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EXPLANATION OF TERMS

USED IN

ENTOMOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

?6^

USED IN

fk

ENTOMOLOGY

PREPARED BY

JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.

Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, Etc

PUBLISHED HY THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BROOKLYN, N. Y.

1906

Press of

The New Era Printino Company

Lancaster, Pa.

FOREWORD.

When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the Brooklyn
Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of its Explanation of
Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the writer and two associates with
the task of preparing the same, it was believed that a little revision of defini-
tions, the dropping of a few obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately
proposed, would be all that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill
idle time in summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed since
that time ; the associates have dropped by the way ; the manuscript contains
five times the number of terms in the original " Explanation," and if it is
published now, it is not because I believe it to be complete ; but because I do
not believe it can be made complete except as the result of criticism and
voluntary addition by specialists throughout the country.

It is twenty-six years since the original list was published and nothing can
better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between the old and the
new Glossary. No one realizes better than I the fact that as students have in-
creased in each order, each has followed an independent line of research,
absolutely without regard to the work done elsewhere. In consequence, we
have several terms for the same thing in many cases and, in an equal number,
several meanings to the same term. As no one man can now-a-days cover the
entire field of Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely
partly upon books and partly upon the good nature of correspondents to make
the work even approximately complete.

The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom, of
Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms collected by himself
and his assistants, and these added materially at the beginning of the work.
A number of correspondents were good enough to send in lists of terms in
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to refer
me to literature where explanations of other special terms could be found.

After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary manu-
script, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Nathan
Banks of Washington, D. C, and Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of
Natural History went carefully over the entire work and by their criticisms
and additions contributed materially to such merit as it possesses. To these
gentlemen and to the many others not specifically mentioned I give thanks for
their assistance, and if there have not been more co-workers it has been only
because of the time element that seems to demand the best that is ready, rather
than a delay to secure perfection.

It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the correspondence
to determine what sort of terms should or should not be included and to bring
out the hopeless divergencies existing ; but all that is important here is to
state briefly what has been included and what omitted.

vi FOREWORD.

Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their ordinary
dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but this is subject to many
exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if used in their usual sense
have been generally included ; but compounds made up of adequately defined
descriptive terms are generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have
been omitted whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed
by sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In doubtful cases
the terms have been included and defined. All terms of venation are, so far
as possible, reduced to the Comstock system which is the only one that has
been satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a series of figures is added
to explain this system so far as seems necessary. It has not been considered
feasible to determine the proper use of terms applied differently in different
orders or families ; that is scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind.

Terms used in embryological and histological study have been included only
so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of the general works, and no
attempt has been made to cover the terms applied to musculature and other
details of microscopic structure : this has seemed rather to be outside of the
scope of the present essay.

All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the Windsor and
Newton system of water colors which are standard in the English-speaking
world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of those colors that seem neces-
sary to explain all modifications except metallics, blacks and whites.

The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been drawn
under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, and are meant to be guides
merely — else the glossary would exceed its scope.

In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is intended for its
publication ; it is merely a statement of fact to encourage constructive rather
than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those who note errors or omissions
will communicate them to the writer so that when another edition is needed,
as it will be before many years are past, a standard work may be possible.

John B. Smith, Sc.D.

New Brunswick, N. J., April, 1906.

EXPLANATORY.

Definitions of general application are as a rule given first, where more than
one is necessary ; next those of limited use, and finally the specific meaning in
each order in which there is any notable difference.

Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given after a
hyphen which represents the stem word: e. g., ametabola -oiis ; the latter in
place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the characters peculiar
to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a Latin ending, the former is
usually given with the word and the other is added : e. g., cequilate -us, instead
of aquilatus, there being no difference in the application. Usually the singular
form of the word is first given, and the plural ending is added; e. g., antenna
-a, cenclirus -ri, desideratum -ata ; but occasionally, when the plural is more
commonly used, e. g., epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is
added : when the two are different in form, e. g., foot and feet, the words are
given separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in
uncus and iinci.

In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] refer to the
equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to produce it.

The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose definitions are
used, or who have used the term in the sense defined. In the terms of venation,
these parentheses occur rhost frequently.

Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use : ^, equal to,
or the same as ; q. v., which see ; pi., plural ; abb., abbreviated.

The abbreviated names are : Comst., for Comstock ; Coq., for Coquillett ;
Meig., for Meigen ; Nort., for Norton ; O. S., for Osten-Sacken ; and Will.,
for Williston.

Vll

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

USED IN

ENTOMOLOGY

A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without.
Ab: off; away from.

Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length.

Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists nor-
mally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a mooted

question : bears no functional legs in the adult stage.
Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen.
Abdominal feet: see pro-legs.
Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries

enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies.
Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity, formed

by material secreted during copulation.
Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or draw

it away from the body : see adductor.
Abductor mandibulas: the muscle that opens the mandibles.
Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course.
Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way from the normal type;

either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals.
Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation.

Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal.
Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function;

obsolete or atrophied.
Abraded: scraped or rubbed.
Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation.
Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin.
Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another.
Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are absent or rudimentary.
Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle.
Acaudal-ate: without a tail.
Accessory: added, or in addition to.

Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carina of the face.
Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the group; in some orders of

I I

I

2 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

definite location as, e. g., in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell at the end of the
subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 to io:^ist radius 2
(Comst.) ; = areole.

Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the reproductive
system.

Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive system con-
taining a sticky secretion.

Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and branch-
ing toward the apex of the wing in Perlidcr.

Aceous or aceus; suffix; similar to, or of the nature of.

Acephalous : without a head.

Acerata: arthropods without true antennae: Arachnida and Limulus.

Acetabular caps: Hemiptera ; the coxal cavity.

Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less incurved sides.

Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated; specifically
the coxal cavity, — q. v. ; also applied to a cup-like cavity in the sucking
mouth of maggots.

Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family Platyp-
syllidce.

Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain readily.

Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender point.

Aciculate:a surface that appears as if scratched with a needle.

Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor.

Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the terminal secreting tubes
of glands.

Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini.

Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli have no crys-
talline cone or lens ; see eucone.

Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing with
special ganglia.

Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers.

Acrostichal bristles: Diptera ; two rows of bristles on the middle of the
dorsum : specifically, minute peculiar bristles on the dorso-central region of
Dolicliopodidcc.

Aculeata: Hyntenoptera ; the stingers, including bees and wasps.

Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in Hymen-
opt era furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor and connected
with a poison sac.

Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor, espe-
cially when sting-like, as in Hymenoptera ; in male Tipnlida: a slender, horny,
often curved and pointed piece, projected when the forceps is open.

Acuminate: tapering to a long point.

Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made with a needle.

Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle.

Acute: pointed; terminating in or forming less than a right angle.

Acutilingual: with a sharp i)ointed tongue or iiiDuth structure, as in sonic bees.

Acutilingues: hees with a short p(jinted tongue; see obtusilingues.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 3

Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum.

Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a little to one side of the dorsal

and between it and the subdorsal line.
Adductor; applied to muscles that draw an appendage to the body or bring

parts into apposition : see abductor.
Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes the mandible.
Adeloceratous: with concealed antenn^e : see cryptocerata.
Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga : pentamerous, predatory, terrestrial

beetles with filiform antennre and predatory habits : see hydradephagous.
Adherent: attached or clinging to.
Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body.
Adiscota: insecta that develop into adults without forming imaginal discs:

see discota.
Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on the abdomen of bor-
ing and burrowing pupae.
Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected.
Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous.
Adsperse-us: with markings of closely crowded small spots.
Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum.
Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and ready to reproduce

normally.
Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through its whole extent.
Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course, without ap-
parent reason.
Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the under side between the

middle and the base of legs.
Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the inner

base of the leg, and correspondingly on the apodal segments ; constant : is

number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar).
.^neous-eus: shining bronze or brassy,
^nescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.
.S;quale: equal.

jEquilate -us : of equal breadth throughout.
Aerial: living in the air: applied to flying insects.
Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like strvictures of aquatic larvse : more

specifically the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots and some aquatic

Hemiptera.
Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located in the

antenna.
Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric changes; supposed to be

located in the antenna.
Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Diptcra.
.ffiruginose -us : the color of verdigris [blue green].
jEstival: occurring in summer.
.Estivation: applied to summer dormancy.
Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre.
Affinis: related to: similar in structure or development.

A EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Afternose: a triangular piece below antenna; and above clypeus : see post-

clypeus.
Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male.

Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see partheno-
genesis ; gamogenesis.
Agglomerate: heaped or massed together.

Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass.
Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible.
Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid series in

which the mouth structures are obsolescent.
Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in some insects; see tegulae ;

in Diptera = alula and squama, q. v.
Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy insects,

capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity.
Air-tube: a respiratory siphon.
Ala -ae: a wing or wings.
Alar appendage: see alulet.
Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar groove toward the root

of the wing : Hymcnoptera.
Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing muscles of heart.
Alate-us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in appearance though not neces

sarily in function.
Albi, albus: white.
Albicans: formed or made of white.
Albidus: white with dusky tinge.
Albinic: of the character of an albino.
Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence of color or a whitening

in a form usually colored.
Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is normally colored.
Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have the

same characteristics.
Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg.
Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen.
Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole; begins at the mouth and

extends through the body to the anus.
Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings are attached: in many

Hymcnoptera, includes the ist abdominal segment.
Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson].
AUeghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition zone comprising the

greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern N. Dakota, n. e. S. Dakota, and the

Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia.
AUigate-US: fastened or suspended by a thread; like the chrysalis of Papilio,

etc.
Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of generations

(q. v.), as in Cynipids.
Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be at-

tracti\c to the )iii)0site sex.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 5

Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in Rhynchophora.

Alpine zone: =; arctic zone, q. v.

Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes period-
ically produces only parthenogenetic females ; the latter, in turn, producing
the sexed form ; occurs in Cynipidcu and some Homoptera : see heterogeni'.

Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual level.

Alulse: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the halteres, behind the
root of the wing, one above or before the other ; the anterior attached to the
wing and moving with it, the posterior fastened to the thorax and stationary ;
see calyptra ; squama ; squamula ; lobulus ; axillary lobe ; aileron ; scale ;
tegulas : Coleoptera ; a membranous appendage of the elytra which prevents
dislocation.

Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; ^ alar appendage;
posterior lobe ; and has been used as = alula.

Alutaceous : rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna] : covered with minute
cracks, like the human skin.

Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted.

Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb.

Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of amber [a
mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber].

Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the apex and
practically margins the wing.

Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain Scolytid beetles.

Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the legs are fitted for walk-
ing only ; Phasmids.

Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface.

Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the ventral seg-
ments of the abdomen of some Coleoptera.

Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking.

Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses, in which the larvae
usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active.

Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses.

Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an ame-
thyst [between mauve and lilac].

Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo.

Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral plate of the embryo,
extending cephalad.

Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of the
amnion cavity in the embryo.

Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost immedi-
ately after emergence from the egg.

Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amoeba.

Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amoeba.

Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are aquatic but
whose imagos are aerial ; stone-flies ; May-flies ; dragon-flies.

Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals.

Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing mandibles of

6 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

medium size, between teleodont and priodont ; = mesodont.
Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to the

anterior and terminal segments.
Ample; broad; large; sufficient in size.
Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity of the prothorax ; e. g.

Histcr.
Ampliate -us: moderately dilated.
Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged.
Ampulla: Orthoplera ; an extensile sac between head and prothorax used by

the young in escaping from ootheca, and later, in molting: Heteroptera ; a

blister-like enlargement at the middle of the anterior margin of the pro-
thorax.
Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of antenna which

aids in the blood circulation of head and its appendages.
Amygdaliform: almond-shaped.
Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to animal tissue: see

katabolic.
Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the abdomen: the point or

angle of any wing or other appendage that is near to or at any time reaches

the tip of the abdomen.
Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest the end of the abdomen

when the wings are expanded : the angle between the inner and outer margin

of any wing ; = hind angle of primaries.
Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external genital parts.
Anal area: Ortlioptcra and Neuroptera ; the hinder or anal portion of a wing

within the anal vein = axillary area.
Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.) : in Diptcra, anal

cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, inclosed by the sth and 6th veins;

sometimes called the third basal cell (Coq.) = ist anal (Comst.).
Anal field: Orthoptcra : that area on the tegmina corresponding to the anal

area of the secondaries.
Anal filaments: see caudal setae.

Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae.
Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chironotnids, which is

modified to serve as a hold-fast.
Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and ist anal vein.
Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal, opening into it near the

posterior extrennty, secreting either a lubricant, a silk-gum, or some other

specialized material.
Anal horns: in CoUcmhola, are small processes borne on the last abdominal

segment.
Anal lobes: in Lecaniiiia, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes forming

a valve which covers the anal orifice.
Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations of ist anal vein.
Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure: e. g., the

wings of birds and insects : see homologous.
Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the loth abdominal segment; in cater-
pillars = supra-anal plate, (]. v.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 7

Anal organs: CoUcmhola ; the two modified hairs arising from a tubercle

ventro-cephalad of the anus and usually curving caudo-dorsad.
Anal orifice: see anus.

Anal papilla: Collembola ; see anal tubercle.
Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the last

segment: in the embryonic larva the iith tergite.
Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccida.
Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidcc, lying

outside and below the lateral scale.
Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae.

Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the ab-
domen in Hoiiioptcra.
Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs: r= anal

papilla.
Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical processes, situate one

on each side of the anus in certain Coccids.
Anal valves: see podical plates.

Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base to outer
margin below the cubitus ; the first anal, also termed vena dividens, q. v.,
is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it may be followed by
several others which are numbered in order to the inner margin.
Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other.

Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to wing veins, often to
markings ; sometimes used like stigma, q. v. ; also in Neuropfera, a series of
cross-veinlets nearly in one row : a connecting series of veinlets.
Anceps : two-edged ; similar to ensiform, q. v.

Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor.
Anchor process: = breastbone, q. v.
Anchylosed: grown together at a joint.
Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles.
Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form, found localized

on some male butterflies.
Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes.
Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa.

Angle: of tegmina, " is the longitudinal ridge formed along the interno-median
by the sudden flexure from the horizontal to the vertical portion when
closed."
Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the metanotum be-
tween the lateral and pleural carinae ; =: 3rd pleural area.
Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle.
Angulose: having angles.
Angulus: forming an angle: := angulate.
Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out.
Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the hind wings are wider,

especially at base, than the front wings.
Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms.
Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between scape and funicle.

8 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands.

Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus.

Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments.

Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes applied
to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening.

Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal seg-
ment of the antenna is inserted : = antennal sclerite.

Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type.

Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizootic, thoracic
segments similarly developed : a composite aggregation which includes both
the biting and sucking lice.

Ante: before; used as a prefix.

Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely immedi-
ately in front of the base of each front wing.

Ante-apical: just before the apex.

Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions of the clypeus ; the
inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any apparent line of demarca-
tion : = clypeus-anterior ; infra-clypeus ; rhinarium ; second clypeus.

Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera ; that portion of the metasternum lying in front
of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and meeting the abdomen :
of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the clypeus ; — one on each side.

Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and spaces.

Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which muscles
are attached.

Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin of wings.

Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe, approximately parallel to,
but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q. v.

Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q. v.

Antemedian: Diptcra ; applied to leg-bristles situated before the middle.
H,)Tn |)3,..iife oU-^sa Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on each side of the
head, commonly termed horns or feelers.

Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the ist segment
of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by the movable
process from the end of the tibia, forms an opening through which the
antenna may be drawn : similar structures are on the fore tibiae of Carabid
beetles : tarsal claws are also used by various insects to clean antenna;.

Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the ist or 3d
segment in the male.

Antennal formula: in Coccidw ; made by enumerating the antennal joints in
the order of their length, beginning with the longest and bracketing together
those of the same length.

Antennal fossa -ae: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located or con-
cealed : = a. grooves ; antennary fossa.

Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face as
though for the lodgment of the antenna ; bounded on the sides by the facial
ridges.

Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal costa and lateral
carinae, in which the antennae are inserted.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 9

Antennal grooves: see a. fcssa.

Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum.

Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the distal segment.

Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance upon which the antennae
are inserted.

Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis.

Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head.

Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa.

Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under side of the head in
which the antennas lie.

Antenniferous: bearing antennae.

Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of antennae.

Antennule: a small antenna or feeler-like process.

Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidce the cells included between the short
sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu i, Comst.),
and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein descending
from the nodus.

Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa and sub-costa. and
between sub-costa and media, from the base to the nodus, forming the ante-
nodal or ante-cubital cells : =: ante-cubital.

Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and sub-costa,
from the base to the nodus : = ante-cubitals.

Anteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in Collembola
to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in front of the eyes :
= prostemmatic.

Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax.

Antepenultimate: the last but two.

Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the leg which is visible from
the front when the leg is laterally extended and bristles on that face are
anterior.

Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.).

Anterior field: Orthoptera ; of tegmina, see costal field.

Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; ^ media 2 (Comst.); of Loew = disc-
oidal vein.

Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal segment
2. modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket.

Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes.

Anterior squama: = antisquama : q. v.

Anterior stigmata! tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of cater-
pillars ; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior ; sometimes united to
IV: it is V of the abdominal series, IV of the thorax (Dyar).

Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of cater-
pillars ; addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II : it is I of
the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar).

Antero: to the front; anteriorly.

Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of anterior and
dorsal face.

lO EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Antero-ventral: Dit^tcra ; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of anterior and

ventral face.
Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellidorn Colcof^tcra in

which the labium extends beyond the mentum.
Anthophila: Hy.nenoptera ; species in which the basal joint of the hind tarsus

is dilated and pubescent ; the bees.
Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish tinge.
Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix).
Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the front.
Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms of

secondary sexual diversity.
Antinodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and sub-costa,

from the base to the nodus ; := antecubitals.
Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two alulje, which moves with the

wings ; ^ antitegula ; see also squama.
Antitegula: see antisquama.

Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lcpidopfera.
Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally applied to Lepidoptcra and

Diptera, later and more specifically to Diptera.
Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front.

Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the food remnants are
passed : the posterior part of the individual : specifically, in Coccidcc, a more
or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the pygidium, varying in
location as regards the circumgenital gland orifices : ^ anal orifice.
Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head.
Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the base by which it is
attached ; that point of a wing furthest removed from base or at the end of
the costal area.
Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptcra.
Aphideine: see aphidilutein.
Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich violet

by alkaline reagents.
Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex ; usually of a wing.
Apical area: see petiolar area.
Apical areas: apical cells in some Hoinoptera.

Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera (Norton) ;
^medial (Comst.) ; outer apical cell = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) ; inner apical
cell ::= medial 3 (Comst.).
Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera : the series of cells along the outer

margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus.
Apically: toward or directed toward the apex.
Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the apical part of wing of

X ciiroplcra.
Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera ; crosses the metanotum behind mid-
dle and separates the median from the posterior cells or areas.
Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point.
Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. i i

Apivorous: devouring bees.

Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration is through the skin

or through tracheal gills.
Apocrita: ^ petiolata, q. v.
Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae; without feet:

^ apodous.
Apode: one that has no feet.
Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front of the

scutellum in male Coccidcr.
Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle is attached.
Apodous: without feet; see apodal.
Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating processes;

applied to cells.
Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha ; = trochan-

terellus ; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in Hymeiwptera ; also used

as synonymous with ento-thorax.
Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera ; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites cover-
ing the gonapophyses.
Apotypes: = hypotypes ; q. v.
Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a joint to the body or to

any other main structure.
Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an appendix.
Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices.

Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small sclerite at tip of labrum.
Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae where the joints have

articulated appendages ; of tarsal claws that have membranous processes at

base.
Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptcra ; is on costa just beyond 2d radius i and 2.
Appendigerous: bearing appendages.
Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part, added to or attached

to another: in Hetcroptcra ; =: cuneus, q. v.
Appress-ed: to press against; closely applied to.
Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together.
Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term formerly employed for

fleas, lice and other wingless forms now distributed in other orders : later

used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanitra and

Collemhola.
Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae.
Apterous: without wings.
Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and presumed

to be descended from ancestors which never were winged : see pterygogenea.
Apterygota: = apterygogenea ; see pterygote.
Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant blue and a little

gray [nile green].
Aquatic: living wholly in water.

Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptcra of truly aquatic habit.
Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb.

12 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Araneiform: spider-like in appearance.

Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees.

Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree.

Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time.

Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis: = Pseudo-

neuroptera.
Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree growth:
in the U. S. is restricted to the area above timber line on the summits of
high mountains : ^ alpine.
Arcuate: curved like a bow: ^ arquate.
Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved excision.

Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and cubitus near the
base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptera ; a point, often
hyaline, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post cubitus) runs into the
margin: in Honioptera ; a cross-veinlet nearly reaching posterior margin at
same point as in Trichoptera : in other orders applied to a cross-vein in
similar position, apparently giving rise to the median.
Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one half.

Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the medi-
astinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera.
Areee or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins.
Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas.
Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty.

Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera : see also arese ;
Hynienoptera ; the central of three median areas on the metanotum : = 2d
median area ; upper median area.
Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network.
Areole: Lepidopfera ; see accessory cell, cell and cellule.
Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of net-veined insects.
Argentate: shining, silvery white.
Argenteous: silvery. •

Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay.

Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to produce
ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert conditions pre-
vail : see humid.
Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the Dakotas, northern
Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern
Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau
region generally, the eastern base of Cascade Sierras and local areas in
Oregon and California.
Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antenna of certain Diptera.
Aristate: Diptera; that type of antenna that bears an arista: ^ athericerous.
Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista.
Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs, body or

wings ; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures.
Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes.
Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or dilTercnt tissue.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

13

Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many insects : one of the lobes of

the pulvillus ; in Orthoptcra, used only for the terminal pad between the

claws : see empodium ; pulvillus ; palmula : plantula ; onychium, paronychium,

pseudonychium.

Arquate: see arcuate.

Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring only, as in worker bees

and some saw-flies.
Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all males:

see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.
Arthrium: Coleoptera ; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in pseudotetramera

and trimera.
Arthroderm; the outer skin or covering of articulates.
Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction.
Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite.
Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere.
Arthropoda: all those articulates having jointed legs.
Article: a joint or segment.
Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming the socket into which

an articulation is fitted.
Articulata: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are made up

of rings, segments or articulations.
Articulate: divided into joints or segments.
Articulated apex: see clasp filament.
Articulation: the point or place where two parts or segments are joined:

also applied to an individual joint or segment.
Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the wings

are attached to the thorax.
Artus: the organs of locomotion generally.
Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely developed

and eggs or young are produced by cell-budding : =: parthenogenetic.
Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like

ashes of anthracite coal.
Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it is

viewed ; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral.
Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations.
Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots.

Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin female is exposed to
attract such males as may be near, either to secure a pairing or merely to
obtain specimens ; also called sembling.
Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position.
Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; nof symmetrical.
Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of sym-
metry in form or in the development of members.
Ater: deep black; not shining.
Aterimus: the deepest black.
Athericerous: see aristate.
Atom -us: a minute dot or point.

14 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Atomarius: with minute dots or points.

Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible constriction between head

and prothorax : Rhynchophora and some Hcteromera. ,

Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding structure

to the trachea.
Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue.
Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use.
Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve and

black].
Atrous: jet black.
Atrovelutinus: velvety black.

Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green].
Attenuated: drawn out: slender; tapering.
Attingent: touching.

Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure.
Atypic -leal: off type; not of the usual form.
Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the inferior portion of head.

as in Homoptcra.
Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing.

Auditory organs: Orthoptera ; specialized structures covered by a tense mem-
brane, on the anterior tibia or base of abdomen ; any structure that functions

as an ear.
Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome orange].
Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also =; auratus.
Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies.
Aurelian: a lepidopterist.
Aureolate: with a diffuse colored ring.

Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly.
Aureous-eus: gold-colored.
Aurichalceous: brassy yellow.
Auricle -cula : an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the tumescent

area at the sides of the second abdominal segment; in Andrenida, a short

membranous process placed laterally on the ligula.
Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding the dorsal vessel.
Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antenn;c, with the basal joint

distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest of the

structures.
Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between tlic auricular

space and the chamber.
Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings into the heart by

means of which the blood is admitted into it.
Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages.
Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot at the apical area of

Anthocharis.
Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora l)orealis [crimson lake].
Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole of the Ignited States

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. l^

and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands : divided into
transition, upper, lower and gulf strip : see boreal and tropical.

Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering the
greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Begins near mouth of
Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and Louisiana, east Texas,
nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of Arkansas and parts of
Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so. Illinois, s. w. corner of Indiana
and bottom lands of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as an illustration of his
species and compared with the type or co-type.

Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing.

Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.).

Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the lateral basal angles of the
meso-scutellum in Proctytrypidce.

Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of two bodies : arising from
the angle of ramification.

Axillary area: see anal area.

Axillary calli: see calli axillary.

Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst.).

Axillary excision: = a. incision, q. v.

Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin of wing, near base,
which separates the alula from the main part.

Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the wing in Diptera; see also
alula and posterior lobe.

Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the inner margin from
the anal vein (Ephenieridcc) ; a group of several (10-20) radiate veins that
occupy the anal field in Orthoptera.

Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it turns.

Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue].

Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to an
unpaired oviduct ; specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at the junc-
tion of the oviducts and thus = uterus.

B

Baccate -us: berry-like; applied to bladder-like ovaries from the surface of

which the short ovarian tubes arise.
Back: the dorsum or upper surface.
Baculiform: rod or staff-like.

Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than castaneus [dragon's blood].
Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.
Baenopoda: the thoracic legs.
Ba2nosome: the thorax.
Balancers: see halteres.

Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture : see bare.
Band: a transverse marking broader than a line.

1 6 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Bar: a short, straight band of equal width.

Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward.

Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or spurs directed backward.

Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles of hair or short bristles

on each side of each joint ; = brush-like : on the abdomen, with flat tufts at

the sides or tip.
Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage.
Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald.
Basad: in the direction of or toward the base.
Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest the

main body.
Basal area: in wings; that space nearest the point where they are attached

to the body: on the metanotum of Hymetioptera, the anterior of the three

median cells or areas; = ist median area.
Basal cell: Diptera; ist (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.) ; 2d (Will.), = media

(Comst.) ; Trichoptera; one, two or three cells enclosed by the branches that

form the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata ; an elongate cell between radius

and cubitus, just before the arculus.
Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are distinguishable,

to which all other parts are jointed ; corresponds to the stipes in the maxilla.
Basal line: in many Lepidoptera ; a transverse line extending half way across

the primaries very close to base.
Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette.

Basal post-costal vein: in Agrionincr, one of the cubito-anal cross-veins.
Basal segment of clasp: see side piece.
Basal space: that area on the primaries of certain Lepidoptera, between the

base and t. a. line (q. v.).
Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, extends from base, through the submedian

interspace to the t. a. line.
Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymcnoptcra, crosses before

middle and separates the anterior from the median areas.
Base: that part of any appendage that is nearest the body: on the thorax that

portion nearest the abdomen ; on the abdomen that portion nearest the thorax.
Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which the epithelium

rests.
Basilar: of or pertaining to the base.
Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar space.
Basilar membrane: a thin membrane separating the cones and rods from the

optic tract.
Basilar space: Odonata; that area at base of wings, between media and

cubitus.
Basi-proboscis: basal third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies.
Batesian mimicry: see mimicry.
Bathmis: see pterostigma.

Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars.
Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the head: the snout in

Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets in the

hemipterous mouth.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

17

Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated.

Belly: venter; under side of abdomen.

Belonoid: needle-like.

Bi: prefix, means two.

Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Dipt era.

Biarcuate: twice curved.

Biareolate: with two cells or areoles : see bilocular.

Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes.

Bicolored : with two colors that contrast to some extent.

Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes.

Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps.

Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes.

Bidentate: two-toothed.

Biemarginate: twice emarginate ; with two excisions.

Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions.

Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia.

Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Coleoptera to tarsal claws

which are divided so that the claws lie side by side : see biparted.
Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides.
Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked.
Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point at which a forking

occurs.
Biguttate: with two drop-like spots.
Bijugum: in two pairs.

Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates.
Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides.
Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules.
Bilineate -us: with two lines.
Bilobate-ed: divided into two lobes.

Bilocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate.
Bimaculate: with two spots or macul.-e.
Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair.
Binotate: with two rounded spots.
Binus: paired: doubled.

Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life.
Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is active.
Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms.
Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary substance.
Bioplasm: formative living matter.
Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid.
Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on each side of each

joint.
Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different in color.
Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes.
Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages.
Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series.

1 8 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each an-

tennal joint.
Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous appendages.
Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions.
Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles.
Biuncinnate: with two hooks.
Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves united to

form a tube.
Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittje.
Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia.

Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm.
Blastoderm; the germinal membrane from which the organs of the embryo

are formed.
Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm.
Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast.
Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo.
Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot without a pupil.
Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums.

Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane between ab-
domen and thorax in certain saw-flies.
Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip.

Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only: rarely to the abdomen
\ alone ; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined.
Bombifrons : front of head with a blister-like protuberance.
Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated.
Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk.

Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that extends
from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary of the United
States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast
and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain
ranges ; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian : see austral and
tropical.
Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or makes channels in woody

or other vegetable tissue.
Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes.
Bouclier: the pronotum, q. v.
Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at the tip of the ligula in

bees : = spoon.
Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra.
Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs.
Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like.

Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; ist (Nort.), ^costal and sub-costal (Comst.) ;
2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.); 4th
(Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.).
Brachial veins: of primaries in llymoioptcra, originate at base, run parallel
to inner edge toward anal angle ; often connected with the cubital cellules by
means of recurrent venules.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. IC)

Brachium: the fore tibia.

Brachycerous : Diptcra : with short, 3-jointed antennae.

Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings.

Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short proboscis.

Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies in the head above the

oesophagus ; formed of the first three primitive ganglia : see supra-oesophageal.
Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larvae.
Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae.
Branchiate: supplied with gills or branchije.
Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.
Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum.
Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvre ; a horny, more or less elongate process of

the under side behind the mouth opening, supposed to represent the labium :

==: anchor process.
Breathing pores: see spiracle.
Brevis: short.
Brides: Homoptera : two pieces on the face, one each side of clypeus and

lower part of front.
Bridge: Odonata : a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial sector

( Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently forming a continuous part of the radial

sector ; it is the proximal portion of the subnodal sector of de Selys and

Hagen.
Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or more in number, ex-
tending between Mi + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys between principal and

subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein.
Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland.
Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt.
Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band.
Bronze: the color of old brass.
Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid by one

series of parents and which normally mature at about the same time.
Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red].
Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced and tufted with short

hair or bristles : see barbated.
Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the cheeks.
Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum : see trophi.
Buccal cavity: the mouth: ^ oral cavity.
Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening on each side of the

mcntum.
Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks.
Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas.

Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction found in plant lice.
Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the shield-like sclerite that closes

the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larv.-e : in Ephemcrida a part of

the costal area of the fore wing toward the tip, which is slightly swollen

forward and furnished with more cross veins than elsewhere ; practically

the stigma, q. v.

20 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Bullate: blistered.

BuUule: a small blister.

Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice flies and in connection

with a stalked hair pencil.
Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in some orders; a

modification of the vagina.

c

Caducous -us : deciduous ; easily detached or shed.

Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like structures surrounding the
chylific ventricle at its junction with the crop, and secreting a digestive
ferment.
Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as one of the caecal tubes

or pouches : see ccecum.
Cselate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms.
Caeruleus -ecus: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue]: = coe-

ruleus.
Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue.
Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].
Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns.
Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl.
Calcar-ium; pi. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically the

spines at the apex of a tibia.
Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like process.
Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx.
Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera.

Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings; distinguished
as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the base of radius
-f medius and cubitus : = axillary calli.
Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: ^callous:
also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than the surround-
ing tissue.
Callous : see callosity.
Callus: a small callosity.
Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating spines in

Limacodid larvae.
Calva: a skull-cap: r= epicranium, q. v.
Calx: the distal end of th« tibia; the curving basal portion of the first tarsal

joint.
Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cui)-shaped joints are so arranged as

to fit one into the other.
Calypter: Dip f era; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere.
Calyptra: a hood or cap ; see alula.
Calyptrate: those flics that have aluhc or membranous scales above the

haltcres.
Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum : see also
egg-calyx.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 2i

Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at the base and a little
recurved at the margin.

Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields.

Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at least,
resemble dnnpodea : = leptitorm.

Canadian zone; is that part of the boreal region comprising the southern
part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of Canada, the northern
parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan, and a strip along the Pacific
Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino and the greater part of the high
mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the east covers Green,
Adirondack and Catskill Mountains and the higher mountains of Pennsyl-
vania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern Tennes-
see. In the Rockies extends continuously from British Columbia to western
Wyoming and in the Cascades from British Columbia to southern Oregon
with a narrow interruption along the Columbia River.

Canalictllate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper concave line
in the middle.

Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by trans-
verse lines.

Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray.

Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in predatory
species ; = denies canine.

Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their blistering power:
composition, CioHi^Oj (von Furth).

Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely dividing the eyes of
some insects into an upper and lower half.

Canus: see canescent.

Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like.

Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube.

Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in which the joints are long,
slender and loosely articulated.

Capillate -tis: clothed with long slender hair; ^ coryphatus.

Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in certain Trichoptera and
Tineid Lepidoptera.

Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e. g., Citcitllia :
see cucullus.

Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in which the club is
abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass.

Capittllum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an antenna: the little knob at
tip of halteres in Diptera: the labella or lapping tip of the mouth of certain
flies.

Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned beetle.

Caprification: is that method or process through which the Smyrna figs are
fertilized by Blastophaga through the medium of wild, inedible or " caprifigs."
Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like container.
Caput: the head with all its appendages.
Capyltis: a hump on the upper side of the segments of many larvre.

22 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it resembles
that of a Carabid.

Carbonarius : coal black.

Cardia: the gizzard ; q. v. : also applied to the heart.

Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart.

Cardiac valvule: see cesophageal valve.

Cardinal cell: Odonata ; see triangle.

Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo giving rise to the heart
or dorsal vessel.

Cardio-coelom: that part of the ccelom that forms the pericardium.

Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from the heart to the body
cavity.

Cardo, pi. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by means of
which it is jointed to the head.

Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute.

Carinate: a surface having carinse.

Carinula-ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the longitudinal
elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora.

Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinas.

Cariose-ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.

Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine.

Carneous-eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine].

Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food.

Carnose-us: of a soft, fleshy substance.

Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral zone comprising the
larger part of the Middle States (except the mountains), s. e. So. Dakota,
east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma ; nearly all of Iowa, Missouri,
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware ; more than half of West
Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jersey and large areas in Alabama,
Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and
South Ontario : extends along Atlantic Coast from near mouth of Chesa-
peake Bay to Southern Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the valleys
of the Hudson and Connecticut. A narrow arm follows the east shore of
Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay.

Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of the radius and cubitus
of the primaries: that point in the wings at which they are transversely
folded.

Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle.

Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance.

Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red].

Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-l)rown [dragon's blood with a slight
admixture of \ermilicin].

Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among social in-
sects as workers, soldiers, (|ueens, etc.
Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely united.
Catch: in Collcnthola, =: tenaculum. (|. v.
Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

23

Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller.

Caterpillar: the term applied to the larv.e of Lcpidoptcra.

Catervatum: by heaps.

Cauda: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the ab-
domen in plant lice : any extension of the anal segment or appendage ter-
minating the abdomen.

Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the median line.

Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity.

Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in many
Neuropterous and some other insects ; = anal filaments.

Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes.

Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the tail.

Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail.

Caudula-ae: a little tail.

Caul: the fatty mass of larva: from which the organs of the future adult were
supposed to develop : = epiploon.

Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the mush-
room body.

Caulis : the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part of jaws.

Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like.

Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting.

Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns.

Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening.

Cecidium: a gall.

Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the Comstock system the cells
derive their names from the vein forming the upper margin : e. g., all just
below the radius are radial cells; and they are numbered from the base out-
ward, as radial I, 2, etc.: the living unit; protoplasm differentiated into
cytoplasm and nucleus, from which units all but the lowest plants and ani-
mals are developed by division and consequent increase into a multicellular
condition : a compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb.

Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins; usually applied to a
small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed area is
formed.

Cenchrus-ri: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on the
metanotum of some Hymciioptcra.

Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another viviparously ;
as in plant-lice.

Centimeter: abb., Cm. : =z .01 meter = .394 inch ; roughly 2^2 Cm. = one inch.

Centrad: toward the centre or interior.

Central foveola: see median foveola.

Centrolecithal: apiilied to eggs in which the food yolk is central.

Centrosome: a s])herical body that appears outside the nucleus of a cell.

Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of the body.

Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed toward the head.

Cephalic bristles: Dipt era: specialized bristles occurring on the head.

Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through which

34

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts and ventral nerve cords pass from

head to prothorax.
Cephalization: concentration toward the head.
Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod.
Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some Orthop-

tera into an anterior and posterior chamber.
Cephalon: the head.

Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions.
Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage.
Cephalo-thorax: the united head and thorax of arachnida and Crustacea: that

portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax : the anterior segments

of larvae that have no obviously separated head.
Cerago: bee-bread.
Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal shell that envelops the

antenna.
Cerci: two lateral anal appendages ; usually short, jointed, antenna-like, de-
veloped from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo ; sometimes un-

jointed and specialized into forceps or other processes.
Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last abdominal segment; also

applied like cerci.
Cercus: see cerci.

Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-oesophageal ganglion.
Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion.
Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward.
Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck.
Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larva; — occipital foramen.
Cervical sclerites: small chitinous plates on the membrane between head and

thorax : see jugular sclerites.
Cervical shield: the chitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars just be-
hind the head : = prothoracic shield.
Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion.
Cervinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red].
Cervix: the upper part of the neck; ^ crag : in Diptera; that part of the

occiput lying over the junction of the head, i. e., between the vertex and neck.
Cespitose: matted together.
Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies.
Chsetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and nomenclature of

the bristles on the body of insects.
Chagrined: see shagreened.

Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies; a group of Hymenoptera.
Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance.
Chalybeate: steely in appearance.
Chalybeous: metallic steel blue.

Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels.
Cnaperon: =: clypeus or clypeus anterior.
Chaplet: a little crown ; a circle of hooks or other small processes terminating

a member or appendage.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 25

Character: a quality of form, color or structure.
Cheek: see gena.

Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral movable claw like that
of a crab ; specifically applied to the feet in some Parasitica in which the
opposable claw forms a clasping structure.
Chelate: bearing a chela or claw; applied when claws are capable of being

drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint.
Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers.

Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based.
Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a secre-
tion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn by its
insolubility in boiling liquor potassae : = elytra, entomolin.
Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes the

chitin.
Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin.
Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin.
Chitinous: composed of chitine or like it in texture; as a color term is amber

yellow.
Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects.
Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one of the substances found

in the blood of insects.
Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the ear-like structures in

Orthoptcra.
Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg.
Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the chromoplasm of a cell

nucleus.
Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic filaments of

a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division.
Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the intermedial stage between larva

and adult in butterflies : see pupa.
Chrysargyrus : silvery gilt.

Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the gizard and is mi.xed
with the secretions of the salivary glands and caecal structures, ready to be
assimilated.
Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and di-
gestion begins.
Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts.
Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of

small-pox.
Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot.
Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair arranged in tufts or single

lines ; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin.
Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles.
Cilium, pi. Cilia: q. v.
Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain Heteroptera

and used as a means of defense.
Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids.

26 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Cinctus: with a colored band : ^ cingulatus.

Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish [ultra ash gray].

Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance.

Cingula-um: a colored band or bands.

Cingulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinctus.

Cinnabarine: [vermilion red].

Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].

Cinura: see Thysaiinra, of which this forms a group including the bristle-
tails, and for which it has been used as an equivalent.

Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a butterfly tongue.

Circiter: about, or round-about.

Circular: round like a circle.

Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an excretory orifice at tip,
disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspina.

Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres connecting the
sul)cesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of nervous system.

Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing.

Cirrate: antennx with very long, curled lateral branches which may or may
not be ciliated ; see plumose.

Cirrose-us: with somewhat dense curled hair.

Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin stalk.

Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow].

Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennje.

Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the inner sides of harpes,
valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts during copu-
lation : ^ the harpes of some authors.

Claspette: in genitalia of (^ culicids, the inner basal lobe of side piece; q. v.

Clasp-filament: in (^ genitalia of culicids the articulated appendage or ter-
minal segment of side-piece or clasp ; sometimes bears an articulated point
or apex and then = articulated apex.

Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom and higher
than an order : e. g., the " Class Insecta."

Classification: is the systematic arrangement of insects (or other animals or
plants) in series showing their relation or agreement in structure, life
habits or other characters forming the basis of the " classification."

Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance.

Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight, whether by hooks, by a
thickening of the margin, or by a jugum.

Clava: a clul) ; Jhe enlarged apical joints of a clubbed' antenna: := clavola.

Claval suture: Hcmiptera ; at the base of hemelytra, separating the clavus.

Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip.

Clavate hairs: in Collcmbola, ^ tenent hairs.

Clavicornia: that series of beetles ha\ing the antenna? more or less distinctly
enlarged or cluiibed at tip.

Clavicular lobe: J Imuoplcra : that ]>ortion of hind wing behind anal veins.

Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid moths an elongate spot
or mark extending from the t. a. line through the submedian interspace,
toward and sometimes to the t. p. line.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 27

Clavola: see clava.

Clavus: the club of an antenna; := clava and clavola: in Hcteroptera. the
oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytra : the
knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in certain Hymcnoptera.
Claws: the clavif or hook-like structures at the end of the foot or tarsus.
Cleavage: see segmentation of egg.
Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Coleoptera applied to claws so

divided that the parts lie one above the other.
Clintheriform: shaped like a plate.
Cloaca: see rectum.
Clubbed: see clavate.

Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium.
Clypeate: shield-like in form.
Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn in from the sides

so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form.
Clypeo-f rental suture: = clypeal suture.

Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the front, to which the
labrum is attached anteriorly ; in Diptcra often visible below the margin of
the mouth in front, as a more or less visor-shaped piece : = epistoma.
Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus.
Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus.
Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form.
Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as the mandible and

maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.
Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined together; said of

elytra when permanently united at the suture.
Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly.
Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood.
Coalescent: united or grown together.

Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in which

all the members of the future adult are concealed by a thickened, usually

cylindric case or covering, which is often the hardened skin of the larva :

beginning with a narrow base, then dilated and thickened.

Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of the thorax in certain

Malachidse.
Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine].
Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell.

Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell.
Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk or other viscid fibre,

s])un or constructed by many larva; as a protection to the pupa.
Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the head, by

means of which it works its way out of the cocoon.
CcEcal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or pouch.

Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of appendages opening into
the alimentary canal at the junction of the gizzard and chylific ventricle:
see crecum ; the two are used interchangeably.
Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense.

28 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Coelom: the body cavity.

Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the body wall.

Ccelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in embryology one of a pair of

closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm of each segment of the embryo and

giving rise to more or less of the ccelom of the adult.
Ccenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year, ovoviviparous at another,

as in Aphididcc.
Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see casruleus.
Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie, one in continuation of

the other so as to appear like one.
Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries coriaceous, used as

a cover only, meeting in a straight line dorsally ; mouth mandibulate ; pro-
thorax free ; transformations complete : the beetles : the term has also been

applied to the two elytra together.
Collar: in general any structure between the head and thorax: specifically,

in Hymenoptera, the neck ; in Diptera, may mean the neck, the sclerites

attached to the prothorax, the prothorax itself, or its processes (ante furca) ;

in Coleoptera, is the narrowed prothorax ; in Lepidoptera, applied to the

sclerites attached to the prothorax and which shield the neck.
CoUembola: an ordinal term applied to species which are apterous; have no

metamorphoses ; have variably developed abdominal saltatorial appendages

and a peculiar ventral tube at base : the spring-tails.
CoUeterial gland: see colleterium.
CoUeterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting the

viscid material used in cementing the eggs together.
Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the abdomen

in CoUembola.
Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection between head and thorax

in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the posterior, narrow part of

the head or even the prothorax : loosely used.
Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged portion of the alimentary

canal 1)efore the rectum.
Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis.
Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end.

Comate-us: only the upper part of head, or vertex, covered with hair.
Commensal: one who eats at another's table: applied to species that feed on

the surplus supply of another, without destroying the owner of the supply.
Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together.
Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles.
Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the point of meeting or union

of two bodies : a bridge connecting two bodies or structures ; e. g., tracheal

tubes.
Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two adjacent parts: a band or

fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and secondaries.
Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees.
Comose: ending in a tuft or brush.
Complanate: compressed; flattened above and below: = deplanate.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

29

Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Tennitidcc, capable of repro-
duction, but which do not reach the winged stage ; the females are less
fertile than the forms that become winged and several may be used in one
nest to replace a lost queen or mature female.

Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and partially covers it.

Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to simple.

Component: one part of a combined whole.

Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts.

Compressed: flattened laterally.

Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series.

Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as opposed to the outer or
convex surface : concave veins are those that occupy the bottoms of troughs
or grooves on the upper surface of a wing ; see convex veins.

Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or convex
on the other ; like a small segment of a hollow sphere.

Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or strengthened by
evaporation.

Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the auricle in the cephalic tibia
of Orthoptera.

Concinne: neat; fine.

Concolorous: of the same general color.

Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles.

Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately, runs into another and
does not again separate.

Conduplicate: doubled or folded together.

Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the mandible to the head:
in general any process by means of which an appendage is articulated into a
pan or cavity.

Confertim: closely clustered or crowded.

Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.

Confluent: running together; as of two macula when united in one outline.

Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of lines
and spots without definite pattern.

Congener: a species belonging to the same genus.

Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all characters of generic value
with others compared with it.

Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended.

Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere.

Conglobate-gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in Orthoptera,
opening upon one of the external structures.

Conglomerate: congregated; massed together.

Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point.

Conico-acuminate: in tlie form of a long, pointed cone.

Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes.

Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair.

Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to the merging of the male
and female elements.

30 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites.

Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis.

Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax.

Connate: united at base, or along the whole length.

Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Hct., at junction of dorsal

and ventral plates : also used like pulmonarium, q. v.
Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in repose that

they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins.
Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled.
Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at^ glance.

Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots.
Constituent: a part or element of a whole.

Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the extremities.
Contiguous: so near together as to touch.
Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other.
Contour: the outline or periphery.
Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or reduced in size by

contraction.
Contractile: that which may be drawn together or contracted or which has

the power of contracting.
Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast ; as one color or marking

against another.
Converging: approaching each other toward the tip.
Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips.

Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed to con-
cave : convex veins are those which occupy the summits of ridges on the

upper surface of - wing ; see concave veins.
Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to wings when they are

wrapped around the body.
Coprophagus : feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of an

excrementitious character.
Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union.
Copulate: to tuiite in sexual intercourse.
Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain Scolytid beetles

in their burrows, in which copulation takes place: = rammel-kammer.
Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon].
Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in Coleoptera, surrounded

by a fringe of minute Ijristles ; when the articular cavity is on the side, above

the tip, the corbel is closed ; when the cavity is at the extreme tip, the corbel

is open.
Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a fringe of hairs arising

from the margins of the posterior tibije in bees, forming the pollen basket :

its function is to hold the collected pollen in place.
Corbiculate: having corbicula.
Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base rounded; not

necessarily emarginate at the middle of base.
Cordiform: =: cordate.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

31

Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like ap-
pearance.

Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid.

Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture.

Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends from
base to membrane below the embolium.

Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a whole, and of each indi-
vidual facet.

Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures of which the cornea
of the compound eye is composed.

Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance: resembling horn in texture.

Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: ^ corniculus.

Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the ovipositor in Orthoptera ;
see valves.

Corniculus -i: = cornicles ; honey-tubes: q. v.

Corniform: like the horn of an ox : a long, mucronate or pointed process.

Cornute-us: having horns or horn-like processes.

Corona: a crown or crown-like processes.

Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination.

Coronet: a small crown or corona.

Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex of the tibia.

Corpus: the body as a whole.

Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in larvje.

Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells.

Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence.

Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more
features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each other,
but without implying a relation of cause and effect.

Correlative: of a correlated nature; see correlated.

Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or decay.

Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or wingless:
mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing ; transformation incomplete ; thorax
incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera : includes Terniifidcr, Psocidcc and
MaUophaga.

Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels.

Corselet: the prothorax in Coleoptera.

Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin.

Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color [vandyke brown].

Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a greenish lustre.

Coryphatus: = capillatus.

Corysterium : an abdominal glandular structure in certain females, secreting a
glutinous covering for the eggs.

Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world.

Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics.

Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: the thickened anterior
margin of any wing, but usually the primaries : in Comstock, the vein ex-
tending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to the point of
junction with subcosta.

32

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field.
Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and sub-costal veins: in
the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the costa ;
in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the ist, 2d and sub-costal; of Packard,
the 3d costal ^ 2d radial i, and radial 2 : in Diptera (Will.), it is the 2d
costal.
Costal &el6.:Orthoptera ; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the anterior

margin or costa : = anterior field.
Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidcc, a membranous flap that may be

opened to expose the androconia.
Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really costate or

not.
Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal vein.
Costal vein: Lepidoptera ; runs close to and parallel with the costal margin,
extending from base to the margin before the apex ; always simple and
often absent in the secondaries ; is vein 12 of the numerical series on pri-
maries ; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.).
Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines.
Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median meta-

thoracic area into two parts.
Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate.

Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint.
Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is named,
no single one being selected as the type : the type in such case equals the
sum of the cotypes : see paratype.
Coxa-se: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is articulated to

the body.
Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the coxa articulates; in Coleoptera
the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the sternum ; closed
or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join medially as in Rhyn-
chophora; the cavities are separated when the prosternum extends between
them, confluent when it does not : see acetabulum.
Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well developed

in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders.
Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of the

abdominal segments in Thysanura.
Crag: the neck: ^cervix.
Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the fixed

parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.
Crassus: thick; tumid.

Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.
Creber: closely set.
Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of pupa: in

Lepidoptera.
Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth.

Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply curved.
Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by discharge of
vapor or " bombarding " : a cracking or creaking.

USED JN ENTOMOLOGY.

33

Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk.

Crescentiform: like a lunula or crescent.

Crescentric: lunulate.

Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any part of the

head or body.
Crested: see cristate.
Cretaceous: chalny white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three great

divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.
Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes.
Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve.
Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray.
Crinite-us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose.
Crispate-us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin.
Crista: a ridge or crest.

Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface: = crested.
Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest.
Cristula: a small crest.

Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests.
Croceous : safi'ron yellow ; yellow with an admixture of red [pale cadmium

yellow].
Crocus: =croceous.

Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hcspcridcc.
Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet which
serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower passage through
the digestive tract : := ingluvies.
Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of caterpillars and on

the cremaster of pupse.

Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera ; also used as ::= coronet or corona.

Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner margins lie

one over the other: or to incumbent wings that overlie only at the apex:

in Diptcra, applied to bristles when they cross in direction.

Cruciato-complicatus : folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the inner

margins overlap ; not well distinguished from cruciate.
Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs.
Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the sub-oesophageal

ganglion.
Crus: a leg or leg-like structure.
Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab.
Crypto: hidden, concealed.
Cryptocerata: a division of Hcteroptcra with small antenna; concealed in a

groove under the head : =^ adeloceratous : see gymnocerata.
Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed.
Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed.
Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed.
Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between nieso- and meta-thorax.
Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large gland-like
structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle.

3

34

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Crystalline: transparent, like crystal.

Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in pigment
cells of the compound eye : also termed C. lens.

Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect.

Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubitus.

Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubitus and anal vein; in the plural,
all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubitus or its branches (Comst.) ;
in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell (Loew) ; in
Hyuiciwptera (Norton), = radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.).

Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of the
cubitus.

Cubital nerve or vein: see cubitus.

Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins extending
from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer margin : in
Orthoptera ; ^ the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, a main longi-
tudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal : the tibia of the
anterior leg.

Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of the
family Cercopidce and which often conceals the producer.

Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.

CucuUus: a hood: see capillitium.

Cuilleron: see alula.

Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes.

Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar.

Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies: ^ the mandibles of
some authors.

Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife.

Cumulate: in groups or heaps.

Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum.

Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped ; elongate triangular.

Cuneus: Heteroptera ; the small triangular area at the end of the embolium
of hemelytra : Odonata. the small triangle of the vertex between the com-
pound eyes.

Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper.

Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the tarsi in
male Dytiscidcc.

Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform.

Cursoria: in Urllioptcra. that series in which the legs are formed for running
(roaches, etc.).

Cursorial: formed for running.

Curvate: curved.

Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some Psocidcc.

Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing.

Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an acuminated
point ending in a bristle.

Custodite -us: i'uarded: a body in an envelope.

Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. jt;

Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer: see

epidermis and hypodermis.
Cyaneous: pure dark blue; indigo blue [French blue].
Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading.
Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and sometimes in

insects.
Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform.
Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa.
Cycle: a round or circle, e. g., of development ; a life cycle.
Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from the

hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering : see orthorrhapha.
Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed.

Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides.
Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of equal

diameter throughout.
Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin ; navicular.
Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell body.

D

Dactylus: a finger or toe; = digitus : a tarsal joint after the first one, when
that is enlarged as in bees.

Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi [^].

Dart: a sting, or its central part.

Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark.

Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen.

Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden.

Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed.

Declinate -us : a part somewhat bent, the apex downward.

Declivent -ous: sloping gradually downward.

Decrepitans: crackling.

Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base.

Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body.

Decurved: bowed downward.

Decussate: crossing at an angle; X-like : in cross pairs; or, when bristles
alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera.

Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap and the
outer edges decline toward the sides.

Deflexed: abruptly bent downward.

Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form : specifically, in Colcoptcra ap-
plied to knotted or twisted antenna? as in male Meloids.

Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of the
adult in Lepidoptera.

Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the tip.

Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion.

Delamination: the splitting or division into layers.

Deltoid: elongate triangular; resembling a Greek A with apex extended.

5 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting.

Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies of the

pro-cerebrum.
Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub.
Dendrophagus : feeding on woody tissues.
Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees.
Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process.
Dense: thickly crowded together.
Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and the t:p

is above the middle of base. .

Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on their

edges.
Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented.
Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the mandible:

the second or middle part of the furcula in Collcmbola, consisting of two

parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium and bearing at their

apices the mucrones.
Dentes caninae: see canine teeth.
Denticle: a small tooth.

Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches.
Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth.
Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair.
Denude: to free from covering: to rub so as to remove the surface covering

of scales, hair or other vestiture.

Deorsum: downward.

Dependent: hanging down.

Deplanate-us: see complanate.

Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed.

Depressor.: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression of an

organ or a part.
Deratoptera: =Orthoptcra.
Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering.
Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, set^,

spines, etc.

Dermaptera: see Dcrmatopfcra.

Dermatoptera: skin-winged; an ordinal term applied to insects with elytn-
form abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are folded trans-
versely and fan-like: mouth mandibulate, prothorax free ; abdomen forcpate ;
metamorphosis incomplete : the ForficuUdcc or earwigs.

Desectus: = truncatus.

Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired.

Destitutus: wanting ; being without. . ,- , , , ,„.

Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: hxed : marked out.

Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion.

Detritus: rubbed off ; a surface partly denuded.

Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the i-rogeny are male and
female : see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 37

Deutocerebral segment: =;antennal segment; q. v.

Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion of

the 2d primary segment ; also termed antennal or olfactory lobes from the

parts it innervates.
Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum.
Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen.
Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right.
Dextral: to the right of the median line.

Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad.
Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad.
Di: as a prefix, = two.
Diaphanous: semi-transparent: clear.
Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane separating

the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body.
Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion.
Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood inward:

see systole.
Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a proboscis consisting of two

parts : Muscids, etc.
Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not contiguous: see holoptic.
Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs.
Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties.
Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also more generally,

to the Orthoptera.
Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length.
Didymus: double: geminate.

Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous.
Diffracted: bending in different directions.
Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin.

Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that por-
tion l)ehind the crop, in which assimilation takes place.
Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes.
Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger.
Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidcc ; in Lccaninm, four knobbed

hairs.
Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small appendage

attached to the lacinia of the maxilla ; rarely present and probably tactile.
Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season.
Dilatatus: Coleoptera ; a margin, when the sharp marginal edge extends

beyond its usual limit : the base when the transverse diameter is much longer

at one part.
Dilated: widened, expanded.
Dilation: an expansion or widening.

Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale.
Dilutior: much thinned out or diluted.
Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some groups of

J-lo)]ioptcra.

38 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints.

Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra when

they cover only half the abdomen.
Dimidius: of half length.

Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms.
Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc., between individuals of the

same species, characterizing two distinct types : may be seasonal, sexual or

geographic.
Dioecious: with distinct sexes.

Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line.
Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus.
Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hciniincridcc, because of the

supposed presence of a second labial segment.
Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods.
Diploptera: = diplopteryga ; q. v.
Diplopteryga: Hymcnoptcra ; wasps in which the wings are longitudinally

folded when at rest.
Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders).
Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of wings

(anterior) ; thorax agglutinate ; mouth haustellate ; transformations complete.
Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect.
Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera.
Direct: applied to metamorphosis := incomplete.
Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the

attention of an enemy from more vital parts.
Disc: see disk.

Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure.
Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or that

area covered by the discal cell.
Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal seg-
ments before the hind margin.
Discal cell: Lepidoptera ; the large or median cell extending from the base of

the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.) : in Diptera (Will.) =

I St medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; := discoidal areolets, cj. v.: Trichoptera,

the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from the 2d

apical cell by a cross-vein.
Discal patch: in some male Hesperidcc the oblique streak of specialized black

scales on the disc of the primaries.
Discal vein: Lepidoptera ; the cross-vein closing the discal or median cell ;

extends from radius 5 to media i.
Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc.

Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; ^discal vein, q. v.
Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal.
Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Ortlwptera; that area of the tegmina

between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas : = d. field.
Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the outer

side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the ui)ptT

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. yj

sector of the triangle (Cu i of Comst.) = post-triangular cells : ■= discal
cells.

Discoidal cell: Hymenoptcra (Norton); = ist medial 2, medial 3 and medial 4
(Comst.).

Discoidal field: see discoidal area.

Discoidal nervule: Lcpidoptcra ; = media i (Comst.).

Discoidal triangle: Odonata; see triangle.

Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), ^ media 2 (Comst.); = anterior inter-
calary vein (Loew) ; Hymciioptera (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.), beyond
the junction with the medial cross-vein: Orthoptera ; the first and largest
branch of the humeral vein.

Discoideous: =:discoidal.

Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less con-
trasting ; not concolorous.

Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal discs:
see adiscota.

Discrete: distinctly separated.

Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larvje.

Discus: a disc: a somewhat flat circular part or area.

Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus.

Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by' constrictions.

Disjunctus: separated; standing apart.

Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a margin;
the central area of a wing: in Orthoptera, the obliquely ridged outer sur-
face of hind femur in saltatoria.

Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the tips of
the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other.

Dispersus: with scattered markings, punctures or other small sculptures.

Disposed: arranged or laid out.

Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating the
coelom-sacs in the embryo ; also the thin envelope about the members in
obtect pupse.

Dissilient: bursting open elastically.

Distad: toward the distal end.

Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body.

Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart.

Distichous: applied to antennse when lateral processes originate at the apices
of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them.

Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing the
Jabella.

Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts.

Ditrocha: Hymcuoptera ; that series having the trochanter two-jointed.

Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies.

Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only.

Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate.

Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped at base
and diverge behind: tarsal claws when arising at opposite sides of the joint
and separating widely.

4°

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Divergent: spreading out from a common base: in Coleoptera, tarsal claws
are divergent when they spread out only a little ; divaricate when they sepa-
rate widely.
Diverse: unetiual : differing in size or shape: of various kinds.
Diverticulum -la : an off-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary canal;
usually blind or sac-like: applied to the caecal tubes or pouches: any exten-
sions or evaginations of the hypodermis.
Dividens (vena): Orthoptera ; ist anal (Comst.).
Dog-ear marks: in bees; small, subtriangular marks of light color, just below

the antennae (Cockerell).
Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated keel and

cylindrical base.
Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pups.

Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any other: a type
or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera, species and indi-
viduals and in which differentiation is yet active.
Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side.
Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in Diptera, that face of the

laterally extended legs visible from above.
Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central.
Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane upon

which these muscles rest : = pericardial diaphragm, q. v.
Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspina, oval orifices arranged in more or less
distinct rows on the surface of the pygidium. through which is discharged
the material of which the dorsal scale is formed.
Dorsal glands: see last preceding title.
Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the back

or dorsum.
Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspincc that lies above the

insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below.
Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal ridges.
Dorsal vessel: the heart; q. v.
Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface.

Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse suture and the scutellum
on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central region on the
other.
Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the inner

part of the dorsum.
Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn from
the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free from bristles
that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is often occupied by a
dorsal thoracic stripe.
Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax and
transverse suture on two sides and by the dorso-pleural suture and dorso-
central region on the two others.
Dorsolum: the mesoscutum.
Dorso-pleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture between dorsum and pleu-

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. ^i

rum from the humeri through the base of the wing ; separates the meso-
notum from the pleura.

Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface.

Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing sockets: also,
specifically, the meso-scutellum.

Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera ; often confined to meso- and meta-
thorax : Odonata ; includes mesepisterna and meso- and meta-thoracic terga :
Diptera ; upper surface of thorax, limited by the dorsopleural sutures later-
ally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck anteriorly: Lepidoptera ; the
lower or inner margin of the wing.

Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland.

Drone: in Hymeiwptcra ; the male bee.

Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to the
point of discharge.

Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of the vasa
deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is ejected into
the vagina.

Dufour's gland: thaty gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline por-
tion of the poison carried by the sting.

Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of the
digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules.

Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also the coarse silk from
such a cocoon.

Duplicate -us: double.

Duplicato-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna alter-
nately long and short.

Duplo : double, or twice.

Durus: hard.

Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous.

E

E: as prefix, is privative and means without.

Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal seg-
ment of some Orthoptera.

Ebenine: black like ebony.

Eburneous: ivory white.

Ecalcaratus: without a spur.

Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied to wings: ^
excaudate.

Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting.

Echinate: set with prickles.

Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to their
surroundings : i= ethology.

Ectad: extending outwardly from within.

Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface.

Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast.

42

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm, giving
rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the body surface.

Ectognathus : see ectotrophous.

Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton.

Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea.

Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see entrotrophus.

Edematus: dull translucent white.

Edentate -ulous: without teeth.

Edentula: those having no teeth.

Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre.

Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.

Eflected: somewhat angularly bent outward.

Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, containing the germ, the food-
yolk necessary for its nutriment, and a covering membrane : a single ovum
or cell from an ovary : the first stage of the insect.

Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an embryo, used
in breaking the shell when hatching.

Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the ovarian
tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into the vagina.

Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to contain
or hold together the egg-mass as a whole : see ootheca.

Egg-guide: Orthoptera ; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral por-
tion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower valves, used in
oviposition.

Egg-pouch: see Ootheca.

Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers.

Egg-tube: see ovarian tube.

Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius.

Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout.

Elate -us: see elevatus.

Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids.

Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillre ; later, and more spe-
cifically, the Coleoptera.

Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings.

Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxilht are connate with
the labium : see synista.

Ellipsoidal: see elliptical.

Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an even
ellipsoid.

Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide.

Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings.

Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as cover-
ings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line down the middle
of dorsum in repose : also applied to the tegmina in Orthoptera.

Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side margin of
elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments : e. g., in Dytiscidce.

Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

43

Elytrin: := chitin, q. v.

Elytron: singular of elytra; q. v.

Elytroptera: see Coleoptera.

Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional man-
dibles in any stage.

Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e. g., butterflies and moths,
and applied in any stage.

Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut from
a margin.

Embolium: Heteroptera ; the narrow sclerite extending along the anterior
margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane : the lobes on
each side of ihe prothorax : the special enlargement at the base of the
primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is moved.

Embossed: ornamented with raised figures.

Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or before
emerging from the egg.

Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped state or
condition.

Emmet: an ant.

Empodium: Diptcra; the small process between the pulvilli : in Coleoptera;
the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws : used also as = pulvillus ; and see
arolium, .onychium, palmula, paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium and
pulvillus.

Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint.

Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it.

Encircled: ringed; margined round about.

Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced.

Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart.

Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium ; the inner
layer of the chorium.

Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium.

Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving origin
to the mid-intestine and other visceral organs : see entoderm.

Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium : the hypopharynx when
that is well developed.

Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the middle
portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which the endo-
derm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated.

Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners.

Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton.

Endoskeleton: applied to these chitinous processes extending inward into the
body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for muscles.

Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal mem-
brane.

Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax.

Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are de-
veloped within the body of the mother ; see exotoky.

A A EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima.

Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind.

Engraved: see exsculptus.

Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the point:
see anceps.

Entad: extending inwardly from without.

Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity.

Enteric; relating to the digestive canal or enteron.

Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole: a general term.

Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings when they are not
divided or cut into.

Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are derived
the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory structures : = endo-
derm and hypoblast.

Entognathous: see entotrophous.

Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings.

Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e. g., fungi.

Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history.

Entomolin: =: chitin, q. v.

Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects.

Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with insects and, specifically,
the Hexapods.

Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those wasps that
feed their young with larvs, etc.

Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for pol-
lination by insects.

Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see ento-
mogenous.

Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect.

Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study.

Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of insects.

Entomotomist: a student of insect structure.

Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum.

Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly from the
sternal sclerites : see apophysis.

Entotrophous; with the mouth parts buried in the head: ^entognathous: see
ectotrophous.

Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others.

Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon an or-
ganism.

Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland.

Epalpate: having no palpi.

Ephebic: referring to the winged,' adult stage.

Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with net-veined
wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded ; mouth mandibulate, not
functionally developed ; thorax loosely agglutinated ; abdomen with anal
filaments ; metamorphosis incomplete.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

45

Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: ^ ephemerida ; q. v.

Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo.

Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium.

Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the head.

Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure forming the epicranium.

Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes.

Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck: often
vised to include front, vertex and genee : =: calva.

Epideme: see articulatory epideme.

Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting the
cuticula : incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle.

Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin.

Epididymis: the convoluted etYerent ducts, massed at the posterior part of the
testes.

Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen.

Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as op-
posed to preformation, which implies development from already existing
rudiments.

Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female elements, dur-
ing which organs are forming.

Epiglossa: =: epipharynx ; q. v.

Epiglottis: = epipharynx ; q. v.

Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum : specifically applied in
niyriapods.

Epilobe: of mentum in Carabiihc. really corresponds to a partially divided
ligula : a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum.

Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites ; usually small, nar-
row or triangular.

Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see opticon.

Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx.

Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending back-
ward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx: see hypopharyngeal
sclerites.

Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface of the
labrum and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher animals : = epi-
glossa or epiglottis.

Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore tibia of
many Lcpidoptera.

Epipleura: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately beneath
the edge : the inflexed portions of the pronotum are sometimes called pro-
thoracic epipleura : as generally used, the term is incorrectly applied to the
entire bent undi-r margin of the elytra.

Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera.

Epiploon: see caul.

Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment.

Episternites: the upp.tr pair of corneous appendages forming the ovipositor
in grasshoppers.

46

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Episternum; the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between the
sternum and notum.

Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite
immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an in-
termediate piece : in Diptera, that part of the face between the front and the
labrum ; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous
thereto and so ^ peristoma : in Odonata ; = clypeus : = hypostoma.

Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity.

Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals.

Epizootic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the surface.

Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae for the
reception of the front femora; Hymenoptera.

Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of a
pvtpil or central spot.

Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are
without inequalities.

Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other.

Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular.

Erectile: capable of being erected: applied to an appendage, a hair or other
process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made rigid.

Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, secon-
daries horizontal.

Eremochcetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles.

Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places.

Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males.

Ergatogynous : applied to ants with worker-like females.

Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers.

Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and emarginations.

Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a caterpillar.

Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance.

Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like.

Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites.

Erythraeus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted.

Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little
Indian red].

Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptcra.

Essential character: see specific character.

Ethology: see ecology.

Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal appendages:
applied to certain dipterous larvre.

Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have crystalline cones:
see acone.

Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dcrmaptera.

Kuplexoptera : with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied to the
ear-wigs.

Ecus or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the stem
word : e. g., memhraneoiis, like a membrane in texture.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

A1

Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a well-
developed tracheal system.

Evaginate: extruded by eversion ; turned inside out when extruded.

Evagination: an e.xtrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out.

Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less.

Eversible: capable of being turned inside out.

Evident: easily seen or recognized.

Ex: prefix rr A and E as privatives : also means from or out of.

Exarate-us: sulcated : sculptured.

Exarticulate: without distinct joints.

Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations.

Excalcarate: without spurs.

Excaudate: see ecaudate.

Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle.

Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that is not
central.

Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part.

Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement.

Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal.

Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or sub-
stance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which is voided
or otherwise sent out from them.

Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste products.

Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged.

Excurved: curved outwards.

Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that have
been bred from collected larvae.

Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the outer
layer of the chorion.

Exochorium: Heteroptera ; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra.

Exoderm: the outer skin or crust.

Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings.

Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue.

Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles are
attached.

Exotic: not a native of the place where found: an introduced species: also
any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the country
whose fauna is under consideration.

Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are devel-
oped outside of the body of the insect and without care by the mother :
see endotoky.

Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been bred
from the egg stage.

Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for the
cabinet.

Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the wings
when fully spread.

4S

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

m

Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse.

Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is con-
tracted and the air contained in the abdominal trachea is presumably forced
out of them.
Explanate: spread out and flattened: applied to a margin.
Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica.

Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal de-
pressions, as if carved.
Exscutellate: having no scutel.

Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point.
Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation beyond

its ordinary course.
Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other.
Extense: extended: expanded.
Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose function it is

to extend it.
Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the extension

plate through the pressure plate.
Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles.
Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender.
Exterior: the outside.

Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin.
External: belonging to or on the outside.

External area: Hymenoptera ; the upper of the three cells or areas of the

metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carinse : = first

lateral basal area.

External median area: Hymenoptera ; the median of the three cells or areas

between the median and lateral longitudinal carinas : ^ second lateral area.

Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) r= radius (Comst.) ; in Orth-

optera; ^ media (Comst.).
Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together.
Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes.
Extremity: the point most remote from base.
Extrorse-um: toward the outside.
Extrude: to turn or force out.

Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings.
Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspincc the larval

skin when cast and incorporated in the scale.
Exuviate: to cast the skin; to moult.

Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium.
Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one on
each side of the head : the term is properly applied to compound eyes only ;
but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or ocelli.

F

Face or Facies: the u|iper or outer surface of any part or appendage: the
front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to the

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

49

vertex ; usually applied to insects in which the head is vertical : in bees
extends between the eyes to the base of the antenn;e ; in the Hymenoptera
generally the area between antennae and clypeus : in flies the area between
base of antenns, the oral margin, eyes and cheeks.

Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like divisions
of the compound eye.

Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex.

Facial bristles: Diptcra ; a series on either side of the middle portion of the
face, above the vibrissre, along the facialia.

Facial carinae: applied to both the carin.-e of the frontal costa and the ac-
cessory (lateral) carinae of the face : but usually restricted to the accessory
carinre, in Orthoptcra.

Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q. v.

Facialium -ia : Diptera; that portion of the face between the lower part
of the frontal fissure and the antennal foveje.

Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the eyes,
above by a line between their summits and below by a similar line between
their lowest points.

Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves.

Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below middle of face.

Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression.

Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply excavated be-
low the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little curved.

Falciform: curved like a sickle.

False legs: ^spurious legs; = prolegs ; q. v.

Family: a division of classification including a number of genera agreeing in
one or a set of characters and so closely related that they are apparently
descended from one stem : opinionative and indicated by the termination ida.

Farctus: fully filled.

Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces.

Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy.

Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses both
wings or wing covers.

Fasciate: banded transversely.

Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or fibres.

Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface when
covered with bundles of long hair.

Fastigiate: flat-topped and of eciual height: also applied to elytra that extend
a little beyond the abdomen.

Fastigium: Orthoptcra ; the extreme point or front of vertex.

Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in lnrv;c, surround-
ing the alimentary canal and some other internal organs.

Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings.

Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country.

Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb.

Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb.

Fecula: the excrement of insects.
4

50

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozoon.

Feeler: commonly applied to antennje ; q. v.

Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the antenna; but some-
times to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.

Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each thoracic
segment ; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus only ; plural
of foot ; q. V.

Female: designated by "5." the astronomical sign for Venus: that sex in which
the ova are developed.

Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex.

Femorate -US : with abnormal or unusually developed femora or thighs.

Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation be-
tween them.

Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg, articulated
to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the tibia at its distal
end : in Coccidce and quite commonly, the femur and trochanter are con-
sidered as one, for measuring purposes.

Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid mark in a
vein : a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the antennae in roaches.

Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the wings of
some Lcpidoptera.

Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the ommatidia,
at their junction with the optic nerve ; see retina.

Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron.

Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but brighter].

Ferrugino-testaceous: a rusty yellow brown; a mixture of rusty red with dull
yellow brown.

Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozoon enters through the micro-
pyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus : loosely applied like copu-
lation or to its completion.

Festivus: variegated with bright colors.

Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails.

Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue.

Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle of
short threads.

Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular tissue;
also found in blood and other body liquids.

Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids, concerned
in the production of fibrin.

Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like.

Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 (Comst.).

Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter throughout: an
elongated appendage.

Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or Filaria,
transmitted by mosquitoes.

Filate: Diptera; antenna? that are simple, without lateral hair or dilation:
thread-like.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 51

/Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars.

/File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets.
/ used in stridulating: in general any structure wherever situated that serves

the same purpose.
Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e. g., in Coleoptera, the Carabida:.
Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter.
Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk glands of

caterpillars near their anterior end.
Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in Lepidoptera.
Filose: ending in a thread-like process.

Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes.
Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely placed.
Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q. v.
First clypeus: see post clypeus.
First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Xort.) ; is cubitus i, from media

4. to first anal (Comst.).
First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing be-
hind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa.
First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; = radius i (Comst.).
First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and the

radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).
Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks.
Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used for

lamellate.
Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the parent

divides ; each part becoming a new individual.
Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit.
Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base.
Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by the union

of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera.
Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube.
Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan.
Flabelliform: fan-shaped.
Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of the

glossa in bees : also used as =: flagellum ; q. v.
Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth; := labella ; q. v.
Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax.
Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process.
Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or whip-like

process : the tail-like process of a spermatozoon.
Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified].
Flange: a projecting rim or edge.
Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura.
Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet.
Flavescent: somewhat yellow.
Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow.
Flavo-testaceous: light vellow-brown : almost luteous.

1^2 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge].

Flavo-virens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chronic yellow].

Flex: to bend: to curve back.

Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties.

Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking: flexible.

Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at angles

than undulating : differs from sinuate in being alternately bent and nearly

straight.
Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles.
Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the posterior coxa of some

Hymenoptera.
Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair.
Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus.
Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in certain

Fulgorids.
Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams.
Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown when

such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it.
Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures.
FcBtid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid may

be ejected.
Foliaceous: leaf -like, or resembling a leaf.
Folioles: leaf -like processes from a margin or protuberance.
Follicle: ^cocoon, q. v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary.
FoUiculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle.
Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the hind part

of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach.
Foot: the tarsus, q. v.; improperly used to = leg ; but in the plural form

refers to legs rather than tarsi : see feet.
Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of abdominal

feet.
Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes.
Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or nerve:

any opening at an apex : the opening of a cocoon.
Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the head to give

passage to those structures that extend from head to thora.x : = occipital

foramen.
Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptcra : the auditory

organs on the anterior tibiae.
Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like special-
ized appendages of ear-wigs : similar processes in the male, used as clasp-
ing organs in copulation.
Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures.
Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers.
Fore: anterior.
Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard: its epithelium

being formed from the ectodermal in\agination known as the stomoda-um.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. z^t^

Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and antennae.

Fore-intestine: =:foiegut, q.v.

Forficate: = forcipate, q. v.

Forks: Trichoptcm : forks of veins in apical part of wing, numbered i, 2,

3. etc.
Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the normal

or type, in some uniform character ; it is seasonal if it occurs at a period

different from the type : dimorphic if there is an alternation of generations

or two color patterns occur ; or sexual if the members of one sex differ

uniformly from those of the other.
Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants.
Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill.

Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without.
Fossa -as: ^ fossula ; q. v.
Fossoria: burrowers : in Orthoptcra. the mole crickets and allies: in Hymcii-

optcra. the digging wasps.
Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing.
Fossula-ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically applied to

grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the antennae are con-
cealed.
Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions.
Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove.

Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.).
Fovea, Foveola-as: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit.
Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions.
Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb.
Iractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna.
Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle.

Frass : the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars.
Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to any

other part : said of pupfe when all the parts and appendages are separately

encased as in Coleoptcra.
Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptcra in which a more or less well-marked

frenulum occurs.
Frenate: having a frenulum.
Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising from the

base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is to unite

the wings in flight : in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on the mesonotum

which connects with the trochlea : the anal area of secondaries and thus

^ tendo. c|. v.
Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a hook or fold into

which the frenulum is fitted.
Frenum; that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular portion

at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odouata and Trichoptera ;

see tendo.
Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well

beyond the margin and usually of even length : in Lepidoptcra. fringes occur

54

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair projecting

beyond the wing membrane.
Frog: the articular pan, — q. v.
Frons: = front ; q. v.
Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennse and below

ocelli : in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face.
Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part.
Frontal costa: Orthoptera ; a prominent vertical ridge of head which may be

median or lateral : see median carina and lateral carina.
Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending dorsad

between the antennae and meeting or nearly meeting the fastigium of the

vertex in Tettigida.
Frontal fissure: Dip t era ; the impressed line extending from the frontal lunule

to the border of the mouth.
Frontal lobes: in Psyllidce, two lobes or swellings more or less completely

divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated.
Frontal lunule: Dipt era; an oval or crescentic space above the base of an-
tennse in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture.
Frontal processes: Diptera; ^ antennal process, q. v.
Frontal ridge: in Coleopfera ; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of the eye,

extending forward.
Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or

discolored : ;= vitta frontalis.
Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of the

head above it : in Coleoptera ; = clypeal suture.
Frontal tubercles : in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which the

antennae are placed.
Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the eyes

below, limited by a line drawn through base of antenna.
Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon which

the ocelli are situated.
Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front,

just below the vertical bristles.
Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent.

Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in Carabids.
Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and

HyiHcnoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus : any structure that

serves as a support to another.
Fulgidus: shining.

Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown + a little black].
Fulvo-seneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink].
Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange [pale

cadmium yellow -(- Indian red].
Fumate-US: smoky gray [gray].
Fumose: smoky.

Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally per-
forms.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

55

Fungicolous: living in or on fungi.

Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in geniculate antenna: a
small cord : a slender stalk.

Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints.

Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed.

Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender ligament
connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect.

Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura; see
furcula : the forked ental processes of the sternum.

Furcal orifice: see sternal orifice.

Furcate: forked; divided into two approximately equal divisions.

Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium : in Collembola the spring or salta-
tory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment : in Orthoptera
a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in a more or less
forked position the base of the supra-anal plate.

Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur.

Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading. •

Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red.

Fusco-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture.

Fusco-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown.

Fusco-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher].

Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of black and
red [crimson lake + black].

Fused: run together: applied when two normally separated markings become
confluent and have a common outline.

Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering'gradually to each end.

Fusulus : ^ spinneret, q. v.

6

Galea: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often hood-like,
subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and Dipterci, and forms the
coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.

Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the galea. ,

Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an insect :
=^ cecidium.

Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines.

Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue.

Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis.

Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the white
disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the ventral surface
within the body and forming the centre of the nervous system.

Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen.

Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach.

Gastric caeca: = c<Tcum : q. v.

Gastro-coeli: a pair oi usually transverse lateral pits near the base of the
second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera.

Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific ven-
tricle with the ileum and serve as a valve.

56

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer of epi-
blastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells.

Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula.

Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue of
bees and other Hyinciioptcra ; =; hooked hairs.

Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid.

Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled.

Gemmate -us : marked with metallic or bright colored spots.

Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where new indi-
■\iduals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent.

Gena -se: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side l^elow the
eyes, and extends to the gular suture : in Odonata the area between the
eyes and clypeus and mouth parts : in Diptera the space between the lower
border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face at front and limited
by the occipital margin behind.

Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye.

Geneialized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are sepa-
rated and specialized in other forms.

Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q. v.

Genicular arc: Ortlioptera ; a curved dark marking on the posterior knee-joint.

Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle.

Geniculum: a little knee or bend.

Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation.

Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the male:
the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lcpidoptcra. the uncus: in Odonata,
in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the male genitalia on
the ventral surface of the second abdominal segment.

Genital hook: =: genital hamule.

Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages.

Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of backward and downwardly directed pro-
cesses from the 2d abdominal segment, between which the vesicle of the
penis lies.

Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon which the
genital aperture opens.

Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspimc takes the form
of a long mucronate spike.

Genital tuft: in Lefidoptera ; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to be
scent-producing.

Genital valve: Odonata: a chitinous piece on each side of the ovipositor,
derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9 : probably = outer pair of
gonapophyses.

Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether uniiiue or
one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the author.

Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the tyi)e of the genus
in which the de.icriber of the genus placed it, subse(|uent to the description.

Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon wliicb a gt-inis is Icnnided, no
one species being inentioncd as tyi)e.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 57

Genu: knee: the joint between femur and tibia.

Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or series of

characters : usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, though some

consider it a natural assemblage.
Geometrid: larvic which, when walking, alternately elevate and straighten the

middle of their body : opposed to rectigrade : q. v.
Geodephagous: r— adephagous : q. v.

Geodromica: terrestrial Hcteroptera in which the antennre are not concealed.
Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or come

freely into contact with it.
Germarium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the cell

elements.
Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally, young may

de\eloii as buds.
Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which is to

become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or strap and

may or may not show the division into the future segments.
Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic.
Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence.
Gibbous: hump-backed: protuberant: said of a macula when it resembles a

moon more than half full.
Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone.
Gills: respiratory structures which function in water: distinguished as true

or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen from the

gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance is by contained

tracheae.
Gilvus: =:: flavus ; q. v.

Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane.
Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle fur-
nished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared for the

digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting ^ cardia.
Glaber-rous: smooth: free from all vestiture.
Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood specific

portions to produce characteristic products — e. g., wax, saliva, silk, etc.
Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspince, a prominence on the margin, bear-
ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface.
Gland orifice: in Coccidcc. the external opening through which a gland pours

its secretions.
Gland spines: in Coccidcc: spiny appendages, each of which is supplied with

a sitiLile gland whose opening is at the tip.
Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as descriptive

of specialized hairs, spines or other processes.
Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance.

Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender.
Globose: formed like a globe or sphere.

Globulin; an alhumenoid protcid compound formed in the blood of insects.
Glochis: a barbed point.

58 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Glomerate: congregated or massed together.

Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacina of first

maxilla : loosely used as a synonym for tongue : especially applied to the

coiled structure of the Lepidoptera ; see also ligula.
Glossaritim: Diptcra; the labrum-epipharynx ; q. v.
Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera.
Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue.
Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue.
Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid.
Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws.

Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts.
Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures.
Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied in

crustaceans : mouth feet.
Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by

narrow ridges : reticulated.
Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising from

the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment on the ventral surface.

They appear to ^ the rhabdites composing the ovipositor of other insects.
Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in some

Noctuidcr.
Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined.
Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee.
Gracile: slender; graceful.
Gradate -im: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to blend so

as to merge one into the other — e. g., colors.
Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the next.
Grammineus: grass-green [apple green].
Granose: like a string of beads; monilifoim.
Granulated: covered with small grains.
Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation.

Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains.
Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social.
Grege: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a caterpillar.
Gres: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a caterpillar.
Gressorious -ial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera ; the anterior

legs aborted, the others fitted for walking.
Griscent: ashen gray.

Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray].
Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series of allied

si>ecics, genera or larger assemblages.
Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands.
Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to larvae

of Coleoptcra and Hymenoptera.
Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the transparent areas

of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also found in the photogenic

organs of Lampyrida : an excretory substance, composition CjHjNjO (von

Furth).

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. ^^

Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or dwelling places of other

species, not necessarily at the expense of the host.
Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head

beneath, extending from the submentum to the posterior margin, and later-
ally bounded by the gense.
Gular peduncle: in Co/^o^/^ro ^ submental peduncle.
Gular suture: the line of division between the gula or throat and the genae

or cheeks.
Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip.
Gullet: ^oesophagus; q. v.

Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gula and mentum.
Gustatory: relating to the sense of taste.
Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground.
Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground.
Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see crypto-

cerata.
Gymnogastra : Hymenoptera ; species in which the venter is visible: see

cryptogastra.
Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales.
Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one lateral half

the organic characters of the other, more or less completely.
Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo, connected

with the primary lobe : = stalked bodies.

H

Habena: a fascia on the thorax.

Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in general

appearance.
Habitat; abbreviated Hab. : the region or place which an insect inhabits or

where it was taken.
Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry oxygen.
Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the lower

invertebrates.
Hsemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which has both

a respiratory and nutritive function.
Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter.
Hairy: covered or clothed with hair.

Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea.
Halterata: the Dipt era.
Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in Diptera,

situated one on each side of the thorax and representing rudimentary hind

wings.
Halteriptera: the Diptera.

Hamate -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook.
Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain moths.
Hamule: a little hook.

6o EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting from the
ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male ; usually termed
genital hamules : in Hymenoptera ; minute hooks on the anterior margin of
secondaries used to unite them in flight with the inner margin of primaries :
in tree crickets, hook-like processes of the male genitalia.
Hamus : Lepidopiera ; a hook or loop attached to the under side of costal

margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male moths.
Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of (^ culicids :

also, more generally = harpes.
Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used as clasp-
ing organs : also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by these lateral
pieces, which are then termed valves ; see clasper : in culicids an articulated
process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner side of side-piece, below and
exterior to the harpagones.
Hastate: halbert-shaped : excavated at base and sides but with spreading

lobes or angles.
Hastiform: = hastate.

Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines.
Hatching spines: ^ egg burster; q. v.

Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures.
Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a sucking

insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet.
Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its base
to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is now believed
to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in order: i, the' ocular or
protocerebral ; 2, the antennal or deutocerebral ; 3, second antennal or trito-
cerebral ; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual ; 6, maxillary: 7, labial or 2d
maxillary.
Head vesicle: in Diptcra.^^t.\\\rmm. q. v.

Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers, lying
just beneath the dorsum, which serves to propel the blood and controls
the circulation.
Heautotype: = autotype ; q. v.
Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to the

boring or tearing spines of pupae. '

Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of some

'Trichoptcra.
Helocerous: with clavate antennx.
Melvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow.
Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink -|- chrome lemon].

Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of Hctcroptcra, coriaceous
at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line at the middle :
more specifically applied to the corium ; q. v. : also used for the tegmina
of Orthoptera.
Hemi: as a prefix, means half.
fiemimeroptera : an ol)solete term for Hcmiptcra.
Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with a

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 6 1

marked difference between the stages; specifically the Ephemerida, Odonata
and Perlidcc.

Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the
mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or rostrum ;
metamorphosis incomplete : the primaries may be of uniform texture through-
out ( HoDWptcra) or may be thickened at base, membranous at tip (Heler-
optcra ).

Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere.

Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood].

Hepatic pouches : applied to crecal pouches ; q. v.

Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder.

Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a resting
stage at the end of the nymph life ; specifically the Cicadidce.

Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes are com-
bined.

Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from.

Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna: are of any form other than
clubbed at tip : opposed to Rhopalocera.

Heterochrome: of different color: ai^plied to species in which there are two
color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochromej, the opposite
sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera.

Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage be-
coming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course.

Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual and
parthenogenetic generation alternate.

Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal.

Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations.

Heterogyna: the ants; referring to the different kinds of females, — queens and
workers, — as distinguished from males.

Heteromera: Coleoptera in which the anterior and middle tarsi are 5-jointed
and the posterior are 4-jointed.

Heteromerous: having an unec|ual number of tarsal joints on the feet.

Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis: but not
manifesting abrupt stages.

Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrujit stages, the larva
unlike the adult.

Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different qual-
ity ; ditfering in development or function.

Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and female, as
in some Trichoptera.

Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in which
the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the different
regions of primaries differ in texture.

Heteropterous: with wings of dift'erent texture in dilTcrent parts.

Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these differing
in structure.

Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six piercing set.T.

62 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such.

Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen distinct, and

only six legs in the adult stage : the true insects.
Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet.
Hians : gaping.
Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in which

a larva hides or hibernates.
Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition.
Hicks' bottles: flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennce of bees and

ants : supposed to be the organs of hearing.
Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and outer

margin meet : = anal angle of secondaries.
Hind-body: the abdomen.
Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific ventricle to the anus,

including the malpighian tubules and anal glands.
Hind-head: MaUophaga ; that part of head behind mandibles and antennae.
Hind-intestine: == hind-gut.
Hinge: of maxilla = cardo ; q. v.: the point of articulation of a movable

joint.
Hips: the coxa: q. v.

Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy.
Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair.

Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular tissue.
Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue.
Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue.
Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence : pruinose.
Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval, pupal

and adult stages distinctly separated.
Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata.
Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between verte.x

and antennse : see dichoptic.
Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre.
Holotype: the unique type: =: type ; q. v.
Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance.
Homo : prefix ^ the same ; similar.
Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring at the

same age at which they did in the parent.
Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life.
Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres.
Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many butterflies tend

to vary similarly as regards color.
Homoeochrome : of the same color: see heterochrome.

Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: = isomerous.
Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture.
Homoetype: = homotype ; q. v.

Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature; similar in texture or parts.
Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

63

Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure and origin,
though they may have developed in different ways for special purposes : see
analogous.

Homomorpha : insects in which the larvae resemble the adults.

Homonomous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a transverse axis:
similarly developed and of equal function.

Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a species in
the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom : such names are said
to be preoccupied.

Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different conceptions.

Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in sound, ap-
plied to different conceptions.

Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, are not
structurally the same, or have not the same origin.

Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the pri-
maries are of the same consistence throughout.

Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without or
with an incomplete metamorphosis.

Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after comparison
with the type.

Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably Aphids
and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls.

Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice and other
insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is excreted : = siphon-
ets : siphuncles ; cornicles.

Hood: of the maxilla is the galea; q. v.: in Tingitidcc the elevated portion of
the prothorax, often covering the head.

Hooked hairs: =: gathering hairs; q. v.

Horismology: see orismology.

Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon.

Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form applied to
the antennae ; q. v.

Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also applied
to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or other in-
sects take up their abode.

Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the northern
part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the eastern United
States restricted to the cold summits of the highest mountains, from northern
New England to western North Carolina : in the west it covers the higher
slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade systems.

Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus.

Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings at the base of costa,
near the point of attachment to the body : in Coleoptera, the outer anterior
angle of elytra : in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded angle formed by the
deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the dorsum.

Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus.

Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior superior
angle of the mesothorax.

64 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Humeral carina: in Colcoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer anterior
angle of elytra.

humeral cross-vein: (Comst.) ; extends between the costa and sub-costa close
to base.

Humeralis: Coleoptcra ; when the elytra has an angulated projecting margin
at base.

Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture.

Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the fore-
wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the mesepisternum from
the mesepimeron.

Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on posterior wings of Lasio-
campids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle.

Humerus: the shoulder: in Colcoptera ; the basal exterior angle of elytra:
in Diptcra, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax : in Orthoptera,
the femur of the fore-leg: in Hyuiciwptera, applied to the sub-costal vein in
some groups.

Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to pro-
duce ordinary farm crops without irrigation : see arid.

Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and lilac].

Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so.

Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the meshes of the cell
reticulum.

Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species.

Hydradephaga -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous beetles with
filiform antennse : see adephagous.

Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix.

Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, causing
formation of a new compound.

Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places.

Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition.

Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four
membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually larger than the
posterior ; mouth mandibulate ; head free ; thorax agglutinate, transforma-
tions complete.

Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, T.

Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the normal
number of stages ; the interpolated stages coming usually between the full-
grown larva and adult.

Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite.

Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose resemblance
to other objects is closer than needful, or without apparent object.

Hypertrigonal space: := supra-triangular space; q. v.

Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed.

Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation.

Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development.

Hypoblast: = entoderm.

Hypocraterif orm : salver-shaped.

USED IX ENTOMOLOGY. 6^

Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hcmiptera.

Hypoderm-is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula and in

this sense ^ epidermis : specifically applied to the lining membrane ol

elytra and hemelylra.
Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermis.
Hypodermic: under the skin.

Hypoglossis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis.
Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between mentum and labium in many Cole-

optera.
Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically ventrad.
Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually darker.
Hypomeron-a: in Coleoptera ; the inflexed edge of the pronotum (pronotal

hypomera) ; and the raised lower margin of the epipleura (elytral hypomera) :

see epipleural fold.
Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx.
Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the

hypopharynx to the mentum : see also epipharyngeal sclerites.
Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface of

labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue.
Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and hind coxa, between

the metapleura and pteropleura : the side of the metasternum : the epimeron

of the mesothorax.
Hypoptere: = tegula : q. v.

Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal open-
ing: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of abdomen:

^ propygium.
Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head included between antenns,

eyes and mouth: in Hemiptcra ; the lower part of face.
Hypotenusis: in Odonata : the simple or broken cross-vein between media 4,

and cubitus i, forming outer boundary of triangle.
Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary descriptions are

based : 1= apotypes.

I

Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a character:

see aceus.
Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification, but

have not been used in literature.
Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the type,

but not also a topotype.
Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion].
Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the mid-gut

to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum and colon.
Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the point

where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon.
Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago.
Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete metamorphosis are

5

66 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

those embryonic cells around and from which the organs and appendages

of the future imago develop.
Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect.
Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the shingles on

a roof.
Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks.
Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin.
Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in.
Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed.
Impregnate -ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized.
Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings.
Impubis: without hair.
Inaequalis : unequal.

Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented.
Inaurate-us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
Incanus: hoary.
Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect measurement:

it is ^ 12 lines and, roughly, to 25 mm.: usually expressed in units and

hundredths, as i.oi.
Incised: notched or deeply cut into.
Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal slits or

notches in Coccidcc.
Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an incision.
Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining.

Inclusus : when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another.
Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable.
Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point, especially

near tii).
Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.
Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsum

horizontally.
Incunabulum: ^ folliculus and cocoon: q. v.
Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards.
Independent: in Lcpidoptera ; that vein of the wings that arises from the

cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any vein

reaching the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings and the

media of Comstock.
Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked: obscure: of no constant form or

shape.
Indigote: a very deep indigo blue.
Indirect: applied to metamorphosis := complete.
Indumentum: a co\ering of hairs, scales or tufts.
Indurated: hardened.
Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of the

embryo of Locitstidcc below the serosa.
Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions.
Inermis: unarmed; without spines or spurs.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 67

Infericornia: Hemiptcra ; in which the antennae appear to be inserted well

down on the sides of head : e. g.. Lygccidw.
Inferior: laeneath, below or behind: a term of position.
Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the terminal

abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation.
Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q. v.
Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location.
Inflated: blown up: distended bladder-like.
Inflected: bent inward at an angle.
Inflexus: = inflected.

Infra: tielow or beneath: opposed to supra.
Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous point.

situated beneath the vent in caterpillars.
Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera : generally inconspicuous paired plates which

underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion of the supra-
anal plate.
Infra-clypeus: :^ ante-clypeus and rhinarium : q. v.
Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken.
Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process.
Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell.
Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera; := ulnar vein: q. v.
Infra-ocular: ai)plied to the region below and between the eyes.
Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus: see sub-oesophageal.
Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles.
Infringing: encroaching upon.
Infumated: clouded.
Inf undibulif orm : funnel-shaped.

Infuscated: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia].
Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size.
Ingluvies: the crop: i\. v.
Inner lobe: of maxilla ^ lacinia : q. v.
Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the wing

from the base to the hind or anal angle.
Innervate: to supply with nerves.
Innotatus: without markings.
Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly surrounded

by the eye.
Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a different

species, not as a parasite but as a guest.
Inquilinous: living as guests in the homes of others : as in galls.
Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited.
Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that are also tracheates and

have the head free from the thorax ; more strictly limited to those forms

that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the adult stage and a limited

number of segments.
Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied.
Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects.

68 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Insectologist: a stvident of insects: = entomologist.

Insectology: the science of insect study: ^entomology.

Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is inserted:
the act of inserting.

Insertus: a part that has its base set into another.

In situ: in its natural place or normal position.

Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to desig-
nate the various periods ; e. g., the first instar is the stage between the
egg and first molt, etc. : see stadium.

Institia: stripe or furrows of equal width throughout.

Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole.

Instrumenta SUCtoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole.

Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions.

Integument: the outer covering to the insect body.

Inter: between; among.

Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meso- and meta-thorax.

Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae.

Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments.

Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein: plural;
added or supplementary longitudinal wing veins : see under specific headings ;
i. e., anterior, etc. : in Ephemerida. certain longitudinal veins between the
8th (anal) and gth (ist axillary) and not branches of either: in Diptera, the
anterior intercalary (Loew)^the discoidal, and the posterior intercalary
^ the cubitus i of Comstock : applied to an evanescent sclerite in the em-
bryo between antenna and mandible : also termed premandibular.

Intercostal: between veins or costa; ; usually in the narrow grooves between
veins in the costal region of a wing.

Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal veins,
visible on a "wing margin but lost toward the disc.

Intercoxal process: in Coleoptcra ; a median protrusion of the basal segment
of abdomen between the hind coxk.

Intermediate: lying between others in position; or possessing characters
between two other forms.

Intermediate field: of tegmina is ^ discoidal field; q. v.

Internal area: in Hyntciwpfcra ; the posterior of the three areas between
median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum : = third lateral
area.

Internal cell: in Hyiiicnoptcra (Pack.) ; =: 2d anal (.Comst.).

Internal triangle: in Odonata; see triangle.

Internal veins: in Lepidoptcra : from one to three in number, run free from
base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched; la to ic in the
numerical series; = anal veins (Comst.).

Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings.

Interno-mandibular : applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in bees,
situated at the inner side of base of mandible.

Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.) ; q. v.

Interocular: between the eyes.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 69

Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate ridges

and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptera.
Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins occurring in

the wings of some species between the chief veins ; ^ supplementary sectors.
Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with the tips of the broken parts in a

right line with each other.
Inteisegmental: ^ interarticular ; q. v.
Interspace: Coleoptera ; the plane surface between elytral striae: Lepidoptera ;

spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells.
Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or two

elytral striae.
Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate.
Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of punctures.
Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or periods of

development.
Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart.
Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of semilunar valve.
Intervenular: in the space between two veins.
Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the junction

with the small intestine.
Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food passes

from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the excretions are

formed for expulsion.
Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea.
Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly.
Intra-: within: between.
Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three between the supra-alar

and dorso-central groups.
Intra-cellular : occurring within the cell or in a cell.
Intra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calypirata ; occur immediately in front of

the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the presutural depression.
Intra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently.
Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve move-
ments of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory organs.
Intra-uterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within the

vagina of the mother.
Intricate: irregular; confused; applied to markings and sculpture.
Intromittent: used for throwing within.
Intromittent organ: the penis; q. v.
Introse-um: directed inward, toward the body.
Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point.
Intumescent: enlarged; swollen; expanded.
Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or retracted

within the body wall.
Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of the

outer surface.
Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair.

yo EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Involucrate: = involute.

Involucrum alarum: in Dcnnaptcra a flap of the metanotum.

Involute: spirally rolled inwardly.

Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidcc.

Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues.

Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues.

Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil.

Irised: with rainbow colors.

Ins-pigment: ;= iris tapetum.

Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the crys-
talline cone.

Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified without
order or symmetry, e. g., certain antennae.

Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled.

Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chrome lemon with a
little carmine and roman sepia].

Ischia : = pleura ; q. v.

Iso-: equal.

Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone.

Isomera: that series of Coleoptcra in which the tarsi have an equal number
of joints on all feet.

Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all feet : ^ homoeomerous.

Isomorphous : having the same form, appearance or construction.

Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes have the
same number of joints.

Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar, net-
veined wings ; niouth mandibulate ; thoracic rings similar, loosely jointed ;
metamorphosis incomplete: the Tennitidw.

Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which are
congeneric.

-itus: ^ -atus ; q. v.

-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to.

J

Jabot: the crop; q. v.

Janthine: violet colored.

Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larva' in which

the head is differentiated.
Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the Ixtsal joint of dipterous

antenn.'e.
Joint: a segment or jjart between two incisures: an articulation.
Jubate-us: fringed with long pendent hairs.
Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Ileteropteron ; each side of

the tylo.
Jugatae: that series of Lcpidoptcra in which there is a jugum instead of a

frenulum to unite the wings in flight.
Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

71

Jugular sclerites: small sclerites in the membrane connecting the head with

the thorax : see cervical sclerites.
Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum ; ^ gula : that cavity of

the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed : the lateral

and under parts of the prothorax.
Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at the base

of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two together in flight.

K

Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: see

anabolic.
Keel: an elevated ridge or carina.
Keimesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake].
Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other classification

according to characters that serve to identify them.
Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline: convex on one long side, concave

on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely rounded : bean-shaped.
Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia.

L

Labellum-a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain
Diptera : a prolongation of the labrum covering the base of rostrum in
Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium.

Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment.

Labial suture: is between labium and mentuni.

Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures.

Labipalp: a labial palpus.

Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera.

Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of the
mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and opposed to the
labrum : formed by a fusion in embryonic life of separate right and left
maxilla-like halves : in some of its developments referred to as the tongue.

Labial: belonging or referring to the labium.

Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus.

Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, ^ trito-cerebrum ; q. v.

Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the roof
of the mouth.

Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is the central unpaired
lancet.

Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain scale
insects as a protective covering.

Lacer: a lappet ; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep emargina-
tions, leaving lappet-like inter%als.

Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer.

72 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes, bearing
brushes of hair or spines : a blade : in Diptera, forms a flat lancet-like pierc-
ing structure and is never jointed.

Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidcr. the palpiger and paraglossa :
often vised for the galea and lacinia of maxilla.

Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments.

Lacte: milk-white.

Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance.

Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid.

Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk.

Lacunce: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled cavities
of the body.

Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities.

Lsemodipodif orm : like a Isemodipod ; similar to the larva of a walking stick.

Laete: bright.

Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a surface.

Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process.

Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like surfaces,
the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits.

Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a lamellate
or leaf-like club.

Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae.

Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates.

Lamina externa: the paraglossa.

Lamina interna: the ligula.

Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q. v.: in roaches the "th ventral
plate of females and gth ventral plate of males.

Lamina supra-analis : = supra-anal plate.

Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.

Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin plates.

Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina.

Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptcra.

Lanate-atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct that they
may be separated.

Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end.

Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (Nort.) ; = 2d anal (Comst.).

Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure.

Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see crinitus.

Lanugo: slender single hairs.

Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spi-
racles are situated on the connecting membrane between the dorsal and
ventral rings.

Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones.

Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or ovum,
grows, and according to its kind, changes to a pupa or chrysalis or to an
imago; bears various names in the different orders: see nymph; caterpillar;
slug ; maggot ; grub.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 73

Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat.
Larvatae: masked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae.
Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs.
Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvse when they appear to

have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems.
Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or bristles

at the orbits.
Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black].
Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line.
Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side.
Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera ; on the metanotum, the three spaces between

the median and lateral long carina : the upper is the external or first lateral

basal area ; the second is the external or central lateral area ; the third is

the middle, internal, apical or third lateral area.
Lateral bristles: in Dif>tera; situated at or near the lateral margins of the

abdominal segments.
Lateral carinae: in Ortlwptera ; on the head, extend downward from the front

margin of the eyes : on prothorax extend along each lateral margin of the

dorsum.
Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera : foveate depressions on the margins of the

vertex near the front border of the eye.
Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between sub-
dorsal and supra-stigmatal line.
Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa with

palpiger and palpus (Gerstsecker) or, more probably, to the palpus alone
(Butler).
Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of pro-

thora.x in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptera, lie on each side of

the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae.
Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends between the median and

pleural carinae of metanotum.
Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the lateral

series of abdominal tubercles.
Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidcr, lying

within and below the anal scale.
Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body be-
tween the subdorsal and lateral ridges.
Lateral sutures : of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of thorax,

the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron ; the second

separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron ; the first more or less

obsolete in the Anisoptera.
Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars:

it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar).
Latericeous: = lateritius ; q. v.
Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a little

red].
Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum.

74

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; situ-
ated on each side of the pharynx.
Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle.
Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum.
Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing line

between the metepimera and the metasternum.
Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden.

Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera in
which it is fused with the thorax ; = median segment, propodeon, propodeum.
Latticed: ^ cancellate : q. v.
Latus: the side: broad.

Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye.
Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather.
Lectotype: a co-rype chosen, subsequently to the original description, to take

the place which in other cases a holotype occupies.
Leg-s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments, used in
walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings: unjointed organs of
locomotion are pro-legs or false legs ; q. v.
Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe.
Legnum: the margin of a squama.
Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8.
Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil.

Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled haustellate
mouth structures ; head free ; thorax agglutinate ; transformations complete ;
four scale-covered wings.
Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of Lepi-
doptera; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid.
Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera.
Lepidotic: set with minute scales.
Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales; a

derivative of uric acid : see Lepidopteric acid.
Lepis: a scale.

Leprous: with loose, irregular scales.
Leptiform: = coinpodeiform ; q. v.
Leptos: small, fine.
Lethargic: torpid or inactive.
Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal decomposition,

found in the malpighian tubes : as a color, cheesy white.
Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood.
Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part.
Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface.
Liber: free.

Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts or seg-
ments.
Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown].
Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues.
Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum. usually

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 75

single, sometimes paired : often used as synonymous with " glossa " and

" tongue " : corresponds to the united lacinije of right and left maxillse : see

also elytral ligula.
Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad.
Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac].

Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug: said of larvse.
Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc.
Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color.
Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond the

closed cells : Honicf tera. Cicada.
Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation.
Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, one-twelfth of

an inch ; commonly used by English and early American authors.
Linea: a line or narrow stripe.
Linear: straight; in the form of a right line.
Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined.
Lineolet: a delicate fine line.
Lingua: the tongue: applied in Hymenoptera, to the ligula: in Lepidopfera

and Diptera. to maxillary structures : has also been used for the hypopharynx,

and that use might be adopted : a median organ of the hypopharynx in

Apterygota.
Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidopfera : see glossa.
Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely rounded.
Lingula: in Ale\irodidcc, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped organ,

attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice : a term proposed by Leuckart

for the ligula of the bees.
Lipochromus: without color.
Lipoptera: = Mallophaga ; q. v.
Literate: ornamented with characters like letters.
Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly, between

tide marks.
Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes.
Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin.
Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray.
Lobate-us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions.
Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin: specifically,

the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the pygidium of the

Diaspince: also applied to lateral expansions of the abdominal segments.
Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the mentum

in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base of the central

organs.
Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptcra : the spaces or areas formed by three trans-
verse impressions on the pronotum : that which borders the head is the an-
terior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those intervening are the
middle lobes.
Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process.
Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules.

76 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Lobule: in Coccidcr, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is sometimes
composed.

Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of secon-
daries in some Hymenoptera : also used as = alula : q. v.

Lobus: of maxilla := galea ; q. v.

Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings.

Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body; spe-
cifically the Cerambycid beetles.

Longitudinal: in tne direction of the long axis.

Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing either
directly from base or as branches of one that does start there : they are
named or numbered, and differently in the different orders.

Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of primaries into which
the frenulum of male moths is fitted : see retinaculum.

Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or all the
middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing tail to
thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments.

Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo of max-
illa (Comst.) : the submentum : small cords upon which the base of the
proboscis is seated (Say) : the anterior part of the gen?e at the edge of the
mouth : the corneous processes to which the muscles flexing the mouth in
certain Diptera are attached, and in that sense the palpifer of the maxilla:
in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of clypeus and front, extending
laterally to the genre.

Lorum: in bees; the angular piece upon which the sub-mentum rests.

Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from Chesapeake
Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is interrupted by the con-
tinental divide in eastern Arizona and west New Mexico and divided ac-
cording to conditions of humidity into an eastern or Austroriparian and
western or lower Sonoran area.

Lower field: in tegmina ; see costal field.

Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are on the lower part of front,
above the antenna, along the orbit.

Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of
other authors.

Lower radial vein: in Lepidoptera (Holland) ; = media 2 (Comst.).

Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata: = cubitus 2 (Comst.).

Lower sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid deserts of North
America, beginning west of lat. 98° in Texas : sends narrow arms into
southern New Mexico, is interrupted by the Continental Divide ; covers a
large part of w. and s. Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of central
Calif., and most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and incapable
of brief definition.

Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus.

Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects.

Luciferase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, existing in the luminous
organs of light-giving beetles.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

77

Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous beetles which, when brought
into contact with luciferase, produces light.

Luciferous: light giving.

Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal forms or those that live
in concealment.

Lumen: the cavity of an organ : the inner surface of a tube : the hollow portion
of a gland or vesicular structure.

Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a substitute for phos-
phorescence.

Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera recognizes only prominent
or obvious characters to the exclusion of minor color or variable characters
of maculation or structure : see splitter.

Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new moon.

Lunula: a small lunule or crescent.

Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the orbits.

Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small lunules.

Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent.

Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown -f a little French
blue] : also used to indicate an obscuring of bright colors.

Luteo-testaceous: dark clay yellow.

l^uteous -eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow].

Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow.

IvUtose-Us: apparently or really covered with dirt.

Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the lymph.

Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse segments, and gradually en-
larging towards the extremity.

Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of caterpillars.

M

Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on the body of Diptera.
Macropteious: long or large winged.

Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive band of the insect embryo.
Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure.
Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any shape, of a color differing

from the ground.
Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of marking.
Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots.
Maerianum: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one on each side behind

the acetabulum and parapleurum ; it supports the posterior feet " : see

merireum.
Magenta: pinkish red: an aniline product.
Magis: more.

Maggot: applietl to the footless larv;c of Diptera.
Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface.
Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a mandible.
Mala maxillae: the lobes of maxilla; outer or galea, inner or lacinia ; where

only one is present, the term refers to that one.

78

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Malaxation: a kneading or softening: applied to the chewing and s(|ueezing

by fossorial wasps of insects captured as food for their larvse.
Male: that sex having organs for the production of spermatozoa: designated

by (^, the astronomical sign for Mars.
Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to biting lice: wingless:

mandilnilate ; thoracic segments similar : no metamorphosis : = Lipoptera.
Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in number, serving as

excretory organs, entering the alimentary canal at the point of junction of

chylific ventricle and ileum : said to be analogous with kidneys : = biliary

vessels.
Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or processes.
Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting insect.
Mandibular scrobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of mandible in some

Colcoptcra.
Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible bearing segment of head.
Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults have functional man-
dibles used for biting.
Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles.

Manicate-us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair.
Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior legs: = prothorax.
Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis and without a resting

stage : e. g., the Orthoptcra.
Manubrium: in Coleoptcra : that part of the mesosternum in EIatcrid<r which

forms the process for fitting into the cavity of the prothorax : in Collcmbola :

the basal part of the furculum.
Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior tarsus.

Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like marble: = marmoratus.
Marcescent: shrivelling.

Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl =: nacreous : q. v.
Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge, bounded on the inner side

by the sub-margin and consisting of a more or less dilated imaginary line.
Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin.
Marginal area: in Orthoptcra ; see mediastinal area.
Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are inserted on the posterior margin of the

abdominal segment.
Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston) : = subcostal (Schiner) ; ^ radial i

(Comst.) : in Hymcnoptcra : ^radial i and 2 (Comst.) : in general that cell

beyond the stigma.
Marginal field: in legmina = costal field: q. v.
Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptercu =^ costa (Comst.): in Hymcnoptcra

(Norton ):=: radius 3 (Comst.): in general, the vein forming the marginal

cell.
Margined -ated: bounded l)y an elevated or attenuated margin: when the

margin is edged by a flat border.
Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble: marbled.
Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified labium which, when at rest,

conceals the other mouth parts.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

79

Masticate: to chew.

Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding: applied to the mouth parts
and to the grinding structures in the gizzard.

Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain caterpillars, serving to repel
attacks of parasites.

Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and other structures are
derived.

Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second pair of jaws in a
mandibulate insect ; the most persistent when the mouth is modified, and
represented by some functional part in all insects in which the mouth
structures are useful : second maxillae, = the labium or third pair of jaws in
a mandibulate insect.

Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla : e. g., palpi.

Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the maxilla.

Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and episterna of the maxillary
segment. *

Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head, bearing the maxilla.

Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of the muscid proboscis:
the remnant of the palpifer, to which muscles for flexing the proboscis are
attached : see lora.

Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba : a specialized process of palpifer.

Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Tliysaniirich, between mandibles and first
maxilLx.

Maxime: \ery much or very large.

Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose.

Mecaptera: ^ Mecoptera, q. v.

Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon after
their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa.

Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with similar, large, unfolded
wings : mouth mandibulate, prolonged into a beak ; head free ; thorax ag-
glutinated : transformations complete: the scorpion flies or Panorpidcr.

Medi-: prefix, = middle.

Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending from base through ap-
proximately the middle of the wing, not more than four branched, the
branches numbered on margin from i nearest apex, to 4 nearest anal angle :
in Orthoptera ; it is the median or externomedian : in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is
cubitus I (Comst.).

Mediad: toward the median plane or middle.

Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the meso-sternum, to which
the muscles are attached.

Medial: referring to, or at the middle.

Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the media or its branches:
in Hynicnoptera (Nort.), includes median and cubital (Comst.).

Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is between media 2 and 3.

Median i: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2 (Comst.).

Median 2: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), ^ media 3 (Conist.).

Median 4: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst. j.

So EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Median area: of wings in Orthoptcro, lies between the radial and ulnar veins,
radius and media (Comst.) : of meta-thorax of Hymcnoptera, is the middle
of the dorsum, divided into three spaces yr cells; ist or basal area, 2d or
upper median or areola ; 3d or apical or petiolar area.

Median carina: Ortlwptera ; of head, is usually applied to a median dorsal
carina, but has been also used for that which extends down the middle of
front from the fastigium, and then = frontal costa : of prothorax, extends
along the middle of pronotum.

Median cell: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed by a line extending
from the end of subcostal to the end of the median veins, = radial (Comst.) :
in Hymcnoptera, ist median (Pack.), ^ medial (Comst.) ; 2d median (Pack.),
= medial 4 (Comst.) ; 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 (Comst.) ; 4th median
(Pack.), ^ medial i (Comst.).

Median cross-veins: in Odonata ; are those which cross median space.

Median foveola: in Ortlwptera; the foveate depression of the vertex between
the eyes : ;= central foveola.

Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the median vein.

Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some Heteroptera, sepa-
rates the embolium from the remainder of the corium.

Median lines: on the primaries of many moths; the first or t. a., crosses
about one-third from base ; the second or t. p., crosses beyond the outer
third and is usually sinuate.

Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly divided glossa or ligula ;'
]irobal)ly corresponds to united glossa and paraglossse (Butler).

Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, extend one
on each side of the middle. •

Median nervules: in Lepidoptera (Holland); ist = cubitus 2 (Comst.); 2d =
cubitus I (Comst.); 3d =: media 3 (Comst.).

Median notch: in Coccidw, a notch in the edge of the pygidium, at the posterior
extremity of the body.

Median plate: in Hymenoptera sessiliventres, is the dorsal plate connecting
the thora.x and abdomen.

Median sector: in OrfoHa/a, = media 3 (Comst.).

Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the abdomen when it forms
part of the metathorax : see propodeum.

Median shade or line: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or about middle of wings.

Median space: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the median lines: in
Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.) ; the space at base between submedian
(radius) and postcosta (ist anal) : by Selys in 1896 and later used in the
sense of medial cell of Comst.

Median vein: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius (Comst.) : in Lepidoptera,
it runs from base to about middle, nearly through centre, and is four or five
branched : in Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal margin.

Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line or area.

Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the area between median or mediastinal
vein and the costal or front margin : = marginal area.

Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptcra, = subcosta (Comst.) : also, in
Diptcra, ^ auxiliary vein (Meigen).

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. Si

Medio-cubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus i, connecting the two
series (Comst.).

Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along middle of under side.

Medipectus: the under side of meso-thorax : the mesosternum.

Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies.

Medi-thorax: = me&othorax ; q. v.

Medius: middle.

Mega- Megalo-: large.

Melanic: with a blackish suffusion.

Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion with blackish.

Mellifera: honey -makers : applied to bees as a whole.

Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of honey.

MellisugOUS: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey.

Member: any one of the external appendages.

Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: of a thin,
pliable texture.

Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the rectum
of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the chrysalis.

Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body tissue: specifically the
wing tissue between the veins : in Heteroptcra, the thin membranous tip of
the hemelytra.

Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like tissue.

Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings in Odonata.

Meniscoidal: with one side concave the other convex, like a round segment
from a hollow sphere.

Menognatha: insects in which botli young and adults feed by mandibles; e. g..
the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha.

Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take food by suction;
e. g., Hemiptera : see menognatha and metagnatha.

Mental suture: in Coleoptera. the line between mentum and gula.

Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum.

Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; attached to and some-
times fused with the sub-mentum ; corresponds to the (united) stipes of
maxillae : in Colcoplcra, what is usually called mentum is really submentum :
in Diptera, the term is applied to the posterior oral margin : in Hymenoptera,
is part of " tongue," the second joint bearing the labial palpi, paraglossae
and ligula.

Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous.

Meriseum: the posterior inflected part of the metasternum in Coleoptera.

Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous cells as well as ova.

Mesad: extending or directed toward the median plane.

Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or in the median plane of the body.

Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces the connective tis-
sues of the body.

Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: the middle portion of
the primitive intestinal canal, lined with entoderm.
6

82 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Mesepimeron: in Odonata ; the sclerite between humeral and first lateral

suture.
Mesepisterna: in Odonata; the oblique lateral pieces of mesothorax, meeting

dorsally in a ridge.
Mesially: at or to the middle.
Mesinf raepisternum : a sclerite formed between propleuron, mesepisternum,

mesepimeron and second coxa.
Meso: middle: as prefix, drops the O when stem begins with a vowel.
Mesoblast: the middle germ layer of the embryo: = mesoderm.
Mesoderm: := mesoblast ; gives rise to muscular and circulatory systems.
Mesodont: ^ amphiodont ; q. v.

Mesomeros: the 2d to sth abdominal segments in Lepidoptera.
Meson: the middle plane of the body.

Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or middle thoracic ring.
Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the metaprsescutum, affording at-
tachment to some of the wing muscles.
Mesopleura: in Diptera, the space before the root of the wing between the
dorso- and sternopleural sutures : in Hymenoptera, the piece below the in-
sertion of the wings.
Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the angle formed by the

dorso-pleural and n-,eso-pleural sutures.
Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, runs from the root of the wings downward

and separates the meso-pleura from the pteropleura.
Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the meso-thorax.
Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridw, the opening into which the prosternal spine

or mucro is fitted.
Mesosternal epitnera: in Colcoptcra ; the narrow pieces separating the meso-
sternal from the meta-sternal episterna.
Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptera ; on each side of mesosternum between

anterior border and epimera ; generally separated by a distinct suture.
Mesosternal lobes: in Orlhoptera; ^ mesosternellum, q. v.
Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the mesosternum, one on
each side of ihe deep median notch : in general, the sternellum of the
mesothorax.
Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the meso-thorax.
Mesostethidium: = meso-thorax ; q. v.
Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of meta-thorax, between the

middle and hind legs.
Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second thoracic segment.
Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of mesosternum in Hymenoptera.
Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg.
Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meso-thorax.
Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears the middle legs and the

anterior wings.
Mesotergum: == mesonotum ; q. v.

Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the third thoracic ring and its
parts.

USED m ENTOMOLOGY. 83

Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or ectoderm.

Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in which the larva does

not resemble the adult, and the pupa is quiescent.
Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or series of changes of

food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste products ;

the first of these changes being anabolic, the second katabolic.
Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or transformation.
Metacoxal plate: in CoccinelUdcr, that portion of the first ventral sgement

included above the ventral lines visible on that segment.
Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and by suction, with

tubular mouths when mature ; e. g., the Lepidoptera : see menognatha and

menorhyncha.
Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing.

Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color.
Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries.
Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere.
Metameric: made up of segments or metameres.
Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres.
Metameros: in Lepidoptera, the 6th to 8th abdominal segments.
Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which an insect passes in

its growth from egg through larva and pupa to adult : it is complete when the

pupa is inactive and does not feed ; incomplete when there is no pupa or

when the pupa is active and feeds.
Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete transformation.
Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation.
Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third or posterior thoracic

ring : in Diptera, the oval arched portion behind, beneath the scutellum :

best developed in flies with long, slender abdomen : e. g., Tipulidcc.
Metaphragma : the hindmost internal thoracic septum.
Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside of the metanotum,

between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura ; in Hymenoptera. the piece

behind and below the insertion of the hind wings.
Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the metapleura.
Metapneustic: larvse, chiefly dipterous, in which the spiracles are confined

to the posterior segment.
Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind the postscutellum.
Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in Hymenoptera.
Metasternal: relating or attached to the metasternum.
Metasternal epimera: small sclerites separating the metasternal episterna

from the ventral segments.
Metasternal episterra: sclerites situated on each side of the metasternum,

immediately behind the niesosternal epimera.
Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax.
Metasternum: the underside or breast of the metathorax.
Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax ; q. v.

Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic segment.
Metastoma: in Or//io/'/rra .= hypopharynx ; q. v.

84

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where that differs greatly in
length or otherwise from the other joints : see sarothrum.

Metatergum: = metanotum ; q. v.

Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meta-thorax.

Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment: bears the hind legs and sec-
ond pair of wings ; variably distinct ; sometimes closely united with the
mesothorax and sometimes appearing as a portion of the abdomen.

Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparison with the
type : according to some, it should be also a topotype.

Metazona: in Orflwptcra, the dorsal surface of the prothorax behind the
principal sulcus.

Metepimeroii: in Odouata, lies behind the second lateral suture and extends
ventrally to the sternum.

Metepisternum: in Odouata, is the sclerite between the first and second lateral
thoracic sutures.

Meter: the standard of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches: see centi-
meter and millimeter.

Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series of colored flames.

Metinfraepisteriium: in Odouata; the sclerite just above base of 3d coxa;
below metepisternum and before metepimeron.

Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated guests in ant-hills; de-
manding nothing from and giving nothing to the ants ; see symphily and
synecthry.

Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax in Mcuibracidcr.

Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are shining.

Microchaetae : small bristles, as opposed to macrochsetre. in Dipt era.

Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants.

Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = .001 nun.: represented by
the symbol fx: the symbol fi/x represents .001 of a micron.

Micropterous: small winged.

Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings; applied to a line of
variation.

Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa enter.

Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites in the
eniljryo, which afterward become the body segments.

Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head and prothorax.

Middle apical area: ^ internal area ; q. v.

Middle field: ;== discoidal field; q. v.

Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptera ; see lobes.

Middle pleural area: in Hymcnoptcra : the median of the three areas between
lateral and ])leural carinte : = 2d pleural area.

Mid-dorsal thoracic carina: a ridge or elevated line at the meeting of the
mesepisterna in Odouata.

Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the crecal glands, tubes or pouches.

Mid-intestine: =: mid-gut.

Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which flies from one to an
alternate food plant : any forms that fly from the place where they were
bfjrn for food or other purposes.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 85

MM.: ^Millimeter: .001 meter ^ .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm. are
counted to an inch in measuring insects.

Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or some other object
in appearance : but not in structure and other characters.

Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to another not closely related
animal, living in the same locality ; often loosely used to denote also
resemblance to plants and inanimate objects: Batesian mimicry is where one
of two similar species is distasteful (so-called model), the other not dis-
tasteful (so-called mimic) ; Mitllcrian mimicry is where both species are dis-
tasteful.

Mines: applied to galleries or burrows between upper and under surface of
leaf tissue, when made by larvae : they are linear, when they are narrow and
only a little winding ; serpentine, when they are curved or coiled, becoming
gradually larger to a head-like end : trumpet-mines, when they start small
and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines, when they are irregular blotches;
tentiform, when the blotch mines throw the leaf into a fold on one side.

Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture of
dragon's blood].

Mirror: in Cicada; see specular membrane.

Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing spermatozoon.

Mobile: movable: having the power of motion.

Model: see mimicry.

Modioliform: globular, truncated at both ends; like the hub of a wheel.

Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible:
when the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to the subgalea of
maxilla.

Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices for many females.

Moniliform: beaded like a necklace.

Monochromatic: of one color throughout.

Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on the tip of the
other leg structures as in some parasitica.

Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest only.

Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist in one individual.

Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one male only.

Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi.

Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is known to exist.

Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or genus of plants.

Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by many males.

Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters are single: having
legs in which the trochanter is one-jointed.

Monotypical: a genus described from a single species, no other being known;
or described from a single specified species with which are associated others
believed to be identical in structure : see isotypical and heterotypical.

Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva changes from one
instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that has moulted.

Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, where the feeding
structures are situated and in which the food is prepared for ingestion.

86 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum, mandibles, maxillne. labium

and appendages ■= trophi.
Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like processes.
Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating in a point: the pro-
sternal process in Elaterida : the terminal spine or process of an obtect pupa:

"' the median posterior point of the epigastrium when differentiated by

elevation."
Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point.
Mucrones: in Collcmbola the two small end pieces of the furcula, proceeding

from the dentes.
MuUerian association: a group of species belonging to different genera, often

different families or even orders, having similar colors, possessing more or

less distasteful qualities and living in the same locality.
Muller's thread: the common terminal thread of all the ovarian tubes.
Multangulate: with many angles.

Multi-: many; used as a prefix, often without the i.
Multiarticulate: with many joints or segments.
Multilocular: with many large cells, spaces or cavities.
Multipartite: divided into many parts.

Multiplicate: with many longitudinal folds or lines of plication.
Multispinose: with many spines.
Mumia: the pupa.

Munite-us: armed: provided with an armature.
Muricate-us: armed with sharp, rigid points.
Murinus: mouse colored [gray with some yellow].
Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from procere-

braJ lobes ; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence.
Muscle: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve to move the appendages

and other body organs.
Mute: silent: without power to produce audible sound.
Mutic-us: unarmed-: lacking processes where such usually occur.
Mutici: Acridiids without a posternal spines.
Mutilate -us: cvit off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete.
Mycetophagous: feeding upon fungi.

Myiasis: disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvx.
Myoblast: a cell that produces muscular tissue.
Myrmecology: that branch of entomology that deals with ants.
Myrmecophilous: ant-loving: applied to insects that live in ant nests.
Mystacine -us: bearded: with a hairy fringe above mouth or on clypeus.
Mystax: in Diptera; a patch of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the

lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissjc.
Mytiliform: shell-like; as the middle feet in some aquatic Ilcniiptcra.

N

Nacreous: pearly: resembling mother of pearl: ^ margaritaceous.
Nail: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed claws in predatory Hcfcr-
optera = unguis.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 87

Naked: not clothed: lacking vestiture : a pupa when not inclosed in a cocoon

or other covering.
Nasal suture: ^ clypeal suture; q. v.
Nasus: anterior termination of the face in certain Hyinenoptera : the clypeus

or a modification of it : in Odonata, the upper portion of the clypeXis =

supra-clypeus := postclypeus.
Nasuti: that type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into a point.
Natatorial -ious: formed for swimming.
Navicular: boat-shaped ^= cymbiform.
Neanic: referring to the pupal stage.

Nearctic: temperate and arctic North America, including Greenlarld.
Nebula: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading.
Nebulous -ose: cloudy : without definite form or outline.

Neck: the slender connecting structure between head and thorax of such in-
sects as have the head free: any contraction of the head at its juncture

with the thorax.
Necrophagous: living in or on carrion.
Nectaries: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles ; q. v.
Nematid: thread-like.
Nematocera: = nemocera ; q. v.
Nematocerous: with long, thread-like antennse.
Nemocera: Diptera with long, at least six-jointed antennae.
Nemoglossata: bees with a thread-like tongue.
Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny woods.
Neogeic: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see geron-

togeic.
Neolepidoptera: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except the generalized Microp-

terygida ; mandibles not functionally present; pupa incomplete or obtect ;

see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera.
Neoteinic: applied to complemental females in Termites because, though re-
productive, they retain some juvenile characters.
Neotropical: that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater part of

Mexico, West Indies and South America.
Neotype: a specimen! identified with a species already described, and selected

as a standard of reference where the original type or co-types are lost or

destroyed.
Nephridia: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids, Mollusks,

etc., and incorrectly used as = malpighian tubules ; q. v.
Nepionic: that stage of development immediately succeeding the embryonic;

I)roposed as a substitute for larval.
Nerinaeum.: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the metasternum and posterior

coxa in some Coleoptera.
Nerve: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate filaments whose function

it is to transmit sensations or stimuli to or from a ganglion or from or to

any part of the bcdy or its appendages.
Nerves: sometimes used to ::= veins, in wing structures.
Nervi: belonging or referring to the nerves.

88 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Nervulation: arrangement of the nerves: specifically applied to the arrange-
ment of the chitinous framework of wings and thus = venation ; q. v.

Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures supporting the mem-
branes of wings and = veins and veinlets ; q. v.

Nervuration: ^nervulation and venation; q. v.

Neural canal: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of meso- and metathorax,
formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for the reception and protection of
the ventral nerve cord and for the attachment of muscles.

Neural groove: is that furrow in the primitive layer of the embryo in which
the nerve cord is formed.

Neuration: = venation ; q. v.

Neurilemma: the external sheath of a nerve fibre.

Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo, from which the nervous sys-
tem develops.

Neuromere: that part of a body segment pertaining to the nervous system.

Neuroptera: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four net-
veined wings ; mouth mandibulate : head free : thorax loosely agglutinated :
metamorphosis complete : in its older use, the term applied to all net-veined
insects irrespective of metamorphosis or thoracic structure.

Neuropteroidea: like the N euro(>tcra in the wide sense; applied to those living
insects included by Linnaeus in his Neuroptera ; also to those extinct forms
which have a general resemblance to them.

Neurospongium: a granular matrix in the periopticon of the insect eye.

Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some Hyincn-
optera: indicated by 9 or 5, an imperfect form of \'enus sign.

Nidificate: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a prepared receptaculum.

Niger: black.

Nigricans: black, tinged with gray.

Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in
general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg.

Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface.

Niveous -eus: snowy white.

Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night.

Nodal furrow: In Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point in costal
margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward inner margin.

Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.) : arises from upper sector of
arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin.

Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or segments
between thorax i.nd main portion of abdomen in ants.

Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob.

Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen.

Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted parts;
a sculpture with almost isolated knots.

Nodule: a little knot, lump or node.

Nodulose -US -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture of knots
or links, connected by an undulating line.

Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblitiue, short vein at the place where the an-
terior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

89

Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects.

Normal: of the usual form or type: not out of the ordinarj'.

Notate: marked by spots : with a series of depressed marks as a sculpture.

Notched: indented, cut or nicked: usually a margin.

Notocephalon: in some acjuatic Hemiptera. that part of the head which is

apparent from a dorsal aspect.
Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose larvse are

more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface.
Notopleural suture: = dorso-pleural suture; q. v.

Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen.
Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: ^ tergum.
Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax.
Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus.
Nucleolus: the .small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily affected

by staining fluids.
Nucleus : a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded in the

cell contents.
Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture.
Nuditas: = nudity.

Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture.
Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvae and

pupa;, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later, when nurs-
ing is given up.
Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon.
Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with granular

nutritive material used in developing the egg cells.
Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis: applies

also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as =; pupa.
Nympha inclusa: = coarctate pupa; q. v.
Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced stage

of development : see also pupipara.

0

Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely.

Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward.

Obcoidate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base of an-
other object or pt-rt.

Obese -us: unnaturally distended: usually applied to the abdomen.

Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is shortened
at two opposite ends.

Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal.

Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between Mj and
Rs, distad to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its front
end, backward and outward ; in reality the basal part of Rs.

Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct.

Oblong: longer than broad.

Obovate: inversely egg-shaped: the narrow end downward.

90

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Obpyriform: inversely pearshaped.

Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined.

Obsite -us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies.

Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous.

Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering.

Obtected: applied to pupa when they are covered with a chitinous case which

confines and cojiceals all appendages, though their outlines may be marked

on the svirface : see free, and coarctate.
Obtuse: not pointed; an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to acute.
Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to form an obtuse

angle.
Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see acuti-

lingues.
Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar opening

in the prothorax : = foramen magnum.
Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head.
Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptcra; situated on posterior orbit of eye.
Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole

posterior surface of the head : in bees, the space between the vertex and

the neck.
Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e. g., spiracles.
Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view.
Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually directed

forward ; often absent.
Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye region in

butterfly chrysalids.
Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on which

the ocelli are situated ; Diptera.
Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptcra. spots on the wings, bordered

by a colored ins or ring, and usually with a pupil.
Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q. v.; = stemmata.
Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing ocelli.
Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens, which

conveys an image to a retina. Ocelli occur in larva; and, singly or in

small groups, in adults : the compound eyes are made up of numerous

ocelli.
Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow and

brown ochre].
Ochraeus -eus : = ochraceous.
Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous.
Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the head in

which the eye is received posteriorly.
Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment in the

eyes.
Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of

ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin.
Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum ; q. v.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

91

Ocular sclerite; the first or protocerebral segment of the head.

Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the hinder
part of each eye.

Oculi-us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes.

Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to produce the
cephalic region in Hymcnoptcra.

Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long teeth
on the maxilla and labium.

Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free; thorax ag-
glutinate ; wings similar, elongate, flat ; metamorphosis incomplete : copula-
tory organs of male near base of abdomen, separate fropi the testes.

Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies.

Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs.

CEcology: see ecology.

(Edagus: the penis.

(Enocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each side
of body cavity ; associated with blood and fat bodies.

(Esophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in Psocidce.

Ctsophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; q. v.

(Esophageal diverticula: = food reservoirs (q. v.) ; but more generally ap-
plied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet.

(Esophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum.

(Esophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending into the
chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that controls the
entrance of food into that organ : ^ cardiac valvule.

(Esophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the mouth
and the crop.

Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the deutocerebrum
from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise.

Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes.

Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptera to Cecido-
myids.

Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a shading [olive green].

Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies.

Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated thorax,
when they are distinct: 3= see umbone : in Coleoptera ; a corneous sclerite
to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are attached ; also the lateral
margin of the prothorax ; also the lateral margin of the scutellum in Cara-
bids and Dytiscids.

Ommateum: the compound eye.

Ommatidium -ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is com-
posed.

Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both.

Oncus-i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars.

Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp. ; applied to certain Ly-
csenid and other caterpillars.

Ontogenetic: relating to the development of the individual.

92 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from that of
the species : see phylogeny.

Onyches: claws of tarsi.

Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many Diptera ;
see empodium : a more or less retractile process on the feet of some beetles :
in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal joint bearing the claws: see also arolium
and pulvillus.

Obolast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg.

Oogenesis: the process of egg-formation.

Oolemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane.

Ootheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain Ortlwptcra :
see egg case.

Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre.

Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals.

Opalinus: =;; opalescent ; q. v.

Opaque: without lustre: not transparent.

Operaria: the workers in Hymenoptera.

Operative: in working order or actually working.

Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath.

Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the cliitinous envelope covering
the lower part of the muscid mouth ; the labrum-epipharynx of Dimmock :
the scutes covering the meso-thoracic stigmata : in Alenrodidcr, the lid-like
structure closing the vasiform orifice ; q. v.

Ophthalmic: relating to the eye.

Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes.

Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body.

Opisthogenia: the anal angle of the secondaries.

Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to.

Optic: relating to the organs of vision.

Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the com-
pound eyes.

Optic lobes: the lateral lobes of the procerebrum in which are centered the
nerves supplying the organs of vision.

Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic nerve:
see epiopticon and periopticon.

Optic segment: := procerebral segment; q. v.

Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye.

Ora: a border; specifically in some Coleoptera, the lateral margin of prothorax.

Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra.

Orad: toward the mouth.

Oral: pertaining to the mouth.

Oral cavity: the mouth; ^buccal cavity.

Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles.

Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth.

Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane eciual : in some moths,
a round or ovil macula in the median cell.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

93

Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are divided
into vertical or superior ; frontal and facial or anterior ; of the cheek or
inferior : occipital or posterior.

Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes.

Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely on
wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera.

Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive.

Orichalceous: ^ aurichalceous ; q. v.

Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the earth's
surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas and
the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.

Orificium: the anal or genital opening.

Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published description is
prepareel.

Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms.

Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the
primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally folded secon-
daries ; mouth mandibulate ; head set into prothorax, the latter free ; meta-
morphosis incomplete.

Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from larva!
skin through a T-shaped opening on back : see cyclorrhapha.

Orthorrhaphous : straight-seamed.

Os: the mouth of insects, in general.

Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side.

Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series.

Usmaterium -la: flashy, tubular, eversible processes prodvicing a penetrating
odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the prothoracic segment of
certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from openings elsewhere in the bodies of
other forms.

Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a membrane or
septum.

Osselet: ^ossicle; q. v.

Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone.

Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the wings
to the thorax.

Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart.

Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole.

Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of meso- and meta-thorax,
through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted.

Ostium: singular of ostia; q. v.

-OSUS; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality ex-
pressed in the stem word.

Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle.

Otolith: a little ear-loone : granules or concretions found in an otocyst.

Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea : q. v.

Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between ape.x and hind angle.

Ovo, Ovum: the eggs; an egg.

94

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung.

Ova imposita: eggs laid in the svibstance that is to serve as food for the

larva.
Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar.
Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair: usually from the abdomen of

the female.
Ovarian tube: a tuliular structure in which are developed the cells forming

the future ova : a single one of the mass which, taken together, form the

ovaries.
Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body cavity

of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed : the indi-
vidual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct.
Ovariole: an ovarian tube; q. v.
Ovary: singular of ovaries; q. v.
Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval.
Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes into

vagina : sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor : q. v.
Oviform: egg-shaped.

Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female.
Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs.
Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs are

placed ; usually concealed ; but sometimes extended far beyond the end of

the body.
Oviscapt: = ovipositor ; q. v.
Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptcra ; is an appendage of the female reproductive

organs.
Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are hatched in

the body of the parent.

P

Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone com-
prising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the Coast
Mountains and Cascade range; parts of northern California and' most of
the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the Santa Barbara
Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the arid transition and in
places into the upper Sonoran.

Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and re-
traction in some Coleoptera.

Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptera.

Paedogenesis: rcj^roduction in the sexually immature or larval stage.

Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage.

Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface; P. inferior,
the lower surface: in Ortlwptcra, the external flattened surface of the
caudal femora.

Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae are not globose and the
articulation is a hinge joint : see trochalopoda.

Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera which have the coxk of the hind legs hinged
and the femora grooved.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

95

Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptera.

Palate: = hypopharynx ; q. v.

Paleace: chaff or chaffy: =: paleaceous.

Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance.

Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including Europe.
Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the
Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to the Indus River.

Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic in-
sects which cannot be assigned to existing orders.

Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the mandibles are dis-
tinct and the pupa is free : includes the Alicropterygidse only : see proto-
lepidoptera and neolepidoptera.

Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint.

Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the
anterior feet of male Dytiscidce.

Pallid: pale or very pale.

Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow.

Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink].

Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed by the
walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli.

Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened or
specifically modified.

Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes.

Palmula: = pulvillus ; q. v.

Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus.

Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi.

Palparium: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the membranous support
to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an amount of
extension not possible when they are fixed.

Palpi: plural of palpus; q. v.

Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi.

Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite bearing the
maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes.

Palpiferous or -garous: bearing a palpus.

Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is attached:
corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used in the same
general sense.

Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer ; q. v.

Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when visibly developed.

Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the
maxillce (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi).

Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially constricted.

Panorpatse: = Mecoptera; q. \.

Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus ; q. v.: in maculation, like those of
a panther.

Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing.

Papilionaceous: butterfly-like.

96 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in silk

spinning caterpillars.
Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded.
Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip.
Papilliform: like a wart or pimple.

Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples.
Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus.
Pappus: a fine down.
Para-: next to; near by; at the side of.
Parabiosis: see symbiosis.
Parabolic: elongately rounded.
Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupae, occurs in some of the generalized

families on each side of the maxillary palpi.
Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at sides.
Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidcc.
Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; often

connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to the galea

of maxilla.
Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant.
Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures.
Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, used to

throw frass pellets to a distance.
Paranal lobes: ^ podical plates; q. v.
Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually situated

at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera.
Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles.
Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the jointed

abdominal processes of the Symphyla.
Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in Chalcids,

marked by the parapsidal grooves.
Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the mesoscutum of

Proctytrypjdcr separating the parapsides from the middle lobe.
Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid scu-
tellum, defining the parapsidae.
Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the mesal por-
tion by the parapsidal furrows.
Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of the

episternum, just below the wings ; absent on prothorax : = the tegulre of

Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lcpidoptcra : have been homologized with

the elytra of Coleoptera.
Parasita: = parasitica ; q. v.
Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and depends

upon the tissue of the host for its food supply.
Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as to

derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host.
Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth with

piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizootic.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

97

Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the ex-
pense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host : see symbiosis ;

commensalism.
Parastigma: = pterostigma : q. v.
Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy powder,

sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccida.
Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was selected:

see type and cotype.
Parce: sparse or sparsely.
Parcidentate: with few teeth.

Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue.
Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies.
Paronychium -ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q. v.
Parthenogenetic: see asexual.
Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from egg-cells

without fertilization by the male element ; as in plant lice, gall wasps, etc.
Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or more

color fields.
Partite -us: divided: e. g., the eyes of Gyrinidcc.
Parum: not much.
Patagium-ia: in Lcpidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of primaries:

often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q. v. : assigned by some

writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax : homologized with the

paraptera of meso-thorax.
Patella -ae: the 'modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidw ; plate-like,

horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints : the first

coxal joint.
Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap.
Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the underside of

the patella.
Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart.
Patria: home or country of origin.
Patulous -ose: open, spreading.
Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallopliaga : any pouch-like

appendage of the alimentary canal.
Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are gradual

and inconspicuous : e. g., Orthoptera and most Rhynchota.
Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for groups

of plant lice.
Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.
Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl.
Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurved setje on the basal parts of

maxilla and labium : the rows of spines on the feet of pollen-gathering

bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in mosquito larva; the

comb-like teeth on the breathing tube.
Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb.
PectinatO-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair.
7

98

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Pectoralis: relating to the breast.

Pectoral plate: in Colcoptcra, the sternum.

Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a comb:

e. g., some maxillary structures.
Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied: in Coleoptera, for

the entire meso- and meta-thorax ; also the pro- and meso-sternum : in

Dipfcra, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs.
Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet.
Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars; on the

anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal segments : is VII

of the abdomen where it consists of three setse ; VI of the thorax where the

setJE are not numbered: constant (Dyar).
Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies.
Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet.
Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their excrement

and cast skins on an anal fork.
Pedes: the feet, or really, legs.
Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna; forming the

pivot between scape and funicle : in general, a stalk or stem.
Pediculosis : a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by the

multiplication of lice on the body : see phthiriasis.
Pediculous: lousy; infested with lice.
Pedigerous: feet-bearing.
Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in Homoptera :

the smaller of the two stalks supporting the mushroom body ; q. v.
Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk or neck.
Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land.
Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccidce more

especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the puparia of

Diaspincr.
Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed.
Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied when there is no color.
Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larvre, developed to supply the adult

organism.
Pelottae: =; arolia ; q. v.
Peirate: shield- or target-shaped.
Penal claspers: m Proctytripida : lateral fringed processes of the male

genitalia.
Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis.'
Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diplera, applied to a group of

sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna.
Pendent: hanging down.

Pendulous: drooping; hanging free, attached to one end only.
Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer surface in

Euplcctoptera.
Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair: often at the end of

a thin stalk.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 99

Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th dorsal

segment of abdomen of various male Hymenoptera.
Penicillif orm : pencil-like or shaped.
Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of it stalk as

long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some male moths.
Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male.
Pennaceous: := pennate.

Pennate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes.
Penniform: feather-like in form.

Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles.
Pentamera: Coleoptera with s-jointed tarsi.
Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi.
Penultimate: next to the last.
Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of albu-

mcnoid food substances.
Per-: as a prefix, means very: extremely; through.
Percipient: with the power of perceiving.
Percurrent: running through the entire length.
Pereion: the prothorax.
Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the 2d pair

in adults.
Perfoliate: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with disc-like

expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through their centres : also

to any part possessing a well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.
Pergamenous : thin, partly transparent; resembling parchment.
Peri-: round about.
Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane of the

eye.
Pericardial: around, or belonging to the heart.
Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body wall,

which contains the heart.
Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the heart, and

whose function it is to purify the blood.
Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal vessel.
Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached to the ventral

surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall : ^= dorsal diaphragm ;

wings of the heart.
Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary canal.
Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity immediately surround-
ing the nervous system.
Periodical: recurring at regular intervals.

Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon.
Peripheral: referring to the outer margin.
Peripheria: the entire outline of the body.
Periphery: the circumference or outer margin.
Peripneustic: larvc-e which have the spiracles absent on middle and posterior

thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments.

lOO EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of the
future legs and wings are developed.

Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities.

Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of which
the food is forced toward the anal extremity.

Peristethium: the meso-sternum.

Peristoma-ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera ; some-
times used as : - epistoma : q. v.

Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at base, and
forming the true ^•€ntrai wall of the head.

Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea, and
other internal structures.

Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea.

Peritreme: the corneous sclerite surrounding a spiracle.

Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut, extending
back tube-like, through the chylific ventricle in some insects.

Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its appendages.

Perlate: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series.

Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal.

Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms.

Persistent: remaining constantly; always present.

Personate: gaping; wide open; masked; disguised.

Pes, Pedes: a foot; feet.

Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymciioptcra, the
apical or hindmost of the three median cells : ^ 3d median area ; apical
area.

Petiolata: that series of Hymcnoptera in which there is a slender stalk be-
tween the thorax and abdomen : = apocrita.

Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk ; usually applied in de-
scriljing \enation and the method of attachment of abdomen to thorax.

Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment lietween the thorax
and abdomen in many Hymenopfera. and some Diptera.

Phaeism: applied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited region.

Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious organisms and
also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the development to the
adult condition.

Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other micro-
organisms by phagocytes.

Phalaenae: a l.innjcan term embracing most of the heterocerous Lcpidoptcra :
more sijccifically applied to the Geometridcc.

Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification of
uncertain value ; similar to tribe.

Phalerated: beaded.

Phallus: =-- penis ; ([. v.

Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; (|. v.

Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a slight
enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus: in Diptera is sometimes

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. lOi

restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal pump, and

is then = sub-clypeal tube.
Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835).
Phleboptera: ^ Hyincuoptera ; q. v.

Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures.
Pnosphorescent : shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus.
Photogenic: a light producing structure: producing a phosphorescent glow.
Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin partitions

passing down from the dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax : the partition

formed by the infiexed hinder edge of prothorax.
Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are wholly

or partly supported by the covering envelope : see stelocyttares : poecilo-

cyttares.
Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice.
Phyllophagotis: feeding upon leaf tissue.
Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development.

Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class : see ontogeny.
Phyloptera: the super-ordinal term proposed to include all the net-veined

orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera.
Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of related

organisms.
Physopoda: bladder-footed: ^^Thysanoptcra : q. v.
Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal joints are

anchylosed and the 3d is lobed.
Phytophagus: feeding upon plants.

Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants.
Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects.
Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that affect

colors of caterpillars.
Piceous-eus: pitchy black.
Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre.
Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidcc.

Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymcnoptera.
Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hynienoptera.

Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color appearance.
Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptcra, applied to thick, tine, short,

erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet.
Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in Lepidoptera,

resembling a rudimentary mandible.
Piliferous: with a covering of fine hair or pile.
Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical stalk

or process : = turbinate eye.
Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: vi'ith long, sparse hair.
Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair.
Pincers: the anal forceps.
Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather.

Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera. are the oblique ridges run-
ning to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather.

I03 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings re-
sembling a feather : with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying opposite
sides of a thin shank.

Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the base.

Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale green with a
little burnt sienna].

Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular form.

Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats.

Planate: with a flattened surface.

Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface.

Planipennia: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings are large and laid
flat on the body wlien at rest ; Sialidcc, Myrmclconidcc, etc.

Planta-ae: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in pollen gathering Hynien-
optera : the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping legs of
caterpillars.

Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws alone.

Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus ; one of the soles or climbing
cushions of the foot : see arolium ; pulvillus.

Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids.

Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells.

Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed.

Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite : = squame, in Coccidcc.

Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane.

Plates: in Coccida, the squames ; q. v.: in male Hoinoptera, a pair of pieces
following the last full ventral segment ; usually preceded by a short piece, — ■
the valve.

Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with
four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath primaries ;
mouth mandibulate ; prothorax free ; transformations complete : Psocida,
Tcnnitidcc, Perlidcc and Mallophaga.

Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to net-
veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded beneath
primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed; prothorax free; meta-
morphosis incomplete: the term Plecoptera was used by Brauer for Perlidcs ;
Plectoptera by Packard for the Epiiemcrida ; there has been some confusion
since, and both have been used in the Brauer sense.

Pleon: ^abdomen; q. v.

Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larv;e : posterior legs of an adult.

Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis.

Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species by a
person other than the describer.

Pleura: jjlural of pleuron or pleurum : the lateral sclerites between the dorsal
and sternal portion of the thorax : in general, the sides of the body between
the dorsum and sttrnum.

Pleural areas: on the melanotum of some Hyincnoptcra. the three spaces
between the lateral and pleural carinne ; the ist or anterior ^ spiracular
area ; the 2d or central = middle pleural ; the 3d or posterior = angular area.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

103

Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of the
metanotum.

Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; see pleura.

Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided.

Pleuron: the side of the thorax.

Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified first pair
of abdominal legs in many insects.

Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are situated
on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites.

Pleurum: = pleuron ; plural, pleura; q. v.

Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae.

Plica: a fold or >vrinkle : a longitudinal plait of a wing.

Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan.

Plications: foldings; applied to the folds on the hind wings of Orthoptera.

Plicipenna: = Trichoptcra ; proposed by Latreille.

Plumate: like a feather.

Plumbeus : leaden or bluish gray [neutral].

Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have long ciliated processes
on each side of each joint : see cirrate.

Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese.

Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of (^ Lepidoptera.

Pluri: as a prefix, means many.

