Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Washington, D. C. Vv | February, 1924 ; 8 lt EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN By JOHN H. MARTIN and CLYDE E. LEIGHTY Agronomists, Office of Cereal Investigations Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS : Page Page BAPRCOMCNGN Cheb rene ON SK Nk 2 ial free i 1 | Results in the South Atlantic Area... ... yas Y/ Characteristics of Emmer, Spelt, and Einkorn . . . . 1 | Results in the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Valleys . . 20 DUCE AGS RCRA AOR PMR SP ey) Mae Aa i 3 | Results in the Great Plains Area... ...... 30 Distribution»... 2.2.2... +++ +--+ 4} Results in the Western Basin and Coast Ara... . 4 Bushel Weight... 2... 22.22 eee 6 | Cultural Experiments... .....-22-- ee 49 Composition of Emmer, Spelt, and Einkorn . . . . 7 Summary Gat Lyn oe OCA erage By mene Uses of Emmer, Spelt, and Einkon . . 2... 7 Canelasionent 56 MMNPENOR Sic hah iad loi) Gee a venee cide 26a civ 9 ce Cited BE base ae PsA a cen nh pee 57 Varietal Experiments .. 2... 22s eee 14 RTOnuomen keen ty 3 ant erie PEON CP om a WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - 1924 Washington, D. C. February, 1924 EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. By Joun H. Martin and Crype EH. Lereuty, Agronomists, Office of Cereal Investiga- tions, Bureau of Plant Industry. Uses of emmer, spelt, and einkorn........... SUNITA Ty eye area hee dec Nica nl ay ag LUN al 53 CONTENTS. B Page. ; Page. BBBHELOGUCHION<).: Ses lelusee bese see ee doe... 1 | Resultsinthe South Atlanticarea............ 17 Characteristics of emmer, spelt, and einkorn . 1 | Results in the Mississippi and St. Lawrence RENIN t cits s ieaalsca esas bie stals 3 Malleysiesseos saint SoU Nee ia eee 20 BSE RNOTELT ON et MERE Ane oie ten EE ALU Seal 4 | Results in the Great Plains area............. 30 Memercnolweisht 8 ss ee wee ee oe 6 | Resultsin the Western Basin and Coast area. 43 _ Composition of emmer, spelt, and einkorn.... f Culturalexperiments sous 4) ees 4 9 4 BETS Seas PEN SUSAR E ei ahr tvales aye siehs Conchustonss W548. A ase ee eS Sek ae 56 Bvatictaliexperiments!.2 2.25242. Jogos. 020. S. 1 Riterabure;cited tie tl See yl ae 57 f INTRODUCTION. Kmmer has been grown to a considerable extent in the United States during the past 25 years. Some spelt also has been grown. Both crops are now declining in importance, but some interest still is maintained by occasional high yields on farms or by exaggerated statements by promotors who have seed for sale. Both emmer and spelt usually are referred to by farmers and seeds- men as ‘‘speltz.”’ The names “‘ Russian oats,’ ‘‘spelz,’’ and ‘‘spiltz”’ also have been used. In Germany the two crops are referred to col- lectively as ‘‘Spelzweizen”’ (spelt wheats) and in Russia as ‘‘polba,” although this means spelt. Hmmer (Triticum sativum dicoccum) is known in Germany as ‘‘emmer” and in France as ‘‘amidonnier.”’ Spelt (Triticum satwum spelta), is called ‘‘Spelt” or ‘‘Dinkel” in ermany and ‘‘épeautre’’ in France. As emmer and spelt are dis- tinct crops, the word ‘“‘speltz”’ should be discarded, and they should _ be known by their proper names. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. Kmmer, spelt, and einkorn are distinct kinds of wheat, as is indi- cated by the different numbers of chromosomes in the cells. They are distinguished from other wheats by the fact that most of the kernels arejnot removed from the chaff (glumes) in threshing. In all three Note.—The manuscript for this bulletin was submitted for publication May 18, 1923. 59274—24— Bull. 1197——1 2 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the rachis is fragile and breaks up during the threshing operation, leaving most of the spikelets whole. The segments of the rachis re- main attached to the spikelets. The kernels of emmer and spelt are somewhat similar. They are long, slender, and tapering (Pls. land II). The kernels have a wide, shallow crease, angular flat cheeks, and a long pointed brush. The kernels of spelt are somewhat more flattened, have a wider, more open crease, ed are somewhat less humped than the kernels of emmer. The kernels of both emmer and spelt are red in color and usually are semihard or hard in texture, the kernels of emmer usually being the harder of the two. The kernels of einkorn are also reddish in color, but are smaller than the kernels of spelt and emmer and are com- pressed laterally. Recent studies indicate that einkorn, emmer, and spelt differ in the number of chromosomes. Sakamura (36)! states that einkorn has 14 chromosomes in the somatic cells, emmer 28, and spelt 42. He fur- ther states that 7. turgidum, T. durum, and T. polonicum have the same chromosome number as emmer, and 7. vulgare and T. compac- tum have the same number as spelt. Sax (42) has found the same chromosome numbers as reported by Sakamura. Kihara (22) reports that F, hybrids between members of the spelt and emmer groups con- tain 35 chromosomes in the somatic cells. Individuals of the f. gen- eration varied from 31 to 42, while those of the F, generation varied from 28 to 41 in chromosome numbers. . } Schulz (44) concludes, from a consideration of the botanical char- acters of the wheats, that einkorn, emmer, and spelt have had their origin from different wild species, and he classifies the wild and culti- vated wheats into three lines or groups, according to supposed lines of descent. . | Vavilov (65) divided the species of wheat into three groups on the basis of their reaction toward leaf rust, Puccinia triticina Eriks., and mildew, Hrysiphe graminis DC. Einkorn, emmer, and spelt were in these separate groups, although there were some exceptions, both susceptible and immune strains of emmer being found. Zade (70) likewise divides the wheats into three groups on the basis of his serological studies, emkorn, emmer, and spelt being again in the separate groups. It is apparent from the various studies that have been made that einkorn, emmer, and spelt belong to what may be considered as dif- ferent species of wheat. There is a further difference in the adapta- tion between the emmers and spelts grown in the United States. Spelt is better adapted to humid regions, being comparable to soft red winter wheat in this respect, and emmer is better adapted to regions of lower rainfall, bemg comparable to durum and hard red winter wheat. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMMER. Kmmer usually has pithy culms and pubescent leaves. The spikes are very dense and laterally compressed, being narrow when viewed from the face of the spikelet and wide from the edge view (Pl. ID. The pedicel (joint of rachis) is short, narrow, and pointed and usually remains attached to the spikelet which it bears. The spikelets are flattened on the inner side. They usually contain two (or sometimes : Serial numbers (italic) in parentheses refer to “‘ Literature cited,” at the end of this bulletin. 1 MPI see / ‘ EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 3 three) flowers. Both bearded and beardless and winter and spring varieties of emmer are known, although no variety of beardless emmer is grown commercially in the United States. Some varieties of em- mer are quite resistant to rust. The winter hardiness and drought resistance of emmer have been much overestimated by Carleton (7, S) and others. | CHARACTERISTICS OF SPELT. Spelt usually has hollow culms and glabrous or slightly pubescent leaves. The spikes are long, slender, and lax. The spikelets are far apart and arched on the inner side (Pl. II). The pedicel (joint of rachis) is long and wide and after threshing usually remains attached to the face of the spikelet below the one which it bears. Both bearded and beardless and winter and spring varieties of spelt are known. The winter varieties usually will produce seed from spring sowing unless sown very late. Most varieties are rather tall. Emmer can be distinguished easily from spelt by its compact spikes and by the short, narrow pedicel, which usually is attached to the base of the spikelets of the threshed grain. CHARACTERISTICS OF EINKORN. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) is very distinct from emmer and spelt in having very narrow, slender spikes. The spikes are awned and laterally compressed, and the terminal floret usually is sterile (Pl. IIIT). The kernels remain in the glumes when threshed. They are pale red in color, small, slender, and very much compressed lat- erally. The common einkorn contains but one kernel in each spike- let, but the double einkorn contains two kernels. The name “‘ein- korn” is of German origin and means ‘‘one grained.”’ In French it is called ‘‘engrain.”’ | The plants of emkorn are late in maturing. The stems are slender and short, making harvesting with the grain binder difficult. It is of no economic value in the United States and is grown only in very limited’ experiments. HISTORY. Emmer is of very early origin. De Candolle (5) states that it has. been found among the ruins of the lake dwellers of Switzerland. Snyder (51) reports having received from Egypt a sample of emmer kernels which were nearly indentical with the kernels of Vernal (White Spring) emmer grown in Minnesota. Reports considered authentic /by that author, in regard to this sample, indicated that it was removed from the interior ruins of an Egyptian pyramid which had been built about 3,700 years ago. That emmer was grown by the Romans previous to the Christian era is indicated in the writings of Varro, Pliny, and Columella (/3), who mention a form of Triticum (wheat) called ‘‘adoreum”’ or “‘far,’’ which was not separated from the chaff in threshing. The wild emmer (Triticum dicoccum dicoceoides) found on the slopes of Mount Hermon, in Syria, may or may not be the prototype of our cultivated _ varieties of emmer. A rather primitive-appearing cultivated variety of emmer, Khapli or Kathiawar, described later, has been obtained | by the United States Department of Agriculture from India, where it is said to grow wild also. 4 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Love and Craig (26) report the appearance of a wild type of wheat © in the progeny of a cross between durum and common wheat. The seeregates of this type were similar in all respects to the typical wild wheat of Palestine. This occurrence of the wild form may be | considered either as evidence that the wild wheat of Palestine is the prototype of cultivated emmer or that this wild form has arisen | through natural crossing between already existing forms. j Emmer apparently was introduced into the United States by | German immigrants from southern Russia who settled in the Dakotas. | Carleton (8) states that 1t “was known to northwestern farmers | probably as early as 1875 or 1880." More recently several lots of | emmer, mostly from Russia and Germany, have been introduced and | distributed by the United States Department of Agriculture. Spelt probably is of later origin than emmer. Considerable doubt | exists as to its cultivation by the Egyptians, Greeks, or Romans. | It is known, however, to have been grown in Europe and Asia for | more than 200 years. Spelt has been introduced into the United States on numerous occasions, several introductions having been made during the nineties. It was grown experimentally in Califor- nia as early as 1893. More recently samples of spelt have been received by the United States Department of Agriculture from Germany. Einkorn probably is of more ancient origin than either emmer or spelt, and it is mentioned in very early writings. It apparently has never been extensively cultivated and is now grown sparingly on | poor and stony slopes in the countries of southwestern Hurope. | Several introductions of einkorn from France, Germany, and Turkey have been made during the past 20 years. These lots have been grown in experiments in this country, mostly in nursery rows, but the crop has not become commercially established. DISTRIBUTION. Emmer is known to be grown in Russia, Germany, Serbia, Aus- tria, Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Persia, India, and Abyssinia, | as well as in the United States and Canada. It is generally of greater relative importance in regions of low rainfall and unfavorable growing conditions. | Spelt is grown less widely and is of less importance than emmer in | the countries where it is found. It is known to be grown in Germany, | eiane Switzerland, and Serbia, and to a slight extent in the United | tates. | Einkorn is grown only sparingly in Europe and Asia and not at all | in the United States, except experimentally. Statistics on emmer and spelt are obtained in the United States | and Kurope only on both crops together. In Russia and the United | States nearly all of the crop consists of emmer. The countries leading in the production of emmer and spelt are Russia, Germany, and the United States. In some sections of Rus- | sia and Germany emmer occupies a larger acreage than wheat. In one) government of Russia emmer is practically the only cereal grown. The acreage of emmer and spelt is decreasing in all countries, as they | are being replaced by. other cereal crops. > O_O Pe se PLATE |. 1197, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Bul. SPIKES AND VERNAL (WHITE SPRING) EMMER (4); BLACK WINTER EMMER (2). GLUMES NATURAL SIZE; SPIKELETS AND KERNELS MAGNIFIED 3 DIAMETERS. Bul. 1197, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. WHITE SPRING SPELT (4); RED WINTER SPELT (B). SPIKES AND GLUMES NATURAL SIZE; SPIKELETS AND KERNELS MAGNIFIED 3 DIAMETERS. Bul. 1197, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. COMMON EINKORN. SPIKE AND GLUMES NATURAL SIZE; SPIKELET AND KERNEL MAGNIFIED 3 DIAMETERS. A i EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 5 Statistics on emmer and spelt in the United States were not obtained | previous to 1909. The acreage of emmer and spelt, according to the figures of the United States Census, decreased from 573,622 acres in 1909 to 166,829 acres in 1919. Owing to a difference in the method of obtaining these data in 1909 and 1919, however, it 1s possible that the actual decrease is slightly less. The States having the ACREAGE 1909. \ LAGH DOT REFPREGENTS \ JOOACRES OF LESS PER COUNTY. Fie. 1.—Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution of emmer in 1909 according to the United States census. Area, 573,622 acres. Each dot represents 100 acres or less per county. largest areas of emmer and spelt, with the acreage grown in 1919, were South Dakota, 79,688 acres; North Dakota, 49,662 acres; Nebraska, 11,251 acres; Minnesota, 8,895 acres; and Colorado, 3,701 acres. The acreage and production of emmer and spelt in the 13 leading States in 1909 and 1919 are shown in Table 1. TaBLE 1.—Acreage and production of emmer and spelt wn the 13 States leading wn the production of these grains and in the United States 1n.1909 and 1912 [Data from the United States Census reports. Production calculated at 40 pounds per bushel.] Area grown (acres). Production (bushels). State. 1909 1919 | 1909 1919 | | | South Dakotas ee Oke ay RE ORT LAR Se Cinna 259,611 79,688 | 6,098,982} 1,451,018 NMonéi Dakota sa: Ge decys bi upoemteh, tk Sea amlille che nin bye 101, 144 49,662 | 2,564,732 513,865 INGDEASKA eee ain ne hie Orme Eee Maree Wat he rags 65, 681 11,251 | 1,221,975 160, 485 MATIN CSOGAt ete Me i cade hear ea Ey SS oe ea 5 SNL 30, 891 8, 895 757,339 178, 008 Woloradon tak Sd ery a) ROA Baa ih) ee a 15, 523 3,701 324,713 52, 832 Michigan 6, 742 2,674:| 154,103 51, 353 Wisconsin 6,090 2,290 | 166, 301 50, 495 Montana 1,308 | 2,125 39, 830 13, 838 Pexis ee Kea a CUE eee R Cian a OEE ci 3 4,624 1, 453 44,316 43,040 AW Wey OTT Ce MOA eh Mec) sue ene Abe bp ye areca aN Wea 1,521 942 35, 677 6, 452 OW ANE eR PRT ere ee a te ney erro aa ae USA UPS UM eoee nae e 7, 256 839 139, 839 18,125 AEN OSE CE Sree sh Meee oe Ge eg Meese WO gt py eee ced ay I a 49, 969 291 785, 362 4,574 Olah orn atece, tea mpeeite hans rae al LenS Ne aaa a Sp AGM ay on teas 8, 659 214 94, 580 | 3,701 OiHeryS tates eee ee Pa eas Lie aa pe ws OO RE neg 14, 603 2,804 274, 961 60, 082 WiitedeS tates at eee noe Ley eae re Lanne ae 573, 622 166, 829 | 12,702, 710 2,607, 868 ee 6 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The distribution of emmer in the United States in 1909 and 1919 is shown on the maps in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. It will be seen | that the section of heaviest production is found in the northern ~ Great Plains and the subhumid prairie section. Spelt is included | with emmer in the census figures, but practically the entire produc- tion indicated is emmer. Hmmer appears to be adapted to approxi- mately the same conditions as durum wheat. | | BUSHEL WEIGHT. No standard bushel weights for emmer and spelt are established by Federal statutes in the United States, neither are such weights established for the Dominion of Canada. The weight used in com- uting acre yields of these crops in experiments of the Office of Cereal nvestigations in recent years has been 32 pounds per bushel. This represents the approximate weight of grain as it comes from the Fic. 2.