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eS: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO, 244.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

THE EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS
OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH BRIEF
REVERENCE TO THE CIGAR TYPES.

BY

EK. H. MATHEWSON,
Crop Technologist, Office of Tobacco Investigations.

IssuED NOVEMBER 23, 1912.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1912,

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Chief of Bureau, BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY.
Assistant Chief of Bureau, WILLIAM A. TAYLOR.
Editor, J. E. ROCKWELL.

Chief Clerk, JAMES E. JONES.

TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

W. W. Garner, Physiologist in Charge. |
E. H. Mathewson and G. W. Harris, Crop Technologists.
H. A. Allard, C. W. Bacon, E. G. Beinhart, D. E. Brown, C. L. Foubert, W. M. Lunn, E. G. Moss, and
Otto Olson, Assistants.
J.S.Cuningham and B. F. Scherffius, Experts.
J. E. Blohm, Special Agent.
B. G. Anderson, R. P. Cocke, E. M. East, W. W. Green, E. K. Hibshman, and True Houser, Collaborators.
244
Z

ee ee ere

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BureEAv oF PLant INpDusTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C, February 16, 1912.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled
“The Export and Manufacturing Tobaccos of the United States,
with Brief Reference to the Cigar Types,” by Mr. E. H. Mathewson,
Crop. Technologist in the Office of Tobacco Investigations, and
recommend that it be published as Bulletin 244 of the series of
this Bureau.

The manuscript was prepared in response to a long-felt need for a
general study of the tobacco-growing industry as a whole, so that the
various types of tobacco produced in the United States may be
understood in proper relation to each other and to the tobacco trade
as a whole. ,

The accompanying maps, indicating the location of the different
tobacco districts, are regarded as a particularly valuable feature of
the bulletin, and it is in response to a specific demand for such maps
from the trade as a whole that they have been prepared for publica-
tion.

Respectfully, B. T. GALLoway,
| Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
244

CON TB Nels:

leno CC tLO neem merase eerie eh ee Ue eas ene SIL ative oceas
Distinction between the export and manufacturing and the cigar types of

HO] DENACO Ss Si aes aoe S ee ae a eM ee eee Us tian oe pa ae in Sen er

iim POrRissam dhexpPOoOrtstOlLODACCOL =. 4552 cee eee eee Sele ee ees
HarhyamistonycOltihe: tObACCOMNGUSUEY:. 6 26202 ee ee ee ae eee
Development im: colonialmamess: 6225 2. sheet ase ai we ee
Development from the Revolution to the Civil War.........--.-......----
Development tobacco;manutactures: =a. 6o. 2 a ge eee oe ie

Ext enslomyOlgpROGUeIMelareaS=) osc ee Ney. eee ceo ee esa cin sen
HerimMines Ormtwetcicar-vobacco imdiUstiye=.55 see ess | ye
Summanyecvevolution: tothe Cival War period)i2-2-- 222-2222. 2 4e a.
Development during the period since the Civil War..........-...--.----..----
limidweince orpube twat tes opine ce ete cot ares Cone Cine ee ae a ea
Influence of the new fiscal system.......-.-- So Rae Races Hey we NAc yee ake eee
inGenma lene, emule: taxes ee ce rent Seen Since ae eel hla, US ter aaa
hmportdutyronecigarsiand cigardeat.. 25. bl 25) 2 as ee ee ee
Weveloomentotclear-leat production. -.8 205.7.) 22. ee

Development of the cigar-manufacturing industry........-...--..-------

Distribution of the cigar-manutfacturing industry-:..-...2...----.--:-.--::
Development of the export and manufacturing types of tobacco..........
Development of different methods of curing tobacco...............-------
iMnewdarkennedstyeOltObacco. scan Nasek fake as es tere ate ie
Wonmestterde mand sumsa eminem eae ates Vine eine ee A ee oes Ae
LEGVRSaaATN CITT WANG IS eke sega ra tes GO eee Sa rece alae ate nea cna ea ur ee URNA
Review, onune dark-firedity pe by districts:.< 22225225545... 20. 0225 22
he Wargimiaadarke district ovece c.f: tere es Aa Ne Ts ne Mae
Distribution in use of the Virginia dark-fired type-....-.......-..--
Olive-creen. or blackistemmiune district. 2242:.4-5-..22.2..2 3.222.
Dark-fired tobacco in Kentucky and Tennessee..................-..-
(he Clarksville and “Hopkinsville district.: 22:1)... 25.52.22... -
ithesbadmealar districts: 5. 8c Geer nec M he ets tence ee
Distribution in use of the combined Clarksville and Hopkinsville
AMG chem Pacey byCS fare ec. eer onl 2s eae cpio
Grades and prices in the Clarksville and Paducah districts.....-.
tithe Henderson,or the: Stemminge, district 245.2 925. ae
thes Maryland sor baltimore types Of tobacco. 225. --0-2.. 5-4-8 - es
IDs fre lo TOMB TMU Se te eve a2) =f ayaa a eee rp a Ia ce ae ae
Giraidiesyam lot Ces wey esrege eave ys Pa een ane ape eel ey sees ere) a
Dist UGlOMOWACKreAge ass eh ee ie eRe ae
Let WS CWARE ON WO GEKKO ES SS cs Sepa rman at Se moecr 39 ON -c He gee eae Oe
Ouicineandeearlyedevelopment,. .. 255 has inn ee.
Importance of fertilizers in stimulating production......................
Wsestoigtie=cumedatOWacco™ .. 52 nic. cs Nae ee AOR es ee
1 OMNES TCE OMS UMM LTOM <2) <2.° wer. asian ae emempee a gRC ee Linde hea
ARxapo OT Uae Mina Tl Clem yee a 2 Ne Sa einai ae eae AS ae

244 5

6 CONTENTS.

Flue-cured tobacco—Continued.
Distribution Mase cL. Se Se oe ees ee eee ee
Grades‘and prices-.2. .< Fo sg ns sediccns sae eee ee ee
Flue-cured tobacco at the Paris Exposition of 1900..................- ia
Subdivisions of thetflue-cured districts. 25 pases 2
The Old Beltisectiomt.. © Oe oe Lees See eg ete ee ee pores
The: New Belt section™2) =. 5 Sas eae ee SS ees
White Burley, tobacco see Sak: Del ees Pe ee
Originvandsearly development. .—: 254 Se ee ee
Special soiltmiluences! on: productiome: 2 s-c. 855 a se ee ee
General characteristics and uselulness:<.~ 4232-225 =0.. 2 2-2
WOMeESEICAISE* oo. 2625 ee 5 ee sect eee. en
Moreromd emai — 2. ese eee ee ee es
Gradés'and pricess 2 3ce2 s2 os ace 22 ee oe ee eee
Piluctuations im production 2:< ss i250 ee kee ee ee ee
Distribution iM Usei.2 25-52. ee ee ee eee
Distribution:of acreages. 4... 35s. ae So eee ee
GreenvRiver tobaccO.. 2. .2isi se 5 ee

Production and ‘distribution i use 22s 5... 15. 2 9 ee
Gradesiand prices... sa" MS De ee ee
Distribution oracrnedge 2.22 sacs estos oe ee ee
One=Suckertypes ol tobacco2.2. 55 eh se Se Le
General-characteristics and useiulness.= (22. So eee
Subdivisionsot the: One-Sucker districts 922-252-352. ee
Southern Kentucky and upper Cumberland sections.............-..-.-
The One-Sucker type in southern Indianas2 =. 4
Production: and distribution of acreaces 325) hse. 258 eee
Gridestand *prices.* . (8 fon. ace wha SE Stee — ae
Distr WtlOm UM Se. seas hs ee eR ele aera ee eee ee
Wirsiniag oun-Oured ’ @tobacco:2°.2 8 ete ee eee
Method of cure and general. characteristics. 22220 32-222 2555 5 ee
Wsesol wwun-Cured’tobacc0se= 28 yo. sens re oe ee es ee eee
DistribullonsoL acreage. se3 22 .ee eee eee ee ee eee
Pricesiand -Crade@s: soe... et. sok Niece SS eae ee eee ga
IRERIGUe NO DACCO ce. 22 ane see eee LENS Oe tee ee ere een oes eee EE eee ee
Methods’ of production toeo2>. 2... 25. sse sce os Sec oe
Uses of: Perique tobacco and Jocation of area.*- 22-925.
PB razlliametOWACCO: == rete cease ra co ee eae er Js 5s ee ae ee
Resume with statisties of all typesse:- = 204525 - 4 ae "es See
244

PE US Ren TOs:

PLATES.
Page.

Puate I. Map of the export and manufacturing tobacco districts of the eastern

Sechiomo mune WmutedsStatesa\ qacsarmee ss ee ore ees In pocket.
II. Map of the export and manufacturing tobacco districts of the western
Bectloncomthe sUmitedEStatessue ia. s ee he ee In pocket.
TEXT FIGURES.

Ric lee A Conmeciieutvaliey<tobaccotield= 225. sssacs 22 eae ee 2 Up
2. Group of curing barns in the broadleaf section of the Connecticut Valley 23
3. Exterior view of cloth shade, Connecticut Valley shade-grown tobacco. 24
4. Hands of Sumatra-type shade-grown cigar wrappers..-..-..----------- 24
5. Harvesting cigar-leaf tobacco near Janesville, Wis..-........----..--- 25
6. Sweated cigar leaf, Wisconsin binders, 22, 18, and 14 inches long --.. 25
7. Sweated cigar leaf, Ohio cigar tobacco, Zimmer Spanish fillers, 11 to

Shia CES] OT eee My AEN e Sars a ey ane ee oleh a Benne tree 26
8. Type of seed beds common in all of the cigar-tobacco districts-.-...--- 27
Que Ban hyatyper Oil Opa CUT saris 74S. ssa eho sete te, Se ee sen 30
10. English strips, English leaf, and Austrian leaf tobacco from the Vir- —
SiMbandarknned dis triC tee emer! ates. pecans erie ae ear a 36
11. Dark-brown ‘“‘snuffer”’ tobacco from the dark-fired districts.........- 37
Zee lanteoedmmawoods-: wathueloths covering 2 ceence eee eeeee ce eee 38
13. Common type of Virginia log barn for curing dark tobacco with open
fi © Sree aeat see Stare emnnieen pene cee, Sie cot bararn tune CAMs newts wae eee ag 39
14. Characteristic tobacco plant of the Clarksville type...........--.--.- 42
15. Worming and suckering tobacco in the Clarksville district...........- 42
16. Harvesting scene, Clarksville district.....-: Sig Bane caeeee tac anaes appne 43
17. Wilting and yellowing tobacco on the scaffold, Clarksville district... 43
iss Hauling tobacco irom the-field to the curing barn. ..--=--.-:-2-.524: 45
19. English strips, long and short, dark-fired tobacco.....-..-......--..--. 49
Zee Marylandetobacco-CUnimM earl. 5222 pee me tee ese ese eee ae OZ
Zi Vor landennercolony lealexport tObaceOs22- 222-0 see 4 ee 53
22. Hauling prized tobacco to railroad station for shipment.....-......---- 55
23. Field of ‘‘fresh land’’ tobacco of the flue-cured type. ............... 58
24. Typical flue-curing tobacco barn, Old Belt section..................- 58
25. Stages in the manufacture of chewing, twist, and plug tobaccos. ..... 60
26. Stemming room of a leaf-tobacco factory.-..-.-- Beng a come eat cee 62
27. Common method of hauling tobacco from the field in the Virginia
HOWAC CORI SURI tema ere es epee et UNS Oe hue ere eee 65
28. Stringing the leaves of tobacco of the flue-cured type in the New Belt
SLEXGLUOY OV re Resets a acer ae gece ta I Ac OR ge 66
29. Part of a field of thrifty young Burley tobacco plants................ 74
30. Transplanting and watering tobacco seedlings by machine.........-- 75
31. Common type of curing barn in the Burley district of Kentucky. -.-. Peehe
32. Burley tobacco, flyer, colory leaf, and red-plug filler................ 80
Sosy pICalMVellowsleryOrtopacco plantameeseewan: 58). feet Sse nee 85
SAmmelaMivOr the; One-SuCKer ty Per ance seer a os a ee oe ee 88
35. Sunning tobacco in the Virginia Sun-Cured district ......-....------ 92
36. Working the twists of Perique tobacco during the pressing process. -- - 96
37. Winding the carotte with rope, Perique tobacco district...........-... 97

244 7

B. P. f.—727.

THE EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS
OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH BRIEF REFEK-
Per OIE GAR TY is

INTRODUCTION.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING AND THE
CIGAR TYPES OF TOBACCO.

(

The designations ‘‘export”’ and ‘‘manufacturing”’ are used by the
trade to distinguish these tobaccos from cigar tobacco. The terms
themselves do not make the distinction very clear. The making of
cigars might, of course, be regarded as a manufacturing process, but
as here used the term is limited to the domestic manufacture of pipe
and cigarette smoking tobacco, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and
snuff. There is, however, some reason for restricting the term “‘manu-
facturing’ to these types, because the making of cigars is largely
a hand process, requiring in its simpler forms no machinery worth
mentioning. In the case of the manufacturing tobaccos, however,
the machinery used is the dominating element, from putting the leaf
into keeping order by the elaborate and costly machine drier to the
finished products of the plug presses, the granulating and cutting
machines, and the snuff and cigarette machines. The manufacture
of these types adapts itself readily to the concentration of a great
business intoa single very large factory, with an elaborate and costly
machine equipment, without which the chances of successful compe-
tition are minimized. As is well known, this point has been of funda-
mental importance in the success of the great tobacco combinations
in the manufacturing field.

The export tobaccos are of the same general type as those used in *
domestic manufacture, the same general methods are used in pro-
ducing and handling them, and in finding a market they move through
the same channels of trade. The export and manufacturing tobaccos
are thus naturally and properly considered together as a single broad
type, although, as will be explained later, there are important modi-
fications of quality in connection with some of them that cause cer-
tain types to be used mostly for domestic manufacture and consump-
tion and others to be mainly exported.

244 9

iG) EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

We have already noted one important difference between the cigar
and the export and manufacturing tobacco industries; that is, in the
machinery used in manufacture and in the tendency to consolidation
in large plants. This, however, is only one of several reasons that
cause them to fall quite naturally into different classifications.

The cigar tobaccos are produced on different soils and in other
sections of the country. A very different type of seed is used. The
methods of cultivation, harvesting, and especially handling after
harvest are distinctive, and they move to market. through separate
trade channels. The Bureau of Internal Revenue expressly forbids
the making of cigars and the manufacture of tobacco in the same
factory, and with some exceptions the growers, handlers, dealers, and
manufacturers of the export and manufacturing tobaccos generally
have very little or nothing to do with cigar tobacco.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF TOBACCO.

The standard of quality in the export and manufacturing and in the
cigar types of tobacco is very different, which is strikingly empha-
sized by the fact that while some thirty-odd millions of pounds of cigar
tobacco are imported yearly, above 300,000,000 pounds of the other
type (average of 1910 and 1911 was 356,261,573 pounds) are each
year exported. Strangely enough, however, the value per pound of
the tobacco imported is so much greater than of that exported that
the value of the imports offsets about two-thirds the value of our
exports (for 15 years ending with 1911, 61 per cent; for the fiscal
year 1910-11, 72 per cent), so that the balance of trade in favor of
the United States on the tobacco account is smaller oe might
be supposed.

The tobacco which is imported consists principally of cigar-filler
leaf and cigars from Cuba and cigar-wrapper leaf from the Dutch East
Indies (Sumatra and Borneo, purchased at Amsterdam and Rotter-
dam, Holland) and is the finest and highest-priced tobacco in the
world. Our imports of Turkish tobacco, for use principally in ciga-
rettes, is coming to be of considerable importance and ‘is Tapa
increasing.

This imported tobacco bears a very high rate of import duty for the
protection of cigar-leaf growers in the United States and for revenue,
which is at the rate of $1.85 per pound on wrappers and 35 cents per
pound for fillers, with a reciprocity discount of 20 per cent in the case
of Cuban imports. Adding this duty to the declared value of the
imported tobacco and cigars causes it to exceed the value of our
exports by more than 30 per cent. These values are shown in
Tables I and II. |

244

INTRODUCTION. ligt

TaBLE |.—Exports of tobacco produced in the United States for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1908.

Kinds. - Pounds. Value. Kinds. Number. Value.
TBE hd y= i ee ne 393/033\,034 | $34,342, 293) || Cigarettes..45---.-.---5- 1,539,364,000 | $2,000,881
Stems and trimmings..-|: 7,779,624 Sov SHE il AU OUIME HOOK OO seo caealoeacaqucnsnoce 1,158,051
TENDS es = ee eee 6,295, 757 1,525, 888 ——————
Cigars aie ea Se 2, 352,000 51,702 | INO Cell eee yatta =. (Serre the Nn et 39, 463, 679

TasLe IIl.—IJmports of tobacco into the United States for consumption in the geal year
ended June 30, 1908.

Value(duty

Kinds. Pounds. Value. Duty. added).

Wrapper JIG Sa ae eee SSA poe eee 5,396,539 | $6,073,444.52 | $9,949,094.04 | $16,022,538. 56
HEFT Crp Cate ees oe Slee RCs NS Ne ee 27,183,222 | 16,166,369. 02 8,513,519. 16 24, 679, 888. 18
Nother Galeesenc he eee os ahve sme at 89, 488 35, 470. 30 42, 068. 54 77, 538. 84
SECTS, Soh SS a eae a cote Doe sere 3, 164, 242 DS 2803008 Pee Sees ea 15, 280. 00
CisarsjandicherootSteeee- = sse ee oe 704, 875 4,011, 177.80 3,342, 527.13 7,353, 704. 93
CHPIRAHTIES SSS pe etnestdap ssReeme ame ere” 22, 452 69, 081. 87 115, 969. 28 185,051.15
Other manufactured tobacco....-.----- 358, 841 139, 699. 80 196,911.59 336, 611.39

MO taleeerea aero seen ee ies Les Be Pare 26, 510,523.31 | 22,160,089. 74 48, 670, 613. 05

The trade movements of the export and manufacturing types are
of course not entirely separate from the cigar types, and one could
easily find points of real’ contact and more or less striking points of
similarity. There are no official figures to quote, but it is generally
known by those connected with the trade that every year some of
the export types of tobacco are used in the manufacture of cheap
cigars, stogies, and cheroots. Conversely, a considerable quantity
of cigar leaf in the aggregate is used in manufactured tobacco,
particularly in those brands known as scrap tobacco, made largely
from cigar cuttings and the heavier and commoner grades of cigar
leaf. As noted in Table I, also, more than 2,000,000 cigars are
exported annually, which is an insignificant quantity compared with
our imports or home consumption, and it is generally known that a
small quantity of cigar leaf is exported annually, notably to Canada,
England, and Germany.

Imports include also a very small quantity of manufactured
tobacco, mostly fancy brands used by foreigners resident here; some
cigarettes, mostly of Turkish tobacco; and a considerable and rapidly
increasing quantity of Turkish leaf now amounting to about 10,000,000
pounds annually for use in manufacturing Turkish cigarettes and for
blending with our own domestic cigarette and smoking-tobacco
mixtures.

244

1 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY.
DEVELOPMENT IN COLONIAL TIMES.

The commercial culture of tobacco in this country was almost
coincident with the first permanent settlement established at James-
town, Va., in 1607. The people of Great Britain and of Continental
Europe had already become familiar with the use of tobacco from
the numerous expeditions to various parts of the New World during
the previous 115 years since its discovery by Columbus, and during
the last 50 years of that period it had become common to include as
much tobacco as possible in the return cargo from the various parts
of the New World where it might be obtained from the natives.
Introduced first because of its supposed medicinal effects, the taste
and demand for it had already become general in much of Europe
and the British Isles.

The Virginia colonists soon found that it was about the only
commodity which they could produce that would exchange to advan-
tage against the various manufactured necessities or luxuries which
they desired from the home country. History records that John
Rolfe was growing tobacco in the streets of Jamestown in 1612, and
in 1618 the first official statement of exports is recorded, which.
amounted in that year to 20.000 pounds of tobacco at a valuation
of 542 cents per pound. :

These early settlers found a heavily forested country, which re-
quired a great expenditure of labor to clear and put into shape for
planting. Nothing else that could be grown would produce so large
an exchange value from a given area of land against manufactured
commodities from home as tobacco. It absorbed almost the entire
attention of the early settlers, aside from producing sufficient corn,
wheat, and vegetables for mere subsistence. At first the cultivation
was restricted almost entirely to the richest river land along the
James, the York, and the Rappahannock Rivers, where the largest
yield and highest return for a given amount of effort could be obtained

New colonists were constantly arriving and the production of to-
bacco increased with wonderful rapidity. From 20,000 pounds in
1618 the exports increased in 1627, nine years later, to 500,000
pounds.

Tn the later forties the palatinate of Maryland (officially estnbleched
in 1634 with the first settlement at St. Marys) was also developing
rapidly in population and in the production of tobacco, which became
there also the main reliance and most available resource as a commer-
cial medium for exchange against the necessities and luxuries of the
Old World.

In 1639 the total exports for the two colonies reached the large total
of 1,500,000 pounds, but the value had dropped to 6.08 cents a pound.

244

EARLY HISTORY OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY. 1bs}

Although the market in England and on the Continent was a rapidly
expanding one, production in America under the influence of necessity
occasioned by the rapidly increasing influx of immigration, particu-
larly indentured white laborers and negro slaves, increased at a still
ereater rate. Just at this period also, England was entering upon her
navigation and colonial policy, which had for its object the building
up of English shipping, creating and retaining exclusive control of
the colonial markets for home manufactures and increasing national
resources. | |

Parliament passed laws effectively prohibiting the importation
of any tobacco except from the Colonies. This excluded Spanish
colonial tobacco, which had hitherto been of considerable importance,
and secured a monopoly of the British markets for the Colonies.
Conversely, however, the Colonies were forbidden to export tobacco,
except to the mother country and in English ships. This had the
effect of reserving.the market for colonial tobacco to England only
and helped to build up English shipping, but it placed the colonists
entirely at the mercy of English merchants and shipowners as to
prices obtained for tobacco. The British merchants, however, could
sell colonial tobacco to other countries freely after it had passed the

British ports, and it is estimated that during the colonial period two-
thirds or more of the colonial tobacco reaching England was resold for
use in continental countries. England thus became the great supply
center for leaf tobacco for the rest of Europe.

In order to increase colonial imports, augment customs receipts, and
make the farming out of the tobacco monopoly of greater value to the
King, the growing of tobacco in Britain, which had already become
of some importance in certain sections there, was forbidden. Laws
were also passed discouraging the development of any manufacturing
activities in the Colonies in order to retain the colonial markets for
British products. This, too, had the effect of making still more com-
plete the dependence of the Colonies upon agriculture alone as a means
of livelihood, and for exchange purposes tobacco seemed to be the only
resource. The whole policy as outlined, together with the rapidly in-
creasing population of the Colonies, conspired to increase production
and depress prices.?

In 1664 exports amounted to 23,750,000 pounds at 3.09 cents a
pound. So it went on with production and prices fluctuating greatly

i It should perhaps be noted in this connection that the action of this colonial policy in respect to Mary-
land was somewhat different from that of the other colonies. Maryland was a palatinate and as such had
a degree of freedom from control by the mother country not enjoyed by Virginia and the other Colonies.
For example, the policy limiting the exports of colonial tobacco to Great Britain did not apply to Mary-
land. She thus enjoyed a freer market and sold much of her product directly to other countries in Europe,
particularly to France and Holland, and built up a trade in tobacco leaf with these countries which has
persisted. These countries continue to take between them the larger portion of the Maryland product.
- Virginia, however, produced a much larger quantity of tobacco than Maryland, and was really the con-
trolling factor in prices and production in colonial times,

244

eS

14 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

from year to year throughout the whole colonial period, the produc-_

tion always tending to expand rapidly, as the average of a series of
years, attended with chronic dissatisfaction from low prices. The
lowest recorded price was 1.52 cents a pound in 1730, when exporta-
tions were 36,000,000 pounds.

All iach ans early period tobacco was a constant source of legis-
lation, particularly in the Virginia Assembly, in the effort to control
production and keep up the price, but the effort usually met with
little or at best only temporary success. Laws limiting the number
of plants grown by each planter, limiting the number of leaves to be
harvested, providing for the total destruction of a portion of the
stocks on hand, or eliminating a crop altogether were passed from
time to time. On several occasions memorials were addressed to the
King praying for relief. Several times negotiations between Virginia
and Maryland were attempted for the purposes of limiting production
and maintaining prices, but it usually happened that lack of unity
would defeat the effort, and when one colony tried to limit production,
the other would increase the acreage. Warehouses, or rolling houses
as they were first called, were established at several points with sworn
official inspectors. Laws were passed placing heavy penalties against
nesting or false packing, in the hope thus to raise the price level which
the English merchants would be willing to pay. Both Maryland and
Virginia tried to fix artificially the price of tobacco by statute. No
legislative device, however, seemed able permanently to overcome the
combined influence of the natural conditions favoring the production

of tobacco and the artificial influences of the British colonial policy —

and navigation laws and the rapidly increasing colonial pope
including cheap slave labor in particular.

Production, therefore, continued to increase and low prices worried
the colonists Ane the gulneele of the American Revolution, when the

production in the Colonies was at its maximum.~ Exports averaged.

about 100,000,000 pounds annually for the years 1770 to 1774. But
the war, of course, nearly put a stop to exports. The English market,
which had been receiving almost all the colonial tobacco, was closed
to the Colonies and the danger from seizure by English privateers
and gunboats was great and the war itself absorbed the attention of
the great body of the people. The low mark for this period was
reached in 1776, when exports were only 2,440,947 pounds of tobacco,
and the exports for the seven years of war averaged less than 12,500,-
000 pounds yearly.?

