119

Dried milk, analyses 804

Drinking glasses, sterilization 663

Drosophila —

ampelophila. (See Pomace fly.)

melanogaster, food of 61

Drugs, inspection In North Dakota,

N.Dak 167

Dry farming —

crops for beef cattle, N.Mex 872

effect on soil moisture, Utah 319

experiments, Mont 333

Drying plant, community, U.S.D.A 716

Duabanga sonneratioides, distribution

and use 751

Duck manure, analyses, Pa 23

Ducklings as affected by rice diet.

Can 677

Ducks, gonadectomy and secondary

sex characters 170

Durum wheat (See Wheat, durum.)

Dust —

bacteria In 885

prevention experiments, U.S.D.A- 790

prevention on roads 87

sprays. (See Sprays.)

Dye plants of Chile 336

Dyestuffs —

from Latin America 248

vegetable, of New Zealand 309

Dynamite, effect on yield of cotton

and corn, Tex 335

Dyscinetus bidentatus, notes 459

Dysdercua —

delauneyi, life history and rem-
edies 461

auturellus. (See Cotton stalner.)

946

EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED.

[Vol.38

Dysentery — Page.

amebic, transmission by files 563

ctironic bacterial. (See Johne's
disease.)
Dytiscus destructive to mosquito

larvae 766

Earias spp. and Rhogas parasite in

India 54

Earthquakes in California during

1916 115

Earthworms transmitting nematodes

to fowls 83

Earwig, European, life history and

remedies, U.S.D.A 56

Echinocystis oregana, seeds of 410

Economics, rural. (See Rural eco-
nomics.)

Ectogony, definition 526

Eddoes, varieties 33, 335

Education —

agricultural. (See Agricultural

education.)
at Pan American Scientific Con-
gress 794

Egg-
albumin, nitrogen distribution In 310
laying contest at Vineland, N.J_ 677

laying contest in Ireland 172

laying contest in New South

Wales 72

laying contest in Queensland — 173

laying contests in England 72

preservative, analyses. Can 666

production, breeding for 172

production, feeding for, W.Va__ 577
production in Rhode Island Red

fowls, U.S.D.A 876

production in winter, Wash 497

production, relation to pigmen-
tation 276

production, selection for 276

production, studies 171, 172

production, studies, Mont 373

shells, analyses 626

Eggplant —

color inheritance 443

early blight, notes, Wis 451

lace bag, studies 858

Eggs —

characteristics, W.Va 577

cost of production, N.J 373

fertility experiments, Can 677

for hatching, shipping long dis-
tances, Can 677

incubation, N. J 876

incubation, Wash 796

marketing by parcel post,

U.S.D.A 72

marketing cooperatively 392

marketing in Canada 294

packing 94

partly Incubated, shipping. Can. 677

preservation 867

production for war emergency 94

standardizing. Wash 298

Egrets, protection 556

Eitneria sticdw as a cause of cocci- Page,
diosis in calves 183

Elachistua aanninoideoe n. sp., de-
scription 566

Elaphidion tHllosum on pecan,

U.S.D.A 157

Elateridse, phylogeny 564

Electric motors for irrigation pump-
ing, Mont 186

Electricity —

effect on plant growth 525, 526

use on the farm 791

Electrolytes, measuring conductivity 523

Eleusine coracana —

analyses 368

culture experiments 135

Elevator dust, analyses, Can 666

Elk, book on 53

Elm —

forcing experiments, Vt 443

tree beetle, destruction by Eng-
lish sparrows 457

Embryomas in plants 752

Emetin, germicidal action 180

Emmer —

culture experiments. Can 634

culture in Wyoming, Wyo 527

varieties, Can 634

varieties for Utah dry lands,

U.S.D.A 230

Emmesomyia n.g. and n.spp., notes. 659

Empoa rosw —

in Nova Scotia 156

life history and habits 859

Empoasca —

maU. (See Apple leaf-hopper.)

sp. affecting pecan 762

unicolor, life history and habits. 859

Enarmonla caryana, notes 256, 762

Endive, mulching experiments, Mont. 344

Endothia —

gyrosa, distribution in America- 52
spp., pigments 225

Engineering, agricultural. {See Ag-
ricultural engineering.)

Engines —

Internal combustion, new fuel

for 893

oil and gasoline, for irrigation,

Mont 186

steam, tests of fuel 291

English sparrow, food habits 457

EntamcBba histolytica, transmission

by flies 563

Enteritis —

bacillary, transmission by files. 363
chronic. (See Johne's disease.)

Entomology —

bibliography 256

economic, in America 459

textbook 93

treatise 357

Entomosporium tnaculatum, notes — 858

Enzym action, studies 709, 802, 803

Enzyms —

of germinating red gram ... 9

1918]

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

947

Enzyms — Continued. Page.

of milk and butter, U.S.D.A 479

of pancreatic juice, coagulation- 710

proteolytic, textbook 611

Ephedrus nitidus n.sp., description 165

Ephelis oryzcd, notes 547, 84S

Ephydra macellaria, notes 363

Epizootics and their control during

war 287

Epochra canandenais. (See Currant
fruit-fly.)

Epyria extraneua n.sp., notes 557

Eragrostis spp., studies 66

Eriosoma —

pyrlcola, studies 560

ulmi, studies 464

Erysiphe graminis, notes 48

Erythrocytes of ox, pig, and sheep- 481

Essential oils in India 8

Ester-hydrolyzing substances, activ-
ity 803

Ethylgalactosid, sources 429

Eucalyptol chlorination products,

preparation 378

Eucalyptus —

oil industry in Nilgiris 8

variant forms 45

Eudetnis hotrana, remedies 257

Euetheola rugiceps, life history and

remedies, U.S.D.A 263

Eulachon, use as food 468

Eulecanium —

comi, notes 464

persiccB. (See Peach-scale.)
Eupatorium —

agertoides, toxicity, Ala.Col-

lege 883

utictPfoZittw, toxicity, U.S.D.A- 685, 883
Euproctis chrysorrhosa. (See Brown-
tail moth.)
Eupteromalus tachinaB n.sp., descrip-
tion 165

Euryachora cofteicola, notes 51

Eurydinota Uvidicorpus n.sp., de-
scription 565

Eurytoma pissodis n.sp., description- 565

Euscepea iatatce, notes, U.S.D.A 864

Eutelus —

})etulce n.sp., notes 565

iruchophagi n.sp., description — 165
Eiitettiai tenella. (See Beet leaf-
hopper.)
Euthrips —

citri. (See Orange thrlps.)
pyri. (See Pear thrlps.)
Eutypa lutiiunda coffeicola, notes — 51
Euvalsa paulowniw n.sp., description 648

Euxoa excellens, notes _— — 60

Evaporation —

and absorption, U.S.D.A 210

formula, U.S.D.A 511

from circular water surfaces 115, 223

from snow fields 41^

from snow surfaces, U.S.D.A 209

lunar periods in, U.S.D.A 510

studies 522

studies, equipment for — _— — 115

Exoascus deformans — Page.

notes 50, 550

notes. Can 546

Exobasidium —

hesperidum n.sp., description 849

vexana, notes 354

Experiment —

station In Santo Domingo 99

station in Virgin Islands 608

Station Record, notes 500

station workers, war service op-
portunities 1

stations and extension service,

closer relation 6

stations in France 406

stations, insular, investigations

at 601

stations, laws concerning,

U.S.D.A 95

stations, war emergency activ-
ities 4

stations, work and expenditures,

U.S.D.A 898

(See also Alabama, Alaska,
etc.)
Extension work. (See Agricultural
colleges and Agricultural exten-
sion.)
Extraction apparatus, treatment of

corks 411

Eye fly, life history and habits 359

Fagopyrismus in pigs 589

Fairs, community, U.S.D.A 392

Fairy rings, fungus, studies, U.S.D.A- 222

Fannia pusio, notes , 557

Farcy. (See Glanders.)
Farm —

animals. (See Live stock.)

buildings, heating systems for — 492

home, relation to food supply

and labor problems 694

homes, water supply for 391

laborers. (See Agricultural

laborers.)
lands, purchasing in New York 494
machinery. (See Agricultural

machinery.)
management courses in agricul-
tural colleges 696

operations, climatic control 414

products. (See Agricultural
products.

reservoirs, U.S.D.A 84

survey in Washington, Oregon,

and Idaho, U.S.D.A 824

wastes, utilization for feeding,

U.S.D.A 168

Farmers —

cooperative buying organizations,

Minn 190

institutes In United States,

U.S.D.A 899

Farming —

in blue grass region, Ky 693

in England, treatise 192

In Provo area, Utah, U.S.D.A— 493
in Tennessee -..^— — — 91

948

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBJ>.

[Vol. 38

Farming — Continaed. Page,

near Monett, Missouri, U.S.D.A 894

profitable, notes 493

textbook 297

(See also Agriculture.)

Farms —

diversified, in Texas 89

for sale in Maine 91

in New Hampsiiire, list and de-
scriptions 192

Irrigated, operation, Utah 391

irrigated, profits from, U.S.D.A- 493

^ irrigated, selecting, U.S.D.A 186

methods of organizing 191

sewage disposal on, Mont 188

water supply for, Mont 188

Fats —

and fatty acid derivatives in the

diet 570

determination in condensed milk

and milk powders 314

edible, in United States 265

from petroleum 714

in cookery 366

methods of analysis 206

method-s of sampling and analy-
sis 804

of grain sorghums, Okla 410

of Rhus laurina and R. diver-

siloba 202

sampling 206

Fatty acids. (Sec Acids.)

Fauna of Wyoming, U.S.D.A 255

Feathers, melanin pigment of 171

Federal —

Board for Vocational Education,

report 596

Farm Loan Bureau, organiza-
tion and purpose 191

Feed rack, description 593

Feeding —

of farm animals, treatise 268

summary of investigations 572

Feeding stuffs —

analyses 369, 411, 572

analyses, Can 666

buying, Vt 470

effect on eggs, W.Va 577

effect on texture and flavor of

butter, S.C 683

Inspection and anaylses, Mass_ 665

Inspection and analyses, Me 772

inspection and anaylses, Mich-_ 368

inspection and analyses, N.H 368

inspection and analyses, N.Y.

State 67

Inspection and analyses, Tex 369

inspection and analyses, Vt 470

inspection in North Carolina 572

Inspection in Pennsylvania 369

law in Michigan, Mich 368

law in Texas, Tex 369

of minor importance, Cal 168

utilization by fat cattle, U.S.

D.A. 469

valuation 66, 367, 368

{See also specific kinds.)

Feeds. (See Feeding stuffs.) Page.

Feldspar —

as a source of potash 123

fertilizing, value, Mass 218

Fence posts —

fungi attacking, Mo 645

preservation 643

preservation, Mo 644, 645

preservation, Pa 248

F(»nnel, presence In flour 712

Fermentation —

alcoholic, studies 317

viscous, studies 317

Ferments. (See Enzyms.)

Fern —

caterpillar, notes 358

poisoning in horses 788

Fertilime, analyses. Can 626

Fertilizer experiments —

Can. 624

Minn. 120, 825

Pa. 19

at Pee Dee substation, S.C 816

in Rhode Island 325

(See also special crops.)

Fertilizer requirements of soils.
(See Soils.)

Fertilizers —

analyses 411, 425

analyses. Can 626

application 624

application. Mo 619

effect on composition of wheat- 438
effect on composition of wheat,

Ohio 518

effect on quality of tobacco 139, 140, 239

effect on quality of tobacco, Pa_ 37
effect on weed growth in

meadows 141

imports and consumption in

United States 817

Inspection and analyses, Ky 124

inspection and analyses, Mass_ 626

inspection and analyses, N.H 328

inspection and analyses, R.I 521

Inspection and analyses, S.C 521

inspection and analyses, Tex. 328

inspection and analyses, Vt 425

inspection in California, Cal 425

inspection in Maryland 425

law in Delaware 124

long continued use, Pa 220

manufacture, Vt 423

mixing 519

nitrogenous. (See Nitrogenous

fertilizers.)
phosphatic. (See Phosphates.)
potash. (See Potash.)

prices, 1907-1917 521

profits from, Ohio 219

residual value 527

supply in United States,

U.S.D.A 820

textbook 196

use 119

use, Cal 119

use In war time, Ohio 723

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

949

Fertilizers — Continued. Page.

(See also specific materials.)

Fescue grass, culture experiments-. 133

Feterita —

chop, analyses, Tex 369

culture experiments, Tex 829, 831

culture in eastern Oregon,

U.S.D.A 432

fats and fatty acids of, Okla_.. 410

fertilizer experiments, Tex 830, 832

fertilizer experiments, D.S.D.A- 431
for silage, yields and value,

Cal 174

seeding experiments, Kans 630

Fetuses, transmission of antibodies

to in utero 284

Fiber —

crops in Chile 336

crude. (See Cellulose.)

Industry in Antigua 336

plants, kapok-like 529

Fibers —

plant, check list 637

textile, use in chemical analysis. 9

Fibrin—

from different animals, analyses 110

nitrogen distribution in 310

swelling in polybasic adds and

their salts 502

Ficus lauri folia latex as a vermifuge,

U.S.D.A 884

Field crops —

cost of production. Can 634

insects affecting 459, 556

manurial requirements 432

native, culture in Madras 230

y?ater requirements, Nebr 228

water requirements. Wash 227

(See also special crops.)

Field experiments —

error in, U.S.D..4. 743

technique, U.S.D.A 429

Field peas. (See Peas.)

Fig-
canker, notes 454

dieback, notes 454

leaf blight, cause 252

tree borer, three-lined, studies,

U.S.D.A 363

Figs-
culture in Florida 845

varieties, Tex 41

Filariasis In America 580

Filter, paper pulp, notes 506

Filtering tube, description 411

Fir —

balsam, factors influencing re-
production 45

Douglas, seeds of 45, 347

timber nailed Joints, tests 892

Fire —

blight, dissemination by in-
sects ■ ^^°

blight, investigations, Ohio 353

blight, transmission by bees 164

prevention and fire fighting on
the farm, U.S.D>A 492

Page.

Flreless cookers, notes 807

Fires, forest. (See Forest fires.)

Fish —

as a food resource 165

cured and salted, in United

States, U.S.D.A 866

distribution to Minnesota farm-
ers 153

louse, notes 661

meal for cows. Can 679

meal for pigs, U.S.D.A 472

meal, palatability and nutritive

value 66

preserving for domestic use 408

production and protection in

United States 663

purchasing and use 867

recipes 165, 468

scrap, analyses, N.Y.State 67

scrap, fertilizing value, S.C 517

Flax-
chaff, analyses, Can 666

culture experiments 132

culture experiments. Can 634

culture experiments, Minn 825

culture in Utah, U.S.D.A 230

fertilizer experiments 33

fertilizer experiments, Can 634

fiber, studies. Can 646

liming experiments 34

pests and diseases in New Zea-
land 257

retting, review of literature 715

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A- 129

seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 431

shlves, analyses. Can 666

varieties. Can 634

varieties, U.S.D.A 31, 230, 431

wilt, investigations, U.S.D.A 449

Flaxseed and legume combinations,

preparation. Wash 365

Fleas and their control, U.S.D.A 363

Flies —

control in military camps 60, 262

house. (See House fly.)

muscid, winter observations 262

overwintering 766

relation to bacillary enteritis 363

relation to poliomyelitis 262

remedies 282

repellents. Can 679

studies 563

traps for 60

white. (See White fly.)

Floods of southern California 890

Flora —

of Rocky Mountains and adja-
cent plains 732

of Wyoming, U.S.D.A 255

Flour —

antinearitic properties after

baking 481

baking qualities, Kan 663

barley, analyses. Can 666

burned, milling and baking tests 567

catalase activity 712

950

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

[Vol. 38

Flonr — Continued. Page,

conservation in United States — 792

determination of fineness 314

judging 711, 712

low-grade, analyses 369

low-grade, analyses, Mass 665

low-grade, analyses, N.H 369

milling 538

poisonous 712

red dog, analyses 572

red dog, analyses. Mass 665

red dog, analyses, N.Y.State 67

supply in United States, U.S.D.A. 867

Flower gardens for little girls 297

Flowers —

breeding experiments, Can 641

cultivated, injury by bees 264

culture experiments, Can 641

greenhouse culture 39

of western United States, guide 732

varieties, Can 641

varieties, Tex 842

Flue dusts, analyses 424

Fluids, revolving, dynamics, U.S.D.A. 210

Fluorin, determination in presence of

phosphorus 313

Fodders of South India, analyses 368

Fog-
along California coast, U.S.D.A. 511
at United States lighthouses,

U.S.D.A 511

effect on redwood 522

relation to spread of plant dis-
eases, U.S.D.A 47

signal machinery, acoustic ef-
ficiency, U.S.D.A 510

Fames —

australia, notes 548

lignosus, notes 52, 53

lucidua, notes 354

pinicola, treatment 855

Food —

and nutrition, chemistry of,

treatise 661

bacteriological examination,

treatise 11

buying 366

cereal. (See Cereal foods.)

chart, description 64

composition and cost 366

conservation- 94, 167, 266, 662, 770, 795

conservation, N.Dais 266

general discussion with recipes. 867

home drying and canning 94

in war time, book 662

inspection In Kentucky, Ky 867

inspection in North Dakota,

N.Dak 167, 867

Inspection in Wisconsin 867

left-over, utilization 770

marketing in New York 293

plants of ancient America 167

preparation 663

preparation and use, Conn. State 862

prices in England 90

prices In Washington State^.:.. 568

Food — Continued. Page

production and conservation by

boys' and girls' clubs 795

production for 1918, U.S.D.A__ 89

production in Great Britain — 102, 192

production in Portugal 99

production in United States. 101, 266

production, increasing, Wash 298

products inspection law, U.S.

D.A 366

requirement in infancy 267

supply in various countries 4fl4

supply of France 896

supply of Germany 293

supply of Great Britain 266, 694

supply of Jamaica 769

supply of poor families 769

supply of United States, U.S.

D.A 896

survey in United States 366

tables, booklet 469

terms, notes 366

valuation 64

values per acre of staple farm

products, U.S.D.A 292

(See also Diet.)

Foodstuffs, cereal and vegetable. In

United States, U.S.D.A 866

Foot-and-mouth disease —

in Iowa 78

in Sweden- 784

Forage —

mixtures, digestibility 778

poisoning, studies, Ky 383, 384

Forage crops —

breeding experiments 526

culture experiments 433, 526, 735

culture experiments, Hawaii 828

culture experiments. Mo 632

culture experiments, Tex 31

fertilizer experiments 433

tests, Hawaii 827

varieties 433

varieties, Mo 632

varieties, Mont 333

varieties, Tex_^ 31

varieties, U.S.D.A 431

winter, Cal 735

(See also special crops.)

Forest —

administration. {See Forestry.)

associations of Gulf Coast 145

botany of India 332

experiment station at Cloquet,

report, Minn 845

exploration in Patagonia 246

fires in Connecticut, Conn. State. 246

fires in Oregon 544

fires in Texas 145

fires In United States 317

lands, State ownership 349

pathology problems in United

States 355

plantations at Alton, New York_ 348
products of Canada, statistics 146, 147

reproduction, natural, U.S.D.A- 14©

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

951

Forest — Continned. Page.

Research Institute, Dehra Don,

report 543

seeds. (See Tree seeds.)

sites, determination 846

soils, composition 722

supervisors, technical education

for 495

survey of town of Redding,

Conn. State 247

taxation In United States 543

tent caterpillar, notes 358

trees. (See Trees.)
Fores tatlon —

in Norway 544

of sand dunes, U.S.D.A 348

studies, Minn 845

Forestry —

farm, notes 543

field parties, first aid manual,

U.S.D.A 645

in America 643

in Baluchistan 846

In Canada 246,349

In Colorado 643

In Great Britain 544

in Hawaii 644

In Hoknshu, Japan 447

in India 144, 247, 543, 845, S46

in Kentucky 543

in Korea 349

in Latin America 246

in Maryland 144

in New Brunswick 543

in New Zealand 247

in North Carolina 543

in Oregon o44

in Pennsylvania, Pa 44

In Philippines 45,246

In Queensland 145

In Russia, relation to " black

storms" 145

in South America 246

in South Australia 751

instruction in Latin America — 199

manual 751

Forests —

effect on climate of Switzer-
land 14

growth in Natal 144

National, conservation of game_ 555
National timber surveys.

U.S.D.A •'549

of Florida 643

of Isthmus of Panama 544

of Kongo 247,248

of northern Manitoba, ecological

features '^32

relation to European war 643

relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A-. 510

relation to soils 542

taxation, Minn 146

yield tax, basis for 46

Forflcula auricularia, life history and

remedies, U.S.D.A

ForoBaldehyde —

effect on protelB hydrolysis 201

56

Formaldehyde — Continued. Page.

effect on soil organisms, Vt 420

use against mastitis 286

Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.)
Formic acid or formates, determina-
tion 313

Formlcidae of Italy 364

Foul brood, recognition and treat-
ment, Ky 264

Fowl —

nematode, transmission by

earthworms 83

typhoid, studies 788

Fowls —

bone repair in, N.C 385

breeding for egg production 172

effect of age on fecundity 372

effect of castration on erectile

organs 170

egg-laying cycles as basis for se-
lection 172

gonadectomy and secondary sex

characters 170

inheritance of spangling in 275

pedigreeing 577

pigmentation and egg produc-
tion 276

pigmentation In feathers of 171

reproduction in 372

testing genetically 775

(See aUo Poultry.)

Foxes, raising In captivity 577

Foxtail, feeding value, Cal 168

Francoa elegans n.g. and n.sp. on

roses In Italy 463

Frit fly, notes 257, 460

Fritillaria, rusts of 548

Frost —

forecasting, U.S.D.A 200

in Kentucky, Ky 208

in United States 415

prevention In orchards, Can 641

spring, in eastern United States,

U.S.D.A 717

Fruit —

as a food essential. Wash 298

breeding experiments. Can 641

brown rot, investigations 852

buds, development, Mo 640

butters, preperation, U.S.D.A — 317

canning 94, 867

canning, Cal 208

canning, U.RD.A 12

canning and preserving 114, 715

citrus. (See Citrus fruits.)

culture. Wash 298

culture, booklet 446

culture experiments. Can 641

culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 444

culture in Brazil 142

culture in Queensland 540

culture, treatise 344

diseases in Italy 351

dried, cooking, U.S.D.A 12

dried, South American markets. 347

drying 114,507,716

drying in tbe borne, U.S.D.A... 12

952

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

[Vol. 38

Fruit — Continued. Page,

dusting 358

evaporation and drying, U.S.

D.A. 316

fertilizer experiments 540

fly, Mediterranean, as a menace

to Florida 262

fly, Mediterranean, In Hawaii,

U.S.D.A. 658

fly, parasites, U.S.D.A 659

fly parasites in Hawaii, U.S.D.A- 767

forecasting probable bloom, Mo_ 639

greenhouse culture 39

insects affecting 459, 460

Insects affecting, Kans 653

June drop 541

marketing 344

of Chile 336

orchard, culture experiments, N.

Mex. 641

orchard, culture in South Aus-
tralia 540

orchard, insects and diseases of_ 257
orchard, plat experiments, U.S.

D.A. 743

orchard, varieties, N.Mex 641

pollination by bees 264

preservation 616

propagation 345

shipping organizations, account-
ing systems for, U.S.D.A 793

email, culture and preservation- 842
small, culture experiments, N.

Mex. 641

small, varieties, N.Mex 641

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 54

standard containers, U.S.D.A 40

stone, diseases in Rhone valley- 50

stone, gummosls and brown rot_ 454

storage cellars 292

tree leaf roller, notes 358

tree Nectria, notes 548

tree root knot, studies 852

tree silver-leaf disease, cause 50

trees, dying in New Zealand 452

trees, failure to bear. Wash 298

trees, fall v. spring planting 41

trees, fall v. spring planting.

Mo 640

trees, variability of yield,

U.S.D.A 743

tropical, tests, Hawaii 842

unilocular, asymmetry and fer-
tility in 29

use in the diet, U.S.D.A 166

varieties. Can 641

varieties, Minn 142

varieties, Tex 842

varieties, U.S.D.A 142, 443

waste, vinegar from Cal 414

Fuel prices In Washington State 568

Puller's earth, use in chemical sepa-

tions 411

Fumes, effect on vegetation 429

Fumigation, notes 458

Fungi —

actloii in sofis 1118

Fungi — Continued. Page.
as affected by Roentgen and ul-
traviolet rays 855

entomogenous. In Barbados 157

growth in plant decoctions 524

of Japan 426, 648

parasitic, dissemination 349

parasitic, growth in cultures 757

physiology 524

textbook 147

wood-destroying, black zones of - 555

wood-destroying, culture media- 254

Fungicides —

analyses, Can 643

use with arsenical poisons 156

Fungus fairy rings, studies, U.S.D.A. 222

Furs, home manufacture, treatise 13

Fusarium —

cubense, description, P.R 757

lateHtium, relation to apple

sour sap 452

Uni, studies U.S.D.A 449

oxysporum, studies, Hawaii 848

sp. on carnations 51

spp. on coffee 51

spp., relation to potato tuber

rot and wilt 149

trichothecioides on watermelon,

Mo 645

vasinfecttim on okra, U.S.D.A 851

Fushia n.g. and n.sp., description 857

Fusicladiuin —

dendriUcum. (See Apple scab.)
macro sporum, notes 153, 356

Fusicoccum putrefaciens —

n. sp., description, U.S.D.A 252

relation to temperature and

rainfall, U.S.D.A 454

Gabis, culture 231

Galactose, toxicity for green plants- 224

Galactosidase ft in vegetable king-
dom 524

Galerucella decora, notes 257

Galls-
artificial production 426

Chinese, notes 764

of Java 259

Game —

conservation 555

laws in 1917, U.S.D.A 456

Garbage —

for pigs 372

for pigs, U.S.D.A 274

Garden —

crop diseases, notes 257

crop diseases, treatment, U.S.D.A. 241
crops, culture in South Aus-
tralia 540

crops. Insects affecting — 257, 459, 556

flea-hopper in Maryland 154

planting calendar, Wash 796

Gardening —

courses In negro schools 92

notes 297,. 442

notes. 111 643

treatise — 39, 94, 344, 843

1918]

IKDEX OP SUBJECTS.

