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COPYRIGHT DEPRO

THE FARMER’S DOG

TEDDY THE TERROR.
A Perfect Type of Working Airedale.

2 ; ‘

| e y Fe ent BY, le ee WY , "
oN. P. HOCHWALT ° Ag

AUTHOR OF cig

raft,” ‘The Pointer and the Setter in America,” 4
he Modern Pointer,’ “The Modern Setter,” “The ey
ope for Work and Show,” “Practical Dog es
Fe _ Keeping for the Amateur,” “The Work- bs
. ing Dog and His Education,” “Dogs
e as Home Companions,” Etc.

weto2#

j SporTsMEN’s DiGEst
CINCINNATI

o

Copyright, 1922, Sportsman’s Digest
All Rights Reserved

AUG 10 1922

OCLA681829

Pye © f

CONTENTS

SESE TS RR RGGI TR Rau XII

TESS iy SNES he aM IRC a

PART ONE.
Useful Breeds

CHAPTER I.

The Airedale—Short Story—His Pos-
sibilities as a Stock and WatchDog —
As an All-round Sporting Dog.....

CHAPTER II.

The Collie—The Old English Sheep
Dog—Mixed Shepherd Breeds—The
mSmepherd, or Police Dog... 20...

~Cuapter III,

Other Useful and Profitable Breeds—
eer, Dogs and Hounds..... 2... .\.

PART TWO.
_ Breeding, Care and Marketing

CHAPTER I.

Breeding Dogs For: Pleasure and Profit
—General Hints — Importance of
Pedigree and the knowledge of what
it Represents | Sa apne a Nee Ne ce GA catia

31

CHapTer II.

The Stud Dog and the Brood Matron
—Oestrum—When it Occurs—Time
for Breeding—-Care of Matron Dur-
ing Period of Gestation—Parturition 59

CHAPTER TE

Care after Whelping—Care of The
Puppies During first Few Weeks
—Docking Tails — Vermifuges—
Weaning 6.) os oie len 74

CHAPTER IV.

Selection of Puppies—Value of Bitch-
es to Preserve Strain—How to
Market—Conditions of Sale How to
SIMD Soha.) oh ela Oem

PART THREE.
Training for Practical Purposes
CHAPTER I.

Early Training Lessons for all Breeds 93

CHAPTER II.
The Training of the Stock Dog For
General Use on. the Parm.... 0) fae 107
CHAPTER III. 7 3
Training of the Stock Dog—Continued 121

igs San
ie

eae
“La

14 ,

PREFACE

NOt long ago I met a bright young

man over in Illinois who had
been admitted to the bar about two

' years before. He was a lover of dogs

and that is how we became ac-
quainted.

In the course of our conversation
he confided to me much about his

early life. “But,” he said, “I attained

what I was striving for, and I am now.
on the fair road to success. The nov-
elty of it is, however, that I owe it all

Hodogs.”’

Then he gave me the details; how
he lived on a farm with his people
and how he struggled for his early
education until finally he came to
that period when he was ready to en-
ter college, but with no resources to
take that step. “I had,” he continued,
“an Airedale bitch. She was the all-
round dog on the farm. I used her to
hunt squirrels and rabbits with, but
when it came to'driving the cattle
she was an expert. Later I bred her
to a good dog and she raised a litter

\

of eight puppies. I sold them all at
an average of $25.00 each. That gave
me an idea. I bred her the next time
and raised seven. These sold at a
higher average than the first litter,
but from this litter I reserved one
female. I had a fund started for col-
lege and saw my way clear. Peggy,
the old matron, had several more lit-
ters, all of which sold profitably, and
later on Patsey, the daughter, pre-
sented me with a litter. I was going
to college now, but the dogs were pay-
ing my way, for the folks at home
looked after their interests, though |
superintended the selling. I! can
truthfully say that I was sent to
school by dogs.”

The story of this young man also
gave me an idea. If dogs were a pay-
ing investment for him on the farm,
why not for others? This book is the
result of the young man’s story.

Tue AUTHOR.
Dayton, Ohio. |

THE FARMER'S DOG

A. F. HocHwatt.

INTRODUCTION

DOG for the farm; what shall it

be? That is a question that may

be answered largely according to
one’s own predilections in the matter,
for there are a number of suitable,
and profitable breeds. Naturally, it
is assumed that the _ progressive
farmer of today who interests him-
self in a dog for all-round farm work,
or dogs for profit, will select a breed
that will bring returns in both ways.
There was a time when any kind

of a dog would do on the farm, just
so he possessed a sufficient amount
of intelligence to be amenable to the
_ crude training necessary to make him
a fair general service dog. Usually
one of the varieties of the shepherd
_dog was the principal ingredient that

entered into the composition of this
nondescript of the farm and “Shep”

was in most cases a long-coated ani-
mal, sometimes resembling the collie,
sometimes the old-time drover’s dog,
which later became the fancy old
English sheepdog of the show bench,
but quite as frequently his general
appearance gave evidence that was
conclusive proof of the versatility of
his mother.

It is quite true that many of these
dogs, though entirely without pride
of ancestry, were intelligent animals,
but that is not extraordinary, for be-
ing a compound of many breeds they
occasionally inherited a little of the
best from all of them, although per-
haps every other son and daughter
of the litter from which they came,
might have acquired all of the worst.
Shep, however, was the bright excep-
tion and he went through life doing
the work that was expected of him,
sometimes proving to be a wonderful
sheep and cattle dog, or even, if given
- the experience and frequent oppor-
tunity, developing traits of the bird
dog, the foxhound or beagle. Many

a nondescript dog of this class I have ©

seen that was truly a wonder.

When Shep grew old, however, and
there was need of procuring a
younger dog to help the old fellow
out, then the great question arose
how to find a successor. The chances
of Shep reproducing himself were a
negligible equation, for being a con-
glomeration of many breeds, the
chances that his whelps might be any-
thing from rat terriers to mastiffs
were very good. ‘he venture was too
uncertain to even give it a trial and
thus in nine cases out of ten Shep
would pass out of life as the last of
his race. What generally followed
was the trying out of a dozen or more
puppies, one after the other, before
another was found which possessed
‘the same degree of intelligence and
sagacity as Shep, or more than likely,
Shep was the one dog of a lifetime
and could never be replaced, for no
one knew how the elements varied
that brought forth such a dog.

Conditions are changing on the
farm, however; the demand for pure-
_bred stock is becoming more general
and the intelligent farmer is no longer
content with scrub stock. He insists

upon owning thoroughbred cattle,
swine and sheep, realizing that it
costs no more to raise pure-breds
than it does scrubs and he knows,
further, that there is always a market
for registered stock at far higher
prices than he could ever hope to ob-
tain for the nondescripts.

What applies to the other farm ani-
mals is equally applicable to the dog,
and many of our rural neighbors have
already discarded their mongrel dogs
in the full conviction that a pedigreed
dog or two on the place is a paying
investment, not only in the financial
returns, but also in the direct results
obtained in service.

There is no gainsaying the fact that
the demand for pure-bred dogs is be-
coming greater every year and there
is no reason why the farmer cannot
supply this demand as well as the
specialist dog breeder. As a matter
of fact, a pedigreed bitch of any of
the fashionable and useful breeds will
bring better returns in quick money
than any other animal on the farm.
Furthermore, such a dog is more sus-
ceptible to training and thus there is

an advantage from the mere utility
side of the question.

Naturally, there is no royal road to
success, but the intelligent farmer or |
dog lover who has the inclination,
may find dog culture a very profita-
ble and interesting side line which
will require but little additional time,
and if proper discrimination is exer-
cised in the selection of the founda-
tion stock and ordinary intelligence
in following the maxims that every
dog breeder should have at least a
passing knowledge of, then success is
assured. ‘lo such as these, this little
book may prove of some value.

PART ONE

Useful Breeds

CHAPTER I

The Airedale—Short History—His Pos-
sibilities as a Stock and Watch Dos—
As an All-round Sporting Dog.

PLACE the Airedale first in the

list of useful breeds because. he
has become the dog of all nations.
Not only is his popularity undimmed
on the show bench, but he has also -
become the all-round dog for the
-stockman, the farmer, the upland
shooter, the big game hunter; the
wild fowler, the squirrel, the rabbit,
the *coon and the ’possum hunter,
and then by way of variety he is also
the playmate of the children, the
watchdog and the companion for the
automobile.

In referring to the Airedale, how-
ever, as the dog of a thousand roles,
I have in mind the type bred from
utility strains. There are a number
of excellent bench strains whose use-
fulness has not been impaired, be-

2 The Farmer's Dog

THE AIREDALE, ‘““FURORE FIRST FLIGHT.”

cause the members of the family are
used continually for practical pur-—
poses, but on the other hand, many
of the show strains have been so “im-
proved,” from generation to genera-
tion, and have had no work of any
kind, hence much of the natural sa-
gacity that is a heritage of the breed
has been either bred out of them or
lies dormant. The mad desire for

——~

The Farmer’s Dog 3

“fine show points” has created havoc
with many a useful breed of dog, and
it is doing so with the Airedale in cer-
tain quarters, but thanks to the
sportsmen of the country, there are
still numerous families of the breed
still bred for practical purposes, by
men who consider utility first and
bench wins as a secondary feature.
For this reason the Airedale will
always remain a working dog, or
rather there will always be sufficient
families to draw from in order to

breed the service Airedale, even

though some of the bench varieties
are going the way of some strains of
pointers and setters; namely, being
bred for looks alone.

1 do not mean that the man seeking
for a practical strain of Airedales
must disregard the essential quali-
ties in the matter of proper coat, well-

carried ear, good color and varminty

expression, but in making his selec-
tions, he must see to it that they come.
from strains which have been used for

practical purposes in all the various

4 The Farmer's Dog

ramifications. Dogs coming from
strains which never see the outside
of their kennels except when going
to and from shows, are not the kind
that the farmer, stockman or sports-
man will find lucrative to cultivate,
for his market will be among those
people who want a useful, all-round
dog and not a show dog, sans brains
and the capacity for service.

In making one’s selection it is well
to know something about the strain
from which the puppies that one buys
are descended. There are extremes
both ways. In some localities one
still finds Airedales ranging all the
way from sixty-five to ninety pounds.
Such a dog is too large to be shifty;
it is therefore advisable to adhere
to the lighter weights. Dogs ranging
from forty-five to fifty pounds and
bitches slightly less, are large enough
even for big game hunting, such as
bear, cougar, bobcats, etc. Further-
more, if they come from a game fam-
ily ee are really of more use than
the extreme weights, first because

The Farmer's Dog 5

they are shiftier and secondly, they
represent less bulk. On the other
hand, the undersized specimens run-
ning from thirty to forty pounds, are
too small. Briefly, therefore, it is well
to bear in mind that you select your
stock from game, working strains
which mature at something near the
desirable weights specified.

Why is the Airedale the jack-of-all-
trades among dogs? ‘The question
_ may be rightfully asked, for it is well
to know something of his history in
order to properly understand the dog.
Briefly, he is a mixture of many
breeds and at his fountain-head he
was no doubt similar in many re-
spects to the all-round farm dog, Shep.
But unlike Shep, the Airedale was
bred on in succeeding generations to
his own kind, the most likely and
typical specimens being utilized for
that purpose, for in these early days,

_ the Airedale was not yet commer-

cialized and those pioneer breeders
of the valley of the Aire, the place
of his origin, had but one object in

6

AIREDALE.

view and that was to produce a useful
all-round dog, suitable as a com-
panion for the home, and a satisfac-
tory tyke for any kind of sport that

might be available. Along the banks

CAN OM Ufa aa ns

The Farmer's Dog 7

of the Aire and its tributaries there
was always good sport in hunting the
rats that infested its banks and many
a Saturday afternoon’s good sport
was had by those hardy Yorkshire-
men in making matches against their
neighbor’s dog. As a matter of fact,
it became a regular field trial in
which dogs were judged with as much
seriousness as one finds in bird dog
trials. Usually, a given stretch along
the river was designated. Two dogs
were put down together. The dog
spotting the hole which contained a
rat scored two points and the dog
which made the kill, one, thus at the
end of the stretch it was an easy mat-
ter to determine the winner. Even
though those workmen were mill and
factory hands they did not hesitate to
back their favorites to the extent of
their weekly wages on more than one
occasion. In addition to the rats
along the river banks there were the
martins and the polecats, the badgers
and foxes in the rocky fastnesses of
the nearby hills and these also fur-

ey
ar tat ®
*) ae

ae hg 5

8 The Farmer's Dog

nished a world of sport, for those
Yorkshiremen were and still are
sportsmen. If, by way of variety, one
of those hardy tenants of the Aire
Valley wished for still more excite-
ment, there was the manor not far
away and it was an easy matter to
slip in upon these premises on a dark
night when the keepers were unsus-
pecting, and take a hare or a pheas-
ant, in which work the Airedale was
taught to become. equally adept.
Again, there was the otter to be found
in some of the streams occasionally,
and fighting in the water is the special
forte of the Airedale, for he comes to >
it by right of his heredity since one
of his early progenitors is the otter
hound. It was from the latter breed
that the Airedale inherited his pily
undercoat which is impervious to
water, while from the terrier varieties
that helped to make up his early an-
cestry, he received the wiry outer
jacket that is also so essential. In-
deed, even to this day one finds a
throw-back occasionally to the

The Farmer's Dog 9

houndy ears and yellow eyes of the
otter hound that crop out now and
then in the best of families. Breed-
ing generation after generation of
these utility dogs by selecting the
best specimens of the locality, these
hardy Yorkshiremen produced an all-
round dog with no thought of bench
shows in those early days. Naturally
there was still much variety of type,
it is true, but there were few dogs bred
that did not inherit all the intelli-
gence and the sagacity of their many-
sided genealogy. If a worthless speci-
men was produced now and then, he
Was promptly discarded and thus
eventually this breeding by selection
had its good effects.