—Outline map7of the}United States. showing the distribution of emmer in 1919 according to the United States census. Estimated area, 166,829 acres. Each dot represents 100 acres or less per county. separator, most of it being still in the chaff. The United States Census Bureau uses a weight of 40 pounds per bushel in reporting statistics of emmer and spelt. The States of Illinois, lowa, Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia have a legal weight of 40 pounds per bushel for spelt or speltz, while South Dakota recognizes 45 and Nebraska 48 pounds per bushel. LTlinois, Iowa, and Kansas also specify 40 pounds and Nebraska 48 pounds per bushel for emmer. The bushel weight used in determining the acre yield in the experi- ments here reported differed at nearly all stations and varied from 25 to 60 pounds per bushel. As there is so much confusion in these weights, the yields of emmer and spelt are best reported in pounds of grain as threshed per acre. This is the method used in this bulletin, in order to compare emmer and spelt with other crops. Einkorn is more chaffy. and usually is ighter in weight than either emmer or spelt. As it is not grown commercially in this country and is of no economic importance, no standard of weight is necessary. EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 7 COMPOSITION OF EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. In'threshing, most of the kernels of emmer and spelt remain inclosed in the chaff or glumes. Varying proportions of free kernels are found mixed with the unbroken spikelets, depending upon the condition of the crop at threshing time and the operation of the threshing machine. The proportion of hulls or chaff to kernels, by weight, in a threshed sample depends also upon the plumpness of the kernels. Saunders (40), in describing the varieties of emmer, spelt, and einkorn grown in experiments in Canada, reports the different varie- ties of emmer as having from 21 to 27 per cent of hull, spelt varieties from 27 to 38 per cent of hull, and einkorn 27 per cent of hull. In the same bulletin, Charon reports that two varieties of emmer grown at Ottawa, Canada, averaged 22.4 per cent of hull and two varieties of spelt averaged 29.4 per cent of hull. Zavitz (71) reported the average analyses of four varieties each of emmer and spelt, grown at Guelph, Ontario, during 12 seasons. Hmmer showed 19.6 per cent and spring-sown spelt 28 per cent of hulls. Koernicke and Werner (23, vol. 2, p. 463), in Germany, report the average proportion of hulls in winter spelt as 25.5 per cent, in spring spelt as 23.8 per cent, in winter emmer as 23.6 per cent, and in spring emmer as 21.6 per cent. Determinations made in this country show emmer and spelt to consist usually of 20 to 30 per cent of hulls or chaff. As ordinarily threshed, emmer has somewhat less of hulls than spelt. In comparing these crops with wheat, about 22 pe cent of emmer and 25 per cent of spelt should be regarded as hulls or chaff. Chemical analyses by Shepperd (47, p. 12), Ladd (48, p. 436), Snyder -(61), Hummel (20), Chamberlain (9), and others indicate that emmer has a composition similar to that of oats, being somewhat lower in fat and slightly higher in carbohydrates. Chamberlain (9, p. 438) reports the digestible nutrients of Black Winter emmer and oats, as shown in Table 2. In nutritive value, emmer appears to be slightly inferior to oats. Hulled emmer kernels have about the same composition as wheat kernels. TABLE 2.—Digestible nutrients in oats and in Black Winter emmer. [Computed in pounds per 100 pounds of dry matter.] | : | Crude Carbo- F Cereal. Protein. Fat. fiber. | hydrates. Calories. Hrmnimoer: Tiss hee See OE eS et 9. 96 “1. 36 4, 98 52. 06 74, 356 OATS Be se Say re epee oie hates TEU eR RON yc eC 10.73 3. 59 ayalre 51. 04 77, 209 EKinkorn is considerably more chaffy than either emmer or spelt, but as it is not grown commercially the composition and uses are not here considered. USES OF EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. The chief uses of these crops are as human food, as feed for live-. stock, and as parents in making hybrids for certain purposes. USES AS HUMAN FOOD. Emmer and spelt, although primarily feed grains, are used to a con- siderable extent as foodin Europe, especially in Russia. Most of it is hulled and then ground into a meal which is cooked into porridge. 8 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In Germany, emmer and spelt have been used for making flour (see Hauptfleisch, 17). The threshed grain, consisting mostly of kernels inclosed in the chaff, which the Germans call “Veesen,”’ is passed through a machine called a “Gerben,” which removes the hulis and some of the embryos or germs. The kernels then are milled in much the same way as wheat. The flour obtained is of rather poor quality and if used for bread making usually is mixed with wheat flour. Experiments in the United States by Sanderson (38), Stockham (60). LeClere (224). and others have demonstrated that flour from emmer and spelt can be made into bread, but the bread is dark colored and about equal in quality to that made from low-grade or ‘Red Dog” wheat fiour. Some emmer is being milled into an un- cooked breakfast food in this country. A food called griinkorn, the groats or prepared grain from unripe spelt (Triticum spelia), is liked especially in western and south- western Germany (1). To prepare this, spelt is harvested when the kernels begin to lose their milky nature and to become mealy and reddish yellow. Then the spelt is dried in an oven, threshed, and the kernels shelled in the shelling machinery of the mill. Since the yield of griinkorn is much less than that of ripened grain (about one-tenth) the price is high. The manufacture of griinkorn is carried on especially in Scheffbergerthal, in the vicinity of Mosbach on Neckar. From griinkorn, soups, porridge, etc., are prepared. Griinkorn is highly regarded in south Germany along the Rhine for. making soup. The kernels are washed thoroughly by stirring in lukewarm water and the water drained away, then cooked with water and butter until quite soft, rubbed through a sieve, cooked again with meat broth, and thickened with yolk of egg. Often the kernels first are crushed or ground into meal. USES AS FEED FOR LIVESTOCK. Nearly all of the emmer and spelt grown in the United States is fed to livestock. Much of it is ground before being fed. Hum- me! (20) reports a considerable increase in digestibility after grinding whole emmer. As previously stated, emmer is about equal to oats in composition and corresponds rather closely with that grain in feeding value. Because of its bulk, emmer gives better results when mixed with other grains or concentrates. Mixed with linseed meal and fed with corn‘silage, it proved to be equal to ground corn for fattening steers in South Dakota (67). A mixture of equal quantities of emmer meal and corn meal fed to fattening pigs was nearly equal to corn meal alone (52). For dairy cows getting brome-grass hay and corn silage for rough- age, about 13 per cent more emmer than corn or barley meal was required to produce equal quantities of butterfat. It required 125 pounds of emmer to replace 100 pounds of corn when fed to steers receiving prairie hay as roughage (69). Emmer produces a hard fat and meat of as good quality as corn when fed to baby beeves (68). For lambs. the value of emmer appears to be about 80 per cent of that of corn (19, p. 530). When fed alone to pigs, 31 per cent more emmer meal than corn meal and 5 per cent more emmer meal than barley meal were required to produce 100 pounds of gain (52). \ EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 2 USES AS PARENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION. Because of the persistent chaff of emmer and spelt, it has been suggested that these grains be used to cross with wheats to prevent shattering. The fragile rachis of emmer and spelt is fully as objec- tionable as the fragile glume and kernel attachment which permits shattering of the common wheats. In order to avoid losses from the breaking up of the heads, emmer must be harvested as soon as it is ripe or even before. Because of this, and for reasons mentioned later, emmer and spelt are less desirable for hybridization than are many of the nonshattering varieties of wheat. Because of the rust resistance of some varieties of emmer, they have been used in cross- ing with wheats to obtain strains resistant to rust. Hayes, Parker, and Kurtzweil (18) have shown that a high percentage of sterility results from these crosses of common wheat and emmer and also that the rust-resistant factors are linked with the emmer characters. Fertile hybrids resulting from crosses of the common and club wheats with either emmer or spelt show a great diversity of plant forms, with very few pure types of wheat free from objectionable emmer and spelt characters in both spikes and kernels. Sax (42) and other investigators have noted that hybrids between members of the three wheat groups are more or less sterile in the F, and later generations. Leighty and Boskhnakian (25) have shown that spelt and common wheat are differentiated by a number of linked specific characters, which are present in one species and absent in the other. These characters, so far as observed, are not inherited independently, but are transmitted as a group. In crosses between spelt and common wheat the F, hybrid shows a dominance of the spelt, but this character appears in a somewhat diluted form. In the second generation all classes of spelt inheritance are obtained. Evidence is also presented by them that speltlike forms are sometimes produced by crossing certain wheats. Kinkorn is of practically no value in wheat breeding, as crosses between einkorn and wheat are very difficult to make and are nearly always sterile. VARIETIES. More than 20 distinct groups of emmer, spelt, and einkorn are known, only part of which have been grown experimentally in the United States and Canada. As previously stated, spelt is not grown commercially in this country, except to a very limited extent, and einkorn not at all. Nearly all of the emmer grown in the United States is of one variety, so that descriptions of varieties are chiefly of interest to experimenters. VARIETIES OF EMMER. Three distinct varieties of emmer are known to be commercially grown in the United States. Two of these are bearded white- glumed spring varieties, and the other is a bearded black-glumed winter variety. A few additional varieties here described have been grown in experimental plats. Many additional varieties and strains of emmer have been grown in nursery experiments, but the yields or other data from them are not here given. Four varieties of emmer grown in plat experiments in Canada have been grown only 10 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in nursery experiments in the United States. Brief descriptions of these, as reported by Saunders (39), are here presented. BLACK WINTER. Black Winter emmer has awned inclined spikes and pubescent, bluish black glumes (Pl. I, B). The spikes are narrow from the face view of the spikelets, but wide in the other dimensions and usually 3 to 4 inches long. The leaves are very pubescent. The plants are tall and late and the stems white or yellow. The awns are easily broken off at maturity, so that some spikes appear to be awnless. The rachis is fragile at maturity, necessitating care in harvesting to avoid losses from breaking of the spikes. Under very favorable conditions of soil moisture and fertility the spikes tend to branch, forming composite spikes. Under unfavorable conditions the black color of the glumes does not develop fully, and they become a dark brown or gray. : ; Black Winter is quite susceptible to injury from stem rust. It is hardier than winter barley or winter oats but not as hardy as many varieties of winter wheat and frequently is partly or entirely winter- killed when grown in the Great Plains and Intermountain States. Black Winter (or Black Velvet) has long been known in Europe. It was advertised for many years by Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., seedsmen, of Paris, France. About 79 pounds af the Black Winter emmer were obtained from this firm by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture in 1904. After having been grown and increased for a few years it was distributed to farmers and experimenters. Prof. B. C. Buffum, of Worland, Wyo., obtained about 2 quarts of seed of Black Winter emmer from the department and sowed it in the fall of 1907. Only 72 plants survived the winter, but seed from 12 of these plants was increased and later distributed as “ Buffum’s Improved Black Winter’? emmer. It is identical, however, with the original importation in all characters observed, including hardiness. Most of the Black Winter emmer which has been sown in the Great Plains area during recent years has been winterkilled. WHITE WINTER. White Winter emmer has slender awned spikes and glabrous white glumes. It matures at about the same time as Black Winter, but the plants are somewhat shorter. _This variety (C. I. No. 3628; S. P. I. No. 34369)? was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1912. It was obtained from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., seedsmen, of Paris. BROWN WINTER. A variety of emmer having awned spikes and glabrous brown glumes has been developed in experiments at Moro, Oreg. This variety or strain was selected from a plat of Black Winter emmer (C. I. No. 2483) and apparently was the result of natural crossing. Another selection from the Black Winter variety had glabrous white glumes, but it was not grown in plat experiments. Brown Winter emmer has not been distributed for commercial growing. 2 C. I. No. refers to accession numbers of the Office of Cereal Investigations; S. P. I. No. refers toaccession | numbers of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction (64). EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. tt VERNAL (WHITE SPRING). Vernal (White Spring), or Common (known also as Ufa and Yaro- slav), emmer has awned spikes, glabrous white glumes, and purple stems. The heads usually are 2 to 24 inches long, rather slender, and nodding (Pl. I, A). The rachis becomes disjointed easily at maturity. The plants are of medium height, being shorter than most varieties of wheat. They mature at about the same time as midseason varie- ties of oats. Vernal is very resistant to several forms of stem rust and leaf rust, and injury from rust seldom occurs under field conditions. The Vernal (White Spring) variety probably comprises at least 95 per cent of the emmer and “spelt’’ grown in the United States and Canada. It is the variety listed in nearly all seed catalogues as “speltz,” although this name is sometimes applied to seed of the true spelt. Experiment-station publications usually refer to this variety pps under the descriptive names ‘‘ White Spring’? emmer or “‘Common”’ emmer. To avoid confusion with White Spring spelt, it has recently been named “ Vernal” (12). Vernal emmer was introduced into the United States by German-Russian immigrants who settled in the Dakotas. _ It is said to have been introduced into North Dakota by Russian settlers living in McIntosh County (49). More recent intro- ductions from Russia were made by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1898 and 1899. Samples received were named Ufa and Yaroslav, because of their having been obtained in the Ufa and Yaroslav Governments of Russia, but they have proved to be identical with the Vernal (White Spring) variety. KHAPII,. This variety differs from Vernal (White Spring) principally in being earlier and in having wider spikes and shorter stems, which are white or yellow rather than purple. The spikelets and kernels of Khapli also are larger. Khapli is nearly immune to all forms of rust commonly occurring in the United States. In general appear- ance it resembles the wild emmer (Triticum dicoccwm dicoccoides) more closely than do other emmer varieties. Khapli was first introduced into this country by the United States Department of Agriculture from Hoshangabad, Central Provinces, India, in. 1908. In 1914, and again in 1915, additional introductions of this emmer, under the name Kathiawar, were obtained by the department from the district of Kathiawar, north of Bombay, in India. Reports that it grows wild in Kathiawar have not been confirmed. After being grown in cooperative experiments at the Highmore (S. Dak.) substation, Khapli was distributed to farmers in South Dakota for commercial growing in 1917. Some acreage of this variety may still be grown in that State. OTHER SPRING VARIETIES. An unnamed white emmer, similar to Vernal except in having longer spikes and in being several days later in maturing, formerly was grown in plat experiments in Canada, but only in nursery experi- ments in the United States. 12 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. According to Saunders (39), a variety with long, slender spikes and white glumes was grown in plat experiments in Canada under the name of “‘Long’”’ emmer. It matured about two weeks later than Vernal, but apparently is quite similar to the White Winter (C. 1. No. 3628), obtamed from France by the department. Another variety, grown im limited experiments, differs from the others described here in having spikes somewhat clavate or clubbed at the tips. It was called Thick emmer by Saunders (39), who states that it ripens approximately with Vernal. 7 Red is a spring variety with long, slender spikes and red or brown glumes, which matures several days later than Vernal. It has been grown in plat experiments in Canada, but only in nursery rows in the United States. VARIETIES OF SPELT. Only five varieties of spelt have been grown in plat experiments in the United States within recent years. Several others have been grown in nursery experiments for observation, but they were not ‘increased. It is believed that only two varieties are grown com- mercially in the United States, and these are of very minor impor- tance. ALSTROUM. Aistroum has long slender, lax, nodding, awnless spikes, and glabrous white glumes. It differs from White Spring, described later, principally in being a winter variety. The spikes are more nodding than those of the White Spring variety, and the stems show a trace of purple color. The spikes are almost free from the short apical or tip awns. Although a winter variety, Alstroum will mature seed even when sown in the spring. Alstroum was obtaimed by the de- partment from the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station in 1901, but the previous history of the variety is not known. A selec- tion has been grown at Arlington Experiment Farm, Rosslyn, Va., since 1911. Considerable quantities of Alstroum have been distributed to farmers during the past few years by the department from the Arling- | ton Experiment Farm. It is now grown on a small acreage in. | Virginia, and commercial distribution of the seed is being made. | RED WINTER. Red Winter, or Red, has long, slender, lax, erect, awnless spikes, and glabrous brown glumes. Although awnless, the spikes bear a few apical or tip awns (Pl. I], B): In height, maturity, and straw color Red Winter is very similar to Alstroum. Like the latter variety it can be matured from spring sowing. This variety appears to be more hardy than any variety of winter emmer. Doubtless several lots of Red Winter have been introduced from Europe. The sample from which came the seed for most of the experiments here reported was obtained from the Washington Agri- cultural Experiment Station in 1901. Its previous history has not been determined. Seed of this variety under the name “ Brown Winter’’ was introduced from Switzerland about 1913 by Paul Scheddiger, of Spearfish, S. Dak., and was distributed by him in 1915. It was sown on a considerable acreage in the Black Hills district of South Dakota and Wyoming; but was nearly all winterkilled during EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 13 the rather severe winters of 1915-16 and 1916-17. Very little if any of this spelt is now grown. Red Winter has been distributed by the department and by several experiment stations, but it is not extensively grown. Red Winter is believed to be identical or nearly identical with the Red spelt grown from spring sowing in experiments in Canada. WHITE BEARDED. This variety (C. I. No. 1774) differs from the varieties previously described in having awned spikes and rather yellowish glumes. The spikes are long, slender, and lax, and the glumes are glabrous and have a pointed shoulder. It is a winter variety but will mature seed from spring sowing. This spelt was obtained from the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station in 1901, along with the Alstroum and Red Winter varieties. It is identical with a lot, C. I. No. 1724, obtained from Serbia through the Paris Exposition in 1900. A similar variety of spelt was grown at College Park, Md., under the name ‘‘White Bearded.” This was obtained by the department from Haage & Schmidt, seedsmen, of Erfurt, Germany, in 1904. None of these is known to be grown commercially in the United States. A White Bearded spelt apparently identical with the one here described was grown also in experiments in Canada. BLACK BEARDED. The Black Bearded spelt is very similar to the White Bearded variety except in having black glumes and awns. ‘The color varies in intensity from brown to black, according to environment. This variety has been grown in plat experiments only in Canada. WHITE SPRING. White Spring has long, slender, lax, erect, awnless spikes and glabrous white glumes (Pl. Il, A). The plants are of medium height and are late in maturing. The stems are white or yellow. This variety probably has been introduced into the United States at several different times. White Spring, which has been grown in the experiments reported later, was obtained in 1904 from J. M. Thor- burn & Co., seedsmen, of New York City. The original source of the seed is not known. White Spring is not known to be grown com- mercially in the United States. VARIETIES OF EINKORN. Two varieties of einkorn have been grown in experiments in the United States and Canada. The most important one is the Common or single einkorn. COMMON. Common einkorn contains only one Kernel in each spikelet (Pl. III). It usually has been grown from fall sowing, but was sown in the spring in experiments in the Dakotas and Canada. When sown in the spring it makes a slow growth, but eventually the spikes are exserted and the seed matures late in the season. The samples of this variety which were grown in the experiments were from seed originally obtained in Germany by the United States Department of Agriculture. 