953

Gardens —

farm, N.Dak 843

school. (See School gardens.)

small, value, U.S.D.A 792

Garget. (Bee Mammltis.)
Gas —

engines, magnetos for 893

engines, nomenclature 893

engines, port area and power 893

engines, short-course Instruction

in 95

engines, valve mechanism 593

Injurious to vegetation 28

molecules, condensation and

evaporation, U.S.D.A 511

Gasoline —

as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A 884

distillation 390

properties, testing, and specifi-
cations 389

Oasterocercodes gossypii in Brazil 54

Oastrophilus —

equi. (See Horse botflies.)

intestinalis, investigations 83

spp., relation to swamp fever In

horses, N.Dak 689

Gelatin, swelling in polybasic acids

and their salts 501, 502

Oelechia confusella, biology and rem-
edies, U.S.D.A 861

(Gelechia) Pectinophora gossypiella

in Brazil 562,765

Geography of world's agriculture,

U.S.D.A 895

Geophysical stations, need of,

U.S.D.A 812

Georgia College, notes 96

Geranium oil industry in Nilgiris 9

Oibberella sauiinettU, notes, Can 646

Gipsy moth —

control by forest utilization 145

control by parasites 159

distribution in Canada 459

In Great Britain 562

larvae, dissemination of white-
pine blister rust by, U.S.D.A- 860

notes, U.S.D.A 58

parasites and predatory enemies

in Canada 556

parthenogenesis in 261

Girls' clubs —

food production by 795

In Canada 297

Glaciers, Alpine, variations, U.S.D.A. 812
Gland extracts, action on tubercle

and other actd-fast bacilli 81

Glanders —

diagnosis 886

diagnosis, U.S.D.A 284

In Brazil 784

outbreaks in England 282

aerum, preparation 379

Glassware, chemical, tests 309

Glaze, notes, U.S.D.A 511

OKptocranium gaateracanthoides,
notes -- ''"^

82481°— 18 6

OlaospoHum — Page.

eMorubrum, notes 53, 759

coffeanum, notes 51

elastica, notes 153

(Qlomerella) ffosst/pti, growth in

plant decoctions 524

muswrum, treatment 547

nervisequum on sycamores. Can. 646

sp. on shade trees. Mass 249

venetum, life history and treat-
ment, N.Y.Comell 853

venetum, perfect stage 252

Glomerella —

cingulata, relation to tempera-
ture and rainfall, U.S.D.A 454

gossypii, growth in plant decoc-
tions 524

Glossitis, gangrenous, In horses 178

Glucose —

decomposition by Bacillus coli

communis 709

determination in xirine 713

humitication 26

Glue factory waste as source of lime,

Pa 22

Gluten —

feed, analyses, Ind 376

feed, analyses, N.H 369

feed, palatability and nutritive

value 66

meal, analyses. Mass 665

Glycerin —

effect on activity of Invertase 502

humiflcation 26

toxicity 283

Olypta evetrUB n.sp., description 565

Goat manure, analyses. Pa 23

Goats —

breeding and care, U.S.D.A 878

milch, Iowa 878

milch, U.S.D.A 878

milch, in California, Cal 177

Oobaishia n.g. and n.sp., description 857

Goes sp., notes, U.SJD.A 363

Goessmann, C. A., biographical

sketch 810

Gomphus parvidens, n.sp., descrip-
tion 66

Gonadectomy in relation to second-
ary sex characters of domestic

birds 170

Goniodes zenaidurcB n.sp., descrip-
tion 761

Gooseberries —

culture and marketing, Ind 844

culture In western Washington,

Wash 298

fertilizer experiments 540

insects afTectlng, U.S.D.A 843

resistance to pine blister rust — 151
Gooseberry —

leaf spot, studies. Can 546

mildew, control in Scotland 546

mildew, treatment 853

Gopher poisons, analyses, C.nn 653

Gossypol —

chemistry of SOI

954

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

I Vol. 38

Gossypol — Continued. Page,
determination in cottonseed

meal 113

Investigations, U.S.D.A 685

Grain —

aphis, correct name 462

crops, Insects affecting, U.S.D.A. 54
culture in the Dakotas and Mon-
tana, U.S.D.A 230

culture on' Utah dry lands,

U.S.D.A 230

identification of races 33

inspection In Montana, Mont 538

irrigating, W.S.D.A 186

moth, Angoumois, biology 862

plats, harvesting device for 228

production in Great Britain an<1

Ireland 594

products, consumption in Eu-
rope 59.5

sampling and grading, U.S.D.A- 140

seeds, large v. small, Nebr 732

shrinkage tests, Ohio 840

small, culture experiments, Tex_ 829

small, varieties, Tex 829

small, varieties, U.S.D.A 30

smuts, descriptions and treat-
ment, Mont 249

smuts in Java 448

smuts, studies, Mo 645

spring-sown, Wash 796

statistics in United Kingdom- 494, 495

storage 693

trade of United States, confer-
ence on 294

winter, culture In Wyoming,

Wyo 527

(Bee also Cereals and special
crops.)

Gram —

as a forage crop 336

as a green manure 220

culture experiments 433, 635

fertilizer experiments 230

meal, analyses 572

red, enzyms of 9

selection experiments 635

varieties 635

wilts, notes 351, 547

Granges In New Jersey 594

Grape —

anthracnose or black spot, notes. 853

chlorosis, treatment 51, 151

court noue, notes 552

court nou6, treatment 754

diseases and pests, treatment,

U.S.D.A 843

diseases in Italy 351

downy mildew, studies- 51, 651, 754, 755

downy mildew, treatment 51,

552, 754, 755

industry in California 541

juice, preservation 617

little leaf, notes 754

mildew, notes 548

mildew, treatment 47

Grape — Continued. Page.

Oldium, treatment 552, 651, 757

phylloxera, control in Italy 58

powdery mildew, treatment 541

roncet, studies 151

rust, notes 757

Grapefruit —

scab in Porto Rico 454

skins, analyses. Conn. State 626

top-working 541

varieties for Texas, Tex 40

Grapes —

culture in South Australia 540

defoliation for control of pestS- 257

direct-bearing hybrids, tests 845

dusting 358

dusting experiments, Can 546

filage of 754

forcing experiments, Vt 443

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

muscadine, home uses, U.S.D.A- 114

seedless, pruning, Cal 747

spraying 144

varieties, Tex 41, 842

varieties, U.S.D.A 443

Grapevine —

aphis, life history, U.S.D.A 260

pyralid, bacterial disease of 654

Grapevines, buried, changes in 822

OraphoUta scMstaceana, notes 465

Grass —

culture experiments 132

culture experiments. Can 634

culture for winter forage, Cal — 735

culture on moor soils 132

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii — 829

fertilizer experiments. Mass 218

fodder, of German East Africa- 66

fodder, of Java 528

for irrigated pastures 337

for irrigated pastures, U.S.D.A- 130

Insects affecting 557

mixtures, tests 133

mixtures, tests, Kans 666

moths in Quebec 459

of Ohio 528

plats, harvesting device for 228

varieties ^ 433

varieties. Can 634

varieties, Hawaii 828

varieties, Minn 131

varieties, Tex 335

{See also specific kinds.)

Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.)

Grasslands —

improvement 635

relation to food production in

Great Britain 635

Rocky Mountain, and prairies,

comparison 824

top-dressing. Mass 218

Gravel for road surfacing 692

Grazing, effect on western yellow

pine reproduction, U.S.D.A 447

Great Lakes, meteorological influ-
ences 317

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

955

Page.

Greedy scale on olive, Cal 157

Green —

manure crops, insects affecting- 357
manure crops, plowing under v.

feeding, Ohio 622

manure, decomposition in soil,

U.S.D.A 623

manure, effect on soil acidity,

Pa 20

manure, relation to nitrogen

fixation 27

manuring in Mysore 220

scale, notes 364

Greenhouse —

crops, insects affecting 459, 556

soils, sterilization 556

Greenhouses —

construction and equipment 39

fumigation 155, 158

fumigation, U.S.D.A 258, 330

Greens, preservation, U.S.D.A 266

Greensand deposits in eastern United

States 122

Ground squirrels, control, Cal 456

Groundnuts. (See Peanuts.)

Grouse disease, paper on 256

Growth —

dietary factors in 367

organic, electrolytic concept 524

studies 729

Guam Station, work of 607

Guanidin, nitrification in soils, Ala.

College 119

Guanin in cow's milk 506

Guar meal, analyses 572

Guinea —

fowls, breeding, feeding, and

marketing, U.S.D.A n't-

grass, analyses 368

pigs, color inheritance In 776

pigs, normal metabolism 572

Gum, humification 26

Gums of Chile 336

Gunfire —

effect on rainfall 115

effect on rainfall, U.S.D.A 511

Gymnoconia interstitialis, notes 454

Gymnosperms, serodiagnostic classifi-
cation 731

Gymnosporangium spp. —

galls of 448

inoculation experiments 253

investigations 151

Gypsum —

analyses, R.I 521

effect on fermentation of ma-
nure 19

HcematoMa serrata. (See Horn-fly.)

Eamatopinus asini, biology and

remedies 184

Ewmotrichomonas n.g. and n.spp.,

notes "^^^

Hail in Kansas, U.S.D.A 209

Hailstones of exceptional form and

size, U.S.D.A 210

Hailstorm of August 8, 1917, U.S. Page.

DA. 811

Hair, availability of nitrogen in 423

Halids, method for titration 204

Ilalisidota caryw, studies, U.S.D.A- 464

Halos, notes, U.S.D.A 511

Haltica jamaicensis, life history 864

Halticua citri in Maryland 154

Ilapalophragmium ponderosum, notes 848
Hardwood —

destructive distillation 808

resistance to creosote, U.S.D.A- 892

Harlequin cabbage bug, notes, N.Mex- 653

Harmostes spp. in United States 764

Hawaii —

Station, report 899

Station, work of 604

Sugar Planters' Station, Index

to bulletins 497

Sugar Planters' Station, report- 796
Hay-
crops, seeding, Iowa 33

harvesting with sweep rake,

U.S.D.A. 88

mixtures, tests, Tex 830

rotation experiments 133

yields in Australia 133

(See also Alfalfa, Clover, Tim-
othy, etc.)
Haymaking —

cost data, U.S.D.A 793

machinery in England 190

Heat —

destruction of lice and nits by- 859
transmission through building

materials 87, 492

(See also Temperature.)
Heating —

plants, domestic, wet coal for 87

systems for farm buildings 492

Hegari, dwarf, culture in eastern

Oregon, U.S.D.A 432

Heifers —

dairy, cost of raising, Ohio 176

factors affecting development,

Mo. 682

open shed v. stables for. Can 680

selection for milk production 74

winter rations for, Mo 681

Helcnium tenui^olium, toxicity, Ala.

College 883

Heliophila unipuncta. (Hee Army

worm.)
Heliothis obaoleta. (See Cotton boll-
worm.)

Heliothrips fasciatus on olive, Cal 157

U elminthosporium —

sacchari, studies 851

sp. on coconut 758

Helopeltis spp., investigations 259

Hematology, textbook 481

Hematuria, bovine, symptoms and

pathology 48C

HemerophUa pariana, notes 60

Hemicelluloso, humification 26

Hemileia vastatriw, treatment 047

956

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[Vol. 38

Hemlptera in America nortli of Page.

Mexico 763

Ilcmiteles fulvipea, notes 768

Hemlock —

timber nailed joints, tests 892

western, analyses 309

western, stimulating seed pro-
duction in 644

Hemorrhagic septicemia. (See Septi-
cemia.)

Hemp —

culture experiments 336

culture experiments, Can 634

culture in Antigua 336

fertilizer experiments, Can 634

fiber, studies, Can 646

insects affecting 54

retting, review of literature 715

varieties, Can 634

Hen manure, analyses, Pa 23

Hendersonia coffecB, notes 51

Hens —

feeding experiments, Mont 373

laying, selection 775

V. pullets for egg production,

Can 667

Herbs, drying 114

Heredity —

chromosome theory 525

factorial hypothesis 65

in clover 434

in morning-glories, N.Y.Cornell- 750

in pigs, Kans 675

In Plsum, U.S.D.A 226

in Primula and Pisum 822

in tobacco 238

manual 367

of anthocyan pigment in rice 29

of bract teeth in cotton 532

of coat color in animals. 269, 574, 776
of earworm resistance in corn,

U.S.D.A 445

of egg production in fowls,

U.S.D.A 876

of endosperm color in maize- 226, 737

of fertility in Southdown sheep- 574

of fruit color in vegetables 443

of nipples in swine 65

of oil in cotton 533

of pericarp color in corn 332, 531

of seed color in beans 539

of self-sterility in plants 823

of spangling in poultry 275

of sterility in rye 236

of twinning in mammals 574

of variegation in Plantago 731

of wilt resistance in flax,

U.S.D.A 449

of wool character in caracul

sheep 575

Heronry at Walker Lake 556

Herring, fresh and pickled, food

value 365

Hessian fly —

discrimination between kinds
and varieties of grain,

U.S.D.A 863

Hessian fly — Continued. Page.

life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 54

notes 466

notes, Kans 653

remedies. Mo 653

Heterakis papulosa, earthworm vec-
tor 83

Heterodera radicicola, treatment 555

Heterophyes heterophyes, transmis-
sion by flies 563

Heterosis, explanation 367

Hevea brasiliensia. (See Rubber,
Para.)

Hickory — ■

aphid, little, on pecan, U.S.D.A- 157

cos.sid on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

nut oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A— 868

phylloxera on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

tiger-moth injurious to orchards,

U.S.D.A 464

twig girdler on pecan, U.S.D.A- 157

Hides, disinfection 784

Highways. (See Roads.)

Hilaria mutica as a hay or silage

crop, U.S.D.A 471

Himantia stellifera, studies 851

Hinoki, fertilizer experiments 624

Eirayumanaia n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription 857

Histidin —

nutritive value 569

preparation 708

Hog cholera —

bacillus, virulence after passage

through rabbits -382

control 888

control, U.S.D.A 183

control in Iowa 78

immunization 888

immunization, Cal 287

immunization, 111 589

immunization, Ind 689

immunization, Mass 281

immunization, Mo 684

in Argentina 787

notes 178, 179, 576, 888

outbreaks in England 282

prevention and treatment,

U.S.D.A 83

review of investigations 381

serum as affected by freezing — 487

studies, Ind 688

transmission 381

Hog houses, movable, U.S.D.A 894

Hogs. (See Pigs.)

(Homalomyia) Fannia pusio, notes- 557

Home economics —

courses in 94, 497, 597

demonstration work in Louisi-
ana schools 196

education, relation to social

hygiene : — 394

extension, work and expendi-
tures, U.S.D.A 899

instruction in Canada 299

instruction in Detroit schools 599

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

957

Home economics — Continued. Page,

instruction in elementary schools 897

instruction in Georgia 296

instruction in Massachusetts 396

instruction in Philippine schools 300

instruction in rural schools 697

instruction in universities and

colleges 394

work of States Relations Service 898

Hominy feed —

analyses 369

analyses, Mass 665

analyses, Mich 368

analyses, N.H 369

analyses, N.Y. State 67

analyses, Tex 369

composition and digestibility,

U.S.D.A. 68

energy value, U.S.D.A 68

Homceonychia rapw n.s-p., description. 767

Homoptera —

of Formosa 361

of Hawaii 557

Honey —

methods of analysis 315

production in United States,

1918 program, U.S.D.A 865

Honeybees. (See Bees.)

Honge tree leaves and oil cake, fer-
tilizing value 220

Hop —

mildew, resistance to fungicides- 450
redbug, life history and reme-
dies 559

Hops, arsenic in, U.S.D.A 9

Horco-molle tree, oil from 714

Horn fly, repellents for 358

Horse —

and mule as twins 574

and zebra hybrids, skull char-
acters 65

beans, culture for winter for-
age, Cal 735

botflies, investigations 83

chestnut Phyllosticta disease — 545

chestnuts, analyses 410

diseases, control during war 287

diseases, relation to phosphate

depletion of soil 118

diseases, treatise 781

lice, biology and remedies 184

mange, treatment 82

manure, analyses. Pa 23

saliva, amyloclastic activity 180

spermatozoa, longevity outside

the body 170

Horsegram as a green manure 220

Horsepox, studies 586

Horses —

breaking 775

breeding, care, and management. 274

breeding in Great Britain 71

cost of keeping 790

cost of keeping. Mo 693

cost of raising and keeping, Can_ 675

draft, fattening for market, Pa. 71

Horses — Continued. Page.

draft, selection, Mont. 275

feeding, Kans 576

feeding, Mont 169

feeding experiments, Kans 676

feeding experiments. Mo 676

Immunization against forage

poisoning, Ky 383, 384

In Scotland, Russia, and New

Zealand 595

oil cakes for 572

raising in Argentina 576

small, in modern warfare 775

(See also Ponies.)

Horticultural laws of California— 142
Hot wave in southern California,

U.S.D.A 210

House fly —

notes, U.S.D.A 60

overwintering 61, 262

OTiposltion as affected by chem-
icals 563

relation to poliomyelitis 262

remedies 160

studies 362

Household —

biology, primer 898

pests and their treatment, Ky_ 258

waste, analyses 626

waste, analyses. Conn. State 625

Housekeeping schools In Norway 794

Humidity, effect on heat transmis-
sion 87

Humin nitrogen of protein hydroly-
sis, origin 201

Humogen. (See Peat, bacterized.)
Humus —

effect on Azotobacter, Tenn 329

formation 26, 27, 720

in mulched basins, U.S.D.A 814

relation to soil fertility 421

Hurricane, tropical, in southeastern

Louisiana, U.S.D.A 511

Hurlcanes, West Indies, U.S.DA 812

Hyalopterus pruni in Egypt 158

Hybridization. (See Plant breeding

and Animal breeding.)
Hydraulic conversion tables and

equivalents 187

Hydrochloric acid, effect on mineral

excretion of dogs 570

Hydrocyanic acid gas —

as a soil fumigant, U.S.D.A 457

detection 258

effect on plants, U.S.D.A 330

fumigation with 155, 158,458

Hydrogen-Ion concentration —

determination 225

effect on germination of Gra-

mlnp£e 24

effect on growth of barley seed-
lings 736

Hydrogenation, catalytic, in presence

of carbon monoxid 409

Hydrolysis, effect on nitrogen distri-
bution In fibrin 310

958

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) Page.

Hydroxyl-ion concentVation, effect

on growth of barley seedlings 736

Hydrozetes, revision 460

Hygiene and preventive medicine,

treatise 882

Hygrometry, improved methods,

U.S.D.A 210

Hylemyia antiqua, remedies 155

Hymenochwte noxia, notes 52, 53, 354

Eyphantria cunea. (See Webwonn,

fall.)
Eypoaspis arniatus n.sp., descrip-
tion 63

Eypoderma lineata in Netherlands_ 563
Eypopteromalus percussor n.sp., de-
scription 768

Eysterium coffeanum, notes 51

Ice —

cream, bacteriological examina-
tion, U.S.D.A 75

cream, bacteriological studies,

Iowa 868

cream laboratory guide 281

house, small, description,

U.S.D.A 476

houses, construction, Mont 190

houses, plans for 292

of Greenland and its foehn,

U.S.D.A 812

vapor pressure, U.S.D.A 811

Icerya purchasi. (See Cottony

cushion scale.)
Idaho University and Station,

notes 399, 797

Idiocerus —

niveosparsus, remedies 360

acurra (I. gemmisimulans) ,

studies 764

Illinois Beekeepers' Association, re-
port 164

Imbibition in plants 729

Immunity —

and infection, monograph 482

and tissue transplantation 583

infection, and specific therapy,

textbook 781

relation to specific parenteral

digestion 580

Immunization. (See Hog cholera,
Tuberculosis, etc.)

Immunology, cellular, studies 78

Inbreeding —

formulas for 367

numerical measure 269

studies 65

Incubation, notes. Wash 796

Incubators, operation, N.J 876

Incurvaria rubiella, remedies 466

India rubber. (See Rubber.)

Indian meal moth, life history 562

Indiana Station, notes 96, 198, 797

Indigo —

as a green manure 337

breeding experiments 526

culture experiments 336. r>'2Ci

culture in Bihar 234

Page.

Infants, food requirement, 267

Infection —

and immunity, monograph 482

immunity, and specific therapy,

textbook 781

Influenza, equine, treatment 788

Inheritance. (See Heredity.)
Insect —

eggs, toxicity of volatile organic

compounds to, U.S.D.A 858

parasites, cages for 566

pests of the household, Ky 258

powder, examination, U.S.D.A__ 207
Insecticides —

analyses, Can 643

preparation and use, U.S.D.A__ 843

rules and regulations, U.S.D.A- 56

tests 156

(See also specific forms.)
Insects —

as affected by smelter gases 458

as carriers of fire blight 558

attacking weeds in Minnesota 155

beneficial, selection and breed-
ing 558

collecting and preserving 156

control by fungi and bacteria 357

control by parasites 258

destruction in seed rooms 241

destruction in soils, U.S.D.A 457

dissemination of diseases by 558

distribution, graphically illus-
trating 858

economic, in Costa Rica 358

feeding value for poultry,

U.S.Dj^ 71

garden, remedies, Va. Truck 54

garden, summary of informa-
tion, Ind 54

greenhouse, remedies, Ohio 857

household and camp, remedies- 857

imported into New Jersey 857

injurious —

control in United States 256

In Antigua 256

in Borneo 54

in British Columbia 155

in British Guiana 459

in Canada 459, 556, 857

in Cuba 556

in Dutch East Indies 548

In Federated Malay States- 460

in Finland 256

in Georgia 256

in Great Britain 4G0

in Grenada 857

in Hawaii 557

in India 157. 257

in Indiana 556

in Italy 460

in Jamaica 459

in Japan 857

in Kansas, • Kans 653

in Kief 256

in Madras 350

in Marvlaud 154

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

959

I n sects — CoE tinned.

injuries — continued. Page.

in Massachusetts, Mass 25S

in Minnesota 1.55

in Missouri, Mo 653

in New Hampshire 155

in New Mexico, N.Mex 053

in Nova Scotia 358

in Ontario 358

in Ontario, Can 545

iu Oregon 857

in Pennsylvania 550

in Philippines 459

in Quebec 459

in Tennessee, Tenn 357

in West Indies 54

in Wisconsin 155

in Yakima Co., Washington 653
introduction into United

States, U.S.D.A 154

notes 557

remedies 558

textbooli 94

to apples in Nova Scotia — 156

to artichokes, N.Y. State 41

to asparagus, U.S.D.A 41

to cabbage 459

to cacao 461

to coconut palm 157

to coffee 558,857

to corn 54

to cotton 54

to cotton, U.S.D.A 357

to cranberries, U.S.D.A 460

to dried fruits, U.S.D.A___ 317

to fruits 257. 460

to fruit, U.S.D.A 843

to garden and truck

crops 157, 257, 558

to garden crops, U.S.D.A — 241

to grain crops, U.S.D.A 54

to grass and clover 557

to green manure crops 357

to hemp 54

to imported nursery stock- S57

to litchi, Hawaii 44

to olives, Cal 157

to pecan 762

to pecan, U.S.D.A 157

to prickly pear 257

to shade trees 257. 357

to tea 461

to wheat, Ohio 197

local environmental complex 358

observing, collecting, and study-
ing 357

of Great Britain, treatise 557

papers on - — 256

pocket guide 761

recognition among 154

relation to disease in man and

animals 358

scale. (See Scale insects.)
soil, behavior in evaporation,
carbon dioxld, and ammonia

gradients 54

soil, relation to climate 357

Insects — Continued. Page,

transmission of swamp fever by. 788

use In study of heredity 358

(See also specific itisects.)
International Institute of Agricul-
ture, decade of work 701

Intracutaneous absorption, specificity 482
Inulin in chicory root, decomposi-
tion 602

lodin, toxic effect on plants 629

Iowa —

College, notes 198, 699

Station, notes 198

Ipecac alkaloids, protozoocidal and

bactericidal action 180

IponKca purpurea, heredity in, N.Y.

Cornell 750

Iron —

assimilation by rice, P.R 728

effect on plants 727

immobility in plants, P.R 728

salts as an antidote to cotton-
seed meal poisoning 282

salts, effect on toxicity of cot-
tonseed meal, Tenn 370

separation from aluminum 10

solubility in soils 727

sprays, effect on forage crops
grown on manganese soils,

Hawaii 829

Irrigation —

by borders or sloping checks,

U.S.D.A 487

effect on burning quality of to-
bacco 239

effect on soil moisture, Utah 320

farming, factors in, Utah 391

flumes, concrete, construction-- 589

in British Columbia 288

in India 84, 186

in New Mexico 689

in United States, treatise 389

information for beginners,

U.S.D.A 186

of alfalfa pastures, U.S.D.A— 68

of grain crops, U.S.D.A 186

overhead, notes 788

pumping, cost in Nebraska 187

pumping plants for, Mont 186

pumping plants, tests 590

relation to apple spot diseases,

U.S.D.A 753

relation to soil permeability 788

seepage and return waters, Colo 288

structures, design 288

surface, in eastern United

States, U.S.D.A 788

systems, operation and mainte-
nance - 589

water. (See Water.)

windmills for, U.S.D.A 186

Isometopidae of North America 560

Isosoma orchidearum, studies, N.J — 660

Italian dishes, recipes 662

Itoplectis obesus n.sp., description.- 565

Ivory nut meal, analyses 369

Ivy scale on olive, Cal — 157

960

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

[Vol.38

Page.