While it required a number of
years before the fame of the Airedale
spread to other parts of England, he
attained a considerable local reputa-
tion and spread rapidly throughout
Yorkshire, and there was scarcely a
cottager living in that thickly settled
manufacturing district who did not

0S Day eee
agape ma iors Yt

10 The Farmer's Dog

possess his tyke—or perhaps io a
dozen.

It was along in the early seventies
that the first show for Airedales was
held at Otley. Naturally, those first
shows brought together a heterogene-
ous lot of dogs with types as varied
as they were entries, but this is only
the natural sequence of mixing up

various breeds into one. It was the
same thing when, years ago, the much »

lauded so-called “‘Llewellin” setter
was brought before the public. The
Llewellin was a mixed breed at its
foundation-head and the evidence of
it was always apparent in the later

generations. However, it) 18°) Ste

prising what the Airedale breeders
did in a short time. As a matter of
fact, they succeeded much better than
the setter breeders, for now type is
about as well fixed in the Airedale
as it is in any of the oldest of breeds.

Those shows at Otley did much
toward attracting fanciers from other
parts of England to see this newest
and biggest of terriers. There was

The Farmer's Dog 11

considerable controversy about the

name; for a time they were known

as Waterside terriers and again as
Bingley terriers in honor of the town
where they were supposed to have
originated. Finally, however, after
various experiments in the way of a
name Airedale terrier was fixed upon,
because it was really in the valley of

_the Aire and not any particular town

in that locality where the breed
sprang up. Terrier may be a mis-

nomer because of the dog’s size, for

terriers are supposed to go under-
ground for their quarry, but no mat-
ter how that may be, the dog has ter-
rier traits and whether the word ter-
rier is added:or not, Airedale he will
remain until the end of time.
Breeders of the south of England |
soon began taking up the breed after
he once received his start in the North
and it was greatly due to them that
the breed became so well advertised.
The English kennel club eventually
recognized the dog as a distinct breed
and show men of the south of Eng-

12 The Farmer's Dog

land. began “fining him down.”
Whether this was a good or a bad
thing is a mooted question, but never-
theless it is a certainty that this as-
sisted very materially in populariz-
ing him. What kept the Airedale
from going entirely the way of many
of these “fined down” bench show
breeds is the fact that he began to be
taken up by sportsmen in all parts
of the world. America soon became
interested, and though we have our
distinct line of demarkation in the
way of working strains and pure show
strains, the Airedale will ever remain
the great all-round dog.

It is not my intention of going into
a prolix history of the breed in this
little book, but the interested reader
who is desirous of knowing more
about the breed and the many strains
that are popular, is referred to an
earlier work of mine entitled, ““The
Airedale for Work and Show.” ‘To
the neophyte, however, a few words
may not be amiss. If you are select-
ing dogs for all-round work, endeavor

The Farmer's Dog 13

to obtain either puppies or young
stock from strains that show the
breed characteristics. Do not be too
particular in getting the extremely
long heads, narrow flat skulls and
weak quarters and stifles which so
“many of the simon-pure show strains
possess. Select a dog with good color,
that is, black saddlé and rich tan
markings, with a short back, an
abundance of bone in legs, well
sprung ribs, a level mouth, small dark
eyes and good strength of jaw. If
the dog has the long head and the
other show points, all right, but do not
discard a sound specimen from a
working strain for an unsound one,
simply because he is a better show
dog. ‘The working dog is the one
for which there will be a greater de-
mand from the general public than
the out-and-out show dog which may
never be a service animal. In select-
ing bitches, size is not so essential,
but procure one of the snappy, fiery
kind with an abundance of terrier
character that is absolutely game. It

4
OR atin: MK, iM “~

alse #9 oh ee 7's ‘
ae Ata AO Pole
\]y ay era oes a
fi ; 9 ary
;

14 The Farmer's Dog

~is from these bitches that the best re-
sults are obtained, for though they
may be somewhat small, by breeding
to a dog of good bone and substance,
say, fifty pounds in weight, the gen-
eral average may be maintained.
Study the blood lines carefully. As-
certain everything possible about the
family on both sides. Investigate
whether or not the ancestors in the
pedigree have been actual utility dogs
and the more of these practical kind
that are in the lineage, the more likely
you are to succeed: in perpetuating
intelligent, sagacious and game Aire-
dales.

+4 Were wh Berar! ke *
or ao Naa
Det AN ea.)

CHAPTER II.

The Collie—The Old Enslish Sheep-
dog— Mixed Shepherd Breeds —The
Shepherd or Police Dog.

“THE shepherd dog in various forms
is unquestionably one of the
» oldest breeds of the canine species.
We read of them in ancient literature
and in the Bible they are referred to
on various occasions. Whether the
shepherd dog of those days was sim-
ilar to the collie and other breeds of
today is a question. The chances are,
they were not, but built more like the
old-time mastiffs of which we see
prints in books of the middle ages.
in those ancient days it was necessary
to have a dog that could protect the
flocks against the ravages of wolves,
consequently he was a larger, heavier
type of dog than we see today, ex-
cept in parts of this country, and also
in other lands where dogs of this class
are still required.

16 The Farmer's Dog

THE WHITE COLLIE JEFFERSON WHITE BABE,

The collie is pre-eminently the gen-
tleman type of shepherd dog; a hand-
some, outstanding animal that at-
tracts attention everywhere. Truth

The Farmer's Dog 17

to tell, he has had so much attention
focused on him that he has become
‘the idol of the bench show fancier,
and in, the making of a handsome,
attractive show specimen, much of
the usefulness has been bred out of
him. Itis simply a repetition of what
happened to many other breeds. By
nature the collie is an intelligent ani-
mal, though in many strains, genera-
tions of breeding for the fine points
has in a great measure destroyed not
only his usefulness as a stock dog,
but has made of him a weakling.
Fortunately, however, as in the.case
of many dogs that have been made
show dogs, there are always a number
of people who still recognize the
utility side of the animal and breed
them for use, and it is fromm such as
these that the farmer or stockman
should select his specimens. ‘The col-
lies are easily broken to drive cattle,
sheep, or in fact, any other live stock,
and while one finds an impetuous
- specimen at times, as a rule they are

*

18 The Farmer’s Dog

very careful with their stock and do
not rush them. Some say that the
collie will never do this, but this 1s
very much a manner of training. His
master is his tutor. If the latter is
rough and abusive toward the ani-
mals on the farm, the collie will soon
acquire these rough traits; if on the
other hand, he is properly taught
from a youngster he will make a most

“SHEP,” A SPLENDID COLLIE,

valuable asset. The collie has his
faults, it is true, even those coming
from real working strains, and these

-

The Farmer's Dog 19

faults generally arise from his ex-

treme restlessness and activity. ‘The

collie must have something to do. He
will drive the chickens, he will stand
guard over a flock of geese, he will
be here, there, everywhere, poking his
nose in this corner and that, forever
on the move, and little transpires
about the farm that he does not mix
up in, especially when it has to do
with live stock. Some are inclined to
pick up quarrels with other dogs and
in a scrimmage they usually hold
their own, but the collie cannot, as a
breed, be called quarrelsome. As a
paying investment for breeding pur-
poses, the breed is a most satisfactory
one. Naturally the average farmer
will want.to breed dogs that are fit for
work and not for show purposes
alone, but that does not mean that he
cannot breed good, typy specimens
that will command fair prices. All
colors are in demand: the sable and

whites, tri-colors, blue merles, and

the pure whites; the latter color in
some localities is becoming quite pop-

~~

20 The Farmer's Dog

ular. Asa rule one does not find the
high quality show specimens among
the whites, for it is extremely proba-—
ble that other mixtures have been
used in order to retain the pure white
color, but however that may be, those
I have seen of this color were ex-
‘tremely intelligent, and what is more,
seem to be gaining favor rapidly.

In this connection it might be said
that in many parts of the West and
also in Canada, the collie has been
crossed with other breeds for the pur-
pose of creating a stronger dog. In
doing this they also produced intelli-
gent animals. These sheep dogs of
the northwest would not pass muster
on the show bench, but when it comes
to a useful animal they are very saga-
cious. However, dogs of this class,
not being pedigreed, nor breeding
true to type, would scarcely com-
mand prices that are paid for pure-
bred stock. ‘The farmer wishing to
take up the collie for profit would
better stick to the pedigreed animal
descended from strains that are

The Farmer's Dog 21

known to be working dogs, and in
doing this he will have the kind of dog
that will be useful, not only on his
own place, but command a good price

-on the market.

Some years ago the so-called
smooth collie seemed to be gaining
favor in this country, but with the
rapid rise of the shepherd, or police
dog, the desire for this breed waned.
No doubt the name, smooth collie,
is a misnomer, but it is recognized
by this name in the American Ken-
nel Club classification. This breed
is in reality a nearer descendant
to the old-time sheep dog than the
rough-coated collie. While his origin
is left greatly to speculation, his ap-
pearance and his temperamental
characteristics seem to indicate that
he may be a modern evolution of the
old-time “mastins.” He is said to be
very sagacious and makes an excel-

lent stock dog, both as a driver and

a guardian of the flocks.
In England and Scotland he has
always been more popular than here,

tO) DA SO ene ee
LO NT ea

ups The Farmer's Dog

though no doubt, if some enterpris-
ing breeder would take up the breed ©
in America, and show his qualities as
a workman, it might soon be popu-
larized, despite the present popularity
of the shepherd or police dog. ~

The Old English sheep dog was
originally a real working dog, but the
kind we meet with nowadays would
scarcely fill the requirements of the
practical farmer... He: 1s’ a? danees
square-headed dog, with immense
coat, which requires endless time to
keep in condition. No doubt the
present-day type is a very much ex-
aggerated “improvement” of the old
drover’s dog, but if these present-day
specimens as seen at bench shows are
of any use now, I have yet to see it
demonstrated, although it is said that
here and there they are still used for
practical purposes. ‘There is a cer-
tain demand for the Old English
Sheepdog and no doubt all the pup-
pies that could be raised might be
easily sold, but the breed is a diff-
cult one to care for and the returns

o

The Farmer's Dog 23

for the trouble would be small as
compared with other breeds.

Hythe shepherd, or police; dog,
formerly known as the German shep-

IMPORTED ARGUS VON BLASIENBERG,

herd, is one of the most popular

: breeds of the day and as he is an in-

telligent, as well as a handsome ani- |
mal, he bids fair to retain his place
in popular favor for some time to
come. This dog, in many respects,

oT Oh The Farmer's Dog

resembles the Airedale for many-

sided qualities, though, of course, he
is a dog of entirely different type.
Unless the bench show element ruins
the breed, it should become a very
useful one for all purposes. Perhaps
he is not the specialist in stock driv-
ing that the collie may be, although
I have heard of isolated cases where
he proved to be equally as good as
the best of collies. The shepherd dog

has other uses, however, that make .

him a practical dog for the farm as
well as the city or the suburban
places. He is a first-class watch dog
and can be taught to run down crim-
inals or hold them after he brings

them to bay. He is rightly called
a police dog, for he can perform many |

of the duties of the human policeman
as sagaciously as the latter, He
knows no fear; his excellent nose
leads him to detect the presence of
strangers, his acute hearing is almost
uncanny, for he will hear the slight-
est noise that would escape his human
master entirely. He possesses great

*

aera SU tl
mi My DEE
‘he ey he

The Farmer's Dog 25

strength and can hold any criminal
that may be cornered, and if it is
necessary to trail a criminal, he is al-
most as expert as the bloodhound, es-
pecially after he has had training
along these lines. As _ previously
stated, the dog is very intelligent and
may be easily taught any of the ac-
complishments of police duty as well

as the art of taking care of. stock on

the farm. In respect to sporting in-
stincts, the Airedale has, of course,
the advantage, for the lather can he

- used for hunting furred and feathered
- game which the shepherd 1s scarcely

fitted for. I have-heard it said that
occasionally isolated specimens of
the breed could be taught to run rab-
bits or tree by night and day, but this
is not a characteristic of the breed,
hence one must not pet too rtd
of them.