14 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DOUBLE. The Double, or Spring, variety contains two kernels in each spike- let. It has been grown only in limited experiments. The lot of seed from which this variety was grown in the United States in the experiments reported here was obtained from the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station in 1901. VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS. This bulletin contains nearly all the results of important experi- ments with emmer and spelt which have been conducted in the United States and Canada. The early experiments were begun about 1898, when these crops, especially emmer, began to assume impor- tance on farms. Some experiments have continued until the present, but many of them were discontinued after a few years of unfavorable returns. SOURCES OF DATA. Most of the results with emmer, spelt, and einkorn presented herein have been obtained in experiments conducted in the various States by the Office of Cereal Investigations, either cooperatively with the State experiment station or with some other agency. At the remaining stations the data have been obtained independently by the State or Province. The source of the data is stated in con- nection with each station. Many of the data presented here have been published wholly or in part in bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture or in bulletins and annual reports of the State experiment stations and of the Canadian experimental farms. A considerable portion of the data, however, has been taken from the unpublished annual reports of the field stations conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations of the department.* The experimental conditions, such as crop sequence, size of plat, width of alleys, number of replications, etce., vary somewhat at dif- ferent stations and at the same station in different years. The results obtained at one station in any one year, therefore, are not necessarily comparable with those obtained at any other station or at the same station during other years. In most cases, however, they are fairly comparable, and some of the stations have grown these crops under nearly identical conditions for several consecutive years. In order to determine the value of emmer and spelt for any section it is necessary to compare the yields with those of the other small- grain crops with which they must compete, viz, barley, oats, wheat, and rye. The kernels of the two latter crops are completely sepa- 3 The men who have had charge of the cereal experiments conducted at the various stations, either inde- pendently or cooperatively by the Office of Cereal Investigations, during the period in which these data were obtained, are as follows: California.—Chico, H. F. Blanchard, E. L. Adams; Modesto, H. F. Blanch- - ard. Colorado.—Akron, W. G. Shelley, Clyde McKee, C. H. Clark, G.A. McMurdo, and F. A. Coffman. Georgia.—Athens, R. R. Childs. Jdaho.—Aberdeen, L. C. Aicher. Kansas.—Hays, F. A. Kiene, jr.; McPherson, V. L. Cory. Maryland.—College Park, N. Schmitz. North Dakota.—Dickinson, L. R. Wal- dron, C. H. Clark, J. A. Clark, and R. W. Smith; Edgeley, O. A. Thompson; Fargo, J. H. Shepperd and O. O. Churchill; Williston, F. R. Babcock. Oregon—Burns, L. R. Breithaupt; Moro, H. J. C. Umberger and D. E. Stephens. South Dakota.—Brookings, J. S. Cole, Clifford Willis, and M. J. Champlin; Cotton- wood, M. J. Champlin; Eureka, M. J. Champlin; Highmore, M. J. Champlin, J. D. Morrison, and E. S. McFadden; Newell, S. C. Salmon, E. M. Johnston, J. H. Martin, and A. D. Ellison. Teras.—Amarillo, A. H. Leidigh and J. F. Ross; Channing, A. H. Leidigh. Utah.—Nephi, F. D. Farrell, P. V. Cardon, A. D. Ellison, J. W. Jones, and A. F. Bracken. Véirginia.—Arlington Experiment Farm, T. R. Stanton, A. D. Ellison, H. P. Ames, and J. W. Taylor. Washington.—Lind, M. A. McCall. Wyoming.—Archer, J. W. Jones, V. H. Florell, and A. L. Nelson. Special acknowledgment is due A. C. Army, associate agron- omist at University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., and T. E. Stoa, assistant agronomist of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College, N. Dak., for furnishing unpublished yield data to the writers. Professor Arny supplied the data from University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., and the 1920 and 1921 yields from the Crookston and Grand Rapids, Minn., substations. Mr. Stoa furnished the yield data obtained at Fargo, N. Dak., since 1906. 3 EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 15 rated from the glumes (chaff) in threshing, so that the weights of | threshed grain are not directly comparable with those of emmer and spelt. Most of the wheat and rye also is sold for milling purposes, while emmer and spelt are used almost exclusively for feeding live- stock. Row crops, such as corn and grain sorghum, although grown as feed crops, do not compete directly with the small-grain crops which are sown at different seasons and in different sequences in the rotation. Barley and oats are grown chiefly for feeding purposes, and as already pointed out the kernels remain in the glumes after threshing, so that they are directly comparable in yield with emmer and spelt. The yields of emmer and spelt given here are compared directly with the yields of the leading variety of barley and oats at each station. The varieties selected, in nearly all cases, were the ones having the highest average yields in the years during which emmer and spelt were grown and not the highest yielding varieties of each year. ‘The yields of the crops are computed in pounds per acre, in order that they may be compared directly at all stations. Although emmer, spelt, einkorn, barley, and oats all have the glumes adhering after threshing, the ‘net weights are not strictly comparable because of the different proportions of hull or glumes. In general, emmer may be said to consist of about 22 per cent of hull, spelt 25 per cent, barley 15 per cent, and oats 30 per cent. ‘These differences are not considered in these computations, as the crops also vary somewhat.in feeding value. In some sections wheat is considerably more productive than barley and oats, as well as emmer and spelt. In these sections wheat could be compared with emmer and spelt by adding 25 per cent to the yields of the wheat. This has not been done in the tables presented here, but at a few stations the comparative yields of wheat are men- tioned. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE. The results of experiments with emmer and spelt reported here were obtained at 52 experiment stations in 19 States in the United States and in 6 Provinces in Canada. ‘The location of these stations is shown in Figure 38. The area covered extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and from Georgia, Texas, and Arizona in the south to Canada in the north. The’ adaptation and value of emmer and spelt vary with environ- ment. There is a wide variation of soil and climate within the terri- tory covered by the experiments. For convenience in presenting and interpreting results, the territory under discussion is separated into four divisions, according to environmental conditions. These are called (1) the South Atlantic (humid) area, (2) the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Valleys (subhumid) area, (3) the Great Plains (semiarid) area, and (4) the Western Basin and Coast area. The locations of the stations, together with their altitude above sea level, are shown in Table 3. The normal or average rainfall in inches, with the number of years on which such average is based, also is given. The United States Weather Bureau establishes normals for its independent stations on 33-year records. At all other points the rainfall recorded is the average for the years during which obser- vations have been made. Finally, the table shows the general soil type on which each station is located. 16 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLeE 3.—Altitude, normal or average precipitation, and sowl type at 52 experiment stations at which experiments with emmer and spelt have been conducted. . | Precipitation. Area and station. | Altitude.) ~ormal | Length Type of soil. Ole en of | average. | record. : | | ie South Atlantic (humid) area: Feet. Inches. | Years Athens, 3 Salads es soeaed ae: a Rian | i Geel! clay loam and Cecil sandy loam. MOsSlyMsVa tee tee tek eee 10 | ay. @pllece Park NG. is ea 71 erases Ae eee [Seas BA ae fora sandy loam. Mississippiand St. Lawrence Val- | leys (subhumid) area: Denton Mex thse eee ata wa UR 34. 45 | 9 McPherson, Kans..........-- | 1,495 32. 32 20 | Deep sandy loam. Manhattan: Kans. 5-225 2655 == ! 1,014 32. 59 | 61 | Dark-brown silt loam. attayetto, WG eke oe 617 38. 29 29 Madison) eWish ei 74524. 5 she | 974 31.25 | 51 Stepan Manmenes sao see 3 re | 848 | 27. 80 38 | Light clay loam. IMOrris ain sae Ae eae 1,170 |} 23. 51 } 23 Grand Rapids, Minn.......-. este aN 2 28.05 | 22 Crookstony Minn = soos aa sses | 863 | 23.01 | 20 | Heavy clay loam. Brookings, § oe Dak SEN Sea 1, ae j 19. 33 | 30 | Glacial sandy loam. BATSON wa Kea ee ase sake | 24, 92 | 33 | Hi black clay loam. Gaineonane La oe | 1,050} 27.05 | 53. \\Glagivawi td tie! it Ottawa, Ontarion jo.) 22 = | PAVE |= SYA Sonue eee | Do. Nappan, Nova Scotia. ....... eee es 4.0 39. 81 | hes Do. Great Plains (semiarid) area: | | sonarille, he a Ree Ns Tey | oe | 20. 81 | 28 | Chocolate clay loam. aMMIN gs Mex eo. sees hss 21.12 | 3 | Sandy clay loam. 1B Eyed Seo ie ea Rin | 2; 000 POGLGM + fiery, 0 Sine One GE krone Colom ena c eae | 4, 560 18. 86 | 7 | Sandy loam. North Platte, Nebr. --.-....... | 3, 000 18. 86 | 33 | Loess. pee ee Des wena nee eins) 6, 027 4 ve a | ss Medium sandy loam with some gravel. ITOH Why Oba sss on tee ee leer na | > 14,03 | 2 3 Sheridan, Wy0.-...2..-25...- 3,800 14.72 | 23 | Darkclayloam. . Highmore;, os: Dake= 22) 2e 2. 1, 890 | 16. 75 | 26 | Glacial clay loam. Burekay SY Dake 32.5 34.552 -< | 1, 854 16. 43 | 7 Glacial sandy loam, stony portion of . | | ' old moraine. colton wud: es 1D YA) eee aces B | 2, ata 15. 54 |} 7 | Clay (gumbo), shale subsoil. Newe ID

20061}. 15.45) 10. Dark loam. Lacombe, Aiberta..........-- ; 2, 783 | 17.62 ! 10 | Black clay loam. Western Basin and Coast area: | BnoOenice AMI Ze! ein eo | 1,108 | 7.39 38 | Woehise pATIzieee te cue Sak k| 4,219 11. 41 25 | Red loam. PrescoltyArizeeuy Sed. ae GS O08" (She 0 18 | Loam. SHO wiilakerAniZ. ase. esas ee 5,600 | 13. 24 5 | Sandy loam. Modesto;\Califis. 2) 222022 | 90 | 10. 52 49 | Paso Robles, Calif.........-.-| 800 | 16. 04 23 | ChicOnCalif aes. 5 ea. Bee 189 23. 59 50 | Do. Nephi sUitahe eps se hee | 6, 000 13. 27 : 22 | Clay loam. Aberdeen, Idaho..---....---- | 4, 400 9. 05 9 | Sandy clay loam. Puls Ores AG Obs Se eae si aie | 4 aH | 7. 49 6 put foam to fine sandy loam. NOLO Oreet esr 4 | 11.53 i7 | Silt loam. Tinde Washo Ak 1) “1630 7.25 3 Fine sandy silt loam. _ Agassiz, British Columbia... ., 52 6378) eae ee ere | Sandy loam. 1 Climate very similar to Rosslyn, Va., 10 miles southwest. 2 Observations made at Pokegama Falls, Minn., 7 miles northwest. 3 Observations made at Moorhead, Minn,. opposite Fargo. 4 Observations made at Cheyenne, Wyo., 9 miles west. 5 Observations made at Lusk, Wes, 14 miles east. 6 Observations made at Berlin, N. Dak., 12 miles east. T Observations made at Woodbridge, N. Dak., 24 miles northwest. EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 17 RESULTS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AREA. The eastern or humid area comprises the States east of the Missis- sippi Valley and south of the St. Lawrence Valley. In this area rainfall usually is ample for maximum yields of small grains and soil fertility is the chief limiting factor. Winter wheat is the leading small grain in this area. From Virginia southward winter varieties of barley and oats are grown, but north of Virginia spring barley and oats are grown. oe | Niece ERECT ees Cy ors S fogs eo OHIO - fayette P zs Fig. 3.—Outline map of the United States and part of Canada, showing division into climatic-topographic areas and the location of the 52 agricultural experiment stations where the results with emmer, spelt and einkorn reported herein were obtained. d _ Only a few experiments with emmer and spelt have been conducted in the eastern or humid area of the United States. Preliminary trials with these crops at several experiment stations during one or two seasons usually were not promising, and the experiments were discontinued. Hmmer and spelt have produced rather poor yields in the North Atlantic States. In other Eastern States, however, spelt has given good results. Results obtained at three stations in the eastern or humid area are shown. RESULTS AT ATHENS, GA. Two varieties of winter emmer and one variety of winter spelt were grown at Athens, Ga., during the five years from 1915 to 1919, 59274—24— Bull. 1197 2 18 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. inclusive. These experiments were conducted cooperatively by the State College of Agriculture of the University of Georgia and the Office of Cereal Investigations. The results are shown in Table 4. Serbia winter spelt at this station yielded considerably more than either variety of emmer, and the average yield was only slightly less than that of Appler oats. Tennessee Winter barley was the most productive crop at Athens, yielding an average of 2,188 pounds per acre. This was almost double the yield of spelt and nearly three times the yield of Black Winter emmer. : TaBLeE 4.— Yields of two varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown at Athens, Ga., in the 5-year period from 1915 to 1919, inclusive. [Data obtained in cooperation with the State College of Agriculture of the University of Georgia.] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. C. I. No. 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | Average. Emmer: | Black Winter.............2- 2337 975 275 | 572 | 1,065 | 985 774 White Winter...2.......... 3628 | 938 301 | Oe ims Sees 5 2 [Sick ee eae ome Spelt: White Bearded (Serbia). ... 1724 | 1,625 576 723 | 1,402 1,215 1,108 Barley: | Tennessee Winter.........- 257 2,102 2,952 | 413 | 3,400 | 2,074 | 2,188 Oats: eet oplerses oes Ss eo 1815 | 2,100 2,026 | 0 | 94 | 1,575| 1,185 , | | i RESULTS AT ARLINGTON EXPERIMENT FARM, ROSSLYN, VA. Several varieties of both winter emmer and spelt have been grown since 1910 at Arlington Experiment Farm, near Rosslyn, Va., opposite Washington, D.C. These experiments are conducted inde- pendently by the Office of Cereal Investigations. The .results have been published in part by Stanton (45). The yields obtained during the past 12 years are shown in Table 5. : The average acre yield of Black Winter emmer is only 641 pounds, indicating that it is not adapted to the conditions at Arlington. The yields of spelt, however, are very satisfactory. Alstroum spelt yielded an average of 2,180 pounds per acre, while a selection from this variety yielded slightly more. During the same period Tennessee Winter barley averaged 1,434 pounds and Winter Turf oats 1,586 pounds per acre. Partial winterkilling of emmer, barley, and oats sometimes occurs, while spelt is not injured. The greater hardiness of winter spelt is partly responsible for the higher yields. It is also better adapted to the general climatic conditions of this section than emmer. The difference in adaptation is comparable to that existing between the soft red winter wheats and the hard red winter wheats (Crimean group), the latter not being adapted to this section. Spring grains produce comparatively low yields at Arlington, so winter spelt is the most productive of the small grains used for feed. This crop should be more extensively grown in those portions of ee and Virginia having conditions similar to those at Wash- ington, D. C. EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 19 TABLE 5.— Yields of three varieties of emmer, four varieties of spelt, and one varvety each of barley and oats, at Arlington Experiment Farm, Rosslyn, Va., wn the 12-year period Jrom 1910 to 1921, inclusive. Yields per acre (pounds). C.I Aver- Crop and variety. No! age, 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 boa (a) _ | 1921 f&mmer: Black Winter.......-. 2337 |1,029| 351] 921) 615} 4385} 611; 960/1,510} 829; 346; 157; 320) 641 Black Winter Belectlone eee DOTA Le TOM SOC Le OAT abs sj pels ates] oo cas eee eee ee i yiite Winterstes) 422% SO QSE eh cy pale Peseta ee jerk tek 202) AGE) S4T 4S ble ly sk ale ee) (Meera se Spelt: Alstroum...