LLS ILLUSTRATED CLASSICS

p PHAEDRUS

* A SELECTION

RfT^.H.GHAMBERS M.A

Pf\bO

P^QfC

BELL’S iLLUSTRATED CLASSICAE SERIES

Edited by e. C. MARCHANT, IVI.A.

Late Classical Master at St, Pauts School

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

BELL’S ILLUSTKATED CLASSICS.

These -volumes are issued in three forms—

1. WiT-H Notes and Vocabulary complete, is. 6d.

2. WlTHOUT VoCABULARY, IS. 6d.

3. WiTH VoCABULARY, BUT WlTHOtJT NoTES, IS.

OXFORD : HORACE HART 1’RINTER TO THE UNIVEKSITV

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

A SELECTION

EDITED BY THE

R E V. R. H. C H A M B E R S, M. A.

HEAD M ASTER OF CHRISI' COLLEGE» BRECON

LONDON : GEORGE BELL & SONS YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN 19CO

PAbo

P49fC

PREFACE

The Fables here presented to the reader, in inass about one-half of the whole, are chosen less for critical considerations than for practical. Some pieces are omitted as, from various points of view, inferior, and the Appendix is excluded altogether. But in both cases the leading motive was the fear of undue length. There is a certain stage in learning Latin, when some easy prose is fairly mastered, where a book of easy verse is mucli to be desired. Horaee and Virgil will come by-and-by, but the pupil is hardly ready for them. Ovid has merits, but defects as well. He is now and then extremely difficult to boys and girls, and there is little doubt they find him dull. Phaedrus, though his Works are regularly studied in the German schools, has been rather out of fashion recently with English teachers. Yet for many reasons he would seem to give exactly what is sought. Easy and fluent in style, yet pointed, straightforward as a rule in matter, correct in his Latinity, a master of his verse, he presents ju^ those iiterary qualities which make an author serviceable at this stage of learning : whilst his very limitations, the necessary shortness of his flight, and the absence of sustained or lofty thought, make him the apt companion of those whose wings are weak and hitherto unfledged. Indeed he might, for practical advantage, be a little shorter stili : an abridgement may be no less useful, it is hoped, because its aim is somewhat humble.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction , I

Text —

Book I.

Prologue		II
I.	The Wolf and the Lamb	] 2
II.	The Frogs desire a King	12
III.	The Daw in Peacock’s Plumes	14
IV.	The Dog and the Shadow .	14
V.	The Lienes Share .....	15
VII.	The Fox and the Mask	15
VIII.	The Wolf and the Crane	n
IX.	The Sparrow’s Kebuke ....	16
X.	The Wolf and the Fox ....	16
XI.	The Ass and the Lion Hunting .	17
XII.	The Stag and his Horns	18
XIII.	The Fox and the Kaven	19
XIV.	The Cobbler turned Doctor .	20
XV.	The Ass and his Master	21
XVI.	The Sheep, the Wolf, and the Stag	21
XVII.	The Sheep, the Pog, and the Wolf	22
XX.	The Dogs and the Hide	22
XXI.	The Lion Prostrate ....	23

	CONTENTS	Vll
XXIL	The Man and the Weasel	TAGE 24
XXIII.	The Faithful Watch-dog	24
XXIV.	The Ox and the Frog ....	25
XXV.	The Bog and the Crocodile .	26
XXVI.	The Fox and the Stork	27
XXVIII,	The Fox and the Eagle	28
XXX.	The Frogs and the Fighting Bulls	28
XXXI.	The Boves and the Kite	29
Book II.
I.	Modesty and Impudence	30
II.	^ How Happy could I be with Either ! ’	30
III.	^ A Hair of the Bog who bit You ’	31
IV.	Successful Plotting ....	3t
V.	Tiberius and the Walter	34
VI.	The Eagle and the Tortoise .	33
VIII.	The Stag in the Cattle-byre	35
Book III.
I.	The Exhausted Wine-jar	36
V.	‘ Hoist with his own Petard ’	36
VII.	The Wolf and the Bog	37
IX.	Socrates and his Friends	38
XII.	The Cockerel and the Pearl .	39
XIII.	Judgment of the Bees and the Brones	39
XIV.	Aesop and the Bow ....	40
XVIII.	The Peacock’s Lament ....	41
Book IV.
I.	No Peace in the Grave,	42
II.	The Mi ce and the Weasel .	42
III.	The Fox and the Grapes	43
IV.	The Horse and the Man	43
VL	The Battles of the Mice and the
	Weasels .....	44
VIIL	The Serpent and the File .	45

CONTENTS

viii

PAGK

IX. The Fox and the Goat .... 46

X. ‘ As others see Us ’ .... 45

XIX. Tlie Viper, or Misfcnken Kindness . 47

XXIII. The Monntain in Laboiu* ... 47

Book V.

Prologue. Wliat Virtiie’s in a Name ! ’ . . 48

II. The Travellers and the Robber . . 48

V. Truth stranger than Fiction . . 49

VI. The Bald Men and the Comb . . 50

X. The Aged Honnd 51

NoTts .......... 53

Exercises ......... 87

vVppendices «95

VOCABULARY

INTRODUCTION

The Life of Phaedrus.

I . Materials for a life of Phaedrus are extremely scanty. We know where he was born — just outside the borders of Greece, in Macedonia, among the mountains of Pieria, birthplace of the Muses also. But though we know the Iliace, we do not know the time of his birth, or indeed of his dea.th, except so far as the general dates of his active life enable us to infer for the former a period shortly before the Christian era, and a period about the middle of the first century A. D. for the latter. We do not know where the years of boyhood were spent, though we learn that in the course of them he made acquaint- ance with the works of Ennius, father of Roman poetry, and we infer some literary training and a possible horne in Italy : these probabilities are confirmed by the pre- vailing Roman tone of his writings, and by a singularly pure idiom in the Latin tongue.

Tradition says that he was a freedman of Augustus.

It is natural to combine these scattered fragments, and imagine him a slave-boy trained to literature in

PHAED. SEL.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

the Imperial household and set free because lie showed proficiency. At what age he began to write we do not know. But we are tolerably sure that the first publi- cation was in the reign of the next Emperor, Tiberius, and in the later part of it, when Sejanus was all- powerful, but had not yet made that final grasp at the purple which brought about his fall, that is to say certainly before A. D. 31 and probably after 25. The poefs fortunes are stili bound up with the Imperial Court : for something in these early writings, probably something in our present Book I, offended Sejanus and brought disaster upon Phaedrus. He was accused of crime, no doubt the offence of treason or laesa maiestas, and perhaps condemned. At any rate some grievous trouble overtook him, which he sought to dispel by the aid of a patron, Eutychus.

If this man, as is suggested, be identical with the freedman of Caligula or Claudius, the effects of Phaedrus’ disaster must have outlasted the author of it. But again we have too slender information for a judg- ment : we do not even know the nature of the trouble. On the other hand, we know that the poet found a solace in his literary work. For the Third Book, if not the Second also, is the product of these clouded years. By the time the Fourth is published, another ]patron is addressed. Whether the patron Eutychus had rendered any useful aid, we fail to learn. But Particulo is only addressed when better days have come, and when, too, some measure of recognition has been won.

The earlier Books had circulated, not widely, but suffi- ciently, among the smaller public whose opinion Phaedrus would affect to value. Particulo, and others like him, ‘are charmed by the Fables,’ they transcribe their favourite pieces into common-place books of their own. Critics

INTRODUCTION

3

indeed there are wlio despise sucli trifles and dispute ihe originality of tlie writer : but tliese be can despise as lacking the education or the insight to appreciate good Work : for himself, he desires no ‘ illiteratus plausus,’ and trusts posterity with his reputation. Particulo, by being associated with the verse of Phaedrus, shall be remem- bered while Latin literature is valued : as for those trifles which the critics scorn, Phaedrus ‘ is never dull but there is a design under it.’

This tone of confldence attends him through the one remaining Book. The Fifth was, it seeins, pub- lished some time later than the other four. Phaedrus appears to be in declining life. His spring is not what it was upon his literary prey : his teeth are rotten, and have not their ancient hold. But he has done good Service, and can claim his due reward. There are enemies stili, but rather jealous detractors than for- midable foes. His only regret is that he cannot chastise them as of old, and they do not seriously disturb the years of assured success.

2. Such is the scanty record, which would be scantier stili without the scraps of evidence disco vered in his Works.

Hardly any writer of antiquity quotes him ; only Avianus and Martial refer to him by nam e, of whom Avianus is not nearly contemijorary, and Martial men- tions only to depreciate him. He asks what Cassius Rufus is about, and adds, ‘ Surely he is not emulating the jests of shameless Phaedrus ! ’

An aemulatur improbi iocos Phaedri?

Quintilian passes him over in a silence which would seem to imply ignorance, Seneca in a silence which almost implies exclusion.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

Pable.

3. Turning froiii the life of Phaedrus to his work, we are led to consicler briefly, first, the nature of Fable, and second, the relation of Phaedrus to it in particular.

Its genus.

Phaedrus himself declares that Fable had its origin in slavery. To convey his meaning, and yet evade the penalties of frankness. the slave invented Fable. Under cover of a story, hc administered rebuke or gave advice : under cover of a story he said what he ne ver would have dared address to his betters, or even to his fellows, in another forni. Whatever be the historic basis of the notion, there is no doubt that a valuable truth may be extracted from it. A Fable is a story with a purpose, and convey s a meaning which could not so well, or so conveniently, be conve3"ed by any inethod but a story. The essential element is the moral, as Lessing jiointed out. Should any reader be inclined to say that this is precisely that part of the Fable which he could dispense with the most easily, that is not to say that the moral is not essential, only that it must not be obtrusive.

In a good Fable the moral follows the story naturally, like the Q. E. D. or Q. E. F. in Euclid*s propositions : it closes smoothly as a nielody is closed by its concluding cadence. No doubt the forced and the long-winded morals can disgust the ordinary reader, whilst your nimble-witted reader deeins himself as able to supply a moral for him- self as the mathematician to wind up his problem or his theorem, and the musician to conclude his melody. For in all three cases what is natural might be omitted, in the full assurance that no intelligent geometer could err

INTRODUCTION

5

in summarizing, and that, just as ali musicians would supply a fitting cadence to the melody, so ali intelligent readers could supply the approjjriate finisli to a fable. But, expressed or unexpressed, the moral is essential : for the sake of it the Fable is composed.

Species.

4. Having got so far, we have reached what the logician might call the ‘ genus ’ of Fable, but not its ‘ species.’ For novels with a purpose, allegories like the ‘ Faerie Queene,’ treatises like More’s ‘ Utopia,’ books of adven- ture like ‘ GulliveFs Travels,’ might all be classed as stories with a moral : but they are not fables, because they are too long, and brevity is the soul of Fable as of wit. The true fable conveys a single precept, by a simple situation, briefly treated. Such a description brings us near the confines of metaphor and simile, and it may be urged that sometimes ‘ thin partitions do their bounds divide,'' whilst in such cases as that of Time in the eighth Fable of Book V, these jjartitions are invisible. Perhaps the fact is rather that Phaedrus has overstepped them, since, properly speaking, a metaphor is not a story, nor is a simile : their office is to deepen an impression, not to enforce a maxim. Parable comes nearer, and perhaps is only Fable applied to sacred things.

Independence of literal fact.

5. If, on the one hand, Fable is confined within such narrow limits, from another point of view it needs unusual liberty. Thus Phaedrus claims the right to make trees speak, and frequently employs the privilege of endowing animals with human thought and language. As a mere

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

story does not make a fable, so a fable is something more tlian a mere story : it is an idea conveyed through a story, and the story also is ideal. We are sometimes assured by the musicians that the Italian opera is not the worse, but the better vehicle, for purely musical effect upon a foreigner because it employs an unknown language : sculptors prefer white marble as a medium for form, because there is no colour, motion, or illusion present : even painters have been known to teli us that their effects of colour are the better rendered without the complication of a subject : and so it might appear that Fable-writers thought their moral best conveyed by the employment of ideal characters : in this way attention would be concentrated on the pure idea more than on details.

No doubt the drawback is a certain sense of unreality, repellent to the man of practical intelligence. He- thinks of Fable as but ‘ food for babes ’ ; in fact the child himself dismisses Fable to the limbo of his nurse’s stories and the Wonderland where Alice dwells. Yet if the yearning for illusion can be overcome, or if the prac- tical man can cease to be impatient of those regions where the pure idea lingers, there seems no reason, in these days when Alice and the Jungle Book and our friend Brer Rabbit number their admirers by the inillion, why the older ‘ moral through a story ’ should not retain its ancient place in the education and amusement both of children and their elders.

Educational value.

6. That place has always been a narrow one : the Fable-writeFs business may be only ‘to point a moral or adorn a tale.’ And yet the mere existence of a common

INTRODUCTION

7

Standard to wliicli we ma,y bring the events of life, is convenient in itself. Who for instance in teacliing, conversation, public speaking, would divest hiinself of the power to summarize a situation by alluding, in a kind of shorthand, to the Dog in the Manger, the Fox and the Grapes, the Wolf and the Lamb ?

The Fables are a world-inh erit ance ; their justifica- tion is their use. Charles Reade makes one of his characters exclaim that ‘Metaphors are no arguinents/ to which the other wittily responds, ‘ That is the reason thej convince people so.’ It is so with Fables. You inay demonstrate their imperfections and show them triuinphantly to be unreasonable : but generation after generation will delight in them, outgrow them, and return to them : for they serve their purpose, and are indispensable ; they sink into the mind and are remem- bered on occasion. Any person who grew up without acquaintance with them would be without a share in something universal and of common interest, like history and geography. Instances can be easily recalled of men like Frederick the Great, immersed in practical affairs, and yet devoted to fable-hearing : whilst La Fontaine’s stories, largely based on Phaedrus and the earlier collec- tions, but employing every kind of adaptive freedom, are ‘ familiar as household words ’ to the youth of France, insomuch that when M. Henri Bue was translating Alice into French, and was in difficulties witli the parody of the ^ Little Busy Bee,’ a poem unknown to the children of his native land, he found the readiest solution in a parody of ‘ Maitre Corbeau, sur un arbre perche,’ familiar to ali, and ever welcome.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

Classica! Fable before Phaedrus.

7. So far we have dealt with Fable generally. To trace its origin would lie beyond our scope. Suffice it to say in brief that, before Phaedrus, the great Fable-maker of tlie two classical languages, and the only one whose influence has visibly affected him, is Aesop. That Aesop was a real personage is tolerably certain, and that, as Herodotus records, he lived at Athens about the time of Solon and Croesus, that is, between five and six centuries before the Christian era. But there is no collection of his stories in existence, nor have we means of identifying them among the Fables which have come down to us. That some collection of them passed current among the ancients as that of Aesop is extremely likely : Phaedrus himself would rather lead us to believe so. But what these were, we only glean, and that imperfectly, by inference. A certain number are found in more than one collection ; some are actually assigned to him by name.

Aesop and Phaedrus: free treatment by Phaedrus.

8. Whatever be the authorship of Fables, it is ciear that they are protected by no sort of Copyright or patent in behalf of the inventor. Those which appear in more than one collection vary in their different places, and have been clearly handled with considerable freedom. Indeed to relate afresh some Fable, usually one of Aesop’s, was a frequent exercise, not merely for a literary man, but even for the students under training with the Roman rhetoric-instructor. This fact sheds a valuable light upon the position of our author Phaedrus. Aesop’s

INTRODUCTION

9

Fables are a basis, but a basis only, for his work. His early Fables are Aesop’s, treated with Roman freedom of detail : his next are no longer Aesop’s, but ‘ Aesopian,» with some of Aesop’s intermingled. Finally, the naine of Aesop is a brand of quality, but no certificate of origin at all. Indeed the freedom of his treatment extends further stili. For he includes among the Fables stories which are not to be described by any single heading. One, as we ha ve already indicated, is a metaphor disguised, and very thinly : some are merely proverbs, others are Itons mots^ or jests, or after-dinner epigrams : some have a defensive or a merely personal reference and bearing : some are over-long for Fables, some too argumentative : One is an antiquarian’s legend, one is a mythologisfs, and several are the production of a not too nice or too discriminating wit. All are to him Fables, United by what we must describe as a conveniently elastic band, in a looseness of union which gives a special justification to the selectoFs task.

Metre.

9. One metre only is employed by Phaedrus, the iambic senarius, of which the followiug scheme repre- sents his use : —

W KJ W

\u — ww — — ww —

— — \J KJ — WW — KJ — WVw/

KJ KJ ^

Either the penthemimeral caesura, at the end of two feet and a half, or the hephthemimeral, at the end of three

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

and a half, may be employed, but tbe former is much the more frequent. For instance, in tbe Prologue to the First Book, only line six contains the hephthemimeral, in the first Fable only line five.

His prosody is that of the best writers, with variations noticed in their place.

PHAEDRI AUGUSTI LIBERTI

FABULARUM AESOPIARUM

LIBER PRIMUS

Prologue.

Aesopus auctor quam materiam repperit, hanc ego polivi versibus senariis, duplex libelli dos est : quod risum movet et quod prudenti vitam consilio monet, calumniari siquis autem voluerit, quod arbores loquantur, non tantum ferae, fictis iocari nos meminerit fabulis.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

I. The Wolf and tiie Lame.

Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant siti conpulsi ; superior stabat lupus longeque inferior agnus, tunc fauce inproba latro incitatus iurgii causam intulit.

‘cur/ inquit, ‘turbulentam fecisti mihi 5

aquam bibenti ? ’ laniger contra timens :

‘ qui possum, quaeso, facere, quod quereris, lupe ? a te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor.’ repulsus ille veritatis viribus,

‘ ante hos sex menses male,’ ait, ‘ dixisti mihi.’ lo respondit agnus: ‘equidem natus non eram.^ ‘pater hercle tuus ibi,’ inquit, ‘male dixit mihi.’ atque ita correptum lacerat iniusta nece.

haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula, qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 15

II. The Frogs desire a King.

Athenae cum florerent aequis legibus,

procax libertas civitatem miscuit,

frenumque solvit pristinum licentia.

hic conspiratis factionum partibus

arcem tyrannus occupat Pisistratus. 5

cum tristem servitutem flerent Attici,

(non quia crudelis ille, sed quoniam grave omne insuetis onus) et coepissent queri,

Aesopus talem tum fabellam rettulit.

ranae vagantes liberis paludibus 10

clamore magno regem petiere a love, qui dissolutos mores vi conpesceret.

A SELECTION. BOOK I

T3

pater deorum risit atque illis dedit parvum tigillum, missum quod subito vadi iriotu sonoque terruit pavidum genus. 15

hoc mersum limo cum iaceret diutius, forte una tacite profert e stagno caput et explorato rege cunctas evocat, illae timore posito certatim adnatant lignumque supra turba petulans insilit. 20

quod cum inquinassent omni contumelia, alium rogantes regem misere ad lovem, inutilis quoniam esset qui fuerat datus, tum misit illis hydrum, qui dente aspero corripere coepit singulas, frustra necem 25

fugitant inertes, vocem praecludit metus, furtim igitur dant Mercurio mandata ad lovem, adflictis ut succurrat, tunc contra deus :

^quia noluistis vestrum ferre,’ inquit, ^ bonum, malum perferte.’ — ^vos quoque, o cives,’ ait, 30 ^hoc sustinete, maius ne veniat malum.’

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

IIL

The Daw in Peacock‘s Plumes.

Ne gloriari libeat alienis bonis suoque potius habitu vitam degere,

Aesopus nobis hoc exemplum prodidit.

tumens inani graculus superbia, pennas pavoni quae deciderant sustulit seque exornavit, deinde contemnens suos se inmiscuit pavonum formoso gregi, illi inpudenti pennas eripiunt avi fiigantque rostris, male mulcatus graculus redire maerens coepit ad proprium genus ; i a quo repulsus tristem sustinuit notam, tum quidam ex illis, quos prius despexerat:

^ contentus nostris si fuisses sedibus et quod natura dederat voluisses pati, nec illam expertus esses contumeliam i

nec hanc repulsam tua sentiret calamitas.’

IV.

The Dog and the Shadoav.

Amittit merito proprium qui alienum adpetit. canis per flumen carnem dum ferret natans, lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum, aliamque praedam ab altero ferri putans eripere voluit : verum decepta aviditas et quem tenebat ore dimisit cibum, nec quem petebat potuit adeo adtingere.

A SELECTION. BOOK I

15

V. The Lion’s Share.

Numqiiam est fidelis cum potente societas: testatur haec fabella propositum meum.

vacca et capella et patiens ovis iniuriae socii fuere cum leone in saltibus, hi cum cepissent cervum vasti corporis, 5

sic est locutus partibus factis leo:

^ ego primam tollo, nominor quoniam leo ; secundam, quia sum fortis, tribuetis mihi ; tum, quia plus valeo, me sequetur tertia ; malo adficietur, si quis quartam tetigerit.’ 10

sic totam praedam sola inprobitas abstulit.

VIL The Fox and the Mask.

Personam tragicam forte vulpes viderat :

^o quanta species,’ inquit, ^cerebrum non habet ! ’ hoc illis dictum est, quibus honorem et gloriam fortuna tribuit, sensum communem abstulit.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

IX.

The Spakrow’s Eebuke.

Sibi non cavere et aliis consilium dare stultum esse paucis ostendamus versibus.

oppressum ab aquila et fletus edentem graves leporem obiurgabat passer : ‘ ubi pernicitas nota/ inquit, ‘ illa est ? quid ita cessarunt pedes ? ’ 5 dum loquitur, ipsum accipiter necopinum rapit questuque vano clamitantem interficit, lepus semanimus : ^ mortis en solacium ! qui modo securus nostra inridebas mala, simili querela fata deploras tua.’ 10

X.

The Wolf and the Fox.

Quicumque turpi fraude semel innotuit, etiam si verum dicit, amittit fidem, hoc adtestatur brevis Aesopi fabula.

lupus arguebat vulpem furti crimine ; negabat illa se esse culpae proximam. 5

tunc iudex inter illos sedit simius, uterque causam cum perorassent suam, dixisse fertur simius sententiam :

^tu non videris perdidisse quod petis; te credo subrqmisse quod pulchre negas.’

IO

A SELECTION. BOOK I

17

VIII. The Wolf and the Crane.

Qui pretium meriti ab inprobis desiderat, bis peccat : primum quoniam indignos adiuvat ; inpune abire deinde quia iam non potest.

os devoratum fauce cum haereret lupi, magno dolore victus coepit singulos 5

inlicere pretio, ut illud extraherent malum, tandem persuasa est iure iurando gruis, gulaeque credens colli longitudinem, periculosam fecit medicinam lupo, a quo cum pactum flagitaret praemium : 10

‘ingrata es,’ inquit, ‘ore quae e nostro caput incolume abstuleris et mercedem postules.’

XI. The Ass and the Lion hxjnting.

Virtutis expers verbis iactans gloriam ignotos fallit, notis est derisui.

venari asello comite cum vellet leo, contexit illum frutice et admonuit simul,

PHAED. SEL.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

ut insueta voce terreret feras, fugientes ipse exciperet, hic auritulus clamorem subito totis tollit viribus novoque turbat bestias miraculo, quae dum paventes exitus notos petunt, leonis adfliguntur horrendo inpetu. qui postquam caede fessus est, asinum evocat iubetque vocem premere, tunc ille insolens :

^ qualis videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? ’ ^insignis,’ inquit, ^ sic ut, nisi nossem tuum animum genusque, simili fugissem metu.’

XII.

The Stag and his Hoens.

Laudatis utiliora, quae contempseris, saepe inveniri haec asserit narratio.

ad fontem cervus, cum bibisset, restitit et in liquore vidit effigiem suam, ibi dum ramosa mirans laudat cornua crurumque nimiam tenuitatem vituperat, venantum subito vocibus conterritus per campum fugere coepit et cursu levi canes elusit, silva tum excepit ferum, in qua retentis inpeditus cornibus lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canum, tunc moriens vocem hanc edidisse dicitur :

‘ o me infelicem ! qui nunc demum intellego, utilia mihi quam fuerint, quae despexeram, et, quae laudaram, quantum luctus habuerint.’

A SELECTION. BOOK I

19

The Fox and the Eaven.

Qui se laudari gaudet verbis subdolis, sera dat poenas turpes poenitentia.

cum de fenestra corvus raptum caseum comesse vellet, celsa residens arbore, vulpes hunc vidit, deinde sic coepit loqui : 5

^ o qui tuarum, corve, pennarum est nitor ! quantum decoris corpore et vultu geris ! si vocem haberes, nulla prior ales foret.’ at ille, stultus dum vult vocem ostendere, emisit ore caseum, quem celeriter 10

dolosa vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus, tum demum ingemuit corvi deceptus stupor.

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FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

XIY.

The Cobbler turned Doctor.

Malus cum sutor inopia deperditus medicinam ignoto facere coepisset loco et venditaret falso antidotum nomine, verbosis adquisivit sibi famam strophis, hic cum iaceret morbo confectus gravi rex urbis, eius experiendi gratia scyphum poposcit : fusa dein simulans aqua antidoto miscere illius se toxicum, ebibere iussit ipsum posito praemio, timore mortis ille tum confessus est non artis ulla medicae se prudentia, verum stupore vulgi factum nobilem, rex advocata contione haec edidit :

^ quantae putatis esse vos dementiae, qui capita vestra non dubitatis credere, cui calceandos nemo commisit pedes?’

hoc pertinere vere ad illos dixerim, quorum stultitia quaestus impudentiae est.

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21

XV.

The Ass and his M a ster.

In principatu commutando saepius nil praeter domini nomen mutant pauperes, id esse verum parva haec fabella indicat.

asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex, is hostium clamore subito territus 5

suadebat asino fugere, ne possent capi, at ille lentus : ^ quaeso, num binas mihi clitellas inpositurum victorem putas ? ’ senex negavit. ^ ergo quid refert mea, cui serviam, clitellas dum portem meas ? ’ 10

XVI.

The Sheep, the Wolf, and the Stag.

Fraudator homines cum advocat sponsum in- probos,

non rem expedire, sed malum augere expetit.

22

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

ovem rogabat cervus modium tritici lupo sponsore. At illa praemetuens dolum : ^ rapere atque abire semper adsuevit lupus, tu de conspectu fugere veloci inpetu ; ubi vos requiram, cum dies advenerit ? ’

XVII.

The Sheep, the Dog and the Wole.

Solent mendaces luere poenas malefici, calumniator ab ove cum peteret canis, quem commodasse panem se contenderet, lupus citatus testis non unum modo deberi dixit, verum adfirmavit decem, ovis damnata falso testimonio quod non debebat solvit, post paucos dies bidens iacentem in fovea conspexit lupum : Miaec,’ inquit, ^merces fraudis a superis datur.’

XX.

The Dogs and the Hide.

Stultum consilium non modo effectu caret, sed ad perniciem quoque mortales devocat.

corium depressum in fluvio viderunt canes, id ut comesse extractum possent facilius, aquam coepere ebibere : sed rupti prius periere, quam quod petierant contingerent.

A SELECTION. BOOK I 23

XXI.

The Lion prostkate.

Quicumque amisit dignitatem pristinam, ignavis etiam iocus est in casu gravi.

defectus annis et desertus viribus leo cum iaceret spiritum extremum trahens, aper fulmineis ad eum venit dentibus 5

et vindicavit ictu veterem iniuriam. infestis taurus mox confodit cornibus hostile corpus, asinus, ut vidit ferum inpune laedi, calcibus frontem extudit, at ille exspirans: ^fortes indigne tuli lo

mihi insultare : te, naturae dedecus, quod ferre cogor, certe bis videor mori.’

24

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

XXIL

The Man and the Weasel.

Mustela ab homine prensa cum instantem necem effugere vellet: ^quaeso, parce,’ inquit, ^mihi, quae tibi molestis muribus purgo domum.’ respondit ille : ^ faceres si causa mea, gratum esset et dedissem veniam supplici. 5

nunc quia laboras, ut fruaris reliquiis, quas sunt rosuri, simul et ipsos devores, noli imputare vanum bonficium mihi, atque ita locutus inprobam leto dedit.’

hoc in se dictum debent illi agnoscere, 10

quorum privata servit utilitas sibi et meritum inane iactant inprudentius.

XXIII.

The Faithful Watch-dog.

Eepente liberalis stultis gratus est, verum peritis inritos tendit dolos.

nocturnus cum fur panem misisset cani, obiecto temptans an cibo posset capi : heus, inquit, linguam vis meam praecludere, 5 ne latrem pro re domini? multum falleris, namque ista subita me iubet benignitas vigilare, facias ne mea culpa lucrum.

A SELECTION. BOOK I

25

The Ox and the FRoa.

Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, perit, in prato quondam rana conspexit bovem et tacta invidia tantae magnitudinis rugosam inflavit pellem : tum natos suos interrogavit, an bove esset latior, illi negarunt, rursus intendit cutem maiore nisu et simili quaesivit modo, quis maior esset, illi dixerunt bovem, novissime indignata dum vult validius inflare sese, rupto iacuit corpore.

IO

26

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

XXV.

The Dog and the Ckocodile.

Consilia qui dant prava cautis hominibus, et perdunt operam et deridentur turpiter.

canes currentes bibere in Nilo flumine, a corcodilis ne rapiantur, traditum est. igitur cum currens bibere coepisset 'canis, 5

sic corcodilus : ‘ quamlibet lambe otio ; noli vereri.’ at ille : ‘ facerem mehercules, nisi esse scirem carnis te cupidum meae.’

A SELECTION. BOOK I

27

The Fox and the Stork.

Nulli nocendum : siquis vero laeserit, multandum simili iure fabella admonet.

vulpes ad cenam dicitur ciconiam prior invitasse et illi in patina liquidam posuisse sorbitionem, quam nullo modo 5

gustare esuriens potuerit ciconia, quae vulpem cum revocasset, intrito cibo plenam lagonam posuit: liuic rostrum inserens satiatur ipsa et torquet convivam fame, quae cum lagonae collum frustra lamberet, 10 peregrinam sic locutam volucrem accepimus :

^sua quisque exempla debet aequo animo pati.’

28

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

XXVIII.

The Fox and the Eagle.

Quamvis sublimes debent humiles metuere, vindicta docili quia patet sollertiae.

vulpinos catulos aquila quondam sustulit nidoque posuit pullis, escam ut carperent, hanc persecuta mater orare incipit, 5

ne tantum miserae luctum inportaret sibi, contempsit illa, tuta quippe ipso loco, vulpes ab ara rapuit ardentem facem totam que flammis arborem circumdedit, hostis dolorem damno miscens sanguinis. lo

aquila ut periclo mortis eriperet suos incolumes natos supplex vuloi tradidit.

XXX.

The Frogs and the Fighting Bulls.