Pluri-dentate: with many teeth.

Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids.

Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages.

Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and digestive
system : also used as =: vagus ; q. v.

Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic spiracles
in Berytida, etc.

Pnystega: in Odonala, applied by Charpentier to a portion of mesonotum.

Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just behind prse-
brachial ; usually simple ; number 7 of some systems.

Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole; the true second abdominal segment.

Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; ^supra-anal or sur-anal plate
in caterpillars.

Podical plates: the latere- ventral plates attached to the loth abdominal seg-
ment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent, thought by
Huxley to be rudiments of an nth abdominal ring; united they form the
tergite of a rudimentary ring : = anal valves ; paranal lobes.

Pododunera: apterous insects with biting mouth structures.

Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult.

Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the branch or
other support covered by the envelope : see stelocyttares and phragmocyttares.

Poisers: =: halteres and balancers; q. v.

Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and biting
flies ; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the sting of fe-
male Hymenoptera.

I04

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Poiicate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb.

Politus : smooth, shiny, polished.

Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off; used

mostly in Diptera.
Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the tibia

in bees.
Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia.
PoUicatus: = poiicate ; q. v.

Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen: pollen bearing.
Pollinigerous: := polliniferous ; q. v.
PoUinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust.
Poly-: many, much.

Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male.
Polychromatic: many colored.

Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests.
Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as in

some Chalcids.
Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female.
Polygonal: with many angles.

Polygoneutism: the power to prcduce several broods in one season.
Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera. as a whole.
Polymorphic -ous: occurring in several forms; dift'ering in sex, in season, in

locality or witnout apparent reason : undergoing several changes, and in

this sense applied to insects with a complete metamorphosis.
Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes.
Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food.

Polyphyletic : derived or descended from several stems or sources.
Polypodous: having many feet, and thus, specifically applied to the Myriapoda,

and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in contradistinction to footless

and hexapodous larva:.
Ponderable: that which may be weighed.
Pone: behind (the middle).
Ponticulus: ^frenulum; q. v.
Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines.
Pore: any small, round opening on the surface.
Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures.
Porose-us: with little round openings on the surface.
Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent.
Post-: behind or after.
Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior lateral margin of

the (li)rsum. in DipWra.
Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the wing

and the scutellum.
Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squam;e with the

scutellum.
Postal vein: in Hy)ncitoplcra. = costa (Conist.").
Post-annellus: in I lymcuoptcra, the 4th joint of antenna and jd of flagellum.

USED J.\ ENTOMOLOGY.

105

Post antennal organs: in Collenibola. oblong or ellipsoidal organs situated

just caudad of the bases of the antennae.
Post-brachial: ^ pobrachial : q. v.
Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated close

to the posterior wall of the head.
Post-clypeus : in Odonata. the upper of the two parts into which the clypeus

is divided : in Psocidcc. a peculiar inflated structure behind the clypeus : in

general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when any line of demarcation

exists : = supra-clypeus : nasus : afternose ; paraclypeus ; first clypeus ; clypeus

posterior.
Post-COSta: =: sub-costa (Comst.) : in Odonata, = ist anal vein (Comst.) : in

Tricho[>tcra ^ anal.
Post-costal space: Odonata: the cell or cells lying posterior to the post-costa ;

^ anal cell (Comst.).
Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces: q. v.
Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the meta-notum, between the meso-

phragma and post-scutellum.
Post-embryonic -otic : the stage after the insect has come out of the egg.
Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in Hymenoptera :

see also post-clypeus.
Posterior: hinder or hindmost; opposed to anterior: in Dipfera ; applied to

that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front, the

legs being laterally extended.
Posterior angle: of thorax, in Coleoptera. is the lateral angle near base of

elytra : of the wings ^ hind angle : anal angle ; q. v.
Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): ist = radial 5 (Comst.): 2d ^ medial i

(Comst.) : 3d =: 2d medial 2 (Comst.) : 4th = medial 3 (Comst.) : sth =:

cubitus I (Comst.).
Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head posteriorly

through which the cavities of head and thorax communicate.
Posterior field: of tegmina, =: anal field; q. v.

Posterior intercalary: in Diptera. is one of the anal veins (Comst.).
Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera. extend from base of pronotum

downward to the posterior angle of sides.
Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera, that

part of wing between axillary incision and base; =: alar appendage (Loew).
Posterior margin: = inner margin ; q. v.
Posterior pereion: the meta-notum.

Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen.
Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta.
Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of cater-
pillars; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior; some-
times united to V: it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax (Dyar).
Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of

caterpillars ; subdorsal, posterior, always present, rarely united with I : it

is II of the abdomen, lb of the thorax (Dyar).
Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells.

io6 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Posterior wings: ^secondaries; q. v.

Postero-dorsal: Dipt era; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the dorsal

and posterior face. ,

Postero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the ventral

and posterior face.
Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles of hind

legs are attached.
Post-gena: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some Orthoptera.
Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head in

Deniwpfera.
Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, are usually two, inserted above the dorso-

pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on the bottom

of the presutural depression.
Postical vein: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.) ; = media 3 (Comst.).
Posticus: hinder.
Post-media: Ephemerida ; an apparently distinct vein between media and

cubitus (Comst.).
Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t. p. line; q. v.

Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the middle.
Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins between costa and

radius i, and radius i and media i, from nodus to stigma, separating the

post-nodal cells or spaces : =: post-cubital cross-veins.
Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin from

nodus to stigma.
Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius i and media i,

from nodus to outer margin.
Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between media i and

media 2 (Comst.) : = ultra-nodal sector.
Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth structures.
Post-pectus: the under surface of the meta-thorax.
Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen behind petiole.
Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye and ex-
tending into the ganglionic plate.
Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the

thoracic rings.
Post-scutum: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind the scutellum of meso-

thorax : = post-scutellum.
Poststigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in bees:

= 2(1 radial i (Comst.).
Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars; sub-
primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is 111 of the thorax and not present on

abdomen (Dyar).
Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera.
Post-sutural bristles: in Diptera, dorsal bristles behind transverse suture.
Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of Coleopterous

larvju.
Post-triangular cells: := discoidal areolets ; q. v.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 1 07

Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Dipt era, are in the middle of upper part of

occiput.
Pouch: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a wing.
Prae- or Pre-: anterior to; before.
Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing; usually

forked : no. 6 of some systems.
Przecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries.
PrcB-dorsum : = prophragma ; q. v.
Pra^-labrum: in Dipiera, ^ clypeus ; q. v.
Praeocular: before the eyes.
Prceputium: the external membranous covering of penis: specifically a

spherical musciil^ir mass at base of penis in some Orthoptera.
Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the meso-scutum and meso-

scutellum.
Prae-scutum: the first of the four divisions of the notum of the thoracic

rings.
Prae-subterminal: preceding the s. t. line in Lepidoptera.
Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae.
Prae-tornal: preceding the tornus (q. v.) in Lepidoptera.
Prasinus: grass-green [apple green].

-Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs.
Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings,

just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera.
Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening.
Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; q. v.
Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna.
Pre-apical: before the apex.
Pre-balancer: = pre-halter ; q. v.
Pre-basilar: before the base.
Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from the

fertilized egg to the pupa.
Precurrent: continuous; entire; complete; said of a vein.
Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other organisms.
Predatory: = predaceous ; q. v.
Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the early

larvje of some Proctytrypidce.
Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already existing

rudiments ; opposed to epigenesis ; q. v.
Pre-furca: " the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where itself

forks from another vein " ; Diptera.
Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee.
Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the caudal

femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera.
Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly.
Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding.
Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a temporary

segment of the embryo: ^intercalary segment.

Io8 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Pre-media: Eph:nicridcc : an apparently distinct vein between radius and

media (Comst.)-
Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination.
Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lepidoptera : see clasper.
Pre-ocular: see prae-ocular.
Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before those

bearing the mouth parts.
Prepuce: = prsputium : q. v.

Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa.
Pre-SCUtellar bristles: in Diplera, are in a transverse row in front of the

scutellum.
Pre-SCUtellar callus: = post-alar callus; q. v.
Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short rows of small bristles in front of the

scutellum.
Press: ^filator ; q. v.
Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus. which exerts a pressure on

the sole of the pad.
Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera. in a trigonate depression at outer ends of

transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture.
Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series, situ-
ated before the transverse suture.
Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings.

Primitive: simple in character: of an early or ancient type.
Principal sector: in Odonafa. extends from its point of separation from the

median sector to the outer margin, at or just below the apex: ^ media i

(Comst.).
Principal sulcus: in Ortlioptera. a transverse impression of the prothorax, at

or behind the middle.
Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the smallest

mandibles : see teleodont, mesodont. amphiodont.
Prismatic: formed like a prism : a play of colors similar to that produced

through a prism.
Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first thoracic

segment.
Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidcc.
Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually applied

to the extensile mouth of the Diptera: frequently to the l)eak of Heiiiiptera :

sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera ; and rarely, to the mouth of long-
tongued bees.
Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon.
Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, fon;i jiart of the anterior, overhanging

portion of the head.
Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed by the

coalescence of the first three primitive segments.
Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median protoccrel)rum

and optic ganglia ; also called optic segment.
Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the fused

median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies ; q. v.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

109

Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the
first primary segment ; also termed ocular lobe, from the part it innervates.

Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an appendage: any promi-
nent portion of the body not otherwise definable.

Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle ; q. v.

Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in Neinafiiicc.

Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles.

Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and intes-
tine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes.

Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the
sides at top straight : goblet-shaped.

Procumbent: trailing: prostrate: lying flat.

Produced: drawn out: prolonged: extended from.

Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form an
angle with the thorax.

Profile: the outline as seen from the side.

Profound, Profundus: deep.

Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward.

Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment.

Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries.

Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: specifically
the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and certain saw-fly larva; :
= abdominal feet : false legs.

Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries.

Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits.

Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera.

Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in
relief by color or otherwise : conspicuous.

Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure.

Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long tongue
of bees and to the rostrate structure in Heniiptcra.

Pronotal carina: in Ortlwptcra. the main or median carina on pronotum.

Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax.

Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa and ova,
the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum.

Pronymph: is that stage in certain metabolous insects in which the larval
tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues are just be-
ginning to build up.

Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax : the term is erroneously ap-
plied in this connection.

Propedes: =; prolegs ; cj. v.

Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny and,
at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between pro- and meso-
thorax.

Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q. v.

Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax.

Propleural bristles: in Dipt era, are situated immediately above the front
coxa : = prothoracic bristle ; c], v.

no EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles occur.

Propodeon: := propodeum.

Propodeum: in Hymenoptcra, that part of thorax just above insertion of

alxlomen, and really the first abdominal segment : see median segment.
Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to serve as a cement

in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious.
Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward.
Propupa: a semi-pupa; q. v.

Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidium, some-
times left exposed in Coleoptera.
Propygium: := hypopygium ; q. v.
Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum.
Proscutellum : the scutellum of the pronotum.
Prostemmatic : = ante-ocular ; q. v.
Prosternal: Ijelonging to the prosternum.
Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera, e. g., Elateridcr, to

receive the antennae.
Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax.
Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax.

Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the pro-
sternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below.
Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridce which extends backward

into a meso-sternal cavity : the cone or tubercle between fore-legs in some

Orthoptcra.
Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the sternum

from the pleural pieces.
Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax
Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs.
Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the basalis — q. v.

— and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla.
Protamphibion : a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical common

ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata.
Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females.
Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg.
Proteiform: having many forms or varieties: protean.
Protergum: in Odonata. the vipper surface of prothorax.
Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the original

description is based.
Prothoracic bristle: in Dipt era, a strong bristle immediately above the front

coxa : see propleural bristles.
Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in certain

Pliasmid genera.
Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield; q. v.
Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax.
Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment; bears the anterior legs but

no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera, is usually referred to as "thorax"

merely.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. I i i

Protocerebral segment: =: ocular segment; q. v.
Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle.
Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings.
Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium : sometimes used as =

occiput.
Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries.
Protograph: an original description by a figure or picture made from the

original type.
Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (EriocephaUda) in which lacinia

and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not developed : see neo-

lepidoptera and paleolepidoptera.
Protolog: the original description by words.
Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries.
Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymeiioptera, situated between

costal cells and apical margin.
Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen.
Proto-thorax: := prothorax ; q. v.

Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced.
Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out; applied to muscles.
Protuberance: any elevation above the surface.

Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level.
Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop; the gizzard.
Proximad: toward the proximal end.

Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal.
Prozona: in Orthoptcra, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in front of

the principal sulcus.
Pruinose: hoary; as if covered v.'ith a fine frost or dust.
Pruinous-us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue +

purple lake].
Psammophilous: living in sandy places.

Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi.
Pseudidolum: = nymph ; q. v.
Pseudimago: ^sub-imago; q. v.

Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling.
Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell; q. v.
Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa.

Pseudo-ccel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube.
Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some insects,

replacing the crystalline cone of others.
Pseudo-elytra: -he aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptcra.
Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a fecundated egg:

a stem-mother.
Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids, are wingless descendants of the stem-
mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which reproduce

asexually through a number of generations.
Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids. the winged descendants of the stem-mother

(fundatrix) through which the species is spread.

112 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gciiiuiaus. which

produces the true sexes.
Pseudogyne: a female that reproduces without impregnation.
Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops.
Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a wing

fold.
Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis:

includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata. Plecoptera, Isoptera and

Corrodeiitia : = Archiptera.
Pseudonychium -ia: =: paronychia ; q. v.
Pseudo-nymph: := scmipupa ; q. v.
Pseudopodia: := parapodia ; q. v.

Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847).
Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the true

pupa in some insects; e. g., Mc/oidff; = semi-pupa ; (]. v.
Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the coinpound eyes of

the living insects.
Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera. in which the abdomen is so

close to the thorax as to seem sessile.
Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptcra, by

means of which they scrape their food.
Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without fertilization;

e. g., in certain plant lice.
Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect.
Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Apliididcr, supposed to replace the absent

Alalpighian tubules.
Psocoptera: ^= Corrodcntia : q. v.
Psycftogenesis: the origin and development of social and other instincts and

habits.
Pterodicera: with wings and two antennae.
Pterogostia: the wing veins.
Pterogostic: referring to the wing structure.

Fteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted.
Pteropleura: in Diptcra, are situated below the base of the wings behind

the meso-pleural suture ; = the posterior lateral plate of meso-thorax of

Lowne ; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond.
Pteropleural bristles: in Dipt era, are inserted on the pteropleura.
Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, near

its middle or at end of the radius : ^ bathmis, and see stigma.
Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings.
Pterothorax: the wing-bearing thoracic segments in Tliysaiwptcra.
Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Colcoptcra.
Pterrygodes: the patagia or tegulie ; (|. \'.
Pterygogenea: insects that arc winged in the adult stage or believed to be

descended from winged ancestors : see apterogogenea.
Pterygostium: a wing vein.
Pterygote: wing-bearing.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

H3

Ptilinum: in Dibtera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being
thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna.

Ptilota: winged insects.

Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down.

Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair.

Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax.

Pulmonarium : the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of the
abdominal rings : = connexivum.

Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic manner:
applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating the blood in
these appendages.

Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance.

Pulvillif orm : having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus.

Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the cushions of
short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of tarsal joints ; rarely
fleshy lobes : see arolium.

Pulvinatus: moderately convex.

Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures.

Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot.

Punctulatus: with small punctures.

Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle.

Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots.

Puniceus: carmine red [carmine].

Pupa: the intermediate stage between lar-\a and adult; loosely applied for all
orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis : a pupa is
obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members may or may not
be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages are separately en-
cased and there is no covering over the whole : see chrysalis.

Puparium -ia : in Dipt era, the thickened larval skin within which the pupa is
formed.

Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa.

Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces sexed
individuals.

Pupigenous: := pupiparous ; q. v.

Pupigerous: forming a larval puparium: coarctate : said of dipterous larvae
that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed ptipa.

Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot.

Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre.

Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the young
until they have reached the stage ready to pupate.

Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate.

Pupivorous: feeding upon pupje : especially applied to those Hymeitoptera
that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage.

Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade.

Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve].

Pustula: a colored point of moderate circumference.

Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized spaces.
8

114

EXPLANATIOS OF TERMS

Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the elytra:
in Forficulidce, the last dorsal segment : in Diaspiiicr, the compound terminal
segment.

Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Hoinoptcra, especially
the latera^l margins which appear in Ihe ventral view : hence sometimes used
in the plural — pygofers.

Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Honioptcra.

Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera.

Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle.

Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is no
distinct gizzard.

Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is an en-
largement of the intestine.

Pylorus: the chylific ventricle.

Pyriform: shaped like a pear.

Q

Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four.

Quadrate: square or nearly so.

Quadrifarium: having four rows.

Quadrilateral: four-sided : formed or bounded by four lines : in Odoiiata,
a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower sector of arculus,
the sub-meaian vein, a cross-vein between these two, and the lower part
of arculus.

Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects.

Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupa? in forms with complete meta-
morphosis.

Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or maculation.

R

Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet are not ^
specific ; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the type and
may thus be geographical : nearly synonymous with sub-species.

Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form bunches
or sacs.

Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in caterpillars;
the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral spines or other proc-
esses are inserted.

Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein.

Radial area: in Orthoptera ; the space between the mediastinal (sub-costa)
and radial veins: see scapular area.

Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often divided: in
the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by the radius or
its branches.

Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius i.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. II3

Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the
radius (Comst.) : in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just below
and parallel with media 2.

Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa between it
and ulnar: in Orthoptera. = radius (Comst.) : in Diptera, ^ 2d longitudinal
vein (Meigen), =: radius 2 (Comst.).

Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal field of
secondaries : ^ anal veins : q. v.

Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre.

Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the head.

Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and usually
closes *he radial cell (Comst.).

Radius: (Comst.) ; the third of the longitudinal veins starting from base and
dividing into not more than five branches before reaching the margin ; the
branches are numbered i, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, beginning at the costal
margin and extending outward and downward.

Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion : see pteropega.

Rami -us: branches: a branch.

Ramification: the branching out in every direction.

Ramify: to branch out in every direction.

Rammel-kammer : ^copulation chamber; q. v.

Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches.

Rapacious: predatory: capturing and eating prey.

Raptatory: ^raptorial: q. v.

Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior legs are
fitted for grasping ; Mantidcr.

Raptorial: formed for seizing prey.

Rare: seldom seen or found.

Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures.

Ravenous: greedy: voracious; hungrily.

Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction of the
oviducts with the vagina : it is filled during copulation and the eggs are
fertilized from it as they are extruded.

Reclinate: directed backward; e. g., the bristles in Diptera.

Reclinatus: = reflexed ; q. v.

Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line.

Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen.

Rectal Cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the abdomen
of some (^ Hemiptera.

Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a lubri-
cating material.

Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the nymphs of
some Odonata. supplied with trachea and tracheoles and serving as respi-
ratory organs.

Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle.

Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle.

Rectigrade: larvje which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear body.

Il6 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line.

Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in which

the excretions. are formed or molded for expulsion from the body: ^cloaca.
Rectus: right or straight.
Recumbent: lying down; reclining.

Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric.
Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein (Comst.),

from the point of branching to the junction.
Recurrent vein: in Hcmcrohiidcu, the first branch of the sub-costa when it

recurves toward the base of the wing.
Recurved: bowed backward.
Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation.
Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward.
Refracted: bent back as if broken.

Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body com-
posed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the abdomen.
Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth ; bringing back to a condition of youth.
Remote: further removed than distant.
Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that shape, found

at the end of median cell in many moths.
Repand: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening angles.
Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in Coleoptera.
Replicatile: capable of being folded back.
Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied to

glands that secrete an offensive material.
Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion.
Resilient: elastic ; having the property of springing back.
Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues and

liberation of carbon dioxide from same.
Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area.
Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed.
Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any structureless

membrane or layer.
Reticulate: like net-work.
Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell.

Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed.
Retinaculum: in Lepidoptera. the loop into which the frenulum of the male

is fitted ; = hamus, q. v. : in Hyincuoptcra, horny, movable scales serving to

move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far : in Coleoptera,

the middle, tootii-like process of the larval mandible.
Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the

basilar or fenestrate membrane.
Retinophora: = retinula ; q. v.
Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells between

I)igmcnt cells and retina of the, compound eye.
Retracted: drawn back; opposed to prominent.
Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. uy

Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle.

Retroarcuate: curved backwards.

Retrocession: the going or moving backward.

Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) inversely serrated.

Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated by an

obtuse hollow.
Reversed: turned in an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down or
inside out : said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of secondaries
projecting beyond those of primaries.
Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation.
Revolute: spirally rolled backward.

Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor; a rod or blade-
like process projecting from the epidermis.
Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the crystalline cone

of an eye.
Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell.
Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male.
Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus ; q. v.: in Odonata, the

lower portion of clypeus : :^ ante-clypeus ; q. v.
Rhipiptera: ^ Strepsiptera ; q. v.
Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb.
Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its opposite

lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse.
Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antennse are alike in

both sexes and form a club at tip.
Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures.
Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville).

Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptera, in which the head is produced into
a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are situated; gular sutures
confluent ; prosternal sutures wanting : the weevils.
Rhynchota: =: Rhyngota ; q. v.
Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis : q. v.

Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak or
rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets; ^ Hemiptera
in the broad sense.
Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of opposite

conditions.
Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course.
Rima : a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges.
Rimose: full of cracks.

Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot.
Ringent: gaping.

Riparian: along the river or along shore.
Ripicolous: dwelling on river banks: riparian.
Rorulentum: dusty: = pulverulent ; q. v.
Roseate -eous, -eus: rose colored; pale blood red [rose].
Rosette-shaped: in the form of a double rose; clustered round a centre.

Il8 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Rostellum:a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of sucking lice: also used

in Hctuiptera. as ^ rostrum; q. v.
Rostral: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; specifically of Hctuiptera.
Rostrate: the head, when it has a long protraction bearing the mouth parts.
Rostriform: produced like a beak or snout.
Rostrum: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in Coleoptera, applied to the

rigid extension in the snout beetles: in Hciiiiptera, is the jointed beak

covering the piercing lancets ; and this is the better use of the term.
Rotate: wheel-shaped.

Rotator: used for turning ; applied to muscles.
Rotatory: an articulation that permits a rotating motion, e. g., a ball and

socket joint.
Rotula: a small round segment sometimes present between the joints of

antenna; and palpi : = torquillus.
Rotule: the trochantine.
Rotundate: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment of a circle: without

angles : said of margins when they pass gradually into each other and do

not form an angle at their point of junction.
Royal jelly: the food supplied to bee larvae that develop into queens.
Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active males and females of social

insects.
Ruber: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson].
Rubescent: reddish or becoming red.

Rubiginose: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter].
Rubinous: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly.

Rudiment -ary: the beginning of any structure or part before it has developed.
Ruf ascent: reddish.

RuiOUS: brick-red [chrome yellow -|- dragon's blood].
Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; small wrinkles.
Rugose -ous: wrinkled; with irregular waved elevated lines.
Rugulose -ous: minutely wrinkled.
Runcinate: notched: cut into several transverse acute segments which point

backward.
Ruptor ovi: = egg burster: q. v.
Rutilous: a shining bronze red.

S

Sabulose: sandy or gritty.

Sac: in Coccidcc, the separate cottony envelope secreted by many species.

Saccate: gibbous or inflated toward one end.

Saccule: a little sac or pouch.

Saccus: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in $ Lcpidoptcra.

Saddle: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of Culicid larvse.

Sagitta: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lcpidoptcra and other insects.

Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hynicnoptcra :

see stipites.
Sagittal: eciuivalent to longitudinal.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

T19

Sagittal plane: the longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal into

right and left halves.
Sagittate: shaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular.
Salient: projecting; jutting out.

Saliva: the secretion of the salivary glands that moistens and begins the di-
gestion of the food.
Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the beginning of the

alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, irritant or viscid material.
Salivary receptacle: a small cavity above the opening of the salivary duct,

between labium and hypopharynx.
Salivary pump: applied to the chitinous, cup-like structure at the base of the

labial stylets of piercing Diptera ; e. g., mosc|uitoes.
Saltatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the posterior legs are formed

for jumping.
Saltatorial or Saltatory: formed for jumping or leaping: a posterior femur

when much enlarged and dilated.
Saltatory appendage: in Co//^;;ifeo/a := furcula ; q. v.
Sangtiineous -eus: red like arterial blood [crimson lake].
Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or appearance.
Sapphyrinus: sapphire blue [French blue].

Sarcolemma: the elastic covering of the striated muscular fibres.
Sarothrum: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in pollen gatherers: see meta-
tarsus.
Saturate: deeply or strongly marked; in a color, means intense.
Saxicolous: species that frequent rocky or stony areas.
Saws: the ovipositors of the saw flies or Tcnthredinida.
Scaber: uneven, rough.

Scabriculous: regularly and finely wrinkled.
Scabrose -ous: rough like a file, with small raised points.
Scalariform: ladder-like; applied to venation when the veinlets between two

longitudinal veins are regularly arranged like the rungs of a ladder.
Scale: a general term to distinguish Coccidcc : specifically the puparium of a

Diaspid, comprising exuviae and excreted matter: the waxy covering of a

male Lecaniid : in Diptera = alula ; q. v.
Scales: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing vestiture of Lcpidoptera, and

present in various other insects.
Scalloped: an edge marked by segments of circles without intervening angles.
Scalpellus: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in some Diptera.
Scalpriform: chisel-shaped.

Scansorial: said of feet, when formed for climbing on hair.
Scape: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in Coleoptera ; usually

applied to the three basal joints, as in Hymenoptera.
Scaphiform: boat-shaped.
Scaphium: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal segment in (^ Lepidoptcra

below the uncus.
Scapula: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia or axillae ; q. v.: in

Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the mesonotum ; also, a trochanter of the

I20 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

fore-leg; in Proctotriipidcc the lateral lobes on each side of the parapsidal

furrow.
Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of mesonotum.
Scapular: the episternum ; q. v.: applied to the scapula.
Scapular area: in a wing, is that portion nearest the shoulder: in Orthoptera,

= radial area.
Scapularia: a meso-episternum : see scapula.
Scapular vein: in Orthoptera, = radius.
Scapus: = scape.
Scarabidoid: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in which it resembles a

white grub or Scarabid larva.
Scarified: a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or scratched.
Scariose -ous: dry and scaly.

Scatophagous: feeding upon dung or excrement: = merdivorous.
Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes eversible, sometimes

in the form of hair tufts or pencils for diffusing odors that may be repellant

or attractive ; most frequently found in males as a secondary sexual character.
Scent pores: = ostioles ; q. v.

Sclerite: any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures.
Scopa: a brush : a covering of short, stiff hair of equal length : in Hymenoptera,

the thick hair covering the posterior tibia of pollen-gathering forms.
Scopate: furnished with a scopa.
Scopula: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or stiff hairs covering the

inner side of basal joint on the tarsi of pollen-gathering Hymenoptera.
Scopulipedes : bees which have pollen gathering structures on the feet.
Scraper: the hardened portion of the inner margin of the tegmina in crickets;

used in producing the song.
Scriptus: lettered or marked with characters resembling letters.
Scrobes: grooves formed for the reception or concealment of an appendage:

specifically, in Rhynchophora, grooves at the sides of the rostrum to receive

the scape of antennae : also applied to grooves on the sides of mandibles : in

Hymenoptera, the usually circular impressions upon the frons, in which the

scapes revolve : in Orthoptera, the pits in which the antennae are situate.
Scrobiculated: having the surface covered with deep round pits.
Scrotal membrane: the envelope covering the testes in some insects.
Scrotiform: purse-sh&ped.
Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; q. v.
Sculpture: the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an elytra

or other body surface.
Sculptured: a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or both,

arranged in some definite manner.
Scutate -if orm: shield or buckler-shaped.
Scutcheon: n= scutellum ; q. v.: also used by some authors (Walker) for the

pronotum in Homoptera.
Scutel: = scutellum : q. v.

Scutellar angle: of elytra is next lo the scutel when wing is expanded.
Scutellar bridge: in Diptera, a small ridge on either side of the scutellum,

connecting it with the mesonotum.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. I3i

Scutellar space: in Mantids, an area between antennae and clypeus.
Scutellate: dish- or platter-shaped.

Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax : in Cole-
optera, the triangular piece between the elytra at base and universally re-
ferred to as the scutellum : in Heteroptera, a similar sclerite between base
of hemelytra : in Diptera, a sub-hemispherical body posteriorly cut off by
an impressed line from the dorsum of the meso-thorax.
Scutes: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments of larvas.
Scutiform: =: scutate ; q. v.

Scutum: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax.
Seal-brown: a brilliant deep red-brown: almost like, but darker than cas-

taneous [between dragon's blood and Indian red].
Sebaceous: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances.
Sebific: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky.
Sebific duct: carries the excretions of the colleterial gland to the bursa

copulatrix.
Second antenna! segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of head.
Secondaries: the hind wings; always attached to the meta-thorax.
Secondary sexual characters: features possessed by one sex but not the other,
other than the differences of the reproductive organs themselves ; e. g.,
color, size, shape, etc.
Second clypeus: see anteclypeus.

Second costal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) ; is the stigma.
Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera CNort.), =: media 3 (Comst.), to the

junction of medial cross-vein ; also called sub-marginal nervure in part.
Second lateral thoracic suture: in Odonata, extends from base of secondaries

to the rear of the third co.xa.
Second longitudinal vein: in Diptera (Will.), = radius 2 + 3 (Comst.).
Second maxilla: the labium; q. v.

Second maxillary segment: the seventh or labial segment of head.
Second median area: see median area; areola.

Second submatginal nervure: Hymenoptera (Xort.), := radius 5 (Comst.).
Secretion: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccidce, specifically, the waxy,

fil)rc)us, cottony or silky substances forming the " scales."
Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale extending beyond or

around the pellicles.
Secretory: concerned in the process of secretion.
Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by the Lepidoptera in

working out of a cocoon.
Sectors: longitudinal veins. in Odonata, which strike the principal veins at an
angle, and usually reach the apex or hind margin : they are radial, subnodal,
principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and lower of triangle : all of which
see.
Secund: pointing one way: unilateral.

