The Families and Genera

of

North American Diptera

By C. H. CURRAN, D. Sc,

American JMuscum of Natural History,

New York, N. Y.

C. H. CURRAN

1934

Copyright, 1934,
by C. H. Cup.itAN.

Printed in the United States of America by

The Ballou Press,

New York, N. Y.

1934.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Frontispiece. Portrait of Dr. S. W. Williston.

Preface 7

Acknowledgements 9

Collection and Care of Diptera 10

Flies and Disease 12

Flies and Crops 13

Beneficial Flies 14

Anent the Insect War 14

Morphology of Diptera 15

Classification of Diptera 16

How to Use the Keys 20

Table of Families 21

Characteristics of Families and Keys to Genera 28 to 479

Glossary of Terms Used in Dipterology 480

Literature 494

Index 496

Errata

p. 22. add the following:, line:

Wings rounded at the ai)ex, almost always with crossveins 31.

p. 76. Tsoecacta Garrett = AUuaudoviyia, and not Dnsyhclea.

p. 82. third line, for Amopheles read Anopheles and for Algj/pti read
cegypfi.

p. 274. for '*29" in middle of page read 24.

pp. 286, 288, 290, 292, 294 and 295. for Trypaneida read TrupaneidsE.

p. 405. second line, for Saerophaga read Sarcophaga.

Preface

Twenty-five years ago Williston's ^lanual of North American
Diptera (third edition), was offered to the public and in the interim
it has held the esteem of students of Dipterology in every quarter of
the globe. Williston's first synopses of families and genera appeared
in 1884 and following years in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomo-
logical Society and in 1S88 the first edition of the ''Manual" appeared.
This "pamphlet", as it was modestly termed by its author, contained
88 pages, excluding as it did, the Nematocera and Muscoidea. The
second edition appeared in 1896, and included the Nematocera but
omitted the Tachinidaj and Dexiida^. The third edition contained all
the families, fifty-eight in number.

The present attempt at a classification of the genera of North
American Diptera is the result of many years of study but it is incon-
ceivable that this work should be uninfluenced by such a masterpiece
as that of Williston. That a new synopsis is urgently needed Ijecomes
obvious when one considers the enormous number of new genera de-
scribed since the appearance of Williston's Manual, the realignment of
genera, the application of newly discovered characters and the increased
importance of the study of flies in relation to human welfare.

Knowing, as I do, the excellent quality of Dr. Williston's work it
is with temerity that I offer this contribution to a critical public. Even
though great pains have been taken in its preparation and every effort
has been made to make the keys as complete and simple as possible I
fear that some few errors have crept in. That is inevitable. Where
they occur I do not know, nor do I offer excuses for them other than to
admit an utter ignorance in regard to the characters of thousands upon
thousands of Diptera, even though I have had available for study the
excellent collections of the Smithsonian Institution, Canadian National
Collection and the American Museum of Natural History and the gen-
erous assistance of various specialists. If mention is not made of those
who have contributed to this work, either wittingly or unwittingly
(through their synoptic revisions), it is only because the body of the
paper has increased to such proportions that a complete acknowledg-
ment must be omitted.

A few innovations will be found. Where reasonably complete spe-
cific keys occur these are referred to in footnotes and the same is true
in' the case of family revisions. The synonymy has increased so greatly
that some indication of it must be given, especially where old familiar
names have been changed; this is indicated in the index and while it
is far from complete it is hoped that some help may be derived from
such an arrangement.

e NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

It is my hope that those who may discover errors or omissions may
be kind enough to call them to my attention, indicating the manner in
which the corrections may be made. Owing to the numerous footnotes
it has not been possible to indicate the genera which have been included
from description only. Such genera naturally weaken a key as it is
impossible to use characters which may be available for a more suitable
arrangement. Any specimens representing genera improperly placed,
or not common, would be most greatly valued by the author.

Finally I wish to express my unbounded admiration for the late
Samuel Wendell Williston. To him I owe, as do very many others, an
everlasting gratitude for his kindly encouragement, while he lived, and
real inspiration from his printed works. I know of no Dipterologist
who has so clearly set forth the facts or who has been so great an
inspiration to others. And as a slight token of my appreciation I re-
spectfully dedicate this book to his memory.

C. H. CURRAN,

American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, 1933.

Introduction

Acknowledgments

It is impossible to express fully my appreciation of the generous
cooperation of all those who have assisted in the preparation of this
Avork. It is most fitting that I should mention first the generosity of
Mrs. S. W. Williston for not only permitting me to use the illustrations
from Williston 's "Manual of North American Diptera", but for her
offer to furnish the cuts themselves. Needless to say this offer was ac-
cepted and many of the illustrations are reproduced from cuts used in
the ]\Ianual. Unfortunately, due to a rearrangement of many genera
and their transfer to different families, it has not been possible to use all
of the cuts. Further, in this connection, I owe much to ]\Irs. George
Shor, a daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Williston, for her assistance in this
matter, and for her sympathy in the work. It might not be out of place
to mention here that, according to Mrs. Shor, her father, upon the com-
pletion of the manuscript of the third edition of his Manual, dropped it
upon his desk and remarked: "Well, that's finished. When it is re-
vised again, it will be by someone else. ' '

Every request for the loan of specimens and for the review of
keys met with a wholehearted response and as a result the value of this
book has been greatly enhanced. Dr. C. P. Alexander is deserving of
especial thanks for the preparation of the manuscript dealing with the
Tipuloidea and the preparation of the illustrations for that superfamily.
Drs. Jos. Bequaert, C. T. Brues, 0. A. Johannscn, Roljert IMatheson, F.
]\I. Root and ]\Ir. IMarston Bates liave assisted very materially in clieck-
ing over keys and suggesting changes. Dr. E. P. Felt suggested the use
of illustrations from his papers published in the Bulletins of the New
York State Museum on the Ceeidomyid» (Itonidida^) and Dr. C. C.
Adams very generouslj^ furnished the cuts. Drs. J. M. Aldrich, F. H.
Benjamin and Mr. Marston Bates, and others have loaned specimens not
found in the American I\Iuseum collection and Dr. ]\Iatheson has given
permission to use illustrations from his "Handbook of the Mosquitoes".
I wish also to express my a])preciation to all those Dipterologists of the
past and present whose works have been so freely drawn upon.

The preparation of a work of this kind entails a large amount of
stenographic and routine work and for the careful typing of the manu-
script I am indebted to ]\Iiss Ethel Olsen. j\Ir. Adolph Klein has con-
tributed the excellent colored plate of several typical forms, while my
wife has assisted with the illustrations and in many other ways.

10 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

For the encouragement he has given during the preparation of the
manuscript I shall always feel a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Frank
E. Lutz. The American Museum of Natural History is deserving of
particular mention, since the work has been done in this institution
without any limitations as to time devoted to it.

If the book should be found useful and helpful, full credit should be
given to the ]\Iuseum as well as to all those who have so generously
given of their time and knowledge.

Collection and Care of Diptera

So much has been written about the ease with which collections of
insects may be cared for that I feel a word of warning to be not amiss.
It is true the Lepidoptera and Odonata may be "papered", Hymenop-
tera, Hemiptera and CoIeoiJtera may be packed between layers of cotton
and Coleoptera may be collected in alcohol but most of the other Orders
require more care. With the exception of Coleoptera and the small
insects normally collected in alcohol and intended for study in this
liquid, or for slide preparation, all insects are much better pinned while
fresh. Packing Diptera between layers of cotton may result in recog-
nizable si^ecimens and a small percentage of really good specimens may
be secured but the majority can never be made to look attractive.

With small flies pinning should take place within four or five hours
of the time of capture and all specimens should be mounted within eight
hours. In cold or damp weather a greater time may be allowed to elapse
and the time should be shortened in hot, dry weather.

Mounting Diptera should not be a slip-shod process and care should
be taken to have the flies an even height on the pins. An excellent prac-
tice is to have the mesonotum about one-third the distance from the top
of the pin. This i)ermits of careful handling of the specimen and re-
duces danger of damage to a minimum. Many Entomologists pin Diptera
less than a fourth the distance from the head of the pin with the result
that the specimens are quickly damaged and ultimately cease to have
value. Double mounts should never be used for Diptera. If a specim'ni
is too small to be pinned through the thorax it should be fastened to
the side of the i)in by first circling it (the pin) with a narrow ring of
white shellac and touching it to the side of the insect. In this way the
specimen may be handled in the usual manner and all parts may be
readily seen. If possible, the wings should be arranged so that they
extend over the back of the insect in an upright position. Pins of suit-

COLLECTION AND CARE OF DIPTERA 11

able size should be used and it will be found that good, steel No. 00 pins
may be used for quite small insects for pinning through the thorax.
Some collectors seem to have a craze for double mounts, not realizing
that the value of their collection is greatly lessened due to the increased
risk during shipping and many of them place the accessory mount much
loo Iiigh on the ])in. Another practice, that of placing specimens (nicely
spread, it is true) on a circular or oval mount of cardboard by use of
minute pins, is to be condemned as the characters available on the under
side of the specimen are concealed.

LaheUing is an important detail and insufficiently labelled specimens
are of little more value than none at all. The fact that a proud collector
knows exactly when and where he captured a certain prize is of no value
to the student who must needs study the specimen in the absence of the
collector. Every si)ecimen should be labelled with the locality, date and
name of the collector. Labels should be small and neat and should be
I)laced on the pin along the long axis of the insect, the locality on the
right hand side. Labels should never be placed crosswise as they are
liable to damage adjacent specimens when the insect is being removed
for examination. One guide to labelling all insects is to remember that
the label should afford protection to the specimen and not be so large
that the collection looks like a collection of locality labels rather than
one of insects. The labels should be printed, either by machine or by
hand and the month should always be in Roman numerals.

In various places in the following pages will be found instructions
for the care of those flies which require special attention. No doubt
there are many people who will neglect to read the instructions here but
to tliose who do I offer a few pertinent hints. Never place Diptera in
vials or bottles with other insects. Never cram a vial full of flies. Shake
them loose occasionally so that the wings will not become folded. Never
place small flies in a vial with large ones and be careful not to place
more than a few specimens of flies which rub easily in a vial. Always
K'eep mating pairs together ; a good plan is to have a vial for this purpose
and to put only different species in it.

Collecting outfits need not be elaborate. I usually carry six to eight
test tubes and a bottle about an inch across and four inches long. If the
collecting is to be general a bottle Iavo inches across may be carried.
Such an outfit will suffice for a half day of very good collecting and if
the trip be an all-day one the catch may be transferred to a box and
stored in a cool place. Enijity match boxes are convenient receptacles
for the transference of fragile specimens and pairs.

The making of the bottle is a simple affair. Oct .some fine sawdust,
place in the vial or bottle a small amount of sodium or potassium cyanide

12 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

and add about half an inch of sawdust; wedge this in with a ball of
cotton, place in the sun for half an hour and the bottle is ready for use.
The cyanide should be broken into small lumps but need not be particu-
larly fine. It must be remembered that c\janide is a deadly -poison and
extreme care is necessary in handling it. Do not use it unless you arc
properly instructed, and if you do, be sure to destroy by burning or
burying all paper, pieces of wood, etc., which the cyanide might have
touched and wash thoroughly in running tap water hammers, etc. used
in crushing the material, as well as your hands. Never handle cyanide
if there is an open sore upon the hands. A little extra care may be
worth a lot. It might not be amiss to note here that the most efficient
antidote for cyanide poison is the intra-venous injection of methelyne
blue, one of the best known aniline dyes.

Flies and Disease

As agents in the spread of diseases of mammals the Diptera un-
doubtedly rank first in importance among the insects. The chief carriers
of diseases are, of course, the biting flies belonging to the families Psy-
chodidae, Simuliida, Culicidae, Tabanidai, Glossinidae, Ceratopogonidge
and Muscidae. Species of Flehotomus carry papataci fever, verruga or
Oroya fever, kala-azar and oriental sore. Other names are applied to
these diseases. The mosquitoes carry blackwater fever, yellow fever,
dengue, filariasis and malaria. Onchocerciasis is carried by species of
Eusi'imdium. A form of filariasis is believed to be carried by a species of
Culicoides and species of Chrysops are known to transmit the disease.
Tularemia, anthrax and trypanosomiasis are other diseases transmitted
by Tabanids. The stable-fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is known to carry a
number of species of trypanosomes and may also be responsible for the
spread of poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis), although no definite proof
has been obtained. Sleeping sickness is carried by the Tse-tse flies.

In addition to carrying diseases the biting flies themselves cause a
great deal of irritation by their bites, especially in the vicinity of water.
Life is often made miserable in northern regions by tlie hordes of
mosquitoes and black fiJes while the sportsman is plagued by almost all
the biting forms while in the woods and bathers come in for much
undesired attention from no-see-unis, mosquitoes and Tabanids, par-
ticularly the so-called "green-heads", along the coastal regions.

The house fly carries on its body the germs causing typlioid fever,
dysentery, cholera, anthrax and conjunctivitis, while a few other flies
carry other diseases. Considerable has been written about myiasis
caused by the larvae of flies living in the human body. If we except the

FLIES AND DISEASE 13

bot-flies, I think tliat \vc may regard the occiirrence of fly larvtu in the
body of man as entirely accidental and dismiss the matter as being a
subject of academic interest rather than one calling for serious con-
sideration. Tliere are, of course, the bot-flies, belonging to three dis-
tinct families and they are serious pests. In the tropics one si)ccieR
commonly attacks man, but the greatest damage is done to domestic
animals. Hides are frequently so greatly riddled with "warble" holes
as to be almost valueless.

The bird and bat parasites, as well as the so-called bee-louse
{BrauJa caeca), are probably not serious pests although the sheep tick,
belonging to the Hippoboscidaj, is often sufficiently numerous to cause
serious damage and some species of Hippohosca bite humans in addition
to their attacks on horses, camels, etc.

In many places the so-called blow-flies cause serious loss to sheep
owners by "blowing" the wool.

I have given just a very brief summary of some of the injury
caused by flies to animal life, as it affects human welfare, and a very
great deal that is of interest has been omitted. One frequently re-
ceives inquiries as to the diseases carried by flies, and these few para-
graphs may serve to answer the questions. In the following pages,
under the families mentioned, additional information is given, particu-
larly concerning diseases carried by flies in North America. If the
student desires further information on this important subject he should
secure a copy of one of the better books on IMedical Entomology.

Flies and Crops

It is impossible to enumerate all the flies attacking field, horti-
cultural and garden crops, but mention might be made of the various
root maggots, the leaf miners, gall makers, fruit flies, grass stem flies
and the Hessian fly. The amount of damage done by the groups of
insects mentioned must be enormous but it must be remembered that
there can be no actual measure of crop damage from a financial ])oint
of view. A large crop invariably means lower prices and a small crop
higher prices. It is only when individuals or limited communities
suffer serious loss in the volume of their produce that there is any real
loss, and then it is of a local nature and not national for the producers
of the crop affected. It so happens in such cases that one man's loss
proves to be another man's gain. While flies undoubtedly do a great
deal of damage to our crops and flowers, they are of less importance
in this respect than some of the other orders of insects and the Dipt,
are, in actual fact, much more beneficial than injurious.

14 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Beneficial Flies

No group of insects, except, perhaps, the Hymenoptera, are so
important to mankind as are the flies. In these two groups are man's
best friends among the insects. It woukl be useless to argue about the
relative merits of the two orders because we know so little about them
that no one is in a position to make any authoritative statement. It is
sufficient to say that flies play an extremely important part in the
pollination of flowers, but they undoubtedly occupy second position
to the bees. It is in the field of predaceous and parasitic members thai
these two groups render the greatest service to mankind. If the world
should suddenly find itself without flies and bees it would quickly revert
to a sphere lacking animal and plant life, so important are these insects
in maintaining the "balance of nature".

I believe that the majority of flies, in relation to the number of
known species, are either predaceous or parasitic on other insects. Such
large families as the Asilida, Empidee and Dolichopida are all pre-
daceous in the adult and probably in the larval stage, while the Bomby-
liidi^, Nemestrinidse, Conopidaj and Tachinid^e are insect parasites.
Other families or groups can be added to the list and we might also
include forms which are predaceous in the larval stage. More about the
habits of flies will be found in the following pages.

Flies are also beneficial as scavengers and examples of their effec-
tiveness may be found everywhere. They dispose of carcasses, decaying
vegetation and waste animal products and in this way do much to keep
the air pure and wholesome.

Anent the Insect War

I am aware that there has been some sensational propaganda about
"the war against insects" and I cannot forego a few remarks. Insects
are our best friends and we owe a great deal to them. They are also
our worst enemies but this fact should not be proclaimed from the
housetops without at the same time crying much louder of the benefits
they give us — flowers, fruits, vegetable, clothes, food, pure air, beauty.
The stressing of the danger of the "insect menace" may do entomology
a great deal of harm and I think it has already done some. It has
taught people to dislike all insects and the fact that the "menace"
has not developed perceptably has resulted in some loss of faith in
entomologists.

The Diptera contain some of our worst enemies. The public should
be made aware of this and steps taken to eliminate the pests in so far
as possible. Every effort must be made to keep people suft'ering from

ANENT THE INSECT WAR 15

insect-carried diseases out of the country, if such diseases do not
occur here and if there are any known carriers of the disease among
our insect population. Yellow fever is an excellent example. We have
the yellow fever mosquito and if persons suffering from this disease
should enter any part of the country where the mosquito occurs the
disease might well become established. Every effort should be made
to reduce the numbers of the house-fly, stable-fly, and other pests. On
the other hand the introduction of parasites, particularly of imported
pests, should be encouraged and people should learn to differentiate
at least the more beneficial of their insect friends.

Morphology of Diptera

It is not my intention to go into detail concerning the structure
or morphology of flies since I have appended a glossary of terms used
in this and other works. However, a few remarks on the subject may
not l)e amiss. In Williston's manual a simple system of nomenclature
is used and I follow the same system. During recent years attempts
have been made to homologize the parts of the various orders of insects
and as a result many long and unfamiliar terms have been proposed.
To my mind the homologies of the parts are much less important to
the systematist than a simple, easily followed and long used termin-
ology. Nevertheless it is important to know the origin of the various
parts, especially so to a zoologist, if he deigns to study that group wliieli
comprises three-fourths of the animal kingdom. In each order of in-
sects a simple terminology has long been in use and such terms should
he employed because the average student can understand them without
difficulty. After all, some one has said that "Nature is an open book,
and you have but to study nature to understand." Perhaps those are
not the exact words, but they will do.

The determination of genera is based upon structure and it is
therefore necessary to be acquainted with these parts. The average
student will find no difficulty on this score if he will follow the simple
expedient of using the keys and consulting the glossary. In this way
the terms used will soon be mastered and the student will find little
difficulty in tracing out specimens.

The student who desires to delve into the anatomy of Dipter;'
should obtain a bibliography of the works on this subject, particularly
those by Crampton and Snodgrass. ]Many references will be found in
Imms' "Recent Advances in Entomology" and "Biological Abstracts"

It will be found that autliorities differ as to the origin and homol-
ogy of different organs. A comparison of the Oomstock-Needham sys-
tem as used by Dr. Alexander in this work and that of Comstock will

16 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

show certain differences while others disaoree in the terminology as
applied to the veins in other families of Diptera as well as in other
orders of Insects. It must be pointed out that the Comstoek-Needham
terminology of wing venation is very widely used, probably by more
students of Diptera than any other system, and if American students
desire to study exotic flies they must familiarize themselves with this
system as well as the system used by many Europeans. Explanations
of these systems will be found in the glossary.

Classification of Diptera

The classification of any .grou]) of animals is a complex problem
having its basis in the morphology, histology, embryology and general
biology of the phylum, and without a knowledge of these "ologies"
no satisfactory classification can be obtained. In addition we must also
turn our attention to paleontology, although it must be confessed that
very little is known concerning the Diptera of the past ages. In the
present work we deal almost entirely with morphology of the adult
flies, not from any desire to ignore the other phases of study, nor from
any lack of interest in them, but because our space is so limited and
each field is so vast that a lifetime of study would leave any field
almost untouched. The truth is that we know practically nothing
about the biology of flies although we may say, in a general way, that
we are acquainted with their mass biology and that we can usually
place a species biologically by associating it with some related form.

The taxonomist, however, is forced to deal with adult structures,
to classify thf creatures by characters he may select and to leave to
some one else the pleasure of working out the biology of the insects
studied. If you are at heart a taxonomist and are informed that you
know nothing of ])iology unless you study life histories, do not be dis
couraged. Instead, feel rather strongly inclined to turn a deaf ear to
your adviser, taking solace in the fact that even though you may spend
all your available time at the systematic study of the adult insects, and
gleaning what you may from the writings of others on biology and life
history studies, you will never be able to fully master the field you
have chosen. There are so many flies that no one can ever truly profess
to know them all and their very numbers preclude a thorough survey
of the orcTer tending to a complete classification.

It is well, and necessary, to warn against too great specialization,
and at the same time it is realized that many students with limited time
are unable to study more than one or two families. The great trouble
with the intensive specialist is that he loses his sense of proportion and
relatively minor details are liable to assume the greatest importance in

CLASSIFICATION OF DIPTERA 17

his mind. In order to overcome this intra-specialization the student
should enlarge his outlook by collecting in other families and also in
other orders, even though no time be available for a study of his com-
plete catch. The collector who studies a single family may produce a
monumental work providing he is painstaking and accurate while the
general worker is less liable to accomplish lasting results.

I hope I may be excused if I wander a little aside from a technical
discussion of classification to discuss lighter but equally important mat-
ters. The real object of this work is not the classification of the Diptera
but the presentation of keys to enable the student to place his specimen
in the proper genus — or, in short, the generic identification of flies.
Nevertheless, we must glance below the generic classification and find
out something about species, and it is about the description of species of
which I wish to say a few words hei'c.

There is nothing more ])leasing than a good description and nothing
more aggravating than a ]ioor one. All of us, in our ignorance, may
offer poor descriptions at times but we should always strive to make
them clear and concise. We should try to step beyond ourselves and
look at the description from the viewpoint of another student. If two
animals are different, in our estimation, we should clearly express the
differences, laying special stress upon tlie outstanding characters. A
description should not be too long, nor sliould it be brief and stilted.
I can do no better than recommend that every Dipterist read the
descriptions contained in Williston's ''Synopsis of North American
Syrphidti?" and pattern descriptions after those. The elimination of
words and the excessive use of abbreviations is scarcely to be con-
doned, even on the ground that it is "scientific". If "science" is to
])e measured liy a stilted language and a lack of consideration for others,
it deserves little consideration from humanity as a whole and we should
divorce "science" and study insects just for the fun of the thing.

Today tlie student need not worry a great deal about some one
''stealing his thunder". ]\Iost eminent entomologists are only too glad
to ])e of assistance to the young student and to leave to him the descrip-
tion of new species. This does not mean that the specialist is willing
to name large collections and return all the material. If he were he
would be so swamped witli work that he would have no time for his
other duties. ^lost specialists name material on the understanding that
they may retain what they wish, and as a rule they desire very little.
The beginner sliould 1)e only too glad to assist the specialist by filling in
gaps in his collection, because every species added makes his work that
much easier in future. It must also be remembered that many special-
ists are employed by institutions having large collections of unworked

18 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

material and that every collection named means less time for institu-
tional work and, to make a blunt statement, it is only fair to expect the
institution to look for some return from the labor of its employees.
However, I do not know of anyone who is not happy to verify a
student's findings and to give opinions and suggestions concerning the
distinctness of specimens, and, of course, in such cases they are re-
turned if desired.

I cannot condemn too strongly the professor who permits a student
to work on a systematic or biological paper and to allow or even urge
that the results be published unless the material has been examined by
a specialist, or the species of which the biology is being studied has
been identified by one in authority. Each year many students are given
such problems and the results are frequently very unsatisfactory. Too
much care can not be exercised in the preparation of scientific descrip-
tions of either genera or species and it should be realized that a good
collection must be available before any work can be faithfully under-
taken.

The preparation of keys is a very imi)ortant matter and their in-
corporation in a contribution adds greatly to its value. Some authors
attempt, in their keys, to portray what they term a ''natural classifica-
tion ' ', but it should be borne in mind that this is impossible. We know
too little about the insects with which we are dealing to produce any
such result. In preparing keys we arbitrarily accept one or more
characters for the separation of groups and, if the key is to be useful,
the characters used for each se])aration must be clean-cut. In any
large group it will be found to be very difficult to find clean-cut char-
acters in every case, some forms apparently going into either group
although the character used may serve for the vast majority. In cases
of this kind the doubtful forms should be run through both categories.
In the so-called "natural" grouping it is very frequently necessary to
employ characters which are not conspicuous and such keys are liable
to prove very difficult to use. Characters expressing a degree of varia-
tion sliould be avoided wherever possible, i. e. front produced vs. frcMit
less produced. These characters may be obvious to the maker of a key
but are certainly not recognizable to other students whose collections
may be limited. It is usually easy to use a key if you know most of the
forms but often difficult or impossible otherwise.

All keys should be dichotomous and the use of more than two
alternatives should always be avoided. In a short key one may use the
"a" and "aa" system but it is not to be recommended in any case.
Keys so constructed are more time consuming than such as are used
in the present work. In the present case an attempt has been made to

CLASSIFICATION OF DIPTKRA 19

produce simple keys, amply illustrated. It must be remembered, how-
ever, that the illustrations will not serve for all si)eeies in a genus but
represent, as a rule, typical forms.

No use has been made, in general, of subfamilies or subgenera.
The use of such almost always calls for many exceptions and also un-
necessarily encumbers the literature. A sub-family is supposedly a
distinct entity within a family, a group separable upon certain char-
acters, but that such classification is unnecessary is evidenced by the
exceptions. As an example — the Tachinidse have been divided into
many sub-families, or even families, upon such characters as the absence
of abdominal bristles, shape of head, etc., etc., but there is not a single
character, nor for that matter group of characters, upon w^hich any of
these groupings may be retained. Many of the characters in this family
are excellent up to a certain point, but every character falls down, not
once, but in many instances throughout the family. It is entirely im-
possible to separate the Tachinida? and Dcxiidff, just as it is to separate
the Muscidffi, Anthomyida? and Scatophagida?.

Subgenera are superfluous. They are proposed as a rule because
the author hopes that some day some character may be found upon
which a distinct genus may be based. It is well to remember that in
nature there is no such thing as a subgenus, genus or family. Their
use is a human creation made possible because links connecting the
groups have either entirely disappeared or have not been discovered
by man. Genera are therefore artificial and the answer to the question
of ''what is a genus?" is that it is something limited in some way by
some one. This may sound facetious but it is not meant to be so.
The trutli is that certain arbitrary characters have been set up, all
the species falling within the limits set forth constituting a genus (or
a species or family). It is presumed, but by no means certain that
connecting links do not exist.

Many people describe sub-species, varieties, races, forms, etc., espe-
cially in the Lepidoptera, but, fortunately, the fad has not become ex-
tensive in Dipterology and it is to be hoped that it may never do so.
In actual fact there is no difference in a sub-species, race or variety.
A variety is something which differs from the typical or first described
form in some definite way. Thoy are explained as potential species,
ignoring the fact that no two specimens are exactly alike and that if two
extremes of similar type should mate a new race would be formed. In
each batch of eggs there are produced forms possessing characters some-
what different from the par(-nts. But the species does not change be-
cause the average is maintained by the resultant mating. It is only
when forms become more or less isolated that a definite trend occurs and

20 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

so-called races (supposedly geographie forms) are developed. In such
cases connecting or transition forms usually occur and it is almost
always true that the races, say northern and southern, are connected
in the intervening region by a perfect transition of the characters of the
two races. Races are interesting but it is not necessary to give them
names. Moreover, "variety" was used in the same sense long before
people thought of "races" for biological classification and 1 think we
may extend the law of priority and use it in this sense, thus eliminating
"race" and "sub-species".

The naming of aberrations, transition forms and sucli things should
be beyond the pale in true science and such a practice must eventually
result in ridicule of the science as a whole. It is, of course, verj^ neces-
sary to call attention to tliese forms but to name them is utterly
needless. Knowledge of them is essential in tracing out the relation-
ship and development of species, and of great interest, too, but we
should not lose our perspective and attach exaggerated importance to
names.

How to Use the Keys

The use of keys is not a difficult matter l)ut there may be some who
have not had experience with them. Some keys may not be altogether
simple and may not run as smoothly as others. To find the genus to
which your specimen belongs turn to the table of families (on the
following page) and read over couplet 1. Two alternatives are given:
the insect must go in either section. If it has large wings you go to
couplet 2 and you repeat the process until it is found that your s])eci-
men comes to a section where it agrees with the diagnosis ending in a
family name. You have now found the "family", but to be sure read
over the other alternative so that the characters in both may be checked.
Now turn to the family indicated and continue in the same way until
tlie genus is reached.

It sliould be remembered that keys are merely guides and the fact
that a species traces out to a certain ])lace in a key is no guarantee that
it actually belongs there. If one is familiar with the genera of a family
he may be reasonably certain either that tlie insect belongs where it
traces or that it is quite different; in either case he should check with
descriptions of genera not included in the key or with the genus in-
cluded, either by means of determined specimens or with the generic
description. If a specimen does not seem to agree with the genus to
which it traces check back and try one of the other alternatives since
there may have been an error in interpretation of the characters used
or the specimen may be one that is somewhat aberrant.

Sphecomyia rituitn Wied.
(Syrphidae)

Aloipha cingulata Schlner.
(Stratiomyidae)

Dejeania reiatrix O. S.
(Tachinid;e)

Hijperalnnia hela ICriclis
(Bombyliidae)

Mijdns clnrnlus Fabr.
(Mydaidae)

Tabanitx rinctiis: Drury.
(Tabanid.-e)

Richardia teJesropica Gerst.
(Otitida>)

M ichogasler niger Schm.
(Otitidae)

Diden fuscipes Macq.
(Syrphidre)

21
TABLE OF FAMILIES

1. Wing-s absent or greatly reduced 91

Wings present, rarely reduced 2

2. Antennae composed of six or more freely articulated segments 3

Antenna composed of not more than five freely articulated segments,

the third segment sometimes complex, usually bearing a style or
arista 22

3. Mesonotum with an entire V-shaped suture 4

Mesonotal suture transverse, not V-shaped 7

4. Ocelli absent 5

Ocelli present (p. 31) TRICHOCERID^.

5. Only one anal vein reaches the wing margin 6

Two anal veins reach the wing margin (p. 33) TIPULID^

6. Second and third veins each with two branches (radius 5-branched)

(TipulidEe plate II, fig. 11) (p. 29) TANYDERID^

Second and third veins with only three branches reaching the wing
margin (radius 4-branched) (Tipulidae plate II, fig. 12) (p. 30).

PTYCHOPTERID.^

7. Wings without a network of folds or creases 8

Wings with a network of fine folds or creases (p. 61) BLEPHARICERID^

8. Ocelli present 9

Ocelli absent 14

9. Costa continuing around the wing, although weakened behind.

(p. 101) CECIDOMYID^
Costa ending at or near the wing-tip 10

10. Discal cell present 21

Discal cell absent 11

11. Tibiae with apical spurs 12

Tibiae without apical spurs, though produced spur-like.

(p. 131) SCATOPSID^

12. Eyes more or less connected by a projection above the base of the

antennse (p. 118) SCIARID^:

Eyes separated 13

13. Antennae placed below the compound eyes, usually close to the oral

margin " "(p. 128) BIBIONIDiE

Antennae situated at most slightly below the middle of the compound
eyes (p. 120) .MYCETOPHILIDiE

14. Costa continued around the margin of the wings, though weaker behind

the apex 17

Costa ending at or near the apex of the wing 15

15. Wings very broad, the posterior veins weak and poorly developed.

(p. 63) SIMULIID^
Wings narrow and long, the posterior veins stronger 16

22 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

16. Wings lying flat over the back when at rest; metanotum short and

without a longitudinal groove; femora sometimes swollen.

(p. 74) CERATOPOGONID^
Wings lying roof-like over the back when at rest; metanotum long and
with a median longitudinal groove; legs long and slender.

(p. 69) CHIRONOMID^

17. Wings short and broad, folded roof-like over the body when at rest,

usually pointed (p. 78) PSYCHODID^

Wings long, or if broad, the apex very broadly rounded, always lying
flat over the back when at rest IS

18. Venation very much reduced, several of the veins lacking.

(p. 101) CECIDOMYID.^
Venation not reduced, the veins strong 19

19. Basal cells long, extending to or beyond the middle of the wing 20

Basal cells, especially the second, short, not extending nearly to the

middle of the wings (p. 67) THAUMALEID^

20. Apical veins strongly arched (p. 80) DIXID^

Veins straight or nearly so (p. 83) CULICID^

21. Fourth posterior cell widely open (p. 59) ANISOPODID^

Fourth posterior cell closed (p. 133) RACHICERIDifc]

22. Empodium developed pulvilliform, the three pads nearly equal 23

Empodium hair-like or absent 29

23. Third antennal segment compound, composed of annuli 24

Third antennal segment simple, usually beai'ing an elongated style or

arista 27

24. Squamae large and conspicuous (p. 148) TABANIDiS^

Squamae small or vestigial 25

25. At least the middle tibiae with spurs (p. 146) CCENOMYID^

Tibial spurs absent 26

26. Posterior branch of the third vein ending before the wing-tip.

(p. 134) STRATIOMYID^
Posterior branch of the third vein ending well behind the wing-tip.

(p. 155) PANTOPHTHALMID^

27. Squamae very large; head very small, placed low down, composed almost

entirely of the eves, the face and front very narrow or obliterated.

(p. 203) CYRTIDZE
Squamae small; head larger, the face or front broad 28

28. Middle tibiae with spurs; venation not complex. . . (p. 157) RHAGIONID^
Tibiae without spurs; venation intricate, many veins ending before the

wing-tip (p- 201) NEMESTRINID^

29. Wings rounded apically, with strong veins antei'iorly and very weak,

oblique ones; coxae not widely separated by the sternum.

(p. 234) PHORID^
Wings with normal venation or pointed at the apex, or the coxae broadly
separated by the sternum 30

30. Wings pointed at the apex, without crossveins.

... 0 t f^ (P- 2^2) LONCHOPTERID^

TABLE OF FAISIILIES 23

31. Two or more submarginal cells, the third vein furcate 32

Only one submarginal cell, the third vein simple 38

32. Front hollowed between the eyes, strongly concave from anterior view.. 33
Front scarcely or not at all concave from anterior view 34

33. At most one ocellus; at most two veins reach the wing margin behind

the apex (p. 163) MYDAID^

Three ocelli; at least four veins reach the wing margin, or extend to-
ward it, behind the apex (p. 167) ASILID^

34. Costa continuing around the wing; fourth vein ending beyond the wing-

tip 35

Costa not continued beyond the apex of the wing; fourth vein ending
before the wing-tip (p. 161) SCENOPINID^

35. Five posterior cells 36

At most four posterior cells 37

36. Fourth vein ending before the apex of the wing. .(p. 189) APIOCERIDiE
Fourth vein ending behind the apex of the wing. . . (p. 185) THEREVID^

37. Anal cell open or closed near the wing margin, the anal vein reaching

the margin (p. 191) BOMBYLIID^

Anal cell closed far from the wing margin, the anal vein never extend-
ing to the margin, sometimes absent (p. 205) EMPIDi35

38. Anal cell elongate, tapering and acute apically, closed near the border

of the wing; basal cells usually elongate 39

Anal cell short, transverse, oblique, or convex apically, if somewhat
pointed the apex partly transverse, partly di"awn ovit into a triangular
point posteriorly 40

39. Anal cell closed very close to the wing margin; a spurious vein running

obliquely between the third and fourth longitudinal veins.

(p. 247) SYRPHIDJE
Anal cell usually shorter; no spurious vein 40

40. Head extremelv large, hemispherical, the front and face very narrow;

arista dorsal' (p. 245) PIPUNCULID^

Head not unusually large; face or front usually wide 41

41. Frontal lunule entirely absent, the parafacials not differentiated by a

suture 42

Frontal lunule present; parafacials differentiated by a suture which ex-
tends above the antennae and is indistinct only in some Conopidse. . . .44

42. Anterior crossvein situated at or before the basal fourth of the wing;

second basal and discal cells always united... (p. 215) DOLICHOPID/E
Anterior crossvein situated far beyond the basal fourth of the wing or
the second basal cell complete 43

43. Anal cell pointed posteriorly; proboscis never rigid and adapted for

piercing ' (p. 242) PLATYPEZID^

Anal cell not pointed posteriorly; proboscis usually rigid; never a single
row of acrostical hairs (p. 205) ExMPID^

44. Cox£e close together at the base, the legs attached ventrally 45

Coxas widely separated at the base, the legs attached toward the sides

of the thorax; usually leathery or coriaceous flies; ectoparasites
(Pupipara) 91

24 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

45. Second antennal segment with a longitudinal seam along the upper

outer edge extending almost the whole length; posterior calli defi-
nitely formed by a depression extending from behind the base of the
wings to above the base of the scutellum (Calypteratse; Muscoidea) . .85
Second antennal segment rarely with a well developed dorsal seam, the
posterior calli not differentiated (except in Gasterophilus) ; squamae
small (Acalypteratse) 46

46. Mouth parts vestigial, sunken in a very small oral pit.

(p. 400) GASTEROPHILID^
Mouth parts well developed, the oral opening large 47

47. Posterior spiracle with several hairs on the border in addition to the

pubescence, (visible only with high magnification) 50

Posterior spiracle with pubescence only 48

48. Subcosta complete, free from the first vein and ending in the costa

( cf . Trypaneidae ) 64

Subcosta incomplete, or not ending in the costa or the apex curved
forward beyond the bend 49

49. Subcosta curved forward at nearly a right angle and weakened beyond

the bend, the costa fractured at the apex of the subcosta; wings

almost always pictured (p. 285) TRUPANEID^

Subcosta not angularly curved and weakened 51

50. Head broad, flattened above; scutellum and thorax flattened, the former

elongate; large flies (p. 299) ROPALOMERIDJE

Head rather spherical; scutellum usually convex, not elongate; small,
cylindrical flies (p. 313) SEPSID^

51. First segment of the posterior tarsi shortened and incrassate.

(p. 360) BORBORID^
First segment of the posterior tarsi normal, usually longer than the
second 52

52. Anal cell absent 53

Anal cell present 55

53. Postocellar bristles divergent (345) EPHYDRID^

Postocellars convergent or absent 54

54. Ocellar triangle large; fifth vein with a distinct curvature near the

middle of the discal cell (p. 339) CHLOROPID^

Ocellar triangle small; fifth vein straight or without a sharp curvature.

(p. 325) DROSOPHILID^

55. Costa broken at the humeral crossvein 56

Costa not broken at the humeral crossvein 58

56. Postocellars divergent, if absent the arista absent.

(p. 332) AGROMYZID^
Postocellars convergent, parallel or absent, arista present 57

57. A pair of convergent frontal bristles anteriorlv; interfrontals often

present (p. 334) PHYLLOMYZIDJE

Anterior frontals not convergent (p. 325) DROSOPHILID^

58. Postocellar bristles convergent (p. 329) OPOMYZID^

Postocellar bristles divergent or absent 59

tablp: of families 25

59. Ocellar triangle large and shining, reaching the anterior edge of the

front (p. 356) CANACEID^

Ocellar triangle short 60

60. Second vein joining the costa just beyond the apex of the first.

(p. 328) ASTEIID.^
Second vein joining the costa far beyond the apex of the first 61

61. Custa fractured or weakened at the apex of the auxiliary vein 62

Costa not at all weakened (p. 323) PERISCELLID^

62. Oral vibrissse present (p. 332) AGR0MYZID7E

Oral vibrissge absent 63

63. Sternopleural bristle present (p. 329) OPOMYZID^

Sternopleural bristle absent (p. 374) PSILID^

64. Oral vibrissse present 65

Oral vibrissse absent 71

65. Mesonotum and scutellum convex, if rather flattened the abdomen and

legs not bristly 68

Mesonotum and scutellum flattened; legs and abdomen conspicuously
bristly (p. 376) CCELOPID^

66. Postvertical bristles divergent 68

Postvertical bristles convergent 67

67. Orbital plates bearing the frontal bristles short and obliciue.

(p. 378) HELOMYZID^
Orbital plates long, extending to the anterior margin of the front or
almost so ^ (p. 371) CHYROMYID.^

68. Second basal and discal cells separated 69

Second basal and discal cells confluent (p. 325) DROSOPHILID^

69. Anterior half of the front with strong bristles, two to four pairs present

on the front; third antennal segment short and rather orbicular, the

arista subapical T (p. 362) CLUSIID^

At most two pairs of rather weak frontal bristles situated on the pos-
terior half; arista sub -basal 70

70. Eyes round; occiput convex and prominent (p. 310) PIOPHILIDi33

Eyes, vertical, elongate; occiput concave; antennae long.

(p. 298) LONCH^ID^

71. Legs long and slender, stilt-like; apical cell narrowed 72

Legs shorter and more robust, if rather long the apical cell not strongly

narrowed 75

72. Propleura haired 73

Propleura bare in the middle 74

73. Pteropleura haired on whole surface (p. 301) TANYPEZID^

Pteropleura bare on anterior half; second basal cell confluent witli the

discal (p. 306) MICROPEZID^

74. Arista apical (p. 308) NERIID^

Arista dorsal (p. 303) CALOBATID^

75. Apical cell closed or almost so in the wing margin; abdomen cylindrical,

the genitalia usually large (p. 265) CONOPID^

Apical cell not strongly narrowed or the abdomen short and broad 76

26 XOKTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

76. Some or all of the tibiae with preapical dorsal bristle 77

Tibiffi without preapical bristle 80

77. Postocellar bristles parallel, divergent or absent 78

Postocellar bristles convergent (p. 315) LAUXANIID.5:

78. Clypeus never prominent; femora with bristles 79

Clypeus very prominent; femora without bristles, (p. 382) DRYOMYZID^

79. Ovipositor flat and wide; front long and moderately narrow; head short,

hemispherical, the antennae never porrect; shining blackish flies.

(p. 298) LONCH^ID^
Ovipositor not prominent; front wide; head more or less orbicular or
the front produced; antennae usually porrect; very rarely shining
black (p. 367) TETANOCERID^

80. Antennae situated on the eye-stalks or at their base. (p. 358) DIOPSIDiSJ
Antennae situated on the front, though widely separated, regardless of

the presence of eye-stalks 81

81. Ocelli absent (p. 268) PYRGOTID^

Ocelli present 82

82. Postocellar bristles convergent or absent 83

Postocellar bristles divergent or parallel 84

83. Posterior femora swollen and spinose beneath; abdomen clavate; small,

slender flies (p. 373) MEGAMERINID^

Posterior femora not swollen and spinose; abdomen short and rather
broad, never clavate (p. 365) CHAM^MYID^

84. Presutural dorsocentrals absent or the subcostal and first veins end

far apart (p. 271) OTITID^

Presutural dorsocentrals present or the thorax bearing very long,
fine pile (p. 296) PALLOPTERID^

85. Metascutellum developed, appearing as a strong convexity below the

scutellum; hypopleura with strong bristles (p. 415) TACHINIDiS]

Metascutellum weak or absent, or if developed there is only hair on the
hypopleura 86

86. Oral opening and mouth parts very small; hypopleura with abundant

long hair 87

Oral opening normal; hypopleura with a row of bristles or only short,
sparse hair 88

87. Scutellum extending far beyond the base of the metanotum; metascu-

tellum never developed.." (p. 411) CUTEREBRID^

Scutellum very short; metascutellum usually strongly developed; palpi
usually large (p. 413) CESTRID^

88. Hypopleura with a row of bristles 89

Hypopleura with fine, short hair or bare 90

89. Apical cell strongly narrowed apically (p. 402) METOPIID^

Apical cell not at all narrowed apically (p. 384) MUSCIDjaC

90. Oral vibrissae absent; mesonotum without bristles except above the

wings (p. 374) PSILID^

Oral vibrissae present; mesonotum with bristles (p. 384) MUSCIDi9i]

27
PUPIPARA AND FLIES WITHOUT OR WITH ABORTED WINGS

91. CoxEe widely separated by the sternum; usually parasitic on warm

blooded animals 92

Coxae approximate basally; not parasitic on warm blooded animals (ex-
cept Streblidae) 95

92. Mesonotum short, resembling the abdominal segments; antennae in-

serted in lateral grooves (p. 472) BRAULID^

Mesonotum and abdomen differentiated 93

93. Head small and narrow, folding back into a groove on the mesonotum;

prosteraum produced (p. 476) NYCTERIBIID^

Head not folding back in a special groove; prosternum not produced. . . .94

94. Palpi broader than long; wings uniformly veined., (p. 477) STREBLID/E
Palpi elongate, forming a sheath for the proboscis; wing veins crowded

anteriorly, weak or absent posteriorly (p. 473) HIPPOBOSCID^

95. Antennae and mouth parts present 96

Antennje and mouth parts absent (p. 477) STREBLID^C

96. Antennae consisting of six or more freely articulated segments 97

Antennae consisting of at most three freely articulated segments 103

97. Mesonotum without a complete, V-shaped suture 98

Mesonotum with a complete V-shaped suture (p. 33) TIPULID^

98. Eyes meeting over the antennae 99

Eyes widely separated above the antenna 101

99. Abdomen enormouslv swollen, the apical four segments slender; termite

guests " (p. 101) CECIDOMYID^

Abdomen normal 100

100. Scutellum and halteres present (p. 131) SCATOPSID^

Scutellum and halteres absent (p. 118) SCIARID^.

101. Termite guests; ocelli absent; wings with several veins.

(p. 78) PSYCHODID/E
Not termite guests 102

102. Halteres present (p. 69) CHIRONOMID^

Halteres absent (p. 120) MYCETOPHILID^

103. Antennae apparently consisting of one more or less globular segment;

posterior femora robust and laterally compressed. . (p. 234) PHORIDiSI
Antennae with two or three quite evident segments; posterior femora
not laterally compressed 104

104. Frontal lunule present 105

Frontal lunule absent (p. 205) EMPID^

105. First segment of the posterior tarsi short and swollen.

(p. 360) BORBORID^
First segment of the posterior tarsi longer than the second segment
and not swollen 106

106. Arista with long, sparse rays (p. 325) DROSOPHILID^

Arista pubescent or bare; third antennal segment orbicular; wings

mutilated by the fly (p. 378) HELOMYZID^

28 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Superfamily Tipuloidea

These are the "Crane Flies" and include the families Tanyderidae,
Ptychopteridaj, Trichoeerid«, Tipulidie and Anisopodidie. The first four
mentioned families are characterized bv the presence of a V-shaped
suture on the mesonotum, and have, until recent years constituted the
family Tipulidte. In the Ptychopteridai this suture is more or less
obsolete posteriorly where it extends into the prescutellar depression
but its form is always very well marked. The inclusion of the Anisopo-
didas with the Crane-Flies may be questioned by some students of the
Order. I think the question is a debatable one : at any rate, the family
seems to form more or less of a connecting link between the Tipulids
and Mycetophilids.

The manuscript for the Tipuloidea has been prepared by Dr. C. P.
Alexander and this fact assures the student of thorough and accurate
keys together with the latest views on generic limits and classification.
The study of this group might almost be said to be a ''world apart" in
the study of Diptera and I cannot fully express my gratitude to Dr.
Alexander for the service he has rendered in preparing this jJ^irt of
the work.

29

Family Tanyderidae — The Primitive Crane Flies

Generalized flies of medium size, usually with a handsomely banded
wing-pattern. iMouthparts often i)roduced. Antennge with from 15 to
25 segments; flagellar segments simple, cylindrical. Eyes with erect
setJB between ommatidia; ocelli lacking. Latero-cervical sclerites some-
times greatly elongated, short in the local species. Wings with five
branches of Radius reaching the margin (*Fig. 11); most genera with
one or two supernumerary crossveins in the outer radial or medial
fields, these never exceeding two in any one genus, usually with a single
such element. Male hypopygium with a single dististyle, usually simple,
weakly bifid in the two regional genera. Aedeagus trifid.

The immature stages occur in sandy soil at margins of major
streams, the larva being aquatic or nearly so.

There are 23 recent species of Tanyderida, distributed in 10 genera,
chiefly Australasian in distribution. Two genera with three species
occur in North America.

KEY TO GENERA

1. A supernumerary crossvein in cell M3 of the wing- (*Fig. 11).

Protoplasa Osten Sacken
Wings without supernumerary crossveins Protanyderus Handlirsch

The most important recent literature is as follows:
Alexander, C. P.

1919. The crane-fhes of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy

of the adult flies. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. 25:

p. 883, 1 fig.
1927. Diptera. Fam. Tanyderidae. Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 189.
1930. Observations on the Dipterous family Tanyderidae. Proc. Linn.

Soc. New South Wales, Iv, pp. 221-230,' 2 pis., 1 fig. (larva

and pupa).
Crampton, G. C.

1925. A phylogenetic study of the thoracic sclerites of the non-Tipuloid

Nematocerous Diptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, xviii, pp.
49-74, 5 pis.

1926. The external anatomy of the primitive Tanyderid Dipteran

Macrochile spectrum Lcew, preserved in Baltic Amber. Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc, xxi, pp. 1-14, 2 pis.
1930a. Some anatomical details of the pupa of the archaic Tanyderid

Dipteron Protoplasa fitchii O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington,

xxxii, pp. 83-98, 3 pis.
1930b. A comparison of the more important structural details of the

larva of the archaic Tanyderid Dipteron Protoplasa fitchii, with

other Holometabola, from the standpoint of phylogeny. Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc, xxv, pp. 239-258, 4 pis.
Williams, Inez

1933. The external morphology of the primitive Tanyderid Dipteron

Protoplasa fitchii O. S., with notes on the other Tanyderidae.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xli, pp. 1-36, 7 pis. (anatomy of adult;

comparative wing- figures of all genera of Tanyderidse).

* Plate II. Tipuloidea.

30 NORTH AaiERICAN DIPTERA

Family Ptychopteridae— The False Crane Flies

Antenna elongate, with 16 (Ptychopterinie) to 20 segments (Bit-
tacomorphinse) ; flagellar segments cylindrical. Suture between prae-
sciitum and scutum obsolete — posteriorly. Wings with R, preserved as a
distinct element, lying far distad, subequal in length to Ri+s; three
branches of Radius reach margin; two or three branches of i\Iedia; a
single Anal vein (*Fig. 12).

The immature stages occur in saturated organic earth, the larvae
with an elongate caudal breathing-tube, the pupie with a single greatly
elongated pronotal breathing-horn.

There are two subfamilies, with 3 genera, PtycJioptera with 24 spe-
cies, BittacomorpheUa with 3 species, Bittacomorplia with 2 species. In
the New World, the family is found only in the Nearctic region, all
genera being found on the eastern and western coasts but rare or lacking
in the plains region.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Antennse 16-seffmented; wing:s with cell M,, present • (*Fiff. 12);

(Ptychopterinae) Ptychoptera Meig:en

Antennse 20-segmented; wings with cell Mi lacking; (Bittacomorphinae) . . 2

2. Wings with macrotrichia in distal ends of radial and medial cells; basi-

tarsi of legs not dilated BittacomorpheUa Alexander

Wings without macrotrichia in cells; basitarsi of legs conspicuously
dilated Bittacomorpha Westwood

The latest literature on the family:

Alexander, C. P.

1919. The crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy

of the adult flies. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. 25, pp.
884-886, figs. 2-4.

1920. The same, Part II. Biology and Phylogeny. Ibid., Mem. 38, pp.

772-787, pis. 14-18, incl. (larva and pupa).
1927. Diptera. Fam. Ptychopteridae. Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 188,
pp. 1-12, 1 pi.

Plate II, Tipuloidea.

31

Family Trichoceridae — The Winter Crane Flies

Small or medium-sized flies of slender build, the antennas elongate,
setaceous. Three ocelli. Wings with m-cu lying far distad; two com-
plete Anal veins, 2nd A very short, incurved to anal angle, slightly
longer and more extended in Diazosyna. Male hypopygium with a single
dististyle, this cylindrical or with a variously developed lobe on basal
portion of mesal face. Ovipositor with cerci upcurved, the convexity
being on the ventral surface.

The so-called "winter crane flies" are most numerous in Spring
and Fall, though sometimes abundant during mild days of Winter.
They are usually found in large to small swarms in the open, but may
be found in cellars, mines and similar places. The immature stages
occur in decaying vegetable matter.

There are 4 valid genera with about 45 described species. Tri-
chocera is essentially a genus of the northern Hemisphere; Diazosma is
represented only by 2 species, with a wide distribution in the Holarctic
region. ParacJndura has several species in New Zealand and Chile,
with a few others in eastern Asia; a single species (trichoptera O.S.) is
found on our Pacific coast.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Wings with vein 2nd A subsinuate, not short and curved abruptly into

the anal angle; north temperate Diazosma Bergroth

Wings with vein 2nd A short, curved abruptly into the anal angle 2

2. Tibial spurs present; tarsi with basitarsus longer than segments 2 and

3 taken together; (* fig. 13); north temperate to arctic.

Trichocera Meigen
Tibial spurs lacking; basitarsus very .short, only two or three times as
long as wide, shorter than the third tarsal segment; western.

Paracladura Brunetti
The most important recent literature:

Alexander, C. P.

1919. The crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy

of the adult files. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. 25, pp.
887-888, figs. 165, 166.

1920. The same. Part II. Biology and Phylogeny. Ibid. Mem. 38,

pp. 789-791, pi. 19 (larva and pupa).
1926. The Trichoceridae of Australia (Diptera). Proc. Linnean Soc.
New South Wales, 51, pp. 299-304, 11 figs, (key to genera).

• Plate II, Tipuloidea.

32 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Edwards, F. W.

1928. Diptera. Fam. Protorhyphidae, Anisopodidas, Pachyneuridse, Tri-
choceridas. Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 190, pp. 1-41, 2 pis.

Rhynehart, J. G.

1925. The larva and pupa of Trichocera regelationis L. Proc. Belfast
Nat. Hist, and Phil. Soc, sess. 1922-1923, pp. 3-14, pis. 1-3.

33

Family Tipulidse — The Crane Flies

Tipula trivittata — adult, larva, pupa.

The present family, commonly called "'crane flies", includes slen-
der-bodied flies, having long to very long, imnsually brittle legs that
break readily between the trochanter and femur. From allied families
of Nematocera, they are readily told by the lack of ocelli, two Anal
veins, and the presence of the so-called V-shaped suture between the
mesonotal pra?scutum and scutum. In many species there is a closed
discal (1st M^) cell. In size, the various species show a range almost
as great as that found in the entire order, from tiny flics witli a wing-

34 . NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

length of about 2 millimeters (as DasymoJophilus) to gigantic forms
with a wing-length in excess of 45 millimeters {Ctenarroscelis).

Rostrum sometimes greatly elongated, in some {Elephantomyia:
Toxorhina) produced by a great lengthening of the front, the reduced
mouthparts being at the extreme tip; in others {Limonia: Geranomyia)
the similarly greatly lengthened mouthparts consist chiefly of the labial
palpi. In most Tipulidae the rostrum is short to very short. In many
TipulinaB it is further tipped by a small nose-like point, the nasus. Max-
illary palpi ranging in number of segments from 1 (some Limonia and
Hexatoma: Conosia) to the normal number of 4. Antennae ranging
in number of segments from 6 {Hexatoma) to 39 {Gynoplistia: Cero-
zodia) ; sometimes very greatly lengthened in males, being one or more
times the length of the entire body {Megistocera: Macromastix; Hexa-
toma: Eriocera; Eliahdomastix) ; sometimes with branched flagellar
segments (many Tipulina^; some Cylindrotominae; a few Limoniinge, as
Limonia: Rhipidia and Gynoplistia) ; pedicel shorter than scape (except
in some Eriopterine Claduraria) ; sometimes the basal flagellar segments
united into a fusion-segment (Claduraria, Toxorhinaria). Eyes with
ommatidia variable in size and coarseness; sometimes lioloptic (Li-
monia), usually broadly dichoptic. Pediciini with short erect set^e
between ommatidia.

Pronotum sometimes lengthened (some Limonia, Toxorhina) . Prae-
seutum sometimes produced cephalad over pronotum {Conosia, T rente -
pohlia) . Paired doul)le dots, tlie tuherculate pits, often present, one on
either side of midline on ee])halic half of pr^escutum. PseudosiituraJ
foveae often present as shiny depressions on humeral portion of prip-
scutum. Postnotal pleurotergite sometimes produced into a tubercle
(some Tipulinje). Halteres long to very long. Legs with trochanters
short, rarely lengthened {Atarha, Rliahdomastix) ; tibiae with or without
terminal spurs; claws simple or variously toothed {Limonia, Tipula).
Wings of various shapes, sometimes long and narrow, the anal angle
correspondingly reduced (some Limonia), sometimes with the region
squarely developed {Antocha) . In cases, a pale longitudinal fold in
cell Cu of wings (DicranoptycJia) . The details of venation are not
discussed here, having been thoroughly considered by the present writer
in recent papers that are cited in the morphological bibliography at
end of paper and which may be consulted for details. The chief premise
of the interpretation of the radial field is that the so-called radial cross-
vein, r, of the Comstock-Needham system, has never been developed
in the Diptera, the vein that has been so interpreted in the few families
where it is found being the transverse free portion of R.,- The anterior
branch of the radial field is labelled P^o' except in tlie su])tri])e Limoni-

PWMILY TIPULID.K THE CRANE FLIES 35

aria, where the free tip of vein Scg has migrated along vein R^ to occupy
the extreme tip of the vein. A series of diagrams (Figs. 3 to 10) indi-
cates this tendency, which involves many hundreds of species in the
vast genus Limonia. The medial and cubital fields are interpreted ac-
cording to the Tillyard modification of the Comstock-Needham system.

Male hypopygium usually simple, the basistyles (coxites) bearing
the dististyles (styles) at or near apex. Aedeagus and its subtending
gonapophyses furnishing characters of paramount importance for spe-
cific determination. A dorsal lobe of the basistyle, the interbasc, some-
times present. Ovipositor with the tergal valves (cerci) lengthened,
heavily sclerotized, usually gently to strongly upcurved, exceeding the
short, straight sternal valves (hypovalva?) ; in a few cases (as some
TipulinjE; Cylindrotomina?; Styringomyia and others), the valves of the
ovipositor are short and fleshy.

Tipulidae are great lovers of moist conditions, being chiefly re-
stricted by humidity. Species have been taken within 600 miles of the
North Pole, while others occur at altitudes of over 17,000 feet in Thibet.
The majority of the species occupy the intermediate zone, the familj^
being very numerous in species in all temperate parts of the World
and similarly numerous in the subtropical and temperate portions of
the mountainous regions of the Tropics. Lowland tropical species are
fewer in luiniber and are apt to have a very wide distribution. The
lesser oceanic islands are practically devoid of the larger crane flies
(TipulinaO while having numbers of species of the small fragile Li-
moniina^ (as Limonia, s.l.; Stf/rinffomj/ia; Gononii/ia: Lipophleps; Tren-
tepohlia). ITnder rigorous conditions, as the arctic, wind-swept coasts,
high mountains and the like, species with reduced wings are frequently
found, being most numerous in the female sex. The greatest reduction
of wings is found in Chionea, wliich is virtually apterous in both sexes.

The Tipulidtr of the World now include more than 6000 species,
arranged in 2S3 genera and subgenera (Tipulinse, 76, Cylindrotominte,
9; Limoniina', 198, the latter further distributed in the following tribes:
Lechriini, 4; Limoniini, 37; Pediciini, 12; Hexatomini, 70, and Eriop-
terini, 75). Representatives of all tliree sulifamilics and of all tribes
witli tlie exception of the Tjcchriini occur in tlie area under considera-
tion.

Keys availalile for tlie idi'utification of tlie adult flies are very few
in number. The writer's preliminary study on the "Crane flies of New
York", is now seriously out-of-date due to the great additions made in
intervening years. The forthcoming volume on Diptera in the "In.sects
of Connecticut'' series will largely supercede the earlier work. Both
of these reports are restricted to the area embraced in northeastern

36 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

North America. No ke,ys are available for most of the groups in other
regions of the continent, with the exception of the papers listed in the
bibliography on certain groups of Tipulidae, which are lessened in
value due to the great additions that liave been made in later years.

KEYS TO SUBFAMILIES AND TRIBES, GENERA, ETC.

1. Terminal .segment of maxillary palpus elongate, whiplash-like; nasus

usually distinct; antennae usually with 13 segments; wings with Sci
usually atrophied; vein Cu, constricted at m-cu, the latter usually
at or close to fork of M3+4 (1, 17 to 20); body-size usually large.

(Tipulinas) ". " 2

Terminal seg-ment of maxillary palpus short; no distinct nasus; an-
tennae usually with 14 or 16 segments; wings with Sci present, its
extreme tip atrophied in some Cylindrotomin^; vein Cui straight,
not constricted at m-cu, the latter placed far before the fork of
M3+4, usually at or close to fork of M (21 to 44); body-size
usually small or medium 19

2. Legs unusually long and filiform; wings with vein Ri+j atrophied and

with Sci ending in Sc close to origin of Rs (Dolichopeza, 19),
when Ri+! is preserved (Brachyprenina, 18; Tanypremna; Megis-
tocera, 17), vein Sc is very long, Sci reaching C as a distinct
element some distance beyond fork of Rs and with cell 2nd A usually

very narrow (Dolichopezaria) 3

Legs of normal stoutness for the family; wings with vein Ri+j pre-
served (20); when atrophied (a few species of Tipula) with Sc
of moderate length, Sc, atrophied before fork of Rs and Scj ending
at or near midlength of Rs (exception, some species of Longurio);
cell 2nd A of noiTnal width 8

3. Wings with origin of vein Mi basad of that of M,+2; R2+3 angularly

bent at near midlength (17); tropical, subtropical.

Megistocera Wiedemann
Wings with origin of vein Mt distad of that of Mi+;, usually far be-
yond; R2+3 straight or nearly so, not angulated 4

4. Wings with R,+2 pale, perpendicular to R2+3; Rs strongly arcuated at

origin (18) Brachypremna Osten Sacken

Wings with R1+2, when present, oblique; Rs straight or gently arcuated
throughout length, sometimes very short and transverse 5

5. Rs of moderate length, subequal to m-cu; Sc long, Sc, preserved,

ending beyond fork of Rs; R,+2 pale but preserved; tropical.

Tanypremna Osten Sacken
Rs short, transverse, simulating a crossvein, about equal in length to
one-half m-cu; Sc unusually short, Sc, atrophied, Sc2 entering Sc
before to just beyond origin of Rs; R,+2 atrophied. (Dolichopeza) (I

6. Wings with cell 1st M2 open by atrophy of basal section of Ms, the

outer medial field thus appearing pectinately branched (19);

temperate Dolichopeza: Dolichopeza Curtis

Wings with cell 1st M2 closed 7

7. Cells beyond cord with abundant macrotrichia; tropical.

Dolichopeza: Megistomastix Alexander
Cells beyond cord glabrous; temperate. . . .Dolichopeza: Oropeza Needham

FAMILY TIPULID.E — THE CRANE FLIES 37

8. Antennal flag-ellum of male branched, of female branched or serrate;

legs relatively short and stout. (Ctenophoraria) 9

Antennal flagellum simple (serrate in Prionocera, readily told by lack
of antennal verticils); legs usually more slender. (Tipularia) 11

9. Antenna of both sexes with two short branches at extreme base of

flagellar segments two to seven inclusive; tropical.

Ozodicera: Dihexaclonus Enderlein
Antennae of male with three or four branches on each of flagellar
segments two to nine, of female merely serrate; north temperate. . 10

10. Antennas of male with three pectinations on flagellar segments two

to nine, each segment with a single branch on apical half, in
addition to the usual basal pair; ovipositor greatly elongated,

sabre-like Tanyptera Latreille

Antennae of male with two pairs of pectinations on flagellar segments
two to nine, one pair being subbasal, the other subapical; ovipos-
itor short and of normal Tipuline structure Ctenophora Meigen

11. Wings with vein R3 bent strongly caudad before end, thence angu-

larly deflected cephalad, cell R3 thus being much constricted at

near midlength; western and tropical Holorusia Loew

Wings with vein R3 straight or only gently arcuated throughout its
length, not constricting the cell (20) 12

12. Flagellar segments without verticils, the lower face of individual

segments produced to give the organ a serrate appearance; terminal
flagellar segment abruptly more slender, north temperate to arctic.

Prionocera Loew
Flagellar segments verticillate, simple or nearly so 13

13. Abdomen in both sexes greatly elongated, somewhat resembling that

of a dragon-fly; verticils of outer flagellar segments very long and
conspicuous; valves (cerci) of ovipositor with smooth margins;

eastern. (Longurio) 14

Abdomen not so elongated (except in female of Tipula longiventris
Lw., which has the cerci of ovipositor serrate on margins); anten-
nal verticils of moderate length only 15

14. Wings with cell M, sessile Longurio: .^schnasoma Johnson

Wings with cell M, petiolate Longurio: Longurio Loew

15. Wings with Rs short and oblique in position, shorter than m-cu; cell

M, sessile or very short-petiolate; vein Mi arising opposite or basad
of origin of M,+:.; body-coloration highly polished, often black and

yellow Nephrotoma Meigen

Wings with Rs elongate, exceeding m-cu; cell M, petiolate; vein
M, arising distad of origin of M,«; body-coloration usually opaque,
pruinose or pollinose (20). (Tipula) 16

16. Wings with cell M, lacking; arctic Tipula: Nesotipula Alexander

Wings with cell Mi present 17

17. Size very small (wing not exceeding 9 mm.); vein Rn2 entirely

atrophied; tropical Tipula: Microtipula Alexander

Size larger (wing over 10 mm.; in species with R,.^ atrophied, wing
over 12 mm.) ; R,+:. usually preserved 18

38

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Sc2*R, Sc,

Cu, M^

r-ra

i?3 10

Tipuloidea, Plate I.

FAMILY TIPULID.E — THE CRANE FLIES 39

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

1. Tanyptera fumipennis, venation.

2. Dicranota (Plectromyia) modesta, venation.

3-10. A series of diagrams to illustrate the modification of the outer subcostal
and radial fields of the wing-, as found in the Tipulinse, Cylindroto-
minje, Lechriini and Limoniini.

3. The type found in the Orimargaria: Scs preserved, R1+2 complete, at-

taining the wing-margin.

4. A further development of 3. . Sc'. has moved distad, shortening Ri; Ri^o

still entire.

5. Condition as in 4 but with tip of Ri+2 atrophied. Found in several Ori-

margaria, Limoniaria.

6. An accentuation of 5. The atrophy of R,+: is still greater, R, more

shortened and more or less in transverse alignment with the fi'ee tip
of Sc;. Condition found in numerous Limoniaria.

7. A still further modification of 5. The atrophy of R1+2 is now complete

and Ri is in direct transverse alignment with R^, both in turn being
in transverse alignment with the free tip of Sc;. This is the com-
monest type in the Limoniaria, being found in most members of the
following subgenera of Limonia, — Dicranomyia, Geranomyia and
Rhipidia, as well as in some Limonia, s.s.

8. A type that reverts back to condition 5, with a long spur of R1+2 persist-

ing, with the free tip of Sc2 migrated distad along this spur to lie
beyond the level of R2. A condition found in several subgenera of
Limonia, as Peripheroptera, Limonia and Libnotes.

9. A further modification of 8, where Sc2 has migrated to the extreme tip

of the spur of Ri+i but still forms a rectangular bend. Limonia:
Libnotes.

10. The culmination of the series, where the free tip of Sca has migrated to
the extreme tip of the spur of Rn2 and then bends to the costal margin
at a gently oblique angle. This condition is common in many Limonia
of the subgenera Limonia and Discobola.

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS
Comstock-Needham system, as modified by Alexander and Tillyard

C = Costa; Cu = Cubitus; 1st M2 = cell 1st M^; M = Media; m-cu = me-
dial-cubital crossvein; R = Radius; r-m = radial-medial crossvein; Rs^ Radial
sector; s =: supernumerary crossvein; Sc = Subcosta; A = Anal veins.

40

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

C Sc, R

Co, Ml

1st A Cii

^5 16

Cii, IW,

Cu, IH4

laiX

1st A M, ^'

2nd A

1st A

2adA-

Cu, N,

Tipuloidea. Plate 11. — 11. Protoplasa fitchii, venation: 12. Ptychoptera rufocincta,
venation; 13. Trichocera colei, venation; 14. Anisopus alteinatus, venation; 15. Axymyia
furcata, venation ; 16. Mycteboia divergens, venation ; IT. Megistocera longipennis. venation ;
18. Brachypremna dispellens, venation ; 19. Dolichopeza (Dolichopeza) ameiicana, venation ;
20. Tipula (Tipula) dorsomacula, venation.

FAMILY TIPULID-E THE CRANTE FIJES 41

18. Wings with macrotrichia in apical cells. ..Tipula: Trichotipula Alexander
Wing-s with cells glabrous Tipula: Tipula Linnaeus

19. Wings with tip of Ri+; atrophied, giving the appearance of a long

fusion back from margin of veins R, and anterior branch of Rs;

free tip of Sc.. preserved (21, 22, 23) (Cylindrotomin^) 20

Wings sometimes with tip of R,.; atrophied (some Limoniini) but not
giving the appearance of a long fusion backward from margin of
veins R, and anterior branch of Rs; free tip of Sc2 preserved in
many species of tribe Limoniini, lacking in other tribes in this
fauna (24 to 44) (Limoniinie) 24

CYLINDROTOMIN^: GENERA

20. Head and intervals of mesonotal praescutum with numerous deep

punctures; a deep median groove on prtescutum. . . . Triogma Schiner
Head and intervals of mesonotal praescutum smooth; no median
praescutal groove 21

21. Three branches of Radius reach the margin, Ri« being presei'ved as

a distinct element Phaiacrocera Schiner

Two branches of Radius reach the margin, Ri^:: being entirely
atrophied, giving the appearance of a long backward fusion of
veins R, and anterior branch of Rs (21-23) 22

22. Four branches of Media reach the margin (21) . .Cylindrotoma Macquart
Three branches of Media reach the margin 23

23. Wings with crossvein r-m present; outer end of cell 1st Mj almost

always closed by a single transverse vein, cell M, being present,
sessile to short-petiolate; cells 2nd M- and Ma confluent by atrophy
01' partial atrophy of distal section of vein M^; antennae nearly
simple, the lower face of individual segments not produced (22,

23 ) Phalacrocera Schiner

Wings with crossvein r-m usually shortened to quite obliterated by
the approximation or fusion of veins R4+.-, and Mi+;.; outer end of
cell 1st Ms closed by two transverse veins, these being M and the
basal section of Ms; cell M, lacking, cells 2nd M^. and M3 distinct;
antennae strongly nodulose, especially in male, the individual flagel-
lar segments nearly cordate Liogma Osten Sacken

TRIBES OF LLMONIIN^

24. Eyes hairy; wings with vein Sci very long, Sc? lying basad of origin

of Rs (2, 30). (Pediciini) ". . . 41

Eyes glabrous; wings with Sci short or of moderate length, when
long (some Eriopterini), Sc2 lying distad of origin of Rs; where
Sc2 lies basad of origin of Rs (some Limoniini, Eriopterini), the
entire vein Sc is shortened 25

25. Wings with free tip of Sca often present; veins Rj and R-, fused to

margin, only two branches of Rs being present; antennae usually
with 14 (Limoniaria) or 16 segments; (4-10, 24-29) (Limoniini).. 27
Wings with free tip of Sc- atrophied; veins R4 and Rr, separate, the
former usually transferred to the upper branch, R2+3, to form a
distinct element R;+s.4; usually with three branches of Rs present
(except in Atarba, Elephantomyia, Styringomyia, Teucholabis, Go-
nomyia and Toxorhina, where Rj is captured by R^^s, as above);
antenna; usually with 16 segments; (31-44) 26

42

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

2nd A

2adA

1st A ^"'

2nd k 1st A

2adA

Co, M,

2nd A

2nd A

1st A

2nd A

1st A Cu,,

1st A Cn,

1st A Cu,

Tipuloidea, Plate 111.-21. C.Undrot„„.a tarsal!, ^^ation: 22^ Pha^ro^
venation'; 2P,. Phalacocera ""'d-^*-^-; -^^Xepla) Kw^ 2-- D-ranoptycha

(Hclius) flavipes, venation ; 26. ^"'"'''^^^J" °™ (Limonia) hnmatura, vena .on

Sf^'-^^aiTHcSo^'Sotr'^atrf'^-Sexatcna (He.ato.na) .e.acera. venat.on .
32: Hexatoina (Eriocera) longicornis, venation.

FAMILY TIPULID.E THE CRANE FLIES 43

26. Tibial spurs present. (Hexatomini) '. . . 51

Tibial spurs lacking. (Eriopterini) 78

LIMONIINI: SUBTRIBES, GENERA, SUBGENERA

27. Wings with vein R2 lacking (25) 28

Wings with vein Ra present (24, 26, 29) 29

28. Rostrum short and inconspicuous; Rs long and straight, running close

to R, and in alignment with Rlvs) r-m distinct. (Ellipteraria).

Elliptera Schiner
Rosti'um of moderate length, about equal in length to remainder of
head; Rs short, gently arcuated, not in alignment with R-..-3; r-m
often shortened or obliterated by approximation of adjoining veins
(25). (Heliaria) Helius St. Fargeau

29. Wings with m-cu more than three, (and usually much more), times

its own length before the fork of M (26). (Orimargar"a, Orimarga) 30
Wings with m-cu close to or beyond the fork of M, if before, the
distance not or scarcely exceeding the length of the vein itself
(24, 27, 29 ) '. 31

30. Wings with three branches of Media reaching margin, cell M3 being

present; m-cu beneath Rs Orimarga: Orimarga Osten Sacken

Wings with two branches of Media reaching margin, cell M3 lacking;
m-cu far before origin of Rs (26). .Orimarga: Diotrepha Osten Sacken

31. Wings with vein R2 lying far distad, beyond level of outer end of

cell 1st M::; m-cu beyond fork of M (27) (Dicranoptycharia).

Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
Wings with vein R2 in almost transverse alignment with r-m and basal
half of cell 1st M^; m-cu at or slig-htly before fork of M (24,
28, 29) 32

32. Wings with Rs long and straight (24, 28); antennae IG-segmented. . . 33

Wings with Rs shorter and more arcuated (21); antennae 14-
segmented. (Limoniaria, Limonia) 34

33. Anal angle of wing very prominent, almost square; Rs long, diverg-

ing at an acute angle from R,, ending approximately between the
branches of Rs or in alignment with R4.5 (28) (Antocharia).

Antocha Osten Sacken
Anal angle of wing normally rounded; Rs long, lying very close to
Ri and nearly parallel to it, its end in alignment with R2+3; basal
section of R-.^., short and arcuated, diverging from the end of Rs
at nearly a right angle (24) (Ellipteraria) Elliptera Schiner

34. Wings with M and both sections of M3 lacking, cell Ms thus entirely

obliterated Limonia : Alexandriaria Garrett

Wings with at least the distal section of M3 preserved and usually
with both sections, together with m, cell M3 thus usually present
(29) 35

35. Supernumerary crossveins present in certain cells of wing 36

No supernumerary crossveins in cells of wing (excepting a weak

element sometimes evident in cell Sc) (29) 37

44

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

TiiMjloidea, Plate IV. — 33. Elephantomyia westwoodi, venation ; 34. Atarba (Atarba)
picticornis, venation ; 35. Polymera (Pol.vmera) rogcrsiana, venation : 36. Prolimnophila
areolata, venation ; 37. Toxorhina (Toxoihina) niuliebris, venation ; 38. Teucholabis
(Tcuchoiabis) complexa, venation; 39. Trentepohlia (Paiamongoma) bromeliadicola, venation;
40. Gonoinyia (Gonomyia) subcinerea, venation: 41. Molophilus nitidus, venation; 42. Helobia
hybrida, venation; 43. Gnophomyia tristissima, venation; 44. Erioptera (Erioptera) sep-
tointrionis, venation.

FAMILY TIPULID.E THE CRANE FLIES 45

36. Wing's with Sc short, Sci ending opposite or before origin of Rs;

a supernumerary crossvein in cell R3. .Limonia: Neolimnobia Alexander
Wings with Sc long-, ending about opposite fork of Rs; a super-
numerary crossvein in cell 1st A, connecting the Anal veins.

Limonia: Discobola Osten Sacken

37. Mouthparts, and especially the labial palpi, lengthened, the rostrum

much longer than remainder of head, and usually about as long as

the combined head and thorax Limonia: Geranomyia Haliday

Mouthparts, with the labial palpi, not notably lengthened, shorter
than remainder of head 38

38. Antenuje of male more or less branched (bipectinate, unipectinate or

subpectinate), of female simply serrate, sometimes very weakly so.

Limonia: Rhipidia Meigen
Antennge simple in both sexes 39

39. Wings of male with the prearcular region greatly developed, of

female less markedly so; wing-apex very obtuse; Sc: ending ap-
proximately opposite origin of Rs; tropical.

Limonia: Peripheroptera Schiner
Wings of both sexes with prearcular cells small and inconspicuous;
wing-tip not so obtusely rounded (except in some Limonia, s.s.,
where Sc is elongate, ending beyond midlength of Rs) 40

40. Wings with Sc short, Sc, ending opposite or before origin of Rs.

Limonia: Dicranomyia Stephens
Wings with Sc long, Sc, ending beyond midlength of Rs (29).

Limonia: Limonia Meigen

PEDICIINI: SUBTRIBES, GENERA, SUBGENERA

41. Wings with numerous macrotrichia on membrane (Ularia) . .Ula Haliday
Wings glabrous 42

42. Rostrum produced into a beak that is subequal in length to remainder

of head; western Ornithodes Coquilletl

Rostrum only inconspicuously developed 43

43. Antennae with usually 16 segments; size large, wing usually over

10 mm. (P'edicia) 44

Antennse with usually 13 or 15 segments; size small, wing usually
under 8 mm 45

44. Size very large (wing, 20 mm. or more); wings with a dark pattern

that is arranged as a triangle, including broad costal and cubital
seams that are connected across the very oblique cord; maxillary

palpus with terminal segment elongate Pedicia: Pedicia Latreille

Size smaller (wing, under 18 mm.); wings without a dark pattern
arranged as a triangle, as above described; cord of wing trans-
verse or nearly so (30); maxillary palpus with terminal segment
short Pedicia: Tricyphona Zetterstedt

45. Wings with four supernumerary crossveins, located in cells R,, R3, R4

and M; western Polyangaeus Doane

Wings with at most a single supernumerary crossvein, this in cell
Ri, basad of vein R2 (Dicranota) 46

46. A supernumerary crossvein in cell R, about opposite end of vein Sd. 47
No supernumerary crossveins in cells of wing- 49

46 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

47. Cell 1st M2 closed; eastern Dicranota: Eudicranota subg. n.

Cell 1st M2 open by atrophy of m 48

48. Cell M, lacking Dicranota: Paradicranota subg. n.

Cell Ml present Dicranota: Dicranota Zetterstedt

49. Cell 1st M2 closed; eastern Dicranota: Amalopina Brunetti

Cell 1st M; open by atrophy of m 50

50. Cell Ml lacking (2) Dicranota: Plectromyia Osten Sacken

Cell Ml present Dicranota: Rhaphidoiabis Osten Sacken

HEXATOMINI: SUBTRIBES, GENERA, SUBGENERA

51. Antennas with not more than 12 segments (Hexatomaria, Hexatoma). 52
Antennae with more than 14 segments 54

52. Cell 1st M2 open; two branches of M reach the wing-margin (31);

eastern Hexatoma: Hexatoma Latreille

Cell 1st M2 closed; three or four branches of M reach the wing-
margin (32) 53

53. Feet snowy- white; eastern and tropical. .Hexatoma: Penthoptera Schiner
Feet not white (32) Hexatoma: Eriocera Macquart

54. Wings with only two branches of Rs present; vein R2 lacking 55

Wings with three branches of Rs present; vein R2 presei*ved (except

in Phyllolabis) 5G

55. Rostrum elongate, exceeding one-half the length of the entire body

(33) ; (Elephantomyaria) Elephantomyia Osten Sacken

Rostrum short and inconspicuous, not exceeding the remainder of head
(34); eastern and tropical (Atarbaria).

Atarba: Atarba Osten Sacken

56. Apical cells of wing with macrotrichia 57

Cells of wing without macrotrichia (excepting in stigmal area) 61

57. A supernumerary crossvein in cell M; eastern (Limnophilaria).

Limnophila: Trichephelia Alexander
No supernumerary crossvein in cell M 58

58. Cell R3 of wings sessile, subsessile or short-petiolate; Rr+s+i lacking

or much shorter than m-cu. (Limnophilaria) 59

Cell Rs of wings long-petiolate, R2+3+4 being as long as or longer than
m-cu 60

59. Wings with macrotrichia abundant, involving the cells basad of cord.

Ulomorpha Osten Sacken
Wings with sparse macrotrichia in cells beyond cord only.

Limnophila: Lasiomastix Osten Sacken

60. Small species (wing, 0", less than 5 mm.); cell Mi usually present; an-

tennae short in both sexes (Adelphomyaria) . . . . Adelphomyia Bergroth
Larger flies (wing, c^", over 6 mm.); cell Mi lacking; antennae of male
very long; tropical (Limnophilaria) Shannonomyia Alexander

61. A supernumerary crossvein in cell C (Epiphragmaria).

Epiphragma Osten Sacken
No supernumerary crossvein in cell C (35) 62

FAMILY TIPULID.E — THE CRANE FLIES 47

62. Wing-s with vein R- lacking; m-cu at outer end of cell 1st M^; western.

Phyllolabis Osten Sacken
Wings with vein R.. present; m-cu at or before two-thirds the leng-th
of cell 1st M;, when the latter is present (35, 36) 63

63. Wings with cell 1st M2 open by atrophy of m (3.j); male with

elongate nodulose antennae; tropical and subtropical.

Polymera: Polymera Wiedemann
Wings with cell 1st M- closed; antennae of male not nodulose 64

64. Wings with Sc very long, Sc, R1+2 and R3 all ending close together

at costal margin; tropical Psaronius Enderleiii

Wings with Sc short, widely separated from either Ri+; or R3 (36) . . . 65

65. Wings with m-cu at or close to fork of M; anterior arculus lacking.

(Dactylolabaria) Dactylolabis Osten Sacken

Wings with m-cu beyond the fork of M, at from one-third to about
one-half the length of cell 1st M^; where close to fork of M (some
Pseudolimnophila) the arculus complete 66

66. Wings with the anterior arculus lacking (36) (Pseudolimnophilaria,

in part) 67

Wings with the anterior arculus present 6S

67. Cell 1st M2 of wings very large, its inner end lying far proximad of

the other elements of the cord (36) Prolimnophila Alexander

Cell 1st M; of wings of normal size, its inner end straight and in ap-
proximate alignment with the elements of the anterior cord.

Archilimnophila, g. n.

68. Wings with Sc relatively short, Sci ending before the level of the fork

of Rs; where slightly longer (Limnophila albipes Leonard) the pos-
terior tarsi snowy-white. (Limnophilaria, in part) 69

Wings with Sc longei", Sc: ending opposite or beyond the fork of Rs;
(compare some species of Pilaria, distinguished by having the an-
tennal verticils of unusual length) 70

69. Antennae with long conspicuous verticils; tuberculate pits present,

small, placed at extreme cephalic end of prsescutum; Rs elongate,

exceeding vein R3; cell Mi present or lacking Pilaria Sintenis

Antennge with short verticils; tuberculate pits lacking; Rs short and
strongly arcuated or angulated at origin; cell M, lacking.

Shannonomyia Alexander

70. Head strongly narrowed and prolonged behind; radial and medial

veins beyond cord long and sinuous; vein R3 extending generally
parallel to vein R4, not diverging markedly at tips; vein 2nd A
strongly curved to margin (Pseudolinmnophilaria, in part).

Pseudolimnophila Alexander
Head broad, not conspicuously narrowed behind; radial and medial
veins beyond cord more nearly straight; vein R3 diverging strongly
from vein R4, cell R3 conspicuously widened at margin; vein 2nd A
not curved strongly into margin (Limnophilaria, in part, Limno-
phila).

71. Supernumerary crossveins in either cell R3 or cell M of wing 72

No supeimumerary crossveins in cells of wing 74

48 NORTPI AMERICAN DIPTERxV

72. A supernumerary crossvein in cell R3; eastern.

Limnophila: Dicranophragma Osten Sacken
A supernumerary crossvein in cell M 73

73. Rs long-spurred at origin; antennge of male elongate.

Limnophila: Idioptera Macquart
Rs slightly if at all spurred at origin; antennae short in both sexes.

Limnophila: Elaeophila Rondani

74. Cell R3 sessile; cell M, lacking Limnophila: Idiolimnophila, subg. n.

Cell R3 petiolate; cell Mi present 75

75. Very large species (wing over 16 mm.); wings with the branches of

M leaving the main stem at a strong angle, cell 1st M2 thus being

strongly hexagonal; eastern Limnophila: Eutonia Van der Wulp

Smaller species (wing under 14 mm.); wings with the branches of
M not strongly divergent, especially M3+4, cell 1st Mj being more
nearly rectangular in outline 76

76. Wings with vein R2+3+4 short, subequal to the basal deflection of Rs;

Rs elongate, exceeding four times R3+3+4; coloration polished black
or gray, the latter group having the male hypopygium with a series
of teeth on margin of outer dististyle, producing a comb-like ap-
pearance Limnophila: Prionolabis Osten Sacken

Wings with R2+3+4 longer, usually exceeding the basal deflection of
Rr,; Rs shorter, not exceeding three times R2+3+4; where the above
characters are doubtful, the species have a closely iri-orate brown
wing-pattern; body coloration never polished black; when gray,
male hypopygium without a comb of spines on outer dististyle .... 77

77. Rs short, weakly to more strongly angulated at origin, more rarely

merely arcuated; R2+3+4 subequal to or shorter than m-cu; an-
tennae short in both sexes Limnophila: Phylidorea Bigot

Rs longer, more gently arcuated; in species with shorter Rs, antennae
of male elongate and usually with R2+3+4 long, considerably exceed-
ing m-cu Limnophila: aberrant species

ERIOPTERINI: SUBTRIBES, GENERA, SUBGENERA

78. Nearly apterous, the wings reduced to microscopic structures that

are smaller than the halteres; northern. (Claduraria) .Chionea Dalman
Fully-winged species 79

79. Wings with cell Mi present SO

Wings with cell Mi lacking (37-44) 84

80. Antennae with the basal two to four segments united into a fusion-

segment; wings with R2+3+4 much longer than the short basal section
of R:,; veins Sc, and R1+2 widely separated at margin, the distance
on Costa between them approximately three times r-m; legs plainly

colored; temperate. (Claduraria) 81

Antennae with all flagellar segments distinct; wings with basal sec-
tion of R5 elongate, much exceeding R2+3+4; veins Sci and R1+2
closely approximated at margin, the distance on costa between them
subequal to or shorter than r-m; legs conspicuously hairy, banded
with black, rufous and white; tropical. (Lecteriaria).

Lecferia Osten Sacken

FAMILY TIPULID.E THE CRANE FLIES 49

81. Wings with R2+3t4 subequal to or longer than vein Ri, cell R3 thus

being subequal to its petiole; vein R; at or before the fork of Riit4.

Neolimnophila Alexander
Wings with R-..+3+4 shorter than vein R3, cell R3 being much longer
than its petiole; R; far beyond fork of R2+3t4 82

82. Wings with cell Mi very small, about one-third its petiole; fusion-

segment of antenna very long, about equal to the succeeding four

segments combined; western Pterochionea Alexander

Wings with cell M, subequal to or longer than its petiole; fusion-
segment of antennae shorter, about as long as the succeeding two
or three segments combined. (Cladura) 83

83. Wings with Rit- elongate, exceeding R2+3+4; R2+3 subequal to m-cu;

male hypopygium with two dististyles. .Cladura: Neocladura Alexander
Wings with R,+; shorter than R2+3+4; R2+3 approximately twice m-cu;
male hypopygium with a single powerful dististyle.

Cladura: Cladura Osten Sacken

84. Rostrum very long and slender, approximately one-half the entire

body or longer; setae of legs profoundly bifid (Toxorhinaria,

Toxorhina ) 85

Rostrum short, not exceeding remainder of head; setas of legs simple. 86

85. Wings with Rs having a single branch (37); eastern and tropical.

Toxorhina: Toxorhina Osten Sacken
Wings with Rs having two branches; tropical.

Toxorhina: Ceratocheilus Wescht§

86. Two branches of Rs reach the wing-margin (38) 87

Three branches of Rs reach the wing-margin (39-44) 89

87. Wings with Ri ending before midlength; anterior branch of Rs

diverging strongly from posterior branch, arising at or close to r-m,
straight and oblique; tropical. (Styringomyaria) . .Styringomyia Lcew
Wings with Ri ending about opposite two-thirds their length; branches
of Rs subparallel on basal half. (Gonomyaria) 88

88. Wings with R,. present, close to fork of Rs; Sc usually long, Sc,

ending beyond origin of Rs (38); some eastern, jjut chiefly

tropical Teucholabis: Teucholabis Osten Sacken

Wings with R- lacking; Sc short, Sc, ending opposite or before origin
of Rs; chiefly tropical (Gonomyaria). . .Gonomyia: Lipophleps Bergroth

89. Wings with R,, fused with Mi+; to form the entire cephalic face of

cell 1st M2, r-m thus obliterated; only two branches of M reach the
margin; vein 2nd A very short (39); tropical. (Trentepohliaria).

Trentepohlia: Paramongoma Brunetti
Wings with R,-, entirely distinct from M1+2, being separated by the
r-m crossvein (the veins fused only in a few species of Paratro-
pesa, where the alternative characters hold); three branches of M
reach the mai'gin; vein 2nd A of normal length (40-11) 90

90. Wings with cell R3 short, vein R3 shorter than the petiole of cell R3

(40) 91

Wings with cell R3 deep, vein Rj longer than the petiole of cell R3
(42-44); shortest in Progonomyia and Empedomorpha 99

50 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

91. Wings with vein R: present 92

Wings with vein R- lacking 95

92. Rs at end of Rs, in alignment with the other elements of the cord;

r-ni obliterated by the long fusion of veins R4+5 and M,+2; tropical.

(Gonomyaria) Teucholabis: Paratropesa Schiner

R; its length or more beyond the fork of Rs, R2+3+4 subequal to or
longer than R2; r-m distinct 93

93. Wings with Rs long and straight, exceeding the distal section of

M1+2; tuberculate pits on cephalic portion of prsescutum; trochanters
elongate; arctic and subarctic. (Rhabdomastix).

Rhabdomastix: Sacandaga Alexander
Wings with Rs shorter, less than the distal section of M,+2; tubercu-
late pits removed from cephalic margin of prsescutum; ti'ochanters
short. ( Erioptera ) 94

94. Wings with veins R3 and R4 strongly diverging, cell R3 having a

Gonomyia-like shape Erioptera: Gonempeda Alexander

Wings with veins Rs and Ri more generally parallel, cell R3 having
the more normal Erioptera-shape, but shorter.

Erioptera: Empeda Osten Sacken

95. Wings with Sc long, Sci extending to near opposite or beyond mid-

length of Rs; m-cu at or beyond fork of M. (Eriopteraria, Rhab-
domastix ) 96

Wings with Sc short, not extending to beyond midlength of Rs; if
Sc is relatively long (Ptilostena), m-cu lies more than its own
length before the fork of M. (Gonomyaria, Gonomyia) 97

96. Antennae of male longer than body; chiefly tropical

Rhabdomastix: Rhabdomastix Skuse
Antennae of male scarcely attaining wing-ioot; chiefly temperate.

Rhabdomastix: Sacandaga Alexander

97. Wings with m-cu more than its own length before form of M.

Gonomyia: Ptilostena Bergroth
Wings with m-cu at or very close to fork of M (40) 98

98. Wings with cell R3 very small, at margin subequal in extent to cell

R.>; antennal verticils long and conspicuous.

Gonomyia: Lipophleps Bergroth
Wings with cell R3 larger, at margin considerably exceeding in extent
cell R.; antennal verticils not conspicuously elongated.

Gonomyia: Gonomyia Meigen

99. Wings with distinct macrotrichia in outer cells 100

Wings with the outer cells glabrous 103

100. Wings with Rs shortened, its union with R2+3+4 forming an angle, so

cell Ri is nearly equilateral in outline; chiefly tropical. (Eriop-
teraria) Cryptolabis Osten Sacken

Wings with Rs long, normal in position, cell Ri elongate 101

101. Size very small (wing, 3 mm. or less); Rs ending in cell R3, this cell

thus being sessile, without element R-+3+4; temperate. (Eriop-
teraria) Dasymolophilus Goetghebuer

Size larger (wing over 4 mm.); Rs ending in cell R4, cell R3 being
petiolate by the presence of a distinct element R;+3.4 102

FAMILY TIPULID.E THE CRANE FLEES 51

102. Wings with Sc? close to tip of Sc„ the two veins thus being subequal

in length or nearly so. (Gonomyaria) Gnophomyia Osten Sacken

"Wings with Sc2 far removed from tip of Sc, the latter vein long, sub-
equal in length to Rs; temperate. (Eriopteraria) . . . .Ormosia Rondani

103. Wings with Rs ending in cell Rs, there being no element R2+3+4 (41)

(Eriopteraria) Molophilus Curtis

Wings with Rs ending in cell Rt, cell R3 being petiolate by a distinct
element R=.3.4 (42-44) 104

104. Wings with a supernumerary crossvein in cell R3; vein 2nd A strongly

bisinuate (42). (Eriopteraria) Helobia St. Fargeau

Wings without a supernumerary crossvein in cell R3; vein 2nd A
straight or simply sinuous (43, 44) 105

105. Wings with veins R3 and R4 divergent, unequal in length, R3 being

less than two-thirds R^, cell R3 at margin much more extensive than

cell R. IOC

Wings with veins R3 and R4 nearly equal in length, or with R3 ex-
ceeding three-fourths of the length of R4, the veins extending gener-
ally parallel to one another to the margin; cell Rj at margin wider
than cell R3 107

106. Wings with veins R3 and R, very unequal in length, widely divergent

or sprawly, R3 being only about one-fourth R4 and ending in costa
close to vein R1+2; cell R3 at margin some eight times as wide as

cell R-; tropical Neognophomyia Alexander

Wings with veins R3 and R4 less conspicuously unequal, R3 being
about one-half R,; cell Rs at margin some three or four times as
wide as cell R-; tropical and subtropical. (Gonomyia).

Gonomyia: Progonomyia Alexander

107. Antennte of both sexes with the flagellar segments more or less kid-

ney-shaped to give a nodulose appearance to the organ; large
species (wing, 15 mm. or more); tropical. (Sigmatomeraria).

Sigmatomera Osten Sacken
Antennae of both sexes simple or nearly so, not nodulose; smaller
(wing less than 12 mm., usually less than 10 mm.) 108

108. Cox« of middle and hind legs only slightly separated by the small

meral region; wings with Sci relatively short, not exceeding one-
third the length of Rs 109

Coxae of middle and hind legs widely separated by a large "pot-
bellied" meral region; wings with Sci very long, exceeding one-half
the length of Rs. (Eriopteraria) 110

109. Wings with Rs in alignment with R2+3+4; Sc short, Sc, ending opposite

the fork of Rs and far before R-..; Sci and Sc2 subequal; male hypo-
pygium with interbasal structures conspicuously developed as

blackened spines; temperate Lipsothrix Loew

Wings with Rs in approximate alignment with R.,; Sc long, Sc, ending
opposite or shortly before R:, at or beyond midlength of R1.+S+4;
Sc, much longer than Sc: (43); male hypopygium without evident
interbases Gnophomyia Osten Sacken

110. Wings with R^ far before fork of R2+3+4, at or just beyond the fork of

Rs; male with a very large hairy stigmal region that more or less
distorts the adjoining veins; western plains.. Empedomorpha Alexander
Wings with R- beyond the fork of R2+3+4; stigma nonnal Ill

52 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

111. Wings with vein Cui nearly straight, its distal section not swinging

cephalad toward wing-tip; cell 1st M; small, less than one-half the
distal section of M1+2; terminal three segments of antennae smaller

than the remainder of flagellum Trimicra Osten Sacken

Wings with vein Cui having its distal section slightly deflected at
apex toward wing-tip; cell 1st M.., when present, elongate, subequal
to or longer than the distal section of M1+2; flagellar segments
becoming progressively smaller to outer end (44) (Erioptera) 112

112. Wings with vein 2nd A arcuated so cell 1st A at midlength is as

broad as, or broader than it is at margin; cell 1st M: opening into
cell 2nd M- by atrophy of m; (44); chiefly temperate.

Erioptera: Erioptera Meigei'
Wings with anal veins divergent, cell 1st A being widest at margin;
cell 1st M2 generally closed 113

113. Wings with cell 1st M. open 114

Wings with cell 1st M2 closed, the basal section of M3 greatly ex-
ceeding m in length 115

114. Wings with cell 1st Mj opening into cell M3 by atrophy of basal sec-

tion of Ms; where closed, the elements closing outer end not greatly
disproportionate in length, m being one-half or more of M3; chiefly

tropical Erioptera: Mesocyphiona Osten Sacken

Wings with cell 1st M2 opening into cell 2nd M2 by atrophy of m;
northern and western Erioptera: Psiloconopa Zetterstedt

115. Wings with a spur from the basal section of vein M3, jutting basad

into cell 1st M2 Erioptera: Hoplolabis Osten Sacken

Wings with no such spur as described Erioptera: Ilisia Rondani

SUPPLEMENTARY KEY TO THE SUBAPTEROUS TIPULID^

1. Frontal prolongation of head with nasus (Tipulinse) Tipula Linnjeus

Frontal prolongation of head (or rostrum) without nasus 2

2. Eyes with numerous short erect setai between ommatidia (Pediciini).

Tricyphona Zetterstedt
Eyes without setae 3

3. Tibial spurs present. (Hexatomini) Limnophila Macouart

Tibial spurs lacking. (Eriopteriui) Chionea Dalman

TYPE SPECIES OF THE NEW GENERA AND SUBGENERA PROPOSED

Dicranota: Eudicranota; type, Dicranota notabilis Alexander.
Dicranota: Paradicranota; type, Dicranota rivularis Osten Sacken.
Archilimnophila; type, Limnophila unica Osten Sacken.
Limnophila: Idiolimnophila; type, Limnophila emmelina Alexander.

FAMILY TIPULID.E — THE CRANE FLIES 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF IMMATURE STAGES

Alexander, C. P.

1920. The crane-Hies of New York. Part II. Biology and Phylogeny.

Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta. Mem. 38; pp. 691-1133, 87 pis.

(bibliography to 1920).
1931. Deutsche Limnologische Sunda-Expedition. The Crane-flies.

Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie, Suppl. Bd. IX, Tropische Binnenge-

wasser, 2; pp. 135-191, 51 figs., 1 pi. (bibliography of biology,

1920-30).

Rogers, J. S.

1933. The ecological distribution of the crane flies of northern Florida.
Ecological Men., 3, No. 1, pp. 1-74, figs. 1-25.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEYS TO SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN

TIPULID^

The genera of which Keys are given follow the reference and the
regions covered are indicated: Neo., Neotropical; Nea., Nearctic.

Alexander, C. P.

1912a. On the tropical American Rhipidise. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc,
VIII, pp. 6-17, 1 pi.
(Limonia: Rhipidia, Neo.).
1912b. A revision of the genus Brachypremna Osten Sacken. Journ.
New York Ent. Soc, XX, pp. 225-236, 1 pi.
( Brachypremna ) .
1912c. New species of Furcomyia. Canadian Ent., XLIV, pp. 333-334.