1It may be of interest to note that soon after the establishment of the permanent colonies in the New
England section attempts were made there to grow and export tobacco, but conditions were such that these
efforts were attended with no real success. The principal cause of this failure in New England was largely
due to its soil, which did not possess anything like the natural fertility of the rich river valleys of Virginia.
Tobacco growing in New England never amounted to much until the introduction of the cigar-tobacco
industry into the Connecticut Valley in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.

244

a -” ~~

EARLY HISTORY OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY. 105)

At the close of the Revolutionary War the production and exporta-
tion of American tobacco was of course resumed, but under very
different conditions, as the British colonial policy and navigation
laws were no longer effective here.

Almost from the beginning of the commercial trade in tobacco
“it seems to have been regarded as an available asset for taxation.
In Great Britain and in many of the continental countries it was
made to yield a good revenue by duties upon imports and by farming
out the privilege of trading in it. Indeed, the Colonies themselves
were able to realize considerable public revenue by means of an
export tax, which stood for a portion of the time in both Virginia
and Maryland at 2 shillings per hogshead. This policy of using
tobacco as a subject for taxation, as 1s well known, has become a
fixed policy with most of the leading nations to-day, either in the
form of customs duties or internal taxes or by governmental monop-
oly, and the revenue exacted is in many cases much more than the
value of the tobacco itself.

DEVELOPMENT FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE CIVIL WAR.

In the half century succeeding the Revolutionary War a number
of effective causes tended to check the production and exportation
of leaf tobacco in the United States. The war itself had made it
impossible for European countries to import their regular supplies of
American tobacco, and they turned to other sources, particularly to
Cuba and to the Dutch East Indies. They also tried the experiment
of producing a portion of their supply at home. The long series of
_ Napoleonic wars, which for many years absorbed the attention of
all Kurope and which at times almost prohibited and nearly always
menaced commerce seriously, tended still further to encourage
home production of tobacco by the countries of Europe.

‘From the close of our Revolutionary War to the breaking out of
the War of 1812 exports of tobacco fluctuated from about 50,000,000
to 100,000,000 pounds a year, with an average of about 75,000,000
pounds, except in the year 1807, when the effect of the Berlin and
Milan decrees made all commerce with England or Europe practi-
cally impossible and our exports were but 9,576,000 pounds. The
War of 1812, with President Jefferson’s embargo proclamation for-
bidding all American ships to leave port, caused our shipments of
tobacco in 1812 and 1813 to aggregate only 5,314,000 and 3,125,000
pounds, respectively.

After the world-wide cessation of hostilities in 1815, following
Waterloo in Europe and New Orleans in this country, our exports of
tobacco again immediately rose to fairly large proportions. All
Kurope, however, including England, found itself financially pros-

trated, and tobacco was one of the commodities selected upon which
244

16 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

to levy still higher taxes. For example, Great Britain, which had
been collecting an import duty of 15 cents per pound on tobacco,
raised it in 1815 at one leap to 75 cents per pound. Such a great
increase in the tax of course seriously upset and hindered normal
trade movements in leaf tobacco for a considerable time, and it was
not until 1840 that our exports of leaf really began to average higher
than they did just before the Revolutionary War. In 1840 the ex-
ports of leaf were 147,828,000 pounds and continued at about this
average with a slight tendency to increase until just before the break-
ing out of the Civil War, the maximum figure up to that time being
recorded in 1858, when 204,213,000 pounds of leaf were exported.

The greatly increased economic independence resulting from
national independence, with freedom from the repressive navigation
laws and colonial policy of Great Britain, had the double effect of
increasing interest in manufactures (forbidden by the British colonial
policy) and rendering the Colonies less dependent upon a single agri-
cultural product. After the Revolutionary War, therefore, from
about 1800 on, the price of tobacco ruled at a considerably higher
level than in colonial times. In the colonial period from 3 cents to
4 cents a pound was the rule. From independence to the Civil War
the average ranged from 6 cents to 9 cents, and it but once got below
5 cents (4.9 cents in 1842) and on several occasions went above 12
cents a pound.

DEVELOPMENT OF TOBACCO MANUFACTURES.

Our manufactures of tobacco in colonial times were inconsequential
and our exports of manufactured tobacco were nothing. We even
imported considerable smoking tobacco and snuff from the home
country. With independence, however, and freedom from England’s
oppressive colonial policy, the development of tobacco manufactures
in the tobacco-growing States at once became of importance. In
1790, 28,637,175 pounds were manufactured and used in domestic
consumption. Exports of manufactured tobacco, however, amounted
to only 96,811 pounds, but the growth, though gradual in the early
days, was steady and certain. In 1820 the exports of manufactures
had grown to 1,377,501 pounds, and in the census year 1859, just
before the Civil War, to 17,737,232 pounds, the highest record to the
present time.'

EXTENSION OF PRODUCING AREAS.

During the colonial period Virginia and Maryland had produced
practically all of the tobacco in this country, except a comparatively
small quantity from the border counties of North Carolina. With

Ss 1 Basis of foregoing figures, Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, for 1908, pp. 683-688,
244

EARLY HISTORY OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY. ae

the close of the Revolutionary War the pioneering movement to the
country beyond the Alleghenies into what is now Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and southern and eastern Ohio went on at an increased rate.
Many of these frontiersmen were from the tobacco-producing sec-
tions of Virginia and Maryland and it was quite natural that they
should try tobacco growing in the new settlements. As in Virginia,
the soil and other natural conditions of much of this new country
were suitable for the production of tobacco. Marketing facilities
were available by means of the numerous navigable rivers connect-
ing with the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and down these to New
Orleans and thence to the markets of Europe on nearly as favorable
a basis as that enjoyed by Virginia and Maryland.

As the population of these States grew, so did the production of
tobacco, and by 1840 we find Kentucky producing much more than
Maryland, and ranking second only to Virginia until, with the favoring
influence of the Civil War, which entirely prostrated production in
Virginia, she passed into first place, a position which she continues
easily to hold by a big margin.

In this period also the production of tobacco was carried over into
‘Missouri on an extensive commercial scale. The crop in that State
amounted in 1860 to 25,086,196 pounds and in 1876 its largest crop
was produced, amounting to 43,245,000 pounds, causing it to rank
in production for that year ahead of the other important producing
States, Tennessee, Ohio, Maryland, and North Carolina, and inferior
only to Kentucky and Virginia. Missouri’s product has recently
fallen off markedly in quantity, however, and she is now no longer
to be reckoned among the important tobacco-growing States.

BEGINNINGS OF THE CIGAR-TOBACCO INDUSTRY.

During the colonial period the production of distinctive cigar
types of tobacco was not recognized, and there had been no impor-
tant commercial development of tobacco growing in any of the now
important cigar-tobacco producing sections of our country.

During the first quarter of the nineteenth century the manufac-
ture of cigars had its infant beginnings as a household industry in .
some of the Connecticut Valley country towns. The industry grew ©
very slowly at first and correspondingly slow progress was made in
the growing of cigar leaf, which likewise had its beginnings in the Con-
necticut Valley in the section between Hartford, Conn., and Spring-
field, Mass. :

Other centers of development for the production of the cigar or
seed-leaf types of tobacco almost coeval with that of the Connecticut
Valley were the present area in Lancaster and York Counties, Pa.;
the Gadsden County, Fla., area; the Miami Valley, Ohio, area; and

45801°—Bul. 244—12——2

18 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

the Onondaga and Big Flats areas in New York State. In none of
these areas, however, did the production of cigar tobacco attain |

much importance till the closing decade of the period just preceding
the Civil War. This fact is shown in Table III.

Tasie II11.—Development of cigar-tobacco production in the decade preceding the Civil

War.
|
Localities. : | 1849 1859

Connecticut Valley: | Pounds. Pounds.
GONMECEICU Ge ee aI se ee ee re ee Ee | 1,267,624 6, 000, 133
WaSSACHUSCUIS S255 Se ie oe oe eee Se te ee ie aes Sa eiys Slavs Sees Se | 138, 246 3,233,198
Rotalior Connecticut Valley. 2). 25. =a 5 ee ae ee eee | 1,405,870 | 9,233,331
Penns yAlVANIas 2255 Hose ae a a ene eres | 912, 651 3, 181,586
Ohion Miami Valle yates sees. tee ee ee re rome oe Een gre ee | 1,200,000 3,900, 000
PAOTIODS =2 Agu eee es sa ale EMS ee ie ne SR ee eae eae hee pec eh he 998, 000 828, 815
ING WieY ORK 252.0 o Gps aa eae ace in | A Pd, Tae aR een SR Us Eee Oe Re eee sae 500,000 | 1,500,000
[otal cigar leat 22. Loe el eh oe Oe ee nee eres ee | 5,016,521 | 18, 643.732

1 Figures for 1852, 4,009 cases: for 1860, 13,090 cases (from Killebrew’s Tenth Census report). Weight of
cases estimated at 300 pounds each by the writer.
2 Approximation from estimates in Killebrew’s Tenth Census report.

The present important Wisconsin area had no development of com-
mercial importance until after the Civil War.

This rapid increase in the production of cigar-leaf tobaeco during
the decade 1850 to 1860 was coincident with a rapid development in
the use of cigars in this country. This development was likewise
reflected in our imports of cigars and cigar leaf for the same period.
The number of cigars imported in 1850 was 124,303,000, valued at
$1,469,097, which was increased in 1860 to 460,404,000, valued at
$4,581,551. Imports of unmanufactured tobacco (practically all
cigar leaf) likewise increased from 2,480,446 pounds (valued at
$272,438) in 1850, to 6,940,671 pounds (valued at $1,365,695) in 1860.
The larger part of the leaf imported was from Cuba and the cigars
were principally from Cuba and Germany. The high-grade cigars
came from Cuba and the lower grade, representing the bulk of the
imports, came mostly from Germany.+

SUMMARY (REVOLUTION TO THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD). “

In this brief account of the development of the tobacco industry in
the United States from the period of our Revolution to that of the
Civil War, the important influence of national independence with
consequent economic freedom from the British colonial and navigation
policy has been noted. Dependence upon tobacco as practically the
sole medium of exchange against manufactured necessities became
less urgent because many of the people could turn their attention to
the pursuits of manufacturing, including the manufacture of tobacco
itself, both for home use and for a slowly expanding export trade.

oe 1 Dodge’s Tenth Census report, p. 48.

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 19

The long series of wars involving all Europe, including our own War
of 1812, greatly retarded international trade in tobacco as well as in
other commodities and, together with the generally high revenue
tariffs levied on tobacco in the period succeeding these wars, which
had exhausted all the leading nations financially, still further retarded
the development of our exports of tobacco and encouraged the home
production of leaf on the part of many of the leading nations of con-
tinental Europe. It was not until about 1845 that our exports of
tobacco began to expand much above the volume reached in the
years just preceding the Revolution.

The rapid settlement of Kentucky and border areas in Ohio,
Indiana, Missouri, and Tennessee, largely by pioneers from Virginia,
Maryland, and North Carolina, rapidly extended the production of
tobacco into this new territory so that at the breaking out of the Civil
War the annual production of tobacco in this new territory across the
Alleghenies was nearly equal to that in the older area, with Kentucky
second only to Virginia in production, and Tennessee ranking third, her
production being slightly ahead of either Maryland or North Carolina.

The manufacture and use of cigars and the home production of cigar
tobacco were having their early struggles for development in the
second quarter of the nineteenth century, ending in a period of very
rapid development from 1850 to 1860. This development was accom-
panied by a rapid rise in the importation of cigars and cigar leaf, so
that by 1860 the cigar-tobacco trade and the production of cigar leaf
had become really an important feature in the tobacco industry.

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR.

INFLUENCE OF THE WAR.

As in the case of the Revolutionary War, the Civil War and the
developments growing out of it exercised most important influences
on the tobacco industry in all its phases. Virginia itself, which up
to this time was the most important producing area and really
dominated the tobacco trade, became the actual battle field of the
ereat struggle which completely absorbed the activities of her people.
The cultivation, exportation, and manufacture of tobacco within her
borders became greatly disorganized and its cultivation there was
almost completely abandoned. The total production of the country,
which in 1859 was 434,209,461 pounds, was in 1863 only 163,353,082
pounds. The value per pound, however, was 14.8 cents, a higher
figure than had been recorded since 1816, immediately succeeding the
War of 1812, and higher than any yearly average figure which has
been recorded since the Civil War. The exports of manufactured
tobacco decreased from 17,737,232 pounds in 1859 to 4,110,802
pounds in 1861.

244

20 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING -TOBACCOS.

The shrinkage in exports of leaf, however, was comparatively.
slight because, under the influence of high prices, effort was made to
export as much as possible. The conditions in the western produc-
ing territory, particularly in Kentucky and Ohio, were not so com-
pletely unfavorable for the production of tobacco as in Virginia,
Maryland, and North Carolina, and the production in the West
remained fairly large during most of the active period of the war.
The influence of the Civil War, indeed, brought Kentucky to first
place as a producing State, which place she has continued easily to hold.

INFLUENCE OF THE NEW FISCAL SYSTEM.

INTERNAL-REVENUE TAX.

The financial necessities of our National Government brought
about by the tremendous expenses of the war led to many new
devices for raising revenue. The war-revenue act of 1862 placed an
internal-revenue tax on all manufactured tobacco. Up to this time
no tax had been levied except for two short periods of trial in 1794,
and again during the period of the War of 1812. Since the passage
of this law in 1862 tobacco has regularly been one of the principal
sources of revenue, although the rate of levy has passed through a
ereat variety of changes.

IMPORT DUTY ON CIGARS AND CIGAR LEAF.

Prior to the Civil War the import duty on cigars and leaf tobacco
was comparatively low and was not sufficient materially to affect
imports. The revenue act of 1862, however, materially mcreased
these rates and greatly stimulated the home production of cigar-leaf
tobacco and the home manufacture of cigars. The revenue rates
were still further increased later on, with the effect of greatly reduc-
ing the imports of both cigars and leaf tobacco and practically exclud-
ing all but the highest grades of cigars and leaf.

The import tax on tobacco has been maintained upon a high basis
and the present rates of 35 cents a pound on filler and $1.85 a pound
on wrapper leaf are equivalent to about 50 per cent ad valorem on
fillers and about 175 per cent on wrappers. It is claimed that the
domestic wrapper-producing industry would be ruined with any

material reduction of the rate on wrapper leaf. Nevertheless, we
continue to import wrappers of the finest grades to the extent of about
6,000,000 pounds annually.

Be aenaene that 3 pounds of these high-grade wrappers are re-
quired to wrap a thousand cigars, the duty amounts to a full
half cent for each cigar covered with imported wrappers. The
duty on cigars ($4.50 a pound and 25 per cent ad valorem) is
much higher and is equivalent to about 64 cents for each cigar

244

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 21

imported. It should be said in this connection, however, that since
practically all of the cigars imported are from Cuba, where the reci-
procity treaty reducing the statutory figures by 20 per cent is in force,
the real tax collected for the larger portion of our imports amounts
to about 5 cents for each cigar.

The importation of both cigars and cigar-leaf tobacco received a
sharp setback by the raising of the import duties at the time of the,
Civil War. Because of the demand for the highest grade cigars, the
importation of cigar leaf has nevertheless tended since then toward
a gradual increase. The official figures show that the average annual
importation of cigar leaf was about four times larger in the first
decade of the twentieth century than during the few years prior to
the Civil War before the tax was increased.

Under the influence of the heavy discriminating duty levied on the
manufactured product the number of cigars now imported is still
much below the figures set in the last few years preceding the war.
The cigars imported in 1860 numbered 460,404,000, as previously
stated. These figures! were reduced to 26,864,000 in 1868, and in
later years,, during the period from 1903 to 1908, our importations of
cigars have averaged only about 55,000,000 yearly, or about 13 per cent
of the high-record figures of 1860. It is unquestionably true, how-
ever, that in this country we really smoke more Havana cigars than
ever before, as the importation of Havana tobacco has increased
sufficiently to much more than offset the decrease in importations of
cigars under the influence of the very large discriminating duty on
cigars as compared with the raw leaf.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIGAR-LEAF PRODUCTION.

Under the combined influences of a high protective tariff and the
rapid increase in popularity of cigar smoking the cultivation of cigar
tobacco and the manufacture and sale of cigars have increased enor-
mously, far outstripping the manufacturing types in rate of growth
in the period since the Civil War. In 1859 the domestic production
of cigar tobacco, as we have seen, was 18,643,732 pounds, and the total
production of all types of tobacco in the United States was 434,209,461
pounds. Thus the production of cigar leaf at that time constituted
but shghtly over 4 per cent of the total. production, while in 1909 the
production of cigar tobacco was 158,772,000 pounds, and the total for
the United States 949,357,000 pounds. The production of cigar
tobacco in 1909 was therefore close to 154 per cent of the total for the
period, which is an increase of more than 750 per cent in actual
production and an increase in relative standing of more than 300 per
cent. The total combined production of all tobacco has but little

an 1 On the basis of 12 pounds to 1,000 cigars.

22 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

more than doubled during the period. The production of these-
cigar types in 1909 was distributed as shown in Table IV. The
official crop-report figures of the Bureau of Statistics are used.

TasLe IV.—Production, yield per acre, and value in 1909 of the cigar types of tobacco
in the United States, by disiricts.

Farm
rs value per
Section. Production. | Y ¢!d per pound
acre
: Deer te
1909.
Pounds. Pounds. Cents.
ne Gh ies] Op cd Erb 0 V6 Deore ne Seg Ma Ne ees a a Ae ie ite ete we cra Poy Eve NR Ou 29, 655, 000 1, 638 15.9
NING Wye VOTRE 2p ys ae nae NG, Seep ep a ahem os a eS 7, 050, 000 1,175 8.0
ram Syyr Veet sss Ses ee oR A Noe 2 2 PR eae ea 30, 732, 000 985 9.0
Ohio Maa mT Walle ys ss Sa eee ey parte ce Bia ree eee Ar 8 er eta 49, 500, 000 900 9.5
AYES CKO OUST Na BS & ac rr Ne ann ALA LE MG ne are eee sin Seen ae cenp cas al auW uh (ice) 37,170, 000 1,180 9.2
TDI oyeKS leh eNaVS ME Vey eather Ree ee SU ere ei hE Ee het ee aia 4, 665, 000 707 34. 0
i) DCO) Feo) VE lectern ee tore ne ea ere ee te cle Ra Mee he lore US Bt paste A A 158; 7:22, 000 io weet ees |e pone

By comparing Table IV with Table III (p. 18), showing the pro-
duction in 1849 and 1859, it will be seen that this development took
place entirely in connection with the areas as then established,
except in the case of Wisconsin, which did not become of recognized
importance until in the seventies. |

The development of tobacco growing in Wisconsin from 1870 to
1880 was exceedingly rapid. In 1859 Wisconsin produced but 87,340
pounds of tobacco; in 1869, 960,813 pounds; and in 1879, 10,608,423
pounds. The maximum crop of tobacco was produced in Wisconsin
in 1903, the figures for that year being 69,946,200 pounds, so oe
the 1909 crop is considerably below the ee

The Florida and Georgia area is a wrapper-producing cottons
The production is confined principally to Gadsden County and to
contiguous areas across the State line in Decatur County, Ga. The
tobacco is produced largely under expensive slat or cloth shade and
comes more directly into competition with the imported Sumatra
product than any other. It is the highest-priced type of tobacco
produced in this country. :

The New England area, confined principally to the Connecticut
and Housatonic River valleys, is classed as a wrapper and binder
section. The tobacco is produced mainly in the open, without
shade, under intensive methods of fertilizing, cultivation, and han-
dling. The highest-grade leaf makes acceptable wrappers for cigars
and the remainder is principally useful for binder purposes. Since
1901 a considerable acreage of shade-grown tobacco has been pro-
duced in Connecticut each year. More recently there has been a
marked expansion in acreage of shade-grown tobacco in that section,
but with what degree of permanence of course remains to be revealed.

244

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. oe

Figure 1 shows a typical field of Connecticut tobacco of the Havana
seed variety, which is grown almost entirely in the portion of the

Fig. 1.—A Connecticut Valley tobacco field; variety, Havana seed. (Photographed by the Bureau
of Soils.)

New England area on the west side of the Connecticut River. Figure
2 shows a group of curing barns in the “Broadleaf” section of the
New England district, which is principally on the east side of the

Fic. 2.—Group of curing barns in the broadleaf section of the Connecticut Valley.
the Bureau of Soils.)

(Photographed by

river from Hartford to Springfield. Figure 3 shows an exterior

view of a field of tobacco under cloth shade near Granby, Conn.
244 ;

94 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Some wrappers are produced also in the other cigar-tobacco pro-~
ducing areas, particularly in the Chemung Valley, New York, tobacco
district; the northern part of Lancaster County, Pa.; and in Wayne
and Medina Counties, Ohio; but the New England and Florida

Fic. 3.—Exterior view of cloth shade, Connecticut Valley shade-grown tobacco, near Granby, Conn.
(Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

districts are the only recognized typical wrapper-producing sections.
The other districts are typical producers of other types of leaf, as
briefly described below. Figure 4 shows sweated shade-grown

Fic. 4.—Hands of Sumatra-type shade-grown cigar wrappers, Florida and Conneeticut. (Photographed
by the Bureau of Soils.)

wrappers of the Sumatra type as produced in Connecticut and
Florida.

Wisconsin is particularly noted for the fine type of binder leaf

which is produced. It is recognized by the trade as typically a
244

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 25

binder State. Figure 5 shows a harvesting scene in the Wisconsin
cigar-leaf district. (The method shownis similar in the other northern

Fig. 5.—Harvesting cigar-leaf tohacco near Ganesville, Wis. (Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

Fig. 6.—Sweated cigar leaf, Wisconsin binders, 22, 18, and 14 inches long, Wisconsin district. (Photo-
graphed by the Bureau of Soils.)

cigar-tobacco districts. Figure 6 shows sweated Wisconsin binders
22, 18, and 14 inches long.

244

bo:

6 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Ohio, in the Miami Valley district, is a leading producer of filler
leaf, principally of the Zimmer Spanish type. Figure 7 shows
samples of sweated Ohio fillers of the Zimmer type anaes to differ-
ences of 1 inch in length.

The Pennsylvania and New York areas are classed as filler dis-
tricts, except the Chemung or Big Flats area in New York, which
produces more particularly a binder and wrapper type of leaf.

This whole scheme of division into types is only approximate, as
all of the districts produce more or less of all three grades; that is,
binder, wrapper, and filler. Furthermore, the distinctions between
these grades are by no means fixed, particularly between the wrapper
and binder grades.

An attempt has been made in recent years to establish the pro-
duction of cigar filler and wrapper tobacco in certain other sections,

Fic. 7.—Sweated cigar leaf, Ohio cigar tobacco, Zimmer Spanish fillers, 11 to 18 inches long. (Photo-
graphed by the Bureau of Soils.)

principally in Texas and Alabama, but the production is not yet
of commercial importance.

Figure 8 illustrates the type of seed bed covered either with cloth
or alesse, as the conditions demand, common in the cigar-tobacco
districts of the country.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIGAR-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.

The domestic manufacture of cigars has had an enormous develop-
ment since the Civil War period. The number manufactured in
1863 was 199,288,284. In 1870 this number was increased to
1,139,470,774, and the increase has gone on at a rapid rate ever
since and is now about 7,000,000,000 per year, the official figures
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, being 6,847,417,141. In
addition, 1,152,525,926 little cigars Gaeta all- fobaese exon

244

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 27

weighing less than 3 pounds per thousand, were also manufactured
in the same year.

In this development of the cigar-manufacturing industry, which
began largely as a home industry with the grower working up leaf
of his own production, the development has been more and more
toward making this phase of the tobacco business also a factory-
made and, to a certain extent, a machine-made product. This
tendency has been very decided in the past 20 years, since the
development of the bunch-making machines and suction tables.
It still remains, however, the one striking phase of the tobacco-
manufacturing business where the man of skill but without much
capital and with no expense for machinery, working perhaps alone
or with two or three assistants, has much chance for success.

The relative degree of concentration of these two branches of
the industry can well be shown by stating that the official figures

Fic. 8.—Type of seed beds common in all of the cigar-tobacco districts; covered either with glass, as
in some of the northern districts, or with cloth.

give the number of cigar factories operated in 1907 as 23,882, against
3,526 factories for the manufacture of all other forms of tobacco
combined. Of these latter factories, 2,307 were devoted exclusively ~
to the manufacture of smoking tobacco, although the smoking
tobacco amounted to less than 50 per cent of the manufactured
product, and in 580 factories cigarettes only were manufactured,
leaving but 639 factories engaged in the production of all other
forms of manufactured tobacco, including plug, twist, fine cut, and
snuff.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE CIGAR-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.

Pennsylvania leads in the production of cigars, producing about
2,000,000,000 large cigars annually (average for 1907-1909,
1,840,000,000) with three very large centers of production—the
Lancaster, the Philadelphia, and the Pittsburgh districts. Pitts-
burgh is noted particularly for its production of the class of low-
grade cigars known as stogies.

244

98 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

New York ranks next in importance and produces annually about
1,300,000,000 large cigars (average for 1907-1909, 1,255,000,000)
so that these two States together produce almost 50 per cent of the
total output of the country. Greater New York is the largest single
producing center for the manufacture of cigars, producing nearly
1,000,000,000 large cigars yearly.

Richmond, Va., is particularly noted for the production of the
class of low-grade cigars known as cheroots, and this district is
credited with a production of about 250.000,000 large cigars yearly.

The all-Havana cigars manufactured in this country are largely
produced in Tampa and Key West, Fla., where climatic conditions
for the proper mellowing, aging, and handling of the imported leaf
are believed to be more nearly like those existing in Havana, Cuba,
‘than elsewhere in this country.

The production of small cigars (weighing less than 3 pounds per
thousand) is centered at Balenwore Md., and at Danville and Rich-
mond, Va. Together these three demos manufacture about 75
per cent of all the little cigars and all-tobacco cigarettes produced in
the country. Nearly all of the remaining production is concentrated

in New York City and Philadelphia.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TYPES OF
TOBACCO.

