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THE FARMER’S 


VETERINARY ADVISER 


A GUIDE TO THE 


PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE 


IN DOMESTIC.ANIMALS 


y 
By JAMES LAW 


Professor of Veterinary Science in Cornell Unives 
land and Agricultural Soctety of Scotland 
nary Surgeons of Great Britain ESN ousultinge Veterinartan to the New 
York Agricultural Society; Member of the American Public 
flealth Association » Former Professor in the Albert Vet. 
ertnary College, London, and the New Vetere. 
wary Coliege, Edinburgh; Author of 
General and Descriptive Anat- 
omy of the Domestic 
Animals, ete. 


sity ; Veterinary Alumnus of the High- 
Menzer of the Royal C. ollege af Vetert- 


WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS 


ITHACA 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
1876 


\ 
on, “a 
d ‘x, 
~ S 


> 
ne 


-Coryricut, 1876, 
’ By JAMES LAW, 


- 


PREFACE. 


This work is especially designed to supply the need of 
the busy American farmer who can rarely avail of the ad- 
vice of a scientific veterinarian. ‘The Author is deeply sen- 
sible of the low estimate placed upon Veterinary Medicine 
and Surgery in the United States, and of the necessity of 
educating the public up to a better appreciation of its 
value. We have a property in live stock estimated at 
$1,500,000,000, and rapidly increasing in value, consisting 
of at least six different genera of mammals, besides birds, 
and therefore affording an almost unlimited field for the 
practical exercise of humanity, political economy and 
scientific research in the pursuit of Veterinary Medicine. 
In the Old World millions are saved yearly to each of the 
Western European Nations in the exclusion and extinction 
of animal plagues, and many instances can be adduced of 
an intelligent veterinary supervision saving at the rate of 
$30,000 per annum on a stud of 400 horses. But in the 
Western Hemisphere, apart from the larger cities, the 


great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the 
mercy of ignorant pretenders whose barbarous surgery is 


only equaled by their reckless and destructive drugging. 
The constantly recurring instances of absolute and painful 
poisoning, and cruel and injurious vivisections practiced 
under the name of remedial measures are almost sickening 
to contemplate. To give the stock owner such informa- 


iv Preface. 


tion as will enable him to dispense with the unprofitable 
and perilous services of such pretenders, and to apply 
rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the 
reach of the accomplished veterinarian, is the aim of this 
book, and this it is confidently hoped it will accomplish 
for all who will intelligently study its pages. 

To secure this object and yet to place the book within 
the reach of all, it was necessary to sacrifice all extended 
discussion of diseased processes, and questions in pathol- 
ogy, and therefore the reader who may discover deviations 
from current opinions is requested to suspend his decision 
until he has consulted the Author’s larger work, in which 
the reasons for these positions will be given. 

With this view of still further condensing the work, the 
doses of medicines for the different animals are rarely 
given in the text, but one or more agents are named as ap- 
plicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and 
species of patient, and the reader must turn to the list of - 
drugs given at the end to find the amount required for 
each animal. In doing this he must note particularly for 
what purpose the agent is given and select the dose ac- 
cordingly, as the effect of large doses is usually essentially 
different from that of small ones. Thus common salt given 
in large doses to cattle is purgative and reducing, while in 
small ones it is alterative and tonic. Sulphur in large 
doses is laxative but in small ones alterative, expectorant 
and diaphoretic. Oil of turpentine in large doses is 
purgative, diuretic and vermifuge, in small ones stimulant. 
and antispasmodic. Attention must also be given to the 
age and size of the patient as more fully set forth in the 
Appendix. 

Illustrations have been freely introduced to render the 
text more lucid, and, being selected from those prepared 
for the Author’s larger work, may be implicitly relied on. 


Be Cae eee. V 


In the list of contagious diseases are included not only 
those that are habitually developed on American soil and 
those already introduced from abroad, but also such as 
prevail in Europe, and are liable at any time to be brought 
into our midst by importation. It is no less imperative 
that the American farmer should be forewarned of pesti- 
lences that threaten him from abroad, than of those that 
beset him at home. For all such affections the principles 
that should guide us in preventing and extinguishing the 
disease are concisely but clearly set forth. 

All the important parasites are introduced and their 
conditions of life and individual metamorphoses in and 
out of the bodies of domestic animals referred to, as well 
as their migrations from man to animals and from animals 
to man wherever such exists. The vast importance of 
animal parasites is only beginning to be realized in con- 
nection with their frightful ravages in countries (England, 
Australia, Buenos Ayres, Egypt, Abyssinia, Iceland, India, 
ete.,) into which they have been introduced or where they 
have been allowed to increase unchecked, and a concise 
statement of their forms, habits and results is therefore 
imperatively necessary for the protection of the stock 
owner. This subject has accordingly been brought up to 
the date of present observations, and though short enough 
for the perusal of the busiest it will furnish a sound basis 
for the limitation and destruction of each of these noxious 
pests. 

JAMES LAW, 


Cornell University. 
Irwaca, May, 1876. 


* 


Wg hdeics 


a) 


CONTENTS. 


CONTAGIOUS AND Epizootic DIsEAsEs, 


DISINFECTION, 
PARASITES, 


DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES, 


DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, - 


GENERAL DISEASES OF Bonzs, JOINTS AND MUSCLEs, 
SpecraL DISEASES OF BoNES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES, 


HEART, - 


BLOOD-VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS, 


DIGESTIVE ORGANS, 
LIvER, = 
PANCREAS AND SPLEEN, 
URINARY ORGANS, 
GENERATIVE ORGANS, 


12 
106 
LET 
125 
182 
199 
201 
218 


Mammary GLANDS (UDDER AND TEATS), 236 


EYE, - - 
NERVOUS SYSTEM, 
SKIN, - - 


DISEASES OF THE Foot, - - 


DISEASED GROWTHS, - = 


APPENDIX, DruGs AND DosES, - 


INDEX, 


240 


293 
d15 
365 
a92 
396 
407 


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as 
‘ 
- 
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”- 
7 7 
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aa 


THE 


FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 


CHAPTER I. 


CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. 


Their importance and classification. Disinfection. Horse-pox. Cow- 
pox. Sheep-pox. Goat-pox. Swine-pox. Dog-pox. Bird-pox. Aph- 
thous fever, foot and mouth disease. Rinderpest, Russian cattle-plague. 
Lung-fever of cattle, contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Strangles. Influenza. 
Typhoid or bilious fever of horses. Distemper of dogs and cats. Malignant 
(Asiatic) cholerain animals. Intestinal fever in swine, hog-cholera. Texan 
fever incattle. Canine madness. Malignant anthrax. Glanders and farcy. 
Venereal disease of solipeds. Tuberculosis, consumption. 


These are among the most important of the whole 
range of diseases of animals, beg the most destructive 
to the animals themselves and in many cases to man, and 
being at the same time, as a rule, preventible by a rigid 
adherence to sanitary laws. Of their devastations we 
have the most appalling accounis in the records of antiq- 
uity as well asin recent times. in the time of Moses they 
ravaged Egypt until, says the record, “‘all the cattle of 
Egypt died ;” nor was man spared, for ‘‘boils and blains” 
broke out on man and beast.—lMxr. LX. 3. At the siege 
of Troy the Grecian army was decimated by a similar in- 
fliction, animals and men perishing in a common destruc- 
tion.—Iliad. So it has been down through the ages, the 
great extension of the plagues being usually determined 


2 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


by general wars and the accumulation of cattle drawn 
from all sources, (infected and sound), into the commis- 
sariat parks. In the first half of the eighteenth century, 
it is estimated that 200,000,000 head of cattle perished in 
Europe in connection with the Austrian wars. These 
plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian 
troops and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 
cattle in that peninsula. More recently rapid railroad 
and steamboat traffic and extended commerce have taken 
the place of war in favoring their diffusion. Free trade 
between England and the Continent since 1842 has cost 
the former $450,000,000 in thirty years, and as much as 
$40,000,000 in 1865-6 during the prevalence of the Rinder- 
pest. A similar importation cost Egypt 300,000 head of 
cattle (nearly the whole stock of the country), in 1842, 
and others have caused ruinous but unestimated losses in 
Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and South America. On 
the other hand, some of the most exposed countries of 
Europe, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, 
Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and Switzerland have long kept 
clear of these plagues by the simple expedient of excluding 
all infected animals or their products, and promptly 
stamping out the disease by the slaughter of the sick, fol- 
lowed by thorough disinfection, when they have been acci- 
dentally introduced. Exclusively breeding districts, in 
Spain, Portugal, Normandy, and the Scottish Highlands, 
into which no strange cattle are ever imported, also keep 
clear of nearly all of these destructive pestilences. 

Tt is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propa- 
gated, in Western Europe and America, only by the dis- 
ease germs produced in countless myriads in the body of 
a diseased animal and conveyed from that to the healthy. 
it follows that the destruction of the infected subjects 
and the thorough disinfection of the carcass, manure, 
buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment of all the 
more fatal forms of contagious disease in live stock. For 
the less fatal forms, the most perfect separation and seclu-_ 


/ 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 3) 


sion, and the thorough disinfection of all with which they 
have come in contact is still imperative. 

To the first class of exotic maladies belong : Smaill-pox, 
in sheep and birds ; the lung-fever or contagious pleuro-pneu- 
mona of cattle; the Rinderpest or cattle-plague ; the ma- 
lignant disease of the generative organs in solipeds ; and ma- 
lignant cholera in all animals. These demand separation, 
destruction and disinfection. To the second or less fatal 
class of exotic maladies belongs: the Aphthous fever or foot 
and mouth disease. -'This demands seclusion and disinfec- 
tion. 

- Beside these maladies, that are foreign to our soil and 
which are not to be feared except as the result of impor- 
tation from abroad and subsequent transmission by conta- 
gion, there is a very important class which are apparently 
generated in America and thereafter spread by contagion. 
Among these may be named: Glanders and farcy, canine 
madness, contagious foot-rot, tuberculosis, malignant anthrax, 
Texan-fever, wmtestinal fever of swine or hog-cholera, influ- 
enza, strangles, canine distemper, and perhaps the variola or 
pox of horse, cow, goat, pig, and dog. All of these down to 
antestinal fever of swine, like foreign contagious affections, 
demand separation, and disinfection, with destruction or not 
of the diseased, according to the severity and diffusibility 
of the particular malady. The remainder, from influenza 
onward, are either too mild to warrant such measures, or 
too easily spread to be satisfactorily controlled by them. 

It is beyond the purpose of this work to enter into the 
special legislative enactments necessary to prevent the 
importation of foreign plagues, or the spread of native 
or imported ones. Tor this the reader is referred to the 
author’s larger work. A few words on disinfection are, 
however, indispensable. 


DISINFECTION. 


The first and main object in disinfection is to secure 
periect cleanliness. From the buildings, cars, loading- 


4 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


banks, ships, quays, yards, manure-pits, drains, cess-pools, 


harness, clothing, utensils, etc., all decaying organic mat- . 


ter should be removed, by scraping, washing, emptying, 
etc., as such decomposing organic matter is the food which 
sustains and preserves the disease germs out of the body. 
Even the water and air must be carefully seen to, smee in 
close places they are usually charged with invisible par- 
ticles of organic matter in a state of decay, the most 
suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. 
These, too, tend to purity themselves in a free circulation 
of air, and ventilation may be largely relied upon for this 


purpose, unless the deleterious supplies are too abundant 


from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, 
cess-pools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Pu- 
rity of the surroundings kills many contagious elements on 
the principle of starvation. 

Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely 
by changing the physical condition of organic mat- 
ter, without any abstraction from, or addition to its con- 
stituents. ‘Thus, heating to the boiling point (212° F.), co- 
agulates albuminous matters and destroys infectious prop- 
erties generally. But it must be prolonged for a variable 
time according to the size of the object to allow of the 
heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may be 
heated in an oven to 300° F., or safer, boiled, and even 
the prolonged application of hot transparent steam di- 
rected from a hose, upon wood-work, etc., previously well 
cleaned, is found very effectual. Some poisons, like that 
of 'Texas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while others are 
unatfected. 

Other disinfectants act by changing the chemical re- 
lations of organic matter, and hence of contagious princi- 
ples, by uniting with them to form new compounds, by ab- 
stracting some of their constituent elements or by adding 
a new one. Thus the alotropic state of oxygen called 
ozone, produced abundantly during thunder-storms, is sup- 
posed to be one of nature’s most potent disinfectants, act- 


a 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. a. 


ing by hastening the oxidation of organic matter. Yet, at 
times, its excess seems to be without effect as in the in- 
fluenza of horses in 1872. Camphor and many of the odor- 
ous essential oils are supposed to be of some slight use by 
reason of their developing ozone. 

Burning is an effectual mode of disinfecting organic 

matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure, 
ete. It may even be used on the air by moving a plumb- 
ers charcoal-stove from place to place over the entire in- 
fected building. It may be equally used over the open- 
ings of drains, or as a lamp in the ventilating outlets of in- 
fected buildings. 
. Chlorine, set free from common salt, by adding oil of 
vitriol and a little black oxide of manganese, is an excel- 
lect disinfectant of the air, but can only be used in vaca- 
ted buildings, and is most effectual in a full light. 

Huchlorine, a compound of chlorine and oxygen, may be 
obtained by adding, at frequent intervals, a little chlorate 
ot potassa to a glass of strong muriatic acid. It may be 
used in occupied buildings. 

Sulphurous acid is one excellent disinfectant for the 
air, and can easily be produced in any amount by burning 
flowers of sulphur on a slip of paper laid on an iron 
shovel. Like chlorine, it is most efficient in daylight. in 
occupied buildings it may be burned carefully pinch by 
pinch without inconveniencing the stock. 

Carbolic acid may also be sed in occupied buildings, 
being allowed to evaporate from shallow basins, alone or 
mixed with ether or alcohol, from saturated rugs hung up 
at intervals, or from cloth-lined ventilating inlets, kept 
saturated with the acid, or, finally, ii may be diffused 
through the air of a building by an atomizer. Carbolic 
and cresylic acids may also be “used for disinfecting solids 
and liquids, being poured into drains or Shea iade on the 
floors, walls and einer parts of the building. For the lat- 
ter purpose, the strong acid may be diluted with one 
hundred times its weight of water. The cheap impure 


6 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


acid is usually preferred for dung-heaps, yards and other 
outside purposes, but is disagreeable indoors. Coal-tar 
and wood-tar, from their contained carbolic acid and allied 
products, are also good for out-door uses. 

The following are especially applicable to solids and 
liquids : 

Chloride of lime sprinkled on floors, yards, dung-heaps, 
etc., or applied to walls, wood-work, etc., or poured into 
drains, as a solution of dlb. to a gallon of water. 

Chloride of zinc is equally efficient but more expensive, 
and chloride of aluminium (choralum) is somewhat less po- 
tent. 

Sulphate of tron (copperas) is one of the most efficient 
and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, 
yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or in 
solution. 

The sulphates of copper and zinc and perchloride of tron 
are efficient but much more expensive. 

Saturated solutions of caustic potassa and soda are satis- 
factory for wood-work, harness and utensils, but they are 
useless if diluted. ime is useful in graves by absorbing 
the water and uniting with the organic debris, but is very 
unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant. 

Permanganate of potassa promptly changes putrefying 
organic matter rendering it sweet and wholesome, but itis 
questionable how far 1t can destroy living organic germs 
of which many of the contagious principles are probably 
composed. The same remarks apply to charcoal, animal 
and vegetable, and to earth, especially that containing a 
considerable proportion of clay or marl. 


HORSE-POX. 

This is probably identical with cow-pox, being indis- 
tinguishable when inoculated on men or cattle. It most 
frequently attacks the limbs, but may affect the face or 
other parts of the body. There is usually some little 
fever which, however, passes unnoticed by the owner. 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 7 


Then swelling, heat and tenderness supervene commonly 
in a heel, and firm nodules form, increasing to one-third 
or one-half an inch in diameter, the hair bristles up, and 
the skin reddens unless previously colored. On the ninth 
to the twelfth day, a limpid fluid oozes from the surface 
and agelutinates the hairs-in yellowish scabs, on the re- 
moval of which a red, raw depression is seen with the 
scab fixed in its centre. In three or four days the secre- 
tion ceases, the scabs dry up and the parts heal sponta- 
neously. It is easily transmitted from horse to horse, to 
man or to the cow. No treatment is required. 


COW-POX. 


This is the same disease appearing in the cow. There 
is a preliminary slight fever, usually overlooked, succeeded 
by some diminution and increased coagulability of the 
milk and the appearance of the pox on the udder and 
teats. The udder is hot and tender for a day or two, then 
little pale-red nodules, about as big as peas appear, 
erowing to three-fourths to one inch in breadth by the 
eighth or tenth day, acquiring liquid contents, and often 
a central depression on the summit. The liquid in each 
pock is contained in several distinct sacs and cannot be 
all extracted without a succession of punctures on differ- 
ent parts. The liquid, at first clear, changes to yellowish 
white (pus) and soon dries up, the whole forming a hard 
crust which is gradually detached. On the teats the blis- 
ters are early ruptured and raw sores form, often proving 
very obstinate, and even leading to inflammation of the 
udder, abortion, or death. 

Treatment is scarcely ever demanded further than to 
obviate sores on the teats. A mild laxative of Epsom 
salts is, however, usually desirable. The teats may be 
smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce each of 
spermaceti and almond oil and half a drachm of myrrh. 
Milking tubes may be necessary to avoid injury by draw- 
ing the teats. 


8 ' The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


In many localities the disease appears to all newly-. 
calved heifers on particular farms, in which case it would - 


be well to purity the barns by a thorough disinfection. 


SHEEP-POX. 


Though unknown in America, there is no improbability 
of this disease reaching us, through importations of 
sheep, hides or wool. Like small-pox of man, it is only 
known as a contagious disease. The incubation or latent 
period of the poison after it enters the system, is from 
three to six days in summer, and from ten to twelve in 
winter. Then there is loss of appetite, dullness, dropping 
behind the flock, and stiffness of the hind parts. This is 
followed by trembling, increased temperature, very mani- 
fest on the bare and delicate parts of the skin on which 
the eruption usually takes place, loss of appetite and 
rumination, costiveness, red, weeping eyes, a discharge 
from the nose, and the appearance of red patches inside 
the limbs and along the abdomen. Soon minute red 
points appear and increase to papules with a firm base, 
extending into the deeper parts of the ski. ‘These are 
flat on the summit, (rarely pointed or indented), and be- 
come pale or clear in the centre, from the effusion of lq- 
uid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the 
appearance of the eruption, the fever moderates, but in- 
creases again in three or four days with the development 
and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain indi- 
. vidually distinct (discrete) mm which case the attack is mild, 
or they may run together into extensive patches (conflu- 
ent) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will 
even appear on the digestive or respiratory mucous mMem- 
brane. The eruption passes through the same course of 
exudation, suppuration, drying and dropping off as in 
cow-pox. The duration of the disease is three weeks or 
a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not 
exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it 
may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of 


Contagious and Hpizootic Diseases. 9 


lambs by abortion, of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, 
flesh, and general vigor often render recoveries anything 
but unmixed blessings. 

Treatment.—Keep in cool, dry, well-aired and littered 
sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or, if very weak, 
oat and bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to 
each-sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked, 
and the drinking water may be slightiy acidulated with 
vinegar. ‘The bowels should be opened by injections of 
milk-warm soapsuds, or 3oz. sulphate of soda if necessary. 
Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support 
by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious gruels, even 
animal broths. The pustules may be treated with the 
ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, with weak 
solutions of chloride of zine. 

Prevention.—Nothing’ short of general infection will 
justify the treatment of this disease. It should be ex- 
cluded from our country by the most stringent supervision 
over the importation of sheep and their products, and 
when it does appear should be promptly stamped out by 
the destruction and disinfection of the sick and the pu- 
rification of all with which they have come in contact. 
Inoculation as a measure of prevention is unwarrantable 
except in the case of wide-spread infection, a contingency 
which ought never to arise in this country. 


GOAT-POX. 


This is a rare and mild affection with an eruption on 
the udder and teats closely resembling that of Cow-pow. 
It has been thought to be spontaneous in the goat but is 
known to be derived from sheep suffering from Sheep-poz. 
Ti follows a mild course and requires the same care as Cow- 
pox. Seclusion or destruction and disinfection, are, how- 
ever, imperative when danger is likely to arise for sheep. 


SWINE-POX. 


This is more frequent than Goat-Poxw. Itis communica- 


10 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


bletomanand goat. Young pigs are thought to be most li- 
Oo oO o oO 

able. The eruption appears inside the forearm and thighs 

and is usually preceded by considerable fever. It is discrete 


or confluent like Sheep-pox and the severity corresponds. - 


The duration of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. 
Treatment is similar to that of Sheep-pox and the same 
precautions should be taken to prevent its dissemination. 


DOG-POX. 


These animals sometimes contract Small-pox or Sheep-pox 
and have been supposed to have their own specific form 
besides. The young suffer most frequently and severely. 
There is the usual preliminary fever with an eruption on 
the sides and belly, passing from pimples to vesicles and 
pustules, and finally drying up into crusts which drop off. 
The eruption may be discrete or confluent, the latter being 
very fatal. Similar preventive measures are demanded as 
in the other forms of pow. 


BIRD-POX. 


Birds seem susceptible to different forms of variola, hay- 
ing contracted the disease from man In some cases, and in 
others conveyed it to the sheep. Chickens failed to con- 
tract Cow-pow in the experiments of Roll and myself. It 
has proved very fatal in chickens, but very slightly so in 
pigeons, turkeys and geese. The eruption appears mainly 
on the head, under the wing, on the tongue, or in the 
pharynx. In fatal cases death ensued in four or five days. 
Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being 
to stamp out the malady by destroying the diseased and 
disinfecting the place. 


APHTHOUS FEVER.—FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 


A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven-footed ani- 
nals and communicable to other warm-blooded animals, 
including even man. Its special feature is the eruption 
of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats and on the 


a 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. uF 


feet. It is only known as communicated by contagion, 
whether in western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, 
where 14 was introduced in 1839-42, or in North and 
South America, which it reached m 1870 by imported 
stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in the 
track of great armies and in the channels of commerce. 
The contagion does not readily spread on the air, a river 
or common road being often sufficient to lmit it, but no 
poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or 
through the medium of human beings, tame or wild ani- 
mals, fodder, litter, manure, clothing, drinking-troughs, 
etc., etc. Mulk is one of the most frequent sources of con- 
tagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing the 
most dangerous intestinal irritation and diarrhea. 

Symptoms.—Lhe poison may remain tatent in the sys- 

tem for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, perhaps 
as many as six. Then there is roughness of the coat or 
shivering, increased temperature, dry muzzle, hot red 
mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, inclination 
to lie, and shrinking from the hand in milking. The sec- 
ond or third day blisters arise, on any part of the whole 
interior of the mouth one-half to one inch in breadth, or on 
the teats and between the digits about one-half inch across. 
Saliva drivels from the mouth, collecting in froth around 
‘the lips, and a loud smacking is made with the lips and 
tongue. Swine champ the jaws. Sheep and swine suffer 
more especially in the feet, often losing the hoofs or even 
the digital bones, a contingency not unknown in neglected 
cattle. 

Among the consequences may be named the loss of 
milk, inflamed udders, blind teats, a habit of vicious kick- 
ing, abortions, permanent lameness, and a lengthened in- 
capacity for the dairy, for feeding or work. TH well cared 
for, the disease passes in fifteen days, leaving no ill conse- 
quences, excepting the poison hidden away in the building. 
The average loss in flesh is $5 to $10; in dairy cows, it is 
much more. 


12 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Treatment.—A. laxative (Epsom salts); astrmgent 
mouth-wash (Borax and tincture of myrrh, 1 oz. each; 
water 1 qt., or carbolic acid 1 dr., honey 2 oz., vinegar 1 
pt., water 1 pt.); a lotion for the teats (carbolic acid 4 dr., 
glycerine 10 oz.) ; and a dressing for the feet (oil of vitriol 
1 oz., water 4 0z., to be applied with a feather after clean- 
ing the space between the hoofs by drawing a cloth 
through it). After dressing, tie up the feet in a tar band- 
age. The hind feet are easily dressed if two men raise 
each separately with a long stout fork handle passed 
in front of the hock. In dressing the feet, all detached 
horn should be removed and a poultice applied if inflam- 
mation runs high. Soft cold mashes or thinly sliced or 
pulped roots are the best food throughout. 

Prevention. importation of diseased animals should be 
sufiiciently guarded against. Diseased stock should be 
rigidly secluded from all but the necessary attendants who 
ought to be disinfected on leaving the enclosure. Wild ani- 
mals, even birds, should be excluded. Every place where 
the diseased have been, should be closed for a winter or 
disinfected, the milk should be buried in a safe place, or 
boiled and given to pigs, manure, infected litter, etc., may 
be burned, or disinfected, removed and plowed under by 
horses. No diseased animal should be moved until fifteen 


days after full recovery, and it should first be sponged 


over with a carbolic acid wash. 


RUSSIAN CATTLE PLAGUE. RINDERPEST. 


A contagious fever of cattle communicable to other rumi- 
nants and characterized by a general congestion of the 
mucous membranes, but, above all, those of the stomach 
and intestines, and an excessive growth and shedding of 
the superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous mem- 
branes. It is only propagated by: contagion, at least, out 
of the Kirghiz Steppes and Kherson district in Southern 
Russia, but spreads further on the air than Aphthous Fever. 

Symptoms. Incubation lasts about two days until the 


Contagious and Epzootic Diseases. 13 


temperature of the body is elevated, or four days until 
the appearance of outward signs of illness. By this time 
the mouth, inside the lips, on the dental pad of the upper 
jaw or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows 
minute white elevations, like the aphtha of the mouths of 
children, calves and lambs suffermg from thrush (muguet). 
This may be exceedingly slight and transient but is most 
characteristic. The other mucous membranes, (eye, vulva, 
rectum, nose,) show a more or less dark flush, and concre- 
tions may appear around these and on other parts of the 
skin, especially the teats. These are solid aggregations 
of epithelial cells, not vesicles nor pustules. In twenty- 
four hours they undergo fatty softening and are easily de- 
tached, leaving small pink erosions, and by the sixth day 
a great part of the mouth and muzzle may have become 
raw, and the surrounding mucous membrane of a deep 
red. About the fourth day, the skin feels greasy, and 
dullness, and impaired appetite and rumination appear. 
In cows the milk is diminished, richer in cream, and even 
slightly coagulable. Urine becomes scanty and of a high 
color and density. These signs increase until the sixth 
day, when the mouth is often raw, saliva drivels, appetite 
and rumination are gone, bowels relaxed, the dung 
passed with much straining and pain, the everted gut 
appearing of a deep red or port-wine hue, the ears are 
drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed and watery, 
back arched and often insensible to pinching, abdominal 
muscles tense and resistant, and there is a peculiar check 
in the act of expiration, the breath bemg suddenly ar- 
rested with a flapping sound and concussion of the entire 
body, to be exhaled a second or two later with a grunting 
noise. Sighing and whisthng sounds are heard in the 
chest and it becomes unnaturally drum-like to percussion. 
A sudden lowering of temperature is usually the precur- 
sor of death, which happens on the seventh or eighth day. 

Nervous symptoms appear in some outbreaks, with de- 
lirium, butting, shivering, and tenderness of the loins, 


2 


14 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


while in the milder cases the peculiar eruption may be 
almost altogether confined to the skin. 

The symptoms in other ruminants are essentially the 
same as in the ox, and in the peccary there is sufficient 
resemblance for recognition. 

The mortality out of its native habitat usually amounts 
to forty per cent. and upward. 

Treatment. The treatment of this plague should be 
legally prohibited under all circumstances. All the at- 
tempts of the different schools of medicine and of em- 
pizicism have only increased its ravages, while nations 
and even countries and districts that have vigorously 
stamped it out and excluded it have saved their property. 

Prevention. The advent of this plague should be pre- 
vented by a sufficient supervision of our ports and fron- 
tiers and a quarantine of stock. If admitted, the victims 
should be ruthlessly destroyed, deeply buried, and all 
places and things with which they have come in contact 
disinfected in the most perfect manner. 


THE LUNG-FEVER OF CATTLE. CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEU- 
MONIA. 


A specific contagious fever of cattle, with extensive ex- 
udations into the chest and lungs. 

Like the other plagues already noticed, this is only 
known im Europe and America as a contagious disease. 
its importation into the different countries of Europe has 
always been traceable to the imtroduction of diseased 
beasts or their products. The assertion of the immortal 
Haller, more than a century ago, that it is propagated by 
contagion, has received the amplest confirmation in recent 
times. It invaded Ireland in 1839-40 by Dutch cattle, 
England in 1842 by Irish and Dutch cattle, Sweden and 
Denmark in 1847 by English stock, and later again by 
English and Dutch, Norway in 1860 by infected Ayrshires, 
Oldenburg in 1858, and Schleswig in 1859, in each case 


by Ayrshires, the Cape of Good Hope in 1854, Australia | 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 15 


in 1858 by an English cow, Brooklyn, L. 1., in 1843 by a 
Dutch cow, and again in 1850 by an English one, New 
Jersey in 1847 by English stock, and Boston, Mass., by 
Dutch cattle in 1859. In Sweden, Norway, Denmark, 
Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massachusetts and New Jersey, it 
was stamped out, in the last case by the importer, Mr. 
Richardson, sacrificing his whole herd and voluntarily as- 
suming the loss, but in the other places named it was leit 
to itself and spread disastrously. 

Symptoms. The period of latency of the poison in the 
system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases 
perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. In- 
creased temperature of the body usually appears a week 
or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight 
cough, erection of hair along the back, sometimes shiver- 
ing and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the 
animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse 
become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high- 
colored, milk diminished, appetite impaired, rumination 
irregular, nose alternately moist and dry, and legs and 
horns cold and hot. I in the field, the sick leave the herd. 
The cough increases in harshness, depth and painfulness, 
and all the symptons are aggravated until the animal stands 
in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth 
open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. 
From the earliest stages the ear applied to the sides of 
the chest detects an absence of murmur over particular 
parts of the lung, or lungs, with a line of crepitation (fine 
crackling) around it, and occasionally rubbing, wheezing, 
and other unnatural sounds. On percussion over the si- 
lent parts the natural resonance is found to have given 
place to dullness, and the animal winces and groans. Other 
peculiar sounds may follow later, nto which we cannot en- 
ter here, and exhausting liquid discharges from the bowels 
and kidneys, tympanies and abortions are frequent results. 
Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both 
lungs are involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. 


16 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to 
health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more susceptible 
animals have perished it may be reduced much lower. 

Treatment. This disease is much more amenable to 
treatment than Rinderpest, but to preserve the sick is no 
less reprehensible, as the poison is more subtle, more dif- 
fusible through the atmosphere, is hidden unsuspected 
for a greater length of time in the body of its victim, and 
when manifested is far more lable to be mistaken for other 
diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis). No treatment 
should ever be allowed, except in perfectly secluded build- 
ings, far from roads, where no strange men or animals 
can get access, and in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. 

In the early stages, refrigerant and diuretic salts (liquor 
of the acetate of ammonia, nitre, bisulphite of soda) with 
aconite may be given; injections of warm water or mild 
laxatives (Epsom salts) used to regulate the bowels, and 
blisters applied to the sides of the chest (mustard and oil 
of turpentine). Later, when prostration sets in, stimulants 
(sweet spirits of nitre, wine, aromatic ammonia, etc.) and 
tonics (gentian, cinchona, cascarilla, boneset, sulphate of 
iron, or copper, mineral acids, etc.) are called for. Anti- 
septics are useful, especially such as can be inhaled in the 
air (sulphur fumes, carbolic acid vapor or spray) and thus 
reach the seat of disease. 

The hydropathic treatment, by a rug wrung out of | 
water applied next the skin and covered by several dry 
ones kept closely applied by elastic surcingles for an hour 
and followed by a cold douche and active rubbing till 
dry, has proved very successful, but demands intelligence, 
enthusiasm and activity on the part of the attendants. 
The pack is repeated as often as the temperature rises. 

Prevention. Importation should only be allowed from 
countries free from the plague, in ships that have carried 
no suspected stock for at least three months, and after 
inspection and, if thought necessary, quarantine, at the 
port of entry. But the disease already exists in New 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 17 


York, (Connecticut,) New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, Virginia and District of Columbia. This ought 
to be rooted out by measures executed by the central gov- 
ernment and defrayed out of the public treasury. Little 
good must be looked for from isolated action by States, 
counties, townships, or individual owners; the danger 
threatens the entire country, and for the general safety ail 
must pay. Itis absurd to expect the unfortunate possessor 
of sick animals to beggar himself for the public good. 
There should be destruction of the sick, partial remunera- 
tion of the owners, thorough disinfection under professional 
supervision, and the most perfect control and constant in- 
spection of ali suspected herds and places until the malady 
has been eradicated from the land. This is the most in- 
sidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most 
urgently presses for active interference, and which, if neg- 
lected, will bring a terrible retribution in the future. 
Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is 
suicidal unless where a country is very generally infected. 


STRANGLES. DISTEMPER IN YOUNG HORSES. 


A specific fever of young solipeds usually attended with 
swellings and formations of matter between the bones of 
the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands. 

Causes. Karly age, change from field to stable, from 
erass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the 
irritation of teething, and, above all, change otf locality and 
climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same horse 
under the influence of the last named cause. Expcsure 
to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute 
to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a com- 
mon cause, and, in some cases, the malady may even be 
conveyed to man. 

Symptoms. The disease is often preceded by a period 
of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dullness 
and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the 


nasal membrane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes, 
2% 2 


ae The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


slavering, accelerated breathing and pulse, costiveness, 
scanty high-colored urine, and increased thirst. Soon a 
swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, hot, 
tender and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first hard 
with soft, doughy margins, later soft and fluctuating in the 
centre from the formation of matter. Water is often re- 
turned from the nose in drinking and food dropped after 
chewing. The throat may even be closed so as to make 
breathing laborious, difficult and noisy or quite impossible. 
With rupture of the abscess and escape of the matter, 
relief is obtained and a steady recovery may usually be 
counted on. 

Trreguar Forms. The swelling may harden in place of 
softening, and maintain the disease for an indefinite time, 
or it may disappear and be followed by the formation of 
matter in other and more vital organs. Thus matter may 
form in the groups of lymphatic glands about the shoul- 
der, groin, the roots of the lungs, the mesentery, the 
brain, etc. Sometimes no swelling nor suppuration takes 
place beyond the discharge from the nose while at others 
a pustular eruption on the skin is the manifestation of the 
disease. 

The disease may be over in ten days, or, in cases of in- 
dolent action in the swelling, it may be protracted for 
months. If properly treated, the regular form generally 
does well, but the crregular is fatal in proportion to the 
vitality of the organ affected. In protracted cases and in 
those subjected to impure air and weakening treatment. 
dropsical and sanguineous swellings in the dependent parts 
of the body (purpura hemorrhagica) is a frequent result. 

Zreatment. Sustain the strength of the patient by 
abundance of soft, nourishing mashes and pure air, and 
promote the formation of matter between the jaws by fo- 
mentations, poultices, and steaming of the nostrils. A 
poultice may be applied by a square of calico with holes 
for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of the face 
and sewed up a little at the chin to prevent any from 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 9 


dropping out. Bran or oil meal may be used along with 
hot water. Steaming may be done by feeding hot bran 
mashes from a nose bag hung on the head. When matter 
points it should be freely evacuated with the lancet, and 
the poultices continued to complete the softening. If suf- 
focation is threatened, the windpipe must be opened in 
the middle of the neck and a tube inserted to breathe 
through. 

Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be 
counteracted by warm water injections, and weakness by 
stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics 

gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be 
treated according to their nature. 


INFLUENZA. 


A specific epizootic fever of a low type associated with 
inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, or less 
frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervals 
over different parts of the world in man, horses, dogs and 


even cats. 


Causes. Nothing can be definitely stated as to the pri- 
mary cause of its development, as all pecular conditions 
of soil, voleanic action, atmospheric electricity, erial 
moisture or dryness, density or levity, season, tempera- 
ture, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone fail to account 
for its appearance. ‘The great American epizootic of 1872 
was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by an excess 
of ozone, but the excess did not determine its appearance 
in other States, which 1t invaded by a gradual progress 
and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity of com- 
munication. Again insular and sequestrated places es- 
eaped, as Prince Edward’s Island, (frozen out), Vancou- 
vers Island, (quarantined), Key West, Hayti, St. Do- 
mingo, Jamaica, La Paz, by the non-importation of 


horses (Cuba suffered through imported American horses). 


Jt stopped at Panama, where there is no horse traffic ow- 
ine to the state of the country. (See the author’s report 
to Government, and report of New York Board of Health). 


20 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


Symptoms. The disease comes on suddenly with ex- 
treme weakness and stupor. There is often pendent 
head, half-closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to 
move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is 
lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and 
high-colored, pulse accelerated and weak (sometimes 
hard), a cough, deep, painful and racking comes on, crep- 
itation or harsh blowing sounds are heard in the chest, 
and the membrane of the nose assumes a bright pink or 
dull leaden hue. The ears and limbs are alternately cold 
and hot, the hair rough, the skin tender and frequently 
trembling. 

Soon the nose discharges a white, yellowish, or greenish 
matter, and the animal may recover, or an Increasingly 
heavy breathing, depth and painfulness of cough, and 
changed or absent respiratory sounds in the chest, with 
dullness on percussion show that the lungs are seriously 
involved. Thus there may be the symptoms of pneumonia, 
pleurisy, bronchitis, hydrothorax, pericarditis, hydroperi- 
cardium, etc. Clots sometimes form in the heart, modify- 
ing the heart sounds and proving rapidly fatal. 

In other cases the abdominal organs suffer, and with 
great torpor, stupor, tension and tenderness of the abdom- 
inal walls there are colicky pains, ardent thirst, coated 
tongue, yellowness of the membranes of nose and eyes, 
yellow or reddish urine, costive bowels and dung in pellets 
thickly coated with mucus. 

Sometimes rheumatic swelling and tenderness take place 
in the muscles and joints of the limbs, and may even last 
for months. At others, paralysis or delirium will ensue, 
or, finally, severe inflammation of the eyes. 

Treatment.. Overcome costiveness by injections of 
warm water, or by one-third the usual doses of linseed oil or 
aloes. Give mild febrifuge diuretics (liquor of acetate of 
ammonia, spirit of nitrous ether,) with anodynes (extract 
of belladonna), and when fever subsides or great prostra- 
tion comes on, stimulants (nitrous ether, aromatic am- 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 21 


monia, carbonate of ammonia,) and even tonics, (gentian 
calumba, quassia). | 

Counter-irritants (ammonia and oil, equal parts, mus- 
tard, ete.,) may be used from the first to the throat, sides, 
or abdomen according to the seat of the inflammation. 

Soft mashes, roots, or green food, pure air, without 
draughts, and warm clothing are essentials of treatment 
throughout. 

If the abdominal organs are the main seat of disease, 
supplement the medicines above named by demulcents 
(slippery elm, mallow, boiled linseed,) and anodynes 
(opium, hydrocyanic acid,) with, in some cases, a gentle 
laxative (clive oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet 
cloths to the head, blisters to the sides of the neck, purga- 
tives, unless contra-indicated, and bromide of potassium. 
The rheumatic complication must be treated like ordinary 
rheumatism, with coichicum, propylamine, acetate of po- 
tassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, etc. 


TYPHOID, GASTRIC OR BILIOUS FEVER. 


This strongly resembles the abdominal! form of influenza 
and sometimes occurs in the same place at the same time. 
Jt also appears independently in horses weakened by 
shedding their coats in spring and autumn, in those kept 
in a hot, close, impure and unwholesome atmosphere, fed 
insufficiently or on badly-preserved, musty or otherwise 
injured aliment, supplied with water containing an excess 
of decomposing organic matter, fed irregularly, subjected 
to overwork, etc. Finally it proves contagious in confined 
insalubrious buildings, and, to a less extent, in those that 
are wholesome and well aired. Some unknown generally 
acting influence makes it more virulent at one season than 
another. 

Symptoms. 'There are a few days of dullness and lassi- 
tude followed by the general signs of fever :—Staring coat, 
shivering, alternate heat and coldness of the surface, rest- 
lessness, hot dry mouth, and elevation of the internal tem- 


22 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


perature of the body. There is a yellowish tinge of the 
mucous membranes, costiveness, colicky pains, full, tense, 
tender belly, passage of a few dark, hard pellets of dung 
covered with a mucous film, urine scanty, reddish and de- 
positing a sediment, pulse rapid and weak, and there may 
or may not be sore-throat, excited breathing and discharge 
from the nose. In the more favorable cases, signs of 
improvement are noticeable in eight or nine days, and a 
perfect recovery is made. In the unfavorable, the pulse 
becomes small, weak and rapid (eighty to ninety per min- 
ute), the mouth hotter, more clammy and covered by yel- 
lowish, brownish, or greenish blotches, the abdominal 
walls more tender, the bowels more irritable, sometimes 
with a fcetid diarrhoea, and the strength is rapidly ex- 
hausted. The head is constantly pendent, the eye 
sunken, the expression of the countenance stupid and . 
haggard, and the stupor or insensibility may become so 
ereat that pinching or even pricking of the skin may pass 
unnoticed by the animal. Death usually takes place from 
the tenth to the twentieth day. 

Treatment. English veterinarians rely much on ealo- 
mel, and with a firm full pulse, not too rapid, a general 
warmth of surface and extremities, a bright eye, cheerful 
countenance, whitish foetid dung, and much yellowness of 
the eye, nose, or mouth, a few doses of calomel (10 grs.) 
and opium (30 ers.), repeated twice daily, may be useful 
in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents 
from the blood. But itis to be avoided when there is a 
weak, rapid pulse and great prostration and debility, and 
in no case should it be given over two or three days, or 
until the system is saturated with the drug. Severe cos- 
tiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a 
drachm of calomel, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ozs. of 
Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and 
copious injections of warm water must be continued to 
maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each 
of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of am- 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. Zo 


monia may be given three or four times daily with the 
water drunk, or in case of great dullness and debility an 
ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of 
nitre, or carbonate of ammonia may be given as well. 
Great tenderness of the belly may be met by persistent 
hot fomentations, and mustard poultices, and 1f necessary 
by half drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated 
by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of pep- 
permint. During recovery 3 or 4 ozs. of tincture of gen- 
tian or cinchona may be given twice daily with muriate of 
iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes, 
sliced roots, boiled oats or barley, green grass, oil-cake, 
etc., giving from the hand if necessary. Secure pure air 
and water, cleanliness, warm clothing and general comfort 
until restored to healtn. 


CANINE DiSTEMPER. 


A specific fever of the young domestic carnivora, affect- 
ing the respiratory organs, and it may be the abdominal 
viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the 
skin. One attack usually protects from a second. 

Causes. Connected, like strangles, with domestication, 
it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on 
spiced food, or confined in. kennels. Change of climate, 
teething, and contagion are other causes. 

Symptoms. Dullness, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry 
nose, watery eyes, elevated temperature, increased pulse 
(110 to 120), sensitiveness to cold, shivering, cough and 
glairy or yellowish discharge from the nose. The cough 
becomes paroxysmal and often followed by vomiting, the 
matter not being licked up again, the breathing is dis- 
turbed, and the chest sounds on auscultation and percus- 
sion imply disease there. The animal is weak, debil- 
itated and emaciated, and diarrhoea, ulceration of the 
mouth, and nervous symptoms usually precede death. 

The complications are marked by symptoms of bronchi- 
tis, pheumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, phre- 


24 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


nitis and skin-disease. Diseases of the brain (cramps, 
convulsions, chorea, paralysis,) and skin-eruption are ex- 
ceedingly common in the advanced stages. The eruption 
is peculiar, consisting of small blisters, containing often a 
reddish or purple fluid. 

Treatment. A warm, comfortable bed, pure air, and a — 
milk, or bread and milk diet are important. The diet 
should not be so exclusive in dogs having had animal food 
only. 

A mild emetic, (antimonial wine), or a slight laxative, 
(castor oil), may be followed by tonics, (gentian, quinia,) 
febrifuges, (saltpeter), and expectorants, (ipecacuanha), 
with perhaps an anodyne, (belladonna). As fever subsides, 
tonics must be given freely (wine, quinia, sulphate of iron, 
Fowler’s solution). In all the various complications treat 
as for the different diseases, but avoid weakening reme- | 
dies, and keep up tonics, stimulants, and a rich diet. 


MALIGNANT CHOLERA. ASIATIC CHOLERA. 


This attacks the domestic quadrupeds and birds simul- 
taneously with man, and has been produced experiment- 
ally by feeding the dried bowel discharges. These were 
found to increase in virulence from the first to the third 
day, and to decrease to the fifth day, after which they 
were harmless, (Sanderson). 

Symptoms. Muscular cramps, great prostration, partial 
loss of motor power and excitability, great lowering of the 
body temperature (80° F.), deathly-cold bloodless ex- 
tremities, viscid tardily-flowing blood, and lastly, violent 
abdominal pains and fiuid bowel dejections, often having 
the specific rice-water appearance. 

Treatment. The disease is mainly important as propa- 
gating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the 
most perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imper- 
ative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick 
and dead. As an example of current treatment may be 
named, aromatics, (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juni- 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 25 


per, tincture of cinnamon,) stimulants, (ether), and acids, 
(sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an 
hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhea. 
To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fo- 
mentations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle; to 
sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks, (linseed tea, 
mallow, slippery elm,) and to meet other states according 
to indications. Every separate case would demand special 
treatment. 

In birds, change of the yard, and sulphate of iron and 
carbolic acid in the water are especially reliable to check. 


INTESTINAL FEVER IN SWINE. HOG-CHOLERA. 


A specific contagious fever of swine, attended by con- 
gestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of 
the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid fcetid 
diarrhoea, by general heat and redness of the surface and 
by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes 
of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. 
It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, 
uncertain recovery. 

Symptoms. Incubation ranges from a week or fortnight 
in cold weather to three days in warm. It is followed by 
shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding under the litter, 
unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady 
gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, in- 
creased temperature (103.2° to 105° F.) and pulse. With 
the occurrence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suf- 
fused with red patches and black spots, the former disap- 
pearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is thickly 
furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breathing ac- 
celerated and a hard dry cough is frequent. Sickness 
and vomiting may be present, the animal grunts or 
screams if the belly is handled, the bowels may be cos- 
tive throughout but more commonly they become re- 
jaxed about the third day and an exhausting foetid diar- 
rhoea ensues. Lymph and blood may pass with the dung. 

3 


26 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 

Before death the patient loses control of the hind limbs, 
and is often sunk in complete stupor, with muscular 
trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels. 

Causes. It is mainly propagated by contagion, though 
faults in diet and management may serve to develop it. 
The poison will blow half a mile or more on the 
wind, and is with difficulty destroyed in hog-pens, fodder, 
etc. 

Treatment ought not to be permissible, unless in a con- 
stantly disinfected atmosphere. Feed, well-boiled gruel 
of barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, corn- 
starch made with boiling water; give to drink fresh cool 
water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the 
early constipation give a mild laxative (castor oil, rhu- 
barb,) and injections of warm water, following up with 
fever medicine (nitrate of potassa and bisulphite of soda). 
Tf the patient survives the first few days and shows signs 
of ulceration of the bowels (bloody dung, tender belly,) 
give oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and 
morning. Follow up with tonics, and careful soft feeding. 

Prevention. Kill and bury the diseased; thoroughly 
disinfect all they have come in contact with; watch the 
survivors for the first sign of illness, test all suspicious 
subjects with the thermometer in the rectum, and sepa- 
rate from the herd if it shows more than 103° F., destroy- 
ing as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown. 
Feed vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphite of soda, 
carbolic acid, or suiphate of iron to the healthy, and avoid 
all suspected food, places, or even water which has run 
near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should 
be placed at a safe distance in quarantine under separate 
attendants until their health has been proved. 


TEXAN FEVER. 


A specific fever, rising in the low, malarious grounds of 
the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and commu- 
nicable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. Ze 


other States in a more fatal form. It is characterized by 
enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of 
the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues 
and with the urine, causing bloody discharges from the 
kidneys, yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, 
great prostration and debility. 

Symptoms. There seems to be an incubation of four or 
five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103° to 107°) 
and followed in five to seven days by dullness, languor, 
drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, arched 
back, hind legs advanced under the belly and bent at the 
fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscular trembling 
about the flanks, jerking of the neck muscles, heat of horns, 
ears and general surface (limbs cold—in exceptional 
cases) and impaired appetite and rumination. Soon weak- 
ness compels lying down, by choice in water, eyes are 
glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and 
coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine 
changes to a deep red or black and coagulates on boiling. 
The mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown, 
that of the rectum seen in passing dung is of a dark red, 
as in Rinderpest. 

All these symptoms become ageravated, a ense be- 
comes extreme, and the patient dies in a state of stupor, 
or sometimes in convulsions. 

The disease usually passes unnoticed in the Texan cat- 
tle, but is exceedingly fatal in northern beasts. 

Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, 
and roads, pastures, water-courses, etc., become effi- 
cient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by 
frost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be 
conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking 
calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against 
another. 

Prevention. Itshould be enforced by United States law 
that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north excepting 
after the first frosts of autumn, or before the last frosts of 


28 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all the North. 
The time would vary for the different States, but the ear- 
lier or later traffic for the extreme north should be by di- — 
rect route without intermediate unloading. A general re- 
striction of this sort, with the expense levied on all the 
States, would be more economical and satisfactory than a | 
supervision by each State of its own frontier. 

Treatment should never be called for. It may, however, 
be resorted to with less danger than in the case of a true 
plague. In some cases emollient drinks and enemas, soft 
food, and stimulating fever medecines have been followed 
by recovery. Chlorate of potassa, nitre, iodide of potassi- 
um, and carbolic acid have evidently been of advantage. 
Wet-sheet packing, as for Lung-fever, should be beneficial, 
and refrigerant or stimulating diuretics (digitalis, nitre, or 
nitrous ether,) according to the indications of the partic- 
ular case. Peculiarities in different cases would demand 
a variation of treatment. The diet throughout should be 
of soft mashes, and a return to ordinary fibrous aliment 
made slowly and carefully, as being liable to cut off by 
gastro-entritis. 


CANINE MADNESS. RABIES. (HYDROPHOBIA). 


A specific disease supposed to arise spontaneously in the 
genus canis (dog, wolf, fox,) and in the cat, but transmis- 
sible by inoculation to all the domestic animals and to 
man. It is marked by disorders of intellectual, emotion- 
al, and nervous functions, altered habits, irritable temper, 
optical delusions, spasms of the muscles of the eyeballs 
and throat, paralysis, and more or less fever. 

Causes. Inoculation by bite is the usual (almost inya- 
riable) cause, yet cases manifestly arise spontaneously in 
most countries. Season, climate, abuse, privation of wa- 
ter, improper food, muzzling, etc., have no effect further 
than they serve to produce a febrile state and hasten the 
development of the disease when the seeds are already 
implanted in the system. A constantly increasing mass 


Contagious and Lpizootic Diseases. 29 


of testimony points to the conclusion that the restraint of 
an ungovernable sexual desire is one cause of the genera- 
tion of the malady, and it is even supposed that the ma- 
ternal instinct has had a similar effect after the puppies 
have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no doubt, 
from their special hability to natural exciting causes, but 
mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a 
male than a female. 

The poison is resident in the alive and blood, but not 
in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora, and 
men is equally virulent with that of carnivora, though in 
all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage of 
the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid dog 
nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men the 
proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This apparent 
immunity is largely due to the cleaning of the teeth on the 
dress before they reach the skin. 

Incubation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the 
majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the 
bite; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) ; 
in cattle twenty to thirty days; sheep twenty to seventy- 
four days; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it 
' ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending over 
years being manifestly instances of disease resulting from 
fear, a common occurrence in the human being. 

Symptoms. In the Dog. Any sudden change of habits, 
or instincts—dullness, restlessness, watchfulness, tenden- 
ey to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, 
constant desire to smell or lick the anus or generative or-. 
gans of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, 
cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, 
silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of a scar, the 
seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and attempts 
to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as 
very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. Soon the 
characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low 
and muffled, and there is one loud howl followed by three 

3* 


30 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


or four more successively diminishing in force and uttered 
without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear unusually 
fond of their owners and fatally inoculate them by licking 
their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as 
if following imaginary objects and snap as if at flies. 
Barking without object, a constant searching, or tearing 
of wood, etc., to pieces, a seeking of darkness and seclu- 
sion and a disposition to resent disturbance, or a pilgrim- 
age of several days’ absence from home are among the most 
common precursors of the disease. 

Furious Rabies. Following some of the above symptoms 
there is a redness and fixed glare in the eyes, squinting, 
rolling of the eyes after fancied objects, more frequent 
howling, and increasing irritability with a tendency to 
worry all animals that come in their way, the respect for, 
and immunity of former friends being lost in the violence 
of a paroxysm. ‘The victim can no longer rest, but under- 
takes long journeys at a slouching trot, ready to fly at all 
that cross his path, especially if they make any noise or 
outcry. He may die during one of these journeys, or re- 
turn dirty, careworn and sullen, with the rabid glare in 
his eye and ready to resent any inteference. Hach parox- 
ysm of violence or wandering is followed by a period of 
depression and torpor proportionate to the preceding ex- 
citement, during which dark and seclusion are preferred, 
though any disturbance will arouse to violence. From the 
fourth to the eighth day paralysis sets in, first in the hind 
limbs then in the jaw and the whole body, the certain pre- 
cursor of approaching death. 

Paralytic Rabies. In this case paralysis with dropping 
of the lower jaw is shown at the outset, and gradually ex- 
tends to the whole body. 'The animal cannot bite, eat, nor 
drink, rarely barks, and dies early. 

Lethargic (Tranquil) Rabies. Palsy of the jaw is less 
marked, but there is complete apathy, the patient remaining 
curled up in one position, and is not to be roused by 
any effort. He becomes daily more emaciated and dies'in 
ten to fifteen days. 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 51 
In addition to these typical forms there are others hold- 
ing an intermediate place. The furious form is especially 
common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less domesticated 
varieties, the paralytic and tranquil in the house and pet 
dogs. | 

Popular Fallacies. I name these because of the evil re- 
sults of entertaining them. 1. Mad dogs have no /ear 
of water (hydropholhia). On the contrary, they swim 
rivers, plunge their noses in water or lap their urine with- 
out hesitation. 2. Appetite is not lost, only depraved, and 
the stomach after death is found to contain an endless va- 
riety of improper objects. 3. There is rarely froth at the 
mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw is par- 
alyzed. 4. The tail 1s not carried between the legs but is 
rather held erect during a paroxysm. 

Foxes and wolves have symptoms like those of the dog, 
the animals losing their natural shyness or fear, and at- 
tacking man and beast indiscriminately. Cats attack with 
claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter 
hoarse loud cries as in heat. The horse bites, kicks, neighs, 
draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies 
paralyzed. The mischievous propensity distinguishes 
from delirium. ‘The oz is restless, excitable, everts the 
upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loudly and as if in 
terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all 
who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and 
finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual 
appetite, stamp, butt, and bleat hoarsely. They die para- 
lytic. Swine are excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ 
the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to pieces, gape, 
yawn, become weak and die paralytic. 

_ Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable. 

Treatment. This can only be warranted in the lower 
animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, 
and then with extreme precautions and in iron cages. 
Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and antispas- 
modies (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.,) would 


32 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


promise the best results. The boasted curative agents have 
all broken down when tried on well-marked cases in the 
lower animals, in which diseases of the Imagination are not 
to be looked for. - 

Prevention. When bitten, at once check the flow of 
blood from the part, in the hmb by a handkerchief or 
cord with a piece of wood through it twisted tightly 
around the member a little higher than the wound,—in 
other parts by sucking, or by cutting open the wound to 
its depth and squeezing or wringing as if milking to keep 
up a free flow of blood, soaking it meanwhile in warm 
water if available. Drinking liquids to excess will also 
retard absorption. But as soon as caustics can be had 
apply them thoroughly to all parts of the wound, making 
sure that its deepest recesses are reached. ‘The compres- 
sion by handkerchief or fingers should not be relaxed 
until this operation is completed. A hot skewer, nail or 
poker, serves admirably, and if at a white heat is less 
painful. But oil of vitriol, spirit of salt, nitric acid, caus- 
tic potassa or soda, butter of antimony, chloride of zine, 
nitrate of silver, blue stone, copperas, indeed any caustic 
at hand should be at once employed. The wound should 
be thoroughly cauterized, though some time has elapsed 
since the bite, as absorption does not always take place at 
once. 

All dogs should be registered, taxed, and furnished with 
a collar bearing their own and their owner’s names and . 
that of their residence. During the existence of rabies in 
a country all dogs found at large unmuzzled should be de- 
stroyed. Suspected dogs should be shut up under super- 
vision for three months unless rabies is developed earlier. 
Dogs that have bitten human beings should be similarly 
shut up for a week to test the existence of the disease or 
otherwise. 


MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. 
A constitutional disorder, arising in rich, damp lo- 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. do 


ealities, in herbivora, swine and birds, and communica- 
ble by inoculation to other animals and to man. It 
shows itself by many different forms, all characterized by 
extreme changes in the chemical and vital properties of 
the blood, breaking down of the blood-globules, extrava- 
sations of blood or albuminous fluids in different parts of 
the body, with a tendency to gangrene, yellow or brown 
mucous membranes, enlargement or even rupture of the 
spleen (milt), and a very high mortality. 

Causes. It is propagated by contagion but tends to die 
out when produced in this way only. It is transmitted by 
contact with the blood, liquid exudations, portions of the 
diseased carcass, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles, feathers, 
and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all through 
the atmosphere. Simple contact of these matters with the 
healthy skin of a susceptible subject is enough to produce 
the disease. The virus is most potent when received from 
an animal still living or only recently dead, and yet may 
be preserved for months in all conditions of climate, tem- 
perature and humidity. 

Eating of the flesh of animals killed while suffering in 
this way has often conveyed the disease in spite the cook- 
ing to which it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of the 
inhabitants of St. Domingo once perished in six weeks 
from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned a few 
years ago in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The Tartars perish 
in great numbers from eating their anthrax horses. Mos- 
quitoes and other insects with perforating apparatus to the 
mouth probably help to communicate it as nearly all cases 
in man occur on exposed parts of the body. 

Its development in a locality is determined: 1. By the 
rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the im- 
pervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. The fre- 
quent inundations of banks of rivers flowing through level 
countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes leaving 
much organic deposit in their basins. 3. A continuation of 
warm, dry weather which favors organic emanations from 


34 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


such places as the above. 4. A condition of the sys- 
tem of the animal predisposing to the reception and 
growth of the poison, and consisting in the loading of 
the blood with plastic or waste organic matter, as in over- 
fed plethoric animals, in those making flesh most rapidly, 
in the young and rapidly growing, in those rendered un- 
healthy by overwork, impure air, unsuitable food or 
water. 5. Sudden chills when the poison is already pres- 
ent; hence, extreme variations in the temperature of night 
and day. 6. A close, still atmosphere. 

General characters. In the typical cases the blood is 
black, tarry and incoagulable, and in all it shows broken- 
up globules, and microscopic rod-like bodies and clear, re- 
frangent spherules (bacteria) such as appear in putrefying 
liquids. The spleen, lymphatic glands and liver are en- 
larged, the mucous membranes of the stomach and intes- 
tines are usually reddened, thickened, and softened, and 
any other part of the body may be the seat of bloody or 
albuminous effusion with a tendency to death, decomposi- 
tion, the extrication of gases in the tissues and a crackling 
sound when handled. When it commences in one point 
on the surface (malignant pustule) there is first an un- 
healthy eruption of minute blisters which burst, dry up 
and become gangrenous, while new blisters appear around 
as the unhealthy action spreads. 

Divisions. The malignant anthrax may be manifested 
by external disease, or swelling, or without such appear- 
ances. ‘To the first class belong the carbuncular erysip- 
elas of sheep and swine, malignant sore-throat of hogs, 
gloss-anthrax or black-tongue, black-quarter or bloody 
murrain, the boil plague of Siberia, and the malignant pus- 
tule of man. ‘To the second belong all those forms of the 
disease in which there are the specific changes in the blood, 
with engorgement of the spleen, blood-staiming and exu- 
dations into internal organs, only. 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. SY9) 


Malignant Anthrax with External Lesvons. 
(A) In Horsrs.—(1) Siberian Boil Plague. This is un- 


questionably an anthrax disease, and though named from 
Siberia is not unknown in other lands. A slight shiver- 
ing and fever are followed by a swelling on the udder, 
sheath, breast, throat, or elsewhere, which rapidly in- 
creases sometimes to the size ofaninfant’shead. Atfirst soft, 
it hardens, assuming a yellow, bacon-like appearance, with 
red streaks and spots. The animals die in twelve or twenty- 
four hours, rarely surviving three days. The blood is in 
the state so characteristic of anthrax, with bacteria, enlarged 
spleen and sanguineous effusions. In cattle similar tumors 
appear, mainly on the throat, neck, or dewlap, in sheep 
and goats on the bare surfaces and in pigs around the 
throat. In all cases the disease, when conveyed to man, 
produces the blue-pox (malignant pustule). At the outset 
all cases prove fatal, later recoveries occur under the local 
use of cold water, or the hot iron or other caustics pushed 
to the depth of the tumor, and mineral acids internally. 

— (2) Malignant Anthrax with Diffused Local Swellings. 
Typhus. This is usually confounded with the purpura hem- 
orrhagica, which is in no sense a contagious affection, but 
occurs In weak conditions of the body, as a sequel of de- 
bilitating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.) 
Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general 
symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distin- 
guish the two diseases according to their origin, commu- 
nicability and prevalence. 

Symptoms. Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appe- 
tite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated pulse 
and breathing, costiveness with slimy dung or scouring, 
high-colored, odorous or bloody urine, swellings the size of 
a walnut or closed fist on different parts of the body, or a 
continuous swelling beneath the chest and belly, or extreme 
engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot 
and tender, and easily indented with the finger, but soon 
become hard, the skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a 


36 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient 
unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, or breathe ac- 
cording to situation. The mucous membranes become 
swelled, puffy, dusky or yellow, with red spots and streaks, 
and a viscid, bloody and finally foetid discharge flows from 
the nose. Breathing may become labored and quick in 
connection with exudations into the chest, or violent colies 
may supervene from effusions in the abdomen. With inter- 
nal effusions death ensues in forty-eight hours, with exter- 
nal only, the effects may last for weeks or months before 
ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings 
may suddenly disappear to reappear elsewhere, they may 
subside permanently in connection with free action of the 
bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive 
and sluggish sores and scars. 

(B) In toe Ox.—(1) Black Tongue. Also in the Horse. 
This is manifested by the eruption of blisters, red, purple 
or black, on the tongue, palate and cheeks, increasing in- 
dividually often to the size of a hen’s egg, bursting, dis- 
charging an ichorous irritating fluid, and forming un- 
healthy sores with more or less tumefaction. There is a 
bloody discharge from the mouth, active fever sets in and 
death ensues in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. 

(2) Black-Quarter. Bloody Murrain. This is malig- 
nant anthrax, with extensive engorgement of a shoul- 
der, quarter, neck, breast or side. It is most frequent in 
young and rapidly thriving stock, attacking first the finest 
of the herd or those thriving most rapidly, and runs its 
course so quickly that its victims are usually found dead 
in the field as the first indication of anything amiss. Ii 
seen during life there are the general symptoms of pleth- 
ora, fever, with halting on one limb, stiffness, and excessive 
tenderness of some parts of the skin, to be promptly fol- 
lowed by swelling of such parts, with yellow or bloody 
oozing from the surface, and crackling when pressed. 
These swellings become firm, tense, insensible and even 
cold, and if the subject survives may finally slough open 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. OT 


and leave large, unsightly and inactive sores. Recoveries 
are the exception and too often slow and tedious. 

(C) In SHeep. Carbuncular EHrysipelas. This strongly 
resembles black-quarter of cattle. Like that it attacks 
the finest of the flock and the bodies of its victims are 
found dead in the field. There is first halting on a limb, 
then a red or violet swelling beginning inside the leg and 
rapidly extending over the body. The feeling, appearance 
and course of the swelling agree with those of black-quarter 
and death occurs in a few hours, or in exceptional cases in 
two days. 

(D) InSwinz. These suffer from Anthrax of the Mouth, 
comparable to black-tonque, carbuncular erysipelas, like that 
of the sheep, pharyngeal anthrax and tumors about the throat, 
which sometimes at least have the anthrax characters. 

(1) The Carbuncular Erysipelas has been constantly con- 
founded in systematic veterinary works with intestinal fe- 
ver but is a distinct disease, being derivable from other 
anthrax patients and communicable to other genera of an- 
imals and to man, whereas hog-cholera is absolutely con- 
fined to swine. 

(2) Malignant Sore-throat. Pharyngeal Anthrax. This 
is perhaps the most frequent form of the disease in 
swine, often appearing to arise from eating the carcasses 
or excretions of other anthrax animals. There is active 
fever with redness and swelling of the throat, neck, breast 
and even the fore limbs. This is at first hard, elastic, 
warm and tender, but becomes purple, cool, insensible and 
pits on pressure. There is loss of appetite, retching, vom- 
iting, purple patches and black spots on the eyes, snout 
and skin, difficult breathing through the mouth, livid 
tongue, decreasing temperature, great weakness and death 
in one or two days. 

(3) In the guttural tumors the swelling is circumscribed 
to the size of a kidney-bean or egg, on one or both sides 
of the throat, extending to involve the throat generally, 
causing vomiting, difficult breathing and swallowing, the 

A 


38 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


general symptoms of anthrax, and death from suffocation 
often under twenty-four hours. It attacks pigs of five or 
six months. 

(E) Doas anp Cats. These suffer when they have eaten 
the carcasses of anthrax victims. The disease usually lo- 
calizes itself in the mouth, throat and digestive organs, 
giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with high fe- 
ver and often death. 

(F) Brrps—Suffer from the primary disease and more 
frequently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. In 
addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear 
mainly‘on the comb, beak and feet. 

(G) Man. Malignant Pustule. There is itchiness of the 
affected part, with a minute red spot, Increasing in twelve 
or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, bursting and 
drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six hours. Next 
day a new crop of vesicles surround the seat of the first 
and pass through the same course to be succeeded by an- 
other and still wider ring. The whole is surrounded by a 
puffy, shining swelling, the central dry part passes through 
the shades of red, blue, brown and black, becomes gan- 
grenous and insensible and in case of recovery is sloughed 
off. At first the disease is quite local, but as it advances 
a violent fever sets in, which too often proves fatal. 


Malignant Anthrax without External Swellings. 


Apoplectic Form. In all animals there is a form in which 
the victim is cut off after a few minutes’ illness with or 
without discharge of blood from the natural openings of 
the body and before time has been allowed for any of 
those changes in the blood and internal organs which 
characterize the disease. These are often to be distin- 
guished from apoplectic seizures and sunstroke only by 
their occurrence simultaneously with other forms of an- 
thrax and in the same places. 

Anthrax Fever in Horses. Vigorous health is replaced 
by dullness, muscular weakness, stupor, hanging on the 


Pewee ee 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. oe 


halter, leaning on the side of the stall, if at work unsteady 
movement, colicky pains, lying down and rising, turning 
the head towards the flank. The hair is dry and erect, 
the hide tense, and may even crepitate on handling; it 
trembles or sweats about the ears, elbows or thighs. The 
eyes and nose assume a yellow or reddish or brownish- 
yellow tinge, with oftentimes dark red or black spots. 
The pulse is weak, the heart’s impulse behind the leit 
elbow strong, breathing labored or quick and catching. 
A frothy, bloody fluid may appear at the nose. The 
bowels are costive, the dung covered with mucus, or loose 
with streaks of blood. The rectum, everted, is of a dark 
red and puffy. Great weakness comes on and the patient 
dies in convulsions or during the subsequent calm. Death 
usually occurs in twelve to twenty-four hours. 

Anthrax Fever in Oxen. Splenic Apoplecy. The patient 
ceases feeding and ruminating or does so irregularly, 
trembles, has partial sweats, staring coat, varying heat of 
the body, arched back, quarters rested on the stall or 
fence, or lies with the head turned to the flank. A high 
temperature (105° to 107°) precedes the outward symp- 
toms by hours or days. The eye is sunken, dull, watery 
with the shades of brown and yellow, and dark spots, re- 
marked in the horse; breathing hurried, heart’s action 
violent, pulse weak, loms and back tender or even crepi- 
tating, urine bloody, bloody liquids escape from nose, . 
anus or eyes, and the dung is streaked with blood. As the 
disease advances the temperature of the body decreases 
and the patient dies in convulsions or quietude, or makes 
a rapid recovery. The fatal result usually takes place in 
from twelve to twenty-four hours. : 

Anthrax Fever in Sheep. Blood-Striking. Braxy. Isvery 
promptly fatal, the dead and already foetid carcasses being 
usually found in the morning tnough the flock was appar- 
ently wellat night. The black, tarry blood brightening very 
slowly on exposure, the enlarged spleen and mesenteric 
glands, the red, puffy, softened membrane of the bowels and 


AQ The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


the bloody and gelatinous exudations show the true nature 
of the disease. When seen during life there are signs of 
plethora, fever, red eyes, costiveness, bloody, mucous 
dung, bloody urine, colicky pains, unsteady gait, breath- 
lessness when driven, flattened fleece, deep-sunken eyes, © 
stupor, convulsions and speedy death. Many cases of so- 
called braxy are not communicable to other animals, hence 
not genuine anthrax. 

Anthrax Fever in Swine. There are dullness, thirst, in- 
appetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, 
drooping tail, deep, dull brownish-red eyes, hurried 
breathing, small pulse, violent heart’s action, and tense, 
tender abdomen. Nervous tremors, twitching or cramps 
come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed and some- 
times bloody dung. Dark or black spots appear on the 
skin and mucous membranes, as in /wg-cholera, and if the 
animal survives, these are sloughed off, often leaving sores, 
If swelling appears externally it is often a herald of im- 
provement. 

Anthrax Fever in Birds. 'There is inappetence, ruffling 
of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders, foetid 
diarrhcea, drooping, trailing wings, tenderness to the 
touch, muscular weakness, unsteady walk, inability to 
perch, livid or black comb and wattles. Sometimes the 
feathers drop off and swellings appear about the head, 
throat or feet. 


Treatment of Malignant Anthrax. 


This is unsatisfactory owing to the rapidly fatal action 
of the poison. The first cases usually die, the later ones 
may often be treated with fair success. 

General Treatment. In very plethoric subjects bleeding 
may prove beneficial at the outset, but in advanced stages, 
in poor and weak subjects, and in those with feeble con- 
stitutions, like sheep, it is to be strongly condemned. Act 
on the bowels, kidneys and skin to eliminate the poison 
(sulphates of soda, or magnesia, acetate, nitrate, or tar- 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. Al 


trate of potassa, common salt, oil of turpentine). Sponge 
with cold water and rub actively till dry. Rub with cam- 
phorated spirit or oil of turpentine. Give tonics (quinia, 
salacin, etc.,) antiseptics (mineral acids, nitro-muriatic 
acid, tincture of the muriate of iron, chlorate of potassa, 
carbolic acid, bisulphite of soda, tincture of iodine, iodide 
of potassium, bichromate of potassa). In the Genesee out- 
break of 1875, I had admirable results from the use of 
nitro-muriatic acid sixty drops, bichromate of potassa 
three grs., and chlorate of potassa two drachms, twice daily 
by the mouth, and two or three drachms of a saturated 
solution of sulphate of quinia, iodide of potassium and bi- 
sulphite of soda injected at equal intervals beneath the 
skin. Of fifty very sick oxen only four died. 

In the advanced and weak conditions stimulants (alco- 
hol, turpentine, ether, valerian, angelica, camphor, etc.,) 
are useful. 

Local Treatment. This is very successful with inocu- 
lated forms of the disease, (malignant pustule, boil-plague, 
eloss-anthrax, malignant sore-throat) if employed before 
the poison has passed into the system and produced fever. 
For these, free cauterization and especially with the anti- 
septic caustics (crystallized carbolic acid, the mineral acids, 
chloride of zinc, chloride of iron, sulphate of iron or cop- 
per) is successful. But the whole diseased tissue must be 
reached, and in the case of the tongue the blisters must be 
first laid open and the agent applied in small quantity with 
a brush, or more freely in a diluted condition. In some 
external cases the hot iron is used with advantage. Such 
treatment may still be applied to circumscribed tumors ac- 
companied by the fever, being followed by poultices to en- 
courage suppuration. 

For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold water, 
vinegar, etc.,) weak antiseptic lotions, and, above all, in- 
jections with a hypodermic syringe of antiseptics (diluted - 
tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid—1-100, etc.) The 
hypodermic treatment is equally applicable to the circum- 

* 


A2 ~The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


scribed tumors, but we must saturate their whole sub- 
stance, otherwise absorption of the poison will lead to gen- 
eral disorder. 

Prevention. 1. Drain the soil thoroughly. 2. Whena 
soil cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on other 
pastures rather than graze them. 3. Remove the stock 
from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as summer 
heat and dryness of the soil favor malarious emanations, 
(late summer and autumn). 4. Shelter the stock at night 
and secure the shade of trees or sheds during the day, 
when, after a hot, dry season, there comes an extreme 
difference between the day and night temperature. 5. 
Secure abundance of pure water, avoiding such as is stag- 
nant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good thriving condi- 
tion, and avoid sudden accessions of plethora. Artificial 
feeding in dry times is often necessary to secure this, or 
in case of an over-luxuriant pasture, seclusion in a barn- 
yard for four or five hours a day. Sheep may be shut up 
on moonlight nights, to prevent feeding, in dangerous © 
localities. 7. Overwork, exhaustion, close-aired build- 
ings, ill-health, or whatever tends to load the blood with 
waste matter should be avoided. 8. Exposed animals 
may have a little nitro-muriatic, sulphuric or carbolic 
acid daily in the water or food. 9. Diseased animals 
must be separated from the healthy. 10. Carcasses, secre- 
tions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased animals should be 
deeply buried or otherwise perfectly destroyed. Build- 
ings, yards, sheds, etc., occupied by the diseased should 
be thoroughly disinfected. Pastures should be aban- 
doned for that season, and graves fenced safely from tres- 
pass for two years. - 11. None but the attendants should 
approach the diseased. 12. Before handling, cauterize all 
raw sores on hands or face with lunar caustic and wash 
the hands in a weak solution of carbolic acid both before 
and after. 13. Shut up all dogs, cats and pigeons. 14. 
Never allow the flesh or milk to pass into consumption. 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 43 


GLANDERS AND FARCY. 