(Limonia: Dicranomyia, Neo., in part).
1913a. New Neotropical Antochini. Psyche, XX, pp. 40-54, 1 pi.

(Orimarga; Toxorhina, Neo.).
1913b. A synopsis of part of the Neotropical crane-flies of the subfamilv
Limnobinse. Proc. United States Nat. Mus., XLIV, pp. 481-549,
4 pis.
(Epiphragma; Polymera; Lecteria; Trentepohlia; Gonomyia;
Gnophomyia; Cryptolabis; Molophilus; Erioptera; 3Iesocy-
phona, Neo.).
1913c. The Neotropical Tipulidae in the Hungarian National Museum.
I, II. Ent. News, XXIV, pp. 404-412, 439-449.
(Limonia: Peripheroptera; Teucholabis: Paratriopesa).
1914a. New or little-known Neotropical Hexatomini. Psyche, XXI, pp.
33-45, 1 pi.
(Hexatoma: Eriocera, Penthoptera, Neo.).
1914b. A revision of the American species of Tanypremna Osten Sacken
and Megistocera Wiedemann. Jouin. New York Ent. Soc, XXII,
pp. 205-218, 1 pi.
(Tanypremna).
1914c. On a collection of crane-flies from British Guiana. Trans. Ameri-
can Ent. Soc, XL, pp. 223-255, 2 pis.
(Psaronius; Trentepohlia, part; Sigmatomera; Teucholabis: Teuch-
olabis; Gonomyia: Lipophleps, part, Neo.).
1915. Two new crane-flies from Porto Rico. Insec. inscit. Menst., Ill,
pp. 104-107.
(Hexatoma: Eriocera, part).

54 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Alexander, C. P. (Continued)

1916a. New Limnophiline Crane-flies from the United States and Canada.
Journ. New York Ent. See, XXIV, pp. 118-125, 1 pi.
(Limnophila: Prionolabis, part: Nea.)
1916b. New species of Crane-flies from the West Indies. Ent. News,
XXVII, pp. 343-347, 6 fig-s.
(Hexatoma: Eriocera).
1916c. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Can-
ada. Part 3. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, 1916, pp. 486-
549, 7 pis.
(Dicranota: Rhaphidolabis; Gonomyia, Nea.).
1917. New Nearctic crane-flies. Part 3. Canadian Ent., XLIX, pp.
199-211.
(Erioptera: Empeda, Nea.).
1919a. Notes on the genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken. Ent. News,
XXX, pp. 19-22.
(Dicranoptycha).
1919b. Records and descriptions of Neotropical craneflies. Journ. New
York Ent. Soc, XXVII, pp. 132-154, 1 pi.
(Trentepohlia, part; Gnophomyia, s.L).
1919c. The crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy
of the adult flies. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. 25;
765-993, 55 pis.
(Tanyptera; Ctenophora; Nephrotoma; Tipula; Dolichopeza; Oro-
peza; Phalacrocera; Cylindrotoma; Limonia: Dicranomyia, Rhi-
pidia, Geranomyia, Limonia; Helius; Dicranoptycha; Pedicia:
Pedicia, Tricyphona; Dicranota: Dicranota, Rhaphidolabis; Ula;
Adelphomyia; Epiphragma; Limnophila, s.L; Eriocera; Chionea;
Cladura; Gonomyia; Teucholabis; Rhabdomastix; Molophilus;
Ormosia; Erioptera; Toxorhina).
1920a, Undescribed Tipulidae from western North America. Proc. Cali-
fornia Acad. Sci., (4), X, pp. 35-46.
(Ulomorpha).
1920b. New or little-known crane-flies from tropical America. Canad.
Ent., LII, pp. 141-144.
(Polymera, part, Neo.).
1926a. Studies on the crane-flies of Mexico. Part II. Ann. Ent. Soc.
America, XIX, pp. 158-179, 2 pis.
(Atarba; Nea., Neo.).
1926b. Undescribed species of crane-flies from Cuba ar.:l Jamaica. Journ.
New York Ent. Soc, XXXIV, pp. 223-230.
(Gonomyia, part, Neo.).
1927. Undescribed species of the genus Limnophila from eastern North
America. Part II. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. XXII, pp. 56-64.
(Limnophila: Elseophila)

1929. The crane-flies .of New York: Fourth Supplementary List. Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc, XXIV, pp. 295-302.
(Pedicia, Nea.)

1930. The genus Sigmatomera Osten Sacken, — with observations on the

biology by Raymond C. Shannon. Encycl. Entomol., Diptera,
V, pp." 1-8, 8 figs.
(Sigmatomera).

FAMILY TIPULID.E THE CRANE FLIES

55

Dietz, W. G.

1913. A synopsis of the described North American species of the Dip-

terous g-enus Tipula L. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, VI, pp. 461-
484.
(Tipula, Nea.).

1914. The hebes group of the Dipterous genus Tipula Linnseus. Trans.

American Ent. Soc, XL, pp. 345-363, 2 pis.
(Tipula, part; Nea.)
19L6. Synoptical table of the North American species of Ormosia
Rondani (Rhypholophus Kolenati), with descriptions of new
species. Trans. American Ent. Soc, XLVII, pp. 135-146, 1 pi.
(Ormosia, Nea.).

1917. Key to the North American species of the tricolor group of

the Dipterous genus Tipula Linnaeus. Ent. News, XXVIII,
pp. 145-151, 1 pi.
(Tipula, part; Nea.).

1918. A revision of the North American species of the Tipulid genus

Pachyrhina Macquart, with descriptions of new species. Trans.
American Ent. Soc, XLIV, pp. 105-140, 4 pis.
(Nephrotoma, Nea.).

1919. The streptocera group of the Dipterous genus Tipula Linnaeus.

Ann. Ent. Soc. America, XII, pp. 85-94, 1 pi.
(Tipula, part; Nea.).
1921a. The impudica group of the Dipterous genus Tipula Linnaeus.
Ann. Ent. Soc America, XIV, pp. 1-15, 1 pi.
(Tipula, part; Nea.).
1921b. Description of two new species of the angustipennis group of
the Dipterous genus Tipula Linnaeus, with table of species.
Ent. News, XXXII, pp. 299-302.
(Tipula, part; Nea.).

Doane, R. W.

1908a. Notes on the Tipulid genus Dicranomyia. Ent. News, XIX, pp.
5-9.
(Limonia: Dicranomyia, Nea.).
1908b. New North American Pachyrhina, with a table for determining
the species. Ent. News, XIX, pp. 173-179.
(Nephrotoma, Nea.).
1908c. New species of the Tipulid genus Rhypholophus, with a table
for determining the North American species. Ent. News, XIX,
pp. 200-202.
(Ormosia, Nea.).

Garrett, C. B. D.

1922. New Tipulidae from British Columbia. Proc Ent. Soc. Wash-
ington, XXIV, pp. 58-64, 13 figs.
(Limonia: Alexandriaria, Nea.)

Hine, J. S.

1903. The genus Peditia, with one new species. Ohio Nat., Ill, pp.
416-417.
(Pedieia, Nea.)

56 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Johnson, C. W.

1909. New and little known Tipulidse. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XXXIV, pp. 115-135, 2 pis.
(Dolichopeza: Oropeza, Nea.)

Osten Sacken, C. R.

1869. Diptera of North America, Part 4. Smithson. Miscel. Coll. 219,
pp. 1-345, 4 pis., 7 figs.
(Limonia: Geranomyia, Dicranomyia, Rhipidia, Limonia; Pedicia:
Tricyphona; Limnophila; Eriocera; Gonomyia; Ormosia;
Erioptera).
1886. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Iiisecta, Diptera, I, pp. 1-216,
3 pis.
(Nephrotoma; Hexatoma: Eriocera, Neo.)

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MORPHOLOGICAL TERMS OF ESPECIAL
VALUE IN A STUDY OF THE TIPULID^.

Alexander, C. P.

1927. The interpretation of the radial field of the wing in the Nema-

tocerous Diptera, with special reference to the Tipulidae. Proc.

Linn. Soc. New South Wales, LII, pp. 42-72, 92 figs.
1929. A comparison of the systems of nomenclature that have been

applied to the radial field of the wing in the Diptera. IVth

Internat. Congress Ent., Trans., II, pp. 700-707, 3 pis.

Cole, F. R.

1927. A study of the terminal abdominal structures of the male Dip-

tera. Proc. California Acad. Sci., (4), XVI, pp. 397-499, 287
figs.

Crampton, G. C.

1923a. The genitalia of male Diptera and Mecoptera compared with

those of related insects, from the standpoint of phylogeny.

Trans. American Ent. Soc, XLVIII, pp. 207-225, 3 pis.
1923b. Preliminary note on the terminology applied to the parts of an

insect's leg. Canadian Ent., LV, pp. 126-132, 1 pi.

1925. Evidences of relationship indicated by the thoracic sclerites of

certain Eriopterine Tipuloid Diptera. Insec. Inscit, Menst.,
XIII, pp. 197-213, 2 pis.

1926. The external anatomy of the primitive Tanyderid Dipteran Macro-

chile spectrum Loew, preserved in Baltic Amber. Bull. Brook-
lyn Ent. Soc, XXI, pp. 1-14, 2 pis.

1928. The eulabium, mentum, submentum and gular region of insects.

Journ. Ent. and Zool., XX, pp. 1-18, 3 pis.
1931. A phylogenetic study of the posterior metathoracic and basal ab-
dominal structures of insects, with particular reference to the
Holometabola. Journ. New York Ent. Soc, XXXIX, pp. 323-
357, 4 pis.

Snodgrass, R. E.

1903. The terminal abdominal segments of female Tipulidge. Journ.

New York Ent. Soc, XI, pp. 177-183, 2 pis.

1904. The hypopygium of the Tipulitlse. Trans. American Ent. Soc,

XXX, pp". 179-236, 11 pis.

FAMILY TIPULID.E THE CRANE FLEES 57

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF GENERA AND SUBGENERA, WITH
CITATIONS TO THE ABOVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEYS

TipulinsB

Ctenophora (Alexander, 1919c)

Tanyptera (Alexander, 1919c)

Nephrotoma (Alexander, 1919c; Dietz, 1918; Doane, 1908b; Osten Sacken,

1886.)
Tipula, s.l. (Alexander, 1919c; Dietz, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1919, 1921a,

1921b.)
Brachypremna (Alexander, 1912b)
Tanypremna (Alexander, 1914b)
Dolichopeza: Oropeza (Alexander, 1919c; Johnson, 1909)

Cylindrotominae

Phalacrocera (Alexander, 1919c)
Cylindrotoma (Alexander, 1919c)

Limoniinse
Limoniini

Limonia: Limonia (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Dicranomvia (Alexander, 1912c, 1919c; Doane, 1908a;

Osten Sacken, 1869)
Alexandriaria (Garrett, 1922)
Peripheroptera (Alexander, 1913c)

Rhipidia (Alexander, 1912a, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)
Geranomyia (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)
Orimarga: Orimaroa (Alexander, 1913a)
Dicranoptycha (Alexander, 1919a, 1919c)
Helius (Alexander, 1919c)

Pediciini

Pedicia: Pedicia (Alexander, 1919c, 1929; Hine, 1903)

Tricyphona (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)
Dicranota: Dicranota (Alexander, 1919c)

Rhaphidolabis (Alexander, 1916c, 1919c)

Plectromyia (Alexander, 1919c)
Ula (Alexander, 1919c)

Hexatomini

Adelphomyia (Alexander, 1919c)

Epiphrasma (Alexander, 1913b, 1919c)

Polymera (Alexander, 1913b, 1920b)

Dactylolabis (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Pseudolimnophila (Alexander, 1919c)

Limnophila, s.l. (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Prionolabis (Alexander, 1916a, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Eutonia (Alexander, 1919c)

Lasiomastix (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Phylidorea (Alexander, 1919c)

Ela-ophila (Alexander, 1919c, 1927; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Idioptera (Alexander, 1919c)

Dicranophragma (Alexander, 1919c)
Pilaria (Alexander, 1919c)
Ulomorpha (Alexander, 1920a)

58 KORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Psaronius (Alexander, 1914c)

Hexatoma: Eriocera (Alexander, 1914a, 1915, 1916b, 1919c;

Osten Sacken, 1869, 1886)
Penthoptera (Alexander, 1914a)
Atarba: Atarba (Alexander, 1926a)

Eriopterini

Chionea (Alexander, 1919c)

Cladura, s.l. (Alexander, 1919c)

Lecteria (Alexander, 1913b)

Sigmatomera (Alexander, 1914c, 1930)

Trentepohlia: Paramongoma (Alexander, 1913b, 1914c, 1919b)

Teucholabis: Teucholabis (Alexander, 1914c, 1919c)

Paratropesa (Alexander, 1913c)
Gonomyia, s.l. (Alexander, 1916c, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Progonomyia (Alexander, 1916c)

Lipophleps (Alexander, 1914c, 1916c, 1919c)

Gonomyia (Alexander, 1913b, 1916c, 1919c, 1926b; Osten Sacken,

1869)

Ptilostena (Alexander, 1916c)
Gnophomyia, s.l. (Alexander, 1913b, 1919b)
Rhabdomastix: Sacandaga (Alexander, 1919c)
Erioptera, s.l. (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Erioptera (Alexander, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Mesocyphona (Alexander, 1913b, 1919c; Osten Sacken, 1869)

Ilisia (Alexander, 1919c)

Empeda (Alexander, 1917, 1919c)
Cryptolabis (Alexander, 1913b)
Ormosia (Alexander, 1919c; Dietz, 1916; Doane, 1908c; Osten Sacken,

1869)
Molophilus (Alexander, 1913c, 1919c)
Toxorhina: Toxorhina (Alexander, 1913a, 1919c)

59

Family Anisopodidse

Moderately small, elongate flies with long legs and three ocelli.

Head siibspherical or hemispherical, the eyes of the males holoptie
or dichoptic, usually rounded. Proboscis moderately prominent, with
small labella; palpi long, four segmented. Antennae usually about as
long as the thorax, cylindrical, composed of twelve to sixteen segments.
Thorax convex, without distinct transverse suture; scutellum semi-
circular, short and broad, the metanotum well developed. Abdomen
more or less cylindrical, flattened below, the genitalia small. Legs
slender, without spines; anterior coxae and the basal segment of the
tarsi elongated; tibiae with or without apical spurs; pulvilli absent, the
empodia pad-like. Wings rather large, lying flat on the abdomen when
at rest; auxiliary vein present; radius with 3 or 4 {Axymyia, Fig. 15*)
branches; cell 1st M, closed or open (Figs. 14, 16*); a single anal vein
reaches the margin.

The adults are frequently common, particularly those belonging to
the genus Anisoptis which sometimes occur in small swarms near the
edges of woods in the vicinity of swamps and also on the trunks of
trees. The other genera occur in moist places, particularly upon foliage.
The members of this family, insofar as known, breed in wet or moist
decaying organic matter, as fermenting sap, rotten wood and similar
situations.

There are about 80 described species, distributed in 6 genera and 3
subfamilies, all of the latter being found in the North American fauna.

Plate n, Tipuloidea.

Fig. 1, Anisopus species. Fig. 2. Olbiogaster species.

60 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Wings with cell 1st M2 present. (Anisopodinse) 2

Wings with cell 1st M; open by the atrophy of basal section of M3 3

2. Wing-membrane with macrotrichia (14*; also 1); posterior tibia with a

comb of spinous setae Anisopus Meigen

Wing-membrane without macrotrichia; posterior tibia without spinous
comb; tropical (2) Olbiogaster Osten Sacken

3. Wings with vein R3 present as a nearly transverse element, connecting

with vein R1+2 at margin (15*); eastern (Axymyiinse) . .Axymyia McAtee
Wings with vein R3 lost by atrophy, there being only two branches of
Rs (16*) ; north temperate (Mycetobiinje) Myeetobia Meigen

The most important paper:

Edwards, F. W.

1928. Diptera. Fam. Protorhyphidse, Anisopodidse, Pachyneurida;, Tri-
choceridse. Genera Insectoruni, Fasc. 190, pp. 1-41, 2 pis.

* Plate II, Tipuloidea.

61

Family Blephariceridse — The Net-Winged Midges

Affathon elesantula.

Moderate sized, elongate, nearly l:)are species with long legs and
rather wide, delicate wings.

Eyes sometimes lioloptic in one or both sexes and usnally bisected
below the middle by a narrow, nnfaeeted line below which the facets
are smaller; three ocelli present. Antenna slender, composed of nine to
fifteen segments and clothed witli pnbescence. Month i)arts more or
less elongate, the femak^s with slender, flattened elongate serrate man-
dibles. Mosontum with distinct, broadly interrupted transverse suture.
Legs rather slender, the posterior pair longer than the others; tibia)
with or without spurs; pulvilli and empodium absent or nearly so.
Wings broad, bare, the anal angle projecting, almost always with a net-
work of delicate lines due to the creasing of the folded wings in the
pupal case.

The adults are not common in most col k'ct ions but are often found
in large numbers near fast-flowing streams. I have found them chiefly
on the foliage of evergreens or on the sides of cliffs or rocks.

62

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

The larvffi live in swift water, clinging to the rocks or stream
bed by a series of ventral suckers, pupation taking place in the stream.
The immature stages are even more easily identified than the adults.
The latest revision of the family is contained in Williston's Manual
of North American Diptcra, 3rd edition.

KEY TO GENERA

1. An incomplete longitudinal vein between the fourth and fifth longi-

tudinals (1) 3

No incomplete vein between these veins (2) 2

2. Proboscis long; palpi but little developed (2, 5) Paltostoma Schiner

Proboscis not longer than the vertical diameter of the head; palpi well

developed, four-segmented Kelloggina Williston

3. Second basal cell closed apically 4

Second basal cell open apically (1) Blepharicera Macquart

4. Second longitudinal vein branched, the branch either simulating a cross-

vein near the base of the second vein, or elongate 5

Second vein not branched (3) Philorus Kellogg

5. Pleura pilose or haired (4) *Bibiocephala Osten Sacken

Pleura bare Agathon Roder

* Bibionus Curian is a synonym but the two species upon which the genera were based
are distinct.

Blephariceridai. — 1 . Blepharicera ;
cephala; 5, Paltostoma argyrocincta.

Paltostoma ;

Philorus; 4, Bibio-

63

Family Simuliidae — The Black Flies

Larva of Simulium venustum showing- the mouth fans
(left) used for securing food. (After Metcalf and Sander-
son).

Small, usually dark colored flies, rarely over 5 mm. in length, wiili
short, thick legs.

Head rather hemispherical; face short, eyes round or reniform,
holoptic in the males; ocelli absent. Proboscis rather short, with small,
horny labella?, palpi incurved, four segmented, the basal segment short,
tlie two following of etiual length, the fourth longer and more slender
than the preceding. Thorax arched, without transverse suture; scutel-
lum small. Abdomen rather cylindrical, tapering in the males, composed
of seven or eight segments; genitalia concealed. Legs short and strong,
the femora broad and flat; tibia? usually with terminal spurs; basal
segment of the tarsi elongate, the apical segment small. Wings large
and broad, Avith distinct allula", the anterior veins thickened, the others
weak. Auxiliary vein ending in the costa near the middle of the wung,
the second vein absent, the first and third approximate; anterior cross-
vein very short; fourth vein curved, forked nearly opposite the anterior
cross-vein, the branches terminating near the apex of the wnng.

The Black-Flies, Buffalo Gnats, Turkey (Inats, to use some of the
common names for these pests, need no introduction to the hunter or
fisherman. To most people they are extremely annoying and as they
frequently occur in enormous numbers in the neighborhood of streams
fishermen are only too well acquainted with them. As a rule their bites
do not attract immediate attention but after a short time they cause
painful swellings and, if in sufficient numbers, may result in the serious
illness of the sufferer and even death. The adults attack all warm
blooded animals and are known from all parts of the world, being par-
ticularly abundant in the north temperate and subarctic zones.

64

NORTFI AMERICAN DIPTERA

In addition to the irritation caused by their bites some members
of the family carry disease. In Africa OncJwcerciasis, a disease caused
by a worm {Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart) of the family Filariida? is
transmitted by EiisimuUum damnomm Theobald. In man the disease
takes the form of small to rather large, subcutaneous swellings and
may or may not be apparent without careful examination. From 40 to
50 per cent of the natives of Sierra Leone were said by Blacklock to be
infected in 1926.*

* Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., xx. pp. 1-48. 203-218.

I I ^ I f

W W

b

J

(a) pupa of Simulium venustum in pupal cocoon and
(b) pupa of S. bracteatum, with cocoon removed. (After
Metcalf and Sanderson).

• FAMILY SIMULIID.E THE BLACK FLIES 65

In Central America three species of Swiulium have been shown to
carry a disease disphiying various symptoms and sometimes resulting
in blindness. Tlie causative agent is related to the form described
above and was named Onchocerca cmcutinis by Brumpt. In some cases
of infection there are no clinical symptoms but in others there are
erysipelas-like swellings, the name coastal erysipelas being applied to
the disease in such cases. Nodular swellings may occur on the head,
shoulder blades, ribs iliac crests, etc. In the eye the microfilariae may
cause conjunctivitis, Jicratitis and iritis, blindness sometimes resulting.

Both the fly and man are necessary for the development of the
disease. After being ingested by the fly the microfilariae pass from
the intestine to the muscles of the thorax where further development
takes place. The infective stages occur in the proboscis of the fly and
are transferred to man during feeding by the insect. Strong has
discussed Onchocerciasis in Guatemala.*

The larvffi live in streams w-here they attach themselves to stones,
l)lants, etc. and collect their food from the flowing water. Pupation
takes place wdthin the larval cocoon, the adults emerging under water
and, quickly reaching the surface, fly away. Under favorable condi-
tions many thousands of larvce may be found together, being so numer-
ous as to entirely conceal the surface to which they are attached.

The latest revision of the North American species is by Dyar and
Shannon. t Unfortunately these authors apparently took greater pains
to find fault with the work of others than to clarify their own con-
clusions and only a study of their material and amplification of the
descriptions will result in a clear understanding of the specific limits.
In some cases the drawings were evidently made from freshly prepared
slides and these show characters which gradually disappear, with the
result that the same characters cannot be found in old slides and may
not even be present in freshly prepared ones made from old specimens.
Just what effect this will have on the validity of several of the forms
recognized by the authors it is impossible to say. Malloch:}: has also
revised the familv : the two contributions should l)e used together.

* 1931, Science. N. S.. Ixxiii, pp. 593-594.

t 1927, Dyar and Shannon, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixix. Art. 10, pp. 1-54, 7 plates.

t 1914, Malloch, Bull. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 26.

66

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Third vein forked 3

Third vein simple 2

2. Petiole of the second and third veins setulose above . . . Eusimulium Roubaud
Petiole of the second and third veins bare (1) Simulium Latreille

3. Fifth vein not forked (3) Parasimulium Malloch

Fifth vein forked (2) Prosimulium Roubaud

Simuliidse. — 1, Simulium; 2, Prosimulium;
3, Parasimulium

()7

Family Thaumaleidae

Thaumalea species.

Small, bare, obscurely reddish yellow or brownish flies of peculiar
appearance.

Head small, round; eyes holoptic in both sexes; ocelli absent;
proboscis short; palpi longer than the antenna?, composed of five seg-
ments, the first short, the second thickest; antenna^ situated near the
oral margin, comi)Osed of a scape, i)edicel and flagellum, the latter very
comi)act and arista-like, but composed of ten distinct segments, the l)asal
two rather large and globose. Thorax robust, strongly convex, without
transverse suture, somewhat depressed before the rather large, ol)tusely
triangular scutellum; metanotum arched. Abdomen narrower than the
thorax, cylindrical, composed of seven segments; male genitalia large,
the basal piece swollen, bladder-like; ovipositor with broad, rounded
lamcllas. Legs simple, comparatively short; coxt^ short; tibiae without
spurs; tarsi of moderate length, the anterior pair about as long as the
tibicT, the penultimate segment short; empodia vestigial; claws small.
Wings longer than the abdomen; auxiliary vein short, terminating in
the costa; second longitudinal vein curved; the third and fourth veins
simple; basal cell short; anal angle rounded.

There are about three dozen described species belonging to this
family, most of them occurring in the Old World. The adults are found
along the edges of streams, particularly those with mossy banks, and are
not common in collections. They are small flies, under 6 mm. in length,
and the wings bend sharply near the base in death, folding downward
as in the Psychodidffi.

The larvffi, which resemble those of the Chironomidae, are found in
small brooks and streams where the clear water flows very thinly over
the rocks, so that the back of the larva is always exposed above the
surface. They feed on detritus and diatomes. and move about in search

68 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

of food. The pupje are found in the bottom of the stream between
stones, etc.

The following key will separate the described genera, tw^o of which
occur in America. The family has been revised by Edwards.*

KEY TO GENERA

1. Subcostal vein ending in the costa or first vein 2

Subcostal vein obsolete apically, ending free. (North America, pluvialis

Dyar & Shannon) Trichothaumalea Edwards

2. Subcostal vein ending in the first vein, very short (Australia, N. Zea-

land, S. America) Austrothaumalea Tonnoir

Subcoastal vein ending in the costa 3

3. Basal segment of c palpi greatly swollen, the second and third segments

not much longer than broad; subcosta weak apically (Europe).

Androprosopa Mile
Palpi rather stout, alike in both sexes, somewhat longer than the an-
tennas (N. America, Europe) Thaumalea Ruthe

North American Species of Thaumalea

1. Thorax and abdomen brown or blackish 2

Thorax reddish yellow, the abdomen brown elnora Dyar & Shannon

2, Male clasper with two terminal claws americana Bezzi

Male clasper with about six terminal claws johannis Dyar & Shannon

* Edwards, 1929. Zool. Anzeiger, pp. 121-142.

69

Family Chironomidse — The Midges

Small, slender flies, rai-ely over 10 mm. in length, thorax large, the
legs slender, antennae of males plumose.

Head small, more or less spherical, partly concealed from dorsal
view by the projecting thorax. Antenna} slender, with five to fourteen
segments, the basal segment enlarged and globular, plumose in the males,
more or less haired in the females. Eyes reniform or oval, the ocelli
al)sent or rudimentary. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing; palpi
with three or four segments. Thorax sub-ovate, or moderately long, more
or less projecting in front, without a transverse suture l)ut with a wide,
longitudinal impression in front of tlie scutellum; metanotum with a
more or less distinct longitudinal groove in the middle; scutellum small
and hemispherical. Legs slender and rather long, especially the front
pair; the tarsi often very long; empodium and pulvilli present or
absent. Wings bare or haired, long and narrow, usually with a strong
anal angle; anterior veins strong; auxiliary vein complete though
slender; second longitudinal vein weak or absent, the third vein often
forked and connected with the first by a crossvein; fourth vein often
Avith two branches which may or may not be petiolate basally, the fifth
vein usually furcate; second basal cell open or closed apically; costa
usually ending at the termination of the third vein, usually well before
the tip of the wing. Abdomen narrow and long, especially in the males,
shorter and more robust in the females, the hypopygium exposed; ovi-
positor short.

The Certatopogonidffi, formerly included in this family by most
authors, have been recognized as a distinct family by JMalloch and Ed-
wards, and are so treated here. They may be distinguished l3y the shape
of the thorax and absence of the metanotal depression.

The midges bear little resemblance to mosquitoes when viewed by
a careful observer, but to the layman they show no differences and are
not differentiated. Many people believe that they are "young" mos-
cpiitoes and that they will "grow up", but there is, of course, no justifi-
cation for such a belief. In mosquitoes the costa extends entirely around
the wing and the wing veins and costa are usually scaled.

The family is a very large one and comprises close to two thousand
described species. Midges are found almost everywhere, but since the
larvae are aquatic their distribution is limited to the vicinity of water,
although they are frequently found in large numbers at a consideral^le
distance from any visible water supply. While they are not strong

70 XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

fliers tliev can remain in the air for long periods of time and they often
occur in large numbers. Williston states that in the Eocky Mountains he
has observed them dancing in the air in incredible numbers and pro-
ducing a noise like a distant vvaterfall. As a rule they swarm in the
evening, but swarms are not uncommon in sheltered places during the
day. For the most part only the males swarm, although an occasional
female may be found with them. While, as a rule, only one species
will be found in a swarm it is not unusual to find other species among
them. The females are found mostly on foliage, where they rest on the
under surface during the day. Some forms occur commonly on tree
trunks, logs, and in grass. They are attracted to light, frequently in
very large numbers.

Since many of the Chironomids are very small they must be han-
dled with care. The larger ones may be pinned in the usual manner,
provided fine pins are used; the smaller should be attached to the side of
a pin by a ring of shellac, care being taken to leave one wdng and the
tarsi free. Specimens without front tarsi are almost useless and, since
the insects dry quickly, they must be mounted within an hour or two.

The larvffi are elongate, cylindrical, slender and curved more or
less downward, particularly when preserved. The head and legs are
conspicuous and there may be one or more pairs of leg-like pads pos-
teriorly. They arc scavengers and live in water everywhere, also in mud
and have been dredged from a depth of nearly a thousand feet in Lake
Superior. Some are also found in decaying vegetation, in moss, etc.
]\Iany of them are free-living while others make mud cases on stones,
leaves and pieces of wood and I have found one undetermined species
building almost colorless cases in Sinrofj]/r<i. ]\Iany of the larva? con-
tain haemoglobin and are red in color, the name ''blood-worms" being
applied to these.

The classification of the family is not entirely satisfactory and
characters for the limitation of genera are few. Edwards* has utilized
the tibial spurs and combs for the separation of genera, in addition to
other characters. However, the classification must be considered as very
artificial, although losing nothing on that account. Since the object of
taxonomy is the identification of species the means of obtaining the end
is not important. IMany papers dealing with the American species
have been published since the appearance of Johamisen's monographic
revisionf in 1905, by Kieffer, Malloch,^ Johannsen, etc. Some of the
more important are listed below.

* 1929. British non-bitinpr midges. Tr. Ent. Soc. London, Dec. 1929.
t 1905. New York State Museum Bulletin No. S6.
S 1915. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., x. Art. 6.

FAMILY CHIKOXOMID.T: THE MIDGES 71

KEY TO GENERA*

1. Wings functional 2

Wings greatly reduced, strap-like, not more than half as long as the

abilomen (16) Eretmoptera Kellogg

2. Second basal cell open apically 14

Second basal cell closed 3

3. Second vein either present and forked near tip or else indistinct or

absent (Tanypodinse) 4

Second vein not forked apically, simple, and always distinct (Dia-
mesinse) 10

4. Costa not produced beyond end of third vein, wing hairy; fourth tarsal

segment linear (Abiabesmyia Johannsen) (11) Pentaneura Philippi

Costa distinctly produced beyond the end of the third vein 5

5. Second vein wanting, the space between first and third veins broad;

wings hairy 6

Second vein present 7

6. Fifth vein with long petiole (7) Trichotanypus Kieffer

Fifth vein without petiole (Linacerus, Paratanypus) (15).

Podonomus Philippi

7. Fourth tarsal segment cordiform; wings bare, branches of fifth vein

either with or without petiole (Coelotanypus) Clinotanypus Kieffer

Fourth tarsal segment not cordiform ; wings hairy or bare 8

8. Fifth vein not petiolate (6) Anatopynia Johannsen

Fifth vein petiolate 9

9. Petiole of fifth vein not one-third as long as the posterior branch;

wings hairy Tanypus Meigen

Petiole of fifth vein at least half as long as posterior branch of this
vein; wings bare or hairy (12) Procladius Skuse

10. Posterior crossvein intersecting the petiole of the fifth vein; eyes bare;

fourth tarsal segment cylindrical (14) Prodiamesa Kieffer

Posterior crossvein intersecting the anterior branch of the fifth vein
near its base 11

11. Fourth segment of tarsus more or less cordiform, shorter or at least

not longer than the fifth 12

Fourth tarsal segment cylindrical, longer than the fifth.

Syndiamesa Kieffer

12. Eyes finely pubescent; antenna? of male plumose (3) . . . .Diamesa Meigen
Eyes bare 13

13. Legs annulate; male antennae not plumose (8) Heptagyia Philippi

Legs not annulate Psilodiamesa Kieffer

14. Terminal segment (style) of hypopygium of male directed rigidly back-

wards; basal segment of anterior tarsi longer than the tibia, the
anterior tibia without distinct spur except in Pseudochironomus

( Chironominse ) 25

Terminal segment of hypopygium folded inwards; first segment of
anterior tarsus shorter than the tibia; anterior tibia with spur (Ortho-
cladiinje) 15

* Checked by Dr. O. A. Johannsen.

72

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Chiionomidfe.— 1. Pentapedilum, hairs omitted; 2. Tanytarsus; 3. Diamesa; 4. Crictopus
insolitus; o, Chironoitius ; 6, Anatopynia; 7, Trichotanypus; 8, Heptagyia ; 9, Corynoneura; 10,
Orthocladius; 11, Pentancura algens; 12, Procladius; 13, Metriocnemus ; 14, Piodiamesa; 15,
Podonomus; 16, Eretmoptera.

FAMILY CHIRONOMID-i: THE MIDGES 73

15. Third vein fused with the costa and not reaching beyond the apical

three-fourths of the wing-; a false vein running close to anterior

margin of wing (9 ) Corynoneura Winnertz

Third vein free, no false vein 16

16. Wings with haii's 17

Wings bare 20

17. The thick crossvein joining the third and fourth vein very long and

appearing as the base of the third vein 18

The crossvein short 19

18. Mesonotum conically produced in front; wings spotted. .Eurycnemus Wulp
Mesonotum not produced; wing unicolored Brillia KiefTer

19. Pulvilli absent; wing hairs decumbent (13) Metriocnemus Wulp

Pulvilli present though small; wing hairs suberect (Spaniotoma Ed-
wards (10) Orthocladius Wulp

20. Mesonotum with a longitudinal fissure; wings black with white markings

in most species Chasmatonotus Loew

Mesonotum without longitudinal fissure 21

21. Claws cleft; large marine species (Telmatogeton Coquillett, not

Schiner) Paraclunio Kieffer

Claws not cleft 22

22. Palpi porrect, 3 segmentetl (Symbiocladius) Trissocladius Kieffer

Palpi flexible, 4 segmented 23

23. Fourth segment of at least the hind tarsi cordifcrm, shorter than the

fifth (Thalassomyia Johannsen, not Schiner) Cardiocladius Kieffer

Fourth tarsal segment linear 24

24. Dorsocentral hairs minute and decumbent; tibia; usually banded with

white; genitalia in most cases in part pure white (4). . .Crictopus Wulp
Dorsocentral hairs larger and suberect; tibise not banded (Spaniotoma
Philippi) Edwards, Psectrocladius, Trichocladius, Dactylocladius, Camp-
tocladius) (10) ^Orthocladius Wulp

25. Wing disc with hairs at least at tip 26

Wings quite bare, the anterior crossvein distinct and oblique 27

26. Squamte fringed; anterior crossvein distinct and oblique (1).

Pentapedikim Kieffer
Squamse quite bare, anterior crossvein longitudinal in position or indis-
tinct (2) Tany tarsus Wulp

27. Eyes widely separated, reniform; all tibiae with long conspicuous spurs;

pronotal collar large; basal segment of anterior tarsus not longer

than the tibiae Pseudochironomus Malloch

Eyes with dorsal projection; front tibial spur indistinct or absent;
basal segment of anterior tarsus longer than the tibia (5).

Chironomus Meigen

The genus Chirocladius Picado, represented by a species from Costa
Rica, and which seems to belong among the Chironominge, is too briefly de-
scribed to place in the key.

* Pseudochironomus Malloch, with widely separated reniform eyes and very large pronotal
collar, in spite of short basal segment of the anterior tarsi and the tibial spurs, belongs with the
next section.

74

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Ceratopog^onidse — The Biting Midges

Culicoides species.

Very small, slender flies, rarely 5 mm. in length.

Head small, spheroidal and rounded behind or hemispherical and
flattened behind; ocelli absent or practically so; antenna? slender, usually
with fourteen segments and a fifteenth microscopic one, the apical three
to five segments lengthened, the basal swollen; mouth parts complete,
adapted for biting. Thorax rather oval, shorter than in the Chirono-
midffi; pronotum never prominent; metanotum rather rounded, never
with a longitudinal groove; scutellum small, hemispherical, usually
bearing distinct bristles. Wings of moderate width, folded flat over
the back when at rest; second vein absent, fourtli vein generally fur-
cate; alula very narrow; squamae never completely fringed. Legs
moderately long, the posterior pair longest; femora and tibite sometimes
swollen, the former sometimes with spines beneath; pulvilli present or
absent. Abdomen elongate; genitalia exposed; ovipositor small.

The Ceratopogonida? may be readily distinguished from the Chirono-
mida? by the characters enumerated above. They are minute or quite
small flies and are often serious pests, es])ecially along the seashore, in
the tropics and along our rivers and lakes, but are not limited in dis-
tribution to large bodies of water. The adults are either predaceous or
externally parasitic although no real differentiation can be made. The
larger species are known to prey upon small insects while the small

FAMILY CERATOPOGONlD.r. THE BITING MIDGES 75

forms suck blood and they have been observed more than onee attached
to "mantids" or "walkmg sticks", upon which they feed. Warm
blooded animals are freely attacked by representatives of the g^'nera
CuUcoides, Lasioheha and Lcptoconops and the tiny creatures sometimes
make man miserable by their unceasing attention. They are known
commonly as '"punkies" and "no-see-ums", the latter name because of
their small size, and they are unwitting jokers since almost any large
insect is liable to be blamed for the bites of these lilliputians. They are
attracted to light in large numbers and are difficult to keep from houses
owing to their small size.

In Africa Cidicoides ansteni is known to be the intermediate host
of a parasitic worm {Acanthockeiloneura perstans), a form occurring
also in South America, but the worm is not known to cause any specific
disease. Further study may link the members of this family with the
transmittal of diseases of a specific nature.

The larvas are aquatic or semi-aquatic being found in moist places,
in mud, sand, decaying vegetation and in tree-holes. It seems likely
that most of the marine species live within the tide-zone and for that
reason there is no practical means of control, while those living in
decaying vegetation form an equally serious problem. The species living
in tree holes are seldom aliundant and the elimination of their breeding
places is a simple matter. It is not known whether the larvffi are
scavengers or predators and it may l)e that they include ])oth groups.

The insects are difficult to capture and require special care in han-
dling. Those whicli bite may ])e captured by placing a bottle over them
as they suck blood, but the collector will no doubt find it necessary to
exercise great self control during the process owing to the numbers which
begin feeding at the same time. Specimens seem best when mounted on
the side of a pin but some may be kept in alcohol and mounted on
slides. Owing to the delicate nature of the hairs on the wings they are
easily abraded and the characteristic wing pattern disappears. For
this reason dried specimens should always be preserved. Edwards* has
dealt with the British species and his paper will be found invaluable.
]\Iallocht, Johannsent, Root, Hoffman and others have published on
the North American forms and a great deal of research is being con-
ducted at the present time by the last two mentioned authors. I am
indebted to Drs. Johannsen and Root for checking and revising the key
to this familv.

* 1926, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, rp. 389-426.

I 1915. Bull. III. state Lab. Nat. Hist., x. Article vi ; id, xi. Article 4.

± 1905, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. itse.

76 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Empodium as long as claws 2

Empodium very short or absent 3

2. Costa extending to about middle of wing; wings with dense macrotrichia

all over (Euforcipomyia Malloch) (3) Forcipomyia Meigen

Costa extending well beyond middle of wing; macrotrichia sparser,
sometimes absent (4) *Atrichopogon Kieffei

3. A fold looking like a simple vein between third and fourth veins; first

and third veins indistinct, more or less fused. (Tersesthes Townsend).

Leptoconops Skuse
No vein-like fold between third and fourth veins 4

4. Costa extending to about middle of wing; second radial cell short and

square-ended, first radial cell obliterated; macrotrichia usually dense
(Pseudoculicoides Malloch, Isoecacta Garrett) (5) . . . .Dasyhelea Kieffer
Costa extending well beyond middle of wing; radial cells usually other-
wise 5

5. Humeral pits present and conspicuous; microtrichia of wings distinct;

claws of female small and equal; at least some macrotrichia present.

(^cacta Poey) (9, 10) fCulicoides Latreille

Either humeral pits absent or else microtrichia absent or else claws of
female very unequal 6

6. The two radial cells small and equal or one or both of them obliterated;

wings finely punctuate but without distinct microtrichia; legs not

thickened 7

Either second radial cell much longer than broad or else wines with
distinct microtrichia or else legs modified 8

7. Wings with at least one dark spot and with some macrotrichia; female

claws unequal (Neoceratopogon Malloch) Alluaudomyia Kieflfer

Wings whitish, without dark markings, and without macrotrichia;
female claws equal (8) Ceratopogon Meigen

8. Hind femora noticeably thicker than the others 9

Hind femora not thickened 10

9. Hind femora much thickened and spinose beneath; hind tibiae not

thickened (Ceratolophus Kieffer) (1) Serromyia Meigen

Hind femora not spinose; both hind femora and hind tibiae moderately
thickened (7 ) M'onohelea Kieffer

10. First and third veins connected by a crossvein, 2 radial cells 11

First and third veins not connected, one long radial cell 15

11. Front femora spinose beneath 12

Front femora not spinose beneath 13

12. Front femora conspicuously swollen Heteromyia Say

Front femora not conspicuously swollen Palpomyia Meigen

13. The branches of the fourth vein petiolate basally (Hartomyia Malloch).

Stilobezzia Kieffer
The branches of the fourth \ein arise at or before the cross vein 14

14. Last segment of front tarsi much swollen (2) Clinohelea Kieffer

Last segment of front tarsi not swollen (6) Johannsenomyia Malloch

* Malloch, 1915, Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., x, p. 304 (Ceratopogon).
t Hoffman, 192.'i. Anier. Journ. Hygiene, v. pp. 274-301.

FAMILY CERATOPOGOXID.E — THE BITIXG MIDGES

77

15. Branches of fourth vein petiolate basally 16

Branches of fourth vein arise at or before the crossvein 17

16. At least one pair of femora with spines beneath Pseudobezzia Malloch

Femora without spines beneath Parabezzia Malloch

17. Posterior branch of the fourth vein elbowed basally in the female (12).

Stenoxenus Coquillett
Posterior branch of fourth vein not elbowed 18

18. At least one pair of femora with spines beneath (11) Bezzia Kieffer

Femora without spines beneath Probezzia KiefFer

CeratopoKonkl.'e. — 1, Serromyia ; 2. Clinohelea ; 3. Forcipomyia; 4. Atrichopogon ; 5,
Dasyhelea; 6. Johannsenotn> ia ; 7, Monohelea; 8, Ceratopogon ; '.t, Culicoides, thorax; 10,
Culicoides cockcrelli ; 11, Bezzia; 12, Stenoxenus.

78 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Psychodidae — The Moth Flies

Thickly haired, small iiies, rarely exceeding 5 mm. in length, the
wings clothed with hairs or scales and folded roof-like over the back.

Head small; ocelli absent. Antenna usually as long as the head
and thorax together, the segments usually bead-like and sometimes so
densely haired as to appear very thick; composed of from twelve to
sixteen segments, the basal segments usually short and cylindrical.
Proboscis usually short but more or less elongate and rigid in Flehoto-
mus; palpi composed of four segments, hairy. Thorax without trans-
verse suture, not very convex; scutellum rounded. Abdomen rather
cylindrical, composed of six to eight segments; male genitalia prominent,
the female ovipositor usually projecting. Wings large, ovate, often
pointed, when at rest lying roof -like over the abdomen, the base being
bent at more than a right angle, the veins and border densely haired,
the integument often with hairs or scales; veins strong, usually con-
cealed by the dense hair; crossveins restricted to the basal third of the
wing; two or three of the veins furcate. Legs rather short, elongate
in Flehotomus and usually thickly haired.

The adults occur commonly in shady places in the vicinity of
water and may often be found in large numbers on dense foliage in
swamps, where they crawl about on the under surface of leaves, occa-
sionally alighting on the upper surface after a short flight. I have seen
them in thousands on tree-trunks after a heavy rain and they are not
rare on logs and fallen trees where they walk about in a peculiar, jerky
manner or remain perfectly still. One or more species of PsycJwda
breeds in drain pipes and they often cause uneasiness by appearing in
the bath room. Their presence should incite interest rather than fear
as the larvae survive hot water and soap alike, and do no harm. The
adults are not common in collections, chiefly because they are so easily
damaged. The hairs brush off and they become useless unless unusual
care is taken of the specimens. No recent revision of the family has
appeared and the synonymy is badly mixed and is not to be trusted.
The male genitalia offer excellent characters. There are dozens of species
and the family offers an excellent opportiuiity for a thorougli, mono-
graphic work.

In America two diseases are known to he carried by species of
Flehotoimis. The disease known as Verruga Peruviana, Oroi/a Fever
or Carrion's Disease lias been found only in narrow valleys on the
western slopes of the Peruvian Andes. Verruga is said not to be serious
but Oroj/a Fever (Carrion's Disease), the malignant form, is re-
sponsible for many deaths annually. Loeal Leishmaniasis or Fspundia

FAMILY PSYCIIODID.E TPIE MOTH FLIES

79

occurs in South and Central America. The causative organism is
Leishmania hrazilicnsis but it is not known definitely which species of
Flehotomus carry the disease. It is possible that most of them are
capable of doing so. The statement has been made that the adults of
Flehotomus are nocturnal and that protection against disease may be
obtained by remaining indoors at night. Most of the nocturnal blood-
sucking flies may be found on the wing on dull cloudy days.

The larvffi live in decaying vegetable matter, dung, or water and
are peculiar in possessing ])oth open spiracles and tracheal gills; the
head bears eye-spots; in the aquatic forms there are sucking discs on
the segments behind the head, but no feet.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Two longitudinal veins behind the posterior forked vein 2

Three longitudinal veins behind the posterior forked vein 3

2. Two forked veins in front of the middle of the wing.*Flebotomus Rondani
One forked vein in front of the middle of the wing (3).. .Maruina Miiller

3. Wings with scales or scale-like hairs on the veins or membrane 4

Wings with hairs only 5

4. Wing membrane with broad scales over most of the surface.

Parabrunettia Brunetti
Wings with scales on the veins only Brunettia Annandale

5. Two longitudinal, unforked veins between the anterior and posterior

furcate veins 6

Only one longitudinal vein between the anterior and posterior furcate
veins (4) Trichomyia Haliday

6. The second simple vein behind the anterior furcate vein ends in the

tip of the wing ( 1 ) Psychoda Latreille

The second simple vein ends behind the tip of the wing (2).

Pericoma Walker

Phlebotomus of authors.

Psychodidie. — 1, Psychoda;

figures 2-4.

Pericoma; 3, Maruina; 4, Trichomyia. Hairs omitted from

80

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Dixid^

Dixa species.

Eather small, slender, nearly bare species occurring near running
water.

Proboscis somewhat projecting; palpi four-segmented; antennas
long, the basal segments swollen, the flagellar segments hair-like and
poorly separated; ocelli absent; eyes round. Thorax strongly convex,
without transverse suture; metanotum arched; scutellum transverse.
Abdomen long and slender, composed of seven or eight segments, thick-
ened posteriorly in the male, pointed in the female. Legs long and
slender, the coxaj somewhat elongated; tibiae without terminal spurs.
Wings rather large; auxiliary vein present, ending in costa before the
middle of the wing; two complete basal cells.

This family may be readily recognized by the wing venation. The
adults often dance in swarms at a height of a few inches to a few feet
above the surface of small streams in swampy or wooded areas and
occur also along the edges of ponds.

The larvge are aquatic and resemble those of mosquitoes but the
thorax is not broadened. They are cylindrical, somewhat flattened be-
neath, and n-shaped.

There are but two known genera, Ncodixa occurring only in New
Zealand, and Dixa, which is cosmopolitan. I present a key, adapted from
Edwards, to the genera and subgenera of the world.

FAMILY DIXID.T: 81

KEY TO GENERA

1. Second vein branched Dixa Meigen

Second vein simple (New Zealand) Neodixa Tonnoir

Subgenera of Dixa

1. Hind margin of the wing evenly rounded 2

Hind margin of wing produced at end of fifth vein; all veins in apical

part of wing parallel Dixapuella Dyar & Shannon

2. Crossvein connecting the fourth vein and anterior branch of the fifth

vein strong 3

Crossvein connecting anterior branch of the fifth vein and the fourth
vein faint Dixella Dyar & Shannon

3. First flagellar segment fusiform or oval 4

First flagellar segment cylindrical, five times as long as wide.

Paradixa Tonnoir

4. First flagellar segment oval, about two and one-half times as long as

wide Nothodixa Edwards

First flagellar segment fusiform; at least three times as long as wide.

Dixa Meigen

82

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

LIFE STAGES OF MOSQUITOES
Culex Amopheles

Aedes
Algypti

— tUESWSISSi'^i^

The life stages of three different genera of
mosquitoes showing characteristic types of each
and resting position of the adults (After Pieper
and Beauchamp, from Metcalf and Sanderson).

83

Family Culicidae — The Mosquitoes

m^^xmnw^

I

I

/

^i

Aedes larv«. Note position at surface of water characteristic of the
Culicini. (After Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thomas).

Slender, delicate flies, with slender legs and usualh^ with scales
upon the body and appendages.

Head small, siibspherical; eyes reniform; ocelli absent. Antenna
slender, elongate, composed of fourteen or fifteen segments, densely
plumose in the males; first segment reduced to a narrow ring, second
globose, the following elongated, nearly or quite cylindrical and with
whorls of hairs, in the male the apical two segments elongated and
nearly Ijare. Thorax ovate, arched but not projecting over the head,
without transverse suture; scutellum short, evenly rounded or trilo-
bate; metanotum ustially arched. Abdomen long and narrow, some-
what arched, composed of nine or ten segments; male genitalia promi-
nent but not large; ovipositor short. Legs long and slender, the coxas
not elongate; tarsi long, the claws often denticulate. Wings long and
narrow, at rest lying flat over the abdomen, with six fully developed
longitudinal veins reaching the margin, the posterior margin fringed
with hairs or scales, the costal vein extending around the wing; vena-
tion as in figure; two basal cells, the veins usually clothed with scales.

84

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Anopheles larva. Compare position at surface of water with that of Aedes.
(After Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thomas).

.-n '•)-■»?,

COMPOUND /
EYE-

MAXILLARY
PALP ^~

ANTENNA <

^LABRUM -
" EPIPHARYNX
— FOOD CHANNEL
-HYPOPHARYNX
-MANDIBLE
l-'MAXILU

LABRUM-
7 EPIPHARYNX

^FOGO CHANNEL

-HYPOPHARYNX
— SALIVARY DUCT
^MANDIBLE
—MAXILLA

HYPOPHARYNX

MANDIBLE

LABELLA

MAXILLA

Head and mouth-parts of a mosquito.
(After Metcalf and Sanderson).

FAMILY CULICID.T: THE MOSQUITOES 85

The mosquitoes are too well known to require hints as to where they
may be found although it may be well to remark that a "swatted"
mosquito does not make a suitable study specimen. Despite the fact
that these flies are not altogether fi'agile it is nevertheless true thai
most specimens in collections are in poor condition because the pre-
servation of the insects in good state depends upon care in handling
immediately after capture. Few specimens should be placed in a killing
bottle and they should be mounted while fresh. All but the very small
species should be pinned on fine steel pins and not mounted on points;
the small ones should be fastened on the sides of pins, using a ring of
white shellac. With careful collecting, care in pinning and proper
preservation, a collection of these insects may be very attractive. Many
of the adults are extremely beautiful although it must be admitted
that most of those in the Nearetie region do not go in for fine colors :
in the tropics many of the species are clothed in nature's most beautiful
colors.

All mosquitoes are not injurious and many of them do not bite.
Some are predaceous upon other mosquitoes in the larval stage and this
is true of the Chaoboringe, which should, perhaps, be ranked as a dis-
tinct family, since they almost entirely lack scales. Their larvJB are
called ''Phantoms" because they are practically colorless.

So much has been written about mosquitoes during the present
century that it would be impossible to review the entire literature in
the space available but mention may be made of two books which will
furnish a basis for intensive study for anyone interested. ]\Iatheson's
"Handbook of the Mosquitoes of North America" deals with most of
the species occurring in the ITnited States and Canada and gives a
thorough resume of the medical and control aspects of the subject.
Dyar's "Tlie Mosquitoes of the Americas" deals entirely Avith the tax-
onomy of the group, but the descriptions are too brief and often omit
important details: nevertheless it is an indispensable work nnd Avitli
careful study and use of the figures will be found fairly- satisfactory.

I may say that the Culicida' are one of the most important fam-
ilies of the Diptera insofar as human welfare is concerned. The
diseases carried by them are not only lethal but cause extreme suffering
and agony. Without doul:)t a much more extensive account of these
insects might well be included in this work but space does not permit.

The diseases known to be transmitted by mosquitoes are Malaria.
Blacl'wafer Fever, Yellow Fever, Dcngv.c, Filariasis, Bird Malaria and
Fowl-pox. Of these ]\Ialaria and Yellow Fever are the most widely dis-
tributed and much has been written about them. In at least the first
five both the mosquito and man are essential in the life cycle of the

86

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Culicidaj I. — Lateral view of thorax of: 1, Uranotaenia loewii; 2, Theobaldia morsitans;
3, Anopheles punctipennis; 4, Psorophora ciliata ; o, Megarhinus septentrionalis. (After
Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thomas).

l.m.e., lower mesepimeral bristles; pa., prealar bristles; pe., prothoracic bristles; pn.,
pronotal bristles; p.sp., postspiracular bristles; ps., prosternal or propleural bristles; sp.,
spiracular bristles; st.p., sternopleural bristles; u.me., upper mesepimeral bristles.

FAMILY CULICID.E — THE MOSQUITOES

87

Culicidae II. — Lateral view of thorax of: 6. Orthopodomyia signifer; 7, Deinocerites
pseudes; 8, Wyeoinjia sinithii; 9, Culex pipiens ; Id, Mansonia perturbans; 11, Aedes vexans.
(After Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thomas).

88 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

causative organism, although other warm blooded animals may take the
place of man. If the mosquitoes essential for the development of the
organisms causing the disease were destroyed the disease would dis-
appear entirely and it is because of this that such vigorous steps have
been taken to stamp out mosquitoes in various parts of the world. The
complete destruction of all disease carrying mosquitoes is scarcely pos-
sible but it has been demonstrated in the Panama Canal Zone that they
can be kept under control to such an extent that the diseases they carry
are no longer a serious menace to residents of the region. It is now so
well known that the construction of the Panama Canal was made possible
only by the control of mosquitoes that no more than mention of the fact
need be made here.

Malaria is still a common disease in many parts of the United
States. ]\Iany of us think of it as a tropical or subtropical disease, but
nothing could be further from the truth. Malaria has raged at one
time or another over rather large areas of the northern states and
may do so again if patients suffering from the disease in its active
stage should be bitten by our native Anopheles mosquitoes and they
have the opportunity of developing and injecting the ])rotozoan causing
the fever into the blood stream of uninfected persons.

The North American Anopheles known to transmit the disease are
quadrimaculatus, maculipennis, punctipennis, crucians, and atropus in
the United States, alhimanus, pseudopunctipennis and quadrimaculatus
in Mexico, and alhimanus and tarsimaculatus in Central America and
the West Indies. The last three species named for the United States
are not considered important vectors of the disease.

The causative organisms of Malaria are Plasmodium vivax for ter-
tian, P. malarice for quartan, and P. falciparum for the pernicious type.
Tertian is our commonest type, being approximately three times as
prevalent as the other two combined, while the pernicious form is almost
twice as prevalent as the quartan.

An idea of the essential part played by insects which act as inter-
mediary hosts for parasites causing human diseases, may be obtained
from a brief outline of the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax. The organ-
ism passes an asexual stage in man, developing and multiplying in the
red corpuscles, causing them to enlarge. In a little less than two days
the trophozoites are mature, having absorbed the contents of the cell
and the term schizont is now applied to them. These divide into from
15 to 24 merozoites and are discharged into the blood stream by ruptur-
ing of the cell wall. The cycle now begins over again and the same
process is repeated, but after a time certain of the merozoites develop
into male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes) which

FxVMILY CULICID.E THE MOSQUITOES 89

remain in tlie red blood cells, no further development taking place.
From this point on the mosquito becomes an essential factor since, unless
they are ingested by a mosquito, the gamctocijtes are capable of no
further development.

When the gametocytes are taken into the mosquito further develop-
ment occurs, commencing in the stomach of the host. The female
{macrogametocytes) mature into what is called a macrogamete, corre-
sponding to a ripened but unfertilized ovule, while the microgameto-
cytes give off a number of thin, elongate, worm-like bodies, the male
elements or microgametes. These travel about by a lashing motion until
they come in contact with a macrogamete, when they penetrate the cell
wall and fertilization takes place, producing a zygote, a round body
which soon elongates into an ookinete which becomes active, penetrates
the wall of the stomach and establishes itself between the epithelial and
muscular layers. In this position it absorbs food from the surrounding
tissue, becomes spherical and very large, and in this stage is termed
an oocyst. In this stage the spores (corresponding to eggs) are de-
veloped, and arc called sporozoites. They escape by the breaking of the
oocyst and enter the body cavity, where they are carried to all parts of
the body by the free-flowing blood, many of them finding their way to
the salivary glands and into the blood streams of human beings where
they penetrate the red blood cells and develop into schizonts.

It will be seen from this that the sexual stage occurs in the mos-
quito, occupying from eight to fourteen days, and probably results in
no ill effects to its host, since it is a cold-blooded creature.

In tertian malaria a chill is produced about every three days, fol-
lowed by fever, while in quartan malaria the chill occurs every four
days, due to the longer incubation period of the merozoites, while in
pernicious malaria the chills and fever are irregular.

Blackwater Fever is now believed to be the result of numerous
attacks of malaria or a more or less continuous infection and derives
its name from the fact that the patient's urine is of a dark mahogany
color due to the presence of broken down red corpuscles.

Yellow Fever may be carried by at least three species of mos(iuitos
in America Acdes (Stegomyia) aegypti, Avdes fluvialtilis and Aedes
scapularis. Possibly other species might carry the disease as well but
we fortunately do not have it in the United States, even though
A. aegypti is common in the south. With present facilities for rapid
transportation there is danger of travellers from yellow fever areas
entering the country and developing the disease after arrival. If we
were sure that the disease would be quickly diagnosed and the patient
isolated in a mosquito-proof room we misfht feel much more certain

90

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Culicidse III. — 1, Megarhinus; 2, Megarhinus, d head; 3, Aedes, wing vena-
tion; 4, Haemagogus; 5, Haemagogus, front claws of d ; 6, Wyeomyia, $; 7,
Chaoborus, posterior tarsus.

3^.ua 2""-" ,^st,,,„

Venation of Aedes.

m-cu r-m

J

2da

cu.

Venation of Anopheles, giving Comstock-Needham terminology and that
of Schiner, etc. (in brackets). Veins. — C, costal; Sc, subcostal (auxiliary);
R, (first longitudinal); R2, R3, (second longitudinal); R4+0, (third longitudinal);
M,+2, M3 (fourth longitudinal); Cu„ Cus (fifth longitudinal); 2 da., (sixth longi-
tudinal); r-m, radio-medial crossvein (anterior crossvein); ni-cu, medio-cubital
crossvein (posterior crossvein). Cells. — a, Sc, (subcostal); b, Ri, (first marg-
inal); c, Ri (second marginal); d, R3 (submarginal) ; e, R., (first posterior); f,
M2, (second posterior); g, Ms (third posterior); h. Cu, (fourth posterior); i, Cu;
(anal); j, 2a, (axiliary). (After Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thom.as).

FAMILY CULICID/E THE MOSQUITOES 91

that the disease would not become established in this country, but,
unfortunatel}', few doctors are familiar with the symptoms of yellow
fever and there is grave danger of the disease remaining undiagnosed
until it is too late to take precautionary measures. Even though steps
have been taken to quarantine all persons coming from known yellow
fever areas the danger of introduction of the disease is an ever present
menace.

Dengue or Break-hone Fever is another disease carried by the
Yellow Fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). It is a common tropical and
subtropical disease and there are occasional out])reaks in the Southern
States, corresponding to the distribution of the mosquito. After biting
a patient it requires from eight to eleven days before the mosquito is
capable of transmitting the disease.

The microfilariae of Wuehereria hancrofti Cobbold are taken up (in
America) by Culex fatigans Wiedemann and undergo development in
the muscles of the mosquito, in much the same way as described for
Malaria but there is no increase in numl^ers and they do not become
sexually mature until they have been returned to the human body.
The worms occur in the lymphatic system and may he responsil)le for
a number of organic disturl)ances. The region about Charleston, South
Carolina is the only area in the United Staates where Filariasis is preva-
lent but it is common in the tropics of both liemispheres.

Since wi-iting the foregoing and preparing the following key,
Edwards' fascicle in the "Genera Insectorum" (194), has appeared.
In this work the Dixida? are included as a subfamily of the Culicidse,
a course I do not follow. An examination of this important fasicle
of "Genera Insectorum*' will disclose the fact that Edwards makes
free use of su])genera. i\Iy views on this question are expressed else-
where in this work. With the author's view tliat genera should be
limited to grouj^s readily characterized in both sexes I most heartily
agree. The quality of the scientific work of this author is of too high
a standard to warrant criticism except of a most favorable nature and
one can disagree with him only on questions of minor importance. The
question of subgenera is really one of likes and dislikes, and I prefer
to keep as close as possible to a binomial system of nomenclature.

Most of the cuts used to illustrate this family are from "A Hand-
book of the Mosquitoes of North America" by Dr. Robert IMatheson
and I wish to express my indebtedness to him and to Mr. C. C. Thomas,
the publisher, for furnishing them, and also my appreciation of their
wlioleliearted cooperation.

92

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

/

^IK

-MxP f'

-E

•?^^i^

Aedes vexans. (After Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thomas).

FAMILY CULICID.E THE JIOSQUITOES 93

KEY TO GENERA*

1. Proboscis not elongate, extending but little beyond the clypeus; wings

with scales (when present) confined mostly to the fringe. (Chao-

borinas ) 2

Proboscis elongate, extending far beyond the clypeus; wings with the
veins and margins with scales (Culicin^) 5

2. Anal vein ends beyond the fork of the fifth vein 3

Anal vein ends before the fork of fifth vein Eucorethra Underwood

3. First tarsal segment longer than the second 4

First tarsal segment shoi'ter than the second Mochlonyx Lcew

4. First vein ending much closer to the tip of the anterior branch of sec-

ond vein than to that of the auxiliary vein (III-7).

Chaoborus Lichtenstein
First vein ending nearer to tip of auxiliary vein than to anterior branch
of second vein Corethrella Coquillett

5. Abdomen without scales, or at least with the sternites largely bare;

scutellum with the margin convex, evenly setose; never a spurious
vein behind fifth vein (1-3, and text figure of larva). .Anopheles Meigen
Abdomen with both tergites and sternites completely clothed with
scales; scutellum trilobed, the lobes alone setose; if scutellum evenly
convex then a spurious vein behind fifth vein 6

6. Proboscis rigid, the outer half more slender and bent backwards; a

spurious vein behind the fiftli vein (1-5, III-l, III-2).

Megarhinus Desvoidy
Proboscis more flexible, of uniform thickness (at times swollen at tip),
outer half not bent back; never a spurious vein behind fifth vein. . . 7

7. Base of hind coxse in line with or above the upper margin of the meta-

steiTial sclerite S

Base of liind coxae below upper margin of metasternal sclerite 16

8. Pronotal setae absent; prothoracic lobes not widely separated 9

Pronotal setae present; prothoracic lobes widely separated 14

9. Prealar setae absent 10

Prealar setae present 1]

10. Propleural setae absent Sabethes Desvoidy

Propleural setae present Sabethoides Theobald

11. Spiracular setae present 12

Spiracular setae absent Limatus Theobald

12. Lower sternopleurals distinctly below the upper margin of metasternal

sclerite 13

Lower sternopleurals extending to or above the upper margin of the
metasternal sclerite Dendromyia Theobald

13. Outstanding scales on at least the basal portion of the second and

third veins broad Miamyia Dyar

These scales usually narrow (II-8, III-6) Wyeomyia Theobald

* Checked by Dr. R. Matheson.

94

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Culex pipiens. (After Matheson, courtesy C. C. Thomas).

FAMILY CULICID.E THE MOSQUITOES 95

14. CI ypeus with setae Joblotia Blanchanl

Clypeus without setas 15

15. Lower steinopleuial sets extending: above the upper margin of the

metasternal sclerite Goeldia TheobaUl

Lower sternopleural setse not extending above the upper margin of
the metasternal sclerite (I-l) Isostomyia Coquillett

16. Anal vein ending opposite or before the fork of the fifth vein.

Uranotaenia Arribalzaga
Anal vein ending well beyond the fork of the fifth vein 17

17. Prescutellar sette and postspiracular setse absent (III-4, III-5).

Haemagogus Williston
Px-escutellar setae present IS

IS. Postspiracular setaj present 19

Postspiracular sette absent 21

19. Spiracular setae absent 20

Spiracular setae present (1-4 and text figure) Psorophora Desvoidy

20. Wing scales narrow (rarely broad) or the base of first vein with setae

posteriorly on the upper side (II-ll, III-3, and text figs.).Aedes Meigen
Wing scales broad; base of first vein bare (11-10) . . . . Mansonia Blanchard

21. Spiracular setae present (1-2) Theobaldia Neveu-Lemaire

Spiracular setae absent 22

22. First vein without sette basally on upper side; wing scales broad 23

First vein with setae basally on upper side; wide scales narrow 25

23. Fourth segment of front tarsi at least as broad as long (11-6).

Orthopodorayia Theobald
Fourth segment of front tarsi longer than wide 24

24. Antennal segments little longer than wide Aedeomyia Theobald

Antennal segments much longer than wide (11-10).. . .Mansonia Blanchard

25. Antenna much longer than the length of the proboscis (II-7).

Deinocerites Theobald
Antennae not longer than the length of the proboscis 26

26. Wings yellowish, spotted with black Lutzia Theobald

Wings never black-spotted (II-9 and text figure) Culex Linnaeus

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE WORLD

1. Scales almost confined to the wing-fringe; mouth-parts short, the

palpi incurved (Chaoborinae) 2

Wing-veins and legs scaled; proboscis long; palpi not incurved
(Culicinae) 7

2. Clypeus large and hairy; Ri ending close to tip of R- 3

Clypeus small and nearly bare; R, ending far from tip of R^.

Corethrella Coquillett

3. First tarsal segment much shorter than the second 4

First tarsal segment longer than the second 6

4. Tibiae spurred 5

Tibiae not spurred; metapieural hairs absent Mochlonyx Loew

96

NORTH AINIERICAN DIPTERA

Psorophora ciliata.

FAMILY CULICID.T: THE MOSQUITOES 97

5. Tibial spurs 1-2-2*; metapleural hairs present Cryophila Edwards

Tibial spurs 1-1-1; metapleura bare Promochlonyx Edwards

6. Clypeus as long as the head; claws larger and toothed.

Euforethra Underwood
Clypeus shorter than the head; claws small and simple.

Chaoborus Lichtenstein

7. Abdomen without scales; or at least with the stemites largely bare

(Anophelini) 8

Abdomen with both tergites and sternites completely clothed with
scales 10

8. Scutellum slightly trilobed Chagasia Cruz

Scutellum evenly rounded 9

9. Stem of median fork wavy Bironella Theobald

Stem of median fork straight Anopheles Meigen

10. Proboscis not rigid, of uniform thickness (unless swollen at tip), outer

half not bent backwards (Culiciiii) 11

Proboscis rigid, outer half slender and bent backwards (Megarhinini).

Megarhinus Desvoidy

11. Squama fringed (fringe usually complete, rarely interrupted); vein An

reaching well beyond base of cubital fork 12

Squama bare or rarely with 1-4 short hairs 30

12. Pulvilli present; pleural chaetotaxy well developed, but spiracular and

post-spiracular bristles absent 13

Pulvilli absent or rudimentary 14

13. Second antennal (first flagellar) segment short in both sexes; antennae

of c5" nearly always plumose Culex Linnaeus

Second antennal (first flagellar) segment elongate in both sexes; an-
tennae of o' not plumose Deinocerites Theobald

14. Post-spiracular bristles absent; claws of ? simple (except in Leices-

teria, Haemagogus, and Heizmannia) 15

Post-spiracular bristles present, even if only one or two; claws of ?
usually toothed; dorsocentral and upper sternopleural bristles nearly
always well developed 25

15. Spiracular bristles present (sometimes only one or two) 16

Spiracular bristles absent 19

16. Several upper sternopleural bristles; stem-vein usually hairy beneath.

Theobaldia Neveu-Lemaire
At most one or two upper sternopleural bristles; stem-vein bare be-
neath 17

17. Postnotum nearly always bare (Oriental and Australasian).

Tripteroides Giles
Postnotum with bristles (Neotropical) 18

18. Clypeus with setae Trichoprosopon Theobald

Clypeus bare Gceldia Theobald

* Posterior four tibia' each with two apical spurs.

98

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Corethra cinctipes.

FAMILY CULICID.T2 THE MOSQUITOES 99

19. Dorsocentral and pre-scutellar bristles absent; pronotal lobes approxi-

mated 20

Dorsocentral and pre-scutellar bristles well developed; pronotal lobes
well separated 21

20. Postnotum usually bare (Neotropical) Ha^masogiis Williston

Postnotum usually with bristles (Oriental) Heizmannia Ludlow

21. Post-spiracular area scaly; ? claws usually toothed; 9 palpi more than

half as long as proboscis Armiseres Theobald

Subg-en. Leicesteria Theobald
Post-spiracular area bare; ? claws simple 22

22. All segments of 9 antenna, and last two of o antenna short and thick;

middle femora with scale-tuft Aedeomyia Theobald

Antennae normal, slender; middle femora without scale-tuft 23

23. First segment of front tarsi longer than the last four together; fourth

very short in both sexes Orthopodomyia Theobald

First segment of front tarsi not longer than last four together; fourth
not shortened in ? 24

24. Proboscis of o' much swollen apically, of ? slightly so, or else cell R2

shorter than its stem Ficalbia Theobald

Proboscis not swollen apically; cell R: at least as long as its stem.

Mansonia Blanchard

25. Head with numerous short hairs on vertex in addition to the orbital

row; antennae thick in both sexes, not plumose in o' Opifex Hutton

Head without hairs on vertex apart from the orbital row; antennae
slender in ?, nearly always plumose in cT 26

26. Spiracular bristles present, even if few (American). .Psorophora Desvoidy
Spiracular bristles absent 27

27. Eyes widely separated, space between them clothed with metallic

silvery scales (Ethiopian) Eretmopodites Theobald

Eyes less widely separated (sometimes touching), space between them
not covered with metallic silvery scales 28

28. Wing-scales generally mostly narrow (when, rarely, all are broad, the

9 claws are toothed); usually a few hairs on upper surface of stem-
vein 29

Wing scales all very broad; 9 claws simple; stem-vein bare.

Mansonia Blanchard

29. Proboscis more slender, not recurved at tip in repose; ornamentation

various Aedes Meigen

Proboscis rather stout, recurved at tip in repose; dark species with
flat scales on vertex and scutellum Armigeres Theobald

30. Wing-membrane without microtrichia (or these only visible under a

high magnification); cell R2 shorter than its stem; An ends about

opposite base of cubital fork Uranotaenia Arribalzaga

Wing-membrane with distinct microtrichia (visible under a magnifica-
tion of 50) 31

31. Postnotum bare; An (except in some species of Topomyia) ending little

if at all beyond base of cubital fork; two or more posterior pronotal
bristles present (Palaeotropical) 32

100 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Postnotum with, bristles; An ending well beyond base of cubital fork;
posterior pronotal bristles usually absent; spiracular bristles present
(except in Limatus) (Neotropical) 35

32. Spiracular bristles absent; clypeus normal 33

Spiracular bristles present (one or more); clypeus rather small and

narrow; cell R- longer than its stem 34

33. Cell R2 shorter than its stem; several posterior pronotal bristles; wing

scales normal Zeugnomyia Leicester

Cell R2 longer than its stem; two posterior pronotal bristles; wing-
scales emarginate at tips Hodgesia Theobald

34. Proboscis very hairy, much enlarged at tip Harpagomyia de Meijere

Proboscis not hairy, rarely enlarged at tip Topomyia Leicester

35. Middle legs with "paddles" formed of very long erect scales.

Sabethes Desvoidy
Middle legs without "paddles" 36

36. Clypeus with hairs; large species with long 0 palpi.

Trichoprosopon Theobald
Clypeus bare, or with scales only 37

37. Hind tarsi with long suberect scales; large species with long cT palpi.

Goeldia Theobald
Hind tarsi with appressed scales only; smaller species with short o'
palpi 38

38. No bristles on subalar knob; pronotal lobes large and almost in con-

tact; mesonotal scales all metallic Sabethoides Theobald

Bristles present on sub-alar knob; pronotal lobes more widely sepa-
rated; mesonotal scales rarely metallic 39

39. Spiracular area with scales only; hind tarsus with one claw.

Limatus Theobald
Spiracular area with 1-4 bristles, no scales; hind tarsus with two claws.

Wyeomyia Theobald

101

Family Cecidomyidae— The Gall Midges

Cecidomyida?— Thecodiplosis piniradiatae Snow and Mills. Eggs, pupa, laiA^a,
"breast-bone" and imago. (Williston).

Small, delicate flies with broad wings and long antennae and legs.

Head small; eyes roinid or reniform, sometimes holoptic; ocelli
usually absent; antennas long, cylindrical, the segments usually wath
l)ead-like swellings, ten to thirty-six in number; proboscis short, rarely
elongated; palpi with one to four segments. Thorax ovate, more or
less convex, without transverse suture; abdomen composed of eight seg-
ments; hypopygium small but projecting; ovipositor sometimes very
long. Legs long and slender; coxiu rather short; tibia; without terminal
spurs, Ijasal tarsal segment sometimes very short. Wings large, usually
hairy, narrowed ])asally and without alula; three to five longitudinal
veins, usually with only the first, third and fifth; humeral crossvein
iudisfinct or absent; costal vein extending around the entire wing, the
veins all weak, the fifth usually furcate; anterior crossvein situated
v('r>- near the base of the wing, often appearing as the beginning of the
third vein, the base of the third vein having the appearance of a cross-
vein; only one liasal cell present.

These small flies may be found everywhere but the most satisfac-
tory means of collecting them is to rear them. The larva of most of the
species live in living plants where they form galls, or deformities of
various kinds, in the axils of the leaves, etc. Others live under bark, in
decaying vegetation and in fungi while a few live upon plant lice, being
found for the most part under the colony of ai)hi(ls or in axils of the
leaves during the day. ]Many of the species are iii(|uiliiu's in the galls
formed ]\v other members of the family or even by other orders of
insects. The galls occur on all parts of plants, on the flowers, leaves,

102

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

'^"^

>-rjr-T)(irirT^

Cecidomyidas I. — 1, Lasioptera; 2, Porricondyla? ; 3, Cecidomyia; 4, Hor-
momyia; 5, Trichopteromyia; 6, Lestremia; 7, Miastor; 8, Spaniocera?; 9,
Catocha; 10, Colpodia; 11, Heteropeza; 12, Asynapta; 13, Winnertzia; 14,
Lestodiplosis; 15, Winnertzia.

FAMILY CECIDOiAIYID.E THE GALL MIDGES 103

stems and roots and are usually characteristic for each species. The
larvae may be recognized by the presence of a "breast bone" or chitin-
ized process lying witliin the thorax and terminating behind the head.
The phenomenon of pedogenesis occurs in some species belonging to the
genus Miastor, that is the larva? produce eggs from ovary-like organs,
the eggs hatch within the body and the young larvas devour the parent,
later escaping and completing their development externally; several
generations may be produced in this way, before the development of
adult insects occurs.

The classification of the family is difficult and I have merely
emended the key given by Dr. Felt.* For the most part little can be
done without preparing slides of the adults, the whole insect being
mounted. It is advisable to preserve dried specimens as well as the
mounts, and the galls should always be kept along wuth the adults.
Study of the group should not be attempted by anyone who is not pre-
pared to spend years of painstaking work on his hobby. Such a study
would prove of inestimable value and would fully repay the student
for the time spent. Many of the species are serious pests, the chief
among these being the Hessian fly.

I may add tliat the study of the galls themselves constitutes a
fascinating past-time and Dr. Felt has given us an excellent treatise
on this subject t and is, I believe, preparing a new and enlarged edition.
The series of papers published by Dr. Felt is copiously illustrated and
I have made free use of these illustrations. In connection with their
use I cannot help but call attention to the splendid cooperation of Dr.
C. C. Adams, of the New York State iMuseum, in furnishing the cuts
used for this family and of Dr. Felt for assistance and suggestions. Most
of the illustrations of Cccidomyida are from cuts furnished by the New
York State Museum.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Circumfila present 23

Circumfila absent 2

2. Wings with four longitudinal veins 3

Wings with at most three longitudinal veins 17

3. Fourth vein forked 4

Fourth vein simple 10

4. Second antennal segment greatly enlarged 5

Second antennal segment normal 7

* 1925. Key to Gall Midges (A resume of Studies, i-vii. Itonidida?), N. Y. State Mus.
Bull. No. 257. References to Parts i-vii will be found in this Bulletin.

t 1918. Key to American Gall Insects. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. No. 200.

104

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Cecidomvida? II. 16. Catocha Americana.
(Courtesy New York State Museum, Albany. N. Y.)

FAMILY CECIDO-MYID.E — THE GALL MIDGES 105

5. Subcosta and third vein united as though by a very short crossvein.

Microcerata Felt
Subcosta and third vein separate and with no trace of a crossvein ... (>

6. Branches of the fork of the fourth vein even Konisomyia Felt

Branches of the fork of the fourth vein irregular (22). . .Tritozyga Loew

7. Flagellate antennal segments sessile, with a length only a little

greater than their diameter Neocatocha Felt

Antennal segments not sessile, more elongate 8

8. Antennfe with not more than ten segments Neptunimyia Felt

Antenna with at least eleven segments 9

9. Costa ending at or a little beyond the tip of the third vein (6, 26).

Lestremia Meigen
Costa extending beyond the apex of the wing (9, 16). . .Catocha Haliday

10. Third vein usually well separated from the costa and frequently

uniting with it at or beyond the apex 11

Third vein rarely extending to the apex of the wing; flagellate anten-
nal segments subsessile in female, ornamented with crenul ate whorls
or structures more complex than irregular whorls of simple hairs . . 14

11. Flagellate antennal segments globose, stemmed in both sexes, or the

second enlarged 12

Flagellate antennal segments cylindrical, sub-sessile, the second not
enlarged (23) Mycophila Felt

12. Fourth vein absent 13

Fourth vein present (28) Joannisia Kieffer

13. Antennal segments stemmed (5) Trichopteromyia Williston

Antennal segments sessile, the second enlarged Ceratomyia Felt

14. Flagellate antennal seg-ments with a more or less distinct subapical

collar forming a more or less cup-shaped cavity; claws denticulate.

Prionellus Kieffer
Flagellate segments with subapical whorl of stemmed disks or spines. 15

15. Flagellate segments with subapical whorl of stemmed disks; claws

with minute apical tooth Monardia Kieffer

Flagellate segments with spines 16

16. Flagellate segments with short, stout, usually recurved spines (24,

27 ) Cordylomyia Felt

Flagellate segments with short, stout, curved spines (32).

Corinthomyia Felt

17. First segment of the tarsi shorter than the second 19

First segment of the tarsi longer than the second 18

18. Tarsi with four segments; three longitudinal veins (7, 18).

Miastor Meinert
Tarsi with three segments; two longitudinal veins (11).

Heteropeza Winnertz

19. Tarsi with five segments 20

Tarsi with two segments Oligarces Meinert

20. Wing membrane finely haired 21

Wing membrane scaled Kronoinyia Felt

106

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

-^^

Cecidomyidse III. — 17, Asphondylia monacha ; 18, Miastor americana.

(Courtesy New Yoi-k State Museum, Albany, N. Y.)

FAMILY CECIDOMYID.E THE GALL MIDGES 107

21. Third vein extending to the apex of the wing 22

Third vein not extending to the apex of the wing Epimyia Felt

22. Palpi with four segments Johnsonomyia Felt

Palpi with only one segment (29) Leptosyna Kieffer

23. No crossvein uniting the third and first veins 29

A distinct crossvein uniting the third and first veins 24

24. Crossvein parallel or nearly so with the costa and apparently form-

ing a continuation of the third vein 27

Crossvein forming a well-marked angle with the costa 25

25. Four longitudinal veins 26

Three longitudinal veins (10) Colpodia Winnertz

26. Fifth vein absent Parawinnertzia Felt

Fifth vein well developed (13, 15, 25) Winnertzia Rondani

27. Three or five longitudinal veins 28

Four longitudinal veins (12) Asynapta Loew

28. Three longitudinal veins Dirhiza Loew

Five longitudinal veins Hormosomyia Felt

29. Costa thickly scaled; third vein usually very close to anterior margin

of wings; antennal segments cylindrical, sessile, short, never pro-
duced 30

Costa rarely thickly clothed with scales, the third vein well separated
from it; antennal segments usually longer than wide 36

30. Third vein, lying very close to the costa and uniting with it at or

before the middle of the wing, rarely at the distal third 32

Third vein well separated from the costa and uniting with it beyond
the middle of the wing 31

31. Third vein and body thickly clothed with scales Trotteria Kieffer

Third vein and body not thickly clothed with scales.

Camptoneuromyia Felt

32. Mouth parts and thorax normal, not greatly prolonged 33

Mouth parts and thorax prolonged Clinorhyncha Loew

33. Palpi with one or two segments Asteromyia Felt

Palpi with three or four segments 34

34. Third and foiirth antennal segments coalescent or closely fused 35

Third and fourth antennal segments at least separated by a distinct

constriction Protaplonyx Felt

35. Three longitudinal veins, the fifth forked (1, 21) Lasioptera Meigen

Four simple longitudinal veins Neolasioptera Felt

36. Flagellate antennal segments cylindrical, never binodose in the male. . 37
Flagellate antennal segments in the male greatly produced, binodose;

circumfila usually forming long loops 60

37. Claws on at least one pair of legs toothed 38

Claws simple 50

38. Palpi with four segments 39

Palpi with not more than three segments 45

108

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

CecidomyidBe IV. — 19, Rhabdophaga sp. ; 20, Dasyneura gibsoni.
(Courtesy New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.)

FAMILY CECIDOMYIIXE THE GALL MIDGES 109

39. Antennae with fourteen or more segments 40

Antennae with ten to thirteen, rarely with fourteen segments 43

40. Third vein uniting with the costa at or near the apex of the wing. ... 41
Third vein uniting with the co.sta well before the apex of the wing. . . 42

41. Ovipositor not chitinized apically; claws with one sti'ong tooth (19).

Rhabdophaga Westwood
Ovipositor chitinized apically, blade-like, the claws weakly toothed.

Procystiphora Felt

42. Wing veins scaled, the membrane more or less brownish.

Lasiopteryx Stephens
Veins not distinctly scaled, the membrane hyaline (20).

Dasyneura Rondani

43. Third vein uniting with the costa near the apex of the wing 44

Third vein uniting with the costa well before the apex of the wing.

Neuromyia Felt

44. Antennfe with thirteen or fourteen segments Cystiphora Kieffer

Antennae with twelve segments, genital harpes sickle-shaped, greatly

produced Harpomyia Felt

45. Palpi with two or three segments 4^!

Palpi with only one segment Ficiomyia Felt

46. Palpi with three segments 4S

Palpi with two segments 47

47. Antenna; with twelve segments Coccidomyia Felt

Antennae with fourteen to eighteen segments Diarthronomyia Felt

48. Claws with a single tooth 49

Claws pectinate Ctenodactylomyia Felt

49. Ovipositor with apica! spine; male clasper short, swollen.

Cystiphora Kieffer
Ovipositor without apical spine; pulvilli nearly three times as long
as the claws Allomyia Felt

50. Flagellate antennal segments cylindrical, not greatly elongated, usu-

ally stalked in the male; ovipositor not aciculate 51

Flagellate segments cylindrical, elongate, sessile; ovipositor usually
aciculate 56

51. Palpi with one to three segments 53

Palpi with four segments 52

52. Third vein joining the costa at or near the apex of the wing (34).

Phytophaga Rondani
Third vein joining the costa well before the apex of the wing.

Janetiella Kieffer

53. Ovipositor distinctly chitinized, aciculate or cultriform.

Sackenomyia Felt
Ovipositor not chitinized 54

54. Palpi with only one or two segments 55

Palpi with three segments Oligotrophus Latreille

55. Pulvilli nearly twice as long as the empodium Walshomyia Felt

Pulvilli shorter than the empodium Rhopalomyia Riibsaamen

110

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Cecidomyida? V. — 21, Lasiopteia veroniae; 22. Tritozj ga sackeni ; 23. Mycophila fungi-
cola; 24, Cordylomyia coloradensis.

(Courtesy New York State Museum. Albany. N. Y.)

FAINIILV CECIDOMVID.K THE GALL MIDGES 111

56. Ovipositor protractile, aciculate or nearly so; terminal clasper of male

usually unidentate or bidentate 57

Ovipositor exserted, with lobes or triangular plates apically; terminal
clasper of male usually serrate apically 58

57. Palpi with four segments (33) Schizomyia Kieflfev

Palpi with two or three segments (17) Asphondylia Loew

58. Palpi with four segments 59

Palpi with three segments Feltomyia Kieffev

59. Flagellate antennal segments cylindrical, not strongly constricted;

circumfila usually with many fine reticulations in the male; pulvilli

usually shorter than the claws (31) Cincticornia Felt

Flagellate segments cylindrical, sometimes rather strongly con-
stricted; circumfila forming transverse series of low lines or loops;
lobes of ovipositor subtriangular Caryomyia Felt

60. Nodes of the male flagellate antennal segments equal, only two cir-

cumfila 61.

Nodes of male flagellate segments plainly unequal, three circumfila. . 71

61. Palpi with three or four segments 62

Palpi with one segment Kronodiplosis Felt

62. Palpi with four segments 64

Palpi with three segments 63

63. Terminal clasp segment irregular, pectinate apically.

Pectinodiplosis Felt
Terminal clasp segment normal Dentifibula Felt

64. Claws on all the legs simple 67

Claws on at least the front legs toothed 65

65. Claws on all the legs toothed 66

Only the anterior claws toothed Toxomyia Felt

6G. Internal basal lobe of the basal clasp segment smooth, the dorsal and
ventral plates broadly and slightly emarginate, the ovipositor with
a length one-half that of the abdomen, protractile. . .Erosomyia Felt
Internal basal lobe of the basal clasp segment rudimentary, smooth;
dorsal plate truncate, ventral plate broadly and roundly emargi-
nate; ovipositor moderately long Mangodiplosis Tavares

67. Wings of males with the posterior area greatly produced and broadly

rounded Lobopteromyia Felt

Wings normal, not unusually broad 68

68. Costa not clothed with .scales 69

Costa thickly clothed with scales Endaphis KiefFer

69. Third vein interrupting the costa at its union with the margin 70

Third vein not interrupting the costa at its union with the margin

(See text fig.) Thecodiplosis Kieffer

70. Wings hyaline Contarinia Rondani

Wings spotted Stictodiplosis Kieffer

71. Claws toothed on all the legs 72

Claws of at lea.st the posterior legs not toothed 84

112

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

25

Cecidomyida? VI.— 25, Winnertzia pectinata; 26, Lestremia pini. fifth antennal segment
of d ; 27, Cordylomyia brevicornis, fourth and fifth antennal segments ofn".
(Courtesy New York State Museum. Albany, N. Y.)

FAMILY CECIDOMYID.E — THE GALL MIDGES 113

72. Palpi with four segments 75

Palpi with three segments 73

73. Basal clasp segment of male distinctly lobed Peridiplosis Feit

Basal clasp segment of male not lobed 74

74. Flagellate antennal segments of female subcylindrical.

Kalodiplosis Felt
Flagellate antennal segments of female binodose (Brit. Guiana).

Epihormomyia Felt

75. Circumfila with one or more greatly produced bows or loops having a

length five to ten times that of the enlargement and extending at

approximately right angles to it. '. 76

Circumfila all about equal, nearly regular 80

76. Three well-developed circumfila on each flagellate antennal segment. . 77
Two well-developed, irregular circumfila; basal circumfila on the

distal enlargement forming a low band; pulvijli small .Bremia Rondani

77. All three circumfila irregular, the pulvilli i-udimentary.

Tribremia KiefFer
At most two circumfila irregular 7S

78. Pulvilli shorter than the claws; two circumfila irregular 79

Pulvilli as long as or longer than the claws; one circumfila irregular.

Aphidolete.s Kieffer

79. Pulvilli slightly shorter than the claws, conspicuous. . .Isobremia Kieffer
Pulvilli i-udimentary or wanting Cryptobremia Kieffer

80. Basal clasp segment of male genitalia with basal lobe; ovipositor

short and with large, orbicular lobes Youngomyia Felt

Basal clasp segment without basal lobe 81

81. Claws curved at neai'ly right angles 82

Claws curved but not at nearly right angles 83

82. Ventral plate moderately long, broadly emarginate; dorsal plate

moderately long, broad, deeply triangularly emarginate, the lobes

triangular; ovipositor short Cleodiplosis Felt

Dorsal and ventral plates short, broad, deeply emarginate.

Thomasia Eiibsaamen

83. Ovipositor slightly protractile, the lobes long, curved, and with two

or three subventral rows of obtuse spines Dicrodiplosis Kieffer

Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, the lobes with a
length about six times the width; mouth parts prolonged (Brit.
Guiana) Delphodiplosis Felt

84. Claws not toothed on any of the legs 92

Claws toothed on at least the front legs 85

85. Palpi with four segments 86

Palpi with three segments Diadiplosis Felt

86. Basal clasp segment lobed 87

Basal clasp segment not distinctly lobed 89

87. The lobe basal or sub-basal 88

The lobe apical, setose or spinose; terminal clasp segment subapical.

Lobodiplosis Felt

114

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Cecidomyidae VII.

FAMILY CECIDOMYID.E THE GALL MIDGES 315

88. Ventral plate or harpes strongly chitinized Coquillettomyia Felt

Ventral plate or harpes not chitinized Feltiella Riibsaamen

89. Terminal clasp seg-ment sub-fusiform, distinctly dilated; harpes

strongly chitinized and very complex (30) Karschomyia Felt

Not as above 90

90. Claws curved at nearly right angles Clinodiplosis Kieffer

Claws not curved at nearly right angles 91

91. Ventral plate almost linear, straight and much longer than the dorsal

plate Acaroletes Kieffer

Ventral plate not greatly produced Mycodiplosis Riibsaamen

92. Palpi with fewer than four segments 108

Palpi with four segments 93

93. Third vein uniting with the costa behind the apex of the wing 9i

Third vein uniting with the costa before the apex of the wing.

Arthrocnodax Riibsaamen

94. Circumfila with short bows or wanting 95

Circumfila well developed and not conspicuously irregular, the loops

mostly as long as or longer than the diameter of the enlargement.. 97

95. Some of the flagellate antennal segments cylindrical 96

Flagellate antennal segments binodose in the male or presumably so.

Caryomyia Felt

9G. Circumfila rudimentary or wanting; tenth to fourteenth segments

cylindrical; harpes somewhat inflated Prodiplosis Felt

Circumfila distinct though low, all the flagellate or only the distal
segments cylindrical; ovipositor short Caryomyia Felt

97. Claws bent at nearly right angles 98

Claws not bent at right angles 99

98. Ventral plate long, slender, slightly expanded and roundly emarginate

apically; dorsal plate short, triangularly emarginate. .Giardomyia Felt
Ventral plate long, broad, very deeply and broadly emarginate; dor-
sal plate deeply and roundly emarginate Hyperdiplosis Felt

99. Basal clasp segment lobed 100

Basal clasp segment not lobed 103

100. The lobe apical 101

The lobe basal 102

101. The lobe very long, cui'\'ed, setose; terminal clasp segment swollen

basally Epidiplosis Felt

The lobe triang-ular; terminal clasp segment short, greatly con-
stricted near the middle and enormously swollen and recurved
apically Metadiplosis Felt

102. Wings spotted Lestodiplosis Kieffer

Wings not spotted Coprodiplosis Kieffer

103. Antennal segments plainly trinodose Obolodiplosis Felt

Antennal segments not plainly trinodose 104

Ceeidomyidae VII. — 28, Joannisia phofophila, fifth and teith antennal segments of male •
29. Lcptosyna quercivora; ;{0. Karschoinjia viburni, fifth antennal sesment of d: 31. Cincti-
cornia transversa, sixth antennal setrment of c ; 32, Corinthomyia cincinna, fourth antennal
segment of d ; 33, Schizomyia macrolila, sixth antennal segment of d-

(Courtesy New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.)

116

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

34

Cecidomyidae VIII.— 34. Phytophaga destructor.
(Courtesy New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.)

FAMILY CECIDOMYID.E THE GALL MIDGES 117

104, Antennal segments short, thick, the stems transverse, the enlarge-

ments short and broad; circumfila fine, rather short, each with

about twenty loops Retinodiplosis Kieffer

Antennae of normal form 105

105. Ventral plate linear or long and spatulate 10^

Ventral plate broad and broadly or triangularly emarginate 107

lOG. Ventral plate linear, rounded apically; dorsal plate shorter than the

ventral, the lobes truncate Parallelodiplosis Riibsaamen

Ventral plate spatulate, the dorsal plate moderately long, deeply and
triangularly emarginate, the lobes broad, obliquely and roundly
emarginate Hypodiplosis Kieffer

107. Dorsal plate deeply incised, the lobes narrowly rounded; terminal

clasp segment with serrate margin Paradiplosis Felt,

Dorsal plate not incised or very narrowly emarginate; terminal clasp
segment smooth (3) Cecidomyia Meigen

108. Palpi with three segments 100

Palpi with only one or two segments ll-»

109. Circumfila with short bows or loops, their length being one-half the

diameter of the enlargement or less 110

Circumfila loops with a length equal to the diameter of the enlarge-
ment or longer s H-

110. Thorax plainly extending over and concealing the head to a certain

extent ....". Hi

Thorax not produced over the head to a marked degree. .Caryomyia Felt

111. Males with fifteen to at least twenty-seven antennal segments; female

with fourteen or more antennal segments; ovipositor short (4).

Hormomyia Loew
Male and female with fourteen or fifteen antennal segments, the
fifteenth rudimentary; ovipositor moderately long.

Trishormomyia Kieffer

112. Basal clasp segment lobed Odontodiplosis Felt

Basal clasp segment simple Adiplosis Felt

113. Palpi with two segments Dishormomyia Kieffer

Palpi with one segment 114

114. Wings hyaline 115

Wings marked with black and yellow Astrodiplosis Felt

115. Fourteen antennal segments in both sexes 11*3

Thirteen segments in female, the third and fourth fused, the basal

and distal nodes in the male flagellate antennal segments globose
and ovoid respectively; dorsal and ventral plates bilobed; ovipositor
short, chitinous, aciculate Cystodiplosis Kieffer & Jorg

116. Both dorsal and ventral plates deeply emarginate; ovipositor short,

chitinous, falcate Monarthropalpus Riibsaamen

Ventral plate not deeply emarginate 117

117. Dorsal plate deeply and ventral plate broadly emarginate; ovipositor

stout, half as long as the abdomen, the distal part thickly clothed

with long, silky hairs Onodiplosis Felt

Dorsal plate deeply, broadly and roundly emarginate, the lateral
margin extended ventrally; ventral plate broadly emarginate; ovi-
positor stout, about two-thirds as long as the abdomen.

Horidiplosis Felt

118

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Sciaridae — The Dark Winged Fungus Gnats

Sciara ci",

Usually small, blackish, brownish or testaceous species, the abdomen
cylindrical and tapering, especially in the females.

The insects belonging to this family are related to the Myceto-
philidffi, with which they have, until recently, been united. They differ
in having the eyes produced toward each other above the antennae,
instead of being regularly convex in outline, and in having shorter
coxge. As a general rule the wing venation is typical although a very
few genera of the Mycetophilidge have similar venation.

The adults inhabit moist places or any place where fungus growth
occurs, particularly manure. The larva frequently become pests in
mushroom cellars, feeding upon the mycelium of the fungi. The females
are difficult to determine, the classification being based mainly on the
male genitalia although the ovipositors of the females also offer good
characters. The larvae, like those of the Mycetophilidse, have some very
interesting habits, some of them sometimes travelling over the ground
in snake-like masses. The family is treated by Johannsen in the refer-
ence given under the Mycetophilidae.

FAMILY SCIARID.E — THE DARK WIXGED FUNGUS GNATS

119

KEY TO GENERA

1. Proboscis longer than the thorax (2) Eugnoriste Coquillett

Pi'oboscis not greatly elongate 2

2. Wings conspicuously hairy; claws never denticulate. . .Trichosia Winiiertz
Wings with microscopic setulse but not hairy 3

3. Claws toothed 4

Claws not toothed 5

4. Forks of the fourth vein arcuate Metangela RUbsaamen

Forks of the fourth vein not arcuate Phorodonta Coquillett

5. Face strongly produced Rhynchosciara Riibsaamen

Face not produced 6

6. Forks of the fourth vein arcuate; antennae of the male pedicellate and

with whorls of hair (1) Zygoneura Meigen

Forks of the fourth vein not arcuate; antennae never pedicellate
(Neosciara) (6, 7, Mycetophilidae) Sciara Meigen

Sciaridaj. — 1, Zygoneura; 2, Eugnoriste.

120 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Mycetophilidae — The Fungus Gnats

I\Ioderately small, rather delicate, slender flies with elongated

COXffi.

Head small, rounded or somewhat elongate, usually closely applied
to the thorax. Eyes round, rather prominent; ocelli three, two or none,
the median one often small, the lateral ones frequently close to the
orbits; front broad in both sexes. Antennae elongated, composed of
twelve to seventeen segments, the two basal segments large or dif-
ferentiated, the others cylindrical, flattened or petiolated. Proboscis
usually short, rarely greatly lengthened; palpi rarely absent, composed
of three or four segments, usually inflexed. Thorax distinctly to
strongly arched, without transverse suture; scutellum small; metanotum
large. Abdomen composed of six or seven segments, cylindrical or com-
pressed either laterally or dorsoventrally, sometimes narrowed basally;
male genitalia projecting; ovipositor pointed, usually with two terminal
lamella?. Legs more or less elongated, the femora usually thickened;
coxge elongated; tibia with spurs and usually with series of short or
conspicuous bristles. Wings large; auxiliary vein present though some-
times very short; second longitudinal vein absent, or simulating a
crossvein; third vein arising from the first vein, usually at such an
angle as to simulate a crossvein, the crossvein sometimes appearing to
form the base of the third vein; fourth and fifth veins usually furcate,
sometimes simple; sixth vein sometimes rudimentary, never furcate;
the seventh usually short, often rudimentary or entirely absent; discal
cell absent, the second basal cell often open apically.

The adults are found in moist places, especially about decaying
wood, on mossy rocks or moist humus, and prefer dark places. Many
of the species are quite small only a few being large and conspicuous.
They occur in a variety of habitats and some species are very restricted
in habitat although occurring over a very wide geographical range.
They may be collected throughout most of the year and when encoun-
tered often occur in large numbers. The larva live in moist soil, wood,
fungi, etc., and probably feed upon fungus growth. Pupation takes
place outside the larval skin, some species spinning cocoons. The habits
of the larva are particularly interesting and their investigation should
provide an entertaining and profitable field of study to some one inter-
ested in pure science for the fun of the thing. Johannsen* has mono-
graphed the family and only a small number of North American species
have been described since.

Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulls. 172, 180, 196. 200, 1909-12.

FAMILY MYCETOPHILID.E — THE FUNGUS GNATS 121

KEY TO GENERA*

1. Second basal cell closed apically 2

Second basal cell open apically 12

2. Anterior branch of third vein at least half as long as posterior branch;

auxiliary vein short, ending free; posterior divisions of pronotum with

one or more long bristles (Ditomyiinge) 11

Anterior branch of third vein less than half as long as posterior
branch, in some cases vestigial or absent; auxiliary vein in most
cases long and ending in the costa; posterior divisions of pronotum
without long bristles 3

3. The second basal cell much shorter than the first; first and second basal

cells separated (Bolitophilinse) (18) Bolitophila Meigen

The second basal cell almost as long as the first or the basal sections of
the third and fourth veins fused for a short distance 4

4. Both crossveins closing the basal cells present, nearly in a straight

line; basal section of fourth vein lacking (Diadocidinte) (19).

Diadocidia Rutlie
Basal sections of third and fourth veins fused for a short distance ex-
cept in Palteoplatyura in which basal section of fourth vein is present o

5. Antennae long and slender, in most cases longer than the body (Macro-

cerinjB) (4) Macrocera Meigen

Antennce more robust, in some cases distinctly thickened and flatteried
(Ceroplatinffi) G

6. Proboscis prolonged into a snout Asindulum Latreille

Proboscis not prolonged into a snout 7

7. Antennae conspicuously flattened; palpi porrect (Heteropterna, Cerote-

lion, Euceroplatus) (5) Ceroplatus Bosc

Antennae not conspicuously flattened, palpi curved 8

8. The anterior crossvein not obliterated by the fusion of the bases of the

third and fourth veins (20) Paheoplatyura Meunier

The anterior crossvein not obliterated by the fusion of the base of the
third and fourth veins 9

9. Basal section of fourth vein absent (Isoneuromyia, Neoplatyura, Proeero-

platus, Lapyruta, Micrapemon) (9) Platyura Meigen

Basal section of fourth vein present 10

10. Ocelli wanting; anterior branch of third vein ending in the costa.

Hesperodes Coquillett
Ocelli present, anterior branch of third vein ending in the first vein
(21) Apemon Johannsen

11. Fork of fourth vein distal of fork of third vein (22) . . .Ditomyia Winnertz
Fork of fourth vein basal of fork of third vein (14) . . .Symmerus Walker

12. First and third veins arising separately at base of wing; venation de-

fective; proboscis elongate (Lygistorrhinae) (Probolaeus) (2, ,3).

Lygistorrhina Skuse
First and third veins arising from a common stem well beyond base
of wing • 13

* Checked by Dr. O. A. Johannsen.

122

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

13. Eyes joined above the antennas by a narrow bridge; anterior crossvein

long, appearing like the base of the third vein, the latter short and

transverse, resembling a crossvein See Sciaridac

Eyes not joined by a narrow band above the antennae; base of third
vein and the anterior crossvein in most cases oblique 14

14. Prothorax without long bristles, antennae inserted above the middle of

the head, occiput flat or concave, venation defective (Manotinae) (1).

Manota Williston
Prothorax with long bristles, occiput convex, antennae inserted at or
belov/ the middle of the head 15

15. Microtrichia of wings irregularly arranged or absent; auxiliary vein

usually long; lateral ocelli in most cases far from margin of com-
pound eyes (Sciophilinae Edwards r= Sciophilinae Johannsen + Series

I of Mycetophilinae Johannsen 1911 ) 16

Microtrichia in more or less definite longitudinal lines; auxiliary vein
usually short; lateral ocelli touching compound eyes (Mycetophilinae
Edwards, Mycetophilinae Johannsen 1911, Series II) 44

MycetophilidEe I.— 1, Manota defecta; 2, 3. Lygistorrhina singularis ; 4, Macrocera con-
cinna; 5. Ceroplatus longiinana; 6, 7, 8, Sciara (Sciarida;) ; 9, Platyura ignobilis ; 10. Sciophila
diluta; 11, Neoempheria maculipennis ; 12, Phthinia fraudulenta; 13, Leia nitens ; 14, Symmerus;
15, Mvcetophila insipiens ; 16, Tetragoneura sylvatica; 17, Dynatosoma fuscicornis.

FAMILY MYCETOPHILID.T: THE FUNGUS GNATS 123

IG. Ocelli two, approximated; wings without macrotrichia (hairs) on mem-
brane; auxiliary vein reaching at least the base of the thiixl vein; fine

tibial sets in regular longitudinal rows 19

Ocelli three, if but two (in Eudicrana) they are close to the eye margin. 17

17. Wing with macrotrichia (hairs) on membrane 20

Wing without macrotrichia on membrane 18

18. Apical segment of first vein several times longer than the anterior

crossvein; branches of fourth vein longer than the petiole 32

Apical segment of first vein short, in most cases not much longer than
the crossvein, or if longer the branches of fourth vein scarcely
longer than the petiole 38

19. Costa not produced beyond tip of third vein; no spurious vein between

third and fourth veins; wing not banded (23) Mycomya Rondani

Costa produced beyond tip of third vein; spurious vein usually present
between third and fourth veins; wing banded or spotted (11).

Neoempheria Osten Sacken

20. Ocelli two, contiguous to eye margin Eudicrana Lcew

Ocelli three, remote from compound eyes 21

21. Fork of fifth vein situated nearer to wing base than is the fork of

fourth vein 22

Fork of fifth vein, if present, situated beyond fork of fourth vein.... 27

22. Postnotum with hairs or bristles 23

Postnotum bare 26

23. Anterior branch of fourth vein complete or nearly so 24

Anterior branch of fouith vein faint or defective at base; third vein

undulate (Odontopoda). (24) Neuratelia Rondani

24. Subcostal crossvein before middle of auxiliary vein (25). . Allocotocera Mik
Subcostal crossvein beyond middle of auxiliaiy vein 25

25. Third vein straight; costa not produced beyond its tip (Diomonus) (2G).

Leptomorphus Curtis
Third vein undulate; costa produced beyond its tip (27).

Polylepta Winnertx

26. Metapleura hairy; auxiliary vein ending in first vein; body stout (28).

Syntemna Winnertz
Metapleura bare; auxiliary vein ending in the costa; body long and
slender (29) Paratinia Mik

27. Legs slender and extremely long; basal tarsal segment of anterior

legs twice as long as the tibia; fourth vein forks broadly (12).

Phthinia Winnertz
Legs normal; fork of media pointed 28

28. Second branch of fourth vein complete 29

Second branch of fourth vein detached, present only as a short element

on the wing margin (30 ) Azana Walker

124

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

=^^

18

27

35

^^:^

19

28

36

\ 37

20

29

30

~~^^

38

39

31

40

32

23

24

25

43

26

Mvcetophilid.-e II.— IS, Bolitophiia; 19, Diadocidia ; 20, Paleoplatyuia : 21. Apeition; 22
Ditomva: 23 Mycomya; 24, Neuratelia; 25, Allocotocera; '^6 Leptomorphus ; 2 , Po ylepta :
" Svntemna- ^9 Paratinia; 30, Azana; 31, Monoclona ; 32. Acnem.a; 3o, Coelosia , 34.
Hadroneur^r35. Dziedzickia; 36, Gnoriste; 37. Synapha ; 3S. Boletina; 39. Rondan.ella; 40,
Docosia; 41, Megophthalmidia ; 42, Anatella; 43. Exechia.

FAMILY MYCETOPHILID/E — THE FUNGUS GNATS 125

29. Subcostal crossvein well beyond origin of third vein; mesopleura bare.

Megalopelma Enderlein
Subcostal crossvein just before, above or immediately beyond origin of
third vein 30

30. Fifth vein forked; mesopleui'a with small hairs (10) . . .Sciophila Meigen
Fifth vein simple; mesopleura bare 31

31. Macrotrichia (hair) reflexed toward base of wing (31) . . . Monoclona Mik
Macrotrichia decumbent (32) Acnemia Winnertz

32. Seventh abdominal segment large in both sexes (for Polylepta lepto-

gaster) Speolepta Edwards

Seventh abdominal segment small and retracted, at least in the male. . 33

33. Fifth vein forks well beyond fork of fourth (33) Coelosia Winnertz

Fifth vein forks before, below or just beyond fork of fourth 34

34. Auxiliary vein ends in the first vein 35

Auxiliary vein ends in the costa 36

35. Proboscis produced, about as long as the head (34) Hadroneura Lundstrom
Proboscis not produced (35) Dziedzickia Johannsen

36. Proboscis very elongate (36) Gnoriste Meigen

Proboscis not elongate 37

37. Subcostal crossvein well beyond middle of auxiliary vein (Empalia)

( 37 ) Synapha Meigen

Subcostal crossvein absent or near middle of auxiliary vein (38, 55).

Boletina Staeger

38. Auxiliary vein ends in the costa (extremity may be faint in species

of Leia) ". 39

Auxiliary vein short, ending free or in the first vein 40

39. Last section of first vein over twice as long as anterior crossvein;

anterior branch of fourth vein in most cases detached at base; sub-
costal crossvein wanting (39) Rondaniella Johannsen

Last section of first vein scarcely longer than the crossvein, in some
cases shorter (13) Leia Meigen

40. Palpi minute, consisting of a single segment; female wingless; in the

male the basal section of fourth and fifth veins are coalescent so
that both branches of the fifth appear to arise from the basal sec-
tion of the fourth vein (47) Pnyxia Johannsen

Palpi well developed, female winged, venation various 41

41. Lateral ocelli contiguous with the margin of the compound eyes; last

section of first vein long, petiole of fourth vein short; hypopleura

hairy (40) Docosia Winnertz

Lateral ocelli remote from eye margins; last section of first vein
shorter 42

42. Hypopleura hairy; hind tibial comb present (41).

Megophthalmidia Dziedzicki
Hypopleura bare ; no tibial comb 43

43. Auxiliary vein rather long, ending in first vein; fifth vein forks near

base of wing Ectrepesthoneura Enderlein

Auxiliary vein very short, ending free; fifth vein forks near the middle
of the wing (16) Tetragoneura Winnertz

126

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

=^==^

44

48

52

45

49

53

Mycetophilidse III. — 44, Rhymosia ; 45, Brachypeza; 46, Allodia; 47, Pnyxia scabei; 48,
Cordyla; 49, Phronia; 50, Trichonta; 51, Mycetophila dominicana; 52, Epicypta; 53, Zygomyia;
54, Sceptonia; 55; Boletina incompleta.

FAMILY MYCETOPHILID.E THE FUNGUS GNATS 127

44. Mesopleural and hypopleural bristles absent; hind coxa with a fairly

strong bristle at base 45

Mesopleural bristles present; hind coxa usually without basal bristle. . . 49

45. Costa produced beyond tip of third vein (42) Anatella Winnertz

Costa ends at tip of third vein 46

46. Fifth vein forks beyond fork of fourth (43) Exechia Winnertz

Fifth vein forks below or before fork of fourth 47

47. Second anal vein strong and distinct (44) Rhymosia Winnertz

Second anal vein weak or absent 48

48. First anal vein very long and distinct, attaining the middle of the fork

of the fifth vein (45) Brachypeza Winnertz

Fii-st anal vein shorter and less distinct (46) Allodia Winnertz

49. Pteropleural bristles present; tibial bristles long and strong 53

Pteropleural bristles absent 50

50. Tibial bristles long and strong; auxiliary vein ends in first vein

(=: Johannsenia) (17) Dynatosoma Winnertz

Tibial bristles small, at most a little longer than the diameter of the
tibia 51

51. Second palpal segment greatly thickened (48) Cordyla Meigen

Second palpal segment normal 52

52. Fifth vein forks beyond fork of fourth; auxiliary vein ends free

(including Telmaphilus) (49) Phronia Winnertz

Fifth vein forks below or before fork of fourth; auxiliary vein ends
normally in the first (50) Trichonta Winnertz

53. Fifth vein forked 54

Fifth vein simple 56

54. Anterior branch of fifth vein slightly divergent apically from second

branch of fourth but parallel with or convergent towards .second
branch of fifth; hypopleura and pteropleura generally quite large
(including Mycothera ami Opistholoba) (15, 51) . . . .Mycetophila Meigen
Anterior branch of fifth parallel with second branch of fourth but
slightly divergent from second branch of fifth 55

55. Pronotal lobes with long bristles; fifth vein forks scarcely if any before

the anterior crossvein (82) Epicypta Winnertz

Pronotal lobes without long bristles; fifth vein forks well before the
anterior crossvein Delopsis Skuse

56. Second branch of fourth and first branch of fifth vein slightly di-

vergent; hypopleura and pteropleura large; middle tibia with ventral

bristles (53) Zygomyia Winnertz

Second branch of fourth and first branch of fifth vein parallel; hypo-
pleura and pteropleura small; middle tibia without ventral bristles
( 54 ) Sceptonia Winnertz

128 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Bibionidse — The March Flies

Slender flies of small to medium size, ranging from four to twelve
millimeters in length.

Head usually somewhat flattened; eyes of the males approximate
or contiguous, of the females, broadly separated; face rather short,
sometimes elongate in Dilophus; eyes round; ocelli large. Antennae
composed of eight to twelve segments, cylindrical or somewhat flattened,
the segments rather closely united. Proboscis short, with thickened,
hairy labellae; palpi with two to five segments, usually short, some-
times long. Thorax without transverse suture; scutellum hemicircular.
Abdomen composed of seven to nine segments, more or less flattened,
the male genitalia rather small. Legs moderately long, the anterior
femora usually thickened, sometimes greatly swollen, the other femora
usually somewhat swollen; anterior tibias usually modified, often greatly
swollen in Bihio; legs slender in Plecia. Pulvilli and usually the
empodium distinct. Wings large, the anterior veins stout, the others
usually considerably weaker; costa ending at or before the wing-tip;
second vein present or absent; fourth vein furcate; basal cells com-
plete; anal cell rarely closed; posterior crossvein absent.

The larvffi feed upon decaying vegetable matter, especially upon
the roots of grass, and pupation takes place in the soil. The adults are
frequently very common and may be found almost anywhere in the
open. The name "March Flies" has been given the family in this
country because of the frequent occurrence of Bihio aJhipennis Say in
large numbers during this month. "Harlequin Flies" is used in Eng-
land, while "March Flies" is applied to other flies in Australia. The
family has been review^ed by MacAtee*.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Third vein furcate (6, 7) 2

Third vein not furcate (5) 5

2. Fourth and fifth veins forked 3

These veins not forked Eupeitenus Macquart

3. Antennae with not more than 12 segments 4

Antennae with 16 segments (7) fCramptonomyia Alexander

* 1921. Proc. U. S. N. M. Ix, Art. 11.

t For a discussion of tlie position of this genus and its allies see Alexander, 1931, Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc. xxvi, pp. 7-11.

FAIMILY BIBIOXID.K THE MARCH FLIES 129

4. Distance between the fork of the fourth vein and the anterior cross-

vein more than twice the length of the crossvein (4).

Hesperinus Walker

Distance between fork of fourth vein and anterior crossvein much less
than twice the length of the crossvein (6) Plecia Wiedemann

5. Anterior tibi33 produced apically to form two spurs (3) G

Anterior tibite without such spurs but with two or three series of teeth

(2) Dilophus Meigen

6. Third and fourth longitutUnal veins coalescent for a short distance

( 1 ) Bibiodes Coquillett

Third and fourth veins not coalescent, joined by the anterior cross-
vein (3, 5) Bible Latreille

Bibionidae. — 1, Bibiodes; 2, Dilophus, front tibia; 3, Bibio, front tibia; 4, Hesperinus; 5,
Bibio; 6, Plectia; 7, Cramptonomyia.

Scatopsidsp I.

131

Family Scatopsidse — The Minute Black Scavengers

Small black or brownish flies, the appendages and thorax often
partly yellowish.

Head more or less orbicular — subquadrate or elonp;ate oval; antcnnjB
composed of seven to twelve seo-ments; iisnally sliglitly longer than the
head; three ocelli; proboscis short and stont. Thorax gently convex,
rarely flattened. Legs short, the femora robust. Wings with the veins
thin, the first and third strong, the second simulating a crossvein, the
fourth vein furcate or simple. Abdomen subcylindrical, composed of
six or seven segments, the male genitalia large.

The Scatoi^sida^ breed m decaying vegetable and animal matter and
excrement. They often breed in sewers and privies and frer[uently
become very numerous in houses, where they cause more anxiety than
liarm. In the autumn tliey are frequently common on windows, when
they are most easily collected. TJie species range in size from .75 to 3
mm. in length and the family may be readily recognized by the wing
venation. Mclander* has revised the North American species.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Wings of normal size 2

Wings about half normal size, the adults flightless (4).

Cobaldia Melander

2. Front tibiae ending in a spur (.5) Aspistes Meigen

Front tibiae without apical spur 3

3. Anterior branch of the fourth vein without appendage 4

Anterior branch of the fourth vein with an appendage near the base

on the anterior side (12) Scatopse Geoffroy

4. Anterior branch of the fourth vein not disconnected at the base (10). . 5
Anterior branch of the fourth vein disconnected basally (7) V

5. Petiole of the fourth vein more than twice as long as the anterior

branch (10) Swammerdaniella Enderlein

Petiole of the fourth vein at most a little longer than the anterior
branch G

* 1916, Bull. 130, state Coll. Wash.. Agric. Exp. Station.

Scatopsidse I. — 1, 2. 3. Rhegmoclema atrata, larva, pupa, adult; 4, Coboldia foritiicarum ;
5, Aspistes berolinensis ; 6, Pscctrosciara californica.

132

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

6. Third vein ending well beyond the middle of the wing (9).

Reichertella Enderlein
Tliird vein ending before or at the middle of the wing (1, 2, 3, 11).

Rhegmoelema Enderlein

7. Third vein ending at or near the middle of the wing (7).

Aldrovandiella Enderlein
Third vein ending at the apical fourth of the wing (6, 8).

Psectrosciara Kieffer

Scatposidse II. — 7, Aldrovandiella; S, Psectrosciara; 9, Reichertella uncinata ; 10, Swam-
merdamella brevicornis; 11, Rhegmoelema aterrima ; 12, Scatopse notata. (All fitrures after
Melander. )

133

Family Rachiceridae

Flies of medium size, elongated, very thinly pilose, resembling saw-
flies.

Males diclioptic. Empodium developed pulvilliform, the piilvilli
present. Antennae composed of twenty to thirty-eight segments, often
strongly serrate. Squama? small or rudimentary. Veins strong; discal
cell three times as long as wide; fourth posterior cell closed and petio-
late; anal cell closed apieally. Legs moderately long.

The only genus belonging to this family is Rachicerus Walker of
which only about a score of species are known. Six species have been
described from the Nearctic region, but one is unrecognizable.

The lar\-£e are found in decaying wood and are presumed to be
predaceous.

Rachicerus has usually been placed in the Rhagionidce (s. 1.) but
should no doubt be isolated since the large number of antennal seg-
ments, all of which are freely articulate, indicates a more primitive
condition than that accorded even the Coenomyiidffi of the present work.

KEY TO NEARCTIC SPECIES OF RACHICERUS

1. AntenriEe reddish toward the base, pectinate below, the lower processes

conspicuously long-er than the upper obscuripenis Lcew

Antennae not reddish basally, the lower processes on the segments
short, at most slightly longer than the upper 2

2. Mesonotum brownish yellow, sometimes with brown vitt^, never

blackish -t

Mesonotum black or brownish black 3

3. Halteres yellow; wings hyaline with a dark median cloud in front;

mesonotum shining black nitidus Johnson

Halteres brownish; wings tinged with brown; mesonotum shining
dark brown niger Leonard

4. Mesonotum without brown vittae; ? antennte serrate, with 21 or 22

segments, d antennae sub-pectinate below, with 28 to 35 segments.

fulvicollis Haliday
Mesonotum with two broad brown vittae; antennae sub-pectinate be-
low, with 22 or 23 segments honestus Osten Sacken

Rachicerus, head and wing.

134

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Stratiomyidse — The Soldier Flies

Small to moderately large, nearly
bare or thinly pilose flies, without
bristles.

Head usually short, sometimes pro-
duced either at or below the antenna,
usually wider than the thorax; ocelli
present; eyes dichoptic in the females,
usually holoptic in the males; proboscis
short, never longer than the headheight,
palpi two segmented or rudimentary.
Antennae with three to ten segments, the
third always annulate and usually bear-
ing an apical style or arista or a dorsal
arista. Thorax never strongly convex,
often elongate; scutellum often with
spines, tubercles or projections on the
margin. Abdomen composed of five to
seven segments, variable in shape, some-
times short and very broad or long and
narrow, rarely petiolate. Legs thinly
soft haired; pulvilli and empodium pad-
like, the tibige without spurs. Costal
vein not reaching Ijeyond the tip of the
Cyphomyia species. wing, the veins crowded anteriorly, the

posterior ones weak; discal cell present and of characteristic shape; four
or five posterior cells and one or two sul)marginals; anterior branch of
third vein short and often indistinct or wanting.

The name "soldier flies" has been given to this family because of
their conspicuous markings. Most of the species may be found on
flowers, some of them hover, while others may be found on foliage and
in long grass near water.

The larva? are predaceous or live in decaying vegetation, under
bark, in rotting fruit, etc. A few species are confined to the sea coast
while others occur in fresh water or mud.

I have adopted a number of changes in the nomenclature, and, as
I do not use the names proposed in Meigen's "1800" paper EulaUa
does not replace the well-known Odontomyia. The name Stratinnijiia
is an emendation of the original si)elling, Stratiomijs, and not only

FAMILY STRATIOMYID/E THE SOLDIER FLIES 135

changes the spelling but also the meaning. I suspect that Ceoffroy had
in mind the mouse-like character of the tyiiical species of the family
when he proposed the name, and that he was better aware of his inten-
tions in this connection than those who have followed the spelling of
Maecpiart. It is unfortunate that such a well known name as CliteUnria
Mcigen must be replaced by Adoxomiiia for the American species previ-
ously listed under CliteUnria. The other changes are mostly a return
to the original spellings or the realignment of genera based upon
structural characters.

The family is a difficult one, the generic limits being, often, difficult
to define if they actually exist. Unfortunately I lack representatives of
a few of the genera and must rely upon descriptions, so that some char-
acters which might be used have, of necessity, been omitted.

There is great need of a monograph of the American species of this
family : my synopsis of the Canadian species* may prove helpful but it
contains only keys and these are incomplete for most of the genera.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Abdomen with seven visible dorsal segments 2

Abdomen with five or six segments 9

2. Three posterior veins or stumps of veins, the third usually arising from

the discal cell 4

Four posterior veins or vestiges of them, all arising from the discal
cell 3

3. Posterior femora thickened Necexaireta Osten Sacken

Posterior femora but little thickened, the posterior tibiae noticeably

thickened ( 82 ) Actina Meigen

4. Scutellum with spines or denticulations 6

Scutellum without spines 5

5. Third vein branched (33) Allognosta Osten Sacken

Third vein not branched (1, 87) Chiromyza Wiedemann

6. Scutellum with fewer than ten spines 7

Scutellum with ten or twelve spines or teeth 8

7. Head hemispherical; antennae situated near the middle of the head

(2, 3) Beris Latreille

Head not hemispherical; antennae situated well below the middle of the
head Berismyia Giglio-Tos.

8. Scutellar spines long Heteracanthia Macquart

Scutellum with about twelve short teeth Antissops Enderlein

9. Three posterior veins, all arising from the discal cell.. 10

Four posterior veins, the first and third sometimes vestigial but at

least represented by angulations of the discal cell 22

* Curran, 1927, Tr. Roy. Soc. Can., Sec. v, 1927, pp. 191-228.

136

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Sti-ationiyid;e I.— 1, Chironiyza; 2, Beris ; 3, Beris. antenna; 4, Psephiocera, scutellum ;
5. Psephiocera, wing: 6, Acanthinomyia ; 7, 8, Solva ateirima (Coenomyidae) : 9, Hermetia; 10,
Hernietia, antenna; 11, Odontomyia ; 12, Odontomyia, antenna; 13, Stratiomys. antenna; 14,
Pedicella, antenna; 15, Ptecticus; 16, Ptecticus ; antenna; 17, Cyphomyia, antenna; 18. Mero-
sargus, antenna; 19, Histiodroma: 20, Euparyphus; 21. Euparyphus, antenna; 22, Euryneura.
head from in front; 23, Pelagomyia; 24, Neiuotelus ; 25. Aochletus, antenna.

FAMILY STKATIOMYID-E THE SOLDIER FLIES

137

Stratiomyida; II. — 26, Analcoccrus, wini: : 27, Ncopachygaster ; 28, Scoliopelta; 29,
Microchrysa; 30, Euclitellaria ; 31, Khaphiocera ; 32, Myxosargus ; 33, AUognosta; 34,
Chrysochlora, antenna; 35, Rhingiopsis ; 3G, Dicranophora (Brazil).

138

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Stiatiomyida? III. — 37, Ox.vcera albovittata; 38, Rhingiopsis ros(rata; 39, Ptecticus
testaceus ; 40, Neorondania chalybea ; 41, Gowdejana mirabilis; 42, Odontomyia (sp. Panama);
43, Cacosis ; 44, Euclitellaiia; 45, Chrysochronia nigricornis ; 46, Hennetia [n. sji. Panama):
47, Cyphomyia; 48, Microchrysa polita.

FAMILY STRATIOMYID.T: THE SOLDIER FLIES 139

10. Antennas situated at most a little below the middle of the head in pro-

file; scutellum never with two spines 13

Antennas situated far below the middle of the head, near the lower edge
of the eyes; scutellum with at least a pair of spines 11

11. Third antennal segment not furcate; scutellum bispinose 12

Third antennal segment furcate, the upper branch with a terminal arista

and a lateral process (72, 78) Neochauna Williston

12. Eyes bare Psegmomma Enderlein

Eyes pilose (6, 86) Acanthinomyia Hunter

13. Third vein branched 15

Third vein simple l"!

14. Third antennal segment elongate (.55, 56) Berkshiria Johnson

Third antennal segment short, as broad as long (54, 58).

Zabrachia Coquillett

15. Third antennal segment elongate 1^

Third antennal segment as wide as long or nearly so 17

16. Scutellum prolonged and obtusely pointed, without conspicuous rim on

lower edge Cynipimorpha Brauer

Scutellum broadly rounded apically and with a strong rim on the lower
margin (55, 56) Berkshiria Johnson

17. Scutellum prolonged, its sides more or less parallel apically or triangu-

lar with a very broad preapical depression, the lower edge not mar-
gined (4, 5, 60) Psephiocera Enderlein

Scutellum rounded apically, its lower edge sometimes very strongly
margined 18

18. Arista short plumose or with very long pubescence of isolated hairs

( 49 ) Lophoteles Lcew

Arista short pubescent or bare 19

19. Antennse arising at most slightly below the middle of the head 20

Antennae arising conspicuously below the middle of the head (61).

Pachygaster Meigen

20. Scutellum with a strong marginal rim below 21

Scutellum with at most a very weak rim below (27, 57).

Neopachygaster Austen

21. Rim of scutellum strongly serrate (62) *Eupachygaster Kertesz

Rim of scutellum so finely serrate as to appear smooth except under

high magnification (41, 51) Gowdeyana Curran

22. All the posterior veins arise from the discal cell 23

The fourth posterior vein arises from the second basal cell 39

23. Scutellum with spines 24

Scutellum without spines, sometimes denticulate 32

* T have not seen the type of this European genus and it may be that the species
described by Malloch as belonging here belongs to Vittiger Kertesz.

140

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Stiatiomyidffi IV.— 49, Lophoteles pallidipennis, after Williston : 50, Neurota tricolor; ol,
Gowdeyana mirabilis; 52, Zabrachia polita $; 53, Berisinyia nigrofemorata; 54, Zabrachia polita
cT; 55, Berkshiria, scutellum ; 56, Berkshiria; 57, Neopachygaster maculicornis; o8, Zabrachia
polita; 59, Gyneuryparea lasiophthalmus ; 60, Psephioccra minuta, after Williston; 61, Brachy-
gaster pulcher; 62, Eupachygaster punctifer; 63, Merosargus bulbifrons.

FAMILY STRATIOMYID-E— THE SOLDIER FLIES 141

24. Antennae short, with a sub-terminal arista (37, 81) Oxycera Meigen

Antennae more or less elongate 25

25. Antennae insei-ted near the middle of the head 27

Antennae inserted close to the oral margin 26

26. Eyes bare (22, 68) Euryneura Schiner

Eyes pilose (30) Euclitellaria Kertesz

27. Antennal style not diflferentiated 28

Antennal style distinctly difrerentiated 30

28. Antennje with eight distinct segments 29

Antennae with three segments, the third annulate (28).

Scoliopelta Williston

29. Second antennal segment twice as long as the first Claris Kertesz

Second antennal segment not longer than the first (20, 21, 90).

Euparyphus Gerstaeckef

30. Eyes bare (Clitellaria auct) Adoxomyia Kertesz

Eyes pilose 31

31. Third vein branched (14, 6.")) Euclitellaria Kertesz

Third vein simple (25) Aochletus Osten Sacken

32. Face conically produced 33

Face not conically produced 34

33. Males holoptic (24, 64) Nemotelus Geoffroy

Males dichoptic Akronia Hine

34. Antennal style almost as long as the third antennal segment, quite flat

and shining; the thin sides densely fringed M-ith long pubescence

(9, 10, 46) Hermetia Latreille

Antennal style different in structure or the antennae with an arista. . . .35

35. Eyes pilose on practically the whole surface 30

Eyes bare, or very thinly pubescent on the upper half only 38

36. Antennae with a bristle-like style (23) PelagomyJa Williston

Antennal style not well differentiated 37

37. Face produced Lasiopa Brulle

Face receding (50, 66) Neurota Curran

38. Arista apical and densely plumose on basal half or more (43, 81).

Cacosis Walker
Arista apical but bare (34, 91) *Chrysochlora Latreille

39. Third antennal segment without an arista, the style absent or but

poorly differentiated, rarely short and bristly 40

Third antennal segment with an arista 51

40. Third vein with an anterior branch 41

Third vein without anterior branch 44

41. Head strongly produced anteriorly and with a porrect spine or pro-

tuberance below the antennae (35, 38, 83) tRhingiopsis Roder

Head not produced, the face sometimes produced conically downward. . .42

* Curran, 1929, Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 339. p. 2.
t Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 7>2&, p. 1.

142

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

StiatiomyidK V. — 64, Nemotelus arator; 65, Euclitellaiia subulata ; 66. Neurota tricolor;
67, Rhaphiocera ariuala; 6S. Euryneura panamensis, n. sp. : 69, Proineianisa nasuta; 70, Aiial-
cooerus; 71, Histiodroma inermis; 72, Neochauna; 73, Chordonota; 74. Stratiomys mutabilis;
75, Nothoinyia calopus; 76, Gyneuryparea lasiophthalmus; 77, Aloipha cingulatus.

FAMILY STRATIOMYID-E — THE SOLDIER FLIES 143

42. Eyes bare 43

Eyes thickly pilose in the c*", pilose on lower half in ? (59, 76).

Gyneuryparia Enderlein

43. Antennae situated near the lowest level of the eyes (32).

*Myxosargus Brauer
Antennae situated near the middle of the eyes in profile (17, 47).

Cyphomyia Wiedemann

44. Scutellum without spines 45

Scutellum with spines 46

45. Third antennal seg-ment with eight annuli (73, 80)..Chordonota Gerstsecker
Third antennal segment with five or six annuli (11, 12, 42).

Odontomyia Meigen

46. Costa not thickened distally 47

Costa strongly thickened distally (26, 70) Analcocerus Loew

47. Third antennal segment composed of seven or eight annuli 50

Third segment composed of not more than six annuli 48

48. Head very strongly produced forward, the face strongly receding (69, 85).

Promeranisa Walker
Head rarely produced forward, if so the antennal prominence not con-
stricted 49

49. First antennal segment three limes as long as the second (13, 74, 79).

fStratiomys Geoffroy
First segment less than three times the length of the second (11, 12, 42).

Odontomyia Meigen

50. First antennal segment two or three times as long as the second.

Campeprosopa Macciuart
First antennal segment but little longer than the second, the third ter-
minating in a bristle (40) Neorondania Osten Sacken

51. Scutellum with spines 52

Scutellum without spines 53

52. Third vein not furcate (75) Nothomyia Loew

Third vein furcate (31, 67) Raphiocera Macquart

53. Space between the second vein and the costa chitinized, the costa ex-

panded on the apical half (19, 71) Histiodroma Schiner

Wing normal 54

54. Arista terminal, thick and long pubescent on the basal fourth.

Acrochaeta Wiedemann
Arista terminal or dorsal, normal in shape and practically bare 55

55. Lower lobe of the siiuamje with a strap-like prolongation near the outer

end 58

Lower lobe of squamae transverse apically 56

* Curran. 1929. Amcr. Mus. Novitates No. 37R.

t In a forthcoming: contribution Mr. M. T. James will propose a new genus for S. constans,
viutabilis, etc.

144

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Stratiomyida VI.— 78. Neochauna; 79. Stratiomys mulabilis; 80. Chordonota carbonaria;
81 Cacosis nigra; 82, Actina viridis; 83, Rhingiopsis rostrata; 84, Oxycera albovittata; 85,
Proineranisa nasuta; 86. Acanthinomyia; 87. Chiromyza; 88, Pedicella hicens : 89, Chryso-
chronia nigricoruis; 90, Euparyphus; 91, Chrysochlora.

FAMILY STRATIOMYID.E THE SOLDIER FLIES 145

56. Third vein with a branch near the end of the first vein 57

Third vein without the basal branch (77) Aloipha Enderlein

57. Second antennal segment subtriangularly produced into the third on the

inner side (15, 16, 39) Ptecticus Lcew

Second antennal segment at most moderately convex on its inner end,
never subtriangular (18, 63) *Merosargus Loew

58. Ocellar triangle situated far from the vertex and almost or quite twice

as long as wide ( 14, 88 ) Pedicella Bigot

Ocellar triangle not or but little longer than wide, in the female partly
behind the upper angles of the eyes, in the male usually somewhat in
front of this point 59

51). Ocellar triangle in female lying almost all in front of the posterior
angle of the eyes, the males without the eyes divided into definite
zones of differently sized facets; anal cell much narrower than the

combined basal cells (45, 89) Chrysochroma Williston

Ocellar triangle in female lying mostly behind the posterior angles of
the eyes; males with the facets enlarged on the upper half; anal cell
quite as wide as the combined basal cells (29, 48) . . . .Microchrysa Loew

* Curran, 1932. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 534.

146 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Coenomyiidae

Flies of medium to large size, the antenna elongate, with the third
segment annulate and more or less clearly subdivided.

Males holoptic or dichoptie. Antennae never with a distinctly dif-
ferentiated style although the terminal annulus may resemble one to a
certain extent. Empodium developed pulvilliform, the pulvilli present.
Squamae small. Wing venation w^ell developed, the discal cell always
present, the fourth posterior cell sometimes closed.

As here defined this family includes insects of diverse structure but
there seems to be no good character for their separation. The genus Coe-
nomyia has been placed in various families, including the Rhagionidas,
Tabanidas and Stratiomyidse. It appears, however, because of the facial
structure, to be best placed between the two last mentioned families.
Upon general structure alone Cocnonujia might well be isolated from the
remainder of the other included genera except tliat Ariliropms magnus
Johnson is very similar in appearance, differing only in having bare
eyes and in lacking the scutellar spines.

The adults are found in woods, especially near moist places, while
the larva? mostly occur in decaying wood, under the bark of trees or in
the soil and are carnivorous and predaceous. The opinion has been
expressed that the larvge of Canoynyia may live upon the immature
stages of Cicadas. A revision of the North American species will be
found in Leonard* "Revision of the Rhagionidte in the United States
and Canada."

I might add that I cannot agree that the genus Solva Walker
belongs to the Stratiomyidae although there is no doubt that there is
some relationship. Both the facial shape and wing venation exclude
it from that family.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Eyes bare 2

Eyes pilose (9, 11) Coenomyia Latreille

2. Anterior tibiae with one terminal spur 3

Anterior tibiae without terminal spur 4

3. Antennee acute at the tip, the apical annulus elongate (1, 8).

Arthropeas Loew
Antennae obtu.'^e at the tip, the apical annulus short and broad (3, 7).

fXylophagus Meigen

4. Fourth posterior cell open 5

Fourth posterior cell closed (5, 12) Solva Walker

5. Face with a very large, prominent pilose swelling on either side (2, 10).

Glutops Burgess
Face not strongly swollen laterally, bare (4, 6) Arthroceras Williston

* 1930. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc, No. 7.

t Cui-ran. 1933, Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 673, p. 1.

FAMILY CCENOMYnO^

147

Ca?nomyiiila'. — 1. Arthropeas magnus ; 2, Glutops singularis; 3, Xylophagus lareyi ; 4,
Aithroceras leptis; o, Solva aterrima; 6, Arthroceras; 7, Xylophagus; S, Aithiopcas magnus;
9, Coenoinj ia pallida ; H). Glutops singularis; 11, Co-iiomyia pallida; 12, Solva.

148 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Tabanidae — The Horse Flies

Chrysops species.

Bristleless flies of medium to large size, the eyes usually bi-colored
in life.

Head large, the occiput flattened or concave. Eyes large, short
pilose or bare, usually holoptic in the males and often with some of the
facets much larger than the others; ocelli present or absent. Proboscis
projecting, sometimes longer than the body; palpi with two segments,
the second segment variable in different genera and sometimes in the two
sexes. Antennae porrect, composed of three segments, the third com-
posed of three to eight annuli. Thorax and abdomen clothed with fine
hairs. Abdomen broad, composed of seven visible segments; genitalia
never prominent. Legs moderately stout, the tibiee sometimes much
dilated; middle tibiffi always with two spurs at the tips; empodium
developed pulvilliform, the pulvilli alwaj's present. Wings with two
submarginal and five posterior cells; basal cells large; anal cell usually
closed near the wing margin; costa extending around the entire wing.
Squamffi large. .

The Tabanids are common in all parts of the world. They have
been given various common names, such as Horse Flies, Deer Flies,
Greenheads, Bullheads, etc. The adults of most species are serious pests
of mammals and man is not excepted. One type of filariasis is trans-
mitted by the adults and both the fly and host are essential in the life
cycle of the parasite causing the disease. One of the best ways of
collecting these insects is to capture those causing irritation during
collecting trips. Since the larvae of many species are aquatic the adults
may usually be found near water and in the case of some species the
males are rare except adjacent to the breeding places, and, as this sex
does not suck blood they must be looked for in places other than in
the vicinity of warm blooded animals, the same being true for most of
the genera of the Pangoniinse, although the genus Chrysops of this

FAMILY TABAXIDJ-: — THE HORSE FLIES 149

subfamily contains some of the most serious pests of man. The males
of some species feed upon pollen and nectar and may be found upon
most melliferous flowers, hovering over streams or pools or even along
paths. The sexes are frequently very diiferent in appearance and diffi-
cult to associate.

The transmittal of disease by Tabanids may be a purely mechanical
operation or the flies may serve as intermediate hosts of the parasitic
organisms causing disease. Tularemia is spread mechanically and is
transmitted by CJirysops discaUs Williston. Normally it is a disease
of rodents (particularly rabbits) but man sometimes develops the dis-
ease after being bitten by the fly. It has also been demonstrated that
Anthrax may be carried on the proboscis of Tabanids and cause infec-
tion as a result of the bite of the fly and various species of trypanosomes
are transmitted. In Africa a filarial disease caused by Loa loa Cobbald,
and known by that name, is transmitted by two species of Chrijsops.
The details have been worked out by A. and S. A. Connal (Trans.
Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., xv, pp. 131-134, 1913).

The eggs are laid, as a rule, in large masses on leaves and stems
of ])lants overhanging water and are usually brown or black in color.
They show characteristic generic arrangement and sometimes specific
characters but too little is known about them to permit of their identifi-
cation. The larvae are predaceous. Larvse have been found in rotten
wood, under stones, in mud, etc. Pu])ation takes places near the surface
of the soil. There are many papers dealing with the biology of North
American Tabanidip, l)ut most of them are quite short. Papers by
Cameron* and ]\Iarchandt on the immature stages are the most com-
l)rehensive.

The numlxn- of species of TabanidiO is large, the genus I'ahann.-i
alone containing about 1200 described species. The first (and only)
North American monograph of the family was published by Osten
Sacken in 1875 and 1878. Since that time the number of species has
greatly increased and the difficulty of identifying specimens is relatively
greater. Hine has published on the Tabanida? of Ohioi, while there are
numerous short papers scattered through the literature.

Fascicle 175 of "Genera Insectorum", by Dr. J. Surcouf, deals
with this family but the treatment has been rather unfavorably
criticized by other workers in the field. Several American students are
now studying the family and excellent revisions of the nearctic species
may be expected to appear in the near future.

* Cameron. 1926, Bull. Ent. Res., xvii, pp. 1-42, 5 plates.

t Marchand. 1920. Mon. Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res., No. 13, w. 1-203, 15 plates.

t Hine, 1903, Ohio State University Bulletin, Ser. 7, No. 19.

150

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tabanida? I. — 1, 2. 3, Goniops chrysochroma ; 4, Pityoccra, antenna; 5, Apafolcstes; 6,
Lepiselaga crassipes; 7, Hamatopota punctulata ; S, Diachlorus; 9, Goniops chrysochroma,
larva; 10, Chrysops; 11, 12, Tabanus, antenna; 13, Snowiellus.

FAMILY TABANID.T: THE HORSE FLIES 151

KEY TO GENERA*

1. Himl tibiae with apical spurs, which may be quite small (Pangoniinae) 2
Hind tibite without apical spurs (Tabaninse) 15

2. Eyes with distinct pile 3

Eyes bare 9

3. First posterior cell open 4

First posterior cell closetl 5

4. Face not produced, at most slightly convex (Osca Walker) (22).

Scaptia Walker
Face much produced, snout-like Neopangonia Ad. Lutz

5. Fourth posterior cell closed (15, 20) Scione Walker

Fourth posterior cell open 6

6. Third antennal segment furcate 7

Third antennal segment not branched 8

7. Third antennal segment branched. dorsally and ventrally (4).

Pityocera Giglio-Tos
Third antennal segment branched only dorsally Elaphella Bezzi

8. Cox« and femora slightly hairy Fidena Walker

Coxae and femora densely covered with long pile (Erephopsis Rondani)

(34, 35) Melpia Walker

9. First posterior cell closed; face merely convex, not snout-like; ocelli

present; palpi long, sabre-shaped (25, 29) Esenbeckia Rondani

First posterior cell open 10

10. Third antennal segment composed of at least seven annuli 11

Third antennal segment composed of not more than five annuli; pro-
boscis short 13

11. Posterior border of eye acutely angulate in female; proboscis very

short; fork of third longitudinal vein without appendix; wings

brownish in front, hyaline behind (1, 2, 3, 9) Goniops Aldrich

Eyes of female not acutely angulate above; wings not so marked.... 12

12. Proboscis but little longer than palpi; frons of female very wide below;

fork of third longitudinal vein with appendix (5).. . . Apatolestes Williston
Proboscis much longer than palpi; frons of female narrow and almost
parallel-sided (31, 33) Buplex Austen

13. Second antennal segment only half as long as the first (16, 26).

Silvius Meigen
Second antennal segment much more than half as long as the first. ... 14

14. Abdomen inflated, much wider than thorax; fork of third longitudinal

vein with long appendix Neochrysops Walton

Abdomen normal, depressed, not much wider than thorax; fork of third
longitudinal vein without appendix (10, 19) fChrysops Meigen

* Checked by Dr. J. Bequaert.

t Krober, li)26, Stett. Ent. Zeituns?, Ixxxvii, pp. 211-353, two plates; and, Neotropical.
1925, Konowia, iv, pp. 210-375, five plates.

152

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tabanida? 11.-14, Dichelacera analis; 15, Scione auiulans; 16, Silvius pollmosus : 17,
Lepiselaga crassipes ; 18, Diachlorus ferrugatus : 19, Chrysops melsna ; 20, Scione aurulans;
•>1 Lepisclaga crassipes; 22, Scaptia; 23. Stibasoma theotama panamensis ; 24 Dichelacera
analis: 25, Esenbeckia prasiniventris ; 26, Silvius gigantulus ; 27, Tabanus albocirculus.

FAMILY TABAXID.E THE HORSE FIJES

153

15. Third antennal segment with four annuli; frons of female wide; fork

of third long-itudinal vein with appendix (7, 28) . . .Hjematopota Meigen
Third antennal segment usually with five annuli; when with less the
frons of female is narrow and the fork of third longitudinal vein
bears no appendix 16

IG. Third antennal segment not at all or barely angulated above 17

Thiril antennal segment with distinct angle or process near the base
above; ocelli rudimentary or absent 20

17. Ocelli present and of normal size; all tibige not or hardly swollen.

Merycomyia Hine
Ocelli absent; at least fore tibi« swollen 18

18. Fore tibiae swollen; mid and hind tibise normal; palpi swollen at base,

pointed at apex (8, 18) Diachlorus Osten Sacken

All tibite swollen, the fore pair most; palpi flat and broad 19

19. Third antennal segment broad and flat; subcallus divided by a median

line Selasoma Macquart

Third antennal segment narrow and slender; subcallus not divided
medially (6, 17, 21 ) Lepiselaga Macquart

Tabanidffi III. — 28, Haematopota punctulata; 29, Esenbeckia prasiniventris ; 30, Stibasoma
fulvohirtuin ; 31, Buplex rasa; 32, Tabanus nervosus; 33, Biiplex rasa; 34, Melpia venosa;
3r>, Meipia.

154 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

20. Dorsal process of third antennal segment unusually long, extending to

third annulus 21

Dorsal process moderately long or forming a tooth, sharp edge, or
weak angle 22

21. Fore tibiae strongly swollen; hind tibias ciliate with long hairs (23, 30).

Stibasoma Schiner
Fore tibije not or hardly swollen; hind tibiae not ciliate (14, 24),

Dichelacera Macquart

22. Subcallus strongly swollen; first antennal segment much enlarged.... 23
Subcallus normal; first antennal segment not or slightly enlarged

(11, 12, 27, 32) Tabanus Linnsus

23. First antennal segment subglobular as well from above as from the

sides; all tibiae strongly swollen Bolbodimyia Bigot

First antennal segment much produced downward (in side view), but
not widened seen from above; tibiae not or hardly swollen (13).

Snowiellus Hine

155

Family Pantophthalmidse

Pantophthalmus sp., natural size.

Very large, usually broad, bristleless flies.

Eyes large, contiguous above the antennae in the male; face rather
short but often produced below into a distinct beak. Proboscis short,
not adapted for piercing, with fleshy labella?; palpi three-segmented,
the basal segment short; ocelli present. Antennae elongate, the third
segment annulate and with a style-like apical section which may or may
not be well differentiated. Squama? small. "VVings with two submarginal
and five posterior cells, the fourth posterior cell and the anal cell closed.
Tibia) without apical spurs; posterior femora usually with a strong spur
on the under surface beyond the middle; empodia pad-like.

The three genera placed in this family are closely related and there
has always been much doubt concerning the validity of RJiapJiiorhjjn-
cJius which is undoubtedly but poorly separated from Panfo})]if]i((]mus
{AcantJiomera Wiedemann). The genus Atoponniia Austen contains
one species which is readily recognized by its slender, Mydns-like form.
Austen* has revised the family ])ut does not present keys to the species.

Tlie Panto])hthalmida' occur only in the American trojucs. The
larvjE bore in solid wood (often in living trees) and the rasping sound
made bv them may be audible for a distance of several feet.

* 1923, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 551-598.

156

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

Pantophthalmus species.

1. Abdomen not or scarcely more than twice as long as wide, short and

broad 2

Abdomen three times as long as wide, long and narrow; Mydas-like
species Atopomyia Austen

2, Third palpal segment almost always cylindrical, even when somewhat

swollen and more or less pointed below, usually obtuse apically; facial
beak, if present and fairly long, strongly tapering and the ventral
spur on the posterior femora greatly reduced or almost absent.

Pantophthalmus Thunberg
Third palpal segment broadened and laterally compressed, especially in
the female, pointed below; face with a long, narrow beak and the
posterior femora with a strong ventral spur.

Rhaphiorhynchus Wiedemann

157

Family Rhagionidee — The Snipe Flies

Rhagio mystacea.

Small to medium sized, nearly bare or thinly pilose flies.

Face very strongly receding, the middle convex but lying much
below the level of the eyes in profile; males holo])tic or the eyes very
narrowly separated. AntennfB composed of three segments, the third
bearing a terminal or dorsal arista or rather slender style. Scutel-
luni unarmed. Legs long; empodium developed pulvilliform (but
slightly developed in Ililarimorpha) . Wing venation strong; four or
five posterior cells, tlie discal cell absent only in HiJarimorpha. Abdo-
men long aiul usually tapering.

Tiie Snipe Flies are common in woods, especially near moist places
and may be found on foliage, in long grass and on tree trunks. They
are predaceous in both the adult and larval stages. Leonard* has
revised the Nearctic species.

There has been much confusion in regard to the limits of this
family, those genera which I have placed in the Coenomyiidge being in-
cluded by Williston. Hxlarimorpha has been placed in the Empidsp,
and Bombyliida^ but from its general structure I feel certain that it
belongs here, despite the poorly developed empodium. The shape of
the face excludes it from both families mentioned and the wing vena-
tion cannot be considered of prime imi)ortance.

* 1930. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. No. 7.

158

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

RhagionidiB I. — 1, Vermileo; 2. Rhagio punctipennis; 3. Vermileo; 4, Syinphoromyia
pleuralis; 5, Ptiolina majuscula; 6, Chrysopilus cjuadratus; 7, Dialysis elongata.

FAMILY RHAGIOXID.E THE SNIPE FLIES 159

KEY TO GENERA

Anterior tibiae without terminal spur 4

Anterior tibiae with one or two terminal spurs 2

Antenna? with a long terminal arista or style which is very much

longer than the antenna proper (1); alula present or absent.... 3
Antennae with a short, thick terminal style; alula present.

Bolbomyia Lcew

Alula present; scutellum haired; males holoptic (7, 14) (Triptotricha

Lcew) Dialysis Walker

Alula absent; scutellum bare; males dichoptic (1, 3) (Pheneus Walker).

Vermileo Macquart

Discal cell present; five posterior cells 5

Discal cell absent; four posterior cells (11) Hilarimorpha Schiner

_ Rhagionidas II. — 8. Atherix variegatus ; 9,- Ptiolina majuscula; 10, Rhagrio incisus; 11,
Hilarimorpha; 12, Symphoromyia; 18, Atherix variegtaus; 14, Dialysis elongata; 15, Chrysopilus.

160 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

5. Third antennal segment round, oval or conical 7

Third antennal segment kidney-shaped, with dorsal or subdorsal arista. 6

6. Posterior tibiae with two teiTninal spurs (8, 13) Atherix Meigea

Posterior tibiae with one terminal spur (4, 12). .Symphoromyia Fi*auenfeld

7. Posterior tibiae with one terminal spur 8

Posterior tibiae with two terminal spurs (2, 10) Rhagio Fabricius

8. Antennae bearing a terminal style 9

Antennae with a long, slender terminal arista which is decidedly longer

than the basal three segments combined (6, 15) . .*Chrysopilus Macquart

9. Style situated near the middle of the third antennal segment (5, 9).

fPtiolina Zetterstedt
Style situated at the lower end of the third antennal segment.

Spania Meigen.

* Curran, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 462 (Tropical).
t Curran, 1931, Can. Ent., Ixiii, p. 249.

16]

Family Scenopinidae — The Window Flies

^is^'

Pseudatrichia lonsurio, dorsal and lateral view, and Scenopinus fenestrali;^
(right), dorsal view.

Flies of moderate or small size, usually blackish in color.

Front Jiot excavated; face bare, short and broad: ocelli present;
males usually holoptic; proboscis concealed; palpi cylindrical, bristly
at the apex. Antenna^ approximated at the base, the basal two seg-
ments short, the third elongate, simple, without style or arista. Thorax
rather long, moderately convex above, the liead situated low on the
thorax; scutellum broad and short, convex apically and unarmed.
Abdomen flattened or cylindrical, composed of seven segments. Legs
sliort; empodia absent. Wing venation simple, the third vein branched;
apical cell open or closed; basal cells long, the first much longer than
the second.

The adults, witli the exception of Scenopinus fcnestralis Linnaeus,
are not common in collections. The larva^ liave lieen recorded as living
in decaying fungi and wood and under carpets. S. fenestralis is some-
times common on windows and is said to live upon carpet beetle larvtp,
being predaceous. The common name of tlie family is derived from
the W'indow-frequenting liabit.

Some authors have used tlie name Omphvdlc ^Meigen instead of
Scenopinus Tjatreille, 1iut T do not recognize IMeigen's "1800" names.
The family has been treated liy Krober in (Jenera Insectorum* and
keys to the species are given.

» Fascicle 161, 1914.

162

NORTH AMERICAN* DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Antennas longer than the width of the head (Brazil) . .Cerocatus Rondani
Antennae at most half as long as the width of the head 2

2. Apical cell closed and petiolate 3

Apical cell open (1, 2) Scenopinus Latreille

3. Body with metallic scales (3, 4) Metatrichia Coquillett

Body without metallic scales (5) Pseudatrichia Osten Sacken

Scenopinidae. — 1, 2, Scenopinus fencstralis; 3, 4, Metatrichia: 5, Pseudatrichia.

163

Family Mydaidse — The Mydas Flies

Nemomydas pantherinus.

Large to very large, thinly haired or nearly bare, elongated flies.

Venation complieated, the basal cells long, the fourth vein always
ending at or before the tip of the wing. Antenna? composed of four
segments, the fourth always elongate. Both sexes dichoptic, the front
excavated between the eyes; ocelli, except the anterior one, absent.
Proboscis with fleshy labellte, or rudimentary; palpi usually absent or
extremely small, rarely long and slender. Empodia not developed
pulvilliform.

The Mydas flies are easily recognized by the shape of the head,
four-segmented antennae and peculiar venation. The majority of the
species are tropical in distribution and it is probable that the larvae
of all live in decaying w'ood.

The generic limits in the family are but poorly understood and
only an abundance of material will enable one to properly limit the
genera. Johnson* has dealt with the Nearctic forms, while papers by
Bezzif and Seguy| must receive attention in any attempt to deal with
the family.

* Johnson. 1926, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, pp. 131-145.
t Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xix, pp. 191-234.
t Seguy, 1928, Encycl. Ent., Diptera, iv, pp. 129-156.

164

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Mydiadae.

FAMILY IMYDAID.K — THE MVDAS FLIES 165

KEY TO GENERA

1. Posterior tibise ending in a spur (5, 8) 2

Posterior tibiae without spur (6) 5

2. Spur of the posterior tibise longer than the width of the first tarsal

segment, giving the tibiae an arcuate appearance, the terminal bristle
shorter than the spur; antennas (always?) similar in both sexes.... 3
Spur small and straight, shorter than the tarsal thickness or the ter-
minal bristle; antenna? differing in the two sexes; palpi absent
(1, 2, 3, 5. 7) Phyllomydas Bigot

3. Palpi wholly absent or represented by a bulbous swelling (8. 10; see

colored plate) Mydas Fabricius

Palpi well developed, slender and sometimes half as long as the
proboscis 4

4. Posterior femora rather strongly swollen; posterior trochanters with-

out bristles (13) *Lampromydas Seguy

Posterior femora not swollen; posterior trochanters bearing short,
stout bristles (4, 12) tOpomydas, n. g.

5. No vein reaching the posterior border between the anal cell and tip

of the Vv'ing 6

A vein (the fifth) extends to the wing margin (4, 12). . . .tOpomydas, n. g.

6. Proboscis extending well beyond the oral opening (6, 11).

JNomoneura Bezzi
Proboscis small, not extending beyond the oral opening (9).

tNemomydas, n. g.

* Lampromydas was based on sjieciniens in which there if no vein extendinp to the
wing margin oetween the anal vein and the tip of the wing but the character is not generic in
this case. Of two specimens of (Mydas) luteipennis Loew. one has a vein in one wing while
the other specimen has none. This species and maculivcntris Westwood, as well as two un-
identified species before me, belong to Lampromydas unless the genotype of Lampromydas
lacks palpi.

T Ectyphus Gerst»cker is not known from North America but apparently occurs in South
America. The three described North American species belong to Opomydas of which E. limbatus
Williston is the genotype.

J Leptomydas Gerstsecker is not known from America. The genus is distinguished by the
hairy pleura, both the above genera having pile only on the pteropleura and supraspiracular
convexities. The genotype of Nemomydas is Leptomydas pantherinns Gerstaecker.

Mydaidje.— 1. Phyllomydas phyllocerus, $ ; 2, Phyllomydas phyllocerus, S genitalia from
below; 3, Phyllomydas phyllocerus; r" : 4, Opomydas limbatus; ",, Phyllomydas phyllocerus,
hind leg: 6. Nomoneura, hind leg: 7, Phyllomydas phyllocerus; N, Mydas clavatus, hind leg;
9, Nemomydas panthcrimus ; Ui, Mydas cl.Tvatus ; 11, Nomoneura pananiensis ; 12, Opomydas
townsendi, hind leg; 13, Lampromydas maeuliventris.

166

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilidae I. — 1, Leptogaster ; 2, Leptogaster, antenna; 3, Leptogaster, end of tarsus: 4,
Damalis, antenna; 5, Dicranus, claw; 6, Sclcropegon, antenna; 7, Micros tylum galactoides;
8, Psilocurus, antenna; 9, Laphystia, antenna; 10, Ceraturgus cruciatus; 11, Myelaphus mclas ;
12, Dioctria, antenna; 13, Blepharepiuni coarctatuin, claw; 14, Diogmites winthemia ; 15,
Diogmites, antenna; 16, Lestomyia fraudigeia; 17. Taracticus, end of tibia: IS, Taracticus,
antenna; 19, Buckellia, antenna; 20, Nieocles rufus; 21, Pseudorus, tibial spur; 22, Atomosia
puella ; 23, Pogonosoma dorsata; 24, Dasylechia atiox; 25, Bombomima, antenna; 26, Laphria,
Lampria; 27, Oniniatius, antenna; 28, Eecritosia ; 29, Mallophora, claw; 30. Promachus; 31,
Promachus, claws ; 32, Promachus, antenna.

167

Family Asilidae — The Assassin Flies

Species of moderate to large size, rarely small, usually rather
elongate in form, often thickly hairy and always with bristles, entirely
predaceous in habit.

Head flattened, broad and short, separated from the thorax by a
neck (the prothorax) and freely movable. Front excavated above,
usually broad in both sexes, rarely narrow. Ocelli present, usually
situated upon a rounded tubercle; front with bristles. Antenna! por-
rect, usually composed of three simple segments, the third more or less
elongate and with or without a terminal style or arista, the latter very
rarely pectinate, the style rarely strongly thickened and forming one
or two additional segments. Proboscis of moderate length, horny and
adapted for piercing, directed downward or forward; labellse never
fleshy; palpi composed of two segments, the basal one often small and
not freely articulated with the second. Thorax variable in shape, con-
vex, usually bearing bristles. Abdomen composed of eight segments,
the liypopygium and ovipositor usually prominent. Legs strong, usually
bristly, of moderate length, the femora often, the posterior tibire some-
times thickened, the legs sometimes very long and rather slender;
empodium present or absent; the puvilli rarely absent or greatly re-
duced. Wings lying parallel over the abdomen when at rest; basal
cells long; two or three submarginal cells, five posterior cells (four in
a very few genera) ; first and fourth posterior cells and the anal cell
either open or closed.

The members of this family have usually been termed "Robber
Flies'' but I adopt ''Assassin Flies" as much more suitable as a com-
mon name. All the Asilidse are predaceous in the adult and probably
in the larval stages. The adults are found everywhere but many
groups of genera are restricted in habitat. Some will be found in
clearings in and around tbe edges of woods, some on sand near water,
others in open fields or on fallen trees or fenceposts. Some of the species
are found almost entirely on tree trunks w'hile others sit on the tips
of dead branches of trees or the tops of dead weeds. The species of
Leptogaster prefer long grass, particularly in moist places. Sandy
beaches will usually yield a few species. The species of Laphria and
Bomhonmna will usually be found resting upon leaves in the sun in
or at the edges of woods while the genera related to Asihia mostly
frequent open fields.

168

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilidse II. — 31, Psilocurus caudatus; 35, Leptopteromyia gracilis (Brazil) : 36, Holco-
cephala, head from in front, 37, Scleropogon tur(|uii; 38, Archilestris magnificus ; 39, Chry-
soceria picitarsis; 40, Dizonias ; 41, Pseudoius bicolor; 42, Atonia mikii; 43, Atomosia mac-
((uartii, antenna ; 44, Cerotainia, antenna ; 4!), Lanipiia, hind leg ; 46, Andrenosoma.

FAMILY ASILID.K — TIIK ASSASSIN FLIES 169

Many of the Asilids resemble bees and are quite powerful. Tliey
devour insects of all kinds, catehinii' them (hiring flight, and bees form
the princi])al article of diet of some species although the variety of
food is usually limited only by the intended victim's ability to escape.
The prey is pierced by the powerful proboscis and the juices sucked
out, the digestion taking place by the injection into the victim of a
powerful "enzyme" which breaks down the muscular tissue. The col-
lector should be careful in handling the larger species as they not
infrequently bite, resulting in a painful, if not serious, wound.

The family is a large and popular one and includes many fine
species. For the most part the classification is simple but in some
genera it is difficult to separate the species by means of the available
literature. There has been no monograph of the Nearetic species
although Back* has dealt with about half the family. However, since
the appearance of his contribution very many additional species have
been described. Otherwise the literature is scattered although not diffi-
cult to obtain.

In tlie key will be found many references to keys to species which
should ])rove very lielpful in tracing out the species. I have not fol-
lowed the practice of recognizing subfamilies as the characters previ-
ously used obviously separate related genera and some genera are
difficult to place where the system is followed. For Cuban species
see Bromley "The Asilicte of Cuba,'' (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxii,
pp. 272-294) ; also Texas AsilidtT by the same author. f

KEY TO GENERA

1. Anterior tibiae with a terminal, sharply curved, ventral spur 2

Anterior tibiae with only straight or gently curving apical bristles. ... 17

2. Marginal cell closed and petiolate (121) 3

Marginal cell open 4

3. Face bare except for a very few hairs on the oral margin (121, 122).

Doryclus Jaennicke
Face with strong hairs and many on the oral margin (21, 41).

Pseudorus Walker

4. Middle of mesonotum raised and bearing a crest of long, dense hairs

(50, 86) JComantella Curran

Mesonotum never with crest of dense hair 5

5. Antennae with distinct, two-segmented apical style 13

Antennae either with a short, broad, one-segmented style bearing a

spine in the depression, without style, or excised and bearing a spine
above 6

* 1909, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxv, pp. 137-400, plates IT-XII.
t Bromley, 1934, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxvii, pp. 74-114.
J Curran, 1926. Can. Ent., Iviii, p. 311.

170

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilida; III. — 47, Pilica sp. (Panama); 4S, Atomosia tibialis, liead from in front; 49.

Neopogon; 50, Coinantella fallei ; 51. Cerdistus dolichomerus ; 5:^ Callinicus calanus; 53,

Senoprosopis (Panama); 54. Hodophylax aridiss ; 55, Panamasilus xylota; 56, Plesioma; 57,
Heleiopogon macerinus; 58, Lastaurus.

FAMILY ASILID/E THE ASSASSIN FLEES 171

6. Third antennal segment with an apical depression or style in which is

inserted a small short spine 8

Third antennal segment excised above beyond the middle and bearing a
short spine 7

7. Pulvilli present and large (17, 18, 71, 142) 'Taracticus La'W

Pulvilli absent Parataracticus Cole

8. Posterior pulvilli not more than one-third as long as the claws, (13,

96, 123) Blepharepium Rondani

Posterior pulvilli more than half as long as the claws 9

9. Abdomen thickly pilose, at least laterally 10

Abdomen almost bare 11

10. Face convex, pilose on lower two-thirds (Brazil) Lastaurina, n. g.

Face flat above, pilose on less than lower half (58, 95) . . Lastaurus Loew

11. Fourth posterior cell closed and petiolate at apex 12

Fourth posterior cell open or closed in the wing margin (88, 102).

tSaropogon Law

12. Abdomen clavate; scutellum without bristles (138, 153)

Senobasis Macquart
Abdomen not clavate; scutellum with bristles (14, 15, 150).

Diogmites Lcew

13. Face gibbous in the middle, leaving a flattened space immediately below

the antennje (16, 94) JLestomyia Williston

Face evenly convex or prominent below 14

14. The dense mystax occupies the lower half of the face (81, 87).

Aphamartania Schiner
The dense mystax is limited to the lowest fourth 15

15. Scutellum without bristles or hair Cophura Osten Sacken

Scutellum w-ith bristles or hair 16

16. Scutellum with fine hair on the disc (20, 97) Nicocles Jannicke

Scutellum with bristles only (19, 83, 98) §BiickeIlia Curran

17. Marginal cell open or closed in the costa 18

Marginal cell closed and petiolate 59

18. Pulvilli vestigial or wanting 19

Pulvilli normal, the posterior pair sometimes shortened 25

19. Third antennal segment with a terminal arista or arista-like style,

very slender species 22

Third antennal segment with or without terminal style, if stylate the
abdomen robust 20

20. Claws very long and with an elongated tooth at the base of each claw

( 5 ) Dicranus Lcew

Claws normal 21

* Curran, 193n. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 425, p. 4.

t Curran, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 1.

} Curran, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 3.

§ Curran, 1931, (Cophura), Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 5; Melander, 1923, (Cophura),

Psyche, y.xx, p. 208 (includes Cophura).

172

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilida? IV.— 59, Neoitamus flavofemoratus; 60, Ommatius; fil, Lampiia inexicana; 62,

Pogonosoina melanoptera; 63, Mallophorina clausicella ; 64, Negasilns belli; 6.'), Proctacanthus

inicans; 66, Atractia dispar; 67. Mallophora orcina; 6S, Pachychoeta copulata; 69, Machitnus
occidentalis; 70, Erax (Panama) : 71, Taracticus octopunctatus.

FAMILY ASILID.E — THE ASSASSIN FLEES 173

21. Face wholly thickly pilose Ablautus Lcew

Mystax limited to the lowest fourth of the face, the face sparsely

"haired above (54, 100) Hodophylax James

22. Anal cell absent, the wings extremely narrow at the base (140).

Eurhabdus Aldrich
Anal, cell present 23

23. Mesonotum without dorsocentrals in front of the middle 24

Mesonotum with a pair of dorsocentrals in front of the middle.

Schildia Aldrich

24. Empodia entirely absent (147) Psilonyx Aldrich

Empodia present, about half as long as the claws (1, 2, 3, 148, 149).

Leptogaster Meigen

25. Antennae with a slender terminal arista (4, 89) *Damalis Fabricius

Antennse with or without a terminal style 26

26. Only four posterior cells (93) Townsendia Williston

Five posterior cells 27

27. Head slightly higher than broad; face nai'row above, swollen and

broadened below 28

Head obviously broader than high 30

28. Antennas with a terminal style 29

Antennae without visible style; fourth posterior cell closed before the

border of the wing (118) Ospriocerus Lcew

29. Metapleura bare (6, 37, 130) fStenopogon Lcew

Metapleura with hair or bristles (6, 37, 130) fScleropogon Loev/

30. Antennas apparently five segmented, the segments of the style simu-

lating antennal segments 31

Antennal style usually strongly differentiated from the third antennal
segment, absent, or the fifth segment longer than the second 33

31. Third and fourth antennal segments very deeply emarginate apically

(11) Myelaphus Bigot

Third and fourth segments not concave apically 32

32. Fifth antennal segment not longer than the second (103).

Ceraturgopsis Johnson
Fifth antennal segment about as long as the third (10, 132).

Ceraturgus Wiedemann

33. Fourth posterior cell closed 34

Fourth posterior cell open, rarely almost closed 40

34. Face haired above the mystax 36

Face bare except along the oral margin 3o

35. Metanotal callosities bare (38, 136) Archilestris Lcew

Metanotal callosities with hair or short bristles (7, 101)

Microstylum Macquart

36. First posterior cell closed and long petiolate (109) Triclis Lcew

First posterior cell open or closed in the wing margin 37

* Curran, 1930. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 425, p. 5.

t Bromley, 1931, Amer. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxiv, pp. 427-4?8.

174

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

A.silid:e V. — 72, Eumecosoma shropshirei ; 73, Laphystia sexfasciata ; 74, Dioctria baum-

haiieri ; 75, Dicolonus simplex; 76, Metapogon ; 77, Cerotainia propimiua ; 7S, Holopogon

guttula; 79, Psilocurus birdi; SO, Boinbomima flavicollis; 81. Aphamartania; 82, Bathropsis
basalis; 83, Buckellia stylosa; 84, Laisopogon opaculus ; 85, Echthodopa.

FAMILY ASILID.i: THE ASSASSIN FLIES 175

37. Antennas without distinct style 38

Antennae with the style short and broad, two-segmented, easily dis-
tinguishable (9, 73, 92) JLaphystia Lcew

38. Anterior femora on the basal half of the under side with a large patch

of dense, very short bristles Sphageus Lcew

Anterior femora without such bristles 39

39. Third antennal segment very much longer than the basal two combined

(40, 124) Di/onias Lcew

Third antennal segment not or scarcely longer than the basal two
combined, elongate oval, swollen (8, 34, 79) *Psilocurus Lcew

40. Antennal style as broad as the third antennal segment and simulating

a segment, sometimes closely appressed and not easily differentiated. 41
Antennal style narrower than the third segment or absent 44

41. Lateral slopes of the metanotum bare 42

Lateral slopes of the metanotum with pile (75, 91) Dicoloiius Lcew

42. Face bare except below 43

Face haired between mystax and antennae (103) . . . .Ceraturgopsis Johnson

43. Posterior femora with very short, stout bi'istles below on the apical

half ( 85 ) Ecthodopa Lcew

Posterior femora without short, stout bristles below, but with short,
erect pile on the whole length (12, 74, 90) fDioctria Meigen

44. Front narrowed posteriorly 45

Front not narrowed posteriorly 46

45. Ocelli situated far forward on the front (56, 133) Plesioma Macquart

Ocelli situated near the vertex Dolichodes Macquart

46. Face bare except on the oral margin (cf. Holcocephala) 47

Face with hair between the mystax and antennae, or evenly haired. ... 49

47. Third antennal segment swollen, about twice as wide as the second.

Willistonina Back
Third antennal segment elongate, more or less tapering from the base
or only slightly wider than the second 48

48. Third antennal segment elongate, longer than the basal two combined

(49) Neopogon Bezzi

Third antennal segment oval, not as long as the basal two combined.

Lissoteles Bezzi

49. Head very wide, the face with a deep, transverse groove above the oral

margin and with only two to six hairs above the mystax (36, 141).

Holcocephala Jaennicke
Head narrower, the face without the transverse depression 50

50. Mesonotum with the dorsocentral bristles strong and extending in front

of the suture, if rather weak anteriorly there are no acrostical

hairs 51

Dorsocentrals absent or not strongly differentiated; mesonotum hairy,
the acrostical hair always present 52

* Curran, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 8.
t Melander, 1923, Psyche, xxx, p. 212.

176

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilidas VI. — 86, Comantella fallei; 87. Aphainartania murina; 88, Saropogon luteus; 89,
Damalis ; 90, Dioctria baumhaueri ; 91, Dicolonus simplex; 92, La.phystia sexfasciata; 93,
Townsendia argyrata; 94, Lestomyia sabulonum ; 95, Lastauius; 96, Blepharepium secabilis; 97,
Nicocles politus ; 98, Buckellia poliinoi-a ; 99, Lasiopogon tetragraminus; 100, Hodophylax
aridus; 101, Microstyluin galactoides ; lOJ, Saropogon birdi; 103, Ceraturgopsis coinutus.

FAMILY ASILID.E THE ASSASSIN FLIES 177

51. No acrostical hairs (76, 112) *Metapojton Coquillett

Acrostical hairs present, usually abundant but short (84, 99).

fLasioposon Lcew

52. Mesonotum with the hair appressed and usually with distinct, sub-

appressed dorsocentral bristles posteriorly 53

Mesonotal hair erect, the bristles, if present, very fine and erect 5G

53. No trace of dorsocentral bristles (type Lasiopogon terricola Johnson)

(84, 99) Alexiopogon, n. g.

Distinct, though weak dorsocentrals posteriorly 54

54. Abdomen elongate, more or less narrowed basally in the males 55

Abdomen short and broad, rather strongly tapering in both sexes; hair

rather abundant but short Pycnopogon Lcew

55. Disc of scutellum with hairs toward either side (52, 126). .Callinicus Lcew
Scutellum with marginal bristles and hairs only (39).

Chrysoceria Williston

56. Face decidedly gibbous, the swelling clearly limited above 57

Face flat or evenly, gently convex 58

57. The third vein branches before the apex of the discal cell; style long

(129, 151) JEucyrtopogon Curran

The third vein branches conspicuously beyond the apex of the discal
cell; style short (128, 152) §Cyrtopogon Lcew

58. Posterior tibiae strongly swollen, about twice as large as the anterior

ones (78, 143) Holopogon Lcew

Posterior tibiag not enlarged (57. 127) Heteropogon Lcew

59. Antennae with a terminal arista 77

Antennae with or without a terminal style which is never bristle-like . . 60

60. Wing with only two submarginal cells 61

Wing with three submarginal cells (23, 62) Pogonosoma Rondani

61. Third antennal segment with an apical style, which is rarely difficult

to discern 62

Third antennal segment without style 66

62. Third antennal segment excised and bearing a very short bristle be-

yond the middle on the upper side, the style slender (66, 108).

Atractia Macquart
Third antennal segment not excised above 63

63. Face with strong, isolated bristles and short, fine hair 65

Face with soft hair, which may be long and contain some coarse ones. . 64

64. Face perpendicular, more prominent above or almost evenly convex;

mesonotum not with dense, long yellow pile (9, 73, 92).

^Laphystia Lcew
Face most prominent below the middle, strongly convex; mesonotum
with dense, long yellow pile (24) Dasylechia Williston

* Melander, 1923, Psyche, xxx, p. 210.

t Melander, 1923, Psyche, xxx, p. 136.

t Curran, 1923, Can. Ent. Iv, p. 95.

§ Curran, 1923, Can. Ent. Iv, p. 123 ; Melander, 1923, Psyche, xxx, p. 102.

i Curran, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 11.

178

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilidie VII —104, Proctacanthella cacopilogus ; 105, Mallophorina laphroides ; 106,
Neeasilus belli: 107, Protichisma albibarbis ; lOS, Atractia dispar; 109. Triciis tagax; 110,
Atonia (n sp. BraziH ; 111, Eccritosia barbata : 112, Metapogon ; 113. Hehgmoneura; 114,
Philonicus albiceps; 115, Proctacanthella cacopilogus; 116, Asilus sericeus; 117, Proctacanthella
cacopilogus: lis. Ospriocerus abdoininalis ; 119, Heligmoneura rubicunda; 120,
fuscus: 121, Doryclus distendens.

Philonicus

FAMILY ASILID.E THE ASSASSIN FLIES 179

65. First antennal segment less than twice as long as the second; style

strongly differentiated (42, 110) Atonia Williston

First antennal segment more than three times as long as the second;
style poorly differentiated (82, 145) Bathropsis Hermann

66. Third antennal segment at least three times as long as the basal two

combined Aphestia Schiner

Third antennal segment not more than twice as long as the first two
combined 67

67. Metanotal slopes or callosities bearing pile or short, stout bristles.... 68
Metanotal callosities without pile or bristles 73

68. Mesonotum evenly clothed with dense pile, most of which is yellow,

some erect and some appressed; no bare areas outside the dorso-

central area; large species (25, 80) *Bombomima Entlerlein

Mesonotum without dense hair concealing the ground color 69

69. Front at least slightly widening above, never narrowed 70

Front narrowed above (22, 43, 48) fAtomosia Macquart

70. First antennal segment at least three times as long as the second.... 71
First antennal segment not twice as long as the second 72

71. Seventh abdominal segment elongate (107) Protichisma Hermann

Seventh abdominal segment short, three or four times as wide as long,

or apparently absent (44, 77, 146) JCerotainia Schiner

72. Face strongly gibbous below and with i-ather abundant hair above

(47) Pilica Curran

Face weakly gibbous below and with only a row of hairs on either
side (72, 144) §Eumecosoma Schiner

73. Face with a strong swelling occupying the lower half, most prominent

in the middle 75

Face very gently convex or concave and most prominent just above
the oral margin 74

74. Scutellum with long marginal bristles; large, elongate species (55).

Panamasilus Curran
Scutellum with extremely short, upturned marginal hair; smaller,
robust species (135) Cerotainiops Curran

75. Proboscis laterally compressed 76

Proboscis dorsoventrally compressed (46) TIAndrenosoma Rondani

76. Metasternum with long hairs (26, 45, 61) Lampria Macquart

Metasternum bare (26) |;Laphria Meigen

77. Ai'ista pectinate below (27, 60) °Ommatius Wiedemann

Ai'ista not pectinate 78

* This name replaces Dasyllis, a strictly South American genus. Unless the presence of
metanotal hairs is a valid character the genus does not differ from Laphria. For key see Banks,
1917 (Dasyllis) Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. xii, p. 52.

t Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 425, p. 15.

t Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 425, p. 11.

§ Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 425, p. 8.

Ti Curran, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 19.

!I McAtee, 1918. Ohio Journ. Sci., xix, p. i43.

° Curran, 1928, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 327.

180

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

129

AsilidJE VIII.— 122. Doryclus (n. sp.) ; 123. Blepharepiuni secabilis ; 124, Dizonias lucasi
I'^S Erax aliomalus: 126. Callinicus calanus : 127. Heteropogon sp. ;Utah) : 12S. Cyitopogon
crutistvlus- "°!r Eucyrtopogon: ISO. Scleropogon ; 131. Neopogon ; 132 Ce.aturgus n.gr.pes
m PlesToma lineatari34 Prom:.china nimius : 135, Ce.otainiops ; 136. Arch.lestns magn.ncus:
13?; Senoprosopis; 13S, Senobasis mendax ; 139, Proclacanlhus micans.

FAMILY ASILID.^ — THE ASSASSIN FLIES 181

78. Third antennal segment long", with a bristle-bearing excision above

(66, 108) Atractia Macquart

Third antennal segment usually short, never with a bristle-bearing
concavity above 79

79. Slopes or lateral swellings of the metanotum pilose 92

Slopes or lateral swellings of the metanotum bare 80

80. Third antennal segment very long and narrow, tapering, with a short,

thick arista; face very narrow (53, 137) Senoprosopis Macquart

Third antennal segment short, with long arista; face not unusually
narrow 81

81. Claws acute apically 84

Claws obtuse apically, thick almost to the apex 82

82. Front and face wide; space between antennae and posterior ocelli

strongly transverse 83

Front and face narrow; space between the antennse and posterior ocelli
as great as the width or practically so (134) Promachina Bromley

83. Face evenly, gently convex, evenly pilose, the oral margin with bristles

(63, 10.5) *Mallophorina, n. g.

Face more or less strongly gibbous below, not uniformly pilose (29, 67).

fMallophora Macquart

84. Third antennal segment strikingly haired above Anarmostus Lcew

Third antennal segment bare or with only a few short hairs above. ... 85

85. Three submarginal cells 86

Two submarginal cells 87

86. The crossvein separating the second and third submarginal cells is

situated well beyond the apex of the discal cell (30, 31, 32).

Promachus Lcew
This crossvein is situated well before the apex of the discal cell (70, 125)

JErax Scopoli

87. The posterior branch of the third vein meets the costa before the apex

of the wing 88

The posterior branch of the third vein reaches the wing margin behind
the apex of the wing 90

88. The ? ovipositor ends in a circlet of spines; abdomen of males longer

than the wings (65, 139) Proctacanthus Macquart

The ? ovipositor is laterally compressed or bears many short spines
above; wings reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen in males.... 89

89. Female ovipositor with many short, stout spines above; upper ocelli

situated on the front slopes of the ocellar swelling (28, 111).

Eccritosia Schiner
Female ovipositor laterally compressed; upper ocelli on the top of the
ocellar swelling (70, 125) JErax Scopoli

* See page 183. Key, Cuiran, 1931, (Mallophora). Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 487, p. 21.
t Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 415, p. 12.
J Hine, 1919, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xii. pp. 103-154.

182

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Asilida IX. — 140, Eurhabdus zephyrea; 141, Holcocephala calva ; 142 Taracticus octo-
punetaliis; 143, Holopogon guttula; 114, Eumecosoina gibbus ; 145, Bathropsis basalis ; 146,
Cerotainia propinqua; 147, Psilonyx, front tarsal claws; 148, Leptogaster, front tarsal claws;
149, Leptogaster; 150, Deromyia litoralis ; 151, Eucyrtopogon varipeniiis; 152, Cyrtopogon
willistoni ; 153 Senobasis analis.

FAMILY ASILID.E — THE ASSASSIN FLIES 183

90. Face with a strong- gibbosity occupying- the lower half or more

(70, 125) *Erax Scopoli

Face only weakly gibbous 91

91. Mystax dense, extending- to above the middle of the face (104, 115, 117).

Proctacanthella Bromley
Mystax sparse, composed of bristles (68) Pachychoeta Bigot

92. Abdomen without bristles 93

Abdomen with bristles laterally before the segmental apices 96

93. Facial gibbosity shining black Rhadiurgus Loew

Facial gibbosity pollinose, weakly developed 94

94. Scutellum with at least two bristles 95

Scutellum without bristles (64, 106) Negasilus, n. g.

95. Mystax composed of bristles only (116) fAsilus Linnaeus

Mystax composed mostly of very fine hair Antiphrisson Lcew

96. Occipital cilia abundant, rather long and curved at almost right angle

at or near the apical third (59) fNeoitamus Osten Sacken

Occipital cilia shorter and stouter, not strongly curved 97

97. Facial gibbosity strongly developed and reaching at least to slightly

above the middle of the face (Tolmerus Lcew) (69) . . . .fMachimus Loew
Facial gibbosity weakly developed, not extending above the lower third
of the face 98

98. Dorsocentrals extending in front of the suture (51) ft'erdistus Lcew

Dorsocentrals not extending in front of the suture 99

99. Female ovipositor armed at the apex with four or six stout, short

bristles; forceps of male genitalia strongly curved and leaving a

large open space on the apical half (114, 120) fPhilonicus Lcew

Female ovipositor without bristles; male genitalia compact, never
leaving a large open space from dorsal view (113, 119).

fHeligmoneura Bigot

Alexiopogon, new genus

Distinguished from Lasiopofjon Loew by the absence of dorsoeentral
bristles. The figures of Lasiopogon will serve also for this genus. Geno-
type : — Lasiopogon terricoJa Johnson.

Mallophorina, new genus

Claws ro])ust, ol)tuse apieally; marginal cell closed and petiolate,
the first posterior cell open or closed; antennjE with long, terminal arista-
like style; face evenly gently convex or almost flat, and with almost uni-
form hair; front and face wide; body rather thickly pilose. Genotype,

* Mine, 1919, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. xii. pp. \0^-irA.

t Hine, 1909, (Asilus), Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.. ii, pp. 136-170.

184 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

— Mallophora guildiana Williston. Species included : laphroides
Wiedemann, clausicella Macquart, acra Curran, all previously placed in
Mallophora.

Negasllus, new genus

Related to Asilus Linnaeus but at once distinguished by the absence
of scutellar bristles. Artista short and style-like; face moderately con-
vex on the lower half, the mystax composed of bristles only; occipital
bristles straight; four pairs of dorsocentrals on the posterior half of the
mesonotum; mesonotal hair all short and appressed; abdomen elongate
and without bristles on the second and following segments. Genotype : —
N. belli, n. sp.

N. belli is black, cinerous-yellowish pollinose, the male genitalia,
apices of the femora and the tibia reddish.

185

Family Therevidae— The Stilleto Flies

Thereva species.

Flies of moderate size, more or less bristly and often pilose, witli
predaceous habits.

Front not excavated, the eyes of the males usually holoptic or
nearly so; proboscis projecting, the labellas broad; palpi two-seg-
mented; ocelli present. Antenna? with three segments and usually a
sharp terminal style. Abdomen elongate, the genitalia small but ex-
posed, the ovipositor with a circlet of spines. Legs with bristles;
empodia absent; pulvilli usually present. Third vein furcate; five
posterior cells, the fourth sometimes closed; anal cell closed toward
the margin of the wing or narrowly open.

The adults are found in various places but are most al)undant in
dry areas, such as meadows, pastures and along sandy beaches. They
often occur in considerable numbers in burnt-over areas and arc always
most abundant during hot weather. Cole* has revised the family and
given keys to the North American species. A number of species have
been described during recent years but most of the species will be found
in Cole's paper.

The larvae are not well known but are all believed to be predaceous
and they may prove to be of considerable importance in the control
of certain insects.

1923. Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixii, Art. 4. pp. 1-140.

186

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Therevidse I. — 1, Tabuda ; 2, Psilocephala ; 3, Psilocephala, antenna; 4, Chromolepida
bella, antenna; 5, Chrmoinolepida bella, head from above: 6, Metaphragma planiceps; 7, Tabuda
fulvipes; 8, Thereva melaneura; 9, Epomyia sumichrasti.

FAMILY THEREVID.E THE STILLETO FLIES

187

Therevidse II. — 10, 11, 12. Pheroccra signatif rons ; 1.3, 14, Henicoinyia hubbardi ; In, 16,
Nebritus pellucidus; 17, Nebritus pellucidus, d" genitalia.

188 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Body largely clothed with scales (4, 5) Chromolepida Cole

Body with tomentum but never with irridescent scales 2

2. Third antennal segment appearing annulated; labrum narrow (Mexico).

Ozodiceromyia Bigot
Third antennal segment not annulated, usually with a terminal style
or short spine 3

3. First antennal segment longer than the head and bristled (Mexico;

cf. Metaphragma Coq.) Euphycus Krober

First antennal segment rarely as long as the head 4

4. Five posterior cells 5

Four posterior cells (Bombyliidse) Caenotus Cole

5. Parafacials bare 8

Parafacials with pile 6

6. Basal antenna! segment long and greatly swollen, much larger than

the second and third combined (1, 7) *Tabuda Walker

Basal antennal segment not unusually large, never greatly swollen. . 7

7. Third and fourth veins connected by a crossvein beyond the furcation

of the third vein (6) Metaphragma Coquilletc

Wings without such crossvein (8) Thereva Zetterstedt

8. Third antennal segment not more than twice as long as the first. ... 9
Third antennal segment at least two and a half times as long as the

first (Southern) (13, 14) Henicomyia Coquillett

9. Basal antennal segment large and shining (15, 16, 17). .Nebritis Coquillett
Basal antennal segment pollinose 10

10. Basal antennal .segment swollen and hairy (1) 11

Basal antennal segment not strongly swollen 12

11. Males dichoptic; lower front pilose (1, 7) *Tabuda Walker

Males holoptic or nearly so; lower front bare of pile. .Dialineura Kondani

12. Intercallary and fifth veins reaching the wing margin 13

Intercallary and fifth veins not reaching the wing margin (10, 11, 12).

Pherocera Cole

13. Antennal style projecting from under the tip or from the apex of the

third segment 14

Style arising from a hollow near the apex of the third segment (9).

Epomyia Cole

14. Antennal style projecting from under the tip of the third segment.

Furcifera Krober
Antennal style apical (2, 3) Psilocephala Zetterstedt

* Tabuda fulvipcs Walker, 1852, is a synonym of Thereva nervosa Walker, 1848. The
latter becomes the genotype.

189

Family Apioceridae

Apiocera species.

Large, elongate flies, with three-segmented antennge and rather
thinly pilose.

Antenna? with or without a short, terminal style. Front not exca-
vated, wider in the female; ocelli present; face short; proboscis longer
than the length of the head, not adapted for piercing, the labellse not
horny. Empodia wanting. Third vein usually furcate; basal cells
long; five posterior cells, the fourth closed. Male forceps enlarged.

These flies are apparently restricted to arid or semi-arid regions
and are not at all common in collections. Like the Nemestrids they are
great hoverers and make a loud noise Avhile in flight. The immature
stages are unknown.

190

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Proboscis more than twice as long as the head-height 2

Proboscis not longer than the head-height (1, 2) . . . * Apiocera Westwood.

2. Anal cell closed before the wing margin (3, 4).

Rhaphiomidas Osten Sacken
Anal cell open Apomidas Coquillett

* Painter, 1932, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxv, p. 351.

Apioceridas. — 1, 2, Apiocera haruspex ; 3, 4, Rhaphiom.vdas acton.

191

Family Bombyliidse — The Bee Flies

Small to moderately large flies, often with pictured wings and
frequently clothed with abundant, delicate hairs or scales which are
easily abraded, rarely with conspicuous bristles.

Head narrower than or as broad as the thorax, more or less hemis-
pherical in shape; usually closely applied to the thorax. Face variable,
usually short, often prominent below. Eyes large, often contiguous in
the male, rarel}' so in the female. Antennae three-segmented, porrect,
rarely long, usually of moderate length, sometimes small; third segment
simple; style usually small, never more than two-segmented, some-
times absent. Ocelli present. Proboscis sometimes short and with
broad labellse, usually more or less elongate and projecting from the
oral cavit}'. Thorax convex above, sometimes strongly so, usually with
bristles. Abdomen composed of six to eight segments, slender in a few
genera, usually depressed but often cylindrical and more or less taper-
ing. Legs moderately long and weak, usually with short, weak bristles
or spines; pulvilli sometimes rudimentary, the empodia usually absent.
SquamsB small. Wings often pictured; two to four submarginal cells
(rarely with only one) discal cell almost always present (absent in
some genera occurring outside North America) ; anal cell closed or
narrowly open.

The family comprises almost two thousand described species and
occurs throughout the world, being most abundantly represented in the
tropical and subtropical regions. They are found particularly in warm
spots, a relatively small numl)er occurring in woods, and I have taken
none in heavy shade. They like the warmest time of the day and most
of them rest upon the dry soil, dried grass or upon grass in sandy
places when not visiting flowers. Some species are found mostly at
bloom, others but rarely. They are (mostly) great hoverers and gen-
erallj^ very rapid fliers although they frequently fly but a short dis-
tance when disturbed. In the tropics I found many species in sunny
places near the trees at the edge of the beach and along the trails in
the forest, and similar places are productive in the north. Many of
the species buzz persistently when captured.

Taxonomically the family is (in North America) in almost hope-
less condition, the literature being extremely scattered. Only a few
of the described species have been properly figured and without illus-
trations and usable keys the student is greatly handicapped. In addi-
tion to this unfortunate state of affairs the flies themselves present an
obstacle, as the hairs are easily abraded and great care must be exer-
cised in collecting them. Only a very few specimens should be placed

192

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Bombyliida. l.-l. Genus incerts : 2. Hyperalonia; 3. Litorhynchus; 4, Exoprosopa hmd
claw; 5 A'nth.ax. antenna; 6. Villa, antenna; 7. 8. Exoprosopa. antenna; Bon^byhus

majon 10. Pantarbes: 11. Pantarbes, antenna; 12. Systoechus ; 13 Lordotus; 14 Lordotus.
antenna- 5 Phthiria ; 16. Phthiria, antenna; 17. Sparnopol.us. antenna: 18. Geron, 19. 20.
Geroa kntenna; 21. Toxophora; 22. Toxophora. antenna; 23. Systropus : 24. Systropus.
antenna; 25. Mythicomyia. wing; 26, Mythicomyia, antenna.

FAMILY BOMBYLIID.K THE BEE FLIES 193

in the killing bottle and they must never be placed with other insects
else they be ruined for all practical purposes. Without the hairs they
are of no value and cannot be properly identified.

The larv« are parasitic upon bees, wasps, grasshoppers and certain
Lepidoptera, but not a great deal is known about most of the genera.

KEY TO GENERA

1. The second vein arises transversely opposite or almost opposite the

anterior crossvein 2

The second vein arises at an angle at a considerable distance from the
anterior crossvein 19

2. Antennal style separated from the third segment by a distinct suture,

sometimes short 3

Antennal style not separated from the third segment 7

3. Antennal style terminating in a pencil of hairs (5, 54, 64).

* Anthrax Scopoli
Antennal style not terminating in a pencil cf hairs 4

4. Pulvilli vestigial or absent 5

Pulvilli large (49, 52) Aldrichia Coquillett

5. Four submarginal cells (2) Hyperalonia Rondani

Three submarginal cells 6

6. Proboscis projecting more than the length of the labellse beyond the

anterior oral margin (3) t Litorhynchus Macquart

Proboscis projecting less than the length of the labellse (4, 7, 8, 57).

t Exoprosopa Macquart

7. Anal cell open; eyes of d not contiguous 8

Anal ceil closed; eyes of o' contiguous at the vertex.

Astrophanes Osten Sacken

8. Anal cell widest at the middle 9

Anal cell widest at the wing margin (36) Mancia Coquillett

9. Second vein strongly contorted and r ' shaped at the apex 10

Second vein not strongly contorted 11

10. Three submarginal cells Dipalta Osten Sacken

Two submarginal cells Neodiplocampta, n. g.

11. Two submarginal cells 13

Three submarginal cells 12

12. Proboscis extending but little beyond the oral opening (6) ^'ilIa Lioy

Proboscis extending far beyond the anterior oral margin (34, 51).

Stonyx Osten Sacken

J 3. Face wholly without scales; labellse long and narrow.

Poecilanthrax Osten Sacken
Face with scales 14

14. Anterior tibise with spicules in regular rows 16

Anterior tibiae with at most two or three very small spicules 15

* Curran. 1927, Can. Ert. lix, p. 84 (partial key).
t Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 415, p. 2.

194

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

on Bombyliidffi II.— 27. Lepidanthiax proboscidea; 28. Thyridanthrax selene; 29. Geron

• i'/'v*",, , f'»"ax, antenna; 31. Sphenoidoptera varipennis; 32. Metacos

3d. Glabellula crassicornis; 34. Stonyx clclia; 35. Ogcodocera ; 36. Mancia nana
n. sp. : 38. Geminana canalis; 39, Eucessia. n. sp. : 40 Paiacosnius morrisoni
selaphus sigrma.

mus niancipennis ;

37, Eucessia,

us morrisonia; 41 Rhabdo-

FAMILY BOMBYLIID.E THE BEE FLEES 195

15. Face acute, strongly projecting Chrysanthrax Osten Sacken

Face not strongly projecting, the oral margin rounded (28).

Thyridanthrax Osten Sacken

16. Proboscis projecting far beyond the anterior oral margin 17

Proboscis projecting but little beyond the oral margin 18

17. Abdomen with broad scales on basal half (27).

* Lepidanthrax Osten Sacken
Abdomen without broad scales on basal half Rhynchanthrax Painter

18. Face conical, acute at oral margin Paravilla Painter

Face obtuse below, the oral margin x-ounded Villa Lioy

1 9. With four posterior cells 24

With only three posterior cells 20

20. Slender, elongate species, with long, slender legs 21

Shorter, more thick-set species, the abdomen tapering apically 22

21. Abdomen enlarged apically; eyes holoptic (23, 24) . . .Systropus Wiedemann
Abdomen not enlai-ged apically, cylindrical; males only holoptic.

Dolichomyia Wiedemann

22. Three submarginal cells or the third antennal segment obtuse 23

But two submarginal cells; third antennal segment acute (18, 19, 20, 29).

fGeron Meigen

23. Body clothed mostly with scales, the thorax with bristles; abdomen

decumbent; antennae long (21, 22) Toxophora Meigen

Body clothed chiefly with hair; abdomen not decumbent (41, 66).

Rhabdopselaphus Bigot

24. Apical (first posterior) cell open or closed in the wing margin 31

Apical cell closed before the margin of the wing and petiolate 25

25. Two submarginal cells 27

Three submarginal cells 26

26. Head broader than the thorax; posterior orbits not excised (10, 11).

Pantarbes Osten Sacken
Head narrower than the thorax; posterior orbits excised. . .Triplasius Loew

27. Proboscis protruding far beyond the anterior oral margin 28

Proboscis not protruding beyond the oral margin. . . .Anisotamia Macquart

28. First basal cell much longer than the second 29

First basal cell not longer than the second 30

29. Posterior orbits of the eyes convex or only slightly emarginate in

the middle; head small (9, 63) Bombylius Linnaeus

Posterior orbits broadly and deeply emarginate; head as wide as the
thorax JHeterostylum Macquart

30. Shape of the face concealed by dense hair; vein closing the discal cell

anteriorly half as long as the ultimate section of the vein behind it.

Anastoechus Osten Sacken
Shape of the face plainly visible; vein closing the discal cell anteriorly
not nearly half as long as the ultimate section of the vein behind it
(12) Systoechus Lcew

* Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 409. p. 1.
t Painter, 1932, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, Iviii, pp. 139-167.
t Painter, 1930, J. Kans. Ent. Soc, iii, p. 1.

196

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Bombyliidaj III. — 42, Prorates; 43, Desmatomyia ; 44, Ecliinus; 45, Lepidophora vetusta;
46. Mythicomyia ; 47, Desmatomyia; 4S, Lepidophora vetusta; 49. Aldrichia; 50, Amphicosmus
cincturus; 51, Stonyx clelia ; 52, Aldrichia.

FAMILY BOMBYLIID.K THE BEE FLIES 197

31. Two submargina] cells 36

Three submarginal cells 32

32. Abdomen very elongate, slender and almost bare; tibiae without spicules

(50, 53) Amphicosmus Coquillett

Abdomen robust and short; pilose species; tibiae with spicules 33

33. Antennae as long as the head, the third segment not longer than the

basal two together 34

AntennEe shorter than the head, the third segment twice as long as
the basal two combined Exepacmus Coquillett

34. Scutellum deeply sulcate longitudinally (38) Geminaria Coquillett

Scutellum not sulcate 35

35. First antennal segment greatly swollen (Picas Latreille) (60).

Conophorus Meigen
First antennal segment not thickened (13, 14) Lordotus Lcew

36. Anal cell closed 37

Anal cell open 41

37. Proboscis projecting beyond the anterior oral margin 39

Proboscis short, not projecting beyond the anterior oral margin 38

38. Abdomen elongate and tapering Caenotus Cole

Abdomen short and broad, thickly pilose (35) . . . .Ogcodocera Macquart

39. Tlie intercallary vein between the fourth and fifth vein arises from the

discal cell 40

The intercallary vein arises from the fourth vein (42 Empidse 5, 10).

Prorates Melander

40. Face bare or short pilose; third antennal segment bare or wdth short,

bristly hairs above (15, 16) Phthiria Meigen

Face with long hair; third antennal segment with long, bristly hairs.

Neacreotrichus Cockerell

41. The second vein ends in the first vein 42

The second vein ends in the costa 43

42. Discal and second basal cells united (33) (Pachyneres Greene).

Glabellula Bezzi
Discal and second basal cells separated (25, 26, 46).

Mythicomyia Coquillett

43. Body clothed chiefly with scales 43a

Body clothed with hair or nearly bare, sometimes with some scales.. 44

43a. First antennal segment at least as long as the third, densely clothed

with scales; abdomen elongate (45, 48) *Lepidophora Westw^ood

First antennal segment not half as long as the third, without scales;
abdorrlen short Neodischistus Painter

44. First basal cell much longer than the second 46

First basal cell only slightly longer than the second 45

45. First antennal segment greatly swollen, widest apically (30).

Calopelta Green
First antennal segment only a little swollen, widest in the middle.