In the early days the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia was largely
confined to the tidewater section, particularly the rich river lands
of the James, the York, the Parnelhe anew and the Potomac Rivers.
As Porte nts were opined farther inland, however, tobacco culture
was carried along simultaneously.

In the earliest attempts at growing tobacco in Virginia it is fair to
suppose that not much differentiation of type was recognized, but
the development of the industry had not progressed far until at least
two general types were recognized, one the so-called sweet scented
and the other known as Orinoco. This distinction is now lost so far
as differentiating Orinoco from any other general type of superior
sweetness is concerned.

With greater refinements in taste, which of course were reflected i in
improvements in manufacturing processes, better defined ideas of
quality in tobacco were developed. In the Virginia area particularly
it was observed that the tobacco produced on the clay hill lands was
of better body, finer texture, and of superior richness and luster, and
it came to be much preferred to the coarser and rough tobaccos of
the river bottom land.

The ordinary sandy coastal-plain soil produced a mild, sweet
tobacco, but the yield was much too small.

244 |

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 29

The main differentiation of type of tobacco in the early days was
probably as it is to-day, namely, between the dark, heavy, strong
types and the lighter and milder types; and this of course was suc-
ceeded by a great number of subsidiary refinements of quality within
the two broad classes.

Even before the outbreak of the Civil War the cultivation of to-
bacco in Virginia was almost completely abandoned in the tide-water
section and was confined mainly to the middle and piedmont section
of the State between the Blue Ridge and the coastal plain. The
great bulk, fully 90 per cent, of Virginia tobacco is now produced
south of the James River, but more or less tobacco 1s grown, mostly
of the “Sun-Cured”’ type, as far north as Fredericksburg and Char-
lottesville.

DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CURING TOBACCO.

From the earliest colonial history we learn that the Indians were
in the habit of curing leaves of tobacco in the sun or by hanging them
in the hut or wigwam where the heat and smoke of the open fire
assisted in the cure. The colonists themselves, however, soon began
the erection of special log houses for curing the tobacco, which were
left more or less open between the logs so that the air could pass
through without exposing the tobacco too much to the weather.
Figure -9 shows one of these older types of log barns. Unfortu-
nately they are still to be seen here and there in some sections.

The origin of the use of fire in the curing process found its principal
reason in the early days in the necessity for protecting the tobacco
against damage by pole sweating or house burning as it is more
generally called. It was also soon learned that the tobacco cured by |
open fires kept much better, especially if it was to stand a long ocean
trip. It was true also that the desirable qualities of the light, mild
tobaccos would be obscured and negatived by heavy firing with
smoky fires, which would not be the case with the heavy types, whose
rankness would be modified and quality improved by the heat used
and the creosotic flavor imparted.

In the early days the British colonial policy demanded that the
product of her colonies be shipped only to England. The product of
Virginia, therefore, consisting mostly of open-fire and smoke-cured
tobacco, went directly to England and was there used for home con-
sumption and distributed by her merchants to continental countries.
The habit of using this heavy fire-cured tobacco of smoky flavor,
therefore, became firmly fixed in a number of the nations of Europe
which used American tobacco. Habit is everything in the use of
tobacco and the tobacco user desires what he has been in the habit of

having. The reasons for continuing the practice of fire curing the
- 244

30 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

are, therefore, nearly as strong to-day as ever.

~ Owing to the light nature of its soil, southern Maryland has always
produced a light-colored and light-bodied tobacco possessing little
gum or oil, which keeps well if properly conditioned when only air-

cured. Fire is not necessary in the curing except in damp, muggy

weather. J ire curing has never been the factor in curing Maryland
tobacco that it was and is with the heavier bodied Virginia tobaccos,
so that to-day fire curing in southern Maryland is almost never prac-
ticed and Maryland tobacco is essentially an air-cured product. It

Ita. 9.—Early type of log curing barn for air-curing tobacco still seen in some ofthe Virginia, Kentucky,
and Tennessee districts. 2

is interesting to note in this connection that Maryland, having been
granted a palatinate form of government, was not subject to the
British colonial laws and could, therefore, find a market where she
pleased. Much of her tobacco, therefore, went directly to the Euro-
pean markets, particularly France and Holland, and so strong is
habit in influencing the use of tobacco that these two nations have
continued to take annually the bulk of the tobacco Maryland produces.

Much of the soil in the southern tier of counties in Virginia, par-
ticularly in Mecklenburg, Halifax, Pittsylvania, and Henry Counties
and immediately across the North Carolina line in Granville, Person,

244

A

dark, heavy-bodied tobaccos which we produce for export purposes_

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL war. 31

and Caswell Counties, is of a thin, light, sandy character upon a yellow,
sandy, clay subsoil. The tobacco produced on these soils was mild
and fine, of good body, tending to cure naturally to a mottled orange
or yellowish-red to brown color.

This type of tobacco was found to be particularly pleasing to the
domestic taste for chewing and smoking purposes and, as the home
trade has never cared for the smoky flavor on tobacco, it became the
custom to cure this type largely by air, open fires being resorted to
only when necessary. In order to keep down the flavor of smoke,
growers after a time learned to use charcoal instead of wood when heat
was necessary in curing this type. By proper management of these
fires in close barns, with arrangements for ventilation in the proper
manner and at the proper time, it was discovered that the fires could
be used to great advantage in making the colors still brighter and of
greater uniformity, developing at the same time an agreeable and
- characteristic sweet scent and flavor.

In this coal system of curing, the barns were tightly daubed between
the logs and small fires were built in depressions in the earth floor of
the barn about 4 feet apart each way. The labor involved in
making the charcoal was very great and the task of walking around
in the hot barn at frequent intervals day and night for several days
to attend the fires was a very disagreeable one.

‘The most important step forward in developing the method of
curing this type of tobacco was in the use of flues, at first built of rock
or brick and finally of sheet iron. With this arrangement the mouth
of the furnace was on the outside, any kind of wood that would burn
satisfactorily could be used, the heat would pass through the flues,
thus maintaining a much more uniform and satisfactory temperature,
and the smoke finally pass out of the smoke pipes without imparting
a smoky flavor to the leaf or discoloring it in any way. The use
of sheet-iron flues with brick or stone furnace openings has now
become the universal practice throughout all the bright flue-cured
belt.

The methods of managing the cure with these flues have been reduced
to a high art and the flue-cured type of tobacco has become one of the
most useful and satisfactory tobaccos for both domestic use and
export.

Thus we have, as finally developed, three distinct methods of curing
tobacco: (1) The method of curing by air, that is, simply hanging the
tobacco up in barns, with natural ventilation subject to more or less
artificial control; (2) the open-fire and smoke method; and (3) the
flue-cure method.

Since the war period little, if any, new territory has been added

to the open-fire cured types and the production has a tendency to
244

By) _ EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

decrease rather than to increase. On the other hand, the air and flue-
cured types have enormously increased in acreage andl production.
At the present time the average annual production of the air-cured
types of tobacco is about as follows:

Pounds.

Cigar stobaccobs 2.2 x. 5 se Se eiiee he eee eee ee eee a aes 160, 000, 000
Burley si F2 Sas kes aie Sa ee ne ee ee ee 215, 000, 000
Green River.......- a ited ERE OS SEOs Set ce aetna 35, 000, 000
One-Sucker types 3 2:23 ss ee Spat OE ta ee ee peat 30, 000, 000
Virginia ;sun and: ain, Cured 22 5= ar eae eee eee 10, 000, 000
Mary lande isms ee co ee ee Ne ener ae Be oe ees .. 20, 000, 000

Mota les sash Coe es eS eS eas ot a ey A oe pee 470, 000, 000

These air-cured types thus constitute more than 50 per cent of the
total production of the country and, with the exception of the Mary-
land type, are used principally in domestic manufacture for domestic
consumption. The most important of these air-cured types, particu-
larly the cigar tobaccos and Burley, have received their greatest devel-
opment since the Civil War.

The annual production of the dark types of tobacco eared by open
fires is substantially as follows for the types of much importance:

Pounds.
Waireimids darks, Sieh 18 22 eo ee eee eee 52, 000, 000
Hopkinsville and’ Clarksvaillle=: 3223) a5 ar a yee 70, 000, 000
Pad calles eee er eee peers Gens le eee en Ts oe 60, 000, 000 —
Henderson orsStemiming ss oee ste ee ee one 30, 000, 000
astern Ohio @xportcucs 25 see aoe eee 3, 000, 000
Total SA ews ey ee ee re 220, 000, 000

The eastern Ohio export type, while it is an open-fired tobacco, can
not properly be classed as a dark, heavy-bodied type, and it is really
a type quite distinct from the other fire-cured types which are all dark,
rich, heavy sorts. Eastern Ohio export tobacco more closely resem-
bles the Maryland type, moves to market through the same trade
channels, and is described more at length in connection with this type
of tobacco.

All of these fire-cured types had reached approximately their pres-
ent state of development and annual production prior to the Civil
War period.

The annual production of the flue-cured type of tobacco vee
about as follows:

Pounds.
Old Belt (Virginia and North Carolina) 225-525. - 2a 125, 000, 000
New Belt (eastern North Carolina and South Carolina) -... 95, 000, 000
TOtglesae ee os RE eS ee ee 220, 000, 000

While this type had its beginnings several years before the Civil
War period, it is nevertheless in its present development essentially
a new type and indeed its great development on its present basis has
taken place mostly since 1890, especially in the New Belt section.

244

ye

ie

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 33
THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO.

The dark-fired type of tobacco was produced extensively for export
purposes in Virginia in the early days. It has continued to the
present time to be the type chiefly grown for this purpose and,
indeed, by far the larger portion of this type now produced is exported
and, conversely speaking, it forms the major portion of our tobacco _
exports. /The soils upon which these dark-fired types of tobacco
(are produced vary considerably in character, but they are all of a
class generally spoken of as strong, durable soils rather than light
and leachy, running more to clay than to sand. In every case they
are underlain by the strong, rich, clay subsoils, generally red in color,
which are so common over the uplands of middle Virginia and west- /
ern Kentucky, In harvesting, the entire plant 1s cut after splitting
the stalk downward to within a few inches of the point of cutting off.
The stalk is then inverted and straddled over the stick to hang for
curing, rather than being speared on as is the practice with some
other types, notably the cigar types and the Maryland type

DOMESTIC DEMANDS.

No extensive domestic taste has been developed for this strong,
smoky-flavored type of tobacco. As a whole, the production or
demand for this type has not developed much in recent years, and
the maximum production was reached approximately in the fifties
and seventies of the last century. In several of the European coun-
tries and in Great Britain, however, the taste for this class of tobacco
is well established and the yearly demand in this country for export
purposes is substantial and fairly steady.

A considerable quantity of the aggregate annually finds its way
into domestic consumption, principally in the form of snuff. Some
wrappers for domestic plug are also obtained from this type and a
small amount of low-grade so-called Greenville plug, manufactured
for domestic use, is made partly or entirely from this type. Origi-
nally this type of plug was manufactured almost exclusively in
Greenville, Muhlenberg Co., Ky., from which town it took its name.
The tobacco of that section was less heavily fired than in some
others, and three or four factories (large for the old days) were
devoted to this industry. These factories are now mostly dismantled,
and what little Greenville is still put up is mostly manufactured
elsewhere.

Definite figures are not available, but for all purposes it is probable
that some 30,000,000 to 35,000,000 pounds of this dark-fired type
of tobacco finds its way into domestic consumption yearly.

Snuff is by far the most important item in this domestic consump-
tion, and extensive leaf-handling plants are centralized for the

45801°—Bul. 244—12——3

34. EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Kentucky-Tennessee district at Clarksville, Tenn., and in the Virginia
dark district at Lynchburg, Va. The predominating requirements for
snuff are met by the strong, fat, rich grades, but, since other require-
ments are not exacting, the dle of leat reel | is classed only as com-
mon to medium.

The leaf of this type of tobacco used as wrappers for plug, both for
domestic use and export, is the highest grade produced. The require-
ments for size, body, fineness, color, etc., are so exacting that the
proportion to be found in any crop is small. The wrappers are
picked up here and there, usually in small lots averaging less than 100
pounds. Because of favorable soil conditions these wrappers are
obtained mostly in the region subsidiary to Lynchburg in the Virginia
dark district as a market center and in the Clarksville district in
Tennessee. These dark wrappers are bought at farm prices ranging
from $12 to $25 for 100 pounds, but the quantity is so small that it
raises but slightly the general average price for the type as a whole,
~ which in the past 10 years has averaged from about $5 to $9 per 100
pounds, although individual crops sometimes sell at double the general
average or more. An uncertain and at most a very small proportion
of this dark-fired type is also used in the manufacture of cheap domestic
cigars, some of them of the Italian type for the large Italian population
in and about New York City. Generally speaking, however, this dark-
fired type of leaf is too strong and rank to be used in the manufacture
of cigars for domestic use. Its use in this way is really an anomaly
in the shape of an exception to prove the rule of its unfitness for the
purpose.

FOREIGN DEMANDS.

This dark-fired tobacco is the principal export type. Of the total
annual production, which aggregates about 220,000,000 pounds,
some 185,000,000 or 190,000,000 pounds are exported. This type
thus constitutes more than 50 per cent of our total leaf CxpOrS,
amounting to more than 300,000,000 pounds annually.

Great jemitcn Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Austria, and Bel-
sium, in about the order named from the standpoint ‘of quantity
taken, are the principal foreign purchasers and consumers of this
type of leaf. Among these countries, Italy, France, Spain, and
Austria are known to the tobacco trade as régie purchasers: that is,
the tobacco industry in these countries is a Government monopoly
and the tobacco is, therefore, purchased by agents for the account of
the Government. Italy, France, and Austria conduct the monopoly
directly under Government auspices, but in the case of Spain the
monopoly privilege is let out under certain restrictions for a period
of years to a private concern known as the Compania Arrendataria
de Tobaccos. The purchases of Austria and Italy in this country

244

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 35

are practically all of this dark-fired type, and the total purchases of
this type by these countries is thus accurately known.

Next to the plug wrappers mentioned above, Austria and Italy
take the highest grade leaf of this type. Their requirements are for
a leaf of good size, smooth, with plenty of life and elasticity, fine, and
with solid, uniform color. This tobacco is used in the manufacture
of cigars. The finest leaves are used for wrappers and other grades
for filler purposes. Austria demands a lighter brown color than Italy,
and generally pays a somewhat higher price. The larger percentage
of the Austrian leaf is obtained in the Virginia dark districts while
most .of the Italian leaf is obtained from the Clarksville, Hopkins-
ville, and Paducah districts of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Austria-Hungary takes on the average, according to their own
trade reports (nearly all goes to the Austrian Régie), about 6,000,000
or 7,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco annually from the United States,
all of the better grades of this dark-fired type.

Italy generally takes from 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 pounds an-
nually, practically all of which is also of the good to best grades of
the dark-fired type.

Germany and the German ports, principally Bremen, are also
important outlets for large quantities of the medium to good grades
of dark-fired leaf, constituting the larger portion of the 30,000,000 to
40,000,000 pounds of imports of leaf tobacco from the United States.
The German grades are obtained particularly from the Clarksville
district in Kentucky and Tennessee, and also in the Lynchburg sec-
tion of the Virginia dark district.

The United Kingdom is the heaviest single purchaser of the dark-
fired type of tobacco. The total purchases of all types amount
annually to 100,000,000 pounds or more, of which about 50 per cent
is of the dark-fired type. The great source of supply of British dark |
leaf, however, is in the Henderson or Stemming district of western
Kentucky, although buyers for the English trade are active pur-
chasers also in all the other dark-fired districts in Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and Virginia. Great Britain takes a number of grades of
dark felbaxaeo, including the low, medium, and high grades.

The Pech import duty is very high, 88 cents a pound in 1910,
and in order to offset this as much as possible, it has been the custom
to stem the tobacco in this country before shipment, so as to reduce
the weight of the tobacco paying the high duty. The Stemming dis-
trict received its name because so large a percentage of tobacco pro-
duced there was stemmed preparatory to shipment to Great Britain.
A differential duty on strips has in recent years materially reduced
the percentage of tobacco that is fearon! before shipment to Great

Britain.
244

36 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

France generally purchases about 30,000,000 pounds of tobacco in

this country yearly, subject to quite vale nota hone in particular

years, much of which is of the dark-fired types and consists prin-
cipally of the lighter-bodied tobacco of medium to low grade. Much
the larger percentage of the dark-fired tobacco taken by France is
from the Paducah district of Kentucky and Tennessee.

The Spanish buyers take low-grade tobacco wherever it can be
obtained cheapest. Their purchases in this country fluctuate con-

Fie. 10.—English strips, English leaf, and Austrian leaf tobacco from the Virginia dark-fired district.
(Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.) ’

siderably, according to the price of tobacco. The quantity of Amer-
ican tobacco purchased by Spain generally ranges from 10,000,000 to
20,000,000 pounds annually, most of which is usually of the lowest
nomen grades of dark-fired leaf.

The Belgium trade is also estimated to take 2,000, 000 or 3,000,000
pounds annually of this dark-fired type of leaf of a wade and Goals
about like that taken by France.

Several million pounds of rather coarse but very long, dark tobacco
is tied in the customary small bundles and prepared by special treat-

ment for export to Africa to be sold in the leaf at retail to the natives. ©

244

A

\

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. oi

| Leaf of a like nature, often spoken of as black fat or black horse, is

similarly prepared for export to parts of the West Indies, Mexico,
and a number of Spanish-American countries of Central and South

America. A portion of thistype of leaf aggregat-
ing probably some 5,000,000 pounds or more is ob-
tained from different parts of the dark-fired districts
of the country where leaf of suitable length and
reasonable price may be obtained, although the
presence of smoke on the leaf is not an essential
requisite. Much of this ‘“‘rehandling”’ type, as it
is generally called, is obtained also from the One-
Sucker districts of Kentucky and Tennessee and
southern Indiana.

Figures 10 and 11 show samples of some of these
various standard types, produced in the dark-fired
districts of the country.

REVIEW OF THE DARK-FIRED TYPE BY DISTRICTS.

THE VIRGINIA DARK DISTRICT.

The annual production of dark-fired tobacco
in Virginia is about 52,000,000 pounds, or about

25 per cent of the total production of this type.

The Virginia State Department of Agriculture now
collects accurate figures of the first-hand sales of
tobaccoin Virginia by markets, but nothing is avail-
able of an accurate statistical nature to show the
distribution of the acreage of the different types
of tobacco produced in the State. Dark-fired to-
bacco, however, constitutes not quite one-half of

Fig. 11. — Dark - brown
“snuffer’’ tobacco from
the dark-fired districts
of Kentucky, Tennes-
see, and Virginia. (Pho-
tographed by the Bu-
reau of Soils.)

the total annual production of the State, distributed by counties, ac-
cording to the best estimates obtainable, about as shown in Table V.

TaBLE V.—EHstimated annual production of dark-fired tobacco in Virginia, distributed

by counties arranged from west to east.

Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds.

PAM ermarl eens een eee tne meh Sat Ye HOOF OOF Atmel aieerpesa meee ashes kde eat 1 Soles et 1,700,900
INGCISOI sere nn ee as salen cao POO OOO II) Cinevayiles 2 Poe es De 4,000, 600
Bo betvountee tees tee hee ie eel gee = 5000008 || MErinceshydwondeeesee in bens et ene 4,000,000
ROCK DRI cee, Sees em gets et ee 25050008 || Curb er, lena cl epee eee tps ey ee 2,100,000
Lvpam al Nat ae ers eee tea ne Ene ee HOO O00) |i LeOndoeya,. 3 ook bbe ubocue seu sc nme. 800, 000
IB Ccit onde ee an eee ee ine GO00F000N | RChestentiel dies aes ane ae eee 600, 000
PAUTITIN CT S GaSe yep te et Lcleth ar ek Mia ONE oe 3, 5000008! icin ent aioe en ee ann ye 2,500, 000
Ry aT ee ee ee en ee ge ee 2500003 | Meeks enib ig emer ee eee Sd 2,000, 000
ES UTC kein Ob ara se ae oe en ea 59200000) MB RUT Swi C keep peas ee eee ne 1,500,000
EAD OUNAL LOK ese ee ey era 37, 0000008 |S Dinwiaddicw same seeretn sa eee sa el 3,500, 000
SAT OC gee yh A anc eee 5, 000, 000 see
1P TU TRSSy/ARS EH OUT eagle amie i ee 8 Rr 250.000 Total production of dark-fired

INO ELOWidivp iets = oe ops at tae Re. 3, 000, 000 LobacconmAVineimiay eee. ens 52, 000, 000

244

38 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS. ~~

Of the 23 counties in Virginia that produce commercial quantities -
of dark-fired tobacco, only about 15 produce each as much as 1,000,000
pounds a year.

The regular Virginia dark-fired type of tobacco, frequently desig-
nated ‘‘brown shipping”’ to differentiate it from the olive-green or
black stemming subtype, is marketed loose at auction at the various
sales warehouses scattered throughout the dark-tobacco section.

Lynchburg is the largest of these markets and alone handles about
one-third of the entire dark-fired crop of the State. Other important
dark markets are Farmville, Petersburg, Drakes Branch, Blackstone,

Fic. 12.—Plant bed in woods, with cloth covering, showing the common method of growing plants in
nearly all the export and manufacturing tobacco districts. (Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

Bedford City, and Brookneal. A number of smaller markets are
located at other points.

The proportion of fine grades is generally considered to be larger
in the Virginia dark-fired crop than in the western crop as produced
in Kentucky and Tennessee, and the colors as a whole do not run
quite so dark as does the ‘‘western”’ tobacco. As a whole, the
heaviest bodied and best-textured dark-fired tobacco of Virginia is
produced on the strong soils of the western portion of the district
lying tributary to Lynchburg as a market center. A larger percent-
age of leaf suitable for plug wrappers is obtained from this section
than from any part of the dark-fired district. The rich but fine-
textured chocolate soils in the coves among the hills scattered here

244

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 39

and there along Stonewall and Bent Creeks, in the northern part of
Appomattox County, and along Goose Creek, in Bedford County, are
especially famous locally for the high percentage of leaf which they
produce suitable for plug wrappers and other high-grade purposes.
Charlotte County, as a whole, is noted for the large proportion of
tobacco it produces which is particularly adapted to the requirements
of the Austrian Régie, for plug wrappers, and other high-grade pur-
poses. The Cub Creek section of this county is particularly famed
because of the excellent quality of the leaf produced.

Fig. 13.—Common type of Virginia log barn for curing dark tobacco with open fires. (Photographed
by the Bureau of Soils.)

Figure 12 illustrates the type of seed bed common not only in the
dark-fired Virginia district but in nearly all of the other export and
manufacturing tobacco districts as well. A clearing is made on
suitable land in the woods which is to be worked up after burning
brush on the land to destroy weeds and insects and mellow the soil.
The cheesecloth cover protects the young plants from cold and keeps
off flying insects, which are frequently very troublesome to unpro-
tected beds. |

Figure 13 shows a characteristic log barn, tightly chinked and
daubed with mud, common in Virginia and elsewhere, for curing dark
tobacco by open fires on the earthen floor.

244

40 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

A considerable proportion of the rich, fat leaf suitable for the
Bremen trade and for export to England is also found in the Lynch-
burg district. Dark Virginia leaf or strips from this section are gen-
erally spoken of by Englsh dealers as Lynchburgs. _

Good, rich leaf suitable for snuff stock is also obtained from the
Lynchburg district in considerable quantities.

About 5,000,000 pounds of plug for export is manufactured yearly,
principally from Virginia dark-fired leaf. Most of this plug is manu-
factured at Petersburg, Va., and much of it is marketed in Australasia.

DISTRIBUTION IN USE OF THE VIRGINIA DARK-FIRED TYPE.

Accurate figures of a statistical nature are not to be obtained as to
the exact final disposition of the dark-fired tobacco of Virginia or,
indeed, of any other type.

Table VI shows estimates based on general information of a private
nature obtained from members of the tobacco trade.

TaBLeE VI.—Estimated distribution in use of Virginia dark-fired tobacco.

Kind and place. Pounds. Kind and place. Pounds.
Witappers ion plugese eee eee eee 1,000; 000!|) “Spain... on sone ne a eee eee 1, 500, 000
PASUIS Gi) sr ee eae le eee ara een 5,000,000 || Miscellaneous export trade, principally
Titealliy.cer ete ab See ha ORR as es eee fe 4,000, 000 Belgium, Norway, and Sweden. .... 6, 000, 000
IDRATI CC ype aioe ee enon ean ne pt ee 3,000,000 || Snuff and miscellaneous domestic con- ;
Germany and Bremenv ss. = 5-2 8, 000, 000 SUMP LONS 22 Ns eee ee ees 8, 000, 000
Greate rian ee eee ee 7,500, 000 SS
Export plug and Australia...........- 6,500, 000 Total ese Se ee ee 52, 000, 000
African and rehandling. -.-...-.--.._.- 1, 500, 000

—_——<"

OLIVE-GREEN OR BLACK STEMMING DISTRICT.

Along the northern border of this dark-fired section in Virginia,
just south of the James and Rivanna Rivers, is a stretch of country
in which production is rather scattered and in which a modified type
of firec tobacco is produced, known as olive-green or black stemming
tobacco. The aggregate production of this type of leaf is about

2,000,000 pounds yearly, divided among the counties about as shown
in Table VII.

TaBLE VII.—Estimated annual production of olive-green or black stemming tobacco in
Virginia, distributed by counties arranged from east to west.