Ixodlde of Argeiftlna 468

Jack beans, culture experiments,

Hawaii 827

Jacks, public service, in Wisconsin,

Wis 275

Japanese —

beetle, remedies, Hawaii 842

cane. (See Sugar cane.)

Javelle water in treatment of wounds 585

Jellies, preparation 114

Jimson weed early blight, notes. Wis 451

Johne's disease, investigations 282

Johnson grass, eradication, N.Mex 634

Jowar smuts, notes 548

Juar —

analyses 572

pollination and cross-fertiliza-
tion 435

Jujube, culture in China 446

June bugs, analyses and feeding

value, U.S.D.A 72

Jupiter, surface currents, U.S.D.A — 510
Jute —

breeding experiments 526

culture experiments 336, 526

improvement « 637

sclerotial diseases, notes 351

substitute for 208

K&&T com —

as a silage crop, Kan 630

chop, analyses, Tex 360

culture experiments, Kans 631

culture experiments, Tex 829, 831

fats and fatty acids of, Okla 410

seeding experiments, Kan 630

Kafirln, nutritive properties 570

Kalnit—

fertilizing value. Mass 218

fertilizing value, S.C 816

Kale —

culture for winter forage, Cal — 735

lightning injury to 149

seed, home-grown. Wash 298

thousand-headed, as a forage

crop, Hawaii 827

Kansas —

College ajid Station, notes 96,

299, 498, 699

Station, report 697

Kentucky —

Station, notes 699, 900

Station, report 697

University, notes 699

Kerosene —

carburetor, description 492

toxicity 760

Kidney —

beans as a forage crop 336

worm, life history, Ala.College_ 882

Bangbird, food habits 457

Knotweed, toxic effect on pigs 589

Kokan timber, distribution and use- 751

Kumquat, culture in Texas, Tex 40

Kumri disease in horses, studies 287

Kunkelia nitens n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription 454

Laboratory animals, pathologic con- Page.

ditions 283

Laborers —

farm. (See Agricultural la-
borers.)
value of small plat of ground to,

U.S.D.A 792

Lachnopus sp., notes 558

Lachnostema spp., oviposition, P.R_ 761

Lactalbumin, composition 505

Lactic ferments and streptococci,

action of antiseptics on 77

Lactoglobulin composition 505

Lactose, determination in milk 615

Lady beetles, selection and breeding- 558
Lccmohothrium hitermedium n.sp.,

description 761

LcBstadia camellice, notes 354

Lakes —

African, desiccation 15

meteorological influences on 317

Lamb chop bone, analyses 626

Lamblia intestinalis, transmission by

flies 563

Lambs —

feeding experiments 66

feeding experiments, Can 671

feeding experiments, Ind 670

feeding experiments, N.Mex 672

growth studies, U.S.D.A 472

(See also Sheep.)
Lampatia timber, distribution and

use 751

{Lampronic) Incurvaria mbiella,

remedies 466

Land —

clearing and grubbing, handbook 490

cut-over, in the South 391

forest, State o^^nership 349

grant colleges. (See Agricul-
tural colleges.)

Irrigated, drainage, U.S.D.A 388

plaster. (See Gypsum.)

prairie, drainage, U.S.D.A 387

settlement In Canada 791

Landscape desigrn, treatise 542

Laphygma frugiperda. (See Army

worm, fall.)
Larch —

European, drought resistance.

Pa 44

&awfly, notes 257

western, analyses 309

Lard —

substitutes, accessory growth

substance in 265

supply in United States, U.S.D.A. 866
Larkspur, tall, eradication, U.S.D.A. 82
Lasioderma serrioorne. (See Cig-
arette beetle.)
Laapeyresia —

caryana, notes 762

caryana, studies, U.S.D.A 157

molesta in Maryland 154

Lath industry of Canada 146

Latrodectus mactana, notes 566

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

961

Lead — Page.

arsenate, adhesive tests 868

arsenate, analyses, Can 643

arsenate, use against tobacco

hornworm, U.S.D.A 159

arsenate, use with other sprayg_ 258

determination in water 506

effect on nitrogen-fixing bac-
teria 428

effect on plant growth 819

toxic effect on plants 628

Leaf sewer, notes 358

Leather —

availability of nitrogen in 423

fertilizing value 121

home manufacture, treatise 13

meal, detection in dried blood 711

waste as a source of lime. Pa 22

Leaves —

composition and fertilizing

value 722

incipient drying 522

water content, studies 223

Legume straw, feeding value, Cal 168

Legumes —

and flaxseed combinations, prep-
aration. Wash 365

as green manures, Hawaii 231

culture experiments 526, 527

culture experiments. Can 634

effect on soil acidity, Pa 20

fertilizer experiments 527

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii- 829
Importance for milch cows,

Ohio 779

In desert agriculture 230

nitrogen fixation by 528

silage from. Mo 636

varieties. Can 634

water requirements. Wash 227

Lemon skins, analyses, Conn.State. 626

Lemons —

culture in Texas, Tex 40

variability of yield, U.S.D.A— 744

Lepidiota frencM affecting sugar

cane 864

Lepidium eatiwm seeds, germinabil-

ity 729

Lepidoptera —

classification 180

of Hawaii 557

olfactory organs of 160

Lepidopterous larvae from Mexico — 765

Lepidoaapheg heckii. (Bee Purple
scale.)

Lepidoscelio (f) viatrix n.sp., de-
scription 63

Lepiota spp., effect on vegetation,

U.S.D.A 222

Leptinotarsa decemUneata. (Bee Po-
tato beetle, Colorado.)

Leptocarydium alopecuroidea, studies 66

Leptocorisa varicornis, notes 257

Leptoglossus occurring north of

Mexico ^^^

Leptohylemyia coarctata, control In

Kief 257

Leptoaphm-ia — Page.

coffeigena, notes 51

napi, notes 147

sacchari, studies 851

Leptostyla, nearctic, key 559

Leptostylus biusttis, notes, U.S.D.A- 363

Leptothyrium pomi, notes 550

Leptoypha, nearctic, key 559

Le.spedeza. {Bee Clover, Japan.)
Lettuce —

culture in greenhouses, Ohio 344

decay In transit, U.S.D.A 444

diseases in Michigan 545

Grand Rapids, improving, Ohio. 142
handling and precooiing, U.S.

D.A. 444

seed, production, Ohio 142

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 55

varieties, Ohio 344

Leucocytes of blood and pus, new

enzym of 583

Leucocytotherapy, notes . 588

Leucoptera coffeella, notes 558

Leucotermet flavipes on pecan, U.S.

D.A. 157

Leukemia and pseudoleukemia in

fowls 179

Levulose, humification 26

Libocedrus decurrens, commercial

importance, U.S.D.A 751

Lice—

and nits, destruction In clothing

and blankets 859

asymetrieal bird, notes 56

body and head, life history awd

habits 159

Lidopus n.g. and n.sp., description 560

Life zones of Wyoming, U.S.D.A 255

Light-
effect on curing of tobacco 239

effect on germination of Sphser-

opsidales 225

effect on germination of tobacco. 127
effect on toxicity of magnesium

nitrate 224

measurement 629

sky, polarization, U.S.D.A 812

(See also Sunlight.)
Lightning —

injury to kale 149

injury to sugar cane 250

protection against, U.S.D.A 16

Llgnin, humification 26

Ligyrus rugiccpe. (Bee Sugar-cane
beetle.)

Lily-
Easter, aerial bulbs on stems — 446
pollen, longevity 446

Lime —

analyses, R.I 521

determination as calcium sul-
phate 312

effect on humus content of

soils, U.S.D.A 814

effect on soil acidity, U.S.D.A- 620

effect on strawberries, Mo 639

962

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[V0I.3.S

Lime — Continued. Page,

effect on sulphur content of

soils 327

effect on yield of apples, Pa 244

effect on yield of cotton, S.C_ 534, 816
effect on yield of peaches, Conn.

State 242

fertilizing value 133, 230

fertilizing value, Mo 217

fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 422

from manufacturing wastes. Pa. 22
niter. (See Calcium nitrate.)
nitrogen. (See Calcium cyan-

amid.)
requirement of Indiana soils,

Ind 219

use on moor soils 132

use with blackleaf-40 159

valuation 804

Limekiln refuse, analyses, Can 626

Limestone —

analyses, Can 626

effect of fineness 21

effect of fineness, Pa 220

effect on soil bacteria, U.S.D.A- 818

fertilizing value 124

resources of Pennsylvania, Pa — 22

Lime-sulphur mixture —

analyses, Can 643

from industrial wastes 757

preparation and use 844

use with lead arsenate 258

Limewater, neutralizing cream with 281

Liming —

effect on bacteria in peat soils — 420
effect on nitrification, Ala.Col-

lege 119

effect on nitrogen content of

soil, Tenn 213

experiments. Mass 218

experiments on DeKalb soil, Pa_ 219

notes 124, 520

notes, U.S.D.A 819

Lineshaf ts, laying out and putting up- 893

Linseed —

cake, palatability and nutritive

value 66

meal, analyses 369

meal, analyses, Ind 376

meal, analyses, Mass 665

meal, analyses, Mich 368

meal, analyses, N.H 369

meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67

meal, analyses, Tex 369

meal for corn-fed pigs, Ohio 474

Liodontomerus n.spp., descriptions — 165

Llpoidase, properties 583

Lipoids —

in Nicotiana 329

of anemic dogs 583

Lipolytic actions, studies 709

Lipovaccines, investigations 584, 782

Liquids, solubility in liquids 616

Lltchi, culture and use, Hawaii 43

Lithium —

in plants, U.S.D.A 409

toxic effect on plants 629

Page.

Litmus, preparation !)

Live stock —

breed history, teaching 897

breeding associations, Wis 293

cars and yards, disinfection 179

cost of raising 894

diseases in Canada 581

diseases in England 282

diseases in Minnesota 281

diseases, treatise 781

exhibits, health certificates for 179

exports and imports in Ireland 180

feeding, treatise 268

in German colonies 192

industry in Italy 168

insects affecting 459

interstate movement 179

judging, teaching 897

laws in Wyoming 581

marketing cooperatively 494

on Belle Fourche project,

U.S.D.A 67

parasites of 481

production and marketing in

United States 595

production, 19 18 program,

U.S.D.A 896

rations for 572

receipts and shipments at Union

Stock Yards, Chicago 574

sanitary boards, organization 179

sanitary regulations in Montana 282
sanitary regulations in New

Mexico 282

sanitation, papers on 179

statistics in England and Wales 495

statistics in Indo China 574

statistics in New Zealand 574

transportation law, U.S.D.A 470

(See also Animals, Cattle, Sheep,

etc.)
Liver —

anaphylactic reaction 182

catalase content as affected by

emotions 167

tissue, r61e in anaphylactic re-
action 79

Loco weed, histology 481

Locusts —

analyses and feeding value,

U.S.D.A 72

control by parasites 258, 358

control in Colorado 258

control in Morocco 461

control in New Hampshire 155

control in Philippines 459

control in Wisconsin 155

life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 54

notes, Kans 653

poison-sowing device 558

treatise 359

Loganberries, culture. Wash 643

Loganberry oil, juice, and pulp, com-
position 203

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

963

LoiMonema chodati n.sp., descrip- rage,

tion 448

fjophyrus abietis, notes 257

Lopidea media in Maryland 155

Loranthus spp. on rubber 53

LjOuisiana — -

Stations, notes 900

University, notes 97

Loxoatege sticticalis, life history 562

Lucern. (See Alfalfa.)

Lucilia —

sericata, notes, U.S.D.A 161

spp., hibernation 202

Lumber —

industry in Canada 146, 147

industry in Middle West,

U.S.D.A 847

industry In Philippines.

45

751

812

57

industry, terms used in 545

kiln drying, treatise 46

substitutes, U.S.D.A 248

use by wood-working industries

U.S.D.A

(Sec also Timber and Wood.)
Lunar —

eclipses in 1917, U.S.D.A

rainbow, U.S.D.A 511

Luperisinua calif ornicus, notes, Cal_ 157
Lycoperdon spp., effect on vegetation,

U.S.D.A 222

Lygus —

pratensis. (See Tarnished plant
bug.)

spinolcB, notes

Lygus, revision and biology, N.Y.

Cornell 461

Lymphangitis —

epizootic, diagnosis 886

epizootic, immunization 785

epizootic, investigations 83

epizootic, treatment- 587, 588, G89. 887

ixodic, notes '""^

ulcerous, in horses 785, 889

Lysalbinic acid, nitrogen distribu-
tion in

Lysin —

nutritive value

reaction with nitrous acid

role in maintenance of young

animals

Macaroni wheat. (See Wheat, du-
rum.)
Machinery. (See Agricultural ma-
chinery.)
Macrobasis unicolor. (See Blister

beetle, ash-gray.)
Macrodactylus aubspinosus. (See
Rose chafer.)

Macrophoma coffew, notes

Macrosiphum —

fragaricE, studies, Tenn 357

illinoiaenaia, life history, U.S.

D.A - 260

aolanifolii. investigations, Mass. 654

aolanifolii, notes 558

aolanifolii, studies, Ohio 462

Macroaporium coffeanum, notes__

310

569
10

571

51

520
506
569
224

818
580

893

749
299

Page.
Maggots affecting animals, U.S.D.A- 160
Magnesia —

effect on sulphur content of

soils 327

waste products as source of

lime. Pa 22

Magnesium —

carbonate, effect on soils

determination, filter for

metabolism in dogs

nitrate, toxicity for squash

salts, effect on soil bacteria,

U.S.D.A

sulphate, use against tetanus —
Magnetic storms. (See Storms,
magnetic.)

Magnetos for farm engines

Mahogany, experimental plantings,

P.R

Maine Station, notes

Maize. (See Corn.)

Malacosoma disstria. (See Forest

tent caterpillar.)
Maladie du coit. (See Dourine.)

Malangas, culture and analyses

Malaria —

control in Arkansas

parasite, development in mos-
quitoes

Male-fern as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A-
Malic acid, determination in pres-
ence of tartaric acid

Mallein reaction, intrapalpebral

Mallophaga, new, from North Amer-
ican birds

Mallow caterpillar, life history

Malt sprouts —

analyses

analyses, Mass

analyses, N.Y. State

Mammals —

color inheritance in

of America, treatise

studies on number of nipples ln_

51

Mammltis —

treatment

tuberculosis, in cows _

Man, insects affecting

Mandarin brown spot, treatment

Manganese —

determination

effect on nitrogen fixation by

plants

in Insect flowers and flower

stems, U.S.D.A

in laxative drug plants

in plants, U.S.D.A

slag, fertilizing value

sulphate, action in wine fermen-
tation

sulphate, effect on yitrogen-flx-

ing bacteria

toxic effect on plants

Mange. (See Horse mange and
Sheep scab.)

340
862

658

884

805

886

761
5G2

369

665

67

776

652

65

286
183
459
455

204

122

206
506
409
728

807

429
628

964

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

[Vol. 38

Mangels— Page.

analyses, Can 665, 666

culture experiments 536

culture experiments, Minn 825

feeding value, Can 665

for cows 477

varieties 432

varieties, U.S.D.A 31

Mango —

hopper, remedies 360

mildew, notes 548

Mangoes —

culture in Porto Rico, P.R 747

improvement, Hawaii 842

Mangrove, red, ecology and physiol-
ogy 823

Manioc {See Cassava.)

Mannitol, decomposition by Bacillus

coli communis 709

Mannose, toxicity for green plants 224

Mansakia n.g. and n.sp., description. 857

Manure —

analyses 411

analyses. Pa 23

as affected by sulphur, calcium

sulphate, and acid phosphate 19
baladi and kufri, fertilizing

value 233

barnyard. (See Barnyard ma-
nure.)

composition and use, Vt 423

effect on availability of rock

phosphate, Tex 325

effect on burning quality of to-
bacco 239

effect on nitrogen content of

soil, Tenn 213

effect on soil acidity. Pa 20

effect on soil moisture, Utah- 320, 321

effect on tobacco quality. Pa 37

fertilizing value 33, 337, 438

fertilizing value, Kans 630

fertilizing value. Mass 218

fertilizing value, Mo 620

fertilizing value, N.Mex 634

fertilizing value, Nebr 228

fertilizing value, Ohio 219

fertilizing value. Pa 36

fertilizing value, S.C 534

fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 431

methods of applying. Mass 218

nitrogen-assimilating organisms- 27

nitrogen fixation in 325

pits and equipment, plans 693

pits and tanks 86

residual effects. Mass 218

residual value 432, 527

tanks and pits for conservation 86

use in war time, Ohio 723

utilization of nitrogen from,

Tenn 212

valuation 804

(See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep,
etc.)

Maple —

destructive distillation 808

diseases in Michigan 545

Maple — Continued. Page.

injury by squirrels followed by

fungi. Can 646

Nectria disease, notes 253

products, cost of production, Vt. 414

scale, cottony, in Wisconsin 155

sugar, composition, U.S.D.A 8

sugar, methods of analysis,

U.S.D.A 8

Mara3m,ius —

sacchart, studies 851

sp. on sugar cane roots 550

spp., effect on vegetation,

U.S.D.A 222

Mares —

artificial Impregnation, Mont 1,69

short gestation in 576

Margarin —

accessory growth substance in_ 265

manufacture 508

Margaronia n.g. and n.sp., descrip-
tion 857

Margaropus annulatu^. (See Cattle
tick.)

Marine fiber, description and use 529

Marketing —

cooperative, treatise 595

in Canada 294

organizations in California 191

Markets —

In Idaho 293, 294

in New Haven, Connecticut 595

In New York 293

public, in United States 293

Marls, analyses. Can 626

Marmara elotella, life history 60

Marrow cabbage, culture for winter

forage, Cal 735

Marsh plants, fertilizing value, Cal. 520

Marsonia carthami n.sp., description 648

Maryland —

College, notes 399. 699

Station, notes 399

Station, report 697

Mash meal, analyses 572

Massachusetts-
College, agricultural education

in 301

College, notes 97, 498, 797

Station, guide to plats 796

Station, notes 600

Station, report 298

Station, work of 304

Mastitis. (See Mammitls.)

Matkee as a green nianuring plant 234

May beetles —

life histories 767

new, of Porto Rico 161

Mayetiola destructor. (See Hessian
fly.)

Meadows, fertilizer experiments 432

(See also Grass.)

Meals, planning 662

Meat —

and meat products, distribution- 294
and meat products law in Ken-
tucky, Ky 567

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

965

Meat — Continued. Page,

and meat products, production

marketing In United States 595

canning 507, 715

canning, Cal 208

feeds, analyses, N.H 369

food products, manufacture 265

home canning and curing 715

inspection, municipal 179

meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67

meal, analyses, Tex 369

packing industry in United

States 294

preservation , 114

price in England 90

products in United States, U.S.

DJl. 865

purchasing and use 867

scrap, analyses 572

scrap, analyses, Mich 368

scrap, analyses, N.Y. State 67

statistics in United Kingdom 494

substitutes, purchasing and use_ 867

unsound, sterilization 265

Mechanical colleges. (See Agricul-
tural colleges.)

Megacaelum stramineum, life history- 359
Meigenia floralit parasitic on black

alfalfa-leaf beetle 863

Melampaora —

lini, notes 848

tnonticola n.sp., description 252

spp., inoculation experiments 253

spp. on Euphorbia in North

America 252

spp., spore germination 225

Melampsorella ricini, notes 848

Melanchra ateropastis, notes 257

M elanconium sacchari, notes 550, 851

Melanin pigment, origin in feather

germs of fowls 171

Melanopsammopsis hevecB, notes 356

Melamorrhcea usitata and Its oleo-

resin 247

Meleborus laspeyreaiw n.sp., descrip-
tion 165

Melia azadirachta cake, fertilizing

value — - 220

MeUola —

arundinia, notes 550

palmarum, notes 758

Melon aphis, life history and reme-
dies, U.S.D.A 764

Melons, Insects affecting. Mo 653

Melophagus ovinus. (See Sheep

tick.)
Membracidse of Cayuga Lake basin,

N.Y.Cornell 462

Membranes, plant, permeability 126

Mendelism, manual -^^^

Menus, suggestions 366, 662

Mercurophen as a germicide 481

Mercury —

suspended In gas, evaporation,

U.S.D.A 210

toxic effect on plants 629

MeatJeiua tmthredinia, notes 82

Page.

Mesqnlte beans for pigs, N.Mex 675

Metabolism —

In guinea pigs 572

in plants 729

Metalaptus torquatua n.g, and n.sp.,

description 460

Metals, colloidal, therapeutic value- 585

Metamasius ritchiei, notes 163

Metarrhizium anisopluB, infection

tests 165

Meteorological observations —

Can— 619

Conn.Storrs 416

Ky 618

Mass 210, 618, 812

Mont - 318

N.Y.State 13

Ohio 116

Pa 13

Tenn 318

U.S.D.A 13,

209, 318, 510, 617, 618, 811

in British Isles 116

In Paris 417

in Quebec 716

in Saskatchewan 116

in Scotland 116

In Stavropol 14

in Zanzibar 192

(See also Climate, Rain, Weather,
etc.)
Meteorology —

agricultural, possibilities 317

and aviation, U.S.D.A 210, 812

economic aspect 317

in British Empire 617

in Canada 618

of Greenland's Inland ice and its

foehn, U.S.D.A 812

relation to bird migration,

U.S.D.A 511

station at Grand Saint-Bernard,

U.S.D.A 812

Methyl alcohol —

determination in alcoholic bev-
erages 316

formation by yeast 316

Metorchia albidua, infection of pigs

with 82

Metrosideros, Hawaiian species 45

Mice —

color Inheritance In 776

destruction, U.S.D.A 356

destruction In seed rooms 241

directions for raising 258

yellow, embryology 573

yellow homozygous, death in

utero 573

mcena ( 7) sp. on coffee 51

Michigan College —

and Station, notes 798

history 794

Microbiose, notes 647

Microbracon aanninoidem n.sp., des-
cription : 165

Microcryptua oaculatua, notes 865

966

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Microgaster epngoges n.sp., descrip- Page.

tion 165

Micromycetes, variation in 731

Microorganisms —

destruction by cold 885

pathogenic, treatise 480

r61e in chemical transformation

of soil 322

(See also Dacteria.)

Microscope slides, marl^ing 732

Microstroma juglandis, notes 253

Microzyms, notes 647

Middlings. (See Wheat, Rye, etc.)
Millj—

adenin and guanin in 506

analyses, Pa 73

as ■ affected by age of cow,

U.S.D.A .578

bacteria, sources, Cal 880

bacterial contamination, Ky 578

bacterial content as affected by

utensils. Ill 878

bacteriological examination 377,

579, 615

bacteriological examination, Pa. 74

bacteriology of 781

bottle filler as source of bacteria,

111 880

bottles as source of bacteria, Ill_ 879

cans as source of bacteria, 111 878

cans, tests, Can 679

clarification, studies. Pa 75

clarifler as source of bacteria, 111. 880
commissions, work against tu-
berculosis 381

composition 279

composition, factors affecting.

Mo 682

condensed and evaporated, in

United States, U.S.D.A 866

constituents, new 611

cost of delivery. Wis 683

cost of distribution, Mass 177

cost of production 279, 778, 894

cost of production, Vt 478

cost of production in relation to

the size of dairies, Del 777

determination of quality, Pa 74

distribution, priority scheme in

England 265

distributors, cost accounting for 392

enzyms of, U.S.D.A 479

examination 486

fat and butter, differences be-
tween 280

fat as affected by age of cow,

U.S.D.A. 578

fat, cost of production, Vt 478

fat, ewe's, fatty acids in 12

fat, fatty acids in 12

fat secretion, studies 779

fat. (See also Fats.)

flavors and odors in relation to

chlorin content, Iowa 112

fox's, analyses .".77

goat's, analyses 780

Milk — Continued. Page,
goat's, composition and uses,

Cal. 177

grading. 111 479

hygiene, principles and practice- 280

marketing, Wis .- 683

marketing in New York 293

mineral constituents 804

ordinance, guide for formulat-
ing, U.S.D.A 177

plants, utilization of exhaust

steam by, U.S.D.A 390

preserved with formalin for

calves, Mont 377

price in England 90

production and distribution, Cal_ 278
productioii as affected by age of

cow. Me 176

production as affected by sires.

Me. 176

production as affected by stage

of lactation, Ohio 683

production, human, as affected

by protein in diet 167

production. Improvement, Vt 476

production, nutrients required

for, Ohio 37H

proteins of = 505

proteins of. Mo 612

quality, meaning of term, 111 479

sanitary, production 280, 377, 47S

sanitary, production, Cal 880

sanitary, production, Ky 578, 781

sanitary, production, Pa 75

secretion by virgin doe kid 780

secretion, studies 779

skimmed. (See Skim milk.)

solids, nonfatty, determination. 314

streptococci In, Pa 76

supply, improvement. 111 479

supply of Burlington, Vt 478

supply of London 280

supply of New York City 780

supply of Philadelphia 378

supply of Pittsburgh district-- 279

supply, relation to typhoid fever- 377
veins, relation to production in

dairy animals, Vt 476

water-decomposing agent in 802

watered, detection 11, 413

yield, relation to phosphate de-
pletion of soil 118

Milking machines —

in production of sanitary milk_ 377

tests. Can 679

Millet —

culture experiments 336,433

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 830, 831

culture for chicken feed, Ha-
waii 827

culture In eastern Oregon,

U.S.D.A 432

fertilizer experiments 230, 433

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii- 829

growth studies, methods 526

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

967

Millet — Continued. Page,
influence of meteorological fac-
tors on 15

proso, culture in Utah, U.S.D.A. 230

varieties 433

varieties, Kans 630

varieties, Tex 830

water requirement. Wash 227

Milo maize —

as a pastiire crop for pigs.