The shepherd has a wolfish appear-
ance, with high set prick ears, narrow
muzzle and wide skull. In height

the males run from 22 to 25 inches,

26 The Farmer’s Dog

THE ROUGH-COATED COLLIE CH. EASTWOOD
ENSIGN.

A Modern Bench Show Collie.

the standard calling for 26 inches as
the maximum; those over that
height are considered too large. Fe-
males should run from 2114 to 2314
inches, with 24 inches as the maxi-
mum. Naturally, the fancier who is
interested in utility alone, will not be
so much concerned in drawing the
question of size too closely, though

eee

i
>

The Farmer's Dog 27

dogs that are too large are lacking in
-shiftiness, while, on the other hand,

if they are too small, they are unable
to cope with the enemies they are
called upon to meet.

The Shepherd should stand up
squarely on straight front legs when
viewed from all sides. The hind legs
should have sufficient bend in the
stifles to give quickness in action, but
there must not be too much sweep
from hip to hock. The jaws must be

_ strong, with lips tight and dry and

not hanging over in flews as is the
case with hound varieties. The teeth
must be large and strong, meeting
evenly and not under or overshot.
The smooth-haired specimens are
preferred though one _ encounters
rough or wire-haired ones occasion-

‘ally, and also what are known as

long-haired varieties, though the two
latter are not met with commonly.
By smooth-haired is meant coats
about two and a half inches in length,

(eg ON a Wi gla 33
' aH eth bat, a” ha

%, ‘ ny} Bas ‘

| *

28 The Farmer's Dog

the outer coat stiff and straight, but
lying close to the body. The head, in-
cluding inside of the ears, front of the
legs, paws and toes are covered with
short hair and the neck with longer
and thicker hair; slight fringe on the
back of the legs is desirable. The
color varies: black, iron-grey, red-
dish tan, reddish-brown (either en-
tirely of one color or with regular
markings of reddish brown with
whitish grey); pure white, white
with dark spots (harlequin), or black
clouding on grey, tan or light brown
with the so-called wolf markings, or
with white markings on breast and
legs.

When running the dog should move
evenly and harmoniously, the strides
being long and elastic, lifting the feet
only just clear of the ground. It is
in reality the wolf gait and in view
of the fact that the dog resembles
the former so much, it has been said
that this is an objection in the West
and Northwest, where wolves abound,

The Farmer's Dog 20"

THE WHITE COLLIE JEFFERSON WHITE
LASSIE,

as the shepherd may easily, be mis-
taken for a wolf when he is seen from
a distance. The chief qualities of the
shepherd dog are his intelligence,
alertness, loyalty, gentleness, courage,
obedience, willingness and devotion.
All of this will show in the animal’s
_ general appearance.

The demand for shepherds being
sO great at the present time, the first

30 The Farmer's Dog

cost of obtaining good specimens is.
rather prohibitive, but the up-to-date.
fancier wishing to make this breed
part of the farm’s earning capacity,
will find the breeding of them, even
though it is done on a small scale,
a lucrative investment.

CHAP ERR ALE

Other Useful and Profitable Breeds—
Bird Dogs and Hounds.

Er is not every farmer who is in-
terested in dogs of the pastoral
types. Many are situated in places
where stock raising is but an infinites-
imal part of the farm’s industries, and
again, many are in localities where
game of all kinds is plentiful. To
such as these a dog of one of the
sporting varieties might find a greater
appeal than any other breed.
Sporting varieties are always in de-
mand; there is no rise and fall in
fashions, consequently the farmer
taking up pointers, setters, beagles,
fox, or coon hounds, will always find
a market for his surplus stock, not
- only among his own class, but also
from the city sportsman and the field
trial enthusiast. ‘There is no ques-
tion but sporting dogs can be raised
and brought to maturity much more
successfully on the farm than in any

TS RES IA Se nas
aa
; Prabha

; 1 Dia

a The Farmer's Dog

of the large kennels, especially if the
farmer confines his breeding opera-
tions to a limited scale of from one to
four litters a year. Under such re-
strictions the work will not become
irksome, neither will an expensive
kennel equipment be required.

A farm-raised pointer, setter or
hound has all the advantage over the
kennel-bred product. He is raised
largely according to the nature
method; he has more freedom from
the day he opens his eyes, and he
grows up in an environment that is
in keeping with his instincts and in-
clinations; he learns to self-hunt by
independent forays with his mother
while still young; he acquires the
ways of the woods and fields and he
learns from actual experience where
to go to find game. Put down a bird
dog of a year old that has been raised
in the country with one of the kennel-
raised kind and note the difference
in the wisdom displayed. The kennel-
bred youngster without any experi-
ence is in a new environment; every-

The Farmer's Dog 33

thing is strange and he seems cowed,
while the farm puppy is all confidence
and decision, born of his constant as-
sociation with the things of the out-
doors. From personal observations
I am convinced that the farm-raised
puppy is farther advanced at twelve
months. of age than the average two-
year-old kennel-raised product. That
is why the average sportsman or field
trial patron prefers to find his young
stock on the farm. He knows that
such a puppy has been started prop-
erly and that his physical and mental
development have taken place under
natural conditions.

What applies to bird dogs is equally
applicable to beagles and other va-
rieties of hounds. The average
beagle, raised on the farm, is a rabbit
dog at one year old and frequently
younger, hence, when the city sports-
man purchases such a puppy he is
equipped to go afleld with his dog at
once and obtain considerable satis-
faction in shooting over him. Not
many Nate ag I spent one of the

3 The Farmer's Dog

BEAGLE PUPS.

The Farmer's Dog 35

most enjoyable days in the field—rab-
biting with a pair of farm-raised
beagles—that I ever had at this kind
of sport, and yet these beagles were
but eleven months old at the time.
They had a world of experience, how-
ever, and knew more about rabbits
than many a three-year-old.

All trainers of either bird dogs or
beagles will freely confess that they
would rather take farm-raised pupils
to train than any of the kennel-bred
ones, for they realize that half the
work is already accomplished and all
that is necessary is to teach such ani-
mals how to hunt to the gun, and the
finer accomplishments of the finished
performer.

Such being the case, no one living
on a farm who has an inclination
for dogs need fear to take up these
breeds as a profitable investment and
as a means of recreative pastime, for
there are many months during the
fall and winter season when work is
light and the call of the wild is in-
marents( : 7

POINTER.

The question of what breed to se-
lect is very much a matter of indi-
vidual preference and what the buy-
ers predilections are in the way of
sport. If he is fond of upland shoot-

ing, any of the setter breeds, or a.

pointer, or possibly a wire-haired
pointing griffon will appeal to him.
If he is a rabbit hunter then nothing
would be more satisfactory than the
beagle; if it is night hunting, then
the ’coon or ’possum hounds are de-
sirable; or if it is fox hunting, then

naturally nothing but fox hounds .

would interest ape

Perhaps the bird dog breeds are ce

\ietipii a UN Rate

The Farmer's Dog a7

the most lucrative. That is, puppies
from these breeds demand _ higher
prices, generally speaking, than
beagles or ’coon hounds. In selecting
a pointer or a setter strain, however, :
it is well to study the various families
in order to have those that are in de-
mand. As far as pointers are con-
cerned, no beginner can go far wrong
in selecting any of the strains now
before the public.

SETTER.

' In English setters, there is more or
less confusion caused by the so-called
100% Llewellins which, I might
say in passing, has done the set-

38 The Farmer's Dog

ter much more harm than good.
I do not mean that the Llewellin
strain is not a very excellent one. The
damage was done, however, by breed-
ers who insisted upon breeding the
100% dogs simply because they
were hundred per cent, regardless of
individual quality. Whether they, are
Llewellins or so-called grades (which
is also a misnomer), they are all Eng-
lish setters and if the pedigree is right,
as it must be if the stock comes from
pedigreed dogs, then it is mainly a
question of selecting individuals from
strains that are known to be good,
and it is immaterial af they are
Llewellins, so-called, or English set-
. ters. Although the fad that has swept
the country creating a demand for
Llewellins has caused prices for the
100% dogs to soar out of all propor-
tions, it will be found that it is the
so-called grade English setters which
have really maintained the laurels for
the breed in field trials as against
pointers, hence the breeder might as
well disregard the names of strains

7

Pena
iN AUP a a ae
at 4 o7o f

The Farmer's Dog 39

and go in for real dogs. By doing
this he will breed successfully. If he
can find a good individual brood

fimatron that is 100%, all well and
good and if he is able to find a sire
that is also of the same percentage
then he is well started, but it is far
better to select good individuals of
so-called grade stock than to decide
upon second rate 100% dogs.

The novice will probably ask the
question what is a Llewellin? ‘The
accepted dictum is that they must
descend in unbroken lines from the
Laverack strain of more than fifty
years ago and the Duke-Rhoebe
cross. Any dog that has any other
outcross is not a Llewellin, though
as a matter of fact, he may be much
better bred, for it is a well proven
fact that the Duke-Rhoebe cross was

taemixed lot at its source. Possibly
it was this very cross of strong, vig-
orous blood, blended with the inbred
Laveracks that was no doubt the po-
tent factor in these early so-called
Llewellins and the farther we are get-

40 The Farmer’s Dog

ting away from the source the more
attenuated this blood becomes, conse-
quently the logical thing is to breed
to the best to be found among the
setter strains regardless as to whether
they are called Llewellins, grades or
English setters, for when all is said,
they are every one of them English
setters, and the wise breeder will bear
this in mind when he makes his selec-
tions. The reader wishing to go
further into the question of pointer
and setter strains, is cited to my two
previous works, “The Modern Point-
er’ and ““The Modern Setter.”

The wire-haired pointing griffon is
in reality a rough-coated pointer,
which had his origin in Belgium,
France and Germany. He is a slow,
methodical dog, with an excellent
nose. He is easily broken as an up-
land hunter and as a retriever from
land and water. He lacks the speed,
range and style of our present-day
pointers and setters, but there seems
to be a popular demand for the breed

The Farmer's Dog 41

and good specimens are commanding
high prices.

Beagles do not bring the prices of
the bird dog varieties, but they are
less costly to raise and do not require
the room, hence when one _ takes
everything into consideration — the
sport they give one and the returns
from surplus stock—they prove very
satisfactory. At the present time
beagling and beagle trials are becom-
ing more and more popular, hence
the trend toward higher prices for
good stock seems to be the prevailing
note.

Foxhounds of the well - known
strains—American strains—such as
the Walker, July, Trigg, Williams,
and others, always hold their own,
for foxhunting will remain a southern

sport until the end of doom. As for

’coon hounds, these are generaily
more of a nondescript variety; as a
rule, descendants of the various fox-
hound strains, sometimes mixed with
various blood. Puppies do not com-
_ mand the large prices of the registered

PART TWO

Breeding, Care, and
Marketing

CHAPTER,

Breeding Dogs for Pleasure and Profit
— General Hints — Importance of
Pedigree and the Knowledge of What
it Represents.

HERE is pleasure and profit in
breeding dogs. ‘The returns are
' quick, the bringing up of puppies i1n-
teresting, and on the whole, one dis-
covers a fascination in the various
‘phenomena that keeps one fascinated.

To the aspiring breeder, however,
I would say, gain as much knowledge
of the subject as possible before at-
tempting to rear puppies. It is not
an undertaking for the person who
imagines that all that is necessary
for success is a pair of dogs. You
must have a clear knowledge of what
you set out to do, weigh the various
influences at work and their probable
effect on advancing or retarding the
object you have in mind, and act ac-
cordingly.