Counties. . Pounds. | Counties. Pounds.
Ghestertiel dis. ss 25s eee Ae LOO SOOO): sea yarnna Bee eee ee ee eee * 250, 000
PANTING Lane Peet Gh tame yee 2A <5 he 20050007) Allbemarlese es Sao ase acerca ne 350, 000
Rowhataneress. a eee ee eel 800, 000 aE
Cumpeclan dee see’ SS eee eee 100, 000 | MOA eae eh 32 See es eee 2,000, 000
IBUCKINGhamMe see rer ee eee eee eee 206,000

244

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 4l

The region of country in which the olive-green or black stemming
type of tobacco is grown has been separately outlined on the map
(Pl. I), as it is really a type quite distinct, although it has been in-
cluded in Table V of 23 counties, covering the entire production of
open-fire cured tobacco in the State, and in Table VI, showing how
the type is distributed in use.

Olive-green tobacco is produced mostly from seed of the One-
Sucker type, and it is a long, rich, heavy-bodied but rather coarse
tobacco. Although cured by open fires, the method of curing is
considerably modified as compared with other open-fire cured types,
and the tobacco is cured up at once without yellowing, if possible, to
a uniform olive green. Tight barns, high heat from the outset, and
sappy tobacco are the main features in obtaining a good cure. So
high and sustained is the heat that the cure is completed usually in
36 to 48 hours. The difficulty is in getting the color uniform and
solid, which when successful varies in shade from olive green to very
dark brown and black.

England has been practically the sole purchaser of this type of
tobacco, and until recently it was mostly stemmed before shipment.
A strong odor of smoke is also desired and, because of this, much of
this type after purchase from farmers is rehung on sticks and placed
In special barns and heavily smoked by open fires with hardwood for
a period of a week or more to give a strong creosotic flavor. A.
considerable portion of this type is bought and handled at Amelia,
Va., where it is bought direct from the wagon at private sale.

DaARK-FrIRED TosBacco IN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.

Originally introduced from Virginia, the quantity of dark-fired
tobacco grown in Kentucky and Tennessee now amounts to fully
three times the Virginia production, and to distinguish it from “ Vir-
ginia dark’’ it is generally spoken of as “‘western”’ tobacco.

Three subdivisions of this western dark-fired section are well
recognized: (1) The Clarksville and Hopkinsville district, (2) the
Paducah or Western district, and (3) the Henderson or Stemming
district.

THE CLARKSVILLE AND HOPKINSVILLE DISTRICT.

In recent years the production of the Clarksville and Hopkinsville
district has averaged about 70,000,000 pounds annually, about
40,000,000 pounds being produced on the Kentucky side and
30,000,000 on the Tennessee side. ‘This district has the reputation of
producing a somewhat better grade of leaf on the whole than either
of the other western dark districts, which generally outsells the others
by as much as a cent or more a pound for the average of the entire
crop. The portion of this district tributary to the Clarksville, Tenn..,
market produces some of the finer grades, suitable for plug wrappers

244

42 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS. ee

and the Austrian and Italian Régie and German and Bremen require-
ments particularly. The McAdoo and Red River section in the

Fig. 14.—Characteristic tobacco plant of the Clarksville type, Montgomery County, Tenn. (Photc-
graphed by the Bureau of Soils.)

Fig. 15 —Worming and suckering tobacco in the Clarksville district, Montgomery County, Tenn.
(Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

western portion of Montgomery County and in Robertson County is
particularly noted for the fine grades of leaf produced. Figure 14 is
244

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 43

an illustration of the characteristic large, broad, and heavy leaf (Pryor)
type of plant generally grown in the Clarksville district. Figure 15

Tig. 16.—Harvesting scene, Clarksville district, Montgomery County, Tenn. (Photographed by the
Bureau of Soils.)

shows a field of this type near Clarksville from which the worms and
suckers are being removed, a tedious but very necessary operation;

Fic. 17.—Wilting and yellowing tobacco on the scaffold, Clarksville district, Montgomery County,
Tenn., showing a common method in nearly all districts. Plants that were unripe at the time of
cutting remain standing in the field. (Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

and figures 16 and 17 present characteristic scenes common over

much of the export and manufacturing tobacco territory.
244

44. EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Production is most concentrated in Montgomery and Robertson
Counties, in Tennessee, and the southern portion of Christian, Todd,
and Logan Counties, in Kentucky. The Clarksville district extends
into six other counties in Tennessee, all bordering on Montgomery or
Robertson Counties. The distribution of production of this type in
Tennessee is estimated with approximate accuracy in Table VIII.

Taste VIII.—Estimated annual production of Clarksville type of tobacco in Tennessee,
distributed bi y counties.

Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds.
Montgomenya. ieee se eee eee eae LOXOOO;0007|| PEOUSTON EE re ater ene see er ee ares 750, 000
I OT CE ESOT iyo tne es eS eee rel OOO OOOR eS uimnam Cie eae eee ee ee eee 500, 000
Cheatham series sie eke oe eon 1 By HOO C00) I) IDENMICO SE 5 SSeS aso cossecocccuccuesec 250, 000
(SVEN AIS EL ieee cs es Se ee ' 3,000, 000 —___—_—
TD AKGT ESCO) a Tee Se gee ea She Sie ae | 2,000, 000 Mota Sesiie = tos eae eee 30, 000, 000

In Kentucky the Clarksville and Hopkinsville district extends in
whole or in part into eight counties, an estimate of the annual pro-
duction of which is shown in Table IX.

TaBLE 1X.—Estimated annual production of the Clarksville and Hopkinsville type of
tobacco in Kentucky, distributed by counties.

Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds.
Christians eee SoS neo nn eos Sap Ieee 13,0002 000%||sMiuihl enlb eng ea eee 2,000, 000
LOB csoncesscues Nias Hey eras acct eyareres 7;:000;000'||) Tayome: 2 2s Sash hee sae ee eae 2,000, 000
Atigs Beebe eagles sia’ stearate eget cians peta 6000000) s Sint p SON pesca ses Perea sees Pade rere 1,000, 000
INGO (6 Desire Sin es eis Spree citas el AE Re 6,000, 000 ————_-—
@aldiwelliste ease a Sima soe er 3,000, 000 Total jk aa wae ee eee 40, 000, 000

The tobacco produced in Muhlenberg, Caldwell, and Lyon Counties
is of a mixed type, and can not be classed strictly in either the Hop-
kinsville, Henderson, or Paducah districts. It is buffer territory and
the lines dividing the districts, as shown on the map, are somewhat
arbitrary, but are the best approximations practicable. Muhlenberg
County is buffer territory between four districts, the Hopkinsville,
the Stemming, the Green River, and the One-Sucker or southern
Kentucky districts. Most of the tobacco grown in Muhlenberg is
produced in the southern and western portions of the county and
most of it is at least lightly smoke-cured by open fires. That from
the southern portion finds its way to market mainly through the
Hopkinsville district and that from the western part mainly through
the Stemming section. The northeastern part of Muhlenberg is
largely given up to coal mining and but little tobacco is Bandivese | in
that section. Muhlenberg tobacco is designated by some as the
Greenville type, from the name of the county seat, which was formerly
an important center for the manufacture of the so-called Greenville
plug. The total production of tobacco in Muhlenberg County is

244

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 45

about 3,000,000 pounds annually, of which 2,000,000 pounds have
been classed with the Hopkinsville district and 1,000,000 pounds
with the Henderson or Stemming district.
Likewise the product of Caldwell and Lyon Counties is also very
uncertain as a whole in respect to type and classification, and to
indicate the individuality, or rather lack of it, in the product of these
counties it is sometimes designated as the Princeton and Eddyville
type from the names of the chief market towns in these counties.
Detached from the general area in Tennessee, about Tallahoma
as a center, in the southwestern portion of Coffee County, there is a
small area which for about 10 years past has been producing a few
hundred thousand pounds of dark tobacco annually, partly air cured

Fig. 18.—Hauling tobacco from the field to the curing barn, showing a common but careless method
practiced in many sections as well as in the Paducah district, Graves County, Ky., where the pho-
tograph was taken.

and partly fire cured, which has generally moved to market through
the Clarksville district. Clarksville and Springfield, Tenn., and Hop-
kinsville, Ky., are the principal market centers for this district.
Adairville, Cadiz, and Guthrie, Ky., are other important local

receiving points.
THE PADUCAH DISTRICT.

The type of tobacco produced in the Paducah district of the west-
ern dark-fired section is not greatly different from that of the Clarks-
ville and Hopkinsville district. The product as a whole is not quite
as fine and rich as that of the Clarksville district.

Figure 18 shows a careless method which is altogether too com-
monly practiced in handling tobacco from the field to the curing barn.

The annual production of leaf tobacco in the Paducah district is

about 60,000,000 pounds, about 45,000,000 pounds being produced in
244

46 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

| Fa
Kentucky and 15,000,000 pounds in Tennessee. Graves County if
Kentucky and Weakley County in Tennessee together produce
nearly one-half of the entire crop of the Paducah district. The pro:
duction is distributed, by counties, in Tennessee about as follows:

: Pounds.
Weakley. So foti 52 Shr. y 21 ee ieee re nee eee 9, 500, 000
Henny 2252S S ees ek, oc eh eae re gee eet eg or a ene 5, 000, 000
Oblong. ae k oY ce ee ne ee Ogi 500, 000
Total for the Paducah district in Tennessee.......... 15,000, 000

Detached from the main area of the Paducah district, a small
section near Dyersburg, in Dyer County, produces some 200,000 or
300,000 pounds of tobacco of the Paducah type annually.

In Kentucky the production of the Paducah type of tobacco is
distributed about as follows:

Pounds, S

GIA OS a2 Seo Se aes ek os Sac pope Ne erence ee 15, 000, 000
Calloway ois 2 ses sce, s Bagh Un aca fe wee ae ee eget 8, 000, 000
iBallard=sc 3.5 Pe eee SN AAAS a Sonn Ji eek 7, 000, 000
Moarshalhess 2 Sap 5 5 ey anti ge oe ene eg ee 5, 000, 000
McCracken 27 Sone 0s, eee eos ie eae, ye eee eens 3, 500, 000
Carlisle 32,32) Ses sens ergs Ee ee ee 3, 500, 000
10 Aes dee ey IG reenter eet es ES 1, 569, 000
Ebiekantam Sos 5s ee ete 1, 000, 000
Pai VANOStOM 2 ccs Whe aces oe eee a 500, 000

Total for the Paducah district in Kentucky.......... 45, 000, 000

Paducah and Maysville, Ky., are the most important market towns
for this district. Murray and Fulton, Ky., and Martin and Paris,
Tenn., are also receiving centers of importance. The Paducah dis-
trict is often spoken of as the ‘‘ Western district,” the terms being
synonymous.

DISTRIBUTION IN USE OF THE COMBINED CLARKSVILLE AND HOPKINSVILLE AND THE
PADUCAH TYPES.

The general character of the tobacco produced in the Clarksville
and Hopkinsville district and in the Paducah district is substantially
the same. The strong red clay subsoil is much more prevalent in the
Clarksville and Hopkinsville district than in the Paducah district,
which runs more to gray or yellow. Differences in soil naturally
cause some differences in the character of the tobacco produced in
the two districts. That from the Clarksville and Hopkinsville dis-
trict is as a whole richer and darker as well as finer in texture than
that from the Paducah district.

The really fine grades, such as plug wrappers either for domestic
use or for export (principally to Canada), are obtained almost entirely
from the Clarksville district, as are also the fine Austrian and Swiss
types and the finer Italian grades.

244

THE DARK-FIRED TYPE OF TOBACCO. 47

\ But the fine grades are produced in relatively very small volume.
The lighter bodied mottled types suited for the French and Belgian
trade are found more largely in the Paducah district, while the fat,
rich, German grades come largely from the Clarksville district, as ales
also the larger portions of the better bodied snuff types.

For the general purposes of this publication the two districts may
best be considered as a whole in discussing the final distribution of
their product. The general methods of cultivation, curing, handling,
and marketing the tobacco produced in the two districts are almost
identical. The combined Clarksville and Hopkinsville and the
- Paducah districts are often spoken of in local parlance as the ‘‘black
patch.”

A fair estimate of the average production of the combined ‘‘black-
patch” district for the past five years is about 130,000,000 pounds of
tobacco annually, 70,000,000 pounds in the Clarksville and Hopkins-
ville district and 60,000,000 pounds in the Paducah district. In 1910
the combined production was about 140,000,000 pounds and in 1903,
with the largest crop on record, it was about 150,000,000 pounds. It
has, however, in some years sunk considerably below these figures.
An approximate average distribution of this product is estimated to
be about as shown in Table X.

TaBLeE X.—Estimated distribution in use of the tobacco produced in the Clarksville and
Hopkinsville and the Paducah districts.

Kind and place. - Proportionate dis-
tribution.

Per cent. Huns:
PV U SR WRAP CUS eyecare eis ote icles iets arse tele -lolape pie Siete je ee alojnioeisieiesiac a swe eew cases csmees S 1 1,250, 000
INUSUDIE SS Golabe spouses SSeOR ORS Bb de Bob ses SEO OBO UES ae Bee AEE s ese e yas arr ia 4 2,000, 000
Switzerland eysmasea secre heen eee scales ace Se ees Ge cee eene cee | 13 2,000, 000
TNDIR oi. c os otdn be oa ELC ee NCO cap OMI ni ters Ge en 23° | 30,000,000
Snudwandimiscellancousidomesti Ggusehsmecscsss ses eee oe o ta oe ne eee 19% | 25,250,000
Geuma nya Gab LeMe Wane erem prices stasen sci saice cela acto las Sie ae eee eases 20 26, 000, 000
IM RINGO. coscoodobecessesoccescncusssucsdasauen saonbaceeaucsnacccshasse5eernupepees 10 13,000,000
_ SOB Rescue bcasse SopaeOCO BAO SOOT er BOO oT Noe EEE ED cree MSE eer te rare a arnt Seamer 73 | 10,000,000
GTA Cares Ae are omer sete Se ota ators Sree ctpeiore ik ol araia Scion = Eaten Ise oe 7 9,000, 000
PAtireiCammbamcone rein iii Gere este rctsyore there e(etciane oS iayeranerevere cyan ols Sai ware a ere eae Oo 3h 4,500, 000
Miscellancousiexpontb cletum i elCh assesment ceciice sete eee eee ee sieieiae 5s 7, 000, 000

TREC oat SS SRM Ss Hie nei ee RD Oe ei Oa Ete in cto Tote a ee 100 | 130,000,000

GRADES AND PRICES IN THE CLARKSVILLE AND PADUCAH DISTRICTS.

Since 1904 a considerable portion of the “‘black-patch”’ production
has been pooled and sold through the agency of the Planters’ Pro-
tective Association. The following schedule of prices fixed by the
association for the sale of the 1908 crop is of interest in throwing light
on the comparative value of the different grades into which the tobacco
of this district is usually classed in reassorting after it gets into the
hands of dealers, although the farmer usually finds it sufficient to
assort his individual crop into only about three grades. In consider-

ing these prices it should be remembered that they represent figures
244

AS EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

considerably above the normal farm price. The grades establishe«
and prices set for the specified grades are shown in Table XI.
TaBLE XI.—Schedule of prices, by grades, set by the Planters’ Protective Association jor

the sale of the pooled 1908 crop, representing over 50,000 hogsheads of the Clarksville and
Hopkinsville and the Paducah types of leaf.

Price Price Price
Grades. per 100 Grades. per 100 Grades. per 100
pounds. pounds, pounds.
Plug wrappers: Spinning leaf: French and Belgian:
Many ware cease $18. 00 HanCygeeeeeeeceeee $16. 00 DEAT ea beeen oy tet $12. 00
ines ees ae 17.00 BT Oise oe ee ere 15. 00 1 BRC Geen Si. Ae Net 9.50
Goods an. 16. 00 Goode aa 13.50 B= C2Siky es ae ee 9. 00
Mediiimmaees see. 14. 00 Medium.......... 12.00 ( OAs per eras Care terse 8.50
x Commons. 12.00 Common.......... 10. 50 Cisse one 8. 00
ustrian: See Spanish:
RSE Ae ree 17,00) Sosa 100 einen eek 10. 00
IBS econ seer See 15. 00 Ringe en 11.00 Bis sess 9.50
1 BOLE a Peas omen 12.50 Goodness 10.00 Oise aaa soe 8.50
C’s were eee sees ecess 12 00 Medium. Sapte a a 9. 50 Lugs:
Ci2Se eee see 11.00 (Omir... 9.00 yh 0S eras te a 9. 00
DEAL A ee eee es a ipmecg eres. ok anil Sie ict eeaseaea enter eager ages a : Goode sess 8.00
DNASE al ae ee Dee 15.00 || Snuffers: | Mediums see saaee 7
IBS eee ee eee 14. 00 Fine...... 8 Sea SE 12.00 || Common.......... 6.50
1 BAAS iis oar a i pg 13.00 Goode Wee 11. 00 TOW ane ee 6. 00
Clgei i erica cee 11. 00 Medium.........- TO SOO) Sela Tn ete eee eet 4. 00-5. 00
OOS 5 AU aaa 9.50 Commons ee 9. 00

¢ y)

THE HENDERSON OR STEMMING ”’ DISTRICT.

The Henderson subdivision of the dark-fired tobacco district pro-
duces a type of leaf. particularly suited to the British trade. In the
past a large proportion of it has been stemmed before shipment,
which fact gave rise to the name ‘‘Stemming”’ as applied to the dis-
trict. Itis a rather coarse tobacco of large leaf, which makes it strip
to advantage, and it has good absorptive capacity, which gives an
opportunity for a considerable increase in weight after having passed
the British customs as nearly as possible at the prescribed 10 per
cent moisture basis. Figure 19 shows long and short English strips
of the Henderson type.

The annual production of the ‘‘Stemming’”’ district is approximately
35,000,000 pounds, distributed about as shown in Table XII.

TABLE XII.—Estimated annual production of the Henderson or ‘‘Stemming’’ district,
distributed by counties.

Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds.
Henderson.......... 1050005000) |(SUmioneeeseeeeeeeee 3,000,000 |} Muhlenberg......... 1,000, 000
WEDSLET ARs teenie maf 500%000) || 5Caldwella@2sneresecee 1,500, 000 ; ——
Op kinSe peewee cece 6,000,000 || Livingston.........- 1,000, 000 Totaleesecenice 35, 000,000
Crittendentasses45-5 4: 00050005 || Muon seas. 35 -e 1, 000, 000

About 50 per cent of the product of the district is handled through
Henderson, which is the important market town of the district.
Other important receiving points are Providence, Madisonville,
Princeton, and Nebo.

244

THE MARYLAND OR BALTIMORE TYPES OF TOBACCO. 49

The principal purchasers of this type of tobacco have large estab-
lishments for stemming and redrying the leaf or strips for export at
Henderson and the other
important market towns
of the district. The quan-
tity of tobacco stemmed
before shipment has re-
cently been reduced to a
small proportion.

Probably 90 per cent
of the entire product of
this district goes to
Great Britain, or about
30,000,000 pounds when
Pie Morn al crop) of
35,000,000 pounds is pro-
duced. The Italian Régie
sometimes takes 2,000,000
or 3,000,000 pounds from
this district, which, to-
gether with a miscellane-
ous foreign demand, might
easily make up the remain-
ing 5,000,000 pounds not —
taken by Great Britain.

The t¢ erritory covered Fic. 19.—English strips, long and short, dark-fired tobacco,
E A 2 Henderson or ‘‘Stemming’” district, Kentucky. (Photo-
by the dark-fired districts graphed by the Bureau of Soils.)

of Virginia, Kentucky, and
Hemme. co, including their several sues, is shown on the maps
(CPE AL and II, in pocket).

THE MARYLAND OR BALTIMORE TYPES OF TOBACCO.

_ As already stated, the beginning of the production of tobacco in
Maryland was almost coeval with the beginnings of its production in
Virginia, and it is thus one of the oldest types produced in this
country. In the early days practically all the tobacco produced
was exported. Maryland, having a palatinate form of government
and being to a large extent free from the domination of the British
colonial policy, could ship tobacco to other than British ports.
Much of the Maryland product, therefore, went direct to the Con-
tinent, particularly to Holland and France. The foreign demand
for Maryland tobacco was thus established at a very early date and
has persisted to the present time. The tobacco of the Maryland or
45801°—Bul. 244—12——4

50 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Baltimore types is nearly all exported, and France and Holland
remain, as in the early days, the most regular, dependable, and
important customers. The tobacco included under this head is the
annual product of three districts, as follows:

Pounds.
Southern Maryland: o2")soek eee ee ee eee je ee eee 17, 000, 000
Upper-county<Marnyland orsbay sess ce = see ee ae 1, 000, 000
Hastern Ohio export. --¢ = 4265 eee ace ere eee 3, 000, 000
Approximate totale: neces eee 21, 000, 000

The tobacco of each of these three districts is marketed through
Baltimore. The trade generally speaks of Maryland tobacco in
terms of hogsheads, which average about 700 pounds net weight
each. The average annual production of the three districts amounts
to not far from 30,000 hogsheads. About 90 per cent of this tobacco
is exported and 10 per cent used in domestic consumption.

In domestic consumption Maryland tobacco is used to some
extent in the manufacture of low-grade cigars, the quantity utilized
for this purpose varying considerably each year, depending upon
the relation between the prices of tobacco of these types and of
the regular cigar types. In the last few years also, owing to the
high price of Burley, there has been a considerable increase in the
quantity of the Baltimore types taken for domestic consumption to,
substitute for Burley, particularly from the upper-county and!
eastern Ohio grades where Burley seed is quite generally used.

DISTRIBUTION IN USE.

A good idea of the market distribution of Maryland tobacco may
be had from the annual trade review of the Baltimore tobacco market
issued by Van Kapff & Arens, under date of January 3, 1910, cover-
ing the previous year’s transactions, an extract from which is shown
in Table XIII. :

TaBLeE XIII.—Distribution of Maryland and (eastern) Ohio tobacco in 1909.

] 4

Where distributed. Hogsheads. | Where distributed. Hogsheads.

IDI RATI Gowns Sener RNG oe Suances mS 10,316 5|| tally one ee ee ek eee ee 125

Holand ee eee eee oe eee 11,792 |} England and North Europe....-...-..- 91

IBT CMON oa sen he Ree eee hemes ae 1,330 | Home consump on sos--se ee eee 4, 243

Ie Yen] ud eG oe Sas sa Seo oes 1,141 a

GAGE Wert tee ae ees ee ee ee 84 | Total Mic cco cee eee 29, 886
|

Much the larger portion of these Baltimore types of tobacco is
air-cured. All of the southern Maryland type is air-cured, which
is in itself nearly 80 per cent of the total, and in late years all but a
very small proportion of the upper-county product has been also
air-cured. Originally this upper-county tobacco, generally spoken

244

THE MARYLAND OR BALTIMORE TYPES OF TOBACCO. 51

of as Bay tobacco, was nearly all cured by open fires in rather small,
tightly daubed log barns. The cured product, therefore, had a
characteristic smoky odor and flavor similar to the dark-fired tobacco
of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The resemblance ceased
here, however, as this Bay tobacco, as well as that of southern Mary-
land and eastern Ohio, was characteristically hght in color and body
and deficient in strength and richness, as the dark-fired was char-
acteristically heavy in body, dark in color, and very rich in so-called
oil and gum. In earlier years the southern Maryland tobacco was,
to a considerable extent, cured or at least dried out by open fires,
but the practice there has been abandoned. A characteristic south-
ern Maryland curing barn is shown in figure 20. A sample of Mary-
land colory leaf export tobacco is shown in figure 21.

The eastern Ohio tobacco district was settled in the years suc-
ceeding the Revolutionary War, principally by pioneers from Mary-
land, who carried the production of tobacco with them just as the
pioneers from Virginia and North Carolina carried the production
into Kentucky and Tennessee. Naturally they carried the seed
and methods of producing tobacco in Maryland with them and
they continued to market the tobacco through Baltimore, the market
with which they were most familiar and where the type of tobacco
which was thus produced could be marketed to the best advantage.

Eastern Ohio tobacco is often spoken of as spangled tobacco
from its characteristic of curing up in blotched areas over the leaf,
changing sharply from a clear straw yellow to a clear brown or
red, that is, it is a two-colored tobacco. The yellow colors are
most desired and bring the highest prices. The tobacco is classed
as yellow spangled when the much-desired clear yellow color pre-
dominates and as red spangled when the red predominates.

Eastern Ohio tobacco is typically a fire-cured tobacco, but flues
made of loosely laid-up stones are generally used instead of building
open fires on the ground within the barn. In this way the fires are
made and kept up from the outside, -but the smoke escapes inside,
giving the tobacco a smoky or creosotic odor and flavor. In later
years sheet-iron flues have been substituted for the rock flues to
some extent and the process of curing is similar to the method
pursued in the bright belt of eastern North Carolina and South
Carolina. As in the new section of the bright belt also, the crop
is harvested by picking the leaves from the stalks as they ripen
in the field, but they are strung with a needle and string and placed
on a scaffold outside the barn for a day or two to yellow before
being placed in the barn and the fires started. As an aid in pro-
ducing brighter colors, the eastern Ohio growers plant the tobacco
very thickly, about 10,000 plants to the acre, and top very high,

244

52 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

or often not at all, so that at harvest time the tobacco field is a veri-
table flower conden of seed heads in bloom.

Rather en topping and close planting is resorted to in the Mary-
land sone districts proper in order to keep the colors brighter,
but not to the same extent as in the eastern Ohio district. In
Maryland, moreover, the entire plant is harvested and cured, being
severed close to the ground and speared on the sticks about as
practiced in most of the cigar-tobacco districts. In recent years
the proportion of air-cured tobacco produced in eastern Ohio has
increased greatly, owing particularly to the scarcity and high price
of Burley, and more than half of the crop is now air cured and
moves to market not through Baltimore, but through Cincinnati or
Louisville. The fire-cured portion of the crop, however, continues

Fig. 20.—Maryland tobacco-curing barn, Upper Marlboro, Prince Georges Co., Md.

to be sold in Baltimore and during the past few years has ranged
from 2,000 to 6,000 hogsheads a year.