Securiform: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet.
Sedentary: not active: settled or remaining in one place.
Segment: a ring or division bounded by incisions or sutures: a segment of an

123 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

insect or of any articulate is a transverse portion reaching entirely across
the body, originally separated on the exterior by incisions or sutures from
the preceding and the succeeding segments, having attached to it not more
than one pair oi ventral appendages, containing internally not more than one
pair of nerve ganglia which supply nerves to the pair of appendages ; =
somite, arthromere : fusion of segments frequently obscures, as in the head :
externally the walls of one segment may be composed of a number of
sclerites separated from each other hy secondary sutures.

Segmentate: made up of rings or segments.

Segmentation of egg: the division of the originally single celled egg into a
number of coherent cells or blastomeres ; ^ cleavage.

Segregated: detached or scattered into groups.

Segregation: a separation or placing apart.

Sejunctus: separated.

Sellate: saddle-shaped.

Sematophore: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal fluid mixed with
the excretions of the accessory glands.

Sembling: = assembling; q. v.

Semen: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the spermatozoa.

Semi-: half.

Semicircular: like the half of a circle.

Semi-complete: in metamorphosis, = incomplete ; q. v.

Semicordate: half or partly heart-shaped.

Semicoronate: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, hooks or the like.

Semicoronet: a margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a structure or
process.

Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half a cylinder.

Semi-hyaline: hyaline in part only: not altogether transparent.

Semi-looper: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs only of the abdominal legs
are wanting and where in progression, only small loops are formed : see
looper.

Semi-lunar: in the form of half a crescent.

Semi-lunar valve: guards the auriculo-ventricular opening of the heart.

Seminal ducts: = vasa deferentia ; q. v.

Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube or pouch-like structures which serve to store
the seminal fluid of the male, and in which the later stages of its develop-
ment may take place.

Seminiferous: semen-secreting.

Semipupa: that stage of the larva just preceding pupation: more specifically
the interpolated stage between the active larva and the true pupa, in hyper-
metamorphosis.

Semi-saggitate: like the longitudinal half of an arrow head.

Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian area;
extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in So.
Georgia and probably follows the coastal lowlands into South Carolina.

Sensim: gradually.

Sensoria: the circular openings covered by membrane, on the antenna- or legs
of plant lice.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

123

Sensory: relating to or having a sense function.

Sensory pittings: deep pits or punctures through the surface, which may or

may not bear pegs, bristles or setae, and may be open or covered by a mem-
brane ; serving as organs of perception for sounds or smells.
Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum before

the insertion of the primaries : = calli axillary.
Septum: an internal division of a body cavity.

Sequence: the order in which things follow; e. g., species or genera.
Seriatim r placed in longitudinal rows.
Sericeous: silky: clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a silky

lustre.
Sericterium -ies: the silk producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the

spinning structures.
Series: a group of species, genera or families, arranged to show agreement in

a common character which is not of sufficient importance to warrant the next

higher division.
Serific glands: are these which produce a thick, mucous-like secretion which,

on hardening, forms silk.
Serosa: the outer membrane that envelops the forming embryo, the amnion and

the remainder of the egg.
Serpentinous: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green].
Serra: a saw or saw-like part.

Serrate: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end.
Serrato-dentate: toothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed.
Serratulate: with little teeth or serrations.
Serricornia: that series of Coleoptera in which the antenn.-e are serrate or

saw-toothed.
Serriferous: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the female; the saw-flies.
Serrulate: with numerous little saw teeth.

Serum: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or are suspended.
Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large ocellus including a smaller one.
Sesquitertial: occupying a fourth part.
Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is closely attached for nearly

or quite its full width to the thorax.
Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is sessile.
Seta-ae: a pointed bristle or long stiff^ haii : slender, hair-like appendages.
Setaceous: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering to a tip.
Setarious aristate: the dipterous antenna when the arista is simple.
Setiferous: := setigercus ; q. v.
Setiform: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a slender short bristle arises

from a thicker basal joint.
Setigenous: the hypodermal cells that give rise to setae.
Setigerous: bearing seta; or bristles; e. g., punctures.
Setiparous: producing hair or setse.
Setireme: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic insects.
Setose -ous: bristly or set with bristles.
Setula: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Diptcra. the small thorn at the end of

the sub-costa.

124

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Setulose: clothed with fine setae or setulae.

Sex: as a number, six): the physical difference between male and female :

usually indicated by the sign of Mars {^) for male, and Venus ($) for

female ; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus without

the cross line (9), or a combination of the two others ( $ ).
Sexuparae: that generation of plant lice which produces the true sexes.
Shade: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band.

Shagreened: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections.
Shank: = tibia ; q. v.
Shard: a chitinous sheath or elytron.

Sharp: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to blunt.
Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the hamules,

under which the penis is folded when not in use.
Shin: = tibia ; q. v.

Short sector: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.).
Shoulder: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation; more generally to the

humeral angle of fore wings or elytra : the anterior angles of thorax in

Lepidoptcra ; the angles of prothorax in Heteroptera ; the lateral angles of

metazona of pronotum in Orthoptera.
Sialisterium: a salivary gland.
Side: the lateral margin of the body.
Side piece: in genitalia of ^ Culicids the main lateral part of the clasping

organ or basal segment of clasp.
Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of meso- and meta-thorax,

less the meso-episterna.
Sienna: a brownish orange [brown ochre].
Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S.
Signate-us: = with marks or spots; see notate.
Signature: a colored blotch of any size or shape.
Silaceous: ^= ochraceous.
Silk: the hardened salivary secretion of certain larvae, mainly of Lepidoptera :

similar material is pioduced by anal glands of some larvje in Neuroptera.
Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larvae, mostly of

Lepidoptcra that secrete a viscid fluid which, on contact with the air, hardens

into a silken fibre.
Silvicolous: living in moist, shady woods.

Simple, Simplex: without process, armature, or appendage of any kind.
Simple eyes: = ocelli ; q. v.

Sinciput: in Colcoptcra ; thai part of the vertex between the eyes.
Sinistrad: toward the left.

Sinistral: extending to or at the left from the median line.
Sinistro-caudad: extending obliquely from the left toward the tail.
Sinistro-cephalad: extending obliquely from the left toward the head.
Sinuate: cut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins with an in and out

curve.
Sinuated: winding: with the edge scooped into sinuses.
Sinuato-convex: sinuate and convex.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

125

Sinuato-lobate: sinuate and lobed.

Sinuato-truncate: truncated, with the margin sinuate.

Sinuous: undulating; curved in and out.

Sinus: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: an excavation as if
scooped out : a curved break in an otherwise straight margin.

Siphon: a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects: the breathing tube of a
Culicid larva : any tubular external process or structure.

Siphonaptera: an ordinal name for insects which are wingless: mouth formed
for piercing and sucking; saltatorial ; transformations complete: the fleas:
= Aphaniptera ; q. v.

Siphonata: ^ Homoptera or, more specifically, plant lice and leaf hoppers.

Siphonets: see honey tubes.

Siphonophora: = Coccinellidse ; the term is preoccupied in the Coelenterates.

Siphunculata: the sucking lice.

Siphunculus: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained within the tubule:
in plant lice =honey tubes ; q. v.

Situ (in) : in its natural place or position.

Sixth longitudinal vein: in Diptera; =^ ist anal vein (Comst.).

Skeleton: the hard chitinous parts which externally (exoskeleton) or in-
ternally (endoskeleton) form a protective covering, or serve as points of
attachment, to muscles and other soft organs.

Skippers: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies: the dipterous larvae some-
times found in cheese and other provisions.

Slaty: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge [neutral with a little
Indian red].

Slug: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid appearance, and the body
closely applied to the food plant : more specifically, the larvje of certain
saw-flies and of some Coleoptera.

S. M. interspace: sub-median interspace in the primaries of Lepidoptera, in-
cludes the space between the median and sub-median veins; (cubitus and
1st anal, Comst.).

Smaltinus: a dull grayish blue.

Smaragdinus: emerald green [pale green].

Smooth: a surface without elevations or indentations.

Snout: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at the end of which the
mouth parts are situated : see rostrum.

Social: living in communities: more especially those species in which unde-
veloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single female
head.

Soldiers: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in which the mandibles
are pincer-like and the head is much enlarged : worker majors in certain ants.

Solid: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into one
mass ; e. g., the capitulum of certain clavate antennae.

Solitary -arius: occurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies.

Somatic: relating to the body, or abdomen.

Somatotheca: that part of pupa covering abdominal rings: = gasterotheca.

Somite: = arthromere.

126 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Sonif action: the production of sound: ^ stridulation ; q. v.

Sonoran faunal areas: see upper and lozver Sonoran.

Sonorific: sound producing: applied to stridulating organs.

Sordid: dirty : dull.

Spadiceous: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre].

Spado: the worker or neuter in bees and ants.

Sparse: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures set well apart.

Spatha: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate Hyineiwptera, covering
the bases of the sagittje.

Spatula: the breast bone (q. v.) of cecidomyid larvae.

Spatulate: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at base.

Specialization: the adaptation of an organ to a definite purpose, or of an or-
ganism to fit a determinate environment.

Species: an aggregation of individuals alike in appearance and structure, mating
freely and producing young that themselves mate freely and bear fertile
offspring resembling each other and their parents : a species includes all its
varieties and races.

Specific character: a feature common to all individuals of a species, by means
of which they may be distinguished from all other individuals of other spe-
cies : = essential character.

Specular: mirror-like; transparent.

Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or posterior mirror-like mem-
brane of the sound-organ : ^= mirror.

Speculum: a transparent area or spot on wings of some Lepidoptera ; the
glassy areas at base of tegmina in male Orthoptera that serve as sounding
boards : a spot on the neck of some caterpillars.

Sperm: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes used as ^= spermatozoa;
q. V.

Spermatheca : = spermatotheca ; q. v.

Spermatid: the final cells which are converted without further division into
spermatozoa; they arise by division of the second spermatocytes (Wilson).

Spermatocytes: the cells arising from the spermatogonia. The primary
spermatocyte arises by growth of one of the last generation of spermatogonia.
By its division are formed two secondary spermatocytes, each of which give
rise to two spermatids (Wilson).

Spermatogenesis: the development of spermatozoa.

Spermatogonia: the descendants of the primordial germ cells in the male.
Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives rise to four spermatozoa.

Spermatophora: a sac or case containing spermatozoa.

Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female, that receives the sperm
during coition: ^spermatheca and receptaculum seminis.

Spermatozoon -zoa: the male cell or cells which, by uniting with the ova,
fertilize Iheni.

Spherical: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all diameters are equal.

Spherule: a minute sphere or globule.

Spicula: a slender needle-like process; e. g., the sting in bees; also employed
as =^ ovipositor ; q. v.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

127

Spiculiform: like a slender, needle-like process.

Spiculum: a small spicule or thin, pointed process.

Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine.

Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering to each
end : fusiform.

Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidcc there are two, one each side of each seg-
ment of the pygidium.

Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines.

Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine.

Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for silk
spinning : any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in a pore,
spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre : in the plural, the organs
concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony filaments of which the
scales or sacs of Coccidse are produced : ^ fusulus.

Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines.

Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate, united at
their bases, or setaceous, like bristles.

Spinulag: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called spines, spurs
or heels.

Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules.

Spinules: little spines.

Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidce.

Spiracle -aula: a breathing pore; q. v.: in the plural the lateral openings on
the segments of the insect body through which air enters the tracheae : =
stigmata.

Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and pleural
carinse on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera : ^ first pleural area.

Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: =
stigmatal.

Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera. is a grooved line or
channel extending from spiracle to apical margin.

Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw.

Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a
trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic appearance
as well as its support and elasticity ; := tasnidium.

Spirignath: =: spiritrompe.

Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera.

Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of the mid-
intestine ; or the inner layer of the mesoderm which, becoming applied to the
walls of the alimentary canal, develops into the muscle fibres thereof.

Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter.

Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute charac-
ters which the "lumper" (q. v.) deems insufficient to authorize them.

Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.

Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge.

Spoon: ^ bouton ; q. v.

Spring: in CoUcnibola, ^= furcula : q. v.

128 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Spur: a short, stiflf, generally blunt process and usually not articulated at its
base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform processes at or near the end
of tibiae.
Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; two

spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior ; in Tridiofitera.
Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal Lcpidoptera.
Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.).

Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which re-
semble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently constant
to be useful in classification.
Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla and
labium : the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants : a scale-like
appendage covering the base of primaries in Lcpidoptera, and so =: patagium ;
q. v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera: in this order Packard
uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts alula to the lobe-like appendage :
Osten-Sacken uses squama for the posterior scale alone and antisquama for
the anterior.
Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of the
pygidium in Diaspince, other than the lobes and true spines : ^ " plates,"
of Comst. ; or " scaly hairs " of Maskell.
Squamiform: having a scale-like form.
Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales,
tsquamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in some

insects : =: tegula, q. v. : in Diptera. := alula.
Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, standing

upright, or not parallel to the surface.
Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvje : = instar ; q. v.: any

one period in the development of an insect.
Stage: refers to the period of development; e. g., larval, pupal, etc.
Stalked bodies: =: gyri cerebrales ; q. v.
Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines.

Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are supported
by pillars and not connected with the envelope : see pcecilocyttares and
phragmocyttares.
Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Centra and other Noto-

dontid larvae.
Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q. v.
Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg, which

starts a series of agamic summer generations.
Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head.
Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked «or snouted.
Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and mcso-thorax.
Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement.
Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind.
Sternal orifice: in Perlids ; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum,

extending inward and ending blindly : = furcal orifice.
Sternal spatula: = breast-bone ; q. v.

USED IX ENTOMOLOGY.

129

Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the meso-
sternum in Hymcnoptera.

Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic segment;
frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be widely separated.

Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment.

Sternopleura: in Dipt era, the lower part of the pleura, below the sterno-
pleural suture and above the front coxa.

Sternopleural bristles: in Diptcra, are situated on the sternopleura below the
sternopleural suture.

Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with dorso-
pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the sternopleura.

Stemo-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite.

Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptcra in which the beak or rostrum ap-
parently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae ; e. g., plant
lice, etc.

Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of thorax,
between the coxal cavities.

Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages.

Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion of the
costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius ; see anastomosis :
in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the auxiliary vein : in
Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on the primaries of
HesperidcE.

Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and reniform,
in the cell of the primaries of certain moths.

Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular ; q. v.

Stigmatiferous : applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or stig-
mata.

Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larvje, especially wood-borers.

Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymcnoptera.

Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla: articulated partly to the head, partly
to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts : modified into a piercing struc-
ture in some Diptcra and into a lever for flexing the proboscis in others.

Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle.

Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera ;
see sagittffi.

S. T. line: sub-termir.al line; crosses the primaries of many moths just before
the outer margin.

Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to super-family:

not used at present.
Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores : = stigma ; q. v.

Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following the
gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive juices are
poured ^ chylific ventricle.
Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the mouth,
pharynx, a-sophagus, crop and gizzard.
9

130 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the dorsal and
lateral surfaces of gullet and crop.

Stomatotheca : that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures.
^Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow].

Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords.

Stratified: arranged or made up in layers.

Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic Stylo-
pidcp, now ranged as a family of Coleopfera =: Rhipiptera.

Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow, frequently punc-
tured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in Lepidoptera, a fine trans-
verse line : in general, any longitudinal impressed line.

Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in Lepidoptera.
with numerous fine transverse lines.

Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or rough-
ened surfaces.

Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two striated or
otherwise roughened surfaces : the act of stridulating or the noise produced
by it.

Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or im-
pressed.

Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are impressed
as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation composed of fine,
short lines.

Strigile-is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a deep
sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus.

Strigillate -ation: := stridulate -ation ; q. v.

Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough, with
sharp bristles : = hispid.

Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line.

Strigulated: with numerous strigulae.

Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines.

S. T. space: the area between the t. p. line and s. t. line in moths.

Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground.

Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the abdomen:
in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the abdomen of the
male; := genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor (Loew) ; the single im-
movable organ immediately below the forceps in male Tipulidcc (0-S.) ; a
thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of the third antennal joint: in
the plural form applied to small, usually pointed, exarticulate appendages,
most frequently found on the terminal segments of abdomen.

Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth structures in
Diptera and Hemiptera.

Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point, like
the antenn.'c in some Diptera.

Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidcc.

Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case: as
the pupa; of some Diptera.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. i^r

Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process.

Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, but

must be understood as modified in some way ; e. g., sub-ovate, may be

either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline.
Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved.
Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera ; =; sub-genital lamina; q. v.
Sub-apical lobe: of (^ genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical lobe of

the side piece.
Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only.
Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip: but not quite club-shaped.
Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery.

Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc.
Subcosta: (Comst.) : that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the costa

and reaching the cuter margin before the apex ; not branched as a rule :

of Packard, in Hymenoptera, =^ radius (Comst.).
Subcostal cell: in Dipfcra (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial i

(Comst.) : in ihe plural (Comst.). all those cells anteriorly margined by the

subcosta: first s. c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), ^radial and first radial i

(Comst.).
Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on the

basal side of the first antecubital.
Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius.
Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries = media i (Comst.) : s. c. i =:

radius i (Comst.) : s. c. 2 = radius 2 (Comst.) ; s. c. 3 := radius 3 (Comst.) ;

s. c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) ; s. c. 5 :^ radius 5 (Comst.).
Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = ist longitudinal vein (Meigen) ^

radius i (Comst.) : in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to or

beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the outer margin

and thus = radius (Comst.).
Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in

Orthoptera.
Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the skin of

animals or within the substance of a leaf.
Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata.
Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between it and

the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the lateral.
Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the sub-
dorsal row of abdominal tubercles.
Sub-equal: similar, but not quite ciiiial in size, form or other characters.
iiub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented.
Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex.
Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely allied

genera ; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make a family

series : opinionative, and ending in -iiicc.
Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified.
Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin.
Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger ; rarely present.

132

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped.

Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and bearing
the galea or outer lobe.

Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short, thick
scape.

Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in Orth-
optcra.

Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not sufficient
for generic separation ; opinionative.

Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the mentum
(Graber) : is really the true mentum.

Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerids just
after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during flight : that
stage in the development of insects with free pupa when the insect is fully
colored but yet retains its pupal position.

Sub-labrum: ^epipharynx ; q. v.

Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in bees.

Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk and
within the margin : a line is submarginal when it is well within the margin ;
but close to it.

Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and the ist
strong vein.

Submarginal cells: in Hytncnoptcra (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.) : in
Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).

Submarginal nervure: in Hymciwptera (Nort.) ; the irregular line of veins
extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin ; composed in part of
media i, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and cubitus i (Comst.).

Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) ; 1st ^ cubital -\- cubital i (Comst.) ;
2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).

Submedian vein: in Odonata, = cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptcra. = ist
anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to the
inner margin and is v. i of the numerical series.

Submental: pertaining to the sub-mentum.

Submental peduncle: in Colcoptcra, the prolonged portion of the gula support-
ing the mentum.

Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is at-
tached to the head.

Subnodal sector: in Odonata, ^radial sector (Comst.).

Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of $ Coccidcr ; also to a
supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and thus = pseudo-
pupa.

Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil.

Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes.

Sub-cesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the oesophagus, formed
by a union of the posterior three primitive head ganglia.

Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a character
common to a large series of species; e. g., the Homoptera and Heteroptera
in the order of Heiniptcra.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 13-

Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between pro- and
meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of a narrow waist.

Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes attached to
the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids.

Sub-parallel: n.=arly parallel.

Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments
of caterpillars : sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the primitive first
stage : it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax : constant.

Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle.

Sub-servate: denticulate.

Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in
some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does not
prevent a fertile union : an indefinite and opinionative division.

Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly.

Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in bees:
= ist radial i (Comst.) : applied to a line in caterpillars = subspiracular.

Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical.

Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful.

Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle.

Subtus: beneath; at the under surface.

Subulate: awl-shaped; linear at base, attenuate at tip.

Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of Odonata
and Ephemerida.

Subulif orm : formed like an awl : =1 subulate.

Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the base
of the feet at ihe edge between lateral and ventral.

Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the sub-
ventral series of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side, between the
lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains the spiracles.

Succinct! : those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a silken
cord i)assing around the body : see suspensi.

Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance.

Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular enlargement of the
(esophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food =: pharyngeal pump.

Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillse of Hemerobiid larvae, used for
puncturing prey and sucking its juices.

Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the end of
the oesophagus ; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly present ex-
cept in some Lepidoptera.

Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas.

Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate.

Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the oesophagus in
mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking ; but this is disputed.

Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color.

Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another.

Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus.

'34

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Sulcated: grooved: furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed lines.

Sulciform: resembling a sulcus.

Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation.

Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon].

Superans: exceeding in size and length.

Superciliary: placed above the eyes.

Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot.

Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including a series

of family groups mere closely related to each other than to similar groups

within the order: opinionative and ending in oidca: sometimes hardly ditler-

ent from suborder ; but lower than suborder when both terms are employed.
Superficies: the upper surface.
Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antennae inserted on the upper

parts of the sides of the head; e. g., Coreida : see infericornia.
Superior wings: the primaries; q. v.

Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in Thysanura.
Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head.
Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface.
Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures.
Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidcc, between the head and first thoracic

segment.
Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnsean Neuroptera.
Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some moths.
Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q. v.
Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present.
Supra-: over ; above.
Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar callus, one

on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar depression.
Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove.
Supra -alar depression: in Diptera ^supra-alar groove.
Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above the

base of wings : in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above the root

of the wings.
Supra-anal: situated above the anus.
Supra-anal hook: in (^ of most Lepidoplcra, a curved hook attached to the

plate covering the genital cavity : = uncus.
Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above; present

in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both : see anal

operculum.
Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above the

brain in bees.
Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus.
Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus ; q. v.: = nasus.
Supra-oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two large ovoid

ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick commissure ; — the brain.
Supra-orbital: situated above the eye.
Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord : applied to a cord or band of con-

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 13-

nective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult Lcpidoptcra ;

also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart.
Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly.
Supra-stigmatal line: ^supra-spiracular lines.

Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata. cross the supra-triangular space.
Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptcro. an area just above the triangle,

occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera: ^:

hyper-trigonal space.
Suranal: = supra-anal.

Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the loth abdominal seg-
ment of the (^ grasshoppers, above the anal opening : a supra-anal tergite of

a caterpillar.
Sursum: directed upwardly.
Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail only:

see succincti.
Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and other

internal structures in place.
Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis.
Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct parts of

body wall : the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera.
Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight impressed

line is visible.
Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of worker

bees, accompanied by a queen ; this forming the nucleus of a new colony.
Swimmerets : gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some

Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion.
Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae.
Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish.
Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas.
Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation among ants

and other insects.
Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different kinds of animals or

plants, or between animals and plants : true symbiosis is where both partic

to the relation benefit : see also parasitism, commensalism. Among the ants

social symbiosis exists in its most highly developed form and distinctive

terms have been proposed for the various types of relations :

Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often only the female,

lives in the nest of and at the expense of another species, either for a time,

^ temporary — or altogether, = permanent calacobiosis.

Clcptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the nest of

another, preying upon its larvse or pupae or stealing the food supply.

Diilosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to the enslave-
ment of one species by another.

Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, one of which

may be an ant, live side by side without obvious motive or known advantage

to one or both.

Lestobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony " hold up " those of

another species and rob them of the food they are carrying to the nest.

1-6 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies with inosculat-
ing galleries, and have their households strangely intermingled, but not
blended.

Phylacobiosis. is the relation existing between ants and Termites, the ants
living in the doorways of the Termites and functioning as guards.

Synderobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that usually inhabit
independent colonies, for purposes that are not clearly understood.

Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand and aphids,
coccids and the like on the other ; these species being sought and attended
by the ants for their own benefit : see myrmecophily.

Xenobiosis, is where .one species of ant lives as a guest in the nest of
another, maintaining its own household, and mingling freely with the host
species, the two living on terms of mutual toleration.

Symbiotic: species that live together in a state of symbiosis.

Symmetrical: evenly developed on both sides.

Symmetry: that regular arrangement of organs or parts which is cap.'ble of
division into similar halves or similar radii.

Sympathetic nervous system: applied to the nerves and ganglia of the alimen-
tary canal and sorhe other viscera which they innervate ; ^ vagus ; visceral
nervous system.

Symphily: the relation borne to ants by the true guests which inhabit their
nests and are fed and tended ; rendering in return some substance or service
desired by the ants : see metochy and synechtry.

Symphyla: a group name for apterous species resembling myriapods in ap-
pearance, with functional abdominal legs and the genital openings on the
last abdominal segment : regarded by some as connecting forms between
insects and myriapods, e. g., Scolopcndrella.

Symphysis: where two sclerites are joined together by a soft membrane, per-
mitting a slight motion.

Synaptera: originally wingless insects without metamorphosis; the Thysanura.

Synarthrosis: an articulation without motion.

Syncerebrum: the compound brain of insects.

Synchronous: happening at the same time.

Synciput: that portion of the vertex lying between the eyes.

Syncitium: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in ovarian tubes: giving
rise to ova, nutritive cells or both.

Syndesis: that method of articulation where two parts are connected by a
membrane which permits of considerable motion between them.

Synechtry: the relation borne to ants by insects inhabiting their nests in spite
of the efforts of the ants to destroy them : see symphily and metochy.

Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth struc-
tures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure : see elinguata.

Synoecy: the relation that exists between ants and those guests that are
indifferent to and tolerated by them : = metochy, and see symphily and
synecthry.

Synonym: a name applied to a species or genus that has been previously
named and described.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

137

Synonymous: words of different derivation applied to the same conception.
Synthlipsis: the basal constriction of the notocephalon in Notonectids.
Syntype: ^co-type: q. v.
Syringe: in Hemiptera, a chamber into which the salivary ducts open and by

means of which the secretion is forced forward between the seta or lancets.
System: an order of arrangement.

Systematic: in definite order, or arranged according to a system.
Systole: that regular contraction of the heart that sends the blood outward:

see diastole.

T

T. A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain moths
one-third or less from the base : = antemedial line.

Tactile: used for touching: an organ that has the sense of touch.

Taenia: a broad longitudinal stripe.

Taeniate-us: with broad longitudinal markings.

Taenidium -ia : the band or chitinized fibre forming a part of the spiral thread
in the trachea of insects.

Tail: an elongated terminal segment of the abdomen: the Cauda in plant lice:
elongated processes on the secondaries, in some Lepidoptera and Neuroptera.

Tangential: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to ornamentation and
processes.

Tarsal: relating to the tarsi, or feet.

Tarsal lobes: membranous appendages arising from the underside of the tarsal
joints in some Coleoptera.

Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at the apex of tibia,
bearing the claws and pulvilli.

Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair, connected
with ganglionated nerve cells : occur on the mouth structure and evidence the
sense of taste.

Tawny: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned hide [pale cadmium
yellow + Indian red].

Taxonomical: systematic: relating to classification.

Tectate: covered; concealed: also used as := tectiform.

Tectiform: roof-like, sloping from a median ridge, like the primaries of
Cicada.

Tegmen: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior wings in Orthoptera
and Neuroptera.

Tegmina: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers in Orthoptera.

Tegulae: small, more or less cup-like scales at the base of primaries in many
insects; specifically in Hymenoptera : in Lepidoptera, = the patagia or
shoulder tippets ; but the homology is disputed ; also applied to the lappet-
like pieces forming the collar : in Diptera, the aluhe, q. v. : the latter use is
unfortunate and should be abandoned; the first definition should limit the
use of the term : see aileron.

Tegument: a covering surface or skin.

Teleodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing the largest man-
dibles : see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont.

I3S

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Telescopic: arranged so that one portion of an organ or process may be drawn

into another, like the joints of a telescope.
Telson: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: the anal segment of the

insect embryo.
Telum: a spear, or spear-shaped process.

Temple: the posterior part of the gena ; behind, before or beneath the eye.
Tempora: the temples.

Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of the hind head.
Tenaculum: in CoUembola, a small organ which holds the furcula in position

when at rest : = catch.
Tenant hair: see tenent hair.

Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a groove for the abdomen:

has also been called frenum and frenulum : in Trichoptera, a small elliptical

space at base of hind wings near base of anal veins and behind the trochlea.

Tendon: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped pieces, to

which muscles are attached for moving appendages : see apodeme.
Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for clinging or clasping.
Teneral: that state of the imago just after its exclusion from pupa or nymph,

in which neither coloring nor clothing is fully developed.
Tensor: a muscle which stretches a membrane.

Tentacle: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile: usu-
ally prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to which it is
attached.
Tentacula -um: retractile processes on the larvae of Lepidoptera.
Tentaculate: a margin when fringed with soft tactile processes.
Tentiform: shaped like a tent: see mines.
Tentoria: Diptcra; two hollow, cylindrical struts which pass from the ventral

border of the occipital foramen to the cheeks.
Tentorium: a chitinous frame-work within the head, upon which the brain

rests.
Tenuis: thin, slender; long drawn out.

Terebra: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for boring or cutting as in
saw-flies : a mandibular sclerite articulated to the basalis ; forms the point
of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla.
Terebrant: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or boring.
Terebrantia: Hymenoptera with sessile abdomen and valved ovipositors:

Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is borer-like.
Teres, Terete: cylindric or nearly so.