46 The Farmer's Dog

In a work of this limited nature
I cannot go into full details of the
various phases of the breeding ques-
tion, but I may point out a few guide
posts to success, as it were, that may
serve as axioms, which should be kept
in mind. Naturally the novice, after
he once becomes more deeply inter-
ested, will discover new experiences
and come to conclusions of his own,
and while he is learning this, he may
study the various works on the sub-
ject to good advantage also.

The old saying “like begets like” is"

good as far as it goes, but one must
not take this in a too literal sense, for
the ancestry behind the two individ-
uals mated, play a very important
part, hence the saying must only be
considered in conjunction with other
laws and influences at work.
Breeding back, reversion, ‘or ata-
vism, as it is scientifically called, is
always a factor in breeding opera-
tions and frequently sets at naught
the like begets like theory. Atavism
means simply reverting back to a re-

aN) 0 a aa
Mie ta, ne"

«tt Be

The Farmer's Dog . 47

mote ancester, as for instance, the off-
spring may resemble a great grand-
parent or some ancester still farther
back than that. Hence, if somewhere
in the ancestry there has been some
violent outcross, it is likely to appear
again, even after the lapse of many —
generations. This has been shown in
various breeds at different times, as
for instance when the bulldog was
crossed with the greyhound a num-
ber of years ago in England, in order
to give the latter more strength and
courage, traces of this cross were seen
in greyhound ancestry seven genera-
tions after this one cross had been
made. It is the same with other
breeds: In setters we very often find
a specimen that is an exact counter-
part of some of the very earliest dogs
in Llewellin (so-called) pedigrees.

In Airedales we find frequent re-
versions to the hound ears and light
eyes of the otter hound. In Bostons
we find numerous throw-backs and so

on adfinitum. All this suggests that -
we must have a thorough knowledge

48 The Farmer's Dog

of the ancestry of our stock in order
to breed intelligently.

We can do this only by breeding
from parents whose pedigree is not
only available, but of which we have
made such a study that we are fa-
miliar with each name in the breed-
ing and what it stands for. If we are
breeding Airedales for utility pur-
poses, we want to know first of all,
that the sire and dam are of the right
sort individually. Then we go back
into the next generation and learn
all we can about the grand-parents
If there is a weakling here we should
know it, in order to figure the possible
chance of. his ancestors traits crop-
ping out. Assuming that the genera-
tion of grand-parents seems to be all
that we are looking for, then it is well
to take*up the great grand-parents,
and soon. Naturally the farther we
get back in the pedigree the less in-
fiuence each individual ancester will
have on the offspring, but a certain
percentage, nevertheless, will figure
in the general summing up.

The Farmer's Dog 49

In this respect the law of ancestral
heredity as expounded by Sir Francis
Galton, and amplified by Pierson, is
a very good guide. Naturally, the
theory is far from infallible, but on
the whole it is a safe theory. Simply
stated, this law endeavors to prove
mathematically the fraction of direct
inheritance; that is, the similarity of
the offspring to its various ancestors.
From his observations Galton comes
to the conclusion that the visible
dominant characters of the progeny
correspond on the average with those
of the various ancestors about as fol-
lows: |
From the immediate parents, 50%.
From the grand-parents, 25%.
From the great grand-parents,

12.5%.

am From the great great grand-par-
ments, 6.25%.

Earlier ancestors in proportion until
the figures are carried to infinity;

thus accounting for the total herit-

mee. : it should be borne in mind,
_ however, the characters referred to

50 The Farmer's Dog

are the visible ones and do not apply
to temperamental © characteristics
which, in dogs, are factors whose im-
portance is unquestionable.

WINTERVIEW PATRICIA VON FLUGELRAD.

That is another reason why it is
necessary to know all about the dogs
that go to make up the pedigree of

The Farmer’s Dog 51

the prospective parents. In some
strains one is prone to find certain
‘physical weaknesses that are trans-
mitted from generation to generation.
_ Dogs of a cowardly or highly nervous
temperament are not likely to pro-
duce good utility offspring. Others
might be affected with a constitu-
tional disease which one does not care
to see transmitted in the offspring,
and if the breeding is in the least
close, these faults are likely to be in-
tensified in the same proportion as
the good qualities are intensified. It
is easy to understand, therefore, why
it is all essential to know the line of
blood one is using.

This brings us to another phase,
and an important one, in the repro-
duction of animals under domestica-
tion. This is line-breeding, in-breed-
ing and cross-breeding. By line-
breeding is loosely meant the system
of breeding within the limits of the
family, as cousins, uncles, aunts, etc.,
but not too closely. In-breeding is
mating son to his dam, or daughter to

52 The Farmer's Dog

her sire, while in-and-in-breeding is
the mating of brother and sister. On
this subject I am going to quote from
my previous work, “Dogcraft”:

“The evil effects of in-breeding
have been discussed so much that
many breeders, and the public at
large, have begun to look upon it with
greater aversion than is really neces-
sary. Occasional in-breeding is ab-
solutely essential under some circum-
stances, but it requires nice discrim-
ination to determine just to what ex-
tent this may be practiced.

“The good effects of inbreeding
are uniformity of type, smoothness
of finish and retention of character.
These qualities can be attained in this
way much more readily than other-
wise. The evils require more time to
detect, but when in-breeding is long
continued, it usually results in weak-
ened constitution, susceptibility to
disease, impotency, loss of stamina
and size. Breeders of wide experi-
ence maintain that in-breeding may
be practiced without fear of evil re-

The Farmer’s Dog 53

sults for two or three generations,
provided the sire is bred to daughter,
or mother to son, for in these cases
the sire or dam only crosses with one-
half of his or her own blood, and the
advantages so gained outweigh the
slight loss in constitution or vigor.

“The crossing of brother and sister
is known as in-and-in-breeding, and,
as the blood is identically the same
on both sides, it follows that evil re-
sults will appear much more quickly:
When two closely related individuals
are brought up and exposed to differ-
ent conditions of life, the results of
such a mating will generally prove
much more satisfactory, for it is a
well known fact that. the environment
under which animals have been
brought up, such as differences in soil,
climate and: manner of feeding, ef-
fects almost as great a change in the
constitution of the progeny as would
result in the infusion of new blood.

“In-breeding should be discontin-
ued as soon as the first signs of evil
effects appear. ‘Then it is wise to re-

54 The Farmer's Dog

sort to an outcross. Naturally, many
breeders who, after a number of
years have succeeded in building up a
strain, hesitate to resort to an out-
cross for fear of introducing unde-
sirable qualities, but when loss of
mentality and sterility once make
their appearance, then it 1s necessary
to do so. Many cases are known
where strains of cattle, sheep, hogs
and other animals, which, through in-
breeding, had suffered in size and
also had become perfectly sterile,
when bred to their own kind, imme-
diately regained these qualities by the
introduction of outside blood. There-
fore, the results of an out-cross be-
came apparent much more quickly,
as before stated, than the evils of in-
breeding. Among most breeds of
dogs of the present day there is no
necessity for close in-breeding, unless
it is desirable to intensify some par-
ticular qualities, but when these are
obtained it is best to resort to out-
side blood—a violent out-cross is not
at all necessary—and a return to size

The Farmer's Dog ‘55

and stamina will soon be noted as the
result.”

’ The old theory of telegony, or the
influence of a previous sire, has about
been discarded, although even at the
present day there are some breeders
and even a few scientists who still
hold that once dog has made a mis-
alliance and had a litter of puppies
by a mongrel or a dog from some
other breed, all future litters will be
affected by this occurrance in that
certain puppies of the subsequent lit-
ters coming from sires of her own
kind will resemble the mongrel cross.
No clear proof has ever been brought
forward to substantiate this theory,
hence | have always taken it for what
itis worth. However, it is best to be
careful that such misalliances do not
occur, for even though future litters
may not be affected it is certain that
immediate results are thus ruined.

Prenatal impressions is another
subject that is not given much cre-
dence at the present time, although
up until late years the belief was

SSR IS Sot
} ay ast pi .

: reas ie tect

saci SS

gen Fe or ;

56 The Fatmer's Dog

THE ROUGH-COATED COLLIE CH.
METCHLEY WONDER,

The Old Type Bench Show and Working Dog.

widespread that impressions made
upon the mind of the mother during
the period of gestation will influence
the ultra uterine development of the
young and cause birth marks, abnor-
malities or color changes. The theory
no doubt arose in the Biblical story |
of Jacob and the sheep flocks of his
father-in-law, Laban. Jacob was to
receive sheep of certain colors as his
own. In order to breed these colors
Jacob set up colored rods in the field
where the sheep grazed and thus the

~

AO ALAMO! haw OS ee
\ “y 5

The Farmer’s Dog 57

ewes were to be influenced; and ac-
cording to the story, Jacob was a suc-
cess in breeding for color. Since that
day, however, we have heard of no
such successes in color breeding when
but such simple methods were em-
ployed. I know of a setter breeder
who some years ago wished to breed
his bitch to an orange and white dog,
but wanted to get the white, black
and tan colors in the offspring, for at
* this period the orange and whites had
not come into the popularity that they
now enjoy. To achieve this result
he confined the bitch in a kennel ad-
joining that of a dog which was beau-
tifully marked white, black, tan and
ticked. When the time came for
breeding, however, the orange and
white dog was used. When the pup-
pies were whelped, all but one were
_ orange and white; from this it will
be observed that for once, Jacob’s
theory did not work out.
No doubt the birth marks or de-
formities are due generally to an in-
flammation of the uterus, because of -

58 The Farmer's Dog

arrested foetal development caused
by pressure from the ligaments from
the uterus or umbilical cord. Nat-
urally the habitual mental condition
of the mother while carrying her
young has a certain amount of influ-
ence upon the fluids nourishing the
embryo, though this can scarcely be
regarded as a direct mental impres-
sion upon the foetus during the
process of development.

The breeder who wishes to go still
further into the subject of dog breed-
ing will find a more elaborate treat-
ment of the subject in my previous
work, “Dogcraft.”

CHAPTER: Ef:

The Stud Dog and the Brood Matron—
Oestrum—W hen it Occurs—Time for
Breeding — Care of Matron During
Period of Gestation—Parturition.

ae average small breeder will do
better not to attempt to own his
own stud dog, unless he should se-
cure one that he can also offer to the
public, for if he is breeding but one
or two, or even half a dozen bitches a
year, he will find it more satisfactory,
and. even more profitable to pay a
stud fee and select that kind of dog
which will suit each of his bitches.
One dog may nick very well with one
bitch, because of blood lines, con-
formation, temperament and all other
essentials, but will not answer so well

with the others, hence it will readily

be seen how much greater the advan-
tage is. Furthermore, when one
breeds to a dog of known reputation
the puppies are just that much more

valuable. ve

60 _ The Farmer's Dog

In making your selection of a stud
dog, study the bitch that you wish to
breed to him; look over the two pedi-
grees carefully, compare the blood
lines and if these look logical—that is,
if the combination in theory seems
plausible, then find out all you can
about the dog and whether he has
any glaring faults, or is prone to
transmit any constitutional disease
or weaknesses. If all these qualifica-
tions are satisfactory, ascertain if he
is a working dog, for | am assuming
that you are breeding dogs of prac-
tical value. If you are breeding cat-.
tle or stock dogs, seé that the pros-
pective sire comes from a service
strain, and if he is himself a broken
dog, all the better. If you are breed-
ing Airedales for all-round gameness,
have nothing to do with a stud dog ~
that.is a weakling mentally and a
coward physically. Better . sacrifice
some of the show points for courage,
intelligence and sound conformation.
Never breed to a dog with weak back,
loins, quarters or stifles. Type is of

me

The Farmer's Dog - 61

course essential, but type drawn to
extremes, that is, type and quality
over physical and temperamental ex-
cellence are the two things that have
done harm to many of our best

breeds’.

THE BLUE MERLE COLLIE, HANDSOME
BLUE BOY.’

In short, when selecting a sire to
breed to your matron, keep in view
the idea that you must find a dog that
is especially strong where your bitch

[paar ras
La On aR ,™

}

Gat The Farmer's Dog

is weak, but also it must not be for-
gotten that this dog must come from
a family whose members are habit-
ually strong in these parts. For in-
stance, you might select a dog that is

especially good in head, but whose.

sire and dam were bad and this speci-
men is one of the exceptions due to
atavism. He may resemble one of
his remote ancestors, but not be able
to sire his own kind. Keep the gen-
eral average of the pedigree in mind.