Sparnopolius Lcew

* Painter. 1925. Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, li. p. 120.

198

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Bombyliida; IV. — 53, Amphicosmus cinctiirus; 54, Anthrax; 55, Paiacosn:us nioiiTisoni ;
56, Metacosinus mancipennis ; 57, Exoprosopa; 58, Aphaebantus cervinus; 59, Epacmus
modestus; 60, Conophoras ; 61, Neodiplocampta rcederi ; 62, Parabombylius; 63, Bombylius ; 64,
Anthrax irroratus; 65, Dcsmatoneura argentif rons ; 66, Rhabdoselaphus sigma.

FAMILY BOMBYI.IID/E THE BEE FLIES

199

Bombyliid» V.— 67, Anisotamia; 68, Dipalta ; 69, Geminaria canalis; 70, Ogcodocera ; 71.
Asfrophanes; 72, Heterostylum ; 7,'?. Sparnopolius ; 74, Anastoechus; 7,5, Geron ; 76, Mancia
nana; 77, Heterostylum; 78, Litoihynchus; 71), Conophorus; SO, Desinatoneura ; 81, Epacinus,
Aphsbantus.

200 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

46. Proboscis projecting- strongly beyond the anterior oral margin, the

labellae long and pointed 47

Proboscis not or scarcely projecting beyond the oral margin, the
labellae short and broad 51

47. Face bare, the sides above, or the clypeus with hair 49

Face with hair in the middle at least below 48

48. Posterior border of the eyes emarginate, the facets bisected by a

short bare line opposite the emargination 53

Posterior border of the eyes not emarginate, the eyes without a bare,
bisecting line posteriorly (62) *Parabombylius Williston

49. Anterior crossvein situated beyond the basal third of the discal cell .... 50
Anterior crossvein situated at or before the basal fourth of the discal

cell ( 17 ) Sparnopolius Loew

50. The anterior branch of the third vein arises only a little before the

apex of the second vein (31) Sphenoidoptera Williston

The anterior branch of the third vein originates only a little beyond the
apex of the discal cell and far before the apex of the second vein
( 44 ) Eclimus Loew

51. Ocellar tubercle situated near the middle of the front (32, 56).

Metacosmus Coquillett
Ocellar tubercle situated near the vertex 52

52. Style of antennae broad and flattened, two segmented, simulating seg-

ments (43, 47) Desmatomyia Williston

Style not broad and flattened 53

53. Posterior border of the eyes at least weakly indented and with a short,

unfacetted stripe 54

Posterior border of the eyes not at all indented and without any un-
facetted stripe (40, 55) Paracosmus Osten Sacken

54. Third antennal segment bulbous basally and with a long, almost par-

allel-sided apical part 55

Third antennal seg^ment sub-triangular, tapering 57

55. The second vein arises at an almost right angle beyond the base of the

discal cell (65) Desmatoneura Williston

The second vein arises at an acute angle before the base of the discal
cell 56

56. Proboscis strongly projecting beyond the anterior oral margin, the

labelliB long and narrow; face produced; pulvilli absent (59).

Epacmus Osten Sacken
Proboscis rarely strongly projecting, the labellae broad; face usually
receding; pulvilli present if the face projects (58).

Aphoebantus Loew

57. Anterior oral margin close to the base of the antennae.

Anisotamia Macquart
Anterior oral margin very far from the antennal base (37, 39).

Eucessia Coquillett

Neodiplocampta, new genus

Proposed for Diplocampta raederi Curraii. The genus differs from
Diplocampta Schiner in having the face produced, the third antennal
segment rather long and conical, broad al^domen, different wing vena-
tion, etc. Anthrax paradoxa Jiennicke also belongs to this genus.

Painter, 1926. Ent. News, xxxvii. p. 74: Curran. 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 404, p. 7.

201
Family Nemestrinidae

Neohirmoneura bradleyi Bequaert.

Flies of moderate size, rather stout and compact in appearance,
with many veins; thinly or densely pilose.

Head moderate in size, narrower or slightly wider than the thorax;
eyes holoptic or dichoptic in the males, females dichoptic except in
Hyrmophlaha; proboscis long to rudimentary. Antennae short and
small, three segmented, and with a stout, jointed terminal arista. Tibia?
without spurs; empodia pulvilliform but the pulvilli often minute.
Venation complicated, the fourth and fifth veins curving forward to
terminate before the apex of the wing; anterior crossvein very oblicjue
and simulating a longitudinal vein, the basal cells both long; five or
six posterior cells and two or three submarginals.

The Nemestrinids are not numerous in collections and are usually
difficult to catch. I have found them only in open fields in which the
vegetation is of considerable height and have observed them in con-
siderable numbers. They hover persistently and dart cjuickly away
at the least motion; when present in numbers their "buzz" is very
obvious and they may be heard at a considerable distance. Those with
long proboscis often visit flowers. In the American species the vena-
tion is relatively simple but in some species of the genus Nemestrinus
there are numerous crossveins in the wings, and some of them have
the proboscis greatly elongated. The genus JJinnoncura is known to
live upon root feeding beetle larva? in the larval stage and it is probable
that all the species are parasitic.

Three papers by Bequaert* cover the North American species, of
which there are about a dozen.

* Bequaert. 1919. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xxvii, pp. 301-307; 1930, Psyche, pp. 286-297;
1934, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xlii, pp. 163-184.

202

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Eyes bare 3

Eyes densely pilose; proboscis short and thick 2

2. Three submarginal cells, both sexes holoptic (3, 4) .Hyrmophloeba Rondani
Two submarginal cells *Hirinoneura Meigen

3. Three submarginal cells 4

Two submarginal cells; proboscis short and thick (text figure).

Neohirmoneura Bequaert

4. Proboscis very small, hardly visible, without fleshy labellae; alula

rudimentary (1, 2) Parasymmictus Bigot

Proboscis elongate and protruding; alula broad (5 6).

Neorhynchocephalus Lichtwardt

* No North American species are at present known.

Nemestrinidie. — 1, 2, Parasymmyctus clausa O. S. : 3, 4, Hirmophloeba texana ;
Neorhynchocephalus volaticus, a third submarginal cell, b-f posterior cells.

203
Family Cyrtidae

Opsebius pterodontinus.

Small to moderately large flies, never elonoate, pilose or nearly bai'e.

Head small to very small, composed chiefly of the compound eyes
which are usually contiguous in both sexes, the front, face or both
obliterated; none, two or three ocelli present. Antenna? composed of
two or three segments, with or without an apical arista, the third seg-
ment sometimes with apical bristles. Proboscis rudimentary or long,
sometimes greatly exceeding the length of the body. Thorax large
and convex, the sciuamge and scutellum large. Abdomen inflated, convex,
rather orbicular. Legs moderately stout, the empodia and pulvilli pad-
like. Venation variable, the veins sometimes weak and indistinct; often
a supernumerary crossvein between the third and fourth veins.

This family contains a small number of species and may be recog-
nized by the swollen thorax, inflated abdomen and small head. Ten
genera are known to occur in North America. Cole* has revised the
family. Insofar as known tlie members of the family are parasitic on
spiders.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Prothoracic lobes j2:reatly enlarp;e(l and meeting in front of the mesono-

tum; proboscis elongate (3, 4) Philopota Wiedemann

Prothoracic lobes not forming a shield in front of the mesonotum... 2

2. Proboscis small and aborted 4

Proboscis elongate 3

3. Palpi absent; usually two ocelli (13, 14) Lasia Wiedemann

Palpi present; three ocelli situated on a moi-e or less prominent

tubercle (11, 12) Eulonchus Gerstaecker

* 1919. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlv. pp. 1-79, plates I-XV. •

204

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

4. Antennae elongate, the third segment large 5

Antennae short, the third segment small 7

5. Eyes pilose or pubescent 6

Eyes bare Apelleia Bellardi

6. Third antennal segment without terminal bristles (9, 10)

*Ocnaea Erickson
Third antennal segment with terminal bristly hairs . . Pialeoidea Westwood

7. Antennae inserted below the middle of the head 8

Antennae inserted above the middle of the head 9

8. Third antennal segment with three terminal setse (7, 8).

Pterodontia Gray
Third antennal segment with an apical arista (5, 6) Ogcodes Latreille

9. Eyes pilose (text figure) Opsebius Costa

Eyes bare (1, 2) Acrocera Meigen

» Aldrich. 1932, Pioc. U. S. N. M., Ixxxi, Ait. 9, p. 3.

Ciytida?. — 1, 2. Acrocera; 3, 4. Philopota ; 5. 6. Ogcodes; 7, 8. Pterodontia; 9. 10, Ocnaea;
11, 12, Eulonchus; 13, 14, Lasia.

205

Family Empidse — The Dance Flies

Flies of small to medium size, though rarely over 10 mm. in length.

Head more or less spherical, loosely connected with the thorax;
males holoptic or diehoptic, the face sometimes almost obliterated by
the approximate eyes; ocelli present. Antenna porrect, composed of
two or three segments, with or without an apical style or arista, or
with dorsal arista; face receding or slightly prominent below, never
with a strong mystax. Proboscis short or long, usually rigid. Thorax
sometimes long and narrow, usually sliort, often strongly convex above.
]\Iale genitalia generally of complicated structure, often large or very
large; ovipositor sometimes long and chitinized. Wing venation
simple, the wings rarely absent or reduced in size; squamffi small; anal
and second basal cell sometimes absent or incomplete. Legs usually
slender, sometimes with structural peculiarities sucli as elongated coxai
or femora, the femora or tibiii; often thickened and with spines or
tubercles or with processes or fringes of scales; pulvilli distinct;
empodia usually membninous and liiu'ai'.

The adults are found almost everywhere but the Empids are rare
in arid regions. They are most abundant in moist places, especially
in woods, along streams and on the shores of ponds and lakes. All
are predaceous, feeding upon smaller insects, mites, etc. As a general
rule they are observed upon foliage and grass but many of them are
confined to restricted habitats and others appear to he very local in
distribution. Certain genera are found almost entirely on the trunks
of trees and may be collected most easily by placing the mouth of the
killing bottle over them, wliile others occur in large numbers on small
flowers, notably Prunus virrjiniana. A few genera are found only
along the seashore where they dart about among the pebbles, feeding
upon small insects or upon freshly killed invertebrates.

The mating habits of the Empida; are extremely interesting, but
no more than mention of them can be made here. In some cases the
males capture ])ivy and use this food as a lure to attract the females.
Sometimes the females devour the offering or it may be discarded as
soon as the mating is completed. In other cases the male provides a
balloon like liulible to attract the female. In some cases it is l)elieved
tliat copulation cannot be completed unless food is provided.

Tlie immature stages are not well known but the larvae live in
decaying vegetation, under bark, and in streams.

206

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Empidse I. — 1, Hybos ; 2, Toreus; 3, Hesperetnpis; 4, Oreogeton; 5, Prorates (Bomby-
liidse) ; 6, Heleodromia ; 7, Ocydromia; 8, Coloboneura; 9, Toreus, antenna; 10, Prorates
(Bombyliidse) ; 11, Hesperempis, 12; Mythicomyia (Bombyliidae).

FAMILY EMPID.E THE DANCE FLIES 207

Molandor has covered this family in Genera Inseetornm* describ-
ing many new North American genera and species and presenting keys.
Unfortunately the price of this work is prohibitive to the average
worker so the family will no doubt receive little attention until a more
readily accessible work is available.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Discal cell always united with the second basal, the anal cell always

incomplete 55

Second basal closed apically or the anal cell complete 2

2. Mesopleura obliquely long:er than high 3

Mesopleura distinctly higher than long 4

3. Anterior pair of legs far from the middle pair, raptorial 52

Anterior legs not distant from the middle pair and not raptorial ... 43

4. Auxiliary vein distinct and separated from the first vein 5

Au.xiliary vein weak and lying close to the first vein 13

5. Anal cell very much longer anteriorly 22

Anal cell longest posteriorly, transverse apically or but little longer in

front than at the middle 6

6. Costa ending at the third or fourth vein; two veins emitted by the

discal cell 8

Costa continuing around the wing; three veins emitted by the discal cell 7

7. Third vein forked (14) Brachystoma Meigen

Third vein simple (28) Anomalempis Melander

8. Fourth vein not forked 9

Fourth vein forked (30) Meghyperus Lcew

9. Pedicel of the second and third veins arising beyond the middle of the

second basal cell 10

Pedicel arising near the basal fourth of the second basal cell (25).

Syneches Walker

10. Vein between the first and second basal cells distinct, the first basal

cell not much wider than the second 11

Vein between the first and second basal cells very weak, the first basal
very much wider than the second (31) Syndyas Loew

11. Third and fourth veins convergent apically 12

Third and fourth veins parallel or diverging (1, 21) Hybos Meigen

12. Disc of mesonotum without pile; palpi elongate (35).

Lactistomyia Melander
Disc of mesonotum more or less densely pilose; palpi short.

Eubybos Coquillett

13. Discal cell present 15

Discal cell absent 14

* Fascicle 1S5. 1921

208

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Empidse II. — 13, Oreothalia; 14, Brachystoma; 15, Hemerodromia ; 16, Tachypeza; 17,
Lampremis; 18, Tachypeza, front leg; 19, Drapetis ; 20, Drapetis, antenna; 21, Hybos; 22,
Empis; 23, Geron (Bombyliidse) ; 24, Empimorpha; 25, Syneches; 26, Chelifera; 27, Hilara.

FAMILY EMPID.E THE DANCE FLIES 209

14. Posterior legs simple (41) Bicellaria Macquart

Posterior femora much enlarged and spinose Hoplocyrtoma Melander

15. Discal cell emitting three veins apically or, if open, the fourth vein

branched 1'7

Discal cell emitting two veins apically IG

16. Third antennal segment conical, the arista apical; middle tibiae with

several sets of bristles Leptopeza Macquart

Third antennal segment oval; the arista sub-dorsal; middle tibiae with
only apical bristles (7) Ocydromia Meigen

17. Posterior femora enlarged and spinose beneath (53, 57)..CEdalia Meigen
Posterior femora not swollen 18

18. Posthumeral bristles present; antennae apparently two segmented.... 19
Posthumeral bristles usually absent, the antennae with three segments.

Euthyneura Macquart

19. Antennae ending in a style 20

Antennas without style or arista (51, 59) Allanthalia Melander

20. Antennae situated near the middle of the head, the third segment

elongate 21

Antennee situated much below the middle of the head, the third seg-
ment broad (60, 63) Anthalia Zetterstedt

21. Third antennal segment extremely long (45, 52) Axelempis Curran

Third antennal segment normal Trichina Meigen

22. Basal and anal cells very small; third vein never forked; abdomen

shorter than the robust thorax 23

Basal and anal cells not unusually short; third vein often furcate;
abdomen as long or longer than the thorax 25

23. Eyes pubescent 24

Eyes bare ( 37 ) Microphorus Macquart

24. Face broadened below and more or less hairy; costa continuing around

the wing (48, 55 ) Parathalassius Mik

Face not broadened below and with only oral hairs. .Microphorella Becker

25. Antenns with three segments 26

Antennae apparently two-segmented Hormopeza Zetterstedt

26. Proboscis directed obliquely forward or horizontal, the face broad,

convex and short 27

Proboscis normally vertical, if more or less oblique the face is long
and narrow 31

27. Auxiliary vein entire, ending in the costa 28

Auxiliary vein obsolete apically Brochella Melander

28. Third vein furcate 29

Third vein simple Anthepiscopus Becker

29. Arista terminal, sometimes style-like 30

Arista dorsal (34) Gloma Meigen

30. Hypopleura bare (38) Iteaphila Macquart

Hypopleura haired (4) .Oreogeton Schiner

210

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Empidfe III.— 2S, Anomalempis tacomse; 29. Philetus memorandus ; 30. Meghyperus
occidens; 31. Syndyas polita; 32. Thinodiomia inchoata ; 33. Heleodromia pullata; 34. Oloma
fuscipennis; 35, Lactistomyia insolita; 36, Neocota weedii.

FAMILY EMPID-E — THE DAXCE FLIES

211

31. Metapleura with hairs or bristles in front of the halteres 35

Metapleura bare 32

32. Auxiliary vein ending- in the costa 33

Auxiliary vein obsolete apically (2, 9) Toreus Melander

33. Auxiliary vein bending apically to meet the costa; anal angle promi-

nent (27, 39) Hilara Meigen

Auxiliary vein almost straight, the anal angle broadly rounded 34

34. Thoracic bristles strong; antennae below the middle of the head (29).

Philetus Melander
Thoracic bristles almost absent; antennae at the midtlle of the head
(3, 11) Hesperempis Melander

35. Style three times the length of the third antennal segment.

Opeatocerata Melander
Style not longer than the thii'd segment 36

36. First antennal segment nearly or quite as long as the third, the an-

tennaj situated high upon the head 37

First segment much shorter than the third, situated at most a little
above the middle of the head 38

Empida? IV. — 37, Microphorus vclutinus;
41, Bicellaria; 42, Proclinopyga aniplcctans.

1^, Iteaphila macquarti; 39, Hilara; 40, Erapis;

212

NORTH AMERICAX DIPTERA

37. Arista much shorter than the third antennal segment (17).

Lamprempis Wheeler and Melander
Arista much longer than the third segment Porphyrochroa Melander

38. Face hairy 39

Face bare 40

39. Third vein furcate (24) Empimorpha Coquillett

Third vein simple (36) Neocota Coquillett

40. Third vein furcate (22, 40) Empis Linnaeus

Third vein simple 41

41. Third antennal segment many times longer than wide (45, 52).

Axelempis Curran
Third antennal segment normal Rhamphomyia Meigen

43. Third antennal segment remarkably lengthened, strap-like, and without

evident style 44

Third antennal segment not remarkably long 45

44. Antennse inserted above the middle of the head Niphogenia Melander

Antennae inserted below the middle of the head Ceratempis Melander

45. Antennae situated at the middle of the head, the third segment with a

short style which terminates in a bristle-like segment.

Boreodroma Coquillett
Antennas situated above the middle of the head, the third segment
usually with a long arista 46

46. Third vein simple 47

Third vein branched 48

Empidffi V. — 43 Wiedemannia hamifeia; 44, Clinocera binotata; 45, Axelempis fulvithorax ;
46. Chersodromia hougrhi ; 47, Chelipoda elongata; 48, Parathallasius aldrichi ; 49, Platypalpus
coquilletti.

FAMILY EMPID.E THE DANCE FLIES

213

Empida? VI. — 30, Platypalpus co(|uilletti ; 51. Allanthalia pallida; 52. Axelempis fulvi-
thorax; 53, OCdalia ohicensis ; 54. Tachydromia postica ; 55, Parathallasius aldrichi; 56
Chersodromia houghi ; 57, OJdalia ohioensis ; 5s, Stilpon pectiniger; 59, Allanthalia pallida;
60, Anthalia bulbosa ; 61, Tachydromia pusilla; 62, Wiedemannia hamifera; 6,3, Anthalia
lacteipennis ; 64, Clinocera taos; 65, Tachyempis siniplicior; 66, Chelipoda elongata.

214 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

47. Costa with setulae (13) Oreothalia Melander

Costa without setulae (6, 33) Heleodromia Haliday

48. Auxiliary vein obsolete apically (42) Proclinopyga Melander

Auxiliary vein ending in the costa 49

49. Cheeks very wide Roederio/des Coquillett

Cheeks narrow 50

50. Body shining or sub-shining Dolichocephala Macquart

Body opaque 51

51. Face not prominent below; no acrostical setae (44, 64). . .Clinocera Meigen
Face prominent below; acrosticals present or absent (43, 62)

Wiedemannia Zetterstedt

52. Style shorter than the third antennal segment 53

Arista more than twice as long as the third antennal segment (47, 66).

Chelipoda Macquart

53. Humeral crossvein absent 54

Humeral crossvein present (26) Chelifera Macquart

54. Discal cell closed apically Colabris Melander

Discal cell open apically (15) Hemerodromia Meigen

55. Thorax very elongate, the humeri large; proboscis slender and not

tapering 56

Thorax more robust, the humeri rarely large; proboscis thick basally
and more or less strongly tapering 58

56. Anal crossvein completely absent 57

Anal crossvein present (16, 18) Tachypeza Meigen

57. Front narrow, its sides nearly parallel (54, 61) Tachydromia Meigen

Front V-shaped, wide above (65) Tachyempis Melander

58. First basal cell equal to or longer than the second 59

First basal cell decidedly shorter than the second 64

59. Legs with strong bristles 60

Legs without conspicuous bristles 62

60. Wings about one-third noi^mal length (32) Thinodromia Melander

Wings as long as the abdomen 61

61. Two pairs of presutural dorsocentrals (8) Coloboneura Melander

One pair of presutural dorsocentrals (46, 56) Chersodromia Walker

62. Eyes bare 63

Eyes pubescent Megagrapha Melander

63. Arista apical Charadrodromia Melander

Arista dorsal Micrempis Melander

64. Anal cell entirely absent 65

Anal cell partly formed (49, 50) Platypalpus Macquart

65. Arista dorsal (58) Stilpon Loew

Arista apical or subapical (19, 20) Drapetis Meigen

215

Family Dolichopidse — The Long-headed Flies

Small flies rarely exceeding 10 mm. in length, usually metallic
green or blue, partly dusted with whitish, brownish or grayish, rarely
yellow or blackish. Discal cell united with the second basal cell.

Head about as wide as the thorax, sometimes a little wider, usually
a little higher than wide; face variable in width, sometimes practically
eliminated by the approximation of the eyes, generally wider in the
females than in the males; front usually wide and widening above,
rarely obliterated by the approximation of the eyes in the males; with
bristles above. Posterior orbits usually with orbital cilia which may
be replaced below by fine hair. Proboscis fleshy, short, usually re-
tracted; palpi flat, usually reposing on the proboscis, sometimes modi-
fied and highly ornamental. Antennaj composed of three segments,
bearing a dorsal or apical arista; third segment usually more or less
oval, sometimes elongated, especially in the males. Thorax convex
above, sometimes with a conspicuous depression before the scutellum.
Abdomen with five or six segments, conical, cylindrical, flattened,
laterally compressed or more or less laterally compressed apically;
hypopygium large, or small and concealed. Coxge usually short, rarely
a little elongate, the legs of moderate length, the femora usually some-
what enlarged, the tarsi of the males frequently beautifully modified,
the tibias rarely so although sometimes brightly colored. Wings hyaline
or with dark markings, sometimes ornamented with black and white
or of peculiar shape. Second basal and discal cells united, the anal cell
short, the sixth vein short or absent, the fourth vein usually straight
or only gently curved forward, rarely forming a crossvein.

The adults occur everywhere in the vicinity of water and are
particularly abundant in swamps and along lightly shaded streams
where they occur on mud or sand; on foliage, usually in the sun; on
stones in streams; on the trunks of trees and on fallen logs. Species of
Medeienis and Neurigona are normally found on tree trunks, especially
those having smooth bark; Hydrophorus and Campsicnonus occur on
the surface of small pools; most genera occur on mud along water,
some only on sand; DiapJwrus, Chnjsofus and Hercostomus occur
chiefly on foliage and the same is true of Condylostyhis, etc. ]Many
of the si)ecies are extremely local in habitat, occurring only where
conditions are perfectly suital)le. The adults are all predaceous, feeding
ui)on smaller insects and mites. I have frequently ol)served them
devouring midges and also small larva' occurring in the mud.

216 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Many of the adults have very unusual mating dances which may
be observed without difficulty as the species are common and soon
return to their "mud flats'' if disturbed. An excellent account of
several of the species is given in the revision of Dolichopus by Van
Duzee, Cole and Aldrich.

Little is known about the immature stages which are passed, for
the most part, in mud, although some species live in the stems of grass
and those of Medeterus live under the bark of trees and are definitely
predaceous. Some species are said to feed upon decaying vegetation
but they are probably predaceous.

The males are easily determined but the females are often difficult
to name as they present less striking characters than the males. The
American species were revised by Becker* but so many new forms have
been described since that this work will furnish only a basis for the
study of the family. The females present few structural characters
and it is difficult to separate a few of the genera except by association
and familiarity with the group. Several characters not previously used
are employed in the key presented and most of the females are keyed
out separately. With a little experience this sex should be as easily
located in the correct genus as is the opposite sex and tlie males will
trace out quite readily in this section of the key, although two or three
genera are omitted as females are not available.

KEY TO GENERAf

1. Fourth vein with a widely divergent fork beyond the posterior cross-

vein and with an appendage at the bend (16); mesonotum scarcely

longer than wide 2

Fourth vein without such fork though often with strong curvature;
mesonotum usually conspicuously longer than wide 8

2. Front scarcely excavated above from anterior view 3

Front strongly excavated above f roin anterior view 4

3. Sixth (anal) vein present Psilopiella Van Duzee

Sixth vein absent Leptorhethum Aldrich

4. Arista not differentiated from the third antennal segment which is

produced style-like and extremely long Megistostylus Bigot

Arista clearly differentiated 5

5. Arista apical Chrysosoma Guerin

Arista dorsal, rarely sub-apical 6

6. Lower part of the face with hairs (83) Laxina, n. g.

Lower part of the face without hair 7

7. Scutellum with four bristles (16, 85) Condylostylus Bigot

Scutellum with a pair of strong bristles and sometimes a we:ik basal

hair on either side (17, 71) Sciapus Zeller

* 1922 (1921). Abh. Zool.-bot., Gesselsch., Wien, xiii, pp. 1-395.

t Syntormon Loew appears to be distinct from Synarthrus to which our American species
belong.

FAMILY DOLICHOPID.T: THE LONG-HEADKD FLIES 217

8. Thorax almost as broad as long; head wider than hig-h; the front

deeply excavated from anterior view; face wide (48, 51).

* Mesorhaga Schiner
Thorax and head different 9

9. Basal segment of the posterior tarsi with stout bristles above (24,

42, 57 ) t Dolichopus Latreille

Basal segment of the posterior tarsi without bristles above 10

10. Mesopleura produced as a finger-like strip along the posterior edge

of the anterior coxse (20) J Liancalus Loew

Mesopleura normal, not produced as above 11

11. Males 12

Females 64

12. Hypopygium long, extending forward under the venter 13

Hypopygium short, only the lamellae sometimes extending foi'ward. . . 25

13. Arista long pubescent, sub-plumose 14

Arista quite short pubescent or bare 16

14. Third antennal segment very large, acuminate Leptocorypha Aldrich

Third antennal segment normal, short and somewhat pointed 15

15. Face wide below, roof -like over the mouth, concave in the middle

(22, 25, 46, 77) § Pelastoneurus Loew

Face narrow, especially below (66, 79) Sarcionus Aldrich

16. About the posterior third of the mesonotum concave or flattened 17

Mesonotum flattened only immediately before the scutellum 20

17. Second antennal segment prolonged along the inner side of the third

(67, 73) Coeloglutus Aldrich

Second antennal segment not prolonged along the third 18

18. Hypopygium pedunculate, at least not sessile, reaching almost to the

base of the abdomen 19

Hypopygium sessile, the basal part not reaching half way to the base
of the abdomen although the lamellae may do so (45, 81).

^Paraphrosylus Becker

19. Third and fourth veins strongly converging apically, the distance

between them at their apices not more than half as great as oppo-
site the posterior crossvein; bristles rarely yellow (63, 86).

I Medeterus Fischer
Third and fourth veins separated apically by at least two-thirds the
distance separating them opposite the anterior crossvein; hair and
bristles yellow (31, 59) °Thrypticus Gerstsecker

20. The face hangs down apron-like below the eyes (15, 38).

0Polymedon Osten Sacken
The face is not produced as a long, thin ribbon 21

* Van Duzee, 1917, Ent. News, xxviii, p. 123.

t Van Duzee, Cole and Aldrich, 1921, Bull. 116, U. S. N. Mus. ; Van Duzee and Curran,
1934, Amer. Mus. Novit. Nos. 683, 684.

i Van Duzee, 1917, Ent. News, xxviii, p. 126.

§ Van Duzee, 1923, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xvi, p. 30.

^ Van Duzee. 1924, Pan-Pac. Ent., i, p. 73.

II Van Duzee, 1928, Psyche, xxxv, p. 38.

° Van Duzee, 1921, Psyche, xxviii, p. 124.

0 Van Duzee, 1927, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xx, p. 123.

218

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Dolichopida? I.— 1. Anepsiomyia linearis; 2, Campsicneir.us latipcs ; 3, Stolidosoma permu-
tatum; 4, Xanthina nigromacula ; Wi, Diostracus prasinus ; 6. 7. Collinellula magistri; 8, Peloro-
peodes bievis; 9, Svnarthrus tricoloripes ; in, Keirosoma albicinctum ; 11, Chrysotimus luteus;
12. Nematoproctus flavicauda; l:i. Chrysotus discolor; 14, Thinophilus ochreifacies; lo, l-oly-
mcdon dilaticosta.

fa:mily dolichupid.t: — the long-headed flies 219

21. Third and fourth veins parallel apically 22

Third and fourth veins strongly converging apically or the fourth

strongly curved forward 23

22. First antennal segment bare above (8, 33) * Peloropeodes Wheeler

First antennal segment haired above at apex (55, 70).

fGymnopternus Lcew

23. Fourth vein with a rather sharply rounded curv^ature and parallel

with the third at the tip (46) Paracleius Bigot

Fourth vein straight beyond the crossvein or with a gentle curvature
(44, 61) 24

24. Head conspicuously higher than wide, the face extending to the lower

edge of the eyes; fourth vein curved beyond the posterior crossvein

(29, 44 ) ' '. JTachytrechus Walker

Head but little higher than wide, the face not reaching the lower edge
of the eyes; fourth vein straight beyond the crossvein (61, 76).

Hercostomus Lcew

25. Costa reaching to the fourth vein 26

Costa ending at the third vein (58) §Asyndetus Lcew

26. First antennal segment bare above 34

First antennal segment haired above, at least apically 27

27. Arista dorsal, rarely subapical 29

Arista apical or practically so 28

28. Third antennal segment bilobed or with a strong anuglar projection

below on the basal third (30, 40) Hypocharassus Mik

Third antennal segment triangular or subtriangular (18, 74).

^Argyra Macquart

29. Acrostical setae absent 31

Acrostical setae present, two-rowed 30

30. Fourth vein doubly bent at r.early right angles (68, 82).

Syntomoneurum Becker
Fourth vein not sharply curved (3, 37) Stolidosoma Becker

31. Arista long pubescent or plumose 32

Arista very short pubescent or bare 33

32. Third and fourth veins parallel or only a little convergent.

Phylarchus Aldrich
Fourth vein strongly curved forward, very close to the third at its
apex; (Some species of Sarcionus and Pelastoneurus might come
here as a few have short genitalia).

33. Palpi very small; face very narrow (1) Anepsiomyia Bezzi

Palpi larger; lower section of face twice as wide as long (5, 34).

Diostracus Loew

34. Mesonotum with an elongate, longitudinal depression on the nosterior

third or slightly less 35

» Van Duzee, 1926, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. liii, i>p. 39-46 (Kophosoma).

t Curran. 1933, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 682, p. 2.

t Green, 1922, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ix, Article 17.

§ Van Duzee, 1919, Ent. News, xxx. p. 24S.

H Van Duzee, 1925, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixvi, .^rt. 23.

220

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Dolichopidffi II.— 16, Condylostylus sipho : 17. Sciapus unifasciatus; 18, Argyra; 19,
Plagioneurus univittatus: 20, Liancalus similis; 21. Rhaphphium ; 22. ^t,'X:Toly.7rirkoni
Diaphorus; 24, Dolichopus, d abdomen: 25. Pelastoneurus vagans ; 26. Hydrophorus, fiont
femur; 27, Scellus, front femur; 28, Scellus vigil.

FAiMILY DOLICHOPID.E — THE LONG-HEADED FLIES 221

Mesonotum without such depression, usually with a slight, transverse
depression 42

35. Acrostical setulse present, at least at the anterior edge of the thorax. 36
Acrostical setulae absent Micromorphus Mik

36. Third and fourth veins almost parallel beyond the crossvein 37

Third and fourth veins converging before the apex (52).

*NeuriRona Rondani

37. Acrostical setulae present only on the anterior margin of the meso-

notum (60) Xanthochlorus Lcew

Acrostical setulae extending at least to the suture 38

38. Sixth (anal) vein present 39

Sixth ( anal ) vein absent 40

39. Hair and bristles wholly yellow (11) Chrysotimus Lcew

Hair and bristles not yellow (52) *Neurigona Rondani

40. Arista apical (36) 41

Arista sub-apical; third antennal segment pointed (62) . .jAchalcus Lcew

41. Pleura metallic (6, 7) Collinellula Aldrich

Pleura yellow; third antennal segment rounded apically (4, 36).

fXanthina Aldrich

42. Fourth vein ending well before the tip of the wing; posterior cross-

vein very oblique ( 19 ) 43

Fourth vein ending but little before the tip of the wing, usually in or
slightly behind it 44

43. Dorsocentral bristles strong (19) Plagioneurus Lcew

Dorsocentral bristles hair-like CEdematopus Van Duzee

44. Posterior crossvein situated less than its own length from the wing

margin along the fifth vein, the basal segment of the posterior tarsi

longer than the second (43) 45

Posterior crossvein much shorter than the ultimate section of the
fifth vein, or the first segment of the posterior tarsi decidedly
shorter than the second (9) 49

45. Pteropleura haired in front of the posterior spiracle 46

Pteropleura bare 47

46. First antennal segment with stout setulae below (72)..MeIanderia Aldrich
First antennal segment bare below (Hydrophorus pt) (80).

Millardia, n. g.

47. Pteropleura produced to form a mammiform projection in front of

the posterior spiracle (27, 28) JScellus Lcew

Pteropleura plain 48

48. Middle of the propleura haii-ed; third antennal segment subrectangu-

lar, the arista dorsal (26, 43, 56, 78) §Hydrophorus Fallen

* Van Duzee, 1913, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vi. pp. 22-61.

t The only difference in these two genera appears to be in the shape of the third antennal
segment. They should probably be united.

± Greene, 1924, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixv, Art. 16.
§ Van Duzee, 1926. Pan.-Pac. Ent., iii, p. o.

222

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Dolichopidae III. — 29, Tachytrechus; 30. Hypocharasus ; 31. Thrypticus; 32, Neosyntormon ;
33, Peloropeodes brevis ; 34, Diostracus prasinus ; 35, Parasyntormon asellus; 36, Xanthina
subcurva; 37, Stolidosoma permutatum ; 38. Polymcdon dilaticosta; 39. Chrysotus discolor.

FAMILY DOLIL'IIOPID.E THE LONG-HEADED FLIES 223

Middle of propleura bare; third antennal segment rather triangular,
the arista apical (45, 81 ) *Paraphrosylus Becker

49. Acrostical setulae present, though weak 50

Acrostical setulas absent (14) fThinophilus Wahlberg

50. Arista apical or practically so, sometimes arising a little above the

tip of the pointed third antennal segment 51

Arista dorsal 58

51. Propleura bare or with a single bristly hair in the middle 53

Propleura haired in the middle 52

52. Second antennal segment produced thumb-like into the third on the

inner surface (9, 84) JSynarthrus Lcew

Second antennal segment not strongly convex apically (21, 47, 49).

§Rhaphium Meigen

53. Second longitudinal vein very strongly sinuous (65) (Eutarsus Aid-

rich, Van Duzee, not Lcew) Diaphorus Meigen

Second vein at most gently undulate 54

54. Second antennal segment produced thumb-like into the third; abdo-

men elongate and not tapering apically (35, 54).

Parasyntormon Wheeler
Second antennal segment usually transverse, rarely strongly convex
apically, if so the abdomen short, cylindrical and tapering from base
to apex 55

55. Body silvery white pollinose; middle of propleura with a single bristle

( 64 ) Leucostola Lcew

Bodj' rarely silvery pollinose; middle of propleura bare 56

56. Lower section of face not differentiated 57

Lower section of face strongly differentiated and large (45, 81).

*Paraphrosylus Becker

57. Fi'ont narrow, if wide the apex of the abdomen with four bristles

(23, 75) IJDiaphorus Meigen

Front wide, the face usually very narrow, the apical abdominal seg-
ment without strong bristles (13, 39) [[Chrysotus Meigen

58. Second antennal segment produced thumb-line into the third on the

inner surface (32, 50, 69) Neosyntormon, n. g.

Second antennal segment transverse or gently convex apically 59

59. Middle of propleura bare 60

Middle of propleura haired 63

60. Abdomen flattened dorsoventrally (2) °Campsicnemus Walker

Abdomen not flattened dorsoventrailv 61

• Van Duzee, 1924, Pan.-Pac. Ent., i, p. 73.
t Van Duzee, 1926, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. xix, p. 35.
J Van Duzee, 1925. Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1, pp. 257-287 (Syntormon).

§ Curran, 1926-1927. Tr. Roy. Can. Inst., xv, pt. 2, pp. 249-260; xvi, pt. 1, pp. 99-179.
T Van Duzee, 1922, BuU. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., xi, pp. 161-194.

li Van Duzee, 1924, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., xiii, pp. 1-53; 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit. No.
483 (Neotropical)

° Van Duzee, 1917, Ent. News, p. 124 ; Curran, 1933, Amer. Mu.s. Novit. No. 682, p. 5.

224

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Dolichopidaj IV. — 40. Hypochaiassus; 41. Dolichopus ; 42. Sympjcnus; 43, Hydrophorus;
44, Tachytrechus sanus ; 45, Paraphrosylus; 46, Petastoneurus ; 47, Rhaphium ; 48, Mesorhaga,
head from in front; 49, Rhaphium abdomen from side; 50, Neosyntormon ; 51, Mesorhaga; 52,
Neurigona; 53, Sympycnus; 54, Parasyntormon; 55, Gymnopternus; 56, Hydrophorus; 57,
Dolichopus, 1st segment of posterior tarsus; 58, Asyndetus syntormoidcs ; 59, Thrypticus; 60,
Xanthochlorus; 61, Hcrcostomus ; 62, Achalcus; 63, Medeterus.

FAMILY DOLICHOPID.K — TIIE LOXG-IIEADED FLIES 225

61. Abdomen long and slender, more or less cylindrical, the jjenitalia

small (42, 53) *Sympycnus Lcew

Abdomen either tapering or short with large, asymetrical hypopy-
gium 62

62. Abdomen tapering; genitalia small; scutellum without secondary basal

bristles 1 euchophorus Lcew

Abdomen short and chunky, the genitalia large, asymetrical (Kopho-
soma Van Duzee, Pachypyga Parent) (8, 33) . . .fPeloropeodes Wheeler

63. Third and fourth veins rather approximate apically (12).

JNematoproctus Lcew
Third and fourth veins almost parallel beyond the crossvein (10).

Keirosoma Van Duzee

Females

64. Costa continuing to the fourth vein 65

Costa ending at the third vein (58) §Asyndetus Lcew

65. Pteropleura produced to form a mammiform protuberance in front of

the posterior spiracle (27, 28) Scellus Lcew

Pteropleui'a not produced 66

66. First antennal segment haired above 67

First Antennal segment bare above 80

67. Arista plumose or very long pubescent 68

Arista short pubescent or bare 70

68. No acrostical setulae Phylarchus Aldrich

With acrostical setulae 69

69. Face wide, bulging below (22, 25, 46, 77) Pelastoneurus Lcew

Face narrower, never strongly bulging below the middle (66, 79).

Sarcionus Aldrich
^Leptocorypha Aldrich

70. Arista dorsal 72

Arista apical 71

71. Third antennal segment subtriangular or triangular (18, 74).

Argyra Macquart
Third antennal segment either furcate or with a strong, angular pro-
jection basally (30, 40) Hypocharassus Mik

72. Propleura with hair or a single bristly hair on the median portion ... 73
Propleura entirely bare on the median portion (5, 34) . . .Diostracus Lcew

73. Pteropleura with a small tuft of very fine short hairs in front of the

posterior spiracle (these are sometimes difficult to discern in most
views); fourth vein not curved forward near the apex (55, 70).

Gymnopternus Loew
Without such hairs, or the fourth vein strongly curved forward
apically 74

* Van Duzee, 1930. Pan-Pac. Ent., vii, pp. 35-36.

t Van Duzee, 1926, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, Hi, pp. 39-46 (Kophosoma).

J Van Duzee, 1930, Psyche, xxxvii. p. 167.

§ Van Duzee, 1919, Ent. News, xxx, p. 248.

H Female unknown.

226

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Dolichopidae V. — 64, Leucostola cingulata ; 65, Diaphorus nigripennis ; 66, Sarcionus
pectinatus; 67, Coeloglutus bicoloripes ; 68, Syntomoneurutn alatum ; 60, Neosyntormon; 70,
Gyinnopternus ; 71, Sciapiis tener; 72, Melanderia mandibulata; 73, Ceeloglutus bicoloripes; 74,
Argyra; 75, Diaphorus; 76, Hercostomus ; 77, Pelastoneurus abbreviatus.

FAMILY DOLICHOPID.E THE LOXG-HEADED FLIES 227

74. Third and fourth veins conspicuously converging apically or the fourth

strongly curved 75

Third and fourth veins parallel beyond the posterior crossvein, or
nearly so ( 1 ) Anepsiomyia Bezzi

75. Fourth vein approaching the third in a broad curve and running paral-

lel with it at the apex Paracleius Bigot

Fourth vein not so strongly approaching the third or not parallel with
it apically (3) ' 76

76. A second pair of weak scutellar bristles or hairs; metapleura bare;

fourth vein sometimes angularly curved 77

A single pair of scutellar bristles; metasternum with two or three
minute hairs in front of the posterior spiracle, visible only in some
lights; fourth vein with single curve (3, 37) Stolidosoma Becker

77. Fourth vein straight beyond the posterior crossvein, though approach-

ing the third (61, 76) Hercostomus Lcew

Fourth vein curved beyond the crossvein 78

78. Sixth (anal) vein extending close to the margin of the wing (68) .... 79
Sixth (anal) vein extending little more than half way to the margin

of the wing beyond the anal cell (15, 38) Polymedon Osten Sacken

79. Fourth vein bent twice in middle of apical section (68, 82).

Syntomoneurum Becker
Fourth vein not bent at nearly right angles (29, 44). .Tachytrechus Lcew

80. A longitudinal flat or slightly concave area on the posterior third of

the mesonotum 81

No such area although there is usually a more or less distinct trans-
verse depression immediately before the scutellum 91

81. Third and fourth veins parallel or almost so beyond the posterior

crossvein 82

Fourth vein converging toward the third 86

82. Hair and bristles wholly yellow 85

Hair and bristles pai'tly or wholly black or brown 83

83. Acrostical setulse in two row^s 88

Acrostical setul* distinct only on the anterior border of the mesono-
tum, or absent 84

84. Yellowish species (60) Xanthochlorus Lcew

Black or green species Micromorphus Mik

85. Sixth (anal) vein absent (31, 59) Thrypticus Gerstsecker

Sixth vein present (11) Chrysotimus Loew

86. Fourth vein conspicuously doubly curved forward beyond the cross-

vein; sixth (anal) vein reaching the wing margin or practically so,
strong and curved backward at the tip; usually large species (52).

" Neurigona Rondani
Fourth vein straight beyond the posterior crossvein; sixth vein weak,
sometimes represented by a fold and usually curving toward the
apex of the wing before its end 87

* Van Duzee. 1913, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vi. pp. 22-61.

228

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Dolichopidje VI. — 78, Hydrophorus extrarius; 79, Sarcionus actutispina; 80, Millardia
viridiflos; 81, Paraphrosylus praedator; 82, Syntomoneurum alatum ; 83, Laxina caudatus; 84,
Synarthrus tricoloripes ; 85, Condylostylus sipho; 86, Medeterus nigrimana.

FAMILY DULICIIOPID.E THE LONG-HEADED FLIES 229

87. Second antennal segment produced along the inner side of the third

(67, 73) Coeloglutus Aldrich

Second antennal segment not produced along the third (63, 86).

Medeterus Fischer

88. Sixth (anal) vein absent 89

Sixth (anal) vein extending almost to the wing margin (52).

* Neurigona Loew

89. Arista subapical (62) Achalcus Lcew

Arista apical 90

90. Pleura yellowish (4, 36) Xanthina Aldrich

Pleura metallic green (6, 7) t Collinellula Aldrich

91. Fourth vein ending well before the tip of the wing, its outer edge

concave just beyond the bend 92

Fourth vein ending but little before the tip of the wing, if curved
beyond the posterior crossvein there is no concavity on the outer
side 93

92. Dorsocentral bristles strong (19) Plagioneurus Loew

Dorsocentral bristles hair-like (Edematopus Van Duzee

93. Posterior crossvein as long or longer than the ultimate section of the

fifth vein; basal segment of the posterior tarsi longer than the

second 94

Posterior crossvein rarely as long as the ultimate section of the fifth
vein, if so, the basal segment of the posterior tarsi shorter than the
second 97

94. Pteropleura haired in front of the posterior spiracle 95

Pteropleura bare in front of the posterior spiracle 96

95. First antennal segment with stout setulte below (72) .Melanderia Aldrich
First antennal segment bare below (Hydrophorus pt) (80).

Millardia, n. g.

96. Middle of the propleura haired (26, 43, 56, 78) Hydrophorus Meigen

Middle of the propleura bare (45, 81) Paraphrosylus Becker

97. Acrostical setulae present 98

Acrostical setulse absent (14) Thinophilus Wahlberg

98. Arista apical or practically so, sometimes arising a little above the

tip of the pointed third antennal segment 99

Arista dorsal, rarely arising a little beyond the middle of the third
segment 105

99. Propleura bare or with a single bristle in the middle 101

Propleura haired in the middle 100

100. Second antennal segment projecting thumb-like into the third on the

inner side (9, 84 ) Synarthrus Loew

Second antennal segment transverse or only gently convex apically
(21, 47, 49) t Rhaphium Meigen

* Van Duzee, 1913, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vi, pp. 22-61.

t I have not seen specimens of Collinellula but the genus is very riose to Xanthina and
no struclui'al differences are mentioned in the description.

t Curran, 1926-1927, Tr. Roy. Can. Inst., xv, pt. 2, rp. 249-260; xvi, pt. 1, pp. 99-179.

230 NORTH AMEKICAX DIPTERA

101. Second antennal segment produced thumb-like into the third on the

inner side (35, 54) Parasyntormon Wheeler

Second antennal segment transverse or only gently convex apically. . .102

102. Middle of propleura wholly bare 103

Middle of propleura with a single bristly hair (64) Leucostola Loew

103. Lower section of the face not differentiated, the face short 104

Lower section of the face strongly differentiated, the face reaching

practically to the lower level of the eyes (45, 81).

Paraphrosylus Becker

104. Diaphorus Meigen and Chrysotus Meigen come here but there are no

good characters for the separation of the females.

105. Second antennal segment produced thumb-like into the third on the

inner side (32, 50, 69) Neosyntormon, n. g.

Second antennal segment with the apex at most a little convex on the
inner side 106

106. Middle of propleura bare 107

Middle of propleura haired 109

107. Abdomen flattened dorsoventrally, rai-ely swollen; face narrowest in

the middle (2>- Campsicnemus Walker

Abdomen cylindrical or tapering 108

108. Abdomen short and tapering 110

Abdomen long and slender, usually cylindrical or laterally compressed

(42, 53) Sympycnus Loew

109. Third and fourth veins parallel or nearly so beyond the posterior

crossvein (10) Keirosoma Van Duzee

Third and fourth veins rather approximate apically (12).

Nematoproctus Loew

110. Scutellum with a secondary pair of weak marginal scutellars situated

between the base and the strong pair; sixth vein strongly ileveloped;

anal lobe distinct (8, 33) Peloropeodes Wheeler

Scutellum without secondary basals, but with a pair of apical hairs;
sixth vein weakly developed; anal lobe very weak. . .Teuchophorus Lcew

Laxina, new genus

This genus is erected for those species, formerly placed in Con-
dylostylus, Sciapus and Psilopns, in which the lower section of the face
is hairy. The arista is dorsal; mesonotiim rather square; scutellum
with four bristles and the wings either hyaline or variegated with
brown. Genotype: — DoUcJwpus patihulatus Say.

Neosyntormon, new genus

Differs from Parasijntonnon Wheeler in having the arista dorsal,
even though situated toward the apex of the third antennal segment.
The propleura is bare and the hypopleura lacks hair. Both these char-

FAMILY DOLICHOriD.E — THE LONG-HEADED FLIES 231

acters arc true of Parasijntonnon also, but all the species of Synarthrus
Loew have both the propleura and hypopleura haired, (lenitalia small.
Genotype : — Parasifntonnon montivaguyn Wheeler.

P. aselhis Wheeler is the onlj' species I have seen belonging to
Parasijntormon. The genus Eutarsus Loew is close to Neosijntormon
but both the propleura and pteroplcura bear fine hair, as in SipuirtJirus.
Eutarsus does not occur in America.

Peloropeodes Wheeler

In his original descrii)tion of this genus one might infer that the
arista is apical, but I believe this is erroneous and that the arista is
inserted toward the end of the third segment in the male. The type
males of sahtx Wheeler, the genotype, all lack the third antennal seg-
ment so the point cannot be cleared up at present. Both females,
however, are in excellent condition and since no type has been selected
for the species, I now select one of the females. On general structure
there can be no doubt that both Pachupyga Parent and Kophosoma Van
Duzee are synonyms.

Teuchophorus Loew

Wlieeler has described a species from South Dakota which appears
to have been correctly placed. The type is not in good condition, both
wings being absent and part of the abdomen eaten away, but from
what can be seen the specimen agrees well with European material
taken near Leningrad. This genus is very clo.se to Peloropeodes differ-
ing in having small genitalia, as in Sijmpycnus, less evident anal angle
to the wings with less developed sixth vein, and the absence of a pair
of small basal bristles on the scutellum in addition to the large pair.
As a rule there is a i^air of small hairs on the apical i)ortion of the
scutellum, absent in the species of Peloropeodes I have seen.

Millardia, new genus

This genus is proposed for the reception of species formerly placed
in II ydropJwrus JMeigen in which the pteropleura bears conspicuous
fine hairs and most, if not all of the species have several pairs of post-
vertical bristles instead of a single pair. Genotype: — Ilydropliorus
riridiffos Walker.

232

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Lonchopteridae — The Pointed-wing- Flies

Lonchoptera sp.

Small, slender brownish or yellowish flies, the length 2 to 5 mm.

Head bristly; ocelli present; antenna? short, the third segment
rounded, with a terminal arista. Legs moderately long, bristly, the
pulvilli very small; empodia absent. Wings pointed apically, with
only the basal crossveins, the anal cell closed; first vein very short, the
fourth furcate.

The adults are found in moist places and especially
along shady brooks. The larva^ live under leaves and
decaying vegetation; they are flat, with long bristles
on the anterior two and apical segments; ten seg-
ments, the head not differentiated; posterior apiracles
l)roadly separated on the apical segment. The larva
Lonchoptera, head transforms into a prepupa within the larval skin and
later into a true i)upa.

The family contains less than two dozen species, all belonging to the
genus LoncJwptera jNIeigen. A key to the American species is given
below. Descriptions of them are contained in American IMuseum
Novitates No. 696.

FAMILY LOXCHOPTERID.E THE POIXTED-WING FLIES

233

TABLE OF SPECIES

1. Bristles of the vertex and the orbital cilia wholly yellowish 4

At least several of the upper orbital cilia black 2

2. Bristles of the vertex black 3

Bristles of the vertex yellowish; about half the orbital cilia black.... 4

3. Wings very sharply pointed, very slightly concave posteriorly toward

the apex, or at any rate not generally convex uniseta CuiTan

Wings broader and much less sharply pointed, gently convex before
the apex occidentalis Curran

4. Anal vein widely removed from the border of the wing; base of fifth

vein with four or five long bristles borealis Curran

Anal vein fused with the posterior border of the wing; base of fifth
vein with numerous setulae dubia Curran

Wings of Lonchoptera. — 1. uniseta Curran; 2,
(Courtesy American Museum of Natural History.)

occidentalis Curran ; 3, borealis Curran.

234

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Phoridse

Megaselia species.

Small or minute flies, often wingless, usually with a hunch-backed
appearance.

Head small, ratlier flattened; front wide, usually bristled; face
short and concave; oral opening large, the proboscis usually fleshy;
palpi large, usually bristled; eyes never large, the ocelli sometimes
absent in the apterous forms. Antenna with three segments, the third
large, the basal two small; arista dorsal or apical. Thorax usually
arched, the scutellum absent in some wingless forms. Abdomen short,
iLsually tapering posteriorly, sometimes partly membranous, especially
in the wingless forms; male genitalia often large, in the female small
and projecting, large and adapted for piercing in some genera. Legs
short, well developed, the tibae with or without l)ristles; posterior femora
usually more or less laterally compressed. Wings large, ])oorly de-
veloped or absent, the fully developed wings with two strong longitudi-
nal veins and four or five fine ones.

The adults are readily recognized by their characteristic antennee
and wing venation. They are found almost everywhere but are par-
ticularly aliundant about decaying vegetation, on leaves and windows or
in the nests of termites and ants, and following armies of ants. The
alate adults move about on leaves with a quick, jerky movement which
is quite characteristic of the family.

FAMILY PHORID.E

235

The larval habits arc diverse. Some are parasitic while others are
unquestionably scavengers. The larva of Apocephalus lives in the
heads of ants, the head dropping off when the larva is mature, while
that of Cataclinusa pachycliondijJcv lives curled about the necks of ant
larvie and feeds upon the food proffered the latter by the ants. Some
species live on decaying animal matter and at least one species has been
reared from honey comb. The family is one of great interest and offers
an excellent field of study for patient, careful students of animal
behavior.

Tlu' latest revision of the North American species is by Mallocli.*
The following key is adapted from Schmitzf and may prove unsatis-
factory in some respects, but as I lack very many of the genera I am
unable to improve upon it. Some of the characters used appear to be
of little value from a generic standpoint but the species included in
the genera present differences in addition to those given. Despite the
title, Schmitz' paper is little more than a generic revision insofar as
the taxonomist is concerned but a complete bibliography is included.

KEY TO GEXERAJ

1. Prothoiacic spiracle lateral 2

Prothoracic spiracle dorsal (18) ^nigmatias Meinert

2. Supra-antennal bristles proclinate, if absent the tibi« lack isolated

strong- bristles 18

Supra-antennal bristles erect, divergent or reclinate, if absent the
tibise bear strong bristles; never wingless 3

3. Third vein with very evident branch 4

Third vein not forked or only obscurely so 11

* 1912. Proc. U. S. N. M.. xliii, pp. 411-529.

t 1929. Rev. der Phoriden, privately published (Diimmler, Berlin & Bonn).

I Checked by Dr. C. T. Brues.

Phoridae I. — 1. Pulicophora, $ ; 2, Megaselia; 3, Phora, antenna; 4, Coniccra, antenna;
5, Megraselia ; 6, Hypocera; 7, Apocephalus, antenna.

236

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Pho.id* II.-8. 9. Eeitom.via spinosa. dorsal and lateral views; 1'^. P'^^V'P'?"^', ^J'
Triphleba; 12. Aneurina; 13. Pulicophora ; 14. Chonocephalus. head of ? : lo. Beckenna. head
showing bristles.

FAMILY PHORID.TS 237

4. At least the middle tibiae with strong bristles 5

Tibiae without conspicuous bristles (15, 21) Beckerina Malloch

5. Mesopleura haired, at least in front near the spiracle 6

Mesopleura bare 8

6. Mesopleura with very long bristle Chaetopleurophora Schmitz

Mesopleura without long bristle 7

7. Posterior tibise with from one to three rows of closely placed short

setulse dorsally (19) Dohrniphora Dahl

Posterior tibise without such ciliate rows . . Chaetocnemistoptera Borgmeier

8. Third vein with closely placed setulse above (12) Aneurina Lioy

Third vein bare or very sparsely setulose 9

9. Middle tibiae with a strong anterior bristle beyond the middle.

Paraspiniphora Malloch
Middle tibise with a very weak bristle beyond the middle, or bare 10

10. Posterior tibise with one to three rows of conspicuous, short setulse

dorsally (25) Diploneura Lioy

Posterior tibise without such setulse (11) Triphleba Rondani

11. Arista dorsal, at most sub-apical 12

Arista apical i 17

12. Middle tibise without dorsal bristles beyond the basal third 13

Middle tibiae with more than one pair of dorsal bristles 14

13. Eyes bare (3) Phora Latreille

Eyes haired Chaetocnemistoptera Borgmeier

14. Supra-antennal bristles present (6) Hypocera Lioy

Supra-antennal bristles absent 15

15. Ocelli widely separated, their triangle separated from the front an-

teriorly by a three-ridged depression Stichillus Enderlein

Ocelli normal, or the triangle forming a tubercle 16

16. Eyes very large; front very narrow (26) Trineurocephala Schmitz

Eyes normal; front wide Borophaga Endei-lein

17. Posterior tibise with a pair of bristles on the basal half (4, 24).

Conicera Meigen
Posterior tibise otherwise (22) Coniceromyia Borgmeier

18. Wings entirely normal in size 19

Wings smaller than normal or absent 46

19. Third vein forked 20

Third vein simple 32

20. Posterior tibise with a dorsal row of contiguous hairs and a postero-

dorsal row of short cilia or at least one or two short bristles 23

Posterior tibise without the dorsal row of setulse and the postero-dorsal
cilia 21

238

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Phoridje III. — 16, Ecituncula setosa ; IT. Xanionotum ; IS. ^niginatias, d: 19. Dohrni-
phora alleni ; 20, Acontistoptera nielanderi ; 21, Beckcrina neotropica.

FAMILY PHORID.E 239

21. Anterior orbital bristle present Woodiphora Schmitz

At least the anterior orbital bristle absent 22

22. All the bristles on the anterior half of the front missing (23).

Gymnophora Macquart
Median frontals present Metopina Macquart

23. Supra-antennals entirely missing 24

At least one pair of supra-antennals 26

24. Arista apical or subapical 25

Arista dorsal Cremersia Schmitz

25. Hypopygium large; anal segment laterally compressed, the outline

lancet-shaped; fifth sternite with long apical hairs.

Neodohrniphora Malloch
Hypopygium small, the anal segment long and linear; ovipositor of
female chitinized and projecting Apocephalus Coquillett

26. Front with four rows of bristles 27

Bristling of the front incomplete; arista apical.

Acanthophorides Borgmeier

27. Upper pair of post-antennal bristles erect, directed more or less out-

ward 28

Upper pair of post-antennals proclinate or reclinate, not directed out-
ward 29

28. Upper post-antennals distinctly proclinate and directed a little out-

ward Pseudohypocera Malloch

Upper post-antennals directed outward (7) Apocephalus Coquillett

29. Weak vein beyond the third vein weak or absent Syneura Brues

This vein distinct 30

30. Epistoma strongly produced, tube-like Trophithauma Schmitz

Face normal, not produced 31

31. Proboscis very long and thin (o unknown) Rhyncophoromyia Malloch

Proboscis normal (Phalocrotophora Enderlein) (2, 5). . .Megaselia Rondani

32. Bristling of the front complete (as in Megaselia) or with additional

bristles 33

Bristling incomplete, the anterior orbital or other bristles absent 37

33. Front with additional bristles on the median area.

Pseudacteon Coquillett
Front with normal number of bristles 34

34. The weak vein lying parallel with the costa absent or indistinct 35

This vein distinct (2, 5) Megaselia Rondani

35. Costa short, widened and almost filling the costal cell.

Parametopina Borgmeier
Costa short but not abnormally widened 36

36. Apices of first and third veins approximate Syneura Brues

Apices of first and third veins not approximated (10).

Plastophora Brues

240

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

37. Bristles of the front normal except for the absence of the anterior

pair of f rontals 38

Bristles of the front differing in other ways 44

38. A weak vein lies parallel with the costa beyond the third vein 39

This vein absent 41

39. First vein wholly bare 40

First vein with one or two small bristles basally (20).

Acontistoptera Brues

40. Third and fourth weak veins very strongly cui-ved toward each other.

Metopina Macquart
Third and fourth veins normal (1, 13) Pulicophora Dahl

41. First vein present 42

First vein absent (8, 9) Ecitomyia Brues

42. Front with two pairs of post-antennal bristles 43

Front with one pair of post-antennal bristles (17) Xanionotum Brues

43. Post-antennal bristles of equal size Ecitophora Schmitz

Post-antennal bristles of two sizes. . Ecitoptera Borgmeier and Schmitz

PhoridjB IV. — 22. Coniceromyia vespertilio; 23, Gyinnophora verrucata; 24, Coniceraj
25, Diploneura; 26, Trineurocephala.

FAMILY PHORID.E 241

44. Post-antennal bristles not distinguishable from others along the an-

terior border of the front Cataclinusa Schmitz

Post-antennals absent 45

45. Front bristled only at the vertex and along the upper, inner margins

of the antennal grooves which are narrower than the space between
them; wings without basal transverse vein (14).

Chonocephalus Wandolleck
Front narrow, only the post-antennal and pre-ocellar bristles absent.

Melaloncha Brues

46. Wings wholly absent or microscopic 52

Wings distinctly developed though small 47

*

47. Ocelli present 48

Ocelli absent 50

48. Wings with trace of several veins 49

Wings with at most the costal vein visible; halteres absent.

Ecitophora Schmitz

49. Proboscis geniculate or bent, distinctly elongate.

Ecitoptera Borgmeier & Schmitz
Proboscis normal Commoptera Brues

50. Wing rudiments with long bristles 51

Wing rudiments with hairs or cilia (8, 9) Ecitomyia Brues

51. Eyes situated well behind the front margin of the head in profile;

halteres present, though small (17) Xanionotum Brues

Eyes situated at the front margin of the head in profile; halteres
absent (20) Acontistoptera Brues

52. Ocelli present (1, 13) Pulicophora Dahl

Ocelli absent 53

53. Thorax without bristles (14) Chonocephalus Wandolleck

Thorax with bristles (16) Ecituncula Schmitz

242 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Platypezidse — The Flat-footed Flies

Platypeza species.

Tliese are small flies with short hair and bristles, characterized by
the wing" venation and peculiarly shaped posterior tarsi, the basal seg-
ment being (usually) much flattened and sometimes strikingly orna-
mented.

Head hemispherical, as l)road or broader than the thorax and
closely applied to it; face depressed, short and broad; eyes bare, holoptic
in the males and in some females; ocelli present. Antennae porrect,
the basal two segments short, the third more or less elongate-oval, pyri-
form or conical, with a terminal arista. Thorax rather stout, the
mesonotum and scutellum with bristles. Legs short and strong, the
posterior pair more or less thickened and at least the basal segment of
their tarsi thickened or variously ornamented. Wings rather large;
third vein simple, tlie fourth sometimes forked; apical cell open; basal
cells rather small; ])osterior crossvein rarely absent. Abdomen rather
short, broad and tapering or laterally compressed; hypopygium gen-
erally small.

The larva? have been found in fungi and are flat, oval in outline,
with jointed thread-like appendages on the sides of the segments. The
puparia are rather similar to tlie larva? in appearance.

For the most part the Platypczids are not common in collections
nor are they often met with in the field. Williston states that they
have been observed dancing in small swarms but they are usually found
ujion the leaves of bushes and low trees where they move about in a
characteristic, jerky but remarkably agile manner. Mr. Johnson has
obtained most of his specimens of Af/athovijiia by sweeping foliage.
The species of Calliniyia prefer moist woods. Fewer than thirty North
American species are known.

FAMILY PLATYPEZID/E THE FLAT-FOOTED

243

•^*^-t

Platypezidae. — 1, Platycnema; 2, Callimyia; 3. Calliniyia, hind tarsus of cT ; 4-7,
Platypeza, wings and posterior legs; 8, Agathomyia, antenna; 9. Microsania pectipennis ; 10,
Platypezoides diversa; 11, 12, Agathomyia; 13, Callimyia.

244 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Fourth vein furcate "*

Fourth vein not furcate 2

2. Discal cell closed apically 3

Discal cell open 5

3. First vein bare; third antennal segment elongate conical (8, 11, 12).

*Agathomyia Verrall
First vein setulose above; third antennal segment rather short (2,
3, 13 ) tCallimyia Meigen

4. The fourth vein branches close to the posterior crossvein, the posterior

branch reaching the wing margin (10) Platypezoides Johnson

The fourth vein branches nearer to the wing margin than to the pos-
terior crossvein, the posterior branch not reaching the wing margin
(4, 5, 6, 7) 'Tlatypeza Meigen

5. Third vein obsolete except apically (9) Microsania Zetterstedt

Third vein complete; three closed cells (1) Platycnema Zetterstedt

* Johnson, 1923, Occ. Pap. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, pp. 51-58.
t Johnson, 1916, Psyche, xxiii, pp. 27-33.

245

Family Pipunciilidae — The Big-headed Flies

Tlii-s family is characterized by the very large head and thinly
pilose or i)ractically bare body.

Head broader than the thorax, nearly spherical, composed chiefly
of tlie large eyes; eyes of the male contiguous above the antennae or"
closely approximated, in the female separated by a narrow front; face
narrow. Antennie small, three segmented, the third segment oval, reni-
form or aculeate below; arista dorsal. Ocelli present; proboscis small,
usually concealed. Abdomen composed of six or seven segments, small,
cylindrical; hypopygium conspicuous, often large; ovipositor usually
elongate and extending forward under the abdomen. Legs simple; tarsi
broad, the basal segment elongate; pulvilli present. Wings much longer
than the abdomen; ])asal cells elongate; anal cell reaching close to the
wing margin, rarely incomplete; apical cell narrowed apically but
always open; three posterior cells; venation incomplete in Chalaritft
Walker. Squama? vestigial. The wings are held flat over the abdomen
when the insect is at rest.

The larva? are parasitic on bugs of the families CicadellidjB and
]\Iirida\ and perhaps on other Homoptera and Heteroptera. The larvae
are elli])tical. thick, depressed and narrowed at either end, naked and
small. The oval, shining black puparia are o])tuse at either end and
somewhat smaller than the larvae.

Pipunculida^ are found commonly wherever their hosts are to be
found, but more especially near the edges of woods, in clearings and
along shaded lanes. I have found tliem in large numbers in a small
clearing in whicli tlie ground was kept constantly moist from a spring
at one end and also along the edges of streams. Almost one hundred
species are known from North America, most of which belong to the
genus Pipunculus. Cresson* has monographed the family.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xx.xvi, pp. 267-329.

246 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. Discal cell closed 2

Discal cell open apically the venation incomplete (3) Chalarus Walker

2. Scutellar bristles present 3

Scutellar bristles absent (1, 2) Pipunculus Latreille

3. Ocellar bristles absent; occiput widely visible from the side (6, 7).

Nephrocerus Zetterstedt
Ocellar bristles present; occiput narrow (4, 5) Verrallia Mik

Pipunculidse. — 1, 2, Pipunculus; 3, Chalarus; 4, 5, Verrallia; 6, 7, Nephrocerus.

247

Family Syrphidae — The Flower Flies

Small to large flies, the wing with a "spurious vein"' lying between
the third and fourth longitudinal veins.

Head variable, ])ut never elongated, except rarely the produced
epistoma. Face moderately wide to wide; eyes usually holoptie in the
males, always dichoptic in the females. Oral opening large; proboscis
usually short. Antenna? short or elongate, composed of three segments,
usually with a dorsal arista, rarely with a terminal style. Ocelli pres-
ent. Thorax rather large and robust, rarely with bristles. Abdomen
composed of four to six visible segments; hypopygium rarely promi-
nent, though often large. Legs variable but never elongate. Wings
comparatively large; third vein never branched, straight or dipped into
the apical cell, the apical cell closed; basal cells long; anal cell closed
before the margin of the wing, always long; between the third and
fourth veins a strong fold or ''spurious vein", rarely absent, which
is characteristic of the family.

The Syrphidae comprise one of the largest and most popular groups
of Diptera. They may be found anywhere and many species are very
common. IMost of them visit flowers but some occur only in woods, in
moist places, in fields, or near ants' nests, depending upon their habits.
The adults display great variation in habitus but may be recognized
at once by their characteristic wing venation. Any locality with varied
habitat should yield at least a hundred species and the general collector
is certain to have many of them in his collection. Most of the common
species are easily recognized by the use of " Williston 's Synopsis" but
on the whole the family is a difficult one, many of the genera and
species being difficult to separate by means of keys and descriptions.
Unfortunately tliere is no recent revision of the North American forms
of which less than half are included in Williston 's w'ork. The number
of short papers dealing with the family is very large and the literature
scattered through numerous periodicals. ]\Iany attempts have been made
to divide the Syrphidge into subfamilies but with little success. Some of
the groups may be well defined in one region but almost every character
thus far used is found to lose its value when the study is extended to
include the world fauna.

Almost all of the Syrphids are beneficial and they are second in
importance only to the bees as pollinators of plants. ]\Iany of them
live upon aphids, (plant lice) and mealy bugs in the larval stages.
A few are known to be definitely injurious.

248

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

SyrphidiE I. — 1, Microdon ; 2, Orthoneura nitida; 3, Orthoneura nitida, antenna; 4,
Chrysogaster nigripes, antenna; 5, Paragus; 6, Pipizella, antenna; 7, Paragus, antenna; S,
Cheilosia; 9, Syrphus laxus ; 10, Syrphus laxus, antenna; 11, Salpingogaster ; 12, Volucella; 13,
Volucella, antenna; 14, Copestylum marginatum, antenna; 15, Arctophila flagrans ; 16, Seri-
comyia militaris, antenna; 17, Eristalis; 18, Elophilus fasciatus ; 19, Tropidea quadrata, hind
leg; 20, Milesia, hind leg; 21, Spilomyia longicornis; 22, Spilomyia longicornis, antenna; 23,
Chrysotoxum, antenna; 24, Cerioides, antenna.

FAMILY SYRPHID.i: THE FLOWER FLIES 249

The larvfe are variable in habits and form. Some live in the nests
of ants, termites, bees, etc., but nothing is known regarding their rela-
tionship to their hosts. JMost of them live in decaying vegetation, while
a very few are injurious to growing plants and bulbs. Among the
well-known larval forms are the rat-tailed maggots which may be found
in licjuid media containing decaying vegetation and very rarely in
carrion. The larva? may be divided into four types : the Microdon type,
with an unusually hard, convex upper surface and flat, soft ventral
surface; the Syrphus type, some of which approach the first group in
ap])earance, living upon aphids, decaying vegetation and plants; the
short-tailed maggots, living in decaying vegetation; and the rat-tailed
maggots which live in liquid media.

In the key to tlie genera several minute characters are used. These
may prove difficult at first but once the student is familiar with them
they will be found to l)e most useful. In some cases there may be
difficulty in deciding the genus to which a species belongs but com-
parison with specimens of known genera will aid in reaching a decision.
The final recourse, after careful study, is to send the puzzle to a spe-
cialist and receive his opinion. IMost of them will gladly tell you what it
is and return the specimen.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Antennse with a terminal style, the third antennal segment tapering.. 2
Antennse with a dorsal arista, if sub-apical the third segment is not

tapering from the base 3

2. Eyes bare (24, 46. 51 ) * Cerioides Rondani

Eyes pilose Callicera Panzer

3. Arista bare; antennae usually longer than the convex, pilose face; third

vein usually with a stump of vein extending into the apical cell;
anterior crossvein situated before the middle of the discal cell;

apical crossvein often recurrent 4

Arista variable; antennae usually shorter, if elongate the humeri are
bare, or the arista plumose; face concave, tuberculate or carinate,
never rather evenly convex 6

4. Third vein with a stump of vein extending into the apical cell 5

Third vein without such stump but there may be one from the fourth

vein and from the apical crossvein Mixogaster Macquart

5. Abdomen spatulate Rhopalosyrphus Arribalzaga

Abdomen not spatulate (1, 53, 59) t Microdon Meigen

6. Humeri pilose 7

Humeri bare, often mostly concealed by the occiput 18

Curran, 1925, Kans. Univ. Soi. Bull., xv. p. 25.
Curran, 1925, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., xv, p. 48.

250

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Syii)hida,' II. — 25, Ferdinandea ; 26, Volucella fasciata; 27, Eumyiolepta auricaudata; 28,
Syritta pipiens; 29, Xylota pigra; 30, Pipizella ; 31, Platycheirus erraticus; 32, Syrphus wiede-
manni; 33, Sericomyia militaiis ; 34, Polydontomyia curvipes ; 35, Scaeva pyrastri; 36, Tropidea
quadrata; 37, Baccha lemur; 38, Trichopsomyia; 39, Baccha ; 40, Apophysophora (S. Amer.) ;
41, Chrysotoxum.

FAMILY SYRPHID.T: THE FLOWER FLIES 251

7. Face perpendicular, with a swelling above; anterior crossvein at the

basal fourth of the discal cell; antennae elongate and porrect; ab-
domen strongly constricted basally Mixogaster Macquart

Face more or less tuberculate or carinate or the oral margin at least
slightly prominent 8

8. All the femora with a patch of black setulae on their bases anteriorly;

third vein strongly curved into the apical cell 91

Posterior femora never with such setulae; third vein at most moder-
ately curved 9

9. Arista plumose, rarely pectinate; legs never with bristles 10

Arista bare or pubescent, if short plumose the legs bear bristles 1^

10. Apical crossvein recurrent 11

Apical crossvein not recurrent, the apical cell never longest at its

middle 15

11. Face with three strong tubercles, one on either side of the median

tubercle (76) *Ornidia St. Fargeau and Serville

Face with only one tubercle or almost flat 12

12. Arista bushy plumose, appearing moi'e or less strap-like (14, 65, 75).

t Copestylum Macquart
Arista loosely plumose or pectinate 13

13. Arista pectinate, the upper rays long, the lower ones extremely short.

Volucellosia Cun-an
Arista plumose 14

14. Eyes of the male widely separated, the front much longer than the

face Megametopon Giglio-Tos

Eyes of male contiguous, the front at most slightly longer than the
"face (12, 13, 26, 77) t Volucella Geofi^roy

15. Facial side margins very distinct and extending almost to the base of

the antennae 43

Side margins not extending above the middle of the facial convexity. , 88

16. Apical crossvein strongly recurrent, the first posterior cell longest in

the middle and usually with an appendage at this point (66, 78).

Citibaena Walker
First posterior cell not longest in the middle, the apical cell not
strongly recurrent 17

17. Genitalia entirely concealed by the strongly convex abdomen when seen

from the side; third antennal segment orbicular, very large; an-
terior crossvein situated before the middle of the discal cell (67, 79).

Nausigaster Williston
Genitalia visible from lateral view; third antennal segment never
orbicular and abnomially large 42

18. Antennae elongate and porrect; thorax and abdomen with bright yellow

markings; wasp-like flies (23, 41, 82) §Chrysotoxum Meigen

* Cuiran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 413, p. 2.
t Curi-an, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 413, p. 3.
t Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 413, p. 6.
§ Shannon. 1926, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixix, Art. 11, p. 3.

252

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Svrphida. Ill -42. Epistrophe submarginalis; 43. Syrphus aberrantis : 44. Melanostoma
52. Chrysogaster Ontario; 53, Microdon fulgens.

FAMILY SYRPHID.E THE FLOWER FLIES 253

Antennje shorter, if somewhat elongate they are decumbent and the
abdomen drooping or wholly black 19

19. Face and scutellum more or less yellowish or translucent (if the face

is entirely black the abdomen is oval and little more than twice as

long as wide ) 20

Face wholly black, the scutellum rarely with a yellow tip 38

20. Abdomen drooping, never with yellow fasciae in American species

though often largely reddish; third antennal segment more than

twice as long as broad; ?mall species (7, 80) Paragus Latreille

Abdomen not normally drooping; antennae usually short, the third seg-
ment rarely twice as long as wide, the abdomen usually with yellow
spots or bands 21

21. Abdomen margined (the immediate latei"al margins raised and not

cuiYing under ) ( 43 ) 22

Abdomen not margined, the thin side margins curving under 27

22. Species with long pile, the base of the abdomen broatUy pale yellowish,

the abdomen moderately broad; eyes pilose (68, 81).

Leucozona Schir.er
Species with shorter pile and usually with yellow markings beyond the
second segment 23

23. Pleura with very bright, sharply limited yellow markings; front long

and narrow Xanthogramma Schiner

Pleura with diffuse yellowish markings or none; sides of mesonotum
sometimes yellow 24

24. Third vein dipped into apical cell; third antennal segment long, robust,

pointed; front not inflated; eyes bare; abdomen broad and flat, with

wide fasciae Didea Macquart

Third vein rarely dipped into apical cell, if so the eyes are pilose or
the abdominal spots are arcuate and the front more or less inflated. 25

25. Male genitalia projecting, long and cylindrical; abdomen of female

broadly oval, the fifth segment half as long as the fourth (84, 85).

Eupeodes Osten Sacken
Male genitalia normal; if the fifth segment of the female is about
half as long as the fourth the abdomen has sub-parallel sides and
the front is not whitish yellow immediately above the antennae.... 26

26. Wings practically without villi; front very much swollen; apical cell

much broadened on the apical half (35, 86, 87) Scaeva Fabricius

Wings largely villous; front seldom much swollen; apical cell witlened
in only a few species (9, 10, 32, 43, 47) *Syrphus Fabricius

27. Pleura with sharply limited yellow markings; no yellow prescutellar

spots; mesonotum without cinereous vitta; abdomen elliptical.

Xanthogramma Schiner
Pleura with or without sharply limited yellow markings, if present
the abdomen is long and narrow or the mesonotum bears a cinerous
median vitta 28

28. Abdomen dark except for a pair of large, basal yellowish spots; eyes

pilose Ischyrosyrphus Bigot

Abdomen differentlv marked; eves bare 29

* Curran, 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi, p. 56; Fluke, 1933, Trans. Wise.
Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters, 28, pp. 63-126.

254

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Syrnhidse IV. — 54, Criorrhina caudata; 55, Brachjopa basilaris, head from in front; 56,
Brachyopa basilaris; 57, Brachyopa nigricauda; 58, Clialcosyrphus depressus ; 59, Microdon
fulgens; 60, Cynorhina nigripes; 61, Clialcosyrphus depressus; 62, Chalcomyia aerea ; 63,
Cynorhina metcalfi ; 64, Cynorhina pictipcs.

FAMILY SYRPHID.i: THE FLOWER FLIES 255

21). Pleura with sharply limited yellow markings or largely yellow, or the

abdomen very long and often spatulate 31

Pleura blackish with at most diffuse yellow markings; rarely a pair
of small yellow prescutellar spots; abdomen elliptical or with paral-
lel sides 30

30. Abdomen very long, ihe face and front narrow, the former narrowed

below (37, 39, 71 ) *Baccha Fabricius

Abdomen not remarkably long, the face not narrowed below (42).

fEpistrophe Walker

31. Abdomen very long, club-shaped, spatulate or with parallel sides; face

strongly narrowed below; if the abdomen is rather short it is almost

unicolorous 36

Abdomen of motlerate length; never spatulate, if rather short and
with parallel sides it bears bright yellow markings 32

32. Large wasp-like species; a pair of small yellow prescutellar spots

( 83 ) Doros Meigen

Smaller species, never over 10 mm. in length 33

33. Mesonotum with a median cinereous or metallic vitta; abdomen usu-

ally short oval, always very much flattened 34

Mesonotum without such vitta; abdomen with parallel sides or pointed
apically in female 35

34. Posterior femora strongly arcuate in male, the female abdomen taper-

ing apically (89, 90) Toxomerus Macquart

Posterior femora simple; female abdomen obtuse apically.

JMesogramma Lcew

35. Male hypopygium globosely enlarged; fifth abdominal segment of the

female with fasciae which may be broken into spots (72, 88).

§Sphaerophoria St. Fargeau and Sei-ville
Male genitalia small; fifth segment of female with four spots, the
median pair longitudinally placed, the outer pair oblique.

^Allograpta Osten Sacken

36. Third vein rather deeply looped into the apical cell (Tropical) (11).

jiSalpingogaster Schiner
Third vein not deeply looped into the apical cell 37

37. Apical crossvein transverse Calostigma Shannon

Apical crossvein oblique, usually curved (37, 39, 71)..°Baccha Fabricius

38. Abdomen cylindrical basally (37, 39, 71) °Baccha Fabricius

Abdomen with parallel sides or elliptical 39

39. Wings shorter than the abdomen (69, 70, 73, 74) Pyrophaena Schiner

Wings longer than the abdomen 40

* Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 403. p. 1.

t Curran, 1925, (Stenosyri.hus). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., xv, p. 95.

J cf. Calostigma Shannon ; Key. Curran, 1930, .\mer. Mus. Novit. No. <05, p. 1.

§ Curran, 1930, Bull. Amer Mus. Nat. Hist., iNi. p. 61.

^ Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 519. ii. 2.

11 Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 519. p. 5.

° Curran, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 403, p. 1.

256

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Syiphidae V. — 65, Copestylum marginatum; 66. Citibaena ; 67, Nausigaster punctulata;
68, Leucozona americanum ; 69. Pyrophaena granditarsis; TO, Pyrophsena granditarsis, abdomen;
71, Baccha fuscipennis ; 72, Sphrerophoria cylindrica, abdomen: 73, 74. Pyropha!na granditarsis,
front and middle tibia? and tarsi; 75, Copestylum marginatum; 76. Ornidia obesa; 77. Volu-
cella bombylans ; 78. Citibaena; 79, Nausigaster; 80. Paragus tibialis; 81, Leucozona ameri-
canum; 82, Chrysotoxum; 83, Doros a^qualis; 84, 85, Eupeodes volucris, c abdomen and jieni-
talia ; 86. 87, Scava pyrastri; 88, Sphserophoria cylindrica; 89. 90. Toxomerus geminatus, hind
leg and head.

FAMILY SYRPHID.E — THE FLOWER FLIES 257

40. Abdomen broad and flat; face narrowed below; tip of scutellum usu-

ally yellow Xanthandrus Verrall

Abdomen with parallel sides, less flattened; face at most parallel
sided, usually widened below; scutellum wholly black 41

41. Male with the anterior tibiae or tarsi, or both, dilated (31, 100, 101).

*Platycheirus St. Fargeau and Serville
Legs simple (44, 48) fMelanostoma Schiner

42. Anterior crossvein situated well before the middle of the discal cell,

or the mesonotum with bristles (91 ) 43

Anterior crossvein situated at or beyond the middle of the discal cell,
thorax rarely with short spines (115) 65

43. Eyes bare 44

Eyes pilose 45

44. Facial grooves extending almost to the antennae; fourth vein joining

the third well before the wing-tip; thorax often with bristles; an-
terior crossvein near the basal third of the discal cell; arista often

plumose (45, 91, 104) JCartosyrphus Bigot

Facial grooves less distinct or the anterior crossvein near the middle
of the discal cell 50

45. Facial grooves distinct and extending almost to the antennse (8, 49).

§Cheilosia Meigen
Facial grooves usually forming pits below^ and never extending dis-
tinctly to near the antennse 46

46. Face evenly receding, the anterior oral margin pi'ojecting.Psilota Meigen
Face tuberculate, or the oral margin not conspicuously projecting. . . 47

47. Face widening below TJPipiza Fallen

Face not wider below than at the antennae 48

48. Middle tibiae slender, not convex anteriorly from dorsal view 49

Middle tibiae in male conspicuously broadened, in the female slightly

broadened and gently convex anteriorly from dorsal view; middle
coxae of male with small slender process near their inner end.

j Cnemodon Egger

49. Fifth sternite only half as long as the fifth tergite in the male;

antennas of female elongate oval "Heryngia Rondani

Fifth sternite three-fourths as long as the tergite; antennae of female
more than twice as long as wide; eyes usually with an indistinct,
transverse, less thickly pilose stripe (6, 30) "Pipizella Rondani

50. Mesonotum with strong bristles, the legs never bristled; abdominal

pile erect; face tuberculate (25, 99) Ferdinandea Scopoli

Mesonotum without bristles or the legs also with bristles 51

* Cuiran, 1927. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 247, p. 1.

t Curran, 1930. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi, p. 64.

} Shannon, 1922, Ins. Ins. Mens., x. p. 131.

§ Shannon, 1922, Ins. Ins. Mens., x. p. 127.

"1 Curran. 1921, Pr. Calif. Acad. Sci., xi, p. 374.

II Curran, 1921, Pr. Calif. Acad. Sci., xi, p. 358.

o Curran, 1921, Pr. Calif. Acad. Sci., xi. :„ 354.

0 Curran, 1924, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlix, p. 340.

258

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

111

114

Syrphidje V. — 91, Cartosyrphus ; 92, Chrysogaster nigrovittata; 93, Neoascia globosa ;
94, Sphegina infuscata ; 95, Khingia nasica ; 96, Hammerschmidtia ferruginea ; 97, Brachyopa
notata; 9S, Merapioidus villosus ; 99, Ferdinandea croesus; 100, Platycheirus quadratus; 101,
Platycheiius peltatus, front tibia and tarsus: 102, Chrysogaster; 103, Pelecocera pergandci; 104,
Cartosyrphus; 105, Sphegina infuscata; 106, Neoascia globosa ; 107, Myiolepta nigra; 108, 109,
Chalcomyia serea, ? c : HO, Merapioidus villosus; 111, Brachyopa notata; 112, Rhingia nasica;
113, Hammerschmidtia; 114, Criorrhina.

FAMILY SYRPHID.E THE FLOWER FLIES 259

51. Third antennal segment elongate; apical crossvein more or less recur-

rent (2, 3, 50) Orthoneura Macquart

Third antennal segment never twice as long as wide 52

52. Disc of abdomen opaque black, the sides shining (4, 52, 92, 102).

Chrysogaster Meigen
Disc of abdomen either wholly shining or with shining spots or bands. 63

53. Abdomen constricted basally or the third antennal segment very large 54
Abdomen broad; third antennal segment of normal size 57

54. Antennse with a terminal arista on the produced upper angle (103).

Pelecocera Meigen
Antennae with dorsal arista, the third antennal segment not produced
at point of its insertion 55

55. Abdomen not constricted basally Chamaesyrphus Mik

Abdomen petiolate 56

56. Third antennal segment longer than wide; arista shorter than an-

tennae (93, 106) *Neoascia Williston

Third segment at most slightly longer than wide, the arista longer
than antenna (94, 105) fSphegina Meigen

57. Face wholly black in ground color 58

Face partly yellow in ground color 61

58. Hair of the thorax and abdomen scale-like and appressed.

Lepidostola Williston
Pile not scale-like, much of it erect 59

59. Scutellum large, subquadrate; male dichoptic 60

Scutellum rounded apically; male holoptic (107) Myiolepta Newman

60. Mesonotum with a large, flattened rectangle posteriorly (58, 61).

Chalcosyrphus Curran
Mesonotum regularly convex (62, 108, 109) Chalcomyia Williston

61. Pile mostly scale-like and closely appressed (27, 124, 125).

JEumyiolepta Shannon
Pile normal 62

62. Legs bearing distinct bristles (96, 113) Hammerschmidtia Schummel

Legs without bristles 63

63. Epistoma produced into a long, porrect snout (95, 112) . .Rhingia Scopoli
Epistoma not produced snout-like 64

64. Tlie costal vein ends at the tip of the wing (55, 56, 57, 97, 111).

§Brachyopa Meigen
The costal vein ends before the tip of the wing (60, 63, 64).

TJCynorhina Williston

* Curran, 1925, Pr. Ent. Soc. Wash., xxvii, p. 51.

t Shannon, 1923, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. xviii, p. 19.

t Malloch, 1922, Ent. News, xxxiii, p. 267.

§ Curran, 1922, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xv, p. 243.

1 Curran, 1924. Can. Ent., Ivi, p. 195.

260

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

122

135

Syiiihida» VII. — 115. Somula decora; 116. C> norhinella bella; 117, Criopiora cjanella;
118. Pocota grandis; 119, Chr.vsosomidia pulchei ; 120, Sphecomyia pattoni ; 121, Senogaster;
122, Milesia; 123, Somula decora; 124, 12.5, Eumyiolepta, ?, o\ head: 126, Cyniorhinella bella;
127, Pocota; 128, Chrysosomidia pulcher; 129. Sphecomyia pattoni; 130, Heliophilus pigra ; 131,
Senogaster; 132, Temnostoma alternans; 133. 134, Syritta pipiens, head and hind leg; 135,
Tropidia (luadrata ; 136, Teuchociiemis, hind les.

FAMIIA" SVRPHID.i: THE FLOWER FLIES 261

65. Mesonotum with distinct yellow markings in addition to those on the

humeri 78

Mesonotum without distinct yellow markings, although the humeri
may be yellow, sometimes partly or wholly pollinose 6G

66. Third longitudinal vein moderately curved into the apical cell 83

Third longitudinal at most slightly curved into the apical cell 67

67. Face produced downward; usually an indication of facial tubercle. ... 68
Face produced well forward and somewhat downward or evenly con-
cave and not produced downward 72

68. Pile long and furry; flies bumble-bee-like in appearance 69

Pile shorter; flies not bumble-bee-like 70

69. Arista placed at the tip of a conically produced third antennal seg-

ment (98, 110) Merapioidus Bigot

Arista dorsal, not situated on a prominence (.54, 114) . '''Criorrhina Meigen

70. Antennje inserted on a long, conical prominence; face retreating

below (115, 123) Somula Macquart

Antennas not situatetl on a strong prominence, inserted lower down on
the head; abdomen shorter and broader 71

71. Posterior femora swollen and with an apical projection below; abdo-

men of the male rather slender, wholly black (116, 126).

Cynorhinella Curran
Posterior femora simple (60, 63, 64) tCynorhina Williston

72. Epistoma produced forward and downward (117, 152).

Crioprora Osten Sacken
Epistoma not produced downward or forward beyond the antennal
prominence 73

73. Bumble-bee-like flies, the pile very thick (118, 127).

Pocota St. Fargeau and Serville
Not bumble-bee-like, the pile rather thin 74

74. Face tuberculate $Calliprobola Rondani

Face concave or carinate 75

75. Face carinate; posterior femora greatly swollen §Planes Rondani

Face concave in profile 76

76. Pile of the scutellum thick and rather long but not concealing the

ground color; head (juite flat or gently concave above from anterior
view; posterior femora with small tubercles below.

Brachypalpus Macquart
Pile thinner and shorter, few of the hairs as long as the scutellum;
head not quite flat above 77

77. Abdomen bright metallic feneous with opaque- black bands and brassy

or golden yellow pile; posterior femora slender and with black setae
beneath on almost the whole length; abdomen subcylindrical (Geno-
type, Calliprobola crawfordi Shannon) (119, 128).

TlChrysosomidia, n. g.

* Curran, 1925, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., xv, p. 14L

t Curran, 1924, Can. Ent., Ivi, p. 195.

J No North American spicimcns I have seen belong to thi.s genus.

§ Shannon, 1926, Pr. U. S. N. M.. Ixix, Art. 9, p. 12.

il Shannon, 1916, (Calliprobola), Fr. Ent. Soc. Wash., xviii, p. 309.

262

NORTH amf:ricax diptera

Abdomen differently colored; posterior femora usually with low ridge
on the apical fourth bearing stout, short, spinose setae; head gently
convex above from anterior view; abdomen not wholly pale pilose
(29, 130) *Hel*iophilus Meigen

78. Face produced downward, longer than the fi'ont; pale mesonotal

markings poUinose (120, 129) fSphecomyia Latreille

Face not conpicuously produced, shorter than the front; if doubtful
the pale mesonotal markings are of the ground color 79

* Shannon, 1926, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixix, Art. 9, pp. 16, 26 (Xylotoinima, Xylota).
t Curi-an, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 519, p. 8.

149

150

151

152

Syrphidae VIII. — 137, Teuchocnemis lituratus; 138, Pterallastes thoracicus ; 139. Seri-
comyia militaris; 140, Mecromacrus cinctus ; 141, Mallota sackeni ; 142, Mecroinacrus cinctus ;
143; Eristalis tiansversus; 144, Arctophila flagrans ; 145, Polydontomyia curvipes; 146, Par-
helophilus Isetus ; 147, Mallota cimbiciformis ; 148, Polydontomyia, hind leg; 149, Lunoinyia ;
150, Asemosyrphus mexicanum ; 151, Lejops stipatus ; 152, Crioprora.

FAMILY SYRPHID.K THE FLOWER FLIES 263

79. Face broadly carinate, convex in profile Ceriogaster Williston

Face concave or more or less tuberculate SO

80. Face produced somewhat downward and weakly tuberculate (60, 63,

64 ) *Cynorhina Williston

Face concave, not tuberculate 81

81. Abdomen with yellow pollinose fasciae 82

Abdomen brassy, with opaque black fasciae (119, 128).

fChrysosomidia, n. g.

82. Posterior femora with a tooth-like projection below near the apical

end Spilomyia Meigen

Posterior femora simple (21, 22, 132).

JTemnostoma St. Fargeau and Serville

83. Posterior femora with a bifid spur below; face concave, subcarinate

(121, 131) Senogaster Macquart

Posterior femora without such spur 84

84. Posterior femora very greatly swollen, never with a triangular

preapical protuberance, though usually spinose; head almost cir-
cular, the cheeks linear (28, 133, 134). .Syritta St. Fargeau and Serville
Posterior femora much less swollen; head not globose 85

85. Posterior femora with a small, toothlike projection below toward the

apex§ (20, 122) Milesia Latreille

Posterior femora not toothed, sometimes with a triangular process
apically 86

86. Posterior femora with a triangular projection apically (19, 36, 135).

UTropidia Meigen
Posterior femora without such process 87

87. Posterior femora strongly swollen and strongly arcuate, their tibiae

with a median internal spur in the male (136, 137).

Teuchocnemis Osten Sacken
Posterior femora much less swollen and but little curved; tibiae
simple; mesonotum ochraceous pollinose (138) Pterallastes Loew

88. Abdomen wdth pale spots or fasciae 89

Abdomen without pale spots or fasciae, rarely reddish in ground color

beneath thick reddish pile on the second segment 90

89. Posterior calli with short, stout bristles; abdominal spots more or

less orbicular Condidea Coquillett

Posterior calli without bristles; abdomen with narrow pale fasciae
at least beyond the second segment (16, 33, 139) . . ||Sericomyia Meigen

90. Face very broad and swollen; body pile almost unicolorous.

Pyritis Hunter
Face not unusually broad; pile bicolored (15, 144) Arctophila Schiner

91. Marginal cell closed and petiolate 92

Marginal cell open 95

* Curran. 1924, Can. Ent. Ivi, p. 195.

t Shannon, 1916, (Calliiirobola) . Pr. Ent. Soc. Wash., xviii, v. 109.

t Curran, 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi, p. 72.

§ Absent in some Oriental species.

H Shannon, 1926, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixix, Art. 9, p. 9.

!| Curran, 1934, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 724, p. 6.

264 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

92. Epistoma produced into a long, porrect snout Lycastrirrhyncha Bigot

Epistoma not pi'oduced 93

93. Eyes light brown with numerous small brown spots.

Lathyrophthalmus Mik
Eyes normally unicolorous 94

94. Thorax with yellow markings of short, squamose hairs (140, 142).

Meromacrus Rondani
Hair of the thorax never squamose or forming dense yellow patches
(17, 143 ) *Eristalis Latreille

95. Posterior femora before the apex with a strongly raised, sub-triangular

ridge, the base with a distinct spur Merodon Meigen

Posterior femora variable, but never with a spur bearing triangular
plate or strong ridge 96

96. Eyes pilose 97

Eyes bare 98

97. Third antennal segment not longer than wide (141, 147).tMallota Meigen
Third antennal segment twice as long as wide Quicbuana Knab

98. Mesonotum densely and evenly yellow pollinose, the ground color con-

cealed; face concave in female; with a tubercle bvit receding below

in the male ( 138 ) Pterallastes Loew

Mesonotum differently colored 99

99. Large robust species, the thorax thickly yellow or orange pilose,

rarely whitish; posterior femora swollen and arcuate in both sexes;

rather bumble-bee-like flies (141, 147) fMallota Meigen

Usually smaller and always more slender; if the posterior femora are
arcuate the tibise end in an apical spur 100

100. Posterior tibite ending in a spur or triangular production, never

transverse on the ventral apex 101

Posterior tibise transverse or rounded apically, never produced 102

101. Large species, at least 12 mm. in length, the mesonotum at most

obscurely vittate (34, 145, 148) Polydontomyia Williston

Smaller, more slender species, the mesonotum usually with two or
more cinereous or yellowish vitse (151) JLejops Rondani

102. Face entirely pollinose (146) JParhelophilus Girschner

Face with a shining median vitta on at least the lower half 103

103. Stigma simulating a crossvein 104

Stigma at least twice as long as wide, although often paler apically,

never simulating a crossvein (18) JElophilus Meigen

104. Ocellar triangle extremely large in both sexes, the outer ocelli lying

very close to the eyes (150) JAsemosyrphus Bigot

Ocellar triangle smaller (149) tLunomyia Curran and Fluke

* Cui-i-an, 1930, Anier. Mus. Novit. No. 411, p. 3.

t Curran, 1930. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi. p. 74.

t Curran and Fluke, 1926, Trans-Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters, xxii, pp. 207-2S1,

265

Family Conopidse — The Thick-headed flies

Rather thinly pilose or nearly bare, elongate flics of moderate size.

Head broad, the front broad in both sexes; ocelli present or absent.
Antennae with three segments, the third bearing a dorsal arista or
terminal style. Oral opening large, the proboscis long and slender, often
geniculate. Abdomen often constricted basally, the genitalia of both
sexes conspicuous, often large or greatly elongated in the females.
Anal cell closed, the first basal cell always very long, the second moder-
ately long; apical cell closed or much narrowed. Above the antennae
an inflatable ptilinum.

The Conopids are commonly found about flowers and are sluggish
in flight. They occur from spring to autumn but are much more com-
mon during the spring and early summer. The species of Stylogaster
are rapid in flight, the flies being great hoverers. I have found them
in the tropics in rather large numbers hovering over ant armies where
they usually remain a few inches above the ground, suddenly disappear-
ing, only to reappear in another patch of sunlight. In the north I
have found them only about flowers of the Labiateae and have observed
them hovering as they sucked the nectar. Many of the species resemble
Hymenoptera.

The members of this family are parasitic, mostly upon bees and
wasps, oviposition usually occurring during flight. There are also
records of parasitism on Orthoptera and the species of Stylogaster are
in some way connected with ants but the exact relationship is unknown.

The generic and specific limits in the family are, for the most part,
not sharply drawn, and tliis is especially true in the case of Conops
and PhysocepJuila. There have been a number of papers published deal-
ing with the family in whole or in part; the most important of these
is referred to in the footnote.*

KEY TO GENERA

1. Antennae with a terminal style 2

Antennae with a dorsal or subdorsal arista 4

2. Face with deep lateral g'rooves 3

Face without lateral grooves, the median carina strong; ocelli vestigial

(4) Tropidomyia Williston

* Van Duzee. 1927, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., xvi, pp. 573-604.

266

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

0% %)

ConopidK.— 1, Conops xanthopaieus ; 2, Ph.vsocephala furcillata; 3. Zodion fulvifrons; 4.
Tropidomyia bimaculata ; 5, Occemya modesta; 6. Myopa clausa; 7, Dalmannia picta; 8. Stylo-
gaster neglecta.

FAJIILY CONOPID.E — THE THICK-HEADED FLIES 267

3. Anterior crossvein situated at most a little beyond the middle of the

discal cell ; femora regular in outline ^

Anterior crossvein situated well beyond the middle of the discal cell;
femoi'a swollen basally, narrowed on the apical half or more (2).