A specific febrile disorder originating in solipeds, and | 
transmissible by contagion or inoculation to dogs, goats, 
sheep and men. Gilanders is characterized by a peculiar 
deposit with ulceration, on the membrane of the nose, 
and in the lungs, etc., and farcy by deposits of the same 
material and ulcerations of the lymphatics of the skin. 
Each has its acute and chrome form. The acute form 
usually results from inoculation, or In weak and worn-out 
systems. Besides the common cause—contagion, over- 
work, exhausting diseases, and impure air are especially 
injurious. 

Symptoms of Acute Glanders. WLanguor, dry, staring 
coat, red, weeping eyes, impaired appetite, accelerated 
pulse and breathing, yellowish-red or purple streaks or 
patches in the nose, watery nasal discharge, with some- 
times painful dropsical swellings of the limbs or joints. 
Soon the nasal flow becomes yellow and sticky, causing 
the hairs and skin of the nostrils to adhere together, and 
upon the mucous membrane appear yellow elevations 
with red spots, passing on into erosions and deep ulcers 
of irregular form and varied color and with little or no 
tendency to heal. The lymphatic glands inside the lower 
jaw where the pulse is felt, become enlarged, hard and 
nodular, like a mass of peas or beans, and are occasion- 
ally firmly adherent to the skin, the tongue, or the jaw- 
bone. The lymphatics on the face often rise as firm 
cords. An occasional cough is heard and auscultation 
detects crepitation or wheezing in the chest. The ulcers 
Increase in number and depth, often invading the gristle 
or even the bone, the glands also enlarge but remain hard 
and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, foetid and so 
abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accomplish suf- 
focation, and the animal perishes in the greatest distress. 

Symptoms of Chronic Glanders. This is characterized 
by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, 
varying extremely in size and number, often indeed situ- 


44 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


ated too high to be seen; by the same viscid discharge, 
but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form ; 
by the same hard, comparatively insensible nodular glands 
on the inner side of the jaw-bone; and a cough, which, 
however, is much more rare. Excepting at the very out- 
set, the animal usually appears to be in the best of health, 
with the apparently insignificant drawback of the nasal 
discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he con- 
taminates a number of horses or even men. The case is 
easily recognized unless where the ulcers are invisible or 
the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to 
inoculate a useless animal to decide as to the nature of 
the malady. It usually proves fatal to the imoculated 
animal in about ten days. 

Symptoms of Acute Farcy. The premonitory symp- 
toms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but 
another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in 
thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout 
cords, painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded 
inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of 
these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these 
buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and 
dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part affected. 
It is usually seen to follow the line of the veins on the 
inner side of the hind or fore limb, but may appear on any 
part. The cording usually extends from the feet toward 
the body, and is most likely to be confounded with lym- 
phangitis in which the swelling begins high up in the 
groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming complicated with 
elanders before death. 

Symptoms of Chronic Farcy. This may follow the acute 
form or come on insidiously. First there is some swelling 
of a fetlock, usually a hind one, and a round, hard, nut-like 
mass may be felt which gradually softens, bursts and dis- 
charges the characteristic serous or glairy matter. The 
lymphatics leading up from it meanwhile become corded, 
and farcy-buds appear along their course. Or the round, 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 45 


pea-like buds appear first on the inner side of the hock, 
or on some other part of the body, soften, burst and dis- 
charge before any cording of the lymphatics can be felt. 

By-and-by, dropsical swellings appear in the limbs and 
elsewhere, at first soft and removable by exercise, later, 
hard and permanent. Sometimes the farcy-buds fail to 
soften but remain hard and indolent for months. 

Glanders in the dog is a comparatively mild affection, 
but as deadly if it is conveyed back to the horse or to 
man. (Glanders in man presents the same general symp- 
toms as in the horse, and need not be further described. 

Treatment of Glanders. The acute disease is fatal. 
The chronic form occasionally appears to recover, though 
more commonly the symptoms are covered up to reappear 
whenever the animalis put to hardwork. The treatment of 
elanders in all its forms and of acute farcy with open sores 
should be legally prohibited because of the danger to man 
as well as animals. 

For glanders the most successful agents have been ar- 
seniate of strychnia (5 grs.), bisulphite of soda (2 drs.), 
biniodide of copper (1 dr.), cantharides (5 grs.) with veg- 
etable tonics, sulphate of copper (6 drs. in mucilage), sul- 
phate of iron (4 drs.), chloride of barium, copaiva, 
cubebs, etc. Pure air and rich food are perhaps even 
more important. To the nose may be applied sulphur 
fumes, fumes of burning tar, carbolic acid solution in 
spray, etc. The enlarged glands may be treated with as- 
tringent solutions, and later with iodine injections, or may 
even be excised with the knife. 

Treatment of Chronic Farcy. Active local inflammation 
may demand purgatives (aloes), diuretics (iodide of potas- 
sium) with warm fomentations or astringent lotions, exer- 
cise and a soft non-stimulating diet. In the absence of 
such indication use the tonics advised for glanders, choos- 
ing in the order named. The corded lymphatics and un- 
broken farcy-buds may be blistered or rubbed with iodine 
or mercurial ointment. The raw sores should be treated 


AG The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, corrosive 
sublimate, chloride of zinc, or even the hot iron). Use 
iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the 
swelling, and feed liberally. | 

Prevention. 1. Destroy all glandered horses, and all 
with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. 
There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing 
of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected ani- 
mals should be secluded under veterinary supervision un- 
til they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The 
stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with 
which the diseased has come in contact should be thor- 
oughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men 
should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before 
leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far as possible 
from exhausting work, chronic wearing-out affections and 
above all impure and rebreathed air. 


VENEREAL DISEASE OF SOLIPEDS. 


This is a curious disease of unknown origin, existing in 
Arabia, North Africa and Continental Europe, bearing a 
strong resemblance in many points to Syphilis, and pro- 
pagated by copulation. JI name it here because of the 
probability of its importation with European or Arabian 
horses. | 

Symptoms. From one to ten days after copulation, or 
in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irri- 
tation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external organs 
of generation, (in stallions the penis may shrink) followed 
by unhealthy ulcers which appear in successive crops, of- 
ten with considerable interval. In mares these are near 
the clitoris, which is frequently erected, with switching 
and rubbing of the tail; in horses on the penis and sheath. 
In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturb- 
ance and the patients recover in a time varying from a 
fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local 
swelling increases by intermittent steps. The vulva is the 


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. AT 


seat of a deep violet congestion and extensive ulceration, 
pustules appear on. the perineum, tail and between the 
thighs, the lips of the vulva are parted, exposing the irreg- 
ular, nodular, puckered, ulcerated and lardaceous-looking 
mucous membrane, abortion ensues, with emaciation, lame- 
ness, paralysis and death after a wretched existence of five 
months to two years. In horses swelling of the sheath 
may be the only symptom for a year, then there may follow 
dark spots of extravasated blood, or swellings of the penis, 
the testicles may swell, a dropsical engorgement extends 
forward beneath the abdomen and chest, the lymphatic 
glands in different parts of the body may swell, pustules 
and ulcers appear on the skin, the eyes and nose run, a 
weakness and vacillating movement of the hind limbs 
gradually increases to paralysis, and in a period varying 
from three months to three years death puts an end to the 
suffering. 

It is needless to speak of treatment. Should this dis- 
ease ever reach America it ought to be stamped out at 
once as its insidious nature would enable it to spread to 
the great destruction of stock. 


TUBERCULOSIS. CONSUMPTION. PINING. 


This is a hereditary constitutional affection, character- 
ized by a specific deposit of cells, large and small, in a 
special network, but without blood-yessels. It is situated 
by preference in the groups of lymphatic glands, or in the 
microscopic gland-like tissue of the different organs, and 
may be seen in all stages from the simple redness and con- 
gestion in which the deposit is only commencing, through 
the solid grayish tubercle to the soft yellowish, cheese-like 
mass resulting from the softening of the latter. There are 
also the open cavities (vomice) resulting from their rup- 
ture and the discharge of the tuberculous matter, and 
chalky masses from the deposit of earthy salts within 
them. They may be no larger individually than a millet- 
seed (miliary tuberculosis), or in the chest of cattle one 


48 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


may measure a foot long and five or six inches in thickness. 
They are most common in cattle, especially heavy milkers, 
with long legs, narrow chest, attenuated neck and ears, 
and horns set near together. Sheep and swine with a 
corresponding conformation are next in order of lability, 
while horses, dogs and fowls are comparatively exempt. 
Oft-repeated experiment has shown that tubercle is com- 
municable to healthy animals by inoculation, or by eating 
the raw, diseased product, and that it is superinduced in 
any predisposed individual by setting up a local inflamma- 
tion. It has also been transmitted by the warm, fresh 
milk, but probably only when the disease has invaded the 
mammary glands; in many experiments, including those 
conducted by the author, the milk has proved harmless. 
Close, badly-aired buildings (as town cow-sheds) are among 
- the most prolific causes of the disease, as are also changes 
to a colder climate, to a cold, exposed locality, or from a 
dry to a low, damp, undrained region. Finally, any cause 
which tends to wear out the general health tends to tuber- 
culosis in a predisposed subject. 

Tubercles may be developed in any part of the body as 
the lungs, their serous covering, the membrane supporting 
the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the throat, the 
spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries, the kidneys, 
the bones, especially the ends of long bones, and in rare 
cases, the muscles and connective tissue. 

Symptoms vary according to the seat of the deposit, yet 
there is a constitutional condition common to all, and the 
lungs are almost always involved in the later stages, giving 
rise to a great similarity of symptoms. The disease may 
be acute but is usually chronic. The onset is insidious 
and easily overlooked, tubercles being often found in ani- 
mals killed in prime condition, and I have seen them in 
parturition fever, which is always attributed to plethora. 
There is some dullness, loss of vivacity, tenderness of the 
withers, back and loins, and of the walls of the chest, oc- 
casional dryness of the nose, heat of the horns and ears, 


Contagious and Epizootic Discases. A9 


want of pliancy in the skin, slightly increased tempera- 
ture (102°), weak, accelerated pulse, mawkish breath, stiff- 
ness of the limbs, wandering perhaps from one to another, 
slight, infrequent, dry cough, and blue, watery milk, often 
abundant but with cheesy matter, fat and sugar decreased 
and soda and potassa in excess. The lymphatic glands 
about the throat are often manifestly enlarged. Swellings 
of the joints may appear, or a murmur harsher than natu- 
ral may be heard over the lower end of the windpipe or in 
the chest. With deposits in the abdomen and especially in 
or near the ovaries of cows the desire for the male is often 
constant (bullers) though conception and the completion 
of gestation are usually impossible. Working oxen are 
easily overdone and become visibly emaciated from day to 
day. As the disease advances the eyes sink in their 
sockets and lose all animation, the skin is hidebound, 
harsh, dry and scurfy, the hair dull, dry and erect, the 
membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth of a pale, yellow, 
bloodless aspect, though often streaked with pink vessels, 
a whitish discharge often takes place from the nose, 
and with it an increased repulsiveness and often distinct 
foetor of the breath ; if the bowels are involved scouring is 
common, and if the bones, swelling and lameness increase. 
FEixhaustion with profuse perspiration and labored breath- 
ing occur on the slightest exertion, the appetite fails, tym- 
pany follows each meal, and the milk is at once poorer 
and lessened in quantity. The cough increases, becomes 
rattling, the discharge profuse, foetid, mixed with cheesy- 
like or chalky particles, crepitating, wheezing, gurgling 
and other abnormal noises are heard in the chest, and 
percussion shows dullness in particular parts with winc- 
ing. All of the symptoms become steadily aggravated 
and the animal usually perishes from the difficulty of re- 
Spiration or the profuse foetid diarrhea. In cases affect- 
ing the bones, the patient may be unable to stand and 
the bony prominences may make their way through the 
skin or even crumble under the pressure thrown upon 


5 


50 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


them. If the tubercle is deposited in liver, pancreas or 
kidneys, there are symptoms of disease of these respec- 
tive organs. 

Recoveries sometimes ensue in connection with healing © 
of vomicz or calcification of the tubercles in strong sub- 
jects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a 
fatal issue. 

Treatment. This is unsatisfactory as being rarely suc- 
cessful and even then in preserving an animal which is 
dangerous as a breeder for producing a progeny predis- 
posed to this disease, and for slaughter and dairy pur- 
poses as possibly conveying the malady to man. 

The most promising course is to secure dry, pure air, 
sunshine, a genial temperature, rich and easily digestible 
food, containing abundance of fat, (linseed, corn, beans, 
peas, potatoes,) a course of tonics, (linseed or cod-liver 
oil in small doses, sulphate of iron, hypophosphite of iron, 
quinia, gentian, etc.,) and antiseptics, (fumes of burning 
sulphur, bisulphite of soda, sulpho-carbolate of iron, ete.) 

Prevention. This would include drainage, shelter of 
pastures by trees, avoidance of changes to cold or damp 
localities, a warm, sunny location for farm buildings, suit- 
able feeding and watering, the prevention and cure of all 
debilitating, and especially chronic diseases, protection 
against overwork, or excessive secretion of milk on a 
stimulating but insufficiently nutritious diet, securing 
young, undeyeloped animals against breeding and milking 
at the same time, rejection of tuberculous subjects from 
breeding, the prompt removal of all such animals from 
pastures or buildings used for the healthy, and the thor- 
ough disinfection of all places where they have been kept. 

The flesh and milk of tuberculous animals are always to 
be viewed with suspicion, but this poison, like others, can 
be destroyed by the most thorough cooking. 


: 


CHAPTER IT. 
PARASITES. 


Parasites—their numbers. Tapeworms. Tzenia Coenurus. Ccoenurus Cer- 
ebralis and their effects, Staggers, Turnsick, Gid, Sturdy, Water-brain in 
calves and lambs. Tenia Echinococcus, Echinococcus Veterinorum (Hom- 
inis), Echinococcus disease. Tzenia Solium. Cysticercus Cellulosa, Para- 
sitic measles in swine. Tzenia Mediocanellata, Cysticercus Mediocanellata, 
Parasitic Measles in cattle. Tzenia Expansa, tapeworm in sheep and cattle. 
Lard Worm, Kidney Worm of hogs. Eustrongylus Gigas, Kidney Worm. 
Trichina Spiralis, Trichinosis. 


PARASITES. 


The domestic animals harbor no less than two hundred 
species of parasites which will be found treated in the au- 
thor’s larger work, but the limits of the present book will 
restrict us to a few of the more injurious. For convenience 
of reference most of these are noticed in connection with 
the organs (skin, bowels, liver, air-passages,) which they 
infest, and here we will only name such as having a more 
general diffusion through the body cannot well be referred 
to any one organ. 


TAPE-WORMS. 


These are flat-bodied worms made up of small segments 
joined end to end, and when full grown varying in length 
from one inch to one hundred feet. The narrow end ter- 
minates in a small globular head furnished with circular 
sucking discs, and a proboscis usually encircled by one or 
more rows of hooklets. From the other end the ripe seg- 
ments are continually detached and expelled from the 
body, and may be recognized ‘as little, white, flattened, 


52 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


oblong objects progressing over soil and vegetables by a 
worm-like movement, and depositing an endless number 
of microscopic eggs with which they are literally filled. 
Some tape-worms are estimated to lay as many as.25,000,- 
000 eggs. Taken with the food or water into the body of 
a suitable host these eggs open and set free an ovoid six- 
hooked embryo, which bores its way through the tissues 
until it reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural 
habitat of its species in the young or larval state and there 
encysts itself. It may survive indefinitely or even die in 
this situation or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous ani- 
mal it may develop in its bowels into a mature tape-worm 
and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately nearly 
all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into the body 
of a suiable animal in ee they can develop into the 
cystic form, or this peril escaped, because the first animal 
host is not devoured by the right species of animal in 
which the young cystic worm can grow into its mature 
tape-worm form. But from the enormous fecundity of 
these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that there may be 
scarcely any limit to their increase when the different ani- 
mals which form their hosts in the cystic and mature con- 
dition abound together in the same locality. 


STAGGERS. TURN-SICK. GID. STURDY.  WATER-BRAIN IN 
LAMBS AND CALVES. 


The Tenia Cenurus of the bowels of the dog, a tape- 
worm of one to three feet long, has its cystic form—Cenu- 
rus Cerebralis—in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and 
cattle, giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in 
character according to the exact site of the cyst. 

Symptoms. Great nervousness and fear without appar- 
ent cause, or dullness, stupor and aberration of the 
senses, and disorderly muscular movements. The sheep 
is found apart from the flock with red eyes, dilated pupils, 
blindness and unsteady gait, but with a tendency to move 
restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it neglects to 


Parasites. 53 


eat or drink and wastes daily. But, if well-fed and ex- 
citement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is 
situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns to that 
side, moving in a circle and making a beaten track. The 
limbs on the opposite side of the body act in a disorderly 
manner, being partially paralyzed. If there is one on 
each side of the brain, the sheep will turn to one side or 
the other, according to the relative activity of the para- 
sites at any given moment. When the cyst is directly in 
the median line, the sheep elevates its nose and advances 
in a straight line until stopped by some obstruction. 
When located in the back part of the brain, (cerebellum), 


Fig. 1. 


Fig. 1—Ccenurus Cerebralis. Showing the sac with its many heads (re- 
duced). Also a single head magnified. 
the host lifts its limbs in a jerking, uncertain manner, sets 
them down in a hesitating way, stumbles perpetually, falls 
and struggles for some time ineffectually in its efforts to 
rise. If situated in the spinal cord, difficult breathing and 
paralysis are marked symptoms. The disorders are often 
extreme at first, and afterwards undergo a temporary im- 
provement, the remissions and aggravations being proba- 
bly due to the varying activity of the parasite at different 
periods. Simple tumors, maintaining a steadily increasing 
pressure rarely give rise to such intermittent symptoms. 
The ccenurus mostly affects sheep under two years old 


“ 
“ 


54 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


and those that are out of condition. Yet the finest ani- 
mals, kept for show, will sometimes suffer. So it is in 
cattle, the young, weak and ill-thriven are the most ex- 
posed, but all may suffer. For the same reason, poor, 
damp and exposed. localities suffer more than the rich, 
dry and sheltered. 

Prevention. Destroy the dogs, or, if they must be kept, 
deny them sheep’s heads until cooked. Examine them at 
frequent intervals and expel all tape-worms by vermifuges, 
(oil of turpentine, male-fern, kousso, areca nut, etc.) 
Keep the young sheep at all times in good, thriving con- 
dition. Drain all wet pastures, shelter exposed ones. _ 

Treatment. In rare cases, spontaneous recovery may 
follow rupture of the cyst in connection with a blow on 
the head or a fall. Hogg passed a long knitting wire 
through the nose into the brain, and Youatt advises a 
small trocar for the same purpose. But the cyst is more 
easily punctured and extracted through the upper part of 
the skull. In advanced cases, the internal pressure of 
the cyst has sometimes caused absorption of the bones 
and the formation of a soft spot on the upper part of the 
skull. This should be laid open with a sharp lancet or 
penknife, just enough to introduce a trocar and cannula 
one-eighth inch in diameter, through which the lquid 
may escape slowly. The animal may be turned on 
its back to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so 
that no struggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied, 
a membrane will be found projecting through it, and 
should be slowly drawn out. ‘This is the parasitic cyst, 
and from its imner surface will be found projecting one 
hundred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, 
each representing the head of a tape-worm and being ca- 
pable of development into the mature parasite if swal- 
lowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a 


pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed 


in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a 
week. 


Parasites. 55 


If the bones are not softened the point to be perforated 
must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep 
turns to one side, open a little in front of the correspond- 
ing ear and about half an inch from the median line of 
the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straight 
forward without much terror or disorderly movement, open 
at the same level but in the median line. If there is awk- 
ward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry and 
stumbling, open in the median line further back. A flap 
of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large enough 
to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter (in an 
emergency a gimlet will do) with which the bone is to be 

_ perforated. After this the cannula and trochar 1s used as 
above advised. 

_ If more than one cyst should be present the operation 
may require repetition, and with care recoveries often 
ensue. 


ECHINOCOCCUS DISEASE. 


The Tenia Echinococcus, a tapeworm of the dog, not ex- 
Fig. 2. 


Fig. 3. 


Fig. 3—Portion of cyst and heads of Echinococcus. 


ceeding one inch in length, lives in its cystic form as 


56 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Echinococcus (FE. Hominis, E. Veterinorum), in the most 
varied internal organs of men and animals. As the cystic 
form of this parasite has the power of increasing its num- 
bers almost indefinitely, and growing into enormous mul- 
tilocular cysts, it becomes extremely injurious and even 
deadly to its brute, and, above all, to its human victims. 
One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been at- 
tributed to this parasite, and a fatal case in a child has re- 
cently come under my notice in Tompkins Co.,N. Y. Many 
of the cysts of water found in the liver and other internal 
organs of the domestic animals are specimens of echino- 
coccus, and that they are not more frequently fatal may be 
attributed largely to the shortness of the lives of animals 
raised for slaughter. They may inhabit almost any organ 
(liver, lungs, spleen, abdominal walls, kidneys, brain, eye, 
etc.,) and the symptoms will vary accordingly. 

Treatment. Spontaneous recovery may take place from 
death or rupture of the sac. Otherwise the true nature 
of these fluctuating tumors can rarely be recognized, but 
if they should, they may be punctured with a very fine 
needle-shaped nozzle, the liquid evacuated with a syringe, 
and compound tincture of iodine injected into the sae. 

Prevention. Destroy all superfluous dogs. Keep others 
from slaughter-houses and deny raw flesh and especially 
offal. THxamine frequently and if segments of tape-worm 
are passed, clear them away with vermifuges (see gid). 
Burn the dung of all dogs suffering from tape-worms, the 
contents of evacuated hydatids and all offal containing 
cysts. 


MEASLES IN SWINE. 


The bladder-worm of pork, (Cysticercus Cellulosa, Fig. 


Parasites. Da 


— 


5), is the immature form of a tape-worm of man, ( Tenia 
solium), and is only caused by pigs having access to hu- 


Fig. 5. 


Fig. 5—Cysticercus Cellulosa, magnified. 


man excrement, or to places near privies, etc., from which 
the segments of the human tape-worm may travel. The 
cysts, respectively about the size of a grain of barley, are 
found in the muscles, in the loose connective tissue be- 
tween them and under the skin, in the serous membranes, 
in the eye, under the tongue, in the brain, etc., of swine. 
They are also found in this undeveloped form in the mus- 
cles, brain, etc., of man, causing disease and death. To 
man the parasite is usually conveyed by eating under- 
done pork, or in the cystic form he receives it as the 
egg in his food (salads, etc.,) and water. 

Symptoms. In pigs the cysts can usually be seen under 
the tongue or in the eye. In man there are the general 
symptoms of intestinal worms and the passage of the ripe 
segments. Other symptoms may attend the presence of 
the cysts according to the organ which they invade. ‘Thus 
when passing into the muscles there are pains and stiffness 
resembling rheumatism, when into the brain, coma, stupor, 
imbecility, delirium, but when they have once become en- 
eysted they may continue thus indefinitely without further 
injury. 

Treatment. The cysts scattered through the body are 
beyond the reach of medicine. 

Prevention. Human beings harboring tape-worms should 
be compelled to take measures to expelthem. Their stools 
should be burned or treated with strong mineral acids. 
Swine should be kept far apart from all deposits of human 
excrement; no such manure should be used as a top-dress- 


58 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


ing on pastures open to swine, or on land (market gardens, 
orchards, etc.,) devoted to the raising of vegetables to be 
eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especially pork, even if 
salted and smoked, and underdone meat and sausages, 
also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habi- 
tations. 


MEASLES IN CATTLE. 


This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, 
especially young ones, of a cystic parasite two to four lines 
in length, ( Cysticercus Mediocanellata) which as a mature 
tape-worm (Tenia Mediocanellata) mhabits the human 


- 
> 
a7 8 
es 
o,;e 
= 
oF -. 
e5° 


Fig. 6—Head of Tzenia Mediocanellata, magnified. 


bowels. When the eggs were given experimentally to calves 
they caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks. 
Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and ter- 
minated in apparent recovery, the live cysts of course re- 
maining in the muscles and ready to develop into their 
adult form when eaten by man. 

Under prevention and treatment might be repeated what 
is stated under measles of swine, merely substituting the 
word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw 
beef ham is especially reprehensible. 


TAPE-WORM OF SHEEP AND CATTLE. 


Tena Kxpansa is the name of this worm, which causes 
great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Aus- 
tralia, Germany, ete. Its cystic form is unknown, there- 
fore we ean only check its increase by watching what 


Parasites. 59 


sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, 
expelling the worm by vermifuges (oil of turpentine in 
milk, male-fern, etc.,) and burning both it and the sheep’s 
droppings. 


LARD-WORM OF THE HOG. 
This worm (Stephanurus Dentatus) is from one to one and 
Hire. 


Tig. 7—Stephanurus Dentatus; a, male; d, female; c, head, magnified. Ver- 
rill. 


three-fourths inches long by one-thirteenth inch broad, 
and is found in almost all parts of the body of swine. It 


Fig. 8. 


Fig. 8—Eustrongylus Gigas. Cuvier. 


is frequent in the liver, kidney and the fat about the spare- 


60 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


rib, but has been found in the air-passages, the heart, the 
veins, the mesentery and elsewhere. In many cases no 
impairment of the health is observed. But irritation of 
important organs like the kidney or liver may lead to weak- 
ness of the hind parts, diarrhoea, or even blood-poisoning 
and sudden death. Jt seems not improbable that the at- 
tacks of this worm in the liver may produce a disorder 
which is confounded with Hog Cholera. Its presence in 
the kidney may sometimes be recognized by the existence 
of microscopic eggs in the urine. The same results from 
another worm—Lustrongylus Gigas. But without the ob- 
servation of such eggs weakness of the hind parts cannot 
be ascribed to the kidney-worm. 

Treatment is unsatisfactory. Small doses of salt and oil 
of turpentine may be given with no great hope of success. 
The favorite dose of arsenic only escapes killing the hog 
because he rejects it all by vomiting. If beneficial at all 
it must be in small doses, one-eighth to one-sixth grain, so 
that it may be taken up into the system. 

Prevention is to be sought by keeping the healthy and 
diseased apart, and especially by raising young pigs apart 
from the ground occupied by the old. 


TRICHINA SPIRALIS. 


This worm, which is capable of being reared in all the 
domestic animals, is especially common in man, the hog 


Fig. 9. 


Fig. 9—Adult Intestinal Trichina Spiralis, magnified. 


and the rat. Trichine are almost microscopic, vary- 


Parasites. 61 


ing from one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch in length, yet 
they are among the most deadly worms known. ‘The ma- 
ture and fertile worm lives in the intestines of animals, the 
immature in minute cystsinthe muscle. The latter can only 


Fig. 10. 


Fig. 1o—Muscle Trichina encysted, magnified. 


reach maturity and reproduce their kind when the animal 
which they infest is devoured by another and they are set 
free by the digestion of their cysts. When thus introduced 
into the bowels they grow and propagate their kind, giv- 
ing rise to much irritation for the first fortnight, diarrhea, 
enteritis or peritonitis. The symptoms caused by their bor- 
ing through the bowels and into the muscles last from the 
eighth to the fiftieth day. There are violent muscular 
pains like rheumatism but not affecting the joints, a stiff, - 
semiflexed condition of the limbs and sometimes swellings 
on the skin. In man the affection is often mistaken for 
rheumatism or typhoid fever, in the lower animals the 
symptoms are usually less marked but are the same in kind. 
There are loss of appetite, indisposition to move, pain 
when handled and stiffness behind. If the patient sur- 
vives six weeks recovery may be expected because the 
worms no longer irritate after becoming encysted in the 
muscle. 

Treatment. In the first six weeks, but especially for the 
first fortnight, use laxatives and vermifuges. Glycerine, 
benzine, Dwppel’s animal oil, chloroform, alcohol and pic- 
ric acid are fatal to them in about the order named. 

Prevention. Never eat underdone meat. Trichina sur- 


6 


62 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


vive 140° F. Hams thoroughly smoked are safe. Slghtly- 
smoked hams and those steeped in creosote or carbolic 
acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near 
slaughter-houses and especially should the waste of these 
places be forbidden them. Such hog-pens, indeed all pig- 
geries, should be kept scrupulously clean and clear of rats 
and mice. Thecarcasses of swine fed near slaughter-houses 
or where rats abound should be subjected to a thorough 
microscopic examination before passing into consumption. 
Whenever a case of trichinosis occurs in a human subject 
the pork should be traced to its source if possible, and the 
pigs reared in the same place killed and subjected to pro- 
longed boiling. The rats and mice should be eradicated | 
and the hog-pens and manure burned. 


CHAPTER OL 
DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 


Ergotism. Goitre. Rheumatism. Acute Anasarca. Purpura Heemor- 
rhagica. Anzemia. 


ERGOTISM. 


From time immemorial animals and men have suffered 
from eating the cereal grains which have been attacked 
with ergot. This was especially the case when agriculture 
was in its infancy, for then a damp, cloudy season would 
cause this affection to spread after the manner of a plague. 
The same holds still to a less extent, and in the New 
World as well as the Old. Not only the ergot but even the 
smut of maize will bring about untoward effects. These 
results may be divided into three categories according as 
the poison acts on the brain producing convulsions, paraly-- 
sis or profound lethargy ; on the womb tending to abortion ; 
or on the extremities causing dry gangrene. 

Symptoms of the Nervous Form. Unsteady gait, a great 
tendency to le down and to remain in a torpid state little 
conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre of hair 
or feathers, coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupils of the 
- eyes, and dullness of the special senses mark the early 
stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy 
without any active nervous excitement. Or paroxysms 
supervene, during which the special senses become more 
acute, the animal very excitable, and twitching of the mus- 
cles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse 
the patient. Then there is a relapse into the former stupor 
and drowsiness, with palsy of the hind limbs or knuckling 


64 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


forward at the fetlocks. Death may ensue in a few hours 
or days, or the affection may become chronic, the patient 
remaining with variable appetite, but gettmg no good of 
his food, with spasms of the pharynx, vomiting or diar- 
rhea. He usually passes off in a convulsion. 

Symptoms of the Abortion Form do not differ from those 
of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion). 

Symptoms of the Gangrenous Form. Nervous symptoms 
may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swell- 
ing, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually the 
hind feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears or roots 
of the horns. Lameness usually first draws attention to 
this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insen- 
sible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, hard or 
almost horny. The swelling, heat and tenderness persist 
higher up, but the lower part is dead including even the 
bone up to a given point. At this level a red, circular 
crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the 
living, and if the patient should survive long enough the 
whole gangrenous part drops off. 

Tt usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder but 
is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as 
well as the superficial parts and attacking the feet in pref- 
erence to the more exposed tail and ears. 

Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and 
the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, including 
plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from 
the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, gen- 
tian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) and 
antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or 
nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices containing 
camphor. 

Prevention. Ergoted hay, known by the black, spur-like 
growths out of the husks, should be withheld, or fed only 
in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. 
Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be 
protected to a large extent by sprinkling with a strong 


— 


Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 65 


solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, 
and drying with quicklime. Contaminated soil should be 
used for other crops. Drainage, and open sunshine are 
conducive to healthy growth. Hay from affected pastures 
must be cut early, before it has run to seed. 


GOITRE. 


This is a diseased enlargement of the thyroid body, sit- 
uated beneath the throat, and is common in animals and 
in man wherever the water is charged with the products 
of magnesian-limestone. Hence, its frequency on the 
lmestone formations of New York and Pennsylvania. 
Weakness, from any disease, poor feeding, abuse, over- 
work, etc., aggravates the affection. In solipeds there 
are two distinct swellings, one on each side, but in other 
animals and, above all, in swine, the swelling is single and 
in the median line. At first it is soft and even doughy, 
but afterwards it is firm, tense and resistant, and if cut into 
may even be gritty. In lambs it may form a great en- 
gorgement from the jaw to the breast-bone, and the whole 
produce of the year may be still-born or die soon after 
birth. 

Treatment. Give rain-water and use iodine freely, - 
both internally, on an empty stomach, and over the swell- 
ing. Persist in this for months. Weak solutions of iodine 
may be thrown into the tumor by a hypodermic syringe, 
or the nutrient blood-vessels may be tied. 

The destruction of lambs by goitre may be obviated by 
giving the ewes rain-water, good feeding and plenty of ex- 
ercise in the open air during the winter. 


RHEUMATISM. 


This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the 
fibrous structures of the body (muscles, tendons, joints, 
bursze, etc.,) and dependent on a constitutional predispo- 
sition transmitted from parent to offspring. It often 
shifts from place to place, rarely results in suppuration, 

6* 


66 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


and shows a great tendency to implicate fatally the valves 
and other fibrous structures of the heart. Besides the 
constitutional predisposition, it owes its development to 
accessory causes, such as cold and wet, cold draughts, and 
disorders, especially those of the digestive or respiratory 
organs which load the blood with abnormal and probably 
acid elements. 

Symptoms. Acute Form. Dullness, languor or indispo- 
sition to move is followed by extreme lameness in one or 
more limbs, and heat, swelling and tenderness of a joint, 
tendon or group of muscles. If this tenderness moves 
from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very charac- 
teristic. The swelling is at first soft and afterward hard 
and resistant; it may fluctuate from excess of synovia in a 
joint, but rarely from the formation of matter. With the 
onset of the inflammation comes active fever, with full, 
hard pulse, increased temperature, hot, clammy mouth, 
dry muzzle, hurried breathing, costiveness, and scanty, 
high-colored urine, sometimes with a neutral or even acid 
reaction. Cattle often remain down and refuse to rise. 
If the disease extends to the heart, the pulse has a sharp, 
often intermittent or irregular beat, and one or other of 
the heart sounds may be accompanied by a hissing or 
sighing murmur. (See diseases of the heart.) 

Chronc Form. ‘This resembles the acute, excepting that 
it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may 
even appear only on exposure, and disappear in the warm 
sunshine. It is hable to induce fibrous and even bony en- 
largements, and in cattle suppuration, especially about the 
joints, and in such cases the disease is more stable and 
less inclined to shift from place to place. 

Treatment. Give a laxative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, 
Epsom salts; pig or dog, castor oil,) with anodynes 
(opium) if pain is extreme, and follow up with alkalies 
(bicarbonate of potassa or soda; acetate of potassa or 
ammonia ; cream of tartar,) and diuretics (colchicum, mu- 
riate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Sudorifics (hot 


et Os ee 


Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 67 


room; warm clothing; rugs wrung out of boiling water 
closely applied to the skin and covered with dry; bags of 
dry grain, bran or sand; rubbing with hot smoothing-irons 
over a thin covering; hot air or steam baths; aconite; 
acetate of ammonia; guarana, etc.,) are in the highest de- 
gree beneficial. Some agents, like propylamine and muri- 
ate of iron, have been very serviceable in certain hands. 
Local treatment consists in the application of warmth, 
etc., as above indicated, and also blisters (strong aqua 
ammonia and olive oil) which may be applied several 
times a day and the inflammation followed up as it re- 
cedes from structure to structure. 


ACUTE ANASARCA. PURPURA H#MORRHAGICA. 


The affection to be described here 1s altogether different 
in its nature from the dropsies which result from obstruc- 
tion of veins, in phlebitis, or because of pressure by a dis- 
eased structure, as also from those dependent on suppres- 
sion of the secretion of urine, on heart-disease or a watery 
state of the blood with deficiency of blood globules. It is 
not at all inflammatory nor of the nature of malignant an- 
thrax as is generally assumed. It is exceedingly common 
after influenza and other affections of the respiratory organs, 
in ill-ventilated stables where animals are compelled to use 
rebreathed air, and in very open, cold barns where they 
- are liable to be chilled after being heated at work. Sud- 
den excessive lowering of temperature or exposure to cold 
rain or wind storms, especially when hot and perspiring, 
are efficient causes by reason of the sudden check to the 
secretions of the skin. The disease is much more fre- 
quent under the extreme vicissitudes of temperature of the 
Northern States than in the more equable climate of the 
British Isles. 

Symptoms. The disease is manifested abruptly by ap- 
pearance of tense, painful, rounded or diffuse swellings on 
the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the limbs, belly or 
indeed anywhere over the body. These tend to enlarge, 


68 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


to run together and to gravitate downwards into the limbs 
and the lower parts of the trunk, where they form extend- 
ed, tolerably smooth swellings, pitting on pressure and 
subsiding abruptly into the sound skin at their upper mar- 
gins. The membrane lining the nose usually shows dark 
blood spots and patches, ineffaceable by pressure, even at 
this early stage, sometimes indeed before any swelling of the 
skin, but always asthe disease advances. Siumnilarspotsmay 
be seen on the skins of white animals. The urine is usu- 
ally dense, thick, ammoniacal and often brownish-red. 
Shivering often marks the period of effusion but there is 
at first little change of pulse, temperature, breathing or 
appetite. As the swellings increase, the animal becomes 
unable to see, to eat, or even to move, almost, and breath- 
ing may be carried on only with the greatest difficulty, 
through the swollen and closed nostrils. Transverse 
cracks and yellowish liquid oozing, appear in the bends of 
the joints; little blisters with yellowish or bloody -con- 
tents rise, especially in the hollow of the heel behind the 
pastern, and, bursting, continue to discharge. Yellowish 
serum or dark blood may ooze from the general surface of 
the swelling ; patches of skin die, drop off and leave un- 
healthy, weak sores with a serous discharge; the exuda- 
tions may even soften the muscles, and loosen and detach 
the tendons from the bones leading to turning up of the 
toe or other distortions. Sometimes the superficial swell-- 
ings suddenly subside, and unless a critical diarrhoea or 
diuresis occurs, serous infiltration of some internal organ 
hike the lungs or bowels is apt to ensue, cutting off the pa- 
tient suddenly, with great oppression of breathing or vio- 
lent and persistent colicky pains, and, at times, a bloody 
foetid diarrhoea. 

The symptoms and dangers vary with the seat of the 
effusion. ‘The result is most favorable when this is under 
the skin, the main danger then being from suffocation, ex- 
tensive death and sloughing of skin, and softening and de- 
tachment of tendons and ligaments. Unless improvement 


Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 69 


is shown by the third or fourth day the disease will usuaily 
last over twelve or fourteen days, and the resulting sores 
even for months. 

Prevention. Keep in strong, vigorous health, and avoid 
the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate 
the malady. Drainage of damp localities is not without 
its mfluence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment in dis- 
eases of the respiratory organs, especially such as are at- 
tended with a low type of fever like influenza, and, above 
all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or exposing 
to inclement weather. 

Treatment. Give a mild laxative (olive oil, linseed oil, 
aloes,) and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, oil 
of turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully gradua- 
ted in amount to the strength of the patient, and use 
freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity of the 
blood (tincture of muriate of iron 1 dr., chlorate of potassa 
2 to 4 dr., bichromate of potassa 4 grain,) with bitter 
tonics (quinia, cascarilla, camomile,) and, if necessary to 
moderate suffering, anodynes (belladonna) or in very pros- 
trate conditions stimulants (alcohole liquors, oil of tur- 
pentine). Locally, the swellings should be often bathed 
with tepid lotions of tincture of muriate of iron, carbolic 
acid, or chloride of zinc diluted so as to be non-irritating. 
Astringent solutions should be assiduously employed 
about the head, and, if suffocation is threatened, tubes of 
sutta-percha may be inserted in the nostrils to keep them 
open. 'Tracheotomy is to be avoided if possible, together 
with scarifying of the swellings, because of the risk of un- 
healthy sores resulting. 

Modified Forms. 'The mild forms of this affection have 
been described as scarlatina, the distinction being based 
on the punctiform nature of the blood-staining, the sever- 
ity of the sore-throat and the more moderate exudation. 
But there is no contagion nor, indeed, anything that seems 
to warrant the distinction claimed. This form may be es- 
pecially benefited by poultices and counter-irritants to the 


70 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


throat, by the inhalation of warm water vapor, and by as- 
tringent electuaries (chlorate of potassa, 2 oz. ; vinegar, 2 
oz.; linseed meal, 5 oz. ; syrup, sufficient to form a pasty 
mass. Smear one-eighth of the mass on the back teeth 
twice a day). Otherwise, the treatment is the same as for 
purpura. 


ANAEMIA. 


This term is used to imply a deficiency of red globules 
in the blood, a result which may be determined by a vari- 
ety of causes described in other parts of this work. Among 
these may be named: profuse bleeding, excessive secretions 
from the udder, kidneys, bowels, ae. chronic diseases of 
digestion, or of the mesenteric plimdis feeding on aliment 
deficient in some essential element, on what has been grown 
on poor, sandy soils, restriction for a length of time to one 
kind of food, starvation, diseases of the jaws or teeth, 
damp, dark, badly-aired buildings, seclusion from sunlight, 
etc. Some cases, however, are not traceable to any defi- 
nite cause, and it appears that they set in and progress, in 
spite of ooad hygienic arrangements, and in the absence 
of any oben disease of saree 

Symptoms. Great and increasing paleness of the mu- 
cous membranes, and in white animals of the skin (paper 
skin); lack of fullness or roundness of the veins; slow, 
weak pulse; heart’s beat slow and heard with difficulty, 
but excited to palpitation when the patient is subjected to 
violent exertion; there is great lack of life and energ 
and hurried breathing, perspiration and fatigue are easily 
induced. As the blood becomes poorer all these symp- 
toms are aggravated, movement becomes unsteady, the 
hair or Lang is easily detached, appetite fails, the dung is 
passed in small quantities and very hard, aud a very deter 
urine, of a low density is secreted in excess. In the ad- 
vanced stages the pale, dull, sunken eye, the puffy appear- 
ance of the membrane of the eyelids, the dropsical swell- 
ings beneath the jaws or body or in the limbs, the inability 


Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases FE 


or disinclination to rise, the staggering gait, the hurried 
breathing becoming quick and wheezing on the least exer- 
tion, and the palpitations are highly characteristic. 
~ Towards the end the urine may pass involuntarily or diar- 
rhoea may supervene. Death sometimes occurs early, be- 
fore there is much emaciation, and horses will even die in 
harness. 3 

Prevention. Avoid everything calculated to reduce the 
system unduly. Severe depletive treatment of disease 
(bleeding, purging, diuretics,) should only be resorted to 
under necessity. Hard work, excessive yield of milk, etc., 
can only be warranted under a rich, abundant food, and in 
an animal of great powers of digestion and assimilation. 
Regularity in feeding, watermg and work are essential. 

The effect of a spare diet, even in idleness, must be 
careiully watched, as well as a long-continued feeding on 
one variety of plant. If evil effects are shown there 
should be a prompt change to natural hay or grass, con- 
sisting of a variety of plants grown on a dry soil, and a 
liberal supply of grain. 

In cases due to parasites or other removable cause, at- 
tention to these is manifestly the first step to prevention. 

Treatment. After removal of the causes, support by 
nourishing, easily-digested food in small bulk to avoid ex- 
hausting the powers of the stomach. Ground oats, barley, 
oil-cake, and a little natural hay may be especially men- 
tioned, though, for weak subjects, thick, well-boiled gruels 
and beef tea (even for herbivora) may be resorted to. 
Tonics are all-important (iron, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, 
cinchona, common salt, pepsin,) but should be given in 
small doses to the weaker subjects. Iron and gentian, 
given as tinctures, are especially useful. In extreme 
cases, health may be speedily revived by the transfusion 
of blood from a healthy animal. In all cases, the patient 
should be allowed rest in a dry, warm, well-aired place, 
and should have light, sunshine, and grooming. 


CHAPTER IV. 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 


General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination 
of these organs :—Auscultation, percussion. bleeding from the nose. Nasal 
Catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection of matter in the nasal sinuses. Ab- 
scess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches. Tumors in the 
nose. Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diphthe- 
ria. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis. Glander heaves. 
Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. 
Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro-pneu- 
monia. Broncho-pneumonia. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia. Hydro-thorax. 
Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas in the chest. Abscess of 
the intercostal spaces. Dropsy of the lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleu- 
ro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthmaindogs. Heaves. 
Broken-wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Hzemoptysis. Parasites in the 
upper air-passages. Grub in the head. Larva of Estrus Ovis. Pentasto- 
ma Tzenioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, 
etc. Lung-worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous 
bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine and birds. 


DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY CRGANS. 


These are of the first importance in domestic animals 
alike as regards their frequency and the mortality and 
other serious consequences they entail. In young horses 
especially they are far more common and more destructive 
than any other class of diseases. Among the general 
causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may 

e stated in brief: 1. The great extent of the respiratory 
surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet. 2. The ex- 
treme tenuity and delicacy of the membrane covering this 
surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting 
in the air cells, contrary to what exists on every other mu- 
cous surface in the body. 5. The extraordinary work to 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. fs 


which the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces and se- 
vere efforts made by the horse. 4. The close, impure air 
of the stable in contrast to the clear bracing air of the fields 
to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. The effect of 
the hot relaxing air of the stable is not only on the lungs 
directly but on the skin with which the lungs and all in- 
ternal organs so closely sympathize. 6. The heats and 
chills, and violent nervous excitement to which young 
horses are subjected in passing into training and work. 
7. The changes of locality, feeding and management to 
which young horses are subjected on leaving the breeder. 
8. The variable weather and sudden, extreme changes of 
spring and autumn. 9. The susceptibility which results 
from the want of habitude of bearing extreme heat and 
cold, and which tells especially at the above seasons. 10. 
The draughts of cold air to which animals are often sub- 
jected, and particularly when warm and perspiring. 11. 
The frequent exposure to cold drenching rains, night dews 
and the like, after the excitement and relaxation consequent 
ona hard day’s work. 12. The arrest of circulation through 
the lungs owing to imperfect eration of the blood when an 
animal out of condition is driven at a pace beyond his 
power of endurance. 

Modes of Physical Exploration of the Respiratory Organs. 
Auscultation and percussion are the most essential. The 
first is the application of the ear alone or with a stetho- 
scope to the surface over some part of the respiratory or- 
gans (nose, throat, windpipe, chest,) to listen to the natural 
sounds of breathing and to detect any unnatural change 
or absence of these sounds. The natural sounds must be 
studied on the healthy animal, and then the different mod- 
ifications followed on the diseased. In general terms there 
is a blowing sound to be heard in health over the nose, 
throat, windpipe, and between the upper and middle 
thirds of the chest. In the rest of the chest is a soft, rus- 
thng murmur which has been compared to the gentlest 
zephyr stirring dry leaves. Just behind the left elbow in 

7 


74 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


horses this murmur is absent and replaced by the sounds 


of the heart. Between the upper and middle thirds of the 
chest it mingles with the blowing sound anteriorly, but is 
unaccompanied by that over the few last ribs. Percussion 
consists in drawing out the resonance of any part by strik- 
ing it gentle taps with a hard object, the blows falling per- 
pendicularly to its surface, and of a force proportioned to 
the depth of the organ it is meant to sound. ‘Thus, for the 
surface, the gentlest taps with the tip of the finger are 
wanted, while for the centre of the chest in large animals, 
the closed fist may be advantageously used. For inter- 
mediate depths the four fingers and thumb may be brought 
together, in a straight line at their tips, and the surface 
tapped with this. When a cavity, enclosed by a hard 
bony surface, such as the nose, is being sounded, it is well 
enough to tap this direct, but if the surface is soft, as In 
the chest of fat and fleshy animals, a hard, solid body 
should be pressed firmly upon it and the taps delivered 
upon this. As the different parts of the right hand may 
be used for delivering the taps, so may the two middle fin- 
gers of the left hand be employed to compress the soft 
parts and receive them. The front of the fingers should 
be applied against the surface and the hard bony backs 
turned out to receive the taps. If percussion is made over 
a hollow space, like the nose or windpipe, the sound is 
drum-like ; if over an open, spongy tissue, like the lung, it 
is much loss so but still full and clear, but if over a solid 
body, like the thigh, it is dull, dead, or quite wanting in 
resonance. Behind the left elbow such dull sound is met 
with in the horse and, to a less extent, in cattle; and on 
the last ribs on the right side in cattle, sheep and pigs a 
similar dullness is found in accordance with the position 
of the liver. Any increase, diminution or loss of reso- 
nance over particular parts thus becomes of great value as 
indicating the healthy or unnatural state of the parts. 
But the observer must learn this matter by experience on 
the healthy and diseased. These hints are a thrown 
out to make what will follow intelligible. 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. ray 


BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. 

Bleeding from the nose is rather rare in animals, and 
usually results from disease or injury to the mucous mem- 
brane or to violent exertions in coughing, sneezing, draw- 
ing heavy loads uphill, or with a tight collar, and espe- 
cially in animals with a plethoric habit. 

Symptoms. Bleeding in drops (rarely in a stream) from 
one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without 
frothing or sour odor. Bleeding from the lungs comes 
from both nostrils, is bright-red, frothy and accompanied 
by a cough. Bleeding from the stomach also comes from 
both nostrils, and is black, clotted, sour, and attended by 
retching. 

Treatment. ie the head short up to a high rack or beam, 
cover head and neck with bags of ice or rugs wrung out of 
cold water, and blow matico powder or strong alum water 
in spray into the nose during inspiration. In obstinate 
cases, the nose may be plugged with pledgets of tow, tied 
with a soft cord by which they may be withdrawn when 
the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils must not be plugged 
in horses unless tracheotomy has first been performed. 
Internally, may be given gallic acid, acetate of lead, per- 
chloride of iron or ergot of rye. . 


NASAL CATARRH.- COLD IN THE HEAD. 

This results from the general causes above mentioned 
and from irritant gases, vapors, etc. 

Symptoms. Sneezing, redness and watering of the eyes, 
and redness of the membrane of the nose which is at first 
dry, afterwards discharges a clear watery fluid and finally a 
yeilowish-white muco-purulent matter. In mild cases 
there is little or no fever, in the more severe fever may 
run high. 

Treatment. In mild cases rest in a clear, airy, warm 
building with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is 
all that is necessary. In the more severe steam the nose 
as for strangles, and slightly charge the air with the fumes 


76 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


of burning sulphur, give warm water injections or even 
a mild laxative, (horse, ox or sheep, Glauber salts; dog or 
pig, castor oil), followed by refrigerant diuretics (nitre, 
acetate of potassa, etc.). If debility ensues feed well and 


Fig. 11: 


Fig. 11—Syphon for injecting the nose. 


sive tonics (gentian, etc.,) and stimulants (spirits of nitrous 
ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly 
checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent 
solution (sulphate of zinc 4 dr., glycerine 1 oz., tepid 
water 1 qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon haying one 
arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an 
angle of 45°, three and a half inches long and narrowing to 
half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into 
the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the 
centre of a piece of sole leather intended to prevent the 
return of the fiuid from the nose. The adaptation is 
perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought 
into a vertical position the liquid is poured into the long 
end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber 
and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such in- 
jections are usually sufficient. 


COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. 


This is common after severe colds in the horse; and as 
the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of 
injuries from the yoke, etc.; in sheep from grub in the 
head (larva of Gstrus Ovis) ; mm dogs and horses from the 
pentastomata, and in all animals aes diseases of the i 
back teeth. 

Symptoms. A more or less constant discharge from 


~I 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. ri 


the nose, foetid if long retained, and above all if from a dis- 
eased tooth, a dullness on percussion on that side of the 
face between the eyes or just beneath the eyes, and occa- 
sionally heat, tenderness and even swelling of these parts, 
especially below the eye. 

Treatment. ‘Trephine the bone to one side of the 
median line of the forehead, in the interval between the 
eyes, and again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge 
which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, 
at first with tepid water and finally with the injection 
recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites 
these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection 
of this kind will recover under injections for the nose 
and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, 
or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it will be 
recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by 
the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the 
tooth and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the 
fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth 
and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth 
must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, 
or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a 
trephine and the offending tooth driven out with a punch 
and mallet. But there is much danger of in?uring impor- 
tant vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly 
conversant with anatomy. 


ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL. 


This is common in young horses and appears as a slowly 
increasing, inactive, tense, round swelling in the outer 
part of the nostril. It is so firm as to feel solid but col- 
lapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from 
within the nose along its whole length and plugged with 
tow till the raw edges have skinned over. 


ABSCESS IN THE GUTTURAL POUCHES. 


These are two cavities situated above the throat and pe- 
7* 


78 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


culiar to solipeds. Each has a small opening at its ante- 
rior part through which any liquid within them can escape 
only when the head is depressed. Hence a collection of 
matter in these sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes 
and is discharged through the nose intermittently when 
the head is down drinking, or still more in grazing or nib- 
bling roots. The discharge comes from both nostrils and 
there may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many 
such cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the 
eround and treated with some of the tonics recommended 
for chronic catarrh or glanders. But should these fail the 
sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with 
a weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the 
most accurate knowledge of the parts to avoid the many 
important structures in the region. (See the authovr’s lar- 
ger work.) 


TUMORS IN THE NOSE. 


Tumors of almost every kind grow in the nose and must 
be removed by surgical means. 


MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE. 


This appears mainly in cold, damp, marshy situations 
where the vitality is impaired, or in unusual seasons. In 
the cold early summer of 1875 I met with it in cows 
in several marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are 
most subject to it and probably it is due to deleterious 
agents taken in with the food and water as well as to chills 
and exposure. 

Symptoms. A slight diarrhoea may be followed by cos- 
tiveness, the dung being black, firm and scanty. The 
hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is de- 
pressed, the roots of the horns and forehead hot, eyes 
sunken, red, watery, with turbidity in the interior and in- 
tolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with 
much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose and vagina 


bluish-red, pulse rapid, impulse of heart weak, breathing 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 79 


hurried, cough, urine scanty and high-colored and surface of 
the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours 
all the symptoms are aggravated, the nose discharges a 
slimy fiuid, the forehead is warmer, and duller on percus- 
sion, the mouth covered with dark-red blotches from which 
the cuticle soon peels off leaving raw sores, appetite is 
completely lost, dung and urine passed with much pain 
and straining and there is general stiffness and indisposi- 
tion to move. From the fourth to the sixth day ulcers 
appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place be- 
neath the jaws, chest and abdomen, and on the legs, the 
skin may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliva drivels 
from the mouth and a stinking diarrhcea succeeds the cos- 
tiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the 
tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of 
suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the Russian 
Catile Plague but is rarely contagious. 

Treatment. Clear out the bowels by a laxative (olive 
oul and laudanum), following this up by slightly stimulat- 
ing diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, iquor of acetate of 
ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, bichro- 
mate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). Wet cloths may be 
kept on the head, the mouth and nose sponged with very 
weak solutions of carbolic acid, and only soft mashes and 
sliced or pulped roots allowed. 


SORE-THROAT. 


This may be confined to the larynx or upper end of the 
windpipe (laryngitis), or the pharynx or membranous 
pouch through which air and food both pass at the back 
of the mouth (pharyngitis), or the whole may be involved 
(laryngo-pharyngitis). There are, besides, the sore-throats 
connected with specific diseases (croup, diphtheria, in- 
fluenza, strangles, distemper and purpura). 

The causes of simple sore-throat are the same as those 
of nasal catarrh. Bots in the throat may cause it in 
horses. 


80 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 
Symptoms. The nose is raised and protruded, the head — 
being carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than 
usual, and there is swelling of the throat or beneath the 
roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in laryngitis, and 
dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, loose and gur- 
sling in both diseases. With laryngitis there is much ten- — 
derness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh 
blowing sound which may become loose and rattling as 
the disease advances. With pharyngitis there is a little 
tenderness, but difficulty in swallowing, chewed morsels 
being often dropped again and water rejected through the 
nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy than in 
nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the act- 
ive fever usually subsides in great part. If there is much 
redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the 
case is likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with 
a painful, paroxysmal cough. 

In Chronic Sore-throat there may appear to be general 
good health, but a cough comes on in paroxysms when the 
patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry 
oats or dusty hay or undergoes active exertion. There are 
also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in 
the throat, and sometimes slight swelling. 

Treatment. Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. 
Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or 
tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in 
around the neck. Steam the nose as for strangles. Unless 
the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an influenza 
type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horse, aloes; ox 
and sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor oil ;) following 
up with nitre or acetate of potassa in the water, and ano- 
dynes as electuaries. Solid extract of belladonna 4 drs. ; 
tannic acid 1 dr.; bisulphite of soda 4 drs.; honey me 
syrup 5 oz.; mix. Dose—horse and ox a piece as large as 
a hickory nut; sheep one-fourth, dog one-tenth of this bulk, 
thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swal- 
lowed at leisure. 


vat 


: 
: 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 81 


In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and 
water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as soon 
as the bowels respond, and covered up for two hours, but, 
in the most severe, this may be preceded for a day or two _ 
by a linseed poultice. The diet throughout must be 
green, soft mashes or roots. 


CROUP. 


Especially seen in young animals (calves, lambs, foals,) 
in cold and damp or high exposed localities. The symp- 
toms are those of severe sore-throat (laryngitis) coming on 
very suddenly with hard croupy cough and dry wheezing 
breathing, worse at one time than another or heard only 
at particular times of the day (morning, night,) when 
spasms of the larynx come on. But the most characteris- 
tic symptom is the formation of albuminoid false mem- 
branes as white films or pellicles in the throat, and which 
are discharged in shreds on the second or third day. 
Fever runs very high, pulse ninety to one hundred, tem- 
perature 107°, and even higher. 

Treatment. Give a warm, well-aired building, with 
water-vapor set free in the atmosphere, if possible ; warm 
clothing, a laxative (sulphate of soda) with antispasmodic 
(laudanum, aconite, chloral-hydrate, lobelia); follow up 
with small doses of sulphate of soda, chlorate of potassa 
and antispasmodics, giving each dose in well-boiled linseed 
tea, slippery elm or marsh-mallow. Blister the neck ac- 
tively (mustard, with or without oil of turpentine,) and, if 
necessary, Swab out the throat with a solution of nitrate 
of silver ten grs., water one oz., applied by a small sponge 
immovyably tied on a piece of whalebone. In the worst 
cases suffocation must be obviated by opening the wind- 
pipe in the middle of the neck and inserting a tube to 
breathe through. In horses a ring must not be completely 
cut across, but a semicircular piece cut out of each of two 
adjacent ones. Sometimes stimulants (wine whey, car- 
bonate of ammonia,) and tonics (gentian, cinchona,) must 


be used to sustain the failing strength. 


82 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


CROUP OR ROUP IN FOWLS. 


Causes. Probably similar to those acting on quadru- 
peds. Exciting diet (wheat, buckwheat, oats,) seems at 
times injurious. Newly-arrived fowls are most lable to 
contract it, yet it does not seem contagious in the ordi- 
nary sense, but rather inherent in soil, locality or condi- 
tions of life. 

Symptoms. Dullness, sleepiness, neglect of food, ruffled 
feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a 
hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud crowing noise. On 
the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the 
throat appear yellowish white films (/alse membranes) 
firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores 
where these have been detached. The nostrils may be 
completely plugged with swelling and discharge so that 
breath can only be drawn through the open bill. The in- 
flammation may extend along the windpipe to the erial 
cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intestines. In 
the first case, death may take place from suffocation, and 
in the second, from diarrhcea, and as early as in twenty-four 
hours. Toward the end of an outbreak, the malady may 
last twenty days and still prove fatal. False membranes 
may form on other distant parts of the body, but espe- 
cially the comb, wattles, eye, or on accidental sores. 

Treatment. Disuse raw grain, and feed on vegetables, 
and puddings made of well-boiled oat, barley or Indian 
meal. Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlo- 
rate of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the 
false membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to 
the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion ad- 
vised for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, 
give a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all- 
important to change the run of the chickens for a time at 
least. 

DIPHTHERIA. 

This is seen in pigs and it is even claimed to occur in 
horses, but the false membranes in the latter animals 
rarely amount to more than thickened mucus. It appears 


Diseases of the Respuratory Organs. 83 


to be due to the locality rather than contagion. Close, 
filthy pens, and want of care have appeared injurious in 
some cases. 

Symptoms. Sudden illness, with sore-throat and ex- 
treme weakness and stiffness of back and loins. The pig 
moves slowly and crouchingly with raised head, open dry 
mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, livid tongue, and red swollen 
throat with grayish-white patches of false membranes. 
The eyes are dull and sunken and the appetite gone. In 
a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are in- 
volved, there is much swelling and threatened suffocation 
and shreds of false membrane are coughed up. The pa- 
tient remains down, sits on his haunches, or leans on the 
fence and usually perishes in a fit of coughing. 

Treatment. Must be early to succeed, hence, examine 
the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore-throat 
in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper 
jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely 
the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat 
as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased 
erowths in check. The bowels may be freely opened by 
a purgative (jalap) and twenty drops of tincture of the mu- 


_riate of iron, and ten grains nitre given thrice a day in a 


table-spoonful of cold water. Great attention must be 
given to the comfort and to secure soft, easily-digestible 
food for some time. 


CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES. 


This is a wheezing, whistling or hoarse rasping sound 
made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breath- 


ing and especially when excited. It is usually due to 


paralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side of 
the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in 
Such cases the noise is only made in drawing air in. But 
any obstruction in the large air tubes will give rise to 
roaring, heard most commonly in both inspiration and 
expiration. Thus palsy of the nostrils, fracture and de- 


84. The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


pression of the bones of the nose, tumors in the nose, 
throat, windpipe or bronchi, false membranes extending 
across the air passages, dropsical swelling about the 
throat, and in stallions undue accumulations of fat, may 
give rise to it. In the typical form with palsy of the 
laryngeal muscles the animal grunts (groans) when led up 
to a wall and a feint is made to strike him on the ribs. 
Tf galloped up a steep hill or over a newly-plowed field, 
or even for some distance on level ground, the roaring 
is strikingly brought out. The same holds good if made 
to draw a heavy load or one with the wheels dragged.. 

Treatment. In incipient cases with simple thickening 
of the mucous membrane, benefit may arise from swabbing 
out the larynx with nitrate of silver solution, as recom- 
mended for croup, or firmg the skin over the throat with 
a red-hot iron. But if the muscles are wasted and fatty 
these means will be fruitless, and we must look to mechan- 
ical or surgical measures for help. Pads attached to the 
nose-band of the bridle and so arranged that they will 
lie on the false nostrils and check somewhat the ingress of 
air will enable many roarers to do moderate work 
with comparative comfort. In the worst cases, in which 
the animal is rendered useless, tracheotomy may be per- 
formed and the animal made to breathe through a tube 
inserted in the middle of the neck. Or finally, the larynx 
may be laid open with the knife, and the flap of gristle 
(arytenoid), which is drawn in, valve-like, over the opening 
by the current of air, cut off. 

Some cases of roaring due to feeding on vetches, ( Lath- 
yrus Sativa or Cicera,) may be cured by changing the 
feed, and giving some doses of nux vomica. Others due 
to dropsical effusions appear intermittently and may be 
benefited by tonics and iodide of potassium, with hard, 
dry feeding and exercise. Tumors and other mechanical 
obstructions must be removed with the knife. 

Finally roaring is often hereditary in horses with a nar- 
row space between the jaws and thick short neck, with 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 85 


badly set on head, and such should be rejected for breed- 
ing purposes. 


BRONCHITIS. 


Inflammation of the large air tubes within the lungs. 
Jt may be looked upon as an extension downward of nasal 
catarrh or sore-throat and frequently supervenes on one 
or the other of these. Otherwise it owns the same gen- 
eral causes with these affections. It may also attend on 
influenza, strangles, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, dis- 
temper in dogs, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases of the 
lungs. 

Symptoms. In mild cases there are dullness, impaired ap- 
petite, hot dry mouth, red membrane of nose, accelerated. 
pulse and breathing, and a cough at first hard but becom- 
ing soft and rattling as discharge is established from the. 
nose. Such may recover in a few days without treatment. 
In severe cases there is dullness, inappetence, hot dry 
mouth, increased temperature, rapid pulse, labored breath- 
ing with loud blowing sounds over the lower end of the 
windpipe and behind the middle of the shoulder-blade. 
The cough is dry, hard, sonorous and painful (barking), 
often occurring in fits and seeming to come from the depth 
of the chest. Percussion detects no change of resonance 
at any part of the chest, as in pneumonia. The membrane 
of the nose has a dark red or violet hue, varying in pro- 
portion to the general implication of the bronchial tubes 
and especially the smaller ones, and there is drowsiness 
and drooping of the head in the same ratio. 

From the second to the fourth day a whitish discharge 
sets in from the nose, the cough becomes soft and rattling, 
the noise over the windpipe and behind the shoulder- 
blade less harsh and blowing, but with a shght rattle from 
bursting bubbles, and the symptoms of fever abate. From 
this time improvement dates, and recovery may be com- 
plete in two or three weeks. 


8 


86 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Solipeds stand obstinately throughout the disease, 
other animals may le. There is no tenderness on punch- 
ing the ribs, as in pleurisy. 

Treatment. Rest in a warm, dry, airy building, clothe 
warmly, bandage the limbs in cold weather and give warm 
sloppy mashes of wheat bran. A laxative is often useful 
but if there is weakness, small pulse, prostration or any 
yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, is to be rejected 
and warm water injections used in place to move the 
bowels. Give frequent diuretics (nitre, sweet spirits of 
nitre,) anodynes (belladonna, lobelia, aconite,) and expec- 
torants (liquor ammonia acetatis, oxymel of squill, guaia- 
cum, ipecacuanha, antimony). The nose should be fre- 
quently steamed, as if for strangles, and inhalations of sul- 
phur fumes mixed with the air, and not too strong, may 
be added. Mustard or other blisters should be applied to 
the sides of the chest, and repeated if any renewed access 
of disease seems to demand it. When fever has nearly 
subsided and there is left only a white discharge from the 
nose tonics should be used. (See those recommended for 
glanders. ) | 

When there is much prostration and weakness, stimu- 
lants (aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, wine, 
etc.,) may be required, even in the early stages. 


GLANDER HEAVES. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN HORSES. 


This arises from the same causes as the acute disease 
and often follows it. It is characterized by a frequent 
weak wheezing, husky, almost inaudible cough, often oc- 
curring in fits; a white discharge from the nose, with 
white flocculi, like buttermilk; great shortness of breath 
in exertion ; and a mucous rattle in the lungs. Percussion 
shows increased resonance over the lower and posterior 
borders of the lungs. The right side of the heart may be 
enlarged and easily felt beating behind the right elbow. 

Treatment is not very satisfactory in cases of old stand- 
ing. Feeding should be mainly of soft mashes, roots and 


, 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 87 


other laxative agents, but never bulky. Linseed, oat, bar- 
ley or corn meal may be given wet and hay replaced by 
corn-stalks or good fresh grass. Finally give tonics, 
mainly arsenite of strychnia, or sulphate of iron or copper 
and tannic acid. 


ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS IN HORSES. 


This is always the first stage of Pneumonia but may oc- 
cur in a sudden and fatal form from overexertion in fat 
or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An animal that has 
stood idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattened for 
sale, when taken out and driven or ridden at the top of his 
speed soon hangs heavily on the bit, slackens his speed, 
and if not stopped, staggers and falls; or the exertion is 


- passed through but the animal is seized when returned to 


the stable. He then stands with dilated nostrils, quick, 
labored, convulsive, wheezy breathing, extended head, 
staring bloodshot eyes, agonized expression, deep red or 
blue nasal membrane and rapid, weak pulse often almost 
imperceptible at the jaw. Auscultation detects a loud 
respiratory murmur and the finest possible crepitating 
sound. The heart is felt behind the left elbow beating 
tumultuously and the limbs are cold, though perspiration 
may break out at different parts of the body. I blood 
is drawn it flows in a dark, tarry-looking stream and the 
lungs after death might be compared to a dark-red jelly. _ 
Treatment. Remove girths, saddles and whatever may 
hamper breathing, turn the head to the wind, give dn act- 
ive stimulant (alcohol or alcoholic liquors, ammonia or 
any of its compounds, oil of turpentine, ether, sweet spir- 
its of nitre, ginger, pepper,) the first that comes to hand, 
in a full dose, following up with warm water injections and 
active hand rubbing. In extreme cases prompt relief may 
often be obtained by bleeding from the jugular, but this 
should not replace the measures already advised but 
should be added to them. An excellent resort when avail- 
able is to wrap from head to tail in rugs wrung out of hot 


88 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


water and cover thickly with dry ones, the limbs being 
meanwhile actively hand-rubbed to bring the blood to this 
part of the skin which the rug cannot reach. 

If the patient survives and does not at once entirely re- 
cover the case becomes one of pnewmonia. 


PNEUMONIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 


Causes. The same as in other acute diseases of the 
chest. Also the result of overexertion and acute conges- 
tion, or of parasites in the lung. 

Symptoms. Tf not followmg an acute congestion as 
above described there is shivering, more or less severe ac- 
cording to the gravity of the attack, and usually a dry 
cough. This is followed by hot skin, with increased tem- 
perature, quick but deep labored breathing and a full but 
oppressed rolling pulse, redness of the membranes of the 
eye, nose and mouth; the cough is deep as if from the 
depth of the chest but not so hard nor so painful as in bron- 
chitis. The horse always, and the ox, in bad cases, obstinate- 
ly stands with legs apart, elbows turned out, nose extended 
and usually approached to a door or window. In cattle expi- 
ration is generally accompanied by amoan. With the fever 
there is costiveness, high-colored, scanty urine, in cattle, 
heat of horns and ears and dryness of muzzle, and hide- 
bound. Auscultation detects a very fine crackling (crepi- 
tation) over the affected part of the lung or there may be 
an area of no sound encircled by a line of crepitation and 
beyond that by the normal murmur slightly increased. 
Or over the dull spot the blowing sounds from the larger 
tubes or the beating of the heart may be detected. Per- 
cussion causes flinching or even groaning when the affected 
part is reached; the space where sound was wanting in 
auscultation sounds dull and solid and the remainder of 
the chest retains its healthy resonance. There is no ten- 
derness on merely pinching the spaces between the ribs. 
By auscultation and percussion the increase or decrease 
of solidification (hepatization) of the lang may be followed 


ES 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 89 


from day to day excepting in the parts covered by the 
thick, muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and 
improvement can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish dis- 
charge from the nose comes on as the disease advances. 

Treatment. Give a pure, dry, airy box with windows 
or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of 
prevailing winds, clothe warmly, and flannel-bandage the 
limbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot 
rugs advised for congested lungs may be applied, and 
when removed let it be done a little at a time, and the 
part rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket. Ora 
mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the chest. 
Large injections of warm water and drinks of warm gruel 
may also be given. A laxative is often beneficial in the 
more active forms of the disease, but should be given cau- 
tiously as in bronchitis, and rejected when there is low 
fever, and much depression. Neutral salts (nitre, acetate 
of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) should be given with 
sedatives (belladonna, henbane, tincture of aconite, digi- 
talis or white hellebore ; in pigs and dogs, tartar emetic,) 
or if there is much prostration, or when the fever has in 
the main subsided, stimulant diuretics (sweet spirits of 
nitre, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) repeated three or four 
times a day. The sides should be blistered with a pulp 
of the best ground mustard in water, or Spanish flies, or 
in cattle and swine, mustard and turpentine, and the blis- 
ter may be repeated with advantage in protracted cases. 
When in severe cases the blister refuses to rise, the skin 
may be first warmed with rugs wrung out of boiling water 
and then the application of the blister made. Or a hot 
shovel held near the blistered surface may determine an 
active flow of blood to the skin and the rising of the blis- 
ter. When well risen the surface must be kept soft by 
sweet oil or fresh lard to favor healing. In chickens it is 
advised to open the bowels by a teaspoonful of castor-oil, 
and shake one-twelfth grain of tartar emetic on the tongue 
twice a day. If very weak or prostrate give a teaspoonful 
of sherry thrice a day. 


90 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


PLEURISY. INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE LINING THE 
CHEST AND COVERING THE LUNGS. 


This is common in all domestic animals and particularly 
in cold, exposed localities, which suffer at the same time 
from rheumatism. Otherwise it owns the general causes 
of chest disease. 

Symptoms. Shivering, followed by heat of the skin and 
even of the limbs, and partial sweats of the surface, un- 
easy movements, pawing and sometimes looking at the 
flanks, lymg down and rising. If one side of the chest 
only is involved that fore limb is often advanced in front 
of the other. The pulse is rapid, hard and incompressible, 
and the breathing highly characteristic. It is hurried, 
carried on chiefly by the abdominal muscles, and has the 
inspiration short and suddenly checked, while the expira- 
tion is slow and prolonged. ‘This character of the breath- 
ing may be well observed with the ear placed on the false 
nostril, on the windpipe or on the side of the chest. 
There is a prominent ridge on the abdomen from the outer 
angle of the hip bone to the lower ends of the last ribs. 
By handling the spaces between the ribs a point is 
reached which is exceedingly tender, the patient flinching 
and even groaning when it is touched. The ear applied 
to the same spot detects a soft, rubbing sound during the 
movements of inspiration and expiration. There is at 
first no other change in auscultation or percussion. The 
animal often changes his posture or place as if seeking 
an easier position, and emits a short, hacking, painful 
cough. There is much less redness of the nose than in 
pneumonia or bronchitis, less heat of the expired air and 
no nasal discharge. 

In twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in 
the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the 
catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the 
pulse becomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes 
away, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But 
soon the pulse loses its fullness, and gains in rapidity, 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. Of 


breathing becomes labored and attended with a lifting of 
the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the 
nose protruded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, 
and there may be signs of imminent suffocation. Auscul- 
tation detects no sound over the lower part of the chest up 
to a given horizontal line, and up to the same level there 
is dullness on percussion. This shows the extent of wa- 
tery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with a peculiar 
thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect of the 
chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls sud- 
denly to die. 