In selecting bitches for your pros-
pective doggy venture, decide first
upon the breed, and after doing this
you will do better by adhering to that
breed. You will be enabled to study
one variety and come to understand
it more thoroughly than if you were
to dabble in various breeds. Whether
your selection be one of the pastoral
varieties or one for sport, try to learn
all you can about it and study your
own individuals. It is not necessary
to select show types, as I have already
pointed out, but rather buy good,

sound puppies from stock known to

The Farmer's Dog 63

possess the characteristics which you
wish to perpetuate. If you wish to
begin breeding at once, it is well to
buy matured bitches, but it is far bet-
ter to begin by securing a few bitch
puppies and allow them to grow up on
-the place. Thus you are enabled to
train them to do whatever work they
are fitted for and they are more likely
to give satisfaction. Select carefully,
not from show, but from good pedi-
greed stock. Many a so-called
“waster” proved to be the best kind
of a brood matron, producing off-
spring that afterward proved to be
marvels of their particular breed.
Allow the puppies to grow up in free-
dom, for the bitch puppy that is
brought up in this rough and ready
fashion, will need very little atten-
tion when the various crises of her :
life occur.

There is no particular time at
which the period of oestrum or sea-
son, in the female of the canine spe-
cies may be looked for. Much de-
pends upon the breed; the toys and

/*”

64 The Farmer's Dog

small varieties usually coming in sea-
son at any time after they are six
months old. Pointers, setters, Aire-
dales, collies and shepherds may
come in the first time between eight
months and a year, or even go longer,
but I have found the general average
period to be between ten and twelve
months. After the bitch has been in
season once, she should, normally,
come in again every six months,
though this varies in certain individ-
uals, some coming as frequently as
every four months, while others may
go eight, and even twelve months,
though as I have said in normal con-
dition, the time between periods is
six months.

Personally, I have seen very excel-
lent puppies from bitches that were
bred their first season, though this
is not to be recommended unless the
bitch is particularly well developed
and the first period does not come
much before she is a year old. The
generality of breeders, however, wait
until the second season. The owner

>

Rey osu 8

RSE

The Farmer's Dog 65

must be governed by circumstances
both in this matter and also the fre-
quency of breeding in later years. A
bitch can have two litters a year if she
is normal, which also means that she
must be vigorous. Two litters within
twelve months, however, is a consid-
erable drain on the system, and may
result in loss of vitality and eventu-

-ally the loss of the bitch, so here again

the owner must be governed by cir-
cumstances. ‘The hardiest breed I
have encountered in my experience

is the Airedale. The females of this

variety usually have large litters and
seem to raise them successfully every
time. I know of one Airedale bitch
which had four litters within two
years: and each litter averaged ten
puppies; in other words, she raised

to weaning time, forty puppies in a

period of twenty-four months and
did not seem to be any the worse for
it. ‘The owner should always bear in
mind that he is the judge in such mat-
ters; if the bitch shows signs of de-
bility or loss of vitality after raising

— 66 The Farmer's Dog

a litter she should be given a rest, if
on the other hand, there is no impair-
ment of her strength or general con-
dition, she may safely be bred each
season for three or four consecutive
periods, at all events.

Care must be taken upon the ap-
proach of the period of oestrum that
the bitch is promptly isolated. That
is, she must be placed in a building
out of which it is impossible for her
to dig, or into which no dog will be
able to enter, either underground,
through windows or doors. ‘The bet-
ter plan is to keep the bitch in an up-
stairs room or loft that is entirely in-
accessible, for it is surprising how
quickly the dogs of a neighborhood
will discover a bitch in season and
what cunning tricks they will resort
to in order to gain access to her.

The owner, even though he be a
novice will soon recognize a change
in the bitch when the period of oes-
trum approaches even though there
may be no physical evidence. Her
temperament will be changed. Timid

| DN OS SON a ea
(eg Shi uh : i ‘ A :

The Farmer's Dog 67

bitches usually become bold and not
infrequently, a savage or unruly one
will be very docile. An enlargement
of the external genitals will appear
about this time and accompanying
this will be the discharge of a whitish
fluid, which increases in quantity and
becomes tinged with red until it is
eventually a discharge of pure blood.
The entire period of oestrum extends
over a period of about twenty-one
days, but it is generally during the
second week that the swelling sub-
sides, the discharge lighter in color
and finally disappears about the four-
teenth or fifteenth day. This is the
best period to have the service per-
formed; that is, between the fifteenth
and twentieth day. If she is to be
shipped any distance, the owner will
do well to have his arrangements
made with the owner of the stud dog,
some time in advance and as soon as
she shows signs of being in season, ©
she should be shipped, for the strange-
ness of surroundings, the shipping,
and the life in the crate have a certain

ww

RMN 2
; aes a" fe ie : na by

68 The Farmer's Dog

effect upon her and she should have
several days of quiet before she is
bred. If the time is right, one service
is sufficient, though many breeders
prefer two, given one day apart.
Personally I have always found the
results just as satisfactory from one
service, provided everything was nor-
mal.

If the owner of the stud dog returns
the bitch immediately after service,
it 1s well to keep her confined another

THE SMOOTH-COATED COLLIE FER
DE MONTFORT

' The Farmer’s Dog 69

week to make assurance doubly sure.
After she is once entirely out of sea-
son she may resume her ordinary
habits at least during the first five
weeks.

It sometimes happens that a dog
may not mate with a bitch even if
both are so inclined. In such a con-
tingency, unless the owner of the stud
dog is an experienced man, he should
call in a qualified veterinarian, for
such cases. generally call for the use
of the dilator. These contingencies,
- though not common, occur occasion-
ally. Sometimes, especially with
maiden bitches, it is necessary to re-
sort to force in making the bitch ac-
cept the dog; these unions, as a rule,
prove just as fruitful as a voluntary

weed VLC.

The period of gestation averages
sixty-three days, varying some times
a day or two both ways. Nine weeks,
however, is a safe way to figure the
time. It is well, during the first weeks
of pregnancy, to give the prospective
mother a treatment for worms, not

_

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i RE 819 6
; 4 Ae’ | ! nis se
ieee ft OS, .

|

i" ¥

70 The Farmer's Dog

that these can be directly inherited
by the puppies, but they are a drain
on the vitality of the bitch which she —
may well employ otherwise. There
are a number of good and safe vermi-
fuges on the market that will answer
the purpose. Personally I prefer
Le Roy’s, but this is, perhaps, because
I am familiar with the ingredients.
The bitch should have regular ex-
ercise up to the fifth week and in her
natural sphere. If she has been ac-
customed to hunting or driving cat-
tle, allow her to follow her ordinary
pursuits. At five weeks, if she is in
whelp a slight change will be notice-
able in her appearance. At six, one
is enabled to tell almost to a certainty
in most bitches, though not all. Af-
ter the fifth week, if she shows signs
of being in whelp, she should only be
allowed moderate exercise, and if she
is an old matron which might at any
time be given to aborting, she must
be kept somewhere, in a kennel or
yard, where she cannot jump either

*

The Farmer's Dog 71

over the fence or on high benches or

stands.

The whelping place should be in
some dark corner of the barn away
from other dogs or sights and sounds.
Generally, if a bitch is. allowed her
freedom she will select her own
whelping place, and she usually has
this picked out long before her time,
and no matter how attractive arti-
ficial surroundings may be made for
her, she will go to the place of her
own selection, and this will generally
be under the barn or outbuilding, or

under a manger. In summer I be-

lieve in giving the bitch as much lee-
way as possible, for | am a great be-
liever in the nature method. I have
had dogs in the country on many dif-
ferent occasions, where puppies that
afterward proved to be winners were
raised under old stalls or buildings,
and which proved to be hardier than
any that I ever saw or raised under
strictly artificial surroundings. In
winter, of course, it would be impos-
sible to allow the mother too much

12 The Farmer's Dog

latitude, for newly-born puppies can-.
not thrive in a temperature much un-
der sixty-five degrees. As a matter of
fact, the whelping room should be
about seventy degrees Fahrenheit in
winter, hence if no regular artificially
heated kennel is provided, the pros-
pective mother should be brought
into a room in the house or basement
that can be heated. If a whelping
place is provided, this should be only
a platform raised an inch or two from
the ground over which a carpet may
be tacked. This covering should be
removed after the puppies are born,
and straw may then be substituted.
During the hours of parturition, the
mother will do much better if she is
left alone. Occasionally there may
be complications, but in the breeds in
which we are at.present interested,
this is very rare. To. look in occa-
sionally, pat her on the head, or offer
her a drink of water is only humane,
and will be appreciated, but officious
interference only invites disaster. If
the weather is very cold the puppies

The Farmer's Dog 73.

may be taken away as they are born
and placed in a basket by the stove,

wrapping them first in a warm

blanket, but as far as first aid to the

‘puppies is concerned, that will be

taken care of entirely by the mother.
The best advice is, leave her alone
and let nature take its course, unless
complications actually set in. ‘The
mother instinct is so strong in the fe-
male of the canine species, that she
knows better what to do than all the
artificial aid the human mind can de-
V1Se.

CHAPEER. Th

Care After Whelping—Care of the Pup-
pies During First Few Weeks—Dock-
ing Tails—V ermifuges—W eaning.

Ao LESS the mother has gone away

and found her own whelping
place under some barn or manger,
you have, no doubt, kept watch over
her and are therefore aware when the
hours of labor are over. It is well
to sponge her off with luke warm wa-
ter, but dry her thoroughly. Remove
the carpet which was in the whelping
box. You may either tack another
on the floor of this or leave it
bare with the exception of the clean
straw which, it is assumed, you have
provided. Offer the mother some
food and water after her strenuous
period.

The food may consist of milk, broth
or gruel. As a matter of fact, for the
first three days sloppy foods of this
nature are preferable, although this ~

yl CS AGES lea ea
19 DN Si nS a
Shun aM aa

The Farmer's Dog 75

does not have to be continued. After
' the third day allow her her meat as
usual, and see that she is fed three
times daily. She has other mouths
_ dependent upon her now and her vi-
tality must be sustained. If the sea-
son of the year is summer, it is likely
that she will be infested with a cer-
tain amount of fleas, no matter how
one tries to keep the surroundings
clean. After the first few days the
mother may be dipped in any of the
_ solutions made for the purpose, but
the puppies, which are just as likely
to be infested cannot be treated in
this manner. After they are a week
old, however, it is safe to dust them
with Persian insect powder. See that
none of this enters their mouths or
eyes, however, and after it is well
brushed into the coat, be as careful
to brush it out again. The puppies
may be placed over a paper while this
process is being gone through. After-
ward, paper, powder, fleas and all
may be burned. In warm weather
the puppies should be treated thus at

76 The Farmer's Dog

least once a week, especially if they
are living in a place which is likely
to be infested with a greater abun-
dance of fleas than ordinary. During
all those early weeks, the mother will —
look after the puppies herself, keeping
the sleeping box clean and performing
the ablutions upon the puppies, so
nothing need be done to them, except,
if they happen to be Airedales, then
then they must have their tails
docked before their eyes open, which —
is about the ninth day. The process
is a simple one; take the puppy in
one hand, push back the skin on the
tail toward the body, and with a
sharp shears, held in the other hand,
snip off about one-third or two-fifths,
according to the dictates of fashion.
At the present time it is the mode

for Airedales to have rather longer —

caudal appendages than was formerly
the case, some even preferring to dock
them to about one-half inch. There
is no need to apply anything to the
wound; the bleeding is very slight,
and in a few days, through the minis-

The Farmer's Dog 77

trations of the mother, the tails will
heal rapidly, for by drawing the skin
back when the operation is per-
formed, this soon grows together and
not the slightest trace of a scar is no-
ticeable.

‘ Internal parasites—that is worms
—will be found in all puppies even as
young as two or three weeks, for no
matter how thoroughly the mother
has been treated, nor how calm she
may be, the ova are about somewhere
and the puppies are sure to absorb
them.

I have safely given Le Roy’s in
liquid form at two and three weeks
of age, by floating a little of the medi-
cine on a half teaspoon of the dam’s
milk and the results have always been
eminently satisfactory. Another ©
good vermifuge for puppies is the
fluid extract of pink and senna in
doses of five to thirty drops, accord-
ing to the age and the breed. In giving
any vermifuge, however, it is always
safe to take the minimum dose as a

*

78 The Farmer's _ :

guide and rather give too little than
too much.