The srocknothen of all these Baltimore types of tobacco has tended
in later years to decrease rather than to increase, and the output
now ranges considerably below the maximum attained in the periods
' just before and just succeeding the Civil War. In the seventies
Maryland proper produced annually from 35,000 to 40,000 hogs-
heads, instead of 25,000 as at present, and eastern Ohio produced
15,000 to 20,000 hogsheads, instead of 4,000 as at present. In
1874 the eastern Ohio production marketed through Baltimore,
which included practically all of it, was 28,000 hogsheads. The
cause of this decrease in production has not been due to actually
lower prices on the average, but rather to an increasing cost of

244

THE MARYLAND OR BALTIMORE TYPES OF TOBACCO. 53

production and to the diversion of attention to other crops which
have proved more profitable. In the eastern Ohio section, the
development of the petroleum industry also proved a diverting
influence, as lands were more valuable for oil wells than for farming.

The Baltimore types of tobacco are valuable as a whole because of
their color, good burning qualities, and fineness. For these qualities
they are desired by European countries, where they are much
used to mix with other tobacco to make the appearance of the latter
more attractive and to help the combustion of bad-burning tobaccos.
Aside from these qualities, the Baltimore types are rather weak, dry,

Fic. 21.—Maryland fine colory leaf export tobacco, showing how hands are fanned out in packing.
(Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

and characterless tobaccos. They are used almost exclusively for
pipe smoking and for cigarettes.

In general appearance the Maryland tobacco more nearly resembles
Burley than any other important type, both in color and in general
appearance, but it does not possess such good absorptive capacity
for sauces or other liquids, and has not quite as good life and body.
Indeed, Burley seed is used extensively both in the upper-county
Maryland district and in the eastern Ohio district.

Until recently about 10 per cent of the eastern Ohio tobacco was
produced across the river in West Virginia, particularly in Jackson
and Wood Counties. Recently, however, the production of the fired,
spangled tobacco in West Virginia has been greatly reduced and the
tobacco now produced there is nearly all ordinary air-cured Burley.

244 3

54 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.
GRADES AND PRICES.

The Maryland types of tobacco as a whole are produced on rather
light soils, ranging from loamy clays to those that are quite sandy.
They are very easy to work. Most colory tobaccos are produced on
the lighter class of soils. Holland takes most of the highest colored
tobacco and pays the best price, sometimes as high as 15 or 16 cents
a pound for the air-cured types. The best fired bay and spangled
tobaccos often bring from 18 to 20 cents or more a pound and go
principally to brokers in the open markets of Germany (Bremen
and Hamburg) for final distribution to the manufacturers of northern
Europe. France takes more of the red grades.

The general average price for Maryland tobacco has been about
53 to 64 cents a pound. The last few crops, however, owing to the
generally higher price level for all tobaccos, have commanded a
somewhat better price, the Baltimore market averaging about
7 cents in 1908 and a little better than that in 1909. Under this
influence the acreage in Maryland has shown a tendency to expand,
but scarcity of labor and higher prices for other products as well
have been offsetting factors.

DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE.

The Maryland tobacco crop proper is produced entirely in the
five southern counties of the State, mostly south of a line connecting
Baltimore and Washington, D. C., including the peninsula between
Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River. Table XIV shows the
approximate distribution of the annual production.

TABLE XIV.—Estimated annual production of the Baltimore ‘ypes of tobacco, distrib-
uted in the 5 counties.

{

Counties. _ | Pounds. Counties. | Pounds.
Re
PTiTiCG GEOTAS ee ee ee ee 4,500;000. || Calvert.c5.. =. ee ee ee ee | 3,250, 000
Gharless= te 6 8 hai eee eee 3;500; 000)}|: Anne zATund else a eee | 2,500, 000
SENEAT yS eee eee oe ee eee oe | 3,250,000 | y jas woh

The larger portion of Maryland tobacco is marketed in the summer
and fall of the year following that in which it is grown. It is shipped
in hogsheads to a considerable extent by water from the numerous
wharves on the rivers and inlets abounding on both the Chesapeake
and Potomac side of the peninsula. Maryland tobacco is not redried
prior to shipment abroad after being purchased from the farmers,
and it is therefore necessary that the tobacco have some age and be
thoroughly dried out and conditioned before it is marketed. It is
generally exported in the original hogsheads as sent in by the farmers.

244

HEUH- CURED ROBACCO4) f).4. 55

It is common to see on the roads of southern Maryland a load con-
sisting of one or two hogsheads of tobacco drawn by oxen or horses,
as shown in figure 22.

. Upper-county or bay tobacco is produced principally in the
central and northern part of Montgomery County, the area ex-
tending, however, into Howard, Carroll, and Frederick Counties.
The production of this section amounts to nearly 1,000,000 pounds
yearly. Mount Airy is the most important shipping point for this
district.

The eastern Ohio export district includes portions or all of Belmont,
Guernsey, Noble, Monroe, and Washington Counties. The propor-
tion of fired tobacco is much greater in the northern portion of the
area. In the southern portion the percentage of regular air-cured
Burley is large. The principal point for shipping the export tobacco

Fig. 22.—Hauling prized tobacco to railroad station for shipment. <A scene particularly common in
portions of the Burley district, in the Maryland tobacco district, and where farmers prize and ship
in hogsheads.

is Barnesville, in Belmont County. Several firms there buy leaf
from the farmers, usually at a round price, and then grade and
condition the tobacco for shipment to Baltimore commission houses,
which effect the final sale to the exporter.

The approximate outlines of the Maryland tobacco districts and
the eastern Ohio export district are respectively shown on Plates
I and IT (in pocket).

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO.
ORIGIN AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT.

Flue-cured tobacco, as it is known to-day, is essentially a modern
type. Its development has taken place principally since the Civil
War and its most rapid development, particularly in the New Belt

244 :

/
VA

56 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

section of eastern North Carolina and South Carolina, has been since
1890. Its maximum production was reached in 1903, when the flue-
cured crop exceeded 250,000,000 pounds, according to estimates
of competent members of the tobacco trade based on market reports.

Although a modern type in its present development, flue-cured
tobacco was in its origin closely associated with the old Virginia
dark type and is a development and offshoot from it, dependent upon
soil modification and trade preferences. As the cultivation of tobacco
in Virginia was pushed back upon the poorer sandy lands of the
southern tier of counties of the State, the character of leaf produced
was naturally modified, particularly in color and mildness. It
became very popular for home manufacture and consumption, par-
ticularly in the shape of plug for chewing purposes. To make it more
acceptable for this purpose the use of open fires in curing was limited
as much as possible, and much of the product of this sandy type of
soil was merely air cured, fires being used only to ‘protect it from
damage in bad weather. In order to keep down the odor of smoke,

\charcoal was often substituted for wood. The use of charcoal for
curing finally became a regular practice, until superseded by the use

of rock flues and finally by sheet-iron fiues, which still further did away
with any tendency to smokiness and gave more satisfactory results,
particularly in obtaining brighter and more uniform colors and greater
economy of fuel and convenience in firing.

Under the perfected flue system of curing it is possible, with _
tobacco produced on certain soil types, to make beautiful and uni-
form curings of a very bright, clear, straw, or lemon yellow color
with hardly a vestige of brown or green shod, the stem often being
as bright and clear as the leaf itself.

On the right soils, moreover, these flue-cured types ‘fikan possess
good life and body ond fineness of fiber, and it is this combination of
color, body, and fineness, with medium to good size of leaf as a neces-
sary secondary qualification, usually not difficult to obtain, that
constitutes the fancy grades of the flue-cured type that bring farm
prices ranging from 20 cents up to 40 or 50 cents a pound.

The following stery of the evolution of ‘‘yellow”’ tobacco is ob-
tained from an account written many years ago by the late Maj.
R. L. Ragland, of Halifax County, Va., himself a noted grower and a
well-posted man regarding the tobacco industry. He states that
particular attention was first attracted to the light-colored piebald
or mottled tobacco of Virginia and North Carolina soon after the War
of 1812 to meet an export demand for such types from France, and
that in the export trade the type was called ‘‘French”’ tobacco.
Furthermore, the domestic manufacture of tobacco (principally
plug) began to expand about this time and these mild, light types

244

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. 57

also came into greater demand for that purpose. Planters with
suitable soils, particularly freshly cleared fields of a gray or sandy
nature so common in the border counties of central Virginia and
North Carolina between the coastal plain and the Blue Ridge, vied
with each other in producing the highest colored sweet and mild
tobaccos.

The method of curing first in use was to begin with small open fires
to be continued until the leaf was properly yellowed and then increase
the fires steadily and cure up the leaf as yellow as possible with open
wood fires. Maj. Ragland thought that charcoal was first made use
of in curing this type about 1824 in Caswell County, N. C., the honor
lying between Capt. Abishai Slade and Mr. William Long. Maj
Ragland also states that Dr. Davis G. Tuck, of Halifax County, Va.
was the first to use flues in curing tobacco and was granted a patent
therefor in 1829. Because of the defective plan of construction,
however, these flues were very liable to burst in use, and they never
came into general use until about the time of the Civil War and after
the plan of construction had been improved.

Maj. Ragland speaks also of attending a meeting of tobacco growers
in 1850 at Cluster Springs, Halifax Co., Va., to listen to an address
by Capt. Slade on coal curing yellow tobacco. Up to 1850 the pro-
duction of yellow tobacco was small and confined principally to
Caswell County, N. C., and Pittsylvania County, Va.

Figure 23 shows a typical field of tobacco of the fine flue-cured
type grown on freshly cleared land, which generally yields the bright-
est and finest textured leaf. Figure 24 shows a standard type of
flue-curing barn which has been in use in the Old Belt section.

IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZERS IN STIMULATING PRODUCTION.

An important factor in making the rapid development in produc-
tion of the flue-cured type possible since the Civil War was the intro-
duction of commercial fertilizers.

Bright tobacco soils as a class are naturally rather infertile. Before
the use of artificial manures became general in the seventies of the
last century the portion of the country now noted for the production
of the fine flue-cured leaf was but little farmed. On most of these
soils crop yields including those of tobacco were so small without
fertilizer that it did not pay to cultivate them. They were, however,
light and friable and of a character to respond readily to fertilizers,
particularly in producing a high-value crop like tobacco. The use
of fertilizers increased the chances of profit from growing tobacco in
two ways. It markedly increased the yield, often more than 100 per
cent, and also improved the quality greatly, so that the tobacco

244

58 : EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

would sell for a higher price per pound. Many soils which with
fertilizers would produce a good yield of fine tobacco at a satisfactory

Fic. 23.—Field of “fresh land” tobacco of the flue-cured type in the Old Belt district, Pittsylvania
County, Va. 2 !

Fic, 24.—Typical flue-curing tobacco barn, Old Beit section, Pittsylvania County, Va. The pile of
wood is for burning in the furnaces.

profit would produce almost nothing without them. The use of fer-
tilizers was, therefore, a most potent factor in rendering possible the
244

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. 59

great development in the production of bright flue-cured tobacco.
There are to-day no other types of tobacco on which fertilizers are so
freely used as on the bright flue-cured types, except on some of the
high-priced cigar-wrapper types in New England and Florida.

USES OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO.
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.

In the early days, before the Civil War and soon after, the fore-
runner of the present flue-cured type was principally an air or ‘‘coal”’
cured product. It was mostly red, mahogany, or piebald in color and
was manufactured largely into domestic plug for chewing. It was
very acceptable for this purpose and made a mild, sweet, aromatic
chew.

The manufactures of this type of plug had not then developed the
present system of brands nor was it so concentrated in a few large
factories as at present, and the business was divided up among a
comparatively large number of independent factories in the larger
towns scattered throughout the growing districts.

The product of these factories was distributed largely by wagons,
which would make long trips into nonproducing sections, peddling
out the manufactured product at the crossroad stores. On the return
trip these wagons would pick up such merchandise as might be han-
dled to advantage in the home town. Petersburg, Lynchburg, Farm-
ville, Clarksville, South Boston, Danville, and Bedford City were
among the more noted of these local centers for the manufacture of
plug chewing tobacco; but the business of nearly all of these towns
in this class of tobacco has diminished greatly under modern condi-
tions, and some of them are now almost completely out of the tobacco-
manufacturing business.

The primary cause which has led to the decadence of these local
independent factories is the concentration of manufacturing in the
hands of a few large firms with large city factories.

The business of manufacturing flue-cured plug, generally known as
flat plug to distinguish it from the thicker, more heavily sweetened
Burley plug made in the West, is now largely concentrated in Winston
Salem, N. C., where the manufacture of tobacco has had a very rapid
development. The industry was in its infancy in the early seventies
of the last century. The quantity manufactured now amounts to
upward of 40,000,000 pounds of tobacco annually and in gross output
Winston ranks second only to St. Louis, Mo., among the great manu-
facturing centers of the country. A few million pounds of flue-cured
plug are also manufactured at Reidsville, N.C., and at Martins-
ville, Va.

244

60 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

‘The manufacture of this class-of plug is still one of the most impor-
tant uses of flue-cured tobacco. The grade of tobacco used for this
purpose is the heavier bodied, thoroughly ripened, red and mahog-
any filler leaf produced principally in the western portion of the flue-
cured belt in the Piedmont section of Virginia and North Carolina.

Figure 25 shows chewing leaf, plug, and twist tobaccos in various
stages of manufacture. Flue-cured tobacco and bright tobacco are
often spoken of as being synonymous. Much flue-cured tobacco,
however, particularly that best suited for plug filler, as grown in the
western portion of the Old Belt known as the Winston-Salem and
Martinsville district, can at best be classed as no more than semi-
bright, and much of it is red or dark mahogany.

Another important use to which flue-cured tobacco is put is in the
manufacture of granulated smoking tobacco, which, in fact, probably

Fic. 25.—Stages in the manufacture of chewing, twist, and plug tobaccos. (Photographed by the Bureau
of Soils.) ; y

utilizes a greater number of pounds of this type of leaf than any other
single use. On the market the leaf suitable for granulating is gener-
ally spoken of as ‘‘smokers”’ and consists principally of the light-
bodied, ‘‘poor” leaf and scrap obtained from the bottom of the plant.
It is obtained from all portions of the flue-cured district.

The great center for the manufacture of granulated smoking tobacco
is Durham, N. C. The output of granulated smoking tobacco in
Durham is more than 30,000,000 pounds annually.

The extensive use of this granulated form of smoking tobacco has
developed almost entirely since the Civil War, and this fact, together
with the nearly simultaneous development of the machine-made

244

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. 61

cigarette, in a great measure accounts for the rapid spread of the pro-
duction of the flue-cured type of tobacco. In the early days the
tobacco was granulated or flaked by means of flails or sticks, now of
course superseded by special granulating machinery.

Flue-cured tobacco is also used extensively in the production of
machine-made cigarettes and is the most important type of tobacco
for this purpose produced in the United States. The cigarette grades,
generally designated as cigarette cutters, are ranked among the better
grades of leaf. They must be sound and must possess good life and
oil as well as good color and fineness of fiber, but do not need to
possess quite the body and toughness necessary in a plug wrapper.

This district also produces a large percentage of the leaf used in
wrapping plug, both of the flat Winston Salem type and of the
western type made from heavily sweetened Burley. These plug
wrappers constitute the highest grades of flue-cured tobacco and bring
from 25 to 50 cents a pound, according to the supply and to the body
fineness and color of the leaf itself. The middle section of the flue-
cured district from Henderson, N. C., to Danville, Va., produces the
largest percentage of leaf suited for plug wrappers. Specially noted
sections producing a high grade of wrapper leaf are the Dutchville
district of Granville County, N. C., and the White Oak Mountain
district of Pittsylvania and Halifax Counties, Va. About 60 per
cent of the total flue-cured crop is used in domestic consumption.

EXPORT DEMAND.

While the flue-cured type of tobacco is particularly adapted for
manufacture and use in domestic consumption and is most extensively
used at home, it is, nevertheless, also a favorite export type, with a
constantly expanding foreign market. It is about the only type of
tobacco produced in this country which has tended in recent years to
decidedly increase the volume of our exports of leaf tobacco. This
export trade would probably increase more rapidly were it not for
the sharp competition of domestic demand, resulting in relatively
high prices as compared with the other export types.

Great Britain and the British possessions, Canada, South Africa,
and Australasia, are by far the most important foreign customers for
this type of tobacco. These countries use it principally for smoking
tobacco and cigarettes. China, Japan, and some of the European
countries also make use of this type in considerable quantities.

The trade reports of the principal markets of Great Britain indicate
that that country alone takes from 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 pounds
of our flue-cured type of leaf annually.

In the foreign trade flue-cured tobacco is often joken of as Vir-

ginia leaf or strips, probably because in the past, as is also still largely

true, it was exported in great part through the markets of Virginia,

particularly Richmond and Danville, although, of course, North
244

62 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Carolina produces far more flue-cured leaf than does Virginia, as indi-
cated in Table XVII (p. 68). Figure 26 shows an interior view of a
leaf factory at Greenville, N. C., engaged in the making of strips for
export to England.

DISTRIBUTION IN USE.

Estimating the total average production of flue-cured tobacco in
the Old Belt and in the New Belt at about 215,000,000 pounds annu-
ally, it would be interesting to know how this tobacco is distributed
in the trade according to the uses to which it is put. No figures can
be quoted giving this information in an accurate statistical way.

Fig. 26.—Stemming room of a leaf-tobacco factory, Greenville, N. C. New Belt flue-cured type of
leaf. (Photographed by the Bureau of Soils.)

4

However, making use of revenue returns, export figures, trade reports,
and of general information picked up here and there, the following
estimate of distribution may be accepted as substantially correct:

TABLE X V.—Estimated distribution in use of flue-cured tobacco.

Kind and location. Pounds. | Kind and location. Pounds.
Domestic use: Export—Continued.
Granulatinoss =e ee 55, 000, 000 FAUIStTSIASIA... a7s2 Se Soe ce oe ee 8, 000, 000
Plug filler and cut plug... . 2-2: 37, 000, 000 Chingess=.44525. 22 eer ee ee 10, 000, 000
Cigaretiecubterseeereee ee ee 25, 000, 000 Japan ss Hw... ac as hee 2,000,000 -
IPlUgkWwrapDErseeeeeEeee ee eee 10, 000, 000 Miscellaneous (Europe, South Af-
oo TCA ;.CUC:)) 2:4 os See ere 10, 0C0, 000
TO Fale es sae eee eee eee 127,000, 000 So
nd Total s....0 2c eee 88, 000, 0co
Export: —————————
Greatibritaintsessece eco eee 48,000, 000 Grand total See 215, 000, 000
Canad ait ce eee eee ces re 10, 000, 000

244

\

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. | 63

GRADES AND PRICES.

At 10 cents a pound, which is about the average for the five years
ending in 1910, the flue-cured type of tobacco has brought to growers
the sum of about $20,000,000 annually. Growers claim, however,
that counting all factors in connection with the expense of producing
flue-cured tobacco, it costs about 10 cents a pound to raise it.

The price schedule put forth by the Interstate Tobacco Growers’
Protective Association of Virginia and North Carolina, given in Table
XVI, throws some light on the various market grades into which the
flue-cured type of tobacco is divided and the approximate relative
prices of each. It should be borne in mind, however, that they are
based upon a price level to the farmer fully 24 cents a pound above
that which has been current in recent years. ;

TABLE Keyl — Scale of prices adopted by the Interstate Tobacco Growers’ Protective

Association of Virginia and North Carolina for the sale of their pooled holdings of flue-
cured tobacco in October, 1904.

; |
| Price per |, Price per || Price per
Grades. 100 | Grades. 100 | Grades. 100
| pounds. |) pounds. | pounds.
|
Lemon wrappers: | Mahogany fillers: |, Cutters (cigarette): |
TITAS ee peers ee $65. 00 PGT CE EeSa aie $22. 50 | Fab a\ eens mee fat = $35. 00
COO0ls sa secneasee 50. 00 |) Go0dse sates 18. 00 | Goodey ati aeaeees 30. 00
Medinm 222-2 --- 35. 00 Mie dinmmne eee ae 15. 00 | Mieditinmnmee ssa seee 22. 50
Commons s 2 -- | 25. 00 Commonsess-2 2a 10. 00 Commons es 18. 00
Orange wrappers: Dark red fillers: | Bright smokers: |
By Cea eats ts 2 60. 00 TosbaYe\o8 oe ate eae 16. 00 IR Cee a eee Fo SOD)
Goods os 50. 00 Goode eee ttee- 14. 00 || Goodieasan eee | 15. 00
Medium eases ser 35. 00 Mediunivaesct sss. 12. 50 Mediums 22225. 12. 50
Commioniessssse- 20. 00 Commons eeee ee 10. 00 |) Commion®==e4ess== 10. 00
Bright mahogany Dark fillers: | Heavy smokers:
wrappers: IME Se cece sees 16. 00 || NG Ser al eee eee 16. 00
IBINe Rept. cerns | 55. 00 Good es seen ee 12. 50 Goods. a= 14. 00
COOGle sag cssehoaee 40. 00 Mediums s 222s 10. 00 Miediume ea. ee 12. 00
MeqnaT: eee. 30. 00 Commonit=-= =. oa: 8.00 Common=ttee see" | 10. 00
Common=-e-2-—-=- 18.00 || Tips: Lug fillers: |
Dark mahogany wrap- Bien Gee sates 12. 50 BIN Gee eye ca 16. 00
pers: Darker see as. 9. 00 Goodaaaaas eee 14. 00
INTO Sesaokespaoade 40. 00 | 6. 00 Mediuimpeceseece 12. 50
Goode ea nase ees 25. 00 | Greens te sss ecese to || Commonite-22--—- 10. 00
Mediums sce sce 22. 50 | 8.00 || Trash:
Common2e2- 55. 18.00 || Export leaf (bright): Low grades and 5. 00
Bright fillers: Tra) eae ects, ae eeye 35. 00 Crashes tena to
PHO a Acie s.0 20. 00 | Goodlet Siaeniss 30. 00 || 9. 00
Goode sess camels 17.00 | IMedrumessees eee 22. 50 ||
Mediums een. ss. 15. 00 Commontess ee ee 18.00 ||
Common=se eee 10. 00 | |

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1900.

At the Paris Exposition of 1900 our flue-cured bright leaf was
considered by the jury of awards in comparison particularly with
Turkish leaf, which is generally regarded as a distinctly cigarette
type of tobacco. Mr. M. L. Floyd, the only member of this jury
from the United States, reported that the jury was inclined to favor
the Turkish leaf from the standpoint of quality. The bright, flue-
cured leaf, however, is yet of very satisfactory quality even as a

244

64 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

cigarette tobacco, and in addition it is susceptible of a much broader
field of usefulness. Because of this much greater all-round use-
fulness and adaptability, the jury finally gave it the same award as
the Turkish leaf, ranking them on an equal basis of merit and both
were granted gold medals.

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE FLUE-CURED DISTRICT.

Broadly speaking, two quite well-defined subdivisions of producing
area, reflected in a material modification in the general character of
the tobacco produced, are recognized in the flue-cured territory,
extending as it does from the piedmont and even the mountain sec-
tion of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee to the coast
country of eastern North Carolina and South Carolina.

Up to the late eighties of the last century flue-cured tobacco was
not produced in commercial quantities of importance east of Warren,
Franklin, and Wake Counties in North Carolina, and the easternmost
market town of importance for the sale of leaf tobacco was Hen-
derson, N. C.

It was, however, grown even farther westward in the mountain
section than at present. In the eighties of the last century the pro-
duction of flue-cured tobacco had a considerable boom in some of
the counties of east Tennessee and in the southern part of West
Virginia. Buncombe and Madison Counties, N. C., were then quite
heavy producing counties and Asheville and Marshall in these two
counties, respectively, were important leaf markets. Greenville and
Bristol, across the State line in Tennessee, also developed into market
points of considerable importance. | ;

The production of flue-cured tobacco has long since been abandoned
in West Virginia and Burley now holds sway there. But little
tobacco is now produced in the extremely hilly counties of western
North Carolina, and Asheville and Marshall are no longer leaf markets.

In Greene County, Tenn., however, a considerable interest in
tobacco growing still persists and the production has been something
like 1,000,000 pounds annually for some years. In 1908 and since
then, owing to the extremely high prices of Burley, the total tobacco
acreage in eastern Tennessee subsidiary to Greenville as a market
center has greatly increased. The estimated production in 1909 was
from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 pounds, less than half a millon of which,
however, was estimated to be of the flue-cured type, the interest
having shifted to Burley. Bristol, which in its best years sold about
5,000,000 pounds of tobacco, has long since ceased to be a market.

All of the present flue-cured territory in Virginia and in western
and central North Carolina to and including the counties of Warren,
Franklin, and most of Wake is generally known among tobacco

244 .

AA

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. 65

people as the ‘‘Old Belt’’,section. The line is of course more or less
arbitrary, but it quite closely represents the approximate eastern
limits of tobacco growing prior to the great expansion eastward
which took place from 1885 to 1890, and also represents in broad
outline the approximate division point between the New Belt and the
Old Belt tobaccos in point of quality.

The Coastal Plain sandy soils of the New Belt section produce a
brighter type of leaf, but generally with less body and substance than
do the soils of the Old Belt with their greater percentage of clay,
particularly in the subsoil.