-.. sia Im 3s 1773 |2, 6401, 521|2, 346|1, 539|3, 066)2, 448/1, 872/3, 206}2, 940/1, 267|2, 333)1, 446) 2,180 Alstroum selection. ...|3264 |...-. 1, 440/2, 691/1, 479/3, 213|2, 208|2, 080'2, 941/2, 807/1, 568)|2, 266]1, 603) 2, 209 Red Winter........... 1772 |2, 559\1, 350|2, 397/1, 620/2, 913]2, 415|1, 740|3, 08112, 521|1, 225/2, 540|.....|.....- White Bearded ene (Serbiay ete ee 1724 |1, 710/1, 2212, 2411/1, 449/2, 616|2, 086|2, 192/2, 740|2, 04411, 420|2, 2052, 118| 2, 03 0 arley: 6 paeanessee Winter.....{ 257 {1,123} 720)1, 695/1, 042/1, 473)1, 6841, 925)2, 012)1, 613)1, 492/1, 0238/1, 098) 1, 434 ats: Winter. Tunis se sey 44 3b ee eee 941} 10/1, 280)1, 982)2, 208|1, 651/1, 892/1, 453/2, 186] 685)2, 353) 1, 5$6 RESULTS AT COLLEGE PARK, MD. Kmmer and spelt were grown in experiments at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md., during the 8-year period from 1909 to 1916, inclusive. From 1909 to 1914 these experiments were conducted cooperatively by the Maryland station and the Office of Cereal Investigations. The results obtained have been published by Stanton (55). The yields in 1915 and 1916, ob- tained independently by the State, were reported by Schmitz (43). College Park, Md., is only about 10 miles from Arlington Experi- ment Farm, in Virginia, so the results (Table 6) might be expected to be rather similar. TABLE 6.— Yvelds of three varieties of emmer, five varieties of spelt, and one variety each of barley and oats, grown at College Park, Md., in the 8-year period from 1909 to 1916, incluswe. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (pounds). | | Average. Crop and variety. ae A nae ei: s 1909 | 1910 | 1911 1912 1913 | 1914 |° 1915 | 1916 | 1909 | 1909 | and to | F 1910. | 1914. Emmer: \ Black Winter...... 2337 =| ~=638 | 1,074 | 1,356 960 | 1,104 | 1, 455 Co yoy Ws raise es 854 | 1,097 Black Winter selection. ........ 2337-1 645 | 1,005 | 1,418 | 1,101 | 1,023 5G Tia let Ste eee eet 825 959 IWIRI Gee ee aa PAIL» he Bie COA UN a IR a IA Se I SSS oe G50) 1 4) ae Spelt: Aistroumi Qo ui Leys MUST S Nt TEGy ees HOOn Wy 2nGON | 1629/12) 199.) 0022s. 1,677 | 1,897 Red Winter....... 1772 | 1,293 | 1,857 | 1,989 | 2,160 | 1,983 | 2,091 | 1,011 | 1,104 | 1,575 | 1,896 White Bearded... .| 1724 15635 Gi hee Soe NO WSS S/N EEN Reason of A623 6 eeices 16 Fea Ae AE L774 MW PL OS MAINIMAMGy Le Rae RE MN a eer TS le oe cies 1 O64 eae ae DOM SEGA, DAS Oe AP STS MN) 1) SOO eco Neds eames nee a RS Sa ee be Goal lg boo duaemete Barley: 5 an nest aes Winter .| 257 1, 430 994 | 1,575 | 2,046 | 1,527 | 1,718 OSes 1,212 | 1,548 ats: Winter Turf... ..... 180. | 1,072 | 1,495 | 1,674 | 2,120 | 1,568 | PSO) see dalle a ee 1, 283 | 1,577 ee a eee ee ee ee ee —eeeEEEeerrreaeOEeee—_—____— 20 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Alstroum spelt produced an average yield of 1,897 pounds per acre and Red Winter yielded practically the same. Tennessee Winter barley gave an average yield of 1,548 pounds and Winter Turf oats 1,577 pounds per acre. Black Winter emmer yielded considerably less than these crops. Here, as at Arlington, winter spelt is much more productive than either barley or oats. At both stations, how- ever, the best varieties of winter wheat yielded more than winter spelt when allowance is made for 25 per cent of hulls in the spelt. RESULTS IN THE MISSISSIPPI AND ST. LAWRENCE VALLEYS. The subhumid area extends from the Great Plains to the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley and from the head of the Mississippi River east to the Atlantic coast. The area includes the region desig- nated as the Corn Belt, the prairie sections north and south of the Corn Belt region, the Great Lakes region, and the St. Lawrence Valley. The precipitation in most of the area ranges from 20 to 30 inches, but reaches 40 inches in the extreme eastern and southern portions. Winter wheat is the leading small grain in the southern half of the area and spring wheat in the northern portion. Oats is the lead- ing small grain for feed in the Corn Belt and is important in the northern portion of the prairie area. Barley is of importance in this area only in Minnesota, in Wisconsin, in the eastern portions of the Dakotas, and in Canada. Only a few experiments with emmer and spelt have been reported in the prairie or subhumid area. Corn is the principal feed grain in all except the northern portion, so that barley and oats are grown largely because they fit into the rotation scheme. A few preliminary trials in the Corn Belt States indicated the unsuitability of emmer in comparison with oats, so that long-continued data are not avail- able. In the northern portion of the prairie area the results with emmer have been more favorable, and more experiments with that crop have been reported. The results obtained in the subhumid area are here given. RESULTS AT DENTON, TEX. Kmmer and spelt were grown for three years at Texas substation No. 6, at Denton. The yields, as reported by Cory (/5) in Bulletin No. 199 of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, are shown in Table 7. Black Winter emmer gave an average yield of 888 pounds per acre, Red Winter spelt 1,080 pounds, Tennessee Winter barley 1,538 pounds, and Red Rustproof oats 1,354 pounds per acre. Hmmer and spelt are not as productive as barley and oats in this section of Texas. TaBLE 7.— Yields of one variety each of emmer, spelt, barley, and oats grown at Denton, Tex., mr 1912, 1913, and 1914. [Data compiled from Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 199(15).] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. = Average. | 192 | 19s | i914 Emmer: Black Winter..........-- Shee NR rad MR eae ot ha Ro a | 1, 220 | 1, 086 | 358 888 Spelt: Redvwintercsosy noo cee eee Pape eck eee ane eae | 1,605 | 1, 383 | 252 1, 080 Barleye\ Tennessee Waniten eee asses yeas othe ep neice ayia toh 2,170 | 1, 680 | 763 1, 538 1, 700 | 1, 760 | 602 1, 354 “Oats: Red Rustprooigen eee eee eee eee eee iNeae Stecie sme een EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. yaa RESULTS AT McPHERSON, KANS. Experiments with emmer, spelt, and einkorn were in progress at McPherson, Kans., from 1905 to 1909. The data, obtained coopera- tively by the Office of Cereal Investigations and the Kansas Agri- cultural Experiment Station, were published in 1912 by Cory (14). The yields are given in Table 8. Spring emmer and einkorn produced low yields. Black Winter emmer and Red Winter spelt yielded more than winter barley, but less than spring barley and spring oats. Winter wheat is the leading small-grain crop at McPherson, and its yields, which are not shown, are higher than the yields of any of the grains which are given in Table 8. TABLE 8.— Yvelds of three varretres of emmer, one of spelt, four of einkorn, two of barley, and one of oats grown at McPherson, Kans., in the 5-year period from 1905 to 1909, incluswe. {Data obtained in cooperation with the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (pounds). ” Crop and variety. | Cise | | | Average. 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 — | 1906 to | 1905 to | 1908. | 1909. { _ aE 2 a RPE g es ee Ae ar a as Us GC ans is Emmer: | | | BlackiwWinter Gres Pea 2337 470 | 1,332 VTS) 159251) 180% 1), 3451) 37 LOSER aOR aN ERI. OE Aaa a Layla sae 732 39 | TSG es at ea Ae eee ilar eral (White Spring)........... W522 hae kh 924 54 15OF RE BAOpr ee Yl on pelt: Red Wintertt’) (i202 tr ei 1772 835 | 1, 230 890 | 1,500] 1,060 1,207] 1,103 Einkorn: | Common’ (inter) ss2- 02. ass 1781 237 981 PAN ays ent ies Sra bebe is yal Wi cs AR YE atc at Dons Wo wey ta te 2226 414 | 1,044 486 852 | 0, 794 559 1D (oye eae aan Spe SS ee ae ara 2433 336 | 1,050 LTA [epi yaee | Bie Rn BS EC Ne ENE Double\(spring). 252). 2.44: -225 IU AX ba ee 999 345 1,029 366 | TOL es ia Barley: | | Mennessee) Winter 2.2 eee 257 864 | 1,575 658 998 5388 | 1,077 927 6 nyhite Smyrna (Sspring).......... 195 | 1,358 | 2,480 158 | 1,070 | 1,094 | 1, 219 1, 222 ats: ; | | | | Sixby-Day vos Sire ey 0. et | 165 | 1,081 , 1,392 | 150 | 1,568 | 1,696 1,037 1,177 RESULTS AT MANHATTAN, KANS. The experiments at Manhattan, Kans., were conducted independ- ently by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The yields of emmer and spelt have been published in part by Ten Eyck (61), Ten Eyck and Shoesmith (62 p. 184), and in bulletins of the Kansas station. The yields obtained are shown in Table 9. The annual yields not given in the above-mentioned bulletins were furnished by courtesy of Prof. S. C. Salmon, in charge of farm-crop production at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. | Vernal (White Spring) emmer was grown at Manhattan from 1903 to 1909, inclusive. Black Winter emmer and a variety of winter spelt also were grown at Manhattan, but for shorter periods. The yields of emmer and spelt, in comparison with barley and oats, are shown in Table 9. Both winter and spring barley and spring oats produced higher average yields than the spring emmer. Winter emmer produced fair yields in 1908, but this crop usually is not sufficiently winter hardy for growing at Manhattan. 22 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ‘Winter spelt produced good yields during each of the three years it was grown and exceeded both barley and oats in average yield during the 3-year period. Winter spelt, however, can not compete | with winter wheat, the leading small-grain crop at Manhattan, | neither is it likely to displace spring oats. TaBLE 9.— Yields of two varreties of emmer, one of spelt, two of barley, and one of oats | grown at Manhattan, Kans., in the 7-year period from 1903 to 1909, inclusive. Data compiled mostly from Kansas =: priculuutel or aaa ig Station Bulletins 123 and 166 (61; 62, p. | — | Yields per acre (pounds). | Crop and variety. | , | Average. i | 1903 1904 1905 | 1906 | 1907* |; 1908 1909 | | 1905 to | 1903 to | | 1909. 1909. Emmer: | | | | Black Wirffer....-...- RR ol alee ah AN Pa ed gal a ial OOO eT 2 280 ia menne a Sas Sg AO PLL bate a Vernal (White Spring).-| 1,756 | 1,468 | 1, 204 | 992 | 860 | 1,384 928 | 1,074 1,227 | Spelt: i | P ATACHO RAS) ei ey ate earache pea SSSI SV [ee DRA ele Qua (Dele Go. Wiles yl cadet ca gall Ne Ab fb Gece tm Barley: | | Tennessee Winter.......|.......- 1,642 | 3,897 | 3,211 682: 10 1,570} |3,1 50) 52) 502 eee Select Mansury.-......--. 1,416 | 1,464 |} 2,030 619 | 1,540 | 2,180 | 2,410 | 1,756 | 1,666 Oats: ; Red Rustproof.........- 1,376 486 | 2,045 | 1,434 | 1,446 1,200 | 2,038 | 1,633 1,432 | RESULTS AT LA FAYETTE, IND. Vernal emmer was grown at La Fayette, Ind., from 1910 to 1915. The yields, which were obtained independently by the Purdue Uni- versity Agricultural Experiment Station, were published by Wiancko and Cromer (66) in Bulletin No. 225 of that station. These yields | | are shown in Table 10. Vernal emmer gave an average acre yield of © 1,053 pounds during the five years. In the same years barley pro- duced 1,130 pounds and oats 1,478 pounds per acre. Emmer can | not be expected to equal oats in productiveness, and it is of only | minor importance in the Corn Belt section. TasLE 10.— Yields of one variety each of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at La- | Fayette, Ind., in 1910 and 1912 to 1915, wnclusive. [Data compiled from Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 225 (66).} Yields per acre (pounds). Crop. = Se eT A 1910 1912 1913 | 1914 1915 | Average. | Emmer: Vernal (White Spring).......... 1, 288 1, 589 792 418 1,176 1,053 ALON eet ne ivehe aN oak ad yee ea | 2,194 1,815 | 350 307 984 1,130 Oats es AYE See PRN le BYE 1,.271 2, 255 1, 130 499 2, 233 1, 478 | RESULTS AT MADISON, WIS. Vernal emmer was grown at Madison, Wis., for three years. The results were obtained independently by the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station and were published by Moore (32) in the annual reports of that station. The yields of emmer and of barley and oats are shown in Table 11. : EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 23 In the published reports the yields were given in bushels per acre, but the bushel weights used in calculating the yields of emmer were not stated. A weight of 40 pounds of emmer to the bushel has been assumed in converting bushels per acre into pounds per acre in Table 11. Barley yielded more than twice as much as emmer at Madison. The yields of oats also were considerably higher than those of emmer, indicating that emmer can not compete with these two crops in southern Wisconsin. TaBxeE 11.— Yields of one variety each of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at Madison, Wis., in 1899, 1900, and 1901. {Data compiled from the annual reports of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station (32). The yields of Seat. in pounds are calculated at 40 pounds per bushel from the yields in bushels given in these reports, Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. 1899 1900 1901 Average. Bimmer Vernal @Wibite S prime) ei aoe se ee ee ee es 2 1,060 1, 200 1, 160 1, 140 Barley:*Manchuriate ss, vas 2 Peas CS ee ease 2,372 2,842 2,097 2, 430 OatsrSwedishy Select yest ye a es I IN | 1,500 | 2,064 1, 219 1,594 RESULTS AT ST. PAUL, MINN. The experiments with emmer at University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., were conducted independently by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, and the results here reported are used by courtesy of that station. The yields shown in Table 12 were furnished to the writers by Prof. A. C. Arny, in charge of farm crops. The 3-year average yield of Vernal (Minn. No. 1165) emmer is slightly less than that of Victory oats and considerably more than Improved Manchuria barley. Considering both yield and feeding value, the three crops are nearly equal. The results of the tests of only three years, however, are not conclusive. TasLe 12.— Yields of one variety each of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at Unwersity Farm, St. Paul, Minn., in 1919, 1920, and 1921. [Data furnished by courtesy of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. 1919 1920 1921 Average. IBramaarsyre, WiGvaarl (QnA cih ee) Shop mliale) Soe Se eh eee 1, 403 1,778 1,605 1, 595 Barley: improved* Manchuria Aes seat eh Ue ees ep PRA EE Sh ey 1,710 1, 340 1, 292 1, 447 CORWESET WACO) era 30) dak Seeualews saat a est ea baie nee NES a A naar a Ube sEaey ae 1, 392 2, 046 1, 410 1,616 RESULTS AT MORRIS, MINN. Yields of emmer were obtained during three years at the West Central substation of the Minnesota Agricultural [Experiment Station at Morris, Minn. The experiments were conducted in- dependently by the Minnesota station and reported by Miller (37) in the 1918 report of the West Central substation. The yields are shown in Table 13. 24 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Vernal emmer produced an average yield of 1,611 pounds per acre, which exceeded the yield of Improved Ligowa oats, but was con- siderably less than the yield of Manchuria barley. Barley appears to be the most productive of the three crops at Morris. TaBLe 13.— Yeelds of one variety each of spring emmer, barley, and oats, grown at Morris, Minn., in 1916, 1917, and 1918. [Data compiled from the report of the West Central substation (31)-.] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. | 1916 1917 1918 Average. Pasner-_VEroar White SpEMy).-- sos a ee eee ee 1,700} =—-:1, 896 . 236 1,611 Barley: Manchuria (Minn. No. 405) 2.2 cs aoa eee eae 1, 200 2,380 1, 733 1,771 atcadmnproved LarOway ies). 25.8... coe ee ee 1,008 2.370 L 302 1,560 RESULTS AT GRAND RAPIDS, MINN. Vernal emmer was grown at Grand Rapids, Minn., in 1919, 1920, and 1921. The experiments were conducted independently by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, and the yields obtained in 1919 were given by Bergh (3) in the report of the Grand Rapids substation for that year. The yields obtained in 1920 and 1921 were furnished by Prof. A. C. Arny, of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. As shown in Table 14, both barley and oats gave average yields distinctly higher than those of emmer at Grand ‘Rapids. The yield of Vernal emmer was satisfactory in only one of the three years in which the crop was grown. . TaBLe 14.— Yields of one variety each of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at Grand Rapids, Minn., in 1919, 1920, and 1921. [Data used by courtesy of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. 1919 | 1920 1921 Average. 7 in TL | eat meray eral (WhIte Spline) o. -o3 0... 5-22 22 eS ece oleae cee 1,612 892 | 647 1, 050 Beanleya improved, Manchuria = 7. - oo en ee 1, 800 1, 637 696 - 1,378 Gatos Wacky eee eae Seer TS Pee ein ty See 1,098 | 1, 882 | 1,069 — 1,350 RESULTS AT CROOKSTON, MINN. Emmer was grown during eight years at Crookston, Minn., in the Red River Valley. The experiments were conducted independently by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. The yields were reported in part by Selvig (46) in the report of the Northwest Experiment Farm. The yields ib inane in 1920 and 1921 were furnished by Prof. A. C. Arny, of the Minnesota Agricultural Ex- periment Station. The results at Crookston are shown in Table 15. Vernal emmer produced a 7-year average yield of 1,403 pounds per acre, exceeding both barley and oats in two of the years tested. In the same seven years the average yields of barley and oats were 1,643 and 1,636 pounds per ‘acre, respectively. Thus emmer is inferior in productiveness to both barley and oats at Crookston. EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 25 TABLE 15.— Yvelds of one variety each of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at Crooks- ton, Minn., in the 9-year period from 1913 to 1921, inclusive, except 1917. [Data mostly compiled from the report of the i Gavia Northwest Experiment Station, 1913 to 1919 (46).] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety 1913 1914 1915 1916 1918 1919 1920 1921 | Aver- Emmer: Vernal (W hit e Spring He ORR IT eed 1,620) 1,084 | 1, 560 920 | 2,220) 1,524] 1,702 712 1, 403 Barley: Oderbrucker 2.....-. 1,349 | 1,868; 1,892] 1,775. 1,972 | 984 | 1,474} 1,172 1, 643 Oats: lancolmie yee 1,516 | 1,760 | 3,014 746 | 1,494 (4) 2, 035 890 1, 636 1 Seven-year average, 1919 omitted. 2 Improved Manchuria barley in 1920 and 1921. 3 Victory oats in 1920 and 1921. * Destroyed by flooding. RESULTS AT BROOKINGS, S. DAK. The experiments at Brookings, S. Dak., were conducted cooper- atively by the Office of Cereal Investigations and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. HEmmer has been grown there since 1902. The data were reported in part by Champlin and Morri- son (10). The yields obtained are shown in Table 16. TABLE 16.