U.S.D.A

as a silage crop, Cal

chop, analyses, Tex

culture experiments, Kans

culture experiments, Tex 829, 831

fats and fatty acids of, Olila-- 410
water requirement, Nebr

Mineral —

matter, effect on development of

plantlets

metabolism of milch cows,

Ohio

poisons, effect on growth of

wheat seedlings

springs of Alaska

Minnesota —

Grand Rapids substation, re-
port

Station, notes 399, 498, 600, 900

University, notes 399,

498, 600, 699. 900

Mint, culture in Indiana, Ind 246

Missouri —

Station, notes 498, 798

Station, report 697

University, notes 498, 699, 798

Mites —

control in greenhouses, Ohio 762

injurious to orchard and field

crops in Utah 365

Mitochondria —

appearance and activities 328

470

174
369
631

229

329

779

628
690

197

in plant and animal cells

Molasses —

as a source of alcohol

as a source of potash

beet, pentose content

beet, polarization as affected by

raflSnose

beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.)
effect on adhesiveness of lead

arsenate

feed, analyses, N.H

fertilizing value 4:'.8,

524

508
124
113

113

858
:!69
r,l5
r>67
S04

for beef cattle. Can

methods of analysis

Molds —

as affected by spices 469

effect on soils

toxicity to honeybee

Mole cricket, West Indian, studies,

P.R.

Molecules of vapors, measurement,

U.S.D.A

Moles —

stomach contents

trapping, U.S.D.A

lis

564

511

i57
63

Page.

Moleskins, utilization, U.S.D.A 53

Molybdenum in plants, U.S.D.A 409

Monecphora biclncta, notes 557

Monellia —

carytlla on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

caatalis, notes 762

spp., notes 256

Mongoose, relation to crop damage

In Barbados 154

Monieziella bipunctata n.sp., de-
scription 63

Monilia —

capsulata, relatioQ to lymphan-
gitis 83

cinerea, notes [\i)

fructigena, studies 049

laxa, notes ,"50

spp. In sugar 800

spp. on apple 45.'!

Mononchs, studies 254

Montana —

College and Station, notes 400

Station, report 398

Moon, effect on weather. U.S.D.A 510

Moonlight and sunlight, relation,

U.S.D.A 811

Moose, book on 53

Morning-glory —

heredity. In, N.T.Cornell 750

wild, spraying for, Cal 140

Mosaic diseases, studies 48

Mosquito larvae, destruction by Dy-

tiscus 766

Mosquitoes —

development of malaria para-
site in 658

of Bahamas 766

of Havana 580

of Minnesota 155

of Pacific Northwest 766

of United States 766

relation to poliomyelitis 262

remedies 562

rftle of blood in reproduction of_ 160

trematode parasite of 562

Moth —

bean meal, analyses 572

borers, injurious to sugar cane_ 465

borers, notes 459

Motor plows. (See Plows.)

Mountain-ash louse on olive, Cal 157

Muck —

availability of nitrogen in 423

soils. (See Soils, muck.)

Mucor cyanogenes n.sp., description 824

Mulberry diseases, studies 651

Mule and horse as twins 574

Mules —

color Inheritance in 574

cost vjf keeping 790

Mullein thrips, sex determination In 558

Miing meal, analyses 572

Miirgantia histrionica. (See Harle-
quin cabbage-bug.)
Muriate of potash. (See Potassium
cblorid.)

968

EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

[Vol. 38

Musca domestica. (See House-fly.) Page.

Musca, Indian species, classification- 563

Mushrooms —

culture 147

wild, for food 768

Muskmelon rinds, analyses 626

Muskmelons, culture in Indiana, Ind_ 241

Muskrat, possibilities for fur and

meat production, U.S.D.A 154

Mustard —

fertilizer experiments 230

tokras disease, notes 351

white, culture for winter forage,

Cal 735

Mycology, textbook 147

MycosphcBrella —

aurea, studies. Can 546

grossularicB, studies, Can 546

hordicola n.sp., description 648

Uymar n.sp. from Maryland 565

Myochrous longulua damagring cotton 61

Myrmelachista ambigua, notes 558

Myxomycetes, sexuality in 331

Myzus —

ceraai. (See Cherry aphis.)
persic(B. {See Peach aphis,

green.)
peraicce niger. (See Peach
aphis, black.)

Nacoleia octasema, biology and reme-
dies 59

Nwgleria gruberi, life history 556

Naphthalin preparation, analyses.

Can 643

Naphthylamin, nitrification in soil,

Ala.College 119

Napomyea chrysanthemi in Wiscon-

Bln 155

Narcissus, nematodes affecting 455, 460

Jfasonia brevicornis, notes 466

National —

cooperative organization, notes. 595

Parks Conference, proceedings 543

Parks, conservation of game in 555

Nature study —

in normal schools 195

textbook 196

Nebraska —

Station, notes 198, 499, 600, 798

Station, report 298

University, notes 97, 198, 499, 600, 798

Nectarines, fruit stocks for 345

Nectria —

ditissima, notes 452

8p. on Norway maple 253

Neem cake, fertilizing value 220

Negroes —

agricultural and industrial edu-
cation 92

county training schools for 397

Nematode, new parstsitlc, U.S.D.A 147

Nematodes —

free-living predatory. In soils

and water 2-54

injurious In Switzerland 350

injurious to wheat 850

Nematodes — Continued. Page.

intra-vitam color reactions 357

segmentation in 254

treatment 555

Neocremastus n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription 660

Neomphaloidomyia n.g. and n.spp.,

descriptions 768

Neopius carinaticepa n.g. and n.sp.,

description 165

Neoplasms, transplantable, immunity

to 580

Neorhizobiua n.spp., studies 464

Neosalvarsan, toxicity 181

Neotoma fuscipea mohajensia injur-
ing pines 53

Heoziimmermannia (Olwoaporium)

elasticw, notes 153

Nepiera benevola fuscifemora n.var.,

description 165

Nevada —

Stotlon, notes 299, 400, 900

University, notes 299, 400

N6v6 and atmosphere, aqueous ex-
change between, U.S.D.A 812

New Jersey College and Stations,

notes 97

New Mexico Station —

notes 299, 799

report 698

New York —

Cornell Station, notes 699

State Station, notes 299, 400

State Station, report 95

New Zealand standard time, U.S.D.A- 811

Nickel, toxic effect on plants 628

Nicotiana, self-sterility in 823

Nicotin —

detection on sprayed plants 56

sulphate as a codling moth ovi-
cide 860

Night soil —

analyses 723

analyses. Pa 23

fertilizing value 624

" Nili "maize, fertilizer experiments. 233
Niahiyana n.g. and n.sp., description- 857

Niter soils, reclamation, Colo 323

Nitrate —

Norwegian. (See Calcium ni-
trate.)
of lime. (See Calcium nitrate.)
of soda. (See Sodium nitrate.)

supply In United States 817

Nitrates —

accumulation In soils, U.S.D.A- 211
effect on nitrogen-assimilating

bacteria, U.S.D.A 724

formation in soil In relation

to weeds 814

synthetic, manufacture by elec-
tricity 122

transformation by soil micro-
organisms 723

Nitric acid, production from syn-
thetic ammonia 710

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

969

Nitrification — Page.

and soil toxins, studies 322

as affected by alkali salts 322

in soils, U.S.D.A 211

of organic compounds in soils,

Ala.CoIiege 119

Nitrites from nitrates by sunlight,

U.S.D.A 811

Nitrobenzol as a parasiticide 760

Nitrogen —

amino acid, determination lo

blood 713

amino, determination, foam in-
hibitor 613

ammonia, determination 311

and carbon, equilibrium in

soils 421

assimilation by rice 340

atmospheric, fixation by elec-
tricity 122, 311, 325, 423, 625

atmospheric, fixation in soils,

Tenn 213

determination In bacterial cells- 613
distribution in protalbinic and

lysalbinic acids 310

economy in Tennessee soils,

Tenn 212

fixation as affected by sodium

nitrate 723

fixation by bacteria 426, 427

fixation by leguminous plants 528

fixation by plants 122

fixation in manure 27, 325

fixation, relation to green ma-
nures 27

in cultivated and abandoned

lands 622

in rain and snow 416

lime. (See Calcium cyanamid.)

loss from peat beds, prevention. 514

loss in green manuring, Ohio 622

nitric, determination in soil 111

nonprotein, determination in

fiour 614

total and soluble. In fiour 711, 712

Nitrogenous fertilizers —

availability in presence of so-
dium nitrate 723

comparison 133, 516

comparison. Pa 220

comparison, S.C 517

Nodes, branch, nature 822

Nomon, a calculating device for

chemists 204

North Carolina College and Station,

notes 97

North Dakota College and Station,

notes 799

Notanisomorpha meromyzae n.sp., de-
scription 165

Notarcha (Na^oleia) ocstasema, biol-
ogy and remedies 59

Nucleic acid —

derivatives in peat 202

nitrification as affected by lime,

Ala.CoIiege 119

82481°— 18 7

Nucleic acid — Continued. Page,

plant, preparation 505

Nuclein, humification 26

Nursory —

inspection in Maine 344

inspection in Minnesota 155

inspection in Wisconsin 155

inspection law in New York 39

inspection laws and regulations

in United States 39

inspection laws in Canada 40

stock, fumigation 357

stock, imported, insects collected

on 857

Nurudea n.g. and n.sp., description 857

Nurudeopsis n.g. and n.sp., descrip-
tion 857

Nut-
butters, accessory growth sub-
stance in 265

grass, eradication, Hawaii 828

margarin, manufacture 807

oils, digestibility, U.S.D.A 867

Nutrient solutions —

hydrogen- and hydroxyl-ion con-
centrations 736

physiological balance 730

Nutrients, absorption by plant roots,

P.R 728

Nutrition —

defective, in school children,

determination 664

essentials of, Conn. State 662

of farm animals, treatise 268

science of, treatise 468, 661

(See also Digestion, Metabol-
ism, etc.)

Nutrose, substitute for 710

Nuts' —

culture along highways 44

culture experiments, N.Mex 641

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 444

planting in eastern United

States 542

varieties, N.Mex 641

Oak—

cossid on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

pruner on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Oaks —

preserving 554

white, ray trachelds in 45

Oat—

aphis in Maryland 154

aphis, correct name — 462

crown rust, studies. Mo 645

feed, analyses 369

feed, analyses, N.H 369

fiour, analyses. Can 666

groats, analyses. Mass 665

hulls, analyses 369

hulls, analyses, N.Y.State 67

hulls, ground, analyses, Tex 369

seedlings, hypocotyl develop-
ment 525

smut, notes 848

970

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol.38

Oat — Continued. Page,
smuts, descriptions and treat-
ment, Mont 249

smuts, studies, Mo 646

Oats —

analyses, N.Y.State 67

and cowpeas mixture, digesti-
bility 778

as a forage crop, Hawaii 827

as a green manure 27

as a pasture crop for steers,

U.S.D.A 470

as afifected by sulphur, U.S.D.A 221

biennial croppings, U.S.D.A 430

culture, Nev 636

culture, U.S.D.A 340

culture experiments 132,

234, 336, 635, 735

• culture experiments, Can 634

culture experiments, Kans 631

culture experiments, Minn 825

culture experiments, Mo 632

culture experiments, Tex 830

culture for chicken feed, Hawaii 827

culture in Nebraska, Nebr 740

culture in Wyoming, Wyo 527

culture on moor soils 132

electro-culture experiments 525, 526

fertilizer experiments 230,

726, 728, 820

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii- 829

fertilizer experiments, Minn 825

fertilizer experiments, Mo 620

fertilizer experiments, S.C 517

ground, analyses. Mass 665

ground analyses, Tex 369

growth studies, methods 526

rod-row tests, technique, U.S.

D.A 429

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A — 129

seeding experiments, Kans 630

seeding experiments, Nebr 740

selection experiments, Nebr 740

shrinkage tests, Ohio 840

size and sprout value in relation

to yield, Nebr 732

susceptibility to powdery mil-
dews. Mo 645

varieties 135, 234, 432, 433

varieties, Can 634

varieties, Jllnn 131

varieties. Mo 632

varieties, Mont 333

varieties, Nebr 740

varieties, Nev 636

varieties. Pa 229, 240

varieties, Tex 32, 830, 832

varieties, U.S.D.A 30

varieties for New South Wales- 528
varieties for the Dakotas and

Montana, U.S.D.A 230

varieties for Utah dry lands,

U.S.D.A 230

varieties resistant to rust, U.S.

D.A 849

water requirements. Wash 227

Oats — Continued. Page.

wild, eradication, U.S.D.A 38

yields in Australia 133

Oceanodroma leucorhoa s u b s p p.,

notes 556

Odontia —

sacchari and O. saccharicola

n.spp., descriptions 649

saccharicola, studies 851

Odontobracon oemeovorua n.sp., de-
scription 165

Odontomerus strangalice n.sp., de-
scription 164

CEceiicus — •

omnivorus, notes 257

platensis, remedies 658

QEnothera, hybridization experi-
ments 28, 331

OEstrinae of Africa 263

Ohia lehua trees of Hawaii 45

Ohio —

State University, notes 499, 700

Station, report 197

Oidiomycosis in cattle 179

O'idium —

citri, notes 849

quercinutn on chestnut 455

Oil-
cake, fertilizing value 433

cakes, feeding value 572

inspectors, charts for 492

seeds, breeding experiments 526

seeds, culture experiments 526

Oils —

essential, in India 8

in cookery 366

methods of analyses 206, 804

nut, digestibility, U.S.D.A 867

sampling 206, 804

vegetable, accessory growth sub-
stance in 265

volatile, determination in citrus

fruits 11

Oklahoma —

College, notes 98

Station, notes 98, 600

Okra —

caterpillar, life history 562

wilt disease, studies, U.S.D.A 851

Oleander scale on olive, Cal 157

Oleo-oil, accessory growth substance- 265

Olive oil, humiflcation 26

Olives —

insects affecting, Cal 157

pickling, Cal 617

Omiscus murarios, notes 558

Onchocerca gibsoni, investigations — 82

Onchocerciasis, bovine, in Argentina 183

Oncideres cingulata —

notes 762

on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Onion —

diseases, investigations. Mass — 249

diseases, notes 648

maggot, remedies 155, 863

neck rot, studies, N.Y.State 450

thrips, notes 556

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

971

Onions — Page.
Bermuda, seed production,

U.S.D.A 344

effect on succeeding crop 337

fertilizer experiments 540

fertilizer experiments. Mass 218

Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.)

Ophidcrma spp. in United States 764

Ophiobolus graminis, notes 48, 648

OphiochcEta (Ophiobolus) graminis

n.comb., notes ^ 648

Ophionectria coccicola on purple

scale 157

Ophyra nigra, notes 466

Opisthorchis felinus, infection of

pigs with 82

Opium poppy blight, studies 547

Opius —

humilis, studies, U.S.D.A 659, 767

n.spp., descriptions 165

Orange —

seeds, oil from 111

skins, analyses, Conn. State 626

thrips on olive, Cal 157

thrips, studies, U.S.D.A 763

Oranges —

growth in relation to soil mois-
ture 541

irrigation 541

manuring, Bahian method 845

mulching experiments, U.S.D.A- 814

navel, June drop, Cal 757

pruning experiments 43

variability of yield, U.S.D.A 744

varieties, Tex 40

yield as affected by humus con-
tent of soils, U.S.D.A 814

Oraniella coffeicola, notes 51

Orchard —

grass, liming experiments, Pa — 219
inspection. (See Nursery in-
spection.)

products, feeding value, Cal 168

Orchards —

cover crops for, Tenn 346

cover crops for, U.S.D.A 443

heating experiments. Can 641

irrigation, U.S.D.A 242

planting costs 41

rejuvenation. Conn. State 242

spraying. Wash 796

spraying v. dusting 42

winter work, Wash 69S

weevil, new, in Milwaukee 155

Oregon College and Station, notes — 98,

499, 799

Organic —

compounds, toxicity to insect

eggs, U.S.D.A 858

matter, decomposition in soil — 117
matter, loss in green manuring,

Ohio 622

Orientation of small objects In

paraffin 497

Ornamental plants, shrubs, or trees.

(See Plants, Shrubs, and Trees.)

Ornithodoros talaje in Minnesota 566

Orobanche spp. — Page.

in Bihar 547

on tobacco in Roumania 452

Orosiotea n.g. and n.sp., description. 857

Ortalid, new, from Philippines 767

Orthoptora of southern Italian

Somali 460

Oryctes nasicornis, investigations 163

Osage oranges for dairy cows, Ky 680

Oscinella frit, control in Kief 257

Oscinus frit, notes 460

Osmotic —

cell, artificial, new type 125

pressure in animals and plants- 821
pressure of Jamaican mountain

plants 125

pressure of sap and height of

leaf insertion 126

pressure of sap, determination- 523

Ostrich raising in Morocco 174

Otiorhi/nchus ovatus, remedies 864

Ovaritis in cattle 179, 787

Ox warble fly in Netherlands 563

Oxalic acid solutions, keeping qual-
ities • 412

Oxidase, effect on anthocyanin 128

Oxido-reductlon, biochemical phe-
nomena 802

Oxygen —

requirements of roots of higher

plants 628

role in germination of Grami-

neae 24

Oysters, bacteriological analyses — 265
Ozone —

absorption bands in spectra of

sun and stars, U.S.D.A 511

therapeutic value 585

Ozonium omnivorum, notes, Tex 334

Pachyneuron, North American spe-
cies 565

Pachyneuron virginicum, notes 565

Paddy. (See Rice.)
Palaeochenoides mioceanus, relation-
ships 556

Palm —

bud rot, notes 547

kernel cake for cattle 167

kernel meal, analyses 771

kernel meal, feeding value__ 167, 771
kernel oil and coconut oil, dif-
ferentiation 413

nut cake, feeding value 572

oil products as feeding stuffs,

Mich 368

Palms of India and Ceylon 44

Palmyra palm disease, treatment 351

Pala;opus dioacorecB n.sp., descrip-
tion, U.S.D.A 864

Panargi/rops pellucidator, notes 768

Pancreatic ferments, coagulation 710

Panicum —

palmifolium as a forage crop,

Hawaii 827

spp., analyses and cultural notes 528

Papain, proteolytic activity 802

Papaver rhwas, self-sterility 426

972

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol 38

Papaws — Page.

analyses and food value 3C5

improvement 542

Papayas, breeding experiments,

Hawaii 842

Paper —

absorbency, determination 414

from longleaf pine chips 809

pulp, textile from 208

testing, constant temperature

and humidity room for 414

waste as a source of lime, Pa 22

Pappophorum scabrum, studies 66

Para rubber. (See Rubber.)

Paracalocoris hawleyi, life history

and remedies 559

Paraffin —

oil emulsion as a contact Insecti-
cide, P. R 762

orientation of small objects in 497

ParamphistomidsB of North America- 365

Paraphelinus —

perkinsi n.sp., description 467

spp. of British Guiana 467

Paraplegia, enzootic, in sheep 687, 688

Parasites —

intestinal, of poultry, remedies- 83
intestinal, protection against di-
gestive enzyms 582

intestinal vermifuges for, U.S.

D.A 883

tropical 580

(See also Animal parasites, In-
sect parasites, etc.)

Parasitism, normal, studios 647

Parcel post —

business methods, U.S. D.A 895

marketing eggs by, U.S.D.A 72

Parhelia 90° from sun, U.S.D.A 210

Paris green, effect on sugar-cane

roots 238

Parsnips, winter storage, Vt 442

Parthenogenesis —

in higher plants 331

relation to sex 261

PaspaluTn —

dilatatum, culture experiments,

Hawaii '. 827

notatum, toxicity to cattle 687

Passalora hevecB, notes 356

Passerherbulus and its allies 556

Passeriformes, new pycnonotine fam-
ily 856

Pasture mixtures, tests, U.S.D.A 30

Pastures —

fertilizer experiments 432

irrigated, clipping experiments,

U.S.D.A 30

irrigated, establishing, U.S.D.A- 130

irrigated, grass mixtures for 337

irrigated, tests, U.S.D.A 175

on peat soils 134

permanent, Ohio 796

seeding, Iowa 33

stump-land, tests, Minn 176

Pavements, concrete, cracking and

buckling 891

Pea — Page.

bran, analyses, Mich 368

diseases, notes, N.J 48

meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67

pods, analyses 626

Peach —

aphis, black, notes 463

aphis, black, remedies, Tenn 358

aphis, green, notes, Ohio 462

borer, remedies 261, 861

brown rot, treatment 454

diseases and pests, treatment,

U.S.D.A 843

diseases, notes 550

diseases, notes, N..I 50

heart rot, notes, Can 646

leaf curl, notes 848

leaf curl, notes. Can 546

scale, notes 464

worm, striped, biology and

remedies, U.S.D.A 861

yellows and little peach, notes.

Can 546

Peaches-
culture, U.S.D.A 844

culture experiments, Conn.State 242

culture in Indiana, Ind 246

dusting 541

dusting experiments, Can 546

fertilizer experiments 42

fertilizer experiments, Mo 639

fruit stocks for 345

insects affecting 460

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

of New York monograph,

N.Y. State 42

packing, N.J 43

planting costs 41

pruning experiments, N.J 43

spraying 550

stones and skins, analyses 626

varieties, Tex 41

Peanut —

cake, analyses 572

cake, analyses, Tex 369

cake, feeding value 572

cake, fertilizing value 220, 527

hay, ground, analyses, Tex 369

meal, analyses 572

meal, analyses. Mass 665

meal, analyses, N.Y. State 67

meal, analyses, Tex 369

meal, palatability and nutritive

value 66

offal, analyses 572

oil, detection in oils and fats 615

shells, analyses, Conn.State 626

Peanuts —

culture experiments 336, 635

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Tex 830, 832

fertilizer experiments 336

food value and preparation 567

harvesting and storing,

U.S.D.A 235

loss in weight after harvesting. 635

permeability of seed coat 25

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

973

Peanuts — Continued. Page.

root nodules 451

seeding experiments, Tex 32

use by prehistoric Americans 167

varieties .S3, 336

varieties, Tex 32, 830

varieties resistant to wilt 851

whole pressed, analyses, Tex 369

Pear —

aphis, woolly, studies 560

blight, notes 47, 848

blight, resistance to, Tenn 350

blight, studies 650

blight, treatment. Can 545

blossom weevil in Bessarabia 163

diseases, notes, N.J 50

scab, notes 852. 853

thrips, remedies 259

tree slug, notes 459

Pears —

conservation without use of

sugar 716

cross-pollination experiments — 345

insects affecting 460

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

varieties, Tex 41

Peas —

culture experiments 132, 133

fertilizer experiments 820

field, as a forage crop, Hawaii- 827
field, as a pasture crop for pigs,

U.S.D.A 470

field, culture experiments, Can_ 634

field, culture experiments, Mont- 333
field, culture for winter forage,

Cal 735

field, varieties. Can 634

field, varieties, Minn 131

field, varieties, U.S.D.A 431

garden, selection experiments — 635
green, as meat substitute, U.S.

D.A 166

harvesting and storage, N.J 41

heredity and variation in 822

home drying, N.J 41

seed testing, N.J 41

varieties 33

water requirement. Wash 227

yields in Australia 133

Peat —

availability of nitrogen in 423

bacterized, fertilizing value__ 120, 328

beds, denitriflcation in 514

lands or soils. (-See Soils, peat.)

nucleic acid derivatives in 202

production and use in United

States 820

Pecan —

leaf case-bearer, studies, U.S.

D.A 656

oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A 868

Pecans —

Insects affecting 256, 762

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 157

Peetinophora gossypiella in Brazil- 562, 765

Pediotilus — Page.
humanua (vestimcnti) , life his-
tory and remedies 76.'i

spp., studies 159

(Pegoraya) PhorMa ccpetorum. (See
Onion mat;got.)

Pelargonium —

disease, new 152

poisoning by certain elements 628

Pellagra —

human-like, in dogs 360

relation to diet 268, 568

Pelletierine tannate as a vermifuge,

U.S.D.A 884

Pemphigidae of Japan 857

Pemphigus fraxini-dipctalcB on olive,

Cal 157

Pemphrcdon, ucarctic species 660

Penicillium —

pfefferianum, description 448

spp., toxicity to bees 564

Pennisetum —

ciliare, studies 66

purpuremn, tests, Hawaii 828

typhoidcum, analyses 368

Pennsylvania —

College, notes 98, 800

Station, notes 198, 800

Station, report 95

Pentoses, determination in beet mo-
lasses 113

Pepper —

color inheritance in 443

cress seeds, germinability 729

disease, investigations, N.Mex 646

diseases in India 547

fruit rot, notes 250

improvement, N.Mex 641

wilts, notes 351

Peppermint, culture in Indiana, Ind_ 246

Perchloric acid, recovery from po-
tassium residues 312

Periconia gbldeniana, notes 51

Peridermium strobi, life history

Can 646

Permanganate solutions, prepara-
tion and liecping qualities 412

Permeability, selective, in living

cells 523

Perocid, fungicidal value 151

Peronoplasmopara sp. on liemp 753

Per07i08pora —

arborescens, notes 547

sp. on hemp 753

viticola, studies 754,755

Perphosphates, use in agriculture-- 330

Perry, analyses 114

Persimmons, Japanese, culture ex-
periments, Tex 41

Pestaloizia —

briardi, notes 448

funerea, notes 225, 849

palmarum, notes 354, 758

sp. on tea 354

thew n.sp., description 648

Petrel, leach, subspecies of 556

974

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 3S

Page.