' Physocephala Schiner

4. Proboscis geniculate 5

Proboscis straight, directed forward (3) Zodion Latreille

5. Vertex and tibiae without bristles; face grooved 6

Vertex and the apex of the tibiae with bristles; face not grooved (8).

tStylogaster Mac()uart

6. Anal cell much longer than the second basal 7

Anal cell but little longer than the second basal (7). .Dalmannia Desvoidy

7. Cheeks narrower than the eye-height 8

Cheeks at least as wide as the eye-height (6) Myopa Fabricius

8. Antennae longer than the front; propleura haired (5). . .Occemya Desvoidy
Antennae shorter than the front; propleura bare Sicus Scopoli

9. Third antennal segment much longer than either the first or second.

Aconops Krceber
Third antennal segment at most slightly longer than the first or
second ( 1 ) JConops Linnaeus

* Van Duzee. 1934, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.. xxvii, p. 320.
t Aldrich, 1930, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixxviii. Art. 9, pp. 1-27.
I Krober, 1927, Konowia, vi, p. 139.

268 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Pyrgotidae

Elongate flies of moderate size, tlie ocelli absent in the North Amer-
ican genera, present only in Teretnira Bigot of the American forms;
wings long, the legs somewhat elongate.

Head large, the front more or less produced, without frontal bris-
tles; ocelli absent (present in only one American genus); checks wide;
proboscis thick, the labella? well developed; pal])i large, flattened, or
the proboscis narrow and short without labella? and the palpi narrow;
antenna- short to moderately long-, the second segment without a dorsal
excision, the third usually larger than the second, rarely minute. Legs
moderately long. Wings long; auxiliary vein long, ending free or in
the costa; apical cell widely open, not narrowed apically: anal cell
usually triangular a])ically. Abdomen long, sometimes elavate in the
males; female genitalia large, more or less cylindrical.

Species of the genus Pijrgota are parasitic in the larval stage on
June beetles (Scarabaeida') and the flies are sometimes common in the
vicinity of badly infested fields. I suspect that PijrgoteJla chagnoni
Johnson is parasitic on species of DicheJonyx but my suspicion is
based merely upon the fact that I have observed this species commonly
in an open woods where the adult beetles were very common. The flies
apparently are most active on dark days, in the evening or at night
and they frequently are attracted to light. They are nocturnal and P.
undata Wiedemann has been observed ovipositing on adult June beetles
during flight. The flies select the soft part of the abdomen beneath
the opened elytra in order to lay their eggs and the beetles have been
observed on the ground making a loud noise as they struggled to escape
the fly.

The exact limits of this family have not been definitely determined,
and it is not certain that the species possessing ocelli should be retained
in the family. Nothing of a definite nature is known of the immature
stages of any of the American genera other than Pjirgota. There are
two North American genera and three from South America that have
been assigned to the familv.

FAMILY PYRGOTID.E

269

Pyrgotidae. — Figures 1-4, Tauroscypson guiana ; 5, P> rgota undata.

270 NORTH amp:rican diptera

KEY TO AMERICAN GENERA

1. Ocelli absent 2

Ocelli present (Chile) Teretrura Bigot

2. Third antennal segment as large as the second 3

Third antennal segment minute, the arista curved over the second seg-
ment and with long rays on the free side (British Guiana) (1-4).

Tauroscypson Curran

3. Alula very narrow 4

Alula large, convex behind (5) Pyrgota Wiedemann

4. Apex of anal cell transverse' (Type: Pyrgota chagnoni Johnson).

Pyrgotella, n. g.
Apex of anal cell with triangular production behind (Bolivia).

Leptopyrgota Hendel

271

Family Otitidae— The Pictured-wing Flies

Paneryma elongata.

Rather small to moderately large flies, the wings usually marked
with brown, black or yellowish.

Eyes separated in both sexes; frontals usually limited to the ni)])er
part; faee variable, the oral vibrissa always absent; elypeus usually
well developed; proboscis short and stout; palpi large. Abdomen with
five or six segments, the basal two more or less coalescent; male with
long, curled penis, the female witli a flattened, three segmented ovi-
positor. Legs short and stout or moderately long, the preapical tibial'
bristle present or absent. Wing venation usually complete, the anal
cell absent in one genus; auxiliary vein separated from the first vein
though often approximated to it, second basal and anal cells of moderate
size.

The adults are usually found in moist places and many of the
species are very common. This family is cosmopolitan but the species
are most numerous in the tropics, particularly in South and Central
America. Several of the species have the head strongly produced
laterally and one fairly common species of Richardia has the eyes situ-
ated on long stalks, Init this is a male character only.

Little is known about the immature stages although the larvfe of
Tritoxa are said to damage onions and others have been reared from
decaying plant products.

272

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

"^i-.; i

Otitidaj I— 1, Macrostenomyia; 2. Senopterina; 3, Delphinia picta; 4. Idana; o. Rivellia:
6, Tetanops; 7, Pseudotephritis ; 8. PsairoptercUa maciocephala : 9, Chatopsis; 10. Coilometopia;
11. Pterocalla; 12, Melieria; 13. Eumetopiclla ; 14. Richardia.

FAMILY OTITID.E THE PICTURED-WING FLIES 273

In the followino- key I have not followed the usual practice of recog-
nizing the subfamilies, which Hendel has raised to family rank, for the
very good reason that I do not believe the characters used are of much
importance. The subfamily ''Ortalina?" (the name Ortalis is pre-
occupied in Ornithology and is not available) is distinguished by the
presence of a propleural bristle, yet this is present, though less de-
veloped, in the Pterocallinie, which is distinguished by its long stig-
matal cell, a character which is also subject to variation. As in the
Trupaneidag several of the genera in this family have been based upon
wing ])attern. The characters at present in use are undoubtedly fairly
stable but some of the generic characters are admittedly weak inasmuch
as the differences in venation might easily be connected by the discovery
of new forms. Hendel has published several papers dealing with the
family and has treated all l)ut the '"Ortalinse" in Genera Insectorum
(fascicles 96, 106, 113, 157).

The genus Otites was established by Latreille in 1804 (Nouv. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat., xxiv, p. 196) and not in 1805 as given in catalogues. The
type named was viusca porcus, credited to Bosc, but this species is the
same as formosa Panzer. Platystomida" cannot be used for the family
name as Platystoma is preoccupied in IMollusca.

KEY TO GENERA*

1. First vein bare 2

First vein with dorsal setulag at least on the apical third 34

2. Costa greatly weakened or broken at end of the auxiliary vein (Rich-

ardinae ) 3

Costa not weakened or broken (Ulidinse) 17

3. Posterior femora with short spines below 5

Femora without spines below 4

4. Head about twice as long as high (56) Coniceps Lcew

Head not as long as high (38, 92) Epiplatea Loew

5. Posterior femora swollen, much larger than the others; eyes sometimes

stalked ( 14 ) Richardia Desvoidy

Posterior femora not conspicuously swollen 6

6. Anal vein reaching the wing margin, at least as a fold 9

Anal vein not nearly reaching the wing margin 7

7. Occiput very strongly narrowed at the upper third (80, 97).

Odontomera Macquart
Occiput regular in outline 8

Pareuxesta CoQuillett is omitted.

274

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Otitidse 11. — 15, Ostracocoelia mirabilis; 16, Myimecothea; 17, Dyscrasis hendeli ; 18,
Eumetopiella rufipes; 19, Acrosticta foveolata ; 20, Oidopa ; 21, Macrostenomyia; 22, Eumeco-
somyia gracilis; 23, Paragforgopsis maculata ; 24, Sepsisoma sepsioides ; 25, Stcneretma; 26,
Rivellia; 27, Chrysomyza; 28, Xanthacrona bipustulata; 29, Euphara; 30, Notogramma.

FAMILY OTITID.E THE PICTURED-WIXG FLIES 275

8. Occiput, from lateral view, strongly convex above the neck (24).

Sepsisoma Johnson
Occiput flat or slightly concave above the neck (1, 21).

Macrostenomyia Hendel

9. Anterior crossvein situated farther from the posterior crossvein than

the length of the latter 10

Crossveins situated closer to each other than the length of the posterior
crossvein (100) Hemixantha Lcew

10. Abdomen with almost parallel sides or coarctate basally 11

Abdomen tapering to the base 13

11. Anterior crossvein situated before the middle of the disca! cell (31, 68).

Setellida Hendel
Anterior crossvein situated beyond the middle of the discal cell 12

12. Anterior femora without spines beneath (78, 96) .Neoidiotypa Osten Sacken
All the femora with spines beneath Paneryma Wulp

13. First antennal segment short 14

First antennal segment as long as the second (49, 93). . Poecilomyia Hendel

14. Anterior crossvein situated at or before the middle of the discal cell;

front concave above from anterior view (10, 73) .Coilometopia Macquart
Anterior crossvein situated well beyond the middle of the discal cell.. 15

15. Two pairs of scutellars IG

Only one pair of scutellars (63, 76, 98, 107) Melanoloma Lrew

16. Front much wider than either eye (42, 10.5) Zetekomyia, n. g.

Front narrower than either eye Melanolomina, n. g.

17. Antennae widely separated, situated in deep grooves, the face strongly

convex in profile (50) Ulidia Meigen

Antennae not situated in deep grooves or the face not strongly convex . . 18

18. Anal vein absent or not extending beyond the anal cell 19

Anal vein extending well beyond the anal cell 20

19. Anal cell absent, the wings very narrow (2.5, 36) Steneretma Lcew

Anal cell present (22, 45) Eumecosomyia Hendel

20. Front with large rather deep pits or with strong transverse ridges or

grooves 21

Front normal, sometimes with four longitudinal grooves above 22

21. Auxiliary vein forming a rather acute angle with the costa (19, 37).

Acrosticta Lcew
Auxiliary vein foiTning an obtuse angle with the costa (30, 89).

Notogramma Lcew

22. Antennae as long as the head, the third segment four times as long as

wide (51, 74) Stictomyia Bigot

Antennae much shorter, the third segment never three times as long-
as wide 23

23. Face convex in the middle in profile 24

Face concave in profile 25

276

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Otitidffi III. — 31, Setellida coerulescens; 32, Sefellia costalis; 33, Myennis ; 34, Automola
automaria; 35, Parcedopa punctigera; 36, Steneretma; 37, Acrosticta foveolata; 38, Epiplatea
arcuata; 39, Amphicnephes pullus ; 40, Pareuxesta latifasciata; 41, Xanthacrona bipustulata ;
42, Zetekomyia banksi ; 43, Stenomyia ; 44, Axiologina ferrum-equinum ; 45, Eumecosomyia
gracilis; 46, Chrysomyza senea.

FA.MILY OTITID.i: — THE PICTURED-WING FLIES 277

24. Eyes conspicuously higher than long, the face gently concave above

(35, 67) Paroedopa Coquillett

Eyes about as long as high, the face not concave above (20, 69).

CEdopa Loew

25. Head not or scarcely longer than high 26

Head nearly twice as long as high (13, 18) Eumetopiella Hendel

2G. Third antennal segment with the apex rounded above 27

Third antennal segment with the apex angulate above 32

27. Anterior crossvein situated near or beyond the middle of the discal

cell 28

Anterior crossvein situated near the basal sixth of the discal cell
( 44, 82 ) Axiologina Hendel

28. Mesopleura bare; two sternopleurals (84, 102) Seioptera Kirby

Mesopleura haired; one sternopleural 29

29. Frontal vitta with hairs or bristles 30

Frontal vitta bare (27, 46) *Chrysomyza Fallen

30. Prescutellar acrosticals absent Zacompsia Coquillett

Prescutellar acrosticals present 31

31. Bristles arising from black spots (29) Euphara Loew

Frontals not arising from conspicuous black spots (64, 85).tEuxesta Loew

32. Frontal vitta with at most two pairs of cruciate bristles or the face

strongly receding 33

Frontal vitta with hairs or several bristles (64, 85) Euxesta Loew

33. Face strongly receding (43, 104) Stenomyia Loew

Face perpendicular below (9, 83) Chaetopsis Loew

34. Costa fractured or greatly weakened at the end of the auxiliary vein. . 35
Costa entire 36

35. Abdomen petiolate (32, 72) Setellia Desvoidy

Abdomen oval, not narrowed sub-basally Epiplatea Loew

36. Propleural bristle weak or absent 37

Propleural bristle strong 59

37. Three supra-alar bristles 38

Four supra-alar bristles Family Tanypezidse

38. Subcostal (stigmatal) cell usually extremely large; antennal grooves

absent (Pterocallinae) 39

Subcostal cell usually normal; antennal grooves well developed, often
deep (Platystominse auct.) 48

39. Posterior crossvein more or less recurrent, never forming a sharp

angle with the fourth vein 40

Posterior crossvein not recuri-ent, forming less than a right angle with
the fourth vein 43

40. Anterior crossvein situated beyond the middle of the discal cell 41

Anterior crossvein situated before the middle of the discal cell (58).

Megalaemyia Hendel

' Hendel, 1909, Zool. Anz.?iger, xxxiv, pp. 612-622.
t Hendel, 1909, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., ix, p. 151.

278

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Otitidae IV. — 47, Tritoxa flexa ; 48, Himeroessa pretiosa; 49, Poecilomyia longicornis ; 50,
Ulidia apicalis; 51, Stictomyia punctata; 52: Dasymetopa stigma; 53, Califortalis hirsutifrons;
54, Ortalimyia aldrichi; 55, Delphinia; 56, Coniceps niger; 57. Diacrita costatis ; 58, Mega-
laemyia; 59, Melieria siinilis; 6(i, Califortalis iiirsutifrons; 61, Tetanops luridipennis.

FAMILY OTITin.E THE PICTURED-WIXG FLIES 279

41. Tip of the anal cell extending beyond the apex of the second basal

cell " 42

Tip of the anal cell not produced beyond the apex of the second basal
cell (28, 41 ) Xanthacrona Wulp

42. Five pairs of dorsocentrals and acrosticals (17, 90) . . . .Dyscrasis Akh'ich
Two pairs of dorsocentrals (33) Myennis Desvoidy

43. Triangle of the anal cell almost as long as the basal section 44

Triangle much shorter than the basal part 45

44. Wings with parallel sides (11, 108) Pterocalla Rondani

Wings widest sub-basally (99, 106) Callopistromyia Hendel

45. Anal cell convex apically, sometimes ti'ansverse on the posterior third,

but never with a produced angle (23, 101). . . .Paragorgopsis Giglio-Tos
Anal cell at least somewhat protluced posteriorly 46

46. Second vein almost straight 47

Second vein strongly sinuous apically (91, 103) . .Pseudopterocalla Hendel

47. Anterior crossvein situated at or before the middle of the discal cell

(52, 87) Dasymetopa Lcew

Anterior crossvein situated beyond the middle of the discal cell (7,
109) Pseudotephritis Johnson

48. Occiput very broad and convex from lateral view 49

Occiput narrow, usually flattened 52

49. Without sternopleurals (16, 75) Myrmecothea Hendel

With one sternopleural 50

50. Posterior ci'ossvein situated more than its own length beyond the

anterior crossvein (62, 79) Myrmecomya Desvoidy

Posterior crossvein situated less than its length beyond the anterior
crossvein 51

51. Costal cell wide, convex anteriorly (3, 55) Delphinia Desvoidy

Costal cell narrow, its anterior edge straight (47, 70) Tritoxa Lcew

52. Abdomen somewhat laterally compressed; one pair of weak frontal

bristles above; third antennal segment elongate; arista bare (2).

Senopterina Macquart
Abdomen cylindrical or flattened, if slender the arista is plumose, the
antennae are short or there are two pairs of frontals 53

53. Abdomen elongate, more or less cylindrical basally 55

Abdomen short and rather flattened 54

54. Costal cell widened, anal cell angled posteriorly (15).

Ostracocoelia Giglio-Tos
Costal cell normal; anal cell rounded posteriorly (39, 65).

Amphicnephes Lcew

55. Sternopleural bristle absent 57

Sternopleural bristle present 56

56. Anal cell rounded apically (4, 71 ) Idana Lcew

Anal cell angulate posteriorly (57, 66) Diacrita Gerstjecker

280

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Otitidae V. — 62, Myrmecomya ; 63, Melanoloma affinis; 64, Euxesta initis; 65, Amphic-
nephes ; 66. Diacrita costalis ; 67, Paroedopa punctigera ; 68, Setellida coerulescens ; 69, CEdopa;
70, Tritoxa incurva; 71, Idana; 72, Setellia; 73, Coilometopia ; 74, Stictomyia; 75, Myrme-
cothea.

FAMILY 0TITID.1-: THE PICTURED-WING FLIES 281

57. Discal cell conspicuously widened before the anterior crossvein (5, 26).

Rivellia Desvoidy
Discal cell not conspicuously widened, rarely widest at the middle 58

58. Anterior crossvein obli(iue, at the middle of the discal cell (48, 86).

Himeroessa Lcew
Anterior crossvein transverse, well beyond the middle of the discal
cell Acrostictella Hendel

59. Face sharply carinate 60

Face not sharply carinate 62

GO. Third antennal segment angulate above or elongate 6]

Third antennal segment orbicular Tetropismenus Loew

Gl. Third antennal segment angulate at upper apex Tephronota Loew

Third segment elongate Hiatus Cresson

62. Mesonotum with presutural bristles (12, 59) Melieria Desvoidy

Mesonotum without presutural bristles 63

63. Front widening anteriorly 64

Front narrowed anteriorly (34 ) Automola Lcew

G4. Three or four pairs of scutellar bristles; postocellars long and fine;

hair of front long and rather abundant (53, 60) Calif ortalis, n. g.

Two pairs of scutellars; postocellars short; hair of front short, sparse
and rather coarse 65

65. Verticals long and strong; cheeks much narrower than the eye-height

( Ortalis auct ) 66

Verticals short; cheeks almost or quite as wide as the eye-height
(6, 61) Tetanops Fallen

66. Two pairs of well developed frontals; lunule haired (77, 95).

Ceratoxys Rondani
Only one pair of well developed frontals; lunule bare (54, 94).

Ortalimyia, n. g.

Melanolomina, new g-enus

Differs from Melanoloma Loew in possessing two pairs of scutellar
bristles. In the two species before me the mesonotum is more or less
reddish and not metallic. Genotype: — Odontomera varians Schiner.

Zetekomyia, new genus

Differs from Melanolomina in having the front more than twice as
wide as the eyes (from dorsal view) and a somewhat more elongate and
more distinctly clavate abdomen. The head bears only four pairs of
bristles : a pair of frontals, pair of ocellars, situated behind the anterior
ocellus, and inner and outer verticals; hair very short; antennae sepa-

282

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Otitidse VI. — 76, Melanoloma affinis; 77, Ceratoxys latiuscula; 78, Neoidiotypa appendi-
culata; 79, Myrmecomya ; 80, Odontomera nitens ; 81, Acrometopia (Chamremyidae) ; 82,
Axiologina ferrum-equinum ; S3. Chfetopsis senea ; 84, Seioptera vibrans; 85, Euxesta annonse;
86, Himeroi'ssa pretiosa ; 87, Dasymetopa ; 88, Pareuxesta latifasciata ; 89, Notogramma stigma;
90, Dyscrasis; 91, Pseudopterocalla; 92, Epiplatca arcuata; 93, Poecilomyia longicornis.

Family otitid.i: — the picturf:d-wixg flies

283

Otitida? Vir.— 94, Ortaliinyia ; 95, Ceratoxys latiuscula ; 96, Neoidiotypa appendiculata;
97, Odontomcra nitens ; 98, Melanoloma deciepita; 99, Callopistromyia annulipcs; 100, Hem-
ixantha spinipes; 101, Paragorgopsis maculata ; 102, Seioptera vibrans; 103, Pseudopterocalla ;
104, Stenomyia; 105, Zctekomyia banks! ; 106, Callopistromyia annulipes; 107, Melanoloma de-
crepita; 108, Pterocalla; 109, Pseudotephritis vau.

284 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

rated by a narrow carina, reaching to the oral margin, the third segment
three times as long as wide; arista short plumose; facial grooves absent;
two pairs of dorsocentrals ; proplenral and sternopleural bristles absent;
scutelkim with two pairs of bristles; posterior femora with bristles
beneath; first vein bare above; anal cell rounded apically. Genotype: —
Z. hanksi, n. sp,

Califortalis, new genus

Related to Ceratoxys Rondani {Ayiacampta Lcew) but readily dis-
tinguished by the presence of three or four pairs of marginal scutellars,
a single, hair-like frontal and the very hairy front. The single species
has somewhat the aspect of certain species of Tetanops Fallen but the
bristles of the vertex are long and fine. Genotype: — C. hirsutifrons,
n. sp., from California.

Ortalimyia, new genus

Related to Ceratoxys Rondani but the front bears only one pair of
strong frontals and at most a very weak second pair, the head is longer,
the facial carina higher, the face more retreating and the front nar-
rower and less hairy. The bristles of the vertex are long and moder-
ately strong. Genotype: — Ortalis .mowi Cresson.

There has been much confusion concerning the identity of the
genera mentioned in these notes. Ceratoxys diifcrs from the other genera
in the group by its conspicuously haired lunule. This leaves Califor-
talis, Tetanops and Ortalimyia and I think the characters in the key
will serve to separate them. The front in Tetanops is ahvays wrinkled or
pitted and frequently pollinose except for the pits.

285

Family Trupaneidse — The Fruit Flies

]\Iostly rather small flies, usually with pietured wini>s, the auxiliary
vein curving forward at a right angle.

Head hemispherical, usually short; oral vil)rissffi not distinct, the
face vertical or somewhat retreating. Front broad, with bristles later-
ally, the anterior orbitals situated close to the orbits. Antennae decum-
bent, short, rarely elongated. Proboscis of moderate length, rarely
elongate and with the labellte folding back, the hihellie usually broad
and fleshy. Thorax with bristles although the anterior ones may be
absent. Legs of moderate length, the tibia^ without i)reapical bristles.
Wings large, usually with dark pattern, the auxiliary vein curving for-
ward at right angles and sometimes evanescent at the tip; basal cells and
anal cell always present, the latter often drawn out posteriorly into
a long point or triangle. Al)domen composed of four or five segments;
male genitalia small and only partly exposed; ovipositor segmented,
usually exposed.

The adults are found in various habitats, often upon flowers. The
larva? live in the seeds and fruits of plants of various kinds or form
galls. One of our commonest species lives in the heads of thistles, several
make galls on golden rod, while others, like the fruit maggots, live in
apples, cherries, citrus fruits, etc. Still others are leaf miners. The
family is of consideral)lc economic importance and has received a great
deal of attention during recent years.

Among the papers essential to a study of the family are those listed
])elow.* Other references will be found given in the key. Unfortunately
the cla.ssification of this family is extremely artificial, being based largely
upon the type of wing markings. In the key I have, in places, ignored
the classification based upon wing maculation and a num1)er of species
must be shifted to genera in which they belong structurally, although
differing to a certain degree, in wing pattern. Only the fact that
I do not have access to all the North American genera prevents a more
thorough revision of the genera. Kecognition of many of the described
species is difficult because they are not illustrated.

For many suggestions and the generous loan of material in this
familv I am sreatlv indebted to Mr. jMarston Bates.

* Loew, 1873. Mon. N. A. Dipt., iii, pi>. ill-.-i.il. Phillips. 1P23, Rev. Tvypet. N. E.
Amer.. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 119-155. Hendel, 1927, Flies. Palsarkt. Reg.—
Trypetida>.

28G

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tiypaneidse I.— 1, Xenochspfa; 2. Hexachseta ; 3, Anaslrepha; 4, Euribia rufipes; 5,
Acidia versatilis ; 6, Neaspilota; 7, CEdicarena; 8, Straussia; 9. Anastrepha; 10. Rhagoletis
indifferens; 11, Tephritis jonesi ; 12, Tephritis sp. ; 13, Poljinorphomyia basilica; 14, Toxotry-
panea curvicauda; 15, Eutreta pacifica.

FAMILY TRUPAXEID.T: — THE FRUIT FLIES 287

KEY TO GENERA*

1. Scutellum with six strong-, regularly placed bristles 2

Scutellum with not more than two pairs of bristles or they are weak

and not regularly placed, the apical pair being very widely separated 4

2. Front more than half as wide as the head (1) Xenochaeta Snow

Front decidedly less than half as wide as the head 3

3. Triangle of the anal cell longer than the petiole (46, 70).

Blepharoneura Loew
Ti'iangle of the anal cell shorter than the petiole (2, 69).. Hexachaeta Loew

4. Scutellum with two pairs of bristles, the apical pair strong 5

Scutellum with one pair of strong bristles or if with two pairs the

apical pair is absent and there are two pairs on the basal half 36

5. Fourth vein not or scarcely curved forward at the apex 6

Fourth vein strongly curved forward at the apex (3, 9).

Anastrepha Schiner

6. Anterior pair of dorsocentrals situated far in front of a line drawn

between the anterior pair of supra-alars 24

Anterior dorsocentrals situated at most slightly in front of such a line,
usually behind 7

7. Proboscis very long and slender, geniculate; (Asimoneura Czerny;

Rhynencina Johnson; Aleomyia Phillips) (4, 42) Euribia Latreille

Proboscis short and thick, not geniculate in the middle 8

8. Arista short plumose or bare 9

Arista long plumose Molynocoelia Giglio-Tos

9. Scutellum not mostly shining black or the apex yellow or sulcate 10

Scutellum mostly shining black, the base narrowly yellow, the apex

never sulcate (29, 66) Ceratitis McLeay

10. Acrostical and dorsocentral bristles in an almost transverse row (5, 60).

fAcidia Desvoidy
Dorsocentrals placed far in front of the acrosticals so that there appear
to be two pairs of dorsocentrals 11

11. Notopleura with several setulaj near the posterior bristle (24, 63).

Epochra Loew
Notopleura bare 12

12. Cheeks at most slightly more than one-fourth as wide as the eye-

height, if doubtful the scutellum is sulcate 13

Cheeks at least two-fifths as wide as the eye-height; oral margin not
strongly produced 22

13. Stigmatal cell long and narrow, four times as long as wide; wings

reticulate (21, 36) Icterica Lcew

Stigmatal cell shorter and broader, not over three times as long as
wide; wings not reticulate 14

* Baryplcgma Wuli) is omitted.

t Trypeta versatilis Curian is a true Acidia while Acidia fratria Loew is a true Trypeta.

288

XORTH AMERICAX DIPTERA

Trypaneitho II.- 16, Eurosfina confusa ; 17, Tetieuaresta obscuriventris; IS, Xanthoinyia
platyptera; 19, Zonosema; 20, Trypeta f ratria ; 21, Icterica circinata ; 22, Eucosmoptera tetra-
spina; 23, Terellia floriscentije ; 24, Epochra canadensis; 25, Stenopa vulnerata; 26, Orellia;
27, 28, Myoleja caesio ; 29, Ceratitis capitata.

FAMILY TKUPAXEID-E THE FRUIT FLIES 289

14. Notopleura densely poUinose 20

Notopleura not pollinose 15

15. Third antennal segment little longer than the basal two combined,

never triangularly produced at the tip 18

Third antennal segment elongate, usually produced as a sharp triangle
at the upper apex 16

16. Postcallar (postalar) bristle situated far in front of the posterior

intra-alar Zonosemata Benjamin

Postcallar, intra-alar and acrostical bristles in almost straight line. . . .16a

16a. Dorsocentral bristles situated well behind the supra-alar bristles

(19, 31 ) Zonosema Lcew

Dorsocentral bristles situated at most very slightly behind the supra-
alars, usually slightly in front of them 17

17. Third longitudinal vein with at most two basal setulae, usually bare;

anterior crossvein situated but little beyond the middle of the discal

cell (10, 43) 'Rhagoletis Lcew

Third vein with several strong setulae on basal part; anterior crossvein
situated well beyond the middle of the discal cell (Euleia Walker)
(27, 28) t^Iyoleja Rondani

18. Scutellum swollen, convex, more or less deeply longitudinally grooved

apically (Tomoplagina Curran) (58, 65) Peronyma Lcew

Scutellum flat dorsally, not at all grooved 19

19. Face more or less carinate, not concave in profile, the oral margin not

produced (20, 49) JTrypeta Meigen

Face concave in profile, the oral margin produced (23, 62).

Terellia Desvoidy

20. Costal spine not longer than the thickness of the costa; wings narrow. 21
Costal spines more than twice as long as the costal thickness; wings

very broad, reticulate (18, 37) Xanthomyia Phillips

21. Wings reticulate; abdomen with paired shining black spots; oral mar-

gin not produced (47, 53) Acidogona Lcew

Wings hyaline, rarely banded; abdomen without paired black spots;
oral margin conspicuously produced (6, 34). . .§Neaspilota Osten Sacken

22. Scutellar bristles longer than the scutellum; antennal pits limited be-

low% the head long 23

Scutellar bristles very short; antennal pits almost obsolete; third an-
tennal segment with several hairs above; tibiae swollen (40, 57).

^Pyrgotoides, n. g.

23. Fourth vein ending at or near the tip of the wing (7, 30).

CEdicarena Snow

* Cresson, 1929, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. Iv, pp. 401-414, 1 plate. Cunan, 1932, Amer.
Mus. Novit. No. 526, p. 5.

t Euleia Walker is the older name but there is considerable doubt about the identity of the
genotype and I use Myoleja to avoid confusion.

± Acidia fratria Lcew belongs here.

§ Curran, 1032. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 526, p. 3.

1 A large species resembling the sjiecies of Pyrgota but distinguished by wing venation,
presence of strong ocelli, shape of the head. etc. The genotype is crassipes n.sp. from Panama.

290

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Trypaneida III. — 30, CEdicarena diffusa: 31. Zonosema electa: 32. Tomoplagia ; 33.
Eutreta: 34. Neaspilota albidipennis: 35. Paracantha : 36, Icterica sericata: 37, Xanthomyia
platyptera; 38, Stenopa vulnerata : 39, Eurostina confusa: 40, Pyrgotoides clavipes; 41, Polio-
nota: 42, Euribia; 43, Rhagoletis cerasi: 44, Procecidochares.

FAMILY TKITANEID.E THE FRUIT FLIES 291

Fourth vein ending behind the tip of the wing, the wing-apex near the
third vein; wings rather pointed (8, 50, 51) Straussia Desvoidy

24. Anterior ami posterior crossveins separated from each other by much

less than half the length of the anterior crossvein; posterior cross-
vein very strongly recurrent (13) Polymorphomyia Snow

Crossveins much less approximate; posterior crossvein not strongly
recurrent 25

25. Scuttellum strongly shining black, swollen and hemispherical 26

Scutellum more or less dull, more or less flattened or at most motler-

ately convex 27

26. Parafacials bare (44, 79) Procecidochares Hendel

Parafacials with a row of rather long pale hairs (61). . .Callachna Aldrich

27. Notopleura cinereous pollinose 28

Notopleura bare or rather thinly brownish pollinose 31

28. Anal cell drawn out posteriorly into an elongate triangle 29

Anal cell not drawn out apically, or with a short, transverse triangle

(Euaresta Loew; Urophora Loew) (11, 12, 64) Tephritis Latreille

29. Antennal pits not deep, not separated and strongly marked 30

Antennal pits deep, separated and strongly defined (41, 48).

'^Polionota Wulp

30. Face and front rather strongly narrowed to the antennae; oral margin

with hair only on the anterior half (17, 54) fTetreuaresta Hendel

Face and front not strongly narrowed to the antennae; oral margin with
bristles almost to the oral angles (45, 59) Acrotaenia Loew

31. Anterior crossvein situated not more than its own length from the

posterior, both strongly oblique (32, 72) Tomoplagia Coquillett

Anterior crossvein situated more than its length from the posterior,
both never strongly oblique 32

32. Stigmal cell scarcely longer than wide (25, 38) Stenopa Loew

Stigmal cell usually twice as long as wide, always much longer 33

33. Front with two pairs of black reclinate bristles, none converging (35,

73) Paracanfha Coquillett

Front with three pairs of convergent f rentals 34

34. Costal spines short and not very conspicuous 35

Costal spines rather long and conspicuous (15, 33) JEutreta Loew

35. Wings with crossbands (26) Orellia Desvoidy

Wings with a brown pattern containing hyaline indentations and spots

(22) Eucosmoptera Phillips

* The sinirle specimen I have before me is loaned by Dr. Aldrich and is determined as
mucida Giplio-Tos. The fijrure by Giprlio-Tos shows the anterior crossvein in the hyaline costal
trianjtle and much farther from the posterior crossvein than I find it. The species I have
illustrated may not be mucida, and may even belong to a different genus, depending upon the
shape of the head. Mr. Van der Wulp's drawing is poor in regard to the anal cell.

t This genus is very doubtfully distinct from Acrotjenia.

t Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 556.

292

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Trypaneidfe IV.~45, Acrotania; 46, Blepharoneura ; 47. Acidogona ; 48. Polionota; 49,
Trypeta;"50. 51, Straussia longipennis ; 52, Xanthaciura insecta ; 53, Acidogona melaneura; 54,
Tetreuaresta obscuriventris; 55. Eurosta comma; 56. Trypanea.

FAMILY Tin'PAXEID.E THE FRUIT FLIES

293

36. Front bristles well developed; ocellars present 37

Frontals weak; ocellars absent; ovipositor very long and cylindrical

( 14 ) Toxotrypanea Gerstsecker

37. Head higher than long 38

Head longer than high (67) 44

38. Scutellum without a deep longitudinal furrow 39

Scutellum swollen and with a deep longitudinal furrow (58, 65).

Peronyma Lcew

39. Front immediately above the antennas almost half as wide as the head

and very much wider than either eye 40

Front much less than half as wide as the head and, anteriorly, little
if any wider than one eye from anterior view 41

40. Anterior pair of dorsocentrals situated far in front of a line drawn

between the anterior pair of supra-alar bristles (16, 39).

*Eurostina Curran
Anterior pair of dorsocentrals situated at most slightly in front of a
line drawn between the anterior supra-alars or behind such a line
(55, 71) Eurosta Lcew

41. Front twice as long as the width at vertex (52, 74). . .Xanthaciura Hendel
Front much less than twice as long as the width at vertex 42

42. Front with at least three pairs of convergent frontal bristles 43

Front with two pairs of convergent frontals (76) Dyseuaresta Hendel

43. Head almost as long as high, the oral margin projecting; eyes oblique,

broadly oval (56, 75) fTrupanea Schrank

Head much higher than long, the oral margin but little projecting; eyes
perpendicular, rather narrowly oval (68, 78) |Aciurina Curran

44. Third antennal segment short, the apex rounded (Europe) (67).

Ensina Lcew
Third antennal segment rather long, the upper apex angulate (77).

Paroxyna Hendel

The student will find it difficult to locate many species described in
genera other than those to which they are now assigned. In the following list
are given (1) the present genus and (2) in ( ) the genera in which species
may be found.

Acidia (Spilographa).

Dyseuaresta (Euaresta, Tephritis).

Ensina (Tephritis).

Euribia (Aleomyia, Urophora, Tephritis Hendel, 1914).

Myoleja (Aciura, Acidia, Eucosinoptera).

Tephritis (Euaresta, Ensina, Trypanea, Urellia).

Terellia (Trypeta. Orellia).

Tetreuaresta (Euaresta, Tephritis).

Trypanea (Urellia, Tephritis).

Trypeta (Orellia, Terellia, etc.).

Zonosema (Spilographa, Acidia).

* Originally Eurosta latifrons Lww was named as type of this genus but the sjiecies is a
true Eurosta and does not possess the j;eneric characters of Eurostina. The type of the genus
should be known as Eurostina confusa, Slosson Collection, Delaware Water Gap.

t Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. .556 (Trypanea).

± Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 556. In a letter to the author Dr. Hendel sug-
gested the synonymy of this nenus with Tephrella Bezzi pnd this is (juite possible. However,
I am retaining Aciurina on the suggestion of Mr. Bates, as a com]iarison of specimens with the
genotype of Tephrella^ a little known species, may prove that two genera exist.

294

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Trypaneidaj V.— 57, Pyrgotoides clavipes; 58. Peronyma ; 59. Acrotaenia ; 60, Acidia
Callachna: 62. Terellia; 63. Epoch.a canadensis; 64. Tephritis; 65. Peronyma maculata
Ceratitis capitata; 67. Paroxyna ; 68. Aciurina; 69. Hexach^fa; 70. Blepharoneura
Panama).

: 61.
66,

(sp.

fa:\iily trupaxeid.e — the fruit flies

295

Mr. Bates has furnished the following' list of species giving- the correct
generic position according to our present concepts:

Acidia johnsoni Thomas = Aciurina.

Aciura liinata Coquillett (Eucosinoptera Phillips) = Myoleja.

Aciura nigricornis Doane (Eucosmoptera Phillips) = Myoleja.

Rhagolctis formosa Coquillett = Euribia.

Rhagoletis grindelise Co(iiiillett = Euribia.

Rhynencina longirostris Johnson == Euribia.

Trypeta baccharis Coiiuillett ^ jirobably Tephritis.

Trypeta bigeloviae Cockerell (Eurosta Townsend) = Aciurina.

Trypaneidas VI. — 71, Eurosta; 72. Tomoplagia ; 73, Paracantha; 74, Xanthaciura insecta;
75, Trypanea wlveeleri; 76, Dyseuarcsta plesia; 77, Ensina; 78, Aciurina trixa; 79,
Procccidocharcs.

296

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Pallopteridae

Flies of medium size, usually with pictured wings, the auxiliary
vein entire.

Head higher than long; oral vibrissa? absent; a single pair of frontal
bristles; ocellars present; post-oeellars parallel; face slightly receding;
antennae rather short, the third segment oval; arista short plumose or
bare. ]\Iesonotum bristled in front of the suture (except in two species) ;
propleural 1)ristle usually absent; one sternopleural bristle, l^egs of
moderate length; tibiffi without preapical bristle. Wings rather large;
anal cell short, the anal vein extending to the wing margin; auxiliary
vein free but ending close to the first vein, the costa weakened or broken
at the point of union; apical cell not narrowed apically. Abdomen
elongate oval, sub-cylindrical, the ovipositor flattened and elongate.

These flies are found in moist and shady places, usually upon
foliage, and along the sea-shore.

Pallopteridae. — 1, Palloptera arcuata; 2, 8, Omoinjia hirsuta: 4. Palloptera jucunda.

FAMILY PALLOPTERID.E 297

Palloptern Fallen has been considered the only genus and has been
reviewed by Malloeh.* The genus has been placed in the Lauxaniida?
and Lonchaeidffi. It differs from the former in lacking preapical tibial
bristles and from the latter in having the front transverse anteriorly,
the lunule being concealed. In many respects it shows a relationship
to the Helomyzidffi but is excluded from the group by its flattened ovi-
positor and is, perhaps, more closely allied to the Otitidip. The genus
Omomijia, placed in the Ccelopidae by Coquillett, belongs here. It
shows a remarkable sexual dimorphism, the males bearing long, woolly
pile while the females show little trace of it.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Facial carina strong, the antenna! grooves deep; males densely pilose

(2, 3) Omomyia Coquillett

Facial carina quite weak; antennal grooves shallow; never densely
pilose (1, 4) Palloptera Fallen

1924. Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixv, Article 12. pp. 6-7.

298

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Lonchseidse

Small shining blackish flies, the auxiliary vein entire; the tibia;
without preapical bristles.

Head shorter than high; face and front moderately wide; oral
vibrissa; absent; front with a single orbital, clothed with short hairs;
ocellars present; postocellars divergent; antennte elongate, decumbent.
Thorax bristled posteriorly; mesopleura with bristles behind; one or
two sternopleurals; propleural present, the propleura without hair.
Legs short; tibia? without preapical bristle. Wing venation complete;
second basal and anal cells short, the anal vein reaching the wing
margin faintly, and bisinuate. Abdomen oval, rather flat; ovipositor
rather long and triangular.

The adults occur almost everywhere but prefer moist or shady
places. The larva- live in plants or decaying vegetation. They have
been reared from under bark and may be predaceous.

This family is readily distinguished from the Periscelida' by its
entire auxiliary vein; from the Sa]n-omyzida^ by the absence of pre-
apical tibial bristles on at least the anterior and posterior tibia^ and
from the Pallopteridaj by the i)resence of a propleural bristle and the
exposed frontal lunule.

Lonchcea Fallen is the only genus recognized although Earomyia
Zetterstedt may be distinguished by having the frontal lunule bare.
Malloeh* has reviewed the species. A few have been described since the
publication of his paper.

* 1924. Pioc. U. S. N. M., Ixv, Art. 12, w. 3-6.

Lonchsea, head, wins and abdomen.

299

Family Ropalomeridae

Moderately large tropical flies of a brownish and grayish color.

Front broad, excavated, with or wathout bristles; face broad, cari-
nate, tuberculate or the oral margin prominent; cheeks broad, hairy;
clypeus projecting; oral vibrisste absent; proboscis short, the palpi
slender or dilated; antenna? short; arista dorsal, bare or plumose.
Thorax elongate; mesonotum with but few bristles, usually more or less
mottled w'ith gray and brown; scutellum often prominent and grooved.
Abdomen shorter than the wings, flattened; hypopygium moderately
large, largely concealed; ovipositor telescopic, projecting. Femora all

Ropalomeiid». — 1, Willistoniella; J, S, Ropalomcra ; 4, Willistoniella ; 5, Apophorhynchus.

300 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

thickened; posterior tibiae often dilated. Apical cell narrowed apically;
auxiliary vein absent or present; second basal and anal cells present.
Only about a dozen species are known, all occurring in Central
or South America. Evidently they are not uncommon at certain seasons
of the year as ]\Ir. Banks secured a number of specimens in Panama
during July and August although I saw only two from December to
IMarch. They are evidently seashore inhabitants which extend their
range up the rivers. The adults are fast in flight and are excellent
hoverers. There is a recent revision of the family by Lindner.*

KEY TO GENERA

1. Auxiliary vein present 2

Auxiliary vein absent Rhinotora Schiner

2. Scutellum oval 3

Scutellum pyramidal, directed obliquely upward; arista plumose or bare

(2, 3) Ropalomera Wiedemann

3. Arista plumose 4

Arista bare Kroberia Lindner

4. Face tuberculate; frontal bristles absent (5) . . . . Apophorhynchus Williston
Face carinate; frontals present (1, 4) Willistoniella Mik

1930. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr.. 1930-31. pp. 122-137.

301

Family Tanypezidae

Tanypeza, head and wing.

Medium sized flies, with rather long, slender legs.

Head higher than long; face retreating below; two pairs of f rentals:
ooellars proclinate; antenna pendulous, the third segment oval, moder-
ately large; oral vibrissa absent; palpi broadened. Thorax with only
one pair of dorsocentrals; one humeral; no sternopleurals, one or two
bristles on the mesopleura above, the mesopleura and pteropleura haired.
Legs long, slender, without bristles. Wings with the apical cell nar-
rowed; anal cell rounded apically, about as long as the second basal;
first vein setulose above; auxiliary vein entire, touching the first vein
before its end.

The adults occur in moist woods and are by no means numerous
in collections. The immature stages are unknown.

Tanypeza Fallen is the only known genus unless Tetradiscus Bigot
is distinct. However, Tetraducus may not belong to this family and is
too poorly described to ])e recognizable. There are fewer than a dozen
known species belonging to the family, most of them occurriiig in the
Neotropical region while one is known from Europe.

302

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Calobatidje I.—l. Parasphen ruficauda : 2, Ptilosphen ; 3, Rainieria; 4, Seipopus di versus;
5. Grallipeza; 6, Cardiacephala; 7. Grallomya; 8. Hoplocheiloma; 9. Seipopus; 10. Parasphen;
11, Calobata univittata; 12, Taeniapteia ; 13. Cardiacephala.

303

Family Calobatidse — The Stilt-legged Flies

/
Calobata univittata.

Elongate flies with very long legs and dorsal, bare to plumose arista.

Head higher than long, rather orbicular or elongate, the front wide
in both sexes and usually with bristles; face usually receding, the oral
margin more or less produced, the clypeus large and polished; palpi
flat and broad; antenna? of moderate length, pendulous, with dorsal,
bare to plumose arista. Thorax elongate, bi'istled posteriorly and on
the sides; sternopleura with long bristly hair behind; true sternopleural
bristles absent; ptcropleura bare. Legs very lono-, the anterior pair
widely separated from the middle pair, femora rarely with small bris-
tles, the posterior four tibia} usually with tiny bristles. Wings long,
usually marked with l)rown or black, the anal cell rectangular or angu-
late apically; apical cell usually narrowed apically; auxiliary vein lying
very close to the first vein and usually partly touching it, rarely ending
well before the first vein. Al)domen long and narrow, the ovipositor
long.

The adults are found near moist i)laces in the Neartic region Init
seem to occur everywhere in the tropics, where they are scavengers, and
evidently the larva? live in excrement. Some species have been reared
from excrement and the adults are attracted to it in very large numbers.
However, I have found a few of tlie tropical species only on foliage
near streams and these may have a different habit. Enderlein* has
reviewed the group and Cresson has described many species.

1922, Arch, fur NaturK.. Ixxxviii, Abt. 5. pp. 140-229.

304

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

As here understood this family comprises the genera Calohata, and
Cardiac cphala of the old family JMicropezidte. They really have little
in common with this latter group except a superficial resemblance. The
classification of the family is poor and several of the genera are based
upon what appear to l^e trivial characters. Several of the genera oc-
curring in South America, as w-ell as a few included in the following
key, are unknown to me so I am unable to do more than use the char-
acters cited by tlieir describers althougli I think that most of the genera
are well founded and could be readily recognized upon characters other
than those used. The genus Cardiacephala Schiner, of whicli I consider
both PlocosceJus Enderlein and Rhoecius Enderlein to be synonyms,
merely displays a diversity in head shape not found in other groups,
but no sharp lines can be drawn between the three proposed genera.
Some insects show specialization along one line, others in other w^ays.

Calobatidae II. — 14, Hoplocheiloma; 15. Grallomya annulata; 16. Taeniaptera ; 17, Gralli
peza; 18, Rainieria; 19, Ptilosphen; 20, Calobata univittata; 21, Cardiacephala.

FAMILY CALOBATID.T: THE STILT-LEGGED FLIES 305

KEY TO GENERA

1. Anal cell extending- two-thirds the distance to the wing margin, its

anterior edge very oblique ( 16 ) 2

Anal cell much shorter, the crossvein much less oblique 5

2. Distance between the tips of the second and thii'd veins more than

half as great as the length of the ultimate section of the fourth

vein (16) 3

This distance less than half the length of the ultimate section of the
foui'th vein (1, 10) Parasphen Enderlein

3. Arista bare 4

Arista plumose or long- pubescent (2, 19) Ptilosphen Enderlein

4. Apical cell closed and short petiolate (12, 16) Taeniaptera Macquart

Apical cell open (7, 15 ) Grallomya Rondani

5. Arista bare G

Arista plumose 9

6. Distance between the tips of the second and third veins equal to less

than half the length of the ultimate section of the fourth vein

(4, 9) Scipopus Enderlein

This distance greater than half the length of the ultimate section of
the fourth vein 7

7. Postocellar bristles absent (8, 14) Hoplocheiloma Cresson

Postocellar bristles present, vertex with six bristles 8

8. Occiput strongly produced on either side of the vertex, concave in the

middle from dorsal view Mitromyia Cresson

Occiput at most weakly produced and very greatly concave from dorsal
view (3, 18) *Rainieria Rondani

9. Posterior femora very conspicuously swollen on the apical third (6,

13, 21 ) tCardiacephala Schiner

Posterior femora regular in outline 10

10. Postocellar bristles absent 11

Postocellar bristles long and strong (5, 17) Grallipeza Rondani

11. Stigmal cell long, the first vein ending in front of the anterior cross-

vein Calobatina Enderlein

Stig-mal cell short and not distinct, the first vein ending- well before
the anterior crossvein (11, 20) Calobata Meigen

* Tanypoda Rondani is a synonym and I do not believe that the characters cited by
Cresson for his yrenus Meganeria are of sufficient value to constitute a genus.

t The dorsal view of the head shows the extreme development of the lobe-like production
of the posterior orbits which may not be produced beyond the vertex. Khoeciiis (Enderlein) has
been proposed for this latter group but there is every gradation between the two extremes.

306

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Micropezidse

Slender flies of moderate size, their legs Jong, the second basal cell
united with the discal cell.

Head orbicular or elongate and subtriangular; front without bris-
tles; face receding, without oral vibrissas; antennas short, the arista
dorsal. Thorax elongate, the front and middle coxae widely separated;
posterior portion of the pteropleura with long hairs; one sternopleural
bristle. Legs long and slender, the tibiae with bristles. Wings long, the
second basal cell united with the discal cell; apical cell narrow^ed or
closed and petiolate apically; auxiliary vein not distinctly separated
from the first vein. Abdomen long and slender, the female ovipositor
large, pendulous; male genitalia rather small, the fifth sternite usually
with long pendulous lobes.

The adults are found in marshes and moist places in woods. There
are three or four Nearctic, one Pal^earctic and many species in the
American tropics. I have seen only Micropeza from the United States
and Canada. The immature stages are unknown. Enderlein* has re-
viewed the family. I give the characters of his genery although I
scarcely agree that there are four genera represented. The appendicu-
late apical cell does not seem to me to be of generic importance and
I am inclined to recognize only Micropeza and MetopohracJiia.

Micropezidse. — 1, 2, Micropeza; 3, 4, Metopobrachia.

FAMILY MICROI'EZID.T: 307

KEY TO GENERA

1. Head subtriangular, much longer than high 2

Head orbicular, but little longer than high 3

2. Apical cell open or closed in the wing margin (1, 2). . . .Micropeza Meigen
Apical cell closed and petiolate Neriocephalus Enderlein

3. Apical cell open (3, 4) Metopobrachia Enderlein

Apical cell closed and petiolate Cliopeza Enderlein

* 1922, Arch, fur Naturg., Ixxxviii. Abt. 5, pp. 140-229.

308

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Neriidae

Slender flies of moderate size, with long legs and an apical arista.

Head longer than wide; two pairs of frontal bristles, the front
wide in both sexes; face receding,* Avithont oral vibrissas; antenna por-
rect, with a terminal bare or pubescent arista. Thorax long, the front
and middle legs widely separated, the prosternum as long as the meso-
sternnm; pteropleura bare; with or without a sternopleural bristle.
Legs long and slender, the femora with short spines beneath. Wings
long, the apical cell usually narrowed apically; anal and second basal
cells short; auxiliary vein ending in the first vein. Abdomen long,
rather flattened above; ovipositor long and pendulous, carried under
the abdomen in life.

The adults are found near water or moist places. The family is
strictly tropical, four of the nineteen genera occurring in North Amer-
ica
group.

The immature stages are not known. Enderleinf has reviewed the

* In the old world Telostylinse the oral margin is prominent while in the Neriinse it is not
consi^icuous.

t 1922. Arch, fiir Naturg., Ixxxviii, Abt. 5. pp. 140-229.

Neriid». — 1, 2, Nerius; 3, 4, Dictyonerius.

FAMILY xeriid.t: 309

KEY TO GENERA

1. Wings with numerous crossveins (3, 4) Dictyonerius Enderlein

Wings with normal venation 2

2. Third antennal segment pointed apically; scutellum with one pair of

bristles Glyphidops Enderlein

Third antennal segment rounded or obtuse apically 3

3. Ventral surface of the anterior femora with setigerous tubercles on

the whole length Odontoloxozus Enderlein

Anterior femora with bristles only apically (1, 2) Nerius Fabricius

310 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Piophilidae

Piophila casei.

The flies included in this family rarely exceed five millimeters in
length, and are usually glistening black or slightly bluish metallic in
lustre.

Face not carinate, occiput more or less flattened; always two pairs
of vertical bristles; postvertical bristles divergent; fronto-orbital bris-
tles varying from two pairs to none; antennae decumbent, the third
segment elongate oval, arista bare in the American species; cheeks
rarely fringed with hairs, the oral vibrissa? usually prominent, para-
facials not differentiated as a linear orbital boundary; palpi well de-
veloped. i\Iesonotum almost always finely pubescent and ]iolished;
stcrnopleura never pruinose; one pair of dorsocentral bristles, four
scutellar bristles. Legs of the male never toothed or deformed, the front
femora usually furnished with long but delicate bristles. Abdomen
more or less polished, ])ubescent but without bristles, broad, depressed,
not constricted at the base; genitalia of the male more or less hidden
asymmetrical; ovipositor extensile. Auxiliary vein terminating close
to the end of the first vein, the costa broken at or near the termination,
third and fourth veins parallel or more or less diverging, anal vein
usually curved and evanescent apically, discal cell usually large, with
the posterior crossvein usually long.

The larvffi are, in general, scavengers but some of them live in
cheese and preserved meats. Piophila casei, the cheese-skipper, has a
rather conical larva, pointed anteriorly and truncate posteriorly; body
shining and smooth; antennae two segmented; mouth hooks separated
and divergent; anterior spiracles whitish, the abdominal travelling

FAMILY PIOPHIIJD.T:

311

Piophilida?. — 1, 2, Piophila; 3, Prochyliza.

folds roughened, the posterior segment with four fleshy protuberances.
The larva jumps by grasping the edge of the posterior truncature of
the body with its mouth hooks and suddenly releasing it. The puparium
is rugose and elliptic.

The members of this family have been placed in the Sepsida? by
most authors. The family differs from the Sepsidse in several char-
acters, particularly in having the costa broken at the end of the aux-
iliary' vein, setulose mesonotum and the absence of a hair or fine bristle
arising on the posterior edge of the posterior spiracle of the thorax.
i\Ielandcr* has reviewed the family.

KEY TO GENERA

1. One or two pairs of frontal bristles 2

No frontal bristles; face strongly receding; antennae variable in length

(3) Prochyliza WalTcer

2. Two pairs of dorsocentral bristles 3

One pair of dorsocentral bristles (1, 2 and text fig.) Piophila Fallen

3. One pair of frontal bristles (text fig.) Amphipogon Wahlberg

Two pairs of frontal bristles Mycetaulus Lcew

1924, Psyche, xxxi, pp. 78-86.

Amphipogon spectrum.

312

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Sepsidjp. — 1, 2, Themira minor; 3, Pandora; 4, Nemopoda minuta ; 5, Pandora; 6,
Nemopoda minuta; 7, 8, 9, Sepsis.

313

Family Sepsidae

Meroplius stercorarius.

Small, shining black or reddish flies.

Head more or less spherical, the occiput usually quite convex, face
carinate; one or two pairs of vertical bristles, one or no orbitals, post-
vertical bristles divergent; antennas decumbent, the third segment oval,
the arista usually l^are; i)arafacials very narrow, reduced to an orljital
line; palpi vestigial. Mesonotum usually aeiculate or pollinose and not
pubescent, its setula? usually in three longitudinal rows; scutellar bristles
usually two, rarely four in numljer; either One or two pairs of dorsocen-
tral bristles; sternopleura usually in part or entirely pruinose. Auxili-
ary vein curving so as to terminate obviously before the end of the first
longitudinal vein, costa not broken, the third and fourth veins more or
less converging; anal vein straight and abbreviated. Legs of the male
usually deformed and armed with spines or thorn-like projections, usual-
ly located on the front pair. Abdomen with l)ut sparse pubescence or
fine setulffi, often constricted at the second segment and bearing a few
bristles; male genitalia usually prominent, symmetrical, eomi)rising a
hypopygium with paired lateral valves, each tipped by a prong or flat

314 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

blade of distinctive structure; ovipositor not extended, the female ab-
domen with bluntly rounded termination.

The adults are found about excrement, carrion and decaying vege-
tation, in which the larvte live, and many of the species are very com-
mon. There are between forty and fifty described species from North
America. Melander and Spuler* and Dudat have dealt with the
species.

KEY TO GENERA

1. First and second basal cells separated 2

First and second basal cells united (3, 5) Pandora Haliday

2. Outer verticals present 3

Outer verticals absent 5

3. Anterior femora of both sexes with a close-set row of spinules ven-

trally, never with stout spines or thorns (4, 6) Nemopoda Desvoidy

Anterior femora never with such a row of spinules, often with coarse
spines, sparse hairs or more or less deformed 4

4. No frontal bristles (7, 8, 9) JSepsis Fallen

One frontal bristle; anterior femora never tuberculate.

Meroplius Rondani

5. Postocellar bristles long and strong; one frontal (1, 2). .Themira Desvoidy
Postocellars very weak; f rentals not developed Enicita Westwood

* 1917, Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta.. Bull. No. 143.

•(• 1925, Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien, xxxix, pp. 1-153, and 1926, xl, pp. 1-110.

t The genus Sepsidimorpha Frey I cannot separate from Sepsis and I do not consider the
absence of tubercles on the anterior femora of generic importance. Those species of Sepsis
which have a frontal bristle I would place in Meroplius even though the front femora are
armed beneath.

315

Family Lauxaniidae

Homoneura species.

Rather small flies, rarely more than 6 mm. in length, the auxiliary
vein entire and ending in the costa.

Head variable, the face projecting or retreating, convex, flat or
concave, without oral vibrissa although these are rarely poorly de-
veloped. Front wide, with two pairs of frontals, the upper pair always
reclinate, the lower pair sometimes decussate; ocellars present or minute.
Antcnnffi variable, the arista plumose to bare. Thorax with bristles,
at least behind the suture; scutellum usually bare except for the mar-
ginal bristles; propleural bristle present or absent; one or two sterno-
pleurals. Tibise all with preapical bristle. Wing venation complete,
the second basal and anal cells short; apical cell usually widely open.
Abdomen oval, rarely elongate.

The adults may be found almost everywhere, but particularly in
moist places where they may occur in large numbers. j\Iany of the
species are more in evidence in the evening than during the rest of the
day. They are not very active and are therefore easily captured.

The larvffi of at least some of the species mine in plants and are
economically important; others live upon decaying vegetation.

Saprom^'zida; has been used for this family by most American
authors but Lauxania is older and should be used. Hendel has pub-
lished extensively on the family: many changes have been made since
his contribution in Genera Insectorum* and he recognizes many addi-
tional genera in his kev to genera. t

* 1908, Fascicle No. 68.

t 1925, Encycl. Ent., B. Dipt., pp. 103-142.

316

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Lauxaniidse I. — 1, Chwtocoelia sp. : 2, Physegenua vitfata ; 3, Chatominettia latelimbata ;
4, Homoneura philadelphica ; 5, Pseudogriphoneura ; 6, Neogriphoneura ; 7, Camptoprosopella
vulgaris; 8, Lauxaniella opaca ; 9, Steganolauxania latipennis; 10, Dcutominettia bimaculata.

FAMDA' LAUXAXIID.E

317

KEY TO GENERA

1. Antennae long and slender, the first segment two-thirds as long as the

second and with apical hairs below 2

Antennse not unusually elongate, the third segment usually more or
less oval, rarely twice as long as wide, the first short or without
bristles below 7

2. Sternopleura with a single bristle 3

Two sternopleural bristles (17, 18) Lauxania Latreille

3. Propleural bristle present 4

Propleural bristle absent (23, 26) Asilostoma Hendel

4. Anterior pair of frontals decussate; face with transverse striae (9, 22).

Steganolauxania Frey
Anterior pair of frontals reclinate , 5

5. Submarginal cell but little wider than the marginal (8) 6

Submarginal cell more than twice as wide as the marginal.

Steganopsis de Meijere

6. Face wdth a large, rounded convexity on either side. . . .Cephalella Malloch
Face without such swellings (8, 21) Lauxaniella Malloch

7. Third vein setulose either above or below 8

Third vein bare 10

8. First vein setulose above Dryomyzothea Hendel

First vein bare 0

Lauxaniidas II. — 11, Xenopterella ; 12, Pachycerina ; 13, Griphoncura; 14, Minettia evit-
tata; 1,5, Sapromyza; 16, Physcgenua ; IT, Lauxania.

318

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Lauxaniidae III. — 18, Lauxaiiia cylindricornis; 19, Trigonometopus vittatus ; 20, Campto-
prosopella vulgaris; 21, Lauxaniella opaca ; 22, Steganolauxania latipennis; 23, Asilostoma; 24,
Griphoneura; 25, Freyia nigrita; 26, Asilostoma palpalis; 27. Neominettia contigua.

FAMILY LAUXAXIID.E 319

9. Third vein setulose below to beyond the anterior crossvein (27).

Neominettia Hendel
Third vein setulose above and below before the anterior crossvein
(3, 31 ) Chjetominettia Malloch

10. Second vein setulose before the origin of the third vein (30, 34).

*Xenochjetina Mallocli
Second vein bare 11

11. First vein setulose posteriorly before the humeral crossvein (28, 36).

Setulina Malloch
First vein bare 12

12. Wings with a crossvein dividing the apical .cell beyond the posterior

crossvein (11) Xenopterella Malloch

Wings with only the usual crossveins 13

13. Antei'ior frontal bristle directed inward; first antennal segment as long

as the second 14

Anterior frontals reclinate; first antennal segment short 17

14. Ocellar bristles minute 15

Ocellars long and strong 16

15. Face concave in profile Freyia Malloch

Face convex (2, 16) Physegenua Macquait

16. Face strongly convex; anterior frontals half way between the antennae

and upper frontals (12) Pachycerina Macquart

Face gently convex or plane; anterior frontals closer to upper frontals
than to antennae (7, 20) Camptoprosopella Hendel

17. First antennal segment as long as the second (25) Freyia Malloch

First antennal segment short 18

18. Presutural bristle present 19

Presutural bristle absent; face strongly retreating (19, 33).

fTrigonometopus Macquart

19. Apical cell very strongly narrowed apically, almost closed (13, 24).

Griphoneura Schiner
Apical cell widely open 20

20. Sternopleura with one bristle 21

Sternopleura with two bristles, the anterior one w^eaker 22

21. Front much broader than long, concave in front from dorsal view (6,

35 ) Neogriphoneura Malloch

Front rarely broader than long, not concave in front (5, 38).

X Pseudogriphoneura Hendel

22. Face convex and glossy (29, 37) Pseudocalliope Malloch

Face gently convex or flat, not polished 23

* Malloch. 1923. Pioc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xxv, p. 49.
t Malloch, 1923, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xxv. p. 48.
t Curran, 1934, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixvi. p. 445.

320

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Lauxaniidffi IV.— 28. Setulina geminala; 29. Pseudocalliope; 30. Xenochastina : 31,
Chsetominettia ; 32. Chatocoelia ; 33, Trisonometopus; 34. Xenochsetina; 35. Neogriphoneura ; 36.
Setulina: 37, Pseudocalliope; 38. Pseudogriphoneura; 39, Sapromyza.

FAMILY LAUXANIID.E 321

23. Intra-alar bristle present 24

Intra-alar bristle absent 26

24. Scutellum bare above 2.5

Scutellum setulose above (10) Deutominettia Hendel

25. Frontal bristles arising from tubercles (1, 32) Chaetocoelia Giglio-Tos

Frontal bristles not arising from tubercles (14) Minettia Desvoidy

26. Second vein undulated Trypetisoma Malloch

Second vein not undulate 27

27. The tiny black costal setulaj continued to the apex of the third vein (4).

Homoneura Wulp
The black setulae extend to only a little beyond the apex of the second
vein, never to the third (15, 39) ''Sapromyza Fallen

* Hendel has recoRnized two SGRiegates of this fceiius. Lycia Desvoidy and Cneinacantha
Macquait, both of which have four dorsocential bristles. The former has the acrostical hairs
two or four rowed and rather long while the latter has them six rowed and very short.

322

NORTH AMERICAN DR^TERA

I

PeriscelidEe. — 1, Marbenia peculiaris; 2, Neoscutops rotundipennis ; 3, Scutops fascipcn-
nis; 4, Neoscutops rotundipennis; 5, Scutops fascipennis ; 6, Panamenia chapmani ; 7, Marbenia
peculiaris; «, Sphyroperiscelis sp. ; 9, Panamenia chapmani; 10, Sph> roperiscelis sp.

323

Family Periscelidae

Small flies rcsomblino- the Laiixaniida', etc.

Face wide, more or less produced below; front with a single pair
of bristles; postocellars divergent; arista plumose. Wing venation com-
plete, the auxiliary vein short. Abdomen oval, somewhat depressed.

Members of this family are not numerous in collections and little is
known about them. i\Ialloeh would retain the genera in the Sapromyzi-
dm and IMelander included Scutops in his revision of the Geomyzidffi.
The family contains seven genera, all occurring in America, PerisceUs
also being found in Europe.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Costa extending to the fourth vein 2

Costa ending at the third vein 5

2. Face very strongly protruding below; auxiliary vein not curved forward

apically 3

Face somewhat protruding below; auxiliary vein with a distinct forward
curve apically; oral vibrissie absent Periscelis Lcew

3. Face evenly convex 4

Face flattened and bare in the middle above (3, 5) Scutops Coquillett

4. Ocellars absent Cyamops Melander

Ocellars long and strong (24 ) Neoseutops Malloch

5. Face most prominent below; veins strong (6, 9) Panamenia, n. g.

Face not prominent below, more or less convex in the middle 6

6. Head almost or quite twice as wide as high; face very wide (8, 10).

Sphyroperiscelis Sturtevant
Head not nearly so wide; face and eyes of moderate width (1, 7).

Marbenia Malloch

Panamenia, new genus

This genus is, perliaps, most closely related to SiyJujroiJenscelis
Sturtevant but the shape of the head is distinctive. The face is shield-
shaped, the point below, the sides sharply limited and haired. Abdomen
as broad as long, tai)ering sharply from near tlie base. Scutellum flat,
bearing two pairs of marginals. AVings as in figure. Genotype: —
P. chapmani, n. sp.

Head stramineous, the upper occiput and a broad frontal triangle
black; thorax deep brown or l)lackish, the pleura yellowisli; humeri, a
large rectangle on the posterior half of the mesonotum and the scutel-
lum, except the sides, stramineous; legs reddish yellow, tlie tibia with
two brown bands, the anterior femora brown basally; wings brownish,
with a preapical hyaline band; abdomen blackish or dark brown. Male,
Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, (Curran).

324

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Drosophilid» I. — 1. Cladochata nebulosa ; 2, Rhinoleucophenga obesa ; 3, Leucophenga
maculosa; 4, Drosophila funebris; 5, Chyinoniyza ainoena ; 6. Zygothrica dispar; 7, Planinasus
anibiguus; 8, Diastata ; 9. Zygothrica dispar; 10, Scaptcmyza gramineum ; 11, Mycodrosophila;
12, Rhinoleucophenga obesa; 13, Cladochaeta nebulosa.

325
Family Drosophilidse— The Small Fruit Flies

Small flies, rarely exceeding a length of 5 mm. the head sometimes
very broad, the wings often pictured.

Face nearly vertical in profile, rarely prominent, oral vibrissse
present, though sometimes weak; front with three pairs of bristles; post-
ocellar bristles convergent, rarely absent. Third antennal segment oval
or rounded, the basal two short; arista usually plumose, rarely pubescent
or with a single long ray. Abdomen usually short, rather elongate and
pendulous in Curtonotum. Auxiliary vein usually very short and end-
ing in the first vein; costa broken twice; first vein short; second basal
cell usually united with the discal cell; anal cell present, rarely in-
complete.

The adults are found around decaying vegetation, flowing sap, fungi
and ripe fruit, the larvae being found in these substances. They are
often pests to the housewife, since they apparently appear from no-
where when fruit is brought into the house and some of the fungus
inhabiting species have the habit of hovering around the eyes during
warm weather, causing not only irritation by their antics but pain
when they get into the eye. In the tropics they sometimes occur in
such numbers as to completely cover large fungi. There have been
frequent complaints about them in milk bottles, the puparia becoming
attached to the bottles and requiring special treatment for their re-
moval.

One of the species, DrosopJtiJa melanogaster Meigen, has been used
extensively for the study of inheritance, being exceedingly well suited
for tliis purpose because of the very short life cycle and large chromo-
somes. The general belief has been that the larva? live upon fruit but it
has been shown that they actually live upon the yeasts developing in it.

Sturtevant* has reviewed the North American species and Dudaf
has dealt with the Neotropical forms. In addition there are numerous
small i)apers scattered through the literature. In addition to the genera
given in the key several others, as well as a number of subgenera, have
been proposed but most of them appear to be too poorly differentiated
to deserve recognition. Aldricht has discussed the occurrence in North
America of the genus Lciom]jza ]\[acquart and described two species.
As I have no specimens I am unable to place the genus in the key.
Sturtevant* has referred this genus to the Asteiida^ but this disposition
of it does not agree with my interpretation of that family.

* 1921. The North American Species of Drosoiihila, Carneprie Inst, of Wash., pub. No.
301, 150 pp.

tl927. Die Sudamerikanischen Drosoiihiliden, etc., Arch fiir Natursesichte, 1925, Hefts
11-12, pp. 1-229.

t 1919. Ent. News, xxx, p. 137.

326

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Drosophilidffi II. — 14, Stegana; 15, Leucophcnga ; 16, Drosophila ; 17, Diastata vagans ;
18, Zyg-othrica dispar; 19, Mycodrosophila diinidiata ; 2i), Sinophthalmus pictus ; 21, Stegana;
22, Sinophthalmus pictus; 23, Curtonotuin ; 24, Curtonotum ; 25, Scaptomyza grainineuin; 26,
Planinasus ambiguus ; 27. Chymoinyza amoeiia.

FAMILY DROSOPHILID.E THE SMALL FRUIT FLIES 327

KEY TO GENERA

1. Discal and second basal cells united (18) 2

Discal and second basal cells separated (17) 14

2. Auxiliary vein ending in the first vein near its base 4

Auxiliary vein entire or nearly so 3

3. Arista plumose; prescutellar acrosticals strong; costa pectinate (23,

24 ) Curtonotum Macquart

Arista pubescent; prescutellar acrosticals absent. . .Aulacigaster Macquart

4. Arista pubescent or bare with one long ray above 5

Arista plumose 6

5. Arista with one long ray above (1, 13) Cladochaeta Coquillett

Arista pubescent Pseudiastata Coquillett

6. Proboscis longer than head-height; head broader than the thorax (6,

9, 18) Zygothrica Wiedemann

Proboscis shorter than the head; head rarely broader than the thorax. 7

7. Lower reclinate frontal bristle as far from the proclinate as from the

upper reclinate 8

Lower reclinate frontal situated nearer to the proclinate than to the
upper reclinate 10

8. Prescutellar acrosticals strong; face not protuberant 9

Prescutellar acrosticals weak or absent; face produced.

Pararhinoleucophenga Duda

9. Costa ending at the third vein (3, 15) Leucophenga Mik

Costa extending to the fourth vein (2, 12) Rhinoleucophenga Hendel

10. Lower reclinate frontal situated in front of the proclinate (5, 27).

Chymomyza Czerny
Lower reclinate situated behind the proclinate 11

11. One large pair of dorsocentrals; mesonotum and scutellum usually

convex; a single bristle at the second costal break (11, 19).

Mycodrosophila Oldenberg
Usually two pairs of dorsocentrals 12

12. Acrostical hairs moderately long and not very numerous, never in more

than four rows anteriorly (10, 25) Scaptomyza Hardy

Acrostical hairs short and appressed, always in six or more rows
anteriorly 13

13. Prescutellars long and strong Clastopteromyia Malloch & McAtee

Prescutellar acrosticals quite weak or absent (4, 16) . . . .Drosophila Fallen

14. Arista pubescent or bare 17

Arista plumose 15

15. Propleural bristle present but weak (8, 17) Diastata Meigen

Propleural bristle absent 16

16. Face fiat on upper half, prominent in the middle (7, 26).

Planinasus Cresson
Face concave, the oral margin the most prominent (14, 21).

Stegana Meigen

17. Antennae extending to the oral margin, the third segment twice as long

as wide Tryptochaeta Rondani

Antennae not reaching the oral margin (20, 22) . .Sinophthalmus Coquillett

328

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Asteiidae

Small flies, with the second vein ending only slightly beyond the
first.

Head higher than long; face concave; oral viln'issse well developed;
front wide, wath one or two pairs of bristles; thorax bristled posteriorly.
Legs short. Wings long, with only one or two crossveins, before the
basal third; auxiliary vein incomplete; costa entire, anal cell absent,
the second basal sometimes open apically. Abdomen narrow.

This family comprises but few genera, three of which are recorded
from America. The family may be at once recognized by the peculiar
wing venation. Williston placed the two genera known to him in both
the Drosophilidie and Chloropidt^ and there has been much doubt as to
where they belong.

KEY TO GENERA

1, Posterior crossvein present 2

Posterior crossvein absent, only one crossvein (3) *Asteia Meigen

2. Front with two bristles near the middle, half way between the ocellar

triangle and antennse Crepidohamma Enderlein

Front with only weak bristles laterally (1, 2) . Sigaloessa Coquillett

* Aldrich, 1915, Psyche, xxii, p. 96.

Asteiidse. — 1, 2, Sigaloessa rica (insularis Curran, not Malloch) ; 3, Asteia sp.

329

Family Opomyzidae

Small, rather elongate flies, sometimes with pictured wings.

Head not longer than high, the face long, often narrow; one or
more pairs of frontal bristles; postocellars divergent, convergent, or
absent; oral vibri-ssa? absent or differentiated, never strong; palpi small.
Presiitiiral dorsocentrals present or absent; mesopleura bare; scutellnm
with or without hair in addition to the bristles; preapical tibial bris-
tles absent. Subcosta incomplete or vestigial; anal and second basal
cells complete, the first vein ending before the middle of the wing.
Al)domen moderately long, the segments with marginal bristles; geni-
talia small.

Various authors have recognized three families for this group, the
Anthomyzidffi and Tethinidaj in addition to the Opomyzida or Geomy-
zidae. Despite the differences I believe that the genera should be grouped
together, as otherwise there is sufficient grounds for the creation of a
family for each of the genera. At any rate we may safely unite the
Anthomyzidne and Tethinida? since both groups possess oral vibrissa.
However the vibrissa are weak and the characters by w^hich these groups
are separated from Opomyza do not appear to be important in this
case.

Tlie flies occur chiefly in moist places and along the seashore.
Practically nothing is known about the life histories, but it is knowai
that species of Opomi/Z(( live in grass.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Oral vibrissfe differentiated; post ocellar bristles converging, though

small -

Oral vibrissse absent; post ocellars diverging or absent 9

2. Presutural dorsocentrals present 3

Presutural dorsocentrals absent 4

3. Cheeks haired only along the lateral oral margin 6

Cheeks with hairs over much of the surface or at least toward the eyes 7

4. One pair of strong frontals (4, 7) Mumetopia Melander

Two pairs of strong frontals o

5. Posterior crossvein situated only about its length from the wing mar-

gin (1, 12) Ischnomyia Loew

Posterior crossvein situated almost twice its length from the wing
margin (6, 11 ) Anthomyza Fallen

330

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Opomyzidaj I.-l. Ischnomyia vittata; 2, Tethina albula; 3. Pelomy.a coronata. 4. Mume-
topia nigrimana; 5. Geomyza: 6. Anthoinyza; 7. Mumetopia occ.p.tahs: 8 Opomyza. 9.
Mutilloptera apicalis ; 10: Opomyza; 11. Anthomyza; 12. Ischnomyia v.ttata; lo. lethma. 14,
Pelomyia occidentalis ; 15. Pelomyia, chastotaxy.

FAMILY OrOMYZID.E 331

6. Frontal vitta with bristles (2, 13) *Rhicnoessa Loew

Frontal vitta without bristles (Chyromyidae) t^eossos Malloch

7. Acrostical hairs present 8

Acrostical hairs absent *Pelomyiella Hendel

8. Oral margin strongly produced forward; lower edge of head straight

and long Neopelomyia Hendel

Face not strongly produced below, the lower edge convex (3, 14, 15).

*Pelomyia Williston

9. Scutellum with hair; wing with anal angle (8, 10) Opomyza Fallen

Scutellum with bristles only; no trace of anal angle 10

10. Hind margin of the wing strongly concave (9) . . . . Mutiloptera Coquillett
Hind margin of the wing at most very weakly concave (5).

Geomyza Fallen

* Hendel. 1934. Tijd. v. Ent., Ixxvii. pp. 35-54.
t 1927, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.

332 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Agromyzidse — The Leaf Miners

Small flies, blackish or yellowish in color, the postocellar bristles
always present.

Head usually higher than long-; front with at least three pairs of
bristles; ocellars and postocellars present, the latter divergent; face
receding or concave in profile; antennae decumbent, the third segment
rarely much longer than wide; arista pubescent or bare; oral vibrissae
present. Eyes large, the cheeks rarely half as wide as the eye-height.
Legs short, the femora with bristles. Wings of moderate size, the ven-
ation complete or with the posterior crossvein absent; auxiliary vein
more or less fused with the first vein or incomplete. Abdomen more
or less depressed.

The adults occur everywhere and there are few deciduous plants
which are not mined by their larva?. Owing to their small size they are
easily overlooked although easily recognized.

The larvae make characteristic mines in the leaves of plants and
most of them may be identified by the mines.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Arista absent (See Ochthiphilid^, 3 and 5) *Cryptochaetiim Rondani

Arista present 2

2. Posterior crossvein present 3

Posterior crossvein absent 7

3. Posterior crossvein situated beyond the anterior crossvein 4

Posterior crossvein situated nearer to the base of the wing than the

anterior crossvein (10) Napomyza Haliday

4. Mesopleura with one or more bristles 5

Mesopleura bare G

5. Third antennal segment with the upper apex acutely pointed (3, 5).

Cerodontha Rondaiii
Third segment not with an acute point, though sometimes angular (6, 7).

Agromyza Fallen

6. Front strongly produced forward, the ocelli situated on the anterior part

(1, 9) Traginops Coquillett

Front regular in outline, the ocelli situated near the vertex 8

7. Fourth vein ending before the wing-tip Antineura Melander

Fourth vein ending behind the wing-tip (8, 11) Phytomyza Fallen

8. Apical cell slightly narrowing apically Schildomyia Malloch

Apical cell widening apically, the costa not extending to the fourth vein

(2, 4 ) Odinia Desvoidy

I have not seen this jjenus and its relationshiii is somewhat iloubtful.

FAMILY AUKOMYZID.E THE LEAF MINERS

333

Agromyzidae. — 1, Traginops irrorata;
Odinia williamsi ; o, Ccrodontha dorsalis ; (
Phytomyza flavicornis; 9, Traginops irrorata;

Odinia williamsi ; 3. Cerodontha dorsalis ; 4,
Agromyza kincaidi ; 7. Agroinyza waltoni ; 8,
0, Napomyza lateralis; 11, Phytomyza.

334 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Phyllomyzidae

Small flies, usually black, sometimes silvery pollinose.

Costa broken at the humeral crossvein and at the apex of the
auxiliary vein; postoeellar bristles convergent or parallel; anterior
frontals convergent, the others divergent, proclinate or reclinate; inter-
frontals present or there are rows of hairs; oral vibrissee present though
sometimes but poorly differentiated from the other bristles; proboscis
long and geniculate, or short; antennse not elongate, often small. Meso-
notum with one to four pairs of dorsocentrals; mesopleura Avith or
without bristles; pteropleura sometimes with distinct bristles. Legs
moderately short. First vein ending near the basal third of \\\e wing;
second basal and anal cells small; posterior crossvein absent in Para-
myia; costa usually bristly basally. Abdomen short and rather broad,
the bristles weak or absent.

These flies were included by Williston in the Agromyzidse while
other authors have recognized the Milichiida^ and Carnidae. Phyllo-
mijza is an older generic name than Milicliia and I do not consider the
differences between the genera placed in the Carnida? and Phyllo-
myzida? as of more than generic value.

The adults are rather common and may frequently be found on
fence posts, fences, logs, tree-trunks, etc. in the hot sun, or they may
be taken by sweeping, on foliage or in grass. I have collected them only
during dry weather and always in the bright sunlight. Keys to the
species will be found in Melander's revision of the family,* and in a
paper by Mallochf.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Posterior crossvein present 2

Posterior crossvein absent (4, 26) Paramyia Williston

2. Costa extending to the fourth vein 5

Costa stopping at the third vein 3

3. Proboscis very elongate and geniculate (3, 20) Aldrichiella Hendel

Proboscis short 4

4. Mesopleura bare (2, 9, 13) Euchlorops Malloch

Mesopleura with two or three bristles (6, 21) Meoneura Rondani

* 1913. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xxi, pp. 234-246.
t 1913, Pioc. U. S. N. M., xlvi, pp. 127-152.

FAMILY PHVLLOMYZID.E

335

Phyllomyzida? I.— 1, Hypaspistomyia latipes; 2, Euchlnrops vittafa; 3, A)drichiella
agrromyzina : 4. Paramyia nitens; :,, Eusiphona mira; 6. Meoncura vagans ; 7, Phyllomyza
hirtipalpis; S, Hemeromyia iiitida; f). Euchlorops vittata; 10. Desinomctopa M-nigrum ; 11,
Hypaspistomyia latipes; 12, Eusiphona mira; 13, Euchlorops vittata; 14, Desmomyza confusa.

336 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

5. Costa with a very deep excision at the apex of the auxiliary vein;

cruciate interf rontals developed 6

Costa broken but the excision not extending into the cell; interf rontal
hairs present 10

6. Mesopleura with strong bristles.
Mesopleura bare

7. Proboscis very long, geniculate Paramilichia Malloch

Proboscis geniculate, but not unusually long (19, 23). .Pholeomyia Bilimek

8. Posterior margin of the eye excised at the middle 9

Posterior margin of the eye not excised Milichia Meigen

9. Four pairs of dorsocentrals (18, 22) Eccoptomma Becker

One or two pairs of dorsocentrals (17, 22) Milichiella Giglio-Tos

10. Apical cell very widely open, at most a little narrowed apically 11

Apical cell only narrowly open (5, 12) Eusiphona Coquillett

11. Bristles of the head and thorax strong; eyes at most short haired 12

Bristles of head and thorax not strongly diiferentiated from the hair;

eyes rather long pilose Arctobiella Coquillett

12. Proboscis geniculate, long and chitinized; vibrissal angle usually dis-

tinct 13

Proboscis shorter and more or less fleshy, the labellse not elongate
though folding back; vibrissal angles not developed; face strongly
carinate (8) Hemeromyia Coquillett

13. Posterior tibiae flattened and broadened 14

Posterior tibiae not unusually flat and wide 10

14. Pteropleura with one or more small bristles (Paramadiza Malloch;

Mallochiella Melander) (1, 11) Hypaspistomyia Hendel

Pteropleura without bristle 15

15. Glossy black; frontal bristles weak (14, 15) Desmomyza, n. g.

Dull colored; frontals stronger; two pairs of divergent frontals; inter-

f rontals in differentiated rows (16, 10) Desmometopa Lcew

16. Lower edge of the head horizontal and long (24, 25).

Platophrymyia Williston
Lower edge of the head rounded or short 17

17. Eyes hairy; palpi very large, projecting far beyond the oral margin

(7) Phyllomyza Fallen

Eyes bare or nearly so; palpi not projecting 18

18. Five or six pairs of orbitals 19

Three pairs of orbitals Cacoxenus Lcew

19. Apical scutellars converging Neophyllomyza Melander

Apical scutellars diverging Stomosis Melander

FAMILY PHYLLOMVZID.E

337

Phyllomyzidje II. — 15, Desinomyza confusa; 16, Desitiometopa ; 17, Milichiella; 18, Ec-

coptomina; 19, Pholcoinyia indecora ; 20, Aldrichiclla agromyzina ; 21, Meoneura vagans ; 22,

Milichiella lacteipennis; 2o, I'holeoniyia ind'Ccoia; 24, 25, Platophryniyia nigfia ; 26, Paramyia
nitens.

338 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Desmomyza, new genus

Related to Hijpaspistomijia Hendel but differing in having the
pteropleiira entirely bare instead of having some setulae above. Geno-
type: — D. confusa n. sp. (New York).

The genotype is extremely like H. glabra Fallen, of which I believe
Dcsmometopa haltemlis Coqiiillett to be a synonym. It is entirely
shining black except the base of the tarsi, the wings are milky white
with yellowish veins. The only difference between Desmomyza and
H}fpaspisto7ui/ia, to which I refer glabra, lies in the presence in the latter
of ptcropleural setules. The type of haUeraJis has these, as do European
specimens of glabra examined by me, hence my belief that Coquillett's
species is the same as glabra. The weaker frontals will separate
Desmomyza from Desmomcfopa.

339

Family Chloropidae — The Frit Flies

Crassiseta species.

Small to very small, bare or nearly bare flics.

Head usually rather hemispherical, sometimes more or less tri-
angular or rectangular, the face usually nearly vertical or receding;
oral vibrissa? weak or absent; front broad, sometimes with bristles, the
vertical triangle very large, often extending to the anterior margin of
the front. Antennae usually short, with rounded third segment, some-
times elongate. Wings of moderate length or rather short, auxiliary
vein vestigial; second basal cell united with the discal cell; anal cell
absent; fifth vein almost always with a slight, characteristic irregu-
larity near the middle of the discal cell. Legs short, the femora rarely
greatly thickened.

These flies are very common and representatives of the family may
be collected almost anywhere. The family will be readily recognized
as the large vertical or frontal triangle is characteristic and the peculiar
gentle curve of the fourth vein is typical of the group.

The larvag live in grass and other plants and some of them are
economic pests of cereals. They are thick and cylindrical, with stout
mouth hooks, two segmented antenna and fleshy abdominal ])rotuber-
ances for locomotion.

The generic limits in some cases are evidently weak and it is not
always easy to place some species with certainty. I am not certain that
the so-called horny geniculate proboscis of Madiza Fallen constitutes a
generic character in this case since there is a gradual evolution to the
normal type found in Oscinella Becker. The apical section of the pro-

340

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

ChloropidEe I.— 1, Dactylothyrea cuivinervis; 2, Chlorops sulphurea; 3. Chlorops; 4,
Meromyza aineiicana; 5. Hippclates collusor; 6. Cetcma hypocera; 7, Madiza; S. Pseudogaurax ;
9, Dicrsus; 10, Pseudogaurax; 11. Diplotoxa pulchripcs; 12, Ectecephala ; 13, Madiza.

FAMILY CHLOROPID.E THE FRIT FLIES 341

boscis is nothinj? more than the labellaj which are lengthened and
narrowed and it is not always easy to decide whether the proboscis is
geniculate or not. Trouble will also be experienced in connection with
the pubescence of the arista and the presence of frontal bristles, both
of which are characters which show gradual development in the pres-
ence of extensive collections. The only revision of the North American
species of this family is by Becker.* In a recent paper on the Neotropi-
cal forms Diidat has proposed many new genera but his contril)ution
has been so badly mangled by deletion necessitated in order to reduce
its size to the absurd limits set by most publications that it is almost
impossible to follow his keys.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Costa extending to the fourth vein 11

Costa ending at the third vein or slightly beyond it 2

2. Posterior crossvein absent Elliponeura Lcew

Posterior crossvein present 3

3. Posterior femora greatly thickened, their tibiae strongly arcuate

(4, 17) Meromyza Meigen

Posterior femora only moderately thickened, their tibiae but little
curved 4

4. Middle tibiae with a strong, curved apical spur; male genitalia large,

carried forward under the abdomen (6, 14, 21) Cetema Hendel

Middle tibiae with normal terminal bristles 5

5. Posterior tibise with an oval, opaque "sensory organ" posterodorsally,

the tibiae somewhat broadened (18, 23, 26) Chloropisca Lcew

Posterior tibae without velvety sensory area 6

6. The distance between the crossveins along the fourth vein is not

greater than the length of the posterior crossvein (11). . Diplotoxa Lcew
The distance is equal to at least twice the length of the posterior
crossvein 7

7. Mesonotum entirely black, coarsely punctured Ephichlorops Becker

Mesonotum usually vittate, not wholly black nor coarsely punctured. . . 8

8. Third antennal segment conspicuously longer than broad 9

Third segment rather circular in outline, often broader than long,

never conspicuously longer than broad (2, 3) Chlorops Meigen

9. Frontal triangle shining 10

Frontal triangle opaque (28) Anthracophaga Lcew

10. Frontal triangle very long and broad, ending in a broad, obtuse point
a little before the base of the antennae, convex in cross-section

(12, 24) Ectecephala Maccjuart

Frontal triangle strongly narrowing anteriorly and ending in an acute
point, flat in cross-section (16, 25) Parectecephala Becker

« 1912. Ann. Mas. Nat. Hung., x. pp. 21—.
t 1930. Fol. Zool. Hydrobiol.. ii. pp. 46-128.

342

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Chloropidce II.— 14, Cetema hypocera; 15, Oscinella varipalpus ; 16. Parectecephala ; 17,
Meromyza americana, hind leg: 18, Chloropisca variceps, hind tibia; 19, Ceratobarys pulophus;
20, Oscinella tripunctata; 21, Cetema, middle tibia; 22, Oscinella magnipalpoides ; 23, Chloro-
pisca.

FAMILY CHLOKOPID.E THE FRIT FLIES

343

11. Posterior tibiae with a strong, curved ventral spur at or before the

excavated apex (5 ) 12

Posterior tibiae normal 15

12. Arista flattened and strap-like (19) Ceratobarys Coquillett

Arista of ordinary shape, practically bare 13

13. Scutellum elongated, with flattened disc Prohippelates Malloch

Scutellum with convex disc and of normal length 14

14. Front with distii^ct bristles toward the orbits. .Pseudohippelates Malloch
Front without bristles (5) Hippelates Loew

15. Distance between the tips of the second and third veins at least twice

that between the first and second Siphunculina Rondani

Distance between tips of second and third veins but little more than
that between the first and second 16

16. Arista bare or quite short pubescent 20

Arista broadened or long pubescent 17

17. Arista appearing broadened and strap-like due to the arrangement of

the dense pubescence Crassiseta Von Rossner

Arista pubescent 18

18. Scutellum with strong marginal processes (1, 27) . . . . Dactylothyrea Duda
Scutellum without marginal processes 19

Chloropidse 111.-24, Ectecephala; 25, Parectephala; 26. Chloropisca ; 27, Dactylothyrea
curvinervis; 28, Anthracophaga sangruilenta.

344 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

19. Scutellum elongated, the disc flattened (8, 10) . . . .Pseudogaurax Malloch
Scutellum normal, the disc gently convex Gaurax Lcew

20. Only two notopleural bristles on posterior part 22

At least four notopleural bristles 21

21. Notopleural bristles four in number; mesonotal setulae in rows.

Eugaurax Malloch
Notopleural bristles very numerous; mesonotum thickly setulose.

Chaetochlorops Malloch

22. Distance between the tips of the first and second veins three or four

times that between the second and third (9) Dicraeus Lcew

Distance between tips of first and second veins not more than twice
that between the second and third 23

23. Proboscis elongated and geniculate, the terminal section about as long

as the preceding section (7, 13) Madiza Fallen

Proboscis shorter, the apical section shorter and more fleshy 24

24. Mesonotum with three broad longitudinal punctured grooves. Tricimba Lioy
Mesonotum with only two narrower grooves or they are weak or absent

(15, 20, 22) Oscinella Becker

345

Family Ephydridae — The Shore Flies

Ochthera humilis.

Small to very small flies, the anal cell absent, the second basal and
diseal cells united.

Face more or less, often rc'marka])ly convex, the oral cavity
rounded, sometimes very large; clypeus distinct but often retracted
within the oral cavit.y; no distinct oral vibrissa but the sides of the
face often with bristles or hairs. Antennae short; arista bare, pubescent
or pectinate, always dorsal. Thorax gently convex, bristled. Legs
short; tibioe without preapical bristle, the middle pair with apical spur.
Wings rarely aborted; auxiliary vein united with the first vein except
basally; costa broken before the tip of the first vein and weakened
beyond the humeral crossvein; second basal and diseal cells united;
anal cell absent or extremely small and incomplete. Abdomen com-
posed of six segments in the males, seven in the females, the number
sometimes apparently reduced to three, variable but never elongate,
often quite wide; genitalia usually retracted; body usually with but
few hairs.

The adults are found in moist places, inhabiting marshes, SAvamps
and the shores of lakes, ponds, and streams, along the edges of brooks
and the sea shore. Many of the species are of local habitat but most of
them are widely distributed. Some si)ecies occur in the flowers of
water plants and have been found nowhere else. Water lilies arc usually
frequented by several species while in bloom and many occur on the

346

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Eiihydridae I. — 1, Lytogastcr; 2, Hydrina; 3, Ochtheroidea atra; 4, Parydra; 5, Brachy-
deutcra arg^ntata ; 6. Notiphila; 7, 8, Lipochaeta; 9, Allotrichoma ; 10, Discocerina; 11,
Ephydra; 12, Gastrops ; 13, Brachydeutera; 14, Lytogastcr; 15, Athyroglossa ; 16, Ochtheroidea;
17, Lytogastcr; 18, Hydrina; 19, Atissiella.

FAMILY EPHYDRID.T: THE SHORE FLIES 347

leaves. Some of the species are able to walk on the surface of water
and many of them will alight upon it if disturbed but they usually
quickly return to the shore.

The larvae live in various habitats, many are aquatic or live in mud,
others in the stems of aquatic or semi-aquatic plants, a few in flowing-
sap. ]\Iany of them live in l)rackish, but may also occur in fresh, or
even in alkaline water. One species, PsiJopa petrolci Coquillett, occurs
in the pools of crude petroleum found in California, breathing by pro-
jecting the posterior spiracles above the surface of tlic oil, but its food
is unknown. Other species are found in the warm waters of geysers.

IMany new genera have been described since the publication of
AVilliston's IManual and some authors have recognized the NotiphilidsB
as a separate family but there a])pcars to be no good basis for this.
Jones* reviewed the family in 1906. Since then there has been no
comprehensive publication although Cresson has published several large
papers containing descriptions of new species and genera and some
keys.

KEY TO GENERA.

1. Scutellum normal 2

Scutellum as large as the mesonotum and almost concealing the ab-
domen, from dorsal view (see text figure) Peltopsilopa Hendel

2. Costa extending to the fourth vein 3

Costa ending at the third vein 53

3. Antennae small, inserted very far apart in cavities, the arista atrophied,

very short and blunt (7, 8, 71) Lipochaeta Coquillett

Antennae normal; arista always long 4

4. Middle tibise with dorsal bristles (30, 57) tParalimna Loew

Middle tibiae without bristles except at the apex 5

5. Second antennal segment with a spinous bristle at the upper apical

corner 6

Second antennal segment without such bristle 31

6. First and fifth abdominal segments exceptionally short, the abdomen

apparently composed of three long segments, the lateral margins

revolute 7

Abdomen with five distinct segments, the lateral margins not margined . 8

7. Face with two pairs of bri?tles below Trimerinoides Cresson

Face with one pair of bristles below (48) Trimerina Macquart

8. Arista pectinate 9

Arista bare (40, 53) Mosillus Latreille

* Tech. Bull. Calif. Exp. Sta., i. No. 2.

t Cresson, 191S. Trans-Amer. Ent. Soc, .xliv, p. 45 (Costa Rica).

348

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

EphydiidiB II.-20, Glenanthe: 21. Clanoneurum ; 22. Parydra; 23. Coenia ; 24. Pelma; _5.
Dich^eta: 20. Hyadina . 27. Axysta; 28. Dichaeta; 29. Psilephydra; 30. Parahmna; 31,
Hecamedoides ; 32, Lainproscatella; 33. (Edenops; 34. Ditiichophora valens; 35. Notiphila.

FAMILY EPHYDRID.E THE SHORE FLIES 349

9. Wing-s with a strong fold extending the length of the discal cell near

the mitldle antl another in the apical cell (21, 49) . .Clanoneurum Becker
Wing-s without such folds 10

10. Arista without rays below '. 11

Arista with two or three rays below (38, 44) Ptilomyia Coquillett

11. Face with transverse ridges, at least laterally, which may be very

bi-oad, or fine and numerous, usually limited to the lower half of

the face 12

Face without such ridges 14

12. Facial ridges very fine, extending across the face, sometimes not con-

tinuous on the lower part (58, 66) Leptopsilopa Cresson

Facial ridges very broatl 13

13. Facial ridges strong, extending across the face (68) .Cerometopum Cresson
Facial ridges resulting from sub-lateral pits and not extending over

the middle of the face (37, .52) Discomyza Meigen

14. With only one pair of dorsocentral bristles 21

With two pairs cf dorsocentrals 15

15. Ocellar bristles widely separated, situated opposite the anterior ocellus. 16
Ocellars normal, situated above the anterior ocellus 19

16. Bristles on the sides of the face all convergent 17

Bristles on the sides of tl\e face partly tlivergent, partly convergent.

Polytrichophora Cresson

17. Face with two rows of bristles on either side 18

Face with one row of bristles on either side (10, 56) .Discoceriaa Macquart

18. Posterior tibite with a strong, curved apical spine (31).

Hecamedoides Hendel.
Posterior tibise without apical spine Diclasiopa Hendel

19. Interfrontalia with two pairs of bristles (67, 72) Paratissa Coquillett

Interfrontalia without bristles, the ordinary frontals present 20

20. Face rather strongly carinate above, the carina ending prominently at

the middle of the face (41, 63) *Ilythea Haliday

Face very gently convex longitudinally, not carinate (Typopsilopa
Ciesson ) ( 54 ) Psilopina Becker

21. Oral opening large, the clypeus always prominent, the middle of the

face usually strongly produced 22

Oral opening smaller, the face usually convex antl receding below, the
face never strikingly produced in the middle 24

22. Third costal section longer than the second (19) Atissiella Cresson

Third costal section shorter than the second 23

23. Ocellars inserted opposite the anterior ocellus (45) Atissa Haliday

Ocellars inserted above the anterior ocellus (9) . . . . Allotrichoma Becker

* Cresson. 1918, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xliv, p. 50 (Costa Rica).

350

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Ephydrids III.-36, Nostima slossona; 37. Discomyza; 38. Ptiloinyia jenigma; 39 Psilopa;
40. Mosillus: 41. Ilythea; 42. Scatophila; 43. Scalella; 44. Ptilomyia »"7 ™« = f°' ^J'^^f/ tl'
Plagiops; 47. Parydra ; 48. Trimerina ; 49.
Discomyza; 53. Mosillus; 54, Psilopina.

Clanone'urum ; 50, Glenanthe; 51. Pelina; .^2.

FAMILY EPHYDRID.E — THE SHORE FLIES 351

24. Front shining 27

Front pollinose 25

25. Face with longitudinal ridges below (59, 73) Rhysophora Cresson

Face without ridges below 26

26. Eyes longitudinally oval (34) Ditrichophora Cresson

Eyes not regularly oval, widened below the middle and narrowing the

face above (10, 56) ^Dis^cocerina Macquart

27. Face carinate above (15) Athyroglossa Loew

Face very gently convex above, without a distinct ridge 28

28. Face and front on the same plane, flat, the face slightly convex be-

low (46) Plagiops Cresson

Face, front or both conspicuously convex 29

29. Second and third antennal segments pendulous, the third more than

twice as long- as wide 30

Antennae not pendulous, the third segment not twice as long as wide
(39, 61) Psilopa Fallen

30. Spine of second antennal segment long and strong (62).

Clasiopella Cresson
Spine of second antennal segment fine (77) Ceropsilopa Cresson

31. Oral opening small; eyes usually with distinct hair 32

Oral opening large; eyes usually bare 43

32. Anterior femora greatly enlarged, their tibiae ending in a spur 33

Anterior femora not remarkably enlarged, their tibiae not ending in a

spur 34

33. Scutellum with four marginal bristles (see text figure).

Ochthera Latreille
Scutellum with two marginal bristles (64) Stenochthera Hendel

34. Arista pectinate 35

Arista bare or pubescent 38

35. Face and front polished 36

Face and front thickly pollinose 37

36. Sides of the face with deep punctures resulting in short, transverse

ridges (3, 16, 65) ='Ochtheroidea Williston

Sides of face without pits or wrinkles Ceropsilopa Cresson

37. Acrostical hairs absent (36) Nostima Coquillett

Acrostical hairs present Hydrellia Desvoidy

38. Mesonotum with three pairs of dorsocentrals, a strong one near the

inner end of the suture, another in front; four scutellars (2, 18).