About the third week it is safe to
teach the puppies to lap milk. ‘Al-
though the dam’s milk is richer than
that of the cow, most breeders find it
more satisfactory to begin by diluting
cow’s milk one-half with luke-warm
dater. Place this in a shallow pan,
bring the puppies up to this and dip
their noses into it. They will soon
learn to lap it of their own accord
and then when the time comes for
weaning, which ordinarily should
“take place about the seventh or eighth
week, there will be slight trouble. As
long as the bitch is well and strong
there is no need to wean the puppies
too young unless the mother shows
a disposition to desert them. In the
early days milk is the staple diet,
but they may soon be given this |
poured over stale, broken up bread
or any of the puppy meals that are on
the market. A little raw or cooked
meat chopped up finely, may also be
given three or four times a week with

e

yt Std Oh Se Se AN ee Se eae nd
| i eS et aaa
oe haus Bune

RYN, san! 4

iy) Ky
PER WRT es
ay erie

The Farmer’s Dog 79

very good results. Do not pay any

attention to the old misconception

that meat is injurious to puppies; it
is not. This is the natural diet of the
canine and is the most nourishing
food in the highest form of concen-
tration that can be given. I have
given meat, both raw and cooked, to
puppies at seven and eight weeks old
and fed others of the same age milk
and breadstuffs only, and found that
those which were fed the meat grew
faster, were more vigorous and
healthy and had a more prosperous
appearance in general than the milk-
fed puppies. ‘The idea of feeding con- .
centrated foods is to avoid overload-
ing the stomach, and in this connec-
tion it might be said that from the
time they are weaned the puppies
should be fed about once every four
hours up until late into the night, and
the first feed in the morning should
be given at daylight. As the puppies
grow older they may be fed less fre-
quently and in larger quantities.
Care should always be taken that

80 The Farmer's Dog

they have access to an abundance of
fresh water at all times, which should
be placed in earthenware vessels if
possible. ‘The food vessels should be
scalded after each meal to prevent
the possibility of any left-over sour
food from contaminating the next
meal, for this is a frequent source of
bowel trouble in puppies, and much
of this can be prevented if ordinary
care 1s taken.

te LS TTS Soe es
Wee acease Gana

CHARTER. DV,

Selection of Puppies—Value of Bitches
to Preserve Strain—How to Market
—Conditions of Sale—How to Ship.

‘at wise breeder will dispose of

his surplus puppies at an age
that is as early as is compatible with
the future welfare of the rapidly-
growing youngsters. ‘This age is ap-
proximately between eight and twelve
weeks. Some breeders dispose of
their puppies as early as six or seven
weeks, but this is not advisable, for
they are not yet able to take care of
themselves so early in life and more
are apt to go wrong. At eight weeks,
however, it is time to begin to think
of selecting those that are to be kept
for future use and to find proper
homes for the others.

‘The question of selecting puppies |
is not such a difficult one as one might
imagine. Most breeders prefer to
keep a bitch or two out of a promis-

82 The Farmer's Dog

ing litter of well-bred puppies, in or-
der to retain the blood in the kennel.
The principal thing that one is guided
by at this early age is correct mark-
ings and the general disposition of the
youngster. The keynote of success is
to select the boldest and wisest ones,
that are correctly marked, for even at
the early age of eight weeks it will
be clearly noticeable that one or more
in the litter are just a trifle more pre-
cocious than the others. After the
selection has been made, then the
others should be graded according to
their qualifications and a price put
on them according to their merits.
For instance, the first choice dog
puppy should bring more than the
second choice and the first choice
bitch puppy should command a
higher price than the second or third
choice, and so on. In breeds where
markings play an important part, this
must necessarily be the principal de-
sideratum. As a matter of fact, this
applies particularly to Airedales, col-
lies and shepherd dogs. In pointers,

” .

0) PAO) rr OE i
Wate Raph s+
hake) iret

The Farmer’s Dog 83

setters and beagles it is not so 1m-
portant. Airedales with the black
saddle and deep tan markings com-
mand more money than the light-
colored ones and a correctly marked
collie is also more in demand. If
there are off-marked ones, they may
be priced accordingly, but in making
out a descriptive list care should be
taken that each and every puppy
should be described just as he is. ‘The
markings must be given precisely,
and if the puppy has any faults or
peculiarities, these must be eluci-
dated. No breeder starting out to sell
dogs in the open market will thrive
long if he resorts to misrepresenta-
tion.

The sale should invariably be a
cash transaction, but the puppy must
be sold with the guarantee that he is

_ exactly as represented and in the best

of health. Any deviation from this
rule is disastrous. It should also be
understood that in the event the pur-
chaser is not pleased he may return

the puppy and get his money back.

84 The Farmer's Dog

There may be times when it is neces-
sary to refund the purchase price of
a puppy when there are no real
grounds for it, but in the final analy-
sis, this is more profitable than to
make a dissatisfied customer. Pleased
customers will soon be the best ad-
vertisers, but one dissatisfied patron
will do more harm than many times
the price of the puppy. Years ago I
bred pointers on a rather large scale,
and by following this rule there was
seldom any trouble. I recall one in-—
stance where a patron received his —
puppy, but was dissatisfied with his
markings. I immediately wired him
to return the puppy at my expense.
In the meantime, however, I received
a telegram from an unknown person
who had seen the puppy in the express
office. The youngster evidently
pleased this man for he offered to take
the puppy out of the express office
at the price named. The result was,
the first customer was perfectly satis-
fied with the transaction and ordered
another puppy which pleased him,

The Farmer's Dog es

while the first puppy was the means
of making another customer. It hap-
pened that this puppy which was re-
fused by the first man turned out to
be a frequent bench winner and one
of the best shooting dogs in that part
of the state, and thus was the means
of more good advertising than if the
demands of the first patron had been
ignored.

The question of marketing puppies
is not a difficult one at this present
day and date, for there is an unusual
demand for well-bred dogs of all va-
rieties. here is always more or less
local demand for good puppies, but
as a rule, such as are sold near at
home seldom bring the prices that one
is enabled to obtain by offering them
to dog lovers at large. ‘The only way to

’ do this is to advertise in papers and

magazines that reach such people.

The media of the first class are the

kennel publications, either weekly or
monthly. These.appeal to those who
know dogs and if you have the right
kind of stock to sell, much of the

86 The Farmer's Dog

business will be done with very little
correspondence. But again I must
impress upon the beginner, that un-
der no conditions must he misrepre-
sent the stock that he is offering for
sale. ‘The next class of publication
is the monthly or weekly out-door

magazine. Nearly all readers of such -

publications are dog lovers and dog
buyers, and will pay a good price for
stock that is hight grade, furthermore,
such publications have a wide appeal,
going to all parts of the United States
and even to foreign countries. Thirty
years ago, when I was breeding point-
ers I sold a pair of young dogs to
Japan and the sale was made through
a small ad. which appeared in a
weekly paper devoted to dogs and out-
door sports in general. Manifestly,
much depends upon the variety of dog

that one has to sell as to class of ad-

vertising medium. If one is inter-
ested in sporting dogs, then he must
oppeal to that body of sportsmen
through the papers or magazines they
read, and these are any of the weekly

+

®

The Farmer's Dog 87

or monthly out-door publications. If
he is catering more specifically to the
farmer, then the various rural publi-
cations will bring results, but at the
same time it must not be forgotten
that those publications which main-
tain a regular kennel department al-
ways reach a class of good buyers,
and no matter how restricted one
makes his advertising appropriation,
he should never fail to use at least
one of these, if not at all times, at
least quite frequently. The prices
that are paid nowadays for high-class
dogs justifies maintaining a standing
appropriation for advertising in as
many publications as one can con-
veniently maintain, all dependent, of
course, upon how many puppies one
is likely to have for sale each year.
Puppies should be shipped in light
wooden or wire crates, either made
especially for the purpose, or out of
store boxes, but if one ships many
puppies it will pay to have small
boxes or crates made, though, as I
have said, this is not absolutely es-

88 The Farmer's Dog

sential, as long as the receptacle is
large enough for the puppy to stand
up and turn around in. In one cor-
ner, a vessel should be attached to
the side, and on the top of the crate
instructions should be written so the
expressmen enroute may water and
feed. Usually they do this, but it is
well to have these instructions labeled
upon the box in a conspicuous place.
If the distance is short—say twenty-
four hours—it is not necessary to
feed enroute, but if shipments are
made across the continent, as they
frequently are, then it is imperative.
Start the puppy out with a large bone
in the crate for him to gnaw upon

and amuse himself, but it is well to
attach to the crate a small bag of dog
cakes which the agents along the
route may feed to the youngster while
on his long journey. It is surprising
how well a puppy as young as three
or four months will stand these long
journeys. Usually they come through
none the worse for their experience.
In all my transactions I never

The Farmer's Dog 89

shipped a puppy that did not arrive
safely at its destination, although I ~
have frequently heard of cases of ©
grown dogs which were smothered in
their crates on very short trips, but
this was invariably traced to the care- -
lessness of express agents along the
route.

PART THREE

Training for Practical
Purposes

Hiuteatrnnt

CHAPTER I.
Early Training Lessons for All Breeds.
WE are all agreed that the educa-

tion of a child cannot begin
with the higher sciences. He must
go through the various preliminary
grades before he is ready for high
school and it is only after the pre-
scribed course here that he is enabled

~ to enter college. Just so with the

puppy. No intelligent owner will ex-
pect his three or four months old dog
to take to the work of driving cattle,
or guarding the flocks or hunting for
game until he grows up and has had
his training in the calling for which
he is intended.

The farmer dog-lover will obtain
the most out of his dogs if he has the
grown-up ones trained for some
special purpose, which, naturally de-
pends upon what breed of dog he is

interested in.. If it is a collie, a shep-

herd dog or any of the pastoral va-

rs ie

94 — The Farmer's Dog

rieties, he will want to make him
subservient to his own uses in the
care of the live stock. If he is a
pointer or a setter, he naturally
wishes him to be proficient in the call-
ing of hunting for birds; if he is a
hound of some variety, he should be
schooled along his special lines, or if
an Airedale, the possibilities are that
his owner may be able to train him
for a generally all-round useful dog
which will fit in anywhere. Any per- —
son who has a love for the dog will
be able to train his own, provided he
knows the fundamentals, possesses
an even temper and is not inclined to
be impetuous, for it takes time and
patience to properly train a dog.’
Some men can do so after reading a
book on training and do it perfectly.
Others would never be able to perfect
a dog in any line of endeavor, even
though he read every book that was
ever written on dog training.

The early lessons of a puppy are
practically the same, no matter what
the breed, and these lessons may be

. a

The Farmer's Dog 95

started as soon as the youngster is
out of his nest. The first thing he
must learn is obedience and the pre-
liminary lesson is teaching him his
name.

_ The confiding nature of all young
puppies is such that they will gen-
erally come voluntarily when their
attention is attracted. It is only
older dogs, which have learned the
hard knocks of the world, that will
slink away from those they mistrust.
Call the puppy to you and use the
name frequently while doing so, when
he comes close enough offer him a
bit to eat, either a cracker or a small
piece of meat. Do this frequently at
odd intervals during the day and ina

few days he will learn to associate the

sound of the name with the morsel of

_ choice food, hence to come will be a

pleasure. Never, under any circum-
stances, use force or harshness with a
puppy so young. As he grows older,
be firm, enforce every command, but
severity need never be practiced.
After this first lesson has been

96 The Farmer's Dog

taught he may next be made to
“charge” or drop when told to do so.
Any word of command may be used
for this, such as charge!” “dropi]
“down!” etc. Whatever form is used,
- however, should invariably be ‘ad-
hered to. The puppy should not be
commanded to drop on one occasion
and to charge at another. ‘The idea
is for him to associate a word of com-
mand with what he is intended to do
when he hears that word. Call the
puppy to you, and put him down on
the ground or floor in the position you
wish him to assume. Hold him in
this position several minutes and keep >
repeating the word of command dur-
ing the process. Naturally, as soon
as you release him he will be up, but
again reward him with something to
eat. Repeat several times, but do not
tire the puppy by making the lessons
too long. Gradually, as lesson fol-
lows lesson, you may remove the
hands from the puppy, but if he at-
tempts to get up, force him down and
repeat the command. Hold him a

The Farmer's Dog 97

moment, keep repeating the word, re-
move the hands again, but continue
to repeat the command and force him
in position every time he attempts to
rise. When you want him to rise,
give the command, “up!”’ After the
lesson reward again. The puppy will
soon learn what you expect of him
-and it will dawn upon him that after
lying in this position for a time he
will not only be pleasing his master,
but will be rewarded also. Do not
hurry, do not frighten the puppy, do
not be severe, but be calmly firm in
every lesson that is given.