Humiles laborant, ubi potentes dissident, rana in palude pugnam taurorum intuens :

^ heu quanta nobis instat pernicies ! ’ ait. interrogata ab alia, cur hoc diceret, de principatu cum illi certarent gregis 5

longeqiie ab ipsis degerent vitam boves:

‘ est statio separata ac diversum genus ; sed pulsus regno nemoris qui profugerit, paludis in secreta veniet latibula et proculcatas obteret duro pede. lo

ita caput ad nostrum furor illorum pertinet.

A SELECTION. BOOK I

29

XXXL

The Doves and the Kite.

Qui se committit homini tutandum inprobo, auxilia dum requirit, exitium invenit.

columbae saepe cum fugissent miluum et celeritate pennae vitassent necem> consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam 5

et genus inerme tali decepit dolo :

‘ quare sollicitum potius aevum ducitis,

quam regem me creatis icto foedere,

qui vos ab omni tutas praestem iniuria?’

illae credentes tradunt sese miluo ; 10

qui regnum adeptus coepit vesci singulas

et exercere inperium saevis unguibus.

tunc de relicuis una: ‘merito plectimur.’

30

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

LIBER SECUNDUS

I.

Modesty and Impudence.

Super iuvencum stabat deiectum leo. praedator intervenit partem postulans.

^ darem/ inquit, ‘nisi soleres per te sumere’: et inprobum reiecit. forte innoxius viator est deductus in eundem locum fero que viso rettulit retro pedem, cui placidus ille: ‘non est quod timeas/ ait; et, ‘ quae debetur pars tuae modestiae, audacter tolle.’ tunc diviso tergore silvas petivit, homini ut accessum daret.

exemplum egregium prorsus et laudabile ; verum est aviditas dives et pauper pudor.

II.

‘ How Happy could I be with Either ! ’

A feminis utcumque spoliari viros, ament, amentur, nempe exemplis discimus.

aetatis mediae quendam mulier non rudis tenebat annos celans elegantia, animosque eiusdem pulchra iuvenis ceperat, ambae, videri dum volunt illi pares, capillos homini legere coepere invicem, qui se putaret fingi cura mulierum, calvus repente factus est ; nam funditus canos puella, nigros anus evellerat.

A SELECTION. BOOK II

31

IIL

HaIK OF THE Dog who bit you.’

Laceratus quidam morsu vehementis canis tinctum cruore panem misit malefico, audierat esse quod remedium vulneris, tunc sic Aesopus : ^ noli coram pluribus hoc facere canibus, ne nos vivos devorent, 5

cum scierint esse tale culpae praemium.’

successus inproborum plures adlicit.

IV.

SUCCESSFUL PlOTTING.

Aquila in sublimi quercu nidum fecerat ; feles cavernam nancta in media pepererat ; sus nemoris cultrix fetum ad imam posuerat, tum fortuitum feles contubernium fraude et scelesta sic evertit malitia. 5

32 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

ad nidum scandit volucris: ‘pernicies/ ait,

‘ tibi paratur, forsan et miserae mihi ;

nam fodere terram quod vides cotidie

aprum insidiosum, quercum vult evertere,

ut nostram in plano facile progeniem opprimat.’ lo

terrore offuso et perturbatis sensibus

derepit ad cubile setosae suis :

‘magno,’ inquit, ‘in periclo sunt nati tui;

nam, simul exieris pastum cum tenero grege,

aquila est parata rapere porcellos tibi.’ 15

hunc quoque timore postquam conplevit locum,

dolosa tuto condidit sese cavo.

inde evagata noctu suspenso pede,

ubi esca se replevit et prolem suam,

pavorem simulans prospicit toto die. 20

ruinam metuens aquila ramis desidet ;

aper rapinam vitans non prodit foras.

quid multa? inedia sunt consumpti cum suis,

felisque catulis largam praebuerunt dapem.

quantum homo bilinguis saepe concinnet mali, 25 documentum habere stulta credulitas potest.

A SELECTION. BOOK II

33

The Eagle and the Tortoise.

Contra potentes nemo est inunitus satis; si vero accessit consiliator maleficus, vis et nequitia quicquid oppugnant, ruit.

aquila in sublime sustulit testudinem, quae cum abdidisset cornea corpus domo 5

nec ullo pacto laedi posset condita,

A^enit per auras cornix et propter volans :

^ opimam sane praedam rapuisti unguibus ;

sed nisi monstraro quid sit faciendum tibi,

gravi nequiquam te lassabit pondere.’ 10

promissa parte suadet, ut scopulum super

altis ab astris duram inlidat corticem,

qua conminuta facile Acescatur cibo.

inducta verbis aquila monitis paruit,

simul et magistrae large divisit dapem. 15

sic tuta quae naturae fuerat munere,

inpar duabus occidit tristi nece.

IHAED. SEL. D

34

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

V.

Tiberius and tiie Waiter.

Est arclelionum quaedam Romae natio, trepide concursans, occupata in otio, gratis anhelans, multa agendo nil agens, sibi molesta et aliis odiosissima- hanc emendare, si tamen possum, volo vera fabella : pretium est operae adtendere.

Caesar Tiberius cum petens Neapolim in Misenensem villam venisset suam, quae monte summo posita Luculli manu prospectat Siculum et respicit Tuscum mare : ex alticinctis unus atriensibus, cui tunica ab umeris linteo Pelusio erat destricta, cirris dependentibus, perambulante laeta domino viridia, alveolo coepit ligneo conspergere humum aestuantem, come officium iactitans ; sed deridetur, inde notis flexibus praecurrit alium in xystum, sedans pulverem, agnoscit hominem Caesar remque intellegit, is ut putavit esse nescio quid boni :

^ heus ! ’ inquit dominus, ille enim vero adsilit,

donationis alacer certae gaudio.

tum sic iocata est tanta maiestas ducis :

^non multum egisti et opera nequiquam perit; multo maioris alapae mecum veneunt.’

A SELECTION. BOOK II

35

■ VIIL The Stag in the Cattle-byre.

Cervus nemorosis excitatus latibulis, ut venatorum fugeret instantem necem, caeco timore proximam villam petit et opportuno se bovili condidit, hic bos latenti : ^ quidnam voluisti tibi, 5

infelix, ultro qui ad necem cucurreris hominumque tecto spiritum commiseris ? ’ at ille supplex : ^ vos modo,’ inquit, ‘ parcite, occasione rursus erumpam data.’ spatium diei noctis excipiunt vices. lo

frondem bubulcus adfert, nil ideo videt, eunt subinde et redeunt omnes rustici, nemo animadvertit : transit etiam vilicus, nec ille quicquam sentit, tum gaudens ferus bubus quietis agere coepit gratias, 15

hospitium adverso quod praestiterint tempore, respondit unus : ^ salvum te cupimus quidem ; sed ille, qui oculos centum habet, si venerit, magno in periclo vita vertetur tua.’

D 2

36 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

haec inter ipse dominus a cena redit 20

et, quia corruptos viderat nuper boves, accedit ad praesepe : ^ cur frondis parum est, stramenta desunt? tollere haec aranea quantum est laboris ? ’ dum scrutatur singula, cervi quoque alta conspicatur cornua; 25

quem convocata iubet occidi familia praedamque tollit, haec significat fabula, dominum videre plurimum in rebus suis.

LIBEE TEETIUS I. The Exhausted Wine-jar.

Anus iacere vidit epotam amphoram, adhuc Falerna faece e testa nobili odorem quae iocundum late spargeret, hunc postquam totis avida traxit naribus :

‘ o suavis anima ! quale in te dicam bonum 5 antehac fuisse, tales cum sint reliquiae?’ hoc quo pertineat, dicet, qui me noverit.

V. ^Hoist with his own Petard.’ Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.

Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem inpegerat. Hanto,’ inquit, ^melior!’ assem deinde illi dedit sic prosecutus : ^ plus non habeo mehercule, sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5

venit ecce dives et potens : huic similiter impinge lapidem et dignum accipies praemium.’ persuasus ille fecit, quod monitus fuit ; sed spes fefellit inpudentem audaciam : conprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10

A SELECTION. BOOK III

37

Quam dulcis sit libertas, breviter proloquar, cani perpasto macie confectus lupus forte occucurrit, dein salutatum invicem ut restiterunt : ^ unde sic, quaeso, nites ? aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis? 5

ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame.’ canis simpliciter ; ^ eadem est condicio tibi, praestare domino si par officium potes.’

‘ quod ? ’ inquit ille. ^ custos ut sis liminis, a furibus tuearis et noctu domum.’ 10

‘ ego vero sum paratus : nunc patior nives imbresque in silvis asperam vitam trahens : quanto est facilius mihi sub tecto vivere, et otiosum largo satiari cibo ! ’

Weni ergo mecum.’ dum procedunt, aspicit 15 lupus a catena collum detritum cani.

^ unde hoc, amice ? ’ ^ nihil est.’ ^ dic, quaeso, tamen.’

38 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

^ quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu,

luce ut quiescam, et vigilem, nox cum venerit :

crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 20

adfertur ultro panis ; de mensa sua

dat ossa dominus ; frusta iactant familia

et, quod fastidit quisque, pulmentarium.

sic sine labore venter inpletur meus.’

‘ age, abire siquo est animus, est licentia ? ’ 25

^ non plane est,’ inquit. ^ fruere, quae laudas, canis : regnare nolo, liber ut non sim mihi.’

IX.

Socrates and his Priends.

Vulgare amici nomen, sed rara est fides, cum parvas aedes sibi fundasset Socrates,

(cuius non fugio mortem, si famam adsequar et cedo invidiae, dummodo absolvar cinis,) cx populo sic nescio quis, ut fieri solet : 5

^ quaeso, tam angustam talis vir ponis domum ? ’

‘ u tinam,’ inquit, ^ veris hanc amicis inpleam ! ’

A SELECTION. BOOK III 39

The Cockerel and the Pearl.

In sterquilino pullus gallinaceus dum quaerit escam, margaritam repperit.

‘iaces indigno quanta res/ inquit, ^ loco ! hoc siquis pretii cupidus vidisset tui, olim redisses ad splendorem pristinum. 5

ego quod te inveni, potior cui multo est cibus, nec tibi prodesse nec mihi quicquam potest.’

hoc illis narro, qui me non intellegunt.

XIII.

JUDGMENT OF THE BeES AND THE DrONES.

Apes in alta fecerant quercu favos : hos fuci inertes esse dicebant suos, lis ad forum deducta est, vespa iudice. quae genus utrumque nosset cum pulcherrime, legem duabus hanc proposuit partibus : 5

^non inconveniens corpus et par est color.

40

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

in dubium plane res ut merito venerit.

sed ne religio peccet inprudens mea,

alvos accipite et ceris opus infundite,

ut ex sapore mellis et forma favi, lo

de quis nunc agitur, auctor horum appareat.’

fuci recusant : apibus condicio placet.

tunc illa tali ius tulit sententia :

^apertum est quis non possit, et quis fecerit, quapropter apibus fructum restituo suum.’ 15 hanc praeterissem fabulam silentio, si pactam fuci non recusassent fidem.

XIV.

AeSOP and THE BOW.

Puerorum in turba quidam ludentem Atticus Aesopum nucibus cum vidisset, restitit et quasi delirum risit, quod sensit simul derisor potius quam deridendus senex, arcum retensum posuit in media via: 5

‘heus!’ inquit, ‘sapiens, expedi, quid fecerim.’ concurrit populus, ille se torquet diu nec quaestionis positae causam intellegit, novissime succumbit, tum victor sophus : cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris ; 10 at si laxaris, cum voles erit utilis.

sic ludus animo debet aliquando dari, ad cogitandum melior ut redeat tibi.

A SELECTION. BOOK III

4^

The Peacock’s Lament.

Pavo ad lunonem venit indigne ferens, cantus luscinii quod sibi non tribuerit ; illum esse cunctis avibus admirabilem, se derideri, simul ac vocem miserit, tunc consolandi gratia dixit dea : 5

‘ sed forma vincis, vincis magnitudine ; nitor smaragdi collo praefulget tuo pictisque plumis gemmeam caudam explicas.’

^ quo mi,’ inquit, ^ mutam speciem, si vincor sono? ’ ^fatorum arbitrio partes sunt vobis datae: lo

tibi forma, vires aquilae, luscinio melos, augurium corvo, laeva cornici omina, omnesque propriis sunt contentae ddtibus.’

noli adfectare quod tibi non est datum, delusa ne spes ad querelam recidat. 15

42

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

LIBER QUARTUS

I.

No Peace in THE Grave.

Qui natus est infelix, non vitam modo tristem decurrit, verum post obitum quoque persequitur illum dura fati miseria.

Galli Cybebes circum in quaestus ducere asinum solebant baiulantem sarcinas. r

is cum labore et plagis esset mortuus, detracta pelle sibi fecerunt tympana, rogati mox a quodam, delicio suo quidnam fecissent, hoc locuti sunt modo :

‘putabat se post mortem securum fore; lo

ecce aliae plagae congeruntur mortuo.’

II.

The Mice and the Weasel.

Mustela cum annis et senecta debilis mures veloces non valeret adsequi, involvit se farina et obscuro loco abiecit neglegenter, mus escam putans adsiluit et conpressus occubuit neci. 5

alter similiter, deinde perit et tertius, aliquot secutis venit et retorridus, qui saepe laqueos et muscipula etfugerat ; proculque insidias cernens hostis callidi :

‘sic valeas,’ inquit, ‘ut farina es, quae iaces!’ lo

A SELECTION. BOOK IV

43

III.

The Fox and the Grapes.

Fame coacta vulpes alta in vinea uvam adpetebat summis saliens viribus: quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait :

^ nondum matura est ; nolo acerbam sumere.

qui facere quae non possunt verbis elevant, 5 adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi.

IV.

The Horse and the Man.

Equus sedare solitus quo fuerat sitim, dum sese aper volutat, turbavit vadum.

44

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

hinc orta lis est. sonipes iratus fero auxilium petiit hominis, quem dorso levans redit ad hostem, iactis hunc telis eques 5

postquam interfecit, sic locutus traditur :

‘ laetor tulisse auxilium me precibus tuis ; ’ nam praedam cepi et didici, quam sis utilis ; atque ita coegit frenos invitum pati, tum maestus ille: ^parvae vindictam rei ic

dum quaero demens, servitutem repperi.’

haec iracundos admonebit fabula : inpune potius laedi quam dedi alteri.

VI.

The Battles of the Mice and the Weasels.

Cum victi mures mustelarum exercitu (historia quorum et in tabernis pingitur) fugerent et artos circum trepidarent cavos, aegre recepti tamen evaserunt necem, duces eorum, qui capitibus cornua 5

suis ligarant, ut conspicuum in proelio haberent signum, quod sequerentur milites, haesere in portis suntque capti ab hostibus ; quos inmolatos victor avidis dentibus capacis alvi mersit tartareo specu. 10

quemcumque populum tristis eventus premit, periclitatur magnitudo principum ; minuta plebes facili praesidio latet.

A SELECTION. BOOK IV

45

VIII.

The Serpent and the File.

Mordaciorem qui inprobo dente adpetit, hoc argumento se describi sentiat.

in officinam fabri venit vipera, haec cum temptaret, siqua res esset cibo, limam momordit, illa contra contumax : 5

‘quid me,’ inquit, ‘stulta, dente captas laedere, omne adsuevi ferrum quae conrodere?’

X.

‘As Others see Us.’

Peras inposuit luppiter nobis duas : propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit, alienis ante jjectus suspendit gravem.

hac re videre nostra mala non possumus ; alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus, 5

46

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

IX.

The Fox and the Goat,

Homo in periclum simul ac venit callidus, reperire effugium quaerit alterius malo.

cum decidisset vulpes in puteum inscia et altiore clauderetur margine, devenit hircus sitiens in eundem locum ; 5

simul rogavit, esset an dulcis liquor et copiosus ? Illa fraudem moliens :

^ descende, amice ; tanta bonitas est aquae,

voluptas ut satiari non possit mea.’

inmisit se barbatus, tum vulpecula 10

evasit puteo, nixa celsis cornibus,

hircumque clauso liquit haerentem vado.

A SELECTION. BOOK IV

47

The Viper, or Mistaken Kindness.

Qui fert malis auxilium, post tempus dolet, gelu rigentem quidam colubram sustulit sinuque fovit, contra se ipse misericors ; namque ut refecta est, necuit hominem protinus, hanc alia cum rogaret causam facinoris, 5

respondit: ^nequis discat prodesse inprobis.’

XXIII.

The Mouxtain in Labour.

Mons parturibat, gemitus inmanes ciens, eratque in terris maxima exspectatio, at ille murem peperit. hoc scriptum est tibi, qui, magna cum minaris, extricas nihil.

48

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

LIBER QUINTUS

PiioLOGUE : What Virtue’s in a Name!

Aesopi nomen sicubi interposuero, cui reddidi iam pridem quicquid debui, auctoritatis esse scito gratia : ut quidam artifices nostro faciunt seculo, qui pretium operibus maius inveniunt, novo si marmori adscripserunt Praxitelen suo, trito Myronem argento, tabulae Zeuxidem, adeo fucatae plus vetustati favet invidia mordax quam bonis praesentibus.

II.

The Travelleks and the Robber.

Duo cum incidissent in latronem milites, unus profugit, alter autem restitit et vindicavit sese forti dextera, latrone occiso timidus accurrit comes stringitque gladium, dein reiecta paenula:

^ cedo,’ inquit, ^ illum ; iam curabo sentiat, quos attemptarit. ’ tunc, qui depugnaverat:

^ vellem istis verbis saltem adiuvisses modo ; constantior fuissem vera existimans, nunc conde ferrum et linguam pariter futilem, ut possis alios ignorantes fallere.

A SELECTION. BOOK V

ego, qui sum expertus, quantis fugias viribus, scio, quam virtuti non sit credendum tuae.’

illi adsignari debet haec narratio, qui re secunda fortis est, dubia fugax.

V.

Truth Stranger than Fiction.

Pravo favore labi mortales solent et, pro iudicio dum stant erroris sui, ad poenitendum rebus manifestis agi.

facturus ludos quidam dives nobiles proposito cunctos invitavit praemio, quam quisque posset ut novitatem ostenderet, venere artifices laudis ad certamina ; quos inter scurra, notus urbano sale, habere dixit se genus spectaculi, quod in theatro numquam prolatum foret, dispersus rumor civitatem concitat, paullo ante vacua turbam deficiunt loca, in scena vero postquam solus constitit sine adparatu, nullis adiutoribus, silentium ipsa fecit exspectatio, ille in sinum repente demisit caput et sic porcelli vocem est imitatus sua, verum ut subesse pallio contenderent et excuti iuberent. quo facto simul nihil est repertum, multis onerant laudibus hominemque plausu prosequuntur maximo.

PHAED. SEL.

E

50 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

hoc vidit fieri rusticus, ^non mehercule me vincet, inquit ’ : et statim professus est idem facturum melius se postridie, fit turba maior, iam favor mentes tenet 25

et derisuri, non spectaturi, sedent, uterque prodit, scurra degrunnit prior movetque plausus et clamores suscitat, tunc simulans sese vestimentis rusticus porcellum obtegere, (quod faciebat scilicet, 30 sed, in priore quia nil compererant, latens) pervellit aurem vero, quem celaverat, et cum dolore vocem naturae exprimit, adclamat populus scurram multo similius imitatum, et cogit rusticum trudi foras. 35

at ille profert ipsum porcellum e sinu, turpemque aperto pignore errorem probans :

^ en hic declarat, quales sitis iudices ! ’

VI.

The Bald Men and the Comb.

Invenit calvus forte in trivio pectinem, accessit alter, aeque defectus pilis.

^heia !’ inquit, Un commune quodcumque est lucri.’ ostendit ille praedam et adiecit simul:

^ superum voluntas favit ; sed fato invido 5

carbonem, ut aiunt, pro thesauro invenimus.’

quem spes delusit, huic querela convenit.

A SELECTION. BOOK V

51

X,

The Aged Hound.

Adversus omnes fortis veloces feras canis cum domino semper fecisset satis, languere coepit annis ingravantibus, aliquando obiectus hispidi pugnae suis adripuit aurem : sed cariosis dentibus 5

praedam dimisit, hic tunc venator dolens canem obiurgabat. cui senex contra Lacon :

^ non te destituit animus, sed vires meae, quod fuimus, lauda, si iara damnas, quod sumus.’ hoc cur, Phile te, scripserim, pulchre vides. 10

E 2

NOTES TO PHAEDKUS’ FABLES

NOTES

BOOK I.

PROLOGUE.

General Sense. I present you with Aesopus Fables in verse. My modest work possesses two advantages : ifc supplies amusement and furni shes counsel. If any one objects on the score of literal truth, let him remember that he is in Fable-land.

Lines i, 2. The order for translation is Hanc materiam^ quam Aesopus auctor repperit, ego polivi versibus senariis.

auctor : in apposition to Aesopus, with almost the force of an adverb ^ originally.’ Substantivos in -or are much used in apposition.

repperit : for similar doubling of a consonant in the perfect tense, compare rettuli and rettudi.

2. polivi: like a workman dealing with his rough material. versibus senariis, i. e. iambic verse with six feet. For

an explanation of the metre, see Introduction, § 9.

3. libelli dos: subjective gen. — Hhe dowry the book brings with it.’

quod, ^namely that’ ; in translation may here be con- veniently omitted.

4. prudenti, abi. agreeing with consilio ^ brings out the practical side of wisdom. Cp. I. xiv. ii, note,

5. calumniari. The ^calumniator’ is one who brings a collusive or vexatious suit at law. From either point of

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

56

view his accusation will be insincere. Hence the idea of insincere or vexatious criticism.

voluerit, ^ be minded to/ The fut. perf. is very common in these sentences. English more naturally uses the simple future or present.

6. quod. Where a cause, as alleged or as present in the mind, is stated, the subj. follows quod. Cp. que in French.

There is no extant Fable in which the trees talk, though there are many in which the beasts do so.

7. fictis, Umaginary.*

meminerit: subj. for imperative, with present meaning, since memini is in meaning a present. fabulis, ^stories.’ fabella.

I.

2. superior, inferior, both of place, and to be translated after the verb.

3. fauce. The sing. of this word hardly exists in Latin, and then only in the abi. case; it occurs again in I. viii. 4.

inproba. ^Wicked" is a very inadequate rendering. See Vocabulary, and note 011 I. viii. i.

4. causam, ‘ pretext for a quarrel.’

6. lanigrer: to avoid the repetition of and to bring

out the Soft and yielding nature of the wolf’s antagonist.

For similar substitutions, see Appendix B.

timens : not an adjective, but a true participle, so to be translated.

7. qui, abi. of quis, by what means, ‘how.’ quereris: can it come from quaero ?

8. haustus : plur. as expressing repeated action.

9. repulsus : metaphorical, ^ defeated in the argument, baffled.’

ait is the verb to ille.

10. anta hos sex menses, not ‘ for these six months past,’ as might be inferred from the case of menses, but ^ six months ago.' Ante is in meaning an adverb, but in construction a preposition ; so in the stili more peculiar phrase for ‘ two days before the Calends,’ ante diem tertium Calendas, where ante belongs to Calendas, but affects the intervening words ‘ en passant.*

11. equidem is a strengthened form of quidem, and does not contain ego ; but the Romans probably thought that it

NOTES. BOOK I, i, n 57

did, and the best authors use it by preference with the ist pers. sing.

pater. La Fontaine weakens the force of this plea by substituting ^ ton frere.* Speaking generally, he uses his original with much freedom.

12. hercle, or hercule, for practical purposes the abi. of Hercules, and in meaning an adverb, may be originally a nom., as in the full phrase ita me Hercules iuvet, ^ so help me Hercules." The phrase has its origin in times when the Eoman Hercules, god of thieves and lucky finds, was not yet identified with the Greek hero.

ibi, Hhen,’ properly of place, extended occasionally to time or occasion.

13. correptum lacerat ^ corripit et lacerat.

14. illos. The simple antecedent to qui would be eos. The stronger word illos implies that a definite class of persons is in the mind of the writer.

15. fictis, a true participle. They invent the pretexts with which they proceed to crush the innocent.

II.

I. Athenae. For the history, see Vccabulary of Proper Names.

aequis legibus : i. e, a Kepublic.

3. frenum, metaphorical, ‘ control." licentia, nom.

4. hic, extended from place to time, ‘hereupon’: so fre- quently in Virgil, an author familiar to Phaedrus.

conspiratis : with middle or deponent force, as some- times in Caesar. Similar participles are collected in Ap- pendix C.

factionum partibus. Partes signifies that the people were divided, factio that the divisions were organized for political purposes. Transi. Hhe divided parties conspired, and Pisistratus seized the citadel as tyrant."

5. arcem, the Acropolis.

tyrannus. A political leader who made a terminable magistracy, responsible to the citizens, permanent, and thereby evaded the control of his electors, was a tyrant (Nepos, quoted by Siebel). Napoleon I and Napoleon III supply familiar instances from modern times.

6. Attici, the Athenians : more usually, the inhabitants of Attica.

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

58

7. quia, as compared with quod, expresses motive as con- trasted with cause. The verbs after quia and quoniam are to be supplied. crudelis and grave are complements.

8. insuitis. So adsuevi. The separation of two vowels usually sounded together is called diaeresis. For the parti- ciple see 1. 4 conspiratis.

10. vagantes, ‘ roaming at wilL’ palor = straggle : erro = lose one’s way.

liberis paludibus, ‘ in the freedom of their fens.’ Aesop is bringing out the parallel between the frogs and the Athenians.

11. clamore magno : abi. of instrument or of manner.

12. qui . . . conpesceret. The rei. when it expresses purpose, takes subjunctive, and is translated ^ to.’

13. pater deorum : Jupiter.

14. quod in translation must be taken before missum. ^ Which, when flung, frightened the trembling populace by a sudden turmoil and splashing of the waters.’

subito : adj. not adv. The adv. would lea ve vadi awk- wardly separated from motu sonoque, upon which it depends.

16. hoc, the log, which, though sunk in the mud, was not entirely buried, and so could be seen above the shallow water by the frogs when they emerged.

diutius. The union of two syllables, usually separated, is called synizesis. Mulier would scan diutius.

Observe iaceret, not iaceret. Distinguish.

17. una. There was only one who ventured : quaedam would not have brought this out so clearly.

19. timor is fear of what is present • metus in 1. 26, appre- hension of the future.

20. supra after its case.

turba petulans, ‘an ill-mannered, noisy ciowd.’ So turha, III. xiv. i.

21. quod: i. e. the beam.

22. rogantes may be taken as either nom. or acc.

23. esset: subj. because this was the reason as they stated it, and therefore the clause is like a dependent clause in an oratio obliqua, such as ‘ They sent to say that they wanted another king, because the one who had been given was of no use/ &c. Cp. quod, I. Prol. 6.

25. corripere, ‘to pick them off.’

26. fugitant. The frequentative has the double effect of showing that they scattered, and that they failed.

vocem, open remonstrance.

27. mandata ad lovem, a message to carry to Jove.

NOTES. BOOK I, ii-iv

59

28. adilictis : i. e. sibi.

30. vos quoque, o cives. Aesop now applies the fable to the Athenians.

III.

1-3. These lines contain the moral. Read the story first, 11. 4 16.

2. The sense of ut libeat is carried on to this line from the ne libeat of the line before : the right effect is obtained in T]nglish by translating -que as ‘ but ’ instead of ‘ and.’

habitu means either dress or that character and con- dition of which dress is the outward sign. Both meanings are ingeniously included here.

3. prodidit: true perfect, as the present libeat shows.

5. pavoni: dative. But tr. a peacock.’

8. avi. See line 5.

9. mulcatus: to be carefully distinguished from multatus (often spelt muJctatus). See Vocabulary.

10. coepit. For she was reluctant, and not even successful.

11. notam. The humiliation consists in the repulse itself.

12. quidam : supply the verb ^said,’ which is often omitted.

13. si fuisses . . . voluisses, ‘ if you had . . nec begins the main clause.

15. illam, regularly, of the more remote ; hanc of the nearer.

16. tua calamitas : abstr. for concrete. See Appendix, sentiret. Note the change of tense from expertus esses.

Both imply that the thing supposed did not take place : but the pluperfect refers to a single occurrence now past, the imperfect to a state of things which continues. The daw could avoid the company of peacocks for the future : she has to live with daws, for better or worse, permanenti y.

IV.

2. ferret. Dum, in the sense of ^in the attempt to/ takes the imperfect subj. where the sentence as a whole is in past time.

4. aliam, ^another’ ; altero^ ^another like himself.’

5. Sed would have meant simply ‘but’; verum means Hrue, but.’

aviditas : abstr. for concr. See Appendix.

6o

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

6, 7. et , nec = et et non ... In translating, omit the first et, and translate tlie nec by ‘ but . . . not.’ Cp. -que in I. iii. 2.

adeo emphasizespo^l^^Y.

V.

3. iniuriae : ^ objective * gen. after patiens, A word which would liave been object to a transitive verb will, if used with the active participle of that verb, be in the genitive: patiens iniuriae = quae patitur iniuriam. Tr. Hneek under injury.*

5. vasti corporis ; gen. of description.

6. partibus factis : Iit. ^when the shares had been made’ ; ^ w^hen the booty had been divided.’ Partem is to be supplied with prwiam, secundam, &c.

7. nominor quoniam leo, Hn virtue of my Lion-hood.’ He is the acknowledged King of beasts.

9. sequetur, ^ will become mine.’ This word is regularly used of the distribution of booty.

10. The subj. to adjicietur is contained in siquis quartam tetigerit.

11. inprobitas : abstr. for concr. See Appendix.

VII.

1. personam. The an cient mask covered the whole head. Its use was to convey to the spectators the actoFs stage identity, to increase his apparent height, and so his dignity, and incidentally to assist elocution by an arrangement of the mouth-piece. The forehead was artificially prolonged up- wards, and tlie whole face, necessarily tragic in cast, was made especially solemn by its fixity of expression. It is said that when Tragedy was first represented in Spain, the audience fled in terror, thinking that demons were upon the stage.

2. ‘ What an imposing face, and no brains behind it ! ’

3. illis : dat. of advantage, ^ for the benefit of.’

4. sensum communem, the sense which all men share ; our ‘‘ common sense ’ comes near the meaning here, without quite hitting it. ‘ Gcod sense ’ is nearer.

abstulit. That which is not given, when it might be expected, is said to be taken away. Transi. ^ denied.’ Cp. amittit I. x. 2.

NOTES. BOOK I; iv-vm

6l

VIII.

I. pretium, ‘a stipulated payment, price.’ inprobis : not wicked, but unscrupnlous. The word might suit roguery which was impudent, but not deeply criminal, and might be quite inappropriate to the deepest villainy, if secret and ashamed of itself. The tiresome fly, the animal untiring in its search for food, the human energy which perseveres until its purpose is accomplished, are all described by the word inprobus. It chiefly implies insensi- bility to the opinion of other people.

desiderat. He does not get his payment, but thinks he ought to have had it.

3. deinde quia must be brought to the beginning of the sentence in translating.

iam, ‘ having gone so far.’