Hydrina Desvoidy
Mesonotum with at most one pair of strong dorsocentrals, rarely an
extremely weak second pair 39

* Cresson. 1918, Trans-Amer. Ent. Soc. xliv. i)i). r,G, 60 (Costa Rica).

\

352

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Ephydridae IV. — 55, Eph.vdra milbrae; 56, Discocerina obscurella; 57, Paralimna lexana;
58, Leptopsilopa nigra; 59, Rhysophora aspersa; 60, Parydra; 61, Psilopa; 62, Clasiopella;
63, Ilythea; 64, Stenochthera; 65, Ochtheroidea centralis; 66, Leptopsilopa nigrimana; 67, Para-
tissa pollinosa; 68, Cerometopum mosilloides; 69, Notiphila erythrocera, middle leg.

FAMILY KPllYDRID.E THE SHORE FLIKS 353

39. Scutellar bristles arising from very strong tubercles; two pairs of

frontal bristles (12, 74) Gastrops Williston

Scutellar bristles not arising from strong tubercles, if from weak
tubercles there is but one pair of weak frontals 40

40. Third antenna! segment with the upper apex more or less elongate. ... 41
Third antennal segment with the apex rounded 42

41. Scutellum shining (1, 14, 17) Lytogaster Becker

Scutellum opaque black or with an opaque black spot on either side

(26) Hyadina Haliday

42. With one or two pairs of weak frontals (24, 51) Pelina Haliday

With one pair of strong and two pairs of weak frontals (20, ,50).

Glenanthe Haliday

43. Clypeus prominent 44

Clypeus concealed 45

44. Arista with long rays (33, 75) (Edenops Becker

Arista bare or pubescent (Napaea Desvoidy, preoc) (4, 22, 47, 60)

Parydra Stenhammer

45. Arista with long, well separated rays 46

Arista bare or with the rays short and numerous 47

46. Pulvilli absent Dimoccenia Cresson

Pulvilli well developed (23) Coenia Desvoidy

47. Mesonotum with two or more pairs of dorsocentrals; middle of face

without a cluster of bristles 48

Mesonotum with only one pair of dorsocentrals; middle of face with
a cluster of bristles on either side; large species (Pogonephydra Hen-
del) (70, 76) Cirrula Cresson

48. Arista minutely pubescent or pectinate on its whole length 50

Arista with long, abundant rays on the basal half above 49

49. Third antennal segment bearing a long hair on the outer surface.

Setacera Cresson
Third antennal segment without long hair (11, 55) 'Ephydra Fallen

50. Sternopleural bristle present; face with bristles 51

Sternopleural bristle absent; face without bristles (29).

Psilephydra Hendel

51. Two pairs of divergent frontals 52

A single pair of divergent frontals Eustigoptera Cresson

52. A pair of strong acrosticals nearly opposite the inner ends of the

suture (43, 78) Scatella Desvoidy

No strong acrosticals, these all short and continuing in two rows to
the scutellum (23) Lamproscatella Hendel

53. Second antennal segment with an apical spine above 54

Second antennal segment without apical spine above 55

* Curran, 1933. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 682, p. 8.

354

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Ephydridce V. — TO. Cirrula gigantea ; 71, Lipochaeta; 72, Paratissa pollinosa; 73, Rhy-
sophora aspersa; 74. Gastrops nebulosa ; 75, OJdenops nuda ; 76, Cirrula gigantea; 77,
Ceropsilopa; 78, Scatella.

FAMILY EPHYDKID.E — THE SHORE FLIES 355

54. Front with a conspicuous proclinate orbital on either side; bristles of

the face situated close to the facial grooves and strong (25, 28).

*Dichaeta Meigen
Front with liair-like orbitals in front; bristles of the face situated
twice the width of the parafacial from the facial groove, rarelv
strong (6, 35, 69) *Notiphila Fallen

55. Oral opening small; face most prominent in the middle (27).

Axysta Haliday
Oral opening large 56

56. Clypeus prominent (5, 13) Brachydeutera Lcew

Clypeus concealed (42) Scatophila Becker

* Cresson, 1917, Trans. -Amer. Ent. Soc, xliii, pp. 27-66.

Peltopsilopa species.

356 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Canaceidse

Canace, head and wing.

Very small flies, not more than 3.5 mm. in length, very similar to
certain Ephydrida? but with the anal cell complete.

Head large, the oral opening very large; clypeus prominent; pro-
boscis large, with fleshy labellffi; palpi well developed; front wide in
both sexes, wdth three or four pairs of divergent orl)itals, the ocellar
triangle sometimes extending to the base of the antenna'; cheeks wide,
bearing bristles; oral vibriss£e present; face gently convex in lu'ofile;
antenna^ short, the arista bare or pubescent. Thorax short, bearing
four pairs of dorsocentrals and a pair of prescutellar acrosticals;
scutellum wath one or two pairs of bristles. Legs rather short. Auxiliary
vein evanescent apically, the costa broken before the end of the first
vein; basal and anal cells complete; anal vein short. Abdomen com-
posed of seven segments, the first not strongly differentiated from the
second which is elongate.

The members of this family occur along the seashore, the larva*
living in brackish water.

I believe that there is but one genus in the Nearctic Region. In 1924
]\Ialloeh described a species under the name Canacea macateei, and
Johnson, in his "List of the Insects of New England" recognized the
genus Canacea. However, I was informed by Mr. Malloch during a
conversation several years ago that "Canacea'' was a slip of the pen,
that he had no intention of establishing a new name, and that he was
extremely doubtful that his species differed generically from Canace
Haliday. I have not seen representatives of Canace but I can find
nothing in the descriptions to warrant the recognition of Canacea.
There are tliree species known from the United States, one from the

FAMILY CANACEID.E 357

Hawaiian Islands {Procanace) and one from Panama (Neocanace) and
at least two from South America (Cmuice and Neocanace) .

The followin<>' key includes the described genera of which I have
records.

KEY TO GENERA

1. First vein haired above on the apical half

Macrocanace Tonnoir and Malloch
First vein bare above 2

2. Four pairs of dorsocentral bristles 3

Only two pairs of dorsocentral bristles Xanthocanace Hendel

3. Pleura bare 4

Pleura with bristles and bristly hairs 5

4. Frontal triang'le extending to about the middle of the front; antennae

reaching to the oral margin (Dinoniyia Becker) Procanace Hendel

Frontal triangle extending to the anterior margin of the front or
almost so; one pair of scutellar bristles Chaetocanace Hendel

5. Face evenly convex . Canace Haliday

Face concave below the middle, convex above (Procanace Curran, not

Hendel ) Neocanace, n. n.

358 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Diopsidae — The Stalk-eyed Flies

Sphyrocephala brevicornis Say.

The members of this family are mostly rather small, with the eyes
situated on the ends of long stalks, a character not developed in onr
one genus.

Weakly haired, almost bare, the head transverse, sliort, conspicu-
ously produced toward either side so that the eyes are separated by
about four times their width; antenna very widely separated, the basal
segments short, the third roundish, with dorsal arista; front bare except
at the vertex; oral vibrissas absent. Legs of moderate length, the
anterior femora thickened and with short spines beneath. Auxiliary
vein closely approximated to the first vein for most of its length but
ending far before it; second basal cell united with the discal cell; apical
cell somewhat narrowed apically; anal cell long, the anal vein short.

The only American representative of this family is Sphjiracephala
hrevicomis Say, a quite small and inconspicuous species. In tht-
Nearctic region there are no flies which resemble it in the shape of its
head but in the Neotropical region there are many Otitida- and
Drosophilidae which have the eyes more or less stalked, one Otitid
having much longer stalks than any true Diopsid I have seen.

Our single species is found along the edges of streams, ponds and
marshy lakes and occurs from early si)ring to late autumn and has been
taken in numbers about a privy and on skunk-cabbage. The immature
stages are unknown.

This family has a particular fascination for most peo|)le owing
to the peculiar structure of the head. Why the eyes are stalked we do
not know and there may be no reason for it.

FAMILY DIOPSID.E--THE STALK-EYED FLIES

359

KEY TO GENERA OF THE WORLD

1. Mesopleura not produced to form a strong spine 2

Mesopleura produced and fomiing a strong spine similar to that on

the hypopleura Teleopsis Rondani

2. Mesonotum with a pair of long, black intra-alar bristles 3

Mesonotum without intra-alar bristles Diopsis Linnaeus

3. Scutellum longer than deep, without bristles except on the ends of the

processes 4

Scutellum very short, as deep as long, with a pair of erect black bristles
on the disc Diopsina Curran

4. Eye-stalks little longer than wide, with a strong bristle behind each

antenna in addition to that behind the eye Sphyracephala Say

Eye-stalks longer, usually very long, either with a bristle near the
middle and far before the base of the antenna or without frontal
bristles, only the one behind the eye being present 5

5. Eye-stalks short, not over three times as long as wide, without median

bristle; steropleural spine short; bend of fifth vein without append-
age; anal vein continued beyond the anal cell Microdiopsis, n. g.

Eye-stalks very long, with a median bristle; pteropleural spine long
and acute; bend of fifth vein with appendage; anal vein not continued
beyond the anal cell Diasemopsis Rondani

Microdiopsis, new genus

Proposed for Syhyracephala cothuniata Bigot, from the East
Indies. The genus differs from Sphyracephala in having longer eye-
stalks, with the antennae close to the eyes, no bristle on the middle of
the stalk, no appendage at the bend of the fifth vein. etc.

Diopsis species.

Diopsina ferruginea.

360

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Borboridae

Rather small to very small, usually l)laek or brown flies.

Head hemispherical, the face rather perpendicular, concave or
somewhat retreating; oral vibrissce present; front broad, usually with
l)ristles. Antennse short, rounded or oval, with dorsal, ])ubescent or
bare arista. Wings rarely absent; auxiliary vein incomplete or prac-
tically absent; second basal and anal cells often incomplete or absent.
Legs of moderate length, the femora strong; basal segment of the
posterior tarsi short and usually dilated.

The Borborids are almost always found about decomposing organic
matter, in swami)y places and about excrement.

The larvie of Borhorus live in excrement and refuse and are
cylindrical, their skin roughened by minute bristles; antenna two seg-
mented; mouth hooks well developed; posterior segment with a conical
protuberance and smaller tubercles about the spiracles. In Limosina
the posterior spiracles are tube-like and the larvae are found in fungi,
algffi, etc.

/

Borboridse. — 1, Sphserocera; 2, 3, 4, Leptocera; .", 6. 7, Borborus ; S, Scatophora.

FAMILY BORBORID.E 361

The North American species have been monographed by Spiiler.*
Here is one of the best examples of the short sighted policy of Entomo-
logical publications in refusing to accept long papers and Spuler's
woi'k lias lost much of its value. The work appeared in seven different
journals (of various sized pages) and in nine parts and the entire
sequence has been lost.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Wings and halteres present 2

Wings and halteres absent Aptilotus Mik

2. Mesonotum and scutellum with bristles 3

Mesonotum and scutellum without bristles (1) Sphaerocera Latreille

3. Fourth vein reaching the margin of the wing 4

Fourth vein not nearly reaching the wing margin (2, 3, 4).

Leptocera Olivier

4. Posterior tibise with an apical spur below (5, 6, 7) Borborus Meigen

Posterior tibiae without apical spur (8) Scatophora Desvoidy

* 1923, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ixxv, pp. 369-378; 1924 (Leptocera, part). Psyche,
xxxi, pp. 121-134; 1924, (Leptocera, part) .'Vnn. Ent. Soc. Amer., xvii, pp. 106-116; 1924,
(Sph»rocera and Aptilotus), Pan. Pac. Ent., i, pp. 66-71 ; 192.5, (Leptocera, part). Can. Ent.,
Ivii, pp. 99-104, 116-124; 1925, (Leptocera, part), Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xxxiii, pp. 70-84. 147-
162; 1925, (Borborus and Scatophora), Bull, Brooklyn Ent. Soc, xx, pp. 1-16.

362 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Clusiidae

Rather small flies in which the wings are almost always marked
with black or brown.

Head broad, sub-hemispherical; face short, nearly vertical or gently
receding below; front broad, with three or four pairs of frontals and
often with a pair of cruciate interf rontals ; ocellars present or absent;
postverticals divergent, rarely absent. Antennge porrect, the basal two
segments short, the third rounded, with a terminal or subapical arista
which may be bare, pubescent, or thickly long haired. Proboscis short,
the palpi rather broad. Abdomen of moderate length, rather slender.
Legs of moderate length, slender, the tibiie with or without a preapical
bristle. Wing venation complete, the second basal and anal cells very
small; first vein ending near the basal fourth of the wing, the auxiliary
vein narrowly separated from it.

The adults are found in moist places and about decaying wood,
sometimes occurring in large numbers, although most of the species are
not common.

The larva? occur in decaying wood and under the bark of trees.
They are white, slender, cylindrical and slightly thickened posteriorly.
Mouth hooks small, the segments not distinctly separated but with trans-
verse ventral swellings for locomotion. They have the power of leap-
ing, accomplishing this by grasping the booklets on the apical segment
Avith their mouth hooks and suddenly letting go. The puparia are
yellowish, ellipsoidal and with horns on the a])ical segment as in the
larvffi.

]\Ielander and Argo* have revised the American species of the
family including many species from other regions. The vast majority
of the species are tropical. Of the seventy known American species
only a small number occur in the Nearctic region.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Eyes with microscopic pubescence; costa broken near the humeral

crossvein (8, 11) Acartophthalmus Czerny

Eyes bare; costa weakened or broken near the end of the auxiliary vein. 2

2. Anterior pair of frontal bristles convergent or proclinate 4

All the frontal bristles reclinate S

Proc. U. S. N. M.. 1924. Vol. xliv. Article 11, pp. 1-54.

FAMILY CLUSIID-E

363

Clusiida?— 1 Clusioides; 2. Cha-toelusia; 3. Heteromeringia ; 4. Clusioidcs : 5. Clusia;
6 Chstoclusia; 7, Clusioides; s. Acartophthalinus ; St. Czcrnyola atra; 10. Clusia lateralis;
n Acartophthalmus; li. Sobarocephala variegata; 13. Sobarocephala; 14, Czernyola.

364 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

3. Ciniciate interfrontals arising from the orbits (9, 14) . . . .Czernyola Bezzi
Cruciate interfrontals arising on the fi'ontal vitta (1, 4, 7).

Clusioides Coquillett

4. Cruciate interfrontals absent 5

Cruciate interfi'ontals present (5, 10) Clusia Haliday

5. First vein with dorsal setae; postverticals absent (2, 6).

Chaetoclusia Coquillett
First vein bare; postverticals pi'esent 6

6. Preapical bristles on middle tibise and prescutellar acrostical bristles

present; presutural dorsocentrals absent (12, 13) . .Sobarocephala Czerny
Preapicals and prescutellar acrosticals absent (3) . .Heteromeringia Czeray

36f

Family Chamaemyidae

Small flies, usually iiirayish in color.

Front wide, with at most two pairs of bristles, often bare; face
gently concave or strongly receding; oral vibrissse absent; postvertieals
eonvei'oent or absent; ]iroboscis short: antennae short. ]\Iesonotum with
or Avithoiit bristles; ])rothoracic bristle absent; one sternopleural;
mesopleura usually liare, rarely setnlose. Front femora with bristles;
tibia* Avithout preapical bristle. Wings with the auxiliary vein entire,
sometimes touching the first vein before its end; anal vein not reaching
nearly to the wing margin, the anal and second basal cells always
complete; costa not broken. Abdomen short or slightly elongate.

The larvae of Leucopis are predaeeous upon aphids and I have
found them commonly on plant lice attacking thistle, Oenothera, bur-
dock, etc. They are somewhat triangular in outline, the posterior
spiracles being located at the posterior corners of the body and strongly
projecting. All I have seen have been pale yellowish, with a darker
median vitta. They usually conceal themselves under the aphids or in
the axils of leaves. Pupation usually takes place in the axils, the head
pointing upward on the stem, but the location is variable.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Front without distinct bristles 2

Front with one or two pairs of strong bristles 4

2. Arista absent (Agromyzidae) (3, 5) Cryptochaetum Rondani

Arista present 3

3. Shining black species Paraleucopis Malloch

Densely cinereous pollinose species (2, 13) *Leucopis Meigen

4. Face very strongly receding, the head pointed (1, 10).

Acrometopia Schiner
Face only a little retreating 5

5. Three or four pairs of doi'socentrals 6

Two pairs of dorsocentrals (4, 8) fPseudodinia Coquillett

6. Three pairs of dorsocentrals (Ochthiphila Fallen) (6, 7, 12).

Chamaemyia Meigen
Foul' pairs of dorsocentrals (9. 11) $Plunomia, n. g.

* Malloch, 1921. Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Survey, xiii, p. 349.

t A paratype of Pseudodinia polita Malloch lacks the two stronjr frontals and I would
place it in Paraleucopis but it lacks the setula; on the underside of the costa.
% For Chamaemyia elegans Malloch, 1921, not Panzer.

366

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

^^-^

"^, ^

Chamjemyidfe. — 1, Acrometopia maculata ; 2, Leucopis major; 3. Cryptochsetum iceryae;
4, Pseudodinia polita chsetotaxy : 5. Cryptochietuin iceryae; 6, Ochthiphila polystigma; 7,
Ochthiphila, chsetotaxy ; 8. Pseudodinia polita; 9. Plunomia elegans, chaftotaxy ; 10, Acrome-
topia maculata; 11, Plunomia elegans; 12, Ochthiphila polystigma ; 13, Leucopis major.

367

Family Tetanoceridse — The Marsh Flies

Head short, as broad or broader than the thorax; face retreating,
more or less perpendicular below; oral vibrissa absent. Abdomen com-
posed of six segments, rather long and narrow, snb-cylindrical. Wings
longer than the abdomen; auxiliary vein entire, wholly separated from
the first vein; posterior basal and anal cells complete, small. Legs of
moderate length, the femora with bristles, the middle pair with a short
bristle near the middle of the anterior surface; tibige with preapical
bristle.

The adults are found in moist places, along the banks of streams,
ponds, etc. and most of them may be recognized on sight by the shape
of tlie head.

Tetanocerida' I. — 1, 2, 3, Sepedon, wing, hind leg and head; 4, Dictya sp. ; 5, Tetanocera;
6, Dyctia nana; 7, Djctia; !<, Thccomjia ( S. America) ; 9, Trigonometopus (Sapromyzidae)
(Williston).

368

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

• Tetanoceiida; II.— 10. Trypetoptera pallida; 11. Limnia saratogeusis ; 12. Hoplydyctia
setosa; 13. Euthvcera arcuata; 14. HeJroneura; 15. Limnia shannoni ; 16. Dictyomyia ainbigua;
17 Sepedon armipes. posterior femur and tibia of d" : 18. Sepedon tenuicoinis.

FAMILY TETAXOCERIIXK THE MARSH FLIES 369

The larvffi are slender, cylindrical, thin anteriorly, the terminal
segment with six or eight conical, fleshy tubercles. They are aquatic.

The North American species have been reviewed by Cresson (1920,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlvi, pp. 27-89) and JMclander (1920, Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. xiii, pp. 305-332), the former under the name Sciomy-
zidffi.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Propleural bristle present 2

Propleural bristle absent 5

2. Anterior tibiae with two approximate preapical bristles dorsally .3

Anterior tibiae with one dorsal preapical bristle 4

3. Arista densely short white haired (19) Oidematops Cresson

Arista with long, bla^k rays (20) Sciomyza Fallen

4. Front polished black; cheeks narrow (21) Pteromicra Lioy

Front dull; cheeks moderately broad (22) *Melina Desvoidy

5. Scutellum with two pairs of bristles 7

Scutellum with one pair of bristles 6

6. Second antennal segment longer than the third (1, 2, 3, 17, 18).

Sepedon Latreille
Second antennal segment shorter than the third . . . Hemitelopteryx Cresson

7. Third antennal segment oval, three times as long as the second; front

distinctly narrowed anteriorly 8

Third antennal segment rarely oval, usually flattened or concave above,
the second segment at least half as long as the third 9

8. Posterior tibiae with two preapical dorsal bristles (2, 3).

fRenocera Hendel
Posterior tibiae with one preapical dorsal bristle Antichaeta Haliday

9. Mesopleura and pteropleura with one or more bristles 10

Mesopleura and pteropleura at most with short hairs 11

10. One sternopleui'al bristle (12) Hoplodictya Cresson

No stemopleural bristle (4, 6, 7) jDictya Meigen

11. Two or three pairs of dorsocentrals 12

One pair of dorsocentrals (14) Hedroneura Hendel

12. Two pairs of dorsocentrals 13

Three pairs of dorsocentrals (25) Poecilographa Melander

13. Mesopleura and pteropleura bare 14

Mesopleura and pteropleura with setulae 16

14. Frontal lunule exposed; wings brown with rounded clear spots 15

Frontal lunule mostly concealed; wings never with rounded, clear

spots (5, 24, 26, 27) Tetanocera Dumeril

Dyctia Desvoidy is an older name but its use conflicts with Dictya Meigen.
Cuiran, 1933, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. C.S2, p. 9.
Curran, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 517.

370 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

15. Second antennal segment slender, much longer than the third (16).

Dictyomyia Cresson
Second antennal segment broad, slightly longer than the third (13).

Euthycera Latreille

16. Arista practically bare; infrasquamal swellings with bristles.

Elgiva Meigen
Arista with long rays or long pubescent 17

17. Arista with long, black rays (10) Trypetoptera Hendel

Arista white pubescent (11, 15) Limnia Desvoidy

Tetanoceiidfe III. — 19, Oidematops ferruginea; 20. Sciomyza aristalis ; 21, Pteromicra;
22, Dyctia nana; 23, Renocera johnsoni ; 24, Tetanocera, middle femur and tibia; 25,
Pcecilographa decora; 26, Tetanocera valida; 27, Tetanocera plebeja (10-27 after Cresson).

373

Family Chyromyidse

Small flies, the wings sometimes i)ietured.

Subcosta entire, free and ending in the costa, the costa weakened
before its end; postocellar bristles convergent; plates of the orbital
bristles extending almost to the anterior border of the front; head
higher than long, more or less receding below, the oral margin never
conspicuously produced; two pairs of frontal bristles; palpi not large;
proboscis short and fleshy; antennae shorter than the face; arista
pubescent. I\Iesonotum usually with five pairs of dorsocentrals, two
pairs of scutellar bristles; mesopleura with one or more bristles; sterno-
pleurals, two to four in a straight line along the upper edge; propleural
bristle present. Tibiae usually with preapical bristles. Anal and second
basal cells complete; costa with spines. Abdomen rather narrow, bearing
bristles on the apices of the segments; genitalia small.

The species of CJiyromna diifer from those of the other genera in
having three pairs of frontal bristles, the anterior pair convergent,
four pairs of dorsocentrals and no preapical tibial bristles. There are
at least two North American species, flava Linnaeus, and another that
is either minima Becker or an undescribed form since it bears only a
single pair of dorsocentrals. Some species placed in the genus
Aplinniosoma Becker have five pairs of dorsocentrals or tlie number
may be reduced to one or two distinct pairs with a row of bristly hairs
in front of the suture. These two genera have been placed in a sepa-
rate family, based upon the absence of preapical bristles on the tibiae,
but I do not see how the family can be maintained.

I am not well acquainted with the habits of these insects but l^elieve
that all are found on foliage near the sea coast and in moist places. The
number of known species is not large and most of the American species
are soutliern in distribution or occur along the coastal regions.

^Malloch would unite this family with the Helomyzidffi but the head
cliaracters appear to indicate a very distinct difference and I fail to
see any really close relationship. Melander included the genera in the
Geomyzidae* and keys to the species will be found in liis work.

1913, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xxi. pp. 283-300.

372

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

KEY TO GENERA

1. All the tibiae with preapical bristles 2

Tibiae without preapical bristles 4

2. Cheeks half as wide as the third antennal segment 3

Cheeks not over one-third as wide as the third antennal segment.

Spilochroa Williston

3. Cheeks not half as wide as the eye-height; bristles black 5

Cheeks almost as wide as the eye-height; bristles wholly yellow (3, 4).

Zagonia Coquillett

4. Anterior pair of orbitals convergent (5, 6) Chyromya Desvoidy

All the orbitals reclinate Aphaniosoma Becker

5. Mesopleura with hairs and a strong bristle (1, 2). . . .Trixoscelis Rondani
Mesopleura bare Neossos Malloch

5 ■'•-- ..:: ■ 6

Chyiomyidae. — 1, 2, Trixoscelis; 3, 4, Zagonia flava; 5, 6, Chiromya flava.

373

Family Megamerinidse

Small, e]oni>ate, slender flies with petiolate abdomen and incras-
sate posterior femora.

Head nearly spherieal, broader than high; front moderately broad
in both sexes; frontal bristles absent, the ocellars and verticals strong;
face very gently convex, without ^'ibrissfe; antenna? of moderate length,
decumbent. Thorax elongate and narrow, with bristles posteriorly;
mesosternum long, the posterior two pairs of legs approximate; sciitel-
lum short and broad. Abdomen elongate and elavate, the basal segments
slender and fused. Legs of moderate length, the posterior femora
strongly swollen and with bristles below on the apical half. Wings nar-
row; auxiliary vein absent; first vein ending- at basal third of the
wing; first basal cell long, the anal cell as long as the second basal,
more or less rounded apically.

The single genus representing this family in America occurs in the
tropics. I have seen only four specimens collected on Barro Colorado
Island, Canal Zone, and Cresson had the same number from Costa
Rica. I found the specimens among rather thick foliage in moist places.
They resemble species of Sphegina (Syrphidae) although much smaller,
but, of course, the resemblance is only superficial.

Syringogaster Cresson is our only genus and is represented by two
described species, both of which occur in Panama.

I am not certain that this genus belongs to the I\legamerinid{B as
the species show striking differences from a species of Megamerina (so
named) in the American Mu.seum of Natural History.

Syrinsogaster, wing, body,
(Cresson)

374 NORTH A]\IERICAN DIPTERA

Family Psilidae

Somatia xanthomelas.

Flies of medium or small size.

Front broad, with bristles on the upper part; face perpendicular
or receding in profile; oral vibrissa? absent; antennie decumbent, rather
short to very long; arista pubescent, rarely long i)lumose. Abdomen
slender or moderately slender; genitalia not prominent, the ovipositor
usually elongate. Wings moderately large, the auxiliary vein absent
or incomplete; apical cell not narrowed apically; second basal and anal
cells large. Legs rather elongate; tibiae without preapieal bristles.

The adults are usually found in moist places or shady woods. The
Psilidas are not always easy to recognize but all the known species have
a peculiar ridge or weakening across the basal third of the wing extend-
ing from the end of the incomplete auxiliary vein. The character is not
at all conspicuous but its presence is sufficient to place the insects.

The larvae live in the roots or galls of plants and one of them is
known as the carrot rust fly, often doing considerable damage to this
crop. The larvae of Psila are slender, bare, cylindrical and of a pale
yellowish color, the posterior spiracles forming small rounded or button-
like processes.

Melander* has published a synopsis of the known species.

1920, Psyche, xxvii, pp. 91-101.

FAMILY PSILID.T:

375

KEY TO GENERA

1. Third antennal segment shorter than the arista 2

Third antennal segment longer than the arista (4, 5)..Loxocera Meigen

2. Pteropleura bare 3

Pteropleura with hairs Strongylophthalmyia Heller

3. A pair of dorsocentrals in front of the suture (1, 6).

Pseudopsila Johnson
Only the prescutellar dorsocentrals present 4

4. Cheeks almost half as wide as the eye-height (3, 7) Psila Meigen

Cheeks at most one-sixth as wide as the eye-height 5

5. Arista pubescent (2. 8) Chyliza Fallen

Arista long plumose (Tropical) (Text figure) Somatia Schiner

Psilidae. — 1. Pseudopsila; 2, Chyliza; 3. Psila; 4,
laevis; 8, Chyliza.

Loxocera ; 6, Pseudopsila; 7, Psila

376

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Ccelopidae

Coelopa, wing, head and front tibia and tarusus of ^.

Flies of moderate size, living along the sea-shore.

Thorax and abdomen flat, the former depressed, with bare, shining
mesopleura, the scntellnm flat above. Front with bristles; cheeks with
hairs and bristles, the face deeply concave; oral vibrissa absent or ex-
tremely weak; antennt^ short, pendulous, the second segment as large as
the first. Legs usually stout, with bristles and hairs, all the tibite with
dorsal preapical bristles; basal tarsal segment long; apical tarsal segment
broadened and with stout chiAvs. Wing venation complete, the second
basal and anal cells of equal length; auxiliary vein entire, the first
vein ending at the middle of the wing.

The larvffi live in kelp washed up on the sea-shore and sometimes
occur in countless numl^ers.

The genus Omoiiviia Coquillett, placed in this family by its
describer, belongs to the Pallopterida\ There is but one North American
genus, Calopa IMeigen. Aldrich* has recently reviewed the American
species.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF CCELOPA.

1. First vein with a few hair.s on apical section above (California, Ore-

gon) vanduzeei Cresson

First vein bare 2

2. Males 3

Females o

Revision

CcElopa, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixxvi, Article 11, pp. 1-6.

FAMILY CCELOPID.E 377

3. Legs with spines, bristles or bristly hairs 4

Legs with soft hair only stejnegeri Aklrich

4. Abdomen with bristles en the disc of the apical segments.

nebularum Aldrich
Abdomen with bristles only on the sides and apices of the segments
(Atlantic Coast) frigida Fabricius

5. Legs usually blackish (western coast) 6

Legs reddish yellow frigida Fabricius

6. Cheeks with dense, soft, rather short hair; arista pubescent under high

power stejnegeri Aldrich

Checks with sparse hair which is coarse above; arista quite bare.

nebularum Aldrich

378 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Helomyzidae

Pseudoleria pectinata Loew.

Flies of moderate size, with oral vibrissa?.

Face vertical or retreating; front bristly on a little more than the
posterior half; antennae short, the third segment more or less rounded.
Abdomen composed of six segments, the male genitalia conspicuous.
Wings moderately large, the costa usually with short bristles; second
basal and anal cells small; first vein bare. Tibiae with preapical bristle.

The so-called frontal plates, characteristic of this family and
poorly developed in most other families are actually a differentiated,
broad, pollinose strip on either side of the front. They are slightly
oblique, diverging from the eyes anteriorly and the frontal bristles are
situated on them. The presence of these "plates", in conjunction with
the shape of the antennse serve as a ready means of identifying a
Helomyzid.

The flies are found in various habitats, generally in shady or damp
places. Adults have been collected by burying a tin can with its open
end flush with the ground and examining it early in the morning.

The larvtE are scavengers and live upon decaying animal and vege-
table substances, in fungi, excrement, etc. They are cylindrical, rather
pointed anteriorly, obtuse behind; antennge situated upon long conical
processes; mouth hooks large; abdominal segments widened in front
laterally, with bristly pseudopods ventrally.

Czerny* has monographed the family while Garrett and others have
published papers dealing with the North American species since that
time.

* 1924, Abh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.. Wien.. xv. pp. 1-166; also, 1926, Konowia, v. pp. 53-56;
1927, Konowia, vi, pp. 35-49; 1928, Konowia, vii, pp. 52-55.

FAMILY helo:myzid.e 379

KEY TO GENERA

1. Propleural bristle absent; anal vein not reaching wing margin 2

Propleural bristle present; anal vein reaching wing margin 4

2. Humeral bristle absent 3

Humeral bristle present (12) Allophyla Lcew

3. Five pairs of dorsocentrals (15) Suillia Desvoidy

One pair of dorsocentrals (14) Porsenus Darlington

4. Middle tibiae with several bristles on dorsal surface 5

Middle tibae with only the preapical bi'istle dorsally (]

5. Two pairs of fronto-orbitals; one pair of presutural dorsocentrals;

wings usually mutilated (4, 16) Criddleria Curran

One pair of fronto-orbitals; no presuturals; wings entire (10, 13).

*ai!cothea Haliday

6. Pteropleura in part bristly or hairy 7

Pteropleui'a bare 9

7. Mesopleura hairy 8

Mesopleura bare (8, 11 ) Pseudoleria Garrett

8. Prosternum with one pair of bristles Scoliocentra Lcew

Prosternum with several bristles Trichochlamys Czerny

9. Humeral bristle present 10

Humeral bristle absent; 3 pairs of scutellars Orbellia Desvoidy

10. Without prosternal bristles 13

With one or more pairs of prosternals 11

11. With one pair of prosternals 12

With two or more pairs of prosternals (2) Helomyza Fallen

12. Anterior orbital bristle as long as the posterior Anypotacta Czerny

Anterior orbital bristle much shorter than the posterior (9).

t Amcebaleria Garrett

13. Middle tibiae with several apical bristles on ventral surface 1-5

Middle tibiae with only one apical bristle on ventral surface 14

14. First vein ending opposite or before the small crossvein (1, 6).

Tephrochlamys Lcew
First vein elongate, ending distinctly beyond the anterior crossvein.

Heteromyza Fallen

15. Second vein joining the costa far beyond the tip of the first IG

Second vein joining the costa only a little beyond the tip of the first.

Lutomyia Aldrich

16. Third antennal segment more or less angulate dorsally; middle femora

with several partial rows of bristles anteriorly; middle tarsi with

spines at apices of segments 17

Third antennal segment evenly rounded; otherwise different 18

• Czerny, 192S, Konowia, vii, p. 52.
t Czerny, 1927, Konowia, vi, p. 38.

380

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Helomyzidae I. — 1, Tephrochlamys borealis ; 2, Helomyza sp. ; 3, Eccoptomera simplex;
4, Criddleria hemiptera ; 5. Acantholeiia sp. ; 6, Tephrochlamys canescens ; 7, Neoleria leu-
costoma; 8, Pseudoleria pectinata; 9, Amoebaleria helvola; 10, fficothea fenestralis; 11, Pseu-
doleria pectinata; 12, AUophyla sp.

FAMILY HELOMYZID.E

381

17. One frontal bristle; eyes very small (3) Eccoptomera Loew

Two frontals; eyes of moderate size Viatica Garrett

18. Anterior frontal bristle much shorter than the posterior 19

Anterior frontal bristle as long as the posterior (Postleria Garrett)

(7) Neoleria Malloch

19. Mesopleura wholly bare 20

Mesopleura with some bristles posteriorly (17, 18) . . . .'^ Anorostoma Lcew

20. Antennal grooves distinct Schroederella Enderlein

Antennal grooves not distinctly outlined 21

21. Antennas separated from each other by about half the width of the

third antennal segment Morpholeria Garrett

Antenna separated from each other by more than the width of the
third antennal segment (.5) Acantholeria Garrett

* Czerny, 1927, Konowia. vi, p. 36 ; Curran. 1933. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 676, pp. 1-9.

Helomyzidse II. — 13, CEcothea fenestralis; 14, Porsenus johnsoni; I.t, Suillia fuscicornis ;
16, Criddleria hemiptera; 17, 18, Anorostoina ciiicreum.

382

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Dryomyzidae

Flies of moderate size, the femora without bristles.

Head short, as broad or broader than the thorax, the face retreat-
ing, more or less perpendicular below, without oral vibrissse. Abdomen
composed of six segments, moderately long and narrow, more or less
cjdindrical. Wings longer than the abdomen, the auxiliary vein sepa-
rated from the first vein; posterior basal and anal cells complete. Legs
of moderate leno'th, the tibiae witli a preapical bristle.

The adults are found in moist places, along the edges of streams,
ponds, etc. Swampy woods are excellent collecting spots.

The larvffi are aquatic. They are slender, cylindrical, thin anteri-
orly, the terminal segment with six or eight conical, fleshy tubercles.

The flies placed in this family have been included in the Tetano-
ceridffi and Helomyzidte. From the former they are separated by the
absence of femoral bristles and from the latter by the absence of oral
vibrissa. The latest revision of the family is by ]\Ielander* who included
the genera in the Tetanoceridfe.

Review of the Nearctic Tetanocerida?, 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xiii, pp. 305-322.

Dryomyzidae. — 1, 2, Macromelanderia mirabilis; 3, 4, Neuroctena anilis; 5, 6, ffidoparena glauca.

I

FAMILY DRYOMYZID/E 383

KEY TO GENERA

1. First longitudinal vein bristled (3, 4) Neuroctena Rondani

First vein wholly bare 2

2. Only two pairs of scutellar bristles 3

Three pairs of scutellars (O^doparea slauca Cot|uillett) (5, 6).

QCdoparena, n. g.

3. Costa not bristled 4

Costa with conspicuous short bristles on the apical half (Helcomyza

mirabilis Melander) (1, 2) Macromelanderia, n. g.

4. Two pairs of dorsocentrals; face concave Dryomyza Fallen

At least seven pairs of dorsocentrals; face not concave in profile.

Heterocheila Rondani

384

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Muscidse

Lyperosia irritans L.

Flies of medium to small size, usually dull colored, the squama;
large or of medium size, hypopleural bristles absent, the second antennal
segment grooved above.

Arista plumose, pubescent, bare or pectinate, eyes approximate or
widely separated in the males, the front rarely narrowed in both sexes;
frontal bristles always present, intrafrontals frecpicntly present; orbitals
developed but rarely in the males. Abdomen composed of four seg-
ments in the male, five in the female. IMale genitalia usually not promi-
nent but sometimes conspicuous; fifth sternal lobes sometimes promi-
nent.

As here understood this family includes the Scatophagidae, Antho-
myidge and those Muscidse (of the Williston Manual) lacking hypopleural
bristles. In some cases the hypopleura is haired but there need bo no
question in connection with known North American genera about inter-
gradation with the Metopiidge. There is no means by which the Scato-
phagidffi can be separated from the Anthomyidae, unless tlie size of the
lower lobe of the squama is used, in which case the genus Anthonii/ia
must be associated with the Scatophagids while many of the other genera

FAMILY MUSCID.E 385

would form a different family. Wing venation is not a character to be
used in separating families in this group, nor can the character of the
plumosity of the arista be used.

The Muscida? are found everywhere and many of them are serious
pests. The raddish maggot, cabbage maggot, onion maggot, seed corn
maggot, and many others take annual toll of our crops. So much has
been M'ritten about the house fly as a carrier of disease that only a brief
review need be given here. Others are pests of domestic animals and
also pay attention to man. The Tse-tse flies, formerly considered as
belonging to this family, and not greatly distinct at best, are carriers
of trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness.

Many entomologists believe that the House Fly {Musca domestica)
has been responsible for more human suffering than any other insect
and the evidence in support of this is very strong. It is said that
deaths due to diseases carried by flies have exceeded those caused by
wounds during the wars preceding the world war (1914-1918), whereas
during this latter conflict the mortality from such diseases was neg-
ligible, due to efficient sanitary practices. The House Fly breeds in
manure, garbage and almost any decaying matter and its control con-
sists of the screening and disposal of such material at frequent intervals.
Manure should he kept, as much as possible, either on such a maggot
trap as recommended by Hutchison*, sprayed occasionally with a mix-
ture of one pound of powdered helleliore to twenty gallons of water at'
the rate of one gallon of the spray to one cubic foot of manure, or
sprinkled with powdered borax at the rate of one pound to 16 cubic
feet of manure. The borax treatment must not be repeated, the fresh
manure being i)iled in such a way that it may be treated separately.
All garbage should be destroyed at least twice a week.

Because the House Fly feeds on filth of all kinds and visits our
foodstuffs, alighting with impunity upon the things we w'ould eat, it
is particularly loathsome. It is attracted to almost anything that is
moist, such as sputum, feces, garbage, etc., and may fly directlj' from
any of these to food used for human consumption. The diseases carried
on its body (in the form of the causative organisms) are TypJwid Fever,
Dysentery, Cholera, Yaics, Anthrax and some forms of Conjunctivitis.
Many other bacteria, some of them undoubtedly capable of causing dis-
ease, are also carried.

In addition to destroying the breeding places of flies efforts should
be made to i)revent them from coming in contact with foodstuffs by
screening all buildings. Sickrooms sliould be particularly well screened
in order to prevent flies from carrying the disease to other individuals.

U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 200. 1915.

386 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

The Stable Fly {Stonioxys calcitrans) is a biting insect and is
sometimes known as the Biting House Fly. It is not a general visitor
in houses but may ])e common in yards and on porches near stables,
and is most active in the hot sun. It is also a pest on beaches and along
streams on bright, sunny days. It breeds in manure and decaying vege-
tation so may be controlled by measures taken against the House Fly.
Domestic animals suffer greatly from its bites and milk production may
be greatly reduced when the fly is abundant. The flies enter the stable
on cattle and horses and many of them remain there over night. Use of
a fly spray in stables will greatly reduce their numl^ers. The view has
been expressed that infantile paralysis is carried by this fly but the ac-
cusation has not been proved. However, under certain conditions it
may transmit sleeping sickness.

The Horn Fly {Lyperosia irritans) so named because of its lial)it
of feeding about the base of the horns of cattle, is also a biting fly. It
rarely attacks man.

The classification of this family is still in an unstable condition and
it is seldom that two authors use tlie same generic limits and very fre-
quently different names are used for the same generic concept. Un-
fortunately several of the genera are not available for study and I
have been forced to include about a score of them from descriptions
only, while four of those recorded from North America are excluded.
A half dozen genera occurring in South America and not yet recognized
from our region are keyed out as it is likely that they occur in the
tropics. In one or two cases the characters I have used will change the
limits of genera, and I have recognized as genera groups sometimes con-
sidered to be no more than subgenera.

In order to facilitate the use of the Key I have prepared a synoptic
key leading to the main subdivisions employed.

SYNOPTIC TABLE

A. With at most one sternopleural bristl? 1

With two or more sternopleurals B

B. Anal vein extending to the wing-margin 39

Anal vein not extending to the wing-margin C

C. Arista plumose, pubescent or bare D

Arista pectinate, without rays below 144

D. First vein setulose on most of its length 77

First vein bare bevond the humeral crossvein E

FAMILY MUSCID.E 387

E. Pteropleura haired 83

Pteiopleura bare F

F. One pair of presutural dorsocentral bristles 98

More than one pair of presutural dorsocentrals 106

KEY TO GENERA.

1. With at most one sternopleural (c. f. Lispoides) 2

With two to four sternopleurals 38

2. Pteropleura bare 8

Pteropleura haired 3

3. Anterior tibiae without abundant venti-al setulffi 4

Anterior tibi« beneath with abundant black setulae . . *AlIomyelIa Malloch

4. First vein bare 5

First vein setulose apically; sixth vein not reaching wing margin.

Dasypleuron Malloch

5. Sixth vein reaching wing margin 6

Sixth vein not reaching wing margin Eugenacephala Johnson

6. With distinct sternopleural bristle 7

Without sternopleural bristle; wings with several brown spots.

Ernoneura Becker

7. Propleural bristle long and strong; arista short plumose on whole

length tMegaphthalma Becker

Propleural bristle very weak or absent; arista long plumose or bare
( 33 ) Scopeuma Latreille

8. Head at least as high as long; face at most moderately retreating. ... 11
Head decidedly longer than high, the face strongly retreating below. . 9

9. Stigmatal bristle absent 10

Stigmatal bristle strong Paratidia Malloch

10. Third antennal segment with a fine, long hair on the outer surface

near the insertion of the arista (41 ) JAcicephala Coquillett

Third antennal segment without such hair $Pseudacicephala Malloch

11. Hypopleura never with bristles 12

Hypopleura with a row of bristles; costa ending at third vein, the

fourth vein incomplete; front half as wide as head (Eginiinae).
(52, 59) §Lutzomyia, n. g.

12. Frontal bristles or hair long 13

Frontal bristles extremely short, the front nearly bare (40).

Hydromyza Fallen

» Curran, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 260.

t Curran, 1933. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 682. p. 10.

+ Curran, 1927. Can. Ent.. lix. p. 259 ( Acicephala) .

§ Differs from Egriniella Malloch (China) in having the front of the male half as wide as
the head and in lacking bristles on the legs, with the exception of the apical tibial bristles.
Lutzomyia amcricana, n. sp. from Arizona.

388

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

13. Anterior tibiae without a short, rectangular apical spine below 14

Anterior tibiae with a short, stout, rectangular spine at apex of ventral

surface *Acanthocnema Becker

14. Anteroventral surface of the anterior femora and tibiae without stout

bristles, the front tibiae rarely with a single bristle on this surface. 15
Anteroventral surface of the anterior femora and tibiae with stout
bristles Norellia Desvoidy

15. Prothoracic bristle always, the stigmatic usually, present 16

Prothoracic and stigmatic bristles absent 28

16. Palpi long and slender, armed at the apex with a long, outstanding

bristle 17

Palpi more or less broadened, without an outstanding bristle 20

17. Third vein not sinuate 18

Third vein rather strongly sinuate Scoliaphleps Becker

18. Stigmatal bristle weak or hair-like, usually absent 19

Stigmatal bristle strong (46, 60) .Cordilura Fallen

19. Eyes round Neogymnomera Malloch

Eyes with a slight emargination on the lower posterior half 36

* Curran, 1929, Can. Ent., Ixi. p. 132.

Muscidse I. — 1, Helina lucoriim ; 2, Schcenomjza chcrysostoma ; 3, Limosia; 4. 5. Lasiops
spiniger; 6, Phyllogaster cordjluroides ; 7, 8. Fannia ; 9, Ophyra jenescens; 10, Helina; 11,
Spilaria; 12, Pseudoliinnophora ; 13, Pseudolimnophora, antenna: 14, 15, Lispe; 16. Limnophora.

FAMILY MUSCID.E 389

20. Cheeks usually less than one-third the eye-height; face as long as the

front or nearly so 21

Cheeks more than half as wide as the eye-height; face shorter than
the front, slightly retreating below; intra-alar bristles absent;
scutellum with four bristles Gimnomera Rondani

21. First vein bare 24

First vein setulose on apical portion 22

22. Scutellum with six bristles Bucephalina Malloch

Scutellum with four bristles 23

23. Palpi strongly widened and spatulate *CordylurelIa Malloch

Palpi but little widened Megaphthalma Becker

24. Anal vein extending to the wing margin 26

Anal vein not reaching the wing margin 25

25. Third antennal segment four times as long as wide. Micropselapha Becker
Third antennal segment less than three times as long as wide.

Cordylurella Malloch

26. With two or more rows of acrostical hairs 27

Without acrostical hairs Cordilura Fallen

27. With more than two rows of acrostical hairs (57) . . .Ceratinostoma Meade
With only two rows of acrostical hairs Opsiomyia Coquillett

28. Third antennal segment angulate at upper apex 29

Third antennal segment rounded apically 33

29. Acrostical setae in two rows 30

Acrostical setse in several rows (34) Spaziphora Rondani

30. Anterior tibiae clothed beneath with dense, black setulae 31

Anterior tibiae not clothed beneath with dense, black setulje 32

31. Male wing broadly emarginate between the fourth and fifth veins.

Pleurochaeta Becker
Male wing normal in outline Pogonota Zetterstedt

32. Palpi spoon shaped, narrow basally Pseudopogonota Malloch

Palpi broad, tapering basally but the base broad. . . .Trichopalpus Rondani

33. Mesopleura with an extensive bare area above the anterior coxae.... 34
Mesopleui-a haired on almost the whole surface (33). .Scopeuma Latreille

34. Fourth vein strongly approaching the third at the wing-tip.

Lasioscelus Becker
Fourth vein not strongly approaching the third apically 35

35. Anterior tibiae without dense, short setulae beneath 36

Anterior tibiae with dense, short setul« beneath. ... Microprosopa Becker

36. Anal vein almost reaching the wing margin (39) Achaetella Malloch

Anal vein not nearly reaching the wing margin ; 37

37. Arista plumose or very long pubescent Parallelomma Becker

Arista pubescent Americina Malloch

* Curran, 1929, Can. Ent., Ixi, p. 133.

390

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

38.

39.

40.

Anal vein extending to the margin of the wing, at least weakly 39

Anal vein never extending to the margin of the wing 75

Under surface of the scutellum with fine, soft, erect hairs 51

Under surface of the scutellum bare 40

Three sternopleurals 44

Two sternopleurals (cf. Fucellia) 41

41. Upper apex of third antennal segmint acute or angulate; scutellum

with four bristles 42

Third antennal segment rounded apically; scutellum with one pair of
marginals 43

42. Arista thickened on basal half, its penultimate segment much longer

than wide (43) Pselaphephila Becker

Arista thickened on basal fourth, its penultimate segment short.

Chtetosa Coquillett

43. Three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. .. .Hexamitocera Becker
Two pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles Cleigastra Macquart

44. Scutellum with one or two pairs of marginal bristles; palpi without

long outstanding apical bristle 45

Scutellum with six marginals; palpi with strong apical bristle.

Plethochaeta Coquillett

45. First vein bare 46

First vein setulose on apical third (38) Orthacheta Becker

46. Anterior femora without strong bristles on the anterior surface 47

Anterior femora with strong bristles on the anterior surface, propleura

haired *Amaurosoma Becker

* Cuiian. 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 293.

MuscidsB II. — 17, Pentacricia aldrichi, cT abdomen; 18, Eremoniyia humeralis, H" abdomen;
19, Eremomyia humeralis; 20, Neodexiopsis ; 21, 22, Hammomja; 23, Coenosia, hind leg; 24,
Hylemya, abdomen; 25, Tetrachaeta unica; 26, Hoplogaster; 27, Pegomya bicolor; 28, 29,
Hydrophoria divisa; 30, Platycoenosia pokornyi ; 31, 32, Hylemya.

FAMILY MUSCID.E 391

47. Palpi short, normal 48

Palpi very long; stigmatal bristle strong Pselaphephila Becker

48. Front with intrafrontal bristles in both sexes 50

Front without intrafiontal bristles 49

49. Third antennal segment sharply angulate at upper apex; arista dis-

tinctly elbowed Gonatherus Rondani

Third antennal segment obtusely angulate or rounded; arista never
elbowed Mesamyia Malloch

50. Acrosticals strong but short, paired '■■Fucellia Desvoidy

Acrosticals fine, short and irregular Myopina Desvoidy

51. Pteropleura baref 54

Pteropleura with hair or bristles 52

52. Pteropleura with a single bristle Emmesomyia Malloch

Pteropleura with several hairs 53

53. Propleura bare Taeniomyia Stein

Propleura haired on the median portion tEremomyioides Malloch

54. Eyes bare 55

Eyes haired Alliopsis Schnabl & Dziedzicki

55. Propleura bare in the middle 57

Propleura haired on the median portion 56

56. Arista bare ' Kingiella Malloch

Arista distinctly plumose §Anthomyia Meigen

57. Arista plumose 58

Arista pubescent or bare 61

58. Scutellum cinerous, with an opacjue black spot on either side.

Eustalomyia Kowarz
Scutellum without opaque black spot on either side 59

59. Lower lobe of the squamas conspicuously longer than the upper (28,

29 ) ^Hydrophoria Desvoidy

Lower lobe of the squamae not as large as the upper 60

60. Proboscis elongate and slender, as long as the thorax or nearly so. . . 61
Proboscis short and thick, not nearly as long as the thorax 62

61. Arista pubescent Proboscimyia Bigot

Arista long plumose Neohylemyia Malloch

62. Hypopleura haii'ed in front of the posterior spiracle.

Calythea Schnabl & Dziedzicki
Hypopleura bare in front of the posterior spiracle 63

63. Antei"ior tibiae with an extremely long dorsal bristle at the apical

fourth in the male and with two or three strong dorsal bristles at

the apical fifth in the female Anthoniyella Malloch

Anterior tibiae without such bristles 64

* Aldrich, 1918, Pioc.-Calif. Acad. Acad. Sci.. viii, p. 160.

t The jreneia in couplets 51 to 74 comprise the Anthomyina;. Keys to the Eastern species
will be found in Huckett, Cornell Uni. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 77.
4 Malloch, 1920. Can. Ent. liii, p. 76.
§ Malloch, 1924, Ann. Map:. Nat. Hist., xiv, p. 267.
II Malloch, 1920, Can. Ent. liii, i). 103.

392

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Muscida? III. — 33, Scopeuma; 34, Spaziphora; 35, Cyrtoneurina; 36, Cyrtoneuropsis
rescita; 37, Myospila meditabunda; 38, Orthacheta; 39, Aehaetella varipes; 40, Hydromyza
confluens; 41, Acicephala polita, hair on third antennal segment not shown; 42, Morellia; 43,
Pselaphelphila; 44, Moreliia; 45, Graphoin>a maculata.

FAMILY MrSCID.E 393

64. Facial depression witii almost parallel sides on more than the lower

half or conspicuously narrower between the vibrissae than at the

middle 65

Facial depression widening- below, wider at the vibri-^sse than at a
point above the middle QG

65. No bristly hairs on posteroventral surface of posterior tibiae in male;

ovipositor not terminating in two or more spines (27).

*Pegomya Desvoidy
A series of long hairs on posteroventral surface of hind tibiae; ovi-
positor bearing two or more apical spines (21, 22),

Hammomya Rondani

66. Antennfe separated from each other by a distinct elevation which

continues onto the face jEgle Desvoidy

Antennae not conspicuously separated from each other at the base. ... 67

67. Oral margin strongly produced, the hairs surrounding the vibrissae

extending well onto the sides of the face Macateeia Malloch

Oral margin not unusually produced, the hairs not extending onto the
face 68

68. Middle tibiae with anteroventral bristle near the middle.

Paregle Schnabl & Dziedzicki
Middle tibiae without such bristle 69

69. Three pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals 70

Four pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals Macrophorbia Malloch

70. Proboscis unusually stout Pycnoglossa Coquillett

Proboscis not unusually robust 71

71. Posterior tibiae v^ith two long bristles near the middle, on the upper

surface, each at least half as long as the tibia. . .Prosalpia Pokorny
Posterior tibiae without such bristles 72

72. Sides of the scutellum with more than a single row of hairs below

the marginals; interfrontals absent in both sexes; posthumeral and
anterior .sublateral bristles equally strong (18, 19) . .Eremomyia Stein
Not with this combination of characters 73

73. Eyes of males broadly separated; acrosticals hair-like and short.

Chirosia Rondani
Eyes of males approximate, very rarely separated by much more than
the distance between the posterior ocelli 74

74. Posterior tibiae without posterodorsal bristles, or with two (27).

JPegomya Desvoidy
Posterior tibije with one posterodorsal bristle or with more than two
(24, 31, 32) §Hylemya Desvoidy

75. Arista plumose, pubescent or bare 76

Arista pectinate, with rays on the upper side 144

76. First vein setose, on most of its length 77

First vein bare, or with setulse only before the humeral crossvein. ... 82

* Malloch, 1920, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, xv, p. 121.

t Malloch, 1920, Can. Ent., liii. )). 77.

:i: Malloch, 1920, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, xv, p. 121.

§ Malloch, 1920, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, p. 274.

394 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

77. Apex of posterior coxae haired behind ChaetoKenia Malloch

Posterior coxae bare behind 78

78. Prosternum setose 80

Prosternum bare 79

79. Arista short plumose Steinella Malloch

Arista long plumose (36) Cyrtoneuropsis Malloch

80. Fourth vein curved foi'ward apically 81

Fourth vein not curved forward apically Smithomyia Malloch

81. Posterior tibiae with a strong posterodorsal bristle near the apical

third Poecilophaonia Malloch

Posterior tibiae without calcar (35) Cyrtoneurina Giglio-Tos

82. Pteropleura haired 83

Pteropleura bare 97

83. Propleura haired in the middle 84

Propleura bare in the middle 85

/

\

Musca domestica L.

84. Fourth vein ending well before the apex of the wing. . . .Musca Linnaeus
Fourth vein ending well behind the apex of the wing.Mallocharia Curran

85. Proboscis tapering- from the base, long, adapted for biting (as in

Stomoxys) Haematobosca Bezzi

Proboscis short and stout, the labellae large 80

86. Ridge at inner edge of lower squamal lobe bare 88

Ridge at inner edge of lower squamal lobe with hairs 87

87. Fourth vein ending before the wing-tip Orthellia Desvoidy

Fourth veing ending behind the wing-tip (51, 54). . .* Philornis Macquart

88. Fourth vein ending distinctly behind the wing-tip 90

Fourth vein ending distinctly before the wing-tip 89

89. Middle tibiae with a strong anteroventral bristle beyond the middle.

Pyrellia Desvoidy
Middle tibiae without anteroventral bristle beyond the middle (42, 44).

tMorellia Desovidy

* Aldrich, 1923. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amei., xvi, p. 308.

t Malloch, 1923, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xii, pp. 520, 523.

FAMILY MUSCID^ 395

90. Prosternum bare 93

Prosternum haired 91

91. First vein with setulee opposite the humeral ci'ossvein.. .Clinopera Wulp
First vein bare above on the whole length 92

92. Facial depression extremely deep, with almost parallel sides; cheeks

wide (49, 53) ". Charadrella Wulp

Facial depression very shallow, widening below; cheeks narrow (55).

Dichaetomyia Malloch

93. Palpi spatulate, flattened, always strongly widening apically (14, 15).

*Lispe Latreille
Palpi not unusually widened, not flattened apically 94

94. Calcar pi'esent 95

Posterior tibije without strong posterodorsal bristle beyond the middle. 104

95. Fourth vein very strongly curved forward at the apex 96

Fourth vein not cui-ved forward at the apex. . .Pseudophaonia Malloch

96. Third and fourth veins equidistant from the wing-tip.

Hypodermodes Knab
Fourth vein ending far behind the wing-tip Mesembrina Meigen

97. A single pair of presutural dorsocentral bristles 98

Two pairs of presutui'al dorsocentrals or they are absent lOG

98. Lower lobe of the squamae much longer than the upper 100

Lower lobe of the squamas scarcely longer than the upper 99

99. Front decidedly longer than wide (26) fHoplogaster Rondani

Front wider than long, narrowing anteriorly (2) . .fSchoenomyza Haliday

100. Costa extending to the fourth vein 101

Costa ending at the third vein or a little beyond Allognota Pokorny

101. Three postsutural dorsocentrals 102

Two pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals Bithoracochaeta Stein

102. Posterior tibiae with three long median bristles, one on the postero-

dorsal surface although this latter may be short 103

Posterior tibise without a single posterodorsal bristle at the middle,
sometimes with two posterodorsals 104

103. Anterior tibiae with an anterodorsal beyond the middle.

Macrocoenosia Malloch
Anterior tibi« without an anterodorsal bristle (20) .JNeodexiopsis Malloch

104. Posterior tibiae with an anteroventral bristle 105

Posterior tibte without an anteroventral bristle. . . . JXenocoenosia Malloch

105. Posterior tibiae with a long anterodorsal and long anterior bristle

situated very close to each other (23) §Coenosia Meigen

Posterior tibiae with anterodorsal and anteroventral bristle, their
bases not close together (3) ^Limosia Desvoidy

* Aldrich, 1913. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 131.

t Huckett, 1934, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Ix, pp. 87. 106.

t Huckett. 1934, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Ix, p. 74 (Neodexiopsis).

§ Huckett, 1934, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Ix, p. 83.

U Huckett. 1934, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Ix, p. 135.

396 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

106. Sternopleural bristles situated in a nearly equilateral triangle, almost

always three in number 107

Stemopleurals not forming a nearly equilateral triangle, if only three
are present the lower one is decidedly farther from the anterior. . .111

107. Dorsocentrals very weak, poorly differentiated Atherigona Rondani

Dorsocentrals strong 108

108. Anterior tibiae with a posterior bristle near or beyond the middle... 109
Anterior tibiae without posterior bristle except at apex.

Lispocephala Pokorny

109. Four stemopleurals, the posterior three in a straight line.

Macrorchis Rondani
Three stei-nopleurals 110

110. Posterior bristle on front tibiae very long, situated before the middle.

Dialyta Meigen
Posterior bristle on front tibiae short, situated beyond the middle.

Limnospila Schnabl

111. Sixth vein very short, the seventh cui'\'ed strongly forward so that it

would bisect the sixth only a little beyond the end of the latter. . .112
Sixth vein not unusually short, the seventh never curved so that it
would bisect the sixth 114

Muscidse IV. — 46, Cordilura; 47, Liinnophora; 48. Phaonia; 49, Charadrella niacrosoma;
50, Phaonia; 51, Philornis sperinophilse ; 52, Lutzomyia latifrons; 58, Charadrella inacrosoma.

FAMILY MUSCID.^3 . 397

112. Posterior tibiae Mith dorsal bristle near or somewhat beyond the mid-

dle, or with two posterodorsal bristles 11.3

Posterior tibiae without dorsal or posterodorsal bristles. .Azelia Desvoidy

113. Eyes of male very broadly separated; posterior tibiae sometimes with

two posterodorsal bristles and without the dorsal. .. .Euryomma Stein
Eyes of male approximate, the front at least narrowed; dorsal tibial
bristle always present (7, 8) *Fannia Desvoidy

114. Proboscis long and narrow, widened basally, adapted for blood-suck-

ing- Bdellolarynx Austen

Proboscis short and thick, the labellae fleshy 115

115. Presternum bare 119

Prosternum haired laterally 116

116. Posterior thoracal spiracle long and narrow.

Synthesiomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Posterior thoracal spiracle little longer than wide 117

117. Hypopleura hairy in front of and below the spiracle. . .Ariciella Malloch
Hypopleura bare 118

118. Basal abdominal sternite bare (16, 47) tLimnophora Desvoidy

Basal abdominal steniite with several hairs (12, 13).

tPseudoliranophora Schnabl

119. Third vein with setse basally on the upper margin or before the furca-

tion ." 120

Third vein bare above 122

120. Lower lobe of the squamae large, its inner end reaching the base of

the scutellum (45) Graphomya Desvoidy

Lower squamal lobe narrow, not produced inwardly 121

121. Fourth vein ending in the wing tip or very close to it (37, 56).

Myospila Rondani
Fourth vein ending far behind the wing tip, not conspicuously curved
forward apically JMydaea Desvoidy

122. Posterior coxse bare behind at apex 124

Posterior coxse \\'ith hairs behind at apex 123

123. Eyes pilose (4, 5) §Lasiops Meigen

Eyes bare Alloeostylus Schnabl

124. Fourth vein strongly curved forward apically 125

Fourth vein not or very slightly curved foi-ward apically 127

125. Fourth vein ending well behind the tip of the wing 126

Fourth vein ending before the tip of the wing.

Pararicia Brauer & Bergenstamm

126. Posterior spiracle twice as long as wide, with black hairs extending

over the lower flap Muscina Desvoidy

Posterior spiracle not nearly twice as long as wide. .Bigotomyia Malloch

127. Posterior tibiae, posterodorsally, bare or with two or more bristles. .129
Posterior tibiae with only the calcar, rarely with a very short postero-
dorsal bristle near the base 128

128. Cheeks below with two to five upwardly curving bristles on the an-

terior half Dendrophaonia Mallocli

Cheeks with at most one upwardly curving bristle 133

* Malloch, 1924, Ann. Ma'-c. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 416; xiv, p. 515.

t Huckett, 1932, Jouin. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xi, pp. 25-76, 105-158, 279-325.

J Malloch, 1923, Can. Ent., Ivi, p. 220.

§ Malloch, 1920, Can. Ent., liii, p. 272 (Trichopticus).

39S NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

129. Front with an outwardly directed orbital bristle, wide in both sexes

(30) '. Platycoenosia Strobl

Front without true orbital bristles, or they are not divergent; usually
narrow in males 130

130. Parafrontals polished; frontal lunule shining white; thorax and abdo-

men without pollen (9) *Ophyra Desvoidy

Parafrontals pollinose on most of their length 131

131. Hypopleura haired below the spiracle (11).

fSpilaria Schnabl & Dziedzicki
Hypopleura bare below the spiracle 132

132. Hypopleura haired in front of the spiracle (1, 10) fHelina Desvoidy

Hypopleura bare in front of the spiracle 136

133. Arista pubescent 131

Arista with long rays (48, 50) JPhaonia Desvoidy

134. Hypopleura bare in front of the spiracle 135

Hypopleura haired in front of the spiracle Achaetina Malloch

135. Prealar more than half as long as the following bristle.

Neohydrotaea Malloch
Prealar less than half as long as the following bristle.

§Hydrotaea Desvoidy

* Malloch. 1923, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, r. 664.

t Malloch, 1920, Can. Ent., liii. p. 103.

$ Malloch, 1923, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlviii, pp. 239—.

§ Malloch, 1916, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, xi, p. 109. xiii. pp. 30-33.

Muscidffi V. — 54, Philornis spermophilae ; 55, Dichsetomyia ; 56. Myospila meditabunda;
57, Ceiatinostoma ostiorum ; 58, Muscina stabulans; 59, Lutzoinyia latifrons; 60, Cordilura.

FAMILY MUSCID.E

399

136. Avista plumose (short in Dendrophaonia) 137

Arista pubescent 139

137. Cheeks below with two or more strong, upcui-ved bristles on the an-

terior half Dendrophaonia Malloch

Cheeks without outstanding-, upcurved bristles below, though usually
with upcurved hairs 138

138. Eyes of males with enlarged facets in front on the upper part and

quite evidently flattened; posterior tibiae without posterodorsal
bristles, the front tibiae bristleless; small species, the females shin-
ing *Hebecnema Schiner

Eyes of males not strikingly flattened; usually larger species (1, 10).

fHelina Desvoidy

139. Cheeks half as wide as the eye-height, with bristles along the oral

margin (6) JPhyllogaster Stein

Cheeks narrower, with hair on lowest three-fourths or more 140

140. Fourth vein conspicuously curved forward apically.

Neomuscina Townsend
Fourth vein at most weakly curved forward apically 141

141. Prealar bristle absent 143

Prealar bristle present 142

142. Lower squamal lobe produced inwardly (51, 54) §PhiIornis Macquart
Lower squamal lobe small and not produced inwardly.

TiPogonomya Rondani

143. Two strong intra-alar bristles Lispoides Coquillett

At most one weak intra-alar Pogonomyioides Malloch

144. Proboscis elongate and horny 145

Proboscis short and thick, the labellse fleshy Hemichlora Wulp

145. Palpi short Stomoxys Geoffroy

Palpi very long and narrow Haematobia St. Fargeau & Sei-ville

* This ,<?enus cannot be distinguished from Helina with any degree of success and should
no doubt be united with it.

t Malloch, 1920. Can. Ent. liii, p. 1U3.

J Malloch, 1923, Can. Ent. Ivi, p. 11.

§ Aldiich, 1923, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xvi, p. 308.

'' Malloch, 1918, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, xliv, p. 277.

Scopeuma furcata Say.

400 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Gasterophilidae — The Horse Bot Flies

m

Gasterophilus intestinalis, wing and part of head showing antennae.

Flies of moderate size, without bristles, the thorax pilose; mouth
parts very small; apical crossvein absent.

Head short and deep, pilose; front broad; antenna^ small, situated
in deep pits separated by a carina; second segment without groove;
arista bare; mouth parts very small, the x^alpi swollen, though short,
larger than the proboscis; ocelli present. Scutellum large; postscutellum
absent. Legs of moderate length. Apical crossvein absent, the vein clos-
ing the discal cell also absent and the fourth and fifth veins evanescent
apically. Squama small. Abdomen elongate oval in the male, slightly
tapering, in the female tapering apically, the ovipositor large and pro-
tuberant.

The bot flies are frequently serious pests of horses and may be
collected in the neighborhood of these animals, although they are re-
markably good fliers. The larva? live in the stomach, throat and nasal
passages of horses and related animals and reports of their occurrence
in other animals are very rare. The eggs are laid by G. intestinalis on
the legs or shoulders of the victim and are taken into the mouth when
the animal licks these parts; G. veterinus lays its eggs on the underside
of the head and it is believed that the larvae make their way through
the skin and into the mouth and thence to the phar;^aix where they at-
tach themselves. G. hamorrhoidalis lays its eggs about the lips of the
horse and the young larva? pass to the rectum where they fasten them-
selves to the walls. Horses apparently recognize the flies, at least those
of veterinus, and it is not an uncommon sight to see horses with tlicir
heads resting on each other's backs as a protection against egg laying.

Gasterophilus has usually been placed in the OEstridae but Girsch-
ner long since pointed out that it was more closely related to the
Museidffi (Anthomyidge) and it has been included in tliat family. Other

I

FAMILY GASTEROPHILID.E THE HORSE BOT FLIES 401

authorities have placed it in the Acalypterie where it would seem to
belong on account of the shape of the second antennal segment. How-
ever, the species possess strong posterior calli and it is possible that the
family is, despite the antennal character, more nearly related to the
Mnscidae.

The family contains bnt one genus, Gasterophilus Clark, and there
are three North American species.

KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF GASTEROPHILUS

1. Wings with dark spots intestinalis Degeer

Wings without dark spots 2

2. Discal cell closed beyond the first basal cell; apex of abdomen broadly

reddish pilose haemorrhoidalis Linnaeus

Discal cell closed almost oppo.'^ite the end of the first ba.^al cell; basal
cells of equal length; abdomen with whitish pile crossed by a black
median band veterinus Clark

402

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Metopiidae— The Flesh Flies

Sarcophaga sarraceniae.

Flies of medium to moderately small size, the abdomen usually dark
and tessellate or metallic green or blue.

Front in both sexes broad, usually somewhat narrowed in the males,
rarely very narrow; face variable; vibrissa present; antennse long or
short, the arista plumose, pubescent or bare. Abdomen composed of four
segments in the males, the fifth short in the females; abdominal bristles
usually strong, at least on the apical segments. Hypopleura with a row
of bristles; postscutellum developed only in MescinbrineUa. Apical cell
usually open, rarely closed and petiolate, usually ending far before the
apex of the wing.

As here considered this family comprises the Sarcophagidfe, part of
the MuscidaB and part of the Taehinidae of Williston's Manual. The
absence of the postscutellum distinguishes it from the Tachinidiig while
the presence of hypopleural bristles separates it from the Muscidcc and
the well developed mouth parts from the (Estridae. A study of pupal
and larval characters indicates that the association of the genera now
included in the family is a natural one, although the genus 3Iesem-
hrinella is a doubtful member.

Insofar as known the larvae are flesh feeders, parasites or scaven-
gers on excrement and all have the posterior spiracles situated within
a deep depression.

FA.MILV .MKTUrilD.K — THE FLESH FLIES 403

As indicated in tlie introduction I consider Mijasis in man is gener-
ally an accidental occurrence. There is evidence that it may occur
under conditions where an open wound is not dressed and incidents
of this kind were not rare during the World War. Indeed, the condi-
tion of maggot-infested wounds led to the discovery of the value of flies
as an aid in curing serious wounds and also in the treatment of Osteo-
mi/eJitis. It is true that some medical men express doubt about the
efficacy of the maggot treatment of this disease but the evidence seems
to be in its favor. The maggots feed, for the most part at any rate,
only on decayed tissue and the bacteria present in the w^ound. Whether
healing results from the consumption of bacteria or the secretion of a
substance stimulating the growth of new flesli is immaterial.

The larva? of the Screw Worm Flics {CochHomiiia maceUaria and
americana) occasionally attack man. The eggs are laid in open wounds
or nasal or other discharges from the body and the larvie quickly bore
into healthy tissue. From fifty to more than two hundred eggs may be
laid at a time. There have been a numl^er of fatal cases in the United
States while, in the tropics, death from the attacks of the maggots is
said to be not rare. Sheep and range animals are normally attacked
when wounded or when the wool l:)ecomes fetid due to filth.

The classification of the group is in chaotic condition. A great
many genera have been proposed upon characters possessed by one sex
or the other and upon characters which are apparently of not more than
specific or group value and which, when large collections are studied,
are found to be entirely unsatisfactory. There are no doubt several
North American genera not included in the key but, without specimens,
it is impossible to locate them. I have included all the North American
genera known to me but am acquainted with several others occurring in
South America which may possibly occur in the North American Tropics
although there are, as yet, no records.

There are three papers which will be found most useful in the study
of the insects belonging to this family, published by Aldrich*, Allenf
and Shannon^. In the former many of the specific names have been
replaced by older names as the result of a study of the types of species
described by older authors. For these corrections see Aldrich*.

It is unfortunate that the name of this family must be changed
to ]\Ietopiid«, but since there has been no previous grouping of the
included genera into a single family the shock should not be great. The
basic use of Miltogramma for tribal name has always been erroneous

* 1916, Sarcophaga and Allies. (Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. i). 1930. Notes on Types,
etc.. Pro;;. U. S. N. M., Ixxviii, Art. 12.

t 1926, N. Amer. Miltofcrammini, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixviii, Art. 9.

± 1926, Syn. Amer. Calliphoridie, Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash., xx.-iii, pp. 115-139.

404

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Metopiidae I. — 1, Metopia; 2, Euaraba; 3, Helicobia ; 4, Phytodcs herculus ; 5, Neophyto
setosa; 6, Johnsonia; 7, Opsodexia ; 8, Johnsonia ; 9, Neophyto setosa ; 10, Brachicoma devia;
11, Melanophora, (Tachinidae) ; 12, Euaraba.

FAMILY METOPIID.E THE FLESH FLIES 405

and the same is true of CalUphora as Onesia has pajje priority. Since
Sacrophaga was proposed long- after Metopia and Calliphorn the name
could scarcely be used in any event.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Arista pubescent or bare 2

Arista plumose 23

2. First vein bare 3

First vein setose Opsldiopsis Townsend

3. Apical cell closed 4

Apical cell open 6

4. Distal section of the fifth vein longer than the penultimate section

(16) Taxigramma Ferris

Distal section of the fifth vein little more than half as long as the
penultimate section 5

5. Apical cell ending far before the wing tip, short petiolate (19).

Hilarella Rondani
Third vein ending only a little before the wing tip, the apical cell long
petiolate (4, 30) Phytodes Townsend

' 6. Facial ridges without bristles or they are short and hairlike, the

parafacials often bristly 7

Facial ridges with bristles on lower half or more (12) 6a

6a. Arista thin on apical third Sphenometopa Townsend

Arista wholly thickened (2, 12) Euaraba Townsend

7. Parafacials with only fine hair, without bristles, or with only one below. 11
Parafacials with a row of bristles (cf. Camptopyga) 8

8. Antennae reaching almost to the oral margin 9

Antennae very short, the third segment scarcely longer than the second

(5, 9) Neophyto Townsend

9. Facial ridges divergent below, the depression wider than parafacial .... 10
Facial ridges with parallel sides, the depression deep, narrow and not

as wide as either parafacial (18) Opsidea Coquillett

10. Third antennal segment not more than twice as long as the second; face

not strongly receding (10) Brachicoma Rondani

Third antennal segment more than three times as long as the second;
face very strongly receding (1, 20) Metopia Miegen

11. Apical cell ending in the wing tip Opelousia Townsend

Apical cell ending far before the wing tip 12

12. Head at vibrissse much shorter than at base of antennae, the oral margin

not produced 13

Head at vibrissas almost or quite as long as at base of antennae, the
oral margin usually prominent 17

13. Abdominal bristles strong 14

Abdominal bristles poorly differentiated from the hair; abdomen sub-
globose CEstrohilarella Townsend

14. Frontals not extending below the base of the antennae 15

Frontals descending to the middle of the second antennal segment.

Phrosinella Desvoidy

406

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

28 \

Metopiidae II. — 13, Hemilucilia; 14, Pollenia rudis ; 15, Mesembrinella ; 16, Taxigramma;
17, Senotainia; 18, Opsidea; 19, Hilarella; 20, Metopia leucocephala, c"" t -1, 22, Pachyoph-
thalmus; 23, Pollenia rudis; 24, Camptopyga; 25, Sarcophagra; 26, Raviniopsis; 27, Senotainia;
28, Opsodexia; 29, Camptopyga; 30, Phytodes heiculus.

FAMILY METOPIID.E THE FLESH FLIES 407

15. Third vein usually bristled half way to the crossvein or the arista

thickened on not more than the basal half 16

Third vein with only one to three small basal setulae, the arista thick-
ened on almost its whole length; third antennal segment five times
as long as second 15a

15a. Vibrissae situated level with the anterior oral margin Ouelletia, n. g.

Vibrissa situated almost the length of the second antennal segment
above the oral margin Eusenotainia Townsend

16. Three pairs of almost equally strong marginal scutellars.

Gymnoprosopa Townsend
Apical pair of scutellars weak or absent Eumacronychia Townsend

17. A row of proclinate hairs on the parafrontals close to the frontals (21,

22) Pachyophthalmus Brauer & Bergenstamm

No such row of hairs, the parafrontals sometimes haired over most of
the surface or bearing one or more pairs of orbitals 18

18. Costal spine very long and strong; two pairs of strong scutellars (24,

29) Camptopyga Aldrich

Costal spine short 19

19. Parafacial hairs conspicuous, moderately long 20

Parafacial hairs inconspicuous, very short 22

20. Second abdominal segment with erect median marginals 21

Second abdominal segment without median marginals.

Wohlfahrtia Brauer & Bergenstamm

21. Frontals not descending below the base of the antennae. .Amobia Desvoidy
Frontals descending below the base of the antennae and divergent below

( 10 ) Brachicoma Rondani

22. Three pairs of almost equally strong scutellars (17, 27).

Senotainia Macquart
Apical scutellars very much v/eaker than the other two pairs.

Eumacronychia Townsend

23. Fifth vein bare 24

Fifth vein bristled (6, 8) Johnsonia Coquillett

24. Lower lobe of the squamae haired above at least on basal half 25

Lower lobe of the squamae bare or pubescent above 29

25. Propleura pilose 26

Propleura bare Adiscochaeta Enderlein

26. First vein setose posteriorly before the humeral crossvein.

*Paralucilia Brauer & Bergenstamm
First vein not setose posteriorly 27

27. Abdomen metallic blue or green 28

Abdomen black in ground color, tessellate Squamatoides Curran

28. One sublatei-al bristle Cynomya Desvoidy

Two or three sublateral bristles fCalliphora Desvoidy

* Chrysomya desvoidy i belongs hece.

t Stcringomyia Pokorny is a synonym and Onesia Desvoidy is very doubtfully distinct.
If the two genera are united Onesia will have priority.

408 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

29. First vein setose posteriorly between the humeral crossvein and base of

the wing 30

First vein bare posteriorly 37

30. First vein setulose below as well as above 31

First vein bare below 32

31. Postsutural acrosticals absent Sarconesia Bigot

Postsutural acrosticals present Sarconesiopsis Townsend

32. Face yellow, clothed with yellow hairs 33

Face black, the hairs black 35

33. Palpi short and slender Cochliomyia Townsend

Palpi long, normal 34

34. Vibrissas situated the length of the second antennal segment above the

oral margin (13) Hemilucilia Brauer

Vibrissas almost on a level with the oral margin Chloroprocta Wulp

35. Aristal rays quite short and appressed; head almost as long as high.

Boreellus Aldrich & Shannon
Aristal rays long, not appressed; head decidedly higher than long 36

36. Upper lobe of the squamje haired above ^Phormia Desvoidy

Upper lobe of the squamae haired only on the margin.

Protocalliphora Hough

37. Antennae very short, the third segment little longer than the second;

face receding below, the vibrissae closely approximate.

Neophyto Townsend
Antennge elongate 38

38. Suprasquamal ridge with erect black hairs 39

Suprasquamal ridge bare or pubescent 40

39. Subcostal sclerite setulose Lucilia Desvoidy

Subcostal sclerite bare Phenicia Desvoidy

40. Thorax with abundant yellow tomentose hairs among the black hairs

(14, 23) Pollenia Desvoidy

Thorax without tomentose hairs 41

41. Postscutellum strongly developed; propleura bare; prosternum setulose

laterally; bend of fourth vein broadly rounded (15).

Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos
Postscutellum not developed 42

42. Three or more sternopleurals 50

Two sternopleurals 43

43. Fourth vein ending almost in the tip of the wing 44

Fourth vein ending well before the tip of the wing 45

44. Arista long plumose (7, 28) fOposodexia Townsend

Arista short plumose Opelousia Townsend

* Protophormia Townsend is separated by the absence of strong acrostical bristles but the
character is of not more than specific value in this instance, some specimens possessing
distinct acrosticals.

t Reinhard, 1929, Pr. U. S. N. M.. Ixxvi, Art. 20, p. 6.

FAMILY METOPIID.i: THP: FLESH FLIES 400

45. Abdomen largely pollinose 46

Abdomen shining black Phrissopodia Macquart

46. Hairs on sides of the scutellum extending to the lower 'edge 47

Scutellum without hairs outside the marginals Camptops Aldrich

47. Middle of propleura bare 49

Middle of propleura haired 48

48. Frontal bristles not extending below the base of the antenna.

Harpagopyga Aldrich
Frontal bristles extending below the base of the antennae and iliverging
below Notochaeta Aldrich

49. Parafacial hairs inconspicuous; large species Sthenopyga Aldrich

Parafacial hairs evident; small species 58

50. First vein not setose 51

First vein setose (3) ^Helicobia Coquillett

51. Propleura haired on median portion 52

Propleura bare 53

52. Third antennal segment but little longer than the second; arista short

plumose; both sexes with orbitals Harbeckia Aldrich

Third antennal segment usually twice as long as the secontl; males
without orbitals (Boettcheria Parker) (25) fSarcophaga Meigen

53. Sternopleurals arranged in a nearly equilateral triangle 54

Sternopleurals not arranged in a nearly equilateral triangle 55

54. Costal spine long and strong Hypopelta Aldrich

No costal spine Agria Desvoidy

55. Third antennal segment more than twice as long as the second; cheeks

less than half as wide as eye-height; parafacials rarely with more

than two rows of hairs 56

Third antennal segment less than twice as long as the second; cheeks
more than half as wide as eye-height; parafacials with several irregu-
lar rows of hairs Emblamasoma Aldrich

56. Arista with several rows of hairs dorsally and a single row of shorter

hairs ventrally; vibrissse situated far above the oral margin (26).

Raviniopsis Townsend
Arista normally plumose 57

57. Front of male with one or two orbitals; at most a single hair on the

notopleura in addition to the two bristles; fourth vein ending rather

near the apex of the wing 58

Front of male without orbitals; always more than a single hair on the
notopleura in addition to the two bristles or the sternopleurals are
all strong and the fourth vein ends far before the apex of the wing
(25) Sarcophaga Meigen

58. Parafacials with two or three rows of hairs; metacephalon swollen.

Sarothromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Parafacials with a single row of hairs; metacephalon not conspicuously
swollen Sarcophagula Wulp

* If there are orbitals in the male see Sarcofihagrula.

t In some species the males have the luopleura haired while the females do not.

410

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Ouelletia, new genus

Rather similar to Senotainia but the facial ridges are haired on
almost the lower half, the arista is wholly thickened and the face re-
treating. Differs from Euscnotainia in having the vibrisste more widely
separated and situated level with the anterior oral margin. Differs
from Euardba in the haired facial ridges and much narrower frontal
vitta. Front three-fourths as wide as either eye, slightly more than one-
third as w4de as the head, the parafrontals wider than the vitta, frontals
ending at base of antenna; two pairs of orbitals in the male and a
reelinate frontal in the orbital row, ocellars long; outer verticals weak.
Cheeks one-fifth as wide as the eye-height. Parafacials wide, setulose on
upper half. Palpi of moderate length. Facial depression very deep.
Antenna? elongate, the third segment very long and broad; arista wholly
thickened, the penultimate segment short. Acrostieals 1-1, weak, dorso-
centrals 2-3, the front ones fine; three pairs of marginal scutellars;
sternopleurals 1-1. Bend of fourth vein with a slight fold; base of third
vein with a single bristle. Squama3 produced inwardly. Abdomen oval,
without discals, the apical two segments with weak marginals. Black,
with whitish pollen; frontal pollen mostly brownish yellow, the meso-
notal pollen with brownish yellow tinge. Abdomen with a broad median
dark vitta and large black triangles on the second and third segments.
Genotype, 0. aristalis, new species, from Lauzon, Quebec, June.

Phrissopodia praeceps Wiedemann.

411

Family Cuterebridae — The Robust Bot Flies

Cuterebra sp.

Flies of large size, the hair very short, sparse except on the thorax;
squamae large; metascutellum not at all developed.

This family differs from the CEstridje in having the scutellum
elongate, the i)ostscutellum entirely undeveloped, the arista is usually
plumose or pectinate, the form is generally more robust and the body
less evidently hairy. In addition the oral opening is larger, sub-
triangular (produced in front toward the vibrissal angles) and the
palpi are always small.

The remarks concerning the CEstridse apply fairly well to this
family. These flies are, in North America at least, mostly parasitic
upon rodents and they have been reared from rabbits, rats, mice and
squirrels. The larvae have been found along rabbit runs, but the adults
are only infrequently encountered.

It seems probable that this family is an offshoot of the MetopiidsE
type rather than of the Tachinid stock as is evidenced by the absence
of the postscutellum and the usually feathered arista. There does not
seem to be a close relationshi]) between these insects and the CEstrid*
despite the similar habits and reduced moutli parts while the Gastero-
philida? are still further removed, coming, as they do, close to the
]\Iuscida?. The Tachinida? having reduced mouth parts have more or
less distinct ab<lominal bristles.

Probably the most unusual habit in the insect world is that of
J)i rmatohiii hominis (cj/aniventris) , the human bot fly. The fly lays
its eggs on otlua- insects, usually mos(juitoes. and they are carried by
the latter to the host. The eggs contain mature first stage larvae and
these emerge from the eggs when the carrier begins feeding and pcne-

412

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

trate the skin. The maggots remain in the host for from forty-five to
fifty-five days and cause rather severe muscular pains as well as induc-
ing drowsiness. It is said that the adult flies lurk in the vicinity of
mosquito infested pools and capture the mosquitoes as they emerge,
laying from ten to thirty eggs on each. I have seen mosquitoes heavily
laden with the eggs. Ticks and species of Muscidse are also carriers.

KEY TO GENERA

1. No facial carina; antennje elongate, the third segment three times as

long as wide 2

Facial cai'ina developed, though low; antennje short, the second segment
rarely over twice as long as wide 3

2. Arista rather thickly long plumose Pseudogametes Bischof

Arista with rays on upper side only (1, 2, 4) Dermatobia Brauer

3. Arista bare (South America) Rogenhofera Brauer

Arista pectinate above and usually with one or more rays below on the

apical part (3, 5, 6) *Cuterebra Clark

* I can find no character by which to separate Bogeria Austen, described from a damaged
specimen lacking the aristal rays and based upon the bare arista. Townsend (Ins. Ins. Mens.,
V, p. 23) attempts to separate the two genera on the shape of the facial depression but I cannot
follow him in this.

Cuterebrida;. — 1, Dermatobia cyaniventris; 2, Dermatobia; 3, Cuterebra, antennse ; 4,
Dermatobia, tarsus ; 5, Cuterebra, tarsus ; 6, Cuterebra.

413

Family CEstridae— The Bot Flies

Flies of moderate to large size, thick set and for the most part more
or less pilose, the squamae large.

Head large, the lower part more or less swollen; mouth opening
small, the mouth parts reduced in size, very small. Front broad in
both sexes, widening anteriorly in the male; ocelli present. Antenna;
short, composed of three segments, decumbent and partly sunken in
the facial depression or antennal grooves; arista bare. Eyes bare, rather
small. Thorax robust, with transverse suture; hypopleura bearing dense,
long hair. Abdomen short, conical or but little elongate; genitalia
hidden. Squama large. Wing venation as in the Tachinidae, the first
vein ending beyond the middle of the wing, the auxiliary vein long
and ending in the costa; fourth vein ending before the apex of the
wing, close to the third; both basal cells present, the second basal and
anal cell short.

The CEstrids are not common in collections and good series of all
but a very few species are unusual. The adults are remarkably good
fliers, are excellent hoverers and extremely difficult to catch as well as
being rarely encountered. Some collectors have had success in locating
larva; and pupae in pastures, and rearing the adults. Otherwise one
usually runs across tlicm only by accident.

In some cases the eggs are laid on the hind legs, the larv£e working
their way under the skin and through the muscles until they reach the
back, where they make an opening through wliicli to breath. The larva?
of some species live in the nasal sinuses and, in sheep, are responsible
for '' staggers". The exact means by which some of the species reach
their feeding places is not known, and, in fact, relatively little is known
about most species which have been described.

In America the larvae of (Estrus ovis have been formed in the eye of
man. Normally the living larvae are deposited in the nostrils or eyes
of sheep, the fly dashing in and depositing a maggot. The larvae work
their way to the nasal sinuses and mature the following spring when
they either drop out or are ejecting during sneezing. In man they have
been found only in the eye, larviposition probably having taken ])lace
as described for sheep. However, there are no records of the victim
having been aware of the attack so it is possible that the larva was
deposited while the victim was sleeping.

414 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

The literature dealing with the family is scattered and a thorough
revision of the American species is badly needed. The genitalia of both
sexes furnish good taxonomic characters.

It is not an easy matter to decide the relationship of this family
but it seems probable that it originated from Taehinid stock, since the
postscutellum is strongly developed, and the scutellum usually short
and broad. The Tachinidffi with reduced mouth opening and mouth
parts are more or less bristled and are consequently easily distinguished.
However, as these are inhabitants of the Old World tropics we need not
discuss them here. More is said about the affinities of the old family
(Estridce under the Cuterehridce.

KEY TO GENERA

1. Apical cell closed and petiolate CEstrus Linnaeus

Apical cell open 2

2. Facial grooves only narrowly separated below (2) . . . .Cephalemya Latreille
Facial grooves very broadly separated 3

3. Palpi absent; scutellum bare on apical third (3) Hypoderma Clark

Palpi small, globular; scutellum pilose apically (1) . . .CEdamagena Latreille

%^0''

t!|BIK!'

CEstridse. — 1, CEdemagena tarandi; 2, Cephalemya abdominalis ; 3, Hypoderma lineatum.

415

Family Tachinidse — The Tachinids

Zenillia species.

Small to rather large flies, the thorax with bristles, the head and
abdomen generally with bristles.

Head variable in size, sometimes narrower than the thorax, at other
times eonspicuously wider; both sexes dichoptic although the eyes of the
males are sometimes closely approximated, rarely so in the females;
front often wide in both sexes, usually wider in the female than in the
male of the same species; frontal bristles almost always present, orbital
bristles usually present in the females and often in the males; ocellars
present or absent; outer verticals ])resent or not distinguishable from
the postoeular cilia; cheeks variable in width; oral margin variable,
sometimes strongly produced, at other times receding; oral vibrissa?
usually present; proboscis variable in length and thickness, sometimes
very elongate, on the other extreme very small; palpi present or absent;
antenna? variable, consisting of three segments, the second with a longi-
tudinal seam above on the outer side and usually bearing stout hairs
and one or more ])ristles; arista composed of two or three obvious seg-
ments, plumose, pubescent or bare. Thorax with bristles; hypopleural
bristles present, rarely weak, postscutellum well developed. Legs
variable, bearing bristles; pul villi always present on at least the, pos-
terior four legs, often elongate. Wings variable in shape, sometimes
pictured; all the veins simple; apical crossvein usually present, formed

416

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

by the curvature of the fourth longitudinal vein, this vein rarely straight
or almost so, sometimes obsolete apically; posterior erossvein rarely
absent; first, third and fifth veins sometimes bristled; basal and anal
cells complete. Squamae almost invariably large. Abdomen variable in
shape, usually bearing conspicuous bristles on the sides, apex and disc,
but these variable; genitalia variable in both sexes.

The Tachinids are, insofar as known, all parasitic on other insects,
particularly Lepidopterous, Tenthrcdinid, and beetle larvae and adult
beetles, as well as Hemiptera, Orthoptera and possibly some other
orders of insects. One or two species are known to be parasitic on other

/

-.5^

j^^

"-^^1

1^

" . ""S.

f ■/^■HI^W PI

P^

Paradejeania species.

flies (Syrphidffi). The species parasitic on Hemiptera usually have a
bristleless, or near bristlelcss abdomen while many of those parasitizing
beetles have a long, piercing ovipositor, but this character is not limited
to such species. The eggs are variable, some being very small (micro-
type), while others are large (macrotype). A small number of species
deposit living larvie or eggs just ready to hatch. The study of the im-
mature stages of the Tachinids should prove to be a most fascinating
one as is indicated by such work as has already been done. The species
of Gonia, which lay microtype eggs, scatter hundreds of them (as many
as a thousand) over vegetation and the ground; they are eaten by
feeding caterpillars and ultimately destroy their host. This may seem
a haphazard way of doing things but the flies are efficient parasites as

FAMILY TACllIXID.K Till: TACl IIXIDS 417

evidenced by their numbers. In at least one species the larvae resembling
little coiled cones, remain for long {)eriods on leaves, until they are
brushed by the hair of a caterpillar, when they suddenly become active,
make their way up the hair and enter the body. Most species, however,
apparently oviposit in or on the host and in the ease of manj' caterpil-
lars the egg shells remain attached to the larva for long periods, and
may be found on them as long as the larval skin exists. This is com-
monly the case Avith silk w^orm caterpillars parasitized by species of
Achaetoneura, but the characteristic is not restricted to this genus. The
literature on this subject is more extensive than one might imagine
although I must confess that I. am not familiar with it in its entirety.

The study of the immature stages has been greatly stimulated be-
cause of the economic importance of these insects. A goodly number of
species have been imported to America in connection with the natural
control of foreign pests which have become established here and the
study of the grouj) has resulted. The best known of the imported
Tachinids is Compsilura cnncinnata Bouche, which is now well estab-
lished in the northeastern states and parts of eastern Canada, and is
spreading rapidly. Tliis species is one of the chief parasites of the Clypsy
]\Ioth but it apparently attacks almost any kind of cateri^illar. Micro-
phthahna michiganensis Townsend, has been established in New Zealand
from shipments made ])y the Canadian government. Some of the species
imported have occurred in this country for many years and are perhaps
indigenous but it is not by any means certain that the native flies wall
attack the alien hosts. This point is mentioned merely to illustrate the
fact that the same species may have different habits in different regions.
It also demonstrates our lack of knowledge concerning these insects.
Parasites are searched for in all ])arts of the world, but most of those
we have introduced are from Europe and Asia. Just how many of these
introductions have resulted in the definite establishment of species in
this country w^e do not know, but there are some failures as well as
notable successes. Immediate results in control must not be expected,
but it seems likely that in due time a natural control of the pests will
occur. To expect the Tachinids, or other parasites, to control the pests
they are brought to fight within a few years is just as absurd as to have
expected the Pilgrim Fathers to have completely settled this country in
ten years.

Tachinids occur everywhere and many s])ecies are common. Clear-
ings or lanes in woods are excellent for some species; most of them visit
flowers at some time or other, and many are found in grass. A few
species are nocturnal, others fly at dusk or on dark days and a number

418

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

of them are attracted to light. "Honey dew" is very attractive to many
of the species. The adults are frequently very busy creatures and many
females seem to fly incessantly in search of a suitable host for their off-
spring.

It is extremely unfortunate that this important family is in such
a hopeless state taxonomically. The forms I include were at one time
placed in two distinct families, the Tachinidee and Dexiida, and some
authors have recognized a number of families for the group. The Dexiids
were separated because of the plumose or haired arista but the charac-
ter is not of value. During my studies of this family I have searched in
vain for reliable characters by which to differentiate groups. Many
characters are good up to a certain point but beyond that they cease to
be of real value. In many genera the propleura is haired but in some
this character is not reliable. The same is true in regard to the hairiness
of the lower squamal lobe, a character occurring in but a few genera in
the world. The chgetotaxy is variable and there is every gradation be-
tween extremes.

Complex antennae found in Tachinidse.

The question of generic limits in this family is a most perplexing
one. No two people have the same conception of, generic limits and it
will be found that I disagree in many respects with Townsend, Ville-
neuve, Aldrich and others, although agreeing rather well with Dr.
Aldrich. I have been unable to correlate all of Townsend "s genera with
my conception of genera but I have indicated, in the index, a great many
which I think should be placed in the synonymy. It might be, of course,
that I have gone too far in reducing the number of described genera
and that some of those relegated to the synonymy should be recognized
as distinct. I feel, however, that the number of genera recognized is
still too large and that we may safely reduce it to the benefit of the
taxonomy of the family. It is true that in the present work I have
added a number of new names and my excuse for doing so is to be
found in the fact that I am unable to place the species in any described

FAMILY TACHINID.^ — THE TACHINIDS 419

genus known to me. No one can correct the classification of this family
without a very large collection from all parts of the world and a very
extensive study will be necessary before any satisfactory generic limita-
tion can be fixed. Indeed, the classification can never be settled because
we are continually discovering new connecting links between genera
and species. Some genera are well established and fairlv well limited
but the number is small.

It is unfortunate that Dr. C. H. T. Townscnd has been unable (up
to the present time) to find a publisher for his volumes on the classifica-
tion of this family. No one has ever equalled Townsend in knowledge of
the Tachinidas and liis keys would prove to be of inestimable value and
would throw light on the position of the hundreds of genera described
in various places. At the present time one is absolutely lost unless speci-
mens are availa])lc, and it is only by chance that an occasional specimen
can be determined.

The student will find a number of changes in nomenclature incor-
porated in this work and I fear that this will cause some confusion.
However, due to the work of Townsend and others we have now dis-
covered older names for many of our species and genera and many
misconceptions in identification have been corrected. It is suggested
that, if a name occurs in literature and cannot be found in the key, it
be looked for in the index. In this way most of the names will be found.
Nevertheless, there will be confusion because most of the older authors
had little conception of the position of the species described and many
very different forms have been placed in the same genus. Things are
not quite as hopeless as they may seem, but the beginner will find him-
self badly handicapped, at least until a catalogue is published.

A preliminary key has been prepared in order to obviate the neces-
sity of going through the entire key and turning many pages before
arriving at suitable couplet. Any figures on the right of the page of
the abbreviated key refer to a couplet in the key proper and the search
for the genus sliould be taken up from that point.

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF KEY GROUPS

A. Lower lobe of sciuamse bare above T>

Lower lobe of squamae pilose above 2

B. Middle of propleura bare C

Middle of propleura with pile or hair 4

C. Infrasquamal setulae absent; abdomen with bristles E

Infrasquamal setulae present or the abdomen without dorsal bristles. . D

D. Eyes haired 55

Eyes bare or almost so 84

420 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

E. Eyes bare or with inconspicuous short hair G

Eyes pilose ^

F. Parafacials with hairs or bristles extending- to the lower half 161

Parafacials bare at least on the low^er half 181

G. Parafacials with hairs or bristles 23'i

Parafacials bare on at least the lower half H

H. Thorax without plumose hairs I

Thorax with plumose hairs Teleothyria

I. Facial ridges bristled on less than the lower half J

Facial ridges with strong bristles on lower half or more 293

J. Apical crossvein present ".

Apical crossvein absent 342

K. Palpi present and well developed I'

Palpi absent or very greatly reduced 348

L. Apical cell at most with an extremely short petiole M

Apical cell long petiolate 355

M. Ultimate section of fifth vein less than half as long as the preceding

section

Ultimate section of fifth vein three-fourths as long as the preceding
section Catalinovoria

N. Penultimate aristal segment not over twice as long as wide O

Penultimate aristal segment three times as long as wide 361

0. No appendage or strong fold at bend of fourth vein 385

A strong appendage or fold at bend of fourth vein 372

KEY TO GENERA

1. Lower lobe of squamae bare or pubescent above 3

Lower lobe of squamae with long, fine hairs above 2

2. Parafacials haired to below the middle (113) Bombyliopsis Townsend

Parafacials with but a few hairs below the frontals (91).