Modifications in methods of cultivation and handling in the two
regions are characteristic, particularly in the matter of priming,
topping, harvesting, and curing. In the Old Belt section the plants

Fic. 27.—Common method of hauling tobacco from the field in the Virginia tobacco districts.

are topped lower and generally a few bottom leaves are primed off and
discarded at topping time, usually leaving only about 10 leaves to
each plant to mature. In the New Belt section higher topping is
practiced, that is, more leaves are left on the plant. In the Old Belt
also, the whole plant is cut and cured at one time while in the New
Belt it is customary to pick the leaves a few at a time as they ripen,
beginning at the bottom of the plant and going up. Other modifica-
tions of method might also easily be noted in the two sections.
Figure 27 shows the method of harvesting tobacco in the Old Belt
section, the whole plant being harvested and hung on the stick, while
figure 28 shows a harvesting scene in the New Belt section. The
separate leaves are harvested and fastened to the sticks in small
bundles with strings.
45801°— Bul. 244—12—_5

66 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

A number of reasons conspired to bring about the rapid introduction
and extension of tobacco growing into eastern North Carolina and
South Carolina in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Among
these reasons the low price of cotton is noteworthy. The entire New
Belt section is a cotton-producing country and any decided shifting
in the balance between the price of cotton and tobacco is quickly re-
flected in the acreage and production of tobacco. The production
of New Belt tobacco from year to year is therefore subject to extreme
fluctuations amounting to doubling the crop in some instances and
halving it in others. In 1903, when the maximum of production was
reached in the New Belt, the crop was estimated at over 125,000,000

Fic. 28.—Stringing the leaves of tobacco of the flue-cured type in the New Belt section near Green-
ville, Pitt Co., N. C.

pounds; 1n 1904, under the influence of very low prices for tobacco and
high prices for cotton, it was less than 60,000,000 pounds. |

Cotton is not grown to any considerable extent, however, in the
Old Belt section and the tobacco crop, therefore, is very much more
uniform from year to year in regard to acreage, as no other money crop
is available to which the acreage can readily be shifted. Although
the Old Belt crop of 1903 was also large, amounting to about 125,000,-
000 pounds with correspondingly low prices, the crop of 1904 was only
about 10,000,000 pounds less than in 1903.

Although the New Belt crop of tobacco exceeded that of the Old
Belt in 1903, it is normally about 25,000,000 pounds a year less than
the Old Belt. The normal production of the Old Belt district at the
present time stated in round numbers is about 120,000,000 pounds,

244

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. 67

and that of the New Belt is about 95,000,000 pounds, making 215,000,-
000 pounds as the total annual production of tobacco of the flue-cured
type.

Other important contributory causes for the rapid expansion of
tobacco growing into the New Belt section in the decade mentioned
was the rapid development and expansion in the demand for and con-
sumption of granulated smoking tobacco and in the use of cigarettes,
also the rapidly expanding foreign demand resulting in good prices
for this type of leaf. This combination, therefore, of low prices for
cotton and high prices for tobacco is the most important contributory
cause of the rapid development of tobacco growing in the New Belt
section.

A comparison of the census returns of 1890 with those of 1900 for
the New Belt section of eastern North Carolina and South Carolina
strikingly illustrates the rapid extension of tobacco growing in that
decade. In 1890 the total production of the counties reporting
tobacco in eastern North Carolina and South Carolina was 1,604,304
pounds, of which 1,381,406 pounds were in eastern North Carolina
and 222,898 pounds in South Carolina. Of the total eastern North
Carolina production more than half, 782,713 pounds, was produced
in Nash County directly bordering the section designated as the Old
Belt. Only two other counties in this section produced more than
100,000 pounds of tobacco each. They were Wilson and Wayne
Counties with 232,966 and 112,010 pounds production, respectively.

The figures for the 1900 census show an amazing increase in this
section. From less than 2,000,000 pounds total production of
tobacco shown by the 1890 census, the figures for 1900 gave the New
Belt section a production of 79,603,610 pounds, of which 59,707,640
pounds were produced in eastern North Carolina and 19,895,970
pounds in South Carolina. This great extension in production car-
ried North Carolina ahead of Virginia and made it second only to
Kentucky in total production of tobacco, which relative position the
State has since continued to hold.

The maps (Pls. I and II, in pocket) show the approximate limits of
the established producing territory for the flue-cured type of tobacco
in 1909. The line separating the flue-cured type from the dark-fired
type in Virginia is of course only an approximation. No definite line
exists showing where one begins and the other ends. What really
exists is a belt of country upon which can be found either type here
and there, according to the character of the soil and the preference of
the grower.

THE OLD BELT SECTION.

Table XVII gives a list of the counties in the Old Belt section of
Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee that produce tobacco in
important commercial quantities, with an estimate of the quantity

244

68 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

produced 1 in each. Counties hke Mecklenburg and Charlotte in Vir-.
ginia produce considerable quantities of both the flue-cured and the
darl-fred type. The estimate of such counties is for the flue-cured
type only. |

TaBLE X VII.—Estimated annual production of the flue-cured type of tobacco in the
Old Belt section of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, distributed by counties.

Counties. | Pounds. | Counties. Pounds. | Counties. | Pounds.
| |
Virginia: || North Carolina: | North Carolina—Con. |
Pittsylvania. ....-. /16, 000, 000 Granvyallle=seeee=e- 7,500,000 | Guilford | 2,000, 000
ia litaxeee aes 14,000, 000 Rockingham...... 7,000, 000 SYiadikinw 25° sees 1, 000,000
Mecklenburg...... 7,500,000 || Caswelleciaze sees 6, 000, 000 IWHILKeSESs sae eames 500, 000
Henny ose tan ne 4,000, 000 ‘Persone. s-o sie 5,500,000 | Iredell aie ese 500. 000
Lunenburg......- 4,000, 000 Stokessaio-.-oser 5,000,000 || Tennessee:
Franklin......... 3,500,000 Viste nee 5,000, 000 | Greanes: 23.7 eee 500, 000
Charloties 2-22.22. 2,000, 000 ieee aoe. - SOOO 000M Scattered 2ee= = eee eer 500, 000
Ipatnickese sees ee 2,000, 000 Alamance...._.... 4.000, 000 ——————
Brunswick....... 1,000, 000 IWiakeisie mere 3,000,000 | Total, North
Nottoway......-- 500.000 OUTlCy 25.4 eee 3,000, 000 Carolina and
Prince Edward...| 500,000 Durham pee 2,500,000 | Tennessee... . ./65,000, 000
—_———- Wiarren ee soe ss 2,500,000
Total for Vir- | } Oranget2 eee. 2.000, 000 |
- ginia........../55,000, 000 Davidson ....._._- 2,000,000 |

Grand total, Old Belt section, 120,000,000 pounds.

This Old Belt section might be still further subdivided into the
eastern and western subsection, or into the Winston Salem and the
Danville subsections. The soil grows progressively more clayey as
one proceeds westward, and the change is reflected in the quality of
the tobacco produced. The western subsection is noted for the large
proportion of leaf adapted for use as fillers for flat plug as manufac-
tured so extensively at Winston Salem, N. C. Henry County, Va.,
and Stokes County, N. C., are sepiecl ede noted for the fine quality
of fillers produced atonal for this class of plug.

The proportion of mahogany or red tobacco in this western sub-
section of the Old Belt is also much greater than in the eastern part.
An approximate line separating the western from the eastern parts
of the Old Belt would show Franklin and Henry Counties in Virginia
and a part of Rockingham County in North Carolina and all west to
the Blue Ridge in the western or Winston Salem subsection of the
Old Belt section. :

Danville, Va., Winston Salem, N. C., and South Boston, Va., are
the most important first-hand markets for the Old Belt. These three
markets sell from first hands fully 50 per cent of the total Old Belt

productions.
THE NEW BELT SECTION.

Table XVIII gives a list of the important producing counties of the
New Belt section, with estimates of average production.
244 |

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO. 69

TasBLeE XVIII.—Estimated acreage of annual production of flue-cured tobacco in the
New Belt sections of North Carolina and South Carolina, distributed by counties, and
the total production in all districts of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Tennessee.

Counties. Pounds. | Counties. ° Pounds. Counties. Pounds.
North Carolina: North Carolina—Con. South Carolina:
JONAS oe een Rear nig 12, 000, 000 JOneSHEe eee eee 2, 000, 000 Marionette sees 5, 000, 000
INasht on ae/5 ee 8, 000, 000 Columbusha"2oe2—- 2, 000, 000 Darlington........ 5, 000, 000
Wilson measee eerie 6, 000, 000 | IS CRUE Sere west 1, 750, 000 Mlorencemsea ee 3, 500, 000
Greene eee ae 6, 000, 000 Cravens 2222-22) 195005000 Williamsburg. ..-. 3, 000, 000
IL@IMNG WP Shea es SScues 5, 000, 000 Sampson ee esa see 1, 000, 000 Clarendon....-..- 2, 500, 000
JOHNS tONS:s5-55- -- 3, 500, 000 | Cumberland. ..... 500, 000 IDM Ne Ss soocesbese 2, 000, 000
Daphne aan 3, 500, 000 Beautortece senses 500, 000 FOLEY eee SES 2,000, 000
Robeson........-- 3, 500, 000 Bladenks sant. 500, 000 CG Ae a cea es 500, 000.
Wiaymen eee 3, 000, 000 aE e tite sess 250, 000 Sumperaseer ease 500, 000
Mantingaese eee 3, 000, 000 Other counties. _|} 1,000, 000 Georgetown......- 500, 000
DE Qiifasxee err ae 2,500, 000 | ——__—_. Other counties. . 500, 000
Wider s ani area 2,000, 000 | Total for New —_—_——
Edgecombe.....-- 2,000, 000 | Belt of east- Total for New
| ern North Belt of South
Carolina... ..- 70, 000, 000 Carolina... .-. 25, 000, 000
Pounds.
Total New Belt of eastern North Carolina and South Carolina........................-.------ 95, 000, 000
Ter tend Ohl GHGS G lhe eetin tops Ue pate ttt MRS ag A cco ud ape ys tN et ey eRe hea ek SOLA 120, 000, 000

Grand total annual production of flue-cured tobacco for all districts of Virginia, North
Chinoihingy, Syominan Caroline eyo Wieimeshese u See ON be ee es ees oe eee ee 215, 000, 000

As in the case of the Old Belt section, the New Belt section might
with some reason be again subdivided into two subsections repre-
sentative of noticeable differences in the quality of the tobacco itself,
broadly speaking, and of methods of cultivation and handling, par-
ticularly in respect to the manner of placing the tobacco on the
market. As a whole the South Carolina soils are more sandy than
those of the eastern North Carolina section, particularly the portion
east of the Pedee River, resulting in some modifications of body and
color in the tobacco produced.

The South Carolina product is on the whole perhaps paler in color
and lighter in body, though this distinction of course would not hold
for certain sections of South Carolina, particularly that portion west
of the Pedee. The eastern part of Darlington County, in the vicinity
of Montclare, and Clarendon County, in the Pudding Swamp neighbor-
hood, are especially famed for the fine quality of leaf produced.

In the South Carolina section the growers have adopted the prac-
tice in the last few years of selling the tobacco ungraded and not tied
into hands, although of course the very fact of priming the tobacco
on the plant a few leaves at a time as they ripen makes for a certain
degree of grading, since the ground leaves, middle leaves, and tops
naturally fall more or less into curings by themselves. In 1909 it was
estimated that fully 80 per cent of the South Carolina crop was sold
in this way, ungraded, and not tied up. This practice serves still
further to differentiate the South Carolina portion of the New Belt
from the eastern North Carolina portion.

244

70 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

In noting the production by counties as shown in Table XVIII for.
eastern North Carolina it will be seen that the growing of tobacco
almost ceases in Cumberland, Sampson, and Bladen Counties. This
section of country is really the dividing line between the eastern
North Carolina section as a separate district and the South Carolina
section. The border counties, Robeson and Columbus, of North Caro-
lina, are really more closely identified with the South Carolina district
than with the eastern North Carolina portion of the New Belt.

The principal market centers of the New Belt are Wilson, Green-
ville, Kinston, and Rocky Mount in eastern North Carolina, and
Mullins, Darlington, Lake City, and Timmonsville in South Carolina.
These eight markets sell from first hands about 70 per cent of the
total New Belt crop. The remainder is divided between a consider-
able number of small markets selling usually from 1,000,000 to
3,000,000 pounds each.

All things considered, this flue-cured type of tobacco is unsurpassed
in universal popularity and general adaptability to a variety of uses,
including granulated and cut smoking tobacco, both paper and all-
tobacco cigarettes, and plug filler and wrapper; in fact it is adapted
to practically all the regular forms in which tobacco is used except
standard cigars and snuff. In color and general appearance it is very
attractive, while its low nicotine content, mildness, aromatic sweet-
ness, fragrance, and good keeping qualities render it very satisfying to
the user.

The two subdivisions of the flue-cured district are outlined on the
map (Pl. I, in pocket).

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO.
ORIGIN AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT.

The cultivation of tobacco in Kentucky and Ohio was introduced
by the pioneer settlers from Virginia and Maryland in the period
succeeding the Revolutionary War. Many of these settlers occupied
the lands along either side of the Ohio River. :

Whether the development of Burley tobacco in this section was
from the Maryland type of seed, like that of the eastern Ohio export
tobacco, or from the Virginia type of seed, history does not make
clear. Burley tobacco more closely resembles the tobacco of Mary-
land in general appearance than it resembles the Virginia type. This
is true in point of general character, including body and color, and
both are air-cured tobaccos, while the Virginia types, excepting the
‘“‘sun-cured,’”’ are cured by artificial heat, either by open fires or by

flues. :

The origin of the name Burley is uncertain, but is said by some to
be derived from the name of a grower or, perhaps, as others think,
244

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. WAL

it was so named for Lord Burleigh of England; in any event, a
Burley tobacco was cultivated in this Ohio River section for some
years prior to the Civil War. It was not, however, the White Burley
as we now know it.

The development of the present type of White Burley, possessing
the peculiar creamy-white color modification of stem, stalk, and
veins, and also to a degree of the web of the leaf itself, took place,
according to the present belief, as a mutation or sport. It seems
pretty well established that White Burley originated on the farm of
Mr. George Webb near the village of Higginsport, Brown Co., Ohio.

The following account of the origin of the new white tobacco, as
it was called, written in 1875 by Mr. A. F. Ellis, who was a neighbor
of Mr. Webb at the time, is quoted from the Western Tobacco
Journal:

White Burley tobacco first made its appearance in the year 1864, near the village of
Higginsport, Brown County, Ohio. In the spring of that year one George Webb pro-
cured from G. W. Barkley, of Bracken County, Ky., a small portion of tobacco seed
of the kind then known as Little Burley. He sowed a part of this seed and grew a bed
of fine-looking plants, but when ready to transplant found among them a few of a
peculiar white or yellow color and, supposing them to be diseased or dwarfed plants,
pulled them up and threw them away.

The next year, being scarce of seed, he sowed the remainder of this old seed and
again found a portion of the same kind of plants that he had thrown away the year pre-
vious. This excited the curiosity of Mr. Webb and others, whose attention had been
called to these strange-looking plants, and they were induced to transplant them,
raising in all about 1,000 plants, which proved to be healthy and thrifty, and when
fully ripe were almost of a cream color, making a great contrast with other tobacco.

The result of this experience created quite a sensation throughout the neighborhood
and many growers came from every direction to see what they called a freak of nature.
The tobacco cured a bright yellow or cream color, but was adjudged bitter to the taste.
Some concluded that although the tobacco colored well and produced the pounds, on
account of its bitter taste it would not be safe to plant any large portion of the next
crop of this kind of tobacco, although considerable seed had been saved.

The plant beds that were sown of this seed in the year 1866 were found to contain
a much larger portion of white plants than green ones, and a sufficient quantity were
transplanted to produce 20,000 pounds of cured tobacco. Two hogsheads of this pro-
duction were shipped to the Cincinnati market and sold ata high price. The pur-
chaser shipped the same to the St. Louis Fair of 1867 and, after being awarded the
first and second premuims for cutting leaf, sold it for $58 per hundred.

The remainder of this kind of tobacco was purchased by the firm of which I was a
member, and entered at the Cincinnati Annual Tobacco Fair of the same year to
compete for the best 10 hogsheads of any class, and awarded the third premium, and
was afterwards sold for $34 per hundred.

The record thus made at the several tobacco fairs of 1867 induced many of the
enterprising planters of Brown County, Ohio, and Bracken County, Ky., to plant
largely of this kind of tobacco, and its culture has been gradually increasing throughout
the entire district used for producing cutting tobacco until the present time, when it
would be difficult to find any person in this large tobacco region so ignorant of his
pecuniary interest as to plant any other kind.

244

19 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

The character of the soil that first produced the White Burley is strong, black,
coarse river-hill land, and underlaid with limestone. The growth of timber cut from
this land was principally sugar, lin, buckeye, ash, walnut, hickory, oak, and beech.
Although it is well known to the country dealer that much the best quality of White
Burley is grown on this kind of land, experience has satisfied us that any good, strong,
old or new land that will produce any other class of cutting tobacco will produce this.

In 1867 I gave this growth of tobacco the name of White Burley, owing to its simili-
tude in size and texture to the ordinary Burley, and to its almost white color when
thoroughly ripe. The cultivation is the same as for any other cutting tobacco.

As this almost contemporaneous account indicates, the new white
tobacco came first into prominence as a superior type for the manu-
facture of fine-cut chewing tobacco.

The Virginia type of lies manufactured from the sweet air or coal
cured tobacco of Virginia and North Carolina, had dominated the
trade in chewing tobacco up to the breaking out of the Civil War.
The war, however, completely demoralized this Virginia trade. In
its place fine-cut chewing tobacco made from the Yellow Pryor type
of leaf produced in the Mason County, Green River, and Missouri
districts of the West and manufactured extensively in Cincinnati,
Louisville, and St. Louis became very popular, as did also plug made
from the Green River type of leaf. It was milder than the Virginia
product and after the war the trade, except locally, did not go back
to the Virginia fillers. But these new western products, fine cut and
plug made from the western Yellow Pryor leaf, in turn had to give
way to the new White Burley tobacco.

The unusual suitability of the White Burley for plug was not
generally recognized, however, until the later seventies of the last
century. The regular filler stock of the Green River type was very
scarce and high in 1875 and some of the St. Louis and Jersey City
factories tried in a small way some of the heavier red grades of
Burley not suited for cutting stock, which were low in price from lack
of demand. Consumers liked the new product and it proved especially
pleasing to manufacturers because of the large quantity of cheap
flavoring liquids which it would readily absorb. Some of these brands
are reported to contain as much as 40 per cent of flavoring sauces.

The rapidity of this early development in the popularity and pro-
duction of Burley may be illustrated by comparing the production
of tobacco in Brown, Adams, and Clermont Counties in Ohio in 1870
and 1880. These three counties comprise the important Burley-
producing section of Ohio. In 1869 they produced, according to the
Census returns, 4,009,978 pounds of tobacco and in 1879 this was
increased to 10,823,183 pounds, or more than 250 per cent. The
normal production of Burley in these three counties, from 1905 to
1909, was about 13,000,000 pounds annually.

The White Panes strain of seed was also introduced into and rapidly
extended in the neighboring counties across the river in Kentucky,

244

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. 73

and, owing to a much greater area of suitable land, the production of
White Burley in Kentucky soon far exceeded in amount that pro-
duced in the Ohio portion of the Burley district.

To-day, practically all of the Burley seed used is of this improved
type. The name Red Burley is frequently used to-day, but refers
more particularly to differences in the cured leaf from the same seed.
Some leaves are redder, or more colory, than others, depending upon
the soil, season, or other local conditions, often as they occur in the
same field. This leads us to the consideration of the soil as a factor
of importance, as it influences the color and other desirable features
of Burley tobacco.

SPECIAL SOIL INFLUENCES ON PRODUCTION.

White Burley tobacco originated and has had its principal develop-
ment on the phosphatic limestone soils of central and northern Ken-
tucky and southern Ohio. They are as a whole among the richest in
- mineral plant food materials and among the most fertile soils to be
found anywhere.

It is well known that the soil itself exerts a most important influ-
ence on the character of tobacco, but it-is difficult, if not impossible,
to single out any one soil factor as the all-important or controlling one
which can be observed in actual field results. It is known that phos-
phates in considerable available supply tend to hghten the color of
vegetation, but this is not sufficient to account fully for the pecular
chlorosis of Burley, because some of the brightest Burley tobacco pro-
duced is grown on soils where the supply of phosphorus is only nor-
mal. The same may be said concerning lime also.° In fact the finest
and brightest Burley best suited to high-grade cutting purposes is
most likely to be produced on freestone soils rather than on hmestone
soils. For plug fillers, however, which form the largest single item
in the consumption of Burley tobacco, the heavier-bodied types pro-
duced on the rich limestone soils, though somewhat darker in color,
are generally preferred. :

It is true, therefore, that the soil exerts a dominating influence in
producing a Burley tobacco of good quality, but this seems to be due
to a combination of factors rather than to any particular ones that
can be specified with precision. It is of course quite likely that the
special soil conditions had something to do with the original mutation
of the White Burley characteristics. Any other type of seed planted
on typical Burley soil will produce a brighter, more porous tobacco
than if planted, for example, on a typical heavy, dark, export-tobacco
soil, but it will be far from equaling the product obtained from
Burley seed in this respect. Conversely, the hereditary influence of
Burley seed is also most remarkable. ven when planted on a most

244

14 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACGOS.

unpromising soil from the standpoint of Burley, the characteristi¢
cream-colored stalks and midribs are always noticeable. On these
poorly adapted soils, of course, the cured product will not possess the
same degree of excellence as on the typical Burley soils.. A portion of
a field of thrifty young Burley plants in the bluegrass section (Fayette
County, Ky.), is shown in figure 29. The peculiar characteristic
white venation shows even in the picture. On the less hilly portions
of the Burley district 2-horse machine setters are much used in trans-
planting the young plants from the seed bed to the field. Such a
machine is shown at work in figure 30. The use of these machines is

Fic. 29.—Part of a field of thrifty young Burley tobacco plants in the bluegrass section, Fayette
County, Ky. s

also common in nearly all the cigar-tobacco districts. While the
prepotent strength of this inherited modified chlorophyll characteristic
of White Burley is, however, very remarkable, yet it is only on certain
soils that all the poimts of excellence will be present sufficiently to
make its production commercially successful under normal conditions.

Friable mellow soils of a clayey or of a silty nature, strong and
durable in natural fertility, and which have laid long in grass are at
least among the most desirable requisites for producing a good grade
of Burley whether or not they are exceptionally rich in lime or phos-
phates. Since 1907, because of the unusual scarcity and consequent

244

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. 15

high prices of Burley, due to the efforts of the Burley Tobacco Grow-
ers’ Association to restrict the supply and advance the price, unusual
efforts have been made to introduce the production of Burley tobacco
in a large number of new sections. These undertakings, on account
of the scarcity and high prices, have usually proved profitable to the
grower, but the discrimination in prices as compared with better
erades of Burley was in many cases very marked. With normal
market conditions this low-grade Burley produced on unsuitable soils
in all probability would have been still further discriminated against _
to the extent of rendering its production unprofitable.

It is noteworthy, however, that many of these experimental crops
of Burley in untried sections proved much better in quality than
expected and compared very favorably with the product of the
established Burley territory, and it seems quite possible that some

Fig. 30.—Transplanting and watering tobacco seedlings by machine, a common method in parts of
the Burley district and in nearly all the cigar-tobacco districts.

of these new locations where Burley has been introduced may develop
into permanent producing territory.

In 1909 scattered crops of Burley were tried here and there over
much of piedmont and middle Virginia and in some parts of the
valley between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghenies. So far as could
be judged from the results of these experiments, considerable good
Burley was grown on the strong, red, nonlimestone soils in the
piedmont and on some of the limestone soils of the valley. Most of
the Burley produced on the gray soils of the middle and eastern
section of the State, however, was of very inferior quality.

244

76 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS,

For the purposes of this bulletin it will be unnecessary to dwell
longer on the soil requirement of White Burley or on the results of
attempts to produce a satisfactory product in new sections. Figure
31 shows a view of a typical curing barn of the better type common in
the Burley district of Kentucky and elsewhere.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND USEFULNESS.

DOMESTIC USE.

Burley tobacco, like the flue-cured, is a modern type developed
since the Civil War. It has alsomany of the same points of excellence,
making it well adapted to domestic manufacture and consumption.
It is even milder than flue-cured, and since it is an air-cured type it is

entirely free from the odor or flavor of smoke. It runs to light colors

Fig. 31.—Common type of curing barn in the Burley district of Kentucky.

and burns well, making it quite well adapted for use in smoking
mixtures. The size of leaf is desirable and when grown on proper
soils is very smooth and fine of fiber.

In one. important respect Burley tobacco is in a class by itself
and superior to any other type, that i is, in its remarkable capacity
for absorbing quid sweetening and flavormg materials. From

the standpoint of the manufacturer this capacity renders it a

most economical tobacco to use, as these sauces are much cheaper
per pound than tobacco itself, and from the standpoint of the con-
sumer who likes his tobacco highly flavored and sweetened, it is also
a most desirable quality. This unusual absorptive or ‘‘drinking
capacity, as it is often called, is really the foundation of the great
success of Burley tobacco.
| 244

ee EE EE a

|

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. ad

In point of real tobacco quality, as pungency, aroma, or fragrance,
Burley is rather negative and weak, but as used this weakness is
really another point in its favor. This lack of decided character of
its own, combined with its great absorptive capacity, makes it an
easy matter to flavor it up artificially in almost any way desired.
Immense quantities of this heavily sweetened western plug of the
so-called navy type is manufactured in the great factories at St.
Louis, Louisville, and elsewhere. Burley is also the principal type
used in the manufacture of the great array of cut-plug smoking
tobaccos and of fine-cut chewing tobacco. It is also useful for
granulating purposes, and some of the best grades make the finest
cigarette and twist wrappers. In recent years the expansion in the
use of chewing tobacco has come nearly to a standstill. Very few
young men become chewers. They smoke instead. Among pipe
tobaccos those of the cut-plug type, made principally from Burley,
are increasing very rapidly in popularity and use.

FOREIGN DEMAND.

The development in use of Burley tobacco for domestic consump-
tion since the Civil War has been astonishing and has far outstripped
its closest rival, the flue-cured type, in this respect among the manu-
facturing types of tobacco. Nevertheless, it has not attained any
importance as an export type, and in this regard has been far out-
stripped by the flue-cured type.