During this period the puppy may
also be broken to retrieve by the “play
method” as described in my previous
book “The Working Dog and His
Education.” That is, of course, 1f you
wish to make a retriever of him and it
may be said in passing that this 1s a
very convenient accomplishment for
a dog to possess. The lessons are en-
tertaining for a puppy, for there are
few which will not run after and re-
trieve a ball when thrown out. The

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98 The Farmer's Dog

idea that must be impressed upon the
pupil is that it is all play, but at the
same time, he must not be allowed
to run away with the ball, but bring
it to you, and if his first lesson of com-
ing when called has been thoroughly
taught, the others usually dove-tail
in very well.

House breaking should also be part
of the early curriculum of all dogs.
This may be done by a little careful
watching. Catch him in the act and
banish him from the house. This,
repeated a few times will teach him
to understand, for most dogs are
cleanly in their habits. If they still
persist after being put out a dozen or
more times, reprimand them and keep
them banished from the house for a
time. As they grow older it is well
to establish a custom of putting them
out at regular intervals. They will
soon learn to regulate their habits ac-
cording to these periods out of doors.

If the dog you are training is one
of the sporting varieties, he should
be hunted all during this early period

The Farmer's Dog 99

according to his inclinations, pro-
vided, of course, the season of the
year is right. Allow them to get out
in the woods and fields, to hunt and
chase to their heart’s content. If
the puppy is one of the pastoral va-
riety, let him follow you to the barn
or the pasture where the sheep, or
swine, or cattle are. In other words,
let the puppy become acquainted with
the things he will encounter in after-
life, at as early a period as possible.

We are assuming that the puppy
obeys promptly by this time and will
come to your call. It is well now to

‘ teach him to come to the whistle.

There are times when the dog may

_ get so far away, that he cannot be

called or directed by the voice. The
whistle may be used on all occasions ;
either the ordinary dog whistle or
some prefer using the mouth, but use
the same style of blast on every occa-
sion. Turn the puppy out and allow
him to go a considerable distance
from you, then blow your whistle and
call immediately after. A motion of

100 The Farmer's Dog

the arm may also be used in this con-
nection, thus in teaching him the
whistle you may also teach him to
come in or go out by motion of the
hand or arm. Be careful to use the
same motions every time, however.
Practice this every day and the puppy
will soon learn to understand that
one long blast means come in and if
you care to use it, two short ones
means to continue to go. The motion
of the arms is to indicate the direc-
tion.

Remaining at heel is another ac-
complishment every dog should know
and considering how easily this is
taught, there is no reason why your
dog should be at. everybody’s feet or
all over them, much to some people’s
disgust, for it must be borne in mind
that there are a number of “cranks”
in this world who despise dogs on
general principles, if for no other
cause. First, however, the puppy
must be taught to lead. This may
be done in a day or two. The puppy
when he feels the restraint of the col-

?

The Farmer's Dog 101 .

lar about his neck may object and
pull backward, but coax him to you,
give him a bite to eat, pet him—and
then draw him along farther. He will
soon learn that he has nothing to fear
from the lead and will soon trot along
nicely or tug at the lead unless you
teach him to remain at heel. In order
to accomplish this begin by taking
the dog out on lead, when he runs
ahead of you give the lead a tug,
bringing him back of you and as you
do so give the command, “Heel!”
Repeat this every day for several days
or a week if necessary, then start out
without the lead on his neck and keep
the dog back of you. In place of the
lead, carry a small and light switch;
if he attempts to pass you, tap him
lightly on the nose, commanding him
to “Heel!” He may dart past you a
few times, but invariably call him
back to heel and if he persists in leav-
ing his place, put the lead back on him
until he learns that it is absolutely
necessary to remain back of you until
you give the order to “Hie on!” ‘The

102 The Farmer's Dog

lesson may take more time than some
of the others, but persistence and a
quiet, but firm demeanor will soon in-
culcate. the lesson into the pupil’s
mind so that he will not forget, and
even though you traverse the streets
of the busiest city, your dog will be-
have properly at all times. Toy dogs
and small terriers will, of course, not
be susceptible to this kind of training,
but I have seen Airedales so well
trained in this respect that they
would put many a supposedly per-
fectly broken bird dog to shame in
obeying commands, and obeying them
cheerfully.

There are times when dogs need
punishment, but this does not mean
the severe abuse that some impetuous,
high-tempered people are prone to ad-
minister in moments of anger. The
whip is all right in the hands of some;
in others it is an implement of tor-
ture, and the man who cannot use it
with discretion should either not at-
tempt to train dogs, or he should do
so without this form of chastisement.

- The Farmer’s Dog 103

It is scarcely necessary to say that be-
fore the puppy _is six months of age
he should receive no corporeal pun-
ishment and any offenses that he may
commit in his early puppy days
should be corrected with a reprimand,
which he will soon learn to under-
stand. It is quite likely, therefore,
that by the time he is six months of
age, he may not need the whip and
if so, very seldom. To chastise a
puppy or an older dog, for that mat-
ter, very severely, is taking a long
chance, for a dog’s spirit, especially a
highly bred one—may easily be
broken and that being the case, you
have a sour dispositioned dog, who
does your bidding because he fears
punishment and not because he en-
joys doing so for the love of his mas-
ter. It may be well to impress upon
the novice that all commands should
be given in a low, firm voice and the
words for each should always be the
same. Loud talking or yelling, es-
pecially if a different form of expres-
sion is used on each occasion, only

104 The Farmer's Dog

confuses the dog and nothing is
gained. If it is necessary to use the
whip, always be sure that the dog ©

knows what he is being punished for. —
It is useless to punish a dog unless _
you catch him in the act for which
you punish him. By all means re- —
member that one must keep his tem-
per and a few judicious blows given —
in a cool manner, repeating the while
the command which you wish the dog
to learn, will do more good than an
unmerciful beating by one whose
temper has gotten beyond his control.
The teacher is as much in need of >
training as the pupil under such cir-
cumstances. Assuming that punish-
ment has been administered in the
proper manner, do not immediately
counteract it by petting the puppy
and “make over him.” Let him rea-
son it out for himself by remaining
quiet and paying no attention to him.
The chances are, he will soon come
crawling up as if asking for sympa-
thy. Pat him on the head, give him —

a kind word or two and go on with

ROR ern el
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‘ YY ; ’

I

The Farmer's Dog 105

the training. He will no doubt go
about his work as cheerfully as be-
fore, but retain a distinct remem-
brance of the chastisement which he
will associate with’the fact that he
has been caught in the commission
of the fault and not lose any of his
confidence and affection. Do not for-
get that dogs are like human beings
and like to be praised for their good
work. Therefore, when your dog does
what you ask him to do, always re-
ward him with a few kind words, and
during the early stages of his lessons,
invariably give him a choice tid-bit
as an additional incentive to do what
is asked of him. By this, however,
it is not meant that a dog should be
praised or spoken to while he is per-
forming what you command him to
do, allow him to complete what he
has set out to do. Too much talking
will confuse the pupil. Hold all
praise in abeyance until the trick you
expect him to perform is perfectly ac-
complished. ’

With these fundamentals, the ama-.

106 The F armer’s Dog

teur dog-lover may proceed with any
breed. As a matter of fact, when it
comes to hunting dogs, such as point-
ers, setters, beagles, fox hounds, or
Airedales, he will have the founda-
tions for a practical education laid
and all that will be necessary is to
proceed in the field in a judicious
way, whatever the lie of work may be
to which the dog is to be accustomed.
An abundance of practice in that par- |
ticular sphere is the surest way to per-
fect the dog; go slowly, do not
crowd, but be persevering and if some
knotty questions arise that ordinary
logic may not solve, the ambitious
amateur is referred to my book on
training, “The Working Dog and
His Education.”

CPi ER LT.

The Training of the Stock Dog—For
General Use on the Farm.

[N the previous chapter I dwelt upon

the preliminary training that
should be taught all breeds whether
they are to be used for hunting or
for stock work, for though some may
differ in this opinion, I believe the
dog which has been taught to heed
the ordinary commands that all of
them must eventually come to obey,
is more likely and more easily led
along the paths of higher education
than a perfectly green one. Numer-
ous books are devoted to the training
of the bird dog and rabbit hound,
but I know of no recent work that
treats on the subject of dog training
for farm work. This chapter is there-
fore intended to give some informa-
tion, crude though it may be, on how
to turn such dogs as collies, shep-

herds and even Airedales, to good use

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108. The Farmer's Dog ,

in the aid of the stock raiser. In
passing, it may be said that there is
always a great demand for intelligent
farm dogs of this class and the shrewd ©
agriculturalist who takes up the
breeding of dogs as a by-product to
his farm, may make the industry a
most lucrative one by not only sell-
ing puppies, but also by breaking a
few stock dogs each year, for these
command good prices at all times;
fully as much so as well broken point-
ers, setters, beagles or sporting Aire-
dales.

When the last word is said, the
well-trained stock dogs must under-
stand only a few commands, but he
must obey unhesitatingly, and here
again it is pointed out how useful the
preliminary education is. Some dogs
are more easily trained than others;
some will learn quickly, some will
never learn, but by the time you
have given a dog his yard lessons
you will know his disposition, his
temper and his degree of intelligence,
therefore it is assumed that when you.

The Farmer's Dog 109

begin the practical lessons with your
pupil, you understand him fairly well,
consequently know how to proceed,
and in this connection it might be ob-
served that better results will be ob-
tained if every pupil is handled as
an individual. Measures that might
be successful for one, might be ruina-
tion to another, but knowing the ani-
mal well, half the battle is fought.
The time to introduce him to prac-
tical work among stock varies much
according to the individual. Gen-
erally from seven to twelve months,
but it is assumed that before the
puppy is introduced to the actual
work among stock he has been taught .
to come in at command. If there are
any slight traces of a disposition to
become heedless he must be given a
few force lessons; that is, attach
a long lead of about twenty yards to
his collar and let him go as he pleases,
then call him in; if he refuses, draw
him up and call or whistle him in; a —
few of these experiences will tend to
make him remember the commands

«

110 The Farmer's Dog

of his earlier days and that when he
is called to come in, it means all of
that.

If it is among sheep that you are
working him he should be taught to
drive them to one particular point
for a week. Giving the command
“Hie on!” and the motion of the arm
signifying the direction. Young dogs
are apt to be impetuous and may be
inclined to rush the sheep. Should ~
this occur, restrain them, even if it is
necessary to apply the check cord.
Other dogs may not drive at all, but
remain by your side. Nevertheless,
such a dog will follow and become
deeply interested in what you are do-
ing. Gradually he will assist in the
driving without appearing to do so.
Continue to use the hand and arm
signals as indicated in the prelimi-
nary lessons. In windy weather the
dog will see the signals when he could
not hear your voice or the sound of
the whistle. If perchance, the stock
is On a wide plain and scattered, the
dog may be so far away that he may

The Farmer’s Dog 111

not even see the motion of the arm.
It is well, therefore, as an aid in
catching the signals, to use a red or
white handkerchief in giving them.
Red can be seen long distances and is
distinctive. The motion in either di-
rection will soon be understood. He
must also be taught that the handker-
chief held straight up means to stop,
fe that.will do.” .This. should be
done by the aid of the whistle to at-
tract his attention; as he acquires
more experience he will come to
watch for these signals without the
whistle, and it is then that distance ©
will not make much difference, for
whether he hears or not, he will un-
derstand the signal. As before stated,
if he is too impetuous, work him with
the cord and use the word “steady!”
and if he fails to heed, give the cord a
sharp jerk, repeating the command.
The puppy should not be given too
much work until he has the strength
and speed to circle the flock. If he
lacks in these qualities he will run
straight and frighten the - sheep,

112 The Farmer's Dog

whereas he should be taught by the

' motions of the arm to circle them

and come in front in order to turn
them. Collies of the working types
usually take to this work very readily,
while Airedales are inclined to be too
headlong at first, hence the check
cord must always be ready for use.
Once they become accustomed to the
work, however, and understand your
commands, they will work as well as
any of the shepherd varieties. Al-

ways remember, however, that the

rashness of the ebullient young dog
must be regulated, not by whipping,
but by the use of the collar and check
cord, and words of reprimand. This
is but the natural excess of zeal that
any healthy young dog of promising
qualities displays. When he has
learned fully to obey the command
“Steady!” there will be little further
trouble with him, but until he has
learned these commands, extreme
caution and patience are essential.

If it is feasible to take a small flock on

OE Pe RE a ea Ae tae ar ES

The Farmer's Dog 113

a fenced road or lane progress will
be made even much more rapidly.