In other cases the effusion is re-absorbed and a good 
recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase but fails 
to be taken up and remains as a cause of short wind; it 
may even give off gases, in which case a gurgling sound 
may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of drops falling 
into a half-empty barrel, after the patient rises from the 
recumbent position. In other cases still there remain 
false membranes attaching the lung to the inner sides of 
the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole or in part, and in 
either case impairing respiration. 

Treatment. Give the same general care as in bronchitis 
and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as for 
congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse, aloes; ox 
and sheep, Glauber salts; swine and dogs, castor-oil,) 
_ following it up with neutr a salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, 
liquor of the acetate of ammonia,) in full doses, and ano- 
dynes (digitalis, aconite). These may be used in the 
fullest doses after effusion has taken place, and in weak 
_ subjects stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, ether, alcoholic 
liquids, tincture of gentian,) should be added. Iodide of 
_ potassium may also be given internally and tincture of 
iodine rubbed on the chest. 

In very severe cases, a large linseed poultice may be 
applied over the chest, or it may be shaven and subjected. 
to dry cupping, or an active blister may be applied as for 
pneumonia. 


o The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Tf there is extreme effusion threatening suffocation the 
liquid must be drawn off by a small cannula and trocar ~ 
(see Tympany) inserted at the anterior border and near 
the lower end of the ninth rib, the skin having first been 
drawn aside to form a valvular wound, and great care 
being taken to prevent the entrance of air. The liquid 
should be drawn off only in part at first to avoid shock, 
and the operation repeated in a day or two. It should be 
followed by tonics (sulphate of iron, tincture of gentian,) 
stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre) and diuretics (iodide of 
potassium). 


PLEURO-PNEUMONIA, BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA, AND BRONCHO- 
PLEURO-PNEUMONIA 


Are common complications of the three diseases, bronchitis, 
pneumoma and pleurisy and their respective symptoms 
and treatment may be inferred from the description of the 
uncomplicated affections. 


HYDROTHORAX. WATER IN THE CHEST. 


Beside the effusion of liquid into the cavity of the chest 
in pleurisy, dropsical effusions may take place into it in 
connection with weak, bloodless conditions, as in flukes in 
the liver, disease of the heart, enlarged bronchial lym- 
phatic glands and other morbid states. ‘The symptoms re- 
semble those of hydrothorax following pleurisy, only there 
is no fever, and there are the indications of those other 
diseases on which it is dependent. The treatment is es- 
sentially the same after the morbid condition which has 
caused the effusion has been removed. If that is incur- 
able neither can this be remedied. 


PNEUMOTHORAX. AIR OR GAS IN THE CHEST. 


This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained 
liquid has undergone some decomposition. More fre- 
quently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls 
of the chest with its edges pressed inward so that they ad- 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 93 


mit the air from without while the chest is dilating, but 
close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus 
entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung 
is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the 
lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from 
a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung even 
without any external wound. A little air escaping from 
the lung with each respiration the cavity soon becomes 
filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. 

Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduc- 
tion of air through an external wound, should such exist ; 
the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes ; the man- 
agement of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary principles ; 
and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle- 
like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and 
trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the 
wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the 
air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of 
the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off and 
a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three 
hundred water) thrown in, in small quantity. 


ABSCESS OF THE INTERCOSTAL SPACES. 


This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleu- 
risy, a diffuse swelling appearing at some part of the walls 
of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, 
softening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellow- 
ish or whitish matter. The patient should be well fed, 
and poultices or warm fomentations continuously applied 


_ to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it 
may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient 


by nourishing food, stimulants and tonics. 


DROPSY OF THE LUNG. 
This is mainly a result of valvular and other diseases of 
the heart. To percussion and auscultation it gives nearly — 
the same symptoms with pneumonia, but there is an entire 


94 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


absence of fever. The coexisting heart-disease also 
serves to reveal its true nature. Its cause being usually 
incurable, it terminates fatally in the majority of cases. 
Treatment must be altogether directed to the disease of 
the heart. 


APOPLEXY OF THE LUNG. 


In the lower animals extravasation of blood into the 
substance of the lung is usually the result of profound al- 
terations in that liquid as in Malignant Anthrax, Purpura 
Hemorrhagica, Typhoid Fever or Intestinal Fever. A por- 
tion of the lung tissue gives way and the blood escaping 
raises the membrane covering it (pleura) from a half to 
three inches above the natural level. The extravasation 
has the appearance of a fine jelly and often preserves the 
shape of the pulmonary lobules—a cone with the apex 
turned in. Being usually a complication of another dis- 
ease,treatment must be directed to that rather than the 
local lesion. 


PLEURODYNIA. 


This is a term applied to rheumatism of the muscles be- 
tween the ribs, which bears a strong resemblance to pleu- 
risy. It may be distinguished by the coexistence of rheu- 
matism in other parts and by the comparative absence of fe- 
ver, cough, rubbing sounds and effusion. Treat it like 
other forms of rheumatism. 


ASTHMA IN DOGS. 


A spasmodical affection of the circular muscular fibres 
of the bronchial tubes, occurring in paroxysms with irreg- 
ular intervals and associated with corpulence and disordered 
digestion, distended or ruptured air-cells, mucous dis- 
charges from the air-passages and dilatation of the right 
side of the heart. 

Causes. Usually in pet dogs pampered with highly sea- 
soned articles of food, in excessive quantity, and deprived 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 95 


of exercise. A change of food or temperature, a smart 
walk or run or indeed any exercise will bring it on. 

Symptoms. Oorpulence is a constant condition at the 
outset though the subject may be emaciated and worn out 
in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes frequent, 
hard and sonorous, with habitually labored breathing ag- 
erayated at intervals so as to threaten suffocation. Then 
the patient stands with open mouth, pendent tongue and 
staring eyeballs panting for breath and having his condi- 
tion rendered still more threatening by every change of 
position: or cause of excitement. The frequency and se- 
verity of the attacks serve as a means of estimating the 
danger of the patient. In the intervals between these 
paroxysms may be noticed signs of indigestion, in a varia- 
ble appetite, perhaps vomiting, a tumid tympanitic (bloated) 
abdomen, constipation and piles. The skin is dry, harsh 
and bald in patches, the teeth covered with tartar and the 
breath foetid. 

Treatment. 1. During a paroxysm. Cause to inhale 
ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium or 
of burning paper which has been steeped in a strong so- 
lution of nitre ; or one or two teaspoonfuls of laudanum 
with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an in- 
jection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of 
the stomach shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue. 

2. In the intervals between the paroxysms. Check any ex- 
isting bronchitis or pneumonia as advised in the earlier 
pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet of 
- oat meal or corn meal mush, with skim-milk or buttermilk. 
Exercise well but in no case for three hours after feeding. 
Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. Wash fre- 
_ quently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, and brush 
daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar emetic,) is 
_ beneficial, but in advanced stages and weak conditions, 
vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian,) will be demanded. 


96 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


HEAVES. BROKEN WIND. 


This is closely allied to asthma, but is more continuous 
in its symptoms, and less paroxysmal. 

Causes. Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucern and 
allied plants: on chaff, cut straw and other bulky and in- 
nutritious food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California 
where there is no long winter feeding on hay, and in our 
Territories where clover is not used, heaves is virtually 
unknown ; it has advanced westward just in proportion as 
clover hay has been introduced as the general fodder for 
horses, and it has disappeared in England and New En- 
eland in proportion as the soil has become clover sick and 
as other aliment had to be supplied. The worst condi- 
tions are when a horse is left in the stable for days and 
weeks eating clover hay, or even imperfectly cured, dusty 
hay of other kinds, to the extent of thirty pounds and up- 
wards daily, and is suddenly taken out and driven at a 
rapid pace. Violent exertions of any kind, and diseases 
of the lungs are also potent causes. It is mainly a disease 
of old horses but may attack the colt of two years old. 
Finally, horses with small chests are most lable and thus 
the disease proves hereditary. 

Symptoms. There is a double lift of the flank with each 
expiratory act, there being first a falling in of the abdom- 
inal walls and then, after a perceptible interval, a rising 
of the posterior part of the belly to complete the emptying 
of the chest; also a short, dry, weak, almost maudible 
cough, followed by a wheeze in the throat, and occurring 
in paroxysms when violently exercised, when brought 
from the stable into the cold air, or after a drink of cold 
water. The breathing is accompanied by a wheezing noise 
above all evident when the patient is excited by work, or 
when the ear is applied on the side of the chest. In- 
digestion is also a prominent symptom and manifested 
by a ravenous appetite, even for filthy litter, by the fre- 
quent passage of wind from the bowels, and often by 
swelling and drum-like resonance of the abdomen. When 


The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. IF 


starting on a journey the subjects pass dung very frequently 
at first and after traveling some distance may go much 
better. Their muscular systems are soft and flabby and 
they run down rapidly in active work. Frequent aggrava- 
tions of the symptoms may be seen in connection with 
overloaded stomach, costiveness, a hot close stable, a 
thick muggy atmosphere, or a very severe day’s work. 

The symptoms may be temporarily masked or hidden 
by restriction in diet, abstinence from water and the use 
of sedatives, but there remains an unnatural action of the 
nostrils, and a full drink of water, and above all a free _ 
supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms in 
all their intensity. 

Treatment. Turning out on natural pastures or feeding 
ecornstalks or other laxative food will relieve, and even — 
cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain with 
carrots, turnips, beets, or potatoes and a very limited 
supply of water will enable many broken-winded horses to 
do a fair amount of work in comfort. Hay should never be 
allowed except at night and then only a handful clean 
and sweet. The bowels must be kept easy by laxatives 
(sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well aired, and 
sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, stra- 
monium, lobelia,) used to relieve the oppression. If a 
white discharge from the nose coexists. tonics should be 
given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild-cherry bark 
may be added. Tar water as the exclusive drink is often 
useful and a course of carminatives (ginger, caraway, 
cardamoms, fennel, foenugrec,) may be added with advan- 
tage. But nerve tonics and above all arsenic in 5 grain 
doses daily, and continued for a month or two, are espe- 
cially valuable. 

No broken-winded horse should have food or water for 
from one to two hours before going to work. 


BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS. 


May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of 


98 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


excessive plethora, overexertion, disease of the heart or 
tuberculosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from 
the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with 
eoughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial 
tubes and cause death suddenly by stffocation without 
much escape by the nose. 


Treatment. When brought on by severe exertion per- 


fect rest and quiet will check. Keeping the head elevated, 
cold applied to the head and neck, iced drinks acidulated 
with vinegar or mineral acids, are useful. Opium benefits 
_ by checking the cough, and in obstinate cases acetate of 
lead, ergot of rye, matico, tincture of muriate of iron, or 
oul of turpentine may be given internally three times a 
day. temove costiveness with Glauber salts and keep in 
a cool airy place at rest for at least a fortnight. 


PARASITES IN THE UPPER AIR PASSAGES. 


The GRus IN THE Huan of Sheep is the larva of a small 
gadfly (distrus Ovis) which deposits the live embryo on the 


Fig. 12. Fig. 13. 


Fig. 12—(Estrus ovis, Clark. Fig. 13—Larva of ditto. 


margin of the nostril, whence it creeps up into the nasal si- 
nuses. It stays there during the winter and spring, often 
proving harmless but sometimes causing much irritation, 
redness of the nostrils, and a white, muco-purulent dis- 
charge, with dullness and stupor from sympathetic disease 


of the brain. To prevent the attacks of the fly the sheep | 


should be fed salt from two-inch augur holes bored in a 
log, the surface of which is smeared with tar, so that they 
get a dressing every time they partake. A less satis- 


maa 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 5 


factory method is to turn up a furrow in the pasture so 
that the sheep may push their noses into the ground when 
attacked. 

Treatment. Place in a warm building to tempt the 
larve from the sinuses and introduce snuff, solutions of 
salt, vinegar or tobacco, weak solutions of turpentine, etc., 
into the nose to kill them or cause their expulsion by sneez- 
ing. For such as remain in the sinuses the only success- 
ful treatment is to trephine the bones of the face between 
the front of the eye and the median line of the face, or 
just in front of the root of the horn should that be present. 
The sinus is then to be syringed out freely with tepid 
water until the parasites are washed out. 

The PENTASTOMA TENIOIDES is a species of acarus which 


Fig. 14. 


Fig. 14—Pentastoma Tzenioides, 


lives in the nasal sinuses of horses and dogs, and in the 
mesenteric glands of sheep and other herbivora. If pro- 
ductive of much irritation in the nose it must be expelled 
by a current of water after trephining the sinus. 


PARASITES IN THE LOWER AIR PASSAGES. 


The most common are the different forms of round 
worms which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, 
birds,) may assume the dimensions of a plague and cause 
enormous yearly losses to a country. 

The sheep, goat, dromedary and camel harbor two round 
worms in their air passages and lungs: the small Stron- 
gylus Filaria, a thread-like worm of one to three and one- 


100 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


half inches long, and S. /tufescens of considerably greater 
length. The cal/, horse, ass and mule have the Strongylus 
Micrurus of from one and one-half to three inches long. 
The pig, the Strongylus Elongatus of eight lines to one 
and one-half inches long. Finally the bird (hen, turkey, 
pheasant, black stork, magpie, hooded crow, green wood- 


Fig. 15. 


Fig. 15—Strongylus Filaria, male, enlarged, Thudicum. When adult, 
should be at least five times the length for this thickness. 
pecker, starling, swift, etc.,) have the Syngamus Trachealis, 
male one-eighth inch, and female one-half to five-eighths 
inch in length, always found united together, so that the 
male appears like a process from the neck of the female. 
The Strongyli in their mature condition inhabit the air 
passages within the lungs but they may be reproduced 
either in or out of the body. In the first mode the female 
worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts her- 
self and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, 
or she dies and the myriad eggs, hatching out amid the 
debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adja- 
cent air passages, grow to maturity and reproduce their 
kind. In the second mode the impregnated female worm 
is expelled by coughing, and perishes in water or in 
moist earth or on vegetables, and the eggs, escaping from 
her decomposing remains, may lie unhatched for months 
or even a year, or, in genial weather, may rapidly open 
and allow the escape of the almost microscopic embryo 
worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite 
length of time in the water, or moist soil, or on vegetables, 
and only begin to grow to their mature condition when 
taken in by a suitable host with food or water. This is 
true of those of the sheep, goat and camel, of that of the 
ox, horse and ass, and of that of the pig. Only those of 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 101 


the sheep, once introduced into the system, will maintain 
their place in the lungs for the whole lifetime of the host, 
though no more young worms should be taken in. That 
of the ox, etc., on the other hand, is more likely to be ex- 
pelled, and, therefore, often infests its host but for a lim- 
ited period. | 

The Syngamus of the bird has probably the same history 
out of the body, but this has not been so carefully studied. 

Within the chest the Strongyli live in the small terminal 
air passages In their young or embryo state, in the larger 
air tubes when mature, and in cysts in the lung substance 
when laying their eggs or when about to die that the eggs 
may be set free and hatched. In the air passages they 
give rise to bronchitis, in the lungs to pneumonia and 
deposits resembling tubercles but distinguishable under 
the microscope by the presence of the elliptical eggs and 
the embryo worms. 

The Syngamus of birds inhabits the air passages and 
gives rise to bronchitis. 

Tn all cases the parasites are most fatal to the young. 
Although old animals continue to harbor them they prove 
much less destructive and are often unsuspected. 


SYMPTOMS IN CALVES AND FOALS. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. 
HOOSE. HUSK. 


These are essentially those of bronchitis, with the dif- 
ference that the whole herd is affected and mucus 
coughed up, containing worms either singly or rolled up 
in bundles. There is at first only a shght rather husky 
cough repeated at irregular intervals. There follows dry 
staring coat, embarrassed breathing and advancing ema- 
ciation. Soon the cough becomes frequent, paroxysmal 
and suffocating, with expectoration of mucus and worms. 
Or the cough is soft, loose and wheezing, and the patient 
is weak, hide-bound, with sunken eyes and pale, thin or 
puffy membranes, dropsical swellings beneath the jaws, 
chest or belly, and no appetite; the sufferer may be found 


102 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


apart from its fellows in a corner or under a tree, covered 
with flies and sinking rapidly into extreme debility and 
death. Intestinal worms (in cattle, Strongylus Radiatus, 
Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Ascaris Lumbricoides, Teenie 
Expansa, etc., in foals, Sclerostomum Equinum, S. Tetra- 
canthum, Ascaris Megalocephala, Oxyuris Curvula, ete.,) 
usually coexist to a most injurious extent, causing diar- 
rhoea and other irregularities of the bowels. 

In the worst cases death may result ten or fifteen days 
after the onset, though more commonly it is delayed two 
or three months and recovery may take place. 

Prevention. In localities and countries to which the 
disease is new the parasites should be killed out by the 
continuous medical treatment of the diseased animals, or 
if necessary their destruction, and the separation of all 
horses, asses, mules and cattle, from the infested pasture 
or its vicinity and from any stream of water running 
through or close to it; as well as from all fodder, roots, 
grain, etc., grown on such land, for several years after. 
In infested localities calves and foals should never be 
pastured on land recently occupied by older stock of the 
same kind or allowed access to water used by such stock. 
Sheep, goats or pigs may be safely fed on such land. 
Avoid overstocking. Drain the land to clear off pools or 
wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested or sus- 
pected pastures while wet with dew and rain, and from 
clover and allied plants which by their moisture are lable 
to harbor the worm. Suspected beasts should be kept 
apart from the healthy and from healthy pastures until 
subjected to thorough and continuous treatment. The 
carcasses of the dead should be very deeply buried, or 
better, the lungs and windpipe removed and burned to 
ashes. All exposed animals should be well fed on a diet 
including dry grain, and should be allowed salt to lick at 
will, this being destructive to the young worms. 

Treatment. Feed liberally on linseed cake, rape cake, 
cotton cake, roots, maize, oats, beans or other sound nu- 


Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 103 


tritious diet to which may be added a mixture in equal 
parts of sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger, in proportion 
of four ounces to every ten calves of three months. To 
destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning, fasting, 
a tablespoonful of table salt or an equal amount of oil of 
turpentine shaken up with milk. For the lung parasites, 
place the affected animals in a close building and burn 
pinch after pinch of flowers of sulphur on a piece of pa- 
per laid on an iron shovel, until the air is as much charged 
with the fumes as they can bear without coughing vio- 
lently. The administrator must stay with them in the 
building to avoid accidents and keep up the application 
for half an hour at a time. It should be repeated several 
days in succession, and at intervals of a week for several 
weeks, so as to kill the young worms as they are hatched 
out in successive broods, and not until all cough and ex- 
citement of breathing have passed should the animal be 
considered as safe to mix with others or to go on a healthy 
pasture. 7 


SYMPTOMS IN SHEEP, GOAT AND CAMEL. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. 


These are the exact counterpart of those in the calf. 
There is a short, dry, sonorous cough, with a frothy dis- 
charge from the nose containing worms or their eggs, loss" 
of appetite, rapid wasting, diarrhoea, shedding or drying 
and flattening of the wool, excessive thirst and irregular 
or depraved appetite, there beimg a disposition to eat 
earth. In the advanced stages the cough becomes very 
harassing and death may ensue from suffocation. Intes- 
tinal parasites (Strongylus Contortus, S. Radiatus, S. Fili- 
colis, Sclerostomum Hypostomun, Tena Expansa, and per- 
haps Sclerostomum Duodenale,) are even more numerous 
and injurious than in calves. 

Prevention. All the measures advised for the disease in 
calves will apply equally well here, with this proviso, that 
the parasites only affect sheep, goat, dromedary and camel, 
so that they only must be kept apart, while infested past- 


104 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


ures may be safely grazed by cattle, horses, asses or 
mules. Nathusius obviated the attacks by keeping the 
early lambs in sheds and boxes until May, and the late 
ones until autumn, and by feeding in the same places on 
roots and hay in wet weather. Abundant dry feeding and 
a free access to salt are especially desirable. 

Treatment. This is precisely the same as for calves. 
The tonic mixture (iron, ginger and gentian,) may be giv- 
en to the extent of two ounces to every ten three months 
lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a teaspoonful 
each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk 
every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate 
precisely as for the calf. 


SYMPTOMS OF VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN PIGS. 


Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be 
harmless to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of 
Deguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as 
to cause bronchitis and death. 'The symptoms are essen- 
tially the same as in other animals—the coughing up of 
worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of the 
disease. 

Prevention and treatment are essentially the same as for 
lambs and calves. 


SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS. GAPES. 


Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently 
open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze and 
make efforts at swallowing. These movements become 
more constant and severe, breathing is oppressed and 
wheezing, and the litfle patients grow languid and dispir- 
ited, droop and die. It is especially prevalent on old-es- 
tablished farms with large flocks of fowls. 

Treatment. The worms may be partly removed by a 
feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or still 
better by a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine 
loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is 


oy econ a* 


- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 105 


passed into the opening seen in the middle of the tongue, 
pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned round 
several times and withdrawn, when a few worms will be 
found attached. It may be repeated at intervals and is 
still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped in oil, 
salt water, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, tobacco or 
sulphurous acid. The treatment is only partially success- 
ful as it fails to remove worms lodged in the bronchial 
tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision in the wind- 
pipe and extracted the worms with forceps, while Bartlett 
succeeds with turpentine smeared on the neck and which 


Fig. 16. 


Fig. 16—Syngamus Trachealis. Gape-worm, nat. size, and enlarged. 


is of course inhaled. A removal from the contaminated 
eround, the supply of pure water (boiled if necessary) and 
an abundance of nourishing diet are essential elements of 
treatment. 

Prevention. Burn all the worms extracted from the air 
passages. Keep fowis from ground and houses which are 
known to be infested; until they have been soaked ina 
strong solution of salt or with crude carbolic acid or pe- 
troleum. Suspected water must be withheld or boiled. 
Avoid all green food from an infested locality. The car- 
casses of the dead must be burned. Young fowls may be 
raised safely indoors on the worst infested farms. 


CHAPTER V. 
DISEASES OF THE HEART. 


Frequency in different animals. General symptoms. Palpitation, thumps. 
Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wast- 
ing, atrophy. Dilatation. Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart-sac. En- 
docarditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, in- 
fammation of the structure of the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. 
Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumors and parasites of the heart. Rupt- 
are of the heart. 


These are much more common in domestic animals than 
is generally supposed. Though protected in animals from 
the strain consequent on the upright position of man and 
excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe 
physical exertions of dogs and horses and in all animals 
from its contiguity to diseased lungs and pleurze, from the 
increased force necessary to propel the blood through the 
lungs or general circulation when disease offers mechan- 
ical obstructions, and above all from the settling of rheu- 
matism on its valves and other fibrous textures. Dairy 
cows suffer greatly from pins, needles and other sharp- 
pointed bodies swallowed with the food and afterward di- 
rected toward the heart by its movements. High-bred 
oxen, sheep, pigs and even pampered horses are very sub- 
ject to fatty degeneration of the muscular substance of the 
heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities. 


GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART-DISEASE. 


1. The pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set 
lown as follows per minute :—horse 36 to 46; ox 38 to 42, 
or in a hot building or with full paunch, 70; sheep, goat 


Diseases of the Heart. 107 


and pig 70 to 80; dog 80 to 100; cat 120 to 140; goose 
110; pigeon 136; chicken 140. Im old age it may be five 
less in large quadrupeds and twenty or thirty in small 
ones. Youth and small size imply a greater rapidity: 
The new-borr feal has a pulse three times as frequent as 
the horse, the six-months colt double and the two-year 
old one and a quarter. It is increased by hot, close build- 
ings, exertion, fear, a nervous temperament and pregnancy. 
In large quadrupeds there is a monthly increase of four to 
five beats per minute after the sixth month. Independently 
of such conditions a rapid pulse implies fever, inflamma- 
tion or debility.1. The force of the pulse varies in the dif- 
ferent species in health, thus it is full and moderately tense 
in the horse; smaller and harder in the ass and mule; 
full, soft and rolling in the ox; small and quick in sheep; 
firm and hard in swine; and firm and with a sharp (quick) 
beat in dogs and cats. Jn disease it may become more /re- 
quent, slow, quick (with sharp impulse), tardy (with slow, 
rolling movement), full, strong, weak, small (when thread- 
like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensation), 
soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery is full 
and tense but the impulse jerking and difficult as if the 
flow were obstructed), jerking and receding (when with 
empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forward at each beat), 
intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular intervals), 
unequal (when some beats are strong and others weak), i- 
regular (when without any distinct intermission for a pe- 
riod equal to an entire beat the intervals between success- 
ive beats vary in length). Beside these a peculiar thriil 
is usually felt with each beat in very weak, bloodless 
states. 


1 The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a super- 
ficial bone: thus on the cord felt running across the border of the lower jaw 
just in front-of its curved portion: beneath the bony ridge which extends up- 
ward from the eye: in horses inside the elbow: in cattle over the middle of 
the first rib or beneath the tail: in dogs in a groove running down the inner 
side of the thigh, 


108 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal and irregular 
pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. The 
jerking pulse is associated with disease of the valves at 
the commencement of the great aorta which carries blood 
from the left side of the heart, and is accompanied by a 
hissing or sighing noise with the second heart sound. 
The intermittent pulse implies functional derangement of 


the heart but not necessarily disease of structure. The 


unequal and irregular pulse is met in cases of fatty degen- 
eration, disease of the valves on the left side, cardiac dila- 
tation, ete. <A retarded pulse in which the beat of heart 
and pulse follow each other with a perceptible interval 
implies imperfect closure of the valves at the commence- 
ment of the aorta, or an aneurism on the aorta. A venous 
pulse seen in the jugular veins in the furrow near the 
lower border of the neck attends imperfect valves between 
the auricle and ventricle on the right side of the heart, or 
congested lungs but may exist in health. 

Palpation. The application of the hand over the chest 
behind the left elbow will detect any violent and tumultu- 
ous beating, irregularity in the force of successive beats, etc. 

Ausculiation. The ear applied to the same part will 
detect a slight rubbing sound with each heart-beat in the 
early stages of pericarditis. It will also detect any mod- 
ification of the heart sounds. In health each beat of the 
heart is characterized by two distinct successive sounds, 
the first somewhat dull and prolonged, the second short, 
sharp and abrupt. The first sound is simultaneous with 
the contraction and emptying of the ventricles, the closure 
of the valves between the ventricles and auricles and the 
flow of blood into the arteries. The second corresponds 
to the completion of these acts, the recoil of blood in the 
arteries and the closure of the valves between them and 
the heart. The following table will show the significance 
of the various superadded sounds (blowing, sighing, purr- 


ing or hissing murmurs,) to any one who will acquaint . 


himself with the course of blood through the heart : 


iii din: ie AA ok 


Diseases of the Heart. ee: 


BLOWING. HEART SOUNDS. 


Narrowing of the 
auriculo - ventricular 
orifice. Clots or 
growths on _ the 
valves. 


Strongest toward the base of { Narrowing of the 


Blowing murmur 
before the first 
sound. 


the heart. Heard along the, opening of the aorta. 

large arteries. 
Blowing murmur : 
with the first sound. 


{ Narrowing of the 

Strongest toward the left of | pulmonary artery, or 

the heart. Not heard over the, imperfect action of 

great arteries. the auriculo-ventric- 
ular valves. 


Blowing murmur Double rushing sound heard { Imperfect action 


with the second< over the great arteries at each of the valves at the 
sound. heart beat. opening of the aorta. 

Blowing murmur ¢ Double rushing sound in the Aneurism (dilata- 
after the secon arteries with each beat of the4 ton) of the aorta. 
sound. heart. 


Besides these the second sound may be doubled in hy- 
pertrophy of one ventricle of the heart. 

The sounds are like whispered who, awe, ss, or r, very 
low but exceedingly characteristic. 

Other Symptoms. Besides the fever attendant on in- 
flammatory affections there are characteristic phenomena 
present in the chronic form of heart-disease. These are 
shown at rest or only developed under exercise. There are 
habitually cold extremities, dropsies in the limbs, and be- 
neath and within the chest and abdomen, difficult breath- 
ing especially during exertion, unsteady gait when hurried, 
vertigo, partial paralysis or cramps of the imbs. In most 
cases there is sluggishness, dullness and a tendency to lay 
on fat. Patients may be lively when at rest, but flag at 
work and are lable to sudden fainting or death. 


PALPITATION. THUMPS. 


This is sudden violent convulsive beating of the heart 
not connected with structural disease. Palpitations also 
accompany most acute diseases of the heart. The func- 
tional disorder comes on very abruptly, usually under 


10 


110 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


——.-. 


some excitement, has perfect intermissions, is manifested 
by abrupt knocking and visible jerking of the abdomen 
with the heart-beats, by regularity in force and intervals 
of successive beats, and by the absence of redness of the 
mucous membranes, abnormal sounds of the heart and 
dropsy of the limbs. If connected with structural heart 
- disease it comes on more slowly, is constant though ag- 
gravated at intervals, with a heavy, prolonged or irregular 
and unequal impulse of the heart, with red mucous mem- 
branes and dropsy of the imbs. The first form is bene- 
fited by gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics, the latter 
ageravated by them. Some excitable horses and dogs 
suffer under any cause of fear, and pigs as a result of 
many acute diseases, (inflammations, intestinal worms, etc.) 

Treatment. Quiet, avoidance of all excitement, and 
sedatives (digitalis) thrice a day will usually arrest. Then 
the weak excitable condition should be overcome by exer- 
cise, tonics and substantial feeding. In structural dis- 
eases these must be attended to as well. 


DISPLACEMENTS OF THE HEART. 


These are not very infrequent in the newly-born, the 
heart being sometimes lodged altogether out of the chest. 
There is no remedy. 


COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE TWO AURICLES. CYANOSIS. 


This is the natural condition before birth, but some- 
times the directing of the blood through the lungs fails to 
secure its closure, or some obstruction to the circulation 
in these organs (tuberculosis, congestion, etc.,) leads to 
its reopening and the arterial and venous blood mix. The 
blood being equally unfit for nutrition and the mainte- 
nance of animal heat, there is surface coldness, staring 
coat, puny growth, blue mucous membranes, and op- 
pressed breathing and irregular heart’s action when sub- 
jected to exertion. A murmur usually precedes the first 
heart sound. The subjects die young or prove worthless 


Diseases of the Heart. TEL 
when mature. Nothing can be done to remedy unless the 
disease is due to some remediable affection of the lungs. 


ENLARGEMENT (HYPERTROPHY) OF THE HEART. 


This is a simple increase of the muscular substance and 
may be confined to one side of the heart or to one ventvri- 
cle. It is usually caused by some obstruction to the cir- 
culation through the arteries, or in horses or dogs by ha- 
bitual violent work. . 

Symptoms. The heart’s beats are more forcible and 
prolonged and the interval of silence shortened ; the pulse 
is full and rolling; the first sound is low, muffled and pro- 
longed, the second sound unnaturally loud, and sometimes 
repeated if one ventricle only is affected ; the heart sounds 
may be heard over an unusually large area, the lungs be- 
ing sound, and the dullness on percussion is equally ex- 
tended. ‘The pulse is usually regular and if excited to ir- 
regularity or intermission soon returns to its normal stand- 
ard if the patient is left at rest. 

Pure hypertrophy rarely implies imminent danger and 
many hard-worked horses survive to an old age with 
greatly enlarged hearts. But if associated with dilatation, 
impaired strength, livid mucous membranes, blowing mur- 
murs with the first heart sound, and paroxysms of diffi- 
cult breathing it may prove fatal at any time. 

Treatment. If possible remove the obstacle to the cir- 
culation. Then adopt a restricted, gently laxative diet, 
perfect rest in fattening animals or only light work in 
horses, and the daily use of digitalis or aconite, unless 
there is extreme dilatation. Arsenic is also given with 
benefit, but in advanced cases, or those due to irremedi- 
able obstruction, no treatment is of any avail. 


WASTING (ATROPHY) OF THE HEART. 


This is much less frequent than hypertrophy. It may 
be due to compression of the heart and its nutrient vessels 
by effusion into the pericardium, or the formation of false 


1 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


membranes, or it may coexist with a general wasting and 
imperfect nutrition of the body. 

The Symptoms are the opposite of those of hypertrophy. 
There are the general signs of chronic heart-disease, but 
percussion which gives satisfactory results only over the 
breast-bone and in carnivora gives almost the sole reliable 
symptom—a decreased area of dullness. Little can be 
done to relieve, and that little directed to the removal of 
its causes. By keeping fattening animals quiet they may 
be preserved for slaughter. 


DILATATION OF THE HEART. 


This like hypertrophy usually results from some ob- 
struction to the circulation, but especially from a sudden 
extreme obstruction, whereas hypertrophy results from a 
slowly increasing obstacle. It is also exceedingly common 
in cases of fatty degeneration in overfed stock (cattle, 
sheep, pigs). 

Symptoms. Loss of appetite, spirit and endurance, 
faintness and difficulty of breathing on the shghtest exer- 
tion, habitual coldness of the limbs, dropsy, unsteady 
gait, venous pulse, palpitations, weak tremulous heart — 
impulse, murmur with the first sound, small weak irregu- 
ular and often intermittent pulse, and lividity of the 
membrane of the nose. 

Treatment. Unless the causes can be put a stop to in 
the early stages no treatment will be satisfactory. Ar- 
Senic is sometimes useful in horses. Fattening animals 
should be kept very quiet and their progress hastened if 
possible. 


PERICARDITIS. 


This is inflammation of the fibrous covering of the 
heart and its reflection on the pleure, and is due to similar 
causes with diseases of the lungs. It is also induced by 
influenza, pleuro-pneumonia, rheumatism, and wounds 
with sharp-pointed bodies (pins, needles, nails, broken 
ribs, etc.) 


Diseases of the Heart. 13 


Symptoms. General fever, staring coat, hot dry mouth 
(muzzle, snout,) dilated nostrils, excited, difficult breath- 
ing, double lifting of the flank with each expiration, the 
formation of a ridge on the abdomen as in pleurisy, ten- 
derness when pinched or percussed behind the left elbow 
(in ruminants and small quadrupeds over the breast-bone), 
a rubbing sound with each beat of the heart and the im- 
pulse of the heart strong. Soon, effusion takes place, the 
rubbing sound is lost, the impulse of the heart and its 
sounds are weakened and the area of dullness in percussion 
is increased. This dullness does not maintain a horizontal 
line along the chest as in hydrothorax, but is like an in- 
verted cone and changes its position with a change of pos- 
ture which is easily effected in small animals. Difficulty 
and oppression of breathing, protruded nose, staring eye- 
balls, pinched, haggard countenance, venous pulse and 
obstinate standing mark the advanced stages. Dropsies 
of the limbs and other dependent parts are also frequent. 
A painful cough is sometimes though not constantly pres- 
ent throughout the disease. Death may ensue in five 
days to three weeks, or the disease may become chronic 
or end in recovery. 

The chronic form is seen in the ox without any preced- 
ing acute attack. There is slight fever, oppressed breath- 
ing aggravated by exertion, weak, irregular, intermittent 
pulse, distant heart sounds, absence of respiratory mur- 
mur, dullness on percussion over an increased, cone-like 
area behind the left elbow, venous pulse and general 
dropsy. 

Treatment. In the preliminary shivering, treat as for 
congested lungs. Later, bleeding may sometimes be ben- 
eficial in strong subjects by relieving extreme difficulty of 
breathing and high nervous excitement. Usually it would 
be injurious. Give a purgative (horse, aloes; ox and 
sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor-oil,) foment the 
walls of the chest and envelop in a large mustard poultice 
until the skin is well thickened, moderate the heart’s ac- 


10* 


114 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 
tion by digitalis four times a day and follow the action of 
the purgative by diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) 
Ointment or tincture of iodine may be applied to the walls 
of the chest. In cases of extreme danger from effusion 
the liquid should be drawn off with cannula and trocar 
or needle-like tube, as in hydrothorax, the puncture in the 
horse or ox being made between the cartilages of the fifth 
and sixth ribs. 

In case of rheumatic complication use alkalies, colchi- 
cum, acetate of potassa and other agents advised for rheu- 
matism. 


ENDOCARDITIS. 


Inflammation of the serous membrane lining the cham- 
bers and covering the valves of the heart. 

Causes. Inflammation of the valves in connection with 
undue strain in severe exertions or obstructions to the flow 
_ of blood, the rheumatic constitution or certain other un- 
healthy states of the blood. 

Symptoms. The general symptoms resemble those of 
pericarditis. There are besides, violent but unequal im- 
pulse of the heart against the left side, accompanied by a 
metallic tinkling, a blowing murmur with the first, or even 
the second sound, as soon as the contraction of the valves, 
or the clots formed on them, render them insufficient to 
close the orifices, and, if the disease exists on the right 
side of the heart, venous pulse, general venous congestion 
and dropsical swellings. The pulse, at first strong and 
sharp, becomes weak with the imperfection of the valves, 
in marked contrast with the continued strong impulse of 
the heart. The patient may perish from obstruction to 
the heart’s action by clots on the valves, or from such 
clots carried on with the circulation and blocking arteries 
at a distance; or diseases of other organs may supervene 
from the latter cause, or a recovery may take place with 
or without permanent alterations which render the valves 
unable to close their respective orifices. 


Se Eee et 


Diseases of the Heart. 115 


Treatment is in the main the same as for pericarditis, 


_rest, laxatives, sedatives and blisters being mainly relied 


upon. As there is less danger from effusion diuretics need 
not be pushed to the same extent. In rheumatic cases, 
adopt antirheumatic treatment, and in case of clots on 
the valves use iodide of potassium and alkalies. 


CARDITIS. 


Inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart 
ean only take place to a limited extent in connection 
with endocarditis and pericarditis, or with punctures from 
sharp bodies and the ike. Were the entire organ involved 
death would be prompt. The symptoms are those of acute 
heart-disease generally, modified by the exact seat of the 
injury, and treatment need not differ materially from that 


adapted to the two diseases just described. 


CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE. 


With the general symptoms of chronic heart-disease, 
there are blowing murmurs as described in the table under 
auscultation of the heart. This is a very common result of 
endocarditis and is irremediable. Yet affected cattle, 
sheep and pigs may often be prepared for the butcher by 
liberal feeding and perfect quiet. 


FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. 


This is most frequent in high-bred stock (Shorthorns, 
Berkshire and Essex pigs, Leicester and Southdown 
sheep,) but may exist in any pampered animal. Some- 
times it is complicated by degeneration of the entire 
muscular system, especially in pigs. There are the gen- 
eral phenomena of chronic heart-disease and dilatation, and 
the condition is irremediable, though it rarely kills animals 
kept in perfect quiet. 


RUPTURE OF THE HEART. | 
Tf from severe exertion this usually takes place through 


< 


116 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


the fibrous structure at the base of the ventricles connect- 
ing them with the large arteries. If from a fall or violent 
concussion the muscular walls usually give way, when found 
in a relaxed condition, or the laceration happens at the 
point of connection with the veins (vena azygos). Perfo- 
ration from ulceration is seen in cows in connection with 
sharp-pointed bodies that have been taken into the stom- 
ach. Death is sudden in all such cases. 


OTHER HEART-DISEASES. 


The heart is further subject to a great variety of dis- 
eased growths and deposits and to parasites—chinococcus, 
Cysticercus Tenuicollis (sheep and calf), Cysticercus Cellulosa 
and Trichina Spiralis (pig), Rainey’s Cysts (cattle), and 
Filaria Immitis (dog). 


CHAPTER VI. 


DISEASES OF BLOOD-VESSELS AND LYM- 
PHATICS. 


Wounds of arteries—punctured, cut, torn. Arteritis, inflammation of ar- 
teries. Embolism, plugging. Aneurism, dilatation. Wounds of veins. 
Phlebitis, inflammation of veins—circumscribed, diffuse. Varicose—dilated 
veins. Lymphangitis, inflammation of lymphatics. Weed. Poisoned and 
irritated wounds. 


DISEASES OF ARTERIES. 
WOUNDS OF ARTERIES. 


Punctured wounds are rarely dangerous, as the walls 
quickly close and the few drops of blood which escape 
help to plug the orifice ; but there is danger of inflamma- 
tion and plugging of the vessel, and cold or warm fomen- 
tations with rest are desirable. 

Cut wounds, if only implicating the outer coats, soon 
heal and are rarely followed by dilatations asin man. If 
all the thickness of the wall is incised the result will be 
according to the direction. If in a line with the course of 
the vessel there is little risk and slight pressure will usu- 
ally check bleeding. If transverse or oblique the elastic- 
ity of the walls of the vessel holds the orifice open and 
bleeding is severe, the blood flowing in jets and of a bright 
red color. If cut completely across, the arterial coats re- 
tract and curl within themselves and in small vessels will 
- often close the opening. 

To check bleeding the end of the vessel may be sought 
and tied, or a piece of silver wire may be passed en 
to the soft parts beneath it by the aid of a curved needle, 


118 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


and tied over a cork placed on the surface of the skin. It 
may be untwisted and drawn out in twenty-four hours. 
Or a pad of tow may be made with a sharp firm point and 
eradually increasing to a considerable bulk (graduated 
compress) and tied over the wound with the narrow point 
pressing on the vessel. Or the orifice may be seared with 
an iron at a dull red heat. 

Tearing, stretching, twisting, and scraping through arteries 
usually lead to retraction of their coats and complete clos- 
ure and these measures are sometimes adopted to check 
hemorrhage. 


ARTERITIS. 


Inflammation of an artery may be external or internal 
according as it affects the fibrous sheath or the inner lin- 
ing membrane. In the external inflammation there may be 
little danger, even if matter is formed, as the vessel will 
continue to transmit the blood so long as its inner coat is 
sound. But in internal inflammation the blood coagulates, 
layer after layer, on its inner surface until the channel be- 
comes impervious. This may cut off the blood entirely 
from the part to which the artery was distributed, leading 
to loss of power and substance, and in the case of the 
limbs to a lameness, which comes on whenever the animal 
is exercised, and increases with the exertion, but disap- 
pears with a short rest of ten or twenty minutes. Or 
small clots may be loosened from the mass and passing 
on block smaller trunks, causing circumscribed inflamma- 
tion at distant parts. 

Causes. Over-stretching of arteries. Plugging by clots 
from the heart in endocarditis, -or from inflamed veins. 
Wounds, parasites, ete. 

Symptoms. Loss of muscular power and coldness of 
the parts beyond the seat of plugging, extreme tenderness 
over the line of the vessel at the inflamed point, and 
sometimes general fever. 

Treatment. Perfect rest, warm fomentations, laxatives, 


—— 


Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 119 


(horse, ox and sheep, linseed oil or Glauber salts; pig and 
dog, castor oil,) and afterward diuretics and sedatives. 

The persistence of the plugging and lameness must be 
met by patience, the animal being turned into a small 
yard or paddock where he can take gentle exercise and 
live well, until the collateral vessels have had time to en- 
large and carry on the circulation. Three or four months 
will sometimes secure a tolerable recovery. 


DILATATIONS OF THE ARTERIES. ANEURISMS. 


These are mostly seen in the horse among domestic an- 
imals, and even in him much more rarely than in man. 
The causes are generally severe strains in the vicinity of 
an artery, or over-stretching of the vessel itself. They 
are also common in the mesenteric arteries of horses from 
the presence of immature worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) 
in the circulating blood. Injuries to the walls of the ves- 
sels are much less lable to be followed by aneurism than 
im man, because of the greater plasticity of the blood, and 
the speedy formation of a covering of coagulable lymph. 
They are soft, fluctuating, pulsating tumors, effaceable by 
pressure, but reappearing at once. Being usually situated 
internally, treatment can rarely be adopted. But when 
superficial, compression has been most successful alike in 
the horse and dog. It is needless to recount the many 
other modes of treatment for such an unusual affection. 


DISEASES OF VEINS. 
WOUNDS OF VEINS. 


These give rise to the escape of a dark red blood in a 
steady stream. This is commonly to be arrested by pin- 
ning up the lips of the wound evenly, taking hold of each 
by one-eighth inch and tying them together by a little 
tow, twisted round the two ends of the pin in the form of 
the figure 8. Or several pins may be placed near each 
other and the tow twisted round them and from pin to pin 
in the same manner. Veins may be tied but this risks the 


120 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


occurrence of dropsy unless you know that there is a free 
circulation by other collateral trunks. They may be com- 
pressed for a time until the wound is closed with lymph, 
a simple pad and compress being used, or the silver wire 
and cork as advised for arteries. 


PHLEBITIS. INFLAMMATION OF VEINS. 


This usually results from opening a vein with a rusty 
fleam or lancet, making the incision at the dilated part, 
just above a valve, pulling out the skin in inserting the pin 
so as to cause a flow of blood into the tissues beneath, leay- 
ing hairs or other irritants in the wound, or pinning the 
lips awry. 

Symptoms. Swelling of the wound, gaping and redness 
of the lips, and the formation of a hard painful cord along 
the line of the vein in an upward direction where the blood 
is necessarily stagnant and in contact with the clot al- 
ready formed. The exudation may be fibrinous with a 
tendency to contraction and obliteration of the vein, or 
suppuration may occur, in which case the matter must es- 
cape externally. Clots may be detached and washed on 
to plug the arteries in the lungs, and rouse pneumonia, 
or perfect recovery may take place with loss of the vein, 
and a tendency to swelling of the part from which it comes, 
when that is in a dependent position. 

Treatment. If from an inflamed wound after bleeding, 
take out the pin, remove hair, pus, clotted blood or other 
irritant, and foment with warm water. Then rub in, at an 
inch distant from the wound and along the course of the 
hardened vein, an active blister (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard 
1 oz.,) and tie the animal to the two sides of the stall, so 
that he cannot rub the part. If a vein is lost in the neck, 
never again turn out to grass. 


DIFFUSE PHLEBITIS 


Resulting from an irritated or poisoned external wound, 
or in the womb after parturition, is usually fatal, the clots 


Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 121 


forming on the inflamed lining membrane being washed 
on in greater or less amount, to set up inflammation in the 
lungs and elsewhere. 


DILATED (VARICOSE) VEINS. 


These are common over the distended hock joint in bog 
spavin and I have seen them in the posterior tibial and 
other veins but they are rarely or never injurious. 


ENTRANCE OF AIR INTO VEINS. 


Tf veins are opened in the lower part of the neck or else- 
where in the vicinity of the chest the suction-power may 
draw in air in such quantity as to work the blood in the 
heart into a frothy mass, and block the minute vessels in 
the lungs, causing sudden death. There is heard a gurg- 
ling sound as it enters the vein and afterward tumultuous 
heart’s action and a fine squeaking sound in the lungs, 
while the animal falls ina faint. The danger is not so 
great aS is usually supposed, as it takes several quarts 
suddenly introduced to lull a horse. Care is requisite, 
however, to close promptly all large veins opened in the 
vicinity of the chest. 


DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. 
LYMPHANGITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. 


This occurs in two forms, one a constitutional disease 
and the other a simple local affection due to irritation of 
a wound or the absorption of poisonous matter. 


CONSTITUTIONAL FORM. WEED. SHOT OF GREASE. 


This is seen mainly in heavy lymphatic fleshy-legged 
horses, kept at hard work on heavy feeding, and in the 
midst of this left in the stall for two or three days without 
any exercise or change of feed. Thus it is common on 
Monday morning or after one or two stormy days that 
have kept the horses indoors. It is the result of a 
sudden access of plethora, but it may occur in similar 


it 


122 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


circumstances in over-worked and rather reduced horses. 
Tn either case it is due to an accumulation in the blood of 
deleterious products that should have been worked off by 
exercise. 

Symptoms. There is shivering to a variable extent, but 
very severe in the worst cases, greatly accelerated breath- 
ing, rapid hard pulse, general fever and stiffness in one or 
both limbs. Examination high up in the groin, by the 
side of the sheath or udder, detects enlargement and 
sreat tenderness of the inguinal glands, the patient usu- 
ally raising and drawing out his limb till he seems ready 
to fall over on the other side. Soon the shivering gives 
place to the hot stage, the surface burns and sweats, and 
the limb swells, the swelling extending cord-like down the 
course of the vessels on its inner side, and its lower part 
becoming the seat of an excessive exudation, which may 
fill it up to the body, and of two, three, or four times its 
natural size. If allowed to go on, abscess, sloughing and 
unhealthy sores may result, the patient may perish, or the 
fever may subside leaving the hmb permanently thickened 
to almost any extent, and correspondingly lable to future 
attacks. 

Treatment. Mild cases may be entirely restored by 
giving the animal a fair amount of exercise. In those 
that are somewhat more severe, a smart purgative (aloes 
6 to 8 drs.) must be given, warm fomentations applied 
continuously to the limb, and walking exercise enforced as 
soon as the patient can be made to move. The purgation 
should be followed up by active diuretics (nitre, iodide of 
potassium,) and when the inflammation has somewhat 
subsided tincture of iodine may be applied over the swol- 
len glands. In the worst cases in vigorous plethoric 
subjects a prompt effect should be secured by a free bleed- 
ing from the jugular, until the pulse is softened, and the 
same treatment followed out as in other cases. Diet 
should be light and laxative (bran-mashes, roots, scalded 
hay, etc.,) and the water given with the chill off. 

For the chronic thickening of the leg, regular feeding 


Diseases of Blood-vessels and Iymphatics. 123 


‘and exercise, a bandage smoothly applied from the foot up 
when in the stable, the application of tincture of iodine 
every four days to the limb, and the internal use of tonics 
(iron, Peruvian bark, columba, gentian, nux vomica, etc.,) 
and diuretics (iodide of potassium, liquor of acetate of 
-ammonia,) will be beneficial. Some use veratrum. 


LOCAL FORM. 


This results mainly from wounds, bruises (saddle or 
shoulder scalds), from injuries of unyielding parts (pricked 
foot, tendon or fascia,) and above all from the absorption 
of putrefying animal matter or other poison by these ves- 
sels. The same occurs from the specific poisons of gland- 
ers, farcy, etc. There are slightly swollen cords (red in 
white skins) extending along the course of the lymphatics 
_and veins from the point of irritation or poisoning; nod- 
ular, painful enlargement of the lymphatic glands along 
their course, and more or less surrounding pasty swelling, 
or even erysipelas. It may go on to abscess or diffuse 
Suppuration, it may leave induration of the glands, or 
even the vessels and surrounding parts, or a perfect re- 
covery may be made. i 

Treatment. Rest, a purgative, and astringent lotions 
(acetate of lead 1 dr., opium $ dr., carbolic acid 1 dr., wa- 
ter 1 qt.) If the inflammation runs very high it may be 
expedient to use warm poultices to hasten suppuration. 
In case it arises from a poisoned wound, cauterize the 
sore thoroughly with lunar caustic or crystallized carbolic 
acid, and keep the affected parts wrapped in cloths con- 
stantly wet with a saturated solution of bisulphite or hy- 
posulphite of soda, and enough carbolic acid to give a 
sweetish taste. The bisulphite may also be taken inter- 
nally. In case of suppuration, open early and freely with 
the lancet. If the affection becomes chronic and threat- 
ens permanent induration use iodine ointment or tincture, 
well applied bandages, giving an equable pressure, and 
even blisters. Iodide of potassium, or in weak subjects, 
iodide of iron may be given internally. 


CHAPTER VII. 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 


Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. Inflamma- 
tion of the mouth,—of the palate,—of the gums,—of the tongue. Thrush, 
Aphthous Stomatitis. Mercurialism. Warts on the lips. Laceration of the 
tongue. Cysts under the tongue. Tumors of the mouth. Cancroid of the 
lips. Cancer of the tongue. Supernumerary teeth. Wolf-teeth. Parrot- 
mouth. Crib-biting, wind-sucking. Displaced teeth. Overgrown and une- 
ven teeth. Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar 
on teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. Salivary 
fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. Stricture and dila- 
tation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tympany in cattle. Hoove. 
Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impaction of the third stomach. Gastritis 
in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. Indigestion in calves, lambs and foals. 
White scour. Acute gastric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indi- 
gestion in the horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in 
horses. Chronic indigestion—catarrh of the stomach and bowels in horses. 
Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodies in the stomach and intes- 
tines. Spasmodic colic. Acute hemorrhagic enteritis. Acute muco-enteri- 
tis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the rectum. Diarrhcea, scour- 
ing. Dysentery. Obstruction of the bowels,—impaction, invagination, 
volvulus, etc. _Hernia,—diaphragmatic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, fem- 
oral, ventral, vaginal. Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. 
Imperforate anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and intestinal parasites. 


DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 


The importance of these diseases in the domestic ani- 
mals follows an ascending series from the carnivora, 
through the omnivora and solipeds to the ruminants. 
The small capacity of the digestive organs in carnivora 
(dog and cat), the completion of the greater part of the 
digestive process in the stomach, and the facility with 
which vomiting is accomplished sufficiently account for 
their comparative immunity. Pigs stand next in these re- 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 125 


spects and last come the herbivora with their enormously 
long and capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as 
the food passes through the bowels and the ditiiculty or 
impossibility of getting quit of irritating agents by vomit- 
ing. In the ox and sheep there is the further complica- 
tion of the four stomachs, the first three of which are lit- 
tle more than macerating and triturating cavities, and in 
which an enormous bulk of food is continually stowed 
away. From their rapid collection and swallowing of food 
poisonous, irritating and unnatural objects appear more 
liable to be taken in by oxen, while horses suffer more 
from hurried feeding and from hard work immediately 
alter feeding. Horses, too, suffer much from faults in wa- 
tering, as excess of cold water when hot and fatigued, 
causing stomachic and intestinal congestions, an excess 
atter feeding grain, washing that on undigested to ferment 
in the bowels, ete. Again, all of the herbivora are espe- 
cially subject to digestive disorders from food that is un- 
naturally grown, or spoiled in harvesting, so that in unfa- 
vorable seasons affections of the stomach and bowels may 
spread like an epizootic. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 


Causes. Mechanical and chemical irritants. There 
may be wounds, bruises, injuries with bit or twitch, irri- 
tant vegetables, scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings 
of insects, injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw 
and tongue, from giving ‘weak lye” and other irritants, 
especially to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquids 
as long as he chooses, from pricks with thorns, needles 
and other sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over- 
growth or irregularity of the teeth, from rough dragging 
upon the tongue, from the use of mercury and other sali- 
vating drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some spe- 
cific fevers (aphthous fever, Rinderpest, etc.) 

Symptoms of General Inflammation of the Mouth. Difi- 
culty ae in food and water; swollen, rigid tender 


* 


126 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


lips and cheeks ; red membrane of the mouth; slavering ; 
saliva often foetid; swelling between the bones of the 
lower jaw; the formation of blisters or sores inside the 
mouth ; and sometimes swelling of the glands beneath the 
ears. Abscess or even gangrene may result. 

Treatment. Kemove the cause whether irritants in food, 
drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by the 
bit, twitch or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash with 
weak vinegar; if by acids, with calcined magnesia, lime 
water or bicarbonate of soda; if by caustic salts, white of 
ege, boiled linseed, slippery elm or the gluten of wheat 
flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If from 
the bite or sting of venomous animals apply ammonia 
to the part and give it internally. In all the severer 
animal poisons the wound should be cauterized (see ca- 
nine madness). In simple inflammations open the bowels 
by injections of warm water with soap or other laxa- 
tives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive 
oul). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent 
lotions (vinegar and water; vinegar and honey; borax, 
alum or tannic acid, honey and water; water slightly 
sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh cool water 
constantly present to drink at will, and feed with boiled 
eruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly sliced 
roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower jaw are 
often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear touch 
them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solution of 10 
erains lunar caustic to 1 oz. distilled water. If fluctua- 
tion shows the presence of matter lance at once. If 
sloughing takes place wash with a solution of permanga- 
nate of potassa 1 dr., water 1 pint. If there is much swell- 
ing keep the head tied up. 


CONGESTED PALATE. LAMPAS. 
A red swollen state of the soft parts behind the upper 
front teeth, attendant in young animals on shedding of the 
teeth, or in older ones on digestive disorder. ‘The taking 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 12% 


in of food may be painful and awkward from the tender 
palate projecting beyond the teeth. 

Treatment. Feeding hard unshelled Indian corn has 
often a good effect. Scarify slightly with knife or lancet, 
for half an inch back from the teeth. Follow with astrin- 
gent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder 
of the stomach give a dose of physic. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS. 


Tf connected with the shedding and cutting of teeth, re- 
move those that hang partly detached and scarify the 
cums. For the other causes—diseased teeth and mercurial 
poisoning—see below. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 


There are the signs of general inflammation of the 
mouth, with great difficulty in taking in food, chewing and 
drinking, and a swollen red tender state of the tongue 
which often hangs out of the mouth. 

Treatment. Search carefully for any sharp irritant 
body that may have penetrated the organ and remove it. 
Support the tongue within the mouth in a bag with tapes 


tied behind the ears. Otherwise treat as for general in- 
flammation of the mouth. 


THRUSH OF THE MOUTH. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS. MUGUET 


Is mostly seen in sucking animals. In addition to the 
signs of ordinary inflamniation, there appear on the lips, 
cheeks and tongue, firm white patches, which on micro- 
scopic examination show the presence of a vegetable 
erowth (oidium albicans). Wash the mouth frequently 
with a solution of bisulphite of soda or even of borax. 


MERCURIALISM. 
Inflammation of the mouth, ulceration of the gums, 
loosening of the teeth and free salivation were formerly 
common results of the abuse of mercurials but are now 


128 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


fortunately rare. There is likely to be disorder of stomach 
and bowels, loss of appetite, bloating, rumbling in the 
belly, badly digested, foetid stools and great languor and 
depression. Use washes containing tincture of iodine or 
chlorate of potassa, and iodide of potassium internally. 


WARTS ON THE LIPS 


Are very common in dogs. Remove with scissors and 
cauterize the roots thoroughly with a pointed stick of lunar 
caustic. 


LACERATION OF THE TONGUE. 


Causes. Especially common in horses from hard bits, 
nooses of ropes, or rough dragging with the hand. The 
lacerated tongue may hang from the mouth. Sew up the 
wound with catgut previously softened in water; feed 
thick gruels only, and wash out the mouth frequently 
with a lotion of permanganate of potassa. Any dead por- 
tion must be removed with the knife, but it must not en- 
eroach on the living. ‘The whole organ may often be 
saved when almost entirely torn off. 


CYSTS UNDER THE TONGUE. 


These are tense elastic rounded swellings and are easily 
remedied by a free incision with the knife. 


TUMORS IN THE MOUTH. 


These mostly grow from the gums and tongue, and may 
attain the size of the closed fist in the horse. Small ones 
may be removed with scissors, the larger with the ecraseur. 


CANCROID OF THE LIPS. CANCER OF THE TONGUE. 


The former of these attacks the angle of the mouth in 
horses and cats as an eroded unhealthy sore with hard 
thickened margins; the latter appears in horses and 
cattle as an increasing hard swelling with unhealthy open 
sore and giant cells. It should be excised when very 
limited. Later it is incurable. 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 129 


SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. 


Tn the case of nippers or grinding teeth these should be 
extracted or pinched out as they are liable to injure the 
eums, palate, cheek or tongue. 

Wolf-teeth cannot be looked on as superfluous, being 
natural and harmless. ‘They are insignificant teeth situ- 
ated directly in front of the upper, and less frequently of 
the lower grinders. Being present during the shedding 
and cutting of the teeth, when recurring inflammation of 
the eyes 1s most frequent, they are in very bad odor with 
people who cannot see the distinction between the mere 
coincidence and the cause and effect. They are useless, 
however, and may be extracted without injury, though if 
broken they may irritate the gums. 


PARROT MOUTH. 


Abnormal length of the upper jaw may lead to inordi- 
nate length of the upper front teeth which project over 
the lower like a parrot’s bill. If this interferes with graz- 
ing the extra length should be removed with a saw or with 
tooth-shears. But parrot-mouthed horses usually do well 
fed in-doors. 


CRIB-BITING. 


This is a distortion rather than a disease of the teeth, 
these being worn away on their anterior edge so as to 
show more or less of the yellow dentine in place of the 
clear pearly enamel. It is associated with the serious vice 
of wind-sucking (swallowing), and eructation, which leads 
to tympany, digestive disorder, and rapid loss of condi- 
tion. The horse seizes the manger or other solid object 
with his teeth, arches and shortens the neck and makes a 
grunting noise. The wznd-sucking may, however, exist 
without crib-liting. It may be learned by standing idle 
near a crib-biter, and alway goes on to disease and loss of 
condition. | 

Treatment. Smear the front of the manger with aloes 


130 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


or other bitters. Cover all exposed woodwork with sheet- 
iron. Place a small revolving roller above the front of the 
manger so that the teeth may at once slide off. Apply 
the muzzle shown in the adjoining cut. In pure wind- 


Fig. 17. 


Fig. 17—Muzzle for crib-biter. 


suckers a strap may be tied tightly round the upper part 
of the neck, though at the risk of inducing roaring. 


DISPLACED TEETH. 


Though loosened and partially displaced, teeth will 
often grow firm if at once replaced in their sockets and 
the animal fed for some time on soft mashes. If they 
cannot be returned to their natural situation they should 
be at once extracted, as any faulty direction will be a 
source of after trouble. 


OVERGROWN AND UNEVEN TEETH. 


The teeth of herbivora are lable to become overgrown 
into sharp hurtful processes along the outer margin of the 
upper grinders or the inner border of the lower, because 
the lower jaw is always narrower than the upper. In old 
animals and those haying broken teeth, extensive over- 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. fot 


growth will ensue from the absence of wear. In other 
cases a tooth is displaced and failing to meet with a tooth 
in the other jaw gets overgrown, cuts the soft parts and 
sets up disease of these or of the jaw-bone. ‘There ensue 
the usual symptoms of disease of the teeth, with swelling 
of cheek or tongue, tumefaction of the jaw or even a run- 
ning sore, or a fcetid discharge from the nose. The over- 
grown teeth must be reduced with the tooth-rasp, cut with 


Fig. 18. 


Fig. 18—Tooth-rasp. 
tooth-shears, or with a guarded tooth-chisel. 


CARIOUS TEETH. 


Caries is quite common in the grinding teeth but rare in 
the incisors. 

Symptoms. Slow, careful mastication, and dropping 
from the mouth of half-chewed food (hay, green fodder,) 
which, impelled by hunger, the animal takes in but fails to 
swallow. Greedy swallowing of soft food, indigestions 
and colics from imperfectly chewed aliment irritating the 
stomach and bowels. ‘The presence in the dung of undi- 
gested grain which has been swallowed whole. Un- 
thrifty, staring coat, hide-bound, pale mucous membranes, 
weak pulse, weakness, emaciation, and lability to sweat- 
ing, and swelling of the legs are marked features. The 
more specific symptoms are: swelling of the jaw-bone 
over the diseased fang or even a running sore if in the 
lower jaw, the accumulation of partially chewed food 
around the tooth, and especially between it and the cheek, 
tenderness of the tooth when touched or gently tapped 
with the finger, the presence of a black spot on some part 
of its surface, or of an excavated channel, leading from 
the wearing surface down to the fang, or between the 


132 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


tooth and the jaw-bone, this cavity being filled with putrid 
elements and giving out a most offensive and persistent 
odor. In some cases the tooth is broken in pieces. 
In examining the mouth draw out the tongue and turn it 
up between the jaws, or better keep the jaws apart with a 
balling iron. If the diseased tooth belongs to the upper 
jaw and is behind the first grinder there may be a very 
foetid discharge from the nose, which with its attendant 
nodular enlargement of the glands beneath the jaw have 
led to the destruction of many such horses as glandered. 


Treatment. When there is much inflammation of the 
gums clear out the cavity of the tooth with the aid of a 
bent flattened wire and a syringe with bent nozzle, feed 
soft bran mashes only, and give a dose of laxative medi- 
cine (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, sulphate of magnesia; dog 
and pig, jalap ;) lance the gums and protect from cold for 
a few days. When inflammation is less severe, scrape 
from the diseased cavity all black, softened or diseased 
tooth, and plug it with gutta-percha softened by heat, 
moulded into the cavity and hardened by a stream of cool 
water. If there is a tender spot from exposure of the 
nerve this should first be deadened by caustic (crystallized 
carbolic acid and powdered opium). Where the destruc- 
tion is too great to allow of success by stuffing, the tooth 
must be extracted, and the cavity syringed out after each 
meal, until it heals up, and then filled with gutta-percha to 
prevent the adjacent teeth deviating from their proper di- 
rection. If very loose, the grinding teeth of large quadru- 
peds may be extracted with large tooth forceps, but if at all 
firm an opening must be made over the fang and the tooth 
driven into the mouth with a mallet and punch. This oper- 
ation requires accurate anatomical knowledge, especially 
in young animals. In small animals the teeth may be re- 
moved by ordinary dentist's forceps. After the removal of 
a tooth in herbivora the opposing teeth on the other jaw 
must be occasionally cut or rasped down to prevent injury 
from overgrowth. 


EEE 


i i 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs.  — 133 


DISEASE OF THE MEMBRANES OF THE TEETH. 


The membrane surrounding the fang or that lining the 
pulp cavity may become the seat of disease. ‘There may 
be loosening, suppuration or shedding of the tooth, devia- 
tion from its true direction so that the outer edge of the 
upper grinder or the inner edge of the lower may get 
overgrown and injurious, or a hard deposit may fill up the 
pulp cayity, or surround the fang wedging it into its socket 
and setting up disease and swelling of the adjacent jaw- 
bone. These conditions may often be relieved in the 
early stages by soft feeding, protection from cold, lancing 
the gums, a dose of physic, and daily sponging of the 
gums with tincture of myrrh. 


DENTINAL TUMORS. 


These occur from the action of any irritant applied to 
the tooth ivory. Some years ago I removed a large mass 
of this kind attached to the second upper temporary 
erinder of the horse. It is usually necessary to remove 
the teeth from which they grow. 


TARTAR ON TEETH. 


This is common in dogs and may be removed by a 
wooden probe with a small pledget of tow dipped in water 
rendered slightly acid with spirit of salt. 


DENTITION FEVER. 


Considerable irritation and fever often attend on the 
cutting of the teeth in animals. Horses are most liable to 
suffer in the third year when they cut four front teeth and 
eight back ones, and in the fourth year when they cut 
four front, eight back, and four tushes. Cattle suffer less 
and mainly from the second to the third year. One of 
the first grinders which come up at this period is some- 
times entangled with the crown of its predecessor, causing 
much loss of appetite and condition and fcetid breath. 
Pigs usually cut thirty-six teeth from the sixth to the 

12 


134 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


twelfth month and are most lable to suffer at this age. 
Puppies and kittens suffer even to convulsions, between 
the third and the sixth months. The temporary tushes 
should always be extracted if not shed belgre the perma- 
nent ones come up. 

The redness, swelling and tenderness of the gums in 
such cases may extend to the throat, causing fits of cough- 
ing, and retained temporary teeth are to be sought for and 
removed. Otherwise treatment consists in a slight lancing 
of the gums, washing with tincture of myrrh, using soft 
food, keeping the bowels open, and avoiding hard work in 
horses and dogs. 


SALIVATION. SLOBBERS. 


This is often a symptom of some other affection (aph- 
thous fever, dumb rabies, epilepsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, 
dentition, caries and other diseases of the teeth, wounds 
and ulcers of the mouth, gastric catarrh, etc.,) or caused 
by irritant food and drugs (rank aqueous rapidly-grown 
grass, musty mow-burnt fodder, lobelia, wild mustard, 
colchium, pepper, garlic, ginger, irritants, caustic alkalies, 
acids and salts, and the compounds of mercury used in- 
ternally and externally). Mercurials are especially hurtful 
to cattle. Paralysis of the lips will cause a free flow of 
saliva, as will also irritation with the bit, and especially 
from chemical agents attached in bags to the bit. 

Symptoms. Free discharge of saliva in stringy filaments 
or frothy masses, frequent deglutition, increased thirst 
and disordered digestion. For mercurial salivation see 
stomatitis. 

Treatment. Discover and remove the cause, use astrin- 
gent washes as advised for stomatitis, and give access to 
cold water. In obstinate cases give a course of tartar 
emetic, opium, chlorate of potassa, or iodide of potassium. 
Rub the glands beneath the ears and between the jaws 
with iodine ointment. 


i ee ae ht le we el 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 135 


SALIVARY CALCULI. 


These are small concretions of earthy and organic mat- 
ter usually around some foreign body (a grain of oats or 
barley, or a particle of sand) which has accidentally en- 
tered the canal: ‘They obstruct the ducts and give rise 
to the feeling as of a tense elastic cord extending round 
the border of the lower jaw and upwards on the side of 
the cheek, or forward along the inner side of the jaw-bone. 
The pea-like concretion may be felt at the anterior end of 
the cord, and if there is more than one they may be made to 
rattle on each other. Sometimes matter forms and bursts 
and the concretion may be felt in the depth of the wound. 
Difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and indigestions 
arise from the lack of saliva. 

Treatment. Pass the calculus onward to the mouth by 
manipulation with the fingers, or this failing lay open the 
duct and extract it from within the mouth if possible. 
lf it must be opened through the skin, first shave the part, 
make a small incision with a sharp knife, extract the mass 
and cover the wound with layer after layer of collodion, 
allowing as little exposure to the air as possible. Allow 
no food whatever for twelve hours and then only soft 
mashes and gruels until healing is completed. 


SALIVARY FISTULA. 


This is found wherever a wound penetrates a duct of 
any of the salivary glands. It is especially lable to oc- 
cur from opening abscesses in strangles and from wounds 


_ about the lower jaw. 


Symptoms. A free discharge from the wound during 
feeding, of a clear, slightly glairy liquid, especially abun- 
dant where the food is dry and fibrous. Chewing is slow, 
difficult, and carried on on the opposite side of the mouth 
_ only. Digestion and general health are gradually im- 
paired. | 

Treatment. If recent, shave the edges of the wound, 
bring accurately together and cover with collodion, layer 


136 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


/ 


after layer, until strong enough to prevent it from burst- 
ing open. If of older standing, a smart blister over and 
around the wound will often close it. Should this fail, 
the edges must be made raw by paring and the wound 
firmly closed by carbolated catgut or twisted suture. If 
the channel between the wound and the mouth has be- 
come impervious, a new one must be made and kept open 
by a thread passed through it and retained by being fixed 
to a flat button outside and in, until the walls are no 
longer raw and likely to adhere. Then the thread is to be 
withdrawn and the external wound closed by stitching, 
blister or collodion. 

In all such cases the patient must be tied to both sides 
of the stall, high up, so that he cannot possibly rub the 
wound, and diet must be restricted absolutely to soft 
mashes and gruels. 

In obstinate cases a forcible injection into the duct of 
the gland of a solution of 2 grs. lunar caustic in 1 oz. of 
alcohol, will usually destroy its secreting power. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND. 


This gland, situated behind the ear, is lable to inflam- 
mation from mechanical injury and obstruction of its duct, 
as well as in strangles and other specific diseases. 

Symptoms. A hard but painful tumefaction beneath 
the ear, with more or less soft doughy feeling at its mar- 
gins, stiff carriage of the head, slow difficult chewing, and 
more or less general fever. 

Treatment. First remove any obstruction in the duct 
or mechanical cause of irritation, then purge (Glauber 
salts), wash the mouth with weak solutions of vinegar or 
chlorate of potassa, and cover the affected gland with a 
soft poultice, with a little sugar of lead added. Feed soft 
cool mashes and sliced or pulped roots only, and when 
the bowels have settled give cooling diuretics (nitrate of 
potassa). If matter forms let it approach the surface and 
point before opening, to avoid cutting any of the ducts 


] 
. 
j 
1 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 37 


and establishing a fistula. If it gets hard and insensible 
use iodine externally and internally. 


CHOKING. 


This is especially common in cattle feeding on roots, 
potatoes, apples, pears and the like, because of the habit 
of jerking up the head to get the object back between the 
grinders. Pieces of leather, bone, etc., chewed wantonly 
often slip back in the same way. Horses suffer mainly 
from badly shaped balls or sharp-pointed bodies, dogs 
from bones. Ravenous feeders will choke on dry chaff, 
cut hay, etc., being imperfectly mixed with saliva, and the 
same will happen in cases of diseased teeth or salivary 
fistula or calculus. 

Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking. When the 
object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great dis- 
tress, staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing with expul- 
sion of dung or urine, continuous efforts at swallowing, 
and in cattle tympany of the first stomach, which may 
suffocate the animal in fifteen or twenty minutes. I have 
seen an animal die in five minutes when the object was 
lodged directly over the opening of the windpipe. In 
horses there is in addition an occasional shriek, and wa- 
ter returns by the nose when drinking is attempted. In 
omnivora and carnivora retching and vomiting are promi- 
nent symptoms. A careful examination along the furrow 
on the left side of the neck will usually detect the offend- 
ing object. 

Symptoms of thoracic choking. If the object is lodged 
in that part of the gullet which hes within the chest, 
cough, slavering and gulping may be absent, but there 
are efforts at regurgitation and the discharge of liquids 
by the mouth (in horses the nose). This, with the inabil- 
ity to swallow solid food, is very characteristic. Tympany 
is usually slight, and there may be tremors at intervals. 

Symptoms of choking with finely divided dry food. These 
are the same as for solid masses, according to the situa- 


tg 


138 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


tion, but in addition there is in the groove on the left side 
of the neck, a diffuse soft yielding swelling, provided the 
obstruction is situated above the chest. 

Treatment. Sharp-pointed bodies lodged in the throat 
must be carefully sought for and extracted. Solid objects 
in this region can usually be withdrawn with the hand. 
Have the animal held with the head elevated into a line 
with the neck and the mouth held open with a balling 
iron; then the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, 
the right is passed through the mouth into the throat and 
the middle finger hooked over the offending body so as 
to withdraw it. If lodged still lower it may often be 
worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it with one 
hand in each furrow along the lower border of the neck. 
A vigorous jerk at the last seconded by the action of the 
pharynx will often lodge it in the mouth, but if not it is 
easily extracted as above advised. 