5. singrulos : substantivally, ‘ all and singular.’

6. illud malum, ‘ the offending substance/ Dirt was defined by Lord Palmerston as ^ matter out of place ’ : a bone out of place is equally a malum.

7. persuasa est appears to violate the rule that verbs which govern a dative in the active must be used imperson- ally in the passive ; but persuadere aliquem is genuine Latin, though not the best (see suadebat^ I. xv. 6), and the participle persuasus is passive occasionally even in good Latin. The constructions of Phaedrus may usually be trusted.

8. colli longitudinem : abstr. for concrete, has here a playful and slightly humorous effect. Try to render it.

9. p. fecit medicinam. Agaiii playful, ‘ practised a perilous surgery,’ not wrought a cure. Op. I. xiv. 2, which is decisive for this passage.

10. a quo. The Latin relative either introduces a subor- dinate clause, or connects two sentences. Where the latter is the case, it requires to be broken up into a conjunction and a demonstrative. Here ^ and when she claimed of him,* &c.

praemium, Hhe reward of a Service rendered, fee.’

12. abstuleris, postules, subj. because qui is causal. mercedem, Hhe hire of a servant, wages.’

62

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

IX.

I. sibi, emphatic from its position. ‘ For oneself.’

5. quid ita cessarunt pedes? ^ Why so slow of foot cessarunt = cessaverunt,

6. necopinum, though an adj., may be translated adverbially.

7. clamitantem, a participio, has the force of ‘ although * with a finite verb.

8. lepus : supply inquit mortis means ^ my death.’

9. securus, wo# ‘ secure/ Consuit the Vocabulary. In older English ‘ secure ’ has the Latin meaning. For example Shakespeare writes —

^And you ali know security Is mortals’ chiefest enemy.’

nostra mala . . . , fata tua : a simple instanCe of the figure ‘ Chiasmus." The substantive and adjective reverse their places in the parallel clauses, partly for oppositi 011, partly for variety.

Most of these Fables atford pleasing examples of the way to express a simple opposition with neatness, balance, and propriety.

X.

2. amittit. He is said to lose wdiat he does not gain. Cp. abstulit (I. vi i. 4).

5. illa. The pronoun ille is very commonly employed, when the object of one sentence becomes the subject of the next.

culpae proximam ; see Vocabulary.

6. iudex, in app. to simius^ Hook his seat as judge.’

7. uterque is used of two subjects regarded severally, ambo of a pair.

perorassent. The predicate with uterque is more com- monly sing.

9. videris expresses the conclusion of the judge, not his mere opinion. In like manner placet expresses the vote, and not the mere opinion, of the senator.

tu . . . te. La Fontaine thinks it well to be clearer, and says Hoi, loup,’ ‘et toi, renard.’

NOTES. BOOK I, ix-xi

63

XI.

T. Virtutis expers amounts to a substantive, and acts as the subject to the sentence. ‘ When one that lacks luerit vaunteth his glory in words, he may deceive the unwary, but is a laughing-stock to them that know him.’

2. ignotos, notis are active, not, as usual, passive. See Vocabulary.

est derisui, literally ‘ is for a mockery/ may be ren^ dered. ^ is a laughing-stock.’ This use of the dat. is common and is usually called a dative of ‘ purpose notis, also in the dat., shows the persons/o whom, and would be called a dative of ‘ complement,’ as used to complete the sense.

3. asello comite, abi. abs., tr. ‘with . . . for companion.’

6. exciperet. A momenfs reflection will show that this

cannot be in oratio obliqua, for v^hich sese excepturum would be required. Verbs of advising take a subjunctive with ut, which accounts for terreret. Exciperet then follows under the same government, although the person has changed. The lion, as it were, goes on to instruet himself. If you insert the word ‘whilst’ at the head of this second clause, you will see the meaning ; Latin constantly omits a connecting particle of the kind, which would be expressed in English.

auritulus. For the principle see laniger (I. i. 6). The effect here is slightly humorous. By callirg attention to the prominent ears, Phaedrus suggests the relative unimportance of the body to which they belong. ‘ Little Long-ears ’ gives an idea of the effect intended.

8. hestias. As in the ‘ Jungle Book,’ there is a forest society with common life.

9. exitus. The gamekeeper will show you that animals in our own country have their regular ^ runs ’ through a hedge or thicket.

12. insolens, semi-adverbial : cp. I. xiii. 9. Unac- customed success brings out a natural tendency to brag. Hence insolens, meaning properly ‘ unaccustomed,’ acquires the sense of our ‘insolent.’ This is a good passage for tracing the connexion.

14. sic in the best authors differs from tam, as ‘ thus ’ differs from ‘ as.’ Here the lion answers, ‘ Oh, remarkable.’ Inquit allows a pause during which the ass congratulates himself. Then the lion continues, ^ I mean remarkable in

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

64

this sense tliat/ &c. By making sic = tam^ the translator misses a point.

nisi with impft. or plupft. subj. implies that the true state of things is assiimed not to exist. Here ^did I not know (but I do know), I should have . . /

XII.

I, 2. The order for translation is haec ass. narr.^ (ea) quae contempseris saepe inveniri utiliora laudatis.

laudatis : abi. of comparison, =quam, laudata — quam ea quae laudaveris.

contempseris may be either indic, or subj. In either case the tense signifies that the despising has preceded a knowledge of the true state of affairs. ^ You find you have been despising/ The 2nd person is common for the vague and general ^you * : compare French ‘ on/

4. suam ; emphatic by its position at the close of a line, ‘ his own."

6. ^ His over slenderness of shank " : playful.

9. ferum ; for variety, on the same principle as laniger^ &c. Virgil had used the same expression for the same purpose in the 7th Aeneid. In English say simply ^ him/

10. in qua. See note on I. viii. 10.

14. quam precedes utilia in translation.

15. quantum luctus precedes quae laudaram in transla- tion. The genitive luctas follows words of quantity like quantum, as a word with ‘ de * would follow ^ combien ’ in French. Omit ‘of’ in English. habuerint, ‘ caused.’ quae despexeram = ea quae despexeram, quae laudaram = ea quae laudaram.

XIII.

1. qui^ts qui. The antecedent is sometimes omitted even in English, as ‘ Who leads a good life, is sure to live well/

2. poena means satisfaction. Hence dare poenas, ‘ to render satisfaction/ i. e. to pay the penalty.

3. fenestra : an opening in the wall, capable of being closed by shutters or curtains. Flates of mica or other more or less transparent substance were not unknown in Phaedrus* time, but were rare. There was glass in some of the houses disco ve red at Pompeii.

caseum, ‘ a cheese,’ not a piece of cheese. Cheeses in

NOTES. BOOK I, xi-xiv 65

the South of Europe are stili made up about the size of our half pounds of butter, not too large for a bird like the raven to carry.

4. comesse. See Yocabulary, comedo.

celsa arbore, ^ high in a tree/ like summa arbore. Cp.

II. iv. I.

6. <11x1= qualis., ^ how marvellous.’

7. decoris. See note on I. xii. 15.

8. si with impft. or plupft. subj. imphes that an unreal state of things is assumed to exist. Here ‘ if you had (but you have not) . . . , no bird would be . .

ales includes everything on wings. See Yocabulary.

9. stultus : to be translated as an adverb with ruit.

12. corvi stupor, abstr. for concrete. See insta nces col- lected in Appendix. The effect here is mock-Tragic.

stupor, ^ consternation/ not ‘stupidity.’ Cp. I. xiv. 12. deceptus : to be taken with ingemuit He groaned to find himself outwitted. So Horaee says of Apollo, viduus pharetra risit, meaning ‘ he smiled to find himself quiverless/ in a passage similar to the present.

Keaders of ‘Alice in \Yonderland" in Erench may be amazed to find a parody of this Fable, as it appears in La Fontaine, replacing the piece beginning ‘ How doth the little crocodile.* But see the Introduction, § 6.

XIY.

T. malus : with sutor. He is a sorry cobbler, but not, so far as we yet learn, a bad man.

2. medicinam facere, ^practise medicine.* Cp. I. viii. 9. igrnoto. The place being unknown to him, he was also

unknown to the place.

3. antidotum, ^ any remedy/ not necessarily for poisons. falso nomine is abi. of dcscription with antidotum. The

remedy is falsely represented as a cure for everything.

4. verbosis strophis, ‘ by well-turned phrases.* The method is stili familiar at country fairs.

5. hic, Hiereupon,’ not ^lere,* nor ^he.*

6. The king means possibly to employ him.

7. poposcit : subject rex.

fusa . . . aqua, not ‘ water having been poured * (abi. abs.), but ‘by pouring water,* abi. of manner. The past partic. cften does duty in Latin verse for a pres. partic. pass.

9. ipsum, ‘ the leech.*

PHAED. SEL.

F

66

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

11. artis medicae prudentia, ^ knowledge of the healing art.’

12. stupore, ‘ admiration/ which gazes open-mouthed at the fcelf-advertising quack.

14. quantae dementiae, ‘ how foolish " : gen. of description.

15. capita, ‘ lives."

16. cui calceandos, &c., ^ whom no man trusted with a pair of shoes." Calceandos Iit. Ho be provided with shoes," purpose being expressed by the gerundive.

17. dixerim: courteous subjunctive, ^ I should say."

18. quaestus. The dative of the complement, as in I. xi. 2, would be more common. But cp. I. xxi. 2.

impudentiae is dat.

xy.

I. in principatu commutando, ^when they get a new ruler."

4. pascebat. The old man would be actually with his beast. In several countries of modern Europe, the animals of a village are turned out during the summer months to graze a common pasture, and the less ahle-hodied of the com- munity are put to mind thcm.

5. hostium, ^ a party of raiders."

6. fngrere = ut fugeret, to which agere in IV. iv. 13 may be parallel : but see note on that passage. Usually suadeo + infin. is to persuade o/a fact, not persuade to an action.

7. lentus, ^ composedly." For semi-adverbial use, cp. I. xiii. 9.

binas : the disfcributive for the ordinal number, as usual with a plural noun which has no singular, clitellae being ^ a pair of panniers."

9. refert : to be carefully distinguislied from refert, ^ What does it matter to me ? ’

10. dum, ^ so long as." meas : emphatic.

XVI.

1. advocat sponsum, ^ calls in to answer for him": the supine expressing purpose after a verb of motion.

inprobos : see note on I. viii. i.

2. rem, ‘ business."

5. rapere atque abire : cp. our Move and ride awa5\’

6. fug^ere : what is to be supplied?

7. requiram : ‘ deliberative " sul)j., ‘ am I to . . .’

NOTES. BOOK I, xiv-xxi

67

XVII.

1. malefici, riot maleficii^ is the classical forni of Ihe genitive.

2. calumniator: see note on auctor^ I. Prol. i.

3. panem : to be translated after jpeteret

8. bidens : properly of a yearling slieep, wliicli at that age has two prominent teeth and appears to have no others: lience of a sheep in general.

XX.

5. rupti: middle, Hhey burst and . .

6. conting^erent. Priusquam takes a subj. when Ihe sense of intention to anticipate another’s action is implied. Hero the interference of fate or the powers of nature is treated as intentional.

XXI.

1. pristinam, ‘ which once he had.’

2. iocus : see note on I. xiv. 18.

3. defectus : middle ; see Yocabulary and Appendix. annis, abi. of cause.

viribus : abi. after a word expressing emptiness.

4. leo. The process of shorlening final -o begins with the Augustan poets and gradually extends in the ‘ Silver Age ^ of Latin.

5. fulmineis : with (i) the speed, (2) the gleam, of light- ning.

6. veterem, Mong-standing/

7. infestis. The word infestus is probably derived from in+fendo. The alternative derivation from in + fero would give an excellent accouiit of the common meaning with a weapon, viz. carried ready for attack. The meaning here is ‘ with horn in rest.’ The bull lowers its head when chnrging.

8. ferum: see note on I. xii. 9. Observe the simple skill with which Phaedrus telis the whole story without repeating the word leo.

9. laedi. Speciallj^ used of unprovoked aggression. extudit : either (i) ‘ smote violently,' or (2) ‘ beat in *

F 2

68

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

(lifc. ^ out ’). The force of prepositions in compound words repays careful study.

11. insultare. The objecfc of indigne tuli is the wholo phrase fortes mihi insultare.

naturae dedecus. ‘ Nature’s fool ’ gives the general sense. Bufc it would be hard to sriy whether the phrase implies that ali nature scoriis the ass, or that the ass brings shame upon the fair works of nature.

12. quod . . . cogor, ‘in being obliged.’

certe, ‘ assurecUy/ in which sense certo is more common. Certe more frequently means ‘ at least.’

The pathos of this Fable is best felt by re-reading Fables V and XI of Book I.

XXII.

4. faceres . . . esset . . . dedissem. The form of sentence implies that the supposition made is not true : the imper- fects refer to a continuing state of things, the pluperfeot to a single act regarded as complete in itself. Cf. I. xiii. 8.

5. supplici : dat. of supplex^ ‘ to your entreaties.’

6. nunc: in the sense of the Greek vvv St, ‘as things are.*

7. rosuri : the future partic. expresses ‘ likely to.*

et = etiam^ ‘ also/ with ipsos, devores^ like fruaris, governed by ut.

8. imputare mihi, ‘ set down to my account/ ‘credit me with.’ A frequent motto for sun-dials pereunt et imputantur ‘ (tlie hours) perish and are written to our account.’ The Romans, being careful with their accounts, frequently use rnetaphors derived from this source.

9. inprobam: see note on I. viii. i.

IT. servit . . . sibi, i. e. ‘ seeks its own ends.*

12. Understand qui from quorum as the subject to iactant. finprudentius, ‘with some lack of wisdom.’ But it is dithcult to .see why the old reading imprudentibus should have been rejected. It affords an excellent sense and con- struction, as iactant imprudentibus would mean ‘ put forward to those who lack sagacity.* Imprudentius is weak : for there is no lack of practical wisdom in putting forward even a bad excuse where the case was so hopeless. Impudentms, which has been proposed, is better : the excuse, whether hopeful or not, was certainly brazen.

NOTES. BOOK I, xxi-xxvi

69

XXIII.

1. repentB liberalis : subj. of sent. Cp. I. xi. i.

2. inritos : with the force of an adverb in Englibli. tendit dolos in hunting language would be ‘ bpreads liis

nets,’ Here the nets are the invisible ones of deceit.

3. panem mittere occurs again III. ii. 6.

4. The order is — temptans an oliecto ciho posset capi.

5. lingfnam praecludere : so vocem praecludere^ I. ii. 26.

XXIY.

1. inops, po^te^tem, ‘rich.’ Latin loves to place two contrasting words side by side, and is more free to do so than English, because the inflexions settle the construction of the sentence apart from the order.

2. conspexit, ‘ espied.’ The sight of so large a creature was an event, not to say a discovery, in the frog’s life.

3. tacta; nom. The metaphor is perhaps from the touch of a whip.

4. pellem, the skin of an animal.

6. cutem, the skin, whether animal or human.

8. quis. Where two are in question, uter is the common ■Nvord.

9. dum vult, ‘ wishing’ ; dum with pres. indic, is a com- mon way of expressing a present participle.

10. rupto ; probably mi d die.

XXV.

I. prava, ^ crooked, unsound*: see Vocabulary. They know the better coimsels, but give the worse.

3. currentes bibere, ‘ drink as they run.’

4. corcodilis : for the common crocodilis, to suit the metre. Vowels are easily shifted from one side of the letter r to the rther : a familiar instance is the vulgar English ‘ brid ’ for ‘ bird.’

6. otio: abi. of m anner, ^at your ease.*

7. facerem . . . scirem. See on I. xi. 14.

XXYI.

I. nulli : substant i val for nemini^ after nocendum ; mihi credendum est = ‘ I ought to be believed.’

70

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

laeserit : sce note on I. xxi. 9.

The moral reminds us of Polonius’ advice to his son, Hamlet i. 3 :

^ Beware

Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,

BearT that the opposed may beware of thee/

2. multandum. The gerundive expresses what is deserved, not, as usual, what ought to be done.

6. potuerit : subjun., because this is a subord. sentence in oratio obliqua.

9. satiatur, middle.

10. collum. TJie inside of the neck is of course intended.

11. peregrinam volucrem, Hhe bird of passage/ here, apparently, for mere variety. The migratory habits of the stork are well known. In summer it is common in Holland, and is occasionally found both in Great Britain and in Scandinavia.

12. sua . . . exempla . . . pati, ‘ to take what they give.’

XXVIII.

1. quamvis sublimes, ‘folk however lofty,’ supplies the subject. Cp. I. xi. i.

sublimes, humiles, hover between the literal and the metaphorical ineanings of high and low.

2. docili, ‘ ready to take a lesson,’ able to learn by experi- ence, and so ‘ resourceful,* ^ ready- witted.’

4. pullis, dat. ; escam, ^for food.’

5. persecuta, she followed her enemy horne.

7. tuta: with an abi. of instrument, as if, as originally, a participle instead of an adjective, and passive instead of deponent. There is indeed an active tueo^ found in Latin before and after the best period. quippe, ‘as being.’

9. The tree itself was not lighted, but a ring of fire drawn ali round its stem.

10. She is prepared to combine her enemy’s grief with the loss of her own olfspring.

11. periclo: dat. eriperet. Tr. ‘ from . .

12. supplex, descending to entreaties in her turn. For the semi-participial force cp. I. xxii. 5.

NOTES. BOOK I, xxvi-xxxi

71

XXX.

1. laborant: notice the sense of this word, which does not mean ‘ work. ’

2. in pallide with intuens. The biills fought on the dry land near.

6. ipsis : that is the frogs.

10. proculcatas obteret = proculcabit et obteret {nos).

11. ita caput. The spondee beingallowed in the first foot of the verse, and four short syllables being the equivalent of two long ones, a foot consisting of these is admitted in place of the spondee. But Phaedrus employs this liberty in no other foot but the first. See Scheme of Metre, § 9.

caput, Oife,' as in I. xiv. 15 : ‘is a matter of life and death to us.’

XXXI.

1. tutandum: passive, a use of tutor which is found in Cicero.

2. requirit means ^ he looks for,’ not ‘ he asks for.’

3. miluum : more commonly milvum. The Koman poets frequently use the privilege of making -u consonantal for convenience, and vice versa of making consonantal -u vocal.

5. raptor : that is the kite.

7. potiusquani, priusquam, antequam being unmanageable in metre, are not infrequently broken up into their compo- nent words, which moreover admit of being distributed hetween two clauses so as to balance a sentence better.

8. icto foedere, ‘ by striking a treaty,’ abi. absolute. The phrase has its origin in icere porcum, &c., referring to the killing of an animal when a treaty was concluded.

9. praestem : subj. because qui — ut ego. tutas : see note on I. xxviii. 7.

10. credentes, ‘ in all faith.’

12. exercere inperium, ^ to make his government a reality.’

13. relicuis: another instance of the principle laid down on line 3 above.

una : not merely quaedam. There were but few left, of whom this was one. Cp. I. ii. 17, note.

72

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

BOOK II.

I.

3. For construction, see I. xi. 14, note, par te, * yourself/

4. forte : of coincidences, not accidents in any other sense. See Vocabulary.

5. est deductus, ‘ arrived.’

6. rettulit retro ; not a repetition : without retro tlie phraso would only necessarii y have implied stopping, with retro it implies retreating.

7. placidus: quasi-adverbial, ^mildly.’

timeas: snbj. because (i) quod has the sense of cur, or (2^ that of ut id ; in either case consequence is implied.

8. et : we mu st say, ^ and added.'

9. tergore, ^ the skin/ not ^ the back/ nor, as good com- mentators explain, ‘ the carcass/

The lion does not apportion any share, but, with tbe magnanimity of the King of beasts, tears open the carcass to make it easy for the traveller to take as much as he will, and then retires into the forest, partly to remove any cause of fear, partly to leave the field open and free from an un- generous supervision.

T2. est : emphatically placed : ^ the truth remains, that greed is rich and modesty poor.’

II.

1. utcumque would require a verb of its own, if the sense were fully expressed.

2. ament, amentur, ^ let them love or be loved.* For the omission of et or aut between the two verbs, we find many parallels.

6. dum volunt : see on I. xxiv. 9.

7. homini = ei, Cp. fero in II. i. 6, and ferum, I. xii. 9.

8. putaret : subj. because qui = cum is,

9. repente factus est, ‘ awoke to find himselU

10. puella, ‘ the young woman.’ So frequently, without any reference to marriage.

NOTES. BOOK II, i-iv

73

iii.

1. velxementis. Probably the Romans derived tbis word from veho + mens. Biit passages like tbis suggest that the tnie derivation may be mens and the ve- which appears in vecors^ vesanus. The shorter spelling, sometimes found, vemens, feupports this derivation.

2. malefico: dative.

3. quod = ^ which.’

6. scierint : fut. perf.

IV.

I. in sublimi quercu, ‘in the top of an oak/like in summa quercu, This is settled by the subseqnent in media, ad imam : and being settled for this passa ge, settles in turn the meaning of celsa arhore, I. xiii. 4.

8. quod, ‘ whereas/ But the word would not actually rppear in a similar passage of English. We shonld probably be content to represent its force by a ‘ well ’ when we reached the words quercum vult evertere, er perhaps by the pause, which is conveyed by a dash in writing.

9. aprum. Note the gender, and remember that in Latin (to some extent also in Fiench and German) it is the icord which has gender, often without reference to the thing signified.

II. sensibus: of the eagle.

12 setosae suis: from Yirgil, who was already a classic when Phaedrus wrote.

14. simul = simul ac.

cum tenero g‘reg‘e. In Germany and other parts of the Continent a wild sow with her litter is a cominon object of dread to the farmer whose potato-fields and other crops lie near a forest.

16. Tr. postquam first in the sentence.

20. toto die. Extent of space or time is expressed as a rule by the accusative. But when totus is employed, the ablative (with or without in) is frequently substituted.

23. quid multa? suppi y dicam, why (say) much ? = ‘in short.’

suis : the possessive.

24. praebuerunt : sbortened, like tulerunt and steterunt in Virgil, and laeserunt, III. ii. 19 (omitted in this Selection).

74 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

25. homo ; see 1. xxi. 4.

quantum . . . concinnet : dependent question after docu- mentum habere in the next line : this accounts for the subjunc- tive.

V.

2. occupata in otio, &c., ^ busy where there is nothing to do, panting for no reward, taking vast trouble and accom- plishing nothing, a burden to themselves and an offence to their neighbours.’ Each phrase contains a contrast and a little surprise.

5. si tamen, ‘ if indeed,’ tamen being used for an unusual purpose : as a rule tamen opposes the main clause to its pre- ceding main clause, or a dependent clause to a dependent clause, but here its force is solely within the dependent clause : there is, moreover, an omission of the thought to which it belongs, the sense being ‘ if, though the supposition may not be realized.’

7. Caesar Tiberius. This reverse in the order of a per- son’s name is common in Latin after the best period.

8. Misenensem : see Index of Proper Names, Misenum,

IO. prospectat, respicit : the point of view being, as

Siebel points out, fixed frorn Rome.

12. linteo Pelusio : descriptive abi. with tunica.

14. perambulante. Avenues of plane or lime-trees, as well as alleys between the clipt hedges, were common in the more extensive gardens.

viridia, ‘ shrubberies.’ Closely-clipt hedges of box, yew, cypress, and other evergreens ; beds of acanthus, rows of fruit-trees, especially vines, trunks of trees, covered with ivy, trees and shrubs tied, twisted, or cut into the figures of anirnals, ships, letters, &c., would all be usual in a Roman garden : whilst the actual fiower-beds, with their box- borders, were spoken of as a viridarium,

15. alveolo : not a regular instrument for the purpose, but an ineffectual and rather absurd substitute, as the diminutive shows.

16. iactitans : making a great show of his attention.

18. xystum. The xystus may be either (i) a portion of the garden laid out in fiower-beds, or (2) one of the avenues or alleys deseri bed above. In this passage the second is the more probable meaning.

19. hominem = eum.

rem intellegit, ‘ grasps the situation.*

NOTES. BOOK II, iv-vi 75

20. is ut putavit, &c., describes tlie expectations of tlie slave. He had a vague bope of reward.

boni : gen. with nescio quid. Cp. I. xii. 15.

23. tanta maiestas ducis : abstr. for concrete. See Appendix. Here also the figure is not without its force. A fine phrase adds point to the solemnity witli which the Imperial jest was conveyed.

25. maioris: more nsnallypZwWs.

alapae : that is, practically, freedom. The oldest process of liberating a slave, that of the striet manumissio^ took the form of a mock trial. The lictor laid a rod {festuca) upon the slave’s head, asserting, after an ancient formula, that the man was free. The master, holding the slave, pronounced the words hunc hominem liberum volo, turned him round, and let him go. The magistrate then pronounced him free. Alapae in the present passage refers to one of the two acts of gentle violence, that of the lictor or that of the master, the latter according to the common expia nation.

Cave. — From what does veneunt come ?

VI.

I. munitus : specially of material defences, wliile tutus is of defence in general.

3. The order for translation is quicquid vis et nequitia oppug- nant, {id) ruit.

5. corpus = sese.

6. condita, ‘ thus hidden.’

IO. nequiquam, ‘ and nothing will come of it.*

II. promissa parte, ^ when (the eagle) had promised her a share.*

12. ab astris : picturesque for a great height.

13. vescatur: subj. because qua = ut ea.

15. magfistrae : an excellent passage for observing the true meaning of this word, which is that of ^ teacher,* not ‘ mis- tress * in the usual sense. The latter is of course domina c>r hera.

larg‘e divisit dapem : cp. II. iv. 24, above. ^ Gave a bountiful share of the banquet.*

17. inpar, ^not a mateh for.*

It is possible that in this Fable, current in Greece during the fifth century b. c., we have the origin of the well-known story of the Greek Trage dian Aeschylus who, after his retire-

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

76

inent from Athens in disgust, took up his residence at Gela in Sicily, and there, it is said, was killed in the year 456 by an eagle, which, mistaking his bare head for a stone, as he walked by the sea, let fall a tortoise upon it for the purpose of our Fable. That eagles and other birds of prey do practise this device, is affirmed by accurate observers.

VIII.

2. venatorum: subjective genitive, ^ from the hunters.’

5. hic, ‘ hereupon/ latenti, after inquit supplied.

6. ultro ad necem cucurreris, ‘ you have rushed to your own destruction.’ Although ultro must not bc derived from ro?o, it comes often very near to the meaning of ^ voluntarily.’

cucurreris, commiseris : subj. because qui signifies ^since you.*

9. occasione ... data, ‘ when I get a chance.’

10. ^ Night in its turn succeeds to the hours of day.*

11. frondem: for ‘ fodder,* not ‘ bedding.’ On a Roman farm of sufficient size there would be a inan {frondator) whose cccupation it was, at the right season, to strip the leaves of the vine and other trees to which these were trained, such as the elm, primarily in the interest of the grape-crop, but partly to provide food for the cattle.

ideo, ‘ on that account.* Even his work, which takes liim right among the cattle, does not enablehim to see what lies close at hand.

14. nec ille, ^neither does he.* The vilicus, though in authority as foreman, is only a slave.

15. quietis, ^ for their silence* : the adjective contains an implied reason.

16. praestiterint : subj. because quod introduces the assigned reason.

17. salvum te cupimus. The participle or adj. without esse is common after cupio and volo in familiar Latin. So in English. ‘ We wish him dead.* ^ I wish myself well out of this scrape.* There may be some ‘ factitive * force.

quidem . . . sed : like pev ... Se in Greek.

20. cena. The master has been dining out. Though the cena takes place long before sunset, upon festal occasions wine would be taken afterwards, and the entertainment might be prolonged to an indefinite hour of the evening.

21. quia, as usual, gives the reason as it presents itself to the mind, ^ with a feeling that.*

NOTES. BOOK II, vi-III, v

77

22. praesepe is an enclosnre for animals, nofc specijilly the hovUe. (Siebel thinks that line 21 is an in&ertion, and that the master is on a general round of inspection, not suggested by any immediate motive.)

frondis : as in line ii. The master complains of three things, (i) insufficiency of fodder, (2) lack of bedding, (3) want of cleanliness.

23. desunt. Perhaps the bedding had been pushed away to cover the stag.

24. quantum, ‘ how much ? ^ implying ^ hovv little ! " laboris : gen. after quantum.

25. alta gives the reason for their being observed. Cp. quietis^ line 15.

27. praedam, ^ venison/

28. videre plurimum, ^ sees furthest.*

BOOK III.

I.

1. amphoram: a two-handled earthenware vessel, made in various sizes and shapes, nsed for storing wine after the first year ; in content, roughly a small cask.

2. The order is quae adhuc spargeret iocundum odorem Faleryia faece.

5. dicam : future.

7. ‘He who knows me will guess the application.*

But to us the applieation is highly puzzling, just becaue we know so little. Perhaps Book III is being depreciated, only to exalt Books I and II, If, however, those books had by this time been republished with omissions (which is perha])S to be inferred from the Prologue to Book III), a likely explanation is that it is the superiority of the earlier and unabridged edition which is being asserted. What remained was good, but what had been there how much better !

V.

2. quidam petulans, ^ an ill-conditioned fellow.*

3. tanto . . . melior (es), ‘ good for you/

4. prosecutus : prosequor is to accompany a friend to the docr, or an honoured persoiiage to the forum, «&c. : so that the

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

78

force here is that Aesop respectfully added some words as he parted from his friend who threw the stone. It is, of course, ironical.

mehercule : three syllables, by synizesis.

8. persuasus : see note on I. viii. 7.

9. audaciam : see Appendix A.

10. cruce, ‘upon the cross.’ But the ablative is instru- mental.

The retributi on was a savage one. But we have to remember that human life is little valued by the ancients, and suffering lightly regarded. A Roman mistress would readily have her maid flogged for a trifling error in the toilet.

VII.

3. salutatum invicem, ‘ for mutual greeting.’ Saluto is not intransitive : an object is implied in the adverb invicem, which is equi valent to the Ciceronian inter se,

7. ‘ The same ternis are open to you.’

8. si . . . potes, ‘ if you can bring yourself to.’

9. quod? ^ and what is that like ?’ Both qiii and quis are interrogative : but, quis asks for the naine, qui for tlie character.

ut sis : not purpose, but the explanation of officium, ‘‘ I mean that,’ or Hhat is to sa}", if.’

10. et belongs in sense to the beginning of the line. It does not connect a furibus with noctu, which would make uiisatisfactory sense, and would also be an inaccurate ex- pi-ession, since conjunctions ought to connect like with like, not a sulistantive with an adverb.

11. nunc, ^ as things are at present.’

nives imbresque : pluial because he is frequently so exposed.

12. asperam vitam, ‘ a life of hardship.’

14. satiari: middle, as in I. xxvi. 9.

16. a catena. use of a does not quite replace the

ablativ.e rfGahse, and is easily distinguished from the ablative of instrument. It has the effect of an ablative of cause, where the cause is a little remote from present observation. Tr.