THE SHEPHERD DOG, BUDDY OF
SWIFT RUN,

The next step is to teach the pupil
‘speak” to the sheep if you wish
to have them hurried along. This

could have been taught him in his

9

114 The Farmer's Dog

yard training lessons, by holding
some bit to eat just out of his reach
and commanding him to “Speak!”
All puppies will soon learn this, then
when it comes to the practical work
all that is necessary is to give the
command to “Speak!” at the same
time urging him to “Hie on!” in the
direction you wish him to go—that
is, toward the sheep—to urge them to
greater speed in crossing a creek or

railroad. After the dangerous cross-—
ing is passed you do not wish to have.

him continue barking, in which event

give the command “quiet!’ making ~

a motion toward him until he learns
that when he hears the word “quiet”

he must desist. These terms, “quiet”

and “steady,” are very convenient
after the dog is once broken, if at
times he should become too turbulent
with his charges and crowd them too
much. After a little practice it will
be easy to send the dog from one side
of the flock to the other. To do this
he should then be taught to pass up
along the side of the flock. This is

“

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The Farmer's Dog 115

also done by a motion of the arm, in-
dicating the direction, or if he does
not understand, give him a start by
throwing a stick or other object where
he is expected to go, and giving the
command, “Up!”, “Forward!” or any
other suitable word, repeating the
motion of the hand until he under-
Peetands. his, naturally, will take

ysome practice and the trainer must
not lose patience. The dog may go
only part of the way, or he may not
understand, but the motion must be
repeated and also the command, and
sometimes it is necessary for the
trainer to go part of the way, mo-
tioning and giving the command until
the dog goes the full length on one
side of the flock. By degrees he will
reach the head of the flock and per-

haps go partly around it. ‘The trainer
_ should then quickly change his posi-
tion, going to the left side of the
sheep. If the dog is not too far off he
will notice the change in the trainer’s
position and it is more than probable
that he will pass entirely around the

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116 The Farmer's Dog : :
head of the flock, when he should be

attracted by voice or whistle and
ordered to come in, thus he will come
down along the left side after having
entirely circled the flock. Should he
go through this without error, praise
and pet him and give him the same
lesson when the opportunity offers.
He will no doubt perform better the
next time. A reward of a bit of meat
is not out of place here; as a matter
of fact, the less punishment and the
more rewards the dog receives, the
more likely he is to perform his duties
with alacrity.

It requires a great amount of pa-
tience to bring the dog to this kind
of work, but perseverance will win
out, provided you do not expect your .
dog to learn too much at one time.
An experienced collie, one which has
been thoroughly trained, will some-
~times run over the backs of the sheep
when they are bunched, in order to
head them when the occasion de-
mands, but do not expect these fancy
feats from your puppy all at once.

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The Farmer's Dog 117

If he acquires it in time all well and
good, if not, be content that he shows
the speed and the intelligence to
round them by going to the head and
around the flock.

After the pupil has mastered the
lesson of passing up and around the
flock, the next step is to teach him
to herd them, in order to keep them

_ from straying, or for the purpose of

driving them from one point to an-
other. This is accomplished by call-
ing the dog up near you and giving
a circling motion from left to right
and right to left, giving the command,
“Around them!” Possibly one or
more have strayed farther from the
flock; such should be pointed out in
order to have the dog make his circle
wide enough to include the stragglers.
In rounding up these, point them out
and when the dog reaches them give
the command, “Back!” and motion
in the direction of the flock. It may
be necessary for the trainer to go to
the head of the flock himself and urge
him on by the term he learned in

118 The F armer’s Dog

circling, but not under any circum-
stances should the terms be alter-—
nated or confused, and furthermore
the trainer must not become excited
himself. Keep giving the command
“Back!” until he understands what
is meant. If the dog is ordinarily in-
telligent, he will soon learn that this
word means that the sheep must be
gotten together in a closely-bunched
flock. | |
The dog should also be taught his
place and to remain there when not
in action either in the rear or the
front of the flock. If he has been
taught to drop in his preliminary
yard lessons, this will be easy, for all
that is necessary is to drop him
where you wish to have him stay. A
few reprimands, should he attempt to
leave the place before told to do so,
will be sufficient to recall his early
lessons. It is advisable to give him
an article of clothing to watch while
he is thus dropped and itis surprising —
how the average collie, or shepherd,

hfe
rites
PN)

en

The Farmer's Dog 119

strictly guard the master’s belonge
ings.

Occasionally the occasion arises
when sheep must be driven through

fenced lanes where, in order to send

the dog to the head of the flock it is
necessary to have him jump the fence.
This can be taught by calling him to
the fence and motioning him over
with the words “Hie over!” then give
the regular commands to send him

to the head of the flock. If the dog is

slow in learning to jump a fence, he
must be helped or forced over while
the command is being given by word
and signal.

Sometimes sheep are driven on
roads along which the fences have
many gaps through which the sheep
might slip away, or there may be
cross-roads down which they are
prone toturn. When such an opening
is encountered the best thing to do is
to send the dog to this place and drop
him, ordering him to “Hold them!”
If a straggler should slip through in
spite of this, the dog is ordered after

120 The Farmer's Dog

him with the command “Back!” As
a rule, however, the dog soon learns
to keep the sheep in line if he is sta-
tioned at a gap or cross-road. If
the dog has mastered these lessons he
is well on the way toward making a
good sheep-herder’s assistant, but he
is not yet an entirely finished dog.

CHAPTER Th
Training of the Stock Dog—Continued.

a> the trainer comes to that stage

in the dog’s education when he
wishes to teach him to hold the sheep
in front, it may be necessary to have
an assistant to drive them while he
goes on to the front with the dog,
but failing in obtaining an assistant
this may be accomplished by driving
the sheep to a narrow pass. Once
started, they will attempt to go
through this. Here the trainer goes
to the front with his dog, stops him
in front of the sheep and commands,
“Hold front!” extending the arms as
if barring the way. ‘The dog will
watch you with interest and go into it
with a vim, for dogs. are imitators,
and if the trainer performs his part
properly the pupil will soon follow
the example that is set. After he be-
comes experienced in this, it is only
a short step to the next lesson, which

122 The Farmer's Dog

is sending him to the head of the flock
to “hold front,” by extending the arm
and pointing in that direction. After
he reaches the proper place he is
easily directed by swinging the arms
to the right and left and repeating the
command. When you wish to have

him desist, hold one arm straight up

and cry, “That will do!”

The term, “Hold!” will be found
very useful at crossings where others
have the right of way. It is especially
necessary on the prairies when an-
other flock is crossing in front of the
trainer’s flock at right angles. It
should be borne in mind that a flock
with lambs always holds the right of
way; this is an established usage.
When the pupil has advanced thus
far it is an easy matter to teach the

finer points to “hold right” or “hold

left.” Only experience will teach him
this, but the motion of the arms will
indicate what is meant by right and
left. When you want him in to do the
driving, call or whistle him to you,
commanding him to “Heel!” until

The Farmer's Dog —-123

you have him in hand, then give the
command to “Hie on!” and allow
him to do the driving. It may be
necessary for the trainer to go in front
of the flock and leave the dog behind
to continue the driving; should he
attempt to follow, wave him back
with the word “Heel!” and continue
on, always being prepared, however,
to send him back should he leave his
place. Encourage him to drive by
- giving the command “Hie on!” and
should some of the sheep attempt to
lag, the trainer should encourage him
with the word “Speak!” This will
animate the dog and cause him to be-
come-more interested in his own work.
By practicing this for some time, al-
ways going a little farther up alongside
of the flock each time, the trainer will
-soon have his dog so perfect that
even though he should go out of sight,
the dog will continue driving.
Whenever sheep take to a fence
corner, or drv ditch, or water course,
or seek refuge behind an obstruction
of any kind, and refuse to move, send

/ a

124 The Farmer's Dog

the dog “Over” and “Around” them

in such manner that he comes di-
rectly behind the unruly ones. This
will generally start them in the right
direction.

The next step is to “fetch” the flock
to you or “fetch” them home. To in-
struct him in this quickly and thor-
oughly, take him to the pasture with
you and give the command “Fetch
them!’ waving the arm in the direc-

tion of the sheep and starting toward ©

them, if the pupil does not under-
stand. While walking in the direc-
tion of the flock, continue repeating
the command, “Fetch them.” It will
not require many lessons for him to
understand what is meant by this
command and you will soon be en-
abled to get the dog to start the sheep
and turn your back while the pupil
does the work. Always be sure to
use the same terms for each class of
work—which I pointed out earlier—
for nothing is so confusing to a dog
as to have a command given in sev-
eral different ways. If this rule is ad-

The Farmer's Dog 125

hered to,.in time one can make a per-
fect dog of any intelligent animal, not
only of the strictly shepherd persua-
sion, but also of various other breeds.
It is the confusion of orders that do
so much damage to the thoroughly
trained stock dog, hence, in the event
that the animal is placed in charge of
another person other than his trainer,
care should be taken that the new
man understands the proper orders,
for frequently it is the man and not
the dog that it at fault, if the latter
does not do his work well.

The idea that it is necessary to have
another thoroughly experienced dog
along to teach a youngster is erro-
neous. While a well-broken, steady
dog is of some value, in most cases
an illy broken old dog will only dis-
concert the new one. Take the dog
out alone for his lessons, follow the
instructions implicitly and the reward
will be realized in the thoroughly edu-
cated stock dog which all agricultur-

¥

126 The Farmer's Dog

ists who raise stock of any kind con-

sider more valuable than any other

possession about the farm.

Dogs may be broken to take cattle
and sheep to and from the pasture

in the same manner as they are taught -

to handle sheep. Sometimes an un-
ruly bovine of the male persuasion
may be inclined to cause trouble, but
the sagacious dog of experience will
soon learn how to handle such a con-
tingency. I had an Airedale on one
occasion which gave a recalcitrant
bull a lesson that he never forgot,

when the latter attempted to show his ©

unwillingness to be taken out of a
pasture. The dog was Teddy the
Terror. He is now an old dog, but
in his prime he was one of the best
all-round farm dogs imaginable. He
was only another example of what
may be done with an intelligent dog

if he is handled properly. e-

I am hoping that all the good dee
lovers of the rural districts may be en-

~

a
:
;

:

4
ae

mA in =< ad
ee ee ee a

The Farmer’s Dog 127

abled, through the perusal of this
book, to develop another Teddy,
whether their Teddy be a collie, a
shepherd or an Airedale.

Dees

TWENTIETH CENTURY
BIRD DOG

Training and Kennel Management

By Er. M. SHELLEY

VERY owner and every person

interested in bird dogs and hunt-

ing dogs should have a copy of this
valuable book. |

Into this book Mr. Shelley has put
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throws many new lights upon the old
system of bird dog training.

Containing many fine illustrations,
and being handsomely bound in cloth,
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Price, Postpaid, $2.00

SPORTSMAN’S DIGEST

BOOK DEPARTMENT
Butler Building Cincinnati, Ohio

Every Bird Dog Fancier Should
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The Modern Setter

By A. F. Hocuwatt

COMPLETE history of the long-
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Price per Copy $4.00, Postpaid

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RIMM AR Te tees)
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A Splendid Book Every Camper Will
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Camp Cookery

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154 Pages Clothbound $1.50

SPORTSMAN’S DIGEST

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Practical Dog-Keeping

For the Amateur |
Written so as to be Understood
By A. F. HocHWALT

the eminent authority and writer

HE author has compiled in this

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25 Illustrations
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The Working Dog
and His Education

By A. F. HocHwatt

A RE you training a dog? Is he
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Interesting chapters on the training
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Tt is the work of an expert, written
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Every rule in it has been tried and
proven. You can rely on the direc-
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What Sportsman’s Digest Will Do
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DOGCRAFT

By A. F. HocHWALT

Third Edition—Revised and
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HERE is a book every sportsman
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tells everything you want to know
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DOGCRAFT is a complete bee
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If you have one dog or a
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copy of this splendid book

Clothbound, $2.00 Paperbound, $1.50

SPORTSMAN’S DIGEST
_ BOOK’ DEPARTMENT
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By A. F. Hocuwatt

i ene object of this book is to

briefly consider the development
of a dog which for many years has
been one of the favorites of the
sportsman, and which is likely to con-
tinue so for all time to come.

This is\an interesting story of the
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lover of the bird dog, you'll want a
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inches in size, contains 162 pages and
23 full page illustrations. Bound in
silk cloth with gold lettering.

Price, $2.00 per Copy, Postpaid

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The Modern Pointer :

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