Petroleum, fats and fatty acids of — 71 i

Pets, history and care 776

Pexiza (?) coffeicola, notes 51

Phadroctonua aroyrcsthim n.sp.,

description 10r>

Phalaris stcnoptera, culture in Cali-
fornia 637

Phanerotoma —

erythrocephala n.sp., descrip-

-tion 165

frankUni n.sp., description 165

Phaseolus —

aconitifoliiis, analyses 368, 572

acutifoUus, culture experiments 635

lunatus, culture experiments 635

lunatus, selection experiments _ 635

mungo, analyses 572

mungo, culture experiments,

P.R 749

mungo radiatus, analyses 368

mungo radiatus, nodule forma-
tion 520

radiatus, analyses 572

Pheidole megacephala, notes 557

Phenacoccus aceris, notes 464

Phenol —

effect on soil organisms, Vt 420

preservatives, determination in

serums 316

toxicity 283

Philtrwa elegantaria affecting privet 765

Phlox plant bug in Maryland 155

Phoma —

asparagi and Cytospora stictos-

toma, relation 752

cinerescens, notes 454

pomi, notes 550

sp. on young cedars, U.S.D.A — 53

Phomopsis, British species 752

Phomopsis citri, distribution 757

Phonolites, Austrian, fertilizing

value 726

PhorMa cepctorum,. (See Onion

maggot.)
Phormia regina —

hibernation 262

notes, U.S.D.A 161

Phosphate —

calcined, fertilizing value. Mo — 619
of lime. (See Calcium phos-
phate.)

potash fertilizers, new 519, 726

potash fertilizers, Schroder's,

tests 520

Ehenania, description 520

rock, composting with sulphur _ 817
rock, effect on composition of

wheat, Ohio 518

rock, fertilizing value 817

rock, fertilizing value, Minn 825

rock, fertilizing value. Mo 217, 619

rock, fertilizing value, Ohio_ 326, 625

rock, fertilizing value, Tex 325

rock, fertilizing value, U.S.D.A. 422

Phosphates — Page.

comparison 519, 527, 726, SIT

comparison. Mass . 218

comparison. Mo 619

comparison, Ohio 625

effect on soil bacteria, U.S.D.A. 818

fertilizing value 133

for sugar cane, tests 135

solubility 519

solubility in mineral and organ-
ic acids . 423

utilization by plants 330

(/See also Superphosphate.)
I'hosphatic slag —

fertilizing value 135, 230, 432, 519, 527

6.34
619
519
433

340
506

140

141
218
242
117
205
132

519
817

205

fertilizing value. Can

fertilizing value, Mo

solubility

use on peat soils

Phosphoric acid —

assimilation by rice

determination, filter foi«

effect on burning quality of

tobacco

effect on weed growth in

meadows

fertilizing value. Mass

for peaches, Conn. State

forms of in soil

insoluble, determination

use on moor soils

Phosphoric oxid, solubility in mixed
fertilizers

Phosphorite depo.sits in Russia

Phosphorus —

determination in soils

in turnip roots, relation to
availability of soil phos-
phorus, U.S.D.A

phytin, determination in plant
products, Ark

Photosynthesis as affected by in-
complete culture solution

Phyllachora sacchari, notes

Phyllactinia corylea, notes

Phyllophaga — -

n.spp., descriptions

n.spp., life histories

spp., remedies

Phyllosticta —

coffeicola, notes

pirina, variation in

326

11

523
550
849

161

767
863

51
731

ramicola, notes 53, 750

solitaria, notes 550

Phyllotreta vittata in Maryland 154

Phylloxera —

carywcaulis studies, U.S.D.A 157

sp. on pecan 762

vastatrix. (See Grape-phyl-
loxera.)
Physda integrata sorecMosa, notes_ 51
Phvsoderma sew maydis, notes, U.S.

b.A 351

Physonata unipuncta, notes 358

Physostomum melospiza n.sp., de-
scription 761

1918]

INDEX 01* SUBJECTS.

975

Physothrips xanthius n.sp., descrip- Page,

tion 461

Phytalus insularis n.sp. —

description 161

life history 76S

Phytolacca decandra, critical flower-
ing and fruiting temperatures 330

Phytophthora —

faberi, notes 53

faberi, studies 554

faberi, treatment 759

infestans. (See Potato late
blight.)

parasitica, studies 547

spp. un cacao and nutmeg 554

spp. on rubber 554, 759

tcrrestria n.sp., description 251

Pickles, recipes, Wash 95

Pieris rapes in Maryland 154

Pigeon —

manure, analyses. Pa 23

pea branch disease, notes 350

peas, culture experiments 336, 527, 635
peas, culture experiments,

Hawaii 827, 829

peas, fertilizer experiments 230

peas, germinating, euzyms of 9

peas, green manuring tests 230

peas, varieties, Hawaii 828

Pigmentation in fowls —

relation to egg production 276

studies 171

Pigs-
breeding in Denmark 109

care and management, U.S.D.Al 100

corn supplements for, Ohio 274

cottonseed meal for 282

digestion experiments, 111 675

diseases, treatise 781

effect of age on gains, Ohio 774

feeding experiments 60, 70, 370, 372

feeding experiments, Ala. Col-
lege 771, 874, 875

feeding experiments. Can 576, 672

feeding experiments. Mo 674

feeding experiments, Mont 369

feeding experiments, N.Mex 675

feeding experiments, Ohio 274,

473, 774

feeding experiments. Pa 69, 270

feeding experiments, Tenn 369

feeding experiments, IJ.S.D.A — 472,

473, 475

feeding experiments, Wyo 168

feeding in dry lot, Ohio 698

garbage feeding, U.S.D.A 274

immunization certificates for 179

improved German, fecundity 65

infection with flukes 82

Inheritance in, Kans 675

inheritance of mammae in 65

intestinal flora as affected by ra-
tions, ICans 875

judging, U.S.D.A 398

killing and dressing, U.S.D.A___ 476

maturation of ovum in 65

mixed bacterial diseases of 588

Pigs — Continued. Page.

oil cakes for 572

pasturing experiments,U.S.D.A_ 68, 169
pasturing fodder crops with,

U.S.D.A 470

production, program for, U.S.

D.A 672

raising in Florida, Fla 575

raising in New Jersey 576

ratio of sexes in 65

self-feeders for, U.S.D.A 475

Pilocrocis tripunctata, studies, U.S.

D.A 465

Pimenta acris, culture experiments 542

Pimento, insects affecting 459

Pine —

blister rust —

control in Canada, Can 646

control in United States and

Canada 254

diagnosis, U.S.D.A 355

dissemination by gipsy moth

larvae, U.S.D.A 860

early discovery In United

States 254

in Canada 758

in Massachusetts 651

in Minnesota 155

in Ontario 652

inoculation experiments 151

notes 53,355,455

overwintering. Mass 249

studios 254

cliips, exti-acted, pulping 809

Jeffrey, injury by pack rat 53

lodgepole, transplanting. Pa 44

needle rust, occurrence in Ver-
mont 253

nursery stock, growth and mor-
tality 847

piiion, management in New

Mexico 644

Scotch, planting in Pennsylva-
nia 847

seed, germination tests 447

seedlings, drought resistance

in, Pa 44

seedlings, growth, Minn 144

Swedish, notes 447

timber, Indian, contraction and

warping. 751

weevil, notes 459

western white, marking rules in

Idaho 46

western white, second-growth,

source of seed. U.S.D.A 145

western yellow, as affected by

grazing, U.S.D.A 447

western yellow, yield and repro-
duction in Arizona and Ne79

Mexico 847

white, factors influencing repro-
duction ^6

white, weather Injury, Mass 249

yellow, analyses 309

young, dying about ant hills — 651

976

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Pineapple — Page.

disease, new, In Philippines 853

weevil, notes 163

Pineapples —

fertilizer experiments, P.R 748

Insects affecting 459

seedling, growing, Hawaii 841

varieties, Hawaii 842

Plneno, therapeutic value 585

Pinus longifolia timber, contraction

and warping while seasoning 751

Piperidin, nitrification as affected by

lime, Ala.College 119

Pipette —

safety, new form 203

washing device 203, 803

Pipiza califomica n.sp., description- 863
Piroplasma higcminum in cows in

Eritrea 888

Plroplasmosis, bovine, in Turkey 183

(See also Texas fever.)

Pissodes strobi, notes 459

Pisum, genetic factors, D.S.D.A 226

Plagiolepis longipes, studies 364

Plague, transmission by bedbugs 559

Plant —

activities, relation to sun spots- 114
associations in western Pennsyl-
vania 425

breeding experiments, control of

stray pollen in 430

breeding, review of investiga-
tions 367

breeding, rod-row tests, U.S.

D.A 429

breeding, selection problem in 64

constituents, humiflcation 26, 27

diseases —

as an economic study 349

control in Ontario, Can_ 545, 546

control in United States 256

dissemination by rain, U.S.

D.A 47

In Barbados 350

in Canada, Can 545, 546, 646

in Cuba 557

In Dutch East Indies 548

in Germany 448

in Hawaii, Hawaii 848

in India 350, 547

in Indiana 556

in Italy 351

in Michigan 545

in Porto Rico 147

in Scotland 546

In Switzerland 350

In Wageningen 147

In Washington 47

international control 349

mosaic 48

notes, N.Mex 646

notes. Wash 298

textbook 94

(See also different host
plants.)

ecology In agricultural courses- 195

embryos, nutrition and growth- 127

Plant — Continued. Page.

growth, accessory factors for 328

growth as affected by air move-
ment 22.".

growth, metabolism, and imbibi-
tion 729

growth, seasonal variations 627

Inspection. (See Nursery in-
spection.)

juices, preservation 507

lice In Texas 859

lice, notes, Ohio 654

lice. (See also Apple aphis,
etc.)

membranes, permeability 126

metabolism, buffer processes in_ 821

names, dictionary of 125

organs, modification due to

ecological conditions 331

pathologists, war emergency

board 100

pathology, textbook 147

physiology at Johns Hopkins

University 525

physiology, treatise 728

roots, oxygen requirements 628

succession in Colorado 23

tendrils and branch nodes, for-
mation 822

tissue, determination of freez-
ing point 523

Plantago, variegation in 731

Plantain diseases in India 351, 547

Plants —

as affected by potassium cyanid- 855

Chinese, in British Isles 39

distribution by ocean currents- 125

electro-culture experiments 525, 526

electro-motive phenomena in 822

fiber-producing, check list 637

forcing 39

forcing experiments, Vt 443

greenhouse, fumigation, U.S.D.A- 258

immunity to insects 458

imports, U.S.D.A 629

indigenous to Chile 336

Injury by other plants 221

medicinal, of Chile 336

mosaic diseases 48

mutilated, regeneration 129

of Northern Nigeria, Hausa

names 525

ornamental, culture e x p e r i-

ments, U.S.D.A 444

ornamental, culture in bogs 447

ornamental, diseases of, Ohio 252

oxidation and reduction in 223

permeability studies 25

poisoning by certain elements 628

poisonous, notes, Can 646

propagation, treatise 539

rarer elements In, U.S.D.A 409

rest period in, Mo 640

self-sterile, self-fertility in 226

self-sterility in 426, 823

sexual cycle 525

sugar translocation In 224

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

977

Plants — Continued.

water, nitrogen fixation by 419

water requirements, Nebr 228

water reciuirements, Wasli 22G

wilting and incipient drying 522

Plasma membrane in plants 523

Plasmodiophora hrassicw. (See Cab-
bage clubroot.)

Plasmopara viticola, notes 651

Plaster, land. {See Gypsum.)
Plat experiments —

harvesting devices 22S

technique, U.S.D.A 429

Platychirus perpallidus, life history.

Me 362

Platygasterince, life history and key_ 565

Platypedia areolata on olive, Cal 157

Plectodiscella vcncta —

life history and treatment, N.Y.

Cornell 853

n.sp., description 252

Plenodomus fuscomaculans n.comb.,

notes 453

Plesiocoris rugicollis, remedies 58

Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious. (See

Influenza, equine.)
Plodia interpunctella. (See Indian-
meal moth.)

Plow bottom, studies, U.S.D.A 791

Plowing depths, comparison. Pa 229

Plowrightia morbosa, notes, Ohio 853

Plows, motor, hitches and adjust-
ments 88

Plum —

aphis, mealy, in Egypt 158

black knot, description and

treatment, Ohio 853

diseases, notes, N.J 50

Plums —

dusting experiments. Can 546

fruit stocks for 345

insects affecting 460

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

varieties, Tex 41

Plusia brassicw in Maryland 154

Pneumonia —

equine, treatment 788

septic, in horses 184

Podospermum laciniatum, appear-
ance in South Australia 141

Poison ivy, fat of 202

Pokoweed, critical flowering and

fruiting temperatures 330

Polarimetry, book on 803

Poles, industry in Canada 147

Poliomyelitis —

in horses in India 287

transmission by insects 262

PoUates hebrwus, notes 164

Pollenia rudis, hibernation 262

Polycaon confertus, notes. Cal 157

Polygnotus vernalis n.sp., descrip-
tion 63

Polygonum spp., toxic effect on plgs_ 589
Polymecus lasiopterw n.sp., descrip-

tioa 165

PoUjnema bifasciatipenne varium Page,

n.var., notes 565

Polyneuritis —

relation to diet 568

treatment 782

Polyporacea; of Montana 553

I'olyporua —

rugulosus in Malaya 52

schtoeinitxii, studies 355

shorew n.sp., description 547, 555

sliorew, notes 332

Polystomidae of North America 365

Polytrias prwuiorsa, tests, Hawaii 828

Pomace fly, life duration 563

Pomelos. (See Grapefruit.)

Pomological work at University of

California 446

Pond mud, analyses. Can 626

Pongamia glabra —

as a green manure 220

cake, fertilizing value 220

Ponies, British breeds, improvement- 576
(See also Horses.)

Pontia rapte. (See Cabbage worm,
imported.)

Popcorn seed, sterilization 629

Poplar —

borer, notes 358

leaf-hopper, studies 764

weevil in Wisconsin 155

Poppy blight, notes 351, 547, 548

Pork —

cured and salted, in United

States, U.S.D.A 865

curing on the farm, U.S.D.A 476

Porthetria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.)

Porto Rico —

Insular Station, notes 499

Station, notes 700, 900

Station, report 796

Station, work of 605

Posidonia australis, fiber from 529

Potash —

assimilation by rice 340

domestic sources. Conn. State — 625
effect on weed growth in

meadows 141

fertilizers, comparison 726

fertilizers, comparison. Mass 218

fertilizers, residual value. Pa. — 220

fertilizing value 133

fertilizing value, Mo 217

fertilizing value, S.C 534

for sugar cane, tests 135

from beet and cane molasses 124

from blast furnace flue dust 424

from cement mills 124

from cement mills, U.S.D.A 123

from feldspar 123

from greensand 123

from marsh plants, Cal 520

from sunflower stems 207

phosphate fertilizers, Schroder's,

tests 520

phosphoric acid fertilizer, new_ 519, 726
production in United States. 326,424

978

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 3fi

Potash — Continued. Page,
salts, effect on burning quality

of tobacco 140, 239

use on moor soils 132

Potassium —

bromate, effect on enzym action. 611
carbonate, fertilizing value,

Mass 218

chlorid, effect on nitrogen con-
tent of soil, Tenn 213

chlorid, effect on wheat 439

chlorid, fertilizing value, Mass_ 218

chlorid, fertilizing value.' Minn_ 825

chlorid, fertilizing value, S.C 816

chlorid. fertilizing value, U.S.

D.A 422

cyanid, analyses, Can 64:'.

cyanid, conduction in plants 855

determination in vegetable ash_ 311
nitrate, effect on burning qual-
ity of tobacco 140,239

nitrate, effect on nitrogen-as-
similating bacteria, ■U.S.D.A_ 724
nitrate, fertilizing value, Mass_ 218
permanganate solutions, prepa-
ration 412

permanganate, therapeutic value- 585
sulphate, effect on soil acidity,

U.S.D.A 620

sulphate, fertilizing value 135

sulphate, fertilizing value, Mass_ 218

sulphate, fertilizing value, Tex_ 32
Potato^

aphis, investigations, Mass 654

aphis, pink and green, studies,

Ohio 462

beetle, Colorado, notes 161, 653

black heart, studies, N.Y.State. 835

blight, resistance to, Hawaii 828

blight, treatment, Conn.State__ 235

curly dwarf, notes 545

diseases and pests, U.S.D.A 834

diseases, control in Canada,

Can 646

diseases, description and treat-
ment, W.Va 549

diseases in Bermuda 149

diseases in Indiana, Ind _ 250

diseases, notes 535, 848

diseases, review of investiga-
tions 549

early blight, notes 235, 649

early blight, studies. Wis 451

Fusarium disease, notes 548

Fusarium wilt, treatment,

Hawaii 848

late blight, description and

treatment 549

late blight in India 753

late blight, notes 2.35, 649

late blight, treatment 352,549

late blight, treatment, Hawaii 848

leaf roll, notes 545

leak, treatment, U.S.D.A 149

midge in Maine 60

mosaic disease, investigations 149

nitrogen, nutritive efficiency 567

Potato — Continued. Page,

peelings, analyses. Conn. State- _ 626
powdery scab in West Virginia,

W.Va 549

powdery scab, studies, Mass 249

Rhizoctonia disease, studies 250

rot due to Phytophthora infes-

tans. Mass 249

scab, notes 149

silage, notes 207

spindling sprout, studies. Mass- 249

starch and dextrin, manufacture- 207

storage rots, notes, Wash 298

tops, feeding value, Cal 168

tuber rot, studies 149, 235

wart disease, notes 546

weevils, notes, U.S.D.A 864

wilt, studies 149

Potatoes —

assubstituteforcereals, U.S.D.A- • 166

cull, feeding value, Cal 168

culture 535

culture. Ark 437

culture, Va 8.35

culture experiments- 132, 336, 432, 735

culture experiments. Can 634

culture experiments, Minn 825

culture experiments, N.Mex 633

culture, treatise 235

degeneracy 535

disease resistance 235

dried, for pigs, U.S.D.A 473

drying 207

effect on succeeding crop 337

fertilizer experiments 432,

433, 520, 540, 820

fertilizer experiments, Can 634

fertilizer experiments, N.Mex — 634

fertilizer experiments. Pa 220

fertilizer experiments, Tex 32

for pigs 372, 535

grading 535

grading, U.S.D.A 34, 834

improvement, Hawaii 827

insects affecting 558

irrigation experiments, N.Mex- 633

irrigation experiments, Utah 320

market types 535

marketing 535

marketing, U.S.D.A 834

new nematode infesting, U.S.D.A- 147

origin and early culture 332, 535

planting experiments. Can 634

planting whole v. cut tubers 534

production, 1918 program, U.S.

D.A 834

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A- 129

seed certification 535

seed, for fall planting 535

seed, growing in Nova Scotia.

Can 646

seed, storage. Ark 437

seeding experiments 534

seeding experiments, Minn 132

selection, Ohio 197

selection experiments 433

spraying, U.S.D.A 135

19181

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

979

Potatoes — Continued. Page,

spraying experiments, Conn.

State 235

storage, U.S.D.A 89

storage cellars, description 391

storage experiments, N.Y.Htate- 835

storage house, plans, Ala. College. 137

treatment with liquid air 128

utilization 535

varieties 336, 432, 433

varieties, Ark 436

varieties, Can 634

varieties, Hawaii 828

varieties, Kans 632

varieties, Minn 132

varieties. Pa 34, 229

varieties, Tex 32

varieties, U.S.D.A 31

varieties, Va 835

yield in relation to weather 317

Poultry —

breeding from selected stock 775

canning 715

care on the farm, Cal 678

diseases, treatise 781

experiments. Can 677

farms, survey in New Jersey,

N.J 173

fattening experiments, Mont 373

feeding, Wash 95

feeding experiments 71

feeding experiments, N.Mex 678

feeding, war rations, N.J 476

grit, analyses. Can 666

house, description. Can 677

houses and appliances, hand-
book 190

houses, construction, Kans 190

houses, equipment for 593

insects for, U.S.D.A 71

intestinal para.sites, remedies — 83

keeping in back yards, U.S.D.A- 374

keeping in town and country — 173

lice and mites, remedies, Mont_ 184

live and dressed, standards 294

manure, analyses, Pa 23

manure, handling. Wash 298

marketing cooperatively 494

marketing in New York 293

production for war emergency — 94

raising in Colorado 776

raising, treatise 776

sanitation. Mass 287

(See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.)

Powdery mildews, relation to hosts.

Mo 645

Prairie —

and woodland, ecology of ten-
sion zone 521

dogs, susceptibility to rabies 80

Prairies and mountain grasslands,

comparison ^24

Precipitation —

chart, new, U.S.D.A 209

in British Columbia 288

relation to winter wheat yields- 14
{See also Rainfall, etc.)

Precipitin antigen, production from Page.

bacteria 483

Pregnancy —

diagnosis ISl, 581

diagnosis, Ky 681

Premnotrypes solani, notes, U.S.D.A. 864

Preserving, book on 114

Pressure, effect on bacteria 584

Preventive medicine and hygiene,

treatise 882

Prickly pear. (See Cactus.)

Primula sinensis, heredity in 822

Pristaulacus strangalicB n.sp., de-
scription 164

Privy, sanitary —

description 84, 85

description, Ky 567

Procerus sacchariphaga, notes 465

Propachyneuronia n.g. and n.sp.,

notes 565

Propionic acid, determination 506

Prospaltella —

fasciata n.sp., description 460

lounsburyi, notes 467

Protalbinic acid, nitrogen distribu-
tion in 310

Proteid. (See Protein.)
Protein —

cleavage products. (See Amino

acids.)
extracts for diagnostic cuta-
neous tests, preparation 482

foreign, fate in anaphylactic

reaction 79

heat-coagulable and water-
soluble, in milk. Mo 612

hydrolysis in presence of alde-
hydes 201

intake, effect on creatin excre-
tion in children 569

new, in milk 611

of cow's milk 505

of insects, value for poultry,

U.S.D.A 71

physical chemistry, treatise 708

Proteinuria, Bence-Jones, investiga-
tions 569

Proteopteryx —

bolliana, notes 762

holliana, studies, U.S.D.A 157

toillingana, notes 257

Proteoses, absorption by digestive

apparatus 366

Protoplasm, water absorption by — 502
Protozoa —

intestinal, transmission by flies- 563

life history 580

Provender —

analyses, Mass 665

analyses, N.H 369

Prune brown rot, treatment 454

Prunes, pollination by bees, Cal 747

Pruning —

effect on set of fruit 42

paper on 540

treatise 539

wounds, dressings for, Ohio 143

980

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. S8

Prussic acid. {See Hydrocyanic Page.

acid. )
PseudoamphhHomum danuiiense, in-
fection of pigs with 82

Pseudococcus —

adonidum, notes 464

citri. {See Citrus mealy bug.)

sacchari, notes 556

Pseudocryphalus n.g. and n.sp.,

description 163

Pseudodiaporthe coffece, notes 51

Pseudohylesinus n.g. and n.sp.,

description 163

Pscudomonas papulans n.sp. on apple 251
Pteris aquilina, toxic effect on horses 589
Pterocarpus santalinus, descriptive

account 146

Pteromalus hermleucw n.sp., descrip-
tion 165

Ptomaine poisoning due to canned

goods, Cal 208

Ptomaines, formation in wounds 783

Ptychodes trilineatus, studies,

U.S.D.A 363

Public health and medicine at Pan

American Scientific Congress 580

Puccinia —

antirrhini, notes, Can 546

asparagi. {See Asparagus rust.)
glumarum, introduction into

America 147

graminis, overwintering in Aus-
tralia 4S

graminis, studies, U.S.D.A 47

kuehnii, notes 550

spongiosa, notes 848

spp., overwintering and distri-
bution in South America 148

spp., parasitism 448

spp., spore germination 224

suhnitens, ascial hosts 249

. Pucciniastrum —

pustulatum, inoculation experi-
ments 253

pustulatum on Epilobium adeno-

caulon 553

Pufflnus, notes 457

Pullets V. hens for egg production,

Can 677

Pulpwood industry in United States,

U.S.D.A 447

Pulvinaria —

betulw, notes 464

vitis {Annumerabilis.) (See
Maple-scale, cottony.)
Pumping plants —

for irrigation, Mont 186

of U.S.Reclamation Service 589

reservoir capacity for 389

Pumpkins —

composition and digestibility.

Mass 571

use by prehistoric Americans.- 167

Purdue University, notes 96,

198, 399, 600, 797

Purple scale on olive, Cal 157

Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.)

Page.

Pyrotherapy, aseptic, notes 588

Pyracmon conocola n.sp., doscription_ 164

Pyralld—

moth borers, new 459

new, from California 766

Pyrethrum, manganese content, U.S.