This lack of progress as an export type is quite clearly due to two
or three easily discernible factors. Foreigners as a whole chew
tobacco but little, and furthermore the laws of our most important
foreign customer, Great Britain, do not permit of the use of any form
of sweetening or flavoring in manufactured tobacco products. This,
of course, largely negatives the specific usefulness that Burley might
have to make it particularly valuable there. Finally, the price of
Burley, due to a strong, more or less constant domestic demand, has
been in recent years unfavorable to its purchase by foreign countries.
In the early nineties of the last century, however, when prices were
very low, Burley was exported quite extensively, particularly to
Germany, Belgium, and France. Exports of this type would doubt-
less again increase should prices drop to a low figure for any consider-
able length of time. The foreign demand for Burley is mostly for
the low grades usually designated as common red smokers. Under
conditions as they are, however, the quantity of Burley tobacco
annually exported is small and probably does not exceed 5 per cent
of the crop.

244

78 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.
GRADES AND PRICES.

Burley tobacco possesses very little gum or oil, is comparatively
low in nicotine, is of light color and body, and is rather dey and luster-
less in appearance.

The small proportion of the fine grades suitable for wrappers for
cigarettes and twist are of very fine fiber, of clear, uniform, solid
eolon very soft and smooth in texture, and, of course, free ae holes,
raggedness, or other mutilation. The supply of these grades in a
crop is always small, and they can only be picked up here and there in
small lots. The demand, of course, is comparatively small also, but
these grades usually bring 20 cents or more a pound. Freshly
cleared hillside land of a loose, porous nature is most likely to pro-
duce these finer grades. Mason County, Ky., has long had the reputa-
tion of producing a considerable portion of this high-grade wrapper
leaf. Among the newer sections the hill lands of the West Virginia
Burley district produce a fine grade of leaf, much of which is useful
for wrapper purposes. The grades adapted for cutting purposes
require good, bright, clean stock of reasonably fine texture. The
use of these grades for manufacturing the great number of popular
brands of plug-cut smoking tobacco and also for fine-cut chewing
tobacco, which requires some very fine, bright leaf, makes the demand
for them quite large. The cut-plug stock is usually obtained from
the grades known as bright lugs and trash from near the bottom of
the plant.

The greatest quantity of Burley is, of course, used for plug filler
of the heavily sweetened type. For this purpose the most important
requisite is porosity, in order that it may absorb and retain the large
amount of sauces used in its manufacture. Color is net of so much
importance, as it is lost in manufacture, but the leaf should be sound
and of good body and substance. This type of leaf is produced in
large quantities on the rich, level, bluegrass fields of central Kentucky.

When Burley was first extended to these rich bluegrass fields it
was thought the leaf would be too coarse and dark. The expedient
of closer planting and higher topping, however, corrected much of this
tendency, and it is the general custom to set 7,000 to 8,000 plants to
the acre on the best bluegrass soils and about 5,000 or 6,000 to the
acre on the hill lands.

The lower ground leaves or flyings of flimsy texture are used largely
for granulating purposes in smoking mixtures and for export.

The average selling price of Burley tobacco from first hands has
been subject to extreme fluctuations. In 1893 and 1894 prices were
very low, averaging about 4 to 5 cents a pound. The general
average through a long period of years, however, has probably been

244

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. 19

from 8 to 9 cents a pound, although of course individual crops might
sell very much above or below the average for the time, according to
the quality of the crop as placed on the market.

Burley tobacco is subdivided into a great array of grades or classes,
varying according to the influence of soil, season, and the skill of the
individual grower. But only about six fundamental grades are gener-
ally recognized, as they naturally occur in any crop or, in fact, upon
a single plant. Each plant will usually give from two to four leaves
of each of the following grades, beginning at the top of the plant: Green
or red tips, red leaf, bright leaf, lugs, and trash. At the very bottom
there are generally one or two small trashy leaves called flymgs.
On some plants or in some crops naturally the so-called bright
leaf may be darker than the so-called red leaf from another plant
or crop, and vice versa, but the character of the leaf for a given plant
usually varies in grade according to the rule stated. In addition to
these grades defective grades are usually sorted out and classed as
worm eaten, house burned, etc.

After the tobacco is placed on the market this plan of grading is
lost sight of very largely, although the names of the grades them-
selves are retained and leaf, trash, or lugs, ete., will be dark red,
bright red, or colory, according to a standard existing in the minds of
the members of the tobacco trade.

The prices set by the Burley growers of Kentucky in 1904 in their
efforts to obtain better returns from their crops are of interest in
throwing light on the comparative value of the different grades into
which Burley is naturally assorted by the farmer.

The schedule of prices proposed was for loose tobacco assorted and
tied into hands, delivered in soft winter order. When redried and
delivered in keeping order the prices were to be 15 per cent higher.
The schedule is shown in Table XIX.

TaBLE XIX .—Schedule of prices proposed by the growers’ organization for loose Burley
tobacco in 1904.

Price per 100 pounds.

Classes.
Grade 1. | Grade 2. |} Grade 3.

INKED Sasa ctSek 6 SEB ee eRe ee eau Ais eee ene mEne HeuMne 2 Aetly > 24% So $10 $7 $5

AS Lerner taney eh eden) epee ame pepe eS Than EAS MS! SRS e/a ol ue tie 12 10 Uf
TLABUERSS 8 oa Se sh gs le 2 ae OI oT aCe gh ae SE Er Ena ca yee ae 16 12 9
EVE CUM ee Tesiiee aca eee ye snes Ten A Cg i te hk) Rg 2 ale ma Te 11 9
LBA EA M6 SEN Ss Seren ees GPS e te AT Sere Nay Se Rea OER ECs oi 9 Cae 18 | 14 12
WHOS Bos Bea Gos Bele Goa TO Ste, a Dari ne en RCM OIE rue cebste <ul iae 10 | 8 | 7

1.Cigarette lugs and fancy leaf from $20 to $26.
2 Green, damaged, frosted, and common black tips from $3 to $6.

244

80 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

A number of factors must of course be considered to determine the
grade of the same class of leaf as fineness, brightness, size of leaf, body,
etc., and at best they serve only as approximations. Figure 32 shows
samples of several grades of Burley leaf, varying in quality from poor
to fine. )

The most important markets for the sale of Burley tobacco are
Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville and Lexington, Ky. A considerable
proportion of the tobacco that goes to the Louisville and Cincinnati

Fic. 32.—Burley tobacco, flyer, colory leaf, and red-plug filler. (Photographed by the Bureau of Soils. )

markets, however, is not first-hand farmers’ tobacco, but is leaf that
had been bought up by speculators and dealers in the country and
then shipped to these markets for sale.

FLUCTUATIONS IN PRODUCTION.

4

From 1907 to the fall of 1910 the price of Burley has been very
high because of the artificial condition created by the growers’ selling
organizations in their efforts to restrict the supply and elevate the
prices. In consequence the price average has been more than 12
cents a pound during most of this period.

With tobacco, as with almost every other agricultural product in
which the available acreage is not naturally restricted, there is an
approximate price at which the acreage and production will naturally
tend to expand rapidly and another at which it will tend to decrease.
So many factors are at work that it is, of course, impossible to assign

244

;
’
j

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. 81

any exact limits of price at which either of these phenomena would
become operative, but it is usually possible to do so approximately
under given conditions. Certainly at a price near or below cost the
production should automatically begin to diminish and at a price
high enough to return a greater profit than other available products
the acreage and production should automatically tend to increase.

In the case of Burley tobacco there is nothing to indicate any scar-
city of soil adapted to its cultivation. Under existing natural con-
ditions the writer believes that the production of Burley should tend
automatically to expand at a general price level of about 10 cents a
pound, and it would probably tend to decrease should it get down to
8 cents or below for any considerable length of time.

DISTRIBUTION IN USE.

As it passes finally into consumption the distribution in use of
Burley tobacco on a farm-weight basis is estimated to be about as

shown in Table XX.

TaBLE X X.—Estimated approximate distribution in use of Burley tobacco.

Grade. Pounds. Grade. | Pounds.
Jello nll eres ee SU Aa sek ren ee TOOZOOOZOOOM Gram arin eee ey ype es nn 3, 000, 000
Cut plusistockeer sense = eee sae GCOROOOSOOOR I Ciganc tues es =e s- ee ase eee eer 3, 000, 000
Wone-cutisnrokime ee ne ae LS OOOS COON i aAEG x7) OG ete teat sys eicyarae yay ae aie ere 9, 000, 000
LDN iI Bis es Bh eae ee OR rae ere eRe 10, 000, 000 ne
ine-cuitrehewin cease eee 10, 000, 000 PTO Gallia cre sen, Celera ss ieee J ane agg 215, 000, 000
Scrap chewing tobacco........-------- 5, 000, 000

The great bulk of the plug-filler stock mentioned in Table XX is
used in the manufacture of plug tobacco of the heavily sweetened
type. Considerable of the best Burley is used in the manufacture
of some of the western so-called natural-leaf types of flat plug.

DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE.

The great bulk of Burley tobacco is grown in Kentucky, in the
central and northern portions of the State. Table X XI shows the
estimated distribution of its growth in Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana.

The tobacco grown in West Virginia is practically all Burley.
Reliable estimates of the quantity produced are very difficult to
obtain. Estimates by men in touch with the situation range from
5,000,000 to 15,000,000 pounds, produced mostly in Cabell, Putnam,
Lincoln, and Kanawha Counties, south of the Kanawha River.

45801°—Bull. 244—12——_6

82 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Local buyers are stationed at various points in the producing
territory. The principal shipping points are Hurricane, St. Albans,
and Milton. For the sale of the 1910 crop a loose-leaf auction ware-
house market was established at Huntington, W. Va. West Virginia
Burley for the most part had previously found its way finally to the
Cincinnati or to the Richmond market. In quality West. Virginia
Burley is fine and smooth and produces some fine twist and cigarette
wrappers and good cutting leaf. The yield, however, is rather small,
the lay of the land being hilly and the soil rather thin and not highly
improved as a rule.

Taste XXI.—Estimated annual production of Burley tobacco in Kentucky, Ohio, and
Indiana, distributed by counties.

Counties. Pounds. _ Counties. | Pounds. | Counties. Pounds.
Kentucky: Kentucky: | | Ohio:
INGE Mies ae eae 500, 000 Jessamine......- | 2,000,000 || SRO Wale 6, 000, 000
Anderson....-.-- 3, 000, 000 Kentoneeee sae 1,500, 000 | AGAIN Seay aie see. 5,000, 000
iBarrenes see eee 2,000, 000 Waniesaeer rere 500, 000 | Clermontees----ee 2,000, 000
PB AG eat rors 4,500,000 | WG WiSiereh Sein secte 2,500,000 | CGaliases=eeeee 1,000, 000
Boones eee 3, 500, 000 incolne=aeeasee 500, 000 INODICS=a se 1, 000, 000
Bourbon....-.---- 7,000,000 | Madison ......--- 2,000, 000 | SClOlOne eee ee eee 500, 000
IBoyideessesece aa 500, 000 Magoffin ........- 500, 000 | Monroeee eee sase: 500, 000
Boyleste. ce sence 2,000, 000 Marionee eee eee 1,000, 000 | Lawrence. ..-.---- 250,000
Brackeneeeee sess 6, 000, 000 IMasonee re eer. 8,000, 000 | Hamil toneesscsss= 250, 000
IBreavhitte sess 250,000 | Meadesene sss sa- 500, 000 | behlan dees 250.000
Breckenridge. . 1,000, 000 MerGer aes 1,500, 000 | Washington... ..-. 250, 000
IB Withee eee 2,000, 000 Metcaliesse seer 1,000, 000 | Other counties. -| 1,000,000
Campbell. .---.-- 1, 000, 000 Montgomery..... 4,000, 000 | ————
Carroll ssee eee 4,000, 000 INelsSonee= Seno 2,500, 000 Total Burley in
Carlenseesense toe 1,500, 000 Nicholas. Bie Rei 4,500,000 | Ohioo ssa 18, 000, 000
Cascyee ee 1,000, 000 Oldhamees ss 500, 000 | ——————
Clarks tse ae 5,500, 000 | Owenkt; ssa see 9,000,000 || Indiana:
Miotte 2 eo ee 250, 000 Pendleton....-..- 4,500, 000 | Switzerland......- 3, 000, 000
iRayettesseaes ee: 8,000, 000 | Robertson... .---- 2,500, 000 | Jefiersons.2-225-- 1, 500, 000
Rlemine 245-252) 4,500, 000 IRN ls Gas Sccdee 500, 000 Dearborn. .._-..-- 1, 500, 000
Wrankdineesee eee 3,000, 000 NGMiiasscusosnsec 8,000, 000 OMOso 545 eee 1,000, 000
Gallatingsseess- 2,500, 000 Shellpyeeeeseseere 6, 500, 000 | @larkee sgace see 500, 000
Garrard 22-45-52. | 2,000, 000 Spencer ssa -eee 2,500, 000 | Other counties..| 500,000
Grantyeee ee 5,500, 000 UNaVIM Gs Gaaeooes 3, 500, 000 | —
Greene. see 522. | 1,000,000 Washington... .-. 4,500, 000 | | Total Burley in
Greenupz ac. oe | 2,000, 000 Woodford. ...-.- 5, 000, 000 Indianal-=45- 8, 000, 000
landing e ese. | 1,000, 000 Other counties.| 1,000,000 |
EarmisOneeee eee 6, 000, 000 SS
le eacas oo eoeee 2,000, 000 Total Burley in
len ry aes oe ee 6, 000, 000 Kentucky - . - 170,000,000 |
Jefferson....-..-- 500, 000 ee
}

Missouri, principally in Platte and Clay Counties, has recently
been coming to the front as a producer of a very good grade of Burley.
The annual production is uncertain, but it is estimated at upward of
3,000,000 pounds for the three years preceding 1910 and is probably
8,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds for 1910. Up to about 1880 Missouri
had produced almost entirely dark tobacco of the Yellow Pryor type.
Some was fire cured or coal cured, but the larger part was air cured.
The longer, coarse tobacco, constituting the bulk of the Missouri
crop in the old days, went principally to England and Ireland. The
finer, lighter bodied tobacco produced on the hills and Missouri River
bluffs was used largely in domestic manufacturing. The principal

244

_ WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO. 83

production was in the counties along the Missouri River, mostly on
the north side. Chariton, Randolph, Howard, and Boone Counties
were the heaviest producers. In 1876 Chariton County alone pro-
duced 14,000,000 pounds of tobacco.

During the eighties much of the acreage shifted to Burley or
owing to low prices and greater interest in other crops dropped out
altogether, until the production of all the dark tobacco and nearly
all the Burley had ceased altogether in the early years of the present
century. About 1897, however, a Kentuckian named Turner, resid-
ing in Platte County, Mo., chanced to think that Burley would grow
successfully in that section. A trial crop was raised near Weston
with reasonable success and a number of other farmers, assisted
principally by renters from Kentucky, began to plant small crops.
The soil in that section is of limestone origin, is very rich and pro-
ductive, and the land is somewhat rolling and impresses one as
favorable for Burley tobacco. Up to 1907 the crop near Weston
amounted to about a half million pounds of tobacco yearly. With
the cutting out of the 1908 crop of Burley in Kentucky, however,
there was a considerable immigration of renters to the Weston
neighborhood. The production expanded very rapidly and the
1910 crop of Burley near Weston and at local centers in adjoining
counties amounted probably to 3,000,000 or 4,000,000 pounds. The
older Missouri tobacco district, particularly in Chariton and Carroll
Counties, has also greatly increased its production of Burley since
1907, probably to over 3,000,000 pounds in 1910, which, together
with a scattered acreage in other parts of the State, means probably
from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds of Burley tobacco produced
in Missouri in 1910. The general character of the country about
Weston, however, would seem to indicate that that section has the
best chance to maintain its position as a tobacco country through
periods of low as well as high prices.

A scattered acreage of Burley, quite large in the aggregate, is
grown in a number of States, the most important being where the
production has spread over into the adjoining One-Sucker and Green
River districts of Kentucky and in Indiana. The scattered production
is also considerable in the Greenville and upper Cumberland sections
of Tennessee and in the Piedmont and valley section of Virginia.
This scattered production is hard to estimate with any degree of
accuracy, but if it were all tabulated it 1s believed that it would
amount to at least 6,000,000 pounds.

Table XXII shows an estimate of the total average production of
Burley for the country by States.

244

84 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

TaBLE XXII.—Estimated total average annual production of Burley tobacco in the

United States, distributed by States.

States. Pounds. | States. i Pounds.

|

| ~

|
Bentueny ee As Bae Sek Rage oe Pal Ase Re 170, 000,000 || Scattered, principally in TMenmnescee and |
CON OWS RE Ears eee Spin A Se a alge EN 18, 000, 000 | (Mites aU afer oes ess Rape ete Pest ep te ee 6, 000, 006
Tagine EES Cate Me erg end hone 8, 000, 000 | a
Wiest vanginia ts ssa) tacos ee wees oees 8, 000, 000 | Total Burley crop of the United
IMSS OUT See eto Micro al ee eerie 5,000, 000 | | SHIURE Sg Sale ae Eee ae 215, 000, 000

This estimate of the production of Burley tobacco will manifestly
not tally very closely with the actual or estimated production of
Burley in any one of the last few years. Asis well known, conditions
themselves have been far from normal in the Burley territory. In
1908, under the influence of the Burley Tobacco Growers’ Association,
the planting of tobacco in much of the best Burley territory in
Kentucky was entirely omitted. The Department of Agriculture
- estimated the total production of Burley in that year at 35,000,000
pounds. That was the first year that the department made esti-
mates of total production by types, but unofficial estimates from
reliable trade sources had generally given the Burley crop for the few
years preceding at from 175,000,000 to 200,000,000 pounds per
annum. In 1909 the department estimated the Burley crop at
244,800,000 pounds and unofficial trade estimates generally put it
from 250,000,000 to 300,000,000 pounds. In 1910 the planting of
Burley was estimated by the Department at 15 per cent more than in
1909. These two unusually large crops were manifestly abnormal
and the result of abnormal trade conditions consequent upon ee
elimination of the 1908 crop.

Mr. T. M. Carrington, of Richmond, Va., in his annual eredennel
address before The Tobacco Association of the United States, at
the tenth annual convention, July 2, 1910, stated that the estimated
normal consumption of Burley tobacco was around 200,000,000
pounds per annum, which is probably not far from correct. In
this light it is evident that the production of Burley can not perma-
nently remain at an average near 250,000,000 or 300,000,000 pounds
per annum until consumption has snnevteral ke merece)

The estimates submitted in this bulletin, therefore, are not intended
to represent any single crop of recent years nor to eile abnormal
production of 1909 and 1910, but the effort has been made to repre-
sent about a normal production. It must be said, however, that but
for the abnormal conditions the production of Burley in such new
sections as Missouri, Tennessee, and Virginia would have been
much less even than estimated above, or perhaps in many cases
there would have been no production.

A study of the map of Kentucky in connection with the yield
of tobacco, as given in Table XXI, will show a tier of counties in

244

GREEN RIVER TOBACCO. . 85

the western portion of the Burley district where the production is
comparatively small. This section, including the western part of
Bullitt, Meade, Hardin, and Larue Counties, represents a transition
in type of soil from the typical phosphatic limestone section of
the Burley district on the east to the dark-tobacco section on the
west. As such it is quite an interesting feature. Until recently
this section produced very little tobacco of any kind, but since
1907 production has spread rapidly. °

The territory included in the principal Burley districts is shown
on the map (PI. I, in pocket).

GREEN RIVER TOBACCO.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Westward from the Burley district in Kentucky les a transition
territory which produces only small quantities of tobacco. Farther

Fig. 33.—Typical Yellow Pryor tobacco plant, a favorite dark type commonly grown in the Green
River district of Kentucky.

west is the Green River district, where the type of tobacco grown
is air cured like Burley, but the general character of the seed used,
methods of cultivation, etc., are almost the same as in the dark-

fired district covering the remainder of western Kentucky. Figure
244

86 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

33 shows a typical plant of the Yellow Pryor type commonly grown~

in the Green River district.
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN USE.

The tobacco produced in the Green River district is not quite a
typical manufacturing tobacco, nor yet is it an export type. It is
classed as a dark tobacco and resembles in size of leaf and general
appearance the product of the dark-fired district adjoming on the
west, except that, being air cured, it is free from the odor and flavor
of smoke and is more acceptable for domestic manufacture and
consumption. Of the total production of Green River tobacco,
which is about 35,000,000 pounds annually, it is estimated that
about two-thirds is used in domestic consumption and one-third is
exported, nearly all going to Great Britain. The portion consumed
at home is used principally in the manufacture of long-cut smoking
tobacco. Some of the finer grades are also used to some extent in
the manufacture of fine-cut chewing tobacco.

GRADES AND PRICES.

Farmers generally make about three grades of the tobacco as
they sort out the crop in preparation for market, classed as leaf,
lugs, and trash. The average farm price of Green River tobacco
is generally about 5 or 6centsa pound. In 1903 and 1904 it averaged
but little above 4 cents a pound. From 1907 to 1909, under the
general influence of the efforts of the selling organization to enhance
the price of nearly all of the export and manufacturing types of
tobacco, it averaged from 7 to 8 cents.

The principal 1 market point for the district is Owensboro, where
are situated extensive leaf plants for handling the tobacco in prepa-
ration for the home trade or for export. Other important local
receiving points for the district are Hawesville, Livermore, Hartford,
Fordville, and Hardinsburg. A considerable portion of the Green
River crop is also marketed through Louisville, pa at private
sale, by sworn sample after inspection.

DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE.

The production of the Green River type of tobacco is confined
almost entirely to five counties of Kentucky. An estimate of the
total production is shown in Table XXIII.

TaBLE XXIII.—Estimate of the annual production of the Green River type of tobacco
in Kentucky, distributed by counties.

Counties. | Pounds. | Counties. Pounds.
_—————— =
SD) AVICSS UE ey eee ed cate hae 7; 45,000;,000: 1) Hancocks-26e- =2::....522. ce es 3, 500, 000
ee OS es ae gees Sy NN ee 65500; 000' || ;Grayson= 3 2.2 2. = .* >. Sena ee 750, 000
OMOs Ss eee Ries ae eee ECE 5.750, 000 —___—_
Bimceenanee ee ee eee 3,500, 000 Total, Green River type......--- 35, 000, 000

244

——————< ee Shree

ONE-SUCKER TYPES OF TOBACCO. 87

It will be noted that Daviess County produces nearly half of the
entire quantity produced in the Green River district.

The map (PI. II, in pocket) shows in outline the territory included
in the Green River division of the dark air-cured districts.

ONE-SUCKER TYPES OF TOBACCO.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND USEFULNESS.

Like the tobacco of the Green River district, the One-Sucker type
is classified as dark tobacco and like both the Burley and the Green
River types it is cured without recourse to artificial heat, that is, it is
an air-cured type. It is therefore adapted for use in domestic manu-
facture and consumption, but like the Green River type it is also to a
considerable extent exported.

The type derives its name because the variety principally grown in
the One-Sucker districts is known as One-Sucker tobacco from its
habit of throwing out suckers somewhat less freely, perhaps, at the
axils of the leaves after being topped than do most other kinds of
tobacco. It is a narrow-leaved sort with very heavy midribs. The
veins make a very acute angle with the midrib. On rich land it makes
a very long, heavy leaf that is well suited for the “‘rehandling”’ export
trade, principally to the west coast of Africa. Figure 34 shows a
characteristic plant of the One-Sucker type.

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ONE-SUCKER DISTRICTS.
SOUTHERN KENTUCKY AND UPPER CUMBERLAND SECTIONS.

The Green River district proper, as considered above, covers only
about half of the north and south buffer area between the Burley dis-
trict and the dark-fired district. The southern portion of this terri-
tory is occupied by what is known to the tobacco trade as the south-
ern Kentucky and upper Cumberland section of the One-Sucker
district.

The northern part of this One-Sucker section in Kentucky is some-
times designated as the “‘upper” Green River district in contradis-
tinction from the (lower) Green River district proper.

The southern part of this district, along the headwaters of the
Cumberland River in Tennessee and Kentucky, produces a brighter
type of leaf than does the northern part of the district. Some of this
upper Cumberland section produces a type of leaf hardly distinguish-
able at first glance from Burley. The country is very hilly and the
tobacco is grown to a considerable extent on steep hillsides which,
however, from the open, porous nature of the soil are not greatly

244

88 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

subject to washing. Outcroppings of limestone are common and Bur-
ley is planted to a considerable extent here and there all through the
upper Cumberland portion of the district.
Warren and Barren Counties in Kentucky are the largest producers
of this southern Kentucky type. The principal receiving and ship-
ping points in Kentucky are Bowling Green, Glasgow, and Scottsville.
~In Tennessee, Smith and Macon Counties lead in production and Harts-

‘

Fie. 34.—Plant of the One-Sucker type. The leaves are long and narrow and the veins make an
unusually acute angle with the midrib.

ville and Carthage are the important shipping points. In Kentucky
the best quality of One-Sucker tobacco, that is the finest, largest, and
richest leaf, is produced in the western portion of Warren County, the
eastern and southern part of Barren County, and the northern part of
Allen County. The production is also much the most concentrated
in this section and produces at least 50 per cent of the total One-
Sucker crop in Kentucky. )
244

_— eS

ONE-SUCKER TYPES OF TOBACCO. 89

In Tennessee, production is most concentrated in the northern part
of Smith County, where much long tobacco particularly suited to the
rehandling export trade is produced, and also in Macon County, where
tobacco somewhat shorter but with good body and texture is produced,
suitable for domestic manufacturing purposes.

THE ONE-SUCKER TYPE IN SOUTHERN INDIANA.