‘ from.’

19, 20. luce, crepusculo: abi. of time.

qua visum est, vagor. When the perfect is thus used, followed by the present, qua has the sense of ‘ wherever.* So, in past time, the pluperfect and the imperfeet.

NOTES. BOOK III, v-xiii

79

21. Ultro : "svithout my having the trouble to seek it.

22. iactant. A noun of multitude takes a plural yerb if the thought of number is prominent.

23. quisque ; not every, but any, particular person. Cp.

V. V. 6.

25. est animus (tibi), ^ you ha ve a mind.’

27. liber . . . mihi : at my own disposal, my own master : ethic dative.

ut : with the consequence that, or, as we should say, with the condition that : more common, however, with a pre- ceding ita.

IX.

1. ‘ Friends are common, true ones rare.*

3. adsequar: fut. indic.

4. absolvar : pres. subj., dummodo = if only ^ I be freed (from odium).’ Phaedrus evidently takes the misfortunes alluded to in the Introduction seriously : otherwise he wculd not thiuk of death as the possible outcome of his literary otfences. He also takes himself seriously, as most authors do : else he would not imply a comparison to Socrates. There is no doubt an actual point of contact : it lies in their both in- curring odium by exposing the foibles of mankind.

4. cinis, ‘ when dead ’ ; in apposition to ego.

5. nescio: Comp. I. xxi. 4, note.

6. ‘ Does a man like you build so confined a dwelling ?’

XII.

2. Observe another simple instance of the figure ‘chiasmus,’ in which a contrast is made more effective by reversing the order of the words in the second clause, so that the clauses read, i. verb, 2. substantive ; i. substantive, 2. verb.

3. ‘ How precious a thing thou art, to lie in an unbecoming situation ! ’

6. quod has the effect of bindiiig together the sentence as far as cibus, so that it can be used as one subject to the verb potest. ^ The fact that I have fouud thee . . . can . . .’

8. An author who could pen this moral was conscious of his own merits.

XIII.

4. ^ With an admirable knowledge of both classes.’

5. legrem, ‘ instructions.’

7. plane qualities dubium.

8o

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

8. religrio . . . mea, ^ I, sworn to do justice ’ ; abstract for concrete.

inprudens : semi-participial.

9. opus : what you produce, namely, honey and comb.

II. horum: antecedent to =

14. For the distiiiction between quis and qui interrogative, see on III. vii. 9. .

17. pactam . . . fidem means their bargain, which can only be an undertaking to submit to the umpire’s decision. It is ciear enough that the fuci intended are those who made a false claim to the credit of Phaedrus’ work. But we do not know in what sense such persons, whoever they were, consented to refer the question to an umpire.

XIV.

1. puerorum in turba, Mn a crowd of noisy children.’ So turha in I. ii. 20 of the noisy frogs.

2. ludentem. . . nucibus. Various games were played with nuts, one of which, played also with coins and other smaU objects, is called par inpar ludere^ or the game of ‘ odd and even.^ One player guesses how many are concealed in the other playeFs hand.

3. simul = simul ac and governs sensit

4. ‘Ready to laugh at others, but not so ready to be mocked himself.’ For derisor in apposition to senex, see note on I. Prol. I. auctor.

6. sapiens : vocative.

9. victor sophus : like derisor . . . senex above.

XVIII.

1. lunonem, his patron. The peacock is Juno’s bird.

2. luscinii. The fem. form luscinia is the usual one. tribuerit : subj. because quod gives the assigned reason.

3. illum esse : dropping into Oratio Obliqua, since indigne ferens is equivalent to a verb of saying.

6. vincis: not intransitive : an object is easily supplied. Cp. III. vii. 3, note. Observe ^ chiasmus ’ again.

8. pictis, ‘enamelled’: gemmeam, ‘ full of jewelled eyes.’

9. quo mi . . . mutam speciem. Some verb is understood, so as to introduce the accusative, probably dedisti. The con- struction is well established^ though in several of the well*

NOTES. BOOK III, xm-IV, n 8r

known instances an ablative, which is also admissible, is now substituted by the commentators. q.uo = to what end? nii for mihi,

10. partes, usually explained as a stage metaphor : but the simple meaning, ‘shares^’ is sufficient, and harmonizes best vvith dotibus.

11. Notice a more sustained ^chiasmus.’ With forma &c, supply the necessary verb from datae sunt

12. In augury the corvus is fortunate on the right, on the left the cornix. But to the Komans the left is the lucky side in augury, a fact usually explained by saying that their augurs turn towards the South, and therefore have the region of the rising sun on that side. Therefore the cornix is in a sense the lucky bird, since it is lucky when seen in the usual place of lucky omens : the corvus is in a sense un- lucky, because it is so, when seen in the place assigned to lucky omens.

15. recidat is a better spelling than reccidat In the pre- sent stem the prefix is simply re-, which the poets lengthen at times in the emphatic syllable of the foot.

BOOK IV.

I.

4. Galli. See Vocabulary of Proper Names. quaestus. For the plural see on I. i. 8 haustus,

7. tympana : for the worship of Cybele.

8. delicio : instrumental ablative. Delicium, delicius, and delicia are all found : but the plural deliciae is most usual.

IO. securum fore, ‘ would have nothing to fear.’ See on I. ix. 9.

II.

2. veloces, ‘nimble.’

5. ‘ Met with her death-squeeze.*

6. et, also.

7. aliquot secutis, ^when several had followed.'

IO. sic . . . ut . . . es, ‘ so truly as thou art.’ The good wish is made to depend upon the genuineness of the appearance. I give you good wishes, but only upon condition that you

PHAED. SEL.

G

82

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

are what you seem : otberwise my wishes are not good. Since the mouse sees through the trick, tliis is equi valent to a curse.

Compare carefully ut non sim^ III. vii. 27, marking tlie different force of the subjunctive and the indicative, valeas, ^ fare thee well."

III.

I. fame : 5th declension form. Cp. plebes IV. vi. 13.

5. The order is (ii) qui elevant verbis (ea) quae non possunt facere.

6. debebunt, ^ it will be their duty.’ exemplum, ^ as an example.’

IV.

1. quo. The antecedent is vadum. The subject to turbavit is aper.

2. dum . . . volutat. For dum vvith a present tense, where the main verb is past, cp. I. xxiv. 10, note. The subject of turbavit is aper.

3. sonipes : see Appendix B.

5. redit : perfect.

6. locutus: supply esse, ^he is said to have spoken thus.’ 13. laedi, dedi: usually taken after admonebit in the sense of

ut laedamur^ ut dedamur. If however admonebit has its regula r construction, we translate Hhat to be injured without reprisal is better than to place oneself in another’s power.’

VI.

2. et in tabernis, ^ even in the taverns,’ where only sub- jects of a kind to suit the popular taste would find a place. These would be of two kinds, the gross, and those which depicted some familia r story. Both are to be found at this inornent on the walls of a tavern at Pompeii, preserved intact from the very days of Phaedrus.

5. cornua. Reichers investigations seem toshow that the Homerie heroes, in the helmet they wore, might be said to ‘ bind horns to their brows/ as the mice do in this Fable.

7. haberent. The subject is milites.

9, lo. Mock-tragic. ‘ Of these did the victor with devour-

NOTES. BOOK IV, n-xix 83

ing fang make sacrifice, and in the liellisli cavem of wide- opening mavv engulfed them/

12. magnitudo principum : another of tlie cases treated in Appendix A.

13. plebes: 5th declension. Cp. /ame IV. iii. i.

YIIL

1. mordaciorem, ‘a better biter.’

4. siqna res esset cibo, ‘ to see if there was anytliing to eat,' with tlie hope tliat there might be something. This use of si should be carefully distinguished froin true con- ditionals. ciho : dat. of purpose.

IX.

3. inscia: througli not knowing the ground : empntdms would have been through lack of precaution.

4. altiore, ^ which was higher (than herself).'

IO. barbatus : see Appendix B. Here perhaps the opithet suggests old-fashioned simplicity. The Romans ceased to wear the beard for three centuries b.c., and Juvenal remarks (4. 103) facile est larbato imponere regi^ ‘ it is easy to impose upon a bearded king.’

vulpecula, ^ the nimble-witted fox.’

X.

This Fable is referred to by several other writei^s. Of these Persius has either received a slightly different version, or else he corrects an inconsistency in this : for he allows one wallet only, which each nian carries on his back, con- taining his own faults. It is obvious that the same faults cannot be in two places at once.

XIX.

2. sustulit. The rnan treats the viper like a child. A new- born Roman child is laid at the father’s feet, who by taking it up acknowledges the habe as his own, jfor which tollere is the term used.

3. sinu, ‘ in his bosom ’ : but the abi. is instruinental,

4. refecta est, ^revived.’

5. banc, ‘ her.’

6. inprobis. llow to be distinguished from malis^ Consuit the vocabulary, and the note on I. viii. i.

G 2

84

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

BOOK V.

PROLOGUE.

2. iam pridem : for instance in the Prologues to Books I, II, III, and the Epilogue to Book II, ali probably belonging to our writer’s earlier life, though not to the same period of it. See Introduction, § i.

3. auctoritatis g‘ratia, ^ for the sake of a great name.

5. operibus : dative.

8, 9. ‘ So triie it is that carping envy shows far more favour to a counterfeit antiquity than to good work of the present day.*

II.

6. cedo : see Vocabulary.

7. quos, ‘ what manner of men,’ from the interrogative qui.

8. vellem adiuvisses, ‘ I could wish you had helped.* Tlie imperfect implies that the thing wished is not realized, the pluperfect that the opportunity is now past.

saltem with istis verbis ; modo, ^ a little while ago.*

9. vera existimans : ‘ because I though t them true,* vera being a predicate.

10. conde bears a somewhat different sense with ferrum and with Unguamyhj a common figure GSiWQdi zeugma, or yoking. The two objects are as two animals, united by one yoke, the verb. ^ Now stow away your tongue and sword — the one as useless as the other.’

11. ig*norantes. The idea is the same as that of I. xi. 14, and I. xiv. 2.

12. quantis fugias viribus ; ironical, ‘ what mettle you show in running away.*

13. quam : of degree ; for credendum is equiva^ent in sense to an adjective, ^how impossible it is to believe in your valour.*

15. secunda : originally the present participle of sequor, so that re secunda makes an ablative absolute (cp. secundo Jlumine^ vento secundo, Sfc.), and (re) dubia makes another.

fugax, ‘ (is) inclined to run away.* Words in -ax express tendency, and are derived from verbs.

Falstaff in Shakespeare*s Henry IV gives an instance of this kind of valour.

NOTES. BOOK V, n-v

85

V.

1. pravo favore, ‘through misguided entlmsiasm.

2. pro iudicio stant, ‘ stand up in defence of. . . erroris sui : an unusual genitive, similar to naturae in

1. 33. A descidptive genitive is of conrse common, but requires an adjective in agreement with the substantive placed in Ihe genitive : here there is none, as sui is merely a possessive pronoun. Most likely erroris is a genitive of origin, ‘the judgment which their error sanctions.’

3. ‘are diiven by visible fact to regret it.’

4 ludos. The public entertainments of which we read mo-st at Eome were officia!, and presided over by a magis- trale. But families and even individuals at times gave them, to celebrate a birth, a marriage, a funera!, or some other special occasion. These, !ike the officia! games, would be either in the circus or (as here) in the theatre.

6. quisque : anybody, not, as usua!, each person. Cp. III. vii. 23.

The order is ut quisque ostenderet {eam) novitatem quam qosset {ostendere^.

7. certamina : translatos the Greek a‘ywv€s,

12. turbam : a jostling multitudo, throng. Cp. I. ii. 20 ; III. xiv. I.

15. ipsa fecit, ‘ sufficed to procure.’

16. sinum: the folds palium above the breast. Cp.

the ‘ neuk ’ of a Highlander’s plaid.

1 7. sua : i . e. voce.

18. verum: i. q. porcellum.

19. s±mvi\^ simul ac.

21. plausu maximo, ‘with resounding applause.’ prosequuntur : viz. as he leaves the stage.

27. uterqne, ‘ the rivals.’

31. in = in the case of. latens, ^ undetected.’

32. vero : i. e. porcello, which is ‘ dat. of the person affected ’

33. cum, ‘ by means of,’ perhaps, more exactly, to the accompaniment of. [Caution. This is a rare usage, not found in good prose authors ; the invariable construction to be used by beginners is the ablative without a preposition.]

vocem naturae, ‘ tlie voice which nature gave.’

86

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

VI.

2. pilis : abi. of respect.

3. ‘So ho!’ he cried, Hialves in whatever pelf there is." lucri = gen. after quodcumque.

5. supexum = superorum,

6. carbonem. There is a Greek proverb avOpaKcs 6 Oriaavpos, meaning that a supposed treasure proved burning embers. In some parts of the Continent (for instance Westphalia), the peasantry stili believe that, in the darkness, tiny flames appear over a spot where treasure is concealed, and that the treasure, if dug up without proper incantations, turns to living embers in the hands of the finder.

7. A disappointed man, says Phaedrus, has nothing left him but to complain. . The remark seems pointless, unless it has some personal application ; — for instance to thecritics, who are much in the writer’s mind when he writes Book V. See Introduction, § i, p. 3.

X.

I. The order is cum canis fortis adversus omnes veloces feras semper satis fecisset domino.

3. annis ingravantibus, ^ as the years pressed heavy on him.’

4. pugnae, ^ warfare.’

5. cariosis dentibus : abi. of cause.

7. obinrgabat, ‘ was beginning to . . .’ The following ‘ but ’ is gathered from the relative cui.

Lacon: the dog’s name and description. See Vocabulary.

8. animus : supply meus.

IO. The poet clearly alludes to himself. Philetus is unknown.

The Shakespeare reader will recall Adam’s roply in As You Like It when his young master reviled him as ‘ Old dog ! " :

Adam. ‘Most true, I have lost my teeth in your Service.’

EXERCISES

I.

(See p. I, Fable I, 11. 7, 10 ; II, 1. ii.)

1. Six years ago we asked Jupiter for a king.

2. The frogs will ask for a king.

3. Two days ago a wolf and a lamb came to this river.

4. You asked for a man to write fables.

5. How can the king do this ?

6. How could the lamb do what the wolf complained of ?

7. We asked for a king to rule us.

8. He was born fourteen years ago.

9. How can we oppress the innocent ?

IO. How could you ask Jupiter for a king to rule you three years ago ?

II.

(See p. 14, No. V, 1. 6; p. 16, No. X, 11. 5 and 10 )

When the booty had been divided (ahl, ahs.) the lion spoke.

I.

88

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

2. When he had lost the food {the foocl having heen lost) the

dog wanted to snatch the booty from (his) friend.

3. I believe that he stole this.

4. We believe that we have lost what we sought.

5. He believes that there is a lion in the wood.

6. When the sparrow had been killed the hawk seized

another bird.

7. He says that he is not judge.

8. I believe you have lost what you sought.

9. They said that the hawk had seized a sparrow.

IO. The cow said that when the booty had been divided tlie lion took the first share.

III.

(See p. 18, No. XII, 11. 3, 4, 8.)

1. The stag had seen his image in the water.

2. The dogs began to fly over the plain.

3. He believes that the dogs have killed the stag.

4. Three days ago a stag was resting by this spring.

5. When he had drunk the water he began to tear-in-pieces

the dog.

6. When we had praised the stag’s horns, we began to

hunt.

7. The stags wanted to avoid the dogs.

8. When they had rested by the river, they began to run

across the plain.

9. You saw your image in the water.

IO. They said that they had seen a stag by the house.

EXERCISES

89

IV.

(See p. 20, No. XIV, 11. 7, 13 ; p. 21, No. XV, 11. 2, 9.)

1. He pretended to pour water.

2. We had ordered the man to drink water.

3. Having summoned a council, tlie king ordered the man

to come.

4. I know nothi ng except the man’s name.

5. What does it matter to you (sing.) whom you serve ?

6. What does this matter to us ?

7. I say that this does not (say not, use nego) matter

to me.

8. You ordered us to run-away.

9. The old men pretend that they have changed nothing

except their name.

IO. When the men have been summoned what does it matter to you who speaks first ?

V.

(See p. 24, No. XXII, 11. 4, 6, 8 ; No. XXIII, 11. 5-8.)

1. I am striving to do this for your sake.

2. He wishes to prevent {j)raecludo) you from doing this.

3. Take care {caveo) not to do this for my sake.

4. Do not give bread to a tliief

5. Do not say that.

6. He asked us not to go.

7. Do not ask him to come.

8. We wish to prevent you from going.

9. The dog took care that (his) master should not see.

IO. Do not prevent the dog from barking.

90

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

VI.

(See p. 26, No. XXV, 1. 4 ; p. 28, No. XXX, 1. 4.)

1. A crocodile seized the dog while-drinking.

2. The king asks you why you do this.

3. We saw a dog sitting by the river.

4. We asked the man why lie had seized the bull.

5. They gave hiin food while-he-ran {partic.),

6. The frogs watched the battle of the bulls.

7. They had seized the man while watching the battle.

8. We will ask him why he is watching us.

9 He gave the fox to the barking dogs.

10. I asked why he said this.

vn.

(See p. 30, No. I, 11. 6, 7 ; p 33, No. VI, 1. ii.)

T. When he saw the man he ran across the field.

2. There is no reason to fear.

3. When you saw the crocodile there was no reason to

fear.

4. He advised him to go.

5. We advised them to hide the tortoise in the house.

6. The traveller asked for a part of the booty.

7. They will advise the traveller to make-for {seek) the

w’^oods.

8. The travePers saw’ an eagle sitting on a rock.

9. The cow has carried off the booty after dividing the

skin {abi. abs.).

^o. You advised me to carry off the booty.

EXERCISES

91

VIII.

(See p. 36, Xo. V, 11. 2, 5 ; P- 37? No. VII, 1. i.)

1. Some one has hit master with a stone.

2. I can Show you where you can get the book from.

3. He explained how pleasant freedom was.

4. Do not ask who hit you with the stone.

5. I will Show you how short the fable is.

6. They will teli us where they come from,

7. The king asked who the man was.

8. Whom did you see sitting by the spring?

9. I ask whom you have seen sitting by the spring.

IO. They briefly explain how brave the guard is.

IX.

(See p. 42, Xo. I, 11. 6, 8, 9, ip ; p. 43, Xo. IV, 1. 2 )

1. The donkey died of the blows.

2. We asked what he had done.

3. We think that the horse died of (hard) work.

4. The king will die of the disease.

5. While we sought help, the enemy returned.

6. While the donkey was dying, the man returned.

7. I asked what the king had said.

8. While the weasel was running, the mouse threw-away

the food.

9. Do not ask what the king is doing.

IO. We think that the master will be safe.

92

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

X.

(See p. 44, No. VI, 1. 7 ; p. 46, No. IX, 11. 8-9. Words in italics to be rendered by relative and subjunctive.)

1. The soldiers ha ve a Standard to foUow.

2. We wish to have a king to follow.

3. Tlie water is so {ita) bad that we cannot drink it.

4. They have no water to drink.

5. The Standard was so small that the soldiers could not

see it.

6. They left the goat stuck {sticldng) in the well.

7. The serpent was so foolish that it bit a file !

8. The well is so deep that the goat cannot get-out.

9. I will give it a file to bite.

IO. Tlie book is so easy that he can understand it.

XI.

(See p. 48, No. I, 1. 2 ; p. 49, No. V, 1. 17 ; p. 51,

No. X, 1. IO.)

1. We have paid you all-that {ivliatever) we owed.

2. He said that he could imitate a pig.

3. I see why you have written this.

4. We know why you are carryiiig that pig.

5. He knows why you have not paid.

6. They do not see why the dog drops the prey,

7. We will pay the judge all that we owe.

8. We see why he has blamed the man.

9. The huntsman knows why the dog is beginning to

grow-feeble.

IO. I do not see why he raises applause.

EXERCISES

93

XII.

ReC APITUL A TORY.

1. He began to grow-feeble ten years ago.

2. I believe that a pig grunts when its ear is pulled

{abi. abs.).

3. When {cum) the stag was drinking, the huntsman was

Corning across tlie field.

4. What will it matter to me whom I serve ?

5. We ask why they said this.

6. The king advises you to go.

7. You hit a boy with a stone.

8. The boy will not die of the blow.

9. The soldiers will have a leader to follow.

IO. I have seen the king sitting by the river.

APPENDIX A.

The use of an abstract noun instead of the concrete is chamcter- istic of Phaedrus* style. The following list gives the more

striking cases ;

I. ii. 2 libertas.

,, licentia, i ii. i6 tua calamitas, iv. 5 aviditas.

V. I r inprobitas. viii. 8 colli longitudo, xiii. 12 corvi stupor.

II. i. 12 aviditas.

,, pudor.

II. iv. 26 credulitas.

V. 23 maiestas.

III. V. 9 audaciam,

xiii. 8 religio mea.

IV. vi. 12 magnitudo

principum.

V. Prol. 9 invidia.

APPENDIX B.

The following list of synonyms to avoicl rcpetition does not

aim at completeness. Most Appendix A might be added

I. i. 6 laniger.

xi. 6 auritulus.

xii. 9 ferum,

xvii. 8 bidens.

xxvi. 1 1 peregrinam volu- crem, xxxi. 5 raptor.

6 genus inerme.

II. i. 6 fero.

of the cases treated under to it.

II, vi. 5 cornea domo.

12 duram corticem.

viii. 14 ferus.

IV. iv. 2 sonipes.

5, fero.

ix. IO barbatus.

vulpecula.

V. X. 7 Lacon.

96 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS, APPENDIX

APPENDIX C.

Middle use of passive forms : I. ii. 4 conspiratis,

ii. 8 insuetis.

XX. 5 rupti,

xxi. 3 defectus,

xxiv. IO rupto.

I. XXV

III. vii.

IV. V.

vi.

L. 9 satiatur. 14 satiari.

13 dedi.

4 recepti.

VOCABULARY

The quantity is marked oniy when the syllable is long.

a or ab, prep. with abi., (i) from ; (2) by ; (3) in con- sequence of (III. vii. 16). abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, V. a., hide, withdraw. abeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, V. n. (ab + eo), go away, depart, make oti’, get off (1. viii. 3).

abicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, V, a. (ab + iacio), throw away ; abicere se, throw oneself down (IV. ii. 4). absolvo, -ere, -vi, -utum, V, a., acquit. abstuli, per/, of aufero, ac, conj.j and.

accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, V. n. (ad + cedo), (i) ap- proach, come up ; (2) be added.

accessus, -us, m., means of approach .

accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, V, a. (ad + capio), (i) receive, take ; (2) hear ; (3) regard. accipiter, -tris, m., hawk. accurro, -ere, -cucurri and

-curri, -cursum, i\ n. (ad + curro), run up. acer, -eris, -cre, adj., fierce. acerbus, -a, -um, adj., unripe, sour, disagreeable. ad, prep. with acc., to, at, by ; with a view to, in relation to.

adclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. n. (ad + clamo), call out at, call out.

adeo, adv., to such an extent, in very truth (with emphasis npon the word immediately preceding),

adeptus, 0/ adipiscor,

adfecto, -are, -avi, -atum, i\ a. (^freq, adficio), aspire after.

adfectus, -us, m., emotion. adfero, -ferre, attuli, adla- tum, V. a. (ad + fero), bring to.

adficio, -ere, -feci, -fecium, V'. a. (ad + facio), affect, visit with ; malo adficere, visit with punishment. adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atum.

PHAED. SEL.

H

11

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

V. CL (ad + firmo}, affirm, assert.

adflictus, part of adfligo. adfligo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, r. dash to tho ground, cast down.

adhuc, aclv,<, stili, adicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, a. (ad + iacio), add. adipiscor, -i, adeptus, v, a,, gain possession of. adiutor, -oris, m. (adiuvo), confederate.

adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iufcum,

V. CL (ad + iuvo), help. adlicio, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, r. a.j attract, encourage. admirabilis, -e, aclj., to be admired, admired. admiror, -ari, -a tu 3, v. a. anci n., (ad + miror), admire, marvel.

admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum,

V. a. (ad + moneo), put in mind of, instruet, warii. adnato, -are, -avi, -atum,

V, n. (ad -H nato), swim to, swim up.

adparatus, -us, m. (ad -l- paro), preparation, apparatus, adpeto, -ere, -petivi or -petii, -petitum, V. a, (ad-i-peto\ try to reach, try to gain, covet ; dente adpetere, bite at (IV. viii. i). adquiro, -ere, -sivi, -situm (ad + quaero), obtain, se- cure, gain.

adripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum,

V. a. (ad + rapio\ seize, fasten on ; sibi adripere, take to oneself. adseribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- tum, V, a. (ad -f- scribo), write upon, entitle, apply ^

to, appoint, enter (m ac> counts) against. adsequor, -i, -secutus, v. dep. a. (ad -1- sequor), follow so asto catch,catch, overtake, win.

adsigno, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a., (i) present, assign {from assigning land) ; (2) set down to (/rom keeping accounts),

adsilio, -ire, -silui, -sultum (ad + salio, leap), spring to. adsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -sue- tum, V. a. and n., (i) ac- custom (part, adsuefcus ; (2) become accustomed (per/, adsu^vi, IV. viii. 7}. adsuetus, part, o/adsuesco. adtendo = attendo, adtestor, -ari, -testatus, v. dep, a, (ad -}- testor), bear witness to. adtingo = attingo, advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, V. n. (ad + venio), arrive (esp, oftime).

adversus, prep, ivith acc.j against.

adversus, -a, -um, pa7i, of adverto, turned to, adverse, advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, V, CL. (ad + voco), call to, call in.

aedes, -is, /. (sing., temple), pl , house.

aegre, adv, (aeger), with difiiculty.

aeque, adv, (aequus), equally, in like manner. aequus, -a, -um, adj., even, equal for all, impartial, just ; aequus animus, con- tentment, resignation. Aesopus, -i, m., a Phrygian

VOCABULARY

slave, who lived about 570 B.C., under various Greek masters, till at last ladmon the Sami an set him free : composed animal stories, not at first reduced to writing. He is regarded as the Father of Fable. See further in the Intro- chiction, §§7 and 8. aestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.n.

(aestus), be hot. aetas, -atis, /., time of life, age.

aevum, -i, n., life. agnosco, -ere, agnovi, agni- tum, V, a. (ad + gnosco = nosco), (i) recognize ; (2) . recognize {that a thing is so . and so).

agnus, -i, m., lamb.

ago, -ere, egi, actum, v, a.

. and n., (i) bring, drive ; (2) do, effect, accomplish, as nihil agere, non multum agere ; agere gratias, ex- press thanks ; im.pers., agi- tur de, it is a question of ; imper.j age, come! aio, ais, ait, aiunt, v. n. and a., defective j say aye, affirm.

alacer, -eris, -cre, adj.j atten- tive, on the alert. alapa, -ae, /., buffet, slap, box on the ear. ales, -itis, adj. (ala), winged ; qiiasi-subs, , winged creature, bird, insect.

alienus, -a, -um, adj. (alius), belonging to another, other people’s.

aliquando, adv., at some time, once, sometimes, at length.

iii

aliquot, indecl. adj., several, some few, some. alius, -a, -ud, pron, and adj.j another, other ; followed by quam, other than ; alii . . . alii, some . . . others. alligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a, (ad + ligo), tie to, tie up. alter, -a, -um, pron. and adj., ono of two, the other of two, the second {in a series of more than two, IV. ii. 6). alticinctus, -a, -um, ad), (al- tus + cingo), high-girded, with the loins girt up. altus, -a, -um, adj., high ; in alta quercu, high in an oak.

alveolus, -i, m. {dim. of alveus), small vessel, tub, saucer.

alvus, -i, m., stomach ; pl., bee-hjve.

ambo, -ae, -o, num., both. amicus, -a, -um, adj. (amo), friendly ; suhs., friend. amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v.a. (a -i- mitto),throwaway, fail to win, lose. amo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., love.

amphora, -ae,/., wine-jar. an, conj., (i) whether {in single questions) ; (2) or {in second question of a pair, or any of several questions, the first excepted).

angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow, limited. anhelo, -are, -avi, -aturii, V. n., pant, be breathless. anima, -ae, /., soul, bouquet {ofwine),

animus, -i, m., mind, feeling, heart, desire, goodwilJ,

H 2

iv

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

disposition, temper, juclg- ment, attention ; pZ., ani- mi, feelings.

animadverto, -ere, -ti, -sum, v.a. (animus + adverto), pay attention to, observe. annus, -i, w., year ;

age.

anus, -i, /., old woman. ante, prep. with acc., and adv.j before ; adv., sometimes followed hy quam, as if com- parative (cf. alius), earlier ; hence ante . . . quam {Hke a conjunctiori) ere, before. antehac (clissyllahie), adi\j formerly.

antidotum, -i, n., (dPTi +

biScoyi), a thing given to counteract, antidote, aper, -pri, m., wild boar. apertus, -a, -um, adj. {part. of aperio), visible, evident, unmistakable. apis, or-es, -is,/., bee. appareo, -ere, -ui, -itum., V. n. (ad -1- pareo), become evident.

aqua, -ae, /., water. aquila, -ae,/., eagle. ara, -ae, /, altar, araneum, -i, n. (aranea, spider;, spiders web. arbitrium, -i, n, (arbiter), jiidgment, award. arbor, -oris,/., tree. arcus, -us, m., bow. ardelio, -onis, m. (ardeo), a busybody, one wlio burns with zeal.

ardeo, -ere, -si, -sum, v, w., burn, be alight. argentum, -i, n., sil ver ;

hence artistic work in silver, piate.

argumentum, -i, n, (arguo) ^ (i) proof ; (2) moral (0/

faUe) ; (3) fable. arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, r. a., accuse.

ars, -tis, /., art, skill ; aU., arte, skillully ; pl., Artes, the Muses.

artifex, -icis, m, (ars + facio), producer, artist ; artifex laudis, notoriety-hunter. artus, -us, m., a limb. artus (sometimes written arc- tus), -a, -um, adj.y narrow. arx, -cis,/., citadel. as, assis, m., small coin, in vahie between a farthing and a halfpenny.

asellus, -i,?7i. (clhn, o/asinus), (i) a young ass ; (2) a miserable ass ; (3) an ass. asinus, -i, m., an ass. asper, -a, -um, adj., rough, Sharp, hard, formidable, difficult.

assero, -ere, -ui, -tum, t\ assert.

astrum, -i, n., star ; pL,

heaven.

at or ast, conj., but, on the other hand, contrary to expectation.

Athenae, -arum, /., the city of Athens, was in early times governed by the family of Cecropidae, after- wards by tbat of Codrus. In the eighth century B.c. an oppressive olig- archy had obtained sway. About 594 Solon brought in a republican constitu- tion, which for a time so mended matteis that it could be referred to (I. ii. i)

VOCABULARY

V

as a state of ^cqual laws.’ But much misery arose from continua! party quar- rels : in 560 Pisistratus seized tlie Acropdlis, or citadel-liiil of Athens, and became tyrant. Theresults of bis government were favourable on tlie whole, yet the people were ne ver contented, and the repub- lic Avas restored in b.c.