Should this fail and tympany prove threatening lose no 
time in gagging the animal. A smooth roller of wood 
two inches in diameter is tied into the mouth by cords 
carried from its ends around the top of the head—behind 
the horns in cattle. Swelling never increases dangerously 
with this applied, and in a few hours the obstruction 
usually passes on. 

More prompt relief may be obtained by using a probang 
of leather or other material with a spiral spring wire in- 
ternally, the whole two-thirds of an inch in diameter, six 
feet long, and with one end enlarged to one and a half 
inches in diameter and cup-shaped. This is oiled and 
the head having been brought into a line with the neck, 
the balling iron introduced and the tongue drawn out, 
the cup-shaped end is introduced and pushed on until the ~ 
obstruction is reached. Steady pressure must be kept up 
on this for a few seconds, when it will yield and should be 
passed into the stomach by introducing the probang to its 
whole length. If it resists leave the animal for an hour 
or two gagged, and try again. In the horse the probang 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. Tod 


cannot be safely passed without casting, and it should 
never be passed on until by examination in the furrow on 
the side of the neck, the operator has ascertaimed that it 
has entered the gullet and is clear of, and above the 
windpipe. For the small animals the probang must be 
made correspondingly small. 

The use of whips and such like objects is very repre- 
hensible as being liable to tear the gullet. An effective 
probang may be constructed out of a piece of stiff new 
rope, a few of the bundles of the end of which have been 
opened out and tied back so as to form a cup-shaped 
extremity. After being used this may be hung up straight 
on several nails driven into the wall and will be ready 
for the next occasion. 

In choking with finely divided food the probang only 
packs it firmer, and gagging and time will rarely dislodge 
it. Pour water or well-boiled gruel down, and seek by 
manipulation to break up the mass and allow it to pass on 
little by little. Instruments have also been devised for 
extracting the obstructing mass. Failing otherwise, the 
gullet must be laid open, the offending matter extracted, 
the wounds sewed up, and the animal fed for a time on 
liquids only. 

Horses are sometimes choked by eggs given by foolish 
grooms. These may be punctured with a needle and then 
crushed between two solid bodies on different sides of the 
neck. 

Prevention. Besides the more obvious resort of with- 
holding dangerous articles, the mere tying down of the 
head will prevent choking in cattle feeding on turnips, 
apples, etc. A loop of rope fixed to the ground is to 
be hung over the horn when such food is supplied. Solid 
food should be to a large extent withheld for a week after 
the relief of choking, until the slight irritation or inflam- 
mation has subsided. 


140 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


STRICTURE AND DILATATION OF THE GULLET. 


These usually coexist, the first giving rise to the second, 
because of habitual accumulation of food above the nar- 
row part. The narrowing results from mechanical injury 
in choking, ete., or from the presence of a worm (spirop- 
tera) which lives in galleries on the mucous membrane. 

The symptoms are the formation of an extended diffuse 
soft swelling along the furrow on the left side of the neck, 
when the animal feeds or drinks, and the subsidence of 
this swelling during abstinence.’ The only permanent 
treatment is by bougies or probangs passed daily, begin- 
ning with those that will just pass the stricture, and using 
them larger as the former ones begin to pass easily. The 
food must be restricted to soft mashes and gruels. 

Cattle are usually slaughtered when attacked in good 
condition. 


IMPACTION OF THE CROP IN BIRDS. 


Symptoms. Want of appetite, dullness, smking of the 
head between the wings, ruffled plumage, and enormous 
and firm distension of the crop, easily recognized when 
the bird is handled. 

Treatment consists In pouring down tepid water and 
moulding the crop so as to force its contents a little at a 
time back into the mouth. This failing, cut the crop open, 
empty it, sew up the wound, and feed gruels or soft 
mush for a few days. 


TYMPANY OF THE FIRST STOMACH IN RUMINANTS. HOOVE. 
BLOATING. 


Causes. Itis especially common in weak, ailing, or under- 
fed stock when put on rich luxuriant food, especially green 
food, in spring. Some food is dangerous, such as clover 
(white and red) ; green food covered with dew or hoar frost, 
soaked by inundations or drying after a shower; diseased 
or frosted potatoes or turnips (roots or tops) ; partially 
ripened but uncured grain and crowfoots and other acrid 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 141 


plants. It may be caused by overloading the stomach 
with sound fodder, by the presence of hair-balls and other 
foreign bodies in the stomach, by fever, choking, stricture 
or parasites in the gullet, tuberculosis, ete. 
Symptoms. Swelling of the whole left 
Fig. 19. side of the belly, often rising above the 
level of the hips and backbone, tense and 
elastic recoiling at once when pressed in, 
and drum-like on percussion. There is 
great difficulty of breathing, distended nos- 
trils, bloodshot eyes, open mouth, driveling 
of saliva, occasional belching of gas with 
loud noise, and frequent passage of dung 
. andurine. The patient stands to the last 
=~ and falls to die with ruptured diaphragm, 
|| or stomach, congested lungs and profound 
nervous shock. 

Treatment. Gagging is alleged to suc- 
ceed as in choking, but I have not tried 
it. Dashing a bucket of cold water on the 
body may give temporary relief by condens- 
ing the gas and favoring eructation. The 
hollow probang passed into the stomach 
as for choking will allow the escape of 
the gas. In urgent cases the paunch 
must be punctured with the first instru- 
ment that comes to hand, and the open- 
ings in the stomach and the skin kept in 
apposition until the gas flows out. The 
most suitable instrument is a cannula and 
trocar at least six inches long which may 
be plunged without fear into the leftsideia 
downward and inward direction, from a 
Fig. 19 —Trocar and point equidistant from the hip bone, the 

papnula. last rib and the lateral processes of the 
backbone. The trocar being withdrawn the cannula 
may be tied in and left for hours or days. In the absence 


142 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


of these a pocket-knife may be used, and should be kept 
in the wound until a large quill can be obtained and held 
in its place. A smaller trocar like that used for hydro- 
thorax in horses is suitable for sheep and goats. 

When urgent cases have been relieved in this way, and 
in milder cases without any such surgical resort, antifer- 
ments and antacids must be given; aromatic spirit of am- 
monia, (ox 3 0z.,sheep 1 oz.,) crystalline sesquicarbonate 
of ammonia (ox 1 oz., sheep 3 drs.,) oil of turpentine, (ox 
2 oz., sheep % oz. in oil, milk or eggs well mixed,) whisky, 
brandy or gin, (ox 1 to2 pts., sheep 4 pt.,) ether, pepper, 
ginger, oil of peppermint, ete., in full doses, wood tar (ox 
2 oz., sheep 4 0z.,) carbolic acid or creosote, (ox 2 drs., 
sheep 4 dr. in a pint of water,) sulphite, hyposulphite or 
bisulphite of soda, (ox 1 0z., sheep 2 drs.,) chloride of lime 
or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa, soda, ammonia, 
and their carbonates ; soapsuds and lime-water,) check the 
fermentation by neutralizing the acidity. Care should be 
taken to see (by tasting) that they are not used in too 
strong and irritating solutions. 

A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the 
offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimulant 
(sulphate of soda and ginger). : 

Chronic tympany due simply to indigestion may be 
remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics, (foenu- 
grec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common salt in 
equal parts, nux vomica 2 drachms to every pound of the 
mixture. Dose: ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food). 

For chronic tympany due to foreign bodies in the paunch 
see below. 


OVERLOADED PAUNCH. 


This differs from the last in that the paunch is over- 
loaded, overstretched and paralyzed by excess of solid food, 
rather than gas. Rich, tempting and unusual food (lus- 
cious grass, clover, lucern, vetches, tares, beans, peas, 
grain,) is especially dangerous, as is food which ferments 


RR vo 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 143 


with the formation of a fine frothy mass, (potatoes, espe- 
cially diseased or frosted ones,) food containing a narcotic 
or paralyzing principle, (green Indian corn, partially 
ripened wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, tares and grasses, ) 
bulky, dry, fibrous, nutritious aliments, (aftermath mixed 
with old withered stems of a former growth, hay that has 
ripened before being cut, dried sedges and rushes, stalks 
of ripened beans, peas, etc.,) and finally musty, rusty or 
otherwise injured hay. Salivary fistula or obstruction 
and worn or diseased teeth may contribute to it. 
Symptoms. Develop more slowly than in tympany. | 
There is dullness, sluggishness, raised back, hurried breath- 
ing, and frequent moaning. The abdomen swells, espe- 
cially the left side, but it hangs downward, has no absolute 
drum-like resonance on tapping, and pressure leaves a 
temporary indentation. As the disease advances there is 
the same difficult breathing as in tympany, frequent pas- 
sage of dung and urine, stupor and finally suffocation or 
death from nervous shock. If due to green food, diarrhoea 
usually precedes death, and a spontaneous cure may be 
effected by this or by vomiting, but only in rare cases. 
Treatment. In the first stages give stimulants and anti- 
ferments, as for tympany, with active but not irritating 
purgatives to unload the stomach. A pound each of 
Epsom and Glauber salts, 2 oz. oil of turpentine, and 4 
drachm of nux vomica will be a suitable dose for an ox, to 
be followed up by stimulants, and in seven hours, if no 
relief, by asecond dose of the same strength. If drum-like 
resonance at the upper part of the left side shows the 
pressure of free gas, draw it off by puncturing, and dash 
cold water over the body to encourage contraction of the 
paunch. Give active stimulants every two or three hours. 
If there is no sign of improvement but rather stupor 
and sinking, the only hope is in opening the stomach in 
the left side where it is punctured in tympany, enlarging 
the opening until the hand can be introduced, having two 
assistants hold the edges of the wound in the stomach 


144 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


against those in the skin, taking out at least two-thirds of | 
the contents of the paunch, sewing up the wound in the 
stomach with the edges turned in, and that in the skin, 
and keeping on a little gruel and soft mashes for a week. 
This operation can be performed standing, the right side 
of the animal applied against a stone wall, and the nose 
held by bull-dog pincers or even by the fingers. It usually 
succeeds if resorted to early enough. 


IMPACTION OF THE THIRD STOMACH. DRY MURRAIN. GRASS 
STAGGERS. 


A dry baked state of the contents of the manifoldsis found 
in all feverish conditions, in torpid or inactive states of the 
paunch, with impaired or suspended rumination, in case of 
feeding on dry, fibrous, digestible elements (bleached 
withered hay or that which has been over-ripened, or a 
mixture of fresh and dry grass in autumn,) on a sudden 
change to the over-stimulating fresh grass of spring, on 
smutty maize, cornstalks or wheat, on a deficiency of 
water, or a sudden change from soft to hard water, or on 
taking lead into the system in a metallic condition or 
otherwise. ‘The most rapidly fatal cases result from green 
food, over-ripe but uncured grain, vetches, or rye-grass, and 
from lead poisoning. 

Symptoms. Slight cases may be marked by failure to 
chew the cud regularly when recovering from a fever, a poor 
appetite, dry muzzle, dull eyes, spiritlessness, quickened 
breathing with a moan at intervals roused at any time by 
forcibly punching the.closed fist beneath the short ribs on 
the right side. If it has lasted several days the fist pressed 
into the left side may detect the contents of the paunch col- 
lected in hard masses, and tympany is likely to be present. 
The dung is usually scanty and hard, but in cases occurring 
from fibrous or irritating food, this costiveness is preceded 
by more or less diarrhoea. The beast leaves its fellows, 
reclines on its left side, with the head in the right flank, 
and tends by-and-by to show palsy of the hind limbs, 
drowsiness and stupor, or delirium and convulsions. 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 145 


In the more acute cases, death may ensue in six hours. 
The animal is found apart, lymg with his head in his 
right flank, with red fixed eyes, eyelids half closed, and 
much drowsiness and stupor though he may still feed when 
raised, pulse and breathing accelerated, bowels loose or 
torpid, hardness and tenderness under the right short ribs, 

and muscular tremors. Later the eyes glare, the patient 
seeks relief in motion, in a straight line or to one side 
regardless of obstacles, and pushing against obstructing 
walls or fences till teeth or horns are broken, bellowing 
loudly and in a terrific manner all the time. 
_ Treatment. For the simpler forms give strong purga- 
tives, (sulphate of soda, ox 1 lb., sheep 6 oz. with common 
salt, molasses and croton,) stimulants (ginger, carbonate of 
ammonia,)and abundance of water or watery fluids. The 
stimulants may be repeated at intervals of three hours, 
and accompanied by injections of warm water. If no re- 
lief is obtained in twelve hours, repeat the purgative and 
if any tenderness of the right side exists, blister it with 
mustard and turpentine (for sheep use ammonia and oil). 
tf the kidneys act profusely, change the purgative, giving 
castor or linseed-oil. LHven after free action of the bowels 
itis usually necessary to feed green food, roots or. soft 
mashes, to give all the water that will be taken, and even 
to add slight laxatives to insure the perfect breaking up 
of all the impaction. 

In the acute forms of the disease with irritation of the 
stomach the blandest purgatives only (linseed, olive, or 
castor-o1l,) must be used with nux vomica, injections and a 
blister on the right side over the short ribs, and cold water 
or ice-bags to the head. Should the victims become deliri- 
ous, fasten to a strong post round which they can move, or 
to a ring fixed inthe ground. When recovery ensues, fol- 
low up with a course of bitter tonics, (gentian, willow bark, 
nux vomica, boneset, etc.) 

13 


146 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


GASTRITIS IN OXEN. 


The acute impactions of the manifolds are usually com- 
plicated with congestion, and the chronic impactions lead 
to it. Inflammation also results from over-stimulating 
food, (spring grass, clover, tares, green corn, etc.,) from 
dry heating: aliment, (excess of corn meal, linseed cake, 
rape cake, cotton cake,) from wild mustard and other ir- 
ritants, from poor, hard, fibrous food, from suspension of 
rumination during prolonged hard work, and from min- 
eral and vegetable irritants. 

Symptoms. In mild cases, from heating or poor food, 
there are dullness, moaning, trembling, straining and fre- 
quent passage of dung in small quantities, hot, clammy, 
shghtly reddened mouth, dry muzzle, sharp accelerated 
pulse, fullness and tenderness of the belly, and the pres- 
ence of solid masses of food in the paunch as felt on the 
left side when pressed with the fist. 

The more active forms, resulting from green food or ir- 
ritants, are manifested by the same symptoms: as acute 
impaction of the third stomach, with the addition of a 
tense abdomen, not dependent on the paunch, increasing ~ 
tenderness, and increased temperature of the body. There 
may be diarrhcea or costiveness or one after the other, 
and it may end in stupor or convulsions. 

Treatment. In the milder forms give a quart of linseed 
or olive-oil and 2 drs. Dover’s powder. Even Epsom or 
Glauber salts may be used with drachm doses of hyoscy- 
amus or belladonna as often as may be requisite to keep 
down violent suffering. Give all the water the patient will 
drink, adding a little decoction of linseed, slippery elm or 
mallow ; also frequent injections of warm water, and warm 
fomentations to the abdomen followed by a blister. Brain 
symptoms must be treated as advised under impaction of 
the third stomach. Follow up with a course of tonics 
after relief is obtained. 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 147 


INDIGESTION IN WORKING OXEN FROM DRINKING COLD WATER. 


This occurs in hard-working oxen, coming from a dusty 
road in a hot day and drinking to excess. There are vio- 
lent colicky pains, uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, lying 
- down and rising, looking at the flanks, and a fullness and 
eurgling on the right side of the abdomen. It may pass 
in half an hour to an hour with a free watery diarrhea. 
Treatment consists in exercise, walking or trotting, and a 
stimulating draught—pepper, ginger, fennel, caraway, 
peppermint, ammonia, alcohol and the like. 


INDIGESTION IN CALVES, LAMBS AND FOALS. WHITE SCOUR. 


This may result from a great variety of causes, such as 
withholding the first (laxative) milk after parturition, 
feeding new-born calves on the milk of old calved cows, 
_ bringing up foals or lambs on cow’s milk, working, over- 
driving or otherwise exciting the dams, feeding unwhole- 
some food to the dams, allowing too long intervals be- 
tween the meals of the young, bringing up on hand on 
eold or soured milk or farinaceous food, keeping in damp 
unwholesome pens, or the accumulation of pellets of hair 
in the stomach. 

Symptoms. Irregular (impaired or even ravenous) ap- 
petite, swollen, tender, drum-like abdomen, sour eructa- 
tions, profuse foetid white watery diarrhoea, white or gray- 
ish fur on the torgue, dry, scurfy, unthrifty skin, and rapid 
emaciation. 

Treatment. Give a dose of 1 to 2 ozs. castor-oil (4 for 
lambs) with a teaspoonful of laudanum. Then with each 
_ meal give a tablespoonful from a bottle of sherry in which 
4 of the fresh fourth stomach of a calf has been steeped. 
Or with this give a carminative (1 oz. tincture of cinna- 
mon) with an antacid (prepared chalk or magnesia 1 dr.) 
and soothing or anodyne agents (gum Arabic, bismuth,) 
with, it may be, an astringent (tincture of kino or catechu 
1dr.) If there is much tenderness of the abdomen ap- 
ply a pulp of mustard and water. If yellowness of the 


148 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


mucous membranes and white, very foetid dung, give 2 
grs. calomel and 5 grs. chalk twice daily. In all cases 
give fresh, warm, wholesome milk thrice a day, with sey- 
eral spoonfuls of lime-water added to each meal. In 
some instances the tone of the stomach may be greatly 
restored by a tablespoonful of tincture of gentian twice a 
day. 

Pe should be sought in breeding only vigorous 
families, sheltering properly, and feeding the milk of the 
dam or of a healthy nurse unaltered by faulty feeding or 
excitement, or by standing. When a foal must be brought 
up on cow’s milk, dilute with one-third its bulk of warm 
water, sweeten with sugar and add lime-water. For the 
carnivora use only the upper third of cow’s milk. 


ACUTE GASTRIC INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. TYMPANY. 


_ This results from sudden filling of the stomach to excess, 
from suspended digestion in connection with hard work 
immediately after a meal, from the washing on of un- 
digested food, from a full drink after a feed of grain, from 
certain indigestible and easily fermented aliments, such as 
cause tympany in the ox, from irritant plants, and from 
hurried swallowing of hot cooked food. 

Symptoms. 'These appear just after feeding and are at 
first those of simple colic, (see Spasmodie Colic) soon 
followed by fullness and tension of the belly, a drum-like 
sound when it is percussed, quickened, deep, oppressed 
breathing, dullness and increasing stupor. The pain is 
continuous though of varying intensity, there is no dispo- 
sition to eat or drink, draughts administered tend to 
ageravate the symptoms, the sufferer yawns, places his 
fore feet apart, arches the neck drawing in the nose toward 
the breast, and in exceptional cases, may obtain relief by 
belching gas, or even by vomiting, the food escaping 
mainly through the nose. More commonly the occurrence 
of vomiting implies rupture of the stomach and presages 
death. The pulse then becomes rapid, weak and soon 


nS hem» 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 149 


imperceptible, and the countenance very haggard and de- 
jected. In the advanced stages the animal is usually sunk 
in stupor, and rests his head on the manger or pushes it 
against the wall, while in some instances neryous move- 
ments of the lips and limbs occur. 

Treatment. Give early, full doses of aromatics, stimu- 
lants and tonics, (tincture of pimento or ginger, oil of 
peppermint, aqua ammonia, ether, alcohol, peppers, nux 
vomica, etc.,) rub the belly, and if relieved, follow up with 
a dose of physic. Alkales are sometimes useful, as in the 
ox. Warm water injections and waiking exercise should 
also be given. ‘The stomach of the horse cannot be safely 
punctured, hence the affection is too cften fatal. When 
relieved give easily digested food frequently mm small 
quantity, until the stomach has regained its tone. When 
horses bolt their food give a little hay to appease hunger 
before allowing grain. 


ACUTE INTESTINAL INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. 
» TYMPANITIC COLIC. 


Due to the same causes as gastric tympany, this often 
complicates that, and is complicated by it, the disease 
being named according to the predominance of the 
gaseous evolution in stomach or bowels. When the 
bowels are mainly implicated, there is greater hope, as 
medicines may be passed through the stomach and taken 
up from the gut so as to affect the system, and the gas 
may even be drawn off with a small cannula and trocar 
from the large intestines which occupy the lower part of 
the abdomen. The puncture should be made where the 
resonance is clearest and most drum-like. The symptoms 
closely resemble those of tympanitic stomach, only there 
is more passage of dung and flatus, and the treatment only 
differs in the greater freedom with which liquids may be 
poured into the stomach and the possibility of drawing off 
the gas through a cannula. 

13* 


150 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES IN HORSES. 


This results from overfeeding, especially on grain, 
(Indian corn, wheat,) from hard, fibrous, indigestible food 
taken in excess to make up for the deficiency of quality ; 
from imperfect preparation of the food in diseases of the | 
teeth, jaws or salivary glands ; from insufficiency of water, 
and eminently from want of exercise. 

Symptoms. Considerable impaction may last for a time 
without any sign, and the disease finally shows itself sud- 
denly as a violent colic. More commonly transient colics 
come on after meals for several days in succession. There 
are pawing with the fore feet, uneasy movements, or kicking 
of the belly with the hind, lying down and rising at short 
intervals, turning of the nose toward the flank, and the 
frequent passage of wind and of dung, the latter a few 
small pellets at a time. There is special fullness and 
tension of the right side of the belly, dullness on per- 
cussion, solid resistance when pressed, and if the soaped 
hand is introduced through the last gut the solidly im- 
pacted bowels are usually to be felt. The pressure of 
these on the bladder often causes frequent discharges of 
urine. A favorite position is one with the fore limbs 
stretched forward and the hind backward. 

Treatment. In mild cases and in the early stages give 
a laxative diet (roots, soft bran mashes, oil meal, corn- 
stalks,) and two or three ounces of Glauber salts daily in 
the food. In the more severe, give aloes, gentian and nux 
vomica, and in case of tympany, carbonate of ammonia or 
peppermint; relieve pain by hyoscyamus or belladonna, 
and follow up with frequent injections of warm water, and 
frictions and fomentations of the abdomen. The aloes 
should not be repeated under twenty-four hours, but if 
there is evidence of their having passed off by the kidneys 
they may be replaced by linseed or olive-oil. The action 
of the bowels may be deferred three or four days without 
a fatal result whereas too much medicine will often cause 
rupture of the gut in front of the impaction. 


Diseases of the Digestwe Organs. L5E 


Prevention should be sought by a more laxative diet, by 
a liberal supply of water, by exercise, or even by daily 
doses of 1 or 2 oz. of sulphate of soda in the food. The 
addition of 2 drachms of powdered gentian and 10 grs. of 
nux vomica will often restore lost tone to the bowels. 


CATARRH OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS IN HORSES. 


This is a form of chronic indigestion resulting from 
faults in diet, as regards quality, quantity and regularity ; 
from a habit of bolting food; from starvation and hard 
work; from a sudden access of rich food; from the irrita- 
tion of worms; from congested or torpid liver; from 
impaction of the bowels or from any irritant in the food. 

Symptoms. Unthrifty appearance, rough coat, hide- 
bound, irregular or capricious appetite, dullness at work, 
emaciation, tucked up belly, clammy, furred tongue, irreg- 
ularity of the bowels, diarrhcea alternating with constipa- 
tion, hard balls of imperfectly digested dung covered with 
a film of mucus, foetid sour odor of stools, and an inclina- 
tion to lick the white walls or fresh earth. 

Treatment. A carefully regulated and easily digested 
diet, (green food, sound hay, ground oats, roots,) moderate 
regular exercise, a clean, warm, comfortable stable, rock 
salt to lick at will, and a course of tonics, (gentian with nux 
vomica, white bismuth, and sulphate of soda,) morning and 
evening. Change from one tonic to another as they seem 
to lose their effect. Slippery elm, boiled linseed, mallow, 
etc., are often useful in checking irritation. 


VOMITING. 


This is common in carnivora and pigs but exceedingly 
rare in cattle, and still more so in horses, asses and 
mules. It may be due to a great variety of causes, as di- 
rect irritation of the stomach by food, poison, congestion or 
inflammation, disease of the brain, or of some other organ, 
which profoundly affects the system, or which like the 
throat or gullet has intimate nervous relations with the 


152 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


stomach. It is therefore mostly a symptom of other dis- 
eases, and in many cases of gastric irritation is a meang 
of relief. When due to direct irritation of the stomach 
favor it by giving tepid water freely. When emptied, the 
stomach may be soothed by ice, iced water, prussic acid, 
creosote, carbolic acid, bismuth, nux vomica, lemon-juice, 
camphor, etc. Gum and albumen may often be given to 
sheath the irritated organ, and a blister may be placed 
on the pit of the stomach. 


DEPRAVED APPETITE. 

Seen in dyspeptic horses, eating earth, lime, etc., in rabid 
dogs swallowing all sorts of things, and in cows eating 
chalk, earth, sand, gravel, wood, leather, iron bolts, and 
articles of clothing, hair, bones, lead, etc. In many cases 
what is begun as a habit is contimued as a disease, the 
foreign bodies in the stomach deranging the digestion and 
keeping up a morbid craving. Pregnancy, tuberculosis, 
and a deficiency of phosphates in the soil and food are 
occasional causes in cows. ‘The habit should be checked 
by keeping tempting objects out of reach, dealing with 
tuberculosis and chronic gastric catarrh as advised under 
those heads, with a deficiency of phosphates, by an 
abundant artificial feeding on sound grains and a course 
of tonics, and with indigestible bodies in the stomach, by 
a careful feeding to prepare the beast for slaughter, or that 
failing by opening the paunch on the left side and remov- 
ing the offending agent (see impacted »aunch). 


FOREIGN BODIES IN STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 


These may be taken in by accident with the food or 
may be deposited from it in the form of calculi or con- 
cretions. 

Cattle suffer much from sharp-pointed bodies like nee- 
dles, pins, nails, etc., taken with the food, and afterward 
making their way to the heart which they penetrate, causing 
sudden death, or in more favorable cases making their way 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 153 


through the walis of the abdomen and escaping. Blunt 
objects remain in the paunch and honeycomb-bag, causing 
much or litle irritation according to size ornumber. The 
most varied objects are often found in cattle slaugh- 
tered for beef and in good health, nails, coin, shot, solder, 
buttons, and hair-balls, are among the most common. I 
have known fifteen hair-balls from three to six inches in 
diameter in the paunch of a healthy fat heifer. In sucking 
ealves, in which they form in the true stomach, they cause _ 
dyspepsia, diarrhcea, and emaciation. 

Sheep suffer from wool-balls, from the fine hairs of clover 
and other aliments, and from collections of sand and gravel 
when fed turnips from damp soil. 

Swine have balls of bristles in the stomach and large 
intestines. 

Horses have concretions of phosphate of lime, with 
smooth stony surface; of ammonia-magnesian phosphate 
with rough crystalline structure; of the fine hairs from 
the surface of the oat with a fine velvety surface ; and of 
two or more of those mixed in one calculus. These are 
formed equally in the stomach and large intestines. 

Dogs have hair-balls mainly in the large intestines, as 
well as marbles and other objects picked up in play. 

These foreign bodies may exist without any manifest 
result, or they may cause tympany in cattle and sheep 
after every meal, vomiting 1 in dogs and pigs, acute indiges- 
tion in the horse, and in all heer in which they are 
lodged in the intestines, obstruction of their passage, and 
violent colics which recur frequently, and usually cut the 
animal off sooner or later. 

In ruminants the offending bodies may be removed from 
the stomach by a surgical operation, but in others little 
can be done beyond giving anodynes (opium, belladonna, 
stramonium, etc.,) to relieve pain and spasm and await 
the result. A dose of physic would carry off the smaller 
calculi but would be dangerous in the large. But these 
cases can rarely be recognized until after death, and are 


154 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


necessarily classed with a number of others, (invagination, 
constriction, etc., of the bowels,) in which there is irreme- 
diable obstruction, and which end sooner or later in death. 


SPASMODIC COLIC. BELLY-ACHE. 


This term is loosely used to designate all conditions in 
which there is pain in the belly, whether from disease of 
liver, pancreas, urimary organs, generative apparatus, 
stomach or bowels, and whether caused by nervous irrita- 
tion, inflammation, improper position, strangulation or 
compression by adjacent organs, obstruction by foreign 
bodies, etc., etc. ‘The present remarks will be confined to 
that which is more purely nervous and which results from 
spasmodic contraction (cramps) of the bowels. 

In certain susceptible states of the system a slight indi- 
gestion, without impaction or tympany, the taking of indi- 
gestible matters that would have been harmless at another 
time, a drink of ice-cold water when perspiring and exhaus- 
ted, a chill rain or dew will cause spasms and the most 
excruciating agony. 

Symptoms. The attack is sudden, the horse paws, 
moves uneasily, kicks at the belly, looks at the flanks with 
anxious countenance, dilated nostrils and glaring eye, 
crouches with semi-bent limbs for a few seconds and then 
throws himself down with a prolonged groan. He rolls, 
hes on his back, sits on his haunches and may get up, 
shake himself, take to feeding and appear quite well. 
Another fit comes on in ten, fifteen, twenty or thirty min- 
utes, and after each there is a period of freedom from pain, 
with natural pulse and breathing. This with the reckless 
manner in which he lies down, and the entire absence of 
tenderness of the abdomen, or of elevated temperature, 
serve to distinguish from other bowel diseases, especially 
inflammation. Each succeeding attack may be less severe 
until they cease, or they may increase in severity and the 
disease merge into acute tympanitic indigestion or enteritis. 

In cattle there are similar symptoms with uneasy shift- 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 155 


ing of the hind limbs, kicking with the upper one when 
down, twisting of the tail and moaning. It rarely lasts 
over an hour or two. 

Dogs curl themselves up to rest, but move uneasily or 
moan, and with the more violent pains start up with a 
sudden yelp, move around for some time and lie down 
until the next spasm comes on. The eye is bright, the 
nose cool and moist, the pulse natural, and the appetite 
retained. 

Treatment. In allanimals alike, a laxative (aloes, horse; 
linseed-oil, cattle and sheep; castor-oil, pigs and dogs,) is 
the safest treatment as it soon relieves the spasm and 
carries off any irritant that may have contributed to main- 
tain it. It is usually desirable to add an anodyne (bella- 
donna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, chloral-hydrate,) 
to relieve the pain until the laxative is absorbed, and a 
stimulant anti-spasmodic (carbonate of ammonia, sweet 
spirits of nitre, ether,) to quiet the nervous excitement. 
Copious injections of warm water with or without anodynes 
and anti-spasmodics are not to be neglected, neither is 
quiet walking exercise. If the affection appears purely 
spasmodic the laxative may be withheld until two doses 
of anodynes and anti-spasmodics have been given at in- 
tervals of half an hour, but should these fail, give the 
opening medicine at once, and then only enough of the 
other agents to moderate excessive pain until it has had 
time to be absorbed. Complete relief may be looked for in 
three or four hours. 


ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS. 


This is very common in hard-working horses in some 
localities and is also seen in cattle, sheep, swine and dogs. 
It may follow unrelieved obstruction of the bowels, espe- 
cially if these have been treated by powerful opiates and 
stimulants or dangerously irritant purgatives. To these 
must be added excessive fatigue, heavy, hurried feeding, 
and drinking iced water, exposure to a cold draught, chill 


156 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 

rain, or cold sponge when exhausted, a sudden change to 
dry grain feeding, to new oats or hay, to rank, rapidly- 
erown clover or grasses, or to musty food. 

Symptoms. When not supervening on indigestion or ob- 
struction of the bowels its onset 1s sudden. The patient 
stamps, paws, looks at his flank, moves from place to place, 
walks crouchingly, les down, rolls, acts in short as in spas- 
modic colic, but there is a more careful lying down, there is 
no intermission to the pain, the face continues pinched and 
anxious even if the beast stands quiet. for a few seconds, 
the eye remains fixed and glazed, the pupils dilated, the 
breathing hurried and catching, the pulse rapid, and be- 
coming smaller and weaker, the temperature unnaturally 
high, the surface covered with sweat and often cold, and 
the limbs and ears deathly cold. The abdomen is usually 
tender. As the disease advances the animal may become 
still but all the cther signs are worse. Others become 
reckless and dash about peeling and injuring themselves 
and imperiling those aboutthem. The bowels are confined 
and in the advanced stages the pellets passed may be 
stained with blood. Death may ensue in from three to 
twenty-four hours after the onset. 

Treatment. if seen at the outset give a mild laxative 
(olive-oil) with an anodyne (hyoscyamus). Bleeding from 
the jugular vein may give prompt relief if the pulse is still 
full and strong. But neither of these can be ventured 
upon except at the very outset, and therefore in the great 
majority of cases are to be avoided. Apply hot fomenta- 
tions to the belly by a blanket wrung out of water nearly 
boiling, rub the hmbs with ammonia, mustard or turpen- 
tine, and give injections of warm water containing ano- 
dynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, tobacco, — 
etc.) 

If the soft, weak, rapid pulse bespeaks already existing 
effusion, avoid bleeding and laxatives, give one or two 
drachms of opium by mouth, or better one or two grains 
sulphate of morphia injected under the skin, repeating as 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 157 


often as may be requisite to moderate suffering and keep 
the bowels inactive, accompanying this by hot fomentations 
and counter-irritants. 

In case of improvement feed linseed or oatmeal gruels, 
boiled linseed, or very sloppy bran mashes only, and in 
small amount, for several days. If the bowels continue 
confined give four or five ozs. olive-oil, or three or four ozs. 
Glauber salts once or twice a day. 

But prevention is especially to be sought in such a rap- 
idly fatal disease. Regularity and sufficient frequency of 
feeding, in moderate quantities at a time and of good 
quality, and a gradual instead of a sudden change of diet, 
are important. When new hay or grain, or heating agents 
like maize or wheat are fed, one feed daily should be 
replaced by a sloppy bran mash, or one or two ounces 
of common or Glauber salts added. Avoid full draughts 
ot cold or iced water when sweating and exhausted, and of 
any water aiter a meal of grain. 


ACUTE MUCO-ENTERITIS. 


All the domestic animals are subject to this form of in- 
flammation, chiefly of the mucous membrane of the bow- 
els. The causes are mainly the same as those of hemor- 
rhagic enteritis acting on a less susceptible subject, or 
with lessened force. These may be named exposure, sud- 
den extreme changes of weather, coarse, dry, fibrous, 
musty or otherwise irritant indigestible food, abrupt 
changes of diet, impure, stagnant or putrid water, too 
much water atter feeding, or iced water when fatigued and 
perspiring, drastic or oft-repeated purgatives, suppressed 
perspiration, sand in the food, parasites and the various 
mechanical obstructions (calculi, impactions, invagina- 
tions, hernia). Cattle, sheep and swine especially suffer 
during the vicissitudes and extremes of spring, summer 
and autumn, and the latter from want of water to drink 
and wallow in. Among dogs the young suffer most and 
those kept on animal food, or that bathe in rivers when 

14 


158 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


heated with the chase. Chickens contract it from faults 
in feeding and watering, but especially from exclusive 
feeding on grain and deficiency or impurity of the water. 

Symptoms. In the mildest forms are fever, increased 
temperature, thirst, scanty, high-colored urine, costive 
bowels, the small masses of dung covered with a film of 
mucus, tender belly, small, quick, hard pulse, yellowish- 
red eyes, hot clammy mouth, furred tongue with redness 
along the edges, tip and lower surface, impaired appetite, 
dull sluggish habit, loss of flesh, unthrifty skin, and sight 
colics after meals. 

In the more severe forms all these symptoms are in- 
creased in severity, appetite gone, dullness and depres- 
sion extreme, head carried low, gait unsteady, breathing 
excited, a ridge on the tender abdomen as in pleurisy, 
and more frequent colic, with pawing, uneasy shifting of 
the limbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking at the flanks 
and lying down and rising. Diarrhoea may set in and 
herald recovery, or it may become profuse, bloody and 
fatal. 

In addition to these general symptoms cattle and sheep 
have impairment or loss of rumination, frequent belch- 
ing of gas, foetid breath and tenderness mainly of the 
right side of the abdomen. When due to acrid and irri- 
tant plants, the back is arched, abdomen tense and tucked 
up, constipation obstinate, tongue often purple, and the 
urine high-colored or even bloody. It may prove fatal 
after a fortnight’s sickness. In swine the affection is usu- 
ally mistaken for Intestinal Fever which indeed it strongly 
resembles, but without the ineffaceable black spots on the 
skin and mucous membranes, and without a contagious 
principle. In dogs much dullness, drowsiness, restless- 
ness, with tucked up, tense, very tender abdomen, violent 
constipation and very painful and difficult passage of 
dung are added to the general symptoms. Vomiting is 
common in dogs and pigs. Chickens lose appetite and 
vivacity, droop the head, raise the feathers, move slug- 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. - 19g 


gishly, scour, strain violently, and show much tenderness 
of the abdomen when handled. _ 

Treatment. At the outset give a laxative (horse, aloes; 
ox or sheep, Glauber salts; or for all animals olive-oil ;) 
with anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, Indian hemp,) 
in a mucilage of slippery elm or gum Arabic, and repeat 
these mucilages and anodynes as may be needful to quiet 
the suffering. Mild cases may be successfully treated by 
small daily doses of sulphate of soda with abundance of 
mucilage, and tonic doses of gentian and nux vomica. 
Give injections of hot water, with anodynes, and apply fo- 
mentations, or in small animals poultices, followed by 
mustard or other counter-irritants to the belly as in hem- 
orrhagic enteritis. When profuse diarrhcea sets in give 
freely of mucilaginous and starchy drinks, with quinia, 
gentian, nux vomica or other bitter and opium. ‘The diet 
must be restricted to well-boiled mucilaginous gruels, and 
in the case of herbivora, sloppy warm bran mashes. 

The treatment of diseased chickens is not always satis- 
factory, but the whole flock should have mush, vegetables 
and boiled potatoes, with clear pure drinking water to 
which may be added cream of tartar or Glauber salts, 1 
oz. to every quart. 


CROUPOUS ENTERITIS. 


This occurs in cattle, horses, sheep and dogs, and may 
be considered as a modification of the other forms of en- 
teritis and produced by similar causes. The symptoms 
may approach those of either of the two forms of the dis- 
ease already described, the suffering being extreme and 
lasting, or violent but short, and followed by dullness, de- 
pression, fever, and tenderness of the belly. If the ani- 
mal survives long enough the false membranes are passed 
in great, white, friable masses or shreds. In its earliest 
stages a laxative will often alter the condition of the mem- 
brane and contribute to a prompt recovery. Later treat 
as in enteritis. Saline laxatives (sulphate of soda or mag- 


160 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 

nesia) and bitters (nux vomica, gentian, quassia, quinia,) 
are especially indicated when the membranes are separat- 
ing. If resulting from mercurial poisoning, give chlorate 
of poiassa and iodide of potassium. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE RECTUM. 


The last or straight gut often suffers exclusively in horses 
and dogs in connection with the impaction of hardened 
dung, or calculi, and in oxen with a certain conformation 
from the introduction of air. Dung is passed in long cyl- 
indroid masses with great straiming and pain, or cannot 
be passed at all. In the dog it is covered with mucus, 
pus or even blood. The everted gut is of a deep red color, 
thickened, infiltrated and hot. Rupture may ensue if it is 
notrelieved. Vvreat by emptying the gut with the oiled hand 
or finger, give a spare laxative diet (bran mashes, roots, 
oruels,) frequent injections of warm water containing some 
mucilage and olive-oil, and an occasional purgative (olive 
or linseed-oul). 

In high-rumped oxen, cut the muscles on the upper 
surface of the tail and tie it down until healed. 


DIARRHGA. SCOURING. 


This is a frequent discharge of semi-liquid or liquid 
dung from the bowels without griping or violent straining. 
It is a symptom of disease rather than an independent 
malady, as it may arise from almost any irritant in the 
bowels. Among its common causes may be named a full 
drink followed by active exertion ; feeding soft, aqueous, 
rapidly-grown green food; cooked food for hard-working 
horses ; many irritant and acrid plants; spoiled potatoes, 
turnips, apples, etc.; stagnant, putrid water; undigested 
matters in the bowels from imperfect mastication or di- 
gestion; impaction of some part of the bowels; worms, 
etc. It may occur from irritants secreted from the blood, 
as in the case of purgative agents accidentally taken in 
with food or water, and the morbid elements of certain 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 161 


fevers (Rinderpest, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, lung-fever.) 
Lastly, a reflex irritation from the skin as in exposure to 
chilling rains, night-dews, or damp stalls, or to hot damp 
buildings, seasons or localities. Horses are especially 
liable to superpurgation if worked or supplied with ice-cold 
water during the operation of a dose of physic. 

Symptoms. These may be slight as in the frequent 
pulpy evacuations of animals fed exclusively on roots, or 
severe, as in the excessive and almost constant discharge 
of a dark-colored liquid mixed with mucus. Slight diar- 
rheea does not affect the appetite, nor interfere with 
improvement in condition, but in the severer forms there 
is loud rumbling in the abdomen, loss of appetite and 
condition, rapid, small, weak pulse, hurried breathing, 
pallid mucous membranes and weakness even to unsteady 
gait. Distension of the belly, with pawing and other signs 
‘of abdominal pain may appear in bad cases. In horses it 
is often followed by inflammation of the feet. 

Treatment. Unload the bowels by linseed, olive, or 
eastor-oil according to the patient, adding laudanum, and 
follow up by mucilaginous (linseed, gum Arabic, slip- 
pery elm,) or starchy draughts or even injections with or 
without laudanum as may seem required. In prolonged 
and obstinate cases astringents (kino, catechu, oak bark, 
tannic acid, nitrate of silver,) with tonics (gentian, cin- 
chona, salicine, nux vomica,) and carminatives (campho- 
rated spirit, ginger, peppers, caraway, fennel, etc.,) may 
have to be employed. But in no case should astringents 
or opiates be used until the irritant has been carried off 
by a laxative, and usually a change of diet is needful to 
prevent a second attack. In acute or obstinate cases 
dry rubbing or a ‘blister to the belly may be useful, and 
perfect rest must be enjoined. 


DYSENTERY. BLOODY-FLUX. 


This is a morbid process approaching inflammation of 
the mucous membranes of the large intestines, and leading 


14* 


162 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


to the formation of ulcers. It occurs in cattle, horses, 
swine and dogs, may be enzootic on certain rich impervi- 
ous soils, or even epizootic. 

Causes. Those of diarrhoea acting with greater energy ; 
the emanations from marshy inundated soils, or from 
carcasses ; putrid, stagnant or iced water; musty, putrid 
or otherwise altered food ; overexertion in excessive heats ; 
or even a contagium. \ 

Symptoms. The acute form comes on suddenly with 
symptoms of acute intestinal catarrh. The dungis passed fre- 
quently with straining and is semi-liquid and feetid. Later 
it is quite liquid with mucus, blood and shreds of false mem- 
branes or sloughs, intolerably offensive, and passed with 
still more pain and straining. Later still, the same painful 
straining fails to bring away anything, though the red, 
infiltrated and excoriated rectum may protrude. At length 
the discharge again reappears more repulsive than ever 
and passes involuntarily. Appetite is gradually lost, but 
thirst increases. Fever exists at first with starmg coat 
and even shivering, hot fevered mouth and accelerated 
pulse, but this is less marked as the disease becomes 
chronic. Then there is extreme emaciation, cold limbs, 
dry, cracked muzzle, hide-bound, scurfy, unhealthy, lousy 
skin, often covered with flies, deeply-sunken pallid eyes, 
and involuntary liquid putrid discharges. Death may 
occur in three or four days or the disease may be pro- 
tracted for months. 

Treatinent. Rub the belly actively and apply mustard, 
or in small animals give a warm bath. Give a mild laxa- 
tive (olive-oil, Glauber salts,) with calmative (Dover’s 
powder, laudanum). After the laxative has operated give 
daily Dover’s powder with ipecacuanha, or sal ammoniac, 
or should these fail to improve the discharge, astringents 
(kino, catechu, gall-nuts, oak bark, black currant bark, 
walnut leaves, tormentilla, rhatany, etc.,) with tonics (quinia, 
nux vomica, salicine, cascarilla, carbonate or sulphate of 
iron, sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver). Small doses 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 163 


of oil of turpentine, copaiva, creosote or carbolic acid 
often act beneficially on the diseased mucous membrane. 
The same agents may be given as injections In mucilagi- 
nous fluids. Diet must be bland, easily digested, and fed 
little at a time. Mashes of wheat bran, or flour from the 
whole grain of wheat, barley or oats, and fresh pulped or 
cooked roots may be given to the herbivora; and farinas 
made into puddings, with just enough juice of meat to in- 
sure their being eaten, to the carnivora. Fresh raw meat 
without fat, beaten to a pulp in a mortar will often agree 
when nothing else will. The drink should be mixed with 
a little boiled linseed, gum, slippery elm or barley water. 


OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS. 


Under this head may be considered all cases of com- 
plete obstruction of the bowels excepting those of the na- 
ture of hernia or rupture. It will include blocking of the 
eut by hardened dung, calculi, and foreign bodies swal- 
lowed; invagination or the slipping of a portion of gut 
into what is adjacent, like the drawing of a finger of a 
glove into itself; volvulus, or the rolling on itself of a por- 
tion of intestine with its connecting membrane until noth- 
ing can pass through it; strangulation of an intestine by 
another rolled round it, by a tumor hanging by a long 
pedicle, or by a band of false membrane formed in some 
pre-existing inflammation and gradually contracting; tu- 
mors formed within a gut; and in steers the strangulation 
of a loop of intestine in a pouch in the right flank formed 
by contraction on the spermatic cord in castration. 

The symptoms of complete obstruction are those of se- 
vere spasmodic colic, but without the intervals of complete 
freedom from pain. It differs also from enteritis in that 
there is no rise of temperature at first. The dung may 
be abundant at the outset but as the disease advances is 
more or less completely suppressed, the portion of intes- 
tine behind the obstruction having been emptied. The 
horse often seems to obtain a partial temporary relief by 


164 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


sitting on his haunches or lying on his back, and will 
retch, though vomiting is rare, unless the stomach is rupt- 
ured. If the obstruction is in the pelvic flexure of the 
large bowels it may be felt by the hand introduced through 
the rectum. 

In ruminants the preliminary colics may be followed by 
quietude, but there remain extreme lassitude, depression, 
sunken eye and dry hot muzzle, and even stupor or coma. 
Tn cattle the hand introduced into the rectum will detect 
the mass of the overdistended bowel above the obstruce- 
tion. It may also ascertain the existence of a pouch im- 
prisoning the gut in the right flank and may even pull it 
out and relieve. 

In dogs violent colic may be absent, but there is much 
depression, Inappetence, vomiting of bile or feeces, arch- 
ing of the back, tucking up of the belly, the passage with 
much pain and straining of mucus-covered feces, and lat- 
er, straining without any passage, while the overloaded 
gut may easily be felt through the walls of the belly. 

Treatment. In most cases of absolute obstruction noth- 
ing can be done except to relieve the pain by anodynes 
(opium, belladonna, stramonium, Indian hemp, etc.,) and 
leave to nature. Invagination, volvulus or gut-tie, when 
their presence is ascertained in ruminants, pigs or dogs, 
would warrant an incision through the walls of the abdo- 
men and an attempt to rectify with the hand. In cattle 
the opening must always be made in the right flank, the 
left being occupied by the paunch. The wound must be 
aiterward carefully sewed up and the animal prevented 
from rubbing it. Gut-tie may often be remedied by man- 
_ Ipulation with the hand in the rectum, or even by the sim- 
pler expedient of jumping from a bank about two feet 
high, though if due to adhesion of the cord to an intestine 
the abdomen must be opened and the band cut. 


HERNIA. RUPTURE. BURST. 
Hernia is understood to mean the displacement of some 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 165 


internal organ through a natural or unnatural opening. 
Of abdominal organs the bowels and omentum are those 
that most commonly protrude, though the womb often es- 
capes in bitches. According to the structure through 
which the organ passes the hernia is named :—into the 
chest, diaphragmatic or phrenc ; through the omentum or 
mesentery, omental, mesenteric ; through the navel, umbilical ; 
into the scrotum, inguinal or scrotal; through the femoral 
arch to the inner side of the thigh, femoral; through an 
artificial opening in the walls of the abdomen, ventral ; 
through the relaxed walls of the vagina, vaginal. 

Diaphragmatic Hernia may occur from violent muscular 
efforts, from the violent shock of a heavy abdominal organ 
on the midriff in leaping or from laceration with a broken 
rib or other offending body. The worst cases are sud- 
denly fatal from suffocation. In others there is a sudden 
access of difficult breathing with gurgling sounds on aus- 
cultating the chest. In still others, with a smaller rupture, 
the rumbling in the chest may be absent but there is vio- 
lent, continuous colic and rapid prostration as in obstruc- 
tion. In the slightest forms there is only an extra lifting 
of the flanks as in heaves. Treatment is useless, though 
rest and anodynes will allow a slight case to merge into 
the chronic form. 

Mesenteric and Omental Hernia give rise to complete ob- 
struction of the bowels and can rarely be recognized nor 
remedied. 

Umbilical Hernia is common in horses, dogs and very 
young ruminants. It is usually congenital but may result 
from violent straining, running or jumping. The swelling 
is very manifest and when handled its contents are found 
to move on each other, to gurgle and to pass back in a 
mass when pressed. 

Treatment is often needless, the sac becoming effaced 
with growth. If not, make a soft pad for the navel and 
attach it to elastic bands passing round the body and fixed 
in their turn to others extending back from a collar round 


166 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


the neck. Or im slight cases blister the sac severely and 
repeatedly ; or apply wooden clamps over the skin close 
up to the belly, having first perfectly returned the protru- 
sion, and let them be worn until they drop off. 

Inguinal Hernia occurs in the male quadruped of any 
age, as the sac containing the testicle remains continuous 
with the abdomen throughout life. It is rare but by no 
means unknown in the castrated animal. It may exist 
without any other symptom than an unnatural swelling of 
the scrotum, the contents movable on themselves, the 
thickening extending up to the abdomen, and the whole 
disappearing suddenly and in a mass when pressed. Or 
these signs may be associated with the violent and contin- 
uous colicky pains of obstruction. In all cases of colic in 
entire males the possibility of hernia should be borne in 
mind and an examination made. 

Treatment is very varied, in difficult cases requiring an- 
atomical knowledge and attention to many minutiz which 
cannot be given here. Yet in many cases the hernia may 
be returned by simple pressure with the hand, with or 
without the other hand inserted into the last gut and car- 
ried down to the internal inguinal ring. If the patient is 
thrown on his back with his hind parts well raised the re- 
turn will be greatly facilitated. In pigs and dogs castra- 


tion should be resorted to, the gut being first returned and | 


held back by pressing upon the canal in front of the testi- 
cle, and finally the wound in the skin sewed up. For par- 
ticulars of treatment of the various forms of inguinal her- 
nia see the author’s larger work. 

Femoral Hernia in bitches rarely demands or receives 
treatment. 

Ventral Hernia is easily distinguished from other swell- 
ings of the abdominal walls by the movable gurgling con- 
tents entirely returnable into the abdomen by pressure. 
Though often masked by surrounding inflammation these 
characters can usually be recognized. Treatment is most 
successful just after the injury is sustained, as after the 


: 
. 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 167 


margins of the wound have become insensible they will 
not contract and heal. Return the protrusion, throwing 
the animal on its back and quieting with opium, ether or 
chloral if necessary. Then cover the opening with pads 
and cover with a strong sheet wound round the abdomen 
and laced tightly along the back. Keep the sheet in posi- 
tion by bands carried from its anterior border to a collar 
round the neck. Adjust and pad it carefully day by day 
until all swelling and tenderness subside. 

Vaginal Herma must be treated like eversion of the va- 
gina. 


EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. ~ 


The rectum protrudes naturally in passing dung but re- 
turns immediately. If it remains and swells it demands 
interference. Poorly-kept animals (dogs, pigs,) are liable 
and it may be caused in all from violent straining in work, 
parturition, constipation, diarrhcea or dysentery. The 
protrusion may be confined to a mucous fold at one side 
of the anus or the entire gut may protrude to the length 
of several feet. If recent it is little altered, but if old, is 
red, thick, softened or even ulcerated. The protrusion 
must be emptied, cleaned and returned, the oiled finger or 
arm (according to size) being introduced into the gut and 
through the constriction of the anus and the other hand 
used to strip it off from this. The head of the patient 
should be turned downhill and straining prevented by 
pinching the back. In small animals with old protrusions 
the part may have to be cut off close to the anus and a 
few stitches passed through the edges to keep them in ap- 
position. When returned a truss should be applied as for 
everted uterus or vagina and a spare, laxative diet allowed, 
nourishing or not according to the needs of the patient. 


PILES. 


These are dilatation of the veins on the inner and outer 
sides of the anus, with exudation and fibrous thickening 


168 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


of the surrounding connective tissue to form rounded 
swellings. They are reported in all domestic animals but 
are especially common in dogs. Melanotic tumors in 
horses are often confounded with them. They are gener- 
ally connected with torpid, inactive liver and an aggra- 
vated costiveness, straining and the presence of irritants 
in the large intestines. Dogs draw the anus along the 
ground as in intestinal worms, pass hardened, blood- 
streaked dung, with much straining, pain and sharp cries, 
and present around the anus bluish tumors which bleed 
freely if wounded and are connected with the terminal end 
of the gut that hangs out through the opening. The gen- 
eral health rarely suffers much. In other animals there 
is itching, switching and rubbing of the tail with the char- 
acteristic tumors and much straining and difficulty in pass- 
ing dung. Treat by mild laxatives (sulphate of soda and 
common salt, 3 ozs. daily for the large and 20 to 30 grains 
for the small quadrupeds ; or podophyllin in one-fifth the 
usual doses, daily). Give moderately of laxative, easily- 
digested food and maintain tone by bitters (nux yomica). 
Locally bathe with tepid solutions of opium, stramonium 
and astringents (sugar of lead, alum, tannin, sulphurous 
acid, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment). Check bleeding by 
solutions of sulphate of iron or matico. It is sometimes 
necessary to remove with the ligature. 


FISTULA IN ANUS. 


This is a communication between a suppurating sore and 
the terminal part of the rectum. There are usually two 
openings, one into the gut and the other close beside the 
anus. The rational treatment is to remove any foreign 
body or other cause of irritation and then passing an india 
rubber cord through the canal, to bring the end from the 
internal wound out through the anus and, stretching the 
rubber, to tie both together after which by its elasticity it 
slowly cuts its way through, while the wound steadily 
heals behind. 


« 4 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 169 


IMPERFORATE ANUS. 


This is not uncommon in young animals and may be 
relieved by a free incision as soon as the accumulation of 
dung in the end of the rectum furnishes a firm pad on 
which to cut. The incision must be made in the centre 
of the firm muscular ring that should have encircled the 
opening, and which may be easily felt. In mares sponta- 
neous relief is often obtained by a rupture into the vagina. 
Tf the gut as well as the opening is wanting, there is no 
remedy. 


PERITONITIS. INFLAMMATION OF. THE LINING MEMBRANE OF 
THE ABDOMEN. 


This occurs in all domestic animals and may be limited 
to a particular part or may be general. It is mostly 
caused by mechanical injuries, as wounds of the abdom- 
inal walls—surgical or otherwise, or by rupture of an ab- 
scess, of the stomach, intestine, bladder or womb. It 
may also result from sudden changes of weather, chills 
from exposure to excessive cold, to frigid showers or dews 
or to a wet bed after perspiration and fatigue. This is of 
course most frequent in horses and oxen. Similar expos- 
ure to cold is a common cause of peritonitis after wounds 
of the abdomen, as in castration. 

Symptoms. If very circumscribed there may be simply 
slight colic, worse at one time than another, with acute 
pain when the affected part is pressed. When more gen- 
eral there is shivering followed by a hot stage, colic, stiff- 
ness of the hind limbs, especially in the smaller animals, 
swelling, tension and great tenderness of the abdomen, 
constipation, or in rare cases, watery or even bloody diar- 
rhoea, complete loss of appetite, vomiting in animals capa- 
ble of this act, quick, catching breathing and rapid hard 
pulse, becoming softer, weaker and smaller when serous 
effusion takes place. Effusion is further attended by a 
relief from the colics and tenderness, a more sunken eye, 
pallid mucous membranes, deeper breathing, and a more 

15 


170 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


pendent belly with a sense of fluctuation when it is hand- 
led. In ruminants the right side is especially tender and 
the animal stands crouching with its four feet near to- 
gether. The wound of the abdomen usually completes 
the list of symptoms. 

Treatment. The abdomen may sometimes be cupped 
or leeched with advantage, though warm fomentations or 
poultices, (or even warm baths for small animals) followed 
by mustard poultices, are more generally applicable. 
Then the preparations of opium may be given in full and 
frequent doses to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive. 
Well-boiled gruels may be given frequently as injections, 
as what is thrown on the stomach is usually vomited or 
lies unabsorbed. During recovery great care must be 
exercised in feeding. Decoctions of linseed, or well-boiled 
gruels of oat, barley or rye-meal should gradually give 
place to soft warm bran mashes and finally to hay and 
ordinary food. The carnivora may have beef tea. Ano- 
dynes (opium, prussic acid,) may be given to relieve pain 
and diuretics (nitre, digitalis, sweet spirits of nitre, etc.,) 
employed to remove the effusion. Tonics (oxide of iron, 
gentian, cinchona, etc.,) may be demanded and occa- 
sionally mustard poultices to remove tenderness. 


ASCITES. DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN. 


This may be a result of peritonitis, of obstruction to 
the flow of blood through the intestinal (portal) veims as 
in diseased liver, spleen, pancreas, mesenteric glands, 
valves of the heart, etc., or finally it may depend on an 
unduly watery state of the blood as in certain parasitic 
and other disorders. 

Symptoms. Distended (pot) belly, loose and pendulous, 
with hollow flanks, or if the liquid is more abundant, 
rounded and tense. Fluctuation is easily felt if pressure 
is made at two different points, and percussion elicits a 
dull dead sound in place of the normal drum-like reso- 
nance of the bowels. The urine is scanty, appetite and 


171 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


digestion impaired, breathing deep and excited, condition 
poor and getting worse, hair dry, rough, erect and often 
shedding, and swellings appear along the lower part of 
the body into the limbs and chest. 

Treatment. Find out and remove if possible the true 
primary cause. When that has ceased to act employ 
purgatives, but especially diuretics (digitalis, oil of tur- 
pentine, iodide of potassium, squills, colchicum, nitre, etc.,) 
in as full doses as the strength will permit, with tonics 
(sulphate of iron, gentian, nux vomica,) and apply tinct- 
ure of iodine over the abdomen. The liquid may be drawn 
off with a fine cannula and trocar, one-half only being 
extracted at a time, and the flaccid walls at once sup- 
ported by a tight bandage encircling the body. 


GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PARASITES. 


Larva oF Insects.—Bots. These are the larva of four 
different species of gadjly that pester horses in summer 


Fig. 20. Fig. 22. 


Fig. 20—Bot-fly. Céstrus Equi. 
Fig. 21. 


Fig 22—Bots hooked on the mucous 
Fig. 21—Bot. Larva of (Estrus. membrane of the stomach. 

and autumn, gluing their little white ovoid eggs on the 
long hairs beneath the jaws, on the breast, shoulders and 
fore limbs on which the empty shells may be carried 
through the winter. When the horse licks himself the live 
embryo is extracted from the egg and swallowed or in the 


172 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


case of those beneath the jaws they fall into the food and 


are devoured with it. By the aid of the hooks around 
their heads they attach themselves to the mucous mem- 
brane mainly of the left half of the stomach but often also 
of other parts such as the right side of the stomach, the 
duodenum or small gut leading from the stomach, and the 
throat. There they steadily grow in the winter and in 
spring pass out with the dung, burrow in the soil and are 
transformed into the gadfly. The disturbance they cause 


depends on their numbers and the portions of the canal 


on which they attach themselves. In the throat they 
produce a chronic sore-throat and discharge from the nose 
which continues until the following spring, unless they are 
previously extracted with the hand. In the left half of 
the stomach which is covered with a thick insensible cuti- 
cle they do little harm when in small numbers, hence 
Bracy Clark supposed them to be rather beneficial in 
stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. When very 
numerous and above all when attached to the highly 
sensitive right half of the stomach or the duodenum they 
seriously interfere with digestion, causing the animals to 
thrive badly, to be weak and easily sweated or fatigued, 
and even determining sudden and fatal indigestions. ‘This 
last result is especially hable to occur in spring or early 
summer, when the bots are passing out in great numbers 
and hooking themselves at intervals to the coats of the 
sensitive bowels in their course. They will sometimes 
accumulate in such numbers as actually to block the pas- 
sage. They even attach themselves to the skin outside 
the anus causing the animal to go awkwardly, to switch his 
tail and give other signs of extreme discomfort until the 
tail is raised and the offender discovered and removed. 
Alleged perforations of the stomach by bots are usually 
ruptures, the result of indigestion. 

The irritation caused by their presence is not easily 
distinguished from other forms of indigestion and colic. 
It may be tympanitic or not, accompanied or not with 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. T73 


diarrhoea, and of the most variable intensity. If occurring 
after a period of abstinence when the worms are presum- 
ably hungry, or if in spring or early summer, if the bots 
are found passing with the dung, if the horse turns up his 
lip as 1f nauseated, and if the margins of the tongue are red 
and fiery there will be so much more corroborative evi- 
dence. 

Treatment. In cases of irritation following abstinence 
give potato juice, gruels, ete., to feed and quiet the bots, 
adding some anodyne (opium, hyocyamus,) or mucilagin- 
ous agents (gum Arabic, boiled linseed, mallow, slippery 
elm,) if it appears necessary. 

We cannot certainly kill the bots in the stomach, as 
they will resist the strongest acids and alkalies, the most 
irrespirable and poisonous gases, the most potent narcot- 
ics and mineral poisons, empyreumatic oils, ete. Oil of 
turpentine, bryony, ether and benzine have been relied on 
by different practitioners but none of them are quite sat- 
isfactory. It seems probable that these like other vermi- 
_ fuges will act best in autumn or early winter before the 
larva has acquired his hard, horny coat of mail, and at 
this time accordingly they may be given with more con- 
fidence. The azedarach (pride of China) grown around 
stables in the South to protect from bots, probably acts in 
this way, if at all, being cropped and swallowed by the an- 
imals while the bots are still white, soft and permeable to 
liquids. | 

The colics are to be treated by anti-spasmodics (tobac- 
co, stramonium, laudanum, etec.,) and mild laxatives, and 
the animal must be well fed to support him under the 
drain and to keep the parasite gorged, lazy and non-irri- 
tating. In summer when the bots are coming away their 
exit may be precipitated by a good dose of physic. 

Prevention. Trim off the long hairs of the jaws, breast, 
shoulder and fore limbs and apply a little oil daily to pre- 
vent the eggs from adhering. Or brush off the eggs with 
soap-suds daily before they have had time to hatch in the 

i= 


174 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


sun. A piece of cloth extended across beneath the jaws 
is often employed to protect this part. 

RatT-TAILED MAGGOTS the larvee of helophilus are also found 
in horses’ intestines but are not known to be injurious. 


Fig. 23. 


N { | | 
> oe ae 


Fig. 23—Helophilus. 


INTESTINAL WORMS. 


These are arranged in four classes: 1. The tape-worms, 
consisting of flat bodies made up of a succession of seg- 
ments or links, with a narrow neck and small head, and 
divided into tape-worms proper, which are round-headed, 
and bothriocephal, which are flat-headed with lateral 
openings ; 2. the flukes, soft-bodied, flattened, leaf-like or 
ovoid worms, with digestive organs and a variable num- 
ber of sucking discs ; 3. the thorn-headed worms, with long 
rounded bodies and retractile snouts furnished with 
hooks by which they attach themselves to the mucous 
membrane, but neither mouth nor digestive canal; 4. 
lastly, the round worms which differ from the last in the 
absence of a protractile, hooked snout and the pos- 
session of mouth and digestive canal. The horse 
harbors in his intestinal canal at least three tape- 
worms and seven round worms; the ox, two tape-worms, 
two flukes and five round worms; the sheep, one tape- 
worm, one fluke and seven round worms; the pig, one 
thorn-headed worm and five round worms; the dog, thir- 
teen tape-worms, one fluke and five round worms; the cat, 
five tape-worms, three flukes and three round worms; the 
rabbit, one tape-worm and three round worms; the goose 
and duck, nine tape-worms, seven flukes, one thorn-headed 
worm and seven round worms; the chicken, four tape- 
worms, two flukes and seven round worms; and the tur- 
key and pigeon, at least two round worms each. Of these 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. LIS 


eighty-eight worms of the digestive organs it is useless to 
attempt any description in a work of the present limits, so 
that our attention must be mainly confined to their symp- 
toms and treatment. For further information the reader 
is referred to the author’s larger work or to those of 
Leuckhart, Diesing, Dujardin, Baillet, Cobbold and other 
helminthologists. 

The transformations of tapve-worms have been already 
referred to under parasites, and those of flukes under dis- 


Fig. 24. Fig. 25. 


Fig. 24—Sclerostomum Equinum. Fig. 25—Oxyuris Curvula. 
Mature and young forms, nat. size. 1 Female; 2 male, nat. size. 
eases of the liver. The thorn-headed worms lay their eggs 
within the body of their host, and these being passed with 
the dung are swallowed by crustaceans in which they en- 
cyst themselves and develop the characters of the adult 
worm in miniature, but remain very minute and fail to at- 
tain their full size till their host is swallowed by another 
animal. Among domestic animals ducks and pigs harbor 
these, probably because of their carnivorous appetite. The 
round wormsmostly live in their young and immature con- 
dition, out of the body, in water or moist earth or on veg- 


176 The Farmer's Vetermmary Adviser. 


etables (see lung-worms, verminous bronchitis,) but some are 
exceptions, like the common pin-worm of the horse (Scler- 
ostomum Equinum) which lives in pill-like masses of 
dung, in little pouches and closed cysts of the mucous 


Fig. 26. Fig. 27. 


Fig. 27—Trichocephalus Affinis, 
nat. size. 


Fig. 26—Ascaris Megalacephala. Fig. 28—Head of Tzenia Expansa. 


membrane of the large intestine and in dilatations of the 
blood-vessels, especially the arteries of the bowels. This, 
with two other common pin-worms of the horse (Scleros- 
tomum Tetracanthum, Oxyuris Curvula,) are each about 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 177 


an inch in length and all inhabit the large intestine in their 
adult condition, sometimes becoming so numerous in a 
district as to cause an epizootic. Another round worm 
(Ascaris Megalacephala) about six inches long is very com- 
mon in the horse’s small intestine. 

Cattle suffer less from intestinal worms, but the follow- 
ing are not infrequently injurious, especially to calves. 
The long tape-worm (Tznia Expansa), Ascaris Bovis (like 
a common earth-worm), the hair-headed worm (Tricoceph- 


Fig. 31. ; 


Ffg. 29—Head of Echinorynchus 
Gigas. 


Fig. 30. 


Fig. 30—Spiroptera Strongylina ; Fig. 31—Ascaris Suilla. 

a, nat. size; 4, tail enlarged. 
alus Affinis), the Sclerostomum Hypostomum and Stron- 
gylus Radiatus. 

Sheep suffer severely, especially from the long tape- 
worm, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Strongylus Fillicollis, 
S. Contortus, Dochmius Cernuus and Tricocephalus Affinis. 
The thick portion of the body of the last is about an inch 
long, the other round worms are mostly under an inch and 
a half. The tape-worm is usually three feet or under, but 
is alleged to gain a length of twenty, thirty and even one 
hundred feet. 


178 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


Swine suffer severely from a thorn-headed worm (Kchin- 
orynchus Gigas) from three to eighteen inches long; a 
hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Crenatus) a_ little 
smaller than the ruminant’s; an ascaris (A. Suilla) like 
that of ruminants ; the Sclerostomum Dentatum, three to 
five lines in length, and the Trichina Spiralis, one-eight- 
eenth to one-sixth inch long. 


Fig. 32. Fig. 34. 


Fig. 32—Head of Dog’s Tape-worm (T. Cucumerina). Larval form in the 
dog-louse (Trichodectes Cani). Fig. 33—Head of Dog’s Tape-worm (T. 
Marginata). Fig. 34—Cyst of same (Cysticercus Tenuicollis) infests rumi- 
nants, omnivora, etc. Fig. 35—Ascaris Marginata, nat. size. Fig. 36— 
Ascaris Mystax, nat. size. 


In addition to the tape-worms mentioned in the general 
articles on parasites, the dog suffers much from others, as 
from the following round worms: Ascaris Marginata, two 
to four inches long; Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, one and 
one-half to three inches long ;. Strongylus Trigonocepha- 


| Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 179 


lus and Dochmius Trigonocephalus, each under one-half 
inch ; and Tricocephalus Depressiusculus, the thick part 
of which is about one-half inch. One worm of the cat, 
Ascaris Mystax, one to three inches long, deserves men- 
tion because of its being harbored also in the human intes- 
tine. 

General Symptoms of Intestinal Worms. These are 
shown when worms are present in large numbers, when 
they attach themselves to the mucous membranes or when 
they bore through these to reach other parts. There are 
general signs of ill-health, poor condition, pot-belly, hide- 
bound, a scurfy, dry state of the skin, often with itching, 
irregular and usually voracious appetite, foetid breath, di- 
arrhocea alternating with costiveness, the passage of mu- 
cus with the dung, slight, colicky pains with tympany, es- 
pecially in the morning before feeding, a puffy swelling 
and itchiness of the anus, which is often surrounded with 
a fur of dried mucus, and above all, the passage of the worms 
or their eggs. , 

In the horse there is often a tendency to elevate the up- 
per lip and to rub it against wall or manger, to lick earth 
or lime, or to shake the tail or rub out the hair about its root. 
There may, though rarely, be severe flatulent or spasmodic 
colic, enteritis or peritonitis. 

In cattle there are advancing emaciation, depraved or va- 
riable appetite, impaired rumination, colics, tympanies 
and foetid breath. 

Sheep lose appetite, scour, suffer from thirst, wasting, . 
bloodless eyes, clapped, unhealthy or shedding wool, a 
desire to eat earth, itching anus shown by frequent shak- 
ing of the tail, and finally dropsical effusions in the chest 
and belly and beneath the lower part of the body. They 
become dull, hopeless-looking and leave the flock. 

Swine beside the general symptoms have unusual vorac- 
ity, and yet lose flesh, cough, scour, start from rest or 
sleep with a sharp cry, scream excessively just before 
feeding, have colicky pains, tender abdomen and vomiting, 


180 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


and many even suffer from palpitations (thumps), vertigo 
or convulsions. 

Dogs suffer from inordinate appetite, wasting, itchy 
skin, staring coat or loss of hair, indigestions, colics, oc- 
casional scouring or vomiting, foetid breath, and itching 
anus shown by their frequently licking it or drawing it 
along the ground. Like swine they may show irritable 
temper, starting without cause, palpitations, vertigo or 
convulsions. 

Treatment. This may be divided into the administration 
of agents to kill the worms, of purgatives to carry off them 
and their eggs, and of tonics to overcome the weakness and 
the accumulations of mucus in which they live and thrive. 

The diet for herbivora should be grain in summer, or in 
winter sound natural hay salted, with carrots, turnips or 
beets, and, in the horse at least, some of the more nutri- 
tive grains (oats, barley, beans, corn, linseed cake, etc.,) 
eround or unground. Pigs may also have green food, 
roots, a liberal supply of grain, and if available, buttermilk. 
Dogs may have salt meat with soups and milk. 

Before giving a vermifuge let the bowels be cleared out 
by a purgative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; 
swine, dog or chicken, castor-oil). It should also be 
given fasting before the morning’s feed and, if the worms 
exist in the large intestines, by injection as well as by the 
mouth. 

A great list of vermifuges may be mentioned, some de- 
structive to intestinal worms in general; others particu- 
larly adapted to specific parasites; while some that are 
safe and efficacious for one class of patients would prove 
poisonous to another. 

One class destroys worms by the mechanical irritation of 
their skin and perhaps their intestinal canal. It includes 
iron filings, granulated tin or tin filings, very finely pow- 
dered glass, and cowhage. These are given in doses of 
4 oz. to the large quadrupeds, 1 dr. to sheep and swine; 
or 1 scr. to dogs, made into a ball_ with: linseeed. meal 


Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 181 


and syrup. They may be repeated daily for a week and 
followed by a smart purge. 

Bitters (quassia, cinchona, gentian, wormwood,) are 
often beneficial though mainly acting as tonics. For 
worms in the last gut a concentrated solution as an in- 
jection acts well. 

Among the more direct vermifuges are: Common salt 
allowed to be licked at will (must not be mixed in large 
amount in the food of swine or chickens) ; oil of turpen- 
tine ; calomel; tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, for six 
mornings running, and followed by a purge; empyreu- 
matic oils, and especially those coming off at a slightly 
lower temperature than creosote and carbolic acid; azed- 
arach; Spigelia marilandica (pinkroot) ; -santonine; sul- 
phuric ether; asafcetida; tansy; savin, etc. These are 
general vermifuges and may be used especially for the 
round worms. 

For tape-worms use areca nut; kousso; root of male 
shield-fern ; pomegranate root bark; kameela; pumpkin 
seeds; ailanthus glandulosa; or oil of turpentine. In 
every case the agent should be given fasting, it may even 
be repeated at the end of four hours and should be 
followed by a smart purge. For weak animals areca nut 
is especially suitable. 

A course of tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba,) 
should follow with sound nourishing diet and pure water. 

In the case of the Sclerostomum Equinum, it will usually 
be needful to repeat the treatment at short intervals to 
lull the young worms which have escaped because of their 
being buried in the mucous membrane. 

Prevention is to be sought by measures advised under 
lung-worms, especial attention being given to sound nour- 
ishing food and pure water. 