Hystricia Macquart

3. Middle of propleura bare 53

Middle of propleura with pile or hair 4

4. Eyes thickly hairy, the head almost as long below as at base of

antennae '■ ^

Eyes bare, or, if pilose, the face retreating and the facial ridges usu-
ally bristled on the lower half 8

5. Parafacials bare "

Parafacials haired on lower half '

6. Facial ridges bristled on lowest three-fourths; first vein setulose.

Hypochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm
Facial ridges and first vein bare (100).

Pseudohystricia Brauer & Bergenstamm

FAMILY TACHINID.K — THE TACIIINIDS 421

7. Palpi well developed Arthrochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm

Palpi absent or extremely small; large, robust species.

Tachinomima Brauer & Bergenstamm

8. Thorax without plumose hair 9

Thorax, at least on the pleura, clothed with plumose hairs (Genotype:

Ptilomyia bequaerti Curran) Ptilomyioides, n. g.

9. Palpi present, strongly developed, at least as long as the second an-

tennal segment 19

Palpi absent or very small 10

10. Arista plumose 11

Arista bare or pubescent 13

11. Posterior tibiae rather closely ciliate Opsotheresia Townsend

Posterior tibias not ciliate 12

12. Palpi absent *Atelogossa Coquillett

Palpi slender and short Phasiops Coquillett

13. Parafacials with hairs or bristles 14

Parafacials bare; ocellars strong (54) tCylindromyia Meigen

14. Ocellars strong 15

Ocellars weak or absent; parafacials without bristles 18

15. Parafacials with strong bristles below; apical cell petiolate.

Antillicolla Curran
Parafacials with hair 16

16. Apical cell ending very close to wing-tip; head short.

Phosocephala Townsend
Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip; head long 17

17. Abdomen with ordinary bristles below, rounded apically.

Gymnomma Brauer & Bergenstamm
Abdomen with spines ventraliy, emarginate apically. Juriniopsis Townsend

18. With ordinary bristles on the abdomen Epalpus Rondani

With blunt spinose bristles on the dorsum of the abdomen.

Rhachoepalpus Townsend

19. Parafacials hairy or bristly to well below the middle 20

Parafacials with at most a few hairs below the lowest frontals 33

20. Parafacials with ordinary hairs 22

Parafacials with bristles 21

21. Apical cell open (73, 74) Goniochaeta Townsend

Apical cell petiolate Eutrichogena Townsend

22. Ocellar bristles sti'ongly developed 27

Ocellar bristles extremely weak or absent 23

23. Palpi but little longer than the length of the oral opening, enlarged

apically 25

Palpi very much longer than the length of the oral opening, with par-
allel sides or somewhat narrowed apically 24

* Curiiin. 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi. p. 92.
t Aldrich, 1926, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixviii. Art. 23, pp. 1-27.

422

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinidje I. — 1, Lydella; 2, Aphria occidentalis ; 3, Spallanzania hebes; 4. Leschenaultia
adusta ; 5, Acemya dentata, antenna; 6, Atacta ; 7. Peleteria; S, Voria riiralis; 9, Tachin-
omyia robusta ; 10, Cistogaster; 11, Archytas; 12, 13, Gonia, head, dorsal and lateral views;
14, Epigrimyia? ; 15, Alophora; 16, Plectops; 17, Dejeania vexatrix.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHINIDS 423

24. Aciostical bristles absent Eudejeania Townsend

Acrostical bristles present (17) Dejeania Brauer & Berj^enstamm

25. Abdomen convex, the apex rounded 26

Abdomen very large, unusually flat above, sub-rectangular, the apex

sti'ongiy emargindte (60) Paradejeania Brauer & Bergenstamm

26. Second abdominal segment with at most four median marginals, if

with discals they are arranged in pairs (11, 102) . . ."Archytas Jaennicke
Second abdominal segment with many marginals, numerous discals or
the pile very long and bristly (95) Jurinia Desvoidy

27. Ultimate section of fifth vein two-thirds as long as preceding section.

Metaplagia Coquillett
Ultimate section of fifth vein not one-third as long as preceding sec-
tion 28

28. Abdomen without discals, or they are fine and hair-like 29

Second and third abdominal segments with strong discals.

Protodejeania Townsend

29. Face not carinate on lower half of depression 31

Face carinate on whole length of depression 30

30. Hair of parafacials inconspicuous. .. .Myiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm
Hair of parafacials strong Ursophyto Aldrich

31. Arista plumose Phalacrodexia Townsend

Arista bare or pubescent 32

32. Posterior sublateral bristle present.

fCnephaliodes Bi'auer & Bergenstamm
Posterior sublateral bristle absent; proboscis long, the labellje small.

Phytopsis Townsend

33. Frontal bristles not or scarcely extending below the base of the an-

tennas; arista strongly pubescent or plumose 38

Frontal bristles usually extending to the base of the third antennal
segment; arista not conspicuously pubescent 34

34. Ocellars present 35

Ocellars absent JBelvosia Desvoidy

35. Facial ridges with strong bristles on at least the lower half 37

Facial ridges with only a few hairs above the vibrissa 36

36. Eyes pilose (Zenillia submissa A. & W.) Collatia, n. g.

Eyes bare Parademoticus Townsend

37. Infrasquamal setulje present Hypochaetopsis Townsend

Infrasquamal setulae absent Chaetophlepsis Townsend

38. Arista with long rays 39

Arista with long rays §Arctophyto Townsend

39. Infrasquamal setulae absent 40

Infrasquamal setulae present (Metopiidse) Opsodexia Townsend

* Cui-ran. 1928. Can. Ent., Ix, p. 202.

t Rowe, 1931, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxiv, p. 647 (Fabriciella).

t Aldrich. 1928. Pr. U. S. N. M.. Ixxiii, Art. 8, pp. 1-45.

§ Curran, 1924, Can. Ent.. Ivi, p. 302.

424

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Taohinidje II.— 18, 19, Acaulona costata; 20. Alophora fumosa; 21, 22, Alophora; 23, 24,
Ceratomyi«lla: 25, Euscopolia dakotensis ; 26, 27, CEstrophasia calva; 2cS, 29, Euryceromyia
robertsoni, bristles omitted from third vein of winK ; 30, 31, Neophyto setosa (Metopiida;) ;
32, 33, Rhinophora mexicana ; 31, Cryptomeigenia; 35, Myiophasia; 36, Binghamimyia ; 37, 38,
Hemyda aiirata; 39, Cuphoceia; 40, 41, Wagneria, bristles omitted from veins.

FAMILY TAClllMD.K TIIK TACIIIXIDS 425

40. Second abdominal segment with dorsal bristles 46

Second abdominal segment without dorsal bristles 41

41. Sides of face diverging below; cheeks wider than length of thiril an-

tenna! segment 42

Sides of face slightly converging below; cheeks about as wide as
width of third antennal segment Xanthodexia Wulp

42. Face strongly carinate 44

Face at most weakly carinate 43

43. Proboscis decidedly longer than the head-height. . . Prosenoides Townsend
Proboscis shorter than the head-height (118, 122) Billsea Desvoidy

44. Antennae not nearly reaching the vibrissas 45

Antennae reaching almost to the vibrissa Theresiopsis Townsend

45. Facial carina not convex in profile 48

Facial carina convex in profile Opsotheresia Townsend

46. Facial carina strong and prominent 51

Facial carina weak, obsolete or nearly so 47

47. Apical cell ending in or near the wing-tip.

Stomatodexia Brauer & Bergenstamni
Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip 48

48. Antennae reaching about half way to the oral mSrgin.

Phalacrophyto Townsend
Antennae reaching more than half way to the oral margin 49

49. Abdomen broadly oval; larger, more or less castaneous species.

Theresia Desvoidy
Abdomen narrower; smaller, non-castaneous 50

50. Second abdominal segment without strong marginals.

Paratheresia Townsend
Second abdominal segment with a pair of strong marginals.

*Eutheresia Towmsend

51. Second abdominal segment with only one pair of marginals, or they

are not spine-like 52

Second abdominal segment with three or more pairs of marginal
spines; lai'ge, robust species Chaefogyne Brauer & Bergenstamm

52. Claws short and thick basally, bent at almost a right angle at their

middle; parafacials with inconspicuous hairs.

Myiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm
Claws normal, moderately curved apically (118, 122) . . .Billaea Desvoidy

53. Infrasquamal setulse absent, abdomen always with bristles, at least

on the apical segments 159

Infrasquamal setul?e present or the abdomen without well-developed
bristles 54

54. Eyes thickly haired 55

Eyes bare or with inconspicuous, short, sparse hair 84

55. Parafacials with hairs or bristles on at least the upper half 56

Parafacials bare or with only a few hairs below the f rentals 65

* Cuiran, 1929, Can. Ent., Ixi, p. 33.

426

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinida? III. — 42. Paradidyma braueri ; 43. Paradid> ma, apex of front tarsus of $ : 44.
Vanderwulpia townsendi; 45, Paradidyma braueri, front tarsus of male: 46, Spallanzania ;
47, Beskia cornuta; 48, 49, Spathidexia dunningi ; 50, 51, Genera incert. ; 52, Paradidyma
braueri; 33. Vanderwulpia townsendi; 54. Cylindromyia; 55. Catharosia nebulosa ; 56, Gym-
nochiPta: 57. Zenillia 5S, 59. Penthosia satanica; 60. Paradejeania; 61. Cuphocera; 62.
Taxigramma (Metopiida;) ; 63, 64, Icelia triquetra; 65, 66, Uramya halesidotae; 67, 68,
Leucostoma.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E — THE TACHIXIDS 427

56. Ultimate section of fifth vein not over one-third as long as the pie-

ceding- section, or the parafacials without bristles 58

Ultimate section of fifth vein at least half as long as the preceding
section; parafacials with one or more proclinate bristles 57

57. Inner end of posterior crossvein lying immediately behind the an-

terior crossvein Plagia Meigen

Discal crossvein lying well beyond the anterior crossvein.

Cyrtophloeba Rondani

58. Fourth vein angulate or with sharp curve; abdomen with strong-

bristles 59

Fourth vein approaching the third in a gentle curve; abdomen with
only weak bristles apically Gymnophania Brauer & Bergenstamm

59. Parafacials without bristles along their inner edges, sometimes with

bristly hairs along their middle (51

Parafacials with a row of bristles along their inner edges 60

60. Basal two aristal segments short; antennae simple in both sexes 60a

Basal aristal segments very elongate; third antennal segment of male

composed of two or three arms (103, 104) Dichocera Williston

60a. Third antennal segment but little longer than the second.

Muscopteryx Townsend
Third antennal segment several times as long as the second (42, 43,
45, 52, 96 ) Paradidyma Brauer & Bergenstamm

61. Parafacials without strikingly long hair, or it is irregularly spaced.. . . 62
Parafacials with the haiis arranged in a median series and increas-
ingly long and strong below *Eulasiona Townsend

62. Bend of fourth vein with at most a distinct fold 63

Bend of fourth vein with a long appendage.

Metopomuscopteryx Townsend

63. Three pairs of presutural acrostical bristles or three presutural dor-

socentrals Lydina Desvoid}'

At most two pairs of presutural acrostical bristles 64

64. Two pairs of presutural acrosticals and dorsocentrals (35, 139).

Myiophasia Brauer & Bergenstamm
A single pair of presutural acrosticals and two pairs of dorso-
centrals. Townsendina, n. g.

65. Facial ridges without strong bristles 69

Facial lidges with strong bristles on lower half or more 66

66. Parafacials not wider than antennae 67

Parafacials much wider than antennae; oral margin scarcely produced.

Myiopharus Brauer & Bergenstamm

67. Arista long plumose Comyops Wulp

Arista at most very short plumose 68

68. Ocellars strong; face not strongly retreating below; female piercer

as long as the abdomen Spathimyia Townsend

Ocellars absent or hairlike; face strongly retreating.

Paralispe Brauer & Bergenstamm

* Cuiran, lO'iT, Bull. Biooklyn Ent. Sor., xxii, ii. 149.

428

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinidw IV. — 69, Plagiomima anomala; 70. Beskia cornuta; 71, Xanthomelana
arcuata; 72, Pachyophthalmus floridensis (Metopiida?) ; 73, 74, Goniochseta plagioides; 75,
Pachyophfhalinus floridensis (Metopiidaj) ; 76, Xanthomelana arcuata; 77, Linnaemya; 78,
Siphona; 79, Plagioniima anomala; 80, 81, Euthera tentatrix ; 82, Epigrimyia; 83, Cha?toplagia;
84, 85, Euthyprosopa petiolata; 86, Chsetoplagia ; 87, Chatogsedia analis; 88, Metopia
(Metopiidffi) ; 89, Melanophrys insolita; 90, Opsidia gonioidcs (Mefopiidae) ; 91, Hystricia; 92,
Chryseria flava.

FAMILY TACHIXID.i: THE TACHIXIDS 429

69. Not metallic green or blue 70

Metallic green or blue Chrysotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm

70. Parafrontals polliiiose, at most bare at the vertex 71

Paraf rentals shining black Polidaria n. g.

71. Oral margin not strongly obliciue in front nor carried strongly up-

ward toward the base of the antennae; antennse situated at or above

the middle of the eyes; oral margin produced or not 72

Oral margin and antennal base unusually approximated, the oral mar-
gin strongly oblique in front; antennfe situated below the middle
of the eyes; paraf acials always with many hairs below the frontals.

Lydina Desvoidy

72. Ocellar bristles strong 75

Ocellars absent or very weak 73

73. Antennae inserted at upper fourth of eyes; bend of fourth vein with

stump (141, 167) Xanthophyto Townsend

Antennae inserted at middle of eyes; bend of fourth vein wathout
stump 74

74. Arista plumose (188, 195) Zonalia, n. g.

Arista short pubescent or bare (146, 161, 166, 187) Corozalia, n. g.

75. Head almost as long below as at the antennae, the oral margin pro-

duced; vibrissfe usually situated above oral margin 77

Face retreating below; vibrissae level with oral margin 76

76. Fifth vein bristled Minthoplagia Townsend

Fifth vein bare 78

77. Palpi of normal length, more or less swollen apically 78

Palpi not more than half the usual length, never widened apically;

fourth vein with long appendage at bend (77) . . . .Linnaemya Desvoidy

78. Pteropleural bristle extending to the apex of the squamae 81

Pteropleural bristle normal 79

79. Face about as long below as at the antennse 80

Face strongly receding Thelairodoria Townsend

80. Abdomen long and slender Oxydexia Bigot

Abdomen short, robust Mericia Desvoidy

81. Posterior pair of presutural acrosticals situated very close to the

suture 82

Posterior pair of presutural acrosticals situated far before the suture;
female ocellars reclinate; male with outer verticals.

Trafoia Brauer & Bergenstamm

82. Pleura with fine, pale pile below; third antennal segment rounded

apically Neoerigone Townsend

Pleura wholly black haired 83

83. Front tarsi of female broadened; third antennal segment rectangular

at upper apex (142) (Exoristoides Coquillett, Exoristopsis Town-
send ) *Eversmannia Desvoidy

Third antennal segment rounded at upper apex Mericina Curran

* The tienera Neoerigone, Eversmannia and Mericina are so poorly distinguished that I
think they should be united. For key to species see Aldrich, Proc. U. S. N. M., Ixxxi, Art. 9,
p. 24 (Exoristoides).

430

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinidje V.— 93, Fischeria fla\a; y4, Zenillia; 95, Juriuia; 96, Paradidyma singularis:
97, 98, Stomatomya parvipalpis; 99, Miciophthalma disjuncta: 100, Pseudohystricia; lol,
Microtrichoma?; 102, Arehytas calilornica; 103, Dichocera lyrata; 104, Dichocera lyrata,
antenna: 105, Mascopteryx; 106, Hilarella (Metopiida;) ; 107. Neotractocera; lOS, Viviania;
109, Acha?toneura; 110, Senotainia (Metopiidw) ; 111, Gsediopsis ; 112, Genea analis : 113,
Bombyliopsis; 114, Clisetoglossa, proboscis omitted.

FAMILY TACHINID.E THE TACHINIDS 431

84. Arista pubescent or bare 100

Arista at least short plumose on basal half 85

85. Oral margin distinctly produced 9G

Oral margin scarcely prominent, the face almost vertical 86

86. Width of clypeus much greater than width of third antennal segment. 87
Width of clypeus not greater than width of third antennal segment.

Macrometopa Brauer & Bergenstamm

87. Parafacials with hair 92

Parafacials bare 88

88. Ocellars long and strong 91

Ocellars hairlike 89

89. First vein bare 90

First vein bristled Gymnopalpus Townsend

90. Arista short plumose on whole length; no di seals on intermediate seg-

ments; first segment without marginals Pseudochaetona Townsend

Arista short plumose on basal half only; abdomen with discals, the
first segment with marginals (186, 190) Chaetonalia, n. g.

91. Aristal rays as long as the width of the third antennal segment.

Ebenia Macquart
Aristal rays about half as long as the width of the third antennal
segment ( 169, 191 ) Canalia, n. g.

92. Antennae reaching more than half way to the oral margin 93

AntennjB reaching only half way to oral margin; prosternum with a

pair of bristles Myoceropsis Townsend

93. Hair of parafacials coarse 94

Hair of parafacials very fine; first vein bare (121, 134) .Cholomyia Bigot

94. Apical cell ending near the wing-tip 95

Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip Microchaetina Wulp

95. First vein setose (154, 180) Schwarzalia, n. g.

First vein bare Parazelia Townsend

96. Proboscis, measured from base of apical section, at most slightly

longer than length of oral opening 97

Proboscis twice as long as length of oral opening.

Mochlosoma Brauer & Bergenstamm

97. Apical cell closed and short petiol^ls 98

Apical cell broadlv open (Clinoneura, B.B.; Paramyocera Towns.)

(119, 124, 125, 133) *Rhynchiodexia Bigot

98. Third vein setose less than half way to the anterior crossvein 99

Third vein setose to the anterior crossvein Megerlea Desvoidy

99. Bend of fourth vein with long appendage Hypenomyia Townsend

Bend of fourth vein with at most a very short appendage.

Dinera Desvoidy

100. Face without a very prominent carina appearing above the antennae

in profile 101

* Curran, 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi, p. 93.

432

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

123

128

Tachinidse VI.— 115, Melanophora ; 116. Sophia; 117, Calodexia; 118. Bill<«a ; 119. Khyn-
chiodexia; 120. Sootiptera; 121. Cholomyia; 122. Billaea ; 123. Thelaira ; 124. 125. Rhynchio-
dexia; 126. Calodexia; 127. Hystrichodexia; 128. Zelia : 129, Scotiptera melaleuca; 130,
Hystrichodexia; 131, Zelia; 132. Chaetona; 133, Rhynchiodexia; 134, Cholomyia, legs.

FAMILY TACHIXID-12 — THE TACHIXIDS 433

Face short, with a strong facial carina, the antennal grooves deep;
proboscis one-half longer than the head-height; abdomen without
bristles, the apical segments with longish hairs; female genitalia
with stout spines on the sides Imitomyia Townsend

101. Second abdominal segment with at least well developed median mar-

ginals 123

Second abdominal segment without dorsal bristles 102

102. Posterior tibiae without flattened bristles 108

Posterior tibiae ciliate dorsally with scale-like bristles (163, 164).

Trichiopoda Latreille

103. Facial depression shallow or somewhat carinate, if deep not sub-oval

in outline; arista, if wholly thickened, reddish in color 104

Facial depression very deep and sub-oval; arista black, wholly thick-
ened; shining black flies (89) Melanophrys Williston

104. Arista not wholly thickened; parafacials without transverse furrows. .105
Arista wholly thickened; parafacials shining black, with many trans-
verse furrows (25 ) Euscopolia Townsend

105. Fourth vein strongly curved beyond the crossvein 106

Fourth vein gently curved, the apical cell open in the wing-tip.

Gyninophania Brauer & Bergenstamm

106. Face not or but little retreating, the vibrissse situated well above the

oral margin 109

Face strongly retreating, oral vibrissae strongly differentiated and on
a level with the oral margin, or absent 107

107. Apical cell petiolate 108

Apical cell open near the wing-tip Pseudapinops Coquillett

108. Apical cell ending well before the wing-tip. .. .*Hesperophasia Townsend
Apical cell ending in the wing-tip (55) Catharosia Rondani

109. Oral vibrissae, if strongly differentiated, situated almost level with

the oral margin; abdomen short, oval, spherical or flattened, rarely

elongate 110

Oral vibrissae sti'ongly developed, sometimes duplicated, situated well
above the oral margin and without hairs above or below; abdomen
long and narrow (71, 76) Xanthomelana Wulp

110. Abdomen short, or if elongate not flattened Ill

Abdomen elongate and flattened; oral margin produced; apical cell

petiolate; wing veins broadly bordered with black.

Bibiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm

111. Sternites broad, the female genitalia not remarkably large; oral

vibrissae usually strongly differentiated, their angle high above the
oi'al margin; abdomen short, rather spherical in outline, strongly

convex or flattened 113

Sternites linear, thread-like; second sternite large, produced down-
ward and with very short, stout setulse on the lower part; female
genitalia very large; vibrissae distinct, situated but little above the
oral margin; palpi minute 112

* Curran, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 300.

434

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinidffi VII.— 135, Blondelia; 136. 137. Doryphorophaga ; 138, Pelecotheca; 139,
Myiophasia; 140. Compsilura; 141. Xanthophyto; 142. Eversmannia ; 143, Aridalia; 144.
Eurycciomyia; 145. Wirthemia; 146. Coiozalia rufiventris; 147. Zuanalia.

FAMILY TACHINID.^ THE TACHINIDS 435

112. Apical cell long petiolate or the apical crossvein absent.

Besseria Desvoidy
Apical cell open near the wing-tip Apinops Coquillett

113. Oral vibrissse situated high above the oral margin or not strongly

differentiated; if the abdomen bears bristles the apical cell is open. 117
Oral vibrissse sti'ongly developed, level with the strongly produced
oral margin 114

114. Apical cell long petiolate (55) Catharosia Rondani

Apical cell open or closed in or near the wing-tip 115

115. Parafacials bare on lower half 116

Parafacials with bristly hairs Chiricahuia Townsend

116. Abdomen with bristles. . Erythromelana Townsend

Abdomen with weak, bristly hairs apically; apical crossvein absent.

Bezzimyia Townsend

117. Anterior femora with only the usual fine or bristly hairs beneath.. 118
Anterior femora on the apical half of the ventral edges with row

of short stout, bristly setulse Gymnosoma Meigen

118. Abdomen flattened or twice as long as wide 119

Abdomen strongly convex, hemispherical (10) Cistogaster Latreille

119. Apical cell broadly open or closed in the costa near the wing-tip 120

Apical cell long petiolate 122

120. Abdomen without bristles 121

Abdomen with well developed bristles on the apical segments.

Trichoclytia Townsend

121. A row of dorsocentrals, one situated in front of the suture (92).

Chryseria Desvoidy
At most two pairs of conspicuous dorsocentrals Phasia Latreille

122. Pleura with very dense pale hairs above (15, 20, 21, 22).

Alophora Desvoidy
Pleura with ordinary black hairs and bristles Hyalomya Desvoidy

123. Parafacials with one or more downwardly directed bristles below the

frontal row or with hairs extending to or below the middle 124

Parafacials with at most a few hairs below the lowest f rentals 138

124. With one or more downwardly directed parafacial bristles 125

Without strong parafacial bristles, the hairs sometimes stout but

always weaker than the lower frontals 129

125. Apical cell open; apical section of fifth vein over half as long as the

preceding section 126

Apical cell long petiolate *Hesperophasia Townsend

126. Parafacials with several downwardly directed bristles 127

Parafacials with a single downwardly directed bristle (8).

Voria Desvoidy

* Cunan. 1927. Can. Ent., p. 300.

436

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinidffi VIII.— 148, Actia; 149, Elodia; 150, Epigrimyia; 151, Thelairalia; ir,2, Pele-
cotheca; 153, Doryphorophaga ; 154, Schwarzalia ; 155, Ricosia; 156, Compsilura ; 157, The-
lairalia; 158, Patillalia ; 159, Anacamptomjia aniericana; 160, Agrarialia ; 161, Corozalia; 162,
Winthemia; 163, Trichiopoda.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHIXIDS 437

127. Pteropleural bristle normal 128

Pteropleural bristle reaching to the apex of the squamse.

Meleterus Aldrich

128. Face retreating- below Paedarium Aldrich

Face as long below as at the antennae Chaetovoria Villeneuve

129. Oral vibrissse situated level with the oral margin; posterior crossvein

situated near the middle of the wing 180

Oral vibrissEe either situated well above the oral margin or the pos-
terior crossvein near the apical third of the wing 133

130. Cheeks very much narrower than the eye-height 131

Cheeks almost or quite as wide as the eye-height... .*Uclesia Girschner

131. Facial depression broad and shallow, the edges rather flattened 132

Facial depression deep and narrow, the edges prominent.

Menetus Aldrich

132. Parafacials rather narrow, with small hairs over a considerable part

of the surface Metavoria Townsend

Parafacials wide Metaplagia Coquillett

133. Apical cell at most extremely short petiolate 134

Apical cell long petiolate 137

134. Face strongly receding below; third antennal segment about three

times as long as the second; three pairs of strong scutellars, the

apical pair widely spaced and divergent 13G

Face usually but little receding; third antennal segment less than twice
as long as the second 135

135. Costal spine short; facial depression rather narrow (35, 139).

Myiophasia Townsend
Costal spine long and strong; facial depression wide Lasionalia, n. g.

136. First vein setulose on apical half Meigeniella Coquillett

First vein bare (34) fCryptomeigenia Brauer & Bergenstamm

137. Third vein ending near the wing-tip (32, 33) Rhinophora Desvoidy

Third vein ending far before the wing-tip Steveniopsis Townsend

138. Frontal vitta opaque 139

Frontal vitta shining black (37, 38) Hemyda Desvoidy

139. Posterior tibiae without scale-like bristles 140

Posterior tibiae ciliate above with scale-like bristles (102, 139).

Trichiopoda Latreille

140. Anterior femora with a row of long bristles on at least the apical

half of the posteroventral surface, appearing as widely spaced cilia. 141
Anterior femora with at most two or three posteroventral bristles
apically; the hairs on the posterior sui-face wholly appressed (18,
19) Acaulona Wulp

141. Apical cell open, or if closed in the wing margin there are hairs about

the base of the vibrissas 143

Apical cell closed and petiolate 142

* Curran, 1927, Can. Ent.. p. 299.

t Curran, 1926, Tr. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec. v, p. 156.

438

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

170

Tachinidae IX. — 164, Trichiopoda ; 165, Patillalia; 166, Corozalia pananiensis ; 167, Xan-
thophyto; 168. Aridalia; 169, Canalia; 170, Oxynopsalia ; 171, Anadiscalia; 172, Prorhynchops?
errans; 173, Elodia; 174. Epigriinyia; 175, Doryphorophaga; 176, Shermanalia ; 177, Zuanalia;
178, Pseudeuantha.

FAMILY TACHINID.E THE TACflINID« - 439

142. No hairs surrounding the oral vibrissas which are situated high above

the oral margin; abdomen long and slender (71, 76).

Xanthomelana Wulp
Vibrissas situated level witli the oral margin, or if somewhat above
with a few hairs near their base; abdomen, from dorsal view, spher-
ical in outline *Clistomorpha Townsend

143. Oral vibrissae differentiated; oral margin not rounded anteriorly in

profile 144

Oral vibrissas not differentiated, or only very weakly so; head convex
below in profile; clypeal region narrow and at least two-thirds as
long as upper part of face Eutrixa Coquillett

144. Costal spine not greatly developed, never longer than the width of the

costal cell and not conspicuous 145

Costal spine as long as width of costal and subcostal cells combined;
vibrissae level with oral margin; parafacials gently convex in profile.

Phrynofrontina Townsend

145. Face strongly retreating, vibrissae level with oral margin or situated

moderately above; three or four pairs of marginal scutellars and
sometimes a weak apical pair which may be cruciate; arista rarely
thickened to beyond the middle, the penultimate segment never

elongate 153

Face almost as long below as at base of antennae; arista often thick-
ened to the apical fourth and with the penultimate segment elon-
gate 146

146. Arista not thickened on its whole length; facial depression not oval

and deeply sunken 147

Arista thickened on its whole length; facial depression oval and very
deep (89) 3Ielanophrys Williston

147. Parafacials more or less yellowish in ground color; abdomen usually

largely yellow and extensively pollinose 148

Parafacials silvery pollinose on a black ground; abdomen shining
black, the sides sometimes broadly red; vibrissae level with oral
margin Dionsa Desvoidy

148. Cheeks more than one-tenth as wide as the eye-height; female ab-

domen not truncate at apex from lateral view 149

Cheeks at most one-fifteenth as wide as the eye-height; arista short
plumose; ocellars absent or very weak (117) fCalodexia Wulp

149. Vibrissal angles not approximated, or if so the vibrissse situated level

with the oral margin 150

Vibrissal angles conspicuously approximated, the vibrissae situated
above the oral margin (92) Chryseria Desvoidy

150. Anterior crossvein situated half way between the tip of the auxiliary

and first veins; posterior crossvein but little oblique 151

Anterior crossvein situated behind the tip of the first vein; posterior
crossvein very oblique Catalinovoria Townsend

151. Vibrissae situated distinctly above the oral margin; oral margin not

prominent ( 108 ) Viviania Rondani

Vibrissae level with oral margin 152

* Curran, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 297.

t Curran, 1934, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 685.

440

XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tachinidffi X. — 179, Agrarialia; 180, Schwarzalia ; ISl, Microtownsendia ; 182, Anadiscalia;
183, Siphona; 184, Pseudeuantha ; 185, Sherinanalia; 186, Chaetonalia; 187, Corozalia; 188,
Zonalia; 189, Actia ; 190. Chiptonalia; 191, Canalia ; 192, Blondelia: 193, Microtownsendia;
194, Oxynopsalia; 195, Zonalia.

FAMILY TACHIXID.T: THE TACHIXIDS 44]

152. Proboscis very long and slender; ovipositor normal. Ginglimyia Townsend
Proboscis short, the labell« fleshy; ovipositor as long- as abdomen.

Xiphomyia Townsend

153. Ocellars distinct 155

Ocellars absent; three sternopleurals 154

154. Abdomen broad, oval as in Sturmia ProrogluU Townsend

Abdomen rather narrow, tapering Lixinia Curran

155. Vibrissce situated above the oral margin, the oral margin not promi-

nent (108) Viviania Rondani

Vibrissse practically level with the oral margin, the oral margin slightly
produced 156

156. Two or three pairs of presutural acrosticals, the middle pair always

strong . 157

One or two pairs of weak presutural acrosticals. Ochromeigenia Townsend

157. First vein bare 15S

First vein setulose Thelairochaetona Townsend

158. Anterior tibi£e with a single posterior bristle Erycioides Curran

Anterior tibiae with two posterior bristles (Lydella auct.) (135, 192).

*Blondelia Desvoidy

159. Eyes with long or dense hair 160

Eyes bare or with inconspicuous, short spai'se hair 235

160. Parafacials with hairs or bristles extending to the lower half 161

Parafacials with at most a few hairs below the frontals 181

161. Palpi normal in length, usually thickened apically 162

Palpi greatly reduced, slender, never much more than twice the length

of the thickness of proboscis at point of attachment; bend of fourth
vein with long appendage (77) Linnaemya Desvoidy

162. Frontal bristles not extending below the upper third of the face, nor-

mally only one situated below the base of the third antennal seg-
ment, the parafacials with other hairs or bristles at least above. . . .163
Frontals extending to the middle of the third antennal segment;
pteropleural reaching to the apex of the squamse Lypha Desvoidy

163. Facial ridges not bristled on more than the lowest fourth or the

ocellars proclinate 165

Facial ridges bristled on at least the lower half; ocellars absent or
reclinate 164

164. Ocellars absent Tritaxys Macquart

Ocellai-s reclinate Distichona Wulp

165. Penultimate aristal segment rarely twice as long as wide, the preced-

ing segment always short 166

Basal two aristal segments greatly elongate Digonichaeta Rondani

166. Abdomen with strong discals 173

Abdomen without strong discals 167

167. Apical cell long petiolate 168

Apical cell open 169

* Curran, 1927, Can. Ent. lix, p. 12 (Lydella).

442 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

168. Penultimate aristal segment elongate Paradmontia Coquillett

Penultimate aristal segment very short, the arista strongly thickened

at the base Websteriana Walton

169. Posterior tibise evenly and closely ciliate with bristles; hair of para-

facials fine 170

Posterior tibiae not ciliate or the parafacial hair coarse 171

170. Facial ridges bristled on almost the lower half. . . .Sturmiopsis Townsend
Facial ridges bristled on net more than the lowest third (145, 162).

* Winthemia Desvoidy

171. Parafacials with bristly hair or a row of bristles 172

Parafacials with two bristles below Chromatocera Townsend

172. Ocellars proclinate (42, 43, 45, 52, 96).

Paradidyma Brauer & Bergenstamm
Ocellars reclinate (155) Ricosia Curran

173. Third antennal segment not more than twice as long as the second. . .178
Third antennal segment more than twice as long as the second 174

174. Apical cell long petiolate 175

Apical cell not long petiolate 176

175. First vein setulose on basal half Paradmontia Coquillett

First vein bare Mauromyia Townsend

176. Penultimate aristal segment short 177

Penultimate aristal segment elongate; pai-afacials with two bristles

below Chromatocera Townsend

177. Two presutural acrosticals Ictericophyto Townsend

Three presutural acrosticals (111) Gaediopsis Brauer & Bergenstamm

178. Second antennal segment, if elongate, clothed with sparse, fine bristly

hairs on the upper surface 179

Second antennal segment as long as the third, very densely bristled
above; cheeks one-third as wide as the eye-height (105).

Muscopteryx Townsend

179. Vibrissse situated on a level with the oral margin 180

Vibrissge situated well above the oral margin; parafacials almost as

wide as the third antennal segment Meriana Desvoidy

180. Ocellars absent; prosternum bare. .Bombyliomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Ocellars long, though weak, prosternum pilose Tachinalia, n. g.

181. Palpi of normal length and shape, if apparently short, broadened

apically ' 182

Palpi short and narrow, seldom twice as long as thickness of proboscis
at point of attachment; bend of fourth vein with appendage (77).

Linnaemya Desvoidy

182. Facial ridges with strong bristles on lower half or more 183

Facial ridges with bristly hairs decreasing in length upwardly, rarely

extending almost half way 204

183. Ocellars long, readily distinguished 190

Ocellars absent or hair-like 184

* Reinhard, 1931, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixxix, Art. 20, pp. 1-54.

FAMILY TACHINID.E THE TACHINIDS 443

184. Three sternopleurals; face strongly receding-, gently convex in profile;

abdomen with discals 186

Sternopleurals 1-1; face receding, not convex 185

185. Front slightly longer than the face, the antennae arising near the mid-

dle of the eyes in profile (138, 152) Pelecotheca Townsend

Front much shorter than the face, the antennae arising near the upper
fourth of the eyes in profile (140, 156) Compsilura Bouche

186. Face strongly receiling; basicosta black 187

Face gently receding; basicosta yellow (159). . . . Anacamptomyia BischofF

187. With only two pairs of orbitals in both sexes or the frontal vitta half

as wide as either paraf rontal 188

With a row of orbitals in both sexes; frontal vitta narrow.

Metopiops Townsend

188. Fourth abdominal segment with discals 189

Fourth abdominal segment without discals Phaenopsis Townsend

189. Frontal vitta two-thirds as wide as either parafrontal.

Paralispe Brauer & Bergenstamm
Frontal vitta not half as wide as either parafrontal.

*ArgyrophyIax Brauer & Bergenstamm

190. Pteropleural bristle not nearly reaching the apex of the lower squamal

lobe '. 191

Pteropleural bristle extending to the apex of the lower squamal lobe;
posterior sublateral bristle absent Lypha Desvoidy

191. Penultimate segment of arista not over twice as long as wide 19.3

Penultimate segment of arista at least three times as long as wide. . .192

192. Front with a row of bristles outside of the f rontals . Madremyia Townsend
Front without a row of bristles outside the frontals.

Murdockiana Townsend

193. Third antennal segment never with more than three branches 194

Third antennal segment with a large number of branches on either

side Cryptocladocera Bezzi

194. Head decidedly more than half as long as high; paraf acials wide or

the face much wider than either eye, always wider than the front. .195
Head half as long as high; parafacials less than half as wide as the
elongate third antennal segment; face but little wider than the
front, scarcely retreating, its sides parallel on the lower three-
fourths (159) Anacamptomyia BischofT

195. Frontal bristles not extending below the base of the arista 196

Frontal bristles extending to the middle of the third antennal seg-
ment Thrycolyga Rondani

196. Two or more bristles below the base of the antennae 197

A single bristle below the base of the antennae Cyzenis Desvoidy

197. Abdomen of ordinary form, decidedly wider than deep, the genitalia

usually exposed, at least not enclosed in a slit-like opening 198

* Curran, 1929, Supiil. to Gowdey's Catalogue Dipt. Jamaica, p. 28.

444 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Abdomen in both sexes wide and deep, the terminal segment large,
normally concealing the genitalia within a slit-like opening.

*Pateloa Townsend

198. Middle coxje of female with normal bristles; males without orbitals. .199
Middle coxse of female with closely placed, curved apical spines; males

with two pairs of orbitals (136, 137, 153, 175).

Doryphorophaga Townsend

199. Posterior sublateral bristle present 200

Posterior sublateral absent fPhorocera Desvoidy

200. Abdomen with discals 201

Abdomen without discals Euthelaira Townsend

201. Ocellars long and strong 202

Ocellars weak; posterior presutural acrostical absent.

Eupelecotheca Townsend

202. Ocellars proclinate 203

Ocellars reclinate Coloradalia, n. g.

203. Anterior tibiae with two posterior bristles; apical cell ending far be-

fore the wing- tip (Amphichaeta B. B.) tP^iorocera Desvoidy

Anterior tibiae with a single posterior bristle; apical cell ending close
to the wing-tip (170, 194) Oxynopsalia, n. g.

204. Not metallic green or blue 20G

Metallic green or blue 205

205. Oral margin strongly produced Chlorotachina Townsend

Oral margin scarcely produced (56) Gymnochaeta Desvoidy

206. Pteropleural bristle of normal length or weak, if long the para-

frontal s are shining black or the frontal bristles do not extend

below the base of the arista 209

Pteropleural very long and strong, extending to the apex of the
squamae; frontals usually extending to the middle of the third
antennal segment; parafrontals pollinose 207

207. Male without orbitals; parafacials almost or fully half as wide as

third antennal segment 208

Male with orbitals; parafacials below not over one-foui'th as wide as
the elongate third antennal segment; front wide in both sexes.

Homalactia Townsend

208. Frontal bristles extending to the middle of the parafacials.

Lypha Desvoidy
Frontals not extending below the base of the arista. Hineomyia Townsend

209. Parafrontals pollinose 210

Parafrontals bare; pteropleural long; apical cell terminating near the

wing-tip; abdomen shining black Polidaria n. g.

210. Fifth longitudinal vein bare 212

Fifth longitudinal vein setose 211

* Aldrich and Webber. 1924, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixiii, Art. 17, pp. 45, 51 (Phorocera).
t Aldrich and Webber, 1924, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixiii, Art. 17, pp. 45, 51.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHIXIDS 445

211. Penultimate aristal segment nearly three times as long as wide.

Acronaristopsis Townsend
Penultimate aristal segment less than twice as long as wide.

Minthoplagia Townsend

212. Posterior sublateral bristle present 225

Posterior sublateral bristle absent 213

213. Penultimate aristal segment not over twice as long as wide 214

Penultimate aristal segment and the preceding one more than twice

as long as wide Ostracophyto Townsend

214. Oral margin strongly produced; face never carinate 215

Oral margin not or but little produced; face sometimes carinate 217

215. Abdomen broad and thick; robust species, usually with four post-

sutural dorsocentrals; three or more sternopleurals 21G

Abdomen elongate and narrow; three sternopleural and three pairs of
postsutui-al dorsocentrals Eriothrix Meigen

216. Normally only three postsutural dorsocentrals; parafacials almost

as wide as the length of the third antennal segment.

Metaphyto Coquillett
Four postsutural dorsocentrals; parafacials narrower than width of
third antennal segment Ernestia Desvoidy

217. Posthumeral bristle present; bend of fourth vein sub-angulate 218

Posthumeral bristle absent 222

218. Two sternopleurals, rarely a very weak third 221

Three stei'nopleurals; male abdomen strongly produced apically 219

219. Apical cell ending very close to the wing-tip Cleonice Desvoidy

Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip 220

220. Prosternum with bristly hairs 224

Prosternum bare (65, 66) *Uramya Desvoidy

221. Prostemiim bare (178, 184) fPseudeuantha Townsend

Prosternum haired; lower squamal lobe haired above toward the outer

edge; large, I'obust, tropical species Tropidopsis Townsend

222. Third abdominal segment with two or three arched rows of long

discals Grisdalemyia Curran

Third abdominal segment with one or two pairs of discals; pro-
sternum bare 223

223. Three sternopleurals 224

Two sternopleurals JHyalurgus Brauer & Bergenstamm

224. Discals present on second to fourth abdominal segments.

Xanthocera Townsend
Discals absent Euthelairopsis Townsend

225. Second antennal segment usually less than half as long as the third. .227
Second antennal segment almost as long as the third 226

* Aldrich, 1921, Ins. Ins. Mens., ix, p. 85.

t Aldrich, 1921, Ins. Ins. Mens., ix, p. 87.

t Pseudeuantha may trace here but has white haired pleura.

446 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

226. Head as long below as at the antennae; antennae arising below the

middle of the eyes Tricogena Rondani

Head shorter below than at antennae; abdomen flattened.

*Nemorilla Desvoidy

227. Vibrissae situated at most slightly above the oral margin 229

Vibrissae situated more than half the length of the second antennal

segment above the oral margin 22S

228. Abdomen with strong discals. . .fMacromeigenia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Abdomen without discals on the intermediate segments.

Bolomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm

229. Apical abdominal segment closing slit-like, deeper than wide 230

Apical abdominal segment not closing slit-like, wider than deep at the

base 231

230. Several coarse setulse below the frontals; facial depression very deep;

parafacials as wide as the facial depression. . .Organomyia Townsend
No hairs below the frontals; parafacials not over half as wide as
the shallower facial depression Leptostylum Macquart

231. Anterior tibiae with at least two posterior bristles 232

Anterior tibiae with a single posterior bristle 233

232. Third antennal segment more than twice as long as wide (57, 94).

JZenillia Desvoidy

Third antennal segment subtriangular, almost as wide as long.

Obolocera Townsend

233. Discals absent; abdomen broad; cheeks linear (171, 182).

Anadiscalia, n. g.
Discals present; cheeks at least one-fifth the eye-height 234

234. Frontal vitta of male very narrow; female with stout spines on the

apex of the middle coxae; abdomen broad (136, 137, 153, 175).

Doryphorophaga Townsend
Frontal vitta not unusually narrow; female without spines on middle
coxae Ptilodegeeria Brauer & Bergenstamm

235. Parafacials with hair or bristles on the lower half 236

Parafacials bare on the lower half 291

236. Ocellar bristles present, directed obliquely forward or divergent 248

Ocellar bristles directed obliquely backward, absent or hair-like 237

237. Ocellars directed obliquely backward 238

Ocellars hair-like or absent 240

238. Facial ridges with strong bristles on the lower half, or the penulti-

mate aristal segment not over twice as long as wide; head not

strongly inflated in appearance 239

Facial ridges bristled on less than the lowest fourth, the head inflated
in appearance; penultimate aristal segment always more than three
times as long as wide (12, 13) Gonia Meigen

* Aldrich & Webber, 1924, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixiii, Art. 17, p. 5.

t Reinhard, 1930, Ent. News, xli, p. 262.

J Aldrich & Webber, 1924, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixiii, Art. 17. p. 11.

FAMILY TACHIXID.B THE TACHINIDS 447

239. Apical cell open or closed in the wing margin (3, 46).

Spallanzania Desvoidy
Apical cell rather long petiolate Aravaipa Townsend

240. Arista plumose or strongly pubescent, the clypeal region as long as

the distance from the upper pair of vibrissas to the antennal base. . .249
Arista bare or weakly pubescent; oral margin produced and not nar-
rowed 241

241. Apical cell petiolate 242

Apical cell open 243

242. Prosternum bare Neometachaeta Townsend

Prosternum with hair and a long bristle on the sides. .Epidexia Townsend

243. Palip absent or very slender on their whole length 244

Palpi normal, enlarged apically 247

244. Palpi extremely short or absent, never more than twice the length of

the thickness of the proboscis at point of attachment 245

Palpi elongate and slender, very rarely short; parafacials always with
two or more bristles below (7) *Peleteria Desvoidy

245. Parafacials with one or more bristles below (39, 61) .Cuphocera Macquart
Parafacials without bristles below 246

246. Abdomen without discal bristles Euepalpus Townsend

Abdomen with discal bristles on intermediate segments.

Xanthozona Townsend

247. Parafacials with one or more bristles in addition to the hair.

Chaetoprosopa Townsend
Parafacials with fine hair only Chaetoprocta Brauer & Bergenstamm

248. Clypeal region not long and narrow, short and not conspicuous, cheeks

rarely more than half as wide as the eye-height 251

Clypeal region long and narrow; cheeks two-thirds as wide as the eye-
height 249

249. Posterior sublateral bristle absent 250

Posterior sublateral bristle present; sternites with at most weak

bristles (99) tMicrophthalma Macquart

250. Sternites with long, very strong bristles Megaprosopus Macquart

Sternites without strong bristles Megaparia Wulp

251. Palpi normal in shape and length 254

Palpi absent or reduced to about half the normal length, wholly slen-
der and bearing only one or two apical bristles 252

252. Apical cell open 253

Apical cell long petiolate (115) Melanophora Meigen

253. Palpi absent or extremely small; large, robust, Archytas-like species,

the apical cell ending far before the wing-tip. . Vibrossomyia Townsend
Palpi about half the normal length; apical cell ending close to the
wing-tip Atrophopalpus Townsend

* Curran, 1925, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Section V, p. 226.
t Aldrich. 1926, Pr. U. S. N. M.. Ixix, Art. 13, p. 2.

448 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

254. Ultimate section of fifth vein less than half as long as the pi'eceding

section 261

Ultimate section of fifth vein or its fold more than half as long as
the preceding section 255

255. Parafacials with one or more downwardly directed bristles 256

Parafacials with only short hairs 260

256. Pteropleural bristle extending to the apex of the squamae 257

Pteropleural bristle of normal length 258

257. Posterior crossvein lying wholly beyond the anterior crossvein.

Blepharigena Rondani
Posterior ci'ossvein situated partly before the anterior crossvein
(73, 74 ) Goniochaeta Townsend

258. Arista short plumose Microchaetina Wulp

Arista bare 259

259. Parafacials more than two-thirds as wide as the facial depression.

Cockerelliana Townsend
Parafacials narrow (type Voria neotropica Curran) Vorialia, n. g.

260. Proboscis long and slender; first vein setulose (69, 79).

Plagiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm
Proboscis short and stout; first vein bare Metaplagia Coquillett

261. Face strongly carinate, the arista plumose 262

Facial carina weak or absent; arista bare to plumose 263

262. Apical cell closed and petiolate Hesperodinera Townsend

Apical cell open (119, 124, 125, 133) *Rhynchiodexia Bigot

263. Facial ridges never strongly bristled on the lower half, if almost so

the bristles becoming weak above 271

Facial ridges strongly bristled on lower half or more 264

264. Third antennal segment usually less than three times the length of

the second; face only moderately retreating below; usually over

9 mm. in length; posthumeral bristle always strong 26S

Third antennal segment more than four times as long as the second,
or if not the posthumeral bristle weak or absent; face very strongly
receding 265

265. Apical cell long petiolate Eleodiphaga Walton

Apical cell open or very short petiolate 266

266. Parafacials much narrower than the facial depression.

fAdmontia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Parafacials as wide as the facial depression 267

267. Fifth vein setulose Actinochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm

Fifth vein bare Baumhaueria Meigen

268. Penultimate aristal segment less than twice as long as wide 269

Penultimate aristal segment at least three times as long as wide (87).

Chaetogaedia Brauer & Bergenstamm

Curran, 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., l.xi, p. 93.
Curran, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 294.

FAMILY TACHIXID.K THE TACHIXIDS 449

269. Base of wings deep brown; abdomen piceous or largely castaneous

(4 ) Leschenaultia Desvoidy

Base of wings never brown; abdomen largely gray pollinose, more or
less reddish laterally or apically 270

270. Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip; large species. .Gaedia Meigen
Apical cell ending near the wing-tip; small species.

*Admontia Brauer & Bergenstamm

271. Apical cell closed and rather long petiolate 286

Apical cell open, closed in the margin or extremely short petiolate. . .272

272. Penultimate aristal segment not over twice as long as wide 273

Basal two aristal segments each at least three times as long as wide.

Digonichaeta Rondani

273. Posterior sublateral bristle very strong 284

Posterior sublateral bristle absent; face strongly retreating 274

274. Third abdominal segment with at most two pairs of discals 275

Third abdominal segment with a row of discals Gibsonomyia Curran

275. At least the third abdominal segment with discals 276

Intermediate segments without discals, the marginals rarely simulat-
ing discals 279

276. Both the second and third abdominal segments with discals or the

marginals not situated far forward 277

Second segment without discals but the marginals situated far for-
ward Paralispidea Townsend

277. Second antennal segment almost or quite half as long as the third. . .278
Second antennal segment not nearly half as long as the third.

Phyllomya Desvoidy

278. Cheeks about half as wide as the eye-height. . . .Eubrachymera Townsend
Cheeks not one-third as wide as the eye-height Peteina Meigen

279. Apical cell petiolate 280

Apical cell open 281

280. Arista almost wholly thickened Hypertrophocera Townsend

Arista thin on apical fourth or more (23, 24). . . Ceratomyiella Townsend

281. Presutural acrosticals present 282

Presutural acrosticals absent Peteina Meigen

282. Arista more or less distinctly plumose 283

Arista bare or practically so, thickened on almost its whole length.

Hypertrophocera Townsend

283. First and fifth veins setose Actinochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm

First and fifth veins bare Phasiophyto Townsend

284. Parafacials with fine hairs only 285

Parafacials with three or more downwardly directed bristles (83, 86).

Chaetoplagia Coquillett

285. Intermediate abdominal segments with discals; no orbitals in male.

fSpathimeigenia Townsend

* Curran. 1927. Can. Enl., lix. p. 294.

t Aldrich, 1931, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixxx, Art. 11, p. 3.

450 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Intermediate abdominal segments without discals; a row of orbitals in
male (Eupoi!;ona auct.) Eipoj>ona Rondani

286. Parafacials at least half as wide as median depression, with scattered

bristly hairs; abdomen largely poUinose 288

Parafacials less than one-thii'd the width of the median depression,
with a row of bristles; abdomen shining 287

287. Third antennal segment at least twice as long as the second; front

of both sexes at least two-thirds as wide as either eye (40, 41).

*Wagneria Desvoidy
Third antennal segment but little longer than the second; front
strongly narrowed in both sexes fHesperophasia Townsend

288. Two or three presutural acrosticals and dorsocentrals 289

No pi'esutural acrosticals and only two pairs of weak presutural dor-
socentrals (58, 59) Penthosia Wulp

289. Proboscis not longer than length of head; parafacials about two-

thirds as wide as median depression 290

Proboscis much longer than the head-height; parafacials as wide as
the median depression Trochilodes Coquillett

290. Face receding, longer than the front (84, 85) . . . .Euthyprosopa TowTisend
Oral margin prominent, the face shorter than the front.

Steveniopsis Townsend

291. Thorax without plumose hairs 292

Thorax in part with plumose yellowish hairs Teleothyria Wulp

292. Facial ridges bristled on less than the lower half, the bristles almost

always decreasing in length above; oral vibrissse always strongly

developed 341

Facial ridges with strong bristles on the lower half or more or the
vibrissse very weak or absent 293

293. Oral vibrissse strongly differentiated and long 297

Oral vibrissge not differentiated 294

294. Facial ridges with two or three rows of hairs on the lower half, the

parafacials "rolled" over the ridges above 295

Facial ridges with a single row of bristles on the lower half, the
ridges continuous to the base of the antennae, not hidden on the
upper half by the parafacials; presutural acrosticals present 296

295. Arista pectinate Trixodes Coquillett

Arista pubescent Trixa Meigen

296. Apical cell long petiolate; arista about half as long as the third an-

tennal segment Paraphasmophaga Townsend

Apical cell short petiolate; arista much longer than antenna (26, 27).

O^strophasia Brauer & Bergenstamm

297. Ocellars well developed, directed obliquely forward, rarely almost

divergent 304

Ocellars reclinate, absent or scarcely differentiated 298

298. Ocellars absent or extremely weak 300

Ocellars reclinate 299

* Cuiran, 1928, Can. Ent., Ix, p. 48.
t Curian, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, ii. 300.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHIXIDS 451

299. Penultimate aiistal segment elongate Distichona Wulp

Penultimate aiistal segment not over twice as long as wide.

Vibrissovoria Townsend

300. Cheeks not wider than the thii'd antennal segment 302

Cheeks much wider than the third antennal segment 301

301. Posterior tibiae evenly, closely ciliate; parafacials narrow; smaller

species Sturmia Desvoidy

Posterior tibi?e not closely ciliate; parafacials wide; large species.

'^Belvosia Desvoidy

302. Both sexes with reclinate orbital bristles 303

Neither sex with reclinate orbitals Prosopaea Rondani

303. Ocellars entirely absent Pseudocha;ta Townsend

Ocellars very small but distinct and cruciate; male with two reclinate

and one proclinate orbital Argyrochsetona Townsend

304. Apical crossvein present 306

Apical crossvein absent 305

305. Parafacials much wider than antennae Roeseliopsis Townsend

Parafacials very narrow below Schizotachina Walker

306. Posterior tibiae not ciliate, or if so the bristles are rather widely

separated with two or more of them longer or the parafacials are

not hairy below the frontal bristles 308

Posterior tibi« evenly closely ciliate, at most one of the bristles con-
spicuously longer than the rest; parafacials usually haired on the
upper half 307

307. Cilia on posterior tibiae long, very dense and contiguous; parafacials

usually with hairs below the f rentals (Thysanopsis Tns., Blephari-

peza Macq.) (4) Leschenaultia Desvoidy

Cilia less numeious, not quite contiguous; parafacials bare (109).

fAchaetoneura Brauer & Bergenstamm

308. Frontal bristles extending but little below the base of the third anten-

nal segment, usually a single bristle below the base; fourth vein
without a fold or the facial ridges bristled on more than the lower

half 309

Frontals extending to the middle of the third antennal segment, at
least two bristles below the base of the arista; eyes sparsely short
haired; bend of fourth vein with a long fold; facial ridges usually
bristled on the lowest third Exorista Meigen

309. Middle coxse without stout apical spines 310

Middle coxae with short, stout curved spines on the apex (?) (136, 137,

153, 175) Doryphorophaga Townsend

310. First vein with at most two or three weak bristles 311

First vein bristled on at least the apical half . . . .Chaetophleps Coquillett

311. Appendage or fold of fifth vein less than one-third as long as the

preceding section 313

Appendage or fold of fifth vein more than half as long as the preced-
ing section 312

* Aldrifh, 1928, Proc. U. S. N. M.. Ixxiii, Article 8, pp. 1-45.
t Webber. 1930. Proc. U. S. N. M.. Ixxviii, Art. 10, pp. 1-37.

452 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

312. Eyes quite bare; ultimate section of fifth vein only about half as long

as the preceding section 315

Eyes with short, sparse hair; apical section of fifth vein two-thirds
as long as preceding section (97, 98) Stomatomya Rondani

313. Apical cell open or closed in the wing margin 317

Apical cell closed and petiolate 314

314. Arista almost wholly thickened 315

Arista slender on apical fourth or more.

Anacheetopsis Brauer & Bergenstamm

315. Arista slender on apical half or more Phceniceomyia Townsend

Arista almost wholly thickened 316

316. Penultimate aristal segment four times as long as wide (114).

Chaetoglossa Townsend
Penultimate aristal segment not twice as long as wide.

Archiclops Bischoff

317. Proboscis shorter than the head-height 318

Proboscis twice as long as the head-height; aristal segments of almost

equal length Eucoronomyia Townsend

318. Males 319

Females 332

319. Orbital bristles present although sometimes situated almost in the

frontal row 320

Orbitals absent 325

320. Abdomen with discals, not unusually deep 321

Abdomen without discals, elongate and deep; antennae arising below

the middle of the eyes; two pairs of presutural acrosticals and dor-
socentrals Chaetonodexodes Townsend

321. Anterior tibise with two or three strong posterior bristles 323

Anterior tibiae with a single posterior bristle 322

322. Third antennal segment divided into two lobes Schizotachina Walker

Third antennal segment entire, not unusually wide. . .Celatoria Coquillett

323. Frontal vitta wider anteriorly than the least width of either para-

frontal " 324

Frontal vitta nowhere wider than the least width of either para-
frontal, not widening anteriorly Paralispe Brauer & Bergenstainm

324. Front almost or quite as wide as either eye Racodineura Rondani

Front less than two-thirds as wide as either eye (Arrhinomyia B. B.)

(149, 173) *Elodia Desvoidy

325. Second antennal segment not unusually bristly above but with some

longer bristles apically 326

Second antennal segment densely bristled above; facial ridges with
bristles on more than the lower half (9) fTachinomyia Townsend

* Villeneuve and Aldiich (1929, 1933) recoprnize Arrhinomyia as distinct from Elodia but
I see no reason for this.

t Curran. 1926, Tr. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec. V, p. 168.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E — THE TACIIIXIDS 453

326. Anterior tibiae with at least two posterior bristles; species over 5 mm.

in length 328

Anterior tibiae with a single posterior bristle; species about 4 mm.
in length 327

327. Apical cell ending very close to the wing-tip Oxynops Townsend

Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip Bessa Desvoidy

328. Abdomen tapering or not, often with discals; posterior forceps split

on apical portion, nev^er laterally compressed 329

Abdomen elongate, tapering, rarely with discals; posterior forceps of
male united into a long, compressed organ (9) .*Tachinomyia Townsend

329. Apical scutellars cruciate 330

Apical scutellars absent or divergent 331

330. Antennae reaching slightly beyond the oral margin, the third segment

at least six times the length of the second (Europe). .Frontina Meigen
Antenna not reaching the oral opening; third segment not over four
times the length of the second Allophorocera Hendel

331. Parafacials wide, the cheeks two-thirds as wide as the eye-height,

the parafacials setulose on the upper half Centeter Aldrich

Parafacials narrower, the cheeks less than one-third the eye-height.

Degeeria Meigen

332. Genital opening not slit-like; abdomen broader than deep 334

Genital opening slit-like; abdomen broad and deep 333

333. Orbitals scarcely divergent; abdomen rarely with discals (9).

*Tachinomyia Townsend
Orbitals conspicuously divergent; abdomen always with discals.

Allophorocera Hendel

334. Third vein with a single strong basal bristle 339

Third vein with two or more basal bristles 335

335. Arista pubescent or bare; third vein with not more than five bristles

basally 336

Arista short plumose; third vein bristled almost to the small crossvein.

Paralispe Brauer & Bergenstamm

336. Parafacials almost as wide as the median depression, setulose on

almost the upper half Centeter Aldrich

Parafacials narrower, bare below the lowest f rontals 337

337. Penultimate aristal segment very elongate.

Trichopareia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Penultimate aristal segment short; abdomen with or without short
discals; two sternopleurals 338

338. Middle tibiae with two strong anterodorsal bristles. Frontiniella Townsend
Middle tibise with only one strong anterodorsal bristle. Oxynops Townsend

339. Lower margins of the second tergite strongly produced downward and

with numerous spinose setulse; ovipositor long and slender, often
hidden Celatoria Coquillett

* Curran, 1926, Tr. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec. V, p. 168.

454 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Tergites not produced downward, the edges rarely setulose; ovipositor
not elongate 340

340. Face narrower than either eye; penultimate arista! segment short

(149, 173) Elodia Desvoidy

Face wider than either eye; penultimate aristal segment elongate.

Schizotachina Walker

341. Apical crossvein present 347

Apical crossvein absent 342

342. Posterior crossvein present 343

Posterior crossvein absent Phytomyptera Rondani

343. Antennae reaching the lowest fifth of the face 344

Antennae not reaching below the lowest third of the face.

Hemithrixion Brauer & Bergenstamm

344. A single bristle at the base of the third vein 345

Three or more bristles on the third vein 346

345. Parafacials narrower than the third antennal segment.

Schizotachina Walker
Pai'afacials twice as wide as the third antennal segment.

Roeseliopsis Townsend

346. Antennae arising near upper edge of eyes, enormovis in size; head

almost rectangular; bristles of thorax not unusually depressed (28,

29, 144 ) Euryceromyia Townsend

Antennae arising lower down; head not nearly i-ectangular; bristles of
thorax depressed (148, 189) Actia Desvoidy

347. Palpi present and well developed 354

Palpi absent or but little longer than the width of the proboscis at

point of attachment 348

348. Arista bare or pubescent 349

Arista plumose; face strongly carinate Prosena Serville

349. Third antennal segment usually less than three times the length of

the second, if long the abdomen pedunculate 350

Third antennal segment five times the length of the second, broadened
apically, concave above (47, 70) Beskia Wulp

350. Apical cell open 351

Apical cell closed and petiolate (54) *Cylindromyia Latreille

351. Face not conspicuously receding, concave in profile, the oral margin

produced; vibrissas situated well above the oral margin 352

Face receding; oral margin not produced; vibrissae level with oral
margin (63, 64 ) Icelia Desvoidy

352. Second abdominal segment strongly narrowed Polistiopsis Tov^^nsend

Second abdominal segment not narrowed, much bi-oader than deep. . . .353

353. Palpi entirely absent Paraphasiopsis Townsend

Palpi narrow, four times as long as wide, or longer. .Phasiopsis Townsend

Aldiich, 1926. Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixviii. Art 23, pp. 1-27.

FAMILY TACHINID.E THE TACHIXIDS 455

354. Apical cell at most with an extremely short petiole 359

Apical cell with a petiole almost one-third the length of the apical

crossvein 355

355. Antennge shorter than the face, the middle of the face depx'essed;

vibrissje situated on a level with or above the anterior oral margin. 356
Antennae longer than the face; middle of face longitudinally convex,
not depressed; vibrissae situated below the anterior oral margin;
wings pictured (80, 81) Euthera Loew

356. Ocellar bristles proclinate 357

Ocellar bristles directed more or less backward (67, 68).

Leucostoma Meigen

357. Third vein ending in the wing-tip; oral margin produced 358

Third vein ending well before the wing-tip (44, 53).

Vanderwulpia Townsend

358. Front of female wide; four pairs of marginal scutellars.

Psalidopteryx Townsend
Front of both sexes strongly narrowed; three pairs of marginal
scutellars *Clistomorpha Townsend

359. Ultimate section of the fifth vein less than half as long as the pre-

ceding section 360

Ultimate section of the fifth vein three-fourths as long as the pre-
ceding section Catalinovoria Townsend

360. Penultimate aristal segment not over twice as long as wide 371

Penultimate aristal segment three times as long as wide, or if some-
what shorter, widened apically and the proboscis geniculate 361

361. Proboscis not geniculate 362

Proboscis long and geniculate, the labell« turned back, narrow and

more or less fused (78, 183) fSiphona Meigen

362. Proboscis, beyond the basal articulation, not as long as the head-

height 364

Apical section of the proboscis longer than the head-height 363

363. Antennas reaching almost or quite to the oral margin; face not reced-

ing; parafacials at most one-third as wide as the third antennal

segment (14, 82, 150, 174) Epigrimyia Townsend

Antennte not reaching to the moderately produced oral margin; para-
facials more than half as wide as third antennal segment; face re-
ceding above (2) Aphria Desvoidy

364. Third antennal segment of the male not furcate 365

Third antennal segment of the male furcate Acronarista Townsend

365. Third vein with not more than three bristles basally 368

Third vein bristled more than half way to the small crossvein 366

366. Bristles of the thorax erect 367

Bristles of the thorax rather appressed (148, 189) JActia Desvoidy

* Curran, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 297.

t Curran. 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 534. p. 13 (Bucentes).

i Curran, 1933, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 614. pp, 1-7.

456 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

367. Head about as long as high Masistylum Brauer & Bergenstamm

Head much higher than long Phantasiomyia Townsend

368. Cheeks less than half the eye-height in width 369

Cheeks nearly as wide as the eye-height (28, 29, 144).

Euryceromyia Townsend

369. Palpi normal 370

Palpi very greatly swollen, unusually large Lispidea Coquillett

370. Third antennal segment more than twice as long as wide.

Clausicella Rondani
Third antennal segment less than twice as long as wide (16).

Plectops Coquillett

371. No appendage or fold at bend of fourth vein, if an adventitious ap-

pendage is present it is not continued in the same line as the fourth

vein 385

An appendage or distinct fold at the bend of the fourth vein, the
appendage continued in almost the same line as the preceding sec-
tion of the vein 372

372. Posterior pair of presutural acrostical bristles situated very close to

the suture and much behind the posterior pair of presutural dorso-

centrals 373

Posterior pair of presutural acrosticals almost in a line with the
posterior presutural dorsocentrals or in front of them 374

373. Frontal bristles extending almost to the middle of the third antennal

segment; genital opening not slit-like Exorista Meigen

Frontals descending but little below the base of the third antennal
segment; genital opening rather slit-like (9) . . *Tachinomyia Townsend

374. Arista with long rays 378

Arista pubescent or bare 375

375. Intermediate abdominal segments without discals 370

Intermediate abdominal segments with paired discals; fourth vein

with very short appendage, or none; face never carinate.

•fDexodes Brauer & Bergcmstamm

376. Cheeks not over one-third as wide as the eye-height 377

Cheeks about half as wide as the eye-height Ochrocera Townsend

377. Abdomen long and narrow; ultimate section of proboscis elongate.

Catenophrys Townsend
Abdomen oval; proboscis short and robust JNeophryxe Townsend

378. Face not strongly carinate, more or less carinate in the middle above. 381
Facial carina strongly developed and reaching to the clypeal region. .379

379. Prosternum bare 380

Presternum with two pairs of bristles Trichoduropsis Townsend

* Curran, 1926, Tr. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec. V. p. 168.
t Curran, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 20.

:•: This genus was described from specimens reared in Massachusetts from material originat-
ing in Japan.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHIXIDS 457

380. Pteropleural bristle extending to beyond the apex of the squamag;

apical abdominal segment of the male very strongly produced.

Trichodura Brauer & Bergenstamm
Pteropleural bristle short as usual; abdomen not cylindrically pro-
duced in male Dexia Meigen

381. Abdomen slender basally, spatulate 384

Abdomen not spatulate, even though cylindrical 382

382. Abdomen very slender and not tapering from near the base; costa

with an extremely strong bristle near the base on the inner side

(116) Sophia Desvoidy

Abdomen broader and more tapering; costal bristles short and fine. . .383

383. Abdomen metallic blue (147, 177) Zuanalia, n. g.

Abdomen black in ground color (128, 131) Zelia Desvoidy

384. Lower squamal lobe very small Eucordyligaster Townsend

Lower squamal lobe large as usual *Cordyligaster Macquart

385. Vibrissal angles not unusually prominent, if situated high above the

oral margin the facial depression is not deeply sunken below; head
not twice as high as long, or if so the face strongly retreating. . . .386
Vibrissal angles high, the facial depression carried far below them at
a much lower level; head twice as high as long; presternum
swollen Ormia Desvoidy

386. Posterior pair of presutural acrostical bristles situated very close to

the suture and much behind the posterior pair of presutural dorso-

centrals; always three pairs of presutural dorsocentrals 387

Posterior pair of presutural acrosticals situated but little behind the
posterior presutural dorsocentrals, or there are but two pairs of the
latter; presutural acrosticals sometimes absent 422

387. VibrissEe at most half the length of the second antennal segment above

the anterior oral margin 392

Vibrissse situated high above the oral margin 388

388. Antennae reaching at least to the lowest third of the face, the second

segment not nearly as long as the third; vibrissas only moderately

above the oral margin 389

Antennae unusually small, the second segment almost as long as the
third; vibrissje situated very high above the oral margin (6).

fAtacta Schiner

889. Abdomen without discals 390

Abdomen with discals Meigenia Desvoidy

390. Parafrontals with numerous hairs on the anterior half 391

Parafrontals with but few hairs on the anterior half.

^lasiphya Brauer & Bergenstamm

391. Oral margin carried rather strongly forward below the vibrissse.

JSiphosturmiopsis Townsend
Oral margin not conspicuously produced .Sturmia Desvoidy

* Aldrich, 1927, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.. xvii, p. 85.
t Aldrich, 1925, Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixvi, Art. IS, p. 29.
t Reinhard. 1931. Pr. U. S. N. M., Ixix, Art. 11, p. 9.

458 NORTH A:Mi;RirAX diptera

392. Posterior tibiae evenly and closely ciliate above with fairly long

bristles, only one of which may be longer and stronger 420

Posterior tibiae not evenly ciliate 393

393. Arista bare or pubescent 395

Arista plumose 394

394. Cheeks half as wide as eye-height (128, 131) Zelia Desvoidy

Cheeks much narrower Minthozelia Townsend

395. Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip 409

Apical cell ending at or near the wing-tip 39G

396. Costal spine not strongly developed, never as long as the width of the

costal cell and not outstanding, if somewhat long the parafacials
are decidedly narrower than the witlth of the third antennal seg-
ment 398

Costal spine longer than the width of the costal cell 397

397. Facial ridges convex in profile; tliscals present.

Phrynofrontina Townsend
Facials ridges concave below; discals absent (48, 49).

Spathidexia Townsend

398. Female abdomen not strongly keeled 399

Female abdomen strongly keeled, the edges of the tergites spined.

Jicaltepecia Townsend

399. First vein bare 400

First vein with strong bristles on the apical half; antennae arising

above the midtlle of the eyes Clausicellana Curran

400. Lower margin of head not strongly oblique on anterior half; posterior

sublateral present 401

Lower margin of the head strongly oblique on the anterior half;
posterior sublatei'al absent; three pairs of scutellars.

Pelatachina Meade

401. Apical abdominal segment horizontal, the genital opening visible from

posterior view , 402

Apical abdominal segment vertical, the genital opening wholly ventral.

Panacemyia Townsend

402. Male with orbitals (rarely with a single one in the frontal row);

outer verticals of ? two-thirds as long as the verticals 40fi

Male without orbitals; outer verticals of ? little more than half as
long as verticals 403

403. Third antennal segment at least three times as long as wide, or not

unusually large 404

Third antennal segment very large, long and almost half as wide as its
length *Elephantocera Townsend

404. Palpi not unusually swollen; third vein with two or three basal

setulae 403

Palpi greatly swollen; third vein setulose to small crossvein 406

* Curran, 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixi. p. 96.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACIIIXIDS 451)

405. Terjiites of female produced downward and finely ppined.

SchizocerophaRa Tow^nsend
Termites of female normal 'Lixophasa Townsend

406. Third vein bristled to the .'^mall crossvein; facial ridg-es convex in

profile Hypertrophomma Town.send

Third vein with only two or three ba?al bristles; sublateral bristle
present 407

407. Facial depression deep, the parafacials prominent in profile 408

Facial depression shallow, the parafacials very low in profile, the

ridges flat; head short (158, 165) Patillalia, n. g.

408. Frontal vitta linear Argyrochaetona Townsentl

Frontal vitta not remarkably narrow Microceromacia Villeneuve

409. Head receding below 413

Head as long below as at the oral margin 410

410. Abdomen with strong marginals on the intermediate segments 411

Abdomen without strong marginals on the intermediate segments;

vibrissas situated far above the oral margin.

Masiphya Brauer & Bergenstamm

411. First vein setulose except apically Microsillus Aldrich

First vein bare 412

412. Ocellars present Myothyriopsis Townsend

Ocellars absent Laximasicera Curran

413. First vein bare 414

First vein setulose Houghia Coquillett

414. Front scarcely longer than the face, more or less convex, not promi-

nent anteriorly 415

Front longer than the face, not convex in profile, produced anteriorly;
abdomen with discals; apical scutellars erect Meigenia Desvoidy

415. Ocellars absent or very weak 419

Ocellars present; discals present or absent 41()

416. Face unusually flat, the head short; parafacials vei*y narrow below

(158) 417

Face not unusually flat, the head more elongate (1). . . .fLydella Desvoidy

417. Third vein bristled to small crossvein 418

Third vein with two or three very strong basal bristles (158, 165).

Patillalia, n. g.

418. Ocellars very strong (160, 179) Agrarialia, n. g.

Ocellars short and rather weak (143, 168) Aridalia, n. g.

419. Abdomen with discals Parathelaira Town.send

Abdomen without discals 420

420. Parafrontals each much less than four times as wide as the frontal

vitta; front not convex; ocellars present 421

Aldrich, 1025. Pr. Ent. Soc. Wash., Mxvii, p. 133.
Curran, 1932. Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 526, p. 11 (Erycia).

460 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Parafrontals wide, the median vitta less than one-fourth as wide as
the parafrontals at the middle; ocellars absent; front gently convex.

Arsyrophylax Brauer & Bergenstamm

421. Oral margin rather strongly produced Siphosturmia Coquillett

Oral margin but slightly produced Sturmia Desvoidy

422. Face at least moderately retreating 449

Face but little retreating, almost or quite as long below as at base of

antennae 423

423. Apical section of the proboscis much shorter than the head-height or

the apical cell ending far before the wing-tip 427

Apical section of the proboscis at least as long as the head-height;
apical cell ending close to the wing-tip 424

424. First vein bare above 425

First vein setulose above Leskiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm

425. Arista bare or pubescent 420

Arista with very long rays (176, 185) Shermanalia, n. g.

426. Head decidedly higher than long (14, 82, 150, 174) .Epigrimyia Townsend
Head as long below as its height Weberia Desvoidy

427. Parafacial decidedly less than half as wide as the facial depression;

face not strongly carinate 432

Parafacial at the narrowest part almost or quite half as wide as the
facial depression, or the face strongly carinate 428

428. Arista long plumose 429

Arista pubescent or bare Apachemyia Townsend

429. Facial carina weak (128, 131) Zelia Desvoidy

Facial carina strong 430

430. Antennae reaching little more than half way to the oral margin 431

Antennae reaching three-fourths of the way to the oral margin (120,

129 ) Scotiptera Macquart

431. Third antennal segment three times as long as the second.

Eudexia Brauer & Bergenstamm
Third antennal segment not three times longer than wide, in the male
only slightly longer than the second (127, 130) . .Hystrichodexia Roder

432. Apical cell ending in or near the wing-tip 435

Apical cell ending well before the wing-tip 433

433. Third vein with only a few basal bristles 434

First and fifth veins bristled above (123) Thelaira Desvoidy

434. Frontal vitta not wider than either parafrontal Demoticus Macquart

Frontal vitta twice as wide as either parafrontal; a row of orbital s.

Euhalidaya Walton

435. Third antennal segment near the base not wider than the second, or

if so, the abdomen elongate and narrow 437

Third antennal segment conspicuously wider than the second; abdo-
men short, oval 436

436. Presutural acrosticals scarcely developed. . . . Chaetostigmoptera Townsend
Presutural acrosticals well developed (148, 189) *Actia Desvoidy

* Curran. 1933, Amar. Mus. Movit. No. 614, pp. 1-7.

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHIXIDS 461

437. Apical abdominal segiTient horizontal, the genital opening evident

from posterior view 438

Apical abdominal segment vertical at apex, the genital opening-
ventral (117, 126) ■Calodexia Wulp

438. Costal spine not strongly developed; oral margin prominent; wings

not brown with pale spots 439

Costal spine long; oral margin and vibrissal angles scarcely raised;
wings brown with hyaline spots Jamacaria Curran

439. Largely yellowish species 441

Wholly black species; wings partly brown 440

440. First vein bare; third with a single basal bristle (Plectops?).

Nephopteropsis Townsend
First vein setulose Slossonaemyia Townsend

441. Third antennal segment narrower than the second or the fifth vein

bare 442

Third antennal segment wider than the second, the fifth vein setulose.

Trichotopteryx Townsend

442. Head at most one and one-half times as high as long 443

Head almost twice as high as long Xanthodexia Wulp

443. Palpi variable, sometimes shortened, usually curved, never broad and

flattened 444

Palpi long, broad antl flattened on the apical half or more, never
curved (112) Genea Rondani

444. At most two presutural acrostical or dorsocentral bristles 44G

Three presutural acrostical and dorsocentral bristles 445

445. Abdomen with discals (36) Binghamimyia Townsend

Abdomen without discals Pyrrhosia Rondani

446. Abdomen cylindrical or wider than deep apically 447

Abdomen laterally compressed on the apical half; small, slender

species Xanthomelanopsis Townsend

447. First abdominal segment with marginals 448

First abdominal segment without marginals (93) Fischeria Desvoidy

448. Three sternopleurals Solieria Desvoidy

Two sternopleurals Opsoleskia Townsend

449. Arista bare or pubescent 456

Arista plumose, very long pubescent or short pectinate 450

450. Arista plumose or pectinate 451

Arista long pubescent; antenna arising at the lowest third of the

eyes; clypeal region long Eumegaparea Townsend

451. Abdomen without discals 452

Abdomen with discals ( 132 ) Chaetona Wulp

452. No strong presutural acrosticals Phyllophilopsis Townsend

At least one pair of strong presvitural acrosticals 453

453. Ocellars weak or absent 454

Ocellars well developed Pseudodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm

* Curran, 1934, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 685, pp. 1-21.

462 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

454. Fifth vein bristled Polygastropsis Townsend

Fifth vein bare 455

455. Apical abdominal segment of the male very strongly produced pos-

teriorly; ocellars small Urophillophila Townsend

Apical abdominal segment not produced; ocellars absent.

Opsoleskia Townsend

456. Third antennal segment never with the apical corner acutely pro-

duced 458

Apex of the third antennal segment produced as a short, sharp spur
(5) 457

457. Prosternum bare Acemya Desvoidy

Prosternum haired (Myothyria Wulp) Ceracia Rondani

458. Apical cell ending at or near the wing-tip 458

Apical cell ending far before the wing-tip; cheeks usually twice as

wide as third antennal segment; abdomen with discals; two pi'e-
sutural acrosticals and three dorsocentrals.

*Dexodes Brauer & Bergenstamm

459. Third antennal segment rarely unusually wide and long, if so the

palpi yellow or the facial depression not unusually deep 460

Third antennal segment more than six times as long as the second,
unusually wide; facial depression very deep; palpi white.

ffidematocera Townsend

460. Over 9 mm. in length; apical cell narrowly opened or closed in the

costa; discal crossvein joining the fourth vein three- fourths the dis-
tance beyond the small crossvein; abdomen with discals.

Pelatachina Meade
Usually less than 8 mm. in length; not possessing the above combina-
tion of characters 461

461. Cheeks not over one-third as wide as the eye-height 462

Cheeks two-thirds as wide as the eye-height Clista Meigen

462. Second abdominal segment with dorsal bristles 463

Second abdominal segment without dorsal bristles. Calpodomyia Townsend

463. Bristles of the thorax suberect; first and fifth veins never bristled. . . .464
Bristles of the thorax subappressed; first and fifth veins often bris-
tled (148, 189) (cf.Spathidexia) fActia Desvoidy

464. Ventral margin of at least the second tergite in the female with

stout, spinose setulas; knob of halteres brown in male 465

Tergites without such setulae in female; halteres yellow 466

465. Second antennal segment of male large, half as wide as long.

Elephantocera Townsend
Second antennal segment of male not large, three times as long as
wide Celatoria Coquillett

466. Arista bare, short pubescent or extremely short plumose 468

Arista very conspicuously short plumose; genital opening apical 467

467. Three pairs of strong presutural acrosticals (151, 157).

Thelairalia, n. g.

* Cun-an, 1927, Can. Ent., lix, p. 23.

t Ciuian, 1933, Amer. Mus. Kovit. No. 614. pp. 1-7.

FAMILY TACHI.XID.E — THE TACHIXIDS

463

At most two pairs of strong: presutural acrosticals, the posterior pair
not situated very close to the suture (132) Chjetona Wulp

468. Arista wholly thick, taperin<2: apically Phantasiomyia Townsend

Arista slender apically 469

469. Genital opening: ventral, not visible from behind. . . Panacemyia Townsend
Genital opening apical, visible from behind 470

470. Frontal vitta linear (very narrow in ? ?) Arsyrochaetona Townsend

Frontal vitta wide 471

471. Anterior tibise with a single posterior bristle 473

Anterior tibiae with two posterior bristles 472

472. Small slender species, under 5 mm. (149, 173) Elodia Desvoidy

Larger, robust species, over 6 mm • Calothelaira Townsend

473. Frontal vitta twice as wide as the parafrontals, not at all narrowed

medianly; anterior tibiae without a conspicuous posterodorsal

bristle (181, 193) Microtownsendia, n. g.

Frontal vitta narrower than either parafrontal; anterior tibiae with a
single conspicuous posterodorsal bristle situated near the middle.

Tachinophyto Townsend

Scotiptera melaleuca.

464 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Collatia, new genus

Tliis genus is proposed for the reception of ZeniUia siihmissa
Aldrieh and Webber. It possesses the characters of ZeniUia but has
the propleura haired on the middle portion.

Townsendina, new genus

Differs from Myiophasia Brauer and Bergenstamm in having only
one pair of presutural acrosticals and long, bristly hairs on the para-
facials. Front narrow above, widening anteriorly; cheeks half as wide
as the eye-height; antennse reaching four-fifths the distance to the oral
margin, the second segment only one-third shorter than the third; arista
thickened on basal fourth; proboscis short; eyes short pilose. Dorso-
centrals 3-3; acrosticals 1-2; propleura bare; infrasquamal setula
present. Apical cell ending moderately before the wing tip; third vein
with two bristles basally. Abdomen with diseals and marginals.
Thorax cinereous pollinose, weakly vittate; abdomen with broad, basal
cinereous fasciae on segments two to four. Genotype : — T. fasciata,
n. sp., (Colorado).

Polidaria, new genus

Proposed for Tacliina arcos Walker, a species placed in the genus
Polidea by most authors. As it does not belong to Polidea, a new genus
is proposed for its reception.

Zonalia, new genus

Female. — Head short, almost twice as high as long; two pairs of
proclinate frontals; ocellars short; outer verticals absent; cheeks nar-
row; face slightly retreating below; facial ridges with Aveak bristles
on the lower half; antennae reaching to the oral margin; arista long
plumose. Acrosticals 1-0; dorsocentrals 2-3; one sublateral; posthumeral
absent; i)ropleura bare; infrasquamal setulas present; two sterno-
pleurals; prosternum bare; three pairs of marginal scutellars. Anterior
tibiae with one posterior bristle. Apical cell ending close to the wing-
tip; third vein bristled more than half way to the anterior crossvein.
Abdomen without diseals; first segment without marginals; ovipositor
normal. Front, thorax and sides of abdomen with whitish pollen, al-
though the whole insect appears shining black from most views. Length,
5 mm. Genotype: — Z. nitens, n. sp. (Panama).

FAMILY TACHINID.^ — THE TACHINIDS 465

Corozalia, new genus

j\Iale. — Eyes haired; front moderately narrow, without orbitals or
oeellars; outer verticals absent; cheeks narrow; face moderately retreat-
ing, the oral margin produced; facial ridges bare; antennse reaching
lowest fifth of face, the second segment somewhat less than half as long
as the third; arista practically bare; proboscis short; palpi clavate.
Acrostieals and dorsocentrals 3-3, the posterior acrosticals close to the
suture; posterior sublateral present; posthumeral absent; sternopleurals
2-1; infrasquamal setula? present. Anterior tibiae with one long posterior
bristle. Apical cell ending moderately before the wing-tip ; third vein
with two basal bristles. Abdomen elongate, tapering, with paired
discals; first segment with marginals. Black, with cinereous pollen,
the mesonotal pollen sometimes with yellowish tinge, with narrow, dis-
tinct vittte; apical half of abdominal segments bare. Length, 8 to 10
mm. Genotype: — C. longula, n. sp. (Panama).

Chaetonalia, new genus

Male. — Head almost twice as high as long; cheeks very narrow; face
and front narrow; no orbitals; oeellars very small and hair-like; outer
verticals not developed; face slightly receding below% the ridges bare;
antenna? long, the second segment short; arista short plumose on basal
half; proboscis short; palpi slightly clavate. Acrosticals 1-1; dorso-
centrals 2-3; posterior sublateral and posthumeral absent; two sterno-
pleurals; infrasquamal setulre present. Apical cell ending a little before
the apex of the wing; third vein with two basal bristles. Abdomen
with paired discals; first segment with pair of marginals. Pollen cinere-
ous yellow, yellow on the front; mesonotum strongly quadrivittate;
abdominal segments with about the apical half bare. Jjength, 5.5 mm.
Genotype: — C. lateralis, n. sp. (Panama).

Canalia, new genus

Female. — Front rather narrow; two pairs of orbitals; oeellars long;
outer verticals .strong; cheeks very narrow; face gently receding, the
oral margin slightly produced; ridges bare; proboscis short; palpi very
slightly clavate; antennge reaching almost to the vibrissa, the second
segment short; arista short plumose. Acrosticals 2-1; dorsocentrals 2-3;
posterior sublateral and posthumeral bristle absent; two sternopleurals;
infrasquamal setulie present; prosternum haired. Wings tinged with
brown, especially toward the apex; apical cell ending a little in front
of the wing-tip: third vein bristled to the anterior crossvein. Abdomen
elongate oval, without discals, the first segment without marginals.

466 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Black, the antennae, coxae and base of the abdomen on the broad sides,
yellow; apex of abdomen red; pollen of the head white, of the me-
sonotum cinereous yellow, a broad brown fascia immediately behind the
suture; abdominal segments narrowly white pollinose basally. Length,
7 mm. Genotype: — C fasciata, n. sp. (Panama).

Schwarzalia, new genus

Female. — Arista long plumose; parafaeials with short, fine hair;
front of moderate width, with two pairs of orbitals; ocellars long; outer
verticals weak; cheeks wide; face retreating, the oral margin produced;
ridges bare; proboscis short; palpi scarcely clavate; antennae practically
reaching the oral margin. Acrosticals weak, 3-1; dorsocentrals 2-3;
posterior sublateral and posthumeral bristle absent; two sternopleurals;
prosternum bare; infrasquamal setulae present. Apical cell ending
a little before the wing-tip; third vein bristled half way to the
anterior crossvein; first vein bristled on whole length. Abdomen elong-
ate oval, without discals, the first segment without marginals. Black,
the palpi, coxae, femora mostly, liumeri and basal half, or less, of the
abdomen yellowish-red; head and the broad bases of the abdominal
segments white pollinose; thorax cinereous pollinose, mesonotum . with
a broad black band behind the suture. Length, 7.5 mm. Genotype: —
S. luteipennis, n. sp. (Panama).

Tachinalia, new genus

Female. — Robust, the abdomen broader than the thorax and not
much longer than wide. Eyes with long hair; parafaeials haired; front
rather narrow, with two pairs of orbitals; ocellars long, outer verticals
absent; cheeks wide; face retreating, the oral margin produced; ridges
bare; proboscis short; palpi slightly clavate; antennae reaching the
lowest fifth of the face; arista bare. Acrosticals 2-3; dorsocentrals 3-3;
posterior sublateral absent; posthumeral present; sternopleurals 2-1;
prosternum bare; scutellum with many spinose bristles. Apical cell
ending moderately before the wing-tip; third vein bristled basally.
Abdomen almost wholly covered with spinose bristles. Head with
cinereous pollen, thorax thinly pollinose; scutellum reddish, abdomen
castaneous. Length, 10 to 11 mm. Genotype: — T. hispida, n. sp.
(California).

FAMILY TACHINID.T: THE TACHINIDS 467

Coloradalia, new genus

Male. — Front wide, the frontals not strong; ocellars long, reclinatc;
checks one-third as wide as eye-height ; face strongly retreating, the
ridges bristled on almost their whole length; middle of face deeply
sunken, the oral margin not produced; antennae almost as long as the
face, the second segment short; pro])oscis short, palpi clavate; eyes
with short hair. Acrosticals and dorsocentrals 3-3, the acrosticals not
strong; posterior sublateral weak, the posthumeral hair-like; two sterno-
pleurals; presternum concealed. Apical cell ending a little before the
wing-tip ; third vein with two basal l)ristles, one of them long; first
vein bristled on its whole length. Abdomen elongate oval, very deep,
the genitalia large, but normally mostly concealed; discals and mar-
ginals on segments two to four. Black, cinereous poUinose; the meso-
notum and front with yellowish tinge; apices of segments less thickly
pollinose. • Length, 5 mm. (lenotype : — C. ocellaris, n. sp. (Colorado).

Lasionalia, new genus

Male. — Related to Townsendina, n. g., but the apical cell is closed,
the i)osterior sublateral present, etc. Eyes bare; front narrow, widen-
ing anteriorly; ocellars long; outer verticals not developed; cheeks
almost half as wide as the eye-height; parafacials with a complete row
of bristly hairs and a second partial row on the upper half; ridges bare;
face strongly retreating, the oral margin scarcely produced; proboscis
short, the palpi slightly clavate; antennae not reaching to the vibrissae,
the second segment somewhat shorter than the third; arista bare.
Acrosticals and dorsocentrals 2-3; posterior sublateral present, the
posthumeral absent; two sternopleurals; prosternum bare. Apical cell
ending a little before the wdng-tip, very short petiolate; third vein with
one 07' two basal bristles. Abdomen elongate-oval, each segment with
discals and marginals. Black, yellowish cinereous pollinose; palpi yel-
low; tibia' rather reddish. Length, 5.5 mm. Genotype: — L. cinerea,
n. sp. (Minnesota).

Oxynopsalia, new genus

Female. — Front of moderate width; two pairs of orbitals; ocellars
long; outer verticals well developed; cheeks narrow; face strongly reced-
ing, the oral margin not produced; ridges bristled on more than the
lower half; proboscis short; palpi clavate; antenna; reaching to the oral
margin, the second segment somewhat elongate; arista bare. Eyes short

468 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

pilose. Acrosticals and dorsoeentrals 3-3, the posterior presiitiiral acro-
sticals situated close to the suture; posterior sublateral and posthumeral
bristle present ; two sternopleurals; prosternum bare, narrow. Apical cell
ending close to the wing-tip ; third vein with three bristles basally.
Abdomen elongate oval, each segment with marginals, the second and
third with discals; ovipositor simple. Black, the head and thorax ciner-
eous pollinose, the mesonotum mostly brownish; bases of abdominal seg-
ments very narrowly white pollinose. Length, 4.5 mm. Genotype: —
0. nitida, n. sp. (Panama).

Anadiscalia, new genus

Male and female. — Head twice as high as long; front narrow,
female with two pairs of orbitals; ocellars long; outer verticals w^eak;
cheeks and parafacials extremelj^ narrow; face retreating but slightly;
oral margin not prominent, the ridges bare; proboscis short, the palpi
clavate; antennae reaching almost to the oral margin, the second segment
short; arista bare; eyes short haired. Acrosticals and dorsoeentrals 3-3;
posthumeral and posterior sublateral present; two sternopleurals;
prosternum haired. Apical cell ending moderately before the wing-tip;
third vein with two bristles basally. Abdomen oval, not deep. Black,
cinereous pollinose; palpi, humeri and abdomen reddish yellow, the ab-
domen with a more or less distinct median vitta, the apices of the seg-
ments more or less, and the fourth segment almost entirely black. All
segments with marginals but without discals. Length, 6 to 7 mm. Geno-
type:— A. hasalis, n. sp. (Panama).

Zuanalia, new genus

Female. — Arista long plumose; front wide, with two pairs of orbi-
tals; ocellars long; outer verticals moderately strong; cheeks almost
half as wide as eye-height; parafacials bare; face strongly retreating
on upper part, the oral margin slightly produced; proboscis short; palpi
clavate, antennffi reaching almost to the oral margin. Acrosticals 3-1,
the presuturals very weak; dorsoeentrals 3-4; posterior sublateral absent;
posthumeral present; sternopleurals 2-1; prosternum bare. Apical cell
ending a little before the wing-tip; bend of fourth vein with appendage;
base of third vein with about four bristles. Abdomen short oval, rather
deep. Head, thorax and legs reddish in ground color; head yellow
pollinose; mesonotum metallic blue, cinereous pollinose, trivittate; abdo-
men wholly metallic blue, the bases of the segments cinereous pollinose.
Length, 10 mm. Genotype: — Z. azurca, n. sp. (Panama).

FAMILY TACHIXID.E THE TACHIXIDS 469

Patillalia, new genus

Female. — Front of moderate width; two pairs of orl)itals; ocellars
long; outer verticals strong; cheeks narrow; face receding, the oral
margin not produced; proboscis short; palpi clavate; antenna reaching
almost to the vibrissae; arista very short pubescent. Dorsocentrals
and acrosticals 3-3; posthumeral and i)osterior sublateral present; two
sternopleurals; prosternum haired. Apical cell ending a little before
the wing-tip; third vein with two strong basal bristles. Abdomen oval;
all segments Avith marginals, the fourth with discals. Black; head white
pollinose; the front yellowish above; thorax with white pollen on the
sides, yellowish above, distinctly vittate; abdomen with very broad
cinereous bands on the bases of the segments. Length, 7 mm. Geno-
type:—P. fasciata, n. sp. (Panama).

Agrarialia, new genus

Male. — Front wide, only a little narrower than the face; two pairs
of strong orbitals; ocellars long; outer verticals strong; cheeks very
narrow; face retreating, the oral margin scarcely produced; ridges
bare; proboscis short; palpi clavate, hairy; antennse reaching practically
to the oral margin, the second segment short, arista very short pube-
scent. Acrosticals 3-3, dorsocentrals 3-4; posthumeral and posterior
sublateral present; sternopleurals 2-1; prosternum haired. Apical cell
ending well before the wing-tip; third vein bristled almost to the an-
terior crossvein. Abdomen elongate oval, somewhat tapering; each
segment with marginals, but no discals; third segment with large sexual
patch below. Black, cinereous pollinose, the head largely silvery;
mesonotum with yellowish tinge, strongly vittate; apical third of abdo-
minal segments shining black. Length, 7.5 mm. Genotype : — A. sexualis,
n. sp. (Panama).

Aridalia, new genus

Female. — Front about as wide as the face; two pairs of orbitals;
ocellars rather short and weak; outer verticals well developed; cheeks
very narrow; face receding, the ridges bare, the oral margin not pro-
duced; proboscis short; palpi weakly clavate; antennas reaching to the
oral margin; arista short pubescent. Acrosticals 3-3; dorsocentrals 3-4;
posthumeral and posterior sublateral present; sternopleurals 2-1.
Apical cell ending well before the wing-tip: third vein bristled to the
anterior crossvein. Abdomen elongate oval, tapering apically; each

470 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

segment with marginals but without discals. Black with cinereous
pollen; palpi yellow; sides of the abdomen broadly reddish on the
basal half, the apex also reddish; pollen of front rather golden, of
mesonotum more or less ochreous and strongly vittate; apices of abdo-
minal segments broadly bare. Length 8 mm. Genotype : — A. lateralis,
n. sp. (Panama).

Shermanalia, new genus

Male. — Arista long plumose; front moderately narrow; ocellars
long; outer verticals absent; cheeks one-third as wide as eye-height;
face scarcely retreating, the oral margin prominent, the ridges bare;
apical section of the proboscis as long as the head-height; palpi
somewhat clavate; antennge not reaching to the oral margin, the second
segment short. Acrosticals 1-1, the anterior pair weak; dorsocentrals
2-3; posthumeral and posterior sublateral absent; sternopleurals 2-1;
prosternum bare. Apical cell almost closed a little before the wing-tip;
third vein with two weak bristles basally. Abdomen elongate, more
than twice as long as wide, rather cylindrical, all the segments with
marginals but without discals. Black, clothed with thick yellowish
pollen; mesonotum with three black vittas, the median one wide; first
;ibdominal segment with an hourglass-shaped black spot, the base black,
the following segments broadly black apically, the black expanding
triangularly just below the sides. Length, 6 mm. Genotype : — S. pre-
tiosa, n. sp. (Panama).

Prorhynchops errans Curran (fig. 172) traces to this genus but the
aristal rays arise from only the upper and lower surfaces. It is prob-
ably not a Prorliynclwps as it lacks discal bristles.

Thelairalia, new genus

Male. — Front rather wide, with a single pair of strong orbitals
ocellars short and hair-like; outer verticals distinct; cheeks narrow
face receding, the oral margin not produced; proboscis short; palpi
weakly clavate; antennas not reaching to the oral margin; arista very
short plumose. Acrosticals 8-3; dorsocentrals 2-3; posterior sublateral
poorly developed, the posthumeral absent; sternopleurals 1-1; pro-
sternum haired. Apical cell ending moderately before the wing-tip;
third vein bristled more than half way to the anterior crossvein. Abdo-
men tapering, each segment with marginals, only the fourth with discals.
Black, yellow pollinose: mesonotum with four vittee which unite to form

FAMILY TACHINID.E — THE TACHINIDS 471

a broad postsvitural fascia; first abdominal segment wholly, the others
on the apical half, shining. Length, 8 mm. Genotype: — T. fasciata,
n. sp. (Panama).

Microtownsendia, new genus

Female. — Front as wide as the face; two pairs of orbitals; ocellars
moderately strong; outer verticals strong; cheeks extremely narrow;
face receding, the ridges bare; oral margin not produced; proboscis
short; palpi clavate; antennge reaching the oral margin, the second seg-
ment short; arista bare. Acrosticals and dorsocentrals 2-3; posthumeral
and posterior sublateral present; two sternopleurals; prosternum haired.
Apical cell ending a little before the wing-tip; third vein with two basal
bristles. Abdomen oval, the fourth segment elongate; discals absent,
each segment with marginals. Black, with cinereous white pollen;
mesonotum thinly pollinose and Aveaklj' vittate; bases of abdominal
segments narrowly pollinose; palpi yellow. Length, 3.75 mm. Geno-
type:— M. nitens, n. sp. (Panama).

472

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Braulidse — The Honey-bee Parasite

Braula ccEca.

This family is comprised of a single species of BrauJa, parasitic
upon honey bees.

Seiitellum absent, the mesonotum not differentiated from the abdo-
minal segments, the abdomen sessile; eyes minute; ocelli absent; antenna
set in lateral grooves; vertex without bristles. Fifth tarsal segment
broad and bearing an inflexed comb of many miscroscopic teeth. Wings
entirely absent.

The Braulidffi are not larviparous, but lay eggs.

Braula coeca Nitzsch is a small convex insect found only in the hives
of honey bees. It is said to be cosmopolitan in distribution but is rare
in this country, at least in collections.

473

Family Hippoboscidge — The Bird Parasite Flies

Olfersia sordida.

Small, flat flies of leathery consistency, usually with wings, the
posterior veins weaker.

Head flattened, usually attached to an emargination of the thorax.
Face short; palpi forming a sheath for the proboscis, projecting in
front of the head; antennas inserted in pits or depressions near the
border of the mouth, apparently with a single segment, with or without
a terminal bristle or hairs. Eyes round or oval; ocelli present or
absent. Thorax flattened; scutellum short and broad. Halteres present
or rudimentary, rarely absent. Abdomen sac-like, the sutures indistinct,
the basal segments usually fully chitinized. Legs short and strong,
broadly separated by the sternum; tarsi short; claws strong and often
wdth one or two teeth. Wings present or absent, the veins approximated
to the anterior border, with weak ones running obliquely across the pos-
terior two-thirds of the wing. Larviparous.