511-

atque, conj.^ (i) and (?nore cmphatic than et) ; (2) forth- with ; (3) and j^et. atriensis, -e, aclj. (atrium), belonging to the hall ; as suhs., Avaiter in the hall. attempto, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (ad + tempto), make trial of ; hence attack. attendo, -ere, -i, -tum, v. a. (ad + tendo), bend (the minei) to ; hence attend. Attici, -orum, w., the in- habitants of Attica, or of its capital Athens (I. ii. 6). attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, r. a, (ad -h tango), get hold of, reach, attain. auctor, -ris, m., maker, in- ventor, author. auctoritas, -atis,/. , influence, prestige, weight. audacia, -ae,/. (audax), pre- sumption.

audacter, aclv, (audax), boldly.

audeo, -ere, ausus, v, w., dare, be bold, presume. audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. a., hear, listen to. aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ab- latum, V. a, (au = ab + fero),

carry away, carry off, re- move, Avithhold (I. vii. 4). augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, V. a.y increase.

augurium, -i, n. (augur), power of augury. aura, -ae, /., breeze ; pl.j the air, popular applause, auris, -is,/., an ear,attenticn, a hearing (esp. inphircd). auritulus, -i, m. (diin, cf auritus, from auris), the little creature with the ears.

aut, conj,j either, or ; aut . . ., aut . . ., either . . ., or . . . autem, conj,, but, whilst (weaker than sed or at), now (at the heginnmg of an ex- planat ion),

auxilium, -i, n., help, relief. aviditas, -atis, /. (avidus), greed.

avidus, -a, -um, aclj, (aveo), greedy, hungry. avis, -is,/., a bird.

baiulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (baiulus, a porter), carry (0/ a heavy hurclen). barbatus, -a, -um, adj, (barba), bearded ; as a suhs., the bearded one, for he-goat

beneficium, -i, n. (bene + facio), favour, benefit, benficium := beneficium, benignitas, -atis, /. (be- nignus), kindness. bestia, -ae, /., brute, beast, animal.

bibo, -ere, bibi, v, a., drink. bilinguis, -e, adj. (bis -j- lingua), double - tongued, deceiving.

\1

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

binus, -a, -iim, num. aclj., (i) two apiece ; (2) with worcls having no singular, two.

bis, num. aclv., twice, doubly.

bonitas, -atis, /. (bonus}, excellence.

bonus, -a, -um, adj., good ; quasi-subs., bonus, a good imm ; neut, bonum, good thing, good, good stuff, good fortune, blessing, &c.

b5s, bovis, m. and /., bull, ox, cow.

bovile, -is, n. (bos), cattle- stall.

brevis, -e, adj.j short, fleet- ing ; abi., brevi, briefly.

brevitas, -atis,/., brevity.

breviter, adv. (brevis), shortly.

bubulcus, -i, m, (bos), neat- lierd.

caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind, lieadlong.

caedes, -is, /., beating, kill- ing, fighting, violence, bloodshed, blood.

Caesar Tiberius (more fully Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar}, Emperor of Rome, A.D. 14-37, never lived in the capital after 26 a.d., but retired first to Cam- pania, and lived upon the bay of Naples, then in the island of Capreae, now Ca- pri. He ultimately died in his villa at Misenum. Many dark stories circu- lated about the vices of his retirement : it is certain that at ali periods of his life he had a gift of bitter

speech and a deep insight into human nature (II. v). calamitas, -atis, /., disaster, misfortune.

calceo, -are, -avi,-atum, v. a. (calceus), furnish with shoes.

callidus, -a, -um, adj. (calleo), shrewd, crafty. calumniator, -oris, m. (calumnior), (i) person who makes a false claim ; (2) person who brings a false charge, false accuser, calumnior, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a. (calumnia), (i) make a false claim ; (2) bring a false charge, critici ze captiously, find unfair fault with, cavil at. calvus, -a, -um, adj., bald ;

subs., calvus, a bald man. calx, -cis,/., heel. camara, -ae, /., vaulted ceil- ing.

campus, -i, m., plain. canis, -is, m. and /, dog. cantus, -us, m. (cano), sing- ing, music.

capax, -acis, adj. (capio), capacious.

capella, -ae, /. (dim., caper)^ she-goat.

capillus, -i, m., a hair. capio, -ere, cepi, captum, V. a., take, capture, receive, enjoy, captivate, charm, enthral, deceive. caput, -itis, n.j (i) head ; (2) life.

carbo, -onis, m., charcoal (dead or burning). careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n., not ha ve, lack, do withr out.

VOCABULARY

cariosus, -a, -um, adj, (caries, dry rottenness), rotten, decayed.

caro, -nis, /., flesh, piece of meat.

carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, v. a., gather, culi, enjoy, carp at.

caseus, -i, m., cheese, a

cheese.

casus, -us, m. (cado'^, fall, hence (i) chance ; (2) mis- chance, misfortune. catena, -ae, /., chain. catulus, -i, m. (i) young of dog, puppy ; (2) young of wild animals, whelps, &c. cauda, -ae, /., tail. causa, -ae, /., cause, renson, explanation, pretext, mo- ti ve ; aU.j causa mea, tua, &c., for my, your sake, &c.

cautus, -a, -um, adj, (caveo), wary.

caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, V, n.y take precautions ; with dat., take precautions for, take thought for. caverna, -ae, /. (cavus), a hollow (as in a tree). cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow ; subs., cavum, also cavus, a hole.

cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, v.n., yield.

cedo, old im^ierative, give me, let me have (V. ii. 6). celeritas, -atis, /. (celer), swiftness, speed. celeriter, adv. (celer), swiftly. celo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. «., conceal, hide, secrete, celsus, -a, -um, adj., lofty, uptossed, haughty.

vii

cena, -ae, /., dinner, supper, censor, -oris, m. (censeo), an officer at Rome icho Jiad to judge the property and morals of dtizens, censor ; hemo stern critic.

centum, nnm. adj. indecl., a hundred.

cera, -ae,/., wax; pl., honey^ comb.

cerebrum, -i, n., brain. cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, V. a., see clearly, see through.

certamen, -inis, n. (certo), contest.

certatim, adv. (certo), emu- lously, in rivalry, eagerl}'. certe, adv. (certus), assuredly, at least.

certo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n., strive, contend. certus, -a, -um, adj., assured, certain, fixed, stipulated. cervus, -i, m., stag. cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n^ (freq., cedo), linger, make holiday.

cibus, -i, m., food, meat, ciconia, -ae, /., stork. cieo, -ere, civi, citum, v. a., call up, utter.

cinis, -eris, in., ashes ; hence a dead person. circum, prep. with acc., round, round about, in the neigh- bourhood of ; also adv., about.

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, V, a. (circum -f do), (1) put round; (2) sur- round.

cirrus, -i, m , curi ; pl., fringe (II. v. 13). citius, cowp. of cito, adv.

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

viii

cito, -are, -avi, -atam, v. a, (cieo), cause to move quickly ; hence summon into court, call.

cito, adv. (citus, sivifi), soon ; comp.y citius, more quickly.

civis, -is, m., Citizen, fellow- citizen.

civitas, -atis, /. (civis), (i) body of citizens, popula- tion ; (2) the citizens as a hody poUtiCj tlie state, corn- munity.

clamito, -are, -avi, -atum, V. n. {freq., clamo), ciy out.

clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. w., make a loud noise, cry out.

clamor, -oris, m., crying out, uproar, shout, braying or roaring of an anmial ; pl, applause.

claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, V. a., shut, imprison.

clitellae, -arum, /., pack- saddle, pair of panniers.

coepi, -isse, coeptum (present tense coepio not in best aiithors), v. n., begin.

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a, (co + agito), think, think out, think to.

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, V. a. (co + ago), drive to- gether, drive liard, compel ; coactus fame, hard pressed by hunger.

collum, -i, n.j neck, of mulej withers.

color, -oris, m., colour,

colouring.

colubra, -ae, /., female

snake, snake.

columba, -ae./., dove, pigeon.

comedo, -ere, -edi, -esum or -estum, V. a, (con + edo), eat up (contr. infin., comesse, I. xiii. 4, I. XX. 4). comes, -itis, m. and /. (con-f eo), companion, comrade, fellow.

comis, -e, adj ^ gentle, kind, attentive.

comminuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, t?. a, (con+ minuo), break in pieces, fracture, committo, -ere, -misi, -mis- sum, V, a. (con + mitto), place somewliere ; hence trust, entrust {dat ofperson to whom).

commodo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (commodus, suitable\ cause to fit, lend for con- venience, lend. communis, -e, adj,, common to, shared by, shared with; subs., commune, common property ; in commune, for common use, halves ! (V. ■yi- 3)-

commuto, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (con + muto), com- pletely change, change. compello, ^ere, -puli, -pul- sum, V. a. (con + pello), drive together, drive hard, compel {(f. cogo). comperio,-Ire,-peri, -perturn, V. a,, discover.

compesco, -ere, -iii, v. a. (con -I- pasco), confine, re- strain.

compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, i\ a., completely fili, fili, comprendo, -ere, -di, -sum, V, a. (con + prehendo), ap- prehend, seize. comprimo, -ere, -pressi,

VOCABULARY

IX

^ -pressum, v. a. (con + premo), squeeze hard. concinno, -are, -avi, -atum, i\ a. j arrange so as to work in harmony, organize, con- trive.

concito, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (freq. concieo), rouse, violently stir.

concurro, -ere, concurri, concursum, v, n. (con + curro), run together. concurso, -are, -avi, -atum, V. n. {freq. concurro), run hither and thither, run about.

ccn dicio, -onis, /. (con -f- dico), terms o/ a hargain, terms of any settlement or appointmenty con di t ion s. conditio = condicio, condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, V. a. (con + do, put), ( i) put together, hence build up, found ; (2) put anywhere, hence hide, stow^, put aw^ay, put up.

conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, V. a. (con + facio), finish, exhaust ; macie confectus, starved (III. vii. 2). confiteor, -eri, -fessus, v. dep. a. (con + fateor),completely acknowledge, confess. confodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossum, V. a. (con + fodio), dig hard into, gore.

congero,-ere, -gessi, -gestum, V. a. (con + gero), gather into a heap, store up, bring together, shower {of blows\ (IV. i. II).

conm- and conp-. See comm- and comp-.

conrodo, -ere, -rosi, -rosum,

V. a. (con -h rodo), eat away, wear away.

consiliator, -oris, m. (con- silium), adviser.

consilium, -i, n., counsel, plan.

conspectus, -us, m. (con- spicio), siglit, view, pre- sence.

conspergo, -ere, -spersi, -spersum, v, a. (con + spargo), besprinkle.

conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, V, a., behold, espy.

conspicor, -ari, -atus, v, dep, a., catch sight of, descry,

conspicuus, -a, -um, adj, (conspicio), easily seen, conspicuous.

conspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, V. n, (con + spiro), plot, conspire, unite ; con- spiratus, having conspired

(I. ii. 4\

constans, -tis, adj. (con + stans), of good courage, in good heart.

contego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, V. a. (con + tego), cover up, conceal.

contemno, -ere, -mpsi,-ptum, V. a. (con + temno), despise, scorn, turn a deaf ear to.

contendo, -ere, -di, -tum, V. a. and n. (con + tendo), (i) debate ; (2) maintain, claim.

contentus, -a, -um, adj. (properJy par#, of contineo), restraining oneself ; hence contented {takes aU.).

conterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, V. a. (con + terreo), stai tle, terrify.

X

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

contineo, -ere, -ni, -tentum, V. a. (con + teneo), restrain, limit, curb, confine, con- tain.

contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, V. a. and n. (con + tango),

(1) at t a in an object of desire ;

(2) of good fortune, happen. contio, -onis, /. (co + ventio^

meeting of the people. contra, adv., on the other hand, in resistance, on the other side, in answer (the verh of speaking often unex- pressef) ; as prep. with acc.^ against ; contra se, against one’s own interest (IV. xix. 3).

contubernium, -i, (taberna, tent) tent-companionship, hence fellowship, associa- tion in ahode.

contumax, -acis, adj., stub- born.

contumelia, -ae, /., insuit, rebuft*, personal affront. convenio,-ire, -veni, -ventum, V. n. (con + venio), suit, befit, be suited to. conviva, -ae, m. andf. (vivo), giiest.

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, V, a. (con -h voco), call to- gether.

copiosus, -a, -um, adj. (copia), (i) plentiful ; (2) spacious. coram, prep. with abJ., in the presence of.

corcodilus, -i, w., a croco- dile.

corium, -i, n., hide. corneus, -a, -um, adj. (cornu), of horn, horny. cornix, -icis,/., crow. cornu, -us, n., horn, antler.

corpus, -oris, n., body; hence stature, comeliness, flesli (III. Yii. 5).

corripio,-ere,-ripui, -reptum, v.~ a. (con -r rapio), seize. corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -rup- tum, V. a. (con + rumpo)^ break up ; hence spoil, cor- rupt, shame ; corruptus {of cattle), out of condition. cortex, -icis, /. in Phaedrus, rind ; hence shell of tortoise. corvus, -i, m., raven. cotidie, adv., every day. credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, V. a.j (i) put trust in, be- lieve a person {with dat.) ;

(2) en trust {with acc. of thing and dat. of person) ;

(3) believe {with acc. and inf). .

credulitas, -atis, /. (credul us), credulity.

crepusculum, -i, ??., dusk. crimen, -inis, w., a charge, accusation, wickedness, misdeed.

crudelis, -e, «d/, cruel, ty- rannical.

eruor, -oris, m., blood, esp. icheyi shed.

crus, cruris, n , leg, shank. crux, crucis, /., cross, cruci- fixion, the gallows. cubile, -is, n. (cubo), lair, hole of a wild animal. culpa, -ae, /., fault, esp. of omission, short-coming, weakness.

cultrix, -icis,/, (colo), female inhabitant.

cum, prep. with abl.y with, together with, in common with, to the accompani- ment of (V. v. 33).

VOCABULARY

XI

cum, conj.^ xisually imth subj., when, because, although. cunctus, -a, -um, adj. (co + iunctus), all together, ali without distinction ; pl., cuncti, everybody, all the World.

cupidus, -a, -um, adj, (cupio), desirous (fakes gen. of ohject), cupio, -ere, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, V. a., desire. cur, adv.^ why. cura, -ae, /., (i) thouglit,

care ; (2) literary labour, art ; (3) tendance (II. ii. 8).

curo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., take care {followed by dlrect siibj.j V. ii. 6).

curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, V. n.j run, trot. cursus, -us, m. (curro), run- ning, gallop, speed, voyage. custos, -odis, w , a watcher. cutis, -is, /., skin Qiuman or other).

Cybebe or Cybele, -ae, /., wife of Cronos, and mother of Zeus and the Olympian gods, was a goddess of tlie powers of nature, to whom the pine-tree 'svas sacred, as well as the vine. Her worship was wild and en- thusiastic, with its chief Seat in Galatia, in Asia Minor ; her priests were the Galli (IV. i. 4).

damno, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a.y condemn, blame. damnum, -i, n., loss, injury;

abi., damno, at the cost of. [daps], -is, /., feast.

de, pre]?. vnth abi., concern- ing, about, for, from, out of.

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, r. a., owe, ought, must ; pass., be due, be in store for. debilis, -e, adj. (de + liabilis), unfit ; hence feeble, weak. decem, num. adj. indecL, ten. decido, -ere, -eidi, v. n. (de + cado), fall down, fall from.

decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, V. a. (de -h capio), take in, outwit.

declaro, -afe, -avi, -atum^ V. a. (clarus), make ciear, show.

decor, -oris, m., grace. decurro, -ere, decucurri and decurri, decursum, v. n, and a. (de + curro\ (i) run down ; (2) run through to , the end, spend to the last^ run all the way to a destina- tion.

dedecus, -oris, n. (de + decus),

. discredit, reproach, dis- honour.

deduco, -ere, -duxi, -duc- tum, V. a. (de + duco), bring to a destination ; (of a road), bring out ; bring into

{court).

deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, V. n. and a. (de + facio^y

(1) fail ; defectus, inmiddle sense, failing ; pilis defectus, short of hair (Y. vi. 2) ;

(2) fail a persoyi, prove in- sufficient for (V. v. 12 \

d ego, -ere, degi, v. a. (de + ago), of Ume, spend. degrunnio, -ire, v, n. . (de + grunnio), grunt hard.

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

xii

d^n, atU,^ theii, straight- way, next.

d^nde, adv. , and then, next, secondly.

deicio, -ere, deieci, deiec- tum, V. a,' (de + iacio), bring down (o/ game). delicium, -i, n., pet, dar- ling.

delinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum, V. n. (de + linquo), be in default.

delirus, -a, -um, adj. (lira), out of tlie furrow ; Jience lunatic.

deludo, -ere, -lusi, -lusum, V. a. (de + ludo), mock, de- ceive, disappoint. demens, -tis, adj, (de + mens), out of one’s mind, foolish, shortsighted. ' dementia, -ae, /. (demens), folly, madness. demitto, -ere, -misi, missum, V. a. (^de + mitto), lean down.

demum, adv., at last. dens, -tis, m., tooth, fang, tusk.

dependeo, -ere, ?>. n. (de + pendeo), liang down. deperditus, -a, -um, adj. {part. of deperdo), ruined, lost ; deperditus inopia, sunk in poverty. deploro, -are, -avi, «atum, V. a. (de + ploro), lament, weep over i

deprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- sum, V. a. (de + premo), press down, weigli down, sink.

depugno, -are, -avi, -atum, V. n. (de + pugno), fight to the end, bear tlie brunt.

derepo, -ere, -repsi, v. n. (de + repo), creep down, steal down.

derideo, -ere, -risi, -risum, V. a. and n. (de + rideo), (i) laugli at, Iciugh to scorn, hold up to ridicule, deride ; (2) jeer.

derisor, -oris, m. (derideo), one who derides, scoffer.

derisus, -us, m. (derideo), mockery, ridicule.

descendo, -ere, -di, -sum, V. n. (do + scando), come down.

describo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- tum, V. a. (do + scribo), mark out for recognition, describe.

desero, -ere, -ui, -tum, v. a., forsake, abandon, turn one’s back on.

desideo, -ere, -sedi, v. n. (de + sedeo), continue sit- ting, sit idle.

desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a.j feel want of, miss, desire vainly, expect to get, look for.

despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- tum, V. a., look down on, despise.

destituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, V. a. (de + statuo), leave in the lurch, fail.

destringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strictum, v. a. (de + stringo), draw away, draw back.

desum, -esse, -fui, v, n. (de -1- sum), be absent, wanting, short, fail to appear.

detraho, -ere, -traxi, -trac- tum, V. a. (de + traho), draw off, drag olf.

VOCABULARY

detritus, -a, -um, adj, {part o/ detero), rubbed smooth. deus, -i, m. , a god ; contr. pl.

forms^ di, deum, dis. devenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- tum, r. n, (de + venio), come down, come to a place.

devoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a, (de + voco'), call out of the way, lead astray, allure, entice.

devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, a. (de + voro), eat up, swallow, devour. dexter, -a, -um, aUo dextra, dextrum, adj.^ right, as op- posed to left.

dextera, -ae, /., the right hand, as denoiing gallantry. dico, -ere, -xi, -ctum, v. a., teli, say, affirm, call, ap- point, decide ; hora dicta, the appointed hour. dies, -ei, m. and /, day, date, as of payment (I. xvi. 7) ; weather.

dignus, -a, -um, adj., de- serving (takes aU.), suit- able.

dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, V, a. (dis + mitto), let go from one, leave hold of, let slip, part from. discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, V. n, (dis + cedo), go away. disco, -ere, didici, v. a., learn ; wifh infin., learn to. dispergo, -ere, -spersi, -sper- sum, V. a, (dis + spargo), spread abroad.

dissideo, -ere, -sMi, -ses- sum, V. n. (dis + sedeo), disagree.

dissolvo, -ere, -vi, -utum,

xiii

r. a, (dis + solvo), unbind, slacken, scatter, break in pieces.

diu, adv., for a long time, long.

diutius, adv,j comp. of diu, longer, for some long time, diversus, -a, -um, adj, (di- verto), removed from, apart, ditferent. dives, -itis, ad/, rich ; sids., a rich man.

divido, -ere, -visi, -visum, v. a., divide, tear, set aside a share (II. vi. 15). do, dare, dedi, datum, v. a., give, offer, grant, assigii, put, place (IV. X. 2) ; dare leto, put to death. docilis, -is, adj. (doceo), apt to learn, patient, documentum, -i, n. (doceo), proof, illustration. doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, r. n., feel or suffer pain, smart, be angry, annoyed, grieved. dolor, -oris, m., pain ; hence the smart of misfortune or grief.

dolosus, -a, -um, adj, (dolus), crafty, wily, guileful. dolus, -i, m., guile. domesticus, -a, -um, adj. (domus), belonging to the house, personal, private, dominus, -i, m., master,

owner.

domus, -us, /., house, abode, horne ; acc., domum, afier verb ofmotion, to one’s horne, horne.

dduatio, -onis,/. (dono),gift. dorsum, -i, n., back. dos, dotis, /., marriager portion ; hence gift, endow-

x\v

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

ment, quality, advant- age.

dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n. (dubius), be in doubt, hesitate {icith infin.'). dubius, -a, -um, aclj., doubt- ful ; re dubia, wlien tliings are undecided (V. ii. 15); in dubium venire, come into question (III. xiii. 7). duco, -ere, -xi, -etum, v. a., lead, bring; ad derisum ducere, bring into ridicule; bring to a place, as horne ; ducere uxorem, marry (pf . the man) ; ducere aevum, spend one’s days. dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant ; hence preclous,

• seductive, loving ; of ivater^ sweet, good to drink. dum, conj.j while, whilst, in the process of, in the attempt to {iisually with pres. indic., lut see I. iv. 2, note) ; dummodo, if only, provided that {luith subj.). duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two.

duplex, -icis, adj. (duo + plico, fold), double, two-fold. durus, -a, -um, adj., hard, tough, solid, cruel, stern. dux, ducis, m. and /., leader ivar, commandor, the emperor.

e, ex, prep. ivith abi, out of, of, from, by consideration of (III. xiii. to). ebibo, -ere, ebibi, ebibitum, V. a. (e + bibo), drink off, drain.

ecce, inierj. or dem. adv., be- hold !

edo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. a.

(e + do), utter, say. effectus, -us, m. (efficio), working out, performance, success.

effi.eio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,

. V, a. (ex + facio), make to be, make.

effigies, -ei, /., figure, image. effugio, -ere, -fugi, v, a. and n. (ex + fugio), escape from, get safe away.

effugium, -i, n. (fugio), means of escape, escape. ego, mbi, pron. istpers., I. egregius, -a, -um, adj. (grex), out of the common herd, ex- cellent.

elegantia, -ae, /. (elegans), grace, refinement, ele- gance.

elevo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (e + levo), raise up, hence lighten, hence make liglit of, dispara ge.

eludo, -ere, -lusi, -lusum, V. a., cheat, evade, outdo, outstrip.

emendo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (menda, fault), ciear of faults, correct, amend, improve.

emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, V. a. (e + mitto), let go, drop.

en, inter j., lo! behold ! {may be followed by accusative). enim, (i) conj., for ; (2) adv., indeed ; neque enim, for . . . not, nor indeed. enimvero, strengthened form of enim (2), assuredly, I warrant (II. v. 21). epotus, -a, -um,parf. 0/ epoto, drunk empty.

VOCABULARY

XV

eques, -itis, m. (equus), horseman, knight. equidem, adv.^ indeed ; ivith special applicatiori io ist per s.^ I indeed.

equus, -i, m., horse. erg5, adv., therefore, then. eripio, -ere, -ui, ereptum, V, a. (e + rapio), tear away, take away, snatch from, rescue, delirer, error, -oris, m., wandering, hence error, mistake. erumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, V. n. (e + rumpo), break cover {of gam e). esca, -ae, /. (edo), food, a morsel of food. esurio, -ire, -Itum, v.n. {desid.y edo), be liungry. et, (i) ionj., and, et . . . et . . ., both . . ., and . . . ; (2) adv., also (precedes the icord injlu- encecT).

etiam, conj. ayid adv., also, ' even {precedes the word injluenced) .

evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, V. n. (e + vado), get out. evagor, -ari, -atus, i\ dep. n.

(e + vagor), roam abroad. evello, -ere, -vulsi, -vulsum, V. a. (e + vello), pluck out.

eventus, -us, m. (evenio), issue, resuit.

everto, -ere, -ti, -sum, v. a. (e -H verto), overturn, root up, overthrow, destroy, ruin.

evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (e + voco) , call out, summon forth.

excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, V. a. (ex + capio), take from

another, take over, take up^ receive from danger, shelter.

excito, -are, -avi, -atum, i\ a. (ex -H cito), call out, call, summon, startle, put up (0/ game) ; stimulate, rouse (0/ emotion).

excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum (ex + quatio), sliake out, open out, search. exemplum, -i, n., example, procedent, warning ex- ample, instance, illustra- tive story, fable, moral. exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n, (ex-i-eo), go out. exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. <x., make active, bring into play, bring to bear. exercitus, -us, w., a drilled body of men, army. existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (ex + aestimo), tliink, deem, siippose. exitium, -i, n. (exeo), ruin, destruction, death. exitus, -us, m. (exeo), way out, exit.

exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, V, a, (ex -f- orno), furnish abundantly, fully provide, deck out, adorn, embellisb, trick out.

expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, V. a, (pes), remove obstacles from the feet, make easy, forward, explain. experior, -iri, -tus, i\ dep. experience, learn by ex- perience, test by experi- ence.

expers, -tis, adj. (ex -f pars), without part in, lacking {gen.follows).

xvi

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

expstOj -ere, -Ivi, -itum, v. a. (ex + peto), seek, make one’s object to.

explico, -are, -ui, -itum (also -avi, -atum), r. a, (ex -f- plico), urifold, open out, expand, expound, explain.

exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a., view, explore, sur- vey.

exprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- sum, V. a. (ex + premo), ex- tort, elicit.

exspectatio, -onis, /. (ex- specto), cxpectation, sus- pense.

exspiro, -are, -avi, -atum,r. n. (ex + spiro), breatlie one’s last.

extraho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, v. a. (ex + traho), draw forth, extract.

extremus, -a, -um, aclj. (sup. o/ exter), last.

extrico, -are, -avi, -atum,r. a. (tricae, perplexities), bring out of confusion, bring to perfection.

extundo, -ere, -tudi, -tusum, v.a. (extundo), beat through, batter in.

fabella, -ae, /. (d/m., fabula), short story, fable. faber, -bri, m., a ivorker in wood, stone^ metaly ctc., smith.

fabrico, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a, (faber), fashion. fabula, -ae, /. (for = speak), story, fable, legend. facile, adv, (facilis), at one’s ease.

facilis, -e, adj, (facio), easy.

easily secured, ready, com- fortable.

facinus, -oris, n, (facio), deed, esp. evil deed. facio, -ere, feci, factum, v. «.,

(1) make, build, construet ; facere corpus, make flesh ; facere lucrum, make profit ;

(2) do, perform ; facere medicinam, practise medi- cine or surgery ; facere satis (ivith dat.), satisfy ; facere viam, journey ; (3) cause to be ; facere moram, delay ; facere silentium, procure silence ; facere ludos, give games ; (with acc. of thing and abi. of person) do something w^ith a person.

factio, -onis, /. (facio), a number of persons acting together, political party, faction.

faex, faecis, /., lees of ivine. Falernus Ager, a district in the north of Campania, famous for its wine, which was among the finest pro- duced in Italy (III. i. 2). fallacia, -ae,/. (fallo), deceit- fulness, crafty trick. fallo, -ore, fefelli, falsum, V. a.j deceive, take in, play false ; pass., deceive one- self, be mista ken. falso, ady. (falsus), falsely. falsus, -a, -um, adj. (part, fallo), pretended, false, ftoa, -ae, /. (for = speak), report, reputation, fame, renown.

fames, -is,/., hunger ; ablative in Phaedrus and elseivherey fame.

VOCABULARY

XV ii

familia, -ae, /. (famulus, ser- vant), establishment of slaves, the slaves, the ser- va nts.

farina, -ae, /. (far), ground corn, meal, flour. fastidio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, V. a. (fastidium), dislike, not like.

Tata, -orum, n., are the Greek Moirae, or goddesses of fate, Clotho, the Spin- ner ; Lachesis^ the Dis- tributor ; and Atropos, the Undeviating. It was their business to see that each man received his proper destiny : even Jupiter can- not overrule their ordin- ances (III. xviii. lo). fatum, -i, n. (for = speak), the spoken word, fate, destiny, lot ; pLi destinies, fate, death.

faux, faucis, /., throat, hun- ger. {The singii/ar, though founcl in Phaedrus, is un- usual.)

faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, V. n., be favourable to, look kindly on, take the side of {with dat). favor, -oris, m, (faveo), partizanship. favus, -i, m , honeycomb. fax, facis, /., blazing faggot.

feles, -is, /., cat. femina, -ae, woman, female. fenestra, -ae, /., hole for ventilation, window. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a., (i) bring ; ferre auxilium, succour; (2) bring before the World, declare ; ius rilAED. SEL.

ferre, pronounce judgment (III. xiii. 13) ; (3) bear, endure ; indigne fero, think a thing hard, be discon- tented ; (4) 2-assive, move quickly, (0/ ships) run be- fore the wind.

ferrum, -i, ??., iron, a weapon of iron, esp. sword or spear.

ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild ; siibs:, ferus, a wild crea- ture, also, more commonly, fera.

fessus, -a, -um, aclj., weary. fetus, -us, m., offspring. fictus, -a, -um, part. of fingo, fidelis, -e, adj. (fides), trust- worthy.

fides, -ei,/., (i)belief, credit ; (2) fidelity, truth ; (3) pro- mise, bargain.

fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, V. a., invent, devise, put together, feign, imagine, put into shape, beautify, smarten (II. ii. 8). fio, fieri, factus, r. n., servmg as passive to facio, be made, become, happen ; fit turba, a crowd gathers. flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a., demand. flamma, -ae,/., fiame. fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, v. a. and n. , weep, lament, weep for.

fletus, -us, m. (fleo), weeping, lamentation.

flexus, -us, m. (flecto), wind- ing, bye-path.

floreo, -ere, -ui, v. n. (flos), flourish, be at one’s best. flumen, -inis, n.(fluo),stream, river.