16 


CHAPTER VIIL. 
DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 


Effects of deranged functions of the liver. General symptoms and causes, 
Saccharine urine, Diabetes Mellitus. Blood-poisoning from imperfect oxida- 
tion of albuminoids, Azotzmia, Azoturia, Enzootic Hzematuria, Spinal 
Meningitis. Red-water in cattle, sheep and pigs. Wood Evil. Jaundice, 
Icterus, the Yellows. Congestion of the liver. Rupture of the liver. In- 
fammation of the liver, Hepatitis. Chronic inflammation of the liver. 
Results of hepatitis. Gall-Stones, Biliary Calculi. Fatty degeneration. 
Tubercle. Cancer. Hypertrophy. Atrophy. Parasitic diseases of the 
liver. Liver-rot, Fluke-disease. Fasciola Hepatica. Distomum Lanceo- 
latum. 


Only now, when the functions of the liver are being 
more fully discovered, do we begin to apprehend the full 
importance of its various disorders. Formerly this organ 
was supposed to have exhausted its functions in the secre- 
tion of bile, and the various modifications and impaired 
discharge of this product together with inflammation, 
morbid growths and degenerations circumscribed the list 
of hepatic diseases. But the recognition of the formation 
of glycogen and cholesterine in the liver, together with urea 
and other less perfectly oxidized nitrogenous bodies which 
pass into the blood in place of being discharged with the 
bile, points to the liver as the chief local seat of various 
disorders such as diabetes, cholesterine plugging of ves- 
sels, blood-poisoning from imperfectly oxidized albumi- 
noids, and urinary calculi. 

General Symptoms. These may be stated shortly as 
follows: obesity, sluggishness, irregular bowels, the dung 
being abundant, liquid and deep yellow or orange from 


De aa 5 


Diseases of the Inver. - ee 183 


excess of bile in active congestions of the liver, or on the 
contrary there may be costiveness, with light-colored, 
foetid, imperfectly digested stools in cases in which bile is 
not secreted or is debarred from entering the bowels by 
some mechanical obstruction ; lameness in the right fore 
limb, or even in one or more of the remaining members, 
without any observable local cause; cramps and even 
paralysis in the severer cases with poisonous products 
thrown into the blood ; a tardy pulse sometimes not more 
than half its natural number; yellow or orange color of 
the eyes and other visible mucous membranes, and of the 
urine in cases of obstructed bile-ducts or intestines with 
reabsorption of bile, or in destruction of blood-cells by 
taurocholic acid and other products abnormally present in 
the blood ; tenderness or groaning when the last ribs are 
pinched or struck with the closed fist ; a yellow or orange 
fur may sometimes be seen oeivatsall- diffused or in cir- 
cumscribed spots on the upper surface of the tongue ; the 
presence in the urine of deep brown or reddish granular 
deposits replacing urea is another sign of liver disorder. 
Obstructed circulation in the liver causes congestion of the 
portal vein, engorged spleen, intestinal catarrh, effusion of 
blood on the bowels, piles, dropsy of the abdomen, and 
swelling of the hind hmbs. These may therefore be at- 
tendant symptoms. 

The conditions in which animals live may further assist 
our decision in suggesting an efficient cause. The fat, idle, 
overfed and pampered stock are especially subject to liver 
disease, and more particularly if kept in close, hot, damp 
buildings or climates, or supplied with putrid water or 
unwholesome food. Thus the pampered family horse, the 
idle farm horse during our long winters, the high-bred ox, 
sheep, and pig in which everything has been sacrificed to 
secure excellence as meat producers, the pet dog, and the 
Brahmas, Cochins and other plump hens of Asiatic ex- 
traction, present frequent examples of liver disease. The 
stabled animal is more subject to it than those running at 


184 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


pasture, and the subject liberally fed on dry fodder than 
that nourished on succulent green food. Then the deni- 
zen of the warm latitude and damp miasmatic soil is more 
liable than others. 


SACCHARINE URINE, DIABETES MELLITUS. 


Very rare in the lower animals but has been seen in 
carnivora (dogs), omnivora (monkeys), cattle and even in 
the horse. Temporary sweetness of the urine is not dis- 
ease, but if permanent it may be referred to excessive 
production of glycogen in the liver which is probably 
always enlarged (Bernard) ; or less frequently to the fail- 
ure of the liver to transform the sugar of the food into 
glycogen ; or it may be from disease of the medulla oblon- 
gata (apoplexy) or of some part which exerts an irritant 
reflex action on the base of the brain. It has been pro- 
duced experimentally by giving alcohol, ether, chloroform, 
quinia, ammonia, arsenic, phosphoric acid, and woorali. 

Symptoms. Rapid loss of condition, scurfy, unthrifty 
skin, costive bowels, indigestion, ardent thirst, and exces- 
sive secretion of urime of a high specific gravity—horse 
and ox, 1060; pig, goat and sheep, 1030 and upward. 
The tests for sugar are: 1. taste; 2. fermentation when 
yeast is added and the whole allowed to stand in a warm 
temperature ; 3. the addition to a little of the urme in 
a test-tube of a few drops of solution of blue vitriol, and 
a considerable excess of potassa, and boiling the liquid for 
a moment when if sugar is present there is a deposit of the 
yellowish-brown suboxide of copper. 

Treatment. Rarely successful. The best results are to 
be expected in cases in which an active cause, such as dis- 
ease of the liver, lungs or brain, can be recognized and 
kept in check or cured. Thus with liver disease, laxatives, 
alkalies, pure air and water, green or otherwise laxative 
food, and cupping, mild blistering or even leeching over 
the spare-ribs, may be beneficial. In lung disease the 
treatment must correspond to its nature, whether inflam- 


Diseases of the Lier. 185 


~ matory, tuberculous or otherwise. Tonics and stomachics 
are almost always demanded. All the bitters, tincture of 
iron, the mineral acids and carbonate of soda have been 
used with profit. Opium, which checks the excretion of 
sugar, is injurious by impairing digestion. Lactic acid has 
repeatedly succeeded at the expense of a severe attack of 
rheumatism. Free secretion from the skin is beneficial 
and should be encouraged by warm clothing, baths and 
climate. Diet should be mainly albuminous, such as bran 
mashes and gruels, peas, beans, vetches, flesh deprived of 
fat, ete. 


BLOOD-POISONING FROM IMPERFECT OXIDATION OF ALBUMINOIDS. 
AZOT@MIA. AZOTURIA. ENZOOTIC HH MATURIA. SPINAL 
MENINGITIS. 


Variously described in the books as disease of the kid- 
neys and spinal cord, this is really due to disease of the 
liver which fails to effect the transformation of albumi- 
noids into urea, and entails an accumulation in the gland 
and in the circulating fluid of partially oxidized products, 
such as leucin and tyrosin, which pass off in variable 
amount by the kidneys. It attacks almost exclusively 
horses which have stood idle in the stable for a few days, 
on good diet, and are then taken out and subjected to ac- 
tive exertion. 

Symptoms, ete. These are very variable. In the mild- 
est forms there is only some lameness and muscular trem- 
bling in a particular limb, without apparent cause, brought 
on by sudden exertion and attended by a dusky-brown 
color of the membranes of the eye and nose and some 
signs of tenderness when the short ribs are struck. This 
may be entirely cured by a course of gentle laxatives (pod- 
ophyllin, 1 ser.) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of am- 
monia, taraxacum, nitre,) and a gradual inuring to work, 
beginning with the slightest exertion and increasing day 
by day as the condition improves. The worst forms come 
‘on during or after driving, it may be not more than one 

16* 


186 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


hundred yards, the fire and life suddenly giving place to 
anxiety and despondency, the subject seems to be in vio- 
lent pain, the flanks heave, the nostrils are dilated, the 
face is pinched, the surface is drenched in perspiration, 
the body trembling violently, the limbs weak, so that they - 
sway and bend, while the animal walks crouchingly behind 
and soon goes down unable to support himself. If urine 
is passed it is high-colored, dark brown, red or black, and 
is usually thought bloody, but it contains neither clots nor 
blood-corpuscles, its color being due to the imperfectly 
oxidized albuminoids mixed with an excess of urea. When 
the patient is down the limbs and whole body are still 
convulsed at intervals, but are beyond the control of the © 
animal, showing the poisonous effect on the nervous sys- 
tem. The pulse is variable but high and the temperature 
of the body normal at first, though it rises slightly if the 
animal survives. Death may ensue ina few hours or days, 
or improvement manifested at any period may go on to 
complete recovery. The blood is dark, difiluent, clots 
loosely if at all, and smells strongly. In some cases of re- 
covery a partial paralysis of the hind limbs or wasting of 
the crural nerve and muscles above the stifle will some- 
times persist for a time, showing structural nervous disease. 

Prevention is to be sought by regular daily exercise. In 
the case of horses which have had a period of absolute 
repose, submit to walking exercise only, at first, and in- 
crease this day by day until they have attained good, hard 
condition. 

Treatment. Clear out bbe bowels and unload the por- 
tal vein and liver by active purgatives. Podophyllin 4 
drachm, aloes 4 drachms, may be given by the mouth, and 
copious injections of soap-suds with oil or salts by the 
anus until the bowels respond, in which case a favorable 
termination may be hoped for. Drachm doses of bromide 
of potassium may be given frequently to calm nervous dis- 
order, and when the bowels have responded half drachm 
doses of colchicum and drachm doses of muriate of 


eae ert 


Diseases of the Laver. 187 


ammonia three times a day. Warm fomentations to 
the body, but especially to the loins, are beneficial, alike 
in soothing irritation in the liver, spinal marrow and kid- 
neys, and in securing a free perspiration and the elimina- 
tion of morbid matters by the skin. They may be replaced 
by a newly removed sheep-skin applied with the fleshy 
side in, and followed by a mustard poultice. When the 
appetite returns the diet must be of sloppy mashes and 
moderate in quantity. 
In case the paralysis persists after the acute symptoms 
have subsided, treat as for functional paralysis. 


WOOD EVIL. RED WATER OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS. 


Under this name we designate a malady generally de- 
seribed as bloody urine (hematuria), but as the liquid does 
not usually contain blood globules or clots, and as the 
liver is almost invariably enlarged and softened and the 
blood elements are largely destroyed, 1t must be conceded 
that the affection is more intimately associated with disor- 
der of the hepatic functions than of any other. The cause, 
which may be stated as feeding on irritant and unwhole- 
some food, is such as is calculated to disorder the digest- 
ive organs and liver. The blood seems to suffer second- 
arily, though it is by no means disproved that other blood- 
forming functions beside those of the liver are involved. 
The blood itself is usually thin, watery and comparatively 
incoagulable, with a deficiency of fibrine, albumen and red 
globules—the last named elements being smaller than nat- 
ural and irregularly notched around their margins. The 
‘urine varies in color from a simple reddish tinge through 
the various shades of red and brown to black. It contains 
albumen and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, 
cholesterine and phosphates, implying hepatic disturbance 
and destructive changes taking place in the blood. 

This is essentially a disease of unimproved localities 
and attacks animals fed too exclusively on products of 
such land, which are naturally stimulating to the digest- 


188 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


ive organs and liver. Turnips and other saccharine roots, 
though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are dangerous 
from these, and in the natural meadows and woods the 
young shoots of resinous trees (conifer) and the acrid 
plants of the ranunculus, colchicum and asclepias families, 
etc., are held to produce it. Its prevalence in woods and 
uncultivated meadows has procured for it in almost all 
European countries some name equivalent to wood disease. 
An important element in the causation is the existence of 
soil rich in organic matter and soured by the stagnation 
of water owing to a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. 
Cows are very susceptible just after calving and often per- 
ish. 

Symptoms. Dullness, languor, weakness, especially of 
the hind limbs, trembling, surface coldness, staring coat, 
dry muzzle, hot mouth and horns and diminution of the 
milk which is white and frothy and may throw down a red- 
dish sediment. Appetiteis lost, thirst ardent, pulse small 
and weak, beats of the heart tumultuous, amounting to palpi- 
tation in the parturient cases, bowels at first relaxed after- 
ward costive, abdomen tender, urine passed frequently in 
small quantity and often with suffermg. Colicky pains 
are often a marked symptom when the irritation of the 
bowels is extreme. Delirium even will set in in bad cases 
and death usually supervenes on a state of extreme pros- 
tration. 

Prevention may be sought in thorough drainage; in 
restricting the allowance of objectionable food and supple- 
menting it with sound dry grain and fodder; in the avoid- 
ance of damp, woody and natural meadows in spring until 
there is a good growth of grass, and in the rejection of hay 
from faulty pastures containing an excess of acrid plants. 

Treatment. At the onset of the disease nothing succeeds 
better than a free evacuation of the bowels and depletion 
of the portal vein and liver by an active purgative. When 
there is no abdominal pain or other sign of inflammation 
of the bowels, salts or any other active purgative will suf- 


a 49 


Diseases of the Liver. 189 


fice, but with colic and tenderness of the abdomen, we 
must restrict our choice to olive-oil, and other bland ma- 
terials. In advanced and weak conditions, decoctions of 
linseed should be resorted to. The animal is to be sup- 
ported by diffusible stimulants and iron tonies, with chlo- 
rate of potassa, and the bowels sheathed and protected by 
infusions of slippery elm, or mallow, decoctions of linseed, 
egos, milk or mucilage ; diet should consist of linseed decoc- 
tions, well-boiled gruels, bran mashes, and other nutritive 
and easily digested food. 


JAUNDICE. ICTERUS. THE YELLOWS. 


This name is given to that condition in which the visi- 
ble mucous membranes, the skin—if white—the urine and 
the tissues are stained yellow, orange or brown by bile 
coloring matter. It is only a symptom of various disor- 
ders, but is so specific in its characters that the name bids 
fair to be retained for the state. It is not caused as once 
supposed by the non-secretion of bile from the blood, but 
by the re-absorption of bile already secreted. 

This absorption may be determined by various cases. 
1. Obstruction of the bile duct, by gall-stones, parasites, 
foreign bodies entering from the gut, fibrous or spasmodic 
stricture of the duct, inflammation or ulceration and swell- 
ing of the mucous membrane of the canal, or the intestine 
near the opening, tumors or overloaded intestines. 2. 
Obstruction of the bowels which hinders the discharge 
of the bile. 3. Diminished fullness of the capillary ves- 
sels of the liver from partial mechanical obstruction of 
hepatic artery or aorta. 4. Excessive secretion of bile in 
congested states of the liver. 

Jaundice may also result from imperfect metamorpho- 
sis of the re-absorbed bile, as in certain fevers (anthrax, 


_ Texan-fever, hog-cholera, purpura hemorrhagica,) in 
_ blood-poisoning, (septic matter, snake venom, phospho- 


rus, mercury, copper, antimony, chloroform, ether, car- 
bonic acid). It may farther result from the breaking down 


190 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


of red blood-globules and liberation of their coloring mat- 
ter to stain the blood and textures. This may be caused 
by excess in the blood of water, bile acids (taurocholates) 
alkalies, nitrites, ether or chloroform. It may result from 
freezing, burning, (140° F.) and frictional and induction 
currents of electricity. Itis noticeable that the coloring 
matter in the blood of solipeds is very easily dissolved 
and that of carnivora only with difficulty. Hence the 
frequency of a dusky or jaundiced appearance of the mem- 
branes in horses and its comparative harmlessness, as 
contrasted with similar conditions in the dog. It is further 
probable that the re-absorbed bile acids are transformed 
into bile pigment in certain states of the blood. 
Symptoms. General coloration of all the tissues, but 
especially the mucous membranes of a yellow, or over 
large veins of a greenish hue, and also of the urine. When 
there is obstruction of the bile duct, the dung is devoid 
of bile, foetid and often clayey in appearance, but if from 
other causes it may retain its natural color and odor. 
Other symptoms may appear dependent on the nature 
of the attendant disease, or the poisonous action of the 
bile acids, and of various diseased products on the blood, 
while the coloration itself seems to be comparatively harm- 
less. . 
Treatment. ‘This will depend on the nature of the cause. _ 
As a general rule what favors the action of the bowels, — 
the free elimination of the bile, and depletion of the portal — 
vein and liver will counteract the jaundice. Small daily — 
doses of podophyllin, (horse and ox 1 scr.) with one or — 
more ounces each of Glauber, Epsom, and common salt, — 
as may be needful, will often act very efficiently. Oraloes, — 
jalap or calomel, may replace the podophyllin. Taraxa- 
cum may be given either in diuretic or purgative doses, or ~ 
a herbivorous patient may be turned out on a pasturage 
of dandelion; succulent spring grass indeed is sometimes 
all that is needed. Diuretics are useful in effecting elim- — 
ination of the pigment, the carbonates and acetates of po- — 


Diseases of the Liver. P91 


tassa, soda and ammonia being especially good. Bitter 
and other tonics are often valuable in conteracting that im- 
pairment of tone which favors congestion and swelling of 
the stomach, intestine and liver, otherwise the treatment 
must correspond to the nature of the cause when that can 
be ascertained. 


CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 


This is common in horses in warm climates, where 
luxuriant grasses (plethora) and hot seasons strongly pre- 
dispose. Hence, in the Southern States, and especially in 
localities which are moist as well, and where malarious 
emanations exist, it may be looked for, but it is also seen 
in pampered idle animals kept in hot close stables any- 
where. Rich food and the comparative absence of waste by 
exercise and breathing throw too much labor on the liver, 
which is rendered lable to clogging and congestion. Among 
the immediate exciting causes may be named sudden 
changes of temperature, emigration from a cold toa warm 
damp region, chills in cold dewy nights after hot days, 
sudden exertion when unfitted for it by long rest and bad 
condition, exertion under intense heat of the sun, and blows 
on the region of the liver, particularly on the young. 
Venous congestion from imperfect action of the heart 
valves is a cause of hepatic congestion, at once predispos- 
ing and exciting. 

Symptoms. ‘These strongly resemble the severe forms 
of poisoning, by imperfectly elaborated liver products, the 
two conditions being often coexistent and mutually de- 
pendent on each other. There are the sudden prostration, 
dull sunken eyes, pinched anxious face, excited breathing 
and pulse, trembling, swaying limbs, perspiration, sighing, 
and violent colicky pains with frequent looking at the flank, 

_ lying down and rising. Striking the last ribs with the fist 
causes flinching, groaning, or even attempts to kick or 
bite, and some jaundice and furring of the tongue are often 
seen. When fainting ensues, this with the pallid mucous 


192 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


membranes and quick, weak pulse, imply rupture of the 
liver and extensive loss of blood. In the slighter attacks 
the symptoms are correspondingly mitigated. 

The attack may subside and end in complete recovery, 
or blood effused into the substance of the liver may be 
slowly absorbed, or organized into fibrous material, or 
may determine extensive and fatal softening of the liver, 
or finally the patient may perish in a fainting fit from rupt- 
ure of the liver and loss of blood. 

Treatment. At the outset a free bleeding will often ob- 
viate effusion of blood and rupture and check the disease. 
It must never be resorted to, however, when faintness, a 
weak, small pulse or a small stream from the orifice 1m- 
plies already existing effusion. Quiet, mustard poultices 
or other derivatives applied to the limbs and saline pur- 
gatives (1 lb. sulphate of soda) by the mouth, and as in- 
jections will prove valuable in directly depleting the 
portal system and liver. Cold water or ice to the last ribs 
will often serve to check effusion already begun. The 
sulphate of soda may be kept up in small doses (1 to 4 
ozs. daily) and a mustard or other blister may be applied 
over the region of the liver. During treatment the animal 
must have the purest air and, as food, soft bran mashes. 
and roots. After recovery feed moderately on sound, eas- 
ily digested food, keep in pasture or airy stable and never 
neglect moderate exercise even for a day. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. HEPATITIS. 


Due to the same causes as congestion but much less fre- 
quent. In dogs, beside the general causes we must ac- 
knowledge the influence of sharp-pointed bodies swallowed 
in wantonness, and splinters of bones which perforate the 
stomach and liver. 

Symptoms. At first those of slow congestion already 
referred to. As active inflammation sets in there is less 
violent pain and excitement and more fever. The pulse 
is accelerated, the breathing quickened, especially in in- — 


Diseases of the Laver. 193 


flammation of the liver capsule, the region of the last ribs 
is very tender to a blow (on the right side only in ruwmi- 
nants), the mouth hot and clammy, tongue furred, mucous 
membranes more or less dusky or yellow and the heat of 
the body raised by 2° or upwards. The bowels may be 
at first loose, yellow and bilious but soon are confined, 
the small pellets of dung being covered with a yellowish 
mucus and this state may again give place to a mucous 
diarrhea. Appetite is usually completely lost, emaciation 
advances rapidly, blood spots and patches appear on the 
visible mucous membranes, and the legs, especially the 
hind ones, swell or stock. Great nervous atony, convul- 
sions or even delirium may appear toward the last. 

In dogs there is great dullness and muscular weakness, 
inclination to lie constantly, unsteady gait, dusky or yel- 
low membranes, furred tongue, prominence of the last ribs 
on the right side and tenderness along them and their 
_ cartilages. When the disease is fully developed the tumid 
edge of the liver may be felt behind the last rib and the 
costal cartilages. A brownish, mucous diarrhoea succeeds 
to the preliminary constipation. Great nervous prostra- 
tion and stupor usually precede death. The disease is 
very fatal i dogs but may merge into the chronic form 
with ascites or end in a perfect recovery. 

Fowls, especially the less lively birds, suffer much from 
hepatitis when well fed and kept in a small poultry-yard. 
They may die suddenly of effusion of blood on the liver 
without any previous signs of illness, or they may droop 
for some days or even weeks prior to death. Any change 
in the habits of closely confined, plethoric fowls should 
lead to suspicion of liver disease. Ruffled feathers, sink- 
ing of the head between the wings, sluggishness in run- 
ning or feeding, drooping in a corner alone, with a with- 
ered brownish appearance of the comb and jaundice of 
the skin are especially to be noted. 

Treatment. Bleeding is rarely beneficial and we must 
rely mainly on depletion from the portal system and liver 


1; 


194 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


by purgatives, or counter-irritants and change of habits. 
A pound of sulphate of soda may be given at once to the 
larger animals, or an ounce to a shepherd’s dog and an 
equivalent amount by injection. Podophyllin, aloes, etc., 
may be used instead. Friction, with loose bandaging of 
the limbs, with or without excitation with mustard or am- 
monia and cupping, or in small animals leeching over the 
region of the liver or mustard poultices are demanded. 
After the bowels have been freely opened smaller doses of 
Glauber salts or cream of tartar may be given daily to 
keep up a free action of the bowels, and throughout the 
diet must be soft (mashes, roots, green food,) and restricted 
in quantity. Taraxacum with bitter tonics (Peruvian 
bark, gentian, columba, gelsemium, etc.,) will be useful 
during convalescence, and when the herbivorous patient is 
well enough to be pastured in a field well stocked with 
dandelion this may be resorted to. In carnivora and 
swine ipegacuanha and guaiacum are useful in favoring free 
elimination by the bowels and skin. 

Fouls attacked usually die, but the morbid state in which 
the disease takes its origin may be counteracted in the re- 
maining fowls by a free range, by cabbage, cooked pota- 
toes, turnips and other vegetable food in place of grain, 
and a small quantity of salt and Glauber salts in the food 
or water. Excess of common salt is poisonous. 


CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 


This is seen especially in horses and dogs, the liver often 
attaining an enormous size or undergoing fibrous degen- 
eration (cirrhosis). It is attended by the same symptoms 
as the acute form, but these are less urgent and dropsy of 
the belly and legs is a common result. 

It is to be treated in the same manner as the acute form 
but less energetically, mild laxatives with bitters daily and 
above all a free range in the open air; for herbivora, 
sound, juicy pastures and in case of malarious soil or im- 
pure water, a change even for a few miles to a higher lo- 
cality. 


Lee eS Sse arst- js 


Diseases of the Liver. 195 


RESULTS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 


_ Beside recovery there may be effusion of blood with soft- 
ening, granular softening, abscess and fibrous induration. 
These if not promptly fatal give rise to wasting diseases 
with general symptoms of liver disorder, but into these 
our space will not permit us to enter. (See the author's 
large work.) 


GALL-STONES. BILIARY CALCULI. 


These are especially common in oxen when subject to 
the dry feeding of winter but are found in all domestic 
animals, often in great numbers. They occur as round 
masses, angular masses when they have lain in contact, or ° 
as Iincrustations on the walls of the ducts of which they 
form distinct casts. They often fail to cause manifest 
disorder, but if they obstruct the ducts there is acute spas- 
modic pain in the abdomen, with all the signs of colic, 
tenderness over the last ribs, and more or less jaundice. 
The attacks are liable to recur as new calculi are displaced, 
and the general health suffers. Carnivora vomit, and in 
all diarrhoea may set in if relief is not obtained. Sheep 
generally have incrustations when affected with flukes 
(liver rot). 

The formation of these calculi may usually be prevented 
in herbivora by allowing a fair amount of exercise and 
succulent food, and they nearly always disappear in cattle 
turned out on therich grasses of spring. Beside these meas- 
ures their removal may be sought by the daily use of carbon- 
ate and sulphate of soda and common salt, with abundance 
of good water and exercise. During the attacks give anti- 
spasmodics, lobelia, belladonna, hyoscyamus, chloral-hy- 
drate, etc., and keep up hot fomentations perseveringly to 
the loms and abdomen. Chloral-hydrate and chloroform 
dissolve cholesterine calculi. 

OTHER AFFECTIONS OF THE LIVER, fatty degeneration, tuber- 
cle, cancer, hypertrophy, atrophy, are manifested by the 
general symptoms of hepatic disorders, but space forbids 
further notice of them here. 


ha 


196 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
LIVER-ROT. FLUKE DISEASE. 


This affection is most destructive to sheep, of which it 
has destroyed as many as from one to two million head 
in England alone in certain years. It is immediately 
determined by the presence in the gall ducts of two flat 
leaf-like parasites—the Fasciola Hepatica and the Disto- 
mum Lanceolatum—the first ? to 1 inch in length, the 


Fig. 37. 


nl 


AN 

i AY 

cas 

= \\ 
Ke 9 

1 
q T 
i \ i i 


S= 


Fig. 37—Fasciola Hepatica. Fig. 38—Distomum Lanceolatum. _ 


second 4 lines. These inhabit the gall ducts of all the 
domestic animals, of many wild animals and even of man, 
but in most of these they do little harm. The eggs of 
these parasites laid in the gall ducts cannot be developed 
there, but pass out with the bile and dung, hatch in pools 
of fresh water in which the embryo floats until it finds 
a mollusk, in which it encysts itself and becomes a brood 
capsule developing many new embryos within it; these 
embryos may form new brood capsules and thus increase 
their numbers materially, or if swallowed by a mammal 
along with its food or water they develop into the mature 


ITO SSO 


Diseases of the Liver. 197 


flukes, inhabiting the bile ducts and reproducing them- 
selves only by eggs. ‘The necessity for these intermediate 
generations, and the fact that they can only take place in 
fresh water and in fresh water mollusks, points to thorough 
drainage as the most efficient means of limiting the ravages 
of the parasites. 

In small numbers they do little harm and as they can- 
not multiply within the body their presence may be of no 
consequence, but when present in large numbers they be- 
come most destructive. In certain damp lands stocked 
with these parasites sheep cannot live, no matter how 
well fed, and cattle often perish as well. A single in- 
fested sheep brought on such damp lands will speedily 
stock them, as infested German rams did the colony of 
Victoria in 1855. 

Symptoms. Sheep may thrive unusually for a month or 
two, but soon they begin to lose flesh and waste with 
a rapidity thatis surprising. The skin and the membranes 
of the nose and eyes become soft and puffy, the naturally 
bright pink vessels of the eye become yellowish, dark, or 
even quite imperceptible, the whole eye assumes a yellow 
tinge, the skin is pale, bloodless, deficient in yolk or oil, 
dry and scurfy. The wool loses its briluancy and comes 
out easily when pulled. The muscles waste, the animal 
is razor-backed, the hip-bones project, and the flank becomes 
sunken, the belly pendent and the back drooped from 
dropsical effusion. Similar effusions take place in the 
chest beneath the abdomen and breast-bone and under 
the lower jaw. The head is no longer carried erect, the 
expression of the face is haggard and hopeless, the appe- 
tite capricious, thirst ardent, and there is occasional 
diarrhoea. Examination of the dung detects myriads of 
microscopic eggs ;4, inch in diameter. 

Treatment. Almost all the tonics of the pharmacopceia 
have been employed with more or less effect, but all usu- 
ally fail when many parasites have gained access to the 


198 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


system. The following is a good example of a tonic mixt- 
ure: 
Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley, or unbolted wheat 


flour, 40 lbs. 
Powdered gentian or anise seed, Ab ne 
Common salt, : 
Sulphate or oxide of iron, te 


Give half a pint daily to each sheep. 

In all treatment it is essential to remove from the in- 
fested meadow to a perfectly dry pasture or salt marsh on 
either of which the eggs of the fluke will perish. To turn 
on a wet fresh pasture is merely to stock that with the 
parasites. 

Prevention. Keep sheep on high dry pastures or salt 
marshes where the fluke cannot live out of the body. 
Feed salt daily if flukes exist to however limited an extent ; 
this is fatal to the young flukes and will destroy most of 
them as they are takenin. Thorough drainage of infested 
pastures will make them wholesome. This may fail when 
land is subject to inundations, and in this case such land 
should be devoted to raising hay or other crops. Keeping 
the sheep off the infested fields at nights and until the 
dews leave the grass in the morning will go a long way 
towards protecting them. In some instances of the intro- 
duction of this parasite into a new country the contami- 
nated sheep should be destroyed and the infested pasture 
with a wide area around it proscribed from being grazed. 

For other parasites of the liver, see general article on 
“¢ PARASITES.” 


CHAPTER IX. ! 
DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN. 


Diseases of the pancreas: inflammation, degeneration, calculi, etc. Dis- 
eases of the spleen: tuberculous, cancerous, glanderous, inflammatory, con- 
gestive, apoplectic. Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Lymphadenoma, Leukemia. 


DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS. 


_ Though subject to a variety of diseases as shown by the 
existence of abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoma,melanosis, can- 
cer, calculi and worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) after 
death, this organ is so deeply seated and the result of its 
disorder so little manifest, that its pathological states usu- 
ally pass without recognition during life. One symptom 
only is characteristic—the passage of much undigested fat 
with the dung. The fatty aliment is mainly emulsionized 
by the pancreatic juice, and its presence in the stools un- 
changed may be held to imply suppression of that secre- 
tion. If this condition coincides with general fever, col- 
icky pains, and tenderness behind the last rib on the right 
side, inflammation of the gland may be suspected ; if with 
sharper colic but without fever, obstruction of the pancreatic 
duet by calculi will be suggested. 

Inflammation should be treated on general principles by 
laxatives, blisters to the right side of the abdomen and 
spare diet; Calcul by antispasmodics and fomentations 
as for gall-stones ; and simple suppressed secretion by sul- 
phuric ether. . 


DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN (MILT). 
These are if possible even more occult than those of the 


2006 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


pancreas. And yet this organ is involved in nearly all 
diseases of the liver, in specific fevers due to a poison in 
the blood, and in disorders of the lymphatic vessels. Ob- 
structed circulation through the liver sends the blood 
back on this organ and over-distends it almost to rupture. 

Advanced tuberculosis and cancer rarely fail to show 
secondary deposits here. Glanders sometimes shows the 
same tendency. Anthrax and anthracoid affections and, 
to a less extent, other specific fevers, lead to enlargement 
and even rupture of the spleen, in connection with the 
long retention of the blood and disease poisons in its ve- 
nous cavities. Of particular diseases the spleen suffers 
from wasting in starved animals, from extraordinary in- 
crease in the highly fed, and from changes of structure 
such as glandular degeneration and enlargement (lymphade- 
noma). Some of these diseases, and notably the latter, 
are associated with an excess of white globules in the 
blood, (leukcemia) which condition revealed by the micro- 
scope may assist in diagnosis. 

We can do little for these affections besides giving at- 
tention to the oat health, by tonics and a sound hy- 
giene. 


CHAPTER X. 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 


General causes and symptoms. Examination of the urine. Diuresis, Di- 
abetis Insipidus, Polyuria. Bloody urine, Hzematuria. Simple inflamma- 
tion of the kidneys, Nephritis. Bright’s disease, Desquamative Nephritis. 
Albuminuria, Albuminous urine. Spasm of the neck of the bladder. Paraly- 
sis of the bladder. Inflammation of the bladder, Cystitis. Inflammation 
of the Urethra, Gonorrhcea, Gleet._ Stricture of the Urethra. Eversion of 
the bladder. Urinary Calculi, and gravel, Stone in the kidney, ureter, blad- 
der, urethra and prepuce,—in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs. 


Diseases of the urinary organs are not infrequent in the 
domestic animals, though less prevalent than in man. 
They prevail above all in certain localities, as: on the 
magnesian limestones, in company with goitre, on lands 
abounding in diuretic or resinous plants or water, in damp 
regions where fodder is secured in a wet, musty condition, 
where it is fed covered with hoar-frost, or where frequent 
cold rains and winds repress the perspiration and throw 
undue work on the kidneys. Feeding to excess on ali- 
ments rich in phosphates of lime and magnesia—bran, 
beans, peas, vetches, etc..—the habitual privation of wa- 
ter, injudicious dosing with diuretics, diseased heart and 
Jungs which: throws the blood back on the veins and de- 
termines passive congestion of the kidneys, diseases of the 
liver which interfering with the oxidation of albuminoids 
predispose to urinary deposit, and finally mechanical in- 
juries to the loins or pelvis all tend to induce various 
urinary diseases. 

General Symptoms. With most acute inflammations 
there is a stiff straddling gait with the hind limbs, the 


202 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


loins are tender, as ascertained by pinching on the spines 
or the transverse processes of the backbone, there is less 
difficulty experienced in backing than when there is sprain 
or fracture of the back or loins, and the animal is more 
likely to lie down though it costs an extra effort to rise, 
there is straining to discharge urine, which is passed in 
excess, in deficiency, in jets, in dribblets only, or not at all. 
In the larger animals the bladder and its excretory duct 
(urethra) are easily and satisfactorily examined by the 
hand introduced through the rectum or vagina and any 
tenderness, flaccidity, swelling, over-distension or foreign 
agent (stone) is easily made out. In the smaller breeds 
of horses and cattle even, the kidneys may be reached in 
this way and any heat, swelling, tenderness, etc., perceived. 
Then brain disease, dropsies and skin eruptions are com- 
mon results of urinary disorder. 

Examination of the Urine. But a certain class of urin- 
ary diseases are only to be made out by examination of 
the urine. Beside the modifications of quantity and flow 
already referred to, this may be altered : 1st, an color, as 
white from saline deposits, brown or red from blood clots 
and coloring matter, or from imperfectly oxidized, albu- 
minoids, yellow or orange from bile or blood pigment, pale 
or variously tinted from vegetable colors taken with the 
food: 2d, in density as measured by a hygrometer (urin- 
ometer), the natural urine being in the horse and ox 1030 
to 1060, pig and goat 1010 to 1012, dog 1020 and cat 1058 : 
3d, in chemical reaction, acidity or alkalinity, as ascertained 
by blue litmus or red test-papers (healthy herbivorous 
urine is alkaline, turning the red papers blue unless after 
prolonged abstinence or a flesh diet ; carnivorous and om- 
nivorous urine is acid excepting when confined to a vege- 
table diet) : 4th, in organic ingredients, as when it contains 
albumen (coagulable by boiling or by strong nitric acid or 
in the horse giving the liquid a ropy consistency), sugar, 
blood, bile, cylindroid microscopic casts of the uriniferous 
tubes or the eggs or bodies of worms: 5th, in tts salts, 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 203 


which may crystallize out in the system or at once after 
the liquid is discharged, or after cooling, or finally may 
have to be precipitated by chemical reagents. 


DIURESIS. DIABETES INSIPIDUS. POLYURIA. 


Excessive secretion of urine. This may occur in any 
animal from agents, medicinal or alimentary, which un- 
duly stimulate the kidneys. The horse, however, is the 
most frequent sufferer, being more than any other animal 
subjected to reckless dosing by those about him with pri- 
vate nostrums and much advertised quack preparations, 
and to the exclusive use of musty and injured hay and 
grain. Musty hay, grain or bran is perhaps the most 
common cause, the noxious agent being probably the 
cryptogams produced on this damp, heated fodder. Musty 
oatmeal will even affect the human being. New oats, 
_ very watery food like the refuse of distilleries, and cooked 
food, seleniteous waters, acrid diuretic plants in the pas- 
tures or hay, exposure to extreme cold and wet, and ex- 
_ cessive thirst consequent on feeding salt or on irritation 
of the stomach are other causes. Whole flocks of sheep 
sometimes suffer at once from acrid plants eaten. 

Symptoms. Frequent—often almost constant—passage 
of a very pale-colored urine in large quantities and of low 
specific gravity, insatiable thirst, rapid falling off in con- 
dition and spirits, sluggishness and weakness at work and 
perspiration on the slightest exertion. The discharges 
are comparatively inodorous and more like water than 
horse’s urine, and contain little solid matter though the 
quantity of solids passed in twenty-four hours is in excess. 
The skin becomes rough and hide-bound and all the signs 
of ill-health set in, though the animal may suffer and sur- 
vive for months or even a year. More commonly he dies 
early of exhaustion, or glanders supervenes and kills the 
patient. 

Treatment is very successful in the early stages. Stop 
the use of faulty food and drugs and give dry wholesome 


204 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


hay and grain with no suspicion of newness or mustiness. 
Give a decoction of flaxseed freely with the water drunk, 
with phosphate of iron 2 drachms, Peruvian bark 4 
drachms and iodide of potassium 2 drachms daily. Cre- 
osote may often be added with advantage. 


BLOODY URINE. HAMATURIA. 


This occurs after sprains of the loms or blows on this 
region, with stone in the kidneys, urinary passages or blad- 
der, cancer, tubercle or even abscess of the kidney, etc., or 
lastly some poisoned condition of the blood, as in malig- 
nant anthrax. Acrid diuretic plants, cantharides, May- 
bugs, etc., are occasional causes. When bleeding occurs 
from local irritation or in a tolerably healthy state of the 
blood it is partly at least in the form of clots and fibrinous 
casts of the uriniferous tubes, about one-hundreth inch in 
diameter, and entangling blood-globules. If from poi- 
soned and disintegrating blood, there is a diffuse colora- 
tion with hematine, with perhaps fragments of blood- 
elobules, but rarely perfect ones, clots or casts, and a sim- 
ilar oozing of blood is liable to take place at other parts 
of the body. The blood-coloring matter is easily distin- 
guished from bile by chemical tests. It is less easily dis- 
tinguished from the brownish-red albuminoids which es- 
cape by the kidneys in Azotemia. Beside the passage of 
blood there may be the general signs of urinary disorder, 
but these are not constant. When gravel coexists gritty 
masses pass with the urme or collect on the hair of the 
prepuce. 

Treatment. Remove the causes, give comfortable, dry 
dwellings, sound food, mucilaginous drinks (linseed tea, 
mallow, gums, elm, etc.,) and acid astringents (tincture of 
chloride of iron, sugar of lead, vinegar, buttermilk and oak 
bark). In profuse discharge cold water may be applied to 
the loins, while in inflammatory cases a sheep-skin or 
poultice may be first used and followed by a mustard 
plaster. (See AzormMIA AND RED-WATER). 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 205 


NEPHRITIS. SIMPLE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 


Causes. Blows or sprains in the region of the loins, 
stone in the kidneys, use of diuretics to excess, musty 
fodder, irritant or acrid plants in hay, too extensive blis- 
ters of Spanish flies, paralysis of the spinal cord. 

Symptoms. A variable but often very high fever, heat 
or even swelling of the loins, tenderness often extreme 
beneath the bony processes about six inches from the 
spine, a stiff, straddling gait with the hind limbs, little 
- marked in chronic cases but so severe as to amount almost 
to helplessness in the worst, the loins arched, progression 
difficult and attended in some cases by groaning, there is 
looking at the abdomen and colicky pains, more severe at 
one time than another. If the patient lies down itis with 
caution. In males there are alternate retraction and de- 
scent of the testicles, and in all there is likely to be frequent 
- passages of urine in small amount, of a very high color and 
density, and containing fibrinous casts of the kidney tubes 
one-hundreth of an inch in diameter, and sometimes blood 
or even pus. ‘The bowels are costive and there is a rapid 
pulse, an elevated temperature and excited breathing. 
The legs tend to swell uniformly from the foot up, and 
swellings may appear under the chest or belly, or even in 
internal cavities. 

General ill-health, with stocking of the legs, casts in the 
urine and some tenderness of the loins to pressure, may 
be all that is seen in the chronic cases. 

Treatment. In acute cases, with strong pulse and ro- 
bust patient, an immediate advantage may be gained by 
bleeding, but this is rare. Give a laxative of olive-oil or 
raw linseed-oil, or in case of necessity of Glauber salts or 
aloes, accompanying this with an anodyne, (opium, bella- 
donna, tobacco,) throw anodyne and mucilaginous injec- 
tions into the rectum, and cover the loins with a fresh 
sheep-skin, the fleshy side in, or with a soothing poultice or 
fomentations, following this up in six or eight hours by a 
mustard poultice. Mucilaginous drinks may be given 


206 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


freely, but diuretics are to be sedulously avoided and 
warm clothing used to favor sweating and thus relieve the 
kidneys of work. Laxatives and anodynes must be re- 
peated as may seem necessary and finally a course of 
bitter tonics may be allowed. 


ALBUMINURIA. BRIGHT’S DISEASE. DESQUAMATIVE NEPHRITIS. 


This consists in inflammation of the kidneys, acute or 
chronic, with degeneration and shedding of the epithe- 
hum from the kidney tubes. 

Symptoms. More or less awkwardness of gait behind, 
and tenderness of the loins, in some cases indisposition to 
lie down, thick, gelatinous, ropy urine, with microscopic 
casts of the kidney tubes, containing much spherical 
epithelium and granular matter. The urine coagulates in 
part in whitish flakes when boiled, or under the action of 
corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead or nitric acid. The 
general health suffers and the patient dies sooner or later 
of uremia with dropsy, or of some other affection which 
has been aggravated by the impaired vitality and the 
excess of the elements of urine in the blood. 

Treatment is not always satisfactory, though a certain 
proportion recover. Avoid exposure to cold, keep in a 
warm box and warmly clothed. Keep the bowels acting 
freely by a restricted diet of warm bran mashes, etc., or 
even by laxatives. Give tonics (phosphate of iron, quinia, 
willow bark,) and mineral acids and use mustard appli- 
cations to the loins. If the kidneys fail to act, do not 
give diuretics, but use cupping over the part, or hot fo- 
mentations with water, or better still a strong infusion of 
digitalis. 

Albuminous Urine, which is always ropy in horses, is no 
proof of the existence of Bright’s disease, but is an attend- 
ant on nearly all extensive inflammations of important 


organs, on rheumatism, fevers and certain poisoned con- 
ditions of the blood. 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 207 


SPASM OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER. 


Causes. Prolonged retention of urine in mares at work 
or in horses hard driven. Chill when heated. Nervous 
irritation. Is a common attendant on severe colic and 
gives way when that is relieved. Males suffer most fre- 
quently. 

Symptoms. Frequent attempts to urinate, which prove 
ineffectual or secure a dribbling only after much pain and 
straining. There may be anxious looking at the flank 
and uneasy shifting of the limbs, or in cattle twisting of 
the tail. There is tenderness in the back part of the ab- 
domen in the median line below. The hand, oiled and 
introduced into the rectum, will feel the distended blad- 
der, with its firm dense neck and no enlargement either 
there or backward in the urethra, as from stone. 

If unrelieved the bladder becomes immoderately dis- 
tended and finally bursts, especially in ruminants. This 
is followed by tenderness of the abdomen, febrile symp- 
toms, dullness and languor, and if the bladder is exam- 
ined it is found to be flaccid and tender. Perforation of 
the lower part of the abdomen with the nozzle of a hypo- 
dermic syringe allows the escape of urine, easily recog- 
nized by its odor. 

Treatment. Spreading fresh litter under the horse will 
sometimes induce staling. If not, use antispasmodics in- 
troduced by the rectum or even by the mouth (opium, 
laudanum, belladonna or hyoscyamus extract, tobacco 
smoke or solution, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, prussic acid, 
cyanide of potassium, etc.) Solutions of any of these 
agents may be rubbed on the perineum. Sometimes the 
spasm will give way under gentile pressure on the bladder 
with hand or finger in the rectum. Finally, all other 
measures failing, the urine may be withdrawn with a well- 
oiled catheter. This should be 4 inch in diameter for 
the horse, + inch for the bull and a line for the dog. Con- 
trary to the usual statement a small catheter may be 
passed in the bull when the penis is sufficiently extended 


208 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


to efface the S-shaped bend of the penis. In the mare 
the spasm may be overcome by the insertion of one or 
two fingers through the opening which is found in the 
median line of the floor of the passage about four inches 
from the external orifice. In the cow care is required to 
enter the central orifice as there is a blind sac on each 
side. 


PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER 


May occur from excessive over-distension, in connection 
with lock-jaw or rheumatism which prevents stretching to 
stale, with cystitis implicating the muscular coat, spasm 
of the neck of the bladder, or decomposition of the urine. 
It is attendant on disease or injury of the terminal part 
of the spinal cord, on broken back, etc., and is then asso- 
ciated with palsy of the tail and it may be of the hind 
limbs. 

Symptoms. Tf the neck is involved the urine dribbles 
away constantly, without straiming, is discharged in the 
sheath and runs down inside the thighs causing irritation 
and inflammation in both. If the neck is unaffected the 
urine accumulates in the bladder, causing over-distension, 
irritation and rupture. ‘The urme decomposes, setting 
free ammonia which softens and dissolves the epithelium 
and establishes the worst type of cystitis. 

Treatment. In cases of broken back or disease of the 
spinal cord attention must be given to that and, if reme- 
diable, the urine must be drawn off frequently with a cath- 
eter to prevent over-distension and injury to the bladder. 
In local paralysis, or after the spinal cord has recovered, 
apply a blister (mustard) between the thighs beneath the 
anus or vulva or over the back part of the belly inferiorly. 
Give belladonna extract (1 to 2 drachms), cantharides (1 to 
3 grains) or nux-vomica (+ drachm for large herbivora). 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. CYSTITIS. 
Causes. Abuse of diuretics, acrid diuretic plants in 


ee ee ee a 


. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 209 


the food, the application of blisters (Spanish flies, turpen- 
tine,) over too extensive surfaces, prolonged retention and 
decomposition of urine, irritation from stone in the blad- 
der, ete. 

Symptoms. If confined to the mucous membrane urine 
is passed frequently, painfully, in small quantities, with 
more or less floating mucus and flat, microscopic, fibri- 
nous shreds of exudation entangling columnar or scaly ep- 
ithelium. The bladder is very tender to the touch and 
if the finger is passed into it in the female its neck and 
walls are felt to be thickened, sometimes enormously. 
There are colicky pains, frequent looking at the flanks, un- 
easy movements of the hind feet or twisting of the tail. 
The gait is stiff and straddling. There is fever, usually 
shght. If the muscular coat is involved there is disten- 
sion of the bladder, and if the neck participates the urime 
escapes involuntarily. If due to unrelieved stone that will 
be found on examination. 

The case is most hopeful if due to irritants or some clearly 
removable cause. 

Treatment. Remove the cause, whether food, drugs, 
blistering agents on the skin, stone, gravel or retained and 
decomposed urine. Give spare, soft, aqueous diet with 
mucilaginous agents (linseed decoction or tea, slippery 
elm, gums, etc.,) laxatives of olive or linseed-oul, soft pure 
water at will, and mucilaginous and anodyne injections 
into the bladder (gum Arabic 1 drachm, opium 1 drachm, 
tepid water 1 pint). Blisters may be used in paralysis. 
In severe cases these may be preceded by fomentations. 
Finally, when the acute symptoms have subsided, small 
doses of stimulating diuretics (copaiva, cubebs, juniper, 
buchu,) will often serve to tone up the mucous membrane. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA. GONORRH@A. GLEERT. 


Causes. Like cystitis this may depend on irritants in 
the urine, taken by the mouth or applied to the surface, 
excessive copulation, connection with a newly-delivered 


Se 


210 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


female or one that has otherwise contracted a vaginal dis- 
charge, mechanical injury to the penis in serving females, 
irritation from the passage or arrest of small stones or 
gravel. 

Symptoms. Swelling and soreness in the sheath and 
penis, pain in urinating, the liquid coming in jets and fre- 
quently arrested because of the suffermg. In dogs there 
is continual licking of the organ and soon a creamy pus 
drops from the orifice. 

Treatment. If before the discharge of pus, give a laxa- 
tive and foment the parts with warm water. Wash out 
any gravel. If after suppuration, use soothing or astrin- 
gent injections (permanganate of potassa, acetate of lead, 
sulphate of zine or nitrate of silver, 2 grains to 1 oz. water). 
Tonics and stimulating diuretics may be finally needed as 
in cystitis. A soft restricted diet is demanded. 


STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. 


Usually a result of local irritation :—gravel, strong as- 
tringent injections used in the early stage of gonorrhcea or 
the healing of ulcers formed when that disease is neg- 
lected. 

Symptoms. Great difficulty in urination, the liquid es- 
caping in a fine stream and with pain. Frequent painful 
erections. 

Treatment. Passing, daily, catheters of gradually in- 
creasing sizes, beginning with one just large enough to 
enter with gentle force. 


EVERSION OF THE BLADDER 


Can occur only in the female, from severe straining in 
irritation of the urinary organs, and especially after the 
organ has been rendered torpid or paralyzed by over-dis- 
tension, severe parturition or otherwise. The animal 
strains violently and a red, tumid, rounded mass appears 
from between the lips of the vulva. On examining its 
surface near the neck the two orifices of the ureters may 
be detected with the urine oozing from them in drops. 


tp 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 2A 


Treatment. Wash with milk-warm water containing 
laudanum, and return, pressing the centre of the mass in- 
ward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty 
will be met in returning it through the contracted neck of 
the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long enough to 
determine inflammation and softening great care will be 
requisite to avoid tearing the coats. Should straining be 
so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion a truss 
may be applied as advised for eversion of the womb. 


URINARY CALCULI AND GRAVEL. STONE. 


These vary in chemical composition with the genus of 
animal and especially with the nature of the food. In 
herbivora the urine normally contains a large amount of 
the carbonates of lime and magnesia and of oxalate of lime, 
a small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, 
ammonio-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid and some- 
times uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. 
Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phosphate 
of lime and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, more 
uric acid than the vegetable feeders but a minimum amount 
of carbonate and oxalate of lime and silica. ‘The omnivora 
occupy an intermediate position, the salts of the urine va- 
rying with the frequent changes in the food. 

The nature of the food determines the excess of particular 
salts in the urine and their precipitation in the form of 
crystals. 

These carbonates of lime and magnesia which make up 
the bulk of most urinary calculi in horses and ruminants, 
are due to the large amount of vegetable acids (citrates, 
tartrates, malates, acetates, etc.,) in plants. These becom- 
ing further oxidized are transformed into carbonic acid 
which unites with the magnesia or lime present in the 
blood. 

Oxalate of lime is due to imperfect oxidation of the veg- 
etable acids, oxalic acid containing an equivalent less of 
oxygen than carbonic acid. It appears in excess in cer- 


212 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


tain diseases of the lungs or other conditions which inter- 
fere with respiration. 

Silica enters the system as silicate of potassa in food 
and water and especially m cyperaceza, horsetails, oat- 
straw, oat-meal, etc. It is displaced as silica whenever it 
comes in contact with a stronger acid. 

Phosphates enter the system in bran, in beans, peas, 
and the leguminous seeds generally, in oil-cake and rape- 
cake, or (the carnivora) in the flesh and bones. When 
present in undue amount in a given quantity of urine they 
tend to crystallize out, but when a large amount of phos- 
phate of magnesia is present, it is only necessary that the 
urine should be retained longer than usual in the bladder 
and that decomposition should set in with evolution of am- 
monia, to have the insoluble ammonia-magnesian phos- 
phate at once thrown down. 

Sulphate of lime is derived from nip in the water 
or the oxidation of sulphur contained in the albuminoid 
principles of food. 

Urea, Uric Acid, Hippuric Acid, Creatine, Creatinine, 
Kiestine, Leucin, Tyrosin, ete., are all nitrogenous elements, 
derived from the waste of muscle and gelatinous tissues, 
or from albuminoid matters in the food. Urea is to be 
looked on as the healthy product of such decomposition, 
while uric and hippuric acids, etc., are products in which 
the process of oxidation has stopped short, leaving the 
products in a less soluble condition and more lable to 
crystallize out of the urine. Impaired breathing from dis- 
eased lings or otherwise and imperfect action of the liver, 
whether from local disease in that organ or from feverish 
states, with impaired functions generally, are therefore 
among the causes which strongly predispose to urimary 
calcul. 

Beside these a certain amount of mucus, fat, coloring 
matter and even blood enter into the formation of uriary 
caleuli. 

Accessory Causes. 'To the above named causes favoring 


| 
: 
| 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 213 


the formation of urinary calculi, may be added all such as 
favor concentration of the urine. Thus scarcity of drink- 
ing water, excessive loss of liquid by the bowels or skin, 
(diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.,) dry winter feeding on hay and 
grain, feverish states in which little urine is secreted, and 
hard waters appear to have this effect. The last named 
cause is not generally credited by physicians but its coin- 
cidence with the prevalence of stone is exceedingly com- 
mon. 

Mode of Formation. The first requisite is that some 
solid body should exist as a nucleus around which layer 
after layer is crystallized, and hence the stone is always 


composed of a series of concentric layers. The nucleus .- 


may consist in a particle of mucus, fibrine or blood, a 
erystal deposited from over-saturated urine, or even a for- 
eign body introduced from without. I have seen a large 
calculus in the kidney of a deer formed around a piece of 
wood which must have penetrated the kidney and broken 
off, while the wound by which it entered had healed up. 

Appearance. Calculi vary much in character but the 
most marked varieties are the smooth stones formed by 
carbonates, oxalates, phosphates and silica, and the 
rough jagged crystalline specimens of ammonio-magnesian 
phosphates. 

Renal Calculi. Those found in the kidney are usually 
moulded in the pelvis, though I have found many like 
small lentils in dilatations of the microscopic tubes in the 
substance of the gland. Cattle fed on dry hay and grain, 
during winter, rarely want small yellow crystalline masses 
in the pelvis. Even when so large as to distend the pel- 
vis and weigh several ounces they are not always incom- 
patible with good health and aptitude to fatten. When 
so large or rough as to produce manifest disorder, this 
appears as irritation of the kidneys, tender loins, stiff 
straddling gait, etc., with the passage of microscopic crys- 
tals, and perhaps blood or pusin the urine. In cattle and 
sheep the salts from the concentrated urine usually crys- 


214 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 
tallize out on the hairs around the opening of the sheath. 
All species of domestic quadrupeds suffer. 

There is no satisfactory treatment and the great object 
is to prevent their formation by the measures named 
below. 

Uretral Calcul. ‘These are lodged in the small canals 
which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 
They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney and 
being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter. 
The symptoms are more violent than those of renal cal- 
culi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter 
and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the kid- 
ney itself undergoes inflammation and, if the animal sur- 
vives, 1s finally removed by absorption, the opposite kid- 
ney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two. The 
colics and general symptoms are like those of nephritis. 
The elastic distended ureter may sometimes be felt with 
the oiled hand introduced through the rectum. Like re- 
nal calculus this is usually irremediable. Antispasmodics 
will sometimes succeed by relaxing the duct and allowing 
the accumulated urine to pass the obstruction onward. 
They are best given by injection into the bowel. If ne- 
phritis sets in the treatment must correspond. 

Cystic Calculus. Stone in the Bladder. Seen in all do- 
mestic animals. 

Symptoms. Frequent strainmg to pass urine, which 
escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest, 
or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopic crystals 
or calculi usually pass with the urine. Examination with 
the oiled hand in the rectum will detect the rounded mass 
in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled with water. 
In the female it may be struck by a smooth metallic 
sound, or even touched with the finger. 

Treatment. By breaking the stone into small pieces 
which may pass with the urine (lithotrity), or by extrac- 
tion whole after dilatation or cutting of the passages (lith- 
otomy).  Lithotrity is effected with the lithotrite of the 


— 
ee 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 215 


surgeon and is only applicable to the female quadruped, 
in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A pair of 
long, round-bladed tongs like a glove-stretcher may be 
used to slowly dilate the neck of the bladder, after which 
the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which should 
be broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced and the 
stone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating 
movements. The injection of a little warm water into an 
empty bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the 
stone. The male is operated on standing or thrown on 
his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the 
point where it bends forward over the hip bones and an 
incision about two inches long made down upon this in 
the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may 
now be introduced and the calculus withdrawn as in the 
female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated 
with a probe-pointed knife, guided by a grooved director 
or the index finger, the incision being carried obliquely 
between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The 
stone once removed the opening may be stitched up and 
treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter 
should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of 
the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip bone and the 
small size of the urethra render the operation far more 
difficult than in the horse. (For further particulars see 
the author’s larger work). 

Urethral Caleuli. Stone in the canal by which urine is 
discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found 
in the terminal end of the urethra and its papille on the 
glans penis. In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of 
the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the 
same situation or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- 
pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining 
is violent and constant, in cattle and sheep it is little 
marked, but the tail is slghtly raised and the accelerator 
urine muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as 
in ordinary urination. Examination along the course of 


216 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


the urethra will detect one or more hard nodular enlarge- 
ments at the S-shaped curve or elsewhere. If more than 
one are present, they may be made to grate on each other. 

Treatment. If in the papilla or vermiform appendix, 
try to extract by manipulation. Should this fail, sht open 
the duct, or in the ram cut off the appendix. If higher 
up it must be cut down upon, through the skin, and ex- 
tracted. In cattle it is desirable to first pull the penis 
backward or forward so that the incision may clear the 
scrotum with its excess of areolar tissue and fat. 


PREPUTIAL CALCULI. STONES IN THE PREPUCE OR SHEATH. 


In oxen and sheep urmary salts often crystallize out on 
the hairs and may even block the passage somewhat. They 
are easily removed by manipulation or with scissors. The 
accumulations of sebaceous matter, in the bilocular cavity 
on the end of the penis or in the sheath of the horse, some- 
times receive this name. «They are best removed by 
thorough washing with soap and warm water, and the 
parts may then be lubricated with sweet-oil. 


SAND-LIKE DEPOSIT OR SOFT MAGMA IN THE BLADDER. 


This is frequent in the horse, the spherical granules of 
carbonate of lime and magnesia remaining apart instead 
of becoming agglutinated into a stone. Its mildest form 
is shown in the passage of a white matter at the comple- 
tion of the act of urmation. When accumulated so as to 
fill half of the bladder or more, this comes away in large 
amount and is found within the sheath and on the inner 
sides of the thighs, for the urine escapes involuntarily and 
continuously. 

Treatment. Wash out the bladder by pumping water 
through a catheter by means of Reed’s stomach pump or 
a syringe, then shake it up with the hand introduced 
through the rectum and allow the muddy lquid to flow 
out through the catheter. Repeat this until the bladder is 
emptied and the water comes away clear. 


Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 217 


Prevention. The next point is to prevent its forming 
anew by measures calculated to obviate urinary calculi in 
general. Correct any fault in feeding—excess of beans, 
peas, bran, etc.,—and any disorder in the liver functions. 
Give abundance of soft water, encouraging its ingestion by 
a fair supply of salt, let the food be aqueous, consisting 
largely of roots, especially carrots, and give daily in the 
drinking water 1 dr. caustic soda or potassa, or common 
ashes from hard wood. A course of bitters should also be 
given (cascarilla, columba, willow bark, gentian, quassia, 
or others). 


19 


CHAPTER XI. 
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 


General causes. Inflammation of the testicle. Dropsy of the scrotum, 
Hydrocele. Water stones. Tumors of the sheath. Disease of the penis. 
Ulcers of the penis. Castration of males. [Evil results of castration. 
Strangulated cord. Swelling of the sheath. Phymosis. Paraphymosis. 
Tumor on the spermatic cord. Castration of females. Castration of male 
birds. Abortion. Difficult parturition. Premature labor pains. Induration 
of the neck of the womb. ‘Twisting of the neck of the womb. Polypus in 
the vagina. Wrong presentations, deformities, etc. Maxims for assisting in 
difficult parturition. Anterior presentation with head or fore limb turned 
back. Posterior presentation with one or both hind limbs turned back. 
With water in the head or abdomen. Disorders following parturition. 
Flooding. Retained afterbirth. Leucorrhcea, catarrh of the womb or va- 
gina. version of the womb or vagina. Inflammation of the womb, Metri- 
tis. Parturition fever, milk fever, parturient apoplexy. 


Are mostly confined to breeding and dairying districts. 
They are largely obviated by castration and the virgin 
condition. Amongst the principal causes may be men- 
tioned mechanical injuries, excitement and irritation ac- 
companying coition, gestation, parturition, over-officious 
or iil-directed assistance in delivery, a very rich or poor 
diet, tuberculosis, poisons, (ergot, savin, rue, cantharides, 
etc.,) sympathetic irritation from excessive milking, from 
disease or injury of the mammary glands, of the urimary 
organs or of the rectum. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLE. 


Occurs mainly from external injury, though it may be 
roused by excessive copulation, or by glanderous deposit 
or other diseased process in the organ. The animal moves 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 219 


stiffly and with a straddling gait, and the testicle is en- 
larged, tender and frequently drawn up and dropped down 
again. It is to be treated with a dose of purgative medi- 
cine, restricted soft diet, fomentations with warm water, 
and smearing of the bag in the intervals with extract of 
belladonna, laudanum or some other anodyne. Should 
fluctuation announce the formation of pus, make an open- 
ing with a sharp knife to evacuate it, while if destruction 
of the gland is threatened castration must be performed. 


HYDROCELE. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. 


Usually associated with water in the abdomen. Distin- 
guished from scrotal hernia by not passing back with a 
sudden movement but with a steady current and gradual 
diminution. The same treatment is needed as in ascites. 


WATER STONES. 


Tn geldings a considerable accumulation of water often 
takes place in multilocular cavities connected with the 
still pervious inguinal canal, which may be emptied by 
compression, the water returning to the abdomen with a 
continued thrill. They often disappear in winter to reap- 
pear the followmg summer. ‘Though not injurious they 
may be removed by cutting down on the cavities and 
dissecting out the sacs. 


TUMORS OF THE SHEATH. 


These are easily removed by twisting them off. Some, 
however, bleed freely and these should have a stout waxed 
twine tied firmly round their necks and be then twisted 
or allowed to drop off. If bleeding occurs after removal 
seize the bleeding orifice with forceps and tie with a waxed 
thread. | 


DISEASE OF THE PENIS. 


Small warty growths may be cut off with scissors or 
knife and the part cauterized with lunar caustic. The 


220 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


soft condylomatous growths which occur in dogs may be 
treated in the same way. But when the large cauliflower- 
like masses are associated with hardening of the whole 
end of the organ, it must be amputated behind the indu- 
rated portion. The subject should be prepared by laxa- 
tive diet, and, having been thrown, the yard is withdrawn, 
washed, and cut through gradually, beginning at its upper 
part and tying the arteries as they are reached. On 
reaching the urethra at the lower part of the yard it is to 
be dissected out, and cut across so as to leave it # of an 
inch longer than the rest. Considerable bleeding from 
the venous cavities may come on a few hours later, and 
especially in hot weather, but may be easily controlled by 
dashing cold water between the thighs or stuffing the 
sheath with tow saturated with tincture of matico or muri- 
ate of iron. 


ULCERS OF THE PENIS. 


These may arise from accumulation of sebaceous matter 
but more frequently from the irritant discharges in a 
female recently delivered or suffering from leucorrheea. 
They may be treated with a lotion such as the following: 
—sugar of lead, 1 dr.; carbolic acid, 60 drops; chloral- 
hydrate, 1 dr. ; water, 1 pint. 


CASTRATION OF MALES. 


Numerous modes of castrating the male are followed, 
but in all the essential points are the removal or destruc- 
tion of the testicles and the prevention of bleeding from 
the spermatic artery which is always found in the ante- 
rior portion of the cord. In small animals (pigs, lambs, 
calves, dogs, cats,) the testicle is seized so as to render 
the skin tense, and a free incision with knife parallel to 
the median line sets it free at once. The knife is now 
passed between the middle and posterior parts of the cord 
and the latter cut through. The anterior portion is then 
twisted and finally torn through, the upper part being 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 221 


held by the finger and thumb of one hand while traction 
is made by the other. In the colt and old horses and 
bulls the structures are so tough that the cord must 
be seized by two pairs of pincers in order to accomplish 
satisfactory twisting. 

Clamps (sticks) are very generally employed in horses, 
the important considerations being that the wood shall be 
tough and unyielding, that they shall be grooved to give 
greater security of hold, that they shall be tied together 
with well twined inelastic cords, and that when applied 
they shall be squeezed together with pincers, while the 
end is being tied, that the included tissues may have their 
vitality destroyed. 

The other methods of tying, searing and scraping the 
artery, etc., cannot be described here, though one plan 
will succeed as well as another if properly done. For 
these and castration of cryptorchids (originals, rigs,) see 
larger work. 


EVIL RESULTS OF CASTRATION. 


STRANGULATED CorD. When the cord is left. unduly 
long and the wound in the skin small, it may be strangled 
by the swelling and contraction, giving rise to intense 
suffermg and high fever. The beast walks with a stiff 
gait, and the end of the cord is felt red and tense, protrud- 
ing from the wound which grasps it tightly. All that is 
necessary is to enlarge the orifice with a knife and push 
up the cord to give permanent relief. 

SWELLING OF THE SHEATH may occur, and especially in 
the young, from unhealthy states of the system, or from 
premature closure of the wound and imprisonment of mat- 
ter. In all such cases reopen the wound with the fingers 
and apply fresh lard to prevent a second adhesion. It is 
a good plan to apply lard to the wounds in castrating to 
obviate adhesion. Next foment the parts continually with 
warm water to hasten the formation of matter. When a 


19% 


222 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


free cream-like discharge is established the swelling will 
rapidly subside. 

PHyMOSIS AND ParapHymosis. In such cases the penis 
may be imprisoned within the sheath or protruded and 
swollen so that it cannot be withdrawn. It may be nec. 
essary to incise the sheath or scarify the penis and ap- 
ply cold water and other astringents, with manipulation to 
return the protruded organ. 

TuMORS ON THE SPERMATIC CorD. This results from 
rough handling in castrating, from strangulation, or from 
inflammation consequent on the presence of irritants in the 
wound or exposure to cold. It may grow for years with- 
out disabling the animal ; its growth may cease, leaving an 
inconsiderable thickening on the cord ; it may acquire the 
size of a large udder of a cow, and contract numerous 
vascular adhesions to surrounding parts; or it may extend 
up through the inguinal canal into the abdomen, as felt 
on examination through the rectum. 

Treatment. 'Those confined to the end of the cord may 
be removed like the testicle in castration. Those that 
have contracted adhesions to the thigh and sheath may 
still be removed with care, each vessel being tied as it is 
reached. But when the adhesions are very extensive and 
the tumor very large it is almost impossible to do this, 
and in the case of extension of the disease into the abdo- 
men nothing can be done beyond partial destruction of the 
mass with caustics. 


CASTRATION OF FEMALES. 


In small animals this is done through the flank ; in large, 
more conveniently through the vagina. ‘The animal is 
stretched on its left side, the fore limbs and head being 
firmly secured and the hind limbs extended backwards. 
The hair is shaved from the flank a little below the angle 
of the hip-bone, and an incision made from above down, 
extending to an inch in the pig or bitch, or sufficient to in- 
troduce the hand in the heifer. Then with the finger or 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 223 


hand, as the case may be, the womb is sought, backward 
at the entrance of the pelvis in the interval between the 
bladder and the straight gut. Being found, one horn or 
division is drawn up through the wound until its end is 
exposed with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. The lat- 
ter is seized and cut or twisted off according to the size of 
the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought 
out and treated in the same way. The womb is now re- 
turned into the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed 
up. vil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue 
from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcifica- 
tion of the wound is not unknown. 

Cows are castrated by making an incision through the 
superior wall of the vagina just above the neck of the 
womb, and inserting two fingers, by which the ovaries are 
withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instrument. 
Space will not allow of a fuller description in this work. 


CASTRATION OF MALE BIRDS. 


The bird is placed on its back with the left leg pressed 
against the abdomen and the right one stretched back- 
wards and outward, an incision is made inside this thigh 
large enough to admit the finger, which is directed toward 
the back at the point of union of the last ribs with the 
backbone. There the testicles are felt in contact with 
each other and are separately detached with the nail and 
extracted through the wound. If lost in the abdomen 
after detachment there is no matter, they will adhere to 
the peritoneum and become absorbed. Lastly the wound 
in the skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread. 


ABORTION. 


This consists of the expulsion of the foetus before it can 
live out of the womb, but in the lower animals the term 
has been indiscriminately used for cases of premature 
parturition as well. 

Causes. Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, falls, 


224 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


riding of animals in heat, diseases of the abdominal organs, 
(tympanitis from wet, frosted or musty fodder, inflamma- 
tion of the bowels, diarrhoea, poisoning by irritants taken 
with the food or otherwise, renal calculi or other diseases 
of the kidneys or bladder,) stalls too much inclined back- 
ward, overfeeding, plethora, hot, damp, relaxing stables, 
severe muscular exertion after long rest, exhausting feed- 
ing for milk at the expense of the system, breeding at too 
early an age, proximity to or contact with slaughter-houses 
or dead and decomposing animal matter, especially the 
abortion discharges of other animals, drinking putrid 
or iced water, disease, deformity or death of the foetus, 
feeding on ergoted grasses or smutty wheat or corn, and, 
finally, the presence in the passages of a microscopic veg- 
etable parasite (leptothrix vaginalis) which is easily trans- 
ferred from one animal to another so as to procure abor- 
tion. 

Symptoms. In the early stages of gestation abortion 
often takes place without any warning and is only ascer- 
tained by the animal again coming in heat. Later the 
preliminary signs and progress may be those of an ordi- 
nary parturition, or in other cases a whitish muco-purulent 
discharge may take place from the vulva for some time 
before abortion occurs. A filling of the udder and a loose, 
flaccid condition of the external generative organs often 
furnish premonitions. 

Prevention. Treatment. Avoid the various causes above 
named when found to exist. Especially should attention 
be given to secure a diet and regimen which shall obviate in- 
digestion, to eradicate from the hay-fields all irritant plants, 
to feed a certain amount of roots in winter to obviate urin- 
nary calculi, to cut meadows subject to ergot before they 
run to seed, or better still to plow them up and put under 
a rotation of other crops, to feed roots with ergoted hay or 
smutty corn if these must be consumed, to let the system 
be somewhat developed before breeding and not to milk 
too heavily the first year, to give pure air and water 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 225 


and wholesome buildings, and, finally, to use anti-septics 
on the discharges and to keep all sound animals apart 
from the diseased or their products. A beast abort- 
ing, from whatever cause, should be allowed to run over 
several periods of heat before she is served again. When 
abortions have broken out in a herd good results have fol- 
lowed a course of chlorate of potassa in $ oz. doses daily. 
When the beasts are plethoric benefit has been derived 
from bleeding or a bare diet with occasional mild laxatives. 
When run down by poor feeding or by early breeding and 
feeding for milk, a course of tonics (phosphate of soda, 
sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger,) has proved beneficial. 
When the discharge and other premonitory symptoms ap- 
pear laudanum may be given in large and repeated doses 
to quiet the system and keep the tendency in check. 
Quiet and seclusion are no less essential. When the 
abortion becomes inevitable it must be allowed to proceed 
or assistance given if necessary as in parturition. 


DIFFICULT PARTURITION. 


Parturition is easy in most of the lower animals, the 
wedge-like outline of the foetus when normally presented 
with the long head extended between the fore limbs ren- 
dering it an affair of mechanical simplicity. The same is 
true of the presentation of the two hind feet. If left to 
nature the passages are prepared by the relaxation of the 
ligaments of the pelvis and falling in on each side of the 
croup; they are then gently and equably dilated by the 
advancing soft and elastic water-bags; and then if the 
back of the foetus is turned toward the back of the mother 
so that the curvature of its body may correspond to that 
of the pelvis, the process is rarely difficult or protracted. 

Danger arises mainly from parturition being precipi- 
tated before its natural period, from unnatural conditions 
of the passages, from distortions of the foetus or from turn- 
ing back of one or more members so as to impair the reg- 
ularity of the wedge and to increase the bulk posteriorly. 


226 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


PREMATURE LABOR-PAINS. 


Caused by excitement of travel, goring or riding by their 
fellows, blows and other mechanical injuries, violent pur- 
gation or diuresis, diseases of the digestive or urinary or- 
gans or womb, ergoted grasses, etc. If there is no relax- 
ation of the pelvic igaments and falling in at the side of 
the rump, no enlargement of the vulva, no dilatation of the 
neck of the womb nor any enlargement of the bag, place 
in a secluded place and keep quiet by repeated doses of 
opium. The pains will usually subside. Even if other- 
wise apparently prepared the closed neck of the womb 
will demand similar rest and anodynes, though a little 


solid extract of belladonna may in this case be smeared - 


round the neck of the womb to favor relaxation. 

INDURATION OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB is often errone- 
ously supposed to exist in these cases, but such a conclu- 
sion need not be reached until the quieting treatment has 
been followed for one or two days without success and the 
neck of the womb remains rigid, nodular and gristly. 
Being fully convinced that the closure is due to disease it 
may be dilated by passing in a narrow-bladed, blunt- 
pointed (probe-pointed) knife and cutting to the depth of a 
quarter of an inch in four directions, upward, downward, 
to the right and left. Then the hand may be introduced 
with fingers and thumb drawn into the form of a cone and 
the passage gradually dilated. Or the sponge tents used 
by the physician may be employed. 