Across the Ohio River about opposite Daviess County in Kentucky
there is a section in southern Indiana that also produces annually
some 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 pounds of tobacco of the One-Sucker
type. The leaf, however, is perhaps somewhat larger and coarser
than it is in Kentucky and Tennessee. Formerly this district was
much more extensive than at present and the tobacco produced was
marketed principally at Evansville. ;

In the seventies and early eighties of the last century the maximum
of production was reached in this southern Indiana section, after
which it almost ceased in the early nineties. It was taken up again
in a small way in the late nineties, however, and in the last few years,
owing to high prices, has expanded probably to some 6,000,000 or
8,000,000 pounds in 1910. The heaviest producing center is the
southwestern part of Spencer County. ‘The soil is fertile and the
tobacco produced is rather coarse but long and well suited to the
rehandling export trade. The principal receiving and shipping points
of the southern Indiana portion of the One-Sucker territory are Rock-
port, Booneville, and Dale. |

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE.

The entire production of One-Sucker tobacco in the southern Ken-
tucky, upper Cumberland, and southern Indiana districts is quite
variable, tending to expand rapidly with good prices and to shrink
when they are low. A fair average for recent years, however, is prob-
ably about 30,000,000 pounds per annum, of which about 18,000,000
pounds is produced in Kentucky, 7,000,000 pounds in Tennessee, and
5,000,000 pounds insouthern Indiana. Under the somewhat artificial
condition of very recent years the combined production of the One-
Sucker types of tobacco in these districts has run probably nearer
35,000,000 pounds than 30,000,000.

The production in the One-Sucker districts of Kentucky, Ten-

nessee, and Indiana is shown in Table XXIV.
244

90 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

TaBLe XXIV.—Estimated annual production of the One-Sucker type of tobacco in Ken--
tucky, Tennessee, and Indiana, distributed by counties.

Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds.
Kentucky: Tennessee—Continued.

CONN UTC MM eyes eee ee gt eT hs 4, 500, 000 Mia cords Iss ie. Vis Misa) Ae wenn 1,500,000
IBICNO Sy O Lees Ee alegre Re eee 3, 500, 000 lacksoms 122 atte soe oe ae 1,000, 000
SAU ery De eee nee 0 eee aes EL 2,500, 000 CT ay es) NE aes Meavey ease are deat etal egy 500, 000
SUMP SO Mente essen eaen ante nee oe 1, 500, 000 | OWI COWINHES so osodonesds se 250, 000
BUG Ore emir sora a ee cer Uncen ae 1,500, 000 ee
AGO SNMP SA A Ae mis he Neca ye 1,000, 000 MotalinVRennessee tesa sesseee 7,000, 000
AMEN AL CR Se Oras emer ae. aaa 1,000, 000 ———————
IMO TAT. Cheaters ste mite eas ere 8 1,000,000 |} Indiana:
Gray SO mye cseiren septa seers 500, 000 SPOMCOR ojos ciresan = oun eet ae 2,500, 000
Mie Goalie eesti Nor ain. Eos rian ee 500, 000 (Wid Clk 2 sso kG ah eae Ue Savaernee 1,500, 000
Cunmberlandeaaree asses eee ee 250, 000 DUM OISE ere ates cite eee ge eye 750, 000
IBY Ging OMS OTE eee ae eee 250, 000 ICE (etsiatys sic tenet) ee sae ae 250,000

Motalvimiken ti Clay ashe ees ee 18, 000, 000 Ocalan diamay eee ape ee 5, 000, 000
Tennessee: Grand total, One-Sucker type,
SHIN ON Apes seer a eos ouacar wee 2,500, 000 in Kentucky, Tennessee, and
PISROUS Clee ee Okra te ot eye Ne eae 500, 000 Tenicdiiarma ae See yee See aeyeral yas 30, 000, 000
SUMIMET eat ee ede oe eee mee 750, 000 ‘i
GRADES AND PRICES.

Growers in the One-Sucker districts assort the crop generally into
about three grades, leaf, lugs, and trash, which they have been selling
at an average of about 6 to 7 cents a pound in recent years. In
1904, however, and for some years previous to that time only about
4 or 5 cents a pound was obtained on the average.

DISTRIBUTION IN USE.

The one standard domestic use of the One-Sucker type of tobacco
is in the manufacture of twist, for which its toughness and medium
strong flavor and body render it particularly adaptable. _ A large por-
tion of the medium-sized, finer textured, leaf of this district is used
for twist purposes. It is particularly adapted for this purpose in
that it has the required toughness of leaf and is generally of medium
body and strength. It is about midway between the light, rather

characterless Burley and the very strong heavy types grown farther

west in the Clarksville and Paducah districts.

The standard and most important export demand of the One-
Sucker type of tobacco is for rehandling purposes in preparation for
shipment to Africa, the West Indies, and a number of the Spanish-
American countries of Central America and South America. In this
trade, as finally utilized, much of the tobacco is retailed in the leaf.
Length is one of the prime attributes for this class of trade, and
since it is not stemmed the manufacturer experiences no loss from
the large proportion of stem. For this purpose the leaf should be
from 25 to 30 inches long, and the longer it is the better price it will
usually bring. This rehandling consists in artificially enriching the
leaf by treating it with various materials such as glycerin or vaselin

244

a eee ee ee ee a ee

VIRGINIA SUN-CURED TOBACCO. 91

and in blackening it by Steaming and subjecting it to very heavy
pressure in prizing. The treated tobacco is packed in tierces, boxes,
or bales of various shapes and sizes convenient for transportation,
often some distance inland, by animal power. A number of large
plants for rehandling tobacco of the type just described, probably
representing some 80 per cent of the total business of this class in the
country, are located in Louisville.

The manufacture of domestic twist and the rehandling or export
trade probably absorb about two-thirds or 20,000,000 pounds of
this One-Sucker type of tobacco annually. The other 10,000,000
pounds is uncertainly divided among a number of miscellaneous
domestic and export demands very difficult to classify accurately.
An approximate estimate of the distribution in use of the One-
Sucker type is presented in Table XXV.

TABLE XX V.—Estimated distribution in use of the One-Sucker type of tobacco.

Use. Pounds. Use. Pounds.
Domestic: Export:
BL Wval S TP RRS eee aos Rena pg vec OLN 8,000, 000 Rehandline VAtnicasetess. 4222555 12, 000, 000
PAID Re as ee Shee tee ae eee ee cea 5, 000, 000 Miscelllamea usiyiere as sue alte eegearlel 3,000, 000
Granwlatine tess assem este 2,000, 000 ee eGR ON: NE
ANON UEET VIN ooh BS SURE ED Ube leer 3 30, 000, 000

A large portion of the dark tobacco sold in Louisville is of the
One-Sucker type from this district, shipped in mostly by country
dealers and speculators. The areas covered by the subdivisions of
the One-Sucker air-cured type are shown on the map (PI. II, in
pocket). ;
VIRGINIA ‘‘ SUN-CURED” TOBACCO.

Several of the counties of middle Virginia just north of the James

River produce a type of tobacco known to the trade as ‘‘Sun-Cured,”’
which is probably in the nature of a development from tobacco grow-
ing as it was practiced in the early days in the York and Rappahan-
nock River sections of the State.

METHOD OF CURING AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

The name ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ as now applied to the type as a whole
is really a misnomer so far as indicating any special method of sun
curing is concerned. In the typical sun-cured product the tobacco
is scaffolded in the open air or sun near the curing barn and is allowed
to remain on the scaffold crowded rather closely together for five or
six days until thoroughly yellowed. The sticks of tobacco are then
spread apart somewhat so that the air may pass between the plants
in order to prevent damage to the lug leaves from sweating, and the
tobacco is then allowed to remain on the scaffold three or four days

244

92 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

moré until well under way in the curing process. It is then placed
in the barn and the curing process finished as with any air-cured
tobacco. This exposure to the sun is thought to sweeten and im-
prove its flavor for chewing purposes. As a matter of fact, how-
ever, owing largely to the increased cost of labor and greater expense
in handling, the typical sun-curing process is now but little practiced
and tobacco in the Sun-Cured district is, for the most part, just
an air-cured tobacco, as is Burley or Green River or the cigar types.

Such special qualities as the so-called ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco pos-
sesses In contradistinction from other air-cured types are really due,
therefore, to soil and climatic modifications, methods of cultivation,
and seed rather than to the process of curing. The seed used in
the Sun-Cured district, however; is practically the same as that
used in the other dark-tobacco districts of Virginia, Kentucky, and
Tennessee. Figure 35 shows the tobacco ‘‘sunning”’ on the scaffold

Fig. 35.—Sunning tobacco in the Virginia Sun-Cured district, Caroline County, Va. ©

near the open south side of the curing barn. In case of rain it is
quickly removed to the shed.

USES OF: ‘‘SUN-CURED’’ TOBACCO.

‘“‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco practically all goes into domestic consump-
tion in the form of flat plug, both the wrapper and the filler being
of this type. It makes a sweet but rather strong chew, much in
favor by chewers, especially in Virginia and North Carolina.

Nearly all the ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco is manufactured in the fac-
tories at Winston Salem, N. C., and at Richmond, Va.

DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE.

In former days ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco was extensively grown in
several of the south side counties of the State, and a little ‘‘Sun-
Cured,”’ or, more correctly speaking, air-cured, tobacco is still pro-

244

VIRGINIA SUN-CURED TOBACCO. 93

duced here and there in the eastern portion of the dark-fired and
flue-cured districts of Virginia (mostly in the section from Clarks-
ville, in Mecklenburg County, to Petersburg), and also in the Wins-
ton Salem section of the flue-cured district in North Carolina. The
production is now confined principally, however, to the counties
near Richmond on the north side of the James River, distributed
approximately as shown in Table XX VI.

TaBLE XX VI.—Estimated annual production of ‘‘“Sun-Cured’’ tobacco in Virginia,
distributed by counties.

Counties. Pounds. Counties. Pounds.
Caroline Se se ee ya Sete ns ke Bo OOO. OOO) | NelMhonyenaiorya soko Uk Ne aoe eee ae 500, 000
VO OYRUNG FEY ie renege ae cI Nae a ae 2,500, 000 Ouovere' Coolio es yon ee 750, 000
IEEE RAYO NEP At Sic SS Sloe Se Ie See eae 2,000, 000 ———__—_——_.
Goochilandey hee = esas sree ee ee 1, 250, 000 IDLO LSA sh he eer ee a es Soe 10, 000, 000

PRICES AND GRADES.

The popularity and demand for “‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco has seemed
to be increasing for the past few years, and it has brought fairly good
prices—in recent years usually a little above the average for the
dark-fired district of Virginia. The average prices obtained by
farmers in the five-year period 1905 to 1909 has been from 8 to 10
cents a pound. Some crops, of course, average very much more,
sometimes double these figures, and good plug wrappers frequently
bring from 25 to 40 cents a pound, although of course these highest
erades constitute but a small percentage of the crop. Under the
influence of better prices the acreage of ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco in
recent years has tended to increase somewhat, and the crops of
1909 and 1910 were probably close to 10,000,000 pounds each year.
At the State fair held at Richmond, Va., in October, 1910, members
of the Richmond tobacco trade offered special premiums for the
best samples of sweet air-cured tobacco produced in several new
sections as well as in the regular Sun-Cured territory itself, with the
purpose of increasing the production. Actual future expansion will
probably depend more upon prices paid than on any other factor.

In assorting ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco, farmers generally make fewer
erades than with other Virginia types—often but two grades, classed
as leaf and lugs—unless there are wrappers present in sufficient
quantity to make it worth while to pick them out. From the
buyer’s standpoint the important grades are fillers and wrappers
of varying character and value. ‘‘Sun-Cured”’ tobacco is practically
all marketed loose through the auction warehouses at Richmond.

The Sun-Cured manufacturing district of Virginia is outlined on
the map (PI. I, in pocket).

244

94 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

PERIQUE TOBACCO.

— Out of the attempts to produce tobacco for export on the rich
river lands of Louisiana in the early days when it was a French
‘colony a peculiar method of manipulation in curing the tobacco
that is unique and distinctive was finally introduced among the
Arcadians of a community in St. James Parish.

Although the production of Perique is so small as to make it of but
slight importance commercially, the process is so unique as perhaps
to warrant a brief description of the manner in which this tobacco is
produced.

METHODS OF PRODUCTION.

The tobacco is grown on the more elevated and drier portions
of the rich Mississippi alluvial soil in the heart of the sugar-cane and
rice country in St. James Parish, La. The type of seed used does
not seem to be important, but the large, heavy, dark varieties are best.
Burley was tried a few years ago by some of the growers, but it proved
distinctly unsuitable, as it would not blacken properly and gave up its
juices too freely under pressure.

The land is heavily bedded in rows about 5 feet apart in preparation
for planting and about 2,500 plants are set to the acre. The tobacco
is generally grown continuously on the same land year after year,
but as the crop is harvested about the last of June, cowpeas are grown
during the remainder of the year and are turned under in preparation
for the next crop. About 200 pounds of cottonseed meal per acre
are also generally used as a fertilizer. Topping and ee are
practiced about as in the dark-tobacco districts.

In harvesting, the entire plant is cut and hung from the wires
stretched across the barn by suspending each plant separately by
means of a nail driven partly into the butt of the stalk at an appro-
priate angle.

In about 10 days most of the leaves are sufficiently cured to strip,
and the stripping must be done at the right stage, that is, while the
web of the leaf is brown and the midrib is still green for about two-
thirds of its length. The stem is removed and the leaf split in half
and made up into large twists about a foot long, weighing approx-
imately 1 pound each. About 50 of these twists in very soft order
are then packed in strong pressing boxes 11 inches square and 16
inches high.

The tobacco is then placed under very high pressure by means
of lever presses. Heavy weights, usually of stone, are applied at
the long end of the lever in order to give a steady, uniform pressure,
such as could not be obtained with a screw, the object being to start
the juices which ooze from the leaves, black and sticky. The pressure

244

PERIQUE TOBACCO. 95

is so regulated as merely’to start the sap to oozing, but not to make
it run from the boxes, because it is desired that it be reabsorbed.
This process gives to Perique tobacco its black, gummy appearance
when finished.

In order that this process may proceed uniformly, the boxes are
opened every day or two for two weeks, and the twists are loosened
so as to allow the air and moisture to reach all parts and so that
the juices will be pressed out and reabsorbed uniformly throughout
the entire twist. At least once during this period of ‘‘working,”
as it is called, the twists are opened up fully and any unchanged or
dry leaves are placed on the outside of the twist and dampened;
sometimes a little petune, usually rum, is blown over each layer of
twists as they are packed back in the boxes.

At the end of this period of ‘‘working,”’ the tobacco is ready to
“lay by,” as itis called. A considerable shrinkage of volume has by
this time taken place, so that the contents of three boxes can be put
into two. The pressure from the levers is renewed but is made not
quite so heavy as at first and allowed to remain for a period of several
months, during which time the tobacco mellows and ages and
acquires the characteristic aromatic fragrance peculiar to Perique.
The tobacco is ready for use the following February or March, or
about eight months after harvest. The yield of cured tobacco after
it has been through this process (minus the stems, it will be noted)
is 400 to 500 pounds to the acre.

Until recent years nearly all Perique tobacco was put up into
cylindrical rolls or carottes, as they are called, weighing either 4 pounds
or 1 pound each. These rolls were made by carefully rolling the
required weight of tobacco in pieces of strong cloth and then winding
with strong rope cord under heavy strain by means of an ingenious
windlass device. This rope winding is allowed to remain for several
days or until the carotte is to be sold, when the rope and cloth
covering is removed and an appropriate paper or other cover with
revenue stamp is put in its place. This heavy pressure from the
rope winding serves to compact the tobacco so that it will not dry
out and puts it in good shape to whittle or shave off the end of the
roll into fine cut for either cigarette, smoking, or chewing purposes.
Figures 36 and 37 illustrate various features of this process of handling
Perique tobacco.

Only a small portion of the Perique crop is now put up in carottes
in this manner, however, and that portion mostly for local trade.
The bulk of the crop is sold in the form in which it comes from the
curing presses to regular manufacturers. For shipment to this
class of trade the compacted juicy twists are packed and prized
into whisky barrels, about 500 pounds to the barrel. Orders for

244

96 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

Perique in this form are usually placed by manufacturers some time’

‘in advance, often before the crop is planted.

Whether or not this peculiar method of curing tobacco was poole
invented in its essentials by the Arcadians, as some think, seems
uncertain. The writer is inclined to believe that it was not. At any
rate, it is known that the natives of some Central American and
South American countries have for years been putting up tobacco in
twists after subjecting it to heavy pressure by windlass or other
devices. Many European manufacturers put up coil tobacco, black-
ened by heavy pressure and absorbed juices, possessing much the
appearance and aroma of Perique. :

Fig. 36.—Working (loosening and aerating) the twists of Perique tobacco during the pressing process,
St. James Parish, La.

USES OF PERIQUE TOBACCO AND LOCATION OF AREA.

The production of Perique tobacco is considered by the Bureau of
Internal Revenue to be in the nature of a manufacturing process and
all Perique producers. are classed as manufacturers and registered

as such, although they pay the tax on only a small portion of the

product. The larger portion of their production is sold to other
manufacturers as material in process of manufacture before payment
of the tax. |

The total production of Perique is small, amounting to about
200,000 pounds annually, as indicated by the internal-revenue figures
| 244

+

——- a

PERIQUE TOBACCO. 97

“and by the estimates of the growers. More than 50 Perique manu-
facturers are usually registered on the internal-revenue books.

Manufacturers mostly use Perique in small quantities in fancy
smoking-tobacco mixtures to give them richness and aroma. Con-
siderable Perique is used locally in the form of fine cut for chew-
ing and as shaved from the ends of the carottes for rolling into
cigarettes. Cigars of some brands have a few strands of Perique in
them to add to the body and richness of the smoke.

The Perique district is principally confined to a small section of
St. James Parish on the east side of the Mississippi River and immedi-
ately back from the river from Lutcher to Convent, a distance of
about 12 miles. More than half the total production is cen-

Fic. 37.—Winding the carotte with rope, which is left very tight by the windlass arrangement, Perique
: tobacco district, St. James Parish, La.

tered in the Grand Point district about 3 miles from the river and
back of Hester station. Grand Point is not a projection into the
river, as might be supposed, but rather a body of land a little lighter
in texture and slightly above the general flat level, jutting into low,
swampy land back from the river. Here in a small section, perhaps
not over 1,000 acres in extent, reside most of the Perique planters,
each growing usually from 5 to 15 acres of tobacco, to which they
devote practically their entire attention. They are nearly all Arca-
dian French—a very kindly and hospitable people.

Perique tobacco in carottes now sells at retail for about 50 cents a
pound. In whisky barrels to dealers, however, the prices vary con-

45801°—Bull. 244—12——7

98 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

siderably and are of course subject to agreement, but it is under

stood to run from about 25 to 30 cents a pound. In former years
prices were much above this and carottes sold for $1 a pound.

BRAZILIAN TOBACCO.

In the western part of Williamson County, Tenn., in the vicinity of
College Grove, Triune, and Allisona, there is a small section that has
for a number of years produced a few hundred thousand pounds
yearly of what is known to the trade as Brazil smoking tobacco.

Locally this is thought to be the best of smoking tobaccos. It is
mostly put up in granulated form. Its popularity has waned in
recent years except locally, and very little has been grown in the past
few years. Under the influence of the high prices even for the low
grades of Burley, the attention of growers has turned mostly to
experiments in growing the Burley type.

Brazilian tobacco, in general appearance and habits of growth,
resembles Cuban tobacco more than any of the manufacturing or
export types which we have described.

RESUME, WITH STATISTICS OF ALL TYPES.

Table X XVII is in the nature of a résumé of the actual production
of tobacco in the United States in 1909 as estimated by the crop-
reporting board of the Bureau of Statistics of the United States
Department of Agriculture. The division into types does not in
every case follow that laid down in the preceding pages of this
bulletin, but it is sufficiently similar to enable any reader to fit the
two aoe: without difficulty. |

The most important modifications in deccitea tion are the grouping”

of the Stemming and the Green River districts together as one
district, calling them the Henderson or Stemming district. No
mention is made of a One-Sucker type or district, but two of its
component parts, the upper Green River and upper Cumberland sec-
tions, are mentioned as separate districts. The southern Indiana
section of the One-Sucker district is not specifically mentioned, but
it is included in the production mentioned as ‘‘scattered”’ at the
bottom of the table, which has been slightly rearranged to make it
conform better to the purpose in view. The price averages of two
dates 5 years apart, December 1, 1904, and December 1, 1909, have
been added for comparison as a matter of general interest. The
actual total production of each type was not made a matter of special
record at the earlier time.
244

d

ye

RESUME, WITH STATISTICS OF ALL TYPES. Og

TaBLe XXVII.—Offcial estimates, of the production of tobacco and yield per acre by
types in the United States in 1909, with a comparative statement of the farm price on
December 1, 1904, and December 1, 1909.

Comparison of farm
prices per pound.
venti Yield per : r,
Type and district. Acreage. se Production. Value.
Dee. 1, Dee. 1,
1909. 1904.
Cigar types: Acres. Pounds. Pounds. Cents. Cents.
New Hngland:..-...2.. 25.4... 18,100 | - 1,638 29, 655, 000 15.9 21.6 | $4,709, 500
INGIWwee On Koo so eee ceee Veen Weta 6, 000 1,175 7, 050, 000 .0 10. 0 564, 000
Pennsylvanian 2222 08322252: 31, 200 985 30, 732, 000 9.0 8.9 2,765, 880
Ohio, Miami Valley.........-. 55, 000 900 49, 500, 000 9.5 7.5 4, 702, 500
WAISCOTMSInD ee ye ee etree 31, 500 1,180 37, 170, 000 9.2 7.8 3,419, 640
Florida and Georgia.......--.-- 6, 600 707 4, 665, 000 34. 0 28.8 1, 586, 100
Totals and averages (cigar
EVADE) Bee eae ees 148, 400 1,070 | 158,772,000 1 Pf ss 17,747, 620
Export and manufacturing types:
Burley district............---- 255, 000 960 | 244,800,000 13. 4 9.1} 32,803,200
Virginia dark-fired district. . -. 70, 000 840 58, 800, 000 7.8 6.1 4,586, 400
Clarksville and Hopkinsville

GiStRiC tee eee ee 90, 000 740 66, 600, 000 8.0 5.8 5, 328, 000
Paducah or Western district. . 82,000 675 55, 350, 000 ed 4.8 4,040, 500
Henderson or Stemming dis-

trict (including lower Green

TRAV ET) Re ere ema 92, 000 770 70, 840, 000 6.8 4.1 4,817, 120
Upper Green River (One-

Sucker type) sees occa 20, 000 720 14, 400, 000 6.2 4.8 892, 800
Upper Cumberland (One-

Suckerty pepe see cee 11, 000 760 8,360, 000 6.6 4.7 551, 760
Virginia “Sun Cured”’........ 11, 000 835 9, 185, 000 8.4 7.4 471,540
Flue-cured district:

OVARB elo ae aa 189, 000 640 | 120,960, 000 9.9 8.6 | 11,975,040
INC Wale lGn yea eect 164, 500 650 | 106,925, 000 8.3 8.4| 8,874,775
Maryland and eastern Ohio

export districts.............. 28, 600 735 21,021, 000 8.3 6.4 1,744, 743
Perique, Louisiana...........- 400 550 220, 000 37.0 21.5 , 400
Scattere dieu waa aun se hy 18 <400H ean 13, 124, 000 AA eee ee 1, 504, 467

Totals and averages (export

and manufacturing types).| 1,031,900 766 | 790,585, 000 QE Se Mee aie ire 77,971, 745

According to these estimates the actual production in 1909 of all
the export and manufacturing types was 790,585,000 pounds. This
statement is to be compared with the average estimates already given,
amounting to 741,200,000 pounds, as derived almost entirely from
private sources. A large part of the actual excess of 1909 over the
average estimates was in the Burley type, which was well above
normal for that year. The estimate of Burley in the district of
‘244,800,000 pounds in 1909 accounts for about 30,000,000 pounds of
the 49,000,000 pounds difference, and undoubtedly a large portion of
the 13,124,000 pounds scattering production of unnamed types was
also Burley.

For purposes of easy comparison the estimates of the average
production of the various export and manufacturing types as pre-
sented in tables throughout the general discussion in this bulletin
are shown in Table XXVIII. |

244

100 EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING TOBACCOS.

TaBLeE XX VIII.—Estimated average annual production of tobacco in the United States.

|

Name of district or type of tobacco. Pounds.
IB URI Cyl. Se are peee a ete ee ae ee 215, 000, 000
Virciniaidark-nred. soe eee 6 eee eee |) 2250005000
Clarksville and Hopkinsville. .....---- 70, 000, 000
IPAGMCAN Ea ee eee ne Oe eee a 60, 000, 000
Henderson or Stemming...........--- | 35,000,000 ||
Greeny Riverway sae oe See er a Sects | 35, 000, 000

One-Sucker (including southern Ken- |
tucky or upper Green River, upper |
Cumberland, and southern Indiana). | 30, 000, 000

Mirpinia: “SuniCured”’ -& 3225-2... 42352 | 10,000, 000
Maryland and eastern Ohio export....| 21,000, 000

Wrue-cured; Old’ Belt. 5-5... - 22-25 -s- | 120, 000, 000

Name of district or type of tobacco.

Flue-cured, New Belt......-

| Total export and manufactur-

| INS Gy PESE ase eee een re

Add cigar types (average produc-
tion from Table XXVII)......

Normal production of tobacco
(all types) in the United States
atu thespresent timers =—s-- se

1 Based on the estimates by districts as presented in this bulletin.

244

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EXPORT AND MANUFACTURING

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( WESTERN SECTION )

1912

B.T. GALLOWAY

CHIEF OF BUREAU

W. W. GARNER
PHYSIOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF
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SCALE OF MILES

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TO ACCOMPANY BULLETIN PREPARED BY

E.H.MATHEWSON
CROP TECHNOLOGIST

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LEGEND

ANNUAL PRODUCTION

PADUGAH DISTRICT ee PEGS roe:

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BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, U.S.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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GREEN RIVER

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