I

xviii FABLES OF

fluvius, -i, m, (fluo), stream. foedus, -eris, n., treaty. fodio, -ere, fodi, fossum, r. dig, dig up.

fons, -tis, m., spring, drink- ing- place (I. xii. 3). foras, adv. (prig. acc. pl.j fora), out of doors, after a verb of motion.

forma, -ae, /., shape, build, beauty.

formosus, -a, -um, adj. (forma), handsome, goodly, pretty, personable. forsan, adv. ( properJy fors [sitjan), perhaps. forte, adv. {abi., fors), as it chanced, by chance, ex- pressing correspondence of Ume or place,

fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave, energetic, stanch ; subs., fortes, the strong. fortuitus, -a, -um, adj. (forte), accidental.

fortuna, -ae, /. (fors), for- tuno.

forum, -i, n., the market- place ; esp. to a Roman, the forum, where law and oiher public business was trans- acted ; lis ad forum deducta est, the case came into court.

fovea, -ae, /. (fodio), ditch, pit.

foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, v, a., cherish.

fraudator, -oris, m. (fraudo), a cheat.

fraus, -dis,/., deceit, trickery, knavery.

frenum, -i, n., bridle, bit, curb, restraint, plural, both freni and frena.

PHAEDRUS

frons, -dis,/., leaf, leavcs, in quantity (II. viii. 22). frons, -tis, /., brovi^, appear- ance, Icoks, face, appear- ances, exterior, fructus, -us,m. (fruor),enjoy- nient, use of a thing, fruit, fruits of labour, profit. fruor, -i, fi uctus and fruitus, V, dep. n., enjoy {takes abi.).

frustra, adv., in vain, that is, with something to defeat effort.

frustum, -i, n., piece, scrap. frutex, -icis, m., bush, bushes. fucatus, -a, -um, adj. {part. of fuco, dye), imitated, counterfeit.

fucus, -i, m., {of bees) a

drone.

fugax, -acis, adj., apt to flee, eager to escape. fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, V. a. and n., flee from, flee, shrink from.

fugito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a, {freq., fugio), attempt to flee from.

fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., drive away, put to flight. fulmineus, -a, -um, adj. (ful- men), like lightning. funditus, adv. (fundus\ from the bottom, completely, entirely.

fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (fundus), lay the founda- tions of, found. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, v. a. , pour, shed.

fur, furis, m, and /., thief, burglar, dishonest person. furor, -oris, m. (furo), mad- ness, wild passion.

VOCABULARY

XIX

furtim, aclv, (fur), stealthily, iii secret.

furtum, -i, n. (fur), theft. futilis, -e, adj. (fundo), that easily pours out, useless.

gallinacous, -a, -um, adj. (gallina), belonging to domestic fowl ; pullus gallinaceus, chicken. Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul. But as in tlie third century B.c. a detachment of Gauls found its way into the middle of Asia Minor, the naine Galatia stands for the country in which they settled. The worship of Cybele flourished particu- larly there, and her priests became known, in conse- quence, as Galli (IV. i. 4). gaudeo, -ere, gavisus, v. n.

and a., rejoice, delight in. gaudium, -i, n, (gaudeo), joy, delight.

gelus, -us, m., frost, cold. gemitus, -us, m. (gemo), groaning, groan. gemmeus, -a, -um, adj. (gemma), (i) like buds or eyes ; (2) like precious

stones ; full of the same. genus, -eris, n. (gigno), birth, descent, origln, race, people, family, kind, class, de- scendants, kindred. gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, v.a.

wear, carry. gladius, -i, m.^ sword. gloria, -ae, /., boast, glory, reputation, honour, pomp, Show, achievements (I. xi. i).

glorior, -ari, -atus, v. dep. 7^., boast, take pride in {with abi.).

graculus, -i, m. {from its cry ^ gra-gra ’), jackdaw, daw. gratia, -ae,/. (gratus), favour, friendly feeling, courtesy ; pZ., thanks ; atZ., gratia, for the sake of, ivith gen. ; abi. pl. contracted, gratis, for thanks, for nothing, without payment. gratus, -a, -um, adj., accept- able, pleasing.

gravis, -e, adj., heavy, loaded, serious, diflficult, unfortu- nate, severe, oppressive, sore.

grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, company, litter 0/ pigs, muster ofpeacocks, &c. gruis, -is,/., erane (I. viii. 7\ (grus is the usual form). gula, -ae, /., throat, gullet, as used for swallowing. gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., taste.

habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a.,

(1) have, hold, possess ;

(2) occasion, cause (I. xii.

15)-

habitus, -us, m. (habeo), dress, externals, condition, character.

haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, V. n., stick, stick fast, be in difficulty.

haustus, -us, m. (haurio), drinking.

heia, interj., expressing^ sin- cerely or ironically, pleased surprise, what ho ! ah, indeed !

I 2

XX

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

hercle, atZy., indeed, see note

on I. i. 12.

heres, -edis, m. and /., lieir. heu, interj,^ alas ! heus, inter to call attention^ ho ! ho there ! holloa ! hic, adv, of place and tirnCy (i) here ; (2) hereupon. hic, haec, hoc, pron, and adj., tliis, this one, he, she, it, &c. ; hic . . . ille, the one . . .the otlier, with special reference to the last mentioned, hinc, adv, (hic), hence. hircus, -i, m., he-goat. hispidus, -a, -um, adj,j bristling, hairy, shaggy. historia, -ae, /. , story. homo, -inis, m. and /., man, as opposed to brute ; a person, the person, sometimes con- iemptuous, sometimes merely replacing the pronoun is ; pl^ people, mankind. honor, -oris, m., mark of dis- tinction, honour, office, position, renown. honos, old form of honor, stili common in Cicero^ hut nearly obsolete m Phaedrus* time. horrendus, -a, -um, adj, {gerundive of horreo), to be shuddered at, awful. hospitium, -i, n, (hospes), hospitality.

hostilis, -e, adj, (hostis), be- longing to a foe. hostis, -is, m, and /., enemy, foe, in vader.

humilis, -e, adj, (humus), low, lowly.

humus, -i, /., the earth, the ground ; humi, 011 the ground.

hydrus, -i, m., water-snake.

iaceo, -ere, iacui, iacilum, V, n., lie, lie stili, be cast down, lie sick, be cast aside.

iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (freq., iacio), toss, fling, flourish in anotheFs eyes, flaunt, boast of, boast. iactito, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a, (double freq,^ iacio), display, show off.

iam, adv., already, forthwith, from this time forth, when things have come to this, by this time, nowadays. ibi, adv, (is), there, on that occasion, thereupon.

[ico], -ere, ici, ictum, v, a,, strike ; icto foedere, a treaty being struck or made (I. xxxi. 8). ictus, -us, m. (ico), stroke, blow.

ictus, -a, -um, part. of ico, struck.

idem, eadem, idem, pron, and adj., the same, the very, he also, yet he, &c. ideo, adv., on that account, therefore.

igitur, conj., therefore, ac- cordingly, and so. ignavus, -a, -um, adj. (iuT- gnavus), spiritless, mean. ignis, -is, m., fire, a light. igndro, -are, -avi, -atum,?; a., not know, be ignorant of. ignotus, -a, -um, adj. (in -h gnotus = notus), (1) 11 n- known ; (2) not know-

ing, iinacquainted with (I. xi. 2).

ille, -a, -ud, adj. and pron., that yonder, that, he, she, it, &c. ; the other, conirasf-

VOCABULARY

XXI

ing icith hic ; lie, &c., em~ phatic ; o/ ihe remote cr greatj that, the famous, &c. imber, -bris, m., rain. imitor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a.j imitate, rival, vie with. immolo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a.j of^er a victim io death, slay.

impar, -paris, adj, (in + par), unequal, no match for. impedio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, V. a. (pes), put obstacles in the way of, hinder, delay, keep fast. impegerat, see impingo, imperium, -i, n., authority, power, rui e.

impetus, -us, m. (in + peto), forward rush,rapidmotion, onslaught, charge, onrush, flight ; poetic afflatus, impingo, -ere, -pegi, -pac- tum, V, a. (in + pango}, cause to strike, hurl some- thing at.

impleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, v.a, (in + pleo), fili, impono, -ere, -posui, -posi- tum, V. a. (in + pono), place upon, put upon. importo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (in + porto), bring upon.

improbitas, -atis, /. (impro- bus), unscrupulousness, self-assertion, selfishness. improbus, -a, -um, adj. (in + probus), without scruple or conscience, unscrupu- lous, wicked, illegal, makiug a false claim, get- ting more than his rights, self-assertive, selfish, ra- venous, audacious, reckless.

imprudens, -tis, adj. (in -f- prudens), incautious, un- practical ; suhs.j impru- dentes, fools.

imprudentius, adv. comp. (imprudens), somewhat in- cautiously.

impudens, -tis, adj. (in + pu- dens), presuming, shame- less.

impudentia, -ae, /. (impu- dens), presumption, ef- frontery.

impune, adv. (poena), with- out punishment, scot-free, without retribution.

imputo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (in + puto), set down to the account of, im- pute.

imus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of inferus), lowest ; in agree- ment icith siihs.j the bottom of.

iiiyprep. (i) with acc., to, into, against, towards, with reference to, with a view to (lY. i. 4) ; leading to, causing ; accipere in contu- meliam, accipere in bonas partes, take as an insuit, take in good part ; (2)

loHh aU., in, upon, in the midst of, in the time of, during.

inanis, -e, adj., empty, silly, groundless, unsubstantial, unreal.

incido, -ere, -eidi, -casum, V. n. (in + cado\ happen upon, fall in with (‘ with ’ expressed hy a second ‘in").

incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, V. n. (in + capio), begin, attempt.

XXll

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

incito, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a. (in + cito), provoke, stir up, excite.

incola, -ae, m. and f, (incolo), inhabitant, dweller. incolumis, -e, adfj., un- hurt, safe, preserved from harm.

inconveniens, -tis, adj. (in 4- conveniens), unlike. inde, ado., thence, of place ;

then, next, of time, indico, -are, -avi, -atum, Show.

indigne, adv. (indignus), un- worthily ; indigne fero, icith acc. + infin., find it hard that (I. xxi. io). indignor, -ari, -atus, v, dep. n, (indignus), deem un- worthy of oneself, bear re- sentment, feel aggrieved, express resentment, mur- mur, complain. indignus, -a, -um, adj. fin + dignus), unworthy, unbe- coming ; suhs.., indigni, un- worthy persons, the unde- serving.

induco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, V. a, (in + duco), lead on, persuade.

inedia, -ae, /. (edo), want of food, starvation. inermis, -e, adj. (in + arma), unarmed, defenceless. iners, -tis, adj. (ars), with- out skill, helpless, lazy, dull, lifeless ; aU. occa- sionallyj inerti.

infelix, -Icis, adj. (in -f felix' , unfruitful, unfortunate, unhappy.

inferior, -us, adj, {comp, of inferus), lower.

infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, V, a, (in + fero), bring in, bring forward, bring against, introduco, infestus, -a, -um, adj.^ dangerous, ready to attack ; infestis cornibus, with horns in rest (I. xxi. 7). inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a. (in 4- flo), blow into, blow up.

infundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, V, a. (in + fundo), pour in. ingemo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v, a, and n., groan over, groan, groan loudly (c/. insono), ingratus, -a, -um, adj, (in4- gratus), imgrateful. ingravo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a, (in + gravo), lie heavy on, weigh down.

iniuria, -ae, /. (ius), in- justice, wrong, violence. iniustus, -a, -um, adj, (in 4- iustus), unjust, un- righteous.

inlicio, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, V. a,, entice, teinpt, induce. inlido, -ere, -si, -sum, v, a, (in 4- laedo), dash upon. inmanis, -e, ad;., monstrous, appalling.

inmisceo, -ere, -ui, -mixtum and -mistum, r, a., mingle with, join to.

inmitto,-ere, -misi, -missum, V, a, (in 4- mitto), send in ; inmisit se, leaped down (IV. ix. 10).

innocens, -tis, adj. (in 4- no- cens), innocent, harmless, inoffensive.

innotesco, -ere, -notui, v. n. (in 4- notesco), become known.

VOCABULARY

XXlll

innoxius, -a, -um, adj. (in + noxius), harmless, unof- fending.

inopia, -ae, /. (inops), poverty.

inops, -is, adj. (ops), without resource, weak, poor. inp-. For words heginning thus see imp-.

inquino, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a,, defile, pollute, inquit, ^rd pers, sing. of inquam.

inrideo, -ere, -risi, -risum, V, a. (in + rideo), mock at. inritus, -a, -um, adj, (in + ratus), not settled, vain, fruitless.

inscius, -a, -um, adj. (scio), not knowing ; quasi-ad- rerhial, through ignorance (IV. ix. 3)-

insero, -ere, -ui, -tum, v. a. (in + sero), thrust in, in- serfc.

insidiae, -arum, /. (insideo), ambush, trick. insidiosus, -a, -um, adj, (in- sidiae), crafty, scheming. insignis, -e, adj. (signum), remarkable.

insilio, -ire, -ui, v. n. (in -i- salio), leap upon. insolens, -tis, adj. (soleo), contrary to custom, pre- sumptuous, arrogant, insto, -are, -stiti, -statum, V. a , stand upon, press upon, threaten, be at hand, impend.

insuetus, -a, -um, adj. (part. o/ in suesco), unaccust omed to (I. ii. 8).

insulto, -are, -avi, -atum, V/ a. (freq.j insilio), leap

upon, trample upon, in- suit.

intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, V. a. (inter + lego), see into, perceive, understand, grasp, learn.

intendo, -ere, -di, -tum and -sum, V. a. (in + tendo), strain.

inter, prep, icith acc. , be- tween, among ; after iis case (II. viii. 20).

interdiu, adv. (dies), during the day.

interficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum, V. a. (inter -f facio), kill, slay.

interpono, -ere, -posui, -posi- tum, V. a. (inter + pono), put between, hence of time, allow to pass, put among, hence introduce.

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (inter -f rogo), ask, question, put a question.

intervenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- tum, V. n. (inter + venio), come among, come upon the scene, come up.

intritus, -a, -um, part. of intero.

intueor, -eri, -itus, v. dep. a. (in + tueor), look upon, behold, watch, study.

inutilis, -e, adj. (in -h utilis), useless, ineffective.

invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, V. a. (in + venio), come upon, meet with, find (by accident, experience or de- sign), obtain.

invicem, adv. (in + vicem), taking one’s turn, in one’s turn, by turns, mutually.

XXIV

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

invidia, >ae, /. (invidu3), jealousy,envy,rcsentment, unpopularity, odium, invidus, -a, -um, adj. (in- video), jealous, envious. invito, -are, -avi,“atum, i\ a.y invite.

invitus, -a, -um, adj.^ un- 'willing.

involvo, -ere, -vi, -utum,r?. a. (in + volvo), roll in, con- ceal.

iocor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. n, (iocus), jest, joke, make inerry.

iocundus, -a, -um, adj, (iocus), delightful. iocus, -i, m.y jest, merri- ment, amusing story, laughing-stock (I. xxi. 2) ;

. p?., ioci, rallying, trifling. ipse, -a, -um, pronoun and ' adj., himself, herself, itself,

. &c., the very, even. iracundus, -a, -um, adj. (ira), passionale.

iratus, -a, -um, adj. {part, irascor), angry. is, ea, id, pron. and adj.y he, slie, it, &c., tlie, that. iste, -a, -ud, pron. .and adj.,

. tliat one near you, tliat of

. yours, that, your.

ita, adv. (is), in this way,

, thus, accordingly; ita si, uponconditionthat; atque ita, and so speaking (I. i. 13 ; IV. iv. 9). iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, V. a., bid, require, de- mand.

iudex, -icis, m. and /. (ius dico), judge, umpire. indicium, -i, n. (iudex), judgment, criticism.

Inno, -onis, /., wife of Ju- piter, and his sister, the queen of heaven, with the peacock as her sacred bird (III. xviii. i).

luppiter, lovis, m., origin- ally god of the bright or open sky : consequently of everything which appears in the sky, especially light- ning, He is supreme in heaven, and by conse- quence on earth : hence he is the original creator, ^vh.o settles the conditions under which men (IV. x. i) and animals (I. ii. ii) shall live. He is the governor of the world, and punishes impiety.

iure iurando =--= iureiurando, abi. 0/ iusiurandum.

iurgium, -i, n. (ius), hiwsuit, quarrel.

ius, iuris, n., justice ; ius ferre, do justice, deliver sentence.

iusiurandum, -i, n. (ius -f- iurandum), oath, affidavit.

iuvencus, -i, m. (iuvenis), bullock.

iuvenis, -is, m, and /., young man, young woman (II. ii- 5).

labor, -i, lapsus, v, n , slip, ' fall into error, labor, -oris, m., hard work, toil, trouble, suffering. laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n. (labor), toil, suffer, st rive for an objeci,

lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (lacer), tear, tear in pieces.

VOCABULARY

XXV

Lacon, *onis, m., a Lacedae- mon ian, or Spartan, from Lacedaemon at tlie south of peninsular Greece. A famous breed of hounds was obtained from this country : whence the name in V. X. 7.

lacrima, -ae, /., tear. laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, v. a.j liurt, injure, wound, esp. as the aggressor j at- tack.

laetor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. n. (laetus), rejoice, followed by accits. and infin, (IV.

iv. 7).

laevus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to the left side ; (0/ omens) unfavourable.

lagona, -ae, /., flagon {com~ monerformj lagena), lambo, -ere, -i, -itum, r. a., lick ; {pf a dog) lap. langueo, -ere, v. n., fail, slacken, weaken. laniger, -a, -um, adj. (lana + gero), wool-bearing, woolly ; as siihs., the fleecy one, or sheep.

lapis, -idis, m., stone. laqueus, -i, m. , noose, springe. i^arge, adv. (largus), bounti- fully.

largus, -a, -um, adj , bounti- ful, abundant.

lasso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.

(lassus), weary. late, adv. (latus), abroad, around, far and wide. lateo, -ere, -ui, v. n.^ be hid, be in hiding, lie snug, escape observation. latibulum, -i, n. (lateo), hiding-place, lair.

latro, -onis, w., brigand, ruffian.

latro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n., bark.

latus, -a, -um, adj., wide, brcad.

laudabilis, -e, adj. (laudo), praiseworthy, admirable. laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.

(laus^, praise, approve. laus, -dis, /., praise, fame, reputation, pancgyric ; desire of fame ; merito- rious action, merit.

_axo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.

(laxus), relax, unstring. lego, -ere, legi, lectum, v. a.,

(1) pick out, galher, choose ; (2) read.

lentus, -a, -um, adj.^ slow; hence (i) hard to move ;

(2) tough, leathery. leo, -onis, m., lion. lepus, -Olis, m., bare. letum, -i, n.j death.

levis, -e, adj., light, light- some, trifling.

levo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.

(levis\ raise, carry. lex, legis, /., law, terms of settlement, conditions ofUfe. libellus, -i, m. (liber), littie book, modest volume. liber, -bri, m., book. liber, -a, -um, adj., free ; (0/ the mind) unoccupied, unbarassed ; pl., those ivho are free, children. liberalis, -e, adj. (liber), be- longing to the free, generous. libertas, -atis, /. (liber), fiee- • dom to do or speak as one pleases, liberly. libet, libuit and libitum est, V. n. and iwpers , it pleases

xxvi

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

{person pleased in accusa- Uve)»

licentia, -ae,/., freedom from restraint, licence, poetic licence, lea ve to do a ihing (III. vii. 25).

ligneus, -a, -um, adj, (lig- num), of wood. lignum, -i, n., wood, a baulk of timber, log.

ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., bind up, bind.

Fima, -ae, /., file, limen, -inis, n., threshold, doorway.

limus, -i, m., mud. lingua, -ae, /., tongue, bark of a dog.

linquo, -ere, liqui, lictum, V. a., leave, leave behind. linteum, -i, n. (linum^, linen ^ cloth.

liquidus, -a,-um, adj. (liqueo) , fluid.

liquor, -oris, m., fluid, water. lis, litis,/., dispute, quarrel. locus, -i, m., spot, place, situation ; loca, irreg. pl, places, room in a theatre (V. V. 12) ; aU. sing.j loco, in lieu of.

longe, adv. (longus), far, far ofiF, afar, by far, ivith com- parative.

longitudo, -inis, /. (longus), length.

loquor, -i, locutus, v. dep. n.

^ and a., speak, say. lucrum, -i, n., gain, profit, advaptage.

luctus, -us, m. (lugeo),

mourning, sorrow, esp. for death.

Lucullus, -i, m. Lucius Licinius Lucullus, the con-

queror of Mithridates and a famous general, was born about iio B. c. and died about 57 B.c. He acquired enormous wealth by his victories, and had a sump- tuous villa at Misenum, north of Neapolis, the modern Naples, with won- derful gardens about it. The villa came later into the possession of the Em- peror Tiberius, who spent mueli time there during his later years of retire- ment from Eome, and ultimately met his miser- able end in it (II. v. 10). ludo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. n. (ludus), play, make merry ; nucibus ludere, play at nuts (III. xiv. i). ludus, -i, m., play, gamo, recreation ; pl.y puKic games.

luo, -ere, lui, v. a., release, discharge, pay, atone for. lupus, -i, m., wolf. luscinius, -i, ?w., nightingale (common form luscinia), lux, lucis, /., light, the light of day, the world. lympha, -ae, /., water ; pl., waters (I. iv. 3).

macies, -ei, /. (macer), lean- ness.

maereo, -ere, v. n. and a., mourn, lament. maestus, -a, -um, adj.

(maereo), sorrowful. magistra, -ae, /. (magis), a superior, especially teacher, instructress.

VOCABULARY

xxvii

magnitudo, -inis, /. (mag- nus), greatness, size, sta- ture.

magnus, -a, -um, acZj., great, of great moment, grave ; comp., maior ; superi.^ maxi- mus.

maiestas, -atis, /. (magnus), greatness, majesty.

maior, -us, adj., comp. of magnus, greater, of greater moment ; maioris vene- unt, sell at a liigher price (II. V. 25).

male, «fZr. (malus), (i)badly; male dicere, with dat, speak ili of, slander ; (2) not.

maleficus, -a, -um, adj, (male + facio), evil-doing ; as suhs.j an evildoer (II. iii. 2),

maleficium, -i, n, (male- ficus), evil-doing, misdeed.

malitia, -ae, /. (malus), evil contrivance, malice, in- t rigue.

malum, -i, n, (malus), evil, mischief, misfortune, fail- ing, suffering, painful thing, inconvenience ; pl., ravages ; ahL , alterius malo, at another’s cost or ex- pense.

malus, -a, -um, adj., bad of its kind, bad generally.

mandatum, -i, n. (mando), any thing entrusted, mes- sage.

manifestus, -a, -um, adj. (manus -f- fendo), struck by the hand, palpable, ciear ; res manifesta, hard fact (V. V. 3).

manus, -us, /., hand : ahL, manu, by the agency of.

mare, -is, n., sea. margarita, -ae, /., pearl. margo, -inis, m. and /., edge, {ofa welT) sides, marmor, -oris, n., marble, iimuorked or sculptured. mater, -ris, /., mother, dam. materia, -ae, /. (mater), raw material, t imber, subject, ofpoem, dc,

maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, early ripe, early. maxime, ado. (maximus^, very greatly, most, esjDeci- ally, chiefly.

maximus, -a, -um, adj., superi, (/magnus, me, acc. and al i. of ego. mecum = cum me, with me.

medicina, -ae, /. (medeor), medical treatment, sur- gery.

medicus, -a, -um, adj. (me- deor\ healing, medicinal, of medicine.

medius, -a, -um, adj., iniddle, mid, midmost ; media ae- tas, middle age ; agreesicith suhs., middle of ; medio sole, in broad daylight. mehercul9,«di’., by Hercules, upon my word, mehercule III. V. 4.

mehercules, adv , so help me Hercules ! by Hercules, upon my word, mehercules III. xvii. 8. mei, mellis, n., honey. melior, -us, adj. comp. (positive in use, bonus, si/p. optimus^, better ; pl. as sm&s., better men, more efficient, better cff.

melius, adv. (melior)^ better.

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

xxviii

melos, -i, n., melody,

poetry.

memini, -isse, v.n. dcf., have recollected, remember. mendax,- acis, adj. (mentior), lying.

mens, -tis, /., mind, heart, feelings, &c., intelligence, intention.

mensa, -ae, /, table. mensis, -is, m., month. merces, -edis, /., lee, hire, wages, reward.

Mercurius, -i, w., a Roman divinity of comme ree and gain, identified later with the Greek Hermes, mes- senger of the gods, who carried the caduceus, a special herald’s wand, and wore the winged sandals, talaria (I. ii. 27). mergo, -ere, -si, -sum, r.

plunge, overwhelm. merito, adv. (meritus\ de- servedly, with good reason, naturally.

meritum, -i, n. (part. of - mereor), desert, Service,

' good deed, merit. metuo, -ere, -ui, metutum,

, V, a., dread, apprehend {of a Corning occurremG\ metus, -us, m. (metuo), dread,

, apprehension. meus, -a, -um, poss, adj., my, mine, or emphatic, my own. mi = mihi, dat. ofego. miles, -itis, m., common soldier, soldier. miluus, -i, m., also milvus, kite.

minor, -ari, -atus, v. dtp. n.j threaten, promise boast- fully (IV. xxiii. 4).

minutus, -a, -um, adj, (minuo), little. miraculum, -i, n. (miror), wondrous thing. miror, -ari, -atus, v. dep, a.

and n., admire, wonder. misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum and mistum, v. a,, mix, mingle, join, confuse, bring into confusion. Misenum, -i, n., a promon- tory to the north of the modern Bay of Naples, stili called Punta di Miseno. On it stocd the famous villa of Lucullus. Adj, Misenensis (II. v. 8). miser, -a, -um,«(f)., wretched, poor, miserable. miseria, -ae, /. (miser), wretchedness.

misericordia, -ae, /. (miseri- cors), pity.

misericors, -dis, adj.(miser -f cor), pitiful-hearted, merci- ful, compassionate. mitto, -ere, misi, missum, V. r<., send, fling, cast, utter (III. xviii. 4).

modestia, -ae, /. (modestus), modesty {in asking). modius, -i, m., Boman mcasure of capacity, amounting to ahout two gallons, a peck. modo, adv., (i) only ; non modo, not only . . ., verum or sed, but ; (2) lately. modus, -i, m., measure,

limit, manner, method, means.

molestus, -a, -um, adj, (moles), troublesome, tire- some.

molior, -Iri, -itus, v, dep. a, (moles), do anything tvhich

VOCABULARY

XXIX

takes troublej as contrive

(IV. ix. 7).

moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a. {conn. mens), put in mind of, advise, warn, recom- mend.

monitum, -i, w. {part, moneo), advice, warning. mons, -tis, m. , mountain, hili.

monstro, -are, -avi, -atum, i\ a. {conn. moneo), point out, sliow.

morbus, -i, m., sickness. mordax, -acis, adj. (mordeo), in the habit of biting, biting ; coinp., mordacior, a better biter (IV. viii. i). mordeo, -ere, momordi, mor- sum, V. a., bite, morior, -i, mortuus, v, dep. n., die.

mors, -tis,/., death. morsus, -us, m. (mordeo), biting, bite.

mortalis, -e, adj. (mors), subject to death, mortal ; pl. as suhs., mankind. mortuus, -a, -um, adj. {part, morior), dead.

mos, moris, m., custom, law, institutions, tradition, method ; pl., character, motus, -us, m. (moveo), mo vernent.

moveo, -ere, movi, motum, V. a., move, cause to move, stir, excite, influence. mox, adv., soon, next. mulco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., handle roughly, maltreat (I. iii. 9).

mulier, -ris, /., woman. multo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (multa), punish, pay out.

multus, -a, -um, adj., much, many ; neut, multum, adverhialhj, much ; ahl., multo, ivith comp., by much, much ; ncut. pl., many things, cdso many words, or quasi-adv., much ; quid multa? what need of many words ? (II. iv. 23). munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. a. (moenia), build a wall round, protect, arm. munus, -eris, n., Service, duty, gift, oifering, privi- lege.

mus, muris, m. and /em., mouse.

muscipulum, -i, n. (mus -f- capio), mouse-trap. mustela, -ae,/. (mus), weasel. muto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.

(moveo), change, reform. mutus, -a, -um, adj., dumb, voiceless.

Myron, -onis, m., a Boeotian artist who tlourished about 431 B. c., the date of the beginning of the Pelopon- nesi an war. He commonly worked in bronze, though Phaedrus speaks of silver ; and his most famous works were the ‘ Discobolus ’ or Quoit-thrower, of which a marble copyis in theBritish Museum, and the ‘ Cow on the market- place at Athens.* He excelled in the representation of life and movement (V. Prol. 7).

nam, conj., for.

namque, conj., for truly, for.

nanciscor, -i, nactus and

XXX

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

nanctus, i’. dcp. a., obtain, find, take possession of.

naris, usually in pl.j nares, -ium, /. , nostrils.

narratio, -onis, /. (narro), story.

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (gnarus), make known, re- late, teli, say.

nascor, -i, natus, v, dep, n., be born.

natio, -onis, /. (nascor), hody of persons connected hy lirth^ tribe, horde.

nato, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n. (freq.j no), swiin.

natura, -ae,/ (nascor), birth, nature, as consequent on hirth ; nature, as conferring qualities, fortanoj d:c., at hirth.

natus, -1, m. {part.j nascor), son, child.

ne, {priginally adv. meaning not) (i), with suhj.f that . . . not, lest, not to ; (2), with imper.j not ; (3) after ut, not.

-ne [^0 he carefuUy distinguished froin ne above], partiere, attached to some other loord, usually first of its clause ; is equivalent to the English mark of interrogat ion.

Weapolis, -is, /., the modern Naples (II. V. 7).

nec, or neque, conj., and not, nor ; nec . . . nec, neitlier . . . nor.

nec, adv.^ in nec opinus, nec opinans, negotium, negle- go, nequiquam, &c., not.

neco, -are, -avi (necui, IV. xix. 4), -atum, V. a, (nex), slay, put to death.

necopinans, adj. (nec + opi- nans), not thinking, by inadvertence.

nec opinans = necopinans, necopinus, -a, -um, adj. (nec + opinor), not exjjecting (I. ix. 6).

neglegenter, adv. (neglegens), carelessly, in a careless attitude (IV. ii. 4\ nego, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. and n., say no, deny, re- fuse (pf a request). nemo, -inis, m. and f. (ne-H homo), no man, nobody. (N.B. — In Classical Latin nullius tised for neminis, nullo for nemine.) nemoricultrix,-icis,/. (nemus + cultrix), dweller in the woods (uncertain reading in II. iv. 3).

nempe, conj., indeed, truly, aye, assuredly, verily. nemorosus, -a, -um, adj.