TWISTING OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB so that the lower 
surface of the organ comes to look upwards or to one side, 
is a curious form of obstruction hitherto only seen in the 
cow. It may be surmised when labor-pains continue 
without any appearance of water-bags, and conclusive evi- 
dence is furnished by the neck of the womb being closed 
and thrown into spiral folds. Place the patient with its 
head uphill to relax the twisted neck and introducing 
the hand into the womb, seize the foetus and press it 
against the uterine walls, while one or two men roll the 


—_— > s 


Se. ee 


SL LL a a 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. Dee 


cow on its other side in the same direction in which the 
twist has taken place. If the womb is not distended by 
decomposition of a dead foetus, nor attached to adjacent 
parts by inflammatory exudations the untwisting 1s easily 
effected, though several successive attempts may be requi- 
site to secure it. Suddenly constriction around the wrist 
gives way, the water-bags enter the passage and delivery 
1S easy. 

Ponypus IN THE Vacina. A tumor growing from the 
walls of this passage is another obstacle to parturition. 
By examination its point of attachment is found, and it 
should be slowly twisted off or, better still, removed by an 
ecraseur, an instrument with a pitch-chain which is gradu- 
ally tightened so as to cut through the parts without loss 
of blood. 


WRONG PRESENTATIONS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. 


Maxims For ASSISTING IN DirFicuLT Parturition. Never 
interfere too soon. Let the water-bags burst spontaneously 
when they have fulfilled their purpose of dilating the pas- 
sages. If there is no mechanical obstacle, let the foetus 
be expelled by the unaided efforts of the mother. Never 
insert the arm for any purpose without first smearing it with 
oil or fresh lard. When the water-bags have ruptured 
and the pains have continued for some time without any 
presentation, examine. When one fore foot only and the 
head, or both fore feet without the head, or the head with- 
out the feet, or one hind foot without the other appears, 
examine. Whatever part is presented should be secured 
by a cord, with a running noose, before it is pushed back 
to search for the others. In searching for a missing 
member the dam should be placed with her head down- 
hill and if recumbent should be laid on the side opposite 
to that on which the limb is missing. Even if the missing 
member is reached do not attempt to bring it up during a 
pain. Violent straining may be checked by pinching the 
back. If the passages have lost their natural lubricating 


225 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 

mucus, smear them and the body of the foetus thickly with 
lard before attempting to extract. In dragging upon the 
foetus apply force only when the mother strains, and pull 
slightly down toward the hocks as well as backward. If 
under the necessity of cutting off a limb, first skin it from 
near the foot and leave the skin attached to the trunk. 
Never cut off a member in the middle, but in the case of 
fore imb bring away the shoulder-blade, orin the hind 
the thigh-bone. 

HEAD OR FORE LIMB TURNED BACK. Secure the presenting 
limbs with ropes having a running noose drawn tightly 
round the fetlock, or the head with a noose round the lower 
jaw, or still better round the neck behind the ears, then 
pushing them back secure the missing part and bring it into 
position. In searching for the missing parts it is well to 
follow those already presented. The left arm will usually 
answer best for a limb at the left side of the womb, and 
the right arm for the right. Reaching the shoulder, the 
hand may be slid down to beneath the elbow and that 
joint bent so as to bring the knee up; then the hand is 
shpped past the knee to the shank and by a similar move- 
ment, pushing back the upper part of the limb and pull- 
ing forward the lower, the foot is brought up and secured 
with a.noose. All are then brought forward and delivery 
is easy. In order to bring up the missing part it is often 
needful that an assistant shall push back the body of the 
foetus after the limb has been seized. The assistant may 
stand with his back to that of the operator and introduce 
his left arm along by the operator’s right or vice versa. 
Or a smooth round pole like a fork-handle may be intro- 
duced and planted in the breast of the foetus as a means 
of pushing it back. In either case the pressure should be 
shghtly upward toward the back of the foetus so as to 
bring up the breast and fore limb toward the passage. 
The missing head may be turned back on either side, 
downward upon the breast or upward upon the back. 
First ascertain its position, then if it cannot be reached by 


peat i 3 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 229 


pulling the limbs forward into the passage, push back the 
body in such a way as will favor the advance of the head. 
Tf the ear is reached the head may be pulled by it, till the 
socket of the eye can be gained, and the body being still 
pushed back the nose can soon be seized and brought up. 
Often itis necessary to insert a hook into the eye socket 
or between the branches of the lower jaw, so that more 
force may be exerted. The ring in this case should be 
turned at right angles to the hook, and a cord passed from 
the hook side of the ring, to the opposite, and then knot- 
ted so that the greater the force applied the firmer it will 
hold. 

_ PRESENTATION OF ONE HIND LIMB ALONE is recognized by 
examining it as far up as the hock, which cannot possibly 
be mistaken for the knee. The same principles are ap- 
plied-here. Noose the presenting limb, and pushing back 
upon it and the buttocks, bring up first the hock and then 
the foot, bending all the joints to their utmost. In the 
cow success can usually be counted on, but the long hind 
shanks of the foal often prove an insuperable obstacle, and 
it becomes needful to cut the hamstrings and, leaving the 
hock bent, to straighten out the limb above this and 
extract in this position. 

PRESENTATION OF THE BUTTOCKS is to be recognized by 
the rounded mass, with the tail and beneath it the anus 
and perhaps the vulva. The process of extraction does 
not differ from that last described, but in very powerful 
mares the pains may be so violent and constant that it is 
impossible to bring up even the hocks, and the limbs have 
to be separated at the hip-joint and extracted separately, 
after which the trunk will come easily. 

DOUBLE HEADS AND BODIES AND SUPERFLUOUS LIMBS have 
to be removed on the same general principles, but space 
forbids their further notice here. 

WATER IN THE HEAD is often an insuperable barrier to 
delivery, to be easily recognized by manual examination, 

20 


230 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


and as readily relieved by plunging a knife through the 
membranes and evacuating the liquid. 

WATER IN THE ABDOMEN is equally frequent and to be 
obviated in a similar manner. 


DISORDERS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 


Fioopinc. Bleeding from the walls of the womb. 
Mostly after a too hasty parturition in which the uterine 
walls are exhausted and fail to contract; or when the 
womb has suffered violence in extraction of the foetus. 

Symptoms. Bloodless pallor of the mucous membranes, 
coldness of the surface, weakness, weak pulse, with or 
without palpitation of the heart and discharge of blood 
from the vulva. The hand introduced into the womb 
finds that organ soft, flaccid, dilated and filled with liquid 
or clotted blood. 

Treatment. Apply cold water or bags of ice to the loms 
and external genital organs, remove the afterbirth and 
clots with the hand and, if necessary, inject cold water, 
acids (vinegar, dilute mineral acids,) astringents (sugar of 
lead, tannin, matico, alum,) into the womb, and give small 
doses of acetate of lead or ergot of rye by the mouth. In 
desperate cases a large sponge soaked in tincture of the 
muriate of iron may be introduced into the womb and 
emptied by squeezing. If the patient is sinking it may 
often be saved by transfusion of blood from another 
animal. 

RETAINED AFTERBIRTH. Causes. Premature parturition, 
poverty of condition, too hurried delivery and failure to 
establish subsequent contractions, adhesions, the result of 
pre-existing inflammation in the womb, etc. 

If not removed it rots away piecemeal, a portion remain- 
ing and putrefying in the womb, causing irritation, dis- 
charge, rapid loss of condition and milk and in some cases 
absorption of putrid matter and poisoning. 

Treatment. Various methods are followed. 1. Attach 
a pound weight to the mass, so that the constant tugging 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 231 


may stimulate the womb to contraction and expulsion of 
the afterbirth. 2. Seize the mass close up to the vulva 
between two pieces of wood and dragging gently move it 
from side to side to titillate the passages and stimulate the 
womb to contraction. 3. Give a dose of physic (Glauber 
or Epsom salts) with aromatics (ginger, pepper, copaiva, 
cardamoms, caraway, etc.) 4. The most satisfactory 
method is to remove it by the hand, in twelve to twenty- 
four hours after parturition, before the neck of the womb 
has closed so as to forbid the introduction of the arm. In 
cows the protruding membranes are gently pulled upon by 
the left hand while the right is introduced into the womb 
and the connecting cotyledons or placentule of the mem- 
branes are, one by one, squeezed out from their connec- 
tions with those of the womb. The process may be slow, 
as fifty such connections may demand separation, but 
patience will be crowned with final success, the great 
- points being to tear nothing and to bring up and separate 
the last portions as perfectly as the first. 

Prevention. In poverty-stricken animals much may 
often be done by warm sloppy food for a week or two 
prior to parturition. 

LEvUcoRRH@A. CATARRH OF THE Wome or Vacina. This 
often results from retained afterbirth or violence done in 
parturition, but may occur independently of both or even 
in the virgin animal. There is a whitish discharge from 
the vulva, foetid if from retained afterbirth, with rapid 
falling off in flesh and milk, in spirit and appetite. The 
subjects can rarely be impregnated. 

Treatment. Introduce a catheter into the womb, draw 
off the contained fluid, wash out with tepid water intro- 
‘duced through the tube, and inject one of the following 
-solutions: 1 drachm of sulphate of zinc, sulphate of cop- 
per, acetate of lead, permanganate of potassa or carbolic 
acid, or + drachm chloride of zinc, dissolved in a pint of 
water and five ounces of glycerine added. This injection 
should be repeated daily until the discharge ceases. A 


232 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


course of tonics should accompany this treatment (sul- 
phate of iron 2 drachms, pepper 1 drachm, ginger } 
oz., gentian 4 oz. daily. 

EVERSION OF THE VAGINA OR Wom. The former may oc- 
cur before parturition or even in the virgin state, the lat- 
ter only after parturition. Hot, relaxing stables and regi- 
men and too great a slope of the stalls backward are among 
the causes of the first, violence in parturition or in the 
removal of the afterbirth, of the second. Digestive and 
urinary disorders are further causes. The everted va- 
gina forms a simple rounded mass easily distinguished 


Fig. 39 


Fig. 39—-Rope truss for everted womb. 


from the bladder by the absence of the ureters, and from 
the womb by that of the two divisions or horns, and in the 
case of ruminants bythe cotyledons. 'reatment is simple: 
Adjust the slope of the stall, making the hinder part the 
higher ; obviate costiveness, diarrhcea or any other source 
of irritation; and adjust a rope truss as follows: Take 
two ropes, each more than double the length of the ani- 
mal, bend each double and intertwist them at this bend so 
as to circumscribe an oval opening a little larger than that 
of the vulva; this having been adjusted to this orifice the 
two upper ends are carried around the rump, crossed over 


Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 230 


each other repeatedly in their passage along the back and 
finally tied to a collar previously placed around the neck ; 
the lower ends are carried down between the thighs, one 
on each side of the udder, and forward on the sides of the 
abdomen and chest to be fixed to the collar. It may be 
made as tight as seems necessary and will tighten with 
every effort at straining so that eversion becomes impos- 
sible. It may be made more secure by attaching the ropes 
to a surcingle as well. This truss must of course be re- 
moved when true labor-pains come on. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. 


Causes. Lacerations, bruises and other injuries in par- 
turition or in removal of the afterbirth, exposure to cold 
or wet after parturition, retained afterbirth, etc. 

Symptoms. 'Two or three days after parturition a shiv- 
ering fit, colicky pains, looking at abdomen, plaintive cries, 
twisting of the tail, shifting of the hind feet, tenderness of 
loins and abdomen, arching of the loins, vulva red and 
swollen, frequent straining with foetid discharge, the hand 
introduced into the womb finds both its neck and body 
dilated with fluid contents, the belly becomes tense and 
swollen, there is grinding of the teeth, insatiable thirst 
and loss of power over the limbs. The pulse and respira- 
tion are accelerated and the temperature of the body 
raised. It may end in poisoning of the blood with pus or 
absorbed putrid matters, or in gangrene, or if recovery en- 
sues it may be perfected in two or three weeks. Peritoni- 
tis and enteritis frequently coexist and are equally fatal 
at this period. 

Treatment. Wash out the womb, as in leucorrhea, with 
chlorine water or a solution of chloride of lime, perman- 
ganate of potassa or carbolic acid, adding a solution of 
eum Arabic, glycerine and laudanum to render it more 
soothing. Give an active purgative (in the cow sulphate 
of soda 1 lb.) and follow this up by tincture of aconite four — 
times a day, and nitrate of potassa and chlorate of potassa 

20* 


234 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


once daily. A blister should be applied to the right flank 
(mustard and oil of turpentine in cow or sow, mustard 
alone for other animals). In case of prostration, weak 
pulse, stupor, etc., a free use of wine, quinine, camphor 
and general stimulants must be made, with antiseptics 
(chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid, sulpho-carbolates or 
bichromate of potassa). 


PARTURITION-FEVER IN COWS. MILK-FEVER. PARTURIENT 
APOPLEXY. 


Causes. Plethora, costiveness and the susceptibility at- 
tendant on parturition. It attacks mainly heavy milkers, 
animals in full flesh that have been well fed just before 
and after calving, and have been delivered easily with 
little loss of blood or nervous expenditure. It is most 
frequent in the hot season when the grass is most luxuri- 
ant and nutritive, but may occur at any season in the best 
class of cows. 

Symptoms. Dullness, languor, uneasy movements of 
the hind limbs, a full, bounding pulse, red eyes, hot head 
and horns; soon the cow becomes weak on its limbs, un- 
able to rise, lays the head back on the flank or dashes it 
on the ground, breaking the horns if the surface is hard, 
and struggles convulsively with its limbs. The surface 
may now be bedewed with perspiration, the eyes red, 
fixed or rolling convulsively, the pupils dilated, the heat 
of the head still greater and the pulse quicker and weaker. 
Sensation is completely lost, the skin may be pricked at 
any point without the slightest response and the eyeball 
touched without causing winking. Neither dung nor urine 
is passed, the intestines and bladder being also the seat 
of paralysis or torpor. 

In one form of the disease the heat of the head, delir- 
ium and violence may be almost entirely wanting, the 
prominent symptoms being the fever, accelerated pulse 
and breathing, elevated temperature, loss of power over 
the limbs, paralysis of sensation, inappetence, torpor of 


$ 
F 


Disease of the oe of Generation. 230 


bowels and bladder. Both forms are exceedingly fatal, 
almost all attacked within two days after calving perish- 
ing, and a large proportion of those taken ill during the 
first week. 

Prevention. Spare diet (starvation in the plethoric) for 
a week before and after calving, an active purgative (Hp- 
som salts) to act as soon after calving as possible, plenty 
of fresh, cool air, milking, if necessary, before calving and 
thrice daily after. In the full flush of grass it is needful 
to keep plethoric parturient subjects in-doors, upon dry 
hay with plenty of salt and water, or on a very bare past- 
ure. Hven if attacked a week after calving they usually 
recover. : 

Treatment. Tf the animal is seen before it goes down, 
bleed four or six quarts from the jugular, but never after 
the pulse has lost its fullness and hardness; apply ice- 
cold water, bags of ice or a solution of an ounce each of 
nitre and sal ammoniac in a quart of water to the head 
round the base of the horns, give a powerful purgative, 
(2 Ibs. Epsom salts, 4 oz. carbonate of ammonia, 4 dr. 
nux vomica,) apply friction to the limbs, draw the milk off 
at frequent intervals and repeat the ammonia and nux 
vomica every four hours. The nux vomica may be re- 
placed by strychnia, 1 grain with 2 or three drops of vin- 
egar in a teaspoonful of water and injected under the skin 
twice with four hours interval, or ergot of rye may be used 
instead. The fever may often be materially reduced by 
enveloping the whole body in a sheet wrung out of cold 
water, and covering up with one or several dry ones ac- 
cording to the season. 

In the second or torpid form of the disorder there is 
often no call for cold applications to the head, while pur- 
gatives and nux vomica are especially demanded. 


CHAPTER XII. 


DISEASES OF THE MAMM (UDDER) AND 
TEATS. 


Bloody-milk. Blue or viscid milk. Congestion and inflammation of the 
mammary glands, Garget, Mammitis. Impervious teat. Sore teats, Scabs, 
Warts. Simple and cancerous tumors of the glands. 


BLOODY-MILK. 


Causes. Blows on the udder or commencing inflamma- 
tion from any other cause; heat or rut; a sudden acces- 
sion of rich food, causing local congestion with increased 
flow of milk; the consumption of acrid plants (ranunculus, 
hydropiper, resinous shoots, etc.,) and the conditions which 
give rise to red-water. The milk may have a red sedi- 
ment from feeding madder, logwood and other agents. 

Treatment. If from congested glands, a saline laxative 
followed by nitre, restricted diet and bathing with cold 
water. If from acrid plants, withhold them, give a laxa- 
tive to clear away any yet retained in the stomach and 
follow up with small doses of nitre and acetate of lead. 
If from partial congestion, with a somewhat nodular state 
of the gland and but little heat or tenderness, rub daily 
with compound tincture of iodine mixed with three times 
its bulk of water. Milk carefully and gently. 


BLUE OR VISCID MILK. 


Due to cryptogams in this liquid. Remove from the 
vicinity of decomposing animal matter, withhold food or 
water containing vegetable germs and administer, daily, 
bisulphite of soda (2 drs., cow). 


Diseases of the Mamme (Udder) and Teats. 237 


CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 
GARGET. MAMMITIS. 


Causes. Blows on the gland, lying on a cold or sharp 
stone, sores on the teats, leaving the milk unduly long in 
the bag (hefting), standing in a current of cold air, expos- 
ure in cold showers or inclement weather, rich milk-mak- 
ing food too suddenly supplied, indigestion, or indeed any 
derangement of the general health is liable to produce this 
disease in an animal in full milk. Ewes often lose their 
bags or their lives from sudden weaning of their lambs, 
or cows from neglect in milking. Some aliments, like 
cotton seeds, are dangerous. 

Symptoms. 'There may be simple warm, hot, tense 
(caked) bag, or there may be a circumscribed nodular 
mass in the centre of the bag. In severer cases there is 
lameness on the affected side, a red, hot, tense painful 
gland, with no secretion or only a bloody clotted mass. 
These cases come on with violent shivering, high temper- 
ature, strong rapid pulse and quickened breathing, dry 
nose, costiveness and suppression of urine. They may 
end in abscess, induration or gangrene, or a perfect re- 
covery may ensue. 

Treatment. In mild cases with no fever and little pain, 
rub well with camphorated spirits or weak iodine oint- 
ment or with plenty of elbow-grease. Muilk thrice a day and 
rub for a considerable time on each occasion. If unequal 
to active rubbing put a good hungry calf to the udder. 

In the severe cases, if seen in the shivering fit, give a 
strong cordial (ginger, pepper, whisky, brandy, gin or ale 
in several quarts of warm water) and envelop from head 
to tail in a thick rug wrung out of water as nearly boiling 
as possible, covering all with several dry blankets and 
binding firmly to the body; give copious warm water in- 
jections and bring if possible into a sweat. When this 
has lasted half an hour uncover gradually, rub dry and 
cover with a light dry wrapping. 

If the disease has advanced further and there is already 


238 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


active inflammation in the gland, foment continuously 
with warm water or support in a poultice, cutting holes 
_ for the teats, adding a little belladonna to relieve the pain. 
Give an active purge (salts) and follow up with aconite 
and nitre. Draw off the milk frequently, using a milking 
tube if the act is very painful. If the discharge smells 


Fig. 40. 


Fig. 40—Milking Tube. 


sour inject a weak solution of carbonate of soda and per- 
manganate of potassa (5 grains of each to 1 oz. of water). 
If the gland becomes hard and indurated, rub with iodine 
ointment or mercurial oimtment, not both. Ji matter 
forms, open with the knife. If gangrene ensues, use lo- 
tions of carbolic acid or chloride of lime. Many sheep 
do well with a coating of tar on the gland. In the ad- 
vanced stages nourish well and give tonics (sulphate of 
iron, gentian, columba). 


IMPERVIOUS TEAT. 


From concretions from the milk, which are freely moy- 
able in the teat and up into the gland. From polypus in 
the teat hanging by a band from the mucous membrane 
and hence movable only in narrow limits. From thicken- 
ing of the mucous membrane and contraction of the walls 
of the duct to absolute closure. From the formation of a 
membrane across the duct of the teat. From closure of 
the external orifice of the teat effected in the healing of a 
sore. 

Treatment. Concretions may be extracted by manipu- 
lation or with a grooved director, the teat having been 
first relaxed in a warm solution of belladonna. Polypi 


are removed by making a free incision through the teat, 


twisting off the tumor, accurately sewing up the wound 


Diseases of the Mamme (Udder) and Teats. 239 - 


and milking for some time with a tube. The obliteration 
of the duct by contraction of its walls or by a membra- 
nous growth is to be met by a bistwort caché (a knife one 


Fig. 41. 


Fig. 41—Bistuori Caché. 


line in breadth hidden in a groove of a sharp-pointed 
handle, but which can be pressed out of its case so as to 
cut to any extent desired) and a silver or gutta-percha 
teat tube to be kept tied in the newly made channel until 
it heals. It is well to leave these surgical operations un- 
til the milk is dried up. A simple instrument is in use 
by dairymen, consisting of a steel probe flattened out to 
two lines at one extremity and with finely sharpened 
point. 


SORE TEATS. SCABS. WARTS. 


Sores, chaps and scabs on the teats are to be treated 
by soothing applications. One ounce each of spermaceti 
and almond-oil melted together will often suffice. Or 5 
grains each of balsam of Tolu or Peru may be added. 
Or a solution of 5 grains of sugar of lead or chloral-hy- 
drate and $ oz. each of glycerine and water. Butno plan 
will succeed without gentle milking, with dry teats, espe- 
cially in winter, or in bad cases without the use of a milk- 
ing tube. Warts are to be removed by the knife, scissors 
and caustic. 

Simple and Malignant Tumors of the mammary glands 
are met with in all species of domestic quadrupeds and 
demand removal with the knife. 


CHAPTER XIIL. 
DISEASES OF THE EYES. 


Trichiasis. Torn eyelids. Superficial inflammation of the eye. Simple 
ophthalmia. Conjunctivitis. Parasites on the eyes. Specks or films on the 
eye. Ulcers of the transparent cornea. Tumors of the transparent cornea. 
Enzootic ophthalmia in cattle and sheep. Internal ophthalmia. Inflamma- 
tion of the deep structures of the eyeball. Iritis. Choroiditis. Retinitis.- 
Recurring ophthalmia. Periodic ophthalmia. Moon-blindness. Cataract. 
Palsy of the nerve of sight. Amaurosis. Glass eyes. Glaucoma. Cancer. 
Staphyloma. Worms in the eye. 


TRICHIASIS. 


Turning in of the eyelashes ; a common cause of inflam- 
mation. Snip off the offending hair with scissors. 


TORN EYELIDS. 


Should be accurately brought together and held by col- 
lodion, which is to be laid on with a brush, layer after 
layer, until strong enough to hold safely. If this is not at 
hand bring together with a quilled suture—the stitches, 
with carbolated thread or catgut, being tied round two 
quills lying on the respective flaps, so as to prevent puck- 
ering of the edges and to secure even healing. If the lips 
are brought into accurate apposition and stitches placed 
closely together, the quills may be discarded. 'To prevent 
rubbing of the healing and itching eye, turn the animal 
round in the stall and tie short to the two posts so that 
the head cannot reach either. Feed from a bag hung in 
front and cut open half way down to admit the nose. 


Diseases of the Eyes. 24] 


SUPERFICIAL INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. SIMPLE 
OPHTHALMIA. CONJUNCTIVITIS. 


Causes. Blows with whips, etc., hay-seed, chaff, dust, 
lime, thorns, etc., in the eye ; standing in a current of cold 
air; irritant emanations from dung and urine; obstruction 
of the lachrymal duct with swelling at the inner angle of 
the eye and hardened mucus in the orifice of the duct as 
seen in the floor of the chamber of the nose ; in horse and 
ox, the presence of a worm—/illaria lachrymalis—inside the 
eyelids ; and in pigs of the measle bladder -worm—cysticer - 
cus cellulosa—in the fat around the eye. 

Symptoms. Red, sore, watery eyes, with or without 
fever according to the severity of the attack, soon followed 
by a bluish or white film or opacity extending no deeper 
than the surface of the transparent part of the eyeball. 
The swelling of the eyelids may extend to the hollow above 
the eye, filling it up. There is no suffering or winking 
when brought into a bright light, nor any undue contrac- 
tion of the pupil as compared with healthy eyes. If for- 
eign bodies are present they will be detected by exami- 
nation. 

Treatment. Hay-seed, chaff, etc., may be removed with 
a pair of small forceps, with the point of a lead pencil, or 
with the head of a pin covered with a soft handkerchief. 
Lime and sand may be similarly removed or washed out 
with a fine syringe. Thorns may be picked out with a 
needle, the animal having been first thrown and the eye 
fixed with the fingers or by putting the patient under the 
influence of ether or chloroform. Or if not too deep they 
will slough out of their own accord in a day or two. The 
patient must be protected from cold or any other apparent 
cause of illness, should take a dose of physic, and have 
the affected eye covered with a cloth constantly wet with 
a solution of 1 dr. sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc, 10 grains 
morphia and 1 pint water. It is often best to use it tepid 
but if used cold it should be maintained so. 

21 


242 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


WHITE SPECKS AND CLOUDINESS OF THE EYE. — 


These are the results of inflammation and if confined to 
the transparent outer coat of the eye may usually be re- 
moved by touching them daily with a feather dipped in a 
solution of 3 grs. nitrate of silver in an ounce of distilled 
water. Such an application should never be made while 
the part is still inflamed and the eyelids swollen and red, 
as it will then be painful and injurious. It will usually 
fail to remove the speck when that consists in a thick 
cicatrix following an ulcer, or when red vessels are seen 
running across it. 


ULCERS OF THE TRANSPARENT CORNEA. 


These also follow inflammation and are to be recognized 
by the visible breaks or abrasions in the surface layers of 
the transparent coat of the eye. Apply the same agent as 
for specks but of double or treble the strength, and improve 
the general health by a liberal diet and a course of tonics 
(sulphate of iron, nux vomica, cinchona). 


TUMORS OF THE TRANSPARENT CORNEA. 


These, if not of a cancerous nature, nor connected with 
the vascular colored curtain which encircles the pupil 
(the iris), may be removed with the knife or scissors, the 
part touched with a stick of nitrate of silver, and a lotion 
like that used for simple ophthalmia applied on a cloth. 


ENZOOTIC OPHTHALMIA IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. 


This affection attacks one or several herds or flocks ina 
locality, at any season and without apparent cause, ex- 
cepting proximity. The symptoms are those of simple 
ophthalmia, but of a severe type, with much fever and 
complete clouding of the eye from exudation into the 
whole thickness of the transparent cornea, followed by 
ulceration, and sometimes perforation of this membrane, 
loss of the humors of the eye, and permanent blindness. 

Treatment. Separate the sound from the diseased and 


Diseases of the Eyes. 243 


from the pastures or buildings where the malady has ap- - 
peared. Give the affected strong purgatives (salts) fol- 
lowed. by diuretics (nitre), place in a dark, quiet, dry 
building, and keep a cloth over the eye saturated with a 
solution of a drachm each of nitrate of silver and carbolic 
acid and 10 gers. of morphia to a quart of distilled water. 
Blisters may be applied to the cheeks or behind the ears 
(Spanish flies 2 drs., lard 3? oz., for cattle; twice the 
amount of lard for sheep; rub well in). The resulting 
ulcers may be treated in the ordinary way. 


INTERNAL OPHTHALMIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE DEEP STRUCT- 
URES OF THE EYEBALL. IRITIS. CHOROIDITIS. RETINITIS. 


Causes. Severe blows or other forms of local irritation ; 
extremes of darkness and light; exposure to a draught of 
cold, air, to a storm; various constitutional disturbances, 
especially those of the digestive organs. 

Symptoms. Like those of superficial ophthalmia, but 
with more fever, constitutional disturbance, accelerated 
pulse, loss of appetite, increased heat of body, and above 
all with retraction of the eye into its socket, pro- 
trusion of the haw from its inner angle over its surface, 
closure of the lids and contraction of the pupil when 
brought into the light, and the presence of a turbid liquid 
behind the transparent cornea, with white floating flakes, 
and a yellowish or whitish deposit at the bottom of the 
chamber. The brilliant reflection of the iris or curtain 
is also largely impaired. As the disease advances a white 
speck or cloud appears in the lens, behind the pupil and 
iris. 

Treatment. Place in a dark building with pure, dry 
air, purge (cow, salts; horse, aloes; dog, castor-oil,) and 
follow up with febrifuges (nitre, digitalis ; in dogs or pigs 
tartar emetic); apply alternately by means of a rag over 
the eye a lotion of 20 grs. acetate of lead, 20 drops extract 
of belladonna and 1 quart water, and one of 20 grains 
sulphate of zinc, 20 drops of tincture of (physostigma) 


244 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Calabar bean, and 1 qt. water, changing twice daily ; blis- 
ter the face or neck as for enzootic ophthalmia. 


RECURRING OPHTHALMIA. PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. 
MOON-BLINDNESS. 


Attacks solipeds only. 

Causes. Hereditary predisposition ; breeding in damp, 
cloudy, foggy or marshy localities ; keeping in damp, close, 
ill-conditioned stables; the irritation about the head at- 
tendant on teething; cloggmg the digestive organs by 
feeding wheat or maize without salt or sulphate of soda; 
the presence of worms in the intestines ; whatever lowers 
the general health, and the general causes of iritis. 

Symptoms. Like those of internal ophthalmia with, in 
many cases, increased tension and hardness of the eyeball, 
and its deeper retraction into the orbit. The main differ- 
ence is in the liability to recur, at intervals of three weeks, 
a month or more, if the exciting causes have not been 
removed, until the subject is left blind. In the intervals 
between the attacks the transparent coat of the eye retains 
a hazy bluish cloudiness around its border, the iris is 
wanting in its normal lustre, the anterior chamber has 
often a slight deposit at its lower part, and the upper eye- 
lid is bent at an unnatural angle about one-third of its 
length from the inner angle. After two or three attacks 
a cataract remains. 

Prevention. Avoid, for breeding purposes, all horses 
belonging to an affected family; all localities that are 
damp, foggy, cloudy or relaxing; as well as ill-appointed 
stables. Maintain good health and condition by sound 
feeding, watering, housing, grooming and exercise. When 
threatened remove to a drier and more bracing climate. 

Treatment. As for iritis. Some cases, like rheumatism, 
are benefited by colchicum and the free use of alkalies 
(carbonates or acetates of potassa or soda). Those that 
present increased tension and hardness of the eyeball 
should be early treated by iridectomy which can, however, 


Diseases of the Eyes. 2AD 


only be undertaken by the surgeon. All cases should 
have a course of tonics (oxide of iron, nux vomica, ginger) 
as soon as the violence of the fever has abated, and should 
be submitted to a regimen calculated to improve their 
condition so as to ward off a new attack. Recovery from 
a particular attack may be expected in from 6 to 10 days, 
and this contributes to sustain the reputation of such ri- 
diculous resorts as knocking out the wolf teeth, and such 
injurious ones as cutting out the haw (hooks). 


CATARACT. 


This is the most constant result of internal ophthalmia, 
though 1t may occur from other causes, such as diabetes or 
uremia. The condition is opacity of the lens, and may 
be recognized as a white speck, or a white fleecy cloud 
filling, in the worst cases, the whole of a widely dilated 
pupil. It is best seen with the animal looking out of the 
stable door, and with a dark background. A still more 
satisfactory examination can be made with a lighted taper 
ina dark room. Three images of the taper are reflected, 
(1) from the surface of the eye (cornea), (2) from the an- 
terior surface of the lens, and (3) from the posterior sur- 
face of the lens. The two anterior are upright, the pos- 
terior is inverted. If either of the two posterior Images 
is changed into a diffuse white haze in passing over any 
part of the pupil it implies an exudation into that part of 
the lens—a cataract. Haziness of the large anterior im- 
age is only caused by opacity of the cornea. 

Treatment. Newly formed cataracts will sometimes 
clear up, by absorption, under such treatment as is adopted 
for inflammation, but the rile is that an opacity of the 
lens once found, is permanent. In cattle and sheep the 
lens may be extracted or depressed as in man, but in the 
horse such an operation would be worse than useless, as 
without spectacles he could never see things in their right 
form or position, and would become an incorrigible shyer. 
Better leave him blind. Cases not due to recurring oph- 


246 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


thalmia may be benefited in the long run by applying a drop 
of phosphoraied oil (phosphorus 2 grs, almond-oil, 1 oz.,) 
to the eye, daily, for several months. 


PALSY OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. AMAUROSIS. GLASS EYES. 


Causes. Congestion, tumors, dropsy, or other disease 
of the brain. Injury to the nerve of sight by pressure or 
otherwise. Inflammation with exudation into the retina. 
Excess of light. It may be symptomatic from overloaded 
stomach, from bloodlessness, and sometimes from gesta- 
tion. 

Symptoms. Hyes unnaturally clear from wide dilatation 
of the pupils. Failure of the pupils to contract when ex- 
posed to light or sunshine, or to dilate in darkness. The 
subjects do not wince when a feint is made to strike them 
unless the hand produces a current of air. The animals 
step high to avoid obstacles and have very active ears, 
which are constantly exercised to make up for lack of 
sight. 

Treatment. If due to removable cause stop this, then 
blister the cheek or behind the ear, as for ophthalmia, and 
give nerve stimulants (strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.) 

Among the other affections of the eye are Glaucoma, the 
true nature of which can only be ascertained with the 
ophthalmoscope ; Cancer which demands the skill of the 
anatomist for removal; Staphyloma or vascular tumor of 
the cornea ; Worm in the eye (Filaria Oculi) which is to be 
extracted by skillful puncture; etc. 


CEVA ER? XS EVE 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 


General causes. Epilepsy. Falling Sickness. Chorea, St. Vitus’s Dance, 
St. Guy’s Dance. Vertigo, Megrims in horses. Lock-jaw, Trismus, Teta- 
nus. Convulsions, Fits. Sleepy Staggers, Coma Somnolentum. Apo- 
plexy. Inflammation of the Brain, Phrenitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral Men- 
ingitis. Inflammation of the spinal cord, Myelitis, Spinal Meningitis. Ep- 
idemic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, Cerebro-spinal Fever. Enzootic Myelitis 
in sheep. Trembling, Hydro-rachitis. Paralysis. Loss of sensation or 
voluntary motion. General Paralysis. Paraplegia, Palsy of the hind limbs. 
Hemiplegia, Palsy of one lateral half of the body. Facial Paralysis. Other 
local palsies. Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead Poisoning. Sun-stroke. 


The frequency of these affections bears some relation 
to the development and activity of the great nerve centres 
and especially the brain. They are often symptomatic 
of other diseases, the irritation being conveyed along the 
nerves to the nerve centres so as to derange their func- 
tions; at other times they have their origin in these cen- 
tres themselves. Among common causes may be named: 
exposure to intense heat or cold, especially with a dry 
parching atmosphere; excess of light; deranged or ex- 
cited circulation, as in loss of blood or plethora, obstacles 
to the return of blood from the head, by the jugular veins, 
or imperfect supply from thickening of the cranial bones ; 
the influence of poisons, pressure, etc.; severe overexer- 
tion; digestive, hepatic and urinary disorders, and para- 
sites. 


EPILEPSY. FALLING SICKNESS. 


This is seen in dogs, cattle, horses and pigs in about 
the order named. It usually exists independently of any 


248 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


observable change of brain structure. ‘Thus, in dogs it 
follows distemper, or depends on teething, worms in the 
stomach or intestines, or acari (pentastoma) in the nasal 
sinuses. In pigs indigestible substances in the stomach 
may determine it. Brown-Sequard showed how it could 
be developed at will in Guinea-pigs by tickling the neck 
and has even produced it in the human subject. In all 
animals it may be looked on as, generally, a reflex act. 
Abscesses, tumors, etc., of the brain have been found in 
certain instances in horses, and the malady has super- 
vened on a severe fright and chase, or a broken horn or 
other injury to the head in cows. Probably in these 
cases the disease of the brain has rendered it more sus- 
ceptible to the impression coming from a distant part of 
the body. The disease has proved hereditary in cattle. 
Symptoms. Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary 
movement, with convulsive contraction of the muscles of 
the trunk and limbs. The patient may or may not appear 
dull or stupid for some time, but the attack is always sud- 
den, the victim crying, falling to the ground, stiffening all 
over, with clenched jaws, frothing at the lips and fixed 
red eyeballs. ‘The attack may last for one or several min- 
utes, after which the muscles relax and the animal be- 
comes conscious but retains considerable dullness or lan- 
guor for a day or more. ‘The attacks are more or less fre- 
quent according to the activity of the exciting cause. 
Treatment. Remove the causes—worms or other irri- 
tants in the intestinal canal or elsewhere :—in excitable 
plethoric animals restrict diet and give more exercise ; in 
the bloodless, feed highly and give iron and bitters; in 
dyspeptic pigs give sound food and bitters (gentian, quas- 
sia, camomile, boneset, serpentaria, myrrh,) with iron. 
In excitable stallions castration is usually needful. During 
the attack inhalations of chloroform or ether, or the in- 
jection of these agents or of chloral-hydrate will serve to 
cut short the attack. If dependent on irritation of some 
known part of the surface, attacks may be obviated by 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 2A” 


cutting the nerves proceeding from this part, or better by 
light firmg with an iron at a red or white heat. 


CHOREA. ST. VITUS’S DANCE. 8ST. GUY'S DANCE. 


Mainly seen in the dog and horse. Occurs in subjects 
debilitated or worn out by disease, as in dogs by distem- 
per. There is no constant structural change in the brain, 
but the occurrence of the disease as a consequence of 
exhausting disorders and the excess of urea, etc., in the 
urine, may be taken as implying an altered state of the 
blood, and of the processes of sanguification. 

Symptoms. Momentary spasms of the voluntary mus- 
cles, leading to jerking of one or more limbs, of the head 
or of the entire body. This continues without intermission 
in sleep as in waking, and, by wearing the subject out, 
increases the disorder. In the horse it occurs mainly in 
the hind limbs, but will also attack the fore, and tempora- 
rily the muscles of the body. 

Treatment. Re-establish health and vigor by abundant 
nourishment, open air exercise, tonics (sulphate and car- 
bonate of iron, cascarilla, quinia,) cold baths, rubbing dry 
afterwards, and strychnia. Nerve sedatives (chloral-hy- 
drate) may be given to check or moderate the spasms. 


VERTIGO. MEGRIMS IN HORSES. 


An equine disease characterized by sudden and tempo- 
rary loss of sensation and voluntary motion, with trem- 
bling, and it may be champing of the jaws, but without the 
general spasms of epilepsy. 

Causes. Brain disorders such as tumors, congestions, 
effusions, etc., or modified circulation from compression 
of the jugular veins, or disease of the heart. Plethora is 
a frequent cause in the young. 

Symptoms. The animal drawing a load, especially up- 
hill, with a tight collar, driven hurriedly in extreme heat, 
or in a strong glare of sunshine or snow, suddenly hangs 
on the reins, slackens his pace, staggers a little perhaps, 


250 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


and if not stopped drops in harness, first, it may be, 
starting to one side, or rearing up so as to fall back over 
the driver. If stopped on the first sign of failing, the 
attack may usually be warded off. If it has taken place, 
the loosening of the harness and a few minutes rest will 
generally bring the animal round, so that he can get on 
his legs, but he remains nervous and excitable for several 
days. 

Prevention. Treatment. In plethoric young horses im- 
prove the condition by restricted diet and vegular increas- 
ing exercise, or turn out to grass for a time. Give an 
occasional laxative and diuretic. Avoid tight or badly 
fitting collars or whatever presses on the veins of the 
neck. Shelter the top of the head from the direct rays of 
the sun by a sunshade. Wear a wet sponge constantly 
between the ears when at work. When the premonitory 
symptoms appear, stop, slacken the collar, cover the eyes, 
apply cold water or ice to the head and neck; blood may 
even be drawn from the palate, the temporal artery or 
the jugular vein. This should be followed by an active 
purgative (aloes, Glauber salts,) and nerve sedatives 
(chloral-hydrate, bromide of potassium). A laxative diet 
must be kept up for some time or a run at grass allowed. 


LOCK-JAW. TRISMUS. TETANUS. 


This consists in persistent (tonic) cramps of the volun- 
tary muscles. When confined to those of the face it is 
trismus or lock-jaw, when general tetanus. 

Causes. Wounds, especially of unyielding structures, 
like the foot, the firm fibrous layers covering the limbs, 
shoulder or croup, or the bones (tail). Wounds implicat- 
ing large sensory nerves, or enclosing rust, gritty matters, — 
or castrating clamps, or subject to chafing as between the 
thighs, are occasional causes. In other cases exposure 
to cold or wet or a continual dropping on some part of 
the body is the cause. In still others it appears without 
any obvious reason, though probably from internal lesions. 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 251 


It is remarkable that it rarely occurs until wounds are 
well advanced in healing. In lambs it has been observed 
in connection with overfeeding of the ewes on trefoil, 
erain, etc., as well as from exposure. 

Symptoms. General stiffness ; hardness of the affected 
muscles ; protrusion of the haw, from the inner angle of 
the eye, over the ball, becoming more marked if the 
animal is excited, as by jerking up the head; in the worst 
cases the head is elevated and carried stiffly, the tail 
raised and trembling; the legs directed slightly outward 
like four immovable posts, and in walking are lifted almost 
without bending; the animal cannot lie down, or if he 
gets down, rouses the spasms fatally in his struggles to 
rise; the bowels are always torpid; the breathing is 
excited and in bad cases stertorous; and though the 
spasms never give way they occur in paroxysms, which are 
easily roused by movement, the presence of strangers, 
loud talking, banging of doors, rustling of straw or any 
other noise or commotion. It usually proves fatal by the 
cramps of the muscles of the throat (larynx) and chest. 

Treatment. Secure perfect quiet in a dark box, safely 
locked from curious observers; place slings beneatin the 
patient so that he can stand clear of them or rest in them 
at will; remove straw or other source of excitement; feed 
very soft bran mashes or thick gruels, from such a level as 
does not require any dropping of the head to reach thei ; 
give a strong dose of purgative medicine (horse, aloes; 
sheep, ox, sulphate of soda or magnesia; swine, dog, 
castor-oil,) following this up by antispasmodics thrice 
daily (belladonna, prussic acid, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, 
tobacco, etc.,) or these may be given by injection, or 
chloroform, ether or nitrite of amyle by inhalation. Ii it 
does not excite the animal too much, give a steam bath, 
or a thorough perspiration with hot rugs, covered with 
dry ones. The bowels must be kept open by small 
doses of powdered croton seeds or podophyllin mixed 
with solid extract of belladonna and smeared on the back 


252 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


teeth as often as may be necessary. A bad case will 
require six weeks to acquire complete ease of movement. 


CONVULSIONS. FITS. 


Seen most frequently in young dogs and cats during 
teething and in bitches at the period of parturition or 
when reduced by suckling a large litter. In dogs or pigs 
they are common from indigestion or intestinal worms, 
and will occur in all animals from disorders in the brain 
or poisons in the circulation. The symptoms are those of 
sudden agitating spasms of one or more parts of the body, 
usually protrusion and redness of the eyeballs, and froth- 
ing from the mouth, with complete insensibility. Tvreaf- 
ment consists in removing the causes as far as ascertained ; 
lance inflamed gums; expel worms or irritating matters 
from stomach and bowels; correct dyspepsia by good 
feeding, air, exercise, lodging, and by tonics (bitters, iron, 
etc.) The convulsions may be checked by such agents as 
ether or chloral-hydrate given by inhalation or injection. 


SLEEPY STAGGERS. COMA SOMNOLENTUM. 


A chronic disease of horses characterized by drowsiness 
with impaired consciousness and voluntary movement, 
without fever. It may be associated with pressure on the 
brain by tumors, soft or bony, but above all by serous 
effusion. Increase and decrease of the brain, and thick- 
ening of its membranes are other occasional concomitants. 
It appears to be at times connected with deranged blood- 
forming processes, as in diseases of the right heart, lungs 
and liver, or with defective elimination, as in kidney dis- 
orders. 

Symptoms. Sleepiness, listlessness, want of life and in- 
telligence, a stupid demented look in the eye, drooping 
lids, unsteadiness in the gait, perhaps only seen in turning 
or backing; in worse cases the patient will twist the legs 
over each other in walking straight, or will even rest the 
head or haunches on manger or stall. The bowels are 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 20a 


torpid. The symptoms are like those of stomach staggers 
without the abdominal disorder. 

The animal may recover so as to work well in winter, 
while utterly useless in summer, and this state may last 
for several years. A complete recovery is rare and yet it 
is occasionally seen, everything depending on the struct- 
ural changes existing. But even in the incurable cases 
the progress may be retarded by treatment. 

Treatment. In hot weather keep in a cool well-aired 
place, or in the open air in the shade. Give soft laxative 
diet, free access to cold water and an occasional purgative 
(sulphate of soda). A course of tonics (iron, nux vomica, 
gentian,) and diuretics (digitalis, iodide of potassium, 
bromide of potassium,) are often useful. Blisters may be 
applied to the neck or limbs if there seems to be effusion. 
The correction of any existing disorder in the lungs, liver 
- or kidneys, will increase the prospects of cure; when 
well enough to use, such horses should wear a breast-strap 
in place of a collar, and should not be averdone. They 
should never be used for breeding purposes. 


APOPLEXY. 


Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary motion from 
effusion on the brain, and associated with a turgid condi- 
tion of the blood-vessels of the head and neck. 

Causes. It occurs in plethoric animals during exertion, 
in those suffering from softening of the brain, the result 
of plugging of the vessels with fibrinous clots, of concus- 
sion, congestion, etc. The symptoms are congestion of the 
head, dullness, heaviness, followed by complete paralysis, 
sensory and motor, loud stertorous breathing, and dilata- 
tion of the pupils. 

Treatment. In the early stages, before the patient is 
paralyzed, apply cold water or ice to the head, bleed from 
the temporal artery (just behind the eye) or the jugular 
vein, keep perfectly quiet, and freely open the bowels. 

22 


254 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. PHRENITIS. ENCEPHALITIS. - 
CEREBRAL MENINGITIS. 


This is seen in all domestic animals but especially in 
horses, oxen and sheep. Among the causes may be men- 
tioned: blows on the head with concussion of the brain 
or fracture of the cranial bones; plugging of the vessels 
in the brain by clots formed in diseases elsewhere ; in- 
fection of the blood with pus or putrid animal fluids ; 
sudden changes of temperature; exposure to extreme heat 
or cold; the over-exertion of plethoric animals ; alcoholic 
poisoning from feeding spoiled products of distilleries ; 
congestion from a tight collar, loss of jugular, or diseased 
heart; sympathetic nervous disorder from indigestion ; 
the growth of tumors or parasites in the brain; feeding 
on ergoted grasses or smut. 

Symptoms. If the brain substance alone is involved 
there is usually dullness, stupor, and palsy, sensory and 
motor: if the membranes covering the brain, there is 
more violence, delirium, irregular movements, pawing, 
stamping, champing the teeth, and partial or general con- 
vulsions. In either case there is trembling, elevated 
temperature, excited pulse and breathing, heat about the 
upper part of the head, injected glaring eyes, rolling or 
set, extreme excitability and violent trembhing even when 
just roused from stupor. The patient will sometimes bore 
the head against an obstacle, or rest his haunches on any 
object within reach. The violence is not necessarily con- 
tinuous, but usually occurs in paroxysms, leaving intervals 
of stupor and comparative quiet. During the paroxysm 
the subjects may cry: horses neigh, cattle bellow, sheep 
bleat, pigs squeal and grunt. During the periods of 
stupor the pulse and breathing are usually slow, and this 
apples also to those cases in which the disease has 
merged into a condition of vertigo, coma or paralysis. 

Treatment. Apply ice or cold water to the head, give 
injections of turpentine and oil, a strong purgative (horse, 
aloes and croton; sheep, ox, Glauber salts and croton; 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 255 


pig, croton beans,) with chloral-hydrate and ergot; bleed 
from the temporal artery and jugular vein, and follow up 
with diuretics and sedatives (nitre, bromide of potassium). 
The animal should be kept in a cool airy stall. If paral- 
ysis follows, treat as for that disease. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE SPINAL CORD. MYELITIS. 
SPINAL MENINGITIS. 


The causes are similar to those of phrenitis. The dis- 
ease may show itself by paroxysms of convulsions, with 
exalted temperature, increased circulation and rapid 
breathing, finally merging into paralysis; or it may be 
manifested at once by palsy without previous spasms, but 
with coldness, and usually dryness, of the paralyzed part, 
though the anterior part of the body may be bathed in 
perspiration. There may be tenderness on striking the 
spines in the affected region of the back, and there is 
great pain and unsteadiness in any attempt at movement 
even though the patient may be able to stand. There is 
no redness of the urine as In azotemia. 

Treatment. Apply cold water or ice to the affected 
part of the spine ; cup or leech, if this can be done; purge 
as in phrenitis, adding ergot of rye or chloral-hydrate. As 
improvement sets in blister the back (cantharides, mus- 
tard, etc.,) and give diuretics, chloral-hydrate, bromide of 
potassium, ergot of rye. Care must be taken to turn the 
patient often if unable to stand, giving a soft dry bed, and 
to draw off the water frequently with a catheter unless it 
is passed spontaneously. 


- EPIDEMIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. CEREBRO-SPINAL 
FEVER. 


Inflammation of the substance and coverings of the 
brain and spinal cord in horses, sometimes prevailing 
widely in stables or cities, from some cause acting gener- 
ally. The true cause is unknown, though in many cases 
debilitating conditions, like unwholesome food or water, 


- 2aG The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


overwork, sudden exposure to intense heat or suddenly 
induced plethora will serve as immediate excitants of the 
morbid process. It is peculiar to no season but has not 
been recognized in Europe. 

Symptoms. ‘These are varied according to the *case. 
Some are seized abruptly with cramps of the voluntary 
muscles, especially those of the neck and hind limbs, 
which soon give place to general palsy—motor and sen- 
sory. In other cases the onset is slow. There may be 
trembling, dullness and lassitude for somé hours or days, 
or there may be some local paralysis, like that of the 
throat or lips, incapacitating the animal from swallowing 
liquids, or causing profuse slavering. But sooner or later, 
in all cases alike, paralysis sets in and the animal is barely 
able to support itself, or, if worse, lies prostrate on his side 
with limbs extended and flaccid. If the case is to prove 
fatal, coma and complete stupor usually precedes death. 
If recovery ensues, appetite is often preserved throughout 
and restoration of the general health precedes the disap- 
pearance of the palsy, sometimes by several months. The 
pulse throughout is little varied being usually slow and 
soft at first, and weaker and more rapid as the disease 
advances. Breathing, at first little affected, becomes deep 
and stertorous as coma sets in. The surface temperature 
is cool and that in the rectum usually natural. The bow- 
els are generally costive and the urine unchanged and 
may pass involuntarily. Tenderness of the spine may 
sometimes be detected by percussion and will guide to 
the precise seat of local disease. 

Treatment. The disease is very fatal, though varying 
much in successive outbreaks. Excepting in cases of 
complete paralysis and coma the patient should be placed 
in slings and have what laxative food (bran mashes, roots, 
etc.,) he will take. Cold lotions (nitre and sal-ammoniac) 
or bags of pounded ice and bran should be applied to the 
spine, and hand-rubbing and mustard or other stimulating 
embrocations, to the limbs. Copious injections of warm 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 257 


water may be thrown into the rectum, containing in solu- 
tion aloes or other purgatives. Opium or chloral-hydrate 
may be given to relieve extreme pain or spasm, but the 
agents which are especially demanded in the early stages 
are bromide of potassium and ergot of rye. These may 
be used as injections or, still better, subcutaneously, the 
first in strong solution, the last as ergotine. When swal- 
lowing is perfect they may be administered by the mouth. 
When the acute symptoms have passed, stimulants (am- 
monia, ether, alcoholic fluids,) and tonics (quinia, casca- 
rilla, boneset, etc.,) may be given and blisters (mustard, 
Spanish flies,) applied along the spine. The remaining 
palsy must be treated on general principles. (See Paral- 


ysis). 
ENZOOTIC MYELITIS IN SHEEP. TREMBLING. HYDRO-RACHITIS. 


The true cause of this affection is unknown, but it has 
prevailed, especially on newly limed land which has un- 
dergone a great temporary increase of fertility. In some 
parts of Scotland its prevalence is circumscribed by the 
windings of a river (Tweed) and without any ostensible 
cause; or it is fatal on one slope (south) of a hill while 
the opposite escapes; or again it prevails on the richest 
table-lands. It attacks mainly lambs or sheep under 1} 
years old and proves very fatal, often destroying the en- 
tire offspring of the year. . 

Symptoms vary somewhat. Many lambs appear para- 
lyzed when dropped, either in the hind or fore extremities 
or both, others are attacked a few days or weeks later. 
Sometimes the head or entire body is drawn to one side 
by tonic spasm, in other cases there is spasmodic move- 
ment of the limbs in progression (louping-ill). There is 
usually much apparent stupor and drooping ears, but the 
patient is easily startled and in its efforts to escape will 
tumble headlong. A nervous trembling is frequent and 
there is tenderness or itching of the loins or croup. 


Treatment of the lambs would be on the same general 
22* 3 


258 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


principles as in inflammation of the spinal cord in other 
animals but will rarely pay. Prevention is to be sought 
by keeping breeding ewes and young sheep from newly 
limed land; by using none for breeding under two years 
old, and, by close attention to food, water and shelter, to 
secure good health during pregnancy. 


PARALYSIS. LOSS OF SENSATION OR VOLUNTARY MOTION. 


Loss of voluntary motion is known as Motor paralysis, 
loss of sensation as Sensory paralysis or AN#STHESIA. Pa- 
ralysis is also peripheral when it occurs from injury to the 
nerves (chilling, tearing, cutting, pressure, inflammation, 
degeneration, etc.,) and central when it arises from injury 
to the great nerve centres, the brain and spinal cord. 
Sensory and motor paralysis may exist Independently of 
each other, and loss of sensation on one side of the body 
may coexist with increased sensitiveness on the other. 
An injury to one side of the brain usually paralyzes sen- 
sation or motion on the opposite side of the body. Injury 
to the lower part of one lateral half of the spinal cord, 
paralyzes motion on the same side of the body behind the 
lesion ; while an injury to the upper part of one lateral 
half of the cord paralyzes sensation on the opposite side 
behind the hurt, and in a small adjacent part of the same 
side, while the rest of this side behind the lesion is ren- 
dered more sensitive. Space forbids our following further 
the indications furnished by the nature and seat of the 
paralysis, as to the probable lesions in the central nervous 
system ; this must be left for a larger work. 


GENERAL PARALYSIS. 


Paralysis of the face, trunk and extremities, but with- 
out the implication of the muscles of respiration, may 
arise from pressure on the brain, or as a reflex action from 
distant organs (impacted stomach, constipation, preg- 
nancy, etc.,) and may not be incompatible with life. If 
from section or cutting of the spinal cord in front of the 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 259 


fifth neck-bone (broken neck, pithing,) it is promptly 
_ fatal by abolishing respiration. 


PARAPLEGIA. PALSY OF THE HIND LIMBS. 


This is a common form of paralysis resulting from 
broken back or loins, or it may be reflex from disordered 
digestion, etc. (in horses, cattle, dogs). It may also occur 
from tumors or parasites in the spinal cord, from bony 
swellings the result of sprains, from inflammation and 
softening of the cord, and from lolium temulentum (dar- 
nel), and the newly ripened seeds of its allies, lolium 
linicola (flax rye-grass), and lolium perenne (perennial rye- 
grass). The chick vetch, millet, ergot and various blood 
poisons (taurocholic acid, leucin, tyrosin, urea, etc.,) have 
a similar action. 


HEMIPLEGIA. 


This consists in paralysis of one lateral half of the 
body, to the exclusion of the other, usually as the result 
of some disorder of one side of the brain or spinal cord. 
Tt occurs in all animals but less frequently than paraplegia. 


FACIAL PARALYSIS. 


This sometimes occurs from a continuous current of 
cold air striking on the side of the face, but also from 
bruises behind the eye and joint of the jaws, by a badly 
fitting bridle, a collar, or apparatus commonly used for 
breachy horses. Cows. suffer from similar injuries from 
stanchions. Finally it may result from disease of the 
brain or middle ear. 

Other local paralyses, such as of the ear, eyelids, lips, 
tongue, larynx, tail, etc., result from corresponding causes. 

Treatment for paralysis. Our first object must be to 
remove the cause, whether this consist in digestive, urinary 
or uterine disorder, in congestion, inflammation, or press- 
ure on the brain or nerves. When a nerve is cut across, 
we must wait for its reunion. When the cause is irre- 


260 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


movable the paralysis is necessarily incurable. In cases 
of inflammation we must proceed as advised for inflamma- 


tion of the brain or spinal cord. Then apply cold douches 
and friction to the paralyzed part, followed by a blister. 
Blisters may also,be applied to the neighborhood of the 
nerve centre presiding over the part. In some cases the 
application of the hot iron lightly is beneficial. A current 
of electricity directed along the course of the nerve or 
through the paralyzed muscles may be repeated daily 
with the best results; or nerve stimulants (nux vomica, 
strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.,) may be given twice daily 
commencing with small doses and gradually increasing 
them until twitching or slight cramps of the muscles are 
seen; then stop their administration for a few days, and 
resume with half the former doses. Never continue when 
the system is affected as shown by muscular jerking. In 
some cases of local paralysis (retina, etc.,) excellent re- 
sults are obtained from subcutaneous injections of strych- 
nia. 


STOMACH STAGGERS AND ACUTE LEAD POISONING. 


These are affections commencing with functional stom- 
ach and brain disorder, and leading to congestion and 
inflammation of the great nerve centres, and deserve a 
special notice. . 

The stomach staggers of horses and cattle usually arise 
from eating particular articles of food such as the different 
forms of rye grass, millet, vetches, tares, etc., when ripening 
and not yet cured. A: poisonous principle exists, which 
in the case of the lolium temulentum has been separated 
as an extract, and administered with fatal effects to horses, 
cattle and dogs. It acts by paralyzing the stomach and 
congesting the brain. Cattle will suffer similarly from the 
very rich vegetation of spring, from the dry irritating 
fibrous grass mixed with the aftermath, or from a sudden 
change from soft to hard water. 

Symptoms. The first effect is drowsiness, the horse 


ee 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 261 


being sluggish at work, and falling asleep -while eating or 
drinking, or the ox leaving his fellows and lying down 
with his head on his flank, his eyelids semi-closed and 
his pupils dilated. The bowels continue to move, passing 
indigested matter and wind, the abdomen is full and the 
seat of frequent rumbling, and the appetite is retained so 
that the torpid stomach is still further over-distended. 
This state of things may continue for several days, and is 
followed by imperfect control over the limbs, hind or fore, 
so that the subject sways unsteadily in walking, and leans 
his head on the manger and his quarters on the stall, 
when in the stable. Sometimes paraplegia is the first © 
sion, drowsiness being absent throughout. The drow- 
siness in time gives place to restless and involuntary 
actions, jerking of the head, champing of the jaws, pushing 
the head against the wall, movements of the limbs, walk- 
ing in a circle or straight forward regardless of obstacles, 
springing or dashing violently about, convulsions, ete. 
These periods of violence or delirium occur in paroxysms, 
leaving intervals of comparative, though not absolute, 
quiet and stupor. If not carefully secured the animals 
often kill themselves during one of these paroxysms. The 
pulse and breathing are slow at first, but accelerated 
in the later stages. 

ACUTE LEAD POISONING in cattle results from eating red 
or white paint (often the refuse of paint-pots which has 
lain for years in the soil), sheet lead, spent bullets, ete., or 
from drinking from dishes which have held sugar of lead 
or of soft water that has run through leaden pipes or 
stood in leaden cisterns. The symptoms are usually indis- 
tinguishable from those above described, the preliminary 
dullness and drowsiness merging into active delirium, with 
reckless dashing about and violent bellowing. 

Treatment in all cases consists in stopping the ingestion 
of the poison and carrying off from the bowels any that 
still remains there. Double the usual amount of purgative 
medicine must be given, with stimulants, their action 


262 The Farmer's Vetermary Adviser. 


favored by injections and the brain symptoms kept in 
check by applying cold water or ice to the head, as well as 
by bromide of potassium. In lead poisoning sulphate of 
magnesia or soda are the appropriate purgatives, and 4 
oz. sulphuric acid should also be given in two parts of 
water to precipitate in an insoluble form any lead that 
may still be retained. If later there is a suspicion of lead 
being retained in the system give iodide of potassium. 
Should paralysis persist when the active symptoms have 
passed away, treat that on general principles. 


SUN-STROKE. 


This is especially common in horses in the hot months 
and in the large cities, but is seen in cattle and sheep as 
well, when exposed to the full glare of the sun. Among 
the causes which co-operate in its production may be 
mentioned foul, badly aired stables, tight collars or girths, 
overwork in hot weather, heavy milking in cows, obesity, 
poor, unwholesome food, and indeed any health-deterio- 
rating condition. Horses are usually attacked while being 
speeded, or at heavy draught work, in a collar, and ex- 
posed to the direct and reflected rays of the sun, as in 
a valley, on a hillside or in the streets of a city. 

Symptoms. Sometimes without any observed premoni- 
tory sign the horse will suddenly stop in harness, droop 
his head, prop himself out on all four limbs, pant vio- 
lently, fall, and after some convulsive movements, die in a 
state of coma, marked by stertorous breathing. In other 
cases the attack is slower, the horse flags in gait, responds 
very imperfectly, if at all, when urged, hangs on the bit, 
may perspire freely, or have a dry burning surface, and 
becomes unsteady on his limbs. If still urged he falls, 
but if allowed will stand with legs extended, head low 
and stretched out, nostrils dilated, superficial veins 
distended, eyes protruded and red, pupils contracted, 
breathing rapid and wheezing or deep and stertorous, the 
pulse quick and weak, and the heart-beats tumultuous. 


Diseases of the Nervous System. 263 


This is followed by prostration, a state of unconsciousness, 
palsy or convulsions and death. If recovery ensues it is 
followed by duliness, uncertain movements of the limbs, 
drowsiness or other sign of brain disease. 

Treatment. Douche the head and neck with cold water, 
and make the same application to the whole body, unless 
the weakness of the patient forbids this. Throw stimula- 
ting injections into the rectum (ammonia, or oil of turpen- 
tine and oil). If the convulsions are aggravated by the 
douche use injections of chloral-hydrate instead. Apply 
frictions and mustard embrocations to the limbs and the 
sides of the neck, especially when unconsciousness and 
coma come on. Improvement may be expected when the 
pupils dilate, and above all when consciousness returns. 
A failing pulse should be met with stimulants by the 
mouth and rectum. To prevent sun-stroke much may be 
done by keeping in vigorous health, avoiding ill-aired 
stables, using breast-straps in place of collars, and wear- 


ing a sun-shade and a small wet sponge on the top of the 
head. 


PARASITES IN THE BRAIN. See Parasites. 


CHAPTER XY. 
SKIN DISEASES. 


Classification. General Causes and Treatment. Congestion of the skin, 
Chafing, Chilling, Irritants, Sun’s Rays. Congestion with Pimples, Papules. 
Inflammation with Blisters, Vesicles. Inflammation wlth Pustules. Inflam- 
mation of horses’ heels, Swelled Legs, Cracked Heels, Grease, Grapes, 
Scratches. Inflammation of the skin with nodular swellings, Tubercles, 
Surfeit, Urticaria. Scaly skin disease, Pityriasis, Mallenders, Sallenders, 
Scratches. Boils, Furuncles. Nervous irritation of the skin, Neurosis, 
Prurigo. Warts. Callosities, Black-pigment Tumors. Epithelial Cancer. 
Parasitic skin diseases. Common Ringworm. Tinea Tonsurans. Honey- 
comb Ringworm, Favus. Diffuse Baldness, Tinea Decalvans, Parasitic 
Pityriasis. Parasitic Grease. Contagious Foot-rot. Mange. Scab. Itch. 
Scabies, Acariasis, Ticks. Ixodes. Warbles, Larva of the Gadfly. At- 
tacks of Flies, Maggots. Sheep-tick. Melophagus Ovinus. Fleas. Lice. 
Erysipelas. _Wounds—cut, punctured, bruised, torn, puisoned. Burns. 
Scalds. 


Skin Diseases will be considered under the following 
heads : 

1. Diseases due to general causes and embracing all the 
grades of inflammatory action :—congestion—a red pointed 
eruption (papules)—a similar eruption with minute blis- 
ters (vesicles)—the formation of larger hemispherical blis- 
ters (bulle)—the formation of pus in these vesicles (pust- 
ules)—the formation of round nodular transient swellings 
(tubercles)—the excessive production of scales or dan- 
druff (squamous)—pustules with circumscribed sloughing 
of the deeper layers of the skin (boils). 

2. Diseases manifested by deranged sensation—Neurosis. 

3. Diseased growths—warts—callosities—epithelial can- 
cer, ete. 


Skin Diseases. 265 


4. Parasitic diseases,—vegetable and animal. 

5. Diseases connected with a specific poison— different 
forms of variola (pox)—measles—scarlatina—erysipelas 
—malignant pustule, ete. 

6. Wounds. Burns. Scalds. 

General causes. ‘These are exceedingly varied. Many 
cases are the result of simple local irritation, as chafing, 
radiating heat, cold and wet, chemical and mechanical irri- 
tants, or the presence on the skin of parasitic plants or 
animals. A large class is due, however, to disorders of 
internal organs with which the skin is in sympathy, or 
that have failed to transform or throw off elements that 
prove cutaneous irritants by their presence in the blood, 
or when being excreted abnormally through the skin. 
Disorder of the liver, stomach, bowels, kidneys and lungs, 
are especially apt to act in this way. Sometimes skin 
disease is a mere symptom of general ill-health. 

General treatment. The first object is to discover and 
remove the cause; then if the disease is of an inflamma- 
tory nature and acute, soothing agents may be applied to 
the irritated skin—fomentations with tepid water, oxide 
of zinc powder or ointment, starch, lycopodium, spermaceti 
and almond-oul, solutions of sugar of lead, sulphate of zine, 
or carbolic acid, coilodion, ete. Give internally cooling lax- 
atives (sulphate of soda, tartrates or citrates of soda or 
potash,) and diuretics (acetate of potassa or ammonia, 
carbonate of potassa or soda). In weak states tonics are 
often wanted whereas in plethoric subjects depletion is 
equally essential. A cool, clean, airy stable and cleanli- 
ness of the skin are all-important. 

li the disease is not so recent or the acute symptoms 
_ have been subdued, a more stimulating class of local ap- 
plications are in order: oimtments of iodine, sulphur, 
mercury, nitrate of mercury, tar, oil of tar, oil of turpen- 
tine, oil of cade, etc., may be used. Supersedents too 
may be given internally: sulphur, antimony, arsenic, mer- 
cury, Dunovan’s solution, are examples. 


23 


266 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. 


Simple redness, heat and tenderness with no dark color 
nor eruption. ‘This may coexist with all the different 
forms of inflammatory eruption according to the degree 
of irritation at different points. 

It occurs: From: chafing, in the axilla, between the 
thighs, in the heels or under the harness in hot weather ; 
from chills after being wet, in the heels of horses and on the 
teats of cows exposed to wet in winter ; from hardened mud 
in the space between the hoofs in cattle, sheep and pigs; 
and from the sun’s rays in white-faced or white-hmbed 
animals. 

Treatment. Tf the surface is only tender, wash clean, 
and apply a solution of table salt, sugar of lead (4 oz. to 
1 qt.) or a little camphorated spirit. If the surface is 
abraded (raw) use bland powders (oxide of zine, starch, 
lycopodium,) wool, collodion, glycerine 1 oz. aloes 20 
ers., or, if it can be kept covered, sulphurous acid solution 
and glycerine (equal parts), laxatives, diuretics or tonics 
must be used according to the indications. It is all- 
important to avoid further irritation. Light, well-fitting 
harness must be used, and the stuffing taken out and the 
part beaten down where necessary, to avoid pressure on a 
sore. Zinc fittings to the top of the collar are often very 
serviceable. So too, must exposure of affected heels to 
damp or mud, and the wetting of teats in milking, be 
carefully avoided. 


CONGESTION WITH SMALL CONICAL PIMPLES. PAPULES. 


In this case there is an eruption of finely-pointed pim- 
ples without any watery exudation or blister. It is usually 
itchy and even painful, and by reason of rubbing may go 
on to exudation with great thickening of the skin, bleeding, 
scabs and open sores. Horses, especially, suffer in spring 
and autumn at the time of shedding the coat, the eruption 
often confining itself to the neck, shoulders and hmbs. 
On turning back the hair on parts which are itchy or sore, 


Skin Diseases. 267 


but that have not suffered from rubbing, the nature of the 
eruption will be seen, especially if a slightly magnifying 
glass be used. The affection usually gives way readily 
under the use of weak alkaline washes (carbonate of soda 
1 dr., water 1 pint,) or soap-suds, a restricted laxative 
diet and gentle laxatives. 


INFLAMMATION WITH VESICLES. 


In this form of skin disease papules are crowned with 
little blisters, so small and pointed as to require a mag- 
nifying glass to make them out distinctly (eczema), or as 
large as a small pea and rounded (herpes, bull). These 
forms are common in horses and dogs, and to a less extent 
in ruminants, especially in connection with disorders of 
digestion. Highly stimulating food, clipping and hot 
weather are particularly favorable to their development. 
Boiled food, diseased potatoes, green food or any change 
of diet may cause them. One form of this affection is 
induced by a too extensive use of mercury to the skin. 
Cattle suffer from eating the refuse of distilleries and 
gardens, garbage from kitchens, etc.; sheep are attacked 
alter exposure to cold rains. Old horses suffer from an 
inveterate form in connection with bad food and want of 
grooming and wholesome stabling. In dogs too, it be- 
comes inveterate and chronic, the whole skin being de- 
nuded of hair and of a bright scarlet, with the character- 
istic eruption mixed with cracks, sores and scabs (red 
mange). In the milder forms, dogs suffer mainly inside 
the thighs or on the scrotum; horses suffer under the 
harness and especially at the root of the mane and under 
the saddle, but the eruption may spread over the whole 
body ; cattle suffer on the limbs, especially the hind, but 
not exclusively so. 

The other eruptions are often mingled with the vesicles, 
the hairs become bristly, and as the skin is broken by 
rubbing, a bloody or straw-colored exudation concretes 
in scabs and mats the hair together, while elsewhere ex- 
tensive raw sores appear. 


268 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Treatment. Give a saline or oleaginous laxative, and 
follow up with acetate of potassa or other alkaline agents 
in the drinking water. If there are signs of disordered 
liver give small doses of podophyllin to keep the bowels 
slightly relaxed; if debility, bitter tonics. A restricted 
_ non-stimulating diet, (herbivora, mashes, roots, ete.; car- 
nivora, bread and milk, oatmeal porridge, etc.,) pure air, 
cleanliness and skin washes of carbonate of soda or 
potassa containing a few drops of carbolic acid will prove 
valuable. In dogs this last agent should be omitted. 

In all forms of chronic and inveterate eczema the scabs 
should be soaked in oil for a few hours and removed by 
washing, after which more stimulating applications may 
be resorted to:—ointments of sulphur, iodine, iodide 
of sulphur, sulphuret of potassium, mercury, nitrate of 
mercury, etc., with or without alkalies. In some cases a 
few drops of oil of vitriol in a quart of water, will much 
relieve the itching and pain. Im others the same end 
must be sought by adding prussic acid or cyanide of 
potassium in small amount, great care being taken to 
prevent the patient from licking it. Internally, use su- 
persedents—arsenic, with or without iodide and bromide 
of potassium; or small doses of Dunovan’s solution may 
be resorted to in bad cases. 


INFLAMMATION WITH PUSTULES. 


This differs from vesicles in this, that the elevations on 
the skin have the scarfskin raised by the formation below 
it of a white, purulent matter, in place of clear liquid. 
The prominent forms are those with large pustules (ec- 
thyma), and those with small (impetigo). The hair stands 
erect, and scabs form on the surface covering the sores, 
especially after rubbing. Even if not rubbed they dry up 
in scabs which soon fall off. 

Horses suffer mainly at the root of the mane, on the 
neck, the rump, and on the lips and face, especially if 
white; cattle and sheep, especially the young, are at- 


Skin Diseases. 269 


tacked on the lips and other delicate parts of the skin 
(vulva, etc.,) and pigs and dogs on any part of the body. 

Causes. It is often chargeable on some disorder of 
digestion as the result of unwholesome food or a sudden 
change of food, as from dry to green, or from one kind 
of pasturage to another. In young animals (foals, calves, 
lambs, kids, pigs,) it appears to be an occasional result of 
heated or otherwise unwholesome milk. Vetches affected 
with honey-dew have produced it in white horses or in 
white spots of those of other colors; and buckwheat has 
affected white sheep, pigs, goats, etc., in the same way. 
Jt may, however, arise from habitual exposure to cold and 
wet, local irritation, as from rubbing, etc., or from dis- 
order of other internal organs. . 

Treatment consists in softening the crusts with oil, 
washing them off with soap-suds, and applying soothing 
or gently astringent agents to the part (spermaceti and 
olive-oil, benzoated oxide of zine ointment, lime-water, 
sugar of lead lotions, etc.) When it attacks the root of 
the mane cut off the hair, and if the pain is excessive 
foment or poultice until the eruption comes to a head when 
some of the above agents may be applied. When the 
pustules have burst and show little tendency to healing, 
this may often be hastened by touching the sores with a 
pointed stick of lunar caustic, or a weak solution of this 
agent (2 ers. to 1 oz. water) may be lightly painted over 
the part. The internal treatment consists in the adminis- 
tration of laxatives followed by bitters (gentian, quassia, 
boneset, cascarilla, willow bark, etc.,) and diuretics. In 
obstinate or long-standing cases the same treatment may 
be followed as in chronic eczema. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE HEELS IN HORSES. GREASE. 


The skin in the region of the heel is so vascular and so 
abundantly provided with oil-glands, and is so frequently 
exposed to irritants, wet, cold, mud, filth, etc., that a special 
notice of its inflammatory condition seems demanded. 