D.A 207

Pyrheliometers, comparison, U.S.D.A- 210

Pyridin —

effect on soil organisms, Vt 420

in soils, studies, Ala.College 119, 129

Pyrilla ahcrrans, studies 462

Pyrocatechin, presence in plants 223

Pyrogallol, effect on nitrification in

soil, Ala.College 119

Pyrox, fungicidal value. Conn. State- 235

Pythiacystis citrophthora, growth in

cultures 757

Pythium —

debaryanum, treatment, U.S.D.A- 149

palmivorum, notes 354

Quassia extract, insecticidal value,

U.S.D.A 55

Quince —

borer, notes 465

diseases, notes, N.J 50

insects affecting, U.S.D.A 843

Japanese, petalization 446

Quinolin in soils, studies, Ala.Col-
lege 119, 129

Rabbits —

breeds and breeding 577

color inheritance in 776

control in Nevada 456

immunity to hog cholera bacillus- 382

treatise 174

Rabies —

dissemination by prairie dogs 80

immunization 580

Radiation in the atmosphere, U.S.

D.A 210

Radish seed, viability, studies 127

Radishes —

effect on succeeding corn crop-- 135

winter storage, Vt 442

Radium emanation from water, U.S.

D.A 510

Rafl[inose, effect on polarization of

beet molasses 113

Ragri, culture experiments 135, 433

Ragwort, poisoning cattle in Eng-
land 82

Rain —

dissemination of plant diseases

by, U.S.D.A 47

fertilizing value. Can 619

nitrogen, chlorin, and sulphates

in 416

nitrogen in, U.S.D.A 509

tropical 415

Rainfall —

and gunfire 115

and .gunfire, U.S.D.A 511

annual, in United States,

U.S.D.A 209

at Temple, Tex 334

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

981

Rainfall — Continued. Page.

effect on redwood 522

effect on tree growth 415

efficiency of varying amounts 716

excessive, in London, U.S.D.A- 511
greatest at Washington, D. C,

U.S.D.A 511

heaviest in British Isles,

U.S.D.A 511

in eastern United States 717

in Tennessee, Tenn 318, 319

lunar periods in, U.S.D.A 510

of South Africa 15

relation to corn and wheat pro-
duction 317

relation to cranberry fruit rots,

U.S.D.A 454

relation to crop yields, U.S.D.A- 509

relation to forests, U.S.D.A 510

relation to grape downy mildew- 755

relation to magnetic storms 15

relation to sun spots 115

sun spots, and magnetic storms,

U.S.DA 811

(See also Precipitation.)
Ranges, management in Southwest,

U.S.D.A 447

Rape —

as a forage crop, Hawaii 827

cake, sulphureted, fertilizing

value 121

culture experiments 133

culture for winter forage, Cal — 735

liming experiments 22

Rapeseed cake, fertilizing value 624

Raspberries —

breeding 845

culture 845

culture, Ind 246

culture, U.S.D.A 347

culture, Wash 643

fertilizer experiments 540

fertilizer experiments. Mass 218

varieties, Ind 246

varieties. Wash 643

Raspberry —

anthracnose organism, perfect

stage 252

anthracnose, studies, N.Y.Cor-
nell 853

cane blight, notes. Can 546

diseases in Minnesota 50

Rations —

computing. Pa 73

effect on intestinal flora of

swine, Kans 875

Rats —

animal parasites of 760

color inheritance in 776

destruction, U.S.D.A _ 356

destruction, Wash 497

destruction on ships 356

directions for raising 258

economic importance 255

pack, destructive to Jeffrey pine 53
relation to Spirochwta icterohw-

morrhagiw 653, 760

Ravenelia, new or rare species, Page.

notes 125

Razoumofskya —

americana and R. occ-identalis

abictina, new hosts 152

campylopoda, inoculation ex-
periments 253

Bed-
bugs, remedies 257

clover. (See Clover, red.)
dog flour. (See Flour, red dog.)
saunders tree, descriptive ac-
count 146

scale, on olive, Cal 157

spider. (See Spider, red.)

Redtop, effect on succeeding crop 337

Redwater in cattle, Wash 486

(See also Texas fever.)
Redwood, relation to rainfall and

fog 522

Reforestation —

in Pennsylvania 846

of chestnut-blighted land 45

Refrigerators for farms 292

Renguera in lambs 687, 688

Reproductive organs as affected by

X-rays 268

Reservoirs —

for farms, U.S.D.A 84

for small pumping plants 389

Resins of Chile 336

Retting, microbiological, notes 715

Rhaidospora coffew, notes 51

Rhagoletis pomonella. (See Apple
maggot.)

Rhapidospora coffcicola, notes 51

RMgopsidius ttwunvanus, notes,

U.S.D.A 864

Rhinocricus arboreus, scale-feeding

habits 865

Rhizobium beyerinckii injurious to

soy beans 451

Rhizoctonia —

destruens, notes 848

tnicrosclerotia n.sp., descrip-
tion 252

violacea asparagi {R, medica-

ginis), treatment 648

violacea, notes 849

Rhizoctonia, pathogenic action 250

Rhizopus —

maydis n.sp., description 849

nigricans on strawberries 252

nigricans on strawberries, Can. 646
nigricans, treatment, U.S.D.A — 149
Rhode Island Station —

notes 400, 900

report "598

Rhododendrons, treatise 542

Rhogas n.spp., descriptions 165

Rhus —

laurina and R. diversiloba, fats

from 202

semialata, insect galls on 764

Rlipnchophora ferrnginea in Ceylon. 62
Ribes spp., resistance to pine blister

rust 151

982

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol.38

Rice — Page.

analyses, U.S.D.A 67

anthocyan pigment in,, inherit-
ance 29

antineuritic vitamins in 581

assimilation of nutrients by_ 340, 429

bran, analyses, Tex 369

bran, composition, U.S.D.A 67

breeding experiments 526, 635

culture 236

culture experiments 230,

336, 337, 433, 526, 527, 635, 735

fertilizer experiments 337,

424, 433, 527, 635, 735

field fly, notes 36o

for growing chicks. Can 677

germination studies 24

green manuring 220, 336

hulls, composition and feeding

value, U.S.D.A 67

hulls, ground, analyses, Tex 369

hybridization 236, 526, 635

insects affecting 257, 460

loss in weight after harvesting 635

meal, analyses 572

meal, analyses, Can 666

milling and by-products 477

milling and by-products U.S.D.A- 67

polish, analyses, Tex 369

polish, analyses and feeding

value 477

production in America 34

production, 19 18 program,

U.S.D.A 836

seedlings, transplanting 527

selection 526, 527

soil aeration, Hawaii 828

spike disease, notes 848

straw, feeding value, Cal 168

ufra disease, investigations — 351, 547

varieties 229, 230, 336, 337, 433

varieties adapted to deep water 741
" wild," cultivation by Indians- 34

Richweed, toxicity, U.S.D.A 685, 883

Rinderpest —

immunization 484, 888

in swine 80

in swine, immunization 287

virus, vitality outside the ani-
mal body 785

Ringworm in horses, treatment 83

Rio Grande —

bird reservation 555

waters of, Colo 386

River —

measurement. (See Stream meas-
urement.)

stages, daily, U.S.D.A 590

Rivers, African, desiccation 15

Road —

gravels in Iowa 692

laws in Minnesota 789

materials, specifications 289

materials, specifications and

tests, U.S.D.A 87

oil inspectors, charts for 492

sections, standard 189

Roads — Page.

administration in Illinois 289

administration in New Mexico- 689

administration in Ontario 789

concrete, bituminous coatings

for 692

concrete, roller finishing 189

construction and maintenance,

U.S.D.A 289

construction, bonds for 592

construction in Wisconsin 87

construction, treatise 592

convict labor for, U.S.D.A 789

curve tables 289

dust prevention 87

in United States, U.S.D.A 86

paving 789

preservation, U.S.D.A 790

traction resistances 491

Robin, food habits 457

Rock phosphate. (See Phosphate.)

Rodents, destruction on ships 356

Roentgen rays —

effect on bacterial diseases 481

effect on fungi 855

effect on thymus and reproduc-
tive organs 268

Root crops — •

culture experiments 133

culture experiments. Can 634

culture foe winter forage, Cal_ 735

culture in South Australia 540

culture on moor soils 132

feeding value. Can 665

of Chile 336

varieties 432

varieties, Can 634

varieties, Mont 333

varieties, U.S.D.A 31

winter storage, Vt 442

Root nodules, studies 731

Roots —

assimilation of atmospheric car-
bon by 329

oxygen requirements 628

Rope, use on the farm 893

Rose —

chafer, remedies, Tenn 358

crown canker, studies 854

diseases, investigations 553

leaf-hopper in Nova Scotia 156

midge, notes 155, 358

Bosellinia —

radiciperda, notes 452

spp. on tea 354

Roses, annual for 1917 44

Rosin, yield from double chipping,

U.S.D.A 46

Rotation —

of crops 433

of crops, Kans 630

of crops, Minn 825

of crops. Mo 217,619

of crops, S.C 816

of crops, U.S.D.A 430,431

Roup —

in fowls, etiology 890

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

983

Roup — Continued. Page.

In fowls, etiology, Kans 880

paper on 179

Rubber —

black thread disease, studies 351, 547

canker, studies 554, 854

culture and preparation 447

culture experiments 845

culture in Philippines 349

culture in Trinidad and Tobago_ 349

determination in latex 508, 544

diseases and pests 447, 847

diseases of 52, 53, 759, 854

dry raw, injury by chromogenic

organisms in transit 759

Hevea. (-See Rubber, Para.)

industry, chemicals in 715

latex, content and specific grav-
ity 146

leaf disease, investigations — 153, 356

leaf fall disease, investigations- 153,

456, 554

Para, coagulation in latex 331

Para, composition of latex 715

Para, culture 542

Para, tapping experiments- 45, 46, 544
Para, tapping experiments, prob-
able error in 544

Para, thinning experiments 247

pink disease, notes 456

properties 146

quality as affected by tapping

system 146

Rubidium —

determination in plant ash

in plants, U.S.D.A

Rubus —

forcing experiments, Vt

orange rusts of

Runoff —

determination

in eastern United States

Rural —

and urban populations, compar-
ative birth rate

conditions in Canada

credit. (See Agricultural
credit.)

economics, textbook

education problems, discussion-
life in Litchfield Co., Connecti-
cut

population in France

sanitation, notes

school fairs in Canada

sociology, instruction in

sociology, treatise

surveys in Georgia 191

Rust spores, germination

Rusts —

of Australia

parasitism

studies, Mo

(See also Cereal, Wheat, etc.)

Rutabagas. (See Swedes.)

412
409

443
454

590
717

191
791

196
191

191
494
459
795
495
89
192
224

350
448
645

Rye — Page,
and cowpeas mixture, digesti-
bility 778

and wheat hybrid, description-- 735

as a forage crop, Hawaii 827

as a substitute for wheat,

U.S.D.A 838

by-products, analyses, N.T.State 67

culture, N.J S3

culture, Wyo 527

culture experiments. Can <i34

culture experiments, Tex 832

culture for chicken feed, Hawaii 827

culture for winter forage, Cal — 735
culture in Southeastern States,

U.S.D.A 341

effect on succeeding crop 337

fertility and sterility 236

fertilizer experiments 132, 820

frost injury to, studies 148

grass, culture experiments 133

grass, frost injury to, studies — 148

grass, varieties 535

growth studies, methods 526

middlings, analyses 369

middlings, analyses. Mass 665

seeding experiments, Minn 131

shrinkage tests, Ohio 840

varieties, Can 634

varieties, Minn 131

varieties, U.S.D.A 30

varieties for New South Wales- 528
varieties for the Dakotas and

Montana, U.S.D.A 230

yields in Australia 133

Sabulodes cabcrata on olive, Cal 157

SacchMromyces —

cerevisicB, thermal death point,

Vt 468

ellipsoideus, effect of salts on__ 503

Saccharose —

humiflcation 26

in beets, formation and distri-
bution

Safflower cake, fertilizing value

Sailors, discharged, employment on
farms

Saissetia olew. (See Black scale.)

Sal-
disease, notes 351

ecology and diseases 332

Salicylic —

acid, determination in foods —
aldehyde, effect on nitrification

in soil, Ala.College 119

26
220

293

314

Salmon —

and its by-products, preparation
canned, content of bacteria and

tin

canned. In United States.

U.S.D.A

13

166
866
77

Salt-
effect on storage butter

effect on water content of butter 781
effect on weeds, Kans 632

984

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Saltpeter, Chile. (See Sodium

nitrate.)
Salts —

alkali, effect on nitrification 322

soluble, excess in humid soils 418

soluble, movement in soils,

U.S.D.A 417

Balvarsan, toxicity 181

Sampling, standard methods 506

San Jos6 scale —

notes, N.Mex 653

remedies 540

remedies. Mo 653

Sand, concrete, grading 389

Sandalwood spike disease 548, 855

Sanitary closets, chemical 84, 85

Sanninoidea exitiosa. (See Peach
borer.)

Santonin as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A 884

Sap —

concentration and height of leaf

insertion 126

concentration of Jamaican

mountain plants 125

osmotic pressure 523

Saponin plants of Chile 336

Sapotoxins, detection in flour 712

Sarcophaga —

caridei, studies 258

spp., notes, U.S.D.A 161

Sardines, examination. Me 166

Sauerkraut, making and storing 567

Scabies. (See Horse mange and

Sheep scab.)
Scale —

black, in California, Cal 157

insects in Florida 562

insects in Missouri, Mo 653

red, on olive, Cal 157

Scamius ephialtoides n.sp., descrip-
tion 565

Scapteriscus vicinus, studios, P.R 762

(Schizoneura) Eriosoma ulmi,

studies 464

Schizoneura lanigera. (See Apple
aphis, woolly.)

Schizophyllum commune, notes 51

Schizotetranychus latitarsus n.sp.,

description 63

SchoBnobius tipunctifer, notes 257

School-
boys for farm work 590

children in Kentucky, farm

work by 193

children, out-of-school work 192

fairs in Canada 795

gardening, notes 193

gardens in Canada 795

gardens in Ireland 898

gardens in Nebraska 93

gardens, review 297

gardens, teacher s' training

school 297

gardens, value In botany course 795
lunches as home economics

project in Chicago 196

lunches, bibliography 167

School — Continued. Page.

lunches, plans for serving 599

Schools — -

agricultural. (See Agricultural
schools.)

agricultural equipment for 93

agriculture in 93

elementary rural, home econom-
ics for 94

negro, agriculture in 92

nonflush chemical closet for 84

rural, fairs in Canada 795

Schreckensteinia festaliella in Wis-
consin 155

Science and industry institute in

Australia ,_ 796

Scirpus lacustris, fertilizing value,

Cal 520

Scirtothrips citri, studies, U.S.D.A.- 763

Sclerosis, diffuse, in horses in India- 287
Sclerotinia —

cinerea, notes 550

fagopyri n.sp., description 648

llbertiana, notes 545

matthiolw n.sp., description 850

trifoliorum, investigations 850

Sclerotium —

iataticola on peppers 250

rolfsii on sugar cane 851

rolfsii, resistance of peanuts to 851
Scolytus rugiilosus. (See Shot-hole
borer.)

Scorias capitata n.sp., description 648

Scorzonera laciniata, appearance in

South Australia 141

Screenings, ground, analyses, N. Y.

State 67

Screw worms, life history and reme-
dies, U.S.D.A 160

Scurvy, relation to diet 268, 568

Scutellista gigantea n.sp., descrip-
tion 460

Scutellum ( f) coffeanum, notes 51

Scyphophorus acupunctatus, studies- 62

Sea —

breeze on Long Island, U.S.D.A- 209
winds, effect on male inflores-
cences of pine 331

Seaweed —

as a fertilizer for potatoes 432

fertilizing value. Can 624

Seed —

beds, sterilization 556

coats, permeability 126

inspection in Missouri, Mo 633

inspection in North Carolina 240

inspection in Vermont, Vt 441

inspection in Zurich, Switzer-
land 538

law of Colorado, Colo 140

production in western hemlock- 644

reports, U.S.D.A 343,

441, 639, 743, 841
rooms, heating to destroy in-
sects 241

Seeding, fall, Waslj,,,^,,,^-..-.^-.^^, — 95

1918]

nrOEX OF SUBJECTS.

985

Seeds — Page.

adulteration 343

determination of life duration. 822

distribution by ocean currents. 125

garden, saving, U.S.D.A 241

germinating, electrical response. 822

germination as afifected by light- 127
germination as affected by

weather 15

germination experiments, Vt 441

germination in saline solutions. 429

imports, U.S.D.A 629

of cultivated plants and their

identification 240

of fleshy fruits, germination 224

production, handling, and mar-
keting, U.S.D.A 343

size and sprout value in relation

to yield of small grain, Nebr_ 732

sterilization 629

vitality experiments 224

weed, description and key 343

weed, in imported seed 539

weight in relation to pod type. 535

Seepage and return waters, Colo 288

Selection, review of investigations — 64
Self-feeders for pigs —

Can 673

U.S.D.A 475

Septic tanks, concrete, construction

and operation 592

Septicemia, hemorrhagic —

Immunization 784

in mules 184

organisms of 179

studies 887

Septoria —

aurae, perfect stage. Can 546

glumamm, notes, Can 646

lycopersiei. treatment, Mich 150

rihis, studies, Can 546

Serlcultural station at Padua, re-
port 8^^

Sericulture. (See Silk.)
Serum —

blood, method of obtaining 181

of sea eel, toxicity and prop-
erties 582

veal agar, notes 684

Serums —

antitoxic, concentration 504

hydrogen-ion concentration, de-
termination 505

Immune, treatise 378

preservatives in, determination. 316

preservatives in, toxicity 283

production and distribution In

Holland 180

Sesame —

cake, feeding value 5(2

cake, fertilizing value ^ "27

culture experiments 336, 527, 635

meal, analyses. Mass 665

rotation crop for 526

wilts, notes ^"'l

Besamia vuteria, notes 465

82481°— 18 S

Sesamum indicum — Page.

analyses 368

loss in weight after harvesting. 635

Sesia —

(JEgeria) tipuUformis, notes 261

geliformis, notes 762

Sewage —

as a source of nitrogen 625

disposal on farms, Mont 188

disposal plants, small 85

pathogenic organisms in, detec-
tion 188

purification 85

purification, bibliography 691

purification by aeration 490

putrescibility test for 489

utilization in Italy 723

Sex —

cords and germ cells, origin in

male chick 173

determination, studies 65, 66

ratio, control in dairy cattle,

Me 175

Shaftal as a forage crop 230

Sheep —

alfalfa pasture for, U.S.D.A 67

bams and pens, Cal 693

breeding experiments, Pa 270

caracul, inheritance of wool 575

color inheritance in 574

digestion experiments 368

digestion experiments. Mass 571

disease, new, in Peru 687, 688

diseases, treatise 781

drenching, apparatus for,

U.S.D.A 884

feeding experiments 167, 370, 771

feeding experiments. Nebr 271

feeding experiments. Pa 270

feeding rack, description 593

inheritance of fertility in 574

judging in secondary schools,

U.S.D.A 496

maggot flies, notes 466

manure, analyses. Pa 23

manure, fortilizing value 433

parasites affpcting 183

pasturing experiments, U.S.D.A. 67, 175

prices, 1818-1915 575

raising in Australia 372

raising in Colorado 772

raising in Kentucky, Ky 273

raising on irrigation projects,

U.S.D.A 168

raising on the farm, Cal 575

raising on the farm, U.S.D.A — 69

raising on the farm. Wash 298

scab outbreaks In England 282

tick, enidlcation in New Z«'a-

land 82

(See aUo Lambs.)

Shingle Industry of Caii;i.l:i 140

Shingles, preservation. Pa 248

Shipstuff, analyses 572

Shot-hole borer —

digest of data 564

986

EXPERIMENT STATIOIST BECOED.

[Vol. 38

Shot-hole borer — Continued. Page.

red-shouldered, notes 762

red-shouldered, on pecan, U.S.

D.A 157

Shrubs —

breeding and culture experi-
ments, Can 641

for ornamental plantings, U.S.

D.A 45

new, of Philippines 247

of Wyoming, U.S.D.A 255

varieties. Can 641

varieties, U.S.D.A 142

Signiphnra merceti n.sp., descrip-
tion 460

Silage-
analyses, Cal 175

analyses, Ind 376

bacteriological studies 379

crops for dairy cows, Cal 174

croprf for western Washington,

Wash 637

crops, tests, Kans 630

crops, tests. Mo 636

crops, yields in Australia 133

effect on melting point of milk

fat, Mo 682

fermentation 772

fermentation, Iowa 111

fermentation, U.S.D.A 802

for horses. Mo 676

from corn stover, U.S.D.A 802

from Russian thistle, N.Mex 669

handling 390

making, Kans 665

making, Wash 95

notes 368

pathogenic anaerobe from, Ky 384

variation in ether extract 413

Silica, solubility 310

Silk—

fibers, use in chemical analysis- 9

Mancburian tussore 361

production and manufacture in

China 361

Silkworm —

effect of chemicals on 460

larvse, selection for flacherie re-
sistance 860

SUos—

and silage, notes 36S

concrete, for cold climate 292

construction . 391

construction, U.S.D.A 190

wooden-hoop, construction, Cal_ 190

Silver, toxic effect on plants 628

Sllverfish, notes, U.S.D.A 364

Simodactylus cinnamoneus, investi-
gations 163

(Sinoxylon) Xylebiops basilare —

notes 762

on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Sipha flava attacking sugar cane,

P.R 762

Siphonella fttnicola, life history and

habits 359

tSiphonophora viticcla. {See Grape- Page,
vine aphis.)

Sirup, methods of analysis 315

Sisal, culture in Antigua 336

SisalaniE of West Indies 529

Sitotroga cerealella. (See Grain-
moth, Angoumois.)
Skim milk —

for corn-fed pigs, Ohio 474

for egg production, Mont 373

powdered, analyses 804

Skin reactions, anaphylactic 580

Skins, tanning and dressing, treatise- 13

Sky light, polarization, U.S.D.A 812

Slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)

Slaughterhouses, inspection, Ky 567

Sludge, activated, fertilizing value 120

Smelter gases, effect on insects 458

Smoke injurious to vegetation 28

Smokehouse, description, U.S.D.A 476

Snakoroot, toxicity, U.S.D.A 685, 883

Snapdragon rust, notes. Can 546

Snow —

fertilizing value. Can 619

nitrogen, chlorin, and s u 1-

pliates in 416

surfaces, evaporation from,

U.S.D.A 209

surveys in Nevada 416

value to the farmer 416

Soap-
making 867

mixing with lead arsenate

sprays 258

Soapweed as a silage crop, U.S.D.A. 471

Social survey in Kentucky, Ky 694

Sodium —

arsenate, oxidation in dipping

fluids 585

carbonate, formation in calcare-
ous soils, U.S.D.A 18

carbonate, neutralizing cream

with 281

chlorid. (See Salt.)

determination in vegetable ash_ 311

cyanid as a fumi^.;ant 357

cyanid as a soil fumigant,

U.S.D.A 457

nitrate —

application 624

effect on burning quality of

tobacco 140

effect on composition of

wheat, Ohio 518

effect on nitrogen-assimi-
lating bacteria, U.S.D.A- 724
effect on nitrogen content

of soil, Tenn 213

effect on nitrogen transfor-
mations in soils 723

effect on soil acidity,

U.S.D.A 620

effect on wheat 438

fertilizing value- 229,233, 438, 624

fertilizing value. Mass 218

fertilizing value, Minn 825

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

987

Sodium — Continued.

nitrate — continued. Page.

fertilizing value, Pa 220, 244

fertilizing value, S.C 517, 816

fertilizing value, Tenn 212

fertilizing value, U.S.D.A_ 422

for pineapples, P.R 748

Bale and distribution,

U.S.D.A 625

use on peat soils 132, 433

salts, therapeutic value 585

sulphid, effect on cement G91

Softwood lumber industry in Middle

West, U.S.D.A 847

Soil-
abrasion by storms in Russia 145

acidity, correction 819

acidity, determination 419

acidity, determiuation, U.S.D.A_ 720

acidity, investigations, U.S.D.A- 511

acidity, notes, Ohio 298

acidity, relation to green ma-
nures. Pa 20

acidity, studies. Pa 20

bacteria as affected by arsenic_ 322
bacteria as affected by magne-
sium and calcium salts,

U.S.D.A 818

bacteria, coli-like, studies 19

bacteria, nitrogen-fixing, studies 428

erosion in Kansas 422

extract as a criterion of pro-
ductivity, U.S.D.A 812

extract as affected by season

and crop growth, U.S.D.A— 813

fertility, improvement, Ohio 219

fertility, maintenance 119

fertility under trees 816

fertility work in Rhode Island 325

flora, studies 514

microorganisms, nitrate trans-
formation by 723

moisture, effect on plant asso-
ciations 425

moisture, effect on winterkilling

of cereals 415

moisture, loss through percola-
tion, evaporation, and trans-
piration, U.S.D.A 418

moisture minimum, dynamic, de-
termination 719

moisture, relation to apple spot

diseases, U.S.D.A 753

moisture, relation to orange

growth 541

moisture, studies. Mo 620

moisture under dry farmlrg,

Utah 319

moisture under Irrigation, Utah_ 320
nitrates as affected by weeds-- 814
permeability, relation to irriga-
tion "788

physics and management, text-
book 598

solution, concentration, Mich-_ 16

solution, extraction 803

solution, freezing point, Mich- 16

Soil — Continued. Page.

solution, freezing point, U.S.

D.A 813

solution obtained by hydraulic

action 512

temperature, effect on seedling

corn 530

toxins and nitrification, studies. 322
''oil survey In —

Alabama, Pickens Co., U.S.D.A- 512
Alabama, Washington Co., U.S.

D.A 214

Arkansas, Craighead Co., U.S.

D.A 513

Arkansas, Hempstead Co., U.S.