(nemus), woody. nemus, -oris, n., grove, wood, forest.

nequiquam, adv, (ne + qui- quam), without resuit, in vain.

nequitia, -ae, /. (nequam), w^orthlessness, wickedness. nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v, a. (ne + scio), be ignorant, know not ; nescio quis, somebody ; nescioquid, something, with genitive. nescioquid, see nescio, nex, necis,/, (neco), violent death, death, slaughter. nidus, -i, m., nest, eyry. nihil, n. indecl. (ne -h hilum), nothing ; adv., not at all.

VOCABULARY

XXXJ

nil = nihil.

Nilus, -i, m., tlie river Nile (I. XXV. 3}.

nimius, -a, -um, aclj. (nimis), excessive, too great. nisi, conj, (ne + si), if not, unless.

nisus, -us, m. (nitor), effort, struggle.

niteo, -ere, v. n., shine, be sleek (III. vii. 4). nitor, -oris, m. (niteo), bright hue.

nitor, -i, nisus and nixus, v. dep. n.j rest, lean, support oneself on, with ahl. ; nixa celsis cornibus, using his tali horns as a foot rest (IV. ix. ii). nix, nivis, /., snow. nobilis, -e, adj. (nosco), known, well known, fa- mous, notable ; pL as suhs.^ thc notable people ; with ahl., famous for. noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n., do barin, be prejudicial, do injury ; with dat., injure, hurt, &c.

nocivus, -a, -um, adj. (noceo), harmful.

noctu, adv. (nox), at night, in tbe night.

nocturnus, -a, -um, adj. (nox), belonging to the night, Corning by night. nolo, nolle, nolui, v.n. (ne + volo), be unwilling ; imper., noli, with injin., do not. noli, imper. o/ nolo, nomen, -inis, n. (nosco), name, reputation, pre- tence, ground.

nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (nomen), name.

non, add,, not. nondum, adv., not yet. n5s, nostri and nostrum, nobis, pron., we, us. nobis, dat. and ahl. o/nos. nosco, -ere, novi, notum, V. a., learn ; pft , novi, have learned, know. noster, -tra, -trum, adj. (nos), onr, ours ; for meus, iny, mine.

nota, -ae, /. (nosco^, mark, mark of distinction, mark of disapproval, humilia- tion, slight.

notus, -a, -um, adj. (part. of nosco), (i) known, well known, famous, familiar ; (2) knowing, acquainted with (I. xi. 2). novitas, -atis, f. (novus), a novelty.

novus, -a, -um, adj., new, newly made, brand new, new-fashioned. novissime, adv. (novissimus, novus), last, at last, for the last time, lastly. nox, noctis,/, night. nullus, -a, -um, adj. (ne + ullus), no, not any, none ; as suhs., for nemo, no one, esp. in gen., nullius and ahl. nullo,/., nulla, num, adv.f used in direct ques- tions expecting a negative answer, is it true that ? ; also in indirect questions with the simple meaning of whether. numquam, adv. (ne + un- quam), never.

nunc, adv., now, and now, but now, as things are now, under the present circumstances.

XXXll

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

niiper, acU., lately, of late, nux, nucis, /., nut ; nucibus ludere, play at nuts.

o, inter j.^ (i) of address ivith voc. ; (2) expressing aston^

ishinent, loithout case. 6bicio,-ere, obieci, obiectum, V. a.y throw or put before, put in the way of, offer, hold out the hope of, cause to face.

obiectus, part.from obicio. obitus, -us, m. (obeo\ de- struction, ruin, death. obiurgo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a., chide, blame, reprove, reproach.

obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark. obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, V. a. (ob + tego), cover, con- ceal.

obtero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum, V. a. (ob + tero), trample upon, crush.

occasio, -onis, /. (occido), a falling out, happening, an opportunity. occido, -ere, -cldi, -cisum, V. a. (ob + caedo\ slay. occido, -ere, -eidi, -casum, V. n. (ob + cado), perish. occumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi- tum, V. n. (ob -I- cumbo), fall a victim to, with dat. (IV. ii. 5).

occupatus, part. of occupo, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (ob capio), seize to the exclusion of another, seize beforehand, anticipate ; occupatus, prepossessed, busy, engrossed. occurro,-ere, -curri (-cucurri, III. vi i. 3\ -cursum, v, n.,

run to meet, meet, fall into the hands of. oculus, -i, m., eye. odiosus, -a, -um, adj. (odium), hateful.

odor, -oris, m., smell, frag- rance, perfume. officina, -ae, /. (opus facio^, workshop.

officium, -i, n. (opus facio), (i) voluntary Service, at- tention, politeness ; (2)

obligatory Service, duty, Work ; pl,j business. offundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, V. a. (ob -i- fundo), pour over ; terrorem offundere alicui, inspire a person with fear.

olim, adv.j at that (remote) time ; (i) long ago, once, once upon a time ; (2) by- and-by ; (3) sometimes. omen, -inis, n. (os, mouth), foreboding, omen, omnis, -e, adj., all, every, all manner of ; pL as subs., everybody, &c. onero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (onus), load, weigh down ; onerare laudibus, over- whelm with praises, pelt. onus, -eris, n , load, burden. opera, -ae,/., trouble, pains, assistance, brings out, as compared with opus, fhe volun- tary side of Idbour ; pretium est operae, it isworthwhile (II. V. 6).

[ops], opis, /., power; pl, opes, opum,wealth, riches, resources, power. opimus, -a, -um, adj. (ops), rich, dainty.

opinans. See nec opinans.

VOCABULARY

opportunus, -a, -um, adj. (ob + portus'!, suitable, timely, convenient, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- sum, V, a. (ob-f premo), overpower, crush, over- whelm, swoop down upon, seize.

oppugno, -are, -avi, -a tum, V. a. (ob + pugno), fight against, besiege, lay siege to.

. opus, -eris, w., work, thing prodnced, work of art, art, jDoetic work, poem ; opus est, there is need. orior, -iri, ortus, v. dep, n., arise, begin.

os, oris, n., mouth, counten- ance, face, os, ossis, w., bone, ostendo, -ere, -di, -sum and -tum, V. a. (obs + tendo), spread before, show, ex- hibit, hold up to view, illustrate, make plain, show off.

otiosus, -a, -um, adj. (otium), free from labour, at rest, at ease.

otium, -i, n., leisure, vacant time, rest, ease, peace, idle- ness.

ovis, -is,/., sheep.

pactum, -i, n. (pactus), bar- gain ; aU., pacto, means, m an ner ; as quo pacto, ullo pacto, &c.

pactus, -a, -um,part. of pacis- co morecommonpsLGistor), covenanted, plighted. paene, adv., almost, nearly. paenula, -ae, /., long cloak, worn on journeys.

xxxiii

pallium, -i, n., the Greek cloak 07' mantle. palus, -udis, /., marsh, fen, pool.

panis, -is, m., bread, food in

genei'al.

par, paris, ad/, equal, simi- lar, well-matched, of equal age, a match for. paratus, -a, -um, adj. {part of paro), prepared, ready, willing, with infiyi. parco, -ere, peperci, parsum, V. a., spare.

pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v, w., obey, be obedient to. pario, -ere, peperi, partum, V. a. a7id n.j bring forth young, give birth to. parxter, adv. (par), equally. paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., prepare, devise, contrive. pars, -tis, /, part, share, fiaction, division, side ; pl. , contendingparties (III. xiii. 5) ; part to play (III. xviii. 10).

parturio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, V. a. {desid.y pario), desire to bring forth, be in labour.

parum, suhs. indecl. and adv.^ too little ; often icith gen.. as parum frondis (II. viii. 22).

parvus, -a, -um, adj.y small, little, puny.

pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum, V. a., cause to eat, feed, keep ; pascor, qnasi- 77iiddle, feed on, live on {tvith ahl.).

passer, -eris, m., sparrow. pater, -tris, w., father, sire.

PHAED. SEL.

K

XXX IV

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

patina, -ae, /. (pateo), shal- low dish.

patior, -i, passus, v, a., suffer, endure, undergo, put up with, submit to, be ex- posed to.

paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, little ; pL, pauci, a few, but few, few.

paullo, adv, {abi, of paullum), bylittle, little, withcompara- iives or quasi-comparatives^ such as ante.

pauper, -is, adj., poor; subs., poor man.

paupertas, -atis, /. (pauper), poverty.

paveo, -ere, pavi, v, n., tremble with fear. pavidus, -a, -um, adj, (paveo), trembling, frightened. pavo, -onis, m., peacock. pavor, -oris, m. (paveo), extreme fear, dread, alarm.

pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n., do amiss, err.

pecten, -inis, m. (pecto), comb, for the hair. pectus, -oris, n., breast, breast, as seat of understand- ing, mind, attention. pellis, -is, /., skin of an animal^ pelt, hide. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, V, a., drive, drive away, banish.

Pelusium, -i, n., a town on the eastern branch of the Nile at itsmouth, two miles and a half from the sea. From it the fine Egyptian linen came to the Romans, to be made up into their under-garments or tunics

(II. V. 12). Adj. Pelusius, -a, -um.

penna, -ae, /., feather, wing. per, prep, with acc., through, over, by means of, with the aid of. pera, -ae, /., wallet. perambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (per + ambulo), walk through, among. perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, V, a,, lose, Waste, peregrinus, -a, -um, adj.

(peregre), foreign. pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. w., come to nothing, be lost, perish, die.

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, V. ct., bear to the end. periclitor, -ari, -atus,r. dep. n. (periculum), run risks, be in danger.

periculosus, -a, -um, adj.

(periculum), perilous. periculum, -i, ?^., experi-

ment, hazard, danger, perii.

periclum = periculum, peritus, -a, -um, adj., ex- perienced, skilled, cau- tious.

pernicies, -ei, /. (perneco), destruction, ruin, disaster. pernicitas, -atis, /. (pernix), swiftness, nimbleness. peroro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.

(per + oro), finish pleading. perpastus, -a, -um {part., per- pascor), well-fed. persequor, -i, -secutus, v. dep. a. (per + sequor), follow to the end, continue to follow.

persona, -ae, /., mask, usccl at the theatre.

VOCABULARY

XXXV

persolvo, -ere, -vi, -utum, V. a. (per -h solvo), pay in full.

persuadeo, -ere, -si, -sum, V. a. (per -f- suadeo), con- vince, succcssfully per- suade, succeed in inducing, with dat.

persuasus, -a, -um (par^., persuadeo), persuaded. pertineo, -ere, -ui, v. n. (per-f teneo), extend to, belong to, concern, apply to. perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. ( per -f turbo), trouble, disturb, stir, amaze, im- press.

pervello, -ere, -i, 'o. a. (per -i- vello', pluck hnrd, pinch, give a sharp tweak to. pes, pedis, w.., foot. peto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, v. «., endeavour to reach, go to, make for, throw at, ask for, claim, seek to accom- plish, strive to obtaiii ; saxo petere, throw stones at.

petulans, -tis, adj. {conn, peto), forward, daring, presumptuous, unman- nerly.

pictus, -a, -um, adj. {part.^ pingo), painted, en- amelled.

pignus, -oris and -eris, n., pledge, proof, evidence. pilus, -i, m., a hair. pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictum, v. a., paint, depict. placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n., please, be chosen by, be accepted by, with dat, ; im- pers., fatis placet, it is ordained by the fafces.

placidus, -a, -um, adj, (placeo), pleasing, mild (o/ mmi), aifable, meek, un- disturbed.

plaga, -a e, /. (conn, plango), blow, stroke.

planus, -a, -um, adj.^ level ;

in plano, on the level. plane, adv. fplanus), simply, cleaiiy, evidently, quite, very.

plaudo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. a, and n., clap, strike, clap hands, applaud. plausus, -us, m, (plaudo), clapping, or other applause, plebes, -is {old form of usual plebs), /., common folk. plecto, -ere, v, a., beat, punish. {The active post- classical : only passive class- ical, )

plenus, -a, -um, adj. (pleo), full, filled.

pluma, -ae, /., featber. plurimum, adv, (plurimus, sup, o/plus), most. plus, pluris, comp. in use of multus {the superi, hemg plurimus), more ; neut.^ plus, as subs, and as adv.^ more ; pluris esse, be of greater worth ; plures, several, the greater num- ber, others (II. ii i. 7). poena, -ae, /., satisfaction, penalty, punishment ; poenas dare, yield satis- faction, be punished ; poenas persolvere, pay full penalty.

poenitentia, -ae, /. (poe ni- teo), repentance. poeniteo, -ere, -ui, v. a. and impers. (poena), cause to

K 2

xxxvi

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

repent ; ad poenitendum, to change of mind (V.

V. 3\

polio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, r. a., polish, iinish, adorn. p5no, -ere, posui, positum, V, a., put, place, set, lay, deposit, build, erect, lay aside, offer (a reward), put on table, serve up, pro- pound (a ricldle). pontus, -i, m., the sea. populus, -i, /., poplar-tree. populus, -i, m., the people, populace, a popular gather- ing.

porta, -ae, /., gate (o/ a city or fortress).

porto, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a., carry.

porcellus,-!, m. (dm., porcus), little pig, porker. posco, -ere, poposci, v. a., request, call for, claim. possum, posse, potui, v. 7i., (potis + sum), be able, have power, have the assurance to, bring oneself to (III. vii. 8).

post, prep. with acc.,, after, since.

postquam, conj. (post + quam), since, when. postridie, adv. (posterus dies), on the morrow. postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a., demand, request. potens, -tis, adj. (part.^ pos- sum), powerful, mighty, influential, rich ; quasi- suhs., the powerful. potior, -us, adj,(comp., potis), preferable.

potius, adv. (potior), rather, by preference.

praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, V. a. (prae + habeo), hold out, supply, furnish, af- ford.

praecludo, -ere, -si, -sum, V. a. (prae -i- claudo), shub out, shut, bar ; vocem praecludere, choke utter- ance (I. ii. 26). praecurro, -ere, -cucurri, -cursum, v. n. (prae -i- curro), run ahead. praeda, -ae, /., something captured, booty, prey, quarry, a find, a prize. praedator, -oris, m. (prae- dor), hunter.

praefulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, v. n. (prae -f fulgeo), shine con- spicuously.

praemetuo, -ere, v. a. (prae + metuo), fear in advance, suspect.

praemium, -i, n., reward, re- compense, hi re, prize. praepono, -ere, posui, posi- tum, V. a. (prae -i- pono), place before, prefer. praesens, -tis, adj. {part.y praesum), present, belong- ing to the present day.

praesentia, -ae,/. (praesens), presence.

praesepe, -is, n., enclosure, cattle-byre, stall. praesidium, -i, n. (prae- sideo), protection, shelter. praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitum, {also -stavi, -statum), v. a. (prae -1- sto), stand in front of, guarantee, perform (0/ duty) ; hospitium prae- stare, Show hospitality (II. viii. 16).

VOCABULARY

XXXVll

praeter, prep. with acc. ,beyond, besides, except. praetereo, -ire, -ii {also -Ivi\ -itum, V. a. (praeter -H eo), pass over.

pratum, -i, w., meadow,

pasture (I. xv. 4). pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked, distorted, misshapen, mis- guided.

Praxiteles, -is, m., thefamous Greek sculptor. He was born, probably in Athens, about 390 B. o., and may be said to have flourislied there from about the year 364. He excelled in re- presenting ideal beauty, especially of the female form, and chiefly employed marble. We have probably but one original work of his in existence, the muti- lated statue of ‘Hermes carrying the infant Dio- nysus,* discovered in 1877. But his ‘ Eros,’ and his ‘Venus’ at Cnidos, were more famou^. It is not probable that the Venus de’ Medici, the Townley Venus of the Bi itish Mu- seum, or even the ‘Venus of Melos ’ in the Louvre at Paris, are really the vrork of Praxiteles (V. Proh 6), premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, V. a., check, suppress, press hard, press upon. prendo, -ere, -di, -sum, v. a. {short form of prehendo), grasp.

pretium, -i, n , money spent for anything, cost, reward, wages, fee, bribe.

[prex, precis], /., entreaty. The abi. sing. and the plural only in common use.

pridem, adv., long since, long ago.

primo, adv. (primus), (i) of prior ity in time., first ; (2) firstly {in enumeraiions), first.

primum, adv. (primus), (i) of priority in choice, fir.:it ; (2) firstly (m enumera- tions), first.

primus, -a, -um, adj. supeil. (prior being comp.), first, the first ; {of seais), front.

princeps, principis, adj. as subs. (primus capio), leader, chieftain, the emptror ; pl., the leading men.

principatus, -us, m. (prin- ceps), lordship, kingship, royal power.

prior, -us, adj. comp. {sup. being piimus), first of two, earlier ; {ofdegree), superior, priores, subs.^ our prede- cessors.

prius, adv. (prior), before, earlier ; prius . . . cjuam, earlier . . . than, le-

fore.

pristinus, -a, -um, adj.^ be- longing to early times, pi-imitive, former.

privatus, -a, -um, adj. {part, privo), apart from the State, private.

pro, prep. icith abi., for, in behalf of, instead of ; stare pro, stand up for.

probo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (probus), prove good, es- tablish by proof, bring horne (a charge).

xxxviii FABLES OF

procax, -acis, adj. (proco), forward, presuming. procedo, -ere, -cessi, -ces- sum, V. n. (pro + cedo), go forward, go on. procul, adv.^ afar off, far. proculco, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (pro + calco), tread under foofc, tread down. prodeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n. (pro + eo), come forth, ad- vance, go forth, go out of doors, come before the World, come on the stage.

proelium, -i, n,, battle. profero, -ferre, -tuli, -IMum, V, a. (pro + fero), put forth, produce {from concealmcnt, or publicly), pronounce sentence.

professus, -a, -um, adj. {part. of profiteor, used passiveJy), acknowledged, manifest, open.

profiteor, -eri, -fessus, v. dep. a. (pro + fateor), acknow- ledge or proclaim publicly, promise openly, loudly avow.

profugio, -ere, -fugi, v. n.

(pro + fugio), run away. progenies, -ei, /. (progigno), offspring.

proles, -is, /. (pro + alo), off- spring, family. proloQLUor, -i, -locutus, v. a. (pro + loquor), say publicly, set forth.

promitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- sum, V. a. (pro + mitto), hold out a hope, promise, engage oneself. propono, -ere, posui, posi- tum, V. a. (pro + pono).

PHAEDRUS

offer publicly, announce, lay before, propose.

propositum, -i, n. {part.., pro- pono), whatis put forward, statement, wliat is put be- fore the mind, object, aim, theme, purpose.

proprius, -a, -um, adj., one’s own, personal, private, especial.

propter, (i) adu., near ; (2) prep. with acc., on account of, for the benefit of.

prorsus, adv. (pro + versus), certainly, utterly, ab- solutely.

prosequor, -i, -secutus, v. a. (pro + sequor), follow forth, accompany, escort.

prospecto, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. {freq.., prospicio \ look forth over.

prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- tum, V. 71., look forth, look out.

prosum, prodesse, -fui, v. n. (pro + sum), be useful, pro- fitable ; with dat, benefit, da good to.

protinus, adv. (pro + tenus), forthwith.

proximus, -a, -um, adj., superi, (prope), nearest, very near, connected with (I. X. 5) ; comp., pro- pior.

prudens, -tis, adj. ( for pro- videns), far-seeing, pru- dent, wise.

prudentia, -ae, /. (prudens), practical wisdom, skill.

pudor, -oris, m. (pudeo), sense of shame, modesty, moderation, sense of de- cency, honour.

VOCABULARY

XXXIX

puer, pueri, m., boy ; pZ., children.

pugna, -ae, /., a fight be- tween individuals, battle, contest.

pulcher, -ra, -rum, adj.^ beautiful, handsome. pulchre, adv. (pulcher), finely, fully, well, utterly. pullus, -i, m. (conn. puer), young creature, esp. young bird.

pulmentarium, -i, n. (pul- mentum, contr.from pulpa- mentum), any relish eaten with bread, food, a piece of food.

pulsus, part. o/ pello, pulvis, -eris, w., dust. purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a. (purum + ago), make clean, ciear.

puteus, -i, m., well. puto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., reckon, hold, deem, sup- pose, think, fancy ; with tivo acciisativeSy think to be so and so, take for (IV. ii. 4).

qua, adv. {abi. fem.^ qui and quis),by which way, where, relative and interrogative. quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm, V. a., seek, seek to get, be- seech, earn, seek to know, enquire, ask, seek to do, make one’s object. quaeso, old form of quaero, mostly used in istperson sing,, and in the sense of ^ I beseech,* entreat,’

‘ prithee.’

quaestio, -onis, /. (quaero'', enquiry, riddle, problem.

quaestus, -us, m. (quaero), money-making, source of gain, gain.

qualis, pron, adj., (i) interr., of what kind ; (2) rel.y

after talis, of which kind, as.

quam, adv.., (i) interr., how ;

(2) after comparatives and quasi- compar ativesj than j

(3) ctfter tam, as. quamlibet, adv. (quam -i-

libet), how you please, as you please, freely. quamvis (quam + vis), (i) adv., as you will, howso- ever, although, albeit, with part. or adj. ; (2) conj., with subj., although, albeit. quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj., interr. and rei., how great, how much ; after tantus, as ; neut, quantum, as siibs., how much, frequently with partitive genitive. quapropter, rei. and interr.

adv., wherefore. quare, rei. and interr. adv. (qua + re), for what reason, wherefore.

quartus, -a, -um, num. adj., fourth, the fourth. quasi, adv. (quam -f si), as if, with (i) subj., (2) part. or adj.

-que, copulative particle, attached to the Word it connects, or, in case of a phrase, usually to the first Word of it, and ; que . . . que, or que ... et, both . . . and.

quercus, -us, /., oak-tree. querela, -ae,/. (queror), com- plaint, grumbling, discon- tent.

xl

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

queror, -i, questus, v. dep. n. and (X., complain, complain of.

questus, -us, m. (queror), com- plainiiig, remonstrance. qui, quae, quod, {^i.) pron. rei., who, which, &c. ; (2) adj. interr.j wliich, what kind of.

qui, adv. (quis), how, interr. and rei. ; takes sub, with sense of purpose or consequence. quia, conj., because {of motive). quicquam, see quisquam, quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, pron. rei. (qui + cunque), whosoever, &c.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (subs. , quiddam) , pron. indef. , a certain, a certain one, somebody, &c.

quidem, adv., indeed, conces- sive.

quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum, v. n. (quies), rest, repose, keep quiet.

quietus, -a, -um, adj. {part, quiesco, in middle sense), calm, quiet, silent, quin, conj. (qui + ne), why not, but ; quin etiam, nay more {also frequently with subj., but, but tliat). quippe, adv., truly, in the belief that, doubtless, evi- dently ; ivith part., inso- much as, for.

quis, quae and qua, quid and quod {for use of the alterna- tive forms, see grammars), interr. and indef. pron., who, what, which, any, some, any one, some one, &c. ; neut., as adv., quid, why.

quis, for quibus, from quis and qui.

quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, pron. interr. (quis -t- nam), pray who, what.

quisquam, quaequam, quic- quam or quidquam, indef. pron., any, any one, any- thing, something, &c., esp. in negative and quasi- negative clauses ; .neut., quicquam, as adv., at all.

quisque, quaeque, quodque^ and subs., quicque, indef pron., ivhoever or ivhatever it be, each, every, each one, every one.

quisquis, quaeque, quodquod, and subs., quicquid, quid- quid ; pron. rei., whoever, &c.

quo, adv. (quis), interr. and rei., whither, to what purpose, to the end that, whereby, in order that, replacing ut where a com- parative is present in the clause.

quod, conj. {neut., qui), be- cause, namely that, as for the fact that, whereas ; quod si, but if, now if.

quondam, adv. (quom = cum H- dam\ at a certain time, once, once upon a time.

quoniam, conj. (quom -fiam), since now, because.

quoque, conj., after the emphatic Word, also.

ramosus, -a, -um, adj. (ra- mus\ full of branches, branching.

ramus, -i, m., branch.

rana, -ae, /., frog.

VOCABULARY

xli

rapina, -ae, /. (rapio), carry- ing off, raid, descent (o/ an enemy).

rapio, -ere, -ui, -tum, i\ a., carry oif, seize, snap up, snatch away, clutch, plunder, pillage. raptor, -oris, m., robber. rarus, -a, -um,ad;., farapart, seldom found, rare, recido {often spelt reccido, when the first syllaUe is long), -ere, reccidi, recasum, v. n. (re -f- cado) fall back, sink back (III. xviii. 15). recipio, -ere, -cepi, -cepfcum, V. a. (re + capio), (i) take to oneself, admit, welcome, receive ; (2) take back,

rescue.

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. and n. (re + causa), show cause against, beg not to, refuse, repudiate, reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. a. (re + do), gAe what is due, give back, restore, deliver, pay.

redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n. (re + eo), come back, come again, return ; 0/ time,

come round, come horne ; eunt et redeunt, go and come (II. viii. 12). refero, -ferre, rettuli, rela- tum, V. a, (re -1- fero), carry back, give back, draw back, set fortli again, relate, teli a story, carry to its propei* place, refer ; pedem referre, retire ; gratiam referre, return a favour ; ad ani- mum referre, take to heart. reficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, V, a. (re -f- facio), re-make,

renew, revive ; reficior, in middle sense, revive (IV. xix. 4).

regno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n. (regnum), be a king, rule absolutely.

regnum, -i, n. (rex\ kingly government, kingdom ; pL, government of a king. reicio, -ere, reieci, reiectum, V. a. (re + iacio), throw back, throw off, drive off, reject.

relicuus, -a, -um, more commonly reliquus, adj. (re- ^linquo), remaining, left. religio, -onis, /. (religo), scrupulousness, scrupi e,

reverence for the gods, duty, &c.

relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum, V. a. (re -f linquo), leave ^behind, leave, bequeath. reliquiae, -arum, /. (relin- quo), remnants, dregs. reliquus = relicuus, remedium,-!, (re + medeor), means of healing, remedy, anodyne.

repello, -ere, reppuli, repul- sum, V. a. (re -1- pello), drive back, repel, defeat, batfie, reject.

repente, adv. (repens), sud- denly, rapidly. reperio, -ire, repperi, reper- tum, V. a. (re -f pario), find again, discoyer (accidentally ^or after search), invent. repleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, V. a. (re -f pleo), fili up, fili, gorge, satisfy. repulsus, part of repello, requiro, -ere, -quisivi, -qulsl- tum, V, a. (re + quaero),

xlii

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

seek again, look for, feel the need of.

res, rei, /, thing, requires to he translated according to the sense of the particular passage . Common meanings are busi- ness, property, facfc ; hut passages in this hook will he found 'wliere one of the follow- ing tvords ivill he useful : aifairs, interest, matters, possession, undertaking, battle, hour, action, offence, question, moral ; hac re, for this cause (lY. x.

reses, -idis, adj, (resideo), quiet, inactive.

resideo, -ere, -sedi, v, n. (re + sedeo), sit at ease.

respondeo, -ere, -di, -sum, V. n. (re + spondeo), answer, reply.

restituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, v a. (re -I- statuo), re-place, re- store.

resto, -are, -stiti, v. n. (re -f- sto), stand stili, halt, linger, stand one’s ground.

retensus, -a, -um, part (re- tendo), unstrung.

retineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, V. a. (re + teneo), hold back, detain, catch.

retorridus, -a, -um, adj., dried up, wrinkled, expe- ^rienced.

retro, adv., backwards, back.

revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (re + voco), invite in return.

rex, regis, m., king.

rideo, -ere, risi, risum, v. n., laugh.

rigeo, -ere, v. n., to be stitf;

part, rigens, as adj., stiff, benumbed.

risus, -us, m. (rideo), laughter.

rivus, -i, m., stream. rodo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. a., gnaw, nibble.

rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. and n., ask for, beg for, beg, claim, supplicate, pray.

Roma, -ae, /., the city of Rome.

rostrum, -i, n. (rodo), beak. rudis, -e, uninstructed,

inexperienced, artless. rugosus, -a, -um, adj. (ruga), wrinkled.

ruina, -ae,/. (ruo), fall, down- fall.

rumor, -oris, m., rumour, report.

rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, V. a., break, burst. ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, v. n.,

(1) fall down, be ruiiied ;

(2) rush, hurry to a place. rursus, adv. (re -h versus),

again.

rusticus, -a, -um, adj. (rus), belonging to the country ; suhs., rusticus, a country fellow; rustica, a country woman.

saepe, adv., often, many times ; comp. , saepius, more often, pretty frequently. saevio, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n. (saevus), act savagely, wreak vengeance. saevus, -a, -um, adj., savage, cruel, bloody.

sal, salis, n., salt, wit, jesting.

VOCABULARY

xliii

salio, -ire, -ui, -tum, v. n., leap.

saltem, adv., at least, only. saltus, -us, m. (salio), leap, spring of a beast of preij. saltus, -us, m., woodland pasture, forest-glade, forest. saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a. (salus), vs^ish good health, salute, greet.

salvus, -a, -um, adj., saved, preserved, unliarmed, safe. sanguis, -inis, m., blood, kindred, descendants. sapiens, -tis, adj. (sapio), w^ise, prudent ; subs., philo- sophor, sage.

sapio, -ere, -Ivi, v, n., be a person of judgment. sapor, -oris, m. (sapio), taste, flavour.

sarcina, -ae, /. (sarcio), load; pL, baggage. ^

satio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (satis), fili, glut, satisfy ; pass., take one’s fili, satis, adv.j enough, fully, eftectually, quite, scando, -ere, v. a., climb. scelestus, -a, -um, adj, (scelus), criminal, wicked. scena, -ae, /., background ; hence stage.

scilicet, adv. (scire + licet), as a matter of fact, in truth. scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. a., become aware, recognize, be aware, know. scopulus, -i, m., pointed

rock, rock.

scribo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, v. a., write ; with dat., write for the benefit of( IV. xxiii. 3). scriptor, -oris, m. (scribo), writer, author.

scrutor, -ari, -atus, v. dep a. (scruta, rags), peer into, examine.

scurra, -ae, m,, buffoon, comic man.

scyphus, -i, m., Greek ivord for cup, goblet.

se (acc.) and sese, sui, pers. pron. 3rd pers. reflex., no nom., dat., sibi ; abL, se and sese, himself, themselves, &c. ; as subjectio infn.yhim, them, &c.

secerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, V. a. (se, apart, + cerno), set apart, separate.

secretus, -a, -um, adj. {part., secerno), apart, retired, secret ; subs., secretum, retired place, retirement.

seculum, -i, n., generat ion, lifetime, the people living at a certain time, the times.

secundus, -a, -um, adj. {part., sequor), following, second, the second, favourable ; re secunda, in the hour of victory (but for construction see noteY. ii. 15) ; secundo, in the second place, secondly.

securus, -a, -um, adj, (se, apart, + cura),without care, at one’s ease, without thought, heedless, without fear.

sed, conj., but.

sedoo, -ere, sedi, sessum, V. n., sit, sit in judgment (I. X. 6), take one’s seat, settle.

sedes, -is, /. (sedeo), seat, horne, abode.

sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, a.

xliv

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

(sedeo), cause to sit, lay, allay (dust), quench (thirst), appease. semanimus, -a, -um, adj. (seini -f- animus), half allve, half dead.

semel, adv.^ once, once oiily, once for all. semper, adv.^ always. senarius, -a, -um, adj. (seni), consisting of six each, that is of six feet, iambic. senecta, -ae, /. (senex), old age.

senex, senis, adj., f^g^d, old, iisually of 7nan, hut applied to a dog (V. x. 7) ; of a literary liero in the past

(III. XLV. 4).

sensus, -us, m. (sentio), per- ception, sense ; pl., povvers of thought (II. iv. ii). sententia, -ae, /. (sentio), opinion, sentiment, sen- tence (0/ a judge), subject, sentiment (0/ a song). sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, V. a., perceive (with the senses) ; perceive, feel, realize, understand, recog- nize, observe (a fact or truth).

separo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (se, apart, + paro), disjoin, set apart, separate, sequor, -i, secutus, v. a., follow, come to, be devoted to.

serus, -a, -um, adj., late, too late.

servio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, v. n., be a slave ; ivith dat, be in slavery to, be in subjection to, be of Service to, do a Service for.

servitus, -utis, /. (servio), slavery, bondage. servo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., keep unharmed, keep, keep to, be faithful to. sese= se.

setosus, -a, -um, xtdj. (seta), bristly.

seventas, -atis, /. (severus), sternness.

sex, num. indecl., six.

si, conj., if. See also note oii

IV. viii. 4.

sibi, dat. and abi. of se. sic, adv., thus, so, as follows. sicuhi, adv. (si + cubi = ubi), if anyvvhere.

significo, -are, -avi, -atum,

V. a. (signum f facio), show by signs, signify, mean.

signum, -i, n., sign, Standard

{in battle).

silentium, -i, n. (sileo), silence.

silva, -ae, /., forest, wood- land.

similis, -e, adj., like, similar, parallel, true to nature, similiter, adv, (similis), in like manner, in the same vvay, naturally ; comp., si- milius, more like nature, simius, -i, 7n., for the more common simia, an ape. simpliciter, adv. (simplex), simply, naively, inno- cently.

simul, (i) adv., at the same time, at once, also ; (2) conj., for simul ac, with indic., as soon as.

simulacrum, -i, n. (simulo), likeness, image, reflec- tion.