— Yields of five varieties of emmer and one variety each of einkorn, barley, and . oats grown at Brookings, S. Dak., in stated years during the period from 1902 to 1919, inclusive. [Data obtained in cooperation with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. CI Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety No. : ee as 1902 1904 1905 1906 | 1907 1908 1913 1914 Emmer: | Vernal (White Spring)...| 1524 1,750 | 2,300} 2,161 | 2,650, 1,200] 1,000) 2,000 1, 897 ID OP SNS SEN LEA PO2ZQE SFA). EERE ALES ae 1,548 | 2,643) 1,261 900 | R255 RTE ATES dD 0) CES Ge ate SO) eS He PHAGES 2 a Une Mee Aya craic Sea aR LON AD EO) le ogaeeoolesancese Do. (S. Dak. No. 3) .| 2975 1,830) ) 252605) 25000") °25520) |" 1620 |! “1 O78e\ 2222222 es see: Waroslavice a aece eee T5260 eee ah 2,315 | 1,940 | 2,630) 1,190 (OTL tok eee cle Renters Einkorn: Commoners eae ee eee PS By sedi Ae 1,460 | 1,341) 2,160 |. 1,950 | 1,216 |-.....2 2)... 222. Barley: | i eanchaty Peete Rae ee UA eee eee 2,080 | 2,352 | 1,968) 1,660] 1,316] 3,110 2, 555 ats: | Sixt y= Daven eee TG Di oe es 2,227 | 2,560| 1,971 | 781 | 1,894 | 2,880 1,652 Yields per acre (pounds). Average. | SSN Sa ae Crop and variety. | ee I, | | ye o. 1915 | 1916 1917 1918 1919 1904 | 1908 1904 | | to and to 1908. | 1915 | 1919.2 to 1919. Emmer: : | Vernal (White Spring)...| 1524 2,202 | 1,600; 1,705; 2,000] 1,100; 1,862; 1,792 1,818 Oe eAtee e saas Seas: Ao ear ey a Teepe pen Ue | ee Tt 3225] EA CLIR coy US Lau Atay SLO IMnermcr ea GE te Stays ad co UR PG a DORE aati Le oe GA We Pa ha a cers oe BIE EG AIDE ONE) CAS 2D aie ING ls Roe ales eta IDNO BGS 5: DEY Ee DN ae 2 ALAS OI Ek TV AE ee ed Fp ad Py 896 See ARS Belg aas 1A EE MOSS EG ee a 1526 2, 500 701 | 1,705} 1,520 SOL WiloGe| 1s GOON ices Einkorn: Commionz ea seas BASS Me Mensa) Hae eRe al aNtiiet pkiverc . [Wicictby gavel iC SRE TM NL Ti625) | :eeost eta Barley: pa WIE ee see Gye ees = i 241 2,950 | 2,102} 2,200; 2,702} 1,050; 1,875} 2,038 2,170 ats: | Sixty ayy ee epee .-| 165 2,698 | 2,332 | 1,926 2,100} 1,550); 1,887 | 2,004 2, 048 1 Manchuria (C. I. No. 241) 1904 to 1908, inclusive, and C. I. No. 244, 1913 to 1919, inclusive. 2 Crop destroyed by hail in 1903. Emmer not grown 1909 to 1912, inclusive. > 26 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Several practically identical lots of Vernal emmer produced very similar yields. The Yaroslav variety, apparently identical with Vernal, yielded an average of 186 pounds per acre less than Vernal during the years in which Yaroslay was grown. Common einkorn was grown from spring sowing for five years, but it yielded distinctly less than the other crops. Emmer was not grown during the years 1909 to 1921, inclusive. During the remainder of the years from 1904 to 1919, inclusive, Vernal emmer produced an average yield of 1,818 pounds per acre. The average acre yields of Manchuria barley and Sixty-Day oats during the same years were 2,038 and 2,004 pounds, respectively. Emmer evidently can not compete with barley and oats under the conditions obtaining at Brookings, although it occasionally gives higher yields than either of these crops. RESULTS AT FARGO, N. DAK. Experiments with emmer were begun at Fargo, N. Dak., in 1898, earlier than at most of the stations here included. The results ob- tained by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, mostly infcooperation with the Office of Cereal investigations previous to 1907, were reported by Shepperd and Churchill (47) in Bulletin No. 75 of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. The yields obtained since that time have not yet been published and are used here by courtesy of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Sta-. tion, the data being furnished by T. E. Stoa, assistant agronomist of that station. Vernal emmer was grown continuously from 1898 to 1913, inclusive, but the crop was drowned out in 1905 and 1909. Two other varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt and einkorn, the yields of which are not shown, were grown during several years, but they yielded considerably less than the Common or Vernal emmer. The annual and average yields of Vernal emmer compared with barley and oats at Fargo are shown in Table 17. TABLE 17.— Yields of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at Fargo, N. Dak., in stated ; years during the period from 1898 to 1913, inclusive. [Data mostly used by courtesy of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (bushels). Crop and variety. 1900 1901 1902 | 1903 1904 Emmer: Vernal (White Spring; N. Dak. No. | a Se = RAE ee hE 8 2 |2,336 | 2,212°}04,348 1" 2,344 |. 3,252 | 1,864] 1,840 Barley: Manchuria (N. Dak. No. 871)2........ | 2,304} 2.415] 600! 2,162} 2.673| 1891! 1,517 Oats: Lincoln.......... LE eae Rea we, 2205). 2 t73 $58 | 1,840; 1,085| 2,115 | 2,096 Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. | | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 ao Emmer: Vernal (White Spring; N. | Bite NO iSO) 5226 2. Bel > aie 900 | 3,120; 2,528; 2,668] 1,148| 1,980} 1,992 2, 109 Barley: Manchuria (N. Dak. No. $71)? 720 | 2,918 | 2,928 | 1,646 | $21 | 2,357 | 3,192 2,010 1,760 | 3,040) 1,699| 1,149) 2,858| 2,474) 1,911 Oats incoln so. sees 5 ee ae 1, 398 | I : : i 1 Crop drowned out in 1905 and 1909. as F i 2 Yields of Manchuria (Mansury) barley (N. Dak. No. 252) used from 1898 to 1900, inclusive. p EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. ail Vernal emmer produced an average acre yield of 2,109 pounds, barley 2,010 pounds per acre, and oats 1,911 pounds per acre. Con- sidering both yield and-feeding value, emmer and barley are nearly equal and are superior to oats. Fargo is the only station at which emmer has been found to outyield both barley and oats. It is not believed that emmer should replace those crops even in this section. RESULTS AT GUELPH, ONTARIO. Extensive experiments with emmer and spelt have been conducted at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Average data from these have been reported from time to time in bulletins and annual reports from the field-husbandry department of the college. Average yields, percentages of hull, rust, and lodging, and bushel weight of four lots each of emmer and spelt were published by Zavitz (71) in 1919. These data are shown in Table 18. The lots of emmer were all of the Vernal (White Spring) variety and were practically identical, but were obtained from different sources. The yields obtained were similar, the most productive lot yielding 2,779 bushels per acre. The highest yielding variety of spelt, Alstroum, yielded 2,140 pounds per acre. The Alstroum and the Red spelt are the varieties grown from fall sowing in Maryland and Virginia, but they mature seed as well when sown in the spring.. The emmer and spelt varieties were all sown in the spring at Guelph. TABLE 18.—Average data obtained on four lots each of emmer and spelt grown at Guelph, Ontario, during 13 years. [Data compiled from Ontario Agricultural College Bulletin 268 (77).] | Yields per acre. : | ; Bushel Crop and variety. Hull.! | Rust. | Lodging. waiht - | Straw. Grain. Emmer: Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Pounds. Tons. | Pounds. Vernal (White Spring)................ 5 2 21 39. 58 12.93%) 2,779 ZA) DY 0) gs a AMR SE A RA AEA A 19. 54 2 14 39. 17 1. 89 | 2,738 WEEN A CEVUSSLA I) eee ee ae shen ie a an 19. 96 2 15 39. 59 1.75 2,712 yemel CTO wea) Seis Nike aba Aa Wiese 19. 10 2 18 39. 69 1.78 2, 680 Ge AALS GI OUI 72 alee pera fe ee aale aecaecIee 28. 65 13 4 27. 40 1.52 | 2, 140 BERGSO SE BBE ie Pre INNS al Aan Ree ot a ee 28, 14 10 7 27. 88 1,53 | 2,117 VAIGORS PIR Bytes Sete yee eetart Sete Mie RUE NU 29.17 13 3 27. 26 1. 56 | 2, 087 White Beardeds:.. si 3e222 22) aajsgesu. 26. 07 10 14 ’ 29, 35 1,57 2,061 1 Average for 12 years. Both winter and spring wheat are grown in Ontario, but winter wheat is the more productive in the vicinity of Guelph. All of the barley and oats grown commercially in Ontario are spring sown. Spring emmer has been grown in an experiment at Guelph along with several other crops for a period of 18 years, with directly comparable results. The average total yields and total digestible constituents of spring emmer, barley, and oats during the 18-year period are shown in Table 19. The total yields of each crop represent the average of two varieties. The yields of digestible nutrients shown are the product of the total yields and the percentages of the digestible nutrients in each crop. The data were published by Zavitz (71) in 1919. The total yields of both barley and oats were higher than those of emmer. In its content of digestible nutrients emmer exceeded oats but was inferior to barley. A 3 nny, ~ inien — Aan en — (eer eS hee! aaa areas Sa —~e RE a SR a Sar p 28 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLe 19.— Yields of grain and digestible consitiuenis of two varieties each of spring emmer, barley, and oats grown at Guelph, Ontario, during the 18-year period from 1901 to 1918, inclusive. ; [Data compiled from Ontario Department of Agriculture Bulletin 268 (71).] Average yields per acre (pounds). Crop. Digesti- Grain. ble con- Stituents. amer Ciwo varieues) iC bs 0 ee ELI AES LEE . See a 2,348 1,895.7 IATICYVIC EWE VAIICHES) 2: $2) 35 So Fe 2 Ss ek See eee ee ee 2,673 2,069.0 ES EWE WATICGICS) © oe cn ee a i en ee eS eee a ee ee See ee 2,591 1, 699.7 During the period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, 109 cooperative trials of emmer in comparison with barley were conducted by farmers in Ontario under the supervision of Dr. C. A. Zavitz. The annual and average acre yields of the two crops, as reported by Zavitz (72), are shown in Table 20. The yields of barley exceeded those of emmer in each year, the average difference being 281 pounds per acre. Both emmer and spelt are less productive than either barley or oats in Ontario. TasLeE 20.— Yields of Vernal emmer and O. A. C. No. 21 barley, grown in 109 cooperative experimenis by members of the Ontario Agriculiural and Experimental Union during the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive. [Data compiled from the 41st Annual] Report of the Ontario Agricultura] and Experimenta] Union (72).} Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. i | 1913 1914 1915 1916 | 1917 191§ 1919 | Average. Emmer: Vernal (White Spring).....| 1,191 1, 359 1,673 1,080 1,705 1, 566 1,000 1,368 Barley: O. A.C. No. | = 2 eee 1,613 1,714 2.022 1,220 1,794 2,138 1,040 1,649 RESULTS AT OTTAWA, ONTARIO. Experiments with emmer were begun at Ottawa, Ontario, in 1901. From 1903 to 1914 rather extensive experiments with emmer, spelt, and einkorn were in progress. The results of these have been pub- lished by Saunders (39 and 4/) in the annual reports of the Dominion cerealist and are shown in Table 21. No emmer or spelt was grown in 1913. Vernal (White Spring) emmer yielded nearly the same as Red em- mer and somewhat more than any of the varieties of spelt. Two varieties of einkorn were grown at Ottawa during the period of the experiments, one from 1903 to 1905 and the other from 1906 to 1914. The Common variety outyielded both emmer and spelt during two of the three years it was grown. The Double einkorn yielded an average of 113 pounds per acre less than Vernal emmer during the eight years from 1906 to 1914 (1913 excluded). . The average acre yield of Vernal emmer during the 12 years from 1901 to 1912, inclusive, was 2,001 pounds. During the same period Stella barley averaged 2,487 pounds and Banner oats 2,338 pounds per acre. j EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 29 TABLE 21.— Yields of six varieties of emmer, five of spelt, two of einkorn, and one each of barley and oats grown at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, during the period from 1901 to 1914, incluswe.' [Data compiled from reports of the Dominion Experimental Farms (39 and 47/).] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. cere Tle 7 | 1901 1902 | 1903 1904 1905 =: 1906 1907 Emmer: Ny : Vernal (White Spring)........-.. 1,310 | 1,800 | 1, a 2,040 | 2,060 , 2,720 2,520 Ee ese ER ol hE a AN A agg Ca He a a ai 4 Ul Daan a taal esas Ss ETN eh oi iL Vinifee tse eile Me (eR ih, HOST |e eed Zante an! iy ical | 1,540 | 2,540 | 1,920/ 1,500] 41,410 THICK: ete een ee ome Uae HOSA ee eM de 1,020 | 1,980} 2,060. 1,400} 1,740 MVONGS F-series wh eee nae as ee ONE ane el LAGOA is Lee 220 O60) eee serie 1 S311 [APE PIS TS eae EPI PE eo NOR Oy A ee He eae pelt 1,740 | 2,760 | 1,880 | 2,680 1, 950 ‘Spelt | 7; 183055 EINE A ae a a Me NQOO sehen: Ga es A eA: | 2,660 | 2,240] 1,620, 2,100} 2,190 Sm OO tha ye ee ete a Nels aie ese OOS ia igcanves a. easy 2,380 | 2,260 | 2,120 | 1,800 2,850 WADI Ges Hee EE haere tema ae POOUIR RM cae Se LeU Teh aten Me 1,940 | 1,740 | 2,400 | 1,740} 2,430 White Beardeds.2..4. 26-4 26. 5 POO eee y ined eal | 1,600 | 1,680 | 1,620; 1,200 1,950 Black Bearded.......--.--------- OS Deets ars erate ote. UIE ae A RS eenbadclleetosses Einkorn: | | WOM OME PN Say eee ee aie era all SMe ae anhene a UL Bs Uy 2020) | a O60! |p LoS ene meee re 1B Yoyo Oy Se ee Wace ticle cues Sel alee oN calle tac as ot Stee ey a cee al Ce a _ 2,540 2,310 Barley | SS Ge ea 2 ere early oeanes Sya nels icici arse he ay | 1,720 | 3,160 | 2,460) 2,800 | 2,660 2,260 2,460 Oats: | Banmer 3s - cis sso RA Ne. WE Aas ed 1,640 | 2,760 | 2,420 | 2,360 | 2,860 | 2,340 2,760 | | Yields per acre (pounds). | | | Average. Crop and variety. Ohta | | if ee 1908 1909 | 1910 1911 1912 1914 1903 | 1901 to |. to 1912, 1912 | ee { | ma oe Emmer: | | nel (White Spring).-.|........ 810; 3,090 | 2,520 | 1,920 | 1,920; 1,770) 2,090 2,001 TEN Sao aL geoph Mpeg 9S A a le aco a i par ge A RA BAW th Tar ar NI EM ya gle AUCVA aT Bee a ital ARE 1981 SOOM Ben Seear a ACT iain Sn Pe PRA Ta 2 Ar EN eT ahead ge ey MMniGks cE 3ih hoy kg ee | 1984 DAO a BE REET he Ses MUP e Aree MAP hee ceili Mil Seek \en 40 3 On ote a ele QO Ase le aceite eM eR GuD ea) pS IE Re salou wellveee Aas Wiaeaai toe : Hace eile Soe neo 1989 630 | 2,250 | 2,040 | 1,920 | 3,030 | 3,000 | 2,088 |........ pelt | (50 Pa af git ae ee a 1990 720 | 1,800; 1,410 | 1,440] 1,980 |........ SIG seeee nace Smooth: LUO A100) 1993 750) 11; 740, | 82,820 105153201) 1:2) 130°} (2, 940 NF 2,017 th 2 bree: Wane A eo See ie 1991 390 1,830)| > 2,550 | 1,290 | 2,520 |2..-. PIM pote) Ieee ies White Bearded.......... LOO SM epee yaaa [Si Ar aI SiGe ARB SH NAR I HL ANB ie SRR fe eae RN DO Black Bearded.......... We OBS: ccs aoe icing ia Iho COR seni eal eS cane alte pe S lpeyopag aie ues tiated Einkorn: | Commo see eae th a AL AeA ae DRANG 5S ANE Se MEN OE 6 ob) | Pe et TT Double she oe ha ae 99015 25520) '2F070)| 2 160)|) 2.460; 16 41,320 |) 5 |e ee Barley | | | . perella BMS 21S Ee a eerie Re eel CAR Sled Nae 220 Nh (1 680! 1 2.940) 22 760) iy 2220.12. ieee 2,496 2, 487 ‘Oats: | I ADHED a2 eee eek tee a aacle te 2,040 | 1,980 | 2,670 | 2,640 | 1,590} 1,980 | 2,366 2,338 | | 1 Emmer and spelt were not grown in 1913. 2 Stella Selection G grown from 1910 to 1912, inclusive. 3 Banner Selection A in 1906 and 1907; Selection B, 1908 to 1912, inclusive; and Selection M in 1914. RESULTS AT NAPPAN, NOVA SCOTIA. Three varieties each of emmer and spelt have been grown at Nap- pan, Nova Scotia. The Red spelt slightly outyielded the White Spring spelt, as well as all varieties of emmer. Both emmer and spelt averaged considerably less than barley and oats. The data, taken from the annual reports of the Dominion cerealist (39 and 41), are shown in Table 22. 30 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 22.— Yv%elds of three varieties each of emmer and spelt and_one variety each of barley and oats grown on the Nappan (Nova Scotia) ener cncren Farm in all or part of the years from 1900 to 1910, inclusive. [Data complied from reports of Dominion Experimental Farms (39 and 4/),] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. | ri Average. 1900 1901 | 1902 1908 | 1904 |.1905 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 1910 | | 1900 1904 to | to 5 ; 1910. | 1910. a a a a Emmer Vernal (White | Spring). ...- 2,680 1,680: 2,600 1,420) 1,040) 2.400 1,760 1,860 2,240 1,480 2.600) 1,987) 1,911 te ls ew Me eg eee: 5 eet 4-400): 2: = 2.2ha2525 [28.1 ese et = ee eee wed DS ee Sees oe ee Re 5 Bee Pere 1,000 1,120, 1,040; 1,280; 1,560; 1,360) 2,680)___._.| 1,454 Spelt: RETF Dy Sy ig TRE oe eS Ee Bae 1,760; 1,120 2,360 2,120 1, 800}-1,480) 1,600 3,500;__._.- 1,997 Wihete Searden] 41 _./_ S37 FS fee ee VO | Cees She ee bh eee OEE Eatery eee, See f= -22u ieee = ea eee ee eee ee | Seek Se fee GE Hee ase 1,400, 2,440 1,880 2,040 2,000) 1,400) 3,120)_.._.. ; 2,040 arley i e Mansury .........| 2,880 2,720) 2,400 2,880) 2,360) 2,320, 2,080 2,000 2,060 2,480) 2,400) 2,416) 2,243 ats i ; i Sanwer => > *>> | 2,520 2 2,160) 3,080 3,240) 2,180 2,560 1,520 2,520, 2,340) 1,920) 2,680) 2,429 2, 246 RESULTS IN THE GREAT PLAINS AREA. The Great Plains area extends from the ninety-eighth meridian of longitude westward to the Rocky Mountains and from southern Texas northward into Canada. The altitude varies from about 1,000 feet on the eastern border to about 6,000 feet at the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The soils of the Great Plains area vary from light sandy loams to heavy clays or gumbos. “The annual precipitation ranges from about 14 inches in the north- western portion to nearly 25 inches in central’ Texas. The area is semiarid, generally speaking, as evaporation is so high, even where the rainfall is greatest, that soil moisture is the chief limiting factor m crop production. From half to two-thirds of the precipitation comes during the growing season, from April to August, inclusive. Wind movement is rapid, summer temperatures are “high, and the loss of water by evaporation is heavy. Hot winds, hail, and rust occur occasionally in the Great Plains area and are important factors influencing the production of small grains. Winter wheat is the leading small-grain crop in the southern half of the Great Plains area and spring wheat in the northern half. Because of the severe winter temperatures practically all of the bar- ley and oats grown in the Great Plains area is spring sown, although winter barley and oats can be grown in the southern portion of the area. Both winter and spring emmer have been grown in experiments in the Great Plains area. The yields at most stations are compared only with those of spring varieties of barley and oats, however, because these crops could not be grown from fall sowing. Experiments with emmer were ~ begun in the Great Plains about 1900. Results obtained at 22 experiment stations in this area, 17 in the United States and 5 in Canada, are shown in this bulletin. It contains nearly all of the results with emmer in the Great Plains area, except limited tests in Wyoming and Montana. At the Judith Basin substation, Moccasin, Mont., ~ Donaldson (16) showed that emmer did not compare favorably with other crops. EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 31 RESULTS AT AMARILLO, TEX. The experiments at Amarillo, Tex., were conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations in cooperation with the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce. The yields have been reported in part by Ross and Leidigh (85). Winter emmer and spelt were grown at Amarillo | from 1906 to 1919, inclusive. During this period the average acre | yield of Black Winter emmer was 418 pounds and of Red Winter spelt 461 pounds, as shown in Table 23. Tennessee Winter barley yielded an average of 660 pounds per acre during the same years. Because of the severe winter temperatures which are common in the Panhandle section of Texas, winter oats can not be grown at Amarillo. Algerian spring oats, however, produced an average yield of 622 pounds per acre. None of those crops has proved profitable at Amarillo because of drought, hot winds, and winterkillng. Winter wheat has been the most productive small grain at that station. Red Winter spelt is slightly hardier and more productive than Black Winter emmer, but neither of these crops is as productive as barley and oats. TABLE 23.