D.A 812

California, Honey Lake area,

U.S.D.A 214

California, Pasadena area, U.S.

D.A 215

California, Riverside area, U.S.

D.A 421

California, San Fernando Val-
ley area. U.S.D.A 621

Georgia, Crisp Co.. U.S.D.A--. 215
Georgia, Meriwether Co., U.S.

D.A 718

Georgia, Richmond Co., U. S.

D.A 718

Illinois, Kane Co., Ill 718

Indiana. Benton Co., U.S.D.A-. 215

Iowa. Bremer Co.. Iowa 18

Iowa, Scott Co., U.S.D.A 215

Maryland, Howard Co.. U.S.D.A. 621
Nebraska, Dawes Co., U.S.D.A. 216
Nebraska, Fillmore Co., U.S.

D.A 812

Nebraska, Kimball Co., U.S.D.A. 719
New York, Cortland Co., U.S.

D.A 216

North Carolina, Columbus Co.,

U.S.D.A 216

North Carolina, Harnett Co.,

U.S.D.A 323

North Carolina, Hertford Co.,

U.S.D.A 216

North Dakota, Bottineau Co.,

N.Dak 621

North Dakota, Bottineau Co.,

U.S.D.A 422

Oklahoma, Kay Co., U.S.D.A. __ 621
Texas, San Saba Co., U.S.D.A.- 422
Wisconsin, north-central area,

U.S.D.A 324

Wisconsin, Portage Co., U.S.

D.A 216

Wisconsin. Wood Co., U.S.D.A. 217
Soiling crops, culture on moorland- 132
Soils —

alkali, drainage 591

alkali, of San Luis Valley,

Colo 324, 386

alkali, reclamation 815

alkali, reclamation, U.S.D.A 118

and soil management, course In 897
as affected by fairy-ring fungi,

U.S.D.A 222

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Soils— Continued. Page.

as affected by storage, Mo 619

as affected by wet cultivation

for rice 117

auto-irriKators for 719

black alkali, of San Luis Val-
ley, Colo 324

calcareous, black alkali in,

U.S.D.A 18

carbon dioxid production in,

Iowa 118

carbon-nitrogen relations 421

chemical changes, microbial

agency in 322

chernozem, sterilization 17

classification 512

decomposition of organic matter

in 117

DeKalb, fertilizer requirements.

Pa 219

effect on burning quality of to-
bacco 230

effect on composition of wheat,

Ohio 518

forest, composition 722

fumigation, U.S.D.A 457

humid, excess of soluble salts in 418

hydrogen-ion concentration 620

hydrolytic ratio, U.S.D.A 511

hygroscopic coefficient, deter-
mination, U.S.D.A 210

management. 111 719

methods of mechanical analysis- 313
muck and peat, subsidence after

drainage 690

niter, reclamation, Colo 323

nitrification in, U.S.D.A 211

of Aroostook County, Maine 620

of Bihar, phosphate depletion 118

of Dutch East Indies 542

of Indiana, fertilizer require-
ments, Ind 219

of Java 513

of Mauritius, analyses 513, 514

of New Jersey, Freehold area,

analyses, N.J 214

of northern Wales, studies 116

of Ozark upland region. Mo 217

of Russia, nitrogen-fixing bac-
teria in 428

of South Africa, analyses 411

of south-central Texas, Tex 324

of Tennessee, nitrogen economy,

Tenn 212

of Umatilla project, U.S.D.A 422

peat, drainage 591, 690

peat, microorganisms of 420

phosphoric acid of, studies 117

productivity, determination, U.

S.D.A 812

rarer elements in, U.S.D.A 400

reaction, U.S.D.A 620

reaction, determination 410

red, of Limburg, Netherlands 513

relation to forests 542

shrinkage 321

Sterilization 17, 514, 556, 720

Soils — Continued. Page.

sterilization, Vt 420

sticky clay, of Limburg, Nether-
lands 513

subarctic, unusual features 732

textbook 196

translocation of salts in

U.S.D.A 417

Solandra longiflora, toxicity 782

Solanum rostratum, description 539

Solar —

activity, relation to rainfall and

magnetic storms 15

atmosphere, structure, U.S.D.A. 811

corona?, U.S.D.A 812

radiation measurements, plea

for 114

{See also Sun.)

Soldier bug, green, notes, Ohio 197

Soldiers —

convalescent, agricultural In-
struction 299

returned, employment on farms 293

returned, land settlement for 791

Solutions, standardizing 204

Soot fall in St. Louis 115

Sorghum —

as a feed crop, Cal 665

as a substitute for sugar, Ohio_ 899

biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 430

culture experiments 133

culture experiments, Kans 632

culture experiments, S.Dak 341

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 829, 830

culture for chicken feed, Hawaii 827
culture in eastern Oregon,

U.S.D.A 432

digestibility 778

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii _ 829

grain, culture in Utah, U.S.D.A 230
grain, fats and fatty acids of,

Okla 410

grain, seed selection, Cal 237

kernel smut, investigations, Mo_ 645

seeding experiments, Kans 630

seeding experiments, Tex 32

selection experiments 433

smuts, treatment 351

stalks, feeding value, Cal 168

sweet, as a silage crop, Cal 174

sweet, as a silage crop, Kans — 630

varieties 433

varieties, Hawaii 828

varieties, Kans 630

varieties, S.Dak 341

varieties, Tex___ 32, 334, 829, 830, 831

varieties, U.S.D.A 431

water requirement, Nebr 229

Sorrel disease, notes 350

South Carolina Station-
notes 98, 800

report 698

South Dakota —

College, notes 98, 400, 600

Station, notes 400,600

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

989

Soy bean — Page.

bacterial disease, studies 451

cake, analyses and feeding value 771

hay, analyses, Ind 37(5

meal, analyses 572

meal for corn-fed pigs, Ohio 474

Soy beans —

as affected by sulphur, U.S.D.A- 221

as human food 741

as human food, Ohio 197

culture 231

culture, N.H 34

culture. Pa 35

culture, Vt 434

culture, climatic control 415

culture experiments 336

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Mo 632

culture experiments. Pa 229

culture in Pennsylvania 741

culture on Ozark uplands, Mo 217

effect on companion crop of corn 338

effect on soil moisture, U.S.D.A- 418

fertilizer experiments. Mass 218

fertilizer experiments. Mo 217

growth in relation to climate 627

growth In relation to weather,

Tenn 318

Inoculation tests, N.H 34

root nodules 451

seed, harvesting, U.S.D.A 237

seed, weight in relation to pod

type 535

selection experiments. Conn.

State 237

shrinkage tests, Ohio 840

varieties. Mo 632

varieties, N.H 34

varieties. Pa 35, 229

varieties, Tex 334

varieties, U.S.D.A 431

Spalangia philippinensia n.sp., de-
scription 557

Sparassis radicata n.sp., description. 253

Spearmint —

culture, Ind 246

oil as affected by harvest, dry-
ing, and freezing 807

Spelt—

and wheat, hybridization 636

as a forage crop, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Can 634

culture in Wyoming, Wyo 527

varieties. Can 634

Spermatogonia, origin In male chick- 173

Sphacelia sorghi, notes 848

Bphacelotheca sorghi, investigations,

Mo 645

Bphwrella cofteicola, notes 51

Spharop si dales, light and pycnidia

. oor.

formation — ^

Sphcerostilbe repens in Malaya 52

Sphcerotheca humili, resistance to

fungicides *^"

Spices —

culture experiments 845

preservative value __— 469

Spider, red — Page.

injurious to alfalfa 558

notes 365

remedies, U.S.D.A 63

Spiloctyptus polychrosidis n.sp.,

description 565

Spirochwta wterohfcinorrhagiw, dis-
semination by rats 653, 760

Spirogyra —

as affected by various .salts 27

resistance to fungi, Tenn 350

Spodoptera mauritia, notes 257

Spondylocladiurn atrovirens, notes.- 753

Sporoiolufi spp., studies 66

Sporotrichum glohuliferutn on cacao

thrips 57

Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain, in

California 484

Spraying —

apparatus, description and use,

U.S.D.A 843

arsenical residues after, N.H — 54

calendar. Conn. State 843

experiments 551

experiments. Mo 640

experiments in Nova Scotia 156

handbook 40

notes 459, 541, 855

notes. Wash 796

Sprays —

acid and alkaline, comparison.- 756

double-purpose 258

dust, carriers and diluents for. 459
dust V. liquid— 42, 540, 551, 843, 844

Springs, mineral, of Alaska 690

Spruce — -

growth after thinning 45

Norway, drought resistance, Pa_ 44
red, factors influencing repro-
duction 45

red, growth and management,

U.S.D.A 146

sawfly, notes 257

selection experiments in .Austria- 545

sulphite pulp from, U.S.D.A 809

white, in Minnesota, Minn 146

Squashes —

effect on succeeding crop 337

use by prehistoric .\mericans — 167

Squirrels, ground, control, Cal 456

St. John's wort, toxic effect on pigS- 589

Stable fly-
repellents for 358

transmission of swamp fever 788

Stains, removal from textiles,

U.S.D.A. 114

Stallions, public service, In Wiscon-
sin. Wis 275

Standard Container Act, U.S.D.A 40

Starch —

digestion by young calves,

U.S.D.A 874

distillation in vacuo 708

humiflcation 26

Starfish, analyses, Can 626

Starvation, effect on catalase con-
tent of tissues 869

990

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

States Relations Service. (/S'ce
United State Department of Agri-
culture.)

Steam— Page.

effect on soli organisms, Vt 420

ships, sanitation 663

Steers —

beef V. dairy type, Can 667

body measurements, Pa 69

digestion experiments, U.S.D.A_ 68
feeding experiments, Ala. Col-
lege 770

feeding experiments, Can 667

feeding experiments, Ind 873

feeding experiments, Mo 272

feeding experiments, N.Mex 872

feeding experiments, Nebr 271

feeding experiments, Pa 68, 270

feeding experiments, Tenn 369

feeding experiments, U.S.D.A — 870

light V. heavy. Can 667

measurements, weights, and

gains, U.S.D.A 371

pasturing fodder crops with,

U.S.D.A 470

preparation of corn for. Mo 272

wintering, Va 271

Stegomyia scutellaris, role of blood

in reproduction of 160

Stenocranus saccharivorus, notes 459

StepJianoderes sp., notes, U.S.D.A 363

Stephanurus dentatus, life history,

Ala.College 882

Sterenm purpurenm, notes 50

Sterictiphora zaddachi, notes, P.R 762

Sterility in cows, causes and treat-
ment 286

Stizolohium —

deerinffianum, seed and pod

structure, U.S.D.A 638

spp. in Philippines 35

Stock. (See Live stock.)

Stomata, studies 821

Stomatal aperture in plants, studies. 223

Stomatitis —

contagious pustular, in horses — 586

infectious, in horses 179

vesicular, in horses and cattle_ 787

vesicular, notes 80

Stamoxys calcitrans. (See Stable
fly.)

Stone meal, analyses. Can 626

Stores, cooperative, Minn 895

Storm-water run-off, determination- 590
Storms —

in eastern United States 717

magnetic, and rain, correlation- 15
magnetic, of August, 1916, U.S.

D.A 210

magnetic, sun spots, and rain-
fall, U.S.D.A 811

Straw —

feeding. Wash 95

feeding value, Cal 168

yields in Australia 133

Strawberries — ■ Page,
as affected by Rhixopus ni-
gricans 252

culture, Ind 246

culture, U.S.D.A 143

culture experiments, Tex 41

overbearing, U.S.D.A 346

fertilizer experiments 540

fertilizer experiments, Mo 639

protection against frost, Can 641

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 55

varieties, Ind 246

varieties, Mo 639

varieties, Mont 344

Strawberry — ■

crown girdler, studies, M-ass 256

fruit rot, notes. Can 646

leaf beetle in Maryland 154

leaf-roller, biology 862

root lice, studies, Tenn 357

root weevil, remedies 864

roots, winterkilling. Can 646

weevil, studies 163

Stream measurements, methods 186

Streets, paving 789

Streptococci and lactic ferments, ac-
tion of antiseptics on 77

Strontium —

effect on Spirogyra 27

in plants, U.S.D.A 409

Subsoiling, notes, Tenn 334

Sucrose, determination in beet mo-
lasses 113

Sudan grass —

as a forage crop, N.Mex 634

as a hay crop, Kans 630

as a pasture crop, N.Mex 6S1

as a pasture crop, U.S.D.A 470

as a silage crop, Cal 174

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex- 829, 830, 831

culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 431

culture in Cuba 536

planting and cutting, Kans 630

seeding experiments, Tex 32

varieties, Tex 829, 830

Sugar-
determination in baked articles 11, 412

determination in plant juices — 507

determination in urine 614

inversion and determination 507

manufacture, handbook 508

methods of analysis 803

production in South Africa 494

production, 1918 program,

U.S.D.A 836

products, methods of analysis — 315

raw, deterioration 805

solutions, calculating purity 616

substitutes for 662

supply in United States, U.S.D.A. 866

supply, world's 595

warehousing and storing 392

Sugar beet —

curly top, cause 250

1918]

I2TDEX Ui>' SUBJECTS.

991

Sugar beet — Continued. Page.
pulp. (See Beet pulp.)

residues as cattle feed 36S

root louse, control by irrigation,

U.S.D.A 130

seed industry in Prance 537

tops and leaves, feeding value,

Cal 168

■webworm, life history 562

Sugar beets —

analyses. Can 634

culture experiments 536

culture experiments, Can 634

culture experiments, S.Dak 341

culture in Algeria 237

culture in South Africa 536

ensiling, U.S.D.A 130

fertilizer experiments, Can 634

increase in sucrose content after

removal from soil 530

irrigation experiments, Utah 320

methods of analysis 536

relation between size and sugar

content 729

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A 129

saccharose of : 26

varieties 237, 536

varieties. Can 634

varieties. N.Mex 634

varieties, S.Dak 341

Sugar cane —

beetle, life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 263

breeding experiments 520

changes in after cutting 637

culture experiments 230,

336, 337, 433, 526, 527

culture in Hawaii 537

culture in India 130

disease, new, in Porto Rico 150, 852

diseases and pests in Philip-
pines 550

diseases in Hawaii 549

diseases in Porto Rico 851

diseases, notes 352

fertilizer experiments 135,

220, 229, 337, 433, 437, 516

froghopper in Grenada 158

green manuring 220

insects aflfecting 459

Japanese, culture experiments,

Hawaii 827, 829

Japanese, culture in eastern

Oregon, U.S.D.A 432

Lahaina disease, studies 549, 550

leaf-hopper, studies 462

lightning injury 250

moth borers affecting 465

pineapple disease, notes 350

red rot, treatment 647

roots, action of arsenates on 238

sclerotial diseases, notes 351

selection experiments 433

smut, treatment 647

varieties 135,

136, 229, 230, 336. 337, 433, 437. 537
white grubs affecting 161, 767

Sugar cane — Continued. Page,

wireworm, investigations 163

Sugi, fertilizer experiments 624

Sulphate of ammonia. {See Ammo-
nium sulphate.)

Sulphates in rain and snow 416

Sulphid, effect on cement 691

Sulphur —

compounds, injury to grape-
vines 853

conservation in soils 327

dioxid, determination 10

dioxid, insecticidal value 458

effect on crops and soils,

U.S.D.A 221

effect on fermentation of

manure 19

fertilizing value 726

metabolism in dogs 570

powdered, as a fungicide 848

Sulphuric acid —

effect on soil organisms, Vt 420

manufacture, Vt 423

Sun —

Brester's theory, U.S.D.A 511

spots, effect on tree growth 415

spots, magnetic storms, and

rainfall, U.S.D.A Sll

spots, periodicity, U.S.D.A 812

spots, relation to climate 114

{See also Solar.)

Sunflower pith and stems, utiliza-
tion 207

Sunflowers- —

as a silage crop 74

as a source of potash 207

culture for chicken feed, Hawaii 827

for dairy cows, Mont 369

Sunlight —

and moonlight, relation,

U.S.D.A 811

intensity, method for approxi-
mating 629

recorders, comparison, U.S.D.A- 210

Sunn hemp —

as a green manure 220

culture experiments 336

Sunshine. (See Sunlight.)

Superphosphate —

effect on fermentation of manure 19
effect on nitrogen content of

soil, Tenn 213

effect on soil acidity, U.S.D.A— 620

fertilizing value 230, 233, 519, 817

fertilizing value. Can 634

fertilizing value, Minn 825

fertilizing value. Mo 619

fertilizing value, Ohio 326, 625

fertilizing value, S.C 534

fertilizing value, Tex 325

feitilizing value, U.S.D.A 131

reversion 122

solubility In mineral and organic

acids 423'

use in war time, Ohio 723

use on peat soils, 132, 433

Swallows, food habits, U.S.D.A 856

992

EXPEBIMENT STATION BBCSOBJ>.

IVoL 38

fever — Page.

in horses 788

in horses, N.Dak 689

Swedes, factors affecting composition 432
Sweep rake for hay harvesting,

U.S.D.A 88

Sweet clover —

as a green manure, N.Y.Cornell- 721

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 830

culture for winter forage, Cal — 735

culture in Montana, Mont 130

culture on alkali soil, U.S.D.A__ 118

inoculation experiments 134

seed, harvesting, U.S.D.A 35

straw for Uve stock, U.S.D.A 36

Sweet corn —

breeding experiments, U.S.D.A- 445

varieties. Mont 344

Sweet potato —

diseases and pests in Cuba 537

leaf folder, studies, U.S.D.A— 465

root borer, notes, Ala.Collego_- 864

root weevil, notes 467,564

silage for cows, Fla 876

skins, analyses 626

weevils, notes, U.S.D.A 864

Sweet potatoes —

changes during latter part of

growth, U.S.D.A 637

culture experiments 336

culture in Cuba 537

harvesting and storing, Ala. Col-
lege 136

harvesting time, U.S.D.A 638

varieties 33, 335

varieties, P.R 748

varieties in Cuba 537

Btoietenia macrophylla, experimental

plantings, P.R 749

Sycamore lace-bug, studies, Okla 359

Sympieses ancylw n.sp., description. 661
Symptomatic anthrax. (See Black-
leg.)
Bynanthedon (B e aia) geUformia,

notes 762

Syntomaspis druparum, notes 156

Syrphidae —

early spring, in California 863

of Maine, life history, Me 362

Byrphus —

knabi, life history, Me 362

oronoenaia n.sp., Ufe history, Me_ 362
Bystenogaater ovivora n.g. and n.sp.,

description 165

Tabanid larvae, rearing 60

TcBnia aaginata, transmission by flies. 563

Twniothripa inconaequena, remedies. 259

Tanbark ashes, analyses, Can 626

Tankage —

analyses, Mich 368

analyses, N.Y. State 67

analyses, Tex 369

effect on composition of wheat,

Ohio 518

fertilizing value, S.C 517

fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 422

Tankage — Continued. Page.

for corn-fed pigs, Ohio 474

for pigs, N.Mex 675

Tannery sewage, disinfection 784

Tannias, varieties 335

Tannin —

humiflcatlon 26, 27

in Pacific coast trees 309

physiological significance 729

Tanning —

materials from Latin America- 248

plants of Chile 336

Tans of New Zealand 309

Tarnished plant bug, notes 57

Tartaric acid, determination In pres-
ence of malic acid 805

Tartrazin, determination in mixture

of dyes 12

Taxonua nigriaoma In Nova Scotia 156

Tea —

black rot, studies 354

brown blight, notes 548

brown blight, treatment 354

culture and manufacture, trea-
tise 347

diseases, notes 351, 354

green manuring experiments 20

insects affecting 461

leaves, analyses 626

rim blight, notes 355, 548

soils of Java and Sumatra 542

spraying apparatus for 355

use by prehistoric Americans 167

Teak, rotation period 545

Technical Instruction In Ireland 598

Teff grass —

culture experiments 33

hay, analyses 368

Temperature —

coefficient of permeability In

plants 25

correlations In United States,

U.S.D.A 509

effect on germination of Gram-

ineae 24

effect on growth of parasitic

fungi in cultures 757

effect on reaction of lysin with

nitrous acid 10

effect on winterkilling of cereals 415

lowest, U.S.DA 210

minimum, predicting, U.S.D.A- 209, 812

optimum, for plant growth 716

relation to corn and wheat pro-
duction 317

relation to cranberry fruit rots,

U.S.D.A— 454

relation to crop production,

U.S.D.A 208

relation to winter wheat yields. 14

terrestrial, relation to sun spots. 115

variations, anomalies, U.S.D.A. 210

Tendrils, nature 822

Tennessee —

Station, reports 398

University, notes 700

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

993

Teosinte — . Page,
and corn hybrids, immunity to

aphids 5G1

culture experiments 527

culture in eastern Oregon,

U.S.D.A 4:;2

Termes gestroi, remedies 75!)

Termites —

control in Malay Peninsula 460

injurious to pecan, U.S.D.A 157

of India 359, 461

Tetanus — •

spores in street dust 885

toxins, separation from other

toxins 786

treatment 580, 585

Tetracarbonimid, identity with cyan-
uric acid 202

Tetrano'bia longipes, notes 365

Tetranychu s —

himaculatus, notes 365

multidigituli n.sp., description- 63

telarius injurious to alfalfa 558

uniunguis n.sp., description 63

Tetraphosphate, fertilizing value 424

Tetrastichus —

giffardianus in Hawaii, U.S.D.A- 659

n.spp., descriptions 165

wanthomclwnm, importation into

United States 62

Texas —

College, notes 800

fever, immunization 787

(See also Redwater and Plro-
plasmosis, bovine.)

Station, notes 800

Textile plant fibers, check list 637

Textiles —

of ancient America 167

removal of stains from, U.S.D.A. 114

retting 715

testing, constant temperature

and humidity room for 414

"Textilose" from paper pulp 208

Therapy, infection, and Immunity,

textbook 781

Thereva sp. as a rye pest 557

Thermometric scales, revision, U.S.

D.A 811

Thielaviopsls —

ethaceticus, notes 354, 758

paradoxa, notes 350, 758, 851

Thistle, Russian —

as a forage crop, N.Mex 634

silage from, N.Mex 669

Thitsl tree and its oleoresin 247

Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)

Thorn skeletonizer In New York 60

Thrips attacking French beans 258

Thrips taiaci. (See Onion thrips.)
Thunder, distance heard, U.S.D.A — 210
Thunderstorm in Trinity Co., Cali-
fornia, U.S.D.A 511

Thymol as a vermifuge,U.S.D.A 884

Thymus gland as afEected by X-rays- 268

Thyridaria tarda, notes 354

Thyroid feeding, effect on catalase Page,

content of tissues 870

Tick —

fever. (See Texas fever.)

pyemia, notes 785

Ticks-
affecting big game 487

eradication 17<)

of Paraguay 468

(See also Cattle tick and Sheep
tick.)

Til wilts, studies 547

Tillage, effect on bacteria In peat

soils 420

Tilletia —

fa'tens, studies. Mo 645

spp. in Argentina 148

tritici, notes 48, 548

Timber —

growing for mining purposes 543

identification, U.S.D.A 645

immature, valuation of damages 645

imports into India 751

preservation 248, 249

resources of Oregon 544

standing, measurement 847

(See also Lumber and Wood.)

Time zones at sea, U.S.D.A 812

Timothy —

culture experiments 133

culture experiments. Minn 825

fertilizer experiments. Mo 620

fertilizer experiments. Pa 220

Tinea pclUonella, life history 657

Tineola Mselliella —

life history 657

predacious 557

Tingidse —

American, notes 158

nearctic, names 559

Tingis pyri, biology 559

Tiphia parallela —

establishment in Antigua 258

establishment in Mauritius 467

Tissue transplantation —

and anaphylaxis 182

and immunity 583

Titanium in plants, U.S.D.A 409

Tmetocera ocellana. (See Bud-moth,
eye-spotted.)

Tobacco —

beetle, control in Philippines 459

beetle, life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 61

breeding experiments 238, 526

breeding experiments. Can 634

burning quality, studies 139,

140, 238, 239

culture experiments 137,

238, 336, 526, 527

culture experiments. Can 634

culture in Egypt 638

curing as affected by light 239

curing experiments 138

diseases, investigations. Mass 249

diseases, studies. Can 634

994

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Tobacco — Continued. Page.

extracts, analyses, Can 643

fermentation 138, 139, 238

fertilizer experiments 137,

140, 238, 239

fertilizer experiments, Can 634

fertilizer experiments. Pa 36

green manuring experiments 137

harvesting experiments 137

harvesting experiments, N.C 37

harvesting experiments, Pa — 37

hornworm, remedies, U. S. D. A_ 159

hybridization 137

irrigation experiments 238, 239

leaf spot, studies 150

mosaic disease, studies. Mass 649

mosaic disease, studies, U.S.D.A- 49

planting experiments 238

seed beds, management, Can 634

seed, germination in darkness 127

seeding device 137

selection experiments 741

selection experiments. Pa 36

spacing and topping experi-
ments. Pa 36

stems as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A_ 885

tokras disease, notes 351

variation in pure lines 238

varieties 33, 238

varieties, Can 634

varieties. Pa 36

wildfire disease 97, 150

wildfire, studies, U.S.D.A 852

wilt, studies 250

wilt, treatment, U.S.D.A 49

Tobosa grass as a hay or silage

crop, U.S.D.A 471

Toluene-p-sulphon-dichloramid, prep-
aration 378

Tomaspis —

flavilatera, notes 459

saccliarina in Grenada 158

Tomato —

blight, notes 848

buckeye rot, studies 251

canning factories, sanitary con-
trol, U.S.D.A 13

damping-off disease, notes 251

damping-off disease, notes, Can_ 546
diseases, description and treat-
ment, W.Va 549

diseases, notes, S.C 150

early blight, notes. Wis 451

leaf spot, description and

treatment, Mich 150

mosaic disease, notes, Can 646

mosaic disease, studies 150

products, microscopical studies,

U.S.D.A 166

pulp, methods of analysis 63

seeds and skins, utilization,

U.S.D.A 807

wilt, studies 250

winter blight, studies. Pa 50

Tomatoes —

and tomato products, industry

In Italy 142

Tomatoes — Continued. Page,

breeding experiments, Hawaii-- 842

breeding experiments. Pa 40, 241

canned, analyses 63

color inheritance 443

cross- and self-fertilization.