Tergal: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal.
Tergal suture: the Y-shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect larvae.
Tergite: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, especially when that part

consists of a single sclerite ; usually applied to the abdomen.
Tergo-pleural: the upper and lateral portion of a segment.
Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of corneous appendages forming the ovi-
positor in grasshoppers : plates on the inner dorsal surface of the abdominal

wall.
Tergum: the ijrimitivcly upper or dorsal surface whether it consists of one

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 13c,

or more than one sclerite and specifically of the abdomen : in Odonata and

Orflioptera, applies to thorax as well.
Termen: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and hind or anal angle.
Terminal: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal.
Terminal line: in Lepidoptera, runs along the outer margin of the wings.
Terminal space: the area between the s. t. line and terminal line in certain

Lepidoptera.
Terminology: the technical nomenclature of any science.
Termitarium: a nesl. natural or artificial, or a colony of Termites.
Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposed to aquatic.
Tessellated: checkered; more or less like a chess-board.
Test: the secretionary covering of Coccidcv, and especially such as are waxy,

horny or glassy.
Testaceous: dull yeliow brown; tile colored [pale cadmium yellow + burnt

sienna].
Testes : the tubular structures in the male, in which the production of

spermatogonia, and often also of later stages in the development of the sperm

takes place.
Testicular follicles: in the larva, are those structures w-hich in the adult

form the tubes composing the testes ; in the adult applied also to the tubes

forming the testes.
Testudinate -us: resembling the shell of a tortoise.
Tetra-: four: a combining form.
Tetrachaetae: applied to those Diptera in which the mouth structures consist

of four longitudinal blades or piercing structures.
Tetradactyle: with four fingers or finger-like processes.
Tetragonal: having four sides or angles: quadrangular.
Tetramera: applied to Coleoptera with four-jointed tarsi.
Tetramerous: having four-jointed tarsi.
Tetrapoda: applied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are atrophied

in whole or in part.
Tetraptera: a term proposed for all insects with four naked, membranous

reticulated wings.
Thamnophilous: applied to species living in thickets or dense shrubbery.
Theca: a case or covering: specifically applied to the fleshy covering of the

fly-mouth ; to the cases of the Trichopterous larvae ; to the lower piece of

the male genitalia in Homoptera ; and to the outer covering of the pupa.
Thelyotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all females:

see Arrhenotoky and Deuterotoky.
Thigh: see femur.
Thigmotactic: contact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close together

or in touch, one with the other.
Third longitudinal vein: in Diptera (Will.); ^ radius 5 (Comst.).
Third posterior cell: in Diptera. = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).
Third submarginal cross-nervure: in Hymcuoptera (Nort.) ; = radius 4

(Comst.).
Thoracic: belonging or attached to the thorax.

140

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles on the dorsum of
the thorax.

Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, as distin-
guished from abdominal or pro-legs.

Thoracico-abdominal: the first segment of the abdomen when united with the
thora.x so as to form part of it : = propodeum.

Thoracic pleural bristles: in Diptera, the speciaHzed bristles situated on the
pleural region of the thorax.

Thoracotheca: ^ cytotheca ; q. v.

Thorax: the second or intermediate region of the insect body, bearing the
true legs and wings : made up of three rings, named in order, pro-, meso-,
and meta-thorax : when the pro-thorax is free as in Coleoptera, Orthoptera,
and Hemiptera, the term thorax is commonly used in descriptive work for
that segment only: in Odonata, where the prothorax is small and not fused
with the larger and united meso- and meta-thorax, the term thorax is com-
monly used for these latter two united, excluding the prothorax.

Thread-plate: an epithelial plate of the embryo from which the terminal
threads of the ovarian tubes originate.

Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera ; the cell formed by the first fork of median
vein ; the cell behind Thyridium.

Thyridiate: applied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so as to
permit of a folding or bending ; either to pack into a small compass or to
enfold the body.

Thyridium -11 : small, whitish or almost transparent spots near the anasto-
mosis of the disc of the wings in some Nenroptera ; or in the recurrent
veins in the cubital cellule in some Hymenoptera ; also the apical margin of
the gastrocceli, often alone visible : in Trichoptera, specifically, a hyaline spot
on second fork of median vein.

Thyrsus: a cluster.

Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied to species with four
narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed ; mouth parts fitted for puncturing
and scraping ; metamorphosis incomplete : the Thripids.

Thysanura: fringe-tails: wingless, mandibulate insects without metamorphosis;
with anal appendages ; body covered with scales ; thoracic segments similar.

Tiarate-us: turban or tiara-like.

Tibia -ae: the shank: that part of the leg articulated to the femur basally and
which bears the tarsus at the distal end.

Tibial epiphysis: a movable process attached near the base of the inner side
of the anterior tibia in many Lepidoptera.

Tibial membrane: in J' Cicada, the drum-like vibratory membrane that pro-
duces the sound.

Tip: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the base.

Titlllator: a small piccess just below the penis in some Orthoptera.

Tomentose: covered with fine hair, so matted together that particular hairs
cannot be separated

Tomentum: a form of pubescence composed of matted, woolly hair: in
Diptera applied to a covering of short, flattened, more or less recumbent,
scale-like hair which merges gradually into dust or pollen.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 1 41

Tongue: an indefinite term, applied usually to the coiled mouth structure of
Lcpidoptera ; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees and wasps and,
sometimes also to the hypopharynx of other insects.

Tooth: an acute angulation: a short pointed process from an appendage or
margin.

Topomorph -ic: a geographic form, variety or subspecies of a widely dis-
tributed species : developed by local environment.

Topotype: is a specimen collected in the exact locality whence the original
type was obtained.

Tornal: relating to or concerning the tornus.

Tornus: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and dorsum of wing:
^ hind or anal angle ; q. v.

Torose: swelling into knots or protuberances.

Torpid: lying motionless by reason of cold or other natural conditions that
unfavorably affect the organism.

Torqueate: with a ring or collar.

Torquillus: = rotula.

Tortilis: twisted.

Tortulose -us: hump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations: beaded;
moniliform.

Tortuose-us: irregularly curved and bent; snake-like.

Tortuous: ^ torruose.

Torulus: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon which the organ is ar-
ticulated for movement in all directions.

Totidem: in all parts; entirely.

T. P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of certain Lcpi-
doptera, two-thirds or more from base : = post medial line.

Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which arise
the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies : a paired movable appendage in
front of the antenna; in certain bird-lice.

Trachea -ae: the spirally ringed breathing tube or tubes of insects.

Tracheal gills: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae through
which oxygen is absorbed from the water.

Tracheary: relating to or composed of tracheae.

Tracheate: supplied with trachea: a general term applied to all articulates
that breathe by means of spiracular openings into a system of tubular struc-
tures that extend to all parts of the body.

Tracheation: the arrangement or system of distril)ution of tracheae.

Tracheoles: the capillary trachea of the adult as they develop in masses in
the larva : very small, slender trachea'.

Transection: a cut across, at right angles to the body: transverse section.

Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and boreal
elements overlap : it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian area ; a western
arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of which see.

Transitory: lasting for a short time only.

Translucent: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of light but not of
vision.

142

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Translucid: clear: transparent enough to be seen through.

Transparent: so clfar as not to obstruct vision.

Transverse: when the longest diameter is across the body.

Transverse incision: = transverse sulci.

Transverse sulci: the transverse grooves of pronotum in many Orthoptera.

Transverse suture: in Diptera, a transverse groove extending inward from

the root of wing and obsolete in the middle of dorsum.
Trapeziform: in the form or shape of a trapezium.
Trapezium: a four-sided figure in which no two sides are parallel.
Trapezoid -al: a four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and two are

not.
Tri-: three; a combining form.
Triangle: in Odonafa: a small, triangular cell at the junction of cubitus with

culjitus I : a similar cell adjoining it basally is the internal triangle : =

discoidal triangle : cardinal cell : q. v.
Tri-articulate: composed of three joints or articles.
Tribe: a term of classification less than a sub-family: opinionative and ending

in jHi ; but this is not universally adhered to.
Tri-carinate: with three keels or carinse.

Trichogen: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in caterpillars, etc.
Trichoptera: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries with many longi-
tudinal veins and cells, covering the broader secondaries which are usually

folded lengthwise ; mouth mandibulate but rudimentary ; head free ; thorax

agglutinate ; metamorphosis complete.
Trichostical bristles: in Diptera, a fan-like row, situated on the meta-pleura :

conspicuous in some families.
Trichotomous: divided by threes.
Trichroism: the condition when any given part exhibits three different colors

in different individuals of the same species : e. g., in Lepidoptera, the hind

wings of certain Heliconids.
Tricuspidate: ending in three points: with three cusps or teeth.
Tridactyle -ous: having three toes or claws.
Trifid: cleft into three parts or ends.
Trigonal: triangular: an area bounded by a triangle.
Trigonate: three-cornered; approximately triangular.
Trigoneutism: where three broods occur in one season.
Trigonulum: in Odonata, = triangle.
Trimera: that series of Coleoptera. in whicli there are only three tarsal joints

present.
Trimerous: species which have the tarsi three-jointed.
Trinomial: that method of nomenclature in which a varietal or subspecific

name follows the specific term without an intervening mark or indication of

its rank.
Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes to each joint.
Triquetral: ^triquetrous.
Triquetrous: with three flat sides.
Tri-regional: divided into three distinct parts or regions.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 1^2

Trito-cerebral segment: see second antennal segment.

Trito-cerebrum: the posterior portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion
of the third primary segment ; also termed labro-frontal lobe.

Tri-undulate: with three waves or undulations.

Triungtilin: the first larval stage of a meloid beetle.

Trivial: applied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or popular
as opposed to technical.

Trivittate: with three stripes or vitta.

Trochalopoda: Hcteroptera in which the posterior coxae are nearly globose
and the articulation is a ball and socket joint: see pagiopoda.

Trochanter: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the coxa and femur;
sometimes fused with the femur.

Trochanterellus: see apophysis.

Trochantine: the basal part of the trochanter when it is two-jointed: in
Coleoptera, a piece often present on the outer side of and sometimes movable
on the coxa ; also the small sclerite connecting the coxa with the sternum
in Dytiscidcc : in Neuroptera and Trichoptera the posterior separated part
of the coxa: in Orthoptera, a narrow longitudinal sclerite between mandible
and gena.

Trochiformis: cylindro-conic.

Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicada: in Trichoptera a
small elliptical space at base of hind wing behind origin of median vein.

Trochlearis: pulley-sbaped ; like a cylinder contracted medially.

Trochus: that part of an articulated body inserted between the joints.

Trophi: the mouth parts collectively, including the labrum : see buccal ap-
pendages.

Trophobiosis: see Symbiosis.

Tropical: is that faunal region which covers the southern part of the penin-
sula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands of
southern Mexico south of the table land, and a narrow strip on each side of
Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United States.

Tropico-politan: occurring in all tropical regions.

Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae.

Truncate: cut off squarely at tip.

Truncature: the truncation or point squarely cut off.

Truncus: the trunk or thorax.

Trunk: the thorax as a whole: the body.

Tryptic: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic fluid.

Tube: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically applied to the anal
siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito larvae.

Tubercle: a little solid pimple or small chitinous button; really a ring, which
may or may not give rise to a seta.

Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are: an-
terior trapezoidal ; posterior trapezoidal ; lateral ; posterior stigniatal ; an-
terior stigmatal ; sub-primary subventral ; pedal and adventral ; all of which
see.

Tubercula: an elevated triangular process at the anterior angle of the thorax:
specifically in Hymenoptera.

144

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Tuberculate -ose: formed like a tubercle: a surface covered with tubercles.

Tubercule -ulum: a small tubercle.

Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or tubercle.

Tuberculose -ous: covered or set with tubercles.

Tubulifera: Hymcuoptcra. in which the terminal segments of abdomen are
retracted, but may be extended, tube-like : Thysanoptera in which there is
no ovipositor and the terminal segments of abdomen are tubular.

Tubulous -ose: formed like a tube: fistulous.

Tubulus: the slender, flexible abdominal segments forming the ovipositor in
Diptcra.

Tubus: a term used to designate the corneous base of a ligula : the sheath of
the tongue.

Tumescence: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area.

Tumescent: a little swollen or puiTed up.

Tumid: swollen; enlarged: puffed up.

Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or mem-
brane.

Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue lining the
interior of the hind gut : the outer layer of the silk glands : a covering or
investing membrane.

Tunicate: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one another: said of
antenn;e when each successive joint is buried in the preceding funnel-shaped
one.

Turbinate: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from pyriform in being shorter
and more suddenly attenuated at base : applied to an eye ^ pillared eye ; q. v.

Turgid: swollen.

Turritus: towering: a surface rising cone-like.

Tylo : = tylus ; q. v.

Tylus: the anterior central lobe of the head in Hcmiptcra.

Tympana: the ears in Orthoptera.

Tympanal: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or stretched mem-
brane supposed to function as ears.

Tympanic spiracle: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at base of wing.

Tympanules : small openings covered by a membrane, having otoliths and
serving as ears.

Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum: specifically
applied to the membrane covering the auditory organs in Orthoptera.

Type: a unique or single specimen selected from a series and labelled by the
describer to represent his name and description : if (^ or $ be added to the
label, the specimen typifies that sex, and in case of an erroneous association
the male type stands for the species unless the author has specifically desig-
nated the other example as representing the name ; see also co-type ; home-
type ; meta-type ; paratype ; topotype.

Typical: the normal or usual form of a species; agreeing with the type form.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

145

U

Uliginous: muddy, or pertaining to mud.

Ulnar: in HomoMera, a wing vein between the radial vein and claval suture;

^ cubitus : in Orthoptera, = cubitus ; q. v.
Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, =: median area; q. v.
Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera.
Ulonata: a Fabrician term for Orthoptera, based on the character of the

mouth structures.
Ultimate: last or final: that larval stage just before pupation.
Ultramarine: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue].
Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs parallel with and between media i and

2, or principal and nodal sectors : = postnodal sector.
Umbilicate: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel.
Umbilicus: a navel, or navel-like depression.
Umbonate: bossed; with an elevated knob in the centre.
Umbone: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral angle of elytra.
Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax in some Coleoptera.
Umbrosa: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade.
Unarmed: without spurs, spines or armature of any kind.
Unarticulate: not jointed nor segmented.

Unci: thick, hook<;d processes, forming the borders of the anal opening.
Uncinnate: hooked at the end.
Uncus: in Lcpidoptcra, Dipt era, and elsewhere, the curved hook directed

downward from a triangular dorsal plate in the (^ and shielding the penis :

the genital hamule.
Undate: wavy or waved.

Undulated: obtusely waved in segments of circles.
Unequal: unlike in size, form, development or other characters.
Ungues: the tarsal claws.

Unguiculate: armed with a hook, nail or claw.
Unguiculus: a small terminal claw or nail-like process.
Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also applied to a short

process on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids.
Ungula: a hoof, claw or talon.
Ungulate: shaped like a hoof.
Uni-: one, a combining form.
Unicolorous: of one color throughout.
Unidentate: with one tooth only.
Uniplicate: with a single fold or line of folding.
Unique: one only: unlike any other.
Unisexual: of one sex only: applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only

parthenogenic females are known.
Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian area, and

a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which pass insensibly into each other

near the looth meridian: see Carolinian and upper Sonoran.
Upper field: in tegmina, = anal field ; q. v.
10

I

146 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the posterior or anal
margin of most authors.

Upper median area: see areola.

Upper radial: in Lepidoptcra, = media i (Comst.), and is vein 5, or the inde-
pendent, of the numerical series.

Upper sector of triangle: in Odonata, = cubitus i (Comst.).

Upper Sonoran faunal area: that arid part of upper austral west of looth
meridian ; covers most of plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, s. w.
South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, and east.
Colorado and New Mexico ; covers plains of Columbia, Malheur and Har-
ney in Oregon and Washington. In California encircles Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valleys and forms a narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave
deserts. In Utah covers Salt Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the Snake
plains. In Nevada and Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation.

Uranidin: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

Urceolate: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle.

Ureter: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, when they form large
tufts, with the intestine.

Uric acid: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of the malpighian or urin-
ary tubules: composition, C5H4N403 (von Fiirth).

Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; q. v.: has also been applied by older
authors, to anal glands.

Urite: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion.

Uromere: any of the abdominal segments of an arthropod.

Uropoda: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods.

Uropygium: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension of the abdominal
segments.

Urosome: the abdomen.

Urosternite: the sternal or under piece of the uromeres.

Urticating: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or processes on the bodies
of certain caterpillars, which cause a stinging or burning sensation on the
skin.

Ustulatus: scorched: applied to a maculation that has the appearance of hav-
ing been burned in.

Uterus: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes enlarged portion of the
vagina at junction of the oviducts : := calyx, q. v.

Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac into which the ductus ejaculatorius opens
in the Symphyla.

Utriculi breviores: small vesicular sacs connected with the seminal vesicles
in crickets and some other insects.

Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tubular structures connected with
the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.

Utriculus: a little bag or hollow vesicle.

V

Vacuolate: with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a watery fluid.
Vagina: the tubular structure formed by the union of the oviducts in the

USED IX ENTOMOLOGY.

147

female, opening externally to admit the passage of the egg to the ovi-
positor: receives the penis of the male in copulation and is sometimes called
oviduct: "every prrt, the office of which is to cover, protect or defend the
tongue " : " the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover of the spicula " : gener-
ally, a sheath.

Vagina ta: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for Coleoptera.

Vaginate: inclosed in a bivalved sheath.

Vagus: sympathetic nervous system: q. v.

Valgate: enlarged at bottom: club-footed.

Valve or Valvulae: the expanded plate-like galea of the maxilla in many
Hymcuoptcra.

Valve: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind the last full ventral
segment, at base of plates in (^ Jassidcc and allies.

Valves: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the ovipositor; = corniculi :
in Lcpidoptera, sometimes used to = harpes ; q. v.

Valvula: = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth parts.

Valvulae: in Hymcnoptera, branches of the genital forceps of male.

Valvular: when two parts join so as to form a valve between them.

Valvular process: in Odonata, a slender, unjointed process at the apex of each
genital valve.

Valvule: any small, valve-like process.

Variation: a departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of the
departures from a mean type of any species : it is continuous when there
is no break between the extremes ; discontinuous when there are gaps with-
out intermediate forms.

Variety: any departure from the normal type of a species, which, while re-
taining the specific characters, is yet recognizably different because of
climatic, seasonal or other influences ; may occur with the type form or as a
geographical race.

Variola: a deep, rounded impression with defined edges.

Variolate -ose: with large, rounded impressions like pock-marks.

Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia, q. v.

Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes of each side, which
usually unite into a single ductus ejaculatorius ; q. v.

Vasa varicosa: the malpighian tubules.

Vascular: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory system.

Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidcc, an ovate, triangular or semicircular opening
on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment.

Veinlets: in Orthoptera. are the minute transverse ribs or ridges between the
longitudinal veins.

Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting the wings, and especially
those extending longitudinally from base to the outer margin : =: nerves ;
nervures : nervules.

Velum: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex of anterior tibia:
in bees a broad process at inner end of fore tibia.

Velum penis: the thin membranous covering of the male intromittent organ:
also applied to other covering or shield-like structures of the penis.

[48

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Velutinous: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet.

Vena: a vein.

Vena dividens: ihat longitudinal vein of secondaries that marks the beginning

of the anal area: := anal i (Comst.).
Vena plicata: on the wings of Dcmiaptcra, the vein around which the folding

occurs.
Vena spuria: = spurious vein: q. v.

Venation: the system of chitinous frame-work supporting the wings: in Lepi-
doptera, the veins are usually referred to by numbers which are as follows :
on primaries ; i := anal ; 2 =: cubitus 2 ; j = cubitus i ; 4 ^ media 3 ; 5 ^
media 2 ; 6 = media i ; 7 = radius 5 ; 5 = radius 4 ; 9 = radius 3 ; jo = radius
2; // = radius I : 7i> =: subcosta : on secondaries: i, la, ift = anal ; 2 =
cubitus ; 3 = cubitus i ; 4 ^ media 3:5 = media 2 ; 6 = media i ; 7 = radius
I ; 5 = sub-costa. See plate III for typical venations of all orders.
Venter: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole and of each ring.
Ventose: inflated; puffed out.

Ventrad: extending or directed toward the under side.
Ventral: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in Dipt era, that face

of the leg which is inferior when laterally extended.
Ventral chain: refers to the series of ganglia of the nervous system.
Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine teeth on venter.
Ventral diaphragm: is a fine membrane covering the central nerve cords and

ganglia : also called ventral heart.
Ventral heart: := ventral diaphragm, q. v.
Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the

embryo, but not the amnion or serosa is formed.
Ventral scale: in Diaspince, the under part of the puparium, interposed between

the insect and the plant.
Ventral tube: in Collembola, a tube or tubercle proceeding from the ventral

side of the first abdominal segment.
Ventricose: with a big belly: distended; inflated.
Ventriculus: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; q. v.
Ventri-meson: the middle line of the ventral surface of the body.
Ventro-cephalad: toward the lower side and anteriorly.
Ventro-dorsad: extending from belly to back.
Venules: the branches of the main veins.
Vermian: worm-like.

Vermicular: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm.
Vermiculate: worm-like in form: a marking with worm-like tracings.
Vermiform: worm-shaped.
Vernal: appearing in spring.

Vernantia: the molting or shedding of the skin.
Verriculate: with thick-set tufts of parallel hairs.
Verricule: a dense tuft of upright hairs.

Verrucose: having little hard lumps or wart-like elevations.
Versatile: moving freely in every direction.
Versicolored: with several colors, indeterminately restricted.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 149

Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput: in bees,
that part of the head adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli: in Notonectids,
" the imaginary anterior margin of the notocephalon."
Vertexal: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it.
Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptcra, are two pairs, inner and outer, inserted
more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye ; erect, or the
inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent.

Vertical margin: in Diptera, the limit between front and occiput.

Vertical triangle: in (^ Diptera, the small triangle upon which the ocelli are
situated ; limited behind by vertex, in front by eyes.

Verticil: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair arranged symmetrically
on the joints of the antennae in certain Diptera.

Verticillate: placed in whorls: antennae in which the joints have a circle of
long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids.

Vesicant: blistering: able to produce a blister.

Vesicle of penis: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous walls, attached to the
sternum behind the penis.

Vesicles: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to extensible organs producing
odors or secretions, as in some beetles and caterpillars.

Vesicular: bladder-like: beset with spherical prominences.

Vesicula seminalis: see seminal vesicles.

Vestibule: the space around the ovipositor formed by the projecting margins
of the surrounding segments : the space between the occluding structure of
the spiracle and the valve opening into the trachea itself.

Vestigial: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant of a previously func-
tional organ.

Vestiture: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or scaly character.

Vexhillum: in Hymcnoptera, an expansion on the tip of tarsi of certain fos-
sorial groups.

Vibrant: having a rapid motion to and fro.

Vibratile: formed for vibratory motion: used to express the almost con-
tinual movement of the antennae of some Hynioioptcra. and the wings
of some Diptcra.

Vibrissae: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between the
mystax and the antennae : whiskers.

Villi: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of villus; q. v.

Villose-ous: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair.

Villus: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain ab-
sorbent and sensory organs.

Vinous: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown, like claret [purple
madder].

Violaceous: violet colored; a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine].

Virescent or Viridescent: greenish or becoming green.

Viridis: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome yellow -f white].

Viscera: the internal organs of the body.

Visceral: relating or attached to the viscera.

Viscid: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or greasy matter.

iz^o EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Viscous: thick, sticky or semi-fluid.

Vis formatrix: the creative or formative force.

Vitelligenous: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the

ovaries, believed to have that function.
Vitelline -us: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like yolk of an egg.
Vitelline membrane: the delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an egg.
Vitreous: glassy; transparent.
Vitta: a longitudinal, colored line.
Vitta frontalis: i= frontal stripe; q. v.
Vittate: striped.

Viviparous: applied to insects which bear living young.
Vocal cords: specialized organs on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera. by

means of which they produce a humming or singing sound.
Volant: flying or capable of flight.
Vulgar: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and abundant in

number.
Vultus: face: that part of head below front and between the eyes.
Vulva: the orifice of the vagina in the female.

Vulvar lamina: in Odonafa. the posterior margin of sternum of segment 8.
Vulvar scale: == v. lamina.

W

Wart: a spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric. with a nearly truncated
tip: the enlarged, common base of a group of setae: in Trichoptera. a
pitted elevation.

Wax: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other insects from glandular
structures in various parts of the body, used in building cells or in forming
a protective covering.

Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure formed by the hind tiijia and meta-
tarsus in social bees.

Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy product
in either a scale, string or powder: in Coccidcr. the circumgenital and para-
stigmatic glands ; q. v.

Wax-pincer: = wax cutter.

Wax-scale: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket or gland of a worker
bee.

Whitlows : =: paronychia ; q. v.

Whorl: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, like the spokes around
the hub of a wheel.

Wing, Wings: membranous reticulated organs of flight; one pair, the pri-
maries, attached to the meso-thorax ; the other, the secondaries, attached to
the meta-thorax.

Wing covers: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of larv;e. nymphs or pupre
which cover the rudiments of the wings of the imago : the forewings of an
imago when they are thicker than the hind wings and cover them when at
rest : see elytra ; tegmina.

Wings of the heart: the series of diagonal and other muscular fibres above the
diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial diaphragm.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

151

Wing cells: areas inclosed by veins: reference should be had to the figures
illustrating venation and to the special terms applied to the cells.

Winglets: small, concavo-convex scales, generally fringed at tip, under the
base of the elytra ii: Dytiscidcr.

Wing-pads: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph.

Wing-scale: in //v))(CH0/'/£>n7, = tegula : q. v.

Workers: the undeveloped females in the social Hymenoptera ; also those
sexually undeveloped Termites that are not soldiers.

X

Xanthophyll: the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances found in

the blood of insects.
Xenobiosis: see symbiosis.

Xerophilous: applied to species living in dry places.
Xylophaga: wood-eaters: applied in several orders.
Xylophagous: feeding in or upon woody tissue.
Xyphus: a spinous or triangular process of the meso-sternum in many Hemi-

ptera. and some other insects.

Y
Yellow: used without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow.
Yolk: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living, for-
mative material ; ^ deutoplasm.

Z

Zona: a belt or zone; as of distribution.

Zonite: = arthromere or somite: q. v.

Zobnite or Zoonule: = zonite.

Zygoptera: those Odonata. having the fore and hind wings subequal in width,

venation comprising a quadrilateral, not a triangle ; nymphs with caudal

tracheal gills.

ADDENDA.

Calacobiosis: see symbiosis.

Cleptobiosis: see symbiosis.

Dulosis : see symbiosis.

Coxal file: in some equatic Colcoptera a series of striations just above the

hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a stridulating organ.
Coxal plates: plate-like expansions or dilations of the coxa; specifically in

aquatic Coleoptera on the posterior pair.
Ecto-parasite: one that is attached to the external surface of the host.
Ento-parasite: one that feeds within the body of the host.
Embioptera: an ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family Embidcr.
Hamabiosis: see symbiosis.
Heliophobic: loving darkness: applied to species that shun the light, like, e. g.,

Termites.
Heliotactic: light loving: applied to species that live in the open and in day-
light.
Lestobiosis: see symbiosis.
Meron: in Neuroptera ; a sclerite posterior to the coxa and below the epimeron :

corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera.
Metasternal wing: in some aquatic Coleoptera a leaf-like expansion above the

coxal plates.
Myrmecophily: is the relation existing between ants and those guests that

seek their company primarily for their own individual advantage.
Phylacobiosis: see symbiosis.
Prosternal process: m aquatic Coleoptera a modification of the presternum

used in the differentiation of species.
Sub-clypeal pump: in some Diptera, the enlarged, more or less bulb-like

structure at the anterior entrance of the oesophagus.
Sub-clypeal tube: in Diptera; see pharynx.

USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

•53

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE L

Structures of the External Body Wall.

1. Har pains caliginosus showing the underside, and the head from above, to

show the regions and the position of the sclerites.

2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles.

3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement of sclerites.

4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of the tubercles.

5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body sclerites.

All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily understood.

PLATE II.

Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax and Genitalia

1. Head of wasp from front.

2. " honey bee with mouth parts extended.

3. " Locustid from front, to show regions.

4. " a Lepidopteron from front.

5. " a cricket from front.

6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts.

7. Maxilla of Harpaltis caliginosus, with all sclerites marked.

8. Mandible of Copris Carolina with all sclerites defined.

9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above.

10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named.

11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below; the parts separated out.

PLATE III.

Venation According to the Comstock System.

1. Wing venation of a Noctuid.

2. " " " Hepialid.

3. " " " Locustid.

4. " " " Hymenopteron.

5. " " " Dipteron.

6. " " of an Odonat.

7. " " of a Cicada.
Abbreviations are as follows :

C. Costa, except in figure i, where on the outer margin C occurs instead of

Cu. In the cells it means Costal.
Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a cell.
R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a cell.
M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell.

154 EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Cii. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a cell.

A. Anal veins or cells.

c-v. cross-vein.

m-cn. medio-cubital cross-vein.

r-in. radio-medial cross-vein.

111. median cross-vein.

h. humeral cross-vein.

St. stigma.

ar. arculus.

br. bridge.

n. nodus.

o. oblique vein.

/. triangle.

i. internal triangle.

al. anal loop.

Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces.

Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces.

Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces.
All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly and are num-
bered, if more than one, from base outwardly, as 2M2, = second median 3, etc.
In figure i, M, m the outer margin between Ci and M2. should be M3 : the 3
was accidentally cut out by the engraver.

COLOR PLATE.
Nomenclature of Windsor and Ne'vfon's Wafer Colors.

1. Vermilion. 21. Brown pink.

2. Carmine. 22. Pale clay yellow.

3. Crimson lake. 23. Hooker's green.

4. Alizar crimson. 24. Prussian green.

5. Salmon. 25. Olive green.

6. Rose. 26. Apple green.

7. Purple madder. 27. Nile green.

8. Mauve. 28. Pale green.

9. French blue. 29. Blue green.

10. Purple lake. 30. Neutral.

11. Violet carmine. 31. Gray.

12. Lilac. -^2. Ultra ash gray.

13. Cobalt blue. 23- Indian red.

14. Lavender. 34. Dragon's blood.

15. Blue gray. 35. Burnt sienna.

16. Greenish gray. 36. Brown ochre.
17- Chrome lemon. 37. Cologne earth.

18. Gamboge. 38. Roman sepia.

19. Chrome orange. 39. Van Dyke brown.

20. Pale cadmium yellow. 40. Pale brown.

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