— Yvelds of three varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown at the Amarillo Cereal Field Station, Amarillo, Tex., during the period from 1906 to 1919. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce.] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. Peon | ete one ec ae leat er ant | eee 1906 |1907) 1908 |1909/1910/1911|1912/1913| 1914 | 1915 1916 1917] 1919 a it lal a i lan Emmer: Black Winter....... _ 2337] 1,135] 203} 768) _0| 603) 238/ 120] 80, 510) 580. 188| 673] 753| 418 Does cs 4483|...... 340! 570) 70|'583| 225] 110] 80| 720| 540 235) 603) 740)... Buffum Black Win- (a) ee ee oe Sep Pee ak peel es] s|g8g0\) | 8310» 7801), 590) 330|) 400 \se sen mee Spelt: | | | | parked Winter --+---- 1772) 1,243] 360] 1,270] 0) 380) 520] 160, 68| 0} 1,020, 95) 428} 908) 461 arley: ate mnessee Winter...) 257) 1,147, 0} 1,080, 0) 149) 677) 451] 470) 1, 830] 1, 100, 317) 782) 1,234) 660 ats: Algerian! -pewsso sis 286/ 502 563] 1,219 570) 365] 573] 892| 246 1,328] 796) 237/ 0] 1,415) 622 1 Failure in 1918. RESULTS AT CHANNING, TEX. The experiments at Channing, Tex., were conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations in cooperation with the Capitol Freehold Land & Investment Co. The yields given in Table 24 have been previously published by Ross and Leidigh (35). The conditions at Channing are very similar to those at Amarillo. The onewariety of emmer, Black Winter, grown at Channing in 1905 and 1906 produced an average yield of 1,029 pounds per acre. ‘Tennessee Winter barley yielded 1,054 pounds per acre and Burt spring oats 835 pounds per acre during the same period. In 1905, the only year grown, einkorn produced 207 pounds of grain per acre. As at Amarillo, winter wheat was the most profitable small-grain crop, and it produced more than either emmer, barley, or oats. : 32 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLe 24.— Yields of one variety each of emmer, einkorn, barley, and oats grown at the XIT ranch, Channing, Tex., in 1905 and 1906. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Capitol Freehold Land & Investment Co.] | Yields per acre (pounds). | Crop and variety. C.1.No. 1905 1906 Average. Enimer: Bikek winter oneness ae 1 Oe | 9337 | 1, 280 778 1,029 Minkorn: (Comm Ons. ase «=: 22 seae ks as eesee eee See se ce 2433 | 207. \c3 = ee n5-8| 3a See iBarleys, Lennesses sWint@he S202 hie a ae ee 2, 230 1,380 | 1,320 1, 643 Spelt: | - JER clek se ietepe Fig eee if oe AU Ee eS ee ee A ae rael| DDO} bees 53 liga | ek Ae eS ene arley: A Swedish Ghevalior:..0 0 f2as0-155 Ce eee Ae ey Re 2.100 2,660 1, 980 | 2,247 ats: 5 | i IESevEs TAS i Ek MeN As A ay SN Si Sey ah RE 2,900 1,920| ° 2,640] 2, 487 RESULTS AT LACOMBE, ALBERTA. Yields of two varieties each of emmer and spelt grown at Lacombe. Alberta, have been published in the reports of the Dominion Experi- mental Farms (39). These are shown in Table 41. Red spelt produced a 4-year average yield of 2,445 pounds per acre, or about 30 per cent more than Vernal emmer. Mansfield barley and Banner oats both yielded considerably more than any of the varieties of emmer and spelt. ) TABLE 41.— Yields of two varieties each of emmer and spelt and one variety each of barley and oats grown at Lacombe, Alberta, in the 4-year period from 1907 to 1910, inclusive. [Data compiled from reports of the Dominion Experimental Farms (39).] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. = asi a 1907 | 1908 1909 | 1910 | Average. 6 ESE AE ee eee aD Re RO) WaT ray tM Emmer: | | WMernahOWinibe SprEne)#2 4s 8 Le eee 1, 200 2,400 1, 140 | 2,700 | 1, 860 ECE ee ins Sp Se Se Os 2a | BO eee Se meee eae gs Pee ae EE eee Spelt: | | Les A UE QTE a Se ee i | 1,020 3,180| 1,560; 4,020} 2, 445 RVI Ree serk eres he SU Se eh De SERS PRE Mee 2 A RAO oe’ BS eRe Rees ee | eran baeee Cent ue Barley: , | Age MARS EON sett: esta eye eee Oe a a = gh a | 3, 300 3,000 | 1,380 | 3,030 2,678 Oats: | | | 3Y21 5110s) gegen te eeu on cee me A een ALY REY? Saeed 3.150 3,050 1.570 | 2.670 | 2.613 EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 43 RESULTS IN THE WESTERN BASIN AND COAST AREA. The cultivated land in, the area lying west of the Rocky Mountains is located mostly in elevated basins and plateaus and in the interior and coastal valleys. The altitude of the farming lands in these sections varies from slightly above sea level to more than 8,000 feet. The annual precipitation ranges from less than 5 inches in southern Arizona to more than 100 inches in districts along the coast of Wash- ington and Oregon. There is a wide variety of soils and cropping conditions. The principal cereal-producing sections are the Palouse section of Wash- ington and Idaho, the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon, and the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. - 2045242452393 - bye. Bh egea ee oe Pe eee 8 0 | * RESULTS AT SNOWFLAKE, ARIZ. A yield of 560 pounds per acre of Black Winter emmer was obtained at the Snowflake, Ariz., Dry Farm in 1915. Black (Snowflake) oats produced an acre yield of 768 pounds in the same season. The barley which was sown was destroyed by smut. The yields are reported by McOmie and others (29). RESULTS AT PASO ROBLES, CALIF. In 1893, two varieties of emmer and four varieties of spelt were rown in experiments at Paso Robles, Calif. The yields, which were published by Shinn (50, p. 396) in the report of the agricultural experiment station of the University of California for that year, were as follows: Red emmer, 1,475 pounds; White emmer, 2,098 pounds; White Silesian spelt, 2,893 pounds; Blue Bearded spelt, 2,036 pounds; White Bearded spelt, 2,609 pounds; Bearded Brown spelt, 1,134 pounds; Dept. Agr. No. 2 barley, 3,970 pounds; and White Wonder oats, 2,495 pounds. Two of the varieties of spelt outyielded the White Wonder oats, but were decidedly inferior to the barley. Em- mer was less productive than the better varieties of spelt. RESULTS AT MODESTO, CALIF. The results of experiments covering. three years with emmer and spelt at Modesto, Calif.. are shown in Table 43. The experiments were conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations in cooperation with the California Agricultural Experiment Station. The average yields of all crops were rather low. Red Winter spelt produced more than Black Winter emmer and White Smyrna barley but less than Appler oats. The experiments were not conducted for a suffi- cient period to be conclusive, and the varieties of barley and oats with which they were compared are not the most productive ones in California. These and other results do not show emmer and spelt to be promising in that State. Tass 43.— Yields of one variety each of emmer, spelt, barley, and oats grown at Modesto, Calif., in 1906, 1908, and 1909. [Data obtained in cooperation with the California Agricultural Experiment Station.] | Yields per’acre (pounds}. Crop and variety. | C.T.“No: 1906 1908 | 1909 Average. Piha pb sree rt Emmer:’ Blaek Winter! tf). 492 UE. Sb 2. |) ') 2,337 390 | 0}! 1,058") 483 Spelt: Red Winter.....--.-..------ pee ELS a ly ze 100 0}, 2080, , 720 Barley: WOU Sy Rana ce eG Ee on eee | 195 523. | 518 653 565 Oats:-Appler 2.522222 fh £RGi! 1 egy 3s ey 339 670 | 1,693 282 | 882 | EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 45 RESULTS AT CHICO, CALIF. The experiments at the Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Calif., were conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations in cooperation with the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Emmer and spelt were grown three years at that station, as shown in Table 44. Black Winter emmer yielded more than Sixty-Day oats but less than Coast barley. The two selections of emmer from Abyssinia yielded less than the Black Winter variety. Red Winter spelt yielded during two years nearly as well as the barley. Neither emmer nor spelt is as productive as barley in California. i TABLE 44.—Yields of three varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown at Chico, Calif., im 1911, 1913, and 1914. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction.] Yields per acre (pounds). Average. Crop and variety. C.I.No.| 1911 1911 1913 1914 1913. 1911 1911 | eal and and | jo14 1914. 1913 Emmer: | Blaeki Wanter! fefh boleh eS SETS 2337 | 3,480 | 1,625 ).'1,070 |. 2,058 | (2,275 25553 Abyssinian Selection. oo 4s ee 2510-1 | L960 ers: UU Uae Aboaee WAS Op eee ae REA eR TE) COleeeireeaye ere gence Sea ea Oman Sra MIAN Dol OaZe hort 20M ie cats ORO Seat cer LE Olay: eee Spelt: ; DROVEXG LAUR GUL HCey ee a gnc hg Pa UU 1772 | BOZO eh SOO! lea seis Gochobe Bibaah eee 2, 10 Barley: | s ‘COPS Fiala Ge ee Rea ERO A s e Goh BUSQ 2, Alou 22 S008 |p 2 OSG le aula. 2,729 ats: Eee UX yin DD) yas wise ee Pe a ARES Oy ak A 9 Be Ue 165 | 1,673 | 1,385 | 1,254, 1,437 | 1,464 | 1,529 ' RESULTS AT NEPHI, UTAH. Experiments with emmer were begun at the Nephi, Utah, substa- tion in 1908 and were conducted cooperatively by the Office of Cereal Investigations and the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station until.1920. The results, which have been published in part by Cardon (6), are shown in Table 45. Black Winter emmer has outyielded both barley and oats at Nephi, but Red Winter spelt has produced. still higher yields. Buflum Black Winter emmer was erown for five years and appeared to be identical with the ordinary Black Winter variety. The slight differences in yield between the two varieties are not considered as being significant. Winter wheat is the leading small-grain crop at Nephi and has produced consider- ably higher yields than either emmer or spelt. TABLE 45.— Yields of three varieties of emmer and one variety each:of spelt, barley, and oats grown at Nephi, Utah, in ali or part of the 13 years from 1908 to 1920, inclusive. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.] pis la | Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. : ETI fi C.T.NO-; 998° | i909 || 1910 | 1911 ‘| 1912 | 1913 | 1914 a a —- | | —---+-- |= = Rae aa et = Emmer: | Black Writer! !.. 44. Sto. PGC S22 eos be Oa wh Sod |e S16 160 | 1,958 - Buffum Black Winter. ......:.. B33llalepre, (flay ¢ b4. eth t..0 Weeaes »- 2) fy (806. 301 |): 2,410 Vernal (White Spring) .......-... I UESe7e FE Se eae a 0 a a bane el ee NEE ee Spelt: | ‘ Ako JEL LOUNNIGUL ha) ena Sa AE HSNO lenin Ad Mele Ratio he PER ve ga eG ie are Magy te At RS le al HEP 0 Barley: . 5 pa cuessee Wiintersussee ese eset! OTE ee ieree mre | Sirs eI 792 | 1,180): °::197 | 48 2,443 ats: SwedisheSelectie vec ce) 134 | 1,408 490 198 282 179; 419 982 46 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLe 45.—Yields of three varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown ait Nephi, Utah, in all or part of the 13 years from 1908 to 1920, inclusive— Continued. Yields per acre (pounds). Average. C. E Ne: Crop and rariety. a15 - = . < i ‘ Let) 1915 1916 1917 191s 1919 1920 1915 | 1910 to to 1920. 1920. Emmer: Blaek- Winter... ==. += - 2 2337 11,501 a22 1,235 1,222 579 4.312 3,002 1,106 Buftum Black Winter... Basil 1,511 ARE vitesse ee. dae eh ode ADs gees SNS eee ee vacua (White Spring)__|. - 1524 }__-..--- 538 390 O60 fee | aie ee Ee | at ae Spelt: Hed: Winters 2. 22252. 1772.|. 2,232), 832. 44,600.| 3,299.) ..: $48. bo dak bag ee Barley: | | $ Tennessee Winter. _-_---_- 257 2, 088 381 1,042 1,248 653 $02 1,086 989 Oats: ; ; Swedish Select..._-- Le 134 1,252 506 275 740 | 141 1 BY ia) Sol 1 Yield from nursery row. RESULTS AT ABERDEEN, IDAHO. Two varieties of winter emmer were grown at the Aberdeen, Idaho, substation on dry land during 1913 and 1914. The experiments were conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations in cooperation with the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. Both White Smyrna barley and Sixty-Day oats sown in the spring yielded nearly twice as much as the winteremmer. The yields are shown in Table 46. TaBLe 46.— Yvelds of two varieties of emmer and one variety each of barley and oats grown on dry land at Aberdeen, Idaho, mn 1913 and 1914. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. C.¥. Ne. | — 1913 19it | Average. a | Emmer: Peete AVSIDL EES 28 ok tn ee Ee :_ 2337 659 915 787 astm lack: Winters 225 5 (Gos ee a 3331 486 $22 634 Barley: * CLINE STIL Ja 1b Ree ee ie Ce a ee Dy SS 2 Eo be ee 195 1,459 1,698 1,579 ats: 4 SAD ee a ee Oe eeaiene FS et Semen Rhode 2s) ee oe Sh | 165 1,520; 1,290 1, 405 RESULTS AT BURNS, OREG. Emmer and spelt were grown at the Harney County branch sta- tion, Burns, Oreg., from 1913 to 1916. The experiments were con- ducted cooperatively by the Office of Cereal Investigations and the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. The results, which have been published by Scudder (45) and Breithaupt (4), are shown in Table 47. Vernal (White Spring) emmer yielded considerably more than the Black Winter variety. In two years Red Winter spelt produced slightly more than the Vernal emmer. Hannchen barley and a pure-line selection from an oat known as Rustless (probably Green Russian) both yielded about twice as much as Vernal emmer in the 4-year period. peri EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. A TaBLe 47.— Yields of four varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown at Burns, Oreg., in the 4-year period from 1913 to 1916, inclusive. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.] Yields per acre (pounds). | Wivar Ray | aia { Crop and variety. | C.I.No. | | | Average. | 1913 1914 1915 1S16A Hee Ciel ern | 1915 and | 1913 to | 1916. | 1916. | | 2b Pe a gE Ee ee ee, | We 5au | Emmer: | | | | BlacksWintenseseassas ve DE Ooianl OSB ile la ures [eas J [Ep Lene) geet ata | decxrcth ued ek aS ea ND (Oe Re Dek eh Teer we ene es 2,483 | 896 86 560 64 312 | 402 Vernal (White Spring)... -| 1.524] 1,200 138 522 736 629 | 649 DATOS A ees mee ese TSP Oh st ay eke ne a ty UG e ee ed ARON | rel ok Lae MMR a aaa Ape aL ct Spelt: | | | Reda Winterc (os s.:m5. 2. oh! TSAR NMC A Papal fa 980 320 | 650: (Gece ail Barley: | | | Etann Cheneeeeerens 4s oe 531 2,000 | 638 449 | 2,390 | 1,416 | 1, 368 Oats: | Rustless Selection...-...... 724 | 1, 798 358 | 1, 580 1, 440 | 1,510 1, 294 | | i RESULTS AT MORO, OREG. Both.emmer and spelt have been grown at the Sherman County branch station, Moro, Oreg. The experiments were conducted cooperatively by the Office of Cereal Investigations and the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. The yields have been published in part by Scudder (45), Stephens (46, 57), and Stephens and Hill (58). The results here considered are presented in Table 48. - Black Winter emmer produced higher average yields than Vernal (White Spring) emmer. Red Winter spelt yielded much more than any of the emmer varieties and even exceeded Kherson oats. Mari- out barley, however, is far more productive than the spelt or any of the emmer varieties and is the most promising small-grain feed crop. Winter wheat is the most productive grain crop at Moro and has produced considerably higher net yields than spelt. TasLe 48.— Yvelds of five varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown at Moro, Oreg., in all or part of the nine years from 1912 to 1920, inclusive. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Cregon Agricultural Experiment £taticn.] Yields per acre (pounds). | | i ‘ Gr | | | | Average. Crop and variety. c ni | | | : | | | | nl 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 , 1920 | 1914 | 1912 | | | | to to | | | | 1918.} 1919. pails | | | Porat | be Emmer: | | | Black Winter.......... 2337| 1,225, 765 970, 858) 998 410) 1,549] 1,280).....-. | 957} 1,007 Brown Winter.........|......|-...-- i trata RBs (eau pac wes | 461] 1,629] 1,298...... eR ts Bi Vernal (White Spring).| 1524) 1,008) 800) 816; 579) 1,184, 682) 419)............ ie (BOW S55 - Waroslawiewssss 445280). 1526). ees Havent ely een SoZ le 280 ue O2T Ri OS0 [erate sees (if aid ten] hee aes aha plicit et sees AGS)! Hu ven ene I Pe rT Veelnat ae nceczeen tah av AN) 2 G48] 05 (gaat a Spelt: | | | ma 3 ee Winters 22 Uae ce G12) ea ec els 593 1,488) 2,500) 941) 2,269) 2, 400 928) 1,758)... . .- arley: | | | | | " Seon Sete) AAO a 261| 1,344 1,948 2,020) 2,610! 3,325) 2,180} 1,392] 1,930 1, 832 2, 305} 2, 094 ats: | | | | Hehersones SU Me se 3 [te A5Q) Wee oS 1,395) 1,735) 1,683 2,700) 1, 200) 1,072) 1,821 1, 168) 1,678).....- 48 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RESULTS AT LIND, WASH. Emmer and spelt were grown at the Adams branch experiment station, Lind, Wash. in 1918 and 1919. The experiments were conducted cooperatively by the Office of Cereal Investigations and the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. The yields of all grains shown in Table 49 are very low on account of drought. Both Black Winter and Vernal (White Spring) emmer produced poor yields. Red Winter spelt outyielded oats and produced about the same yield as barley. Wheatis the most productivegrain crop at Lind, and in 1918 and 1919 it produced a higher average yield than spelt. TasBLe 49.— Yields of two varieties of emmer and one variety each of spelt, barley, and oats grown at Lind, Wash., in 1918 and 1919. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station.] | Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. |C. 1. No. | | 1918 | 1919 | Average. | | i Emmer: ; | Pupitamae tack Winer oso. woe cies seo nee ee eae Oe 250 | 480 365 Mermal(iwihite Spring) 7:03 5.22 23 a a 1, 552 LO se eee | Se ne Spelt: Reds Winter... 