23* 


+ 


270 The Farmer's Vetermary Adviser. 


The causes are a lymphatic constitution, with a tendency to 
stocking of the legs; a weak circulation, diseased heart, 
liver or kidneys, with swelled legs ; washing the heels with 
caustic soap; leaving them wet and muddy when put in 
the stall; currents of cool air striking on the heels; 
irritant fumes from accumulated dung and urine; soaking 
of the heels in putrid pools in the straw-yard ; standing in 
snow, or in the slush of melting snow; and besides, any 
of the constitutional causes of other skin diseases. ‘Too 
these might be added horse-pox, foot-mange, and an erup- 
tion associated with a vegetable parasite, but we must leave 
these to be considered with specific and parasitic diseases. 

Symptoms. We find all grades of inflammation in the 
heel: 1st, Simple swelling with dry heat, tenderness and 
ereat lameness from inability to stretch the skin and 
bring the heel to the ground: 2d, Transverse cracks or 
chaps more or less extensive: 3d, A pinkish-white foetid 
discharge from the surface with oftentimes some modera- 
tion of the lameness: 4th, The eruption of pustules of 
variable size: 5th, The formation of fungous growths 
(grapes), over the affected surface, of a size from a pea to 
a cherry, red, angry and covered with a foetid discharge. 
This last form often invades the frog constituting canker. 
The same occurs in sheep as the result of long continued 
irritation to the skin of the coronet, and is the worst form 
of non-contagious /oot-rot. 6th, A sixth form of the affec- 
tion (scratches) is much more common in our light Ameri- 
can horse, exposed in the deep mud of spring, and con- 
sists in minute excoriations, becoming covered with thin 
scabs which remain tender and troublesome for an in- 
definite length of time. 

Treatment. 'The prime essential is to avoid the cause, 
whether exposure to filth, cold, wet, local irritants, low 
condition, or disorder of some internal organ or function. 
Jf the inflammation runs high a cooling laxative (Glauber 
salts, aloes,) and mild diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium,) 
should be given, unless contra-indicated by low condition 


Skin Diseases. pag oe 


or debility. Tonics (iodide of iron) should be conjoined 
with gentle diuretics for weak patients, and the food should 
be cooling (in part green or roots). Gentle pressure from 
a bandage evenly applied from the foot up, is beneficial. 

In simple inflammation, without eruption or discharge, 
apply cloths wet with a weak solution of sugar of lead or 
other astringent, and in winter cover these with a dry 
bandage to prevent freezing. Or a poultice may be ap- 
pled with a little sugar of lead lotion on the surface. 

When cracks have appeared, apply a similar lotion with 
the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid or grains of 
chloral-hydrate (enough to give it an odor) ; or sulphurous 
acid solution, water and glycerine in equal proportions, 
covering promptly and perfectly with a bandage; or, 
glycerine and aloes, etc. 

In case of discharge or pustules the lotion may be 
made with chloride of zinc or lime in place of sugar of 
lead, or finely powdered charcoal may be sprinkled over 
the poultice ; carbolic acid or chloral will be equally in 
place. 

When fungous growths appear more active measures 
are demanded. Strong carbolic acid may be applied to 
them individually, or better, pledgets of tow, saturated 
with tincture of the muriate of iron, should be bound on 
by a tight bandage extending from the hoof up. Or the 
erowths may be snipped off with scissors and the muriate 
of iron applied; or they may be individually strangled by 
a stout thread tied round their necks, or cut off with the 
sharp edge of a red-hot blacksmith’s shovel, a cool one 
being held beneath to protect the skin. Then apply any 
one of the antiseptics above mentioned. 

Scratches are among the most obstinate forms of the 
affection because not severe enough to demand the seclu- 
sion of the horse from wet, mud and snow. In feeding 
the subjects of this affection avoid all buckwheat, maize or 
other heating agents, and if it proves obstinate resort to 
the various internal remedies advised for chronic eczema. 


272 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


Locally use benzoated oxide of zinc; glycerine and aloes ; 
camphorated spirit and chleral; the same with a few 
drops of tincture of chloride of iron, etc. When irritation 
subsides and the scales drop off, leaving a healthy-looking 
surface, smear with a bland oimtment (spermaceti and 
almond-oil). 


CUTANEOUS INFLAMMATION WITH NODULAR SWELLINGS. 
TUBERCULES. 


The most remarkable example of this is what is known 
to horsemen as surfeit, by veterinarians as urticaria. It 
occurs in spring and autumn in horses, cattle and pigs, 
and is at once connected with moulting and sudden changes 
of food or of weather. With some fever, there appear on 
different parts of the body swellings varying in size from 
a pea to a walnut, and often running together so as to 
form extensive patches, which will close the nostrils, eye- 
lids or lips, and put a stop to feeding or even threaten 
suffocation. There is little pain or tenderness and the 
swellings are very transient, appearing and disappearing 
on different parts at short intervals. 

Treatment consists in clearing out the bowels by a pur- 
gative (horse, aloes; ox, salts; pig, oil or jalap,) and fol- 
lowing this up with bitters (gentian, etc.,) and diuretics. 
(nitre, carbonates of soda and potassa). 


SCALY SKIN AFFECTIONS. PITYIIASIS. 


These are exemplified in the scurfy, scaly affections 
which appear in the bend of the knee (mallenders) and 
hock (sallenders) and on the lower parts of the limbs, by 
scratches, and by a scaly exfoliation and shedding of hair 
of the mane and face of old horses, and of different parts 
of the body in cattle. Some of these like mallenders, sal- 
lenders and scratches nay commence as papules or vesicles, 
while the scaly affection of the face is often connected 
with a vegetable growth, but this form is distinguished by 
extreme tenacity, and a gradual progress from its point of 


Skin Diseases. 23 


origin ; that which is dependent on constitutional causes 
is more diffused. They depend on the general causes of 
skin diseases ;—heating, unsuitable diet, sudden changes, 
imperfect grooming, heats of summer, disorders of the 
lungs, bowels, liver or kidneys, on oxalic acid in the blood, 
and some constitutional causes. Beside the scurfiness 
and loss of hair, the itching is often so extreme as to ren- 
der the subject almost unmanageable, and useless for 
work. | 

Treatment. A moderate laxative diet consisting in part 
of roots (carrots and turnips,) the free administration of 
alkalies (carbonate of potassa or soda, etc.,) and if still 
inveterate, a prolonged course of arsenic will be requisite. 
Locally use mercurial ointment or, if extensive, sulphur or 
tar ointment, ete. 


BOILS. FURUNCLES. 


These are too well known to need description. They 
consist In circumscribed inflammation of the deep layers 
of the skin, with pustule and sloughing of a limited part of 
the fibrous tissue. They are not uncommon on the legs of 
horses, and if a number appear in succession are a source 
of great trouble. 

Treatment. While still a simple inflamed nodule they 
may often be arrested by incising crucially with a sharp 
knife and applying cold water bandages. Or apply a 
poultice or thick wet cloth to bring quickly to a head. If 
the resulting sore is indolent or unhealthy touch with ni- 
trate of silver. The free internal use of alkalies (carbonate 
of soda) sometimes checks their production. 


NERVOUS IRRITATION OF THE SKIN. NEUROSIS. PRURIGO. 


This is often seen in horses that are overfed on grain 
(especially the more stimulating varieties) and hay, and 
that have close, unwholesome stables. Hot weather is 
also a cause. Though occasionally associated with pim- 
ples or even vesicles, the irritation is found to be equally 


274 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


severe on parts devoid of eruption, yet the integument 
tends to become thickened and rigid as the disease per- 
sists. The irritation may be slight or so severe that the 
harness cannot be kept on. It must not be confounded 
with rubbing of the tail from pin-worms. 

Treatment. Purge, put on restricted diet, with roots, 
wash the skin with soap and water, and apply water 
slightly soured with oil of vitriol. If this, with carbonate 
of soda internally, fails to cure, a long course of arsenic is 
demanded. 


WARTS. CALLOSITIES. CANCER. BLACK PIGMENT TUMORS. 


Warts are to be removed by scissors and the part burned 
with some caustic (lunar caustic if near the eye, butter of 
antimony, blue-stone, chloride of zinc, ete., elsewhere). 
Or they may be destroyed by tying a thread tightly round 
the neck of each, or by the use of the hot iron. 

CALLOSITIES are common under the saddle (sitfasts). A 
circumscribed portion of skin, the seat of a former chafe, 
has become thickened and indurated to almost horny con- 
sistency. The skin around the edges is inflamed, raw 
and angry. It can usually be loosened by a poultice, so 
as to be easily removed by a sharp knife, after which it is 
to be treated as a common sore. 

Buack Piamenr Tumors (Melanosis) are exceedingly 
common in gray and white horses, attacking the black 
parts of the skin (anus, vulva, udder, sheath, lips, eyelids, 
etc.,) and though sometimes cancerous are often quite 
harmless, and should always be removed with-the knife. 

EPITHELIAL CANCER is not common in the lower animals 
but is seen in the lips of horses and cats. Here again the 
knife is the best remedy. 


PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 


COMMON RINGWORM. TINEA TONSURANS. 


This is common in horses, cattle, dogs and cats, as well 
&S in man, and is readily transmitted from one to the 


Skin Diseases. 25 


other. It is especially common in winter or spring, and 
occurs as round bald spots on the face or elsewhere, 
covered with white scales, and surrounded by a ring of 
bristly, broken hairs, or split hairs with scabs around the 
roots and some eruption on the skin. Soon this ring of 
broken hairs is shed and a wider bristly ring is formed. 
Among the naked eye characters the breaking and splitting 
of hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the central 


Fig. 42—Hairs with spores of Trichophyton Tonsurans. From the horse. 
— MEGNIN. 

part are the most significant. Chloroform bleaches the 

affected hairs, while the sound ones are unaffected. The 

microscopic appearances are the presence in the hairs and 

hair follicles of a vegetable parasite (trichophyton tonsu- 

Vans.) 

Treatment. Shave the hairs from the affected part, or 
better, pull them out with a pair of pincers and paint with 
tincture of iodine, or a solution of corrosive sublimate (40 
grains to 1 pt. of water), or of bisulphite of soda (4 oz. to 


1 pt.) 


- HONEY-COMB RINGWORM. FAYUS. 


Common in cattle, dogs, cats, rabbits and chickens, as well 
as in children (scald-head). It shows the same general ap- 
pearance of baldness advancing from a centre, which is 
described above, but a cup-shaped yellowish scab results 
which has obtained for it the name. The parasite (Acho- 
rion Schinleini) appears to be but another form of the 
fungus of rmgworm affected by its conditions of growth 
and especially by the weak or unhealthy condition of the 
host. Treat as for common ringworm. 


276 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Fig. 48. 


Fig. 43—Hair with spores of Achorion Schénleini, from the horse.—MEGNIN. 


DIFFUSE BALDNESS (TINEA DECALVANS). PARASITIC PITYRIASIS. 


Two other forms are seen in the horse, one attacking 
any part of the body, and recognized by the agglutination 
of five or six hairs together in a white crust, and the other 
attacking the heads of old horses, and characterized mainly 
by the scurfy product. Both are exceedingly inveterate, 
though not attended with excessive itching, and demand 
the persistent use of tincture of iodine or corrosive sub- 
limate lotions in order to effect a cure. 


Fig. 44. 


Fig. 44—Microsporon Adouinii from Parasitic Pityriasis in the horse.— 
MEGNIN. 


In all those cases the harness, brushes, combs and wood- 
work must be washed with a solution of caustic potassa or 
soda, and then wet with iodine ointment or a solution of 
corrosive sublimate, otherwise all treatment may be fruit- 
less. Horse blankets should be boiled for a length of 


time. 


ee. ee 


Skin Diseases. 2 Ge 


PARASITIC GREASE. CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. 


In inflammation of the horse’s heel, attended with 
fungus-like growths (grapes), a vegetable growth is often 
present and seems to be a main cause of the disease. 
The contagious foot-rot in sheep presents the same appear- 
ance of the skin, and is presumably due to a similar para- 
site. With or without an abrasion, the matter from a 
diseased foot produces in the healthy one swelling, excori- 
ation and fungous growths round the top of the hoof, as 
well as an excessive growth, softening and loss of cohesion 
of the horny elements below. 


- ig. 45 —Oidium Batracosis from parasitic grease. —MEGNIN. 


Treatment consists in laying bare the diseased surface, 
‘and applying active caustics and parasiticides. Pare the 
horn to the quick and apply tow soaked in tincture of 
muriate of iron, butter of antimony, solution of blue-stone 
or nitrate of silver, bind up firmly, and repeat the dressing 
daily. All overgrown horn must be carefully removed, 
and means taken to prevent irritation from dried mud, ete. 


MANGE. SCAB. ITCH. SCABIES. ACARIASIS. 


These names among others are given to diseases of the 
skin caused by acari. Of parasitic acari there are three 
principal species: Sarcoptes, which burrow in canals in the 
seariskin and are difficult to find and eradicate, and derma- 
tophagus and dermatocoptis which live on the surface or 
among the scabs and are more easily disposed of. Another 


24 


Fig. 46—Sarcoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 47 —Dermatophagus Equi. Female. 
Fig. 48—Dermatocoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 49—Dermanyssus. (Hen 
louse.) Fig. 507—Gamasus of Fodder. Fig. 5t—Demodex. 


. Skin Diseases. 279 


species—demodex—inhabits the sebaceous glands of the 
skin in sheep and dog and causes much irritation with 
acne-like eruption. Among acari occasionally parasitic 
may be mentioned : the dermanyssus (misnamed hen louse), 
the gamasus of musty hay, and the leptus (misnamed jigger 
in the Western States), all excepting the last living on the 
surface and easily discovered. Lastly a tyroglyph is acci- 
dentally parasitic on all domestic animals. 

Of the sarcoptes there is one species lives on the horse, 
which will temporarily inhabit the skin of man; a second 
is peculiar to the goat; a third is common to dogs and 
swine, a fourth to cats and rabbits and a fifth to chickens 
horses and foxes. 

One species of dermatophaqus lives on the heels and legs 
of horses, another on the tail, neck, etc., of cattle, and a 
third on the pastern, limbs, and less frequently the trunk, 
of sheep. 

Of dermatocoptes there is also a particular species for 
each of these animals—horse, ox and sheep—though usu- 
ally confounded with each other. ‘These are the most 
common causes of mange and from their non-burrowing 
habits are most easily disposed of. 

Accessory causes. ‘Though the reception of the acarus 
is the one essential cause of mange, yet others conduce to 
its speedy diffusion—as poor condition, filth and warm 
seasons. Some acari, like the dermatophagi, may even 
seem to suspend operations in winter and cause little or 
no trouble until the following spring. 

Symptoms. We must state these in general terms, 
throwing the whole class into one group. There is intense 
uncontrollable itching, aggravated by hot weather or build- 
ings, and by perspiration. If the affected part is scratched 
the animal shows his gratification by moving his body as 
if rubbing, and especially (in horses) by a nibbling move- 
ment of the lips. In sheep the wool is torn off, and white 
tufts hang on the dark surface of the fleece. The skin is 
thickened and rendered rigid by exudation into its sub- 


280 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


stance, as well as by the accumulation of crusts on the 
surface. In fine skins, like that of the sheep, there is a 
distinct papular eruption, and in all there are excoriations 
and even deep sores and ulcers from the incessant and 
desperate rubbing. The bare patches are less absolutely 
so than in ringworm, for hairs still adhere at intervals 
and though the hairs may be broken they show less brit- 
tleness or tendency to split up. But the one reliable sign 
is the presence of the acarus, which may often be rec- 
ognized by the naked eye when a little of the scurf is 
placed on a plate of glass and closely watched. The 
scabs will be seen to move and a little observation will 
enable one to detect the almost invisible insect. A low 
magnifying power is a great help. ‘To find the sarcoptes 
it may be necessary to expose the skin to the warm rays 
of the sun, to detach a crust and tie it for twelve hours on 
the skin of the arm, when the acarus will be found in the 
centre of a pale red papule and may be removed with a 
needle. 

The dermanyssus may not be found on the skin unless 
the subject is examined in the stable at night. They are 
large and easily detected when bright crimson, from being 
gorged with blood. There is always the suspicious prox- 
imity of chickens or their dung, the latter swarming with 
gray acari. 

The demodex living in the hair follicles of dogs, causes 
loss of hair and prominent red nodules (acne) while the 
sebaceous matter squeezed from the follicles contain spec- 
imens of the acarus. 

The sarcoptes of chickens attacks the comb, wattles and 
feet, causing great irritation. 

Treatment is local, though nourishing food, cool clear 
air, clean dry buildings, aul the avoidance of crowding or 
Bee are important auxiliaries. By soap-suds, pre- 
ceded if necessary by oil, break up and remove the scabs 
and crusts; then apply thor Scape with a brush, oil of tar 
1 ox, sgtiale: oil 20 oz., or $ lb. each of tar and sulphur, 


Skin Diseases. 281 


and | lb. each of soap and alcohol. For sheep with heavy 
_ fleeces baths are very efficient. The following example 
will neither stain the wool nor materially endanger the 
sheep. Tobacco 16 lbs., oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 
Ibs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 50 gallons: Boil the tobacco 
and dissolve the other agents in a few gallons of boiling 
water, then add water to make up to fifty gallons, retain- 
ing a temperature of about 70° Fah. This will suffice for 
50 sheep. Hach sheep is kept in the bath three minutes, 
two men meanwhile breaking up the scabs and working 
the liquid into all parts of the skin. When taken out he 
- is laid on a sloping drainer and the liquid squeezed out of 
the wool and allowed to flow back into the bath. A second 


Fig. 52. 


Fig. 52—Ox-Tick.—VERRILL. 


and even a third bath may be necessary in inveterate 
cases. For newly shorn sheep oily applications are better, 
being less liable to be washed off by rains. One part of 
oil of tar to 40 parts castor-oil or lard will usually sutftice, 
but sulphur may be added if desired. The common use 
of mineral poisons, and especially the compounds of mer- 
cury for sheep dips, must be strongly deprecated. 

In all cases an essential part of the treatment is to dress 
with similar agents, or with a strong solution of caustic 
potassa, all harness, brushes, combs and wood-work, and 
to subject blankets to prolonged boiling. In pastures, 
dress every rubbing post, tree, stump, stone, or wooden 
fence, or change the field. 


282 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


TICKS. IXODES. 


These are common on stock in some parts of the coun- 
try and may be picked off or dressings applied as for 
acari. 


LARVA OF GADFLY. WARBLES. 


These may be found in little rounded tumors the size 
of hazel-nuts, on the backs of cattle in winter and spring, 
each tumor having a hole in the centre through which the 
erub may be seen or extracted. A second species attacks 
sheep as well as cattle, while a number of others in dif- 
ferent countries, but especially in the tropics, live in the 
skin of man and a variety of animals. Where gadflies 


Fig. 53. Fig. 54. 


Fig. 53—(Eéstrus Bovis. 

Gadfly of ox.—CLARK. Fig. 54—Larva of same. Warble. 
abound, animals are greatly terrified and injured by their 
attacks. The best treatment is to examine all cattle in 
spring and squeeze out and destroy the grubs found in 
their backs, enlarging the openings with a knife when 
necessary. This cuts off the supply of flies for the coming 
year and a universal practice of this might be expected to 
kill them out. 


ATTACKS OF FLIES (DIPTERA). MAGGOTS. 


The attacks of flies are often very troublesome and even 
fatal to stock. Many agents such as oil, infusions of wal- 
nut leaves, rue or wormwood, are used to drive them off 
but with only partial success. To protect the heads of 
sheep a mixture of camphor, turpentine and asafcetida is 
very effectual. 


Skin Diseases. 283 


Sheep suffer much in some localities from the larva of 
the blowfly, laid on any damp or dirty part of the skin, as 
on the tails and thighs when scouring. In such neighbor- 
hoods the existence during summer or autumn of a dark 
wet spot on the skin, of a white tuft of wool, or of wriggling 
of the tail will demand immediate attention. 

Treatment. Clip off the wool and filth, pick off all 
maggots and apply oil of turpentine or of tar 5 oz., 
camphor 1 dr., asafcetida $ dr.; dilute carbolic acid or 
kerosene may be used in the absence of anything else. 
To prevent the attacks use the sheep dip advised for scab, 
or cut off the dirty wool and apply carbolic acid 1 part, 
water 50 parts. 


SHEEP-TICK. HIPPOBOSCA (MELOPHAGUS) OVINA. 


This is a dipterous insect degraded by the non-develop- 
ment of its wings. Itis best met by the dips advised for 


Fig. 55. 


Fig. 55—Sheep-Tick with egg. Magnified. 
scab. It is especially important to dip lambs, after affected 
ewes have been shorn, as the insects migrate to the young 
where they find more wool to shelter them. 


FLEAS. 


These, like the hippoboscide, are wingless diptera. "We 
have a variety each for the dog, cat, hen and dove, and in 
tropical America the pulex penetrans or Chigoe which 
burrows under the skin and there lays its eggs to be 
hatched out in the flesh. Persian Insect powder is one of 


284 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


the best agents to dust over the animals as well as over 
carpets, rugs, ete., on which they have lain; or wash with 
the yolks . egos al a teaspoonful of oil a turpentine to 
each egg; ora ae of an ounce of oil of anise-seed and 
ten ounces olive-oil may be rubbed over the body and 
washed off with soap six hours later. Sprinkle the soil 


Fig. 56. 


Fig. 56—Cat Flea. Enlarged.—VERRILL. 


where the animals roll with quicklime, carbolic acid, or 
petroleum ; deluge kennels and roosts with boiling water 
and afterward paint the cracks with oil of turpentine ; dip 
mats or rugs in boiling water, and litter the buildings with 
fresh pine shavings. 


LICE. 


These are degraded wingless hemipterous insects. 
There are two kinds: Oblood-suckers (hematopinus), with 
narrow head and long trunk-like sucking tube; and bird- 
lice (trichodectes), ith very large, broad Heder and no 
sucking tube, but biting jaws. 

Of the blood-suckers there is one species each for :— 
horse and ass; horse and ox; ox; goat; swine, and dog 
and ferret. | 

Of bird-lice there is a species each for :—horse and ass ; 
ox and ass; sheep; goat; dog; cat; duck, and goose; 
two for the peacock; three for the turkey; four for the 
pigeon; and five for the hen. 


Skin Diseases. 285 


Fig. 57—Hzematopinus of Horse and Ass. Fig. 58—Hzematopinus of Ox. 
Fig. 59——Hezematopinus of Calf. Fig. 60—Hzematopinus of Dog. Fig. 
61—Heematopinus of Pig. Fig. 62—Trichodectes of Horse. 


They may be safely treated by sprinkling with powdered 
wood ashes or by rubbing with sulphur ointment or whale- 
oil, with water saturated with petroleum or kerosene, or 
with a solution of sulphuret of potassium or lime (4 oz. to 
1 gall. water). Clean the buildings, clothes, etc., as for 
fleas. 


286 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Fig. 63—Trichodectes of Ox. Fig. 64—Trichodectes of Sheep. Fig. 65— 
Trichodectes of Dog. Fig. 66—Goniodes Stylifer of the Turkey. 


ERYSIPELAS. 


A specific, diffuse, spreading inflammation of the skin, 
often involving the loose connective tissue beneath, and 
sometimes the internal organs, associated with fever, an 
unhealthy state of the blood, and usually a poison by which 
it may be communicated to another animal with broken 
skin. : 

Causes. An unhealthy (septic, etc.,) condition of the 
atmosphere, the presence of impurities in the blood, from 
foul air or food, plethora, exhausting work, debilitating 
diseases, disorders of the liver, kidneys or other blood- 
forming or purifying organ, or the absorption of putrid 


Skin Diseases. 287 


matters from a sore or other diseased surface. Sheep, 
horses and swine fed on green or even harvested buck- 
wheat are liable, and all animals kept in close, filthy, 
unhealthy places or in the vicinity of accumulations of 
decomposing animal and vegetable matters. Sudden sup- 
pression of an habitual discharge, heating food, and new 
grain and forage are occasional causes. But probably all 
of these do little more than lay the system open to the 
attack which would otherwise be escaped. More direct or 
exciting causes we find in local irritation,—as exposure to 
a hot sun (newly-shorn sheep), chafing inside the elbows 
or thighs, the presence of rancid fats on the skin, injuries 
from the harness, bites of insects, etc., burns, scalds, 
wounds, dropsies of the limbs, and above all the keeping 
of patients with open sores where there is excessive ema- 
nation from decomposing organic (especially animal) 
matter, or the dressing of erysipelatous and healthy sores 
with the same sponges. 

Symptoms. There is usually a preliminary fever, loss of 
spirit and appetite, heat of the skin, accelerated pulse and 
breathing, constipation, high-colored, scanty urine, and 
elevation of the temperature of the rectum, soon followed 
by a diffuse, hot, tender, shining, itching swelling, spread- 
ing from a wound or other seat of irritation or even on a 
previously healthy skin. In white skins the redness is 
very deep, the shade being darker according to the gravity 
of the case, and disappearing under the pressure of the 
finger only to reappear quickly on its removal. The 
swelling will be greater, according as the inflammation 
involves the skin only, extends to the connective tissue 
beneath (phlegmonous), or is complicated by a liquid exu- 
dation (cedematous). It shows a tendency to wide and 
rapid diffusion over the skin, its advancing border being 
always, abruptly elevated from the healthy integument, 
though at points where it is recovering it may subside 
gradually and insensibly to the healthy surface. The 
inflamed skin is tense and smooth, but pits on pressure, 


288 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


and often presents vesicles on its surface. After a few 
days the swelling and redness may diminish, and the 
blisters dry up into scales, which drop off, leaving a dark, 
red, tender surface ; or cracks may form with a sluggish, 
unhealthy action and little tendency to heal. When mat- 
ter forms it is liable to be diffused without any limiting 
membrane as in an ordinary abscess, and to lead to exten- 
sive death and sloughing of the skin and subjacent 
structures, or to absorption of pus and its deposit in 
internal organs, with fatal results. 

In horses it is seen mainly about the head, chest, belly 
and hind limbs, and is especially liable to prove cedema- 
tous. It is distinguished from Anthrax and Purpura 
Hemorrhagica by the presence of the wound or sore, by 
the low inflammatory character of the swelling, by the 
ereater tendency to suppuration, and the implication 
of the adjacent lymphatic glands. 

Cattle suffer especially about the head but also on other 
parts of the body. Sheep suffer mainly about the head, 
but often and more severely about the udder, belly and 
inner side of the thigh or arm, and it may be elsewhere. 

Swine are mainly attacked about the head and neck, 
and less frequently on the inner side of the limbs, the 
chest or belly. 

Treatment. Open the bowels freely (horse, ox and 
sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dog, castor-oil,) following 
it up by frequent and full doses of tincture of muriate of 
iron and a nourishing, easily digested diet. In case of 
much weakness or with very low fever use stimulants, al- 
coholic or ammoniacal as they may be demanded, but 
never if they cause dryness of skin and rise of temperature. 
Diuretics may be used in cedematous cases, but in 4 
guarded manner because of the depression. To the af- 
fected skin apply warm fomentations, by preference, with 
weak solutions of tincture of muriate of iron, hyposulphite 
of soda or sulphate of zinc. Sometimes dry applications 
have a good effect,—as a mixture of sulphate of zine and 


Skin Diseases. 289 


starch. Iodized collodion too is often of service. If mat- 
ter has actually formed it should be let out with the lancet, 
the wound being dressed with a solution of muriate of 
iron to prevent unhealthy action. 


WOUNDS. 


These are divided into simple clean cuts (incised), stabs, 
pricks and punctures (punctured), bruised or crushed (con- 
tused) and torn (lacerated). Clean cuts often heal readily 
when the edges are brought together accurately and re- 
tained so. But such union by adhesion is most probable 
in strong, healthy, well-conditioned animals, and least so 
in the weak, poor and diseased. In /owls it is almost in- 
variable, in swine nearly equally so, mm dogs, cattle and 
sheep there is still a strong tendency to adhesion, while in 
horses all wounds readily form matter and primary adhe- 
sion throughout is exceptional. Bleeding should be 
checked, (see wounds of arteries, etc.,) clots washed off 
with a stream of tepid water, foreign objects carefully re- 
moved with fingers or forceps and the wound closed with 
as little exposure as possible. The edges may be stitched 
together by means of a curved flat needle with silk or 
linen, well waxed or steeped in a weak solution of carbolic 
acid, or better, with catgut which has been steeped for a 
month in oi! and carbolic acid, or with silver or other 
metallic wire. It may be closed by a continuous stitch 
as in sewing a glove, when adhesion is to be expected, or 
by separate stitches a half to three-fourths of an inch 
apart when primary union is more doubtful. To secure 
uniform approximation of the edges or pressure on the 
different parts, the stitches may be passed round a quill 
placed on each lip of the wound (quilled suture). Or pins 
may be passed through the lips at suitable distances and 
a few fibres of tow twisted around each like the figure 8. 
Small wounds may have their edges shaved and layer 
after layer of collodion applied until the covering is strong 
enough to hold them together. The use of a weak solution 

25 


290 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


of carbolic acid or other antiseptic agent will further favor 
adhesion if it can be applied without causing movement 
of the lips of the wound. 

If the wound fails to heal by prompt adhesion, granula- 
tions form, covered with a thin layer of pus, and these 
eradually fill up the sore, leaving a scar. Or if the lips 
of the wound are still kept together the granulations may 
adhere (secondary adhesion), or finally small sores will 
scab over and healing take place beneath. 

Granulating wounds may be washed daily with a stream 
of tepid water, after the three first days, and may be 
covered with a simple dressing of tow saturated in water 
or oil to which a little carbolic acid has been added. 
When necessarily left bare the same liquids may still be 
applied. When the granulations become soft, flabby and 
projecting (proud flesh), touch lightly with a stick of lunar 
caustic, and expose to dry air. When they become indo- 
lent and when healing and contraction come to a stand-still, 
apply gentle stimulants—tincture of myrrh and aloes, ete. 
When the deeper parts of the lips of the wound do not 
come in contact, pads may be applied on each side to keep 
them in apposition. Granulating wounds usually heal by 
contraction from their edges, and if this is arrested by ad- 
hesion to bones and other firm parts beneath, further 
healing may be impossible. In this and other cases of 
tardy healing, the implanting of thin slices of scarfskin, 
just cut with a sharp instrument from other parts of the 
integument, and their retention with strips of sticking 
plaster, will usually hasten the process. 

Punctured wounds often heal promptly, and especially in 
animals prone to primary adhesion, when cleansed, kept 
at rest, with warm dressings and pressure on their deeper 
parts. If inflammation occurs in the deeper parts with 
suppuration, it may be necessary to enlarge the opening 
to allow of a ready discharge, and to let it heal outward 
by granulation. 

Bruised and torn wounds may be treated like punctured 


Skin Diseases. 291 


ones, and in birds, pigs and dogs, and in the more vascular 
parts of the larger animals, will often heal by adhesion. 
Should they fail to do so, they ought to be stitched together, 
not too closely, and allowed to heal by granulation. Parts 
that are absolutely dead may be removed, but none that 
continue to show signs of life, and above all, no skin that 
can possibly be saved. 

Poisoned wounds should be promptly cauterized (See 
Canine madness, Malignant anthrax, Lymphangitis). Sub- 
cutaneous wounds, in which the deeper parts are injured 
with little or no breach of the skin, mostly heal satisfac- 
torily, and the main object should be to secure a suitable 
position of the part, lest distortion should occur from 
undue contraction or extension of the structures in healing. 
For wounds that have resulted in fistula, see poll evil, fist- 
ulous withers and quittor. Whenever a foreign body is 
lodged in a wound it should be removed because of its 
tendency to cause fistula, especially in horses. 


BURNS AND SCALDS. 


The gravity of these will vary much according to their 
extent and depth. The treatment of the more severe 
is rarely desirable in the lower animals, because of the 
danger of fatal results from internal complications; or of 
ruinous distortions from the contraction of cicatrices. 
- For slight burns apply cold water, Goulard water, water 
perceptibly sweetened with carbolic acid or flavored with 
oil of turpentine, keeping this up until the violent pain 
and inflammation have subsided. Success attends the 
exclusion of air by covering the part thickly with flour or 
cotton wool until irritation is past. The same end is 
gained by bathing the burn with oil of turpentine and 
afterward covering with resin ointment. When large 
blisters have formed, puncture with a needle and smooth 
down the cuticle on the skin by gentle pressure, following 
up with the soothing measures already recommended. 
When the skin is still more deeply burned and sloughing 


292 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


is inevitable, the stimulating applications (oil of turpen- 
tine with resin ointment, equal parts of linseed-oil and 
lime-water, etc.,) are still more demanded. As the sloughs 
separate, the detached parts should be cut off with as little 
irritation as possible, and when the severe irritation sub- 
sides soothing applications will be in order. Finally, the 
healing process will be greatly hastened by ingrafting thin 
slices of scarfskin as advised under wounds. 


CHAPTER XVI. 


GENERAL DISEASES OF BONES, JOINTS AND 
MUSCLES. 


Lameness, symptoms, at rest and in exercise. Diseases of Bones. In- 
flammation. Ostitis. Periostitis. Softening. Enlargement. Suppura- 
tion. Ulceration. Scrofulous (Tubercular) Disease of Bone. Softening 
and Rarefaction of Bone. Rickets. Osteo Malacia. Softening in Cows. 
Softening in Horses. Big-head. Fractures. Diseases of Joints. Inflam- 
mation. Arthritis. Synovitis. Ulceration. Bony Deposit. Anchylosis. 
Open Joint. Inflammation of Bursz and Sheaths of Tendons. Diseases 
of Muscles. Ruptures. Inflammation. Fatty Degeneration. Rupture 
and Section of Tendons. Sprains. Thickening. Shortening. Calcifica- 
tion. 


LAMENESS. 


As the three following chapters will embrace most of the 
different causes of lameness, the more prominent mani- 
festations of this failing may be here noticed. 

Standing. The patient should be approached quietly 
and when you are certain he is free from ail exciting 
causes. If resting on all four limbs, the pastern of the 
lame one will usually be more upright than the others. 
One fore foot advanced eight or ten inches in front of the 
other suggests some tenderness of the heel or the struct- 
ures in the posterior region of the lower part of the limb. 
Bending of the knee and fetlock and resting of the foot on 
the toe, without any advance in front of the other, usually 
implies disease of the shoulder or elbow. The advance 
of both fore feet, the rest being taken on the heels, and 
the hind Lmbs brought well forward under the body, 
should direct attention to the front of the feet. Resting 


294. The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


of one foot more frequently and for longer periods than 
its fellow is suspicious. 

Tying. An inclination to lie down, and remain so, is to 
be similarly regarded. If the animal remains down per- 
sistently, we may infer great suffering, fractures or much 
weakness. 

In Exercise. Lameness may be shown in the walk, but 
better in the slow, easy trot, the animal being led in hand 
with about three feet of free rein and without noise or 
other cause of excitement. Some horses manifest a bridle 
lameness from the mere leading, but if the leader goes 
first on the left side and then on the right, the drooping 
of the head will correspond first to the one foot and then 
to the other, showing it to be only a feint. In all cases 
of lameness in a single limb the foot is rested on the 
ground with less weight and is raised as quickly as possi- 
ble. There is therefore not only the visible halting on 
that limb, but a lower sound made by striking the ground 
and thus the ear comes to assist the eye in detecting the 
ailing member. If one fore limb is affected, the head and 
anterior part of the body are elevated when its foot comes 
to the ground, but drop firmly when the sound foot is 
planted. A depression of the opposite hind limb accom- 
panying the elevation of the head, when the failing fore 
limb comes to the ground, must not lead to the suspicion 
of lameness behind. 

In single lameness behind, the gait resembles that seen 
in lameness before, the haunch on the diseased side being 
raised when the foot is planted and allowed to droop 
thereafter until the opposite foot reaches the ground. In 
some, the elevation is the prominent feature, in others the 
depression, but in all the rising and falling are greater 
than in the opposite quarter. 

With lameness in both fore limbs the step is short, the 
stroke on the ground weak, the rest of each foot on the ~ 
ground shortened, the shoulders are carried upright and 
stiff, the head is raised, the loins are arched, the croup 

20* 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 295 


droops, and the hind limbs are brought unnaturally for- 
_ ward beneath the belly. rales 

Lameness in both hind limbs is marked by the back- 
ward position of the fore feet, the short rest and weak 
impulse of the hind on the ground, the extension and 
drooping of the head, and above all the difficulty of back- 
ing. . 

Lameness in the two limbs on the same side determines 
a gait approaching the amble or rack, with the firm plant- 
ing of the opposite members. Lameness of one fore and 
the opposite hind produces a simple exaggeration of the 
gait caused by disease in one of these hmbs. When the 
cause of lameness exists in more than one limb it is diffi- 
cult to make the animal keep the trot. 

Tn all cases it is well to have the animal driven or 
ridden so as to heat him, and then keep him perfectly 
still for half an hour to cool, before completing the exam- 
ination, as many lamenesses will disappear when the 
subject is warmed by exercise. 7 


DISEASES OF BONES. 


These may be divided into :—inflammation of the bone 
itself (ostitzs), or of its fibrous covering (periostitis), which 
may result in softening, consolidation or induration, enlarge- 
ment, bony growths and tumors, abscess, ulceration and death 
(necrosis). Beside these there are the degenerations and 
diseases of bone such as deficiency or excess of earthy salts, 
with binding or brittleness of the bones; tubercle, cancer, 
and sarcomatous, cartilaginous, cystic, vascular or other tu- 
mors, etc. 

But the great mass of bone diseases in the domestic 
animals consist in inflammation and its results, to which, 
accordingly, the following remarks will be mainly con- 
fined. Every bone is permeated even in its densest parts 
by an abundant network of minute blood-vessels, and 
studded throughout with microscopic soft elements (nu- 
clei) which appropriate the suitable materials from the 


296 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


blood and build them up into the hard bony texture. If 
these nuclei are injured their powers of assimilation are 
modified, their numbers are multiplied, and they become 
surrounded by an excess of semi-fluid matter (lymph) 
with, it may be, one of the following results :—1st, the 
softening of the bone and the removal of its earthy salts, 
until it can be cut with a knife or gives way under the 
weight of the animal:—2d, the transformation of the 
lymph into pus on the surface of the bone or in its interior, 
where it may remain imprisoned for an indefinite length 
of time :—38d, the hardening of a limited amount of lymph 
in the cells or inter-spaces of the bone, compressing the 
blood-vessels, limiting the supply of blood and favoring 
ulceration or even death of the part :—4th, from the above 
cause, or from a perversion of the plastic or assimilating 
powers of the nuclei, ulceration sets in on the surface 
or in the interior of the bone, and the bony matter is 
steadily removed to be replaced by an irregular excavation 
or a cavity filled by a bloody ichor :—5th, the swelling 
may completely close the blood-vessels of the bone or the 
inflammation may cause coagulation of the blood within 
them throughout a considerable portion, which accord- 
ingly dies, and has to be removed as a foreign body :— 
6th, short of those extreme conditions and more com- 
monly, the exudation leads to a partial softening and 
general swelling of the inflamed part, and this becoming 
consolidated and hardened there is a material increase of 
size :—7th, and by far the most frequently, the inflamma- 
tion affects the superficial layer of bone and its investing 
fibrous membrane, and the exudation, taking place be- 
tween these, is soon consolidated into a layer or tumor of 
bone on the surface :—8th, any exudation on the outer 
side of the fibrous covering is also lable to be calcified 
and to form hard tumors, but these do not acquire the 
true bony texture like that formed between the membrane 
and the bone. 

General Symptoms. In the sightest forms of inflamma- 


General Diseases of Bones, Joinis and Muscles. 297 


tion there may be little or no lameness, though usually 
there is a halt on the affected limb when trotted on a hard 


surface. The affected portion of the bone is tender to 


pressure or percussion, and is the seat of swelling at first 
soft and yielding, but later hard and resistant. In the 
severer forms the bone itself is softened, extensive exuda- 
tion of lymph takes place around it, and the investing soft 
structures become the seat of violent inflammation and 
swelling; lameness is then extreme. In the slighter and 
chronic cases there is no disturbance of the general health, 
but in the more acute and severe, intense and even fatal 
iritative fever may come on. 

When suppuration takes place in the interior of a bone 
the matter may remain imprisoned indefinitely, the spot 
being marked by a general increase of the bone, and lame- 
ness persists. If suppuration takes place between the 
bone and its fibrous covering the danger is even greater, 
for the matter is liable to separate the bone and mem- 
brane, producing further inflammation or ulceration, or 
even death of the bone—the supply of blood being cut off. 
The superficial abscess is to be detected by its fluctuation 
beneath the fingers, as in abscess of soft parts. 

Ulceration may result from pressure of matter, etc., or 
from exposure to the air. Tf without external opening, it is 
not easily recognized, but there is lameness and tenderness, 
with little alteration of the surface of the bone, or the 
presence of slight bony deposits alternating, it may be, 
with soft open spaces. If the ulcerated bone is open to 
the air, it is found to be softened in texture, breaking down 
readily under the pressure of a probe, and in the centre of 
the ulcerous cavity rounded bony deposits are felt, as 
evidence of an effort at repair. The discharge is then 
ichorous, and abounds in gritty particles and earthy salts. 
If this discharge has commenced to decompose it smells 
badly. 

Death of bone is always associated with an open sore 
discharging a very foetid ichorous fluid, with gritty parti- 


298 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


cles and the power of rapidly blackening silver. If probed 
the hard bone is felt without any fibrous covering, and 
if seen this is black, yellowish, white, or of some allied 
shade and without any of the pink aspect of healthy bone. 

General Treatment of Inflammation in Bone. Unless in 
the very mildest cases, the first object is to check the in- 
flammation by soothing measures. <A purgative is usually 
desirable. Rest 1s indispensable. Whenever possible 
such a position should be given to the part as will obviate 
pressure, weight, or gravitation of blood toward the dis- 
ease. Soothing local measures, such as fomentations with 
warm water; a thick wet bandage covered with dry ; the 
persistent application of cold water, by continuous shower- 
ing of the part, the water being brought from a bucket 
placed at a higher level, by means of an elastic tube 
fastened to the body; in certain cases ice-bags may be 
applied ; or cooling astringent lotions, such as vinegar and 
salt; acetate of lead 4 oz., vinegar 2 qts., carbolic acid 60 
drops, etc. This may have to be kept up from five to fif- 
teer. days. When heat and tenderness have subsided, 
counter-irritants are to be used. In slight cases rubbing 
with compound iodine ointment, or with a mixture in equal 
parts of liquor ammonia and olive-oil may suffice. In 
others we must use active blisters such as Spanish flies 
2 dr., camphor 5 grs., alcohol 5 drops, lard 1 oz. Ora 
drachm of the Spanish flies may be replaced by a drachm 
of iodide or biniodide of mercury. In either case the hair 
should be cut off and the omtment well rubbed in for 
several minutes against the direction of the hair. The 
animal’s head should be tied short for twelve hours, to 
prevent gnawing of the part and blistering of the lips. 
After this the surface is to be smeared with lard, daily, 
until the scab drops off. In stiil other cases the hot iron 
may be demanded. It should be applied in points, each 
application being very temporary, to avoid the effect of 
radiated heat on the adjacent skin. The usual distance 
between the points is from $ to ? inch, and the depth will 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 299 


vary in different cases. When the irritation from the hot 
iron has passed off, blisters may be applied if necessary. 

In all cases the use of counter-irritants must be stopped 
and scothing measures resorted to when it becomes evident 
that active inflammation has been set up anew in the bone. 
A long period of rest is essential to allow of the hardening 
of the newly formed bony tissue or of the old bone which 
has been softened or otherwise altered by disease. 

Matter forming in the interior of a bone is to be evacu- 
ated by boring down to it with a circular saw (trephine). 
Matter forming between the bone and its investing mem- 
brane must be promptly evacuated with a sharp knife or 
lancet. 

Simple ulceration is to be treated like an ordinary wound, 
the pressure or other cause of its existence having been 
first removed. A nourishing diet and a course of tonics 
(cinchona, gentian, etc.,) are usually demanded. 

A dead bone should be removed. Ii a simple scale or 
film on the surface, it may be taken off with a sharp knife 
or chisel. If larger the bone-forceps or saw may be 
necessary. It may sometimes be needful to remove a 
piece of live bone with the circular saw, to make way for 
the extraction of a dead portion imprisoned within. 
Should the outer fibrous covering of the bone be preserved 
intact, new bone may be formed in place of the old, but 
never so perfect in form, and, as a rule, the extensive loss 
of an important bone, in one of the lower animals, renders 
it useless and should warrant its destruction. 

In no case should a cutting operation on a bone be 
undertaken while the soft parts around it are in a state of 
acute inflammation, as, although the diseased or dead 
parts should be removed, the adjacent bone is likely to 
take on unhealthy action and to prove worse than at 
first. 

In case of new bony deposits and tumors, it is rarely 
desirable to resort to cutting instruments, unless when 
they have a broad mass and narrow neck, connecting 


300 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


them to the parent bone. In this case they can be laid 
bare and removed with bone forceps or chisel. Other 
forms are best left to nature after all unhealthy action has 
been subdued, and will materially diminish when preserved 
from hard work, strains, jars and all excitants to renewed 
erowth. When continuous gentle pressure can be applied 
without irritation it greatly favors absorption. In some 
instances the distension of the fibrous membrane covering 
a bony swelling is the main cause of continued inflamma- 
tion and lameness. This is to be met by dividing the 
membrane with a narrow-bladed knife inserted to one 
side of the swelling, much care being requisite to avoid 
entrance of air, injury to joints, etc. 


SCROFULOUS (TUBERCULOUS) DISEASE OF BONES. 


This is mostly seen in young animals when the bones 
are soft and growing rapidly, and may be suspected when 
the patient comes of a tuberculous family. It will attack 
any part but is especially common in the lower part of the 
limbs and is one form of “foul in the foot.” Tt attacks the 
ends of long bones or the whole buik of short ones, those 
parts, in short, which have an open cancellated texture. 
The interspaces of the bony tissue fill up with gelatinoid 
lymph, which may or may not pass into the yellow cheesy 
tubercle, and similar changes take place on the surface, 
long outgrowths appearing, the interstices of which are 
filled by the same product. Ulceration ensues, sores form 
in the skin, discharging an unhealthy matter, the softened 
bony tissues may be felt breaking down under a probe, 
and the ends or processes of the bones may be found de- 
tached from the shaft or median part. 

There may be coexisting tubercle in the lungs, bowels, 
etc., with cough, expectoration, diarrhoea, ete., and some- 
times in young animals the navel remains open and the 
urine dribbles from it continually. 

Treatment is hardly advisable as tuberculous animals 
are undesirable alike for breeding or for human food. It 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 301 


consists in securing a good nurse, well fed on grain as well 


_as fodder if the patient is young, or good feeding if be- 


yond this stage. Lime-water in the sucking, and in all 
subjects tonics (phosphate of iron, hyposulphite of iron, 
cinchona, cod-liver oil, pancreatine, etc.) 


SOFTENING AND RAREFACTION OF BONE. 


Rickets. Young animals (puppies, sheep, calves and, 
less frequently, foals,) often suffer from an imperfect nu- 
trition of the bones, with a deficiency of earthy salts, so 
that the bones, especially those of the limbs, bend under 
the weight of the animal and assume various unsightly 
distortions. The affection runs hereditarily in certain fam- 
ilies, and its appearance is often determined by insuffi- 
cient, excessive or injurious food, such as poor, sour or 
fevered milk or inadequate substitutes. Anything that 
undermines the general health will develop it in a predis- 
posed subject. The malady may usually be checked by a 
change to rich or moderate feeding, as the case may de- 
mand, a dose of pepsin wine at each meal, with dry warm 
airy sleeping places and access to the open air, sunshine 
and gentle exercise. Puppies may have bones to gnaw at 
will. In cases of severe threatened distortion much ben- 


_ efit may be derived from support by well-padded bandages. 


Sorreninc OF Bonzs In Dairy Cows. This resembles 
rickets in its dependence on the nature of the food, but 
appears only in breeding cows. It is a disease of poor 
sandy and gravelly soils, the vegetation of which is defi- 
cient in earthy salts, and even on these is shown only after 
a dry season when the fodder is at its worst. Diseases of 
digestion and assimilation will also, exceptionally, deter- 
mine it. The parts that primarily suffer are the bones of 
the haunch, the disease resembling in this respect the osteo 
malacia of women who have borne children. 

Symptoms. Lameness, difficulty in rising, with some 
alteration of form in the quarters are the first signs, and 
an examination of the pelvic bones by the oiled hand in- 

26 


302 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


troduced through the rectum will detect a want of sym- 
metry on the two sides, from bulging, irregular swellings 
at different points. In more advanced stages the bones 
break and crumble under the body’s weight and the ani- 
mal remains constantly down, unable to rise. A depraved 
appetite and a tendency to eat all sorts of unnatural ob- 
jects, though a common symptom in breeding cows, is ex- 
cessive in many of these cases, and the patient mostly 
loses flesh rapidly, though some will remain fat for a 
length of time. 

Treatment. Change the locality to one with a richer 
fodder or bring the wholesome fodder to the animals, and 
add, liberally, grain (barley, maize, oats, beans,) from 
sound localities. Fresh air, sunshine and dry resting 
places are all important. Avoid breeding again until 
health is fully established, or better, fatten for the butcher. 

SOFTENING OF BoNES IN Horses. The lig-head of the 
Mississippi valley, is a manifestation of a general fault in 
nutrition, showing itself in all the bones of the body more 
or less. Like the affection of cows it consists in a steady 
increase of the canals and cavities in bone, with their con- 
tained soft or plastic matter, at the expense of the hard 
bony structure. With the continuous enlargement of the 
bone there is an extreme thinning of the microscopic bony 
plates, until the structure can be easily cut with a knife 
or crushed under the pressure of the finger. The inter- 
spaces are filled by a red bloody mass, with the natural 
elements more or less modified and the addition of many 
spherical cells, or later of fat. As the disease advances 
the bones can no longer afford a firm attachment for the 
ligaments and tendons, but crumbling, dislocations and 
fractures are inevitable. There is some fundamental 
fault in assimilation, and though it may be determined 
primarily to the face by the hard work of grinding flinty 
maize, or its development may be precipitated by poor 
feeding, unwholesome stabling, overwork and abuse, yet 
its true primary cause is unknown. It is mainly or alto- 
gether a disease of early life, under seven years old. 


ae 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 303 


Treatment should be directed to the improvement of 
the generai health by tonics, (cinchona, nux vomica, cas- 
earilla, boneset, willow bark, myrrh, oxide of iron, phos- 
phate of iron, etc.,) carminatives, (ginger, pimento, fennel, 
foenugrec, cardamoms, coriander,) pepsin, sound nutritious 
food, (given soft-boiled or steamed if necessary) pure air, 
exercise in sunshine, grooming, etc.) No good can be ex- 
pected of advanced cases, but only of those seen in the 
early stage, with some stiffness, and swelling of bone, and 
the passage of phosphates, to excess, in the urine. 


FRACTURES. 


These are simple when a bone is broken across ; commi- 
nuted when broken into several pieces ; and compound when 
the soft parts are torn so as to establish a communication 
between the broken ends and the external air. The two 
last are extremely dangerous, but the first is more hopeful. 
Simple fractures, however, vary in gravity according to 
their kind. Thus in the very young the break is lable to 
be imperfect, with a number of pointed processes locking 
into each other (greenstick fracture) and as the ends are 
easily and accurately replaced and the bones soft and 
vascular, repair is prompt and perfect. In others the 
break is directly and smoothly across, or with indentations 
and processes, so that when the ends are placed in appo- 
sition they cannot slide past each other; these too are 
easily repaired. A third class are broken obliquely or with 
a bevel, so that the broken surfaces slide upon each other 
under the contractions of the muscles, and the sharp ends 
are continually jerked into the soft parts around. The 
continuous movement prevents union and the irritation of 
the soft parts sets up inflammation so that such fractures 
may prove as troublesome as the compound. 

Symptoms. Disuse of the affected bone, distortion of 
the part, shortening, if it is the main bone of a limb, 
trembling of the muscles over the injury, a grating sensa- 
tion conveyed to the hand on moving the broken bone, 


304 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 
unnatural mobility of the part, and the suddenness of the 
injury from a wrong step or some mechanical violence. 
In cracks and partial fractures of bones with a strong in- 
vesting fibrous membrane, there may be no displacement, 
increased mobility nor grating, but only a tender line 
across the bone with or without a slight elevation. 

Treatment. 'The first thing to be done is to bring the 
broken ends into correct apposition and retain them there 
by splints and bandages. No matter if the soft parts are 
inflamed and swollen, to leave the sharp ends jerking into 
them with each contraction of the muscles, will only make 
matters worse, whereas the removal of this source of irri- 
tation will usually entail immediate improvement. If from 
the oblique or comminuted nature of the fracture the 
bones cannot be so placed and retained, recovery need not 
be expected, at least without distortion. 

To bring the ends together accurately, it may be nec- 
essary to employ extension and counter-extension. A 
strong sheet or blanket is crossed over the inside of the 
upper part of the limb and held to keep the body still; 
while extension is effected by lines attached to the foot, 
a block and tackle may be used, but cautiously, in view of 
the increased power thereby obtained. It may even be 
needful to relax the muscles by placing the animal under 
the influence of ether, chloroform, or chloral-hydrate. 
While the limb is being extended the operator brings the 
broken ends together correctly, and splints are applied. 

These may be made of sheets of gutta-percha softened 
in warm water and applied so as to adapt themselves to 
the inequalities of the imb; of strong pasteboard with the 
edges torn (not cut) and softened in water to allow of its 
being moulded to the surface; of starch bandage, a long 
cotton bandage three inches wide, laid on accurately, layer 
above layer, and starched as applied so that it dries into 
a perfectly fitting and hard resisting case ; a plaster band- 
age consisting of a long roll of the same kind with plaster 
of Paris thickly dusted between its layers, and the whole 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 305 


dipped in water before it is applied; or pieces of sheet- 
_ iron carefully padded to prevent chafing and secure perfect 
adaptation, and bound firmly by a surface bandage; or 
wooden splints may be fashioned to the form of one side 
of the limb and applied with a sufficient internal padding. 
Jt is usually needful to apply one of these wooden or iron 
splints outside the starch or gutta-percha cases, in the 
larger animals, to give the requisite solidity. In all 
eases the limb should be accurately wrapped in a long 
narrow strip of cotton or lmen as a protection before the 
- application of the bandage proper. The bandage should 
always extend to the extremity of the limb (hoof or claws), 
otherwise the uncovered portion will swell, inflame, and 
perhaps die. It should not only fix immovably all the 
joints below the fracture but if possible the next above as 
well, as by this means, as well as by the enforced immo- 
bility of the muscles, the perfect rest of the broken ends 
is secured. 

If swelling existed before the application of the bandage, 
it may become loose in a day or two and should be re- 
opened and more accurately applied, care being taken to 
secure equal pressure from the extremity up. The starch 
bandage may be slit open up the side and when properly 
padded reapplied with the one edge overlapping the other 
as far as necessary, and fixed by a long bandage applied 
over all. The plaster bandage may be adapted by filling 
up the interval between the soft skin bandage and the 
plaster case with a thin pulpy mixture of plaster of Paris 
and water poured in at the top. 

The limb should be kept in the bandage for a month or 
six weeks, and will require a rest of two or three months 
more, for the consolidation of the new tissue, before being 
put to work. 

Fractures in the upper parts of the limbs of quadrupeds, 
which it is impossible to fix by bandages, may yet recover 
with very little shortening or distortion if the break is 
transverse. Fractures of these parts and of the ribs 

26* 


306 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


recover with a considerable enlargement around the seat 
of the break, which may be afterward absorbed in part or 
in whole, as the bone is consolidated. The same holds 
good of fractures of other parts when movement is allowed 
between the divided ends during recovery. 

Slings. For large quadrupeds with broken limbs sling- 
ing 18 absolutely essential. The simplest mode is the 
following :—Four strong posts are fixed to the ground and 
root, so as to form an oblong, inside which the four feet of 
the animal may stand. A strong horizontal bar is then 
fixed to the two posts on each side at such a height as to — 
correspond to the middle of the body. Then the animal 
being walked into the frame a horizontal bar is fixed be- 
tween the two front posts so high as to cross the lower 
part of the neck, and another between the two hind posts 
at about the height of the stifle. Next a strong sheet 
(new sail cloth is best) is fixed to the one side bar by 
being wound round and nailed at the outer side, and hay- 
ing been passed beneath the body, is fixed to the opposite 
bar in the same way. It must be just sufficiently far back 
to clear the fore limbs, and just so loose as to allow 
the patient to stand over it without pressure or chafing, 
or to settle himself into it at will. In the male, care must 
be taken to have it narrow enough not to cover the 
sheath. 

It is often necessary to allow an animal to become 
fatigued by standing for a day or two before being put in 
a sling, otherwise he may be very irritable at first. Care 
must be taken not to let him feel the sling beneath him 
until it is ready to be fixed, as many patients will settle 
down into it the moment it is felt. 


DISEASES OF THE JOINTS. 


Here in addition to bone we have gristle, fibrous tissue 
(capsular and binding ligaments) and synovial membrane, 
a thin vascular structure which secretes the albuminous 
glairy fluid known as joint-oil. 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 307 


INFLAMMATION. ARTHRITIS. SYNOVITIS. 


Here again the most common lesion is inflammation 
from which most of the others follow as consequences. 
This may begin in the bones as a result of concussion, 
blows, etc., and extend through the cartilage and ligaments 
to the synovial membrane; or it may originate in the 
ligaments as a consequence of sprains or other injuries ; 
or in the synovial membrane from wounds opening the 
jomt and exposing it to the air; or it may be a local 
manifestation of some constitutional disease such as rheu- 
matism, tubercle, glanders, farcy, etc., or finally it may be 
due to plugging of the blood-vessels in consequence of 
pus, ichor or fibrinous clots washed on through the vessels 
from some distant seat of disease. In all cases the whole 
of the joint structures tend to be involved and the symp- 
toms are similar. 

The succession of changes may be as follows: the 
infamed synovial membrane throws out a serous fluid 
fiilimg the joint to excess; the hgaments and adjacent 
connective tissue also throw out a semi-liquid exudation 
which forms a yielding swelling around the joint, suscep- 
tible of indentation with the fingers ; the cartilage covering 
the ends of the bones softens and is changed into a fibrous 
material or is even absorbed, leaving the bone bare; the 
bone exposed in this way may ulcerate, if that has not 
previously commenced, or it may be partially repaired by 
the deposit of a dense ivory-like layer (eburnation), the 
smooth glistening surface of which glides smoothly on 
that of the opposite bone; lymph may be exuded from 
the exposed surface of the bone and from the interior of 
the synovial membrane, and this, as well as what is out- 
side the jot, may be developed into fibrous tissue re- 
stricting the movements of the joint, or more frequently 
into bone which binds the bony structures together and 
abolishes all movement (stijff-joint, anchylosis) ; in very 
severe cases the lymph inside and outside the joint de- 
generates into pus, and this makes its way through the 


308 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


tissués to the surface, is discharged and leaves an open 
joint, which soon determines a further increase of the 
inflammation and destructive changes. In tuberculous 
diseases of the joints there is the softening and enlarge- 
ment of the ends of the bones, a gelatiniform exudation, 
and its cheesy degeneration ; in rheumatism there is little 
tendency to suppuration; in glanders, farcy, plugging of 
vessels, etc., there is the specific deposit or an early sup- 
puration. 

General Symptoms. 'The joint is swollen, tense and 
elastic, is kept partially bent, is hot and tender, the parts 
around it may retain the indentation made by the finger, 
and the suffering is greatly increased when the joint is 
moved. There are all grades from heat, tenderness, swell- 
ing and habitual flexion of the joints, with the capacity of 
working off the lameness during exercise, to severe forms 
in which no weight can be thrown upon the limb, and the 
attendant fever is so intense that appetite is gone, thirst is 
ardent, breathing and pulse greatly accelerated, the heat 
of the body raised to a high point and the patient may 
die from the constitutional excitement. 

When suppuration takes place there is an aggravation 
of all the symptoms, with frequent shivering, and the 
eradual absorption of the soft parts renders the fluctuation 
more and more evident up to the period of rupture. Pre- 
ceding stiff-joint there is a long period of subacute inflam- 
mation, the joint being kept immovable by the pain and 
the abundant exudation, until ossification ensues. 

Tuberculous disease of the joints occurs in young ani- 
mals, the offspring of consumptive families, and is marked 
by the enlargement and softening of the ends of the bones, 
the formation of wounds or ulcers, and, it may be, disease 
of the lungs or bowels. 

Rheumatic disease is characterized by its tendency to 
move from joint to jomt or muscle, by its aggravation 
under the influence of cold and damp and improvement 
under warmth and sunshine, and by its indisposition to 


General Diseases of Bones, J oints and Muscles. 309 


suppuration. Glanders, farcy, plugging of the vessels, 
etc., are distinguished by the presence of the coexisting 
disease in other parts. 

General Treatment. In severe cases secure immobility 
in the joints by placing in slings, and, if necessary, by the 
application of a smart blister around the articulation. In 
the absence of the blister apply cooling or soothing lotions 
as for inflammation of bone and follow this up by blisters 
or firing when the inflammation has in the main subsided 
and the heat and tenderness disappeared. In the slight, 
subacute and chronic forms the counter-irritants may be 
applied at the first. When anchylosis threatens it is 
sometimes advisable to favor it by active blistermg and 
rigid immobility of the jomt. If ulceration of the joint 
surface occurs the hot iron usually gives the best results. 
If suppuration has ensued the pus must escape by an 
external opening and our efforts must be thereafter di- 
rected to limiting the inflammation as far as possible and 
obviating death by the general fever, or uselessness, by 
destruction of the joint. 

In the severer forms a purgative should be given at the 
outset and this may be followed by a soft laxative diet 
(mashes, roots, green food,) and diuretics, (carbonates or 
acetates of potassa or soda, colchicum, etc.,) especially 
when there is reason to suspect any rheumatic complica- 
tion. In some cases of this, as of bone disease, in which 
there is imperfect assimilation and the passage of an 
excess of phosphates in the urine, a course of bitters and 
iron tonics is demanded. 

Tuberculous disease of the joints demands similar treat- 
ment with due attention to the general health to correct, 
if possible, the unhealthy state. 


OPEN JOINT. 


This results from an incised, punctured, lacerated or 
contused wound and will vary in gravity according to the 
nature of the wound and the certainty of inflammation 
ensuing. If there is a simple minute puncture or cut, the 


310 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


wound may close without this result, but if the tissues are 
severely lacerated or ‘bruised, as in case of falls, etc., a © 
certain amount of inflammation must necessarily ensue. 

Treatment. Never probe such wounds. Sand or gritty 
matter must be removed by a stream of tepid water or the 
most careful picking, and the lips of the wound brought 
together if necessary by stitches, but with as few as pos- 
sible and those only passing through the skin. Perfect 
quiet must be secured by slings, splints, bandages or, 
if the opening is small, by a blister enveloping the joint 
but leaving a clear space of an inch around the wound. 
In the absence of the blister, the joint may be irrigated 
with cold water continuously applied as for ostitis, or a 
poultice may be applied with a weak solution of carbolic 
acid poured over its surface, or the same carbolic lotion 
(1 part to 100 water) may be applied by means of sat- 
urated cotton bandages covered with dry. Coagulating 
agents (powdered alum, acetate of lead, sulphate of zine, 
etc.,) are sometimes used to close the wound by a clot of 
synovia, and if this has been effected it should never be 
disturbed by picking or dressing, but left to be expelled 
when the wound is finally closed by the growth of gran- 
ulations from its lips. The greatest danger lies in the 
movement of the joint which stimulates the secretion 
of synovia and keeps the wound open; in the introduction 
of atmospheric air into the joint, and in the decomposi- 
tion of the morbid liquids in the wound. Hence, perfect 
rest, closure of the wound and the use of antiseptics like 
earbolic acid are all-important. 

The general treatment is the same as for arthritis from 
other causes. 

If suppuration ensues there is the greatest danger of 
destruction of the joint. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL CAVITIES—BURSE AND 
SHEATHS OF TENDONS. 
Burse are little synovial cavities placed between the 
skin and prominent bony processes to favor the gliding of 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 311 


the one on the other. Thece are similar sacs interposed 
between bones and fibrous cords (tendons, hgaments,) or 
between two such cords, to favor gliding. Hach may be 
the seat of inflammation with its consequences—over- 
distension from excessive secretion of serum :—exudation 
of lymph, with thickening, induration, adhesion, calcifica- 
tion of the walls, or with suppuration. 

It may be developed by wounds, punctures, cuts, bruises, 
sprains or rheumatism, and is manifested by heat, pain, 
tenderness and an elastic swelling (wind-puff, wind-gall,) 
the enlargement usually remaining after inflammation has 
subsided. This condition, as well as induration or calci- 
fication of the walls, causes material deformity. Sup- 
puration is evinced by a great increase of the heat and 
tenderness, with a more distinct and superficial fluctua- 
tion and a surrounding engorgement which pits on press- 
ure. 

Treatment consists in rest, a relaxed posture of any 
tendons implicated, and soothing, cooling or astringent 
applications as in the early stages of sprains or ostitis. 
A purgative, and restricted diet are equally necessary. 
When heat and tenderness have subsided a small blister 
(see periostitis) will often cause absorption of the liquid ; 
or it may disappear under pressure maintained for two 
hours at a time, twice daily at first, and increased by two 
hours daily ; or finally, the liquid may be drawn off by the 
nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and the sac compressed 
with a bandage (and, if necessary, pads) saturated in an as- 
tringent cooling lotion. After evacuating the liquid an 
injection of compound tincture of iodine 1 part, water 2 
parts, may be thrown in and expressed again after three 
minutes, the part being afterward covered with wet band- 
ages. 

For suppuration a simple subcutaneous bursa may be 
laid freely open and allowed to heal by granulation, or a 
thread may be drawn through the cavity and the pus 
drawn off, while cooling lotions are applied to the surface. 


$12 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


DISEASES OF MUSCLES. 
RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. 


The red flesh is rarely torn in life and never by volun- 
tary contraction. Though torn across with ease after 
death it will resist much move during life than the white 
fibrous cord by which it is attached to the bones. Mus- 
cles are usually torn by some extreme involuntary con- 
traction, as in recovering from a wrong step or slip, or in 
the extreme contractions of lock-jaw. Rupture is rec- 
ognized by the sudden pain and inability to use the mus- 
cle, and, if it is superficial, by tenderness, by a depression 
in the seat of the tear, and a bulging of the muscle above 
and below it. Later the depression may be filled by a 
soft compressible clot. 

Treatment consists in the approximation of the divided 
ends by such a position as will relax the muscle and by a 
tight bandage from the foot up if it be in a Limb, 


INFLAMMATION OF MUSCLE. 


This is usually the result of rheumatism but may arise 
from continued use or from local injury. It is manifested 
by swelling and extreme tenderness of the muscle in ques- 
tion, with loss of contractile power. If rheumatic it has 
the further characteristic of shifting from place to place. 
It may result in abscess, or thickening of the fibrous in- 
vesting membrane, or in calcareous, granular or fatty de- 
generation. It must be treated by rest, with soothing lo- 
cal treatment like any ordinary inflammation, and matter 
may be evacuated with knife or lancet, but the degenera- 
tions may be looked upon as permanent. 

Fatty degeneration is common in overfed animals, above 
all in those bred for early maturity and great aptitude to 
fatten (improved cattle, sheep and pigs,) and is quite irre- 
mediable. It may also arise from paralysis, the result of 
Injuries to the nerves as in roaring. 


RUPTURE OF TENDONS. SECTION OF TENDONS. 
These are not uncommon in horses during severe ex- 


Ad 


General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 313 


ertions, as on the race-course, the back tendons being the 
most common seat of the injury. Whether torn across or 
divided with a cutting instrument, they are readily repaired 
by the exudation of lymph between the divided ends and 
its organization into white fibrous tissue. It is neces- 
sary to support the limb so that the divided ends may be 
placed in apposition and retained thus for three or four 
weeks. Inflammation is to be checked by ordinary means. 


SPRAINS. 


When subjected to over-exertion, smews become the 
seat of sudden severe pain, inflammation, exudation, thick- 
ening and shortening. Sprains occur mainly from severe 
and continued over-exertion, or from the sudden jerk con- 
sequent on taking a wrong step when fatigued and unable 
readily to recover the balance. They are most frequent 
where tendons play over a bony process, but may occur 
at any part, and are of all grades from those producing a 
slight halt, with almost imperceptible thickening of the 
tendinous cord, to those in which the cord has been ex- 
tensively torn and becomes the centre of a most violent 
inflammation. 

Treatment. When violently inflamed or the seat of ex- 
treme pain, the tendon should be rested and relaxed by 
giving a suitable position to the limb, and fomented with 
warm water or showered continuously with cold, until heat 
and tenderness have been subdued. Or cooling astringent 
lotions may be used as advised under ostitis. A laxative 
and restricted diet are often essential. When heat and 
tenderness have subsided, occasional showering with cold 
water and hand-rubbing, or stimulating liniments (cam- 
phorated spirit ; liquor ammonia 1 part, olive-oil 2 parts; 
camphorated spirit and peppermint water equal parts, 
etc.,) may be used. The same agents may be applied to 
very slight cases at the outset. Or blisters may be ap- 
plied as advised under ostitis. 


ory 
a 


314 - The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


_ 


THICKENING, SHORTENING, CALCIFICATION OF TENDONS. ~ 


These are the results of severe or repeated sprains. If 
slight they may be benefited by time, gentle exercise (at 
erass), and an occasional blister of iodide of mercury. In 
cases with such thickening and shortening as to impair 
usefulness, after all inflammation has subsided the tendons 
may be cut across by a narrow-bladed knife, making an 
almost imperceptible skin wound, the ends drawn apart 
by full extension of the limb, and the case treated like an 
accidentally ruptured or cut tendon. If this operation 
is performed in a warm season, antiseptics must be ap- 
plied to the wound. 


CHAPTER XVII. 


SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES, JOINTS AND 
MUSCLES. 


Fracture of the lower jaw. Injuries by bit and curb. Fracture of the 
upper jaw; of the bones of the nose; of the frontal bones; of the crest of 
the poll; of the base of the cranium. Dislocation of the lower jaw. Open 
Joint between upper and lower jaws. Cancer (Encephaloid) of the Orbit. 
Tooth-like tumors under the ear. Poll Evil. Fistulous Withers. Fract- 
ured Processes of the neck-bones. Broken neck. Fracture of the Spinous 
Processes of the back and loins. Sprain of the back or loins. Transverse 
Fracture of the back or loins. Broken Back. Laceration of the muscles 
beneath the loins. Fracture of the croup. Injuries to the bones of the tail. 
Fractured Ribs. Wounds penetrating the chest. Shoulder lameness. Tu- 
mors on the shoulder. Sprain of the Coraco-radial tendon. Shoulder- 
sprain. Sprain of the muscles outside the shoulder-blade. Disease of the 
shoulder-joint. Other affections of the shoulder. Affections of the elbow 
and arm. Tumors on the point of the elbow. Wounds of the elbow. 
Fracture of the point of the elbow. Disease of the elbow-joint. Fracture 
of the arm bone. Fracture of the fore-arm. Sprain of the radial ligament. 
Sprain of the back tendons behind the knee. Thorough-pin of the knee. 
Synovial swellings in front of the knee. Inflammation of the knee. Dislo- 
cation of the knee. Wounds of the knee. Speedy cut. Broken knees. 
Splints. Sore shins. Fracture of the splint bones; of the shank-bone. 
Sprains of the back tendons; of the suspensory ligaments. Wind-galls. 
Sesamoiditis. Sprain of the inferior sesamoid ligaments. Elastic swellings 
in front of the fetlock. Cutting. Bruises on the fetlock. Fracture of the 
pastern bones. Bony growths on the pastern bones. Ringbones. Sprain 
of the flexor tendons behind the pastern. Fractures of the hip-bones ; of 
the outer angle; of the inner angle; of the point of the hip; through the 
shaft of the bone; into the joint. Sprain of the hip, Displacement of the 
Abductor Femoris. Disease of the hip-joint. Dislocation of the hip. Fract- 
ure of the thigh-bone; the neck; the shaft; the lower end. Fracture of 
the knee-cap. Dislocation of the knee-cap, stifled. Disease of the stifle. 
Fracture of the leg between the stifle and hock; Tibia; Fibula. Sprain or 
laceration of the muscle which bends the hock. Sprain of the hamstring. 
Rupture of the hamstring. Capped hock. Displacement of the tendon 


316 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


playing over the point of the hock. Sprain of the flexor tendon behind the 
hock. Thorough-pin. Distension of the sheath of the extensor tendon in 
front of the hock. Fracture of the inner maleolus. Fracture of the point 
of the hock and other hock bones. Bone spavin. Inflammation of the true 
hock joint. Bog spavin. Dropsy of the hock joint. Blood spavin. Curb. 
String-halt. Other causes of lameness. 


FRACTURES OF THE LOWER JAW. 


These take place in the anterior part occupied by the 
front teeth, or more frequently on one side, between these 
and the grinders. In simple fractures with no great tend- 
ency to movement an exclusive diet of soft mashes will 
often suffice, a double halter being so arranged that the 
animal cannot possibly reach either fodder or litter. If 
the fracture is between the front teeth a copper or silver 
wire wound round two teeth on opposite sides of the break 
may fix the parts sufficiently. If further back and very 
mobile, it may still be retained at times by using the 
tushes as fixed points from which to carry the wire. 
Where these cannot be availed of, the jaw may be perfo- 
rated by a fine drill in front of the fracture and behind it, 
and the two parts firmly bound together by a silver wire. 
Tf this is not available, a mould of gutta-percha or wood is 
made to fit the lower jaw and sides of the face from the 
throat as far as the chin, and this is strapped on by four 
belts, one passing behind the ears, one in front of them, 
one on the middle of the face and one on the nose but four 
inches above the nostrils. The straps may be held to- 
gether by another or a simple cord passing down the 
middle of the face, and the two lower ones should be 
slightly elastic. This should be kept on till union is 
effected and no hard food should be allowed for two 
months. 