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum,

VOCABULARY

xlv

v. a. (similis), make like, pretend, feign, assume, sine, prep. loith ahl., without. singuli, -ae, -a, num. distrib. adj,, one to each, one by one, each individually ; subs., each aud all, all and sin gula r (I. viii. 5) sinus, -us, m., a fold, the bosom ; pL, recesses, daik places.

siquis = si quis, if any. siquo = si quo, if to any place.

sitio, -ire, -Ivi, v. n. (sitis), be thirsty, thirst. sitis, -is,/., thirst. smaragdus, -i, /., emerald, jasper, inalachite, &c., usiially emerald. societas, -atis, /. (socius), partnership, alliance. socius, -i, m., partner, ally. Socrates, -is, m., born 469 B. c. at Aihens, began life at his father"s art of sculp- ture, but gave it up early for philosophy. He was poor, but indifferent to cir- cumstances. Equally in- different to populari ty, he devoted himself to the exposure of all shams, consciousand unconscious, in life and thought. His friends were devoted to him : not so the multitude without, whose irritation, gathering for years, at last made him a prey to ene- mies who got him con- demned on a charge of impiety and of corrupting youth. Ho died by a draught of hemlock in

B. c. 399, as calm, unself- ish, and independent as he h?d lived. No man has affected the world more profoundly, altliough not a single woik from his pen is in existence (III. ix). sol, solis, m.j sun, sunshine. solacium, -i,n. (solor), sooth- ing, comfort, consolation. soleo, -ere, solitus, v. n., be accustomed, be wont. solitus, -a, -um, part. of soleo, sollertia, -ae, /. (sollers), skill, craft.

sollicitus, -a, -um, ad/, dis- turbed, troubled. solus, -a, -um, ad/, alone. solutus, part.j solvo, solvo, -ere, -vi, -utum, v. a. (se, apart, + luo), loosen, dissolve, slacken, release, set free, free from debl, hence pay ; free from care, sonipes, -edis, ad/ (sono + pes), used as subs., the sounding-hoofed one, the horse.

sonus, -i, m. (sono), sound, splash, voice.

sophus, -i, w., Greek word for wise, a wise man, philoso- phor, savant.

sorbitio, -onis, /. (sorbeo), a supping up ; hence soup, broth, pottage. spargo, -ere, sparsi, spar- sum, i\ a., strew, spread, sprinkle.

spatium, -i, n., room, ex- tent.

species, -ei,/., face, exterior, magnificence.

spectaculum, -i, n. (spesto), exhibition, show.

xlvi

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

specto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., gaze at, look on at. speculum, -i, w., that in which one sees oneself^ mirror. specus, -us, m., cave, grot. spes, spei,/., hope. spiritus, -us, m. (spiro), breath, the breath of life, life, soul.

splendor, -oris, w., brilli- ance, splendour. spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (spolium), rob, de- spoil.

spondeo, -ere, spopondi, sponsum, v. a., go baii, become security for. sponsor, -oris, m. (spondeo), one who becomes security, bail.

stagnum, -i, n.^ standing water, pool.

statim, adv. (sto), on the spot, forthwith, at once. statio, -onis, /. (sto), station, abode.

sterquilinum, -i, n. (stercus), dung-heap, mixen. sto, -are, steti, statum, v. n., stand.

stramentum, -i, n. (sterno), littering, bedding {for cattle).

stringo, -ere, strinxi, stric- tum, V. a., draw tight, draw forth, draw. stropha, -ae, /., Greek word for trick, turn.

stulte, adv. (stultus), blindly, foolishly.

stultitia, -ae, /. (stultus), foolishness, stupidity, lack of discretion.

stultus, -a, -um, foolish, dull of under standing.

short-sighted,blind towhat one is doing.

stupor, -oris, m. (stupeo), stu- pidity, amazement, blind admiration.

suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, V. a.j ad vise, urge ; with dat, and usually ut and subj. , hut in I. xv. 6 infin. suavis, -e, adj., agreeable to the senses, pleasant, de- lightful.

sub, prep. (i) with abt, under, concealed in ; (2) with acc.^ of motion to the place of shelter or concealmentj up to. subdolus, -a, -um, adj., (sub -f dolus), crafty. subinde, adv. , just after, next, one after the other, re- peatedly.

subito, adv. (subitus), sud- denly.

subitus, -a, -um, adj. {party subeo), sudden, unex- pected.

sublatus, part , tollo, sublimis, -e, adj.j lofty; {of station) highly-placed ; in sublime, up aloft. submoveo, -ere, -movi, -mo- tum, V. a. (sub -H moveo), remove, banish. subripio, -ere, -ripui, -rep- tum, V. a. (sub + rapio), take away secretly, filch. subsum, -esse, v. n. (sub -f- sum), be under, successus, -us, m. (succedo), success.

succumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cu- bitum, V. n. (sub -f cumbo), lie down, surrender, give in, give up.

succurro, -ere, -curri, -cur-

VOCABULARY

xlvii

sum, V, n. (sub + curro), run up to, run to the help of, aid,help, cometorescue, with dat

sui, gen. of se.

sum, esse, fui {fut. partj futurus), V. n.y be, happen ; quodcunque fuerit, what- ever betide.

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sump- tum, V. a. (sub + emo), take up, take, take by violence, gather, choose, take with one.

summus, -a, -um, adj. superi, {pos. superus ; comp. su- perior), highest ; of Jupi- ter, Most High ; summis viribus, with his utmost strength (IV. iii. 2) ; mons summus, top of a hili (II. V. 9).

super, (i) prep. with acc., over, in attitude of defence (II. i. i) ; over, of extent ; on to, with motion to the position takeyi ; may follow its case (II. vi. ii) ; 'inay take abi. also, if motion to is not implied\ (2) adv., more- over.

superbia, -ae, /. (superbus), pride, affectation, inso- lence, presumption, pre- tence, haughtiness, stub- bornness.

superbus, -a, -um, adj. (super), proud, haughty.

superior, -us, adj. comp. {pos. superus ; sup. sum- mus), high er.

superus, -a, -um, adj. (super), upper ; subs., superi, the gods above.

supplex, -icis, adj. (sub + pli-

co), bending the knees, sup- plicating, entreating, sup- pliant.

supplicium, -i, n. (supplex), a bending for punishment, punishment.

supra, prep., on to the top of

(I. ii. 20).

sus, suis, m. and /., swine, hog, sow.

suscito, - are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (sub + cito), raise up, awaken, rouse.

suspendo, -ere, -di, -sum, V. a. (sub -f- pendo), hang up, suspend.

suspensus, -a, -um, adj. {parf. suspendo), sus- pended, ligbt, noiseless.

sustineo, -ere, -ui, susten- tum, V. a. (sub -f teneo), hold up, support, sustain, put up with, brook, en- dure ; sometimes with acc. -H infin. as object.

sustuli, perf. of tollo.

sutor, -oris, m. (suo), stitcher, cobbler.

suus, -a, -um, poss. pron. srd. person (se), his, her, its, their, &c., acc. to subject of sentence, emphatic, his,&c., own; pl. assw6s.,hispeople, &c.

taberna, -ae, /., booth, hut, tavern.

tabula, -ae, /., plank, board, panel, painting (on panel), picture.

tacite, adr. (tacitus), silenti y, without speaking.

talis, -e, adj., of such a kind, such, such as the preced- ing, such as the following.

xlviii

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

tam, adi\^ so, so very. tamen, adv., yet, neverfclie- less ; in spife of something understood from the contexty after all (II. v. 5). tandem, adv.^ at length. tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, V. a.j touch, handle, meddle with, reachjstrike ; invidia tactus, stung with envy (I. xxiv. 3).

tantum, adv. (tantus^, so much, merely, only. tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great, such, as great, so much, such, as much ; tantum, subs.<, so much, with gen. ; tanti, of such value ; tanto, by so much. tartareus, -a, -um, adj. (Tar- tarus), like Tartarus {fhe abode of the lost), Tartarean. taurus, -i, m., bull, steer. te, acc. and abi. of tu. tectum, -i, n. (tego), cover, roof, abode.

telum, -i, n , any weapon used at a distance, esp. if thrown, missile.

tempto, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (/re?., tendo), handle ; make trial of, try to find out.

tempus, -oris, n., time ; so p?., appointed time, critica! time, time of need. Tempus = time personifed, Time.

tendo, -ere, tetendi, tensum, v.a. (teneo), stretch,strain, stretch out, spread. teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, v. <x., hold, hold fast, have safe, possess, detain, stay, at- tract, charm.

tener, tenera, tenerum, adj., Soft, delicate, young, tensus, part. of tendo, tenuitas, -atis, /. (tenuis), slenderness, slimness, slen- der resources, poverty. tergum, -i, n., the back (0/ men or beasts).

tergus, -oris, n., the back, the skin upon it, hide. tero, -ere, trivi, tritum, v. a., rub.

terra, -ae, /., earth, soil, land ; pl., the earth. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a., alarm, rouse, terrify. terror, -oris, m. (terreo), fear, panic, alarm. tertius, -a, -um, num. adj. (ter, tres), third, the third ; tertia pars, third part. testa, -ae, /. ( = tosta from torreo), burned clay, earthenware, a piece of earthenware.

testimonium, -i, n. (testor), evidence, testimony. testis, -is, m. and /, a wit- ness. *

testor, -ari, -atns, v. dep. a.

(testis), bear witness to. testudo, -inis, /. (testa), a tortoise.

theatrum, -i, n., Greek word for tlieatre.

thesaurus, -i, m., Greek loord for treasure ; so pl. tibia, -ae, /., the large shin- bone, a musical instru- ment, the pipe (priginalhj made from the shin-bone'^ . tibicen, -inis, m. (tibia + cano), one who plays upon the tibia, piper, tigillum, -i, n. {dim., tig-/

VOCABULARY

xlix

num), sniall beam, log, baulk {of Umber). timeo, -ere, -ui, v. a. and n., fear, be afraid ; with dat. , be afraid for.

timidus, -a, -um, adj. (timeo), fearful, timid, cowardly. timor, -oris, m. (timeo), fear.

tinctus, part. of tingiio. tinguo, -ere, tinxi, tinctum, V. a.j wet, soak, dip. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sub- latum, V. a.f lift, pick up, take up, carry up, take away, take, remove, carry oif, raise {a cry). torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, V. a.j tvvist, torture, tor- ment, puzzle.

totus, -a, -um, adj., wliole, the whole.

toxicum, -i, n., Greek word for arrow-poison, poison. trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum, V. a. (trans + do), liand over, deliver up, hand down, commit to, report; traditum est, it is a tradi- tion.

tragicus, -a, -um, adj., be- longing to tragedy, tragic. traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, V. a., draw, sniff, lead, drag out.

transeo, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, v. a. andn. (trans f eo), pass by, pass (pf time).

trepide, adv. (trepidus), eagerly, excitedly, in alarm.

trepido, -are, -avi, -atum, V. n. (trepidus), be in alarm, unsettled, fluttered, be in confusion, rout.

tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum,r. give, bestow, assign, allot, yield.

tristis, -e, adj., gloomy, sad, sorry, miserable, painful, bi tter ,unfortuiiate , la ment- able.

triticum, -i, n., wheat. tritus, -a, -um, adj. {part, tero), rubbed, burnislied, smooth, polished. trivium,-i, w.(ter + via), place u^here three roads meet, public way.

trudo, -ere, -si, -sum, v. a., thrust ; trudere foras, thrust out of doors. tu, tui, pron. 2nd. pers., tliou, you.

tueor, -eri, tuitus, v. a., watch, protect. tum, adv., at that time, tlien, next in order, tJiereupon. tumeo, -ere, v. n , be swollen, be inhated.

tunc, adv. (tum -f ce), at that time, then, next in order, thereupon.

tunica, -ae, /, under gar- ment, tunic.

turba, -ae, /., turmoil, a dis- orderlymultitude,an eager throng, an uproarious company.

turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. (turba), throw into con- fusion, strike with panic, turn to flight, confound. turbulentus, -a, -um, adj. (turba), disturbed (o/ loater).

turpis, -e, adj , ugly, awk- ward, unbecoming, humili- ating,shameful jdishonour- able.

PHAED. SEL.

L

1

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

turpiter, ac??;, (turpis), sliame- fully.

tus, turis, n., incense.

Tuscum mare, the Etrurian Sea, is that enclosed by Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica : called also Tyr- rhenum mare and Inferum mare (II. v. lo).

tutela, -ae, /. (tutor), pro- tection.

tutor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a. {freq.^ tueor), protect, watch ; passive (I. xxxi. i).

tutus, -a, -um, adj. {part, tueor), protected, safe, secure.

tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., thy, thine, yours, your.

tympanum, -i, w., Greek word for drum, timbrel, tam- bourine.

tyrannus, -i, m., Greek word for absolute and therefore severe ruler, tyrant, des- pot.

ubi, adv. and conj., where, when.

ullus, -a, -um, adj. (c?m., unus), any, any one, ex- clusive, in negative or ‘ if ’ cJauses.

ultimus, -a, -um, adj. {conn. uls, ultra), farthest, last ; comp. ulterior.

ultro, adv. (conn. uls, ultra), to the farther side, beyond expectation, even,actually, wantonly.

umerus, -i, m., upper arm, shoulder.

una, adv. (unus), in the same place, in company, to- gether.

unde, adv., from what place, when ce, from whom, from what cause.

unguis, -is, m., nail, claw, talon.

unus, -a, -um, num. adj., one.

urbanus, -a, -um, adj. (urbs), of the City, witty, polished. urbs, -is, /., a walled town, City.

ut, adv. and conj,, (i) ivith indic., how, as, whereas, since, when ; sic . . . ut, so surely as ; (2) with subj., in order that (of purpose), so that (of conseqiience) ; hence upon condition that. utcumque, adv., by what- ever means, one way or other, on some pretext or other (IL ii. 1). uterque, Qtraque, utrum- que, pron., each of two, both.

utilis, -e, adj. (utor), capable of use, useful, serviceable. utilitas, -atis,/. (utilis), use- fulness, Service, interest. utinam, adv. , in wishes, would that ! oh that ! ; subj. follows.

uva, -ae, /., grape, cluster of grapes.

vacuus, -a, -um, adj. (vaco), devoid of, without oc' cupant, forsaken. vadum, -i, w., a ford, shallow place for drinking, bottom of water, bottom of a well, water, the sea. vagor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. n. (vagus), roam.

VOCABULARY

li

valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. be strong or well ; valeas, farewell ! ; with have

streiigtli to, be able. validius, adv, (validior, comp. of validus), more vigor- ously, more lustily. validus, -a, -um, adj. (valeo), strong.

.vanus, -a, -um, adj.^ empty, unreal ; (o/ threats) unsup- ported.

vastus, -a, -um, adj.y unoc- cupied, desert, vast.

-ve, disjunctive particle, enclitic, or, leaving choice free hetween tivo things or hetween severat. vehemens, -tis, adj., furi- ous.

velox, -ocis, adj. (co7in. volo, fly), speedy, rapid, swift. venator, -oris, m. (venor), hunter.

vendito, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. {freq., vendo), attempt to sell.

vendo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, V. a. (venum -I- do), put up for sale, sell, barter. veneo, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, v. n. (venum + eo), go to sale, be sold.

venia, -ae, /., indulgence, pardon.

venio, -ire, veni, ventum, V. 71., go, come, make pro- gress, (o/ tiTne) arrive ; venire in dubium, become doubtful (III. xiii. 7). venor, -ari, -atus, v. dep. a., hunt, Chase, venter, -tris, m., belly. verbosus, -a, -um, adj. (ver- bum), wordy. verbum, -i, 7i., word.

vere, adv. (verus), truly, really.

vereor, -eri, -itus, v. dep. n.

and a., fear, be afraid. veritas, -atis, /. (verus), trutb.

vero, adv. (verus), in very trutb, verily, but ; lencis e7nphasis.

versus, -us, m. (verto), a turning, line, verse ; pl., poems.

verto, -ere, -ti, -sum, v. a., turn ; pass. in iiiiddle sense, move about in, be in (II. viii. 19).

verum, ach). (verus), but truly, but (hrings forward a new a7'gume7it or conside7'a- tion).

verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real, genuine ; su5s , verum, tlie trutb.

vescor, -i, v. dep. n. and a., feed, feed on, enjoy ; icith aU., hut I. xxxi. ii with accusative.

vespa, -ae,/., wasp. vester, vestra, vestrum, 790S.9.

pron., your, yours. vestimentum, -i, n. (vestis), article of clothing ; pl., apparel.

vetus, -eris, adj., old, aged, long-standing. vetustas, -atis, /. (vetustus), antiquity, age. vetustus, -a, -um, adj.

(vetus), ancient. via, -ae, /., road, bigbway, path, journey.

viator, -oris, w. (vio, travel), traveller, wayfarer. vicem, -is, 7io 7i07n.,f., change, reverse; pl., succession,

L 2

lii

FABLES OF PHAEDRUS

alternation, the round of duty, duty.

victor, -oris, m, (vinco), con- queror, victor, victor (?n games).

victus, -us, m. (vivo), means of living, food, livelihood.

video, -ere, vidi, visum, V, a., see, observe, per- ceive, realize, understand ; 'passive, videor, -eri, visus, seem, be thought, seem good ; videtur, iwpers., it seems good, it is deter- mined.

vigilia, -ae,/. (vigil), watch- fulness.

vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, v, n, (vigil), be awake, on the watch, be on one’s guard.

vilicus, -i, m. (villa), farm- bailiif.

villa, -ae, /., country-house, liomestead.

vinco, -ere, vici, victum, V. a. and n., conquer, over- come, be victorious, sur- pass, be superior to.

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (vim -H dico), claim, deliver, defend, avenge, punish.

vindicta, -ae, /. (vindico), vengeance, revenge.

vinea, -ae, /. (vinum), vine- yard, vine.

vipera, -ae, /. (vivus -t- pario, that hrings forth living yowng), viper.

vir, viri, m., man {as opposed to woman), brave man, dis- tinguished man.

viridis, -e, adj. ( vireo), green ; pl., viridia, green herbage, &c., greenery.

virtus, -utis, /. (vir), manli- ness, courage, valour, vir- tue, merit, vigour, power to support one's words. vis, 2,nd pers. smg., volo, wish. vis, vis, /., force, violence, literary ability ; aU. ,vi ,with a strong hand ; pl., vires, strength, power, energy. vita, -ae, /. (vivo), life, way, mode of life.

vitium, -i, n. , fault, blemish, shortcoming, failure. vito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., avoid,shun, provide against (II. iv. 22).

vitupero, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a. (vitium -f paro), find fault with, blame. vix, adv., scarcely. vobis, dat, a'nd ahl. pl. of tu, voco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., call, invite.

volo, velle, volui, v. irreg, a, and n., wish, choose, be willing ; non vis, won't you ? ; velim, with subj., I would have you ; sibi velle, wish for oneself, mean. volo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n,,

fly.

volucer, -eris, -cre, adj. (volo, fly), flying, swift ; fem., volucris, as suhs., bird, insect.

voluptas, -atis, /., delight, pleasure, desire, appetite (IV. ix. 9).

voluto, -are, -avi, -atum, V, a. {freq., volvo), turn over, roll.

vos, nom. and acc. pl. of tu. vox, vocis, /. (voco), sound, utterance, voice, cry (0/ a hmiter), squeak {ofaporker),

VOCABULARY

liii

exclamation, power of speech, musical tone. vulgMs, -e, adj. (vulgus), belonging to the multitude, general, everyday, com- mon.

vulgus, -i, n, {occasionally masculine), the multitude, common people. vulnus, -eris, n., w^ound. vulpecula, -ae, /. {dim., vulpes) ,littlefox,craftyfox. vulpes, -is,/., fox. vulpinus, -a, -um, adj. (vulpes), belonging to a fox, fox’s.

vult, srd. pers. sing. of volo, wdsh.

vultus, -us, m. (volo), ex- pression of countenance, countenance, expression, mien.

xystus, -i, m., Greek word for covered gallery, Roman for open colonnade, or Avalk planted with trees, avenue.

Zeuxis, -idis and -is, m., one of the celebrated Greek painters. Few precise dates are known in his life, but he ‘ flourished ’ from B. c. 424 to 400, and lived in various parts of Greece, largely at Athens. He excelled in accurate representation of natural objects, and the story of his grapes which were pecked at by birds is v^^ell known. But his work had originality, grace, and charm, as w^ell as ac- curacy, and he was a mas- ter, above his predecessors, of light and shade. He painted chiefly on panels. None of his Work survives ; it was rare in the time of Cicero, and very little could have been preserved to the days of Phaedrus (V. Proh 7).

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AETNA. Revised, emended, and explained by the. late H. A. J. MUNRO, M.A., Litt.D. Demy 8vo, 3,?. 6d.

ARISTOPHANES’ COMEDIES. By H. A. Holden, LL.D. Demy 8vo. Vol. I, Text and Notes. i8.y. Vol. II, Indices. 5.9. 6d. The plays sold separ ately.

CALPURNIUS SICULUS AND M. AURELIUS OLYMPIUS NEMESIANUS. The Eclogues. Edited by Charles Haines Keene, M.A. Crown 8vo, 6.9.

CATULLUS. Edited byj. P. Postgate, M.A., Litt.D. Fcap. 8vo, 3.9.

EURIPIDES, ELECTRA. Edited with Introduction and Notes by C. H. Keene, M.A. Demy 8vo, io^“. 6d.

HYPERIDES, THE ORATIONS OF. Edited with Notes and a Translation by F. G. Kenyon, M.A. 5.9. net.

LIVY. The first five Books. Prendeville’S edition revised throughout and the notes in great part rewritten by J. H. Freese, M.A. Books I, II, III, IV, V. With Maps and Introductions. 1.9. 6d.

LUCAN. The Pharsalia. Edited byC. E. Haskins, M.A. With an Introduction by W. E. Heitland, M.A. Demy 8vo, 14J.

LUCRETIUS. Titi Lucreti Cari de rerum natura libri sex. With Notes, Introduction, and Translation by the late H. A. J. MuNRO. Fourth Edition finally Revised. 3 vols. 8vo. Vols. I and II, Introduction, Text and Notes, 18.9. Vol. III, Translation, 6s.

OVID. P. Ovidii Nasonis Heroides XIV. Edited by Arthur Palmer, M.A. Demy 8vo, 6.9.

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of Classical Books

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Critical 3£^^t^ons {continued),

PLATO. The Proem to the Republic of Plato. Book I and Book II, chaps. i-io. Edited, with elaborate Introduction, Critical Notes, and Commentary, by T. G. Tucker, Litt.D. (Cambridge), Hon. Litt.D. (Dublin), Professor of Classical Philolo^y in the University of Melbourne, and formerly Fellow of St. John’s College, Cam- bridge. {In the Press.

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THEOCRITUS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by R. J. Cholmeley, M.A., City of London School. Crown 8vo.

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THUCYDIDES. The History of the Peloponnesian War. With Notes and a Collationof theMSS. By the late R. Shilleto, M.A. Book I. 8vo, 6s. 6d. Book II. ^s. 6d.

CORPUS POETARUM LATINORUM, a se aliisque denuo recogni- torum et brevi lectionum varietate instructorum, edidit Johannes Perci VAL Postgate, Litt.D. Tom. I quo continentur Ennius, Lucretius, Catullus, Horatius, Vergilius, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovidius. Large post 4to, 2is. net. Or in Two Parts, sewed, gs. each net.

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CORPUS POETARUM LATINORUM. Edited by Walker. i thick vol. 8vo. Cloth, i8^'.

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14

Messrs. BeWs Catalogue

Xatin anb 0reefe Class :fiSooft6*

BAIRD. Greek Verbs. A Catalogue of Verbs, Irregular and Defective ; their leading formations, tenses in use, and dialectic inflexions, with a copious Appendix, containing Paradigms for conjugation, Rules for formation of tenses, &c., &c. By J. S. Baird, T.C.D. 2S. 6d.

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BAKER. Latin Prose for London Students. By Arthur Baker, M.A. Wide fcap. 8vo, 2S.

BARRY. Notes on Greek Accents. By the Right Rev. A. Barry, D.D. New Edition, rewritten. is.

BECKWITH. Satura Grammatica. A Collection of Latin Critical Notes and Hints for Army Students. By E. G. A. Beckwith, B. A., Trinity College, Stratford-on-Avon. Fcap. 8vo, 2S. 6d.

CHURCH. Latin Prose Lessons. By A. J. Church, M.A., Pro- fessor of Latin at University College, London. Ninth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d.

CLAPIN. Latin Primer. By the Rev. A. C. Clapin, M.A. Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, i.y.

COLERIDGE. Res Romanae, being brief Aids to the History, Geography, Literature and Antiquities of Ancient Rome for less advanced students. By E. P. COLERiDGE, B.A. With 3 Maps. Crown 8vo. Second Edition. 2S. 6d.

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COLLINS. Latin Exercises and Grammar Papers. By T. COLLINS, M.A. Seventh Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2S. 6d.

Unseen Papers in Latin Prose and Verse. Seventh Edition.

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Easy Translations from Nepos, Caesar, Cicero, Livy, &c.

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COMPTON. Rudiments of Attic Construction and Idiom. By the Rev. W. Cookworthy Compton, M.A., Head Master of Dover College. Crown 8vo.

of Classical Books

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Xatin anb (Bcceft Class Boofts {continued).

FROST. Eclogae Latinae; or, First Latin Reading Book. With Notes and Vocabulary by the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 6d.

Analecta Graeca Minora. With Notes and Dictionary. New

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Materials for Latin Prose Composition. By the late Rev. P.

Frost, M.A. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2S. Key, 4.5. net.

A Latin Verse Book. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2S. Key, ^s. net.

HOLDEN. Foliorum Silvula. Part I. Passages for Translation into Latin Elegiae and Heroic Verse. By H. A. Holden, LL.D. Twelfth Edition. Post 8vo, ^s. 6d.

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Foliorum Centuriae. Select Passages for Translation into Latin

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JEBB, JACKSON, and CURRE Y. Extracts for Translation into Greek, Latin, and English. By R. C. Jebb, M.P., Litt.D., LL.D., Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge; H. Jackson, Litt.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and W. E. CURREY, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

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MASON. Analytical Latin Exercises. By C. P. Mason, B.A. Fourth Edition. Part I, i.s. 6d. Part II, 2S. 6d.

The Analysis of Sentences applied to Latin. Post 8vo, i.y. 6d.

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NOTABILIA QUAEDAM : or the Principal Tenses ot most of the Irregular Greek Verbs, and Elementary Greek, Latin, and French Constructions. New Edition. is.

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PENROSE. Latin Elegiae Verse, Easy Exercises in. By the Rev. J. Penrose. New Edition. i2mo, 2S. Key, 6d. net

i6 Messrs. BelVs Catalogue of Classical Books

Xatin anb Orecfe Class 3Boofts {continued).

PRESTON. Greek Verse Composition. By G. Preston, M.A. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 4.y. 6d.

SE AGER. Faciliora, An Elementary Latin Book on a New Principle. By the Rev. J. L. Seager, M.A. 2s. 6d.

THACKERAY. Anthologia Graeca. A Selection of Greek Poetry, with Notes. By F. St. John Thackeray. Sixth Edition. i6mo, 4.y. 6d.

Anthologia Latina. A Selection of Latin Poetry, from Naevius

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TEUFFEL’S HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE. Fifth Edition, revised by Dr. SchwAbe, translated by Prof. G. C. W. Warr, M.A., King’s College, London. Medium 8vo. Vol. I (The Republican Period), 15.?. Vol. II (The Imperial Period), 15^.

DONALDSON’STHEATREOFTHEGREEKS. Tenth Edition. 5.?.

KEIGHTLEY^S (T.) MYTHOLOGY OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ITALY. Fourth Edition, revised by L. Schmitz, Ph.D., LL.D. With Twelve Plates. 5^.

WEBSTER*S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENG- LISH LANGUAGE. Medium 4to, 2,118 pp., 3,500 Illustrations. Prices : cloth, £1 nj*. 6d.\ half-calf, £2 2S.\ half-russia, £2 5^. ; calf, £2 8.y. ; also in two vols., cloth, £1 14.?.

In addition to the Dictionary of Words, with their pronunciation, ety- mology, alternative spellings, and various meanings, illustrated by quotations and numerous woodcuts, there are several valuable appen- dices, comprising a Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World ; Vocabularies of Scripture, Greek, Latin, and English Proper Names ; a Dictionary of the noted Names of Fiction ; a Brief History of the English Language ; a Dictionary of Foreign Quotations, Words, Phrases, Proverbs, &c. ; a Biographical Dictionary with 10,000 Names, &c.

Prospectuses, with Specimen Pages^ on application.

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