474

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

The adults occur on ])irds and mammals. They are most frequently
found on birds, seldom flying. In the old world species of Hippohosca
are found on horses, camels, etc. and often occur in large numbers, as is
the case with the sheep tick, a wingless species occurring wherever
sheep are raised.

4(ft- Trlrcrftijrjrr^,^

4^i^

Hippoboscidae. — 1, Stilbometopa impressa; 2, Pseudolynchia maura; 3, Lynchia amer-
■cana; 4, Ornithoica; 5, 6, Ornithomyia; 7, Ornithoctona erythrocephala.

FAMILY HIPPOBOSCID.T; THE BIRD PARASITE FLIES 475

Aldrich* has published a key to the genera but the species are very
difficult to determine, there are no keys to the American species,
and although most of them have been figured, the illustrations and
descriptions are scattered.

KEY TO GENERAf

1. With functional wings, longer than abdomen 2

Wings rudimentary, broken off or absent 12

2. Wing with five or six distinct veins behind the costa 3

Wing with only three distinct veins behind the costa, the first, third and

fifth Lipoptena Nitzsch

3. Anal cell closed by a crossvein (4) 4

Anal cell open apically (2) 9

4. Ocelli present 6

Ocelli absent 5

5. Claws bidentate; head rounded behind and free from thorax (not

naturalized in America) Hippobosca Linnaeus

Claws tridentate; head truncate behind, in a deep emargination of the
thorax ( 1 ) Stilbometopa Coquillett

6. Third vein joining the tip of the costal vein at a distinct angle; claws

tridentate 7

Third vein confluent with the costal vein on the apical third; claws
bidentate (4) Ornithoica Rondani

7. Antennal processes two-thirds as long as the head, straight and parallel

with each other, broadly rounded at tip Ornithopertha Speiser

Antennal processes much shorter, more or less pointed 8

8. Antennal processes broad, concave above, with projecting outer rim,

curved inwardly so as to almost or quite touch each other (7).

Ornithoctona Speiser
Antennal processes narrow, without outer rim, divergent and curving
downward (5, 6) Ornithomyia Latreille

9. Crossvein closing the second basal cell entirely absent (2) 11

Crossvein closing the second basal cell at least half present (3) 10

10. Lateral lobe of the metanotum swollen and bearing a mammiform

process; fourth vein setulose (see text figure) Olfersia Wiedemann

Lateral lobe of metanotum less swollen and without processes; fourth
vein bare (3) Lynchia Weyenbergh

11. Ocelli entirely absent; scutellum angulate laterally (2).

Pseudolynchia Bequaert
Ocelli occasionally present but minute; scutellum convex posteriorly.

Microlynchia Lutz, Neiva and Costa Lima

12. Halteres present 13

Halteres absent; wings aborted, reduced to short knobs.

Melophagus Latreille

13. Ocelli present, claws bidentate; with basal stumps of broken wings.

Lipoptena Nitsch
Ocelli absent, claws tridentate; wings present, much shorter than the
abdomen. (Brachypteromyia Williston) Myophthiria Rondani

1923. Ins. Ins. Menstr., xi, pp.
Ched-ed by Dr. J. Bequaert.

476

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Family Nycteribiidse

Basilia species.

Small, spider-like, wingless flies.

Head oval, folding back when at rest in a groove on the dorsum of
the thorax. Antenna short, two segmented, the oval terminal segment
with bristles, inserted in cavity; eyes and ocelli vestigial. Thorax
depressed, laterally and anteriorly with comb-like bristles. Abdomen
oval, with more or less distinct segmentation. Legs long, the knees at
rest prominent above the thorax; femora broad; tibiae clubbed or shovel-
shaped; basal tarsal segment very long. Halteres pendunculate or
sessile, often indistinct. Larviparous.

The members of this family are all parasitic upon bats and occur
throughout the tropics and subtropics but are most numerous in the
Old World.

Ferris* considers that we have but one genus in North America and
perhaps two genera in the western hemisphere. Nycterihia possibly
occurs in Brazil but there are no positive records from other parts of
the continent. The two genera are separable as follows:

1. Eyes absent Nycteribia Latreille

Eyes present, two-facetted Basilia Ribeiro

* 1924. Ent. News, xx.xv, pp. 191-199.

477

Family Streblidae— The Bat Flies

Pterellipsis aranea.

Head of moderate size, with a freely movable neck. Eyes, when
present, small, without or with very few facets; ocelli absent. Antennae
inserted in a pit, two segmented, the second segment with a bristle.
Proboscis short, not protrusible, thickened basally; palpi broader than
long, projecting leaf-like in front of the head, not forming a sheath
for the proboscis. Abdomen with a distinct basal segment, the other
segments rarely distinguishable, the basal segment with special bristles
for the protection of the wings when at rest. Posterior coxfe always
enlarged; fifth segment of the tarsi usually elongate and enlarged; pul-
villi present, the claws never toothed. Wings sometimes vestigial or
wanting, when present the veins stout and covered with hairs. Halteres
present.-

All but one species are parasitic upon bats but they are restricted
to the tropics and the subtropico-temperate zones. Kessel* has reviewed
the family.

KEY TO GENERA f

1. With a ctenidium of black bri.^tles on the ventral surface of the head . . 2
Without a ctenidium on under surface of head 4

2. Eyes present; wings well-developed, with six veins (1) 3

Eyes absent; wings reduced to oval pads, much shorter than the thorax.

Metelasmus Coquillett

* 1925. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xxxiii, pp. 11-34, 4 plates.
t Checked by Dr. J. Bequaert.

478

NORTH AMEUICAX DIPTERA

Streblidse I. — 1. Strebla vespertilionis; 2, Euctenodes mirabilis.

FAiMILV STKKBLID.E THE BAT FLIES 479

3. Ctenidium extending to the sides of the head and visible laterally from

dorsal view 3a

Ctenidium ending far before the sides of the head (E. breviceps,
Panama) Eldunnia, n. g.

3a. Posterior femora about twice as long as the anterior ones; anterior

cross-vein before the middle of the wing (1) Strebla Wiedemann

Posterior femora decidedly less than twice as long as the anterior ones;
anterior crossvein beyond the middle of the wing (2).

Euctenodes Waterhouse

4. Wings entirely lacking 5

Wings present, though small 6

5. Posterior legs about twice as long as the anterior ones.

Megistopoda Macquart
Posterior legs not twice as long as the anterior ones.

Paradyschiria Speiser

6. Wings of normal size 8

Wings small, narrow or short 7

7. Wings erect and narrow; posterior legs about twice as long as anterior

ones (5, also text figure) Pterellipsis Coquillett

Wings lying flat, short; posterior legs not twice as long as anterior
ones (4) .> Aspidoptera Coquillett

8. Wings with a single crossvein and three longitudinal veins; thorax com-

pressed (3) Nycterophilia Ferris

Wings with at least two crossveins and six longitudinal veins; thorax
depressed 9

9. Posterior legs at least twice as long as the anterior pair 10

Posterior legs obviously less than twice as long as the anterior pair

( 6 ) Trichobius Gervais

10. Posterior legs three times as long as the body. .Paratrichobius Costa Lima
Posterior legs about twice as long as the front pair Speiseria Kessel

Stieblidas II. — 3, Nycterophilia coxata; 4, Aspidoptera ininuta; 5, Pterellipsis aranea;
6, Trichobius sparsus.

480

NORTH A:\IERICAN DIPTERA

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DIPTEROLOGY

Abdomen — The hindermost of the three main body divisions.

Acalypteratse — The Acalypterate Muscoidea — those with very small or linear

squamae.
Acrostical bristles — The rows of mesonotal bristles between the dorsocentrals —

the two median rows of bristles of the thorax.
Acrostical hairs — Hairs lying between the dorsocentral bristles.
Acrostical setulse — Very shoi't hairs between the dorsocentral bristles.
Adventitious veins — Veins occuiring in abnormal positions, sometimes rather

regularly placed, and sometimes normally present,
^deagus — Part of the male negitalia: the penis and its sheath.
Alate — Having wings.
Alula — A lobe at the base of the wing posteriorly.

Ceria. Ceriomydas. Conops.

Examples of mimetic resemblances in flies.

Anal cell — The cell lying between the fifth and sixth veins (Cu).

Anal crossvein — The crossvein closing the anal cell apically — (Cui.) of Com-

stock-Needham.
Anal lobe — The basal part of the wing behind the anal vein.
Anal vein — The sixth longitudinal vein. The second anal is usually absent

or represented by a fold.
Anepisternite — The mesopleura.

Annulate — Having rings, but not completely segmented.
Annulus — A ring or band.
Antennae — The feelers, attached to the head and separating the face and the

front. They are sensory organs and perhaps combine the senses of smell

and hearing.
Antennal fovea — See antenna! grooves.
Antennal grooves — Definite depressions in the middle of the face in which the

antennae may rest. They are limited laterally by the facial ridges and in

the middle, unless they are united, by a carina.
Anterior crossvein — The short crossvein connecting the third and fourth longi-
tudinal veins on the basal half of the wing — (r-m).

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DIPTEROLOGY 481

Apicad — Toward the apex.

Apical cell — The first posterior cell — the space between the third and fourth
longitudinal vein beyond the anterior crossvein (Rs).

Apical scutellars — The apical pair of marginal bristles on the scutellum. The
term is loosely applied and often means the sub-apical scutellars, in
cases where the true apicals are absent.

Apical spurs (of tibia) — Short, rather stout bristles often present on the under
or ventral surface of the tibiae. The number varies, and may differ on
different pairs of legs.

Appendage (vein) — The presence of a short vein at the angle of a bend.

Apterous — Wingless.

Ai'cuate — Arched like a bow.

Arista — A bristle-like portion of the third antennal segment which may be
apical or dorsal and sub-basal. It is composed normally of three seg-
ments; the first is usually minute and the second short, although all three
may be elongate.

Auxiliary vein — The subcostal vein; that vein lying between the costa and
first vein, often absent. (Subcostal; mediastinal.)

Axillary cell — The area behind the anal vein.

Axillary lobe — The area behind the anal vein. See axillary cell.

Axillary vein — The second anal vein when this is present (2nd A).

Basad — Toward the base.

Basicosta — The second distinct "scale" at the base of the wing in Muscoids.
It is bare. The basal "scale" is the epaulet and is haired.

Basitarsus (si) — A term applied to the basal segment of the tarsi.

Bend of fourth vein — The curve of the fourth vein beyond the posterior cross-
vein (Muscoids).

Bilobed — Divided or split into two parts.

Calcar — A single posterodorsal bristle usually strong, situated on the posterior
tibiae at or beyond the middle (Muscidse).

Calypter (Calypters, Calypterae) — See squamae.

Calypterje — See Calypteratse.

Calypteratae — The Calypterate Muscoidfe — Tachinidae, Metopiidae, Muscidae,
OiJstridfe and Cuterebridae.

Capitate — PJnlarged at the apex.

Carinate — Ridged or bearing a raised line or keel.

Caudad— Toward the posterior end of the abdomen or hind margin of the
wing.

Caudal — Pertaining to the apex of the abdomen.

Cephalad — Toward the front of the head.

Cell — A space in the wing bounded by veins.

Cheeks — The space below the eyes. Sometimes termed the peristoma.

Chitinized — Hardened or horn-like: not membranous. There has been a great
deal of discussion as to the proper use of the term chitin. As generally,
and I think properly, used it refers to the leather-like, or hard part of
insects; now commonly written sclerotized.

Clavate — Clubbed or enlarged at the apex.

Claws — Tarsal claws, borne on the fifth (or apical) tarsal segment.

Clypeus — A distinct sclerite at the base of the proboscis adjacent to the ante-
rior oral opening. Some authors have contended that the clypeus is absent
and that the middle of the face is the tnae clypeus. This seems very
doubtful and I do not accept the contention. The term has been applied
recently to the middle of the face, but epistoma is a much better term for
that part.

Coarctate — Narrowed between the base and apex at some point.

Comb — A row of closely set, short bristles. (Often occurring on the femora or
tarsi: Drosophilidae, etc.)

482

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

5r R' /?..,

Anisopus

(Anisopodida)

ff Thereva

( There vidse)

Pantarbes

(Bombyliidse)

Conops

(Conopidae)

Scenopinus

(Scenopinidae)

Rhamphomyia

(Empidse)

/»/, + Ck.

THE VEINS AND CELLS, COMSTOCK-NEEDHAM SYSTEM

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DIPTl^ROLOGY 483

COMSTOCK-NEEDHAM SYSTEM OF WING VENATION.

The comparison of the system here used is with that of Comstock-Needham.
not as revised by Tillyard and others.

Anal cell — Cu.

Anal crossvein — Cu^..

Crossveins — h;r-m; m; M3; Cu-; Sc^.

Discal cell — 1st M?.

Discoidal crossvein — Ms.

Fifth longitudinal — Cu 1, 2.

First basal cell — R.

First vein — R plus Ri. (the main stem of the vein, basad of Rs, is R, — beyond

Rs, R,).
Large crossvein — m and outer section of M3.
Marginal cell — Ri.
Posterior cells — R:. to Cu,.

Posterior crossvein — m, and sometimes also outer section of M3.
Prsefurca — Rs.

Second vein — Rs, and its anterior branch, Rj*3.
Small crossvein — r-m.
Subcostal crossvein — Sd..
Submarginal cells — R3, R4.

Third long, vein — Posterior branch of Rs, — R4+5.
Compressed — Flattened from side to side — laterally compressed.
Connate — Fused and immovable.
Constricted — Narrowed.

Corneous — Horn-like in texture or appearing so.
Costa — See costal vein.

Costal cell — The cell between the costa and subcostal or auxiliary vein.
Costal vein — The vein extending along the front margin of the wing.
Crossveins — There are five typical crossveins in the wings: humeral, anterior,
posterior, discoidal and anal (The equivalents of these in the Comstock-
Needham system are, in order, — h; r-m; m; M3 and Cu.). In addition
to these there is the subcostal crossvein (Scj), and there may be one or
more veins simulating crossveins. The apical crossvein is merely the
anteriorly curved fourth longitudinal vein (Muscoids). The base of the
third vein, base of posterior branch of the fourth vein and the base of the
branches of the fifth vein may simulate crossveins. In some families
there may be additional crossveins (see Nemestrinidae, Bombyliidse, etc.).
Cruciate — Crossing each other.
Ctenidium — A comb-like row of bristles.
Cubitus — Fifth longitudinal vein.
Decumbent — Depressed; hanging down.
Decussate — Crossing or cruciate.

Depressed — Flattened dorsoventrally, contrasting with compressed.
Dichoptic — Eyes separated by the front.
Digitate — Bearing a finger-like process.

Discal cell — A (usually) closed cell (on the disc of the wing, lying between the

fourth and fifth veins). It may be absent, open apically, or united with

one of the basal cells, usually the second basal, abnormally with the first

basal (1st M^).

Discal crossvein — The vein separating the discal and second basal cells. (See

discoidal crossvein.) (M3 of Comstock-Needham system).
Discal scutellars — Bristles on the disc of the scutellum.
Discoidal crossvein — The vein separating the discal and second basal cells.

(See discal crossvein.) (Ms of Comstock-Needham system).
Dorsad — Toward the upper surface.

484

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

eiv luixiliaryi vein ^ ,

—1—1 I ' ' rosiiif I

WING OF TABANUS

The terminology of the veins and parts shown on this figure is that used
in the present work, except in the Tipuloidea.

WING OF SILVIUS

Comstock-Needham system. Veins. C — costa, Sc — subcosta, R — radius.
M — media, Cu — cubitus, A — anal. Cells. C — costal, Sc — subcostal, R— radial,
M — medial, Cu — cubital, A — anal.

ib - Siihtost, 1 1

.sfi,7 y.

WING OF PANGONIA

Schiner's system. Cells. 1, costal; 2, mediastinal; 3, subcostal; 4, 5,
cubital; 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, first to fifth posterior cells; 12, discoidal cell; 13, 14, 15,
first to third basal cells; 16, axillary cell.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DIPTEROLOGY 485

Dorsal — Pertaining to the upper surface of the body.
Dorsocentrals — Dorsocentral bristles of the thorax.
Dorsopleural suture — See notopleural suture.
Dorsum — Upper surface. Refers to thorax and abdomen.

Epaulet — The first "scale" at the base of the costa. It is haired and is fol-
lowed by a bare "scale", the basicosta.
Empodium (ia) — A bristle, hair or pad borne on the apical tarsal segment

between the pulvilli.
Epiphysis — A lappet-like process or lobe.
Epistoma — Correctly, the anterior oral margin. Frequently used to denote

the facial depression or middle of the face from the oral margin to the

antennje.
Eyes — The compound eyes, composed of, usually, many facets.
Face — The front of the head between the mouth and the antennae.
Facets — The divisions comprising the compound eyes.
Facial depression — The middle of the face. Facial plate.
Facial plate — The central part of the face.
Femur (femora) — The long part of the leg nearest the thorax, but separated

from the thorax by the coxa and trochanter. The thigh.
Fifth longitudinal vein — The vein running along the posterior side of the

second basal cell, and of the discal cell, usually two-branched, the second

branch separating the fourth and fifth posterior cells. (Cui,;; postical.)
First basal cell — A cell lying between the first, second and third and the fourth

longitudinal veins on the basal half of the wing.
First vein — The vein lying immediately behind the auxiliary vein, or when that

is absent, immediately behind the costa. (R and Ri.)
Flagellum- — In flies having six br more antennal segments the portion beyond

the scape.
Fourth longitudinal vein — The vein, usually arising near the base of the wing,

separating the two basal cells and bordering the discal cell anteriorly, often

branched, the posterior branch often partly closing the discal cell.

(Medial, M,,:, 3; discoidal.)
Front — The space between the eyes lying above the antennae and limited by

the vertex or top of the head.
Frontalia — The central stripe of the front. Frontal vitta.
Frontal lunule — The space between the bases of the antennte and the ptilinal

or frontal suture, actually occurring only in Cyclorrhaphous Hies, but the

term, or "lunula", is loosely applied to some other flies.
Frontal orbits — The space contiguous to the eyes on the front.
Frontals or frontal bristles — Bristles situated along the inner edge of the

parafrontals.
Frontal triangle — The triangle in holoptic flies bounded above by the eyes and

below by the antennae.
Frontal vitta — The softer area between the rows of frontal bristles or hairs

extending from the antenna? to the ocelli. This allows the head to expand

laterally in Cyclorrhaphous Diptera when the ptilinum is expanded.
Fronto-orbital bristles — -The orbitals or orbital bristles. The term is variously

used and is often applied to the frontals in the Acalypteratse.
Gena (nae) — The cheek. Often refers to the parafacials. The term is best

avoided.
Geniculate — Abruptly bent or elbowed.

Genitalia — The external sexual organs together with the adjacent parts.
Gibbous — Pufl'ed out; hunch-backed.
Glabrous — Without hairs; smooth.
Halteres — Appendages arising on the posterior of the pleura, with a long

stem» and apical knob. These occur in practically all Diptera, rarely being

486

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

reduced to slight swellings in some apterous forms. They are supposed
to be the rudiments of the second pair of wings but I doubt this. The
removal of the halteres renders the insects unable to fly.

Holoptic — Eyes contiguous, dividing the front into an upper and lower part.

Humeral crossvein — A crossvein situated near the base of the wing and ex-
tending from the costa to the auxiliary or subcostal vein and continuing
to the first vein.

Humeri — The anterior corners of the mesonotum usually more or less well
marked.

Hyaline — Transparent.

Hypopleura — The space below the posterior spiracle and above the posterior
cox?e.

Hypopleural bristles — Bristles on the hypopleura, usually in a vertical row.

Hypopygium — The male genitalia together with the adjacent parts. It is
composed of several of the apical abdominal segments and is variously
modified.

Infra-squamal setulae — Fine hairs below the point of attachment of the
squamae.

Intercalary vein — A term sometimes applied to the posterior branch of the
fourth vein in cases where its base partly closes the discal cell (M2).

Interfrontal (bristles or hairs) — Hairs or bristles on the frontal vitta.

Interfrontalia — The frontal vitta.

Intra-alar bristles — Bristles situated behind the suture and between the supra-
alar and dorsocentral bristles.

Jowls — The cheeks, behind the depressed anterior part. Sometimes termed the
peristoma.

LabellEe — The lips of the proboscis. Supposed to be the modified labial palpi.
Sometimes broadly expanded, at other times much reduced or apparently
lacking.

Lamella (e) — A leaf-like plate.

Lamellate — Broadened and flat: leaf -like; bearing lamellae.

Large crossvein — The crossvein closing the discal cell; posterior crossvein (ni
and M3).

Lateral — At, toward, or pertaining to the sides of the body.

Lunula — A term applied to the more or less crescentric area above the an-
tennai in some flies, notably in the Syrphidaj. Also a lunulate marking.

Lunule — See lunula.

MOUTHPARTS OF FEMALE TABANUS.

lb, labium; m, mandible; mp, maxillary palpus; mx, maxilla.

GLOSSARY OF TP:RMS USED IN DIPTP^ROLOGY

487

Macrotrichia — The larger microscopic hairs on the surface of the wings.
Marginal cell — The cell Iving between the first and second longitudinal veins

(R,).
Marginal scutellars — Bristles situated close to or on the margin of the scutel-

lum.
Media — The fourth longitudinal vein.
Medial — Pertaining to the media or middle.
Median — Along the middle.
Mesad — Toward the middle.

MESONOTAL BRISTLES

a, acrosticals; as, apical scutellars; dc, dorsocentrals; hm, humeral; ia,
intra-alar; Is, lateral or basal scutellars; ms, marginal scutellars; npl, noto-
pleural; pa, postalars; pr, presutural; sa, supra-alars; sc, scutellars; si, sub-
laterals.

Mesonotum — The dorsum of the mesothorax or the main part of the back.

Sometimes termed the mesoscutum. According to morphological usage

the divisions of the mesonotum are, from front to rear, prescutum, scutum,

scutellum and postscutellum.*
Mesopleura — A so-called pleurite or sclerite of the pleura bounded above by

the mesonotum, in front by the propleura, below by a move or less distinct

suture and behind by a suture extending down from in front of the wings.

The so-called suture separating the mesopleura and sternopleura is merely

a fold leaving an exterior furrow.
Mesoscutum — See mesonotum.

Mesosternum — The under side of the mesothorax.
Mesothorax — The second and largest segment of the thorax. The wings and

second pair of legs arise from this segment.
Metacephalon — The area behind the mouth extending up toward the neck.
Metanotal slopes — Swellings on the sides of the metanotum or its sloping

sides (pleurotergite).

* While not jirofessinp any jrreat knowledge of morphology I am far from being con-
vinced that the Metanotum, as used by taxonomists is actually part of the Mesonotum: there
is a distinct, membranous suture between this part and the scutellum, such as one expects to
find between true sclerites.

488 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Metanotum — The dorsum of the metathorax, lying behind the scutellum. ( '^Ac-
cording to recent morphological usage this is the postnotum or post-
scutellum and is part of the mesonotum: the true metanotum is found
only in the lower Diptera, as Psychodidse.) See footnote, p. 487.

Metapleura — The part of the metathorax above the hypopleura and outside of
the metanotum. It is a poorly defined area and not really separable from
the metanotum.

Metasternum — The under side of the metathorax, situated behind the middle
coxas and extending to behind the posterior coxae.

Metatarsus (si) — A term applied to the basal segment of the tarsi.

Metathorax — The third segment of the thorax. The posterior legs and hal-
teres arise from this segment.

Micropterous — With small or vestigial wings.

Microtrichia — The smaller abundant hairs of the wing. When these are
present the wing is said to be villous.

Moniliform — Resembling a string of beads.

Neuration — The arrangement of the veins of the wing.

Node — A swelling or knot-like knob.

Notopleura — A depression, more or less triangular, situated immediately be-
fore the transverse suture and behind the humeri.

Notopleural suture — The suture extending from the humeri to the base of the
wungs.

Notum — The dorsal surface; particularly of the thorax.

Ocellar bristles — Bristles arising within the ocellar triangle or on either side
of tlie anterior ocellus.

Ocellar triangle — The triangle formed by the ocelli or the triangular, well
marked area surrounding them. This triangle has sometimes been termed
the frontal triangle in cases where it extends almost to the antennal base.

Ocellar tubercle — A term applied to the swelling on which the ocelli are some-
times situated, especially in the Asilidae.

Ocelli — The simple eyes, located on the front, usually near the vertex.

Occipital cilia — The row of bristly hairs behind the eyes.

Occipital fringe — The fringe of fine hairs behind the eyes.

Occiput — The back of the head. Morphologically the subtriangular area limited
by the vertex between the eyes and the neck.

Onychium (ia) — A pad between the tarsal claws.

Orbit — The part of the head immediately surrounding the eyes.

Orbital bristles — Bristles, usually proclinate or divergent, situated on the para-
frontals between the frontals and orbits.

Ordinary crossvein — Anterior or small crossvein, r-m (Schiner).

Ovipositor — The female genitalia with the adjacent parts, composed of several
segments and usually telescopic, but often variously modified.

Palpi — The maxillary palpi.

Parafacials, parafacialia — The part of the face between the facial ridges and
the eyes.

Parafrontals — The part of the front outside the frontal bristles.

Pectinate — With branches like a comb.

Pectus — The under side of the thorax.

Pendulous— Hanging from one end.

Peristoma — Correctly, the region surrounding the mouth, but used in various
senses. The part of the cheeks nearest the oral opening. The anterior
oral opening. The anterior part of the cheeks. The term should be
avoided as being too confusing.

Petiolate— Attached by a stalk or stem.

Phytophagous — Feeding on plants.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DIPTEROLOGY 489

Pilose — Having long, fine hair, usually dense. The term is loosely applied

to include any hair that is not coarse.
Pleurites — A term applietl to the sclerites or sections of the pleura.
Pleurotergite — The hypopleura; morphologically the lateral division of the

metanotum (postscutellum), at least in Nematocera.

PLEURAL DIVISIONS OF SYRPHUS

Hypo, hypopleura; Meso, mesopleura; Meta, metapleura; Pro, propleura;
Ptero, pteropleura; Sterno, sternopleura.

Plumose — Having rays on both sides like a feather.

Pollen — A fine, dust-like substance on the integument.

Pollinose — Covered with "dust" or "bloom".

Posterior calli — The swellings at the posterior coi'ners of the mesonotum,

present in the Calypteratae, and other families, but absent in the Acalyp-

teratse as a rule. (Posterior callosities).
Posterior cells — The cells on the apical part of the wing lying between the

third and fifth veins, exclusive of the discal cells (R.-; to Cu,). Some of

these cells may be closed by the union of veins apically.
Posterior crossvein — The vein or veins closing the discal cell apically (m and

Ms) . According to Schiner the basal section of Cui of the Comstock-

Needham System.
Posterior orbits — The part of the head immediately behind the eyes.
Posthumeral bristle — A bristle situated behind the humerus.
Post ocellar(s) (bristles) — A pair (or more) of bristles arising just below the

vertex on the occiput and behind the ocellar tubercle, sometimes termed

post-verticals.
Postscutellum — A convex, transverse swelling below the scutellum; actually the

upper, posteriorly produced section of the metanotum.
Postvertical(s) bristles — See post ocellars.
Praefurca — See prefurca.
Pra — Prealar bristle.

Prasscutum — The part of the mesonotum in front of the transverse suture.
Pi-ealar (bristle) — The anterior supra alar bristle. This is frequently absent

or reduced. It is used particularly in Muscidae.
Prefurca — The petiole of the second and third longitudinal veins. Base of

R4.0 (The Radial sector Rs).
Preapical bristle (of tibia) — A dorsal, short bristle situated before the end of

the tibia.
Prescutum — See prsescutum.
Presutural bristle — A bristle situated in front of the inner end of the noto-

pleui-a in front of the suture. The lateral bristle situated in front of but

close to the suture.

490

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Proboscis — The mouthparts exclusive of the palpi; always more or less tube-
like. They may be slender and adapted for piercing, or thick and adapted
for lapping.

Proclinate — Curving or directed forward.

Pronotum — The dorsum of the prothorax.

Propleura — The sides of the prothorax. This is usually a depressed area, but
also includes the area above the front coxse.

Propleural bristle — A bristle situated on the propleura immediately above the
front coxae.

Prosternum — The under side of the prothorax, between and in front of the
anterior coxae.

Prothoracic bristle — A bristle situated immediately above the anterior coxae
(See propleural bristle).

Prothorax — The first segment of the thorax. The first pair of legs arise from
the prothorax.

Pruinose — Covered with a hoary dvist. (See pollinose).

Pseudosutural foveae — Impressed polished areas on the humeral portion of the
mesonotum (humeral pits); in Tipulidae and elsewhere.

Pteropleura — A sclerite lying below the base of the wings.

Pteropleural bristle (s) — Bristle or bristles on the pteropleura.

Pteropleurites — The upper and lower sections of the pteropleura.

Ptilinum — An inflatable sac, occurring in Cyclorrhaphous flies and pushed out
above the antennas by the insect in emerging from the pupa (or puparium).
This sac is coarsely grained or pubescent and when forced out thrusts the
face into a horizontal position and when retracted after emergence leaves
the frontal lunule exposed and is concealed in part beneath the facial
ridges.

Pubescent — Having very short, fine hair.

Foot of house-fly, showing claws, pulvilli and the hair-like empodium.

Pulvilli — Pads borne on the apical segment of the tarsus between the claws.

Pulvilliform — Shaped like the pulvilli.

Punctate — Pitted; covered with small pits.

Puparium — The pupa when formed within the hardened larval skin.

Pupiparous — Giving birth to larvae ready to pupate.

Radial — Pertaining to the radius.

Radial cell — Any cell bordered in front by a branch of the radius.

Radius — The first to third longitudinal veins. Ri to Rs of Comstock-Needham

system.
Raptorial — Fitted for grasping prey.
Reclinate — Curving or directed backward.

Recui'rent — The anterior end nearer the base of the wing than some other part.
Reniform — Kidney-shaped.
Reticulate — Having a network.

GLOSSARY OF TP:RMS USED IN DIPTEROLOGY 491

Rostrum — The beak or snout.

Rugose — Wrinkled.

Rugulose — Finely wrinkled.

Scape (of antennas) — The basal two segments in those flies having six or more
antennal segments. These segments are differentiated from the remain-
ing segments, although the first may be small and ring-like; the second
segment is sometimes called the pedicel.

Sclerite— Any piece of the body well surrounded by sutures.

Scutellum — A (usually) convex sclerite attachetl to the back of the mesonotum.
Sometimes termed the shield.

Scutum — The part of the mesonotum behind the transverse suture.

Second basal cell — A cell lying immediately behind the first basal, rarely
united with it, more often open apically and united with the discal cell,
but closed in most cases (Cell M).

Second vein — The vein (frequently absent), lying immediately behind the first
vein, its base always united with the base of the third vein (Rs and its
anterior branch R.+s).

Serrate — Toothed along the edge like a saw.

Sessile — Broadly attached; incapable of movement.

Seta — A bristle.

Setaceous — Bristle-like.

Setigerous tubercles — Tubercles, occurring on the scutellum or legs, each
bearing a spine or bristle on its top.

Setulse — Very short hairs, sometimes coarse.

Setules — Setulae.

Setulose — Bearing setulae.

Sinuous — S-shaped, winding back and forth.

Sixth longitudinal vein — The first anal vein. The second anal is usually absent
or represented by a fold extending around the anterior apex of the alula.
(Anal vein).

Small crossvein — The anterior crossvein (r-m) .

Spatulate — Broadened apically, narrow basally.

Spiracles — The external openings of the tracheal system.

Spurs — Either movable spines at the end of the tibiae or strong production of
apex of tibiae or a tapering production of some part of the body, usually
on the legs.

Spurious vein — An extra, usually very weak vein crossing the anterior cross-
vein.

Squamae — The scales or connecting lobes connecting the wings basally with
the thorax. There are two lobes, the upper and lower. The lower lobe
is often greatly enlarged and is generally referred to as the squama.

Squamose — Scale-like. Refers particularly to scale-like hairs.

Sternites — Ventral sclerites or the under side of the segments.

Sternopleural bristles — Bristles situated on the upper part of the sternopleura
on the posterior half.

Sternum — The under side of the thorax, comprising the pro-, meso- and meta-
sternum.

Stigma — A darkened and often thickened area lying immediately behind the
costa, either beyond the tip of the first or second veins.

Stylate — Bearing a style.

Style — A thick, terminal portion of the antennae arising from the third seg-
ment, sometimes simulating segments, but usually tapering.

Stylose — Bearing a style.

Subantennal groove — See facial grooves.

Subcosta — The vein, usually present, between the costa and the first longitudi-
nal vein.

492 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

Subcostal cell — The cell between the subcosta or auxiliary vein and the first
vein or radius.

Subcostal crossvein — A crossvein, sometimes present, connecting the subcosta
or auxiliary vein and the first vein. This is used taxonomically in the
Mycetophilidae and the Tipuloidea (Morphologically sc^).

Subcostal vein — The vein lying between the costa and the first longitudinal
vein. It is sometimes absent or greatly reduced.

Sublateral bristles — Bristles situated in a line with the intra-alars but in front
of the suture. The anterior two are sometimes included as posthumerals
but the term is deceptive.

Submarginal cell(s) — The cell or cells lying between the second and third
longitudinal veins (R3 and R4).

Sulcate — Grooved or furrowed.

Supernumerary cells — Additional cells occurring in the wings due to the
presence of extra crossveins (See Nemestrinidas, Bombyliidse, etc.).

Supernumerary crossveins — Crossveins, other than those normally present.

Supra-alar bristles — Bristles close to the edge of the thorax behind the suture.

Suture — A line separating the parts of the body wall.

Tarsus (si) — The feet, composed normally of five segments. The apical seg-
ment bears the claws, pulvilli and empodium when these are not obsolete.
In rare cases the number of tarsal segments is reduced to two. The
tarsal segments are numbered fi'om the base, segments one to five, al-
though the first segment is sometimes termed the basitarsus or meta-
tarsus.

Tegulse — See Squamae.

Tergites — Dorsal sclerites or the upper side of the segment.

Third longitudinal vein — The vein arising jointly with the second vein and
branching from it, sometimes branched. Behind it is the first posterior
cell and behind or before its base, the first basal cell (R4+:, ; Posterior
branch of Rs. ; Cubital).

Thorax — The middle part of the body bearing the wings and legs.

Tibia(e) — The part of the leg beyond the femur.

Transverse suture (of thorax) — The depressions extending inward from the
sides of the mesonotum near the middle, but not true sutures. In the
Muscoids this is said to be complete or extend entirely across, but this is
not always the case. Usually the suture is obsolete in the middle. In the
Tipulidse it is V-shaped. The suture divides the anterior series of bristles
from the posterior dorsocentrals and acrosticals, whether it is complete or
not.

Trichostical bristles — Hypopleural bristles, used especially in the Asilidae.

Trochanter — The small, ring-like portion connecting the coxae and femora.
This often appears more or less triangular as only part of it is generally
visible.

Truncate — Ending transversely or with cut-off apex.

Tubercle — A conspicuous, more or less rounded swelling, sometimes elongate
as on the face of Syrphidse, etc.

Tuberculate pits — Paired shiny dots at or near the anterior margin of the
mesonotum, one on either side of the median line; in Tipulidae.

Ungues — Claws.

Venation — The arrangement of the veins of the wings.

Venter — The under surface of the abdomen.

Ventrad — Toward the venter.

Ventral — Pertaining to the under side of the body.

Vertex — The uppermost edge of the front; usually that part between the
ocelli and the back of the head, or behind and between the upper angles
of the eyes.

Vertical triangle — The space, in holoptic flies, surrounding the ocelli.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USP:D IX DIPTEROLOGY 493

VibrissEe — The \avge bristles arising from the vibrissa! angles at the sides
of the mouth in many Cyclorrhaphous Diptera. This term has been mis-
applied to include the bristles sometimes found on the facial ridges.

Vibrissal angles — The more or less rounded angles formed by the facial ridges
just above the oral margin.

Viviparous — Bringing forth living young.

494 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

LITERATURE

For the convenience of those who may not be familiar with American
litei'ature on Entomology lists of general works on Diptera and periodicals,
etc., published in North America is given. This list is not complete but includes
the more important publications. Occasionally descriptions are published in
other journals but the number is small. Certain journals contain more papers
dealing with flies than others, but there is a great deal of variation over a
period of years. Monographic work on American insects is greatly handicapped
because there is no medium of publication, most journals accepting only short
papers.

General Works for Students of Diptera

Aldrich, J. M. — Catalogue of North American Diptera.

Loew, H. — Diptera Americse Septentrionalis Indigena, I to X. (Latin). 1000
new species. The types are almost all in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University.

Loew, H. — Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Dolichopidae, Ephy-
dridse, Otitid«, Tetanoceridse and Trypaneidse. Most oC the species have
been elucidated in later work.

Loew, H. — Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. (German). Partly North
American.

Macquart, J. — Dipteres Exotiques, nouveaux ou peu connus. Vols. I, II and
Supplements I to V. (French).

Say, Thomas — The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of
North America (Two volumes).

Wiedemann, C. R. — Aussereuropaische Zweiflugelige Insecten. Vols. I, II
(German).

Current North American Periodicals Dealing Entirely With Entomology

Annals of the Entomological Society of America.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society.

Canadian Entomologist.

J Entomologica Americana (Published by Brooklyn Entomological Society).

Entomological News.

t Insecutor Inscitise Menstruus.

Journal of Economic Entomology.

Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.

Journal of the New York Entomological Society.

t Memoirs of the American Entomological Society.

Pan Pacific Entomologist.

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (D. C).

Psyche.

JThomas Say Foundation of the Entomological Society of America,

Transactions of the American Entomological Society.

* No parts on Diptera published.

t Publication discontinued. Mostly Diptera and Lepidoptera.

+ Irregular publications.

GLOSSARY OF TERIMS USED IN DIPTEROLOGY 495

Scientific Publications Containing Entomological Papers

American Journal of Hygiene.

American Museum Novitates (American Museum of Natui'al History).

Anales del Institute de Biologia (Mexico City).

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.

Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences (D. C.)

Kansas University Science Bulletin.

Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Ohio Journal of Science.

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.

Proceedings of the United States National Museum.

Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada.

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.

Zoological Record (London, England). Separate parts may be obtained.

Lists all new species described each year.
See also Government publications of the United States, Canada and the

States and Provinces.

CORRECTIONS

Page 327. Leucophanga Mik. Most species of this genus will trace to couplet
10, where they may be distinguished by having the costa ending at the
third vein.

Page 359. For Microdiopsis, n. g. read Pseudodiopsis Hendel. The genotype is
the same.

496

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

INDEX.

PAGE
Ablabesmyia Joh. = Pentaneura Phil.

Ablaiitus 173

Acanthina Wied. = Acanthinomyia

Acanthinomyia 1"3

Acanthocnema 388

Acantholeria 3P1

Acanthophorides 239

Acaroletes 115

Acartophthalmus S62

A caiilona 437

Acemya 462

Acemyiopsis Towns. = Ceracia

Achfctella 3«9

Achsetina 39S

.A.chjiptoneura 451

Achaitoneuropsis T = Achaetoneura

Achalcus 221, 229

Arhiadocera Beck. = Chrysotus

Acicephala 387

Acidia 287

Acidogona 289

Aciura 293

Aciurina 293

Acnemia 125

Aconops 267

Acontistoptera 240, 241

Acreotrichus Macq. = Neacreotrichus

Acrocera 204

Aciochasta 143

Acronietopia 365

Acionaiista 455

Acionaristopsis 445

Acrosticta 275

Acrostictella 281

Acrotsenia 291

Actia 454, 455, 460, 462

Actina 135

Actinochseta 448, 449

Actinomintho T. = Polygaster

Adelphomvia 46

Adiplosis 117

Adiscochata 407

Admontia 448,449

Adoxomyia 141

ACcdcta = Culicoides

At'deomyia 95, 99

Aedes 95,99

^nigmatias 235

Aeschnasoma 37

Agathomyia 244

Agathon 62

Agrarialia 459, 469

Agria 409

Agromyza 332

Agromyzidae 332

AUionia 141

Aldiichia 193

Aldrjchiella 334

Aldrovandiella 1 32

Aleomyia Phillips = Euribia

Alexandriaria 43

Alexiopogon 177, 1 83

Allanthalia 209

Alliopsis 391

Allocotocera 123

Allodia 127

Alla-ostylus 397

Allognosta 135

Allognota 395

Allograpta 255

Allomyella 387

PACK

Allomyia 109

Allophoioceia 453

Allophyla 379

Allotrichoma 349

AUuaudomyia 76

Aloipha 145

Alophora 435

Amalopina 46

Amaurosoma 390

Americina 389

.^miota = Stegana

Amobia 407

Amwbaleria 379

Amphichffita = Phorocera

Amphicnephes 279

Amphicosomus 197

Amphipogon 311

Anacampta L\v = Meckelia

Anacamptomyia 443

Anachfetopsis ■. . . 452

Anadiscalia 446, 468

.'\nalcocerus 143

Anaimostu.s 181

Anastcechu.s 195

Anastrepha 287

Anatella 127

Anatopynia 71

Andrenosoma 179

Androprosopa 68

Anepsiomyia 219, 227

Aneuiina 237

Anisopodidae 59

A nisopus 60

Anisotamia 195, 200

Aiiomaleinpis 207

Anopheles 93, 97

Anorostoma 381

Anthalia 209

Anthepiscopus 209

Anthomyella 391

Anthomyia 391

Anthomyza 329

Anthiacophaga 341

Anthrax 193

Antichffita 369

Antillicola 421

Antineui-a 332

Antiphrisson 183

Antissops 135

Antocha 43

Anypotacta 379

Aochletus 141

Apachemyia 460

Apatolestes 151

Apelleia 204

Apemon 121

.'\phamartania 171

Aphaniosoma 372

Aphestia 179

Aphidoletes 113

Aphiochaata = Megaselia

Aphoebantus 200

Aphria 455

Apinops 435

Apiocera 190

Apioceridae 189

Apocephalus 239

Apomidas 190

Apophorhynchus 300

Aptilotus 361

Aravaipa 447

Archiclop.s 452

IXDEX

497

PACE

Archilestris 173

Archilimnophila 47

Archytas 423

Arctobiella 336

Arctophila 263

Aixtophyto 423

Argentoepalpus Tns. = Rhachoepalpus
Argyra 219. 225

Argyreomyia Tns. = Leptostylum

Argyrochsetona 451, 459. 463

Argy rophylax 443. 460

Ariciella 397

Aridalia 459, 469

Armigeres 99

Arrhinomyia B.B. = Elodia

Arthroceras 146

Arthrochjeta 421

Arthrcci'-odax 115

Arthropeas 146

Asemosvrphus 264

Asilidse 167

Asilostoma 317

Asilus 183

Asimoneura Czerny = Euribia

Asindulum 121

Asphondylia Ill

Aspidoptera 479

Aspistes 131

Asteia 328

Asteiidae 328

Asteromyia 107

Astrodiplosis 117

Astrophanes 193

Asynapta 107

Asyndetus 219,225

Atacta 457

Atactomima Tns. = Atacta

Atarba 46

Atelogossa 421

Atheiigona 396

Atherix 160

Athyioglossa 351

Atissa 349

Atissiella 349

Atomosia ;. 179

Atonia 179

Atopomyia 156

Atractia 177, 181

Atrichopogon 76

Ati-ophopalpus 447

Aulacigaster 327

Austrothaumalea 68

Automola 281

Axelempis 209, 212

Axiologina 277

Axymyia 60

Axysta 355

Azana 123

Azelia 397

Baceha 255

Baryplegma 287

Basilia 476

Bathiopsis 179

Baiimhaueiia 448

Bdellolarynx 307

Beckerina 237

Bel vosia 423,451

Belvosiomima Tns. = Belvosia
Belvosiopsis Tns. = Belvosia

Beris l?-

Berismyia 13,"

Beikshiria 139

PAOE

Beskia 454

Bessa 453

Resseria 4o.">

Bezzia 77

Bezzimyia 435

Bibio 129

Bibiocephala 62

Bibiodes 129

Bibiomima 433

Bibionidse 128

Bicellaria 20*'

Bigolomyia 397

Billa?a 425

Binghamimyia 461

Bironella 97

Bithoiacochseta 395

Bittacomorpha 3r

Bittacomorphella 30

Blephaiei)ium 171

nienhaiicera 62

Blephariceridae 61

Blephaiigena 448

Blepharipeza Macq. = Leschenaultia

Blepharoneui-a 287

Blondelia 441

Bogeria = Cuterebra

Bolbodimyia 154

Bolbomyia 159

Boletina 125

Boletophila 121

Bolomyia 446

Bomboniima 179

Bombyliidse 191

Bombyliomyia 442

Bombyliopsis 420

Bombylius 195

Borborid<e 360

Borborus 361

Boreelhis 408

Boreodromia 212

Boiophaga 237

Bi-Hchiccma 405, 407

Brachydeuteia 355

Brachyopa 259

Brachypalpus 261

Biachypeza 127

Braohypremna 36

Brachypteromyia Will. = Myophthiria

Brachy.stoma 207

Biaula 472

Braulid<e 472

Bremia 113

Briciniella ^ Senopterina

Biillia 73

Biochella 209

Brunettia 79

Bucentes = Siphona

Bucephalina 389

Buckellia 171

Bui)lex 151

Cacosis 141

Cacoxenus 336

Crenotus 188, 197

Califortalis 281, 284

Callachna 291

Calliceia 249

C;illimyia 244

Callinicus 177

Calliphoia 407

Callipiobola 261

CtiUopistromyia 279

Calobata 305

498

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

PAGE

Calobratidae 303

Calobatina 305

Calodexia 439, 461

Calopelta 197

Calostigma 255

Calothelaiia 463

Calpodomyia 462

Calythea 391

Campeprosopa 143

Campsicnemus 223, 230

Camptocladius Wulp = Orthocladius
Camptoneura = Delphinia

Camptoneui'omyia 107

Camptoprosopella 319

Camptops 409

Camptopyga 407

Canace 357

Canaceidae 356

Canacea Malloch = Canace

Canalia 431, 4C5

Cardiacephala 305

Cardiocladius 73

Caiicea = Coeiiosia

Caipotiicha of authors, not Loew = Paracantha

Caipotricha Locw = Ditricha

Caitosyrphus 257

Caryomyia Ill, 115, 117

Cataclinusa 241

Catalinovoria 439, 455

Catemophrys 456

Catharosia 433, 435

Catocha 105

Cecidomyia 117

Cecidomyidae 101

Celatoiia 452, 453, 462

Centeter 453

Cephalella 317

Cephalemya 414

Cephalia = Setellia

Ceiacia 462

Ceiatempis 212

Ceratinostoma 389

Ceratitis 287

Ceratobaiys 343

Ceiatocheilus 49

Ceiatolophus = Serromyia

Ceiatomyia 105

Ceiatomyella 449

Ceiatopogon 76

Ceratopogonidse 74

Ceiatoxys 281

Ceraturgopsis 173, 175

Ceraturgus 173

Ceidistus 183

Ceiiogaster 263

Cerioides 249

Ceiocatus 162

Cerodontha 332

Cerometopiini 349

Ceroplatus 121

Ceropsilopa 351

Ceiotainia 179

Cerotainiops 179

Cerotelion Rondani = Ceroplatus
Ceroxys = Melieria

Cetema 341

Chajtocanace 357

Chatochlorops 344

Chffitoclusia 364

Chaetocnemistoptera 237

Chsetocoelia 321

ChsBtogsedia 448

PAGE

Chffitogffidiopsis Tns. = Gaediophana

ChEetogenia 394

Cha-'toglossa -152

Chajtogyne 425

Cha?tominettia 319

Cha'tona 461, 463

Chaetonalia 431, 4C5

Chffitonodexodes 452

Chretojihleps 451

Chiotophlep.sis 423

Chajtoplagia 449

Chsetopleurophora 237

Chastoprocta 417

Chaetoprosopa 447

Cha^topsis 277

Cha3to.sa 390

Chatostigmoptera 460

ChaBtovoria 437

Chagasia 97

Chalarus 246

Chalcomyia 259

Chalcosyrphus 250

Chamaemyia 365

Chatnaemyidae 365

Chamasyrphus 259

Chaoborus 93,97

Charadrella 395

Chai-adrodromia 214

Charapemyia T. = Trafoia

Chasniatonotus 73

Cheilosia 257

Chelifera 214

Clielipoda 214

Chursodromia 214

Chionca 48. 52

Chuicahuia . . .' 435

Chirocladius 73

Chiromyza 135

Chironoinidae 69

Chironomus 73

Chirosia 393

Chloropidae 339

Chloropisca 341

Chioroprocta 408

Chlorops 341

Chlorotachina 444

Cholomyia 431

Chonocephalus 241

Chordoiiota 143

Chromatocera 442

Chromolepida 188

Chrysanthrax 195

Chrystria 435, 439

Chrysoceria 177

Chrysochlora Ill

Chrysochroma 145

Chrysogaster 259

Chrysomyza 277

Chi-ysopilus 160

Chrysops 151

Chrysosoma 21'">

Chrysosomopsis =-- Gymnochaeta

Chrysosomidia 261, 263

Chrysotachina 429

ChrysGtimus 221, 227

Chrysotoxum 251

Chrysotus 223

Chymomyza 327

Chyliza 375

Chyromyidae 371

Chyroniya 372

Cincticornia Ill

Cirrula 353

Cistogaster 435

Citibsena 251

Cladochasta 327

Cladura 49

INDEX

499

PAGE

Claii'villia = Dionsea

Clanontui-um 349

Clasiopclla 351

Clastopteromyia 327

Clausicella 456

Clausicellana 458

ClciKastra 390

Clelia Des. = Leucostoina

Clcodiplosis 113

Cleonice 445

Clinoceia 214

Clinodiplosis 115

Clinohelea 76

Clinoneura ^= Rhynchiodcxia

Clinopcra 395

Clinorhyncha 107

Clinotanypus 71

Cliopcza 307

Clista 462

Clistomorpha 439, 455

Clitellaria of authors = Adoxomyia
Clitiomya Rond. = Chrystria

Clusia 364

Clusiidse 362

Clusioides 364

Clythopsis Tns. = Ceracia

Cnemacantha 321

Cnemodon 257

Cnephaliodes 423

Coboldia 131

Coccidomyia 109

Cochliomyia 408

CockL-ic41iana 448

Cceloglutus 217, 229

(^mlopa 376

Coelopidce 376

Ccclosia 125

Coplotanypus = Clinotanypus

Coenia 353

Co?nomyia 346

Ccenoniyidae 146

Coenosia 395

Coilometopia 275

Colabris 214

Collatia 423, 464

Collintllula 221, 229

Coloboneura 214

Coloradalia . .444, 46"^

Colpodia 107

ComanlL'Ua 169

Comatacta Coq. = Telothyria

Commoptera 241

Compsiluia 443

Comyops 427

Condidea 263

Condylostylus 216

Coniccps 273

Coniceia . 237

Coniceromyia 237

Oonophorus 197

Conopidse 265

Conops 'id'

Contaiinia Ill

Copc'stylum 251

Cophura 171

Copi-odiplosis 115

Coquillettina Walton = Hemithrixion

Coquilk'ttomyia 115

Cordiluia 388, 389

Cordyla 127

Cordyligaster 457

Cordylomyia 105

Coi(lyl\iiilla 389

FACE

Coicthra auct = Mochlonyx
Corethra Meigen = Chaoborus

Corethrella 93, 95

Coiinthomyia 105

Coiozalia 429. 465

Coiynoneura 73

Cramptonomyia 128

Ciassiseta 343

Cremersia 239

Crtpidohanima 328

Crictopus 73

Criddleria 379

Crioprora 261

Criorrhina 261

Ciyophila 9"

Ciyptobremia 113

Cryptochaetum 332. 365

Cryptocladocera 443

Cryptolabis 50

CiyptomoiKenia 437

Ctenodactylomyia 109

Ctenophora 37

Culex 95, 97

Culicidse 83

Culicoides 76

Cuphocera 47

Curtonotuni 327

Cuteiebra 412

Cuterebridae 411

Cyamops 323

Cylindromyia 421. 454

Cylindrotoma 41

Cynipimorpha 139

Cynomva 407

Cynoihina 259. 261, 263

Cynorhinella 261

Cyphomvia 143

Cyrtidae 203

Cyrtomt'topa =^ Odontomera

Cyrtoneurina 394

Cyrtonturopsis 394

Cyrtophloeba 427

Cyrtonotum = Curtonotuni

Cyrtoposon 177

Cystiphora 109

Cystodiplosis 117

Cyzenis 443

Czernyola 364

Dactylocladius = Orthocladius

Dactylolabis 47

Dactylothyrea 343

Dalmannia 267

Damalis 173

Dasyhelea 76

Dasykchia 177

Dasymetopa 279

Dasymolophilus 50

Dasyntura 109

Dasypleuron 387

Degperia 453

Dfinocerites 95, 97

Dcjeania 423

Delopsis 127

Dclphinia 279

Delphodiplosis 113

Demoticu.s 460

Dendromyia 93

Dendrophaonia 397, 399

Dentifibula Ill

Derinatobia 412

Deroinyia = Diogmites

Desmatomyia 200

Desmatoneura 200

Dfsmometopa 336

Desmomyza 336, 338

500

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

PAGE

Deutominettia 321

Dexia 457

Dexiosoma = Microphthalmus

Dexodes 456, 4fi2

Diachloi-us 153

Diacrita 279

Diadiplosis 113

Diadocidia 121

Dialineura 188

Dialysis 159

Dialyta 396

Diamesa 71

Diaphanomyia Tns. = Cuphocera

Diaphorus 223

Diarthronomyia 109

Diasemopsis 359

DiaKtata 327

Diatomineura Rond. ^= Scaptia

Diazosma 31

Dichata 355

Dichsetomyia 395

Dichaftoneuia Johns. ^ Phytomyptera

Dichelacora 154

Dichoctia 427

Diclasiopa 349

Diclisa Sch. = Scione

Dicolonus 175

Dicifeus 344

Dicranomyia 45

Dicianophragma 48

Dicranoptycha 43

Dicianota 46

Dicianus 171

Dicrodiplosis 113

Dictya 369

Dictyomyia 370

Dictyonerius 309

Didea 253

Di.s;onipha?ta 441, 449

Dihcxaclonus 37

Dilophus 129

Dimocn?nia 353

Dinomyia = Procanace

Dinera 431

Dioctria 175

Dioctrodes Coq. = Taracticus

Diogmites 171

Diomonus Walker = Leptomorphus

Dionsea 439

Diopsidse 358

Diopsis 359

Diopsina 359

Diostracus 219, 225

Diotrepha 43

Dipalta 193

Diploneura 237

Diplopota = Imitomyia

Diplocampta auct. not Schiner = Neo-
diplocampta

Diplotoxa 341

Dirhiza 107

Discobola 45

Discocerina 349, 351

Discomyza 349

Dishoi-momyia 117

Distichona 441,451

Ditomyia 121

Ditrichophora 351

Dixa 81

Dixapuella 81

Dixella 81

PAGE

Dixids 80

Dizonias 175

Docosia 125

Dohrniphora 237

Dolichocc'phala 214

Dolichodes 175

Dolichomyia 195

Dolichopeza 36

Dolichopidae 215

Dolichopus 217

Domomyza Ron. = Agromyza

Doros 255

Doryclus 169

Doryphorophaga 444, 446, 451

Drapetis 214

Diosophila 327

Drosophilidae 325

Dryomyza 383

Dryomyzidae 382

Dryomyzothea 317

Dynatosoma 127

Dyscrasis 279

Dyseuaresta 293

Dziedzickia 125

Ebenia 431

Eccoptomera 381

Eccoptomma 336

Ecciitosia 181

Echinomyia auct. = Cnephaliodes

Echthodopa 175

Ecitomyia 240, 241

Ecitophora 240, 241

Ecitoptera 240. 241

Ecituncula 241

Eclimus 200

Ectecephala 341

Ectiepesthoneura 125

Ectyphus 165

Egle 393

Eipogona 450

Ela?ophila 48

Elaphella 151

Eldunnia 479

Elephantomyia 46

Eleodiphaga 448

Elephantocera 458, 462

Elgiva 370

Eliozeta = Chryseria

Elliponeura 341

Ellijttera 43

Elodia 452. 454, 463

Elophilus 264

Emblamasoma 409

Emmesomyia 391

Empalia Winn. = Synapha

Empeda 50

Ennpedomorpha 51

Emphanopteryx Tns. = Cryptomeigenia

Empidae 205

Empimorpha 212

Empis 212

Endaphis Ill

Enicita 314

Ensina 293

Epacmus 200

Epalpus 421

Ephydra 353

Ephydridse 345

Epichlorops 341

Epicypta 127

Epidexia 447

Epidiplosis 115

Epigrimyia 455, 460

INDEX

501

PACE

Epihormomyia 113

Epimyia 107

Epiphragma ''6

Epiplatea 273, 277

Epistrophe 255

Epochra 287

Epomyia ' S8

El-ax 181. 1S3

Ei-emomyia 393

Eremomyoides 391

Erephopsis Ron. = Melpia

Eretmopodites 99

Eietmoptera 71

Eriocera 46

Erioptera 52

Eriothrix 445

Eristalis 264

Ernestia 445

Ernoneura 387

Eiosomy ia Ill

Ervia Desv. = Icelia
Erycia auct. = Lydella

Erycioides 441

Eiythromelana 425

Esenbeckia 151

Euantha Wulp = Sophia Desv.

Euaraba 405

Euaresta Loew = Tephritis
Eublephaiipeza Tns. = Bombyliomyia

Eubrachymera 449

Euceromyia Coq. = Euryceromyia Tns.
Euceroplatus = Ceroplatus

Eucessia 200

EuchiEtophleps Tns. = Oxynops Tns.

Euchlorops 334

Euclitellaria 141

Eucordyligaster 457

Eucoiethra 93, 97

Eucoronomyia 452

Eucosmoptera 291

Euctenodes 479

Eucynipimorpha Mall. = Psei)hiocera End.
Eucyi'tophloeba =; Cyrtophloeba

Eucyrtopogon 177

Eudejeania 423

Eudexia 460

Eudicrana 123

Eudicranota 46

Euepalpus 447

Eufabricia T. = Archytas
Euforcipomyia ^Forcipomyia

EuKaurax 344

EuKenacephala 387

EuKnoriste 119

Euhalidaya 460

Euhybos 207

Eulasiona 427

Eulimnophora Mai. = Gymnodia

Eulonchus 203

Eumacronychia 407

Eumecosoma 179

Eumecosomyia 275

Eumetraparea 461

Eumeius = Heliophilus

Eumetopia ^Eumetopielhi

Eumetopiella 277

PAGE

Eumogenia Tns. = Acaulona

Eumyiolepta 259

Eumyobia T. = Neaphria
Eumyothyria T. ^ CryptomeiKenia

Eupachygaster 139

Euparyphus 141

Eupeitenus 128

Eupelecotheca 444

Eupeodes 253

Euphara 277

Euphycus 188

Eurhabdus 173

Euribia 287

Euiosta 293

Emostina 293

Euiycephala Roder = Tetanops
Euiycephalomyia Hendel = Tetanops

Euryceromyia 454, 456

Eurycnemus 73

Euryneura 141

Euryomma 397

Euscopolia 43,S

Eusenotainia 407

Eusimulium 66

Eusiphona 336

Eustigoptera 353

Eutanypus Coq. = Diamesa

Eutarsus 223

Euthelaira 444

Euthelairopsis 445

Euthera 455

Eutheresia 425

Euthycera 370

Euthyneura 209

Euthyprosopa 450

Eutonia 48

Eutreta 291

Eutrichogena 421

Eutrixa 439

Euxe<;ta 277

Euzelia Tns. = Zelia
Euzanillia T. = Lixophaga
Euzenilliopsis T. = Lixophaga

Eversmannia 429

Exechia 127

Exepacmus 197

Exoprosopa 193

Exorista 451, 456

Exoristoides = Eversmannia
Exoristopsis = Eversmannia

Fabriciella = Cnephaliodes

Fannia 397

Feltiella 115

Feltomyia Ill

Ferdinandea 257

Ficalbia 99

Ficiomyia 109

Fidena 151

Fischeria 461

Flebotomus 79

Forcipomyia 76

Freyia 319

Frontina 453

Frontiniclla 453

Fucdlia 391

Furcifcra 188

Ga;dia 449

Ga>diophana B.tJ. = Tritaxys

Giediopsis 442

Gasterophilidae 400

Gasterophilus 401

Gastrops 3C3

502

NORTH AIMERICAX DII'TERA

PAGE

Gaurax 344

Gcminaria 197

Genea 461

Geomyza 331

Geranomyia 45

G'ei'on 195

Giardomyia 115

Gibsonomyia 449

Gimnomera 389

Ginglichjeta Aid. = Chaatovoria Vill.

Ginglimyia 441

Glabellula 197

Glaris 141

Glaurotricha Thomson = Volucella

Glenanthe 353

Gloma 209

Glutops 146

Glyphidops 309

Gnophomyia 51

Gnoriste 125

Goeldia 95, 97. 100

Gonarcticoides Curran ■^= Myopina

Gonathei-us 391

G'onempeda 50

Gonia 446

Goniochseta 421, 448

Goniomima Tns. = Belvosia

Goniops 151

Gonomyia 50

Gowdeyana 139

Giallipeza 305

Grallomya 305

G'raphomya 397

Griphoneura 319

Grisdalemyia 445

Gyninochseta 444

Gymnodexia B.B. =-■ Billsea Desv.

Gymnomma 421

Gymnopalpus 431

Gymnophania 427, 433

Gymnophora 239

G'ymnoprosopa 407

Gymnopternus 219, 225

GjTnnosoma 435

Gymnosturmia T. = Sturmia

Gyneuryparia 143

Hadroneura 125

Hamagogus 95,99

Haeniatobia 399

Hiematobosca 394

Hfematopota 153

Hammerschmidtia , 259

Haminomyia 393

Harbeckia 409

Haipagomyia 100

Haipagoijyga 409

Harpomyia 109

Hax-risiopsis T. ^ Leschenaultia
Hartomyia = Stilobezzia

Hebecnema 399

Hecamcdoides 349

Hedroneura 369

Heizmannia 99

Heleodromia 212

Helicobia 409

Heligmoneuia 183

Helina 398, 399

Heliophilus 262

Helius 43

Helf.bia 51

Helomyza 379

Helomyzidsp 378

PACiE

Helophilus auct. ^ Elophilus

Hemeiodromia 214

Hemeromyia 336

Hemichloia 399

Hemilucilia 408

Hemitelopteryx 369

Hemithrixon 454

Hemixantha 275

Heinyda 437

Henicomyia 188

Heptagia 71

Hercostomus 219, 227

Hermetia 141

Heryngia 257

Hesperempis 211

Hesperinus 129

Hesperodes 121

Hesperodinera 448

Hesperophasia 433, 435, 450

Heteracanthia 135

Heterocheila 383

Heteromeringia 364

Heteromyia 76

Heteromyza 379

Heteropeza 105

Heteropogon 177

Heteropterna = Ceroplatus

Heterostylum 195

Hexachajta 287

Hexamitocera 390

Hexatoma 46

Hiatus 281

Hilaia 211

Hilarella 405

Hilarinioipha 159

Himantostoma = Imitomyia

Himei-oessa 281

Hineomyia 444

Hippolatfs 343

Hippobosca 475

Hippoboscidae 473

HirmoriL'Uia 202

Histiodroma 143

Hodgesia 100

Hodophylax 173

Holcocephala 175

Holopogon 177

Holorusia 37

Homalactia 444

Homogenia ^ Trichiopoda

Homont'ura 321

Hoplocheiloma 305

Hoplocyrtoma 209

Hoplodictya 369

Hoplogaster 395

Hoplolabis 52

Horidiplosis 117

Hormomyia 117

Hormopc'za 209

Hoimosomyia 107

Houghia 459

Hyadina 353

Hyalomya 435

Hyalomyodes T. = Clistomorpha

Hyalurgus 445

Hybos 207

Hydiellia 351

Hydrina 351

Hydromyza 387

Hvdrophoria 391

Hydiophorus 221, 229

Hydrotffia 398

Hylumya 393

Hypaspistomyia 336

Hypenomyia 431

Hyporalonia 193

INDEX

503

PAOE

Hyperdiplosis 115

Hypertrophoccra 449

Hypertrophomma 4 .",9

Hypocera 237

Hyiiochaeta 42fi

Hypochsetopsis 423

Hyi)ocharassus 219, 225

Hypodeima 414

Hypodeimodes 395

Hyiiodiplosis 117

Hypopelta 409

Hypostena Meis?. ^ Phyllomya Des.

Hyimphloeba 202

Hystrichodexia 460

Hysti'icia 420

Icelhi 454

Iconomedina Tns. = Tiichopareia B.B.

Icteiica 287

Ictericophyto 442

Idana 279

Idiolimnophila 48

Idioptera 48

Ili.sia 52

Ilythea 349

linitomyia 433

Ischnomyia 329

Ischyrophajja Tns. = Ebenia

Ischy rosyrphus 253

Isobremia 113

Isoecacta = Dasyhelea
Lsoneuromyia = Platyura

Isostomyia 95

Iteaphila 209

Jamacaria 461

JanetifeUa 109

Jicaltepecia 45S

Joanni.sia 1 05

Joblotia 95

Johannsenomyia 7G

John.sonia 407

Johnsonomyia 107

Johnsonomyia Mai = Berkshiria Johnson
Jurinella B.B. = Pseudohystricia

Jurinia 423

Juriniopsis 421

Kalodiplosis 113

Kaischomyia 115

Keirosoma 225, 230

Kelloggina 62

Kingiella 391

Konisomyia 105

Kophosoma V.D. ^ Peloropeodes Wheeler

Kioberia 300

Kronodiplosis Ill

Kronomyia 105

Lachnommopsis T. = Paradidyma

Lactistomyia 207

Lamprempis 212

Lampria 179

Lampromydas 165

Lamproscatella 353

Laphria 179

Laphystia 175, 177

Lapyruta = Platyura

Lasia 203

Lasiomastix 46

PAr.E

Lasionalia 437. 467

Lasiopa 141

Lasiopogon 177

Lasiops 397

Lasioptera 107

La.siopteryx 109

Lasiocelus 389

Lastaurina 171

Lastaurus 171

Lathyrophthalmus 264

Latreillia Desv. = Belvosia
Latreillimyia T. = Belvosia

Lauxania 317

Lauxaniella 317

Lauxaniidae 315

Laximasicera 459

Laxina 216, 230

Lecteria 48

Leia 125

Leicesteria 99

Lejoiis 264

Lepidanthrax 195

Leiiidophora 197

Lepidostola 259

Lepiselaga 153

Leptis = Rhagio

Leptocera 361

Leptochffita B.B. = Phorocera

Leptocorypha 217, 225

Leptoda Wulp = Zelia

Leptogaster 173

Leptomorphus 123

Leptomydas auct. = Nomoneura

Leptopeza 209

Leptopsilopa 349

Leptoiiyi-gota 270

Leptorhethum 216

Leptostylum 446

Leptosy na 107

Leschenaultia 449, 451

Leskia Desv. = Pyrrhosia

Leskiomima 460

Leskiopalpus T. = Fischeria
Leskiopsis Tns. = Telothyria

Lestodiplosis 115

Lestomyia 171

Lestiemia 105

Leucoiihenga 327

Leucopis 365

Leucostola 223, 230

Leueostoma 455

Leucozona 253

Liancalus 217

Limatus 93, 100

Limnia 370

Limnophila 48, 52

Limnophora 397

Limosia 395

Limnospila 396

Limonia 45

Linacerus = Podonomus

Linnsemya 429, 441, 442

Liogma 41

Lipochseta 347

Lipophleps 49, 50

Lipoptena 475

Lipsothiix 51

Li.spe 395

Lispidea 456

504

NORTH amp:rican diptera

PAGE

Lispocephala 396

Lissoteles 175

Litorhynchus 193

Lixinia 441

Lixophaga 459

Lobodiplosis 113

Lobopteiomyia Ill

Lonchsea 29S

Lonchaeidse 298

Lonchoptera 232

Lonchopteridae ... 232

Longuiio 37

Lophoteles 1?9

Lordotus 197

Loxocera 37 Fi

Lucilia 40S

Lunomyia 264

Lutomyia 379

Lutzia 95

Lutzomyia 387

Lycastrhi-hyncha 264

Lycia 321

Lydella auct. = Blondelia Desv.

Lydella 459

Lydina 427. 429

Lygistorrhina 121

Lynchia auct. = Pseudolynchia

Lynchia 475

Lyperosiops Tns. == Bdellolarynx Austen

Lypha 441. 443. 444

Lytogastei- 353

Macateeia 393

Machimus 183

Macquartia = Lydina

Maciocanace 357

Maciocera 121

Maciocoenosia 395

Macromeigenia 446

Macromelanderia 383

Macrometopa 431

Macrophorbia 393

Macrorchis 396

Macrostenomyia 275

Madiza . 344

Madiemyia 443

Mallocharia ' 394

Mallophora 181

Mallophorina 181, 183

Mallota 264

Mancia 193

Mangodiplosis Ill

Manota 122

Mansonia 95.99

Marbenia 323

Marsillia Rond. = Thrycolyga

Maruina 79

Masicera = Lydella

Masiphya 457. 459

Masistylum 456

Mauiomyia 442

Meckelia = Ceratoxys

Medeterus 217, 229

Megagrapha 214

MegalaBmyia 277

Megalopelma 125

Megamerinidee 373

Megametopon 251

Megapaiia 447

PAGE

Megapariopsis T. = Megaparia

Megaphthalma 387. 389

Megapro.sopu.s 447

Megaihinus 93, 97

Megaselia 239

Megaselida auct. = Megaselia

Megeilea 431

Meghyperus 207

Megistocera 36

Megistomastix 36

Megistopoda 479

Megistostylus 216

Megophthalmidia 125

Mcigenia 457, 459

Meigcniella 437

Meigenielloides Tns. = Dexodes

Melaleuca Wulp = Zelia

Melaloncha 241

Melanderia 221, 229

Melanepalpus Tns. = Rhachoepalpus

Melanoloma 275

Melanolomina 275. 281

Melanophora 447

Melanophi-ys 433, 439

Melanostoma 257

Meleterus 437

Melieria 281

Melina 369

Melophagus 475

Melpia 151

Menetus 437

Meoneura 334

Merapioidu.s 261

Meriana 442

Mericia 429

Mericina 429

Meiodon 264

Meromaerus 264

Meromyza 341

Meroplius 314

Meiosargus 145

Meiycomyia 153

Mesamyia 391

Mesembrina 395

Mesembrinella 408

Mesocyphona = Erioptera 52

Mesogramnia 255

Mesorhaga 217

Metachseta = Wagneria

Metacosmus 200

Metadiplosis 115

Metallicomintho T. = Wagneria

Metangela 119

Metaphragnia 188

Metaphyto 445

Metaplagia 423. 437, 448

Metapogon 177

Metatiichia 162

Metavoiia 437

Metelasmus 477

Metopia 405

Metopiidse 402

Metopiops 443

Metopina 239, 240

Metopobrachia 307

Metopomu.scoptei-yx 427

Metriocnemus 73

Miamyia 93

Mia.stor 105

INDEX

505

PAGE

Michofraster Macq. = SctoUia
Micrapemon = Platyura

Micrempis 214

Microc'Jiata 105

Microceromacia 459

MicrochfBtina 431, 448

Microchiia B.B. = Paradidyma

Microchrysa 1 15

Microdiopsis 359

Microdon 249

Microlynchia 475

Micromintho Tris. = Wajrnei'ia

Micromorphus 221, 227

Micronychia B.B. = Eversmannia

Micropt'za 307

Micropezidae 306

Microphoix'lla 209

Microphorus 209

Mici'ophthalma 447

Microprosopa 389

Micropselapha 389

MicioptL'ia Desv. ^ Dcxia

Miciosania 244

Microsillus 459

Microtipula 37

Microtownsendia 463, 471

Miciostylum 173

Midas = Mydas

Milesia 263

Milichia 336

Milichiella 336

Millardia 221, 229, 231

Minettia 321

Minthodexia B.B. = Xanthodexia

Minthoplasia 429, 445

Minthozelia 458

Misgomyia = Bolbomyia

Mitromyia 305

Mixoaraster 249, 251

Mochlonyx 93,95

Moohlosoma 431

Molophilus 51

Molynocn-Ma , 287

Monardia 105

Monarthiopalpus 115

MonochsEta B.B. = Cyzenis

Monoclona 125

Monohelca 76

Morellia 394

Morpholeria 381

Mo.sillus 347

Mumetopia 329

Murdockiana 443

Musca 394

Mu.scina 397

Muscidse 384

Muscopteryx 427, 442

Mutiloptera 331

Mycetaulus 311

Mycctobia 60

Mycetophila 127

Mycetophilidae 120

Mycodiplosis 115

Mycodrosophila 327

Mycomya 123

Mycophila 105

Mycothcra = Mycctophila

Mydaea 397

Mydaidae 163

Mydas , 165

Myelaphus 173

Myennis 279

PAGE

Myioli^pta 259

Myiomima 423, 425

Myiopharus 427

Myiophasia 427, 437

Myoceia Ron. = Billsea Desv.
Myoccrops T. = Billsea Desv.

Myoceropsis 431

Myolcja 289

Myopa 267

Myophthyria 475

Myopina 391

Myospila 397

Myothyiia Wulp = Ceracia

Myothyiiopsis 459

Myrmecomya 279

Myimecothea 279

Myrsina Desv. ^= Bessa Desv.

Mythicomyia 197

Myxosargus 143

Napffia Desv. =-- Parydra

Napomyza 332

Nausipraster 251

Ncacreotiichus 197

Neaspilota 289

Nebritis 188

Negasilus 183, 184

Ncmatoproctus 225, 230

Neinestrinidse 201

Nemomydas 165

Nemopoda 314

Nemorilla 446

Nemotelus 141

Neoascia 259

Neocanace 357

Neocatocha 105

Neocelatoria Walton = Chsetophleps
Neoceiatopogon ^= Alluaudomyia

Neochauna 139

Neochiysops 151

Neocladura 49

Neocota 212

Ncodexiopsis 395

Neodichoccra Walton = Dichocera
Neodionnsea T. = Diona?a

Neodiplocanipta 193, 200

NeodiKrhistus 197

Neodixa • 81

Neodohrniphora 239

Neoemphoria 123

Neoerijrone 429

Neoexaiieta 135

Neosnophomyia 51

Neosi'iphoneura 319

Neoorymnomera 388

Neohirmoneura 202

Neohydrotjea 398

Neohylemyia 391

Neoidiotypa 275

Neoitamus 183

Neolasioptera 107

Neoleria 381

Neolimnobia 45

Neolimnophila 49

Neometachseta 447

Neominottia 319

Neomochtherus O.S. = Heligmoneuia Big.
Neomusca Mai. = Philornis

Ncomupcina 399

Neopachygaster 139

Neopangonia 151

Neopelomyia 331

506

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

PAGE

Neophryxe 456

Neophyllomyza 336

Ncophyto 405, 408

Neoplalyura = Platyura

Neopogon 175

Neorhynchocephalus 202

Neoiondania 143

Neosciara = Sciara

Neoscutops 323

Neo?sos 331. 372

Neosyntormon 223, 230

Neothelaira Tns. = Dexodes

Neotrafoia Tns. = Trafoia

Nephopteropsis 461

Nephrocerus 246

Nephrotoma 37

Nesotipula 37

Neptunimyia 105

Neriocephalus 307

Neriidse 30S

Nerius 309

Neuratellia 123

Neurigona 221. 227, 220

Neuioctena '. 383

Neuromyia 109

Neurota 141

Nicocles 171

Niphogenia 212

Nonioneura 165

Nordlia 388

Nostima 351

Nothodixa 81

Nothomyia 143

Notiphila 355

Notochaeta 409

Notogramma 275

Nycteribia 476

Nycteribiidae 476

Nycterophilia 479

Obolocera 446

Obolodiplosis 115

Occemya 267

Ochroceia 456

Ochi-omeigenia 441

Ochthera 351

Ochtheroidea 351

Ochthiphila = Chamaemyia

Ocnsea 204

Ocydromia 209

Ocyptera = Cylindromyia

Ocypterosonia T. = Phyllomya Desv.

Odinia 332

Odontodiplosis 117

Odontoloxozus 309

Odontomuia 273

Odontomyia 143

Odontopoda = Ncuratelia

CEcothea 379

CEdalia 209

CEdamagena . 414

CEdemasonia T = Besseria

ffidcmatocera 462

CEdematopu.- 221, 229

CEdenops 353

CEdicarena 289

CEdopa 277

CEdoparena 3?3

CEstrida 413

CEstrogastcr T. = Calodexia

PAGE
CEstrogastrodes T. = Calodexia

CEstrogasti'opsis T. = Calodexia

CEstrohilarella 405

ffistrophasia 450

CEstius 414

Ogcodes 204

Ogcodocera 197

Oidematops 369

Olbiogastei- 60

Olfersia 475

Oligarces 105

Oligoti-ophus 109

Ollachea T. = Cryptomeigenia

Ommatius 179

Omomyia 297

Onodiplosis 117

Opeatocei'ata 211

Opelousia 405, 408

Ophyra 398

Opifex 99

Opistholoba = Mycetophila

Opomydas 165

Opomyza 331

Opotnyzidse 329

Opscbius 204

Opsidea 405

Opsidiopsis 405

Opsiomyia 389

Opsodexia 408, 423

Opsoleskia 461, 462

Opsophagus =^ Cyrtophloeba

Opsotheresia 421, 425

Orbellia 379

Orellia 291

Oreogeton 209

Oreolhalia 212

Organomyia 446

Orimaiga 43

Ormia 457

Orniosia 51

Ornidia 251

Ornithoctona 475

Ornithodes 45

Ornithoica 475

Ornithomyia ^ 475

Ornithopertha ' 475

Ornithoponus Aid. = Lynchia

Oropeza 36

Orphnephila = Thaumalea

Ortalidse = Otitidfe

Ortalimyia 281, 284

Orthacheta 390

Orthollia 394

Orthocladius 73

Orthoneura 259

Orthopodomyia 95, 99

Osca Walker = Scaptia

Oscinella 344

Ospiiocerus 173

Ostracoccelia 279

Ostracophjrto 445

Otitidae 271

Ouelletia 407, 410

Oxycera 141

Oxydexia 429

Oxynops 452

Oxynopsalia 444, 467

Ozodiceromyia 188

Paehycerina 319

Pachychseta 183

Pachygaster 139

INDEX

507

PAGE

Pachyneres = Glabellula
Pachynocera T. = Wagneria
Pachyophthalmus 407

Pachypyga Par. = PeloropecKles Wh.

Pacdariiim 437

Pala;oplatyura 121

Palloptera 297

Pallopteridae 296

Palpomyia 76

Paltostoma 62

Panacemyia 45S, 463

Panamasilus 179

Panamenia 323

Pandora 314

Paneryma 275

Pantaibes 195

Pantophthalmidce 155

Pantophthalmus 156

Paiabezzia 77

Parabombylius 200

Pai-abrunettia 79

Paracantha 291

Paiacladura 31

Paracleius 219, 227

Paraclunio 73

Paracosmus 200

Paradejeania 423

Parademoticus 423

Paradicianota 46

Paradidyma 427, 442

Paradiplosis 117

Paradixa 81

Paiadmontia 442

Paradrosojihila Duda = Clastopteromyia

Paradyschiria 479

Paiafischeria T. = Fischeria
Parageimaiia Tns. = Distichona

Paragorgopsis 279

Paragus 253

Paraleucopis 365

Paialimna 347

Paialispe 427, 443, 452, 453

Paralisjiidea 449

Parallelodiplosis 117

Parallelomma 389

Paralucilia 407

Paiamadiza Mall. = Hypaspistomyia
Paramadiza Mel., not Mai. = Hemeromyia

Paiametopina 239

Paiamilichia 336

Paramongoma 49

Paramyia 334

Pai-amyocera ^ Rhynchiodexia

Paraphasiopsis 454

Paiaphasmophaga 450

Paraphrosylus 217, 223, 229, 230

Paraihinoleucophenga 327

Paraiicia 397

Parasimulium 66

Parasphen 305

Paraspinophora 237

Parasymmictus 202

Paiasyntoimon 223, 230

Paratactopsis Tns. = Chsetoprosopa
Paratanypus = Podonomus

Parataracticus 171

Parathalassius 209

Parathelaira 459

Paratheresia 425

Paiatidia 387

Paratinia 123

Paratissa 349

Paratrichobius 479

Paiatropesa 50

Paravilla 195

Parawinnertzia 107

Parazelia 431

Parectecephala 341

Paregle 393

Parephydra Coq. = Atissa

Paihelophilus 264

Parocdopa 277

Paroxyna 293

Parydra 353

Pateloa 444

Patillalia 459, 469

Pectinodiplosis Ill

Pedicella 145

Pedicia 45

Pegomya 393

Pelagomyia 141

Pelastoneurus 217, 225

Pelatachina 458, 462

Pelecocera 259

Pelecotheca 443

Peleteiia 447

Pelina 353

Pelomyia 331

Pelomyiella 331

Peloropeodes 219, 225, 230, 231

Peltopsilopa 347

Pentaneuia 71

Pentapedilum 73

Penthoptera 46

Penthosia 450

Per.icoma 79

Peiidiplosis 113

Peripheroptera 45

P«riscelidae 323

Pei-iscelis 323

Peronyma 289, 293

Peteina 449

Phaanopsis 443

Phalacrocera 41

Phalaciodexia 423

Phalacrophyto 425

Phalacrotophora End. = Megaselia

Phantasiomyia 456, 463

Phaonia 398

Phasia 435

Phasioclista Tns. = Myiophasia

Phasiophyto 449

Phasiops 421

Phasiopsis 454

Phasiostoma T. = Clausicella
Phasmophaga Tns. = Aichiclops
Pheneus = Vermileo

Phenicia 408

Pherocera 188

Philetus 211

Philonicus 183

Philoiwta 203

Philoinis 394, 399

Philorus 62

Phocniciomyia 452

Pholeomyla 336

Phora 237

Phorantha = Alophoia

Phorellia Ron. = Tiypeta

Phorichata = Wagneria

Phoridae 234

508

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

PAGE

Phormia 408

Phoiocera 444

Phoiodonta 119

Phoiostoma Desv. = Billaea Desv.

Phosocephala 421

Phiissopodia 409

Phronia 127

Phiosinella 405

Phivnofrontina 439, 458

Phthinia 123

Phthiiia 197

Phylarchus 219,225

Phvlidoiea 4S

Phyllogaster 399

Phyllolabis 47

Phyllomya 449

Phyllomydas 165

Phyllomyza 336

Phyllomyzidae 334

Phyllophila T. = Phyllophilopsis

Phyllophilopsis 461

Phylygiia Sten. = Hydrina

Physegenua 319

Physocephala 267

Phytoadmontia T. = Paradidyma

Phytodes 405

Phytomyptera 454

Phytomyza 332

Phytophaga 109

Phytopsis 423

Pialeoidea 204

Pilaiia 47

Pilica 179

Piophila 311

Piophilid» 310

Pipiza 257

Pipizella 257

Pipunculida; 245

Pipunculus 246

Pityoceia 151

Plagia 427

Plagiomima 448

Plagioneurus 221, 229

Plagiops 351

Plagiotoma Loew = Tomoplagia

Plagiprospherysa Tns. = Stomatomya

Planes 261

Planinasus 327

Plastophora 239

Platophrymyia 336

Platycheirus 257

Platycnema 244

Platyca?nosia 39S

Platypalpus 214

Platypeza 244

Platypezidaf 242

Platypezoides 244

Platyuia 121

Plecia 129

Plectops 456

Plectromyia 46

Plesioma 175

PlethochsBta 390

Pleurochaeta 389

Ploas Latr. = Conophorus

Plocascelus = Cardiacephala

Plunomia 365

Pnyxia 125

Pocota 261

Podonomus 71

PAGE

Podotachina = Thrycolyga

Poecilanthrax 193

Po^ciloiriapha 369

Pa>cilomyia 275

Poecilophaonia 394

Pogonephydra = Cirrula

Pogonomya 399

Pogonomyioides 399

Pogonosoma 177

Pogonota 389

Polidaria 429, 444, 461

Polionota 291

Polistiopsis 454

Pollenia 408

Polyangseus 45

Polydontomyia 264

Polygastropsis 462

Polylepta 123

Polymedon 217. 227

Polymeia 47

Polymorphomyia 291

Polytrichophora 349

Porphyrochroa 212

Porsenus 379

Postleria = Neoleria

Prionellus 105

Prionocera 37

Prionolabis 48

Piobezzia 77

Probolaeus Will. = Lygistorrhina

Pioboscimyia 391

Procanace 357

Procecidochares 291

Proceioplatus ^Platyuia

Piochyliza 311

Procladius 71

Proclinopyga 212

Pioctacanthella 183

Proctacanthus 181

Procystiphora 109

Prodiamesa 71

Piodiplosis 115

Proepalpus T. = Jurinia

Progonomyia 51

Prohippelates 343

Piolimnophila 47

Promachina 181

Piomachus 181

Promeranisa 143

Promochlonyx 97

Prorates 197

Pioioglutea 441

Piosalpia 393

Prosena 454

Piosenoides 425

Prosimulium 66

Prosopaa 451

Protanyderus 29

Protaplonyx 107

Protenthes Joh. = Tanypus

Protichisma 179

PiotQpalliphora 408

Protodejeania 423

Protoplasa 29

Psalidopteiyx 455

Psammoppia = Muscopteryx

Psax'onius 47

Psectiocladius = Oithocladius

Psectrosciara 132

Psegmomma 139

INDEX

509

PACE

Pselaphephila 390, 391

Psephioceia '39

Pseiidacicephala p^^

Pseudacteon '-39

Pseudapinops 433

Pseudatrichia 1^2

Pseudeuantha '1^^

Pseudiastata 327

Pseudobezzia '^^

Pseudocallicpe 319

Pseudochafta '^^^

Pseudocha?tona •ISl

Pseudochironomus "3

Pseudoculicoides = Dasyhelea

Pseudodexia 461

Pseudcxiinia 365

Pseudogametes 412

Pseudopaurax 344

Pseudoprermaria B.B. = Distichona

Pseudojriiphoneura 319

Pseudohippelates 343

Pseudohyiioceia 239

Pseudohystricia 420

Pseudoleria 379

Pseudolimnophila 47

Pseudolimnophora 397

Pseudolynchia 475

Pseudophaonia 395

Pseudophoitica ^ Rhinoleucophenga

Pseudopogonota 389

Pseudopsila 375

Pseudopterocalla 279

Pseudoius Ifi9

Pseudotephritis 279

Pseudotractocera T. = Viviania

Psila 375

Psilephydra 353

Psilidce 374

Psilocephala ISS

Psiloconopa 52

Psilocurus l'i'5

Psilodiamesa "1

Psiloneura Aid. = Grisdalemyia

Psilonyx 173

Psilopa 351

Psilopiella 216

Psilopina 349

Psilota 257

Psorophora 95, 99

Psychoda 79

Psychodidae 78

Ptfcticus 145

Pterallastes 263, 264

Pte)allipsis 479

Ptcrocalla 279

Pterochionea 49

Pterodontia 204

Pteromicra 369

PtilodtReeria 416

Ptilomyia 349

Ptilcmyioides 421

Ptilosphcn 305

Ptilostena 50

Ptiolina 160

Ptychoptera 30

Ptychopteridae 30

Pulicophora 240, 241

Pycnoglossa 393

Pycnopogon 177

Pyraustomyia = Eriothrix

Pyrellia 394

Pyigota 270

PAGE

Pvrgotclla 270

Pyrgotidae 268

Pyrgotoides 289

Pyritis 263

Pyrophajna 255

Pyrrhosia 461

Quirhuana 264

Rachiceridae 133

Rachicerus 133

Racodinuura 452

Rainicria 305

Raphioceia 143

Raviniopsis 409

Reichertella 132

Renocera 369

Ret i nodi plosis 117

Rhabdomastix 50

Rhabdophaga 1 09

Rhabdoselaphus 195

Rhacoepalpus 421

Rhadiurgus 183

Rhagio 160

Rhagrionidae 157

Rhagolctis 289

Rhamphomyia 212

Rhaphidolabis 46

Rhaphiomidas 188

Rhaphiorhynchus 156

Rhaphium 223, 229

Rhegmoclema 132

Rhicnoessa 331

Rhingia 259

Rhingiopsis 141

Rhinoleucophenga 327

Rhinophora 437

Rhinotoia 300

Rhipidia 45

Rhoecius End. = Cardiacephala

Rhogenhofera 412

Rhopalomyia 109

Rhopalosyrphus 249

Rhymosia 127

Rhynchanthrax 195

Rhynchiodexia 431,448

Rhynchophoromyia 239

Rhynchoseiara 119

Rhynencina Johnson = Euribia
Rhyphus Lat. = Anisopu.s

Rhysophora 3.51

Richardia 273

Ricosia 442

Rivellia '. 281

Roederioides 214

Ropseliopf is 451,454

Rondaniella 125

Ropalomera 300

Ropalonieridae 299

Sabethus 93, 100

Sabtthoidcs 93, 100

Sacandaga 50

Sackenomyia 109

SalpingogastLT 255

Sapromyza 321

Sarcionus 217, 225

Sarcofahilia = Sarcophaga?

Sarconcsia 408

Sarconcsiopsis 408

Sarcophaga 409

Sarcophagina Cuiran = Raviniopsis Tns.

Sarcophagula 409

Saropogon 171

Sarothiomyia 409

510

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

PAGE

Saskatchewania ^= Imitomyia
Saundeisiops Tns. = Rhachoepalpus

Scfeva 253

Scaptia 151

Scaptomyza 327

Scatella 353

Scatophila 355

Scatophora 361

Scatopse 131

Scatopsidae 131

Scellus 221, 225

Scenopinida; 161

Scenopinus 162

Sceptonia 127

Schildia 173

Schildoniyia 332

Schizaetia T. = Schizotachina

Schizocerophaga 459

Schizomyia Ill

Schizotachina 451, 452, 454

Schwnoniyza 395

Schrosderella 381

Schwarzaiia 431. 466

Sciapus 216

Sciara 119

Sciaridae 118

Sciasma ^ Catharosia

Sciomyza 369

Scione 151

Sciophila 125

Sciapus 216

Scipopus 305

Scleiopoffon 173

Scoliaphleps 388

Scoliocentra 379

Scoliopelta 141

Scopeuma 387. 389

Scotipteia 460

Scutops 323

Seioptera 277

Selasoma 153

Senobasis 171

Senosaster 263

Senoprosopus 181

Senopteiina 279

Senotainia 407

Sepedon 369

Sepsidie 313

Sepsis 314

Sepsisoma 275

Sericomyia 263

Serromyia 76

Setacei-a 3.53

Setellia 277

Setellida 275

Setulina 319

Shannonomyia 46. 47

Shermanaiia 460, 470

Sicus ' 267

Sig-aloessa 328

Siffmatomeia 51

Siprnosomopsis T. = Rhachoepalpus

Silvius 151

Simuliidae 63

Simulium . . fiC

Sinophthalmus 397

Sijjhona 455

Siphosturmia 460

Siphosturmiopsis 457

Siphunculina [ 343

Sisyrosturmia T. = Blondelia

Slossonsemyia 461

Smithomyia 394

Snowiellus 154

Sobarocephala 364

PAGE

Solieria 461

Solva 146

Somatia 375

Somula 261

Sophia 457

Spallanzania 447

Spania 160

Spaniotoma Edw. = Oithocladius

Sparnopolius 197, 200

Spathidexia 458

Spathimeigenia 449

Spathimyia 427

Spaziphora 389

Speiseria 479

Speolepta 125

Sphserocera 361

Spha>rophoria 255

Sphageus 175

Spht'comyia 262

Sphegina 259

Sphf noidoptera 200

Sphenometopa 405

Sphyracephala 359

Sphyroperiscelis 323

Spilaiia 398

Spilochroa 372

Spilographa Lw. = Trypeta

Spilomyia 263

Squamatoides 407

Stegana 327

Steganolauxania 317

Steganopsis 317

Steinella 394

Steneretma 275

Stcnochthera 351

Stenomacia = Macrostenomyia

.Stunomyia 277

Stonopa 291

Stenopogon 173

Stenoxenus 77

Steveniopsis 437, 450

Stcringomyia = Calliphora

Sthenopyga 409

Stibasoma 154

Stichillus 237

Stictodiplosis Ill

Stictomyia 275

Stilbometopa 475

Stilobezzia 76

Stilpon 214

Stolidosoma 219, 227

Stomatodexia 425

Stomatomya 452

Stomosis 336

Stomoxys 399

Stratiomyidse 131

Stratiomys 143

Stiaussia 291

Strebla 479

Streblidse 477

Stiongylogastcr auct. =■ Strongygaster

Strongylophthalmyia 375

Sturmia 451, 457, 460

Sturmiopsis 442

Stylogaster 267

Styringomyia 49

Suillia 379

Sumichiastia T. = Eudexia

Swammerdamella 131

Symbiocladius = Trissocladius

Symmerus 121

Symphoromyia 160

Sympycnus 225, 230

Synapha 125

INDEX

511

PA (IE

Synarthrus 223, 229

Syndiamc'sa 71

Syndyas 207

Syneches 207

Syneuia 239

Synosis Aid. = Dcxodes

Syntemna 123

Synthesiomyia 397

Syntomoneuiiim 'U9, 227

Syntormon 216

Syringogaster 373

Syritta 263

Syraphidae 24"

Syri>hus 253

Systellapha End. = Grallipeza

Systocchus 19"

Systropus 195

Tabanidse 148

Tabanus 154

Tabuda IfsS

Tachlnalia 442,460

Tachinidae 415

Tachinomima 421

Tachinomyia 452, 453, 456

Tachinophyto 463

Tachydiomia 214

Tachyemiiis 214

Tarhypeza 214

lachytiechus 219, 227

Tseniapteia 305

Tieniomyia 391

Tanyderidse 29

Tanypeza 301

Tanypezidae 301

Tanypoda Ron. = Rainieria

Tanyiiremna 36

Tanyptera 37

Tanypus 71

Tanytaisus 73

Taracticus 171

Tauroscypbon 270

Taxigramma 405

Teleopsis 359

Telmatogeton Coq. (not Schiner) = Paraclunio

Telothyiia 450

Temnostoma 263

Tephrella 293

Tephiit's 291

Teiihrochlamys 379

Tephronota 281

Teiellia 289

Tersesthes = Leptoconops

Teretrura 270

Tetanoceia 369

Tetanoceridae 367

Tetanops 281

Tetradiscus 301

Tetragoneura 125

Tetreuaresta 291

Tetropismenus 281

Teuchocnemis 263

Teucholabis 49

Teuchophorus 225, 230, 231

Thalassomyia Johan. (not Schiner) =
Caidiocladius

Thaumalea 68

Thaumaleidce 67

Thecodiplosis Ill

Thelaira 460

Thelairalia 462,470

Thelairochsetona 441

Thelairodoiia 429

PAGE

Thelodiscus = Sarcofahrtia

Themiia 314

Theobaldia 95, 97

There.'sia 425

Theresiopsis 425

Theiuops B.B. = Telothyiia

Thereva 188

Theievidae 185

Thinodiomia 2M

Thinophilus 223, 229

Thomasia 113

Thiycolyga 443

Thrypticus 217, 227

Thyiidanthiax 195

Thysanopsis Tns. = Leschenaultia Desv.

Tipula 41, 52

Tipulidae 32

Tolmerus Lw. ^ Machimus Lw.

Tomoplagia 291

Tomoplagina = Peronyma
Topomeigenia Tns. = Stuimia

Topomyia lOi)

Toieus 211

Townsendia 173

Tovvnsendina 427, 464

Toxomerus 255

Toxomyia Ill

Toxophora 195

Toxoihina 49

Toxotrypanea 293

Tiafoia 429

Traginops 332

Triachoia Tns. = Belvosia

Tribremia 113

Trichephelia 46

Trichina 209

Tiichiopoda 433, 437

Trichobius 479

Trichocera 31

Trichoccridae 31

Trichochlamys 379

Trichocladius = Orthocladius

Tiichoclytia 435

Trichodura 457

Trichoduropsis 456

Trichogena 446

Tiichomyia 79

Tiichonta 127

Tiichopalus 389

Tfichopareia 453

Trichoprosopon 97, 100

Trichosaundersia Tns. = Rhachoepalpus

Tiichopteroniyia 105

Trichopticus = Lasiops
Trichoscelis = Trixoscelis

Trichosia 119

Trichotanyiius 71

Trichothaumalea 68

Trichotipula 41

Tiichotopteiyx 461

Tricimba 344

Tiiclis 173

Tricyphona 45, 52

Trigonometopus 319

Tiimerina 347

Trimerinoides 347

Tiimicra 52

Trineurocephala 237

Triogma 41

512

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA

PAGE

Tiiphleba 237

Tiiplasius 195

Tripteroides 97

Triptoti-icha = Dialysis

Trishormomyia 117

Tiissocladius 73

Tiitaxys 441

Tritoxa 279

Tritozyga 105

Trixa 450

Tiixodes 450

Trixoscelis 372

Trochilodes 450

Trochiloleskia T. = Neaphiia T.

Trophitliauma 239

Tropidea 263

Tropidodexia T. = Eudexia

Tropidomyia 265

Tropidopsis 445

Trotteiia 107

Trupanea 293

Trupaneidae 285

Trupheoneura = Triphleba
Trypanea = Trupanea

Trypeta 289

Trypetisoma 321

Trypetoptera 370

Tiyptochaeta 327

Typopsilopa Cress. = Psilopina

Uclesia 437

Ula 45

Ulidia 275

Ulomorpha 4C

Uramya 445

Uranotsenia 95,99

Urellia Lw. = Trupanea
Uromacquartia Tns. = Uramya Desv.

Urophilophilla 462

Urophora Lw. ^ Tephritis

Ursophyto 423

Vanderwulpia 455

Vermileo 159

Verrallia 246

Viatica 381

Vibrissomyia 447

Vibrissovoria 451

Villa 193. 195

Viviania 439, 441

Volucella 251

Volucellosia 251

Voria 435

Vorialia 448

PAGE

Wagneria 450

Walshomyia 109

Weberia 460

Websteriana 442

Wiedemannia 214

Willistonia B.B. = Belvosia

Willisroniella 300

Willistonina 17r-

Winnertzia 107

Winthemia 442

Wohlfahrtia 407

Woodiphora 23^)

Wyeomyia 93, 100

Xanionotum 240, 241

Xanthaciura 29o

Xanthacrona 279

Xanthandrus 257

Xanthina 221, 229

Xanthocanace 357

Xanthocera 445

Xanthochlorus 221, 227

Xanthodexia 425, 461

Xanthogramma 253

Xanthomelana 433, 439

Xanthomelanopsis 461

Xanthomyia 289

Xanthophyto 429

Xanthozona 447

Xanthozonella T. = Cuphocera

Xenochasla 28"

Xenochajtina 319

Xenoccenosia 395

Xenoiihorbia Mai. =-■ Egle

Xenopterella 319

Xiphoniyia 441

Xylomyia = Solva

Xylophagus 146

Xylota = Heliophilus
Xylotomima = Heliophilus
Xysta = Phasia

Youngomyia 113

Zabrachia 139

Zacompsia 277

Zagonia 372

Zelia 457. 458, 460

Zenillia 446

Zetekomyia 275,281

Zeugnomyia 100

Zodion 267

Zonalia 429, 464

Zonosema 289

Zonosemata 289

Zuanalia 457, 468

Zygomyia 127

Zygoneura 119

Zygothrica 327

[Published, August 25, 1934]