228ooer- .. ches se ee ee ER eee 1,772 | 370 | _ 838 | 604 Barley: : | : Catteni Divi. eimuteuliasu al deee es | 1,279} 307] - 898 | 600 Oats: | 787 280 | 736 508 ichiand 2-2 =... Ce eee ee See ee eae ee BE: RESULTS AT AGASSIZ, BRITISH COLUMBIA. Experiments with emmer and spelt under humid conditions were conducted at Agassiz, British Columbia, in the five years from 1901 to 1905 by the Dominion Department of Agriculture. The yields as presented in the reports of the Dominion cerealist (39 and 4/) are shown in Table 50. Vernal emmer yielded more than any of the other varieties of emmer or of spelt, but was markedly exceeded by Mansury (Manchuria) barley and somewhat outyielded by Lincoln oats. TABLE 50.— Yeelds of five varieties of emmer, two varieties of spelt, and one variety each of barley and oats grown at Agassiz, British Columbia, in the 5-year period from 1901 te 1905, inclusive. [Data compiled from reports of Dominion Experimental Farms (89 and 41).] Yields per acre (pounds). Crop and variety. C.I.No. - Average. 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1903 to | 1901 to 1905. | 1905. Emmer: Vernal (White Spring) ¢=s- 2. sus. |. 2s. _-- 2,370°| 2,220 2,190} 1,920! 1,840}. 1,983; . 2,108 re OT «". oa SE ie a PACT ET) ESS EE 2.1301" 1,470 ||: =. Cop eeeee es A ecbe <= < Mental (S. Dako No: S282 4 Se: |) Sah oS 2 ai 2 eS. 2;,040 |:01 5660 acco ne eet Ses ue bere at ws titel eo SS "2 eS ae ac 2 ee 1,920 [sess So ee eee hg Se BBY 9 aR Es cee oe Re SPP Gvee Nees 6] PPE RN | RE Re ny Eure en pe 43840] 15480 [2 o5.<. s6hoseeee 2 Spelt: Flodes Sees (ORS ACS eee | ie Oe aOR Le 1,960 | -1,680} 1,510} 1,717 |2......- Whi bev Bearded ery. e sae ae ot eee ee shoe le Set 1,720] 1, 590), 2-2 So eee White'Sprmg! 255.5. 226s ee Ss OR EI: S R80 bas. Sof seec ese 1, 960. |3. - eee =z Barley: BnSUPBY Oct = 4S. pty Seay |) ae 2,657 | .2,860 | 1,860 3,80! 3,000, 2,570 3,137 2, 826 ats } i “ EANCOMNE Oo ee ee Se ee na ea see 3,220 | 2,360 | 2,100} 1,960} 2,160; 2,073 2,360 EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN, AG CULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. Owing to the relative unimportance of emmer and spelt inmost sections, these crops usually have not been included in cultural, tillage, and rotation experiments. The results of a few experiments conducted at various stations to determine the best rates, dates, depths, and methods of seeding emmer are presented on the following pages. RATE-OF-SEEDING EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS WITH WINTER EMMER. Results of experiments on rates of seeding with Black Winter (C. I. 2337) emmer covering from one to three years have been obtained at Amarillo, Tex., Nephi, Utah, and Archer, Wyo., in cooperative experiments of the Office of Cereal Investigations. The results obtained are shown in Table 51. The highest average yields were from the plats sown at the rate of 6 pecks per acre, but the 5-peck sowing produced the highest net yields at Amarillo. It usually is difficult to obtain a good stand of Black Winter emmer The spikelets are so large that they feed through the grain drill only with difficulty. With the drill adjusted as for sowing oats, emmer will be sown at nearly the same rate as oats. From the results at the three stations it appears that Black Winter emmer should be sown at the rate of about 6 pecks per acre. TaBLeE 51.— Yields of Black Winter emmer in rate-of-seeding experiments at Amarillo, Tex., Nephi, Utah, and Archer, Wyo., during one or more years from 1912 to 1916, incluswe. Yields per acre (pounds). Station and rate of seeding. San Serie 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 Average. Amarillo, Tex.: DECK Seem em ek Vie man Re A Ut Nh MMA Une S50 nice eer: 630 | 215 398 DIDECKS are eae Ma nareius Mower ence Nore atsye masta es eek SIS eeic eh sere 760 220 431 GiPECKS Meee eS Ree Saat pe hae ie eye ayes ds tat AS ET S20 hich ree 730 250 433 SOC CRG Mena es NUNN REE ISN) NN Oe SU Ste tar BEM Meeeal idodee 605 325 420 Nephi, Utah: | CIN OLX) GS ety re ES SLE eis Sees APE See) | ev ca Lg a eS ea eae eg EO A SOL} Akers DiDECKS Mase eys eyed cole oi seal SO] ee eeu WS B20) este ese 522 901 Gr PeCksSiece ees crNl ewe ae 1) ciara | 52 | ae Me AC IQA OM oN EY 630 1, 001 TD OCKS eset ERT So: Se Wi oe atea nd S08) he oes PALOAW AN OUa mies oes 461 SIM ECK Suen See Srecamyeie eves cieia(claparfna)s PAP Ail eee Be PUAN a See bas ence 640 1, 007 Archer, Wyo | PC CHS yee SS NEA Seer SEN OLIN SRE ALY ARN 8 a TL LAI eH Uk IE Gal hae eee sega ee etee ORD OCKS Seren ee teva atayele c ilete, cia aaialeraie etal trea alpen mata cya atuous (Gis ainda sia al Dai pees tice ts lc) a | MPa nee GiDOCK SRE ee Melee cits obs s Bevorite tale | eee ae AAT nV ea 269 | Ba AS a gs Hy Mem RESULTS WITH SPRING EMMER. The results of rate-of-seeding experiments with Vernal (White Spring) emmer, conducted at four stations in the United States and one station in Canada, areshown in Table 52. At Manhattan, Kans., during one season, a sowing of 84 pounds per acre produced the highest yield, but the sowing of 56 pounds returned almost the same net yield. At North Platte, Nebr., and Eureka, S. Dak., the seeding of 6 pecks per acre produced the highest yields. At Archer, Wyo., the 3-peck seeding was the most productive, but the difference in 59274—24—Bull. 1197-4 | a0 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. yield between the 3, 4, and 5 peck rates is small. At Brandon, Manitoba, higher rates of seeding produced the most favorable re- sults, the highest yield being obtained from the 7-peck sowing the first year and from the 87 i_pound rate the second year of the trial. From these results it appears that Vernal emmer should be sown at about 6 pecks per acre in the drier Great Plains area and at asome- what higher rate in the subhumid prairie section. In practice, the emmer should be sown at about the same rate as oats in a given locality. TaBLe 52.— Yields of Vernal emmer in rate-of-seeding experiments at siations named in Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Manitoba during one or more years from 1901 to 1919, inclusive. Yields per acre (pounds). Station and rate of seeding. = = 1901 1902 | 1906 1907 1998 1909 1912 1913 Manhattan, Kans-.: Seer e ene © 5 RE PRR SP pe eee ee Lb eS S ide, BS ieee ees. Evo. See ee Lass Meese INeRS sre Ses. 3s 22 4 yt wer tsp se 7 eee S as bef 5 4a 2. se8s 6 2. ee ee Pee PemPNPIGS ee 9 eae oe ee eee LASS pe 2 eh oe ee oe ee eee Beiprmrmds= 09 SEE aoe Sie ee eee Psi o0s 1). Ft StS Se eee eee LCT G See ee ee eee te eee a ee eee | A, Bh) ck wa be exe seh ee =e ee ee eee North Platte, Nebr.: : peels 9 92) 2c phos: oe are cee Verne EE oe 748 «1,004 L772: 1,368 40S 0 = 28 a pape eit ed ee aa ee |. 9a) | 7-432 | 2 ae) 9 344 te ee SpE NS ee Sates. 28 eos ors2 2 oy Soe ante 2 See | 1,112 1,816, 2104 1,464) TO LEE 2: peace a ee ee ee ee 1,716 | 2,100 1,328 | De ee ee: Eureka, S. Dak : e502 2 0) ORR Ue A pee mn es Se ee Set Se pee ee SEA as eh ee ee 19 131 ENRGCES ee he 2 yee eh ssh Se ah eee - = et ee ee ‘ i) Perec te SIGN re Nae oo a ae ec ee Os a ere 38 150 BEES) bet. sad 22 Ss 2e ee ao ea ee De ee eS Ae Se eee 330 Brandon, Manitoba: 42 PS cee eee ee TO988 {.- 22 cof ose cts eee ee ee oe ea are ee peck. 2.1 ii etiee: ata See PS, ee ReE! RE ie PE er eon ewe ews 6 Meer a Bo oe he Tip EH Sok ee Se ee eee 25100 | oo a os ok ee EE ee a ee eee ee ere MU PONIRGS © 3 = Soe oo ar SE fee ee Se TU ere a ers ce bee de | or MS i= 2 3 be se 2s = eS Bt, S02 poset code wuts cooks hae ee ee BONIN Sooo a ote Se ee Gy dos: [a2 228 te ee eR eee eee Rie parmmds 22). ee RS oy 262 fia SR eee ae ee eee WOM prearaned so Fe 8 5 8 Sh 3, O88 |. 22... shot Re oe | oe ee eee Yields per acre (pounds) Station and rate of seeding. Average. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 =; 4 years. 5 years. 7 years. North Platte, Nebr-: “cj LoS ROR epee eae eee ae Os ee, Pee pees (memes PPA ets 3) Le fae || See ee 27) 3 1S 2 ee eC) Cee! Aeeenemeed Smee mer a Bly reset te mers mye Rear Fi eS BS EADS te eee ee Pee eens Perea Fema 2 Sates | la See oe ee ir 5 7 tea Se BECKS ie ee Ae a Sb ofl ss es ge ee eee [gga Archer, Wyo.: | LETT ee BO eae ee Beer ei bape 419 845 1,545 211 FS. 12s hee eee = C8 IS Re eee es eens 864, 419 1,175 1,690 202 872 S70 fo See MPEGS)... 8 ceen 2. opens 5 3! 86 346 1,175) 1,600 269 S48 | Ps 5 oe oe Se pLpo Se es ae ee eee 912 3/8 | 172; 1,535 240 $1 ay ee Se Tp pes So 58 Gy ee SS ee Rapa ae eee as ie 368 1,082 1,495 234 795 2223 SAS Oo aS Se SS ee eee es ee eee a 208 peo! kee ba ia ode StL ee Eureka, S. Dak | # peeks. aba sch - ts 1,091 2,450 1,638 461 64 S00 | -séui Ge) FE. 948 Pippa Soest ele es <= 2g 5 Sa BS Pe See We eS Se ee ee SESE? S8-22<5- Hpeekste.! Fee Lee. 1,021 2,620. 1,741 429 122 68h [2225252 peste. 966 22 Sa eeee Se es 970, 2,000 1,350 608 32 ts eae Ss ey 890 mee EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. OL DATE-OF-SEEDING EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS WITH WINTER EMMER. Date-of-seeding experiments with Black Winter (C. I. No. 2337) ~emmer have been conducted at Amarillo, Tex., and Nephi, Utah. The results obtained are shown in Table 53. At Amarillo, which is located in the Panhandle section of Texas, the average yields for five years were practically the same from the second sowing made between October 14 and October 19 and the third sowing made between November 1 and November 7. These yields were but little higher than those from the first sowing made between September 1 and October 5. Four-year results show a slight advantage for the first sowing. At Nephi, Utah, which is about 300 miles farther north than Amarillo and at an altitude of nearly 6,000 feet, the average yield was slightly higher from the sowings made on October 1 than from those made nee or later.. In general, winter emmer should be sown at about the same time as winter wheat. TaBLeE 53.— Yields of Black Winter emmer in date-of-seeding experiments at Amarillo, Tex., and Nephi, Utah, during the 5-year period from 1911 to 1916, inclusive. | Yields per acre (pounds). | | | Average. | | a aI Station and date of seeding. | | | | | 4 years | | 1911 1912 | 1913 | 1914 1916 ' (1912, | 3 years. ie 5 years. and 1916) Amarillo, Tex.: | | SepulsietowO chiar sa. teaels sees. 130 75 780 | 440 | 220 Soe ues | 379 329 OCEATOOCE NOt as ee a eee | 580 80 | 510 | 580 | ASO acre 338 386 Nov sito Noved tenet ts Ses | 860 132 DSO ASO weOn | sete 266 384 Nove 15:60! Nove 16s225 1522 4. 4222 fees a 90 300 550 | 150) keys eee 2d) Wee sewers Nephi, Utah: | PANTER DS UN Eh EE 2 SE ee otek ASN Pe Pa tL Be STON REM Goat EERE ENS RE Ney UE a kee sos Sent to Septlieag eke Rl ea 832 WOU. 1 ABO oe ace: (ony) STANTS 2 eee Septines Met liniod BO 3) Week ke 704 330/17 15304140 BES MAL MF: Wales OE (OX AA I Ren ER eR obo acne Le eet eee AS Se ae 903 320 | L760 sees ee: O94 ei EL eee (ONE ee 8 ares EC A OS EG rae ade Sea 672 410 | 1,760 SVS i OY Va A es ee aac Novid 0d 000 Pes Ee ET Joeb 22. eo a | DS 20 Mes Pree [eel | MEA | | \ | RESULTS WITH SPRING EMMER. The yields obtained in date-of-seeding experiments with Vernal (White Spring) emmer at North Platte, Nebr., Highmore, 8. Dak., and Brandon, Manitoba, are shown in Table 54. The data from North Platte are taken from Bulletin No. 172 of the Nebraska Agri- cultural Experiment Station (73). Most of the yields from High- more were published in Bulletin 179 of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (10) and those from Brandon, Manitoba, in the annual report of the Dominion experimentalist for 1902 (41). At North Platte and Highmore the earliest sowings produced the highest average yields, although later sowings are ahead in some years at North Platte. Similar results have been obtained with the other spring grains at those stations. At Brandon, Manitoba, the results are for one year only and therefore are not conclusive. The latest seeding, on May 27, produced the highest yield, and the earliest seeding, on May 6, the second highest yield. 52 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 54.— Yields of Vernal emmer in date-of-seeding experiments at North Platte, Nebr:, Highmore, S. Dak., and Brandon, Manitoba, during one or more years from 1902 to 1918. Yields per acre (pounds). Station and date of | | Average. seeding. Lids eal | 1902 | 1909 /1910 1911/1912 1913, 1914 1915 1916 | 1917 /1918' | | | } j } 4 10 |years. years.|years F | | | | | | | | | | | North Platte, Nebr.:! | | | | | INERT ADS ad WS Oe STA EERE | 1,524) 828) 0, 2440 192) 28/21, 812; 922) 420) 176).....- [Asie OSE : | 31, 601) 312) 0) 440, 40 64! 1,812): 452) 136) 208)... .-}..s2e2 ts) 504 ADT Gee ses sel. sale ee i 660) 152} 0} 284, 32) 240 1,060 132) GSb > 28[--- 2 ee 366 AND re ees ees Re 2 et) ee | 1,324) 4152)... -|-...|.-..| ) 236) 1,268, 80) AA. SJL ES 3 ie jetc bbe INDEED: tod 2 cesyy. [5 deiqaafe> --b slams tee ee |-pe t|--- 192, 495) 3; 600}, (797), 1, 337] <= | (2,638) 2 Sogveree! Ripe tues cs Ble cee ess tek sepel S. | 1,801} 3,600 1,848|....-- bicep t 24k Ghe es: | | 80 Marika ee 3, 540 ' Dates shown are average dates of first, second, third, and fourth seedings, respectively. 2 Yields from first seeding used for both first and second dates. 3 Yield supplied by using average of first and third dates. 4 yield supplied by using that of third date. In other experiments at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Vernal (White Spring) emmer and Red spelt were sown on eight dates each spring during a 5-year period. The first sowings were made at the earliest possible date each year and later sowings each succeeding week thereafter. The average data for five years are shown in Table 55. The results show that the highest average yields of emmer were obtained from the second sowing, but that only slight differences exist between the results from the first four sowings. The later sowings, however, yielded progressively less. The earliest sowing of Red spelt produced the highest yield, with marked decreases from all later sowings. As mentioned in the description of Red spelt, this variety usually is grown as a winter crop in the United States. It will mature seed from spring sowing and, if sown early, as here shown, will produce good yields. Its late maturity, together with the winter or intermediate habit of growth, make it an unsatis- factory spring crop in most sections. Tasie 55.— Yields of Vernal emmer and Red spelt in date-of-seeding experiments at Guelph, Ontario, during a 5-year period. [Data compiled from Ontario Agricultural College Bulletin 268 (71).) Yields peracre | | Yields per acre (pounds). (pounds). Periods of seeding. $ * i Periods of seeding. | Vernal | Red | | Vernal , Red emmer.; spelt. || : 'emmer. spelt. Bieses ENTS lee: beet Ren. Weyl mth. SOOM Ai. Baas | 9,569} 1,287 Second: 2 eid et see 2,848 | 2,163 | Sixthe tole o 1 Game a apes 2,465 | 983 el Vee abe pie Be cc ee de ee Bis 2,646 E893" || “Seventis 22. oe eee eee 2,312 | 685 Fourth... the. gin | 2,754 | 17582 | Mighthe¢<:., 00 de eee i» 1,958: | 499 EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 53 DEPTH-OF-SEEDING EXPERIMENTS. Depth-of-seeding experiments with Black Winter (C. I. 2337) emmer were conducted at the Nephi substation, Nephi, Utah, in 1914 and 1915. The yields, as shown in Table 56, are about the same for 14-inch and 38-inch seedings, although averaging slightly higher for the shallower seeding. Tasie 56.— Yields of Black Winter emmer in depth-of-seeding experiments at Nephi, Utah, in 1914 and 1915. Yields per acre (pounds). Depth of seeding. Tana? AMEN RO 1914 1915 Average. I 7G) OV SION RE De 6s Lp RIN Pe eau NS 2 Vang S32 aS NE 2 ee 1,722 1, 652 1,687 SUITIGHOS oat ae cake ORC A IAs APRA He ee RT IED ba NS AUN e One a 1,680 1,660 1,670 OMIT CHES een UR Aa Le ECL NRO ea ACBL Tecate gu rt PA ale ay La 1,548 1,261 | 1,405 METHOD-OF-SEEDING EXPERIMENTS. Vernal (White Spring) emmer was sown both broadcast and in drills during several seasons at the North Platte substation, North Platte, Nebr. The yields, which were reported in Bulletin No. 135 of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station (54), are shown in Table 57. The drilled emmer produced an average of 1,400 pounds of grain per acre in comparison with 1,048 pounds per acre when sown. broadcast. TABLE 57.— Yields of Vernal emmer in method-of-seeding experiments, at North Platte, Nebr., in four years from 1908 to 1912 (1911 omitted). [Data compiled from Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 135 (54).1 Yields per acre (pounds). ’ Method of seeding. | Saas 9 Aver- 1908 1909 1910 1912 age. LSTA OENGLGE NSE ES 2 oh Bat MA OS RAR ans A AN CUT SON 1,848 880 | 688 756 1,043 JOT SUN SCG Meise oy 2 UNE Ps Oe RO RI A aN a pe ee 2,104} 1,624 984 888 | 1,400 SUMMARY. Emmer has been grown to a considerable extent in the United States during the past 25 years, and spelt has been grown on small acreages. Hinkorn is not grown commercially in this country. Emmer, spelt, and einkorn are species of wheat the kernels of which remain inclosed in the glumes after threshing. As ordinarily threshed the grain weighs about 32 pounds to the bushel. Emmer and einkorn have been known since prehistoric times, and spelt has been grown for more than 200 years. Kmmer and spelt are grown principally in Russia, Germany, and the United States. Most of the crop reported in this country con- sists of emmer. South Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska are the three leading States in the production of emmer. Emmer, as threshed with the kernels remaining in the glumes, has a composition similar to that of oats and a feeding value somewhat Jower than that of barley. 54 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The kernels freed from the inclosing glumes are similar to wheat, but fiour made from them is of inferior quality for bread making. Several varieties of emmer, spelt, and einkorn have been grown in experiments in the United States and Canada, but as far as known only five varieties, Vernal (White Spring), Khapli, and Black Winter emmer, and Alstroum and Red Winter spelt, are grown commercially. Vernal and Khapli emmer are very resistant to rust. TABLE 58.— Yields of winter and spring emmer, spelt, and the leading variety of barley and oats grown at each of 52 experiment stations in the United States and Canada during the number of years indicated. Average yields per acre (pounds). Area and siation. cf years = erown. | Emmer Emmer|- Spelt | Barley Oats (winter). (spring). | (sinter). | (spring). | (spring). South Atlantic (humid) area: PASS IOTIS SE oo eee ee 5 (yi N acess 1,108 12,188 | 11,185 Arlineton Parm, Va.....2-.2. 222 2 ii Td lah feet anp ae’ 2, 209 1,484 11,586 alterna ark Mid: =. 32 ee ska) * ae 6 1 ee eee 1, 897 1LHS) = -1Lsi7T Mississippi and St. Lawrence Valleys (sub- humid) area: eri Oar Pes sc Fae Re 3 cg eee ee 1,080 11,538 11,354 McPherson. Kans: £2. 2.5. 3d eee 5 bya ee 1,108 1, 222 1,177 isriteth irises Rants eee yf ee eee i yy epee an oe 1,666 1,482 Sieettavetios sal. yo fT kes Perey at Shy Ets Bee ris LEC 75 eee See 1,130 | 1,47 PSM RECW AS = So So Sol ee = ea Ll |) Cie See 2,437 1,594 Bertani Man $2 eb) Pa = PASS oe ri vg LE SRST 1,447 | 1,616 UT ee To ee een ee ee ee ee a | esse (Si hae 1,771 | 1,560 Grind Rapids, Minn -./-- =. = 2.22. 