Conn. State 241

culture. Wash 796

examination 314

transpiration as affected by

Bordeaux mixture 126

varieties resistant to disease,

Ohio 843

winter, disease of, Can 546

Torula communis in sugar 806

Toxins, separation 786

Trachelds, ray, in Quercus alba 45

Tractor —

farming, survey in Iowa 292

hitches and adjustments for

plows 88

Tractors —

book on 390

buying 692

cost of operation 292

for small farms. Wash 497

harvesting and plowing simul-
taneously with 390

short-course instruction in 95

testing 790, 791

use in Mexico 693

Tradescantia, self-sterility 426

Trametes pint, notes 332

Transpiration experiments with

plants 223

Traumatism in living cells 647

Tree —

diseases in Montana 553

diseases, studies, Mo 645

rusts, inoculation experiments- 253

rusts, notes 553

rusts, pycnial stages 253

seeds, germination tests 846

seeds, hastening germination 348

seeds, selection 45

seeds, source of, in natural re-
production, U.S.D.A 145

Tn2es —

absence on high prairies 521

as affected by bark ringing 128

as affected by smoke and gas 28

breeding experiments. Can 641

culture experiments. Can 641

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 44

damage by iron spurs 555

growth in relation to rainfall

and sun spots 415

growth in vicinity of Grinnell,

Iowa 544

Indian, yearly volume incre-
ments 751

infertile spots under 816

injury by grass 222

insects affecting 357, 358, 459, 556

new, of Philippines 247

of Chile 336

of Kentucky 543

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

995

Page.
544
544
247
255
142

348
643

348

548

644

842
249

Trees — Continued.

of Mount Vernon

of New South Wales

of Queensland

of Wyoming, U.S.D.A

ornamental, varieties, U.S.D.A-
osmotic pressure as an index

of habitat

planting in Colorado

planting in plains region, U.S.

D.A

planting on sand dunes of Ore-
gon coast, U.S.D.A

planting on sugar plantations

in Hawaii

shade and ornamental, varie-
ties, Tex

shade, anthracnose of. Mass

shade, insects affecting 357

stem analysis for growth studies- 46

transplanting 144

varieties. Can 641

varieties for Hawaii 145

Trematode parasite of anopheline

mosquitoes 562

Trichinosis in Denmark 787

Trichocephalus trichiurus, transmis-
sion by flies

Trichodectea spp., biology and reme-
dies

Trichogramma spp., rearing experi-
ments

Trichoseptoria fructigena, notes

Trichosiphum n.spp., description

Tricresol, toxicity 283

Trifolium resupinatum as a forage

crop 230

Trigonoderus spp. of North America 768

Trogoderma tarsale, larvae of 407

Truck crops —

diseases 648

diseases in Florida, Fla 48

insects affecting 459

spraying costs 558

Trypanosoma —

congolense infection in swine — 485
eguiperdum infection in dogs- 484, 485
Trypanosomiasis —

equine, in Morocco 184

experimental, studies 484, 485

in swine 485

Trypopemnorn —

latithorax, notes, U.S.D.A

8 an f or di n.sp., description,

U.S.D.A

Trypsin, destruction by pepsin and

acid

(Tryptus) Microcryptus osculatus,

notes 565

Tubercle bacilli —

action of gland extracts on

avian, differentiation from other

types

carbon dioxid requirements

enzyms of ^^^

human and bovine, differentia
tlon

Tubercle bacilli — Continued.

identifying

in street dust

isolation from sputum_.

563

184

164
647
857

864

864

664

81

81

588

285

Page.

485
885
488
longevity outside animal body.

Ark 81

potentiometer test 284

sensitiveness to acids 80

tissue reactions 485

types 588

virulence 380

Tuberculin test —

and rete.st 380

application 179

certificates for cattle exhibits 179

description. Ark 81

technique 182

Tubcrculina sp. attacking Cronartium 253
Tuberculosis — •

antigen for 786

bovine, control 687, 887

bovine, control in dairy herds,

Iowa 81

bovine, control in Minnesota 282

bovine, diagnosis 887

bovine, eradication 82, 380, 686

bovine, immunization 81

bovine, in Queensland 182

bovine, nurse cow factor 179

bovine, transmission by swine.

Mo 684

bovine, treatise 28G

control by milk commissions 381

diagnosis of open cases 179

equine, notes 486

eradication from cattle and

swine 680

in farm animals. Ark 81

in Indian cattle 285

in North Dakota 180

localized infection 380

modes and periods of infection- 580

of bones and joints 285

of poultry in Ontario 288

testing pure-bred herds for 286

Tubers, edible. {See Root crops.)

Tule, fertilizing value, Cal 520

Tumidlacapus oophagus n.sp., de-
scription 661

Tumor immunity, notes 580

Tunis grass —

culture experiments, Kans 630

culture experiments, Tex 831

Turmeric leaf disease, notes 548

Turnip —

clubroot, treatment. Can 646

flea-beetle, striped. In Maryland 154

sawfly, notes 164

Turnips —

analyses and feeding value, Can- 665

culture experiments 132

factors affecting composition 432

for cows

477

mulching experiments, Mont 344

varieties 133, 140. 432

Turpentine —

as a vermifuge, U.S.D.A — 884

996

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Vol. 38

Turpentine — Continued. Page.

Italian, studies 713

sulphite, recovery 810

yield from double chipping,

U.S.D.A 46

Tussock moth —

notes 3.58

white-marked, in Minnesota 15.5

Twigs, forcing 39

Twins, mammalian, biology 574

Tylenchus —

actttocaudatus on coffee 51

angustus injurious to rice 351, 547

devastatrix affecting narr-issus 455, 460
penetrans n.sp., description,

U.S.D.A 147

tritici in Virginia 850

Typhoid —

and paratyphoid bacilli, detec-
tion in water and sewage 188

fever, relation to butter 265

fever, relation to milk supply 377

fever, treatment 585

infection through vegetables 166

Tpphophorus canellus in Maryland- 155

Udder, microflora of 478

Ultrafiltration, aseptic, apparatus for 225

Ultraviolet rays —

effect on fungi 855

in treatment of wounds 585

United States Department of Agri-
culture—

Office of Home Economics, work 662

States Relations Service, uotes_ 99
States Relations Service, work

of interest to women 898

Weather Bureau. (See Weather
Bureau.)

United States Pood Administration,

policies and plans 792

United States Live Stock Sanitary

Association 178

Uranium, toxic effect on plants 628

Urea —

determination 110

origin and distribution In nature 110

synthesis 110

Uredinopsis copelandi, secial stage 553

Urine, bloody, In cattle. Wash 486

Urocystis —

occulta, description and treat-
ment 548

tritioi, notes 48

Uromyces —

spp. on Frltillarla 548

trifolU, spore germination 225

Ustilago —

nuda In Dutch East Indies 448

sacchari, notes 550

spp., description and treatment. 548

spp. in Argentina 148

spp. on oats. Mo 646

tritici, notes 48, 448

eecB, studies 249

UstuUna zonata, notes 52, 354

Utah Station, notes 98, 499

Vaccines — Page.

preparation 283

preservatives in, toxicity 283

Vaccinia In horses 586

Valsa —

{Euvalsa) paulownicB n.sp., de-
scription 648

spp., relation to apple sour sap_ 452

Vanadium —

in plants, U.S.D.A 409

toxic effect on plants 628

Vanilla —

culture experiments, P.R 749

fertilizer experiments 144

Vanillin —

disappearance in soil, Ala. Col-
lege 129

effect on nitrification In soil,

Ala.College 119

Variety tests, rod-row, technique,

U.S;.D.A 429

(See also various crops, fruits,
etc.)

Variola, equine, studies 586

Vegetable —

oils. (See Oils.)

seed, saving, U.S.D.A 241

tissues, oxidation and reduction

In 223

wastes, analyses, Conn. State 626

Vegetables —

breeding experiments, Can 641

canning 94, 114, 715,867

canning, Cal 208

canning, U.S.D.A 12

changes in during storage, Vt 442

culture and preservation 842

culture experiments, Can 641

culture experiments, N.Mex 641

culture experiments, Tex 40

culture in Malaya 41

culture m North Dakota, N.Dak_ 843

culture in peat soils 539

culture in Queensland 540

culture, treatise 343

diseases and Insect enemies,

U.S.D.A 241

dried, cooking, U.S.D.A 12

drying 114, 507, 716

drying in the home, U.S.D.A 12

fertilizer experiments 344

forcing, treatise 343

fruit color 443

greenhouse culture 39

harvesting and storing. Wash 95

insects affecting 558

insects affecting, Va.Truck 54

marketing In New York 293

mulching experiments, Mont 344

pollination by bees 264

preservation 616, 715, 842

preservation, U.S.D.A 266

purchasing and use 867

sprayed, arsenic on, N.H 54

standard containers for,

U.S.D.A 40

1918]

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

997

Vegetables — Continued. Page.

standardization 41

storage 292, 442

storage, U.S.D.A 241

storage, Utah 345

storage, Wasti 93

surplus, marketing and conserv-
ing, U.S.D.A 90

typhoid infection through 16G

use in the diet, U.S.D.A 166

varieties. Can 641

varieties, Minn 142

varieties, N.Mex 641

varieties, Tex 842

(See also specific kinds.)

Vegetation —

in rain-forest and desert moun-
tains 330

injury by fumes 429

of Paraguay 824

of southeastern Washington and

adjacent Idaho 824

prairie, studies 521

smolie- and gas injury to 28

Velvet bean —

caterpillar in West Indies 58

meal, analyses 572

meal, identification, U.S.D.A 638

meal v. cottonseed meal for

cows, S.C 680

Velvet beans —

as a forage crop 336

culture experiments 33

culture experiments, Hawaii 827

culture in Georgia 342

culture in Mississippi, Miss 342

for cattle and pigs, Ala. College. 770

seed and pod structure, U.S.D.A- 638

varieties 342

Yenturia —

coffeicola, notes 51

inwqualis, notes 647, 852

inwqualis, overwintering 151

pomi, notes 251, 550

pomi, notes. Can 546

pyrina, notes 852, 853

Vermicularia —

capsici, notes 548

curcuma, notes 548, 849

Vermont —

Station, report 497

University and Station, notes_ 98, 499

VerticilUum —

alboatrum on okra, U.S.D.A 851

heterocladum on citrus white fly_ 157

Vetch —

culture experiments. Can 634

culture for winter forage, Cal- 735
hairy, effect on soil moisture,

U.S.D.A 418

hairy, harvesting for seed, U.S.

D.A 431

seed hay, digestibility -368

varieties. Can 634

varieties, U.S.D.A 431

Veterinary —

courses in Canada 296

Veterinary — Continued. Page,

instruction in United Provinces. 180

obstetrics, book on 78

pharmacology and therapeutics,

textbook 580

surgical operations, textbook 781

Vetularctos inopinatus n.g. and n.sp.,

notes, U.S.D.A 760

Vinasse, distillery, fertilizing value. 515

Vinegar —

diseases, notes, Cal 414

dried grains, analyses, N.Y.State 67

fermentation 365

from waste fruits, Cal 414

grains, analyses. Mass 665

Vines, varieties, Tex 842

Vineyards. (See Grapes.)

Virgin Islands Station, notes 608

Virginia —

College, notes 700

Station, notes 98, 198, 700, 900

Truck Station, notes 99, 198

Viruses, preservatives in, toxicity 283

Vitamins —

antineuritic, as affected by heat 481
antineuritic, identity with water-
soluble B 503

antineuritic, in cereals 581, 869

chemical nature 580

r61e in the diet 568

Vocational education —

agricultural, in Texas 597

Federal aid .395

for negroes 92

in California 194

in Massachusetts 396

in Oregon 695, 690

in United States 596, 597

Walnut —

blight in eastern United States,

U.S.D.A 455

caterpillar on pecan, U.S.D.A__ 157
Datana injuring shade trees,

Ohio 197

diseases, notes 631

English, diseases of 52

oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A 868

root rot, treatment 152

Walnuts —

black, root-pruning. Pa 44

variability of yield, U.S.D.A... 744

Washington —

College and Station, notes. 99, 400, 800

Station, index to bulletins 497

Wasps —

and bees, differences 256

gall, type species of 63

Watnbura n.g. and n.sp., de-scription. 857

Water-
analyses, Can 691

bacteriological examination 11, 591

colon-aerogenes group in_ 591

conservation in British Columbia 288
culture experiments, distilling

water for 26

culture solutions, studies — 730

998

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

[Vol. 38

Water — Continued. Page,
cultures, growth of plant seed-
lings in 329

determination in sugar factory

products , 616

determination of hardness 112

disinfection by bleaching powder 592
distillation for water culture

experiments 26

drinking, as a source of disease.

Wash 298

examination, treatise 11, 313

from deep wells, bacteria in 488

ground, in Rio Grande and So-
corro Valleys, N.Mex 690

ground, seepage and flow, Colo_ 288

irrigation, duty of, Mont 186

irrigation, forecasting supply 416

Irrigation, measuring 186

Irrigation, pumping costs 589

level as affected by pumping

from shallow well, U.S.D.A__ 388

mineral, analyses, Ky 690

movement in aerated soils 321

nitrogen-flxing bacteria in 419

of Quebec, analyses 84

oxygen-consuming power 789

pathogenic organisms in, detec-
tion 188

potability, determination 890

potable, analyses, Ky 690

potable, removing taste due to

algiE 691

purification 188, 288, 489

role in dairy cow's ration, S.

Dak 374

supply in villages, manual 488

supply of Colorado River basin 84

supply of Great Basin 84

supply of Hawaii 590, 890

supply of Lodgepole Valley 187

supply of lower Mississippi

River basin 890

supply of Missouri River basin- 789

supply of New Mexico 690

supply of North Atlantic slope

basins 890

supply of South Atlantic and

eastern Gulf of Mexico basins 488
supply of St. Lawrence River

basin 84, 590

supply of Vermont 690

supply of western Gulf of Mex-
ico basins 84, 188

supply on farms 391

supply on farms, Mont 188

viability of bacteria in 488

Water-soluble B —

in corn and wheat 869

isolation and identification 503

studies 612

Watermelon diseases, studies, Mo__ 645

Watermelons, culture in Indiana, Ind. 241
Waterspouts at Tatoosh Island,

Washington, U.S.D.A 812

Weather — Page.
as factor in dissemination of

plant diseases, U.S.D.A 47

Bureau and the war, U.S.D.A 210

Bureau, report, U.S.D.A 617

effect on development and yield

of millet 15

effect on germination of seeds_ 15
effect on nitrogen in rainfall

and atmosphere, U.S.D.A 509

forecasting, minimum tempera-
tures, U.S.D.A 209

forecasts in relation to forest

fires 317

in Iowa 416

of Salt Lake City 319

relation to crop production,

U.S.D.A 208

relation to sun spots 114

relation to wheat yield, U.S.D.A 509
Webworm, fall —

notes 256, 358, 762

on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Weeds —

effect on cereal crops 734

effect on nitric nitrogen ac-
cumulation in soils 814

eradication 141

eradication, Kans 632

in New Zealand 743

of North Carolina, eradication

and control 141

of Switzerland 350

utilization by lambs, N.Mex 672

(See also specific plants.)
Weevils —

in beans and peas, remedies,

N.J 41

injurious In Great Britain 364

injurious to potatoes and yams,

U.S.D.A 864

Wells, deep, bacteria in 488

Wheat—

and its products, treatise 538

and rye hybrid, description 735

and spelt, hybridization 636

antineuritic vitamins in 581

as a green manure 27

as affected by boron, U.S.D.A — 22

as affected by sodium nitrate 438

as affected by sulphur, U.S.D.A 221

bran, analyses 369, 572

bran, analyses, Mich 368

bran, analyses, N.H 369

bran, analyses, N.Y. State 67

bran, analyses, Tex 309

bran, composition and adultera-
tion 712

breeding experiments 526

burned, milling and baking

tests 567

comparative anatomy 741

composition In relation to soils,

Ohio 518

conservation in United States — 792

cost of harvesting, U.S.D.A 839

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

999

Wheat — Continued. Page.

culture, Ark 441

culture, Gal 140, 441

culture, Mich 38

culture, N.J 33

culture, Nev 636

culture. Pa 240

culture, Va 240

culture, Wyo 527

culture exporimonts 38,

132, 133, 336, 432, 433, 526, 635, 735

culture experiments, Can 634

culture experiments, Kans 630

culture experiments, Minn 825

culture experiments, Mo 632

culture experiments, Mont 333

culture experiments, Pa 229

culture experiments, Tenn 334

culture experiments, Tex 830

culture for chickgn feed, Hawaii 827
culture in Southeastern States,

TJ.S.D.A 240

culture in United States, U.S.

D.A 717

culture on Great Plains, U.S.

D.A : 342, 440

culture on Ozark uplands. Mo 217

culture under dry-farm condi-
tions 240

density indexes l_ 537

diseases in Australia 48

diseases, notes, Can 646

dockage 694

dockage, U.S.D.A 840

durum, culture experiments,

U.S.D.A 838

durum, varieties, U.S.D.A 838

effect on soil fertility. 111 624

fertilizer experiments 133,

432, 433, 726, 820

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii- _ 829

fertilizer experiments, Kans 630

fertilizer experiments. Mo 217, 620

fertilizer experiments, Ohio 518

fertilizer experiments, Va 240

flour. {See Flour.)

frost Injury to, studios 148

grain color, environmental in-
fluences 538

grass, western, bacterial disease_ 249
growth in association with

weeds 734

growth, metabolism, and imbi-
bition 729

growth studies, methods 526

heads, determination of density- 537

heating, moisture content 538

ideal climate for, U.S.D.A 717

improvement in Argentina 741

insects affecting, Ohio 197

Irrigation experiments, Nev 636

loose smut, notes 548

loose smut, treatment, Va 240

loss in weight after harvesting- 635

middlings, analyses 369, 572

middlings, analyses. Mass 665

middlings, analyses, Mich 368

Wheat — Continued. Page.

middlings, analyses, N.H 369

middlings, analyses, N.Y. State. C7

mildew In Australia 48

mill market for, N.C 895

milling and baking tests 439

milling and baking tests, N.Dak- 663

milling and baking tests. Pa 239

nematodes affecting 850

prices In United States, U.S.

DA 742

production in California, Cal 134

production • in United States,

U.S.D.A 743

production, 1918 program, U.S.

D.A 8.37

production, present and pros-
pective 595

products, analyses. Mass 665

products, preparation. Wash 365

rod-row tests, technique, U.S.

D.A 429

rotation experiments, U.S.D.A- 129

rust, overwintering in Australia- 48

rust, studies, U.S.D.A 48

rust, varieties resistant to 646

rust, varieties resistant to, Mo- 645

sampling and grading. U.S.D.A- 140

seediii? experiments, Kans 630

seeding experiments. Pa 240

seeding experiments, Va 240

seeds, life duration 822

seeds, size and sprout value In

relation to yield. Nebr 732

selection experiments 342, 635

selection experiments, Mo 633

shorts, analyses, Tex 369

shrinkage tests, Ohio 840

smut in Dutch East Indies 448

smut, investigations 849

smut, studies. Mo 645

smuts, description and treat-
ment 548

smuts, description and treat-
ment, Mont 249

smuts in Australia 48

spring, northern and southern

limits, U.S.D.A 810

standards, Mont 538

stinking smut, notfs 848

stinking smut, treatment 448

stinking smut, treatm<nt, Va__ 240

substitutes for 662, 867

substitutes In bread making,

N.Dak 663

supply in United States, U.S.

D.A J^67

transplanting 38

varieties 38, 133, 432, 433. 635

varieties. Can 634

varieties. Conn. State 239

varieties, Kans 630

varieties, Minn 131

varieties. Mo 632

varieties, Mont 333

varieties, Nov 636

varieties. Pa --f*. 239

1000

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

rVoI. 38

Wheat — Continued. Page.

varieties, Tex 830, 832

varieties, U.S.D.A 30

varieties, Va 240

varieties, Wyo 527

varieties for New South Wales 528
varieties for the Dakotas and

Montana, U.S.D.A 230

varieties for Utah dry lands,

U.S.D.A 230

water culture experiments 730

water requirement. Wash 227

water-soluble B in - 869

yield as affected by weather,

U.S.D.A 509

yield in Australia 133

yield in relation to weather 14, 317

White-
ants. (See Termites.)

fly, citrus, in Argentina 260

flyi greenhouse, sex ratios and

parthenogenesis in 458

fly, notes, Ohio 654

fly, spiny citrus, notes 557

fly, spiny, new host plants 459

grubs, control in Wisconsin 155

grubs injurious to sugar cane 161, 767

grubs, life history 863

grubs, life history and remedies,

U.S.D.A 54

grubs, notes 162

grubs, remedies 863

scours in calves 787

Whiting, use as a food 468

Willow —

borer, notes 358

leaf beetle, notes 257

Willows —

basket, culture experiments 644

basket, culture experiments, Mo_ 644

plantings, Pa 44

Wind—

foehn, of Greenland ice, U.S.D.A 812
foehn type, near San Francisco

Bay, U.S.D.A 811

sea, effect on inflorescence of

pine 331

sea, on Long Island, U.S.D.A— 209

Windmills for irrigation pumping —

Mont 186

U.S.D.A 186

Wine-
analyses 203

fermentation, action of man-
ganese sulphate in 507

fruit, manufacture 806

yeast, effects of salts on 503

Wintergreen oil, manufacture in In-
dia 9

Wireworms, life history and reme-
dies, U.S.D.A 54

Wisconsin —

Station, notes 299

University, notes 99, 299

Witches' brooms on hickory trees 253

Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm,

report 540

Wohlfartia magnifica parasitizing Page,

man 783

Wolfiella ruforum n.g. and n.sp.,

description 566

Women —

employment in experiment sta-
tions 4

employment on farms 293

working, food of 64

Women's institutes in Ontario 196

Wood —

ashes, analyses. Conn. State 625

ashes, analyses, R.I 521

ashes, fertilizing value 230

destroying fungi, black zones of_ 555
destroying fungi, differentiation,

U.S.D.A 652

for war uses 47

fuel, production and use, Ohio_ 847

Identiflcation, U.S.D.A 645

pewee, food habits 457

preservation 248, 249, 317

pulp industry in United States,

U.S.D.A 447

pulp, sulphite process, U.S.D.A- 809

seasoning, treatise 248

substitutes for, U.S.D.A 248

using industries in United

States, U.S.D.A 751

using industries of New York__ 146
{See also Lumber and Timber.)

Woodland and prairie, ecology of ten-
sion zone 521

Woodlands, management 543

Woodlot products, handling and mar-
keting 543

Woodlots — •

fuel from, U.S.D.A 248

notes, Ohio 348, 847

regenerating 846

Wool —

marketing cooperatively 494

price calculator, description 774

prices, 1818-1915 575

production in Australia 372

production in United States,

U.S.D.A 874

waste, availability of nitrogen in 423

Workingmen. (See Laborers.)

Worm nodules in cattle, cause 82

Worms, parasitic —

remedies 782

transmission by flies 563

Wound —

infection, pathogenic anaerobes

in 483,503,504

organisms, counting and identi-
fying 782

Wounds —

ptomaines in 7S3

treatment 283, 585, 782

Wyoming —

Station, notes 99, 800

University, notes 99, 500

Xanthogramma divisa, life history,

Me — ^ 362

Xanthophyll pigment, elaboration — 127

1918]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

1001

Xanthorhoe prwfectata, life history Page,

and remedies 257

Xanthosomas, varieties 526

"Xenia and other influences follow-
ing fertilization 526

Xerophthalmia, relation to diet 268

XylarUi polymorpha and X. digi-

tata, notes 249

XyleMops tasilare —

notes 762

on pecan, U.S.D.A 157

Xyleborus fornioatus, digest of data 564

(Xyleborus) Xylehorinus p e c ani s ,

notes 762

Xylometer, description 46

Yams —

culture experiments 336

varieties 33, 335, 526

weevils affecting, U.S.D.A 864

Tautias, culture 231

Teast —

accessory growth substance in 503

grains, analyses. Mass 665

grains, dried, analyses 369

grains, dried, analyses, N.Y.

State 67

82481°— IS 9

Yeast — Continued. Page.

thermal death point, Vt 468

wine, effects of salts on 503

Yeasts as affected by spices 469

Yponomeuta malincUa, identity and

distribution 860

Yucca, culture in Cuba 538

Yucca elata as a silage crop, U.S.D.A. 471

Zea tunicata and Z. ramosa, hybrids 525

Zebra-horse hybrids, skull characters 65
Zebu cattle, value for tick-infested

regions 69

Zinc —

arsenite, analyses. Can 643

chlorid as a timber preservative 248

effect on nitrogen-fixing bacteria 428

toxic effect on plants 628

Zizanla, cultivation by Indians 34

Zoologists, vertebrate, rSle in na-
tional efficiency 555

Zoology —

Canadian, bibliography 256

contributions to human welfare 663

economic, treatise 456

Zukalia thew n.sp., description 468

o

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