28 5 jy earner f | FW (eee ar Seathfee 1,378 | 1,350 crookscon, Minn = 52-0 ss 2 Se Wil seks $403) |. Ae 163 1,636 ESEOGKATIES SS. Wak. 2S eet ee fat BES) [2 = ee SS 2,170 | 2,8 PerPOuN Cake. 50.2 2 ee ee iY fe ia Bee ae 2 AOS: eee 2,010 | 1,911 GucipitGntario: 2 2:25 Fs 8 es as Uy ee ee pe eee ee 2,673 © 2,591 itawa. Ontarie..3412 rs IST ett Lith Gesctans Sea: 2,090 | 22,088 2, 496 2,366 Nappan, Nova Scotia. ..._- Ee eee, Tat 7 ae ae ae 1,911 21,997 2,243 | 2,246 Great Plains (semiarid) area: ESITAS SIND WER oe en 13 2G Re 451 1660 622 Shismnnivig "PeKs Fontes Se ree 2 jt | 2! 14 apes ee ge eae nas 11,03 » $35 LEE AS ee eee ee 3 G1 Fy eee Os 618 781 8s PR TERE RAO: | 8s ee ee eee oe 13st (02 2 Ss! 1,477 1,075 Nimie Pintle. Nei. .2 32225. 5s2 sce! [ Ol eee See ch een ae 1,18 soo eT aN YO ese Sn ee eee 7 90 ii Pape Rae tl 1,074 893 BRIER O 3 36 Leh = 2 ak ee aj Pete a ee 40 ese. S| eae 981 ner aGaTl WW VO. ee a a ee 1 Pee ae SSO 3 es 2,016 1,600 shariwe: oo ake LS See GATES Se a oS See 1,233 | 1,235 LUE ET Do ae ae ee eee 2] eee 970 Se 1,290 | 1,30¢ Cottonwood, S. Dak... ..........-...- OT 966; Fess sae 1,153 | 1,1 Newell, S. Dak. (dry Iand)..........--. (oy ee oe The, poss oe 910 | 953 ~ Newell, S. Dak. (itrigated)..........-- | ee ae y SS a ee 1,661 | 1,652 Caner Nak oo ve eee See sumer 3 1s 2 es Ses 1,45 1,285 LL Tus es Ei oe a ee EM BP See £470.) 5 es 1,435 1,522 WNATESiAMI TM Pan ee QO FFe C= ae eee 2,171 | 2,430 a poley Me Oaks 2s og eee ee oe G12 (2 oe aes 1,976 | 1,739 LES ee A er ee: oe eee = 1 (ect y Rt pe eee 1,592 | 1,821 Brandon, Manitoba. -.........-........ yt) 8 See eR Ob ape Se 2, 712 | 3,318 Indian Head, Saskatchewan....--.... Srl. sereeeyss AS) eee 2,953 | 3,763 Rosthern, Saskatchewan -......-.....- [Why Pesan 2,080 2 ee 3,980 | 3,645 Lethbridge, Alberta .................- Sieve. Z £643 jets 2,247 | 2, 487 Lacombe, Atheria..:.....-.<.....2.5.- AN ue toe 1,860 22,445 2,678 | _ 2,613 Western Basin and Coast area: i i Modesus, Califes: Bevo Fee os. tees 3 ASB Naess 720 1565 | 1 $82 IS tees. Cale es i i ete |; 12,098 2,893 13,970 12,495 Chico, Calif. 3 PiQhs |. Sf. FSi wae 12,587} 11,437 : TR ee 20) LAE brat 3 Ry eee se = > pet tos Oi pean ateae 211 1120 | = ns 13 1 13 Te 31,367 501 2 787 1,579 1,405 4 492 | G49 |. IAS A aek ae 5 Q57 736 1,758 2, a Zs oe 2 5 oe Pa es 60+ 3 =: Se ee 23108 15. “3 2, $26 2.360 1 Sown in fall. “ _- § Sown in spring. 3 Average for 6 years. | EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. dD The average yields of the leading varieties of winter emmer, spring emmer, spelt, barley, and oats at 52 experiment stations in the United States and Canada are shown in Table 58, which is a summary of some of the data from the preceding tables. The number of years in which these crops were grown also is shown. At most of the stations only spring varieties of barley and oats were grown, but at a few stations in the southern part of the United States these crops were sown in the fall. Most of the spelt was sown in the fall. Where the barley and oats were sown in the fall or spelt was sown in the spring the fact is indicated by footnotes. The stations are grouped, as heretofore, into four geographic areas, viz, (1) the south Atlantic (humid) area, (2) the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Valleys (subhumid) area, (3) the Great Plains (semiarid) area, and (4) the Western Basin and Coast area. In the South Atlantic (humid) area barley and oats were more pro- ductive than emmer or spelt, except at Arlington Experiment Farm, near Rosslyn, Va., and at College Park, Md. At these points winter spelt considerably exceeded both barley and oats in grain production. The net yields of spelt, considering the weight of free kernels alone, are lower than the yields of winter wheat at these two stations. In the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Valleys (subhumid) area emmer and spelt were outyielded on the average by the leading varieties of barley and oats, except at St. Paul and Morris, Minn., and Fargo, N. Dak. AtSt. Paul emmer yielded more than barley but less than oats. At Morris emmer yielded more than oats but less than barley, while at Fargo emmer outyielded both barley and oats. At other stations emmer outyielded both barley and oats in some years. In the Great Plains (semiarid) area the leading varieties of both barley and oats outyielded emmer and spelt at 15 of the 22 stations where results were obtained. At the remaining 7 stations where one of the two crops, barley or oats, was not well adapted, the other outyielded emmer and spelt. At some stations in some seasons emmer outyielded both barley and oats, and it frequently exceeds the poorer varieties of these crops in yield. At 3 of the 13 stations in the Western Basin and Coast area, both barley and oats usually outyielded emmer and spelt. At 7 stations either barley or oats (usually barley) outyielded both emmer and spelt. At the 3 remaining stations both barley and oats were outyielded by either emmer or spelt. Of these 3 stations yields were obtained in only two years at Prescott, Ariz., and Lind, Wash., and these yields were very low. At the third station, Nephi, Utah, barley and oats are not well adapted and were outyielded by both emmer and spelt. At all three of these stations winter wheat has produced higher yields of threshed grain than any of the other crops. ; Both winter and spring emmer have yielded best when sown at the rate of about 6 to 8 pecks per acre in the sections where these crops are grown. Winter emmer has produced the highest yields when sown at about the time winter wheat is sown. Spring emmer yields best when sown as early as practicable. Emmer is most productive when sown with the grain drill at a depth of 14 to 3 inches. 56 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CONCLUSIONS. Winter emmer is not hardy enough to be grown on the Great Plains north of Kansas, and even there it may be winterkilled. It is less productive than winter spelt. Because of its low yields it should not be grown in any part of the United States or Canada. Spring emmer should not be grown except possibly to some extent in North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, and southern Minnesota for the purpose of increasing crop diversification. In all sections of these States it is outyielded, on the average, by the leading varieties of bar- ley or oats, or both, although in some years at some stations it will outyield these crops. Even under conditions where rust and drought are of common occurrence emmer does not compare favorably with barley and oats. Vernal (White Spring or Common) is the best vari- ety oi emmer. . ; Winter spelt is more productive than barley and oats in a limited portion of Maryland and Virginia where experiments have been con- ducted, and apparently also in central Utah. The limits of its adapta- tion have not been determined, but it is probable that it will be found to give best results in comparison with other small-grain feed crops in the area between the spring and winter oats and barley areas. It does not produce as high net yields of threshed kernels as does winter wheat, even in those districts where 1t appears promising. LITERATURE CITED. (1) ANONYMOUS. [1879?] Griinkorn. Jn Thiel’s Landw. Konversations Lexikon, Bd. 4, p. 616. Berlin. (2) Bascock, F. Ray. 1915. Cereal experiments at the Williston substation. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 270, 36 p., 11 fig. (3) Bereu, O. I. [1920.] Farm crop investigations. Jn Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Gen. Rpt., No. Cent. Sta., Grand Rapids, 1915-1919, p. 14-26. (4) BreirHavpt, L. R. 1918. Dry -farming investigations at the Harney branch station, Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 150, 46 p., 15 fig. (5) CANDOLLE, ALPHONSE DE. 1886. Origin of cultivated plants. Ed. 2. viii, 468 p. London. Biblio- graphical footnotes. (6) Carbon, P. V. 1913. Cereal investigations at the Nephi substation. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 30, 50 p., 9 fig. (7) CARLETON, MARK ALFRED. 1901. Emmer: A grain for the semiarid regions. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 139, 16 p., 3 fig. (8) 1911. Winter emmer. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 466, 24 p., 8 fig. (9) CHAMBERLAIN, JosEpH S. 1909. The feeding value of cereals as calculated from chemical analyses. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem, Bul. 120, 64 p. , (10) CHamprin, Maney, and Morrison, J. D. 1918. Emmerin South Dakota. S$. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 179, p. 814-823. (11) Cuarkx, J. ALLEN. 1914. Cereal experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 33, 2st Oe (isthe Abii ole Martin, JoHN H., and Batu, CARLETON R. 1922. Classification of American wheat varieties. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1074, 238 p., 76 fig., 60 pl. Literature cited, p. 219-230. (13) CoLtume ia, L. JuNrtus MODERATUS. 1745. Of husbandry ... transl. into English, with several illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius, and other ancient and modern authors. xxvii, 600 p. London. (14) Cory, Victor L. 1912. Cooperative grain investigations at McPherson, Kans., 1904-1909. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 240, 22 p. (15) 1916. Progress report, Texas substation No. 6, Denton, Tex., 1909-1914. Rex Agr Dxpy Stay Bulidl99) 18 piste. (16) Donatpson, N. C. 1916. Cereal experiments at the Judith Basin substation, Moccasin, Mont. U.S. Dept: Acr-Bulkt 398,41 pry li fig. (17) HAUPrenzrscu, Pe 1903. Die Spelzweisen. In Landw. Versuchs-Sta., Bd. 58, p. 65-136, 29 fig. Bibliographical footnotes. (18) Hayes, H. K., Parker, Joun H., and Kurtrzweit, Cart. 1920. Genetics of rust resistance in crosses of varieties of Triticum vulgare with varieties of T. durum and T. dicoccum. Im Jour. Agr. Re- search, v. 19, p. 523-542, pl. 97-102. Literature cited, p. 541-542. 5907494" Billed 97-——> 57 (12) 58 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (19) Henry, W. A., and Morrison F. B. 1916. Feeds and feeding. Ed. 16. x, mh p. Madison, Wis. (20) Hummet, J. A. 1906. The digestibility and value of emmer. Jn Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 99, p. 133-138. (21) Jonzs, JENKIN W. 1916. Cereal experiments on the Cheyenne Experiment Farm, Archer, Wyo. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 430, 40 p., 12 fig. (22) Kimara, HitTosai. 1919-1921, Ueber cytologische Studien bei einigen Getreidearten. Mit- teilungI, III. Jn Bot. Mag. Tokyo, v. 33, p.-17-88, fig. 1-21; v. 35, Pp. 19-44, 2 fig., 1 pl. Literatur,-v. 33, p. 38; v. 35, p: 49-43, (23) KoEeRNICKE, FRIEDRICH, and WERNER, Hugo. 1885. Handbuch des Getreidebaues. 2vol. Berlin. (24) LeCuero, J. A., Baiwey, L. H., and Wesstine, H. L.: 1918. Milling and baking tests of elnkorn, emmer, spelt, and Polish wheat. In Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., pike p. 215-217. (25) Leieuty, Ciype E., and BosHNAKIAN, Shee 1921. Genetic behavior of the spelt form in crosses between Triticum spelta and Triticum sativum. Jn Jour. Agr. Research, v. 22, p. 335-364, pl. 33. Literature cited, p. 363-364. (26) Love, H. H., and Crate, W. T. 1919. The synthetic production of wild wheat forms. Jn Jour. Hered., v. 10, p. 51-64, illus. (27) McMurpo, GEORGE A. 1916. Cereal experiments at the Akron field station, Akron, Colo. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bul. 402, 34 p., 11 fig. (28) McOmiz, A. M. 1915. Agriculture. Experiment station farm at Phoenix. Jn Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta. 26th Ann. Rpt., 1914/15, p. 517-528. Fourrue, 0: R.i'and Bates, u. L. 1918. Dry farmingin Arizona. Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 84, p. 499-642, 46 fig. (30) Martin, JouN H. 1922. Experiments with cereals on the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1039, 72 p., 22 fig. (31) Mituer, P. E. (1919. ] Variety tests. Farmcrops. Jn Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. West Cent- Sta., Morris, 1918, p. 28-36. (32) Moors, R. A. 1899-1901. Variety test of grains. Jn Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 16th— 18th, 1898/99-1900/1. (33) OcaarD, ARTHUR J. 1919. Report of the Hettinger substation ... season1917. Jn N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 130, p. 30-50. : (34) QuayzeE, W. L., etal. [1916.] Summary report of State experiment farms and cooperative experi- ment farms, 1915. [Wyoming] State Board of Farm Commissioners. 70 p. Cheyenne. (35) Ross, Joun F., and Lerpieu, A. H. 1913. Cereal experiments in the Texas panhandle. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 283, 79 p., 13 fig. (36) SakamurRa, TETSU. 1918. Kurze Mitteilung iiber die Chromosomen-zahlen und die Verwandt- schaftsverhaltnisse der Triticum-Arten. Jn Bot. Mag. Tokyo, v. 32, p. 150-153. Literatur-Verzeichnis, p. 153. (37) Satmon, CECIL. 1915. Cereal investigations on the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm. U.S Dept. Agr. Bul. 297, 41 p., 12 fig. (29) | | | EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 59 (38) SANDERSON, THOMAS. 1912. Report on emmer. In N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. 22d Ann. Rpt. 1911, part II, Rpt. Food Comr., p. 105-107. (39) SaunpzERS, CHARLES E. 1906-1917. Report of the Dominion cerealist. In [Canada] Exp. Farms Rpts., 1905-1196. (40) 1904. Emmer and spelt. Canada Cent. Exp. Farm Bul. 45, 16 p., 6 fig. (41) SaunpERs, WILLIAM, and others. 1901-1905. Annual reports on the experimental farms. [Canada] Exp. Farms Rpts., 1900-1904. (42) Sax, Kart. 1921. Chromosome relationships in wheat. Jn Science, v. 54, p. 413-415. (43) Scumirz, NicKoLas. 1917. Winter oats, barley, spelt, and emmer. Md. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 200, p. 107-130, 8 fig. (44) Scouuz, AUGUST. 1913. Die Geschichte der kultivierten Getreide. I. 134p. Haillea.d.§. Literatur, p. 133-134. (45) ScuppeEr, H. D. 1914. A report of the experimental and demonstration work on the substation farms at Moro, Burns, Redmond, and Metolius. Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 119, 188 p., 84 fig. (46) Sexvie, C. G. 1920. Report of Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, 1919. Bul. Minn. Univ. Dept. Agr., Crookston ser., v. 13, no. 2, 32 p. (47) SHepreRD, J. H., and Cuurcuiit, O. O. 1907. Cereal crop experiments. N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 75, p. 281-336. and Ten Eycx, A.M. 1899. Crop report for 1898. N.Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 39, p. 413-458, illus. (49) 1902. Agricultural department. Jn N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. 12th Ann. Rpt. 1911, p. 44-75. (50) Suinn, CHARLES H. 1894. Southern Coast Range station—culture work. Jn Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. of Work, 1892-94, p. 379-397. (51) Snyper, Harry. -1904. Composition of an ancient Egyptian wheat. Jn Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 85, p. 211-212. (52) Snyper, W. P. ! 1907. Growing hogs in western Nebraska. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 99, 32 p., 9 fig. (48) (53) and Burr, W. W. 1911. Growing crops in western Nebraska. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 118, GOLD ali te. (54) 1913. Growing eiops in western Nebraska. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 135, 41 p., 6 fig. (55) Stanton, T. R. 1916. Cereal experiments in Maryland and Virginia. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 336, 52 p., 6 fig. (56) StepHens, D. E. 1915. Variety testing and improvement of field crops. Jn Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rpt., Hast. Oreg. Dry-Farming Branch Exp. Sta., Moro, 1913- Tait 32) (57) 1917. Experiments with spring cereals at the Eastern Oregon Dry-Farming substation, Moro, Oreg. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 498, 37 p., 16 fig. and Hint, C. EB. 1917. Dry farming investigations at the Sherman County branch station. Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 144, 48 p., 13 fig. (58) 60 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (59) Stewart, E. D. 1911-1913. [Oats, barley, emmer.] Jn N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rpts. Langdon Sub-Exp. Sta., 2d-4th. 1910-1912. (60) StockHam, W. L. 1912. The value of emmer asa source of bread- -producing flour. In N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. 22d Ann. Rpt. 1911, part II, Rpt. Food Comr., p. 105. (61) Ten Eyck, A. M. 1910. Spring grains. Kans, Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 166, p. 357-369, illus. and SHorsMiITH, VY. M. 1904. Crop experiments in 1903. Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 123, p. 179-239, 10 pl. (63) THomeson, O. A. 1905-1910. Varietiesofgrain. Jn N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rpt. Edgeley . Sub-Exp. Sta., 2d—5th, 7th, 1904-1907, 1908-09. (64) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 1915. Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, October 1 to December 31, 1912, No. 33, [S. P. I.] Nos. 343840 to 34797, 60 p., 5 pl. (65) Vavinov, N. I. LOIS. Beitr: age zur Frage iiber die verschiedene Widerstandsfahigkeit der ‘Getreide gegen parasitische Pilze. Jn Arb. Versuchssta. Pflanzen- ziuchtung Moskauer Landw. Inst., Folge 1, p. 1-108, 3 col. pl. In Russian. German résumé, p. 90-108. (66) Wrancxo, A. T., and Crommr, C. O. 1919. Spring small grains in Indiana. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 225, 20 p., 4 fig. (67) Wizson, James W. 1915. Silage and grains for steers. S Dak) Agr. (Exp. Sta! Bul) 160, p- 193- 224, illus. and SKINNER, H. G. 1906. Speltz and millet for the production of baby beef. S. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 97, p. 61-74, ulus. (69) 1907. The feeding value of speltz in beef and pork production. S. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 100, p. 116-129, illus. (70) ZapE, ADOLF. 1914. Serologische Studien an Leguminosen und Gramineen. in Ztschr. Pflanzenztichtung, Bd. 2, p. 101-151, fig. 13-16. (71) Zavrrz, ©. A. ; 1919. Farm crops. Ontario Dept. Agr. Bul. 268, 80 p., illus. (72) 1920. Results of cooperative experiments in agriculture. Jn 41st Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Exp. Union, 1919, p. 9-32. (62) (68) 73). ZooK, L: L. 1919. Spring grains in western Nebraska. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 172, 1 6 p. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCIRED FROM : THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY V ra Ae Bihan ; ey ed i hint Ks ries rae | ee , ; ug nist? he oe < ; h 1% + Paavo hear Lal Bytes? Tay ht ong eran, ea HG ce Crt nye i ;