In cases of compound comminuted fractures remove all 
foreign bodies and detached pieces of bone, and make an 
opening in the case, through which the wound may be 


dressed with antiseptic liquids (carbolic acid 1 part, water 
100 parts). 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 317 


INJURIES BY BIT AND CURB. 


These often cause slight fractures or superficial necro- 
sis on the upper or lower borders of the jaw. Extract 
detached pieces or scrape off dead, and when the wound 
has healed drive with a snaffle. 


FRACTURE OF THE UPPER JAW. 


This is much less serious. If at the anterior part fix 
by wiring the teeth together. If further back and associ- 
ated with discharge from the nose, trephine the sinus (see 
diseased teeth), remove detached pieces of bone and in- 
ject with a weak astringent solution (diseased teeth). 


FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NOSE. 


Here the depression of the space between the nostrils 
and the difficulty of breathing are characteristic. Shave 
the skin above and below the fracture; make a smooth 
cone of wood, rounded at the apex and just large enough 
to fit the nasal passage; with this inside the nose raise 
the bone to its proper position and strap it there by strong 
adhesive plaster passing over the interval of the fracture. 
In obstinate cases we can resort to plugging of one nos- 
tril with tow, or of both nosirils if tracheotomy has been 
first performed. 


FRACTURE OF THE FRONTAL BONES. 


Tf beneath the level of the eye the danger is slight and 
after removal of detached pieces of bone it may be treated 
like an ordinary wound. Ii above, the depressed bone 
must be raised with a lever to avoid compression of the 
brain when exudation takes place. Fracture of the process 
which forms the upper boundary of the eye-socket may 
be raised in the same manner to avoid subsequent blemisl. 


FRACTURE OF THE CREST OF THE POLL (OCCIPITAL). 


Tf split straight down and without opening the cranium 
and exposing the brain, the animal should be tied so that 
ahs 


318 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


the nose is kept habitually protruded and the injury 
treated like a simple wound. It may be needful to use 
astringent lotions or even to make a counter-opening below 
to secure a perfect recovery. 


FRACTURES AT THE BASE OF THE CRANIUM. 


These are usually due to blows on the poll, the shock 
being conveyed through the harder structures and ex- 
pended fatally on the softer bones below. Being in con- 
tact with the most vital parts of the brain and beyond 
the reach of surgical interference such fractures are fatal. 


DISLOCATION OF THE LOWER JAW. 


This sometimes occurs in the dog, from opening the 
jaws too widely in giving pills, etc. The jaw is slightly 
advanced and held open in spite of all attempts of the 
animal to close it. Wrap the thumbs very thickly in 
cloth, and seizing the lower jaw press it forcibly downward 
and backward when it will slip in with a jerk and the jaws 
will close firmly. 


OPEN JOINT BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER JAWS. 


A wound exists midway between the eye and the root of 
the ear, discharging a glairy fluid when the animal chews. 
Fix the jaws by a bridle with straps drawn tightly around 
the nose, feed thick gruels and soft mashes only and treat 
as advised for open joint. 


CANCER (ENCEPHALOID) OF THE ORBIT. 


This occurs in horses and cattle, great, angry, bleeding, 
fungous growths appearing from the soft and hard struct- 
ures about the orbit. The only hope lies in early removal. 


> 


TOOTH-LIKE TUMORS UNDER THE EAR. 


These are manifested by a running sore, just above and 
behind the joint between the upper and the lower jaw, 
with a hard object to be felt at the bottom. Their ex- 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 319 


traction can only be undertaken by one intimately ac- 
quainted with the parts. 


POLL EVIL. 


This is of two kinds: Ist, A simple abscess, the result of a 
blow or other local injury, and which is only serious because 
of the strong enveloping fibrous membranes that imprison 
the matter beneath them; and 2d, disease of the joimt 
between the head and the first bone of the neck, or be- 
tween the first two bones. The first, if unrelieved, will 
usually give rise to the second, since the surface of the 
bones becomes the seat of disease which gradually extends 
to and involves the joint. The milder form may be dis- 
tinguished by the superficial position of the swelling and 
fluctuation, and by the comparative freedom and ease 
with which the head is moved, whereas in the other the 
head is carried very stiffly and cannot be moved on the 
neck without extreme suffering. 

Treatment. When seen early with only a slight inflam- 
matory swelling behind the poll and no fluctuation, purge 
and keep a cooling lotion (tincture of arnica 2 oz., 1odide 
of potassium 1 dr., vinegar 1 qt., camomile infusion 1 qt.,) 
constantly appled to the part, the patient at rest, and the 
head tied up to the rack. If matter has formed and fluctu- 
ation is felt, however deep, it must be opened at once. 
Select the part where fluctuation is most marked and 
plunge a knife into the cavity. Then with a bent probe 
find the lowest point of the sac and cut down upon this, 
making a large opening from which the matter may flow 
as it forms. A tape should be tied in the wound and the 
sac syringed out daily with a stimulating wash (chloride 
of zine $ dr., water 1 qt.,) until from the disappearance of 
swelling and matter it becomes evident that the sac is ob- 
literated, when the tape may be cut, pulled half way out 
and left hanging from the lower wound until the upper is 
closed, when it may be completely withdrawn. When 
new sacs of matter appear these must be promptly opened 


820 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


and treated in the same way. A change of dressing is 
sometimes needed as one appears to be losing its effect 
(tincture of muriate of iron 1 oz., water 1 quart). In ob- 
stinate cases it 1s sometimes needful to lay the sacs open 
by an extensive incision and treat like an ordinary wound. 
But all these operations are only safe in the hands of 
those who are intimately acquainted with the structure of 
the part. | 

In case of disease of the bone it may be felt bare at the 
bottom of the sac, by probing, and may be scraped to re- 
move any dead or diseased part, and expose sound bone 
which may undergo the healing process. 

If the joint is implicated the case may be deemed des- 
perate, as it is usually only a question of time for the 
spinal cord to become involved. 


FISTULOUS WITHERS. 


This is analogous to the milder form of poll evil, differing 
only in its site, which is on the spines above the shoulders. 
It is to be treated in the same way, by free incision, the 
formation of a dependent orifice and injections. I the 
Spinous processes are diseased they should be removed 
with bone forceps until a healthy surface is exposed. 


FRACTURED PROCESSES OF THE NECK BONES. 


This may arise from muscular effort but more commonly 
results from jamming between two heavy bodies. If on 
one side only, the head is drawn to a side; and in any case 
the detached piece of bone may be felt among the muscles 
and grating even may be produced by moving it. The 
only treatment is to keep the head in one position until 
the detached parts have become adherent, which they 
usually do with a visible swelling. If abscess or fistula 
forms the detached bone must be extracted. 


TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NECK 


These occur from pitching on the head, and are fatal 
from the sudden cessation of breathing. 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 321 


FRACTURE OF THE SPINOUS PROCESSES OF BACK AND LOINS. 


This is detected by the mobility, with or without grating, 
of the spines implicated. If comminuted the splinters 
should be extracted ; if simple, replace them and retain by 
a pitch plaster on each side, or with a saddle having a 
high tree and plenty of padding at the sides to support 
the fractured bone. 


SPRAINS OF THE BACK OR LOINS, 


_ here is inability to back, above all when mounted, or 
to turn quickly in a circle, tenderness at a given spot on 
pinching along the back, drooping when mounted, and 
difficulty in urination from the pain attendant on curving 

the back. It has come on suddenly after slipping, falling, 
bearing a heavy weight, etc., and is independent of fever. 

Jt is distinguished from partial paraplegia by the per- 
fect sensation in the hind parts, by the absence of 
any change in their temperature as compared with the 
rest of the body, and by the retention of perfect sensation 
and motion in the tail. 

Treatment. Place in a narrow stall in which the patient 
cannot turn his body or even his neck; apply slings to 
prevent any attempt at lymg down; foment with warm 
water if there is much pain; when that has subsided, 
blister. It is all-important to give laxative diet, and to 
_ correct, any costiveness or other impairment of the general 


health. 


TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF BACK OR LOINS. 


This occurs suddenly from an evident cause, such as 
slipping, over-weighting, a wrong step, or struggling when 
east for an operation. If displacement has not taken 
place there is an exaggerated manifestation of the same 
symptoms as in sprained back, but if the bones are dis- 
placed, or when the resulting inflammation and swelling 
have produced pressure on the spinal cord, there is para- 
plegia, coldness of the body behind the seat of fracture 


322 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


though that in front may be hot and perspiring; the tail 
is implicated in the palsy, and there is much tenderness 
and often a manifest depression of the seat of fracture. 

Treatment. The slighter forms are treated like sprained 
loins. In the more severe, the subject should be de- 
stroyed at once. If after recovery in other respects a 
certain lack of power remains, it must be treated like 
— paraplegia. 


LACERATION OF THE MUSCLES BENEATH THE LOINS. 


This occurs from the hind limbs slipping unexpectedly 
backward or from their going back into a ditch which the 
animal is attempting to leap. The manifestations resem- 
ble those of broken back, as there are difficulty in rising, 
and an imperfect control over the hind limbs, which are 
dragged awkwardly forward and not advanced so far as in 
health. But there is no indication of paralysis and no 
alteration of temperature or sensibility in the hind parts, 
the functions of the tail are perfect, and examination 
through the rectum detects a soft doughy swelling, with 
heat and tenderness beneath the loins. Treatment is by ° 
slings and fomentations to the loins. If the horse is un- 
able to get up, raise him by block and tackle and he will 
easily stand. Several weeks are wanted for repair of the 
injury and the patient should have a run at grass before 
returning to work. 


FRACTURE OF THE CROUP (SACRUM). 


Seen in cattle and less frequently in horses, and caused 
by riding each other or by the fall of heavy bodies on the 
part. There is a manifest depression at one point of the — 
medium line of the croup, and the tail usually hangs 
paralyzed. Hxamination with the oiled hand in the rec- 
tum at once detects the displacement, which is always 
downward. With one hand in the rectum pressing on the 
depressed bone and the other pulling the tail, the bones 
may be replaced and should be held so by a stiff leather 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 323 


sheath well padded, fixed round the root of the tail and 
connected in front with a surcingle and collar. Recovery 
of power over the tail may be looked for. 


INJURIES TO THE BONES OF THE TAIL. 


Fracture and dislocation are easily reduced and the 
bones maintained in proper place by a bandage. If the 
bones are crushed, or the seat of caries or necrosis, the 
member should be amputated above the injury. Docking 
scissors are best for this purpose, but the organ may be 
laid across a beam and chopped off with one blow of a 
hatchet. The hair should first be removed from the part 
to be cut, and what is above this part tied up to the rump. 
After the amputation the hair is drawn down over the 
stump and firmly tied, as close to it as possible, so as to 
compress the arteries and check bleeding. In cattle and 
other animals, with short hair on the tails, bleeding may 
be prevented by a flat tape tied round the tail above the 
stump for eight hours, or the arteries may be tied, or 
finally, they may be seared with a hot iron, the part hav- 
ing been first dusted with powdered resin. 


FRACTURED RIBS. 


These usually result from falls, blows and other forms 
of mechanical injury, and may be easily detected by a 
depression or soft part at the seat of fracture. If simple, 
they will be readily repaired under the influence of rest 
and girths to restrict the movements of the chest. But if 
comminuted, abscesses may form or necrosis ensue, de- 
manding the removal of the dead or morbid matters. If 
the fractured ends have been driven in so far as to pene- 
trate the lung a still more serious complication is met. 
The air rushes from the tubes of the lacerated lung into 
the pleural cavity during each inspiration, and as it can- 
not find its way back, the whole of that half of the chest 
is soon filled with air and the lung compressed into a 
smal] solid mass attached to the lower end of the wind- 


324 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


pipe, and opposite the base of the heart. The lesion 
is thus lable to prove fatal, though if arrested early by the 
exudation of lymph in the wound of the lung, the air may 
be absorbed and recovery may ensue. 


WOUNDS PENETRATING THE CHEST. 


Whether connected with broken ribs or only involving 
the muscles between the ribs, these lead to the accumula- 
tion of air in the chest and collapse of the lung, as when 
a broken rib has torn the lung tissue. The edges of the 
wound, having been driven in, act like a valve allowing the 
entrance of air during the expansion of the chest, but for- 
bidding its escape when that cavity collapses. It is far 
more serious than the accumulation of air in the chest from 
a torn lung, as decomposition and irritation are set up by 
the presence of germs which are filtered out in passing 
through the lungs. Unless the wound is small and can 
be closed early, it is necessarily fatal. 


SHOULDER LAMENESS. 


The lameness which accompanies injuries to the shoul- 
der may be so characteristic as to be recognized at a 
glance. The specific features are, the carrying of the head 
low; the dragging of the toe on the ground in advancing 
the limb; the swinging of the foot outward so as to 
describe the are of a circle in bringing it forward ; and, if 
severe enough, the standing with joints partly bent, the 
heel raised and the toe resting on the ground, but without 
any advance of the lame foot in front of the other. 


TUMORS ON THE SHOULDER. 


Often preceded by chafing or galling, these consist of 
inflammation and suppuration beneath the large flat 
muscle which covers the front of the shoulder (levator 
humeri). The tissues around the matter become thickened 
and indurated to an extraordinary extent, so that it is 
often impossible to detect any fluctuation, yet it may be 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 325 


assumed in all cases of considerable swelling that matter 
really exists, and the recovery will not ensue until that has 
been evacuated. In slight cases only will a little nut-like 
induration form without matter. 

Treatment. In cases in which injury has just been sus- 
tained, suspend work or drive in a breast strap, and treat 
as for chafing. If a tumor forms, first subdue the more 
active inflammation by a dose of physic and a wet rug 
slung over the shoulder for several days ; then open it with 
a knife, or preferably, draw off the liquid once or twice, at 
intervals of two or three days, with a cannula and trocar, 
and then, when the sac has been reduced to a small size, 
lay it freely open with the knife and treat like an ordinary 
wound. In very large tumors it may be necessary to push 
the cannula in as far as four or even six-inches before the 
matter is reached, but the operator must persevere, direct- 
ing it always toward the exact centre of the swelling. The 
small solid tumors are to be cut out with the knife, a 
straight vertical incision being made through the skin, 
directly over the mass, which is then dissected out, and 
the skin brought together with stitches and treated like 
a simple wound. 


SPRAIN OF THE CORACO-RADIAL TENDON. SHOULDER SPRAIN. 


This is a sprain of the large tendon which passes over 
the point of the shoulder (the most prominent part directly 
in front), and in bad cases the double pulley over which it 
plays in front of the upper end of the arm bone is involved 
in inflammation and ulceration. 

Symptoms. Pendent head, dragging toe, swinging out- 
ward of the foot when being advanced, shortness of the 
step, and a tendency to stand with the toe only resting 
on the ground and the limb bent but not advanced. Swell- 
ing of the point of the shoulder is sometimes, though rarely 
seen, but pressure on this point with the thumbs will 
detect tenderness, which is especially marked as compared 
with that of the other shoulder. The pressure should be 

28 


326 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser 


made successively on the inner side of the tendon, on the 
outer and on its centre. 

Treatment. First subdue the inflammation by rest, a 
high-heeled shoe and a wet rug kept hanging continually 
over the shoulder (a blanket folded several times and tied 
round the neck and chest), with or without a purge and 
restricted diet. When the heat and tenderness have sub- 
sided apply a smart blister over the point of the shoulder, 
and repeat if lameness persists. In obstinate cases it may 
be needful to use the hot iron, but only on the outer 
side of the jomt, and never on the point where the collar 
rests. 


SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OUTSIDE THE SHOULDER-BLADE. 


This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the poste- 
rior cavity on the outer side of the shoulder-blade and 
plays over the outer side of the shoulder-joint (outer tu- 
bercle of the head of the humerus). It occurs mainly in 
young horses when first put to plow or in others going on 
uneven ground and stepping unexpectedly into holes. In 
the endeavor to recover the equilibrium on stepping into 
a furrow or hole, this muscle which forms the outer sup- 
port of the joint is injured and there result heat, swelling 
and tenderness on the outside of the joint and a most 
characteristic gait. The horse may walk; or even trot, 
without much apparent lameness, but standing directly in 
front of him the affected shoulder is seen to roll outward 
from the body to a far greater extent than the sound one. 
Soon the muscle begins to waste rapidly, and in bad cases 
the shoulder-blade may be denuded until it appears to be 
covered by nothing but skin. 

Treatment. In the first stages, with heat, swelling and 
tenderness outside the joint, rest, employ a wet rug, ete., 
as for sprain of the coraco-radial tendon. When this has 
subsided allow exercise on smooth ground (walking, work- 
ing in light cultivator,) and increase the circulation over 
the wasted muscle by active friction with straw or a piece 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 327 


of wood: or by mild blisters (ammonia 1 pt., oil 2 pts.: or 
Spanish flies 1 part, alcohol 25 pts., steeped for 24 hours 
and strained): or stimulate with a galvanic battery. It 
may take months to refill the cavity, but in all recent 
eases perseverance will be rewarded. In old standing 
cases with tatty degeneration of the muscles, a very par- 
tial restoration only can be effected. 

Té must be added that wasting of the shoulder muscles 
is a common result of all lameness entailing disuse of the 
limb and hence many injuries of the feet and elsewhere 
are referred to the shoulder and designated sweeny (Schwin- 
den) by wiseacres. In the absence of the peculiar gait 
above described, of the early heat, swellig and tender- 
ness outside the joint and the rapid wasting of the mus- 
cle, the cause of the sweeny should be sought elsewhere 
than the shoulder. 


DISEASE OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT (INFLAMMATION, 
ULCERATION, ETC.) 


In the large quadrupeds, in which swelling and tender- 
ness on handling are rarely seen, disease in the joint is to 
be mainly distinguished by the general symptoms of 
shoulder lameness and the absence of any of the signs of 
local disease in the tendons, already described. Move- 
ment of the joint by drawing the limb forward, and espe- 
cially by drawing it backward, will usually give rise to 
pain, sometimes of an extreme nature. 

In dogs the capsule of the joint is found to bulge on 
each side of the coraco-radial tendon which plays over 
the point of the shoulder, and tenderness may be shown 
when it is handled. 

Treatment. When inflammation is very severe rest and — 
soothing measures should be first resorted to. In the 
majority of cases it assumes a subacute type and is to be 
treated by a high-heeled shoe, rest and counter-irritants. 
Repeated blistering with Spanish flies may suffice, but in 
obstinate cases and whenever there is reason to suspect 


328 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


ulceration, the hot iron 1s most serviceable, applied round 
the outer side of the joint only. 


OTHER AFFECTIONS OF THE SHOULDER. 


The shoulder-blade is subject to fracture, ulceration 
and necrosis; the muscles beneath the bone to lacera- 
tions ; the joint to dislocations (rare in large quadrupeds) ; 
and the lymphatic glands inside the joint to abscess (es- 
pecially in strangles), all of which must be treated on gen- 
eral principles, space forbidding their further notice in 
the present work. Shoulder lameness may further arise 
from liver disease, which see. 


AFFECTIONS OF THE ELBOW AND ARM. 


Lameness in the region of the elbow is characterized 
by the inability to extend the joint fully or to bear weight 
upon it in this condition. Im bad cases the elbow and 
knee joints are kept semiflexed when standing still, and 
when walking or trotting the dropping of the head and 
body is extreme, In consequence of a similar flexion. 
Movement of the joint will also give rise to symptoms of 
tenderness. 


TUMORS ON THE POINT OF THE ELBOW. 


These are usually caused by the heels of the shoe when 
the horse lies with his fore limbs bent under him (cow 
fashion) from undue narrowness of the stall. 

Symptoms. There is first a hot, tender swelling, and if 
the source of injury is kept up, this may increase by small 
degrees to a very large size. Soon the swelling fluctuates 
from contained serum and it may remain thus indefinitely, 
the liquid being confined by the tough fibrous walls. Or 
the serum may be absorbed leaving a hard nut-like tumor 
with no sign of fluctuation. 

Treatment. Sooth the early inflammation by fomenta- 
tions or a wet rug hung over the part, and keep on a soft 
laxative diet. If the amount of serum thrown out is 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 329 


limited, it may be entirely re-absorbed by using tincture of 
iodine to remove the swelling. If more abundant let it be 
drawn off with a cannula and trocar and the sac injected 
with compound tincture of iodine diluted in double its 
bulk of water. Ii this is not available, lay the sac freely 
open at its lower part and heal like a common wound. It 
a hard mass is left beneath the skin it is to be cut out as 
advised for those on the shoulder. 

By way of prevention the stall must be widened, and, in 
the case of animals that will le on the breast, a pad or 
girdle of two or three inches thick must be strapped round 
the pastern at night to prevent the heel striking against 
the elbow. This pad must be soft, covered with chamois’s 
leather, made without a seam on its outer side, and buckled 
above and below so that nothing hard may touch the elbow. 


- WOUNDS OF THE ELBOW. 


Wounds in this situation are often complicated with air 
under the skin puffing up the whole region, having been 
pumped in by the movements of the elbow. Rest is 
requisite and the wound may be treated as others. 


FRACTURE OF THE POINT OF THE ELBOW. 


This is easily recognized, as the leg dangles, bending at 
the elbow and knee, and it is impossible to bear any weight 
on it. On taking hold of the back of the elbow the proc- 
ess of bone is found to be detached and loose. If excess- 
ive swelling prevents this, place the foot upon the ground, 
bend back the knee forcibly and let an assistant raise the 
opposite fore foot. If the bone is broken he will drop, if 
the muscles only are injured he may stand. 

Treatment. Jf the injury has occurred from a kick, 
which has seriously contused the jot surfaces, all treat- 
ment may be futile, but if not, the case will be hopeful 
and especially in the young. Bring the detached bone as 
nearly as possible into position and retain it by a pad 
placed inside the elbow, and a bandage and splints con- 


28* 


300 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


tinued from the foot up. The patient must be placed in 
slings. 


DISEASE OF THE ELBOW-JOINT. 


This must be diagnosed by the general symptoms of 
elbow lameness and by pain in moving the joint, but espe- 
cially when it is fully extended. 

Treatment as for diseased shoulder-joint, the applications 
in this case being made to the elbow. If far advanced or 
if connected with fracture of the lower end of the arm 
bone or of that forming the point of the elbow, it will 
usually be unsatisfactory. 


FRACTURE OF THE ARM BONE. 


Fracture of the large bone between the point of the 
shoulder and the elbow may occur from blows, or even 
wrong steps, and is often attended by much swelling from 
extravasation of blood. The only resort is to place the 
animal in slings and keep him perfectly quiet. In rare 
cases recovery has taken place with no distortion, the bro- 
ken ends, in a transverse fracture, remaining in apposition. 
Usually they are drawn apart by the muscles and ride 
over each other so that the limb is shortened. Such a re- 
sult is only desirable in breeding horses and in stock for 
dairy or butcher. 


FRACTURE OF THE FORE-ARM. 


Fractures between the elbow and knee in horses or 
cattle necessarily leave the animal unable to rest on the 
limb ; if in dogs or cats one of the bones may be broken 
while the other remains unharmed and weight can still be 
borne. There is trembling of the muscles, distortion 
easily felt on carrying the hand down the inner side along 
the line of the bone, and grating when the limb is moved. 

Treatment. Tf the fracture is very oblique treatment 
will rarely pay in horses, but if transverse or jagged so 
that the bones do not ride, the case is very hopeful. Set- 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 331 


ting the bones, with the aid of extension and counter- 
extension, or even ether if necessary, applying splints and 
bandages from the foot to the elbow, and placing in slings 
(if a large animal) are the essential conditions. 


SPRAIN OF THE RADIAL LIGAMENT. 


This is an injury of a strong, flat, fibrous band, coming 
from the lower third of the fore-arm and joining the back 
tendons just above the knee. It is characterized by a 
tendency to carry the pastern upright, or even to flex the 
knee and to stumble. The knee cannot be fully flexed 
without much pain, and there is a hot tender swelling 
immediately behind the bone and extending from the knee 
about four inches upward. 

Treat by rest, a laxative, a high-heeled shoe, and fo- 
mentations or cooling astringent lotions ; followed when 
heat and tenderness subside by active blistermg should 
lameness continue. 


SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS BEHIND THE KNEE. 
THOROUGH-PIN OF THE KNEE. 


This is manifested by a tense fluctuating swelling on 
each side of the back tendons just above the knee and 
behind the bone of the fore-arm ; also of a swelling behind 
and immediately below the knee, pressure on one of these 
swellings causing the fillmg up of the others and vice 
versa. There may or may not be much lameness, or im- 
possibility of flexing the knee so as to bring the fetlock 
pad in contact with the elbow. 

Treat the inflammation as in sprained radial ligament, 
and the liquid distension by blister, by bandage and pads 
shaped lke half of an egg cut longitudinally, or still better 
by evacuating the liquid with the nozzle of a hypodermic 
syringe, and then applying pressure with wet bandages. 


SYNOVIAL SWELLINGS IN FRONT OF THE KNEE. 


These are of three kinds: Ist, the distension of a bursa 
or formation of a serous cyst under the skin, exceedingly 


332 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


common in heavy cattle; 2d, distension of the theca of 
one or more of the four tendons which pass over the front 
and outer side of the knee; 3d, and finally, disease inside 
the knee-joint and distension of its capsule. The first is 
superficial though often possessed of very thick walls, is 
generally diffused over the front of the joint, and is little 
affected by flexion or extension. The distended thecz 
extend vertically along the lines of the tendons, reaching 
above and below the joint and are bound down at in- 
tervals by transverse bands; their size 1s little affected by 
bending the joint. Distensions of the joint capsule ap- 
pear in the intervals between the tendons, do not extend 
beyond the joint except in very extreme cases, and disap- 
pear in part or entirely when the joint is bent; in this 
case the joimt is rarely kept fully extended in standing 
and cannot usually be flexed to make the fetlock touch 
the elbow. 

Treatment. For Subcutaneous cysts puncture with nozzle 
of hypodermic syringe, draw off the liquid and compress 
strongly with wet bandages. If this cannot be done, pass 
a tape from above downward through the cavity of the 
sac, and keep in until resulting suppuration has ceased, 
when it may be withdrawn from above downward a little 
at a time. Excess of inflammation may be subdued by 
fomentations and thick wet bandages. 

The distended thecce may be punctured with a nozzle of 
a hypodermic syringe and subjected to pressure, or treated 
with strong blisters (biniodide of mercury 2 dr., lard 1 0z.,) 
repeatedly applied ; or simple pressure will suffice if kept 
up for some weeks increasing the time daily. Setons 
would be dangerous. 

For distended joint see below. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEE-JOINT. 


This may be seen in all stages from that in which the 
animal starts forward perceptibly at the knee and mani- 
fests suffering when you try to fully extend it by strong 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 3338 


pressure on its anterior surface, to the most violent and 
destructive inflammation with extensive exudation of lymph 
and even the formation of abscess. It tends to leave the 
puffy swellings of its capsule referred to under the preced- 
ing heading, or distinct hard bony enlargements on the 
anterior surface of the joint. The animal stands squarely 
upon his feet with no inclination to raise the heel, and in 
action carries the knee-joint comparatively unbent, takes 
a fairly long step and comes down with greatest force on 
the heels so as to wear the shoe at this pomt. A rider 
has a peculiar sensation of the chest smking under him. 
The lameness increases with exercise, especially on hard 
surfaces. 

Treatment. Rest, without shoes; subdue inflammation 
by soothing applications, after which blister the part. If 
the animal persists in using it too freely, apply splints and 
bandages to fix the joint, and place in slings. 


WOUNDS OF THE KNEE. 


DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE-JOINT with laceration of the 
- Jateral ligaments occurs, and though if put in splints and 
slings the patients will sometimes recover with a stiff knee, 
the result is a very undesirable one. 

BRUISE OF THE INNER SIDE OF THE KNEE. SPEEDY CUT. 
This usually results from a blow with the opposite foot, in 
horses with high action, in those with narrow chests, or, 
above all, in horses driven in the snow-path. It is mani- 
fested by an inflammatory swelling on the prominence of 
bone inside the joint, resulting In a permanent scar, a 
serous sac or an abscess. Its early or inflammatory stage 
may be treated by lotions of cold water or astringent 
liquids, kept constantly applied; the serous effusion by 
pressure or by drawing off the liquid through a fine tube, 
and then bandaging, and abscess by a free incision with a 
knife or lancet. 

To prevent keep the foot rather bare inside, with the 

‘shoe slightly beveled from its wearing to its bearing sur- 


dd4 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


face, allow no ragged nail clinches to project, and re-ad- 
just the shoe sufficiently often (every three weeks). Ora 
boot may be worn extending from the fetlock to the knee 
and with a rim at its upper part to warn the animal when 
his foot approaches this point. 

Wounbs IN Front of THE KNEES. Broken Knees. Usu- 
ally sustained in falling, but it may be by striking against 
a manger or other hard object. They are of all degrees 
of severity : 1st, simple loss of hair and slight abrasion of 
the scarfskin; 2d, a severe bruise of the skin without 
laceration; 3d, a wound extending no deeper than the 
skin ; 4th, a wound laying bare the tendons and opening 
their sheaths ; 5th, a wound laying open the joint and ex- 
posing the bones with or without laceration of the tendons ; 
and 6th, when the joint is opened and the small bones of 
the knee broken. 

Treatment. 1st, With simple abrasion no treatment is 
needed ; 2d, if much bruised tie short to a high rack to 
prevent lying down and bandage lghtly, using a mild 
astringent lotion (sugar of lead $ oz., carbolic acid 60 
drops, water 2 qts.); 3d, in all cases in which the wound 
extends through the skin it is desirable to bend the knee 
to the position occupied when wounded so that the deep 
wounds may correspond with the superficial, and wash off 
with a stream of tepid water or soft clean sponge all dunt 
or foreign bodies, but never probe nor run any risk of 
opening cavities which have not been injured. Any shreds 
of tissue which are absolutely dead should be eut off, but 
never remove any skin, however contused, as it will all be 
wanted. Then cutting the hair from the flaps of the 
wound above and below bring them together by straps of 
plaster or tow dipped in shellac vie leaving sufficient 
intervals for the escape of matter. If the wae inflames 
and swells, give a purgative and dress with the lotion ad- 
vised for bruised knee. In all severe cases it is desirable 
to sling the patient after the first few days to obviate any 
attempt to lie down, which would seriously protract the 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 335 


ease; 4th, the exposure of the tendons, with escape of 
glairy synovia, will entail more swelling and fever and per- 
manent enlargement of the joint, but will demand the 
same course of treatment; 5th, when the tendons are 
crushed or torn and the joint opened, and above all when 
the bones are broken we have cases of increasing severity 
and in few such is it desirable to subject to treatment, un- 
less the patient is to be valuable for breeding purposes. 
Considerable death of tendon and even necrosis and elimi- 
nation of bone may be expected and the patient can only 
recover with a stiff joint. In addition to the measures 
already recommended, it becomes imperative to encase 
the limb up to the elbow in splints and bandages, as for a 
fracture, leaving open the part in front of the knee for 
dressing the wound. 


SPLINTS. 

These are circumscribed inflammations of the perios- 
teum and small bones in the region of the shank, involving 
or not the shank-bones themselves, and resulting in small 
bony swellings. They occur almost invariably on the inner 


Fig. 67. 


Fig. 67—Splint. 


side of the limb, between the large and small bones of the 
shank, and may usually be recognized by running the 
fingers down the slight groove formed between the main 
shank-bone and its small accessory one behind. It usually 
connects the large bone to the small (anchylosis), but may 
be confined to the posterior part of the small bone, or may 
extend across the back of the shank-bone and appear at 
the same level on the inner and outer sides of the limb 


336 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. 


alike. In old horses i is not unfrequent to find the small 
bone united to the large along two-thirds ofits length. If 
situated high up and close to the knee, it is more likely to 
cause continued lameness than if lower down. Again if 
an animal has several splints and other diseases of bone 
he is highly objectionable, as being predisposed to bone 
disease. ' 

Symptoms. Beside the feeling of the splints on hand- 
ling, as above mentioned, these symptoms may be seen. 
The patient may walk sound, or even trot so, on soft © 
ground, but is exceedingly lame when trotted on a hard 
surface, and this lameness increases with exercise. The 
extreme drooping of the head is characteristic. Even 
before the formation of the splint tenderness may be 
shown on pressure, and some little heat recognized. In 
some cases considerable soft swelling may be felt in the 
early stages. In acute cases, threatening abscess, the 
lameness is extreme. 

Treatment. In the early stages, rest, purge, and apply 
cooling lotions. When heat and tenderness subside, blis- 
ter. Some cases will recover promptly, others require 
repeated blistering and a long period of rest. If heat and 
ereat tenderness return, resort again to soothing measures. 
In extreme tenderness, threatening the formation of mat- 
ter, the periosteum should be divided with a very narrow- 
bladed knife which is passed through the skin half an inch 
-below the swelling and carried up over it. The part must 
then be covered by a wet bandage. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE COVERING THE SHANK-BONE. 
SORE SHINS. 


This occurs especially in over-worked young horses. 
Racers are very liable, but cart-horses are not exempt. 
There is general tumefaction of the shank-bone or of some 
part of it, usually the lower, with a lameness greatly re- 
sembling that of splints. If slight and circumscribed, the 
exudation that takes place between the membrane and 


*. 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 337 


the bone is ossified, giving rise to permanent thickening, 
and exudation outside the membrane may follow a similar 
course, causing a very considerable swelling. In the more 
severe cases, the abundant exudation, separating the 
membrane from the bone, may cut off the supply of blood 
and entail necrosis; or the lymph may degenerate into 
pus which burrows beneath the membrane, separating it 
from the bone and destroying the life of the latter. 

Treatment. In mild cases treat like splints. In the 
very severe with great tenderness and doughy swelling of 
the bone, make a series of incisions through the membrane 
covering the bone, with a very narrow-bladed knife and 
by valvular wounds, passing the blade a short distance 
beneath the skin before cutting down on the bone. Then 
apply the lotion advised for broken knees. 


FRACTURE OF THE SPLINT BONES. 


The lower ends of the small bones of the shank are 
hable to be broken, the lesion being made out by the 
swelling at the point and the unnatural mobility of the 
lower end of the bone, though grating is not to be ex- 
pected. No treatment is needed beyond a cooling bandage 
and rest. 


FRACTURE OF THE SHANK-BONE. 


This is broken by kicks, blows, or simply by con- 
cussion in exercise. The superficial position of the 
bone renders all distortion very apparent, and this with 
the impossibility of resting weight on the limb and the 
grating of the broken ends when handled are unmistak- 
able. | 

Treatment. If comminuted, as it often is, the animal 
had best be slaughtered. If only compound, hopes 
may be entertained, especially in young animals, an open- 
ing being made in the bandage to dress the wound. I sim- 
ple and the fracture not too oblique, nothing is easier than 


to set it, to envelop it in a bandage extending over and 
29 


308 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


fixing the knee, and to keep the patient in slings until 
union has taken place. 


SPRAINS OF THE BACK TENDONS. 


'Fhese are the two cords which form the posterior line 
of the limb between the knee and the fetlock. About 
midway down the shank the front one is joined by a strong 
cord coming from the upper end of the cannon-bone and 
the lower row of small knee bones. This last is by far 
the most frequent seat of sprain, so that the swelling and 
tenderness are observed between the upper half of the 
cannon-bone and the round cord which forms the posterior 
outline of the limb. In other cases the tendons have 
participated in the sprain, and they too are thickened and 
tender from the middle of the shank (the point of junction 
with the ligament) down to the fetlock. In a third class 
the sprain is confined to an inch or two above the fetlock. 
In these the swelling is to the two sides if the anterior of 
the two tendons is injured and backward if the posterior 
is sprained. The symptoms are a stumbling gait, with 
a tendency to stub the toe into the ground and to bend 
over at the knee and fetlock; an inclination to stand with 
the knee and fetlock slightly bent, the pastern upright or 
the heel a little raised; then passing the hand along the 
line of the tendons and in front of them in the upper half 
of the bone, the thumb on one side and the fingers on the 
other, any slight thickening is easily recognized, and if 
heat exists and pain on pinching, your suspicions are con- 
firmed. In old bad cases the stay ligament and lower 
half of the tendons are greatly thickened throughout and 
the knee kept constantly bent, sometimes to the extent of 
causing the patient to walk on the front of the hoof. In 
other cases the cords are knotted, hard and wanting in 
suppleness, showing calcification of their substance. 

Treatment. In the early stages of severe cases, rest, 
shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot 
fomentation continuously, or cold astringent lotions. 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 339 


When heat and tenderness have subsided the high-heeled 
shoe may be dispensed with, the foot shod level and active 
blisters applied. ‘The preparations of the iodides of mer- 
cury are among the best. In old cases of extreme con- 
traction the tendons can be cut across by a narrow- 
bladed knife with as httle external wound as possible, 
and the limb extended to its proper form and retained 
there by splints and bandages until new fibrous tissue 
fills up the interval between the divided ends. 'The oper- 
ation is performed in the middle of the shank below the 
connection with the stay igament and is very successful 
in appropriate cases, restoring a helpless cripple to perfect 
usefulness. For the minutie of the operation the reader 
is referred to our larger work. Calcified, knotted tendons 
are utterly unsuited to it. 


SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. 


This structure lies between the shank-bone and the 
back tendons and extends from the back of the lower part 
of the knee to the little bones (sesamoids) which form the 
pulley for the tendons behind the fetlock, with prolonga- 
tions forward on the sides of the pastern to join the ex- 
tensor tendon of the foot. The seat of sprain may be at 
any part but is usually in the lower third of the shank, 
where it divides into an inner and an outer branch. The 
sprain may cause but the slightest perceptible swelling on 
one of these branches or the ligament may be completely 
torn across, the fetlock descending to the ground and the 
toe turning up. Any injury to this hgament is likely to 
cause more persistent lameness than a corresponding in- 
jury to the back tendons, seeing it is a mechanical support 
to the fetlock and is always on the strain when the animal 
stands upon the limb. 

Symptoms. Persistent, often severe lameness, upright 
pastern, stumbling gait or undue lowering of the fetlock 
when weight is thrown upon the limb. Then by bringing 
the fingers and thumb down the line of the cord felt im- 


340 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


mediately behind the lower half of the shank-bone be- 
tween it and the back tendons, some enlargement is 
detected with heat and tenderness. In bad cases, with 
descent of the fetlock, the whole length of the cord -is 
thickened and the infiltration of the surrounding parts 
gives the whole back of the limb a soft doughy feeling. 
Treatment is much less satisfactory than in sprains of the 
back tendons but the principles are the same, though 
a much longer period of rest and blistering is usually 
demanded. In severe forms with descent of the fetlock, 
that must be supported by splints and bandages, in the 
same manner as after cutting the back tendons, otherwise 
the limb will be permanently distorted. These severe 
cases, which usually result from the most violent exertions 
in racing or hunting, rarely recover so as to be fit for such 
work in future, though they may be useful for service at a 
slow pace. 


SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS OVER THE FETLOCK PULLEY. 
WIND-GALLS. SESAMOIDITIS. 


This is the result of sprains or severe exertions and is al- 
ways associated with round elastic synovial swellings on 
each side of the tendons, familiarly known as puffs or wind- 
galls. Similar swellings arise, independent of sprains, as 
the result of over-exertion or dropsy of the part. The 
swellings may become solid by coagulation of the lymph 
and may be absorbed or organized, or the inflaimmation 
may attack the bone, leading to ulceration and bony de- 
posits. Similar bony deposits with or without ulceration 
may take place on these small bones in connection with 
injuries of the suspensory ligament. 

Treatment. Simple wind-galls, dropsical or from over- 
exertion, may be made to disappear by persistent pressure 
with a bandage and pads applied at first two hours twice 
a day, and two hours more every day thereafter, until 
they can be kept on all the time. It may, however, re- 
quire five or six weeks and should be stopped if it 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 341 


causes inflammation in the sac. Another plan is to draw 
off the liquid through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe 
and apply a firm wet bandage. In some quiet animals 
a weak solution of iodine may be injected, but this is too 
often injurious or at least fruitless, from the irritability of 
the horse. Recent puffs will sometimes disappear under 
strong astringent lotions (oak-bark and alum) or under an 
active blister, or after firing, the contraction of the skin 
during healing appearing to be a principal cause of their 
absorption. 

Where there is sprain with much heat, tenderness and 
tension, treat by rest, purgative, a high-heeled shoe, and 
fomentations or cooling astringent lotions, to be followed 
by blisters when the tenderness subsides. 

Disease of the bones (Sesamoiditis) must be treated 
with severe blisters and even firing, with long continued 
rest, but if ulcers already exist on the gliding surface of 
the bones a complete recovery need scarcely be looked for. 


SPRAIN OF THE INFERIOR SESAMOID LIGAMENTS. 


The ligaments below these pulley-shaped bones behind the 
fetlock are sometimes sprained, causing great lameness 
with swelling and tenderness below the fetlock pad. 
Treat as for injury to the suspensory ligament. 


ELASTIC SWELLING IN FRONT OF THE FETLOCK. 


These are of two kinds: Ist, a serous abscess or en- 
larged bursa under the the skin: and 2d, the distension of 
a large synovial bursa between the extensor tendon and 
the capsule of the joint. The first swells out as a uniform 
rounded tumor on the front of the jomt. The second has 
at first the appearance of a double tumor from the svwell- 
ing appearing at the two sides of the extensor tendon, and 
it is only in severe cases and advanced stages that these 
meet over the centre. They usually result from pricks or 
bruises, though the second form may be associated with 
sprain. Any existing inflammation should be subdued by 

29* 


342 The Iarmer’s Vetermary Adviser. 


soothing measures and a blister applied early to secure 
absorption of the liquid if possible. Should this fail the 
liquid may .be drawn off as advised for wind-galls, and the 
part tightly bandaged. Or a free incision may be made 
in the lower part of the sac and wet bandages applied to 
keep down inflammatory action, while the sac is obliter- 
ated by healing from the bottom. 


DISEASE OF THE FETLOCK JOINT. 


This is occasionally the seat of simple dropsical effusion, 
causing it to swell out like wind-galls on the inner and outer 
sides, just above the sesamoid bones. The swellings are, 
however, placed more anteriorly than distensions of the 
tendinous sheath, and pressure upon them does not cause 
bulging nor fluctuation behind and below the fetlock, on 
the line of the tendons. ‘This is not necessarily connected 
with lameness, though if the result of inflammation of the 
joint, that is more likely. Inflammation of the joint may 
be recognized by the habitual resting of the leg, which 
starts forward at the fetlock, by the appearance of wind- 
galls just described, and by a swelling heat and tenderness 
of the entire joint. Bending the joint fully causes intense 
pain as does also full extension. 

Treatment does not differ from that of other inflamed 
joints. 


DISLOCATION OF THE FETLOCK. 


This occurs like that of the knee in connection with 
rupture of the lateral igaments. We have had recoveries 
so as to be very useful for farm work by reducing the dis- 
location and fixing with splints and bandages, but this 
cannot by any means be calculated on. 


BLOWS ON THE INSIDE OF THE FETLOCK. OUTTING. 
Like cutting on the inner side of the knee, this arises 
from blows received in action. Weak animals with turned- 
out toes and distorted feet are most liable. It is to be 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 343 


treated by soothing measures, and if the bones or joints 
become involved, treat as advised for the respective in- 
juries!) 5 + 

To prevent, let the feet be kept a little bare on the inner 
side and the shoes slightly leveled off, but avoid lowering 
the foot or thinning the shoe on the inner side. On the 
contrary a very slight thickening of the shoe on the inside 
is sometimes beneficial, by straightening up the fetlock 
and removing it from danger. If this fails wear a leather 
boot with a projecting rim, or a simple woolen bandage. 
In weak subjects benefit is often derived from bringing 
into a better condition of health. 


FRACTURES OF THE PASTERN BONES. 


These are exceedingly common in horses running on 
hard ground or even on soft movable sand. They are of 
all degrees of severity, from a simple split without separa- 
tion of the broken pieces, to a complete shattering of the 
bone into a dozen fragments or more. Simple fractures 
are usually oblique, or even vertical, the bone being split 
in two nearly equal lateral halves, but transverse breaks 
are also seen. 

Symptoms. In shattered specimens the case is easily 
made out and the victim should be destroyed at once. In 
cases of detachment sufficient to allow grating when the 
bones are moved (flexed and extended) there is as little 
difficulty. But in cases of splitting without detachment. 
the parts being held firmly together by the strong fibrous 
investments, the case is liable to be mistaken. There is 
the fact that the injury occurred suddenly during action. 
the horse at once showing lameness, more extreme on hard 
ground; there is no injury to ligaments nor tendons; but 
pain when the pastern is fully flexed, and with or without 
swelling on the bone there is a line of tenderness which 
can easily be traced with the fingers and corresponds to the 
fracture. 

Treatment. Place the patient in slings, and if grating 


344 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


is heard apply a strong bandage to above the fetlock. If 
no grating sooth the early inflammation for a day or two, 
then render the parts immovable by a smart blister on the 
front and sides of the pastern from the hoof to the fetlock. 
Such cases usually do well, though if the fracture extends 
into a joint the recovery is likely to be imperfect. 

In the smaller animals bandages are requisite for fract- 
ure of the digital bones. 


BONY GROWTHS ON THE PASTERN BONES. RINGBONES. 


These usually begin as inflammation of the membrane 
covering the bones, and at such points as give attachment 
to ligaments, namely: the lateral aspects of the lower or 
small pastern bone, and of the lower end of the upper or 


Fig. 68. 


Fig. 68—Ringbones—high and low. The rough irregular deposits of new 
bone are shown on the lateral parts of the large and small pastern bones 
respectively. 
large bone. There is a circumscribed, tender and some- 
what elastic swelling, with more or less soft, doughy en- 
gorgement of the investing soft parts, and in course of 
time the exuded matter, at first soft, becomes hard and 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 345 


bony. The process in the early stages often appears to 
consist in the dragging of the periosteum and vessels from 
the surface and the development of bone beneath. But as 
the disease advances the whole surface of one or both 
bones may become involved, leading to a general deposi- 
tion of new bony matter, extending, it may be, over the 
joint between the two pastern bones, or between the lower 
pastern and the bone of the foot, and abolishing all move- 
ment. Ringbones may also take origin im partial fract- 
ures, in concussion, in rheumatoid disease, and in faults 
of nutrition, in which the earthy salts are largely passed 
with the urine. 

Symptoms. Lameness may be almost altogether absent, 
or it may be extreme in such cases as are attended by act- 
ive inflammation of the bone or joint, or when the joint 
has become fixed by bony deposit. The heel may be first 
brought to the ground or, in the hind foot, the fetlock 
may knuckle over and the toe strikes first. The lameness 
is worst on hard ground and usually increases with exer- 
cise. Swelling may be scarcely perceptible and confined 
to the inner or outer side of one pastern bone, or it may 
be an extreme enlargement of the whole pastern region. 
It may be hard throughout in old cases, or softer and 
slightly elastic at points where active disease is still going 
on. Forcible bending of the pastern causes much pain, 
as also pressure on the swelling and especially on the 
softer and more recent deposits. ‘ 

Treatment. Rest, second the indications of nature in 
order to secure an easy position, using a high-heeled shoe 
when the animal walks on the toe and a thin-heeled one 
when he walks on his heel. If there is very active in- 
flammation adopt soothing measures first and then blister 
severely or even fire. Corrosive sublimate and camphor 
20 grains of each, muriatic acid 10 drops and oil of tur- 
pentine 1 oz. is often useful in such cases, but should be 
watched and washed off when sufficient exudation has 
taken place, otherwise it may blemish. In firing it is usu- 


# 


346 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


ally desirable to penetrate the skin in points, but never 
keep the hot iron long in contact with it lest the radiated 
heat destroy the integument. It is often needful to allow 
a rest of several months for consolidation of the new de- 
posit. When the joints are much affected the only cure 
is by the growth of bone over them and the abolition of 
movement, and then there remains some stiffness though 
there may be ability for slow work. Old horses recover 
less satisfactorily than young ones. If there is reason to 
suspect a rheumatic complication or any general fault in 
nutrition these must be attended to. 


SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS BEHIND THE PASTERN. 


This is of two kinds, though both in almost the same 
seat. Opposite the first pastern joint the posterior ten- 
don divides into two branches which passing over the in- 
ner and outer sides of the other tendon are inserted on 
the corresponding aspects of the head of the small pastern 
bone. Between these branches the other tendon plays 
over a raised fibro-cartilaginous pulley, its gliding being 
favored by a synovial sac. This last tendon may be 
sprained as it plays over this pulley, in the median line 
of the back of the limb, and either of the branches of the 
other tendon may be sprained close to its attachment on 
the inner or outer side of this pulley. 

Symptoms. Standing quiet the animal keeps the fet- 
lock and pastern joints slightly flexed, the foot advanced 
six or eight inches, the heel slightly raised and the toe 
resting on the ground. In action he steps short and stubs 
the toe into the ground and generally improves as he 
warms up to work. ‘The toe of the shoe wears faster than 
the heel, and the heel in old standing cases may be a lit- 
tle contracted, but it is not unnaturally warm, nor is there 
wincing on tapping the quarter or the sole to either side 
of the body of the frog, with a hammer. This serves to 
distinguish from disease of the small pulley-shaped bone 
of the foot—the misnamed cofin-joint disease. Pressure 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 347 


on the tendons in the hollow of the heel causes much pain 
and wincing, and the precise seat of injury may be ascer- 
tained from the position of greatest suffering—in the me- 
dian line, to the inner side or to the outer. 

Treatment. Shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe 
and surround the pastern with bandages soaked in cold 
water or some cooling astringent lotion. A purgative will 
be useful if inflammation runs high. When heat and ten- 
derness subside, any remaining lameness may usually be 
removed by a blister on the front and sides of the pastern. 


FRACTURES OF THE HIP-BONES. 


FRACTURE OF THE OUTER ANGLE. In young animals a 
little nodule from the extreme angle is often broken off by 
blows before it has acquired a firm connection with the 
parent bone. In the old, the fracture usually extends 
deeper, three, four, or six inches in breadth being often 
detached. In either case the fragment is drawn down- 
ward by the muscles leading to a greater or less flattening 
of the quarter, and it usually becomes attached to the 

parent bone by fibrous tissue or even bony union. In 
- some instances, the fragment acting as a foreign body sets 
up inflammation with suppuration and a running sore. 
The slighter cases are not necessarily attended by lame- 
ness but if much bone has been detached, with consider- 
able flattening, there is more or less halting on the limb. 
Treatment consists in keeping the animal still until union 
has been effected, or in case of a running sore a free in- 
cision should be made and the fragment of bone extracted. 

FRACTURE OF THE INNER ANGLE NEAR ITS JUNCTION WITH 
THE BackponeE. This is less frequent than the last but 
still tolerably common. It causes considerable lameness, 
and grating is heard when the limb is moved backward 
and forward. The oiled hand introduced through the 
rectum may feel the outline of the bones on the two sides, 
and detect the change from the natural form on the broken 
one. If it has been done for some time, there is a soft 
pasty swelling on the inner side of the bone 


348 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


FRACTURE OF THE Pornt or THE Hip. As in the case of 
the outer angle, the posterior one is very liable to sustain 
fracture of a small portion which is developed apart from 
the rest of the bone. In other cases several inches in 
breadth of the bone is detached. In both cases alike it is 
drawn downward so that the prominence on one side of 
the tail is greater than on the other. It may be unat- 
tended by lameness and tends to grow on below, though 
it will sometimes remain detached and form a running 
sore in which case it must be removed by the knife. 

FRACTURES THROUGH THE SHAFT OF THE Hip-BonE. These 
may be in front of the hip-joint, behind it, or through it. 
Again, they may be simple or comminuted. If the fract- 
ure does not implicate the jomt, weight may still be rested 
on the limb, but if through the joint the limb is held use- 
less. The dragging lameness of hip disease is always 
present and grating may be felt by seizing the outer and 
posterior angles of the hip in the two hands while the 
animal walks. Examination with the oiled hand in the 
rectum will enable the observer to ascertain the exact 
seat and nature of the injury. 

Treatment of Fractures of the Hip. T£ through the joint, 
or much shattered, the animal should be at once de- 
stroyed. If a simple fracture the patient should be put 
in slings and kept still for a month or six weeks. In such 
cases recovery may be expected. 


SPRAIN OF THE HIP. 


This is one of the most common injuries of the hip and 
is located in the tendon of the largest muscle of the but- 
tock as it plays over the large process on the head of the © 
thigh-bone. Its exact site is easily found in thin horses 
by the prominence over the joint and midway between the 
anterior and posterior angles of the hip-bone. There is 
the usual dragging hip lameness, a quick short step with 
the affected limb, the hip being moved as little as possible, — 
suffering when the member is drawn forward and tender- 


MSE 


_ Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 349 


ness to pressure on the seat of the sprain. Swelling and 
heat are rare because of the depth of the lesion. In cases 
of any standing the muscles of the quarter waste. 
Treatment. Long continued rest, with at first fomenta- 
tions, and later, active and repeated blisters, or even the 
hot iron applied in points. Some chronic cases do well 
under a combination of exercise and counter-irritants as 
follows: rub the affected quarter with oil of turpentine, 


_ then take out and exercise in a circle until covered with 


perspiration ; then return to the stable, rub down and 
clothe with a double wet blanket over the lame quarter. 
Repeat daily for some time. 


DISPLACEMENT OF THE ABDUCTOR FEMORIS. 


- Lean cattle are subject to a peculiar form of hip lame- 
ness, from displacement backward of the large muscle 
which plays over the prominence at the head of the thigh- 
bone. The high, bony process presses on the anterior 
border of the muscle, preventing it from resuming its 
natural position. The anterior border of the muscle forms 
a prominent painless cord extending from behind the hip- 
joint to below the stifle. In moving, the toe is dragged 
along the ground, being extended backward, and the limb 
is flexed with effort and often in a sudden and convulsive 
manner, and accompanied by a dull sound. These symp- 
toms are most marked if the animal is made to step over 
a bar of six or eight inches high as he leaves the stable. 

Treatment. Some recover under good nourishment with 
or without blisters, but usually it is best to make an incis- 
ion over the front of the cord an inch or two below the 
head of the thigh-bone and cut the border of the muscle 
across with a narrow-bladed knife. The animal may be 
kept quiet by the bull-dog pincers in his nose, and by 
drawing the opposite limb forward with a line passed 
through a collar. 

30 


350 _The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


DISEASE OF THE HIP-JOINT. 


This may be connected with a partial fracture of the 
bones of the quarter extending into the joint, with lacera- 
tion of the ligaments, with ulceration of the bones, or 
with simple synovitis, from over-work, rheumatism, or 
other cause. The symptoms strongly resemble those of 
sprain of the hip, but there is no pain on pressure upon 
the prominence on the head of the thigh-bone, but often 
much suffering when the limb is drawn outward and 
backward, so as to place the ligaments on the stretch. It 
is attended with wasting of the muscles of the quarter. 

Treatment. Rest, slmg if at all convenient, foment the 
quarter with a thick rug repeatedly folded, and finally 
. blister actively or, still better, fire. A long period of rest 
is usually necessary. 


DISLOCATION OF THE HIP. 


This is almost unknown in the horse excepting in con- 
nection with fracture, but is not very uncommon in lean 
cattle and small animals as a consequence of falls and 
dragging of the limb to excess in any one direction. It 
will even happen from extreme dragging of the limb out- 
ward when caught over a bar. Displacement is usually 
forward or backward. In the former case the lhmb is 
shortened, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone 
carried forward and the toe turned out. In the latter the 
limb is elongated, the prominence of the head of the 
thigh-bone’carried backwards and the toe turned inward. 
Dislocations inward and outward are also described and 
would be marked by the deviations of the limb from its 
normal position, and the depression or increased promi- 
nence of the head of the thigh-bone. 

Reduction. Lay the animal on the opposite side of the 
body; maintain the body immovable by a strong sheet 
carried between the thighs and held by several men or 
fixed to a firm object ; attach a band round the limb above 
the hock and let two men drag upon this, or one man 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 351 


carefully with the aid of a block and tackle; meanwhile 
the operator, seizing hock and stifle, must turn the upper 
part of the hmb in a direction opposite to the displace- 
ment. If forward the hock is raised and the stifle de- 
pressed; if backward the stifle is raised and the hock 
depressed ; if eward a smooth round billet of wood is to 
be placed between the thighs to act as a fulcrum upon 
which the limb is depressed when sufficiently stretched ; 
if outward the lower part of the limb must be drawn out- 
ward and upward, while weight 1s thrown on the thigh- 
bone ; or by movements of the limb it may be changed to 
a dislocation forward and reduced from that position. It 
may be necessary to relax the muscles by a full dose of 
chloral-hydrate before attempting to reduce. When re- 
duced, the head of the bone slips in with a jerk and an 
_audible sound, and the limb assumes its natural position. 
The animal may then be let up, and should be kept quiet 
and-alone for several days. ‘These cases do far better 
than could be expected from the anatomical arrangements 
of the part. 


FRACTURE OF THE NECK OF THE THIGH-BONE. 


This is not uncommon in small animals, especially dogs, 
but very rare indeed in the large quadrupeds. It is marked 
by shortening of the limb, inability to use it, and grating 
when it is moved. If the finger or hand is passed into the 
rectum and pressed against the crest above the hip- 
joint, while an assistant draws the limb outward, the 
prominence of the head of the thigh-bone may be felt 
above the crest. This can only occur in two other 
conditions ;—fracture of the outer rim of the cup receiy- 
ing the head of the thigh-bone, and outward dislocation 
of the hip-joint without fracture. The latter may be dis- 
tinguished by the absence of grating, while the first is as 
serious as the fracture of the neck of the bone. 

Treatment is useless in the large quadrupeds, but in the 
small, a firm retentive starch bandage for the whole imb 
will often secure recovery. 


352 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


FRACTURE OF THE SHAFT OF THE THIGH-BONE. 


This is marked by inability to use the limb, muscular 
trembling, swelling on the inner side of the thigh, and 
grating, felt or heard, when the limb is moved in various 
directions. In the larger quadrupeds nothing can be done 
beyond slinging and quiet, which may prove successful in 
exceptional cases, but in small animals, dogs and cats 
especially, a well applied starch bandage will usually be a 
SUCCESS. 


FRACTURES OF THE LOWER ENDS OF THE THIGH-BONE, 


These are recognized by great pain and swelling in the 
stifle, with grating when the joint is seized between the 
hands and the limb moved. It may be considered ir- 
remediable in the large animals, and recoveries are imper- 
fect in the small. 


FRACTURE OF THE KNEE-CAP. 


The small bone in front of the stifle is sometimes fract- 
ured either across or vertically, causing local swelling and 
tenderness with inability to use the limb, which is drawn 
backward and outward. It is irremediable. 


DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE-CAP. 


Not uncommon in certain breeds of horses, this usually 
occurs when standing at rest in the stable or rather after 
rising. The limb is drawn forcibly outward and backward, 
the foot resting on the toe, and the animal is helpless to 
move it. The bone may be felt displaced at the outer side, 
at what should be the most prominent anterior point of 
the stifle. In young horses it may be attended with ulcer- 
ation of the pulley over which it plays, but, in the adult, 
this is very exceptional. 

Reduction may sometimes be effected by starting the 
animal with a whip, the limb being brought forward under 
the violent effort and the bone meanwhile slipping into 
place. More commonly it is requisite to draw the foot 


at alls 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 353 


forward, either by simply lifting it, or by the aid of a rope 
having a noose round the fetlock, and passing through a 
collar on the neck. While the limb is being advanced, a 
hand should be placed on the bone outside the stifle to 
press it into position. When reduced keep on a level (not 
slippery) floor; apply a shoe with a toe piece projecting 
an inch in front of the hoof, and curved up; and finally 
put a smart blister on the joint. 

Second Form. A modification of the above is seen in 
horses and cattle, in which the knee-cap is dawn too high 
during extreme extension of the stifle, and then pulled 
outward by the abductor muscles; its inner lateral liga- 
ment slips into the notch above the pulley, over which the 
bone should play, and the animal remains helpless with 
the hmb drawn back as in ordinary dislocation. There is 
a depression in front of the upper part of the stifle, sur- 
mounted by a swelling which is soft, not hard, as it would 
be were the current explanation of cramp of the muscles 
correct. The reduction is by the same method advised for 
ordinary dislocation, and the after treatment identical. 


DISEASE IN THE STIFLE JOINT. 


If between the knee-cap and its pulley the patient usually 
drags the toe on the ground, steps short and brings the 
foot forward with a swinging outward motion. The leg is 
kept half bent when standing, the knee-cap is felt to move 
loosely on the pulley, causing pain, and an elastic fluctu- 
ating swelling is felt beneath it in the intervals between 
the three descending ligaments. In disease of the inner or 
outer division of the true joint the animal stands with it in 
the same position, but in walking it may either be jerked 
up suddenly, or in the worst cases, this joint and the hock 
are carried in a stiff extended position and the principal 
movement is in the hip. An elastic swelling may usually 
be felt beneath the knee-cap but it is less prominent than 
in disease of the pulley, and the bone is less mobile and 
does not cause pain when moved. 

30* 


304 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


Treatment. All cases require a high-heeled shoe ex- 
cepting such as are attonded with dislocation of the knee- 
cap, in which case a thin-heeled shoe with a projection 
forward at the toe is indicated. Rest is essential, and in 
case of very acute inflammation, fomentations should pre- 
cede repeated blistering or firing. A long rest is impera- 
tive. In ulceration of the bones and dislocation of the 
knee-cap in young animals, the fault 1s mainly in nutrition, 
and a rich diet, tonics, pure air and sunshine are demanded. 


FRACTURE OF THE LEG BETWEEN THE THIGH AND HOCK. 

The principal bone of this region (tibia) lying superficially 
on the inner side of the leg is very liable to fracture from 
kicks. The symptoms are patent enough when the fract- 
ure is complete, the bone hanging useless, and the broken 
ends being easily felt beneath the skin. But in very 
many cases the bone is only split part of the way through 
and the patient may show little lameness, may even do a 
fair day’s work or perform a long journey with his broken 
bone. But with the occurrence of the exudation and soft- 
ening around the seat of injury, the bone gives way under 
a slight strain, and thus the fracture appears to have oc- 
curred from getting up in the stall, though several hard 
days’ work may have been done since the injury was re- 
ceived. 

Treatment. In all cases of blows on the inner side of 
the leg in which a line of tenderness extends from the 
point of the bone which has been struck, place the animal 
in slings and wait for repair. A compound or commi- 
nuted fracture of this bone need hardly be treated in large 
quadrupeds. A simple transverse fracture may recover 
in slings, with a firm bandage and splints from the foot 
up to above the stifle. I have had a fair recovery even. 
with a very oblique fracture, but this should only be at- 
tempted in valuable breeding animals. | 

The smaller bone of the leg (fibula) may be fractured by 
falling in shafts or across a pole or beam. ‘The resulting 


Special Inyuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 355 


lameness is most puzzling as the broken ends of the bone 
are held together by fibrous tissue, and though they move 
hinge-like no grating is produced. Then the bone is so 
deeply covered by muscle that it cannot be felt.. A blow 
on the outer side of the hind leg, just below the stifle, in- 
ducing persistent lameness, with tenderness on pressure 
along the line of the bone on the outer side of the limb, 
and without any other apparent injury, implies fracture of 
this bone. 

Treatment. A month’s absolute rest and one or more 
blisters over the seat of injury. 


SPRAIN OR LACERATION OF THE MUSCLE WHICH BENDS 
THE HOCK. 


This is often sprained at its lower part, and especially 
in its inner branch which passes over the front and inner 
side of the lower part of the hock joint, giving rise to a 
swelling exactly in the seat of bone spavin. It is dis- 
tinguished by its tense, elastic nature and by its position 
on this tendon rather than above or below it. 

Treatment. A smart blister, or this failing, evacuate 
with a fine nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and then apply 
a wet bandage or blister. This form is rarely hurtful. 

When more severely sprained the swelling, heat and 
tenderness may be felt in front of the hock or on the 
anterior and outer side of the stifle according to the seat 
of injury. The limb is usually carried very straight, there 
being little or no bending of either hock or stifle. It is 
to be treated in the ordinary way by soothing measures 
followed by blisters or firing. 

Lacerations of the muscle, or more frequently rupture of 
the tendon occurs, causing the hock to be carried straight 
and the shank dangling nearly in a line with the leg. In 
some instances from violent contraction of the extensor 
muscles, the foot may be jerked out backward when the 
patient is started. In injury to the muscle there is at 
first a depression at the part with swelling above and 


356 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


below, but soon the hollow fills up and may become prom- 
inent, soft and doughy. In rupture of the tendon the 
depressed interval, or later, a soft doughy swelling on the 
line of the cord in front of the hock, is sufficiently char- 
acteristic. : 

Treatment. Rest, and astringent lotions to the part 
(acetate of lead 3 drs., water 1 qt.) These cases almost 
always do well. 


SPRAIN OF THE HAMSTRING. 


This is productive of lameness with manifest pain in 
extending the hock and a jerk in lifting the limb and is 
easily recognized by the firm swelling of the cord above 
the point of the hock. It is to be treated by a high- 
heeled shoe, with fomentations and subsequently blisters 
to the part. 


RUPTURE OF THE HAMSTRING. 


This is much more serious, the hock and fetlock bend- 
ing so as to render the limb useless whenever weight is 
placed upon it. The separation of the divided ends can 
easily be felt through the skin. 

Treatment. If in large quadrupeds place in slings. In 
all apply an immovable bandage, and splints extending 
from the foot to some way above the hock, su as to keep 
that joint fully extended. 


CAPPED HOCK. 


This is of two kinds: Ist, a serous distension of a bursa 
which exists between the skin and the point of the hock ; 
and 2d, sprain of the tendon inserted on the point of the 
hock (gastrocnemius) or of the one which plays over it 
(perforatus). 

1. The distension of the subcutaneous bursa usually 
results from kicks or blows and is to be feared as in- 
dicating vice, but rarely causes lameness. The soft fluctu- 
ating swelling is directly backward from the point of the 


Special Injuries of Bones, Jomts and Muscles. 357 | 


hock, and may be of almost any size. Slight and recent 
cases may be treated by a purge and soothing lotions to be 
followed as soon as heat and tenderness subside by a 
smart blister (iodide of mercury 2 drs., lard 1 oz.) Should 
the sac remain, evacuate with the nozzle of a hypodermic 
syringe and apply a wet elastic bandage; or open by a 
small orifice below and heal like an ordinary wound. To 
prevent its repetition is a much more difficult matter as it 
usually implies the cure of a vice. Stretching prickly 
bushes or chains behind him, tying chains or logs to the 
limb above the hock, or applying hobbles are all more 
likely to ensure permanent injury to a nervous animal 
than to cure him of his vice. A kicking strap will often 
succeed in harness. 

2. In ease of sprain of the tendons, the swelling takes 
place at the two sides and above rather than at the point 
of the hock. It is more or less tense but elastic and even 
fluctuates on pressure. It is often attended with severe 
lameness which may become permanent in connection with 
ulceration of the bone. It is to be treated like an ordinary 
sprain by high-heeled shoe, and fomentations or cold 
astringent lotions, followed by blister. If swelling remains 
it may be punctured and compressed as in the first form 
of capped hock, but a seton should not be used. 


DISPLACEMENT OUTWARD OF THE TENDON PLAYING OVER 
THE POINT OF THE HOCK. 


This is a rare occurrence, the tendon being traceable as 
a firm cord across the outer side of the bone in place of 
over its summit. It seems impossible to restore it to its 
place, as the band which fixed the tendon to the inner part 
of the bony process has given way. Fortunately the 


= animal is often little incommoded after the subsidence of 


the preliminary inflammation, and I have known one do 
excellent carriage work, the only objection being the un- 


sightliness of the hock, 


398 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDON (PERFORANS) BEHIND THE 
HOCK. THOROUGH-PIN. 


This tendon plays over the back of the hock, to the 
inner side of the bony process which forms its point, and 
has a large synovial sheath extending above and below the 
joint. When sprained at this point there is lameness, a 
tendency to knuckle over at the fetlock, and a round, tense, 
elastic, fluctuating swelling on each side in front of the point 
of the hock and in the hollow between the hamstring and 
the bone. Pressure on the one side causes bulging on the 
other, and pressure on both causes fluctuation on the line 
of the tendon below and behind the hock. 

Treatment. A high-heeled shoe, rest, fomentations, or 
cooling lotions and a purgative. When heat and tender- 
ness subside, blister, repeatedly, or even fire when there 
is reason to suspect disease of the bone. When all lame- 


ness has passed off leaving only a puffy swelling, or when 


that has appeared without lameness as the result of work 


Fig. 69. 


Fig. 69—Spring bandage for thorough-pin. 
or as a dropsical effusion, apply a spring bandage with two 
smooth round pads pressing on the inner and outer swell- 
ings. The accompanying cut may enable any saddler to 
construct such an instrument, the spring being made of 
good spring steel and covered with leather. 


DISTENSION OF THE SHEATH OF THE EXTENSOR TENDON IN 
FRONT OF THE HOCK. 


This causes a tense fluctuating swelling at the front and 
outer side of the hock. It is rare and not usually injuri- 


i al _ 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 359 


ous, but may be treated lke similar synovial swellings 
elsewhere. 


FRACTURE OF THE INNER MALLEOLUS. 


This consists in fracture of the bony prominence on the 
inner side of the hock at its highest point. It usually re- 
sults from a blow with the opposite foot in fighting flies. 
There is more or less swelling of the part, with an un- 
natural mobility of the process and in some cases dis- 
tinct grating. It is not unfrequent to have a wound in the 
skin and a flow of glairy synovia from the opened joint. 
In other cases, independently of fracture, there is inflam- 
mation and enlargment of the bony eminence. 

Treatment. Rest is imperative, as the fracture often 
implicates the joint. If synovia escapes use a sugar of 
lead lotion (1 oz. to 1 pt. water and 60 drops carbolic 


~ acid), or even apply a blister around the joint, leaving the 


space of an inch around the wound untouched. In other 
cases rely on soothing applications, followed by blisters 
when heat is diminished. Such cases usually do well, even 
an open joint being harmless from the wound being at its 
upper part. Even pieces of bone may be taken out with 
portions of the joint surface and yet a satisfactory recovery 
ensue. 


FRACTURE OF THE POINT OF THE HOCK. 


This may merely implicate the extreme summit of the 
bone in young horses or it may occur lower down in the 
middle of the bony process. There is much lameness and 
difficulty in bringing the foot to the ground, the limb being 
often kept raised and semi-flexed, and the detached por- 
tion may be felt in front of the point of the hock, or a line 
of tenderness may be detected across the middle of that 
bone, detachment and grating being obviated by the strong 
fibrous investment. 

Treatment. If a portion has been detached from the 
summit, place in slings, extend the joimt and replace it, 


360 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


retaining it in position by firm pads of tow placed in the 
hollow in front of the bone and a strong starch or plaster 
bandage extending from the hoof to beyond the hock. 
When there is no detachment, soothe the parts till heat 
and tenderness subside and then blister, allowing a long 
period of rest. 


FRACTURES OF THE OTHER HOCK BONES. 


If these implicate the upper or true hock joint, they are 
usually beyond remedy, but if the lower flat bones only, 
they present symptoms like those of bone spavin, and may 
recover by union of the small bones. 


BONE SPAVIN. 


This consists in disease (inflammation, ulceration, bony 
déposit,) of the small flat bones in the lower and imner 


Fig. 70. 


Fig. 70—Bone Spavin affecting both inner and outer sides of the joint. 


part of the hock joint, often implicating those of the outer 
side as well. It may be manifested by local swelling, 
heat and tenderness... or these may be altogether absent 
as in cases of ulceration in the centre of the joint between 
the flat bones—( Occult Spavin). The swelling, when it does 
exist, 1s on the antero-internal aspect of the lower part of 
the articulation, to be seen by standing about two feet from 
the fore limb and looking across the front of the joint. 
It is hard and to be distinguished from the tense, elastic 
swelling caused by sprain of the inner branch of the 
flexor tendon, and from the soft distended vein -(so- 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 361 


ealled blood spavin) which passes across this part of the 
joint. The bony swelling may be more to the front, or 
more backward on the inner side of the hock, or ii may 
even show mainly on the outer side. It frequently im- 
_ plicates the head of the shank-bone, and in bad cases may 
extend up to the true hock-jomt and even abolish its 
movement. Lameness, which is usually present in re- 
cent cases and is the only symptom in occult spavin, is 
shown by moving stiffly on the toe, when the horse is 
turned from side to side of the stall. The same stiff walk- 
ing on the toe is seen for the first few steps in starting, 
after which it disappears, but there remains a stiffness 
and lack of bending in the hock and stifle joints which a 
little practice will enable one to recognize. ‘There is 
sometimes, however, a jerking up of the limb as in string- 
halt. Vf turned quickly in a narrow circle the animal drops 
on the limb, carries it stiffly or even rests on the toe only. 
Ti the lameness is only moderate it will usually disappear 
when the patient becomes warmed up at work, hence the 
propriety of placing him in a quiet stable for twenty 
minutes before examination. 

Treatment. Rest; a high-heeled shoe; fomentations 
and laxatives are appropriate to the early inflammatory 
stages. Later, counter-irritants are demanded. Blisters 
of any kind will usually succeed. The hot iron is perhaps 
even more efficient. Deep firing in points is especially 
beneficial. Some cases will resist all these modes of treat- 
ment, but recover after section of the flexor tendon which 
passes over the swelling. Other methods are pursued 
with variable success. All may do well in young horses with 
no constitutional infirmity, and all will fail in some old 
subjects. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE TRUE HOCK JOINT. BOG SPAVIN. 


Inflammation of the upper or principal joint of the hock, 
where nearly all the movement takes place, occurs from 
overwork, sprains, rheumatism, punctures, wounds, fract- 


31 


362 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


ures, etc. There is a puffy fluctuating swelling with heat 
and tenderness on the antero-internal side of the upper 
part of the joint, where in the natural state there is a hol- 
low or depression. There is also a similar swelling behind 
in the seat of thorough-pin buat distinguishable in that it 
can be pressed forward by compression, the anterior 
swelling meanwhile filling up, but there results no swell- 
ing below and behind the hock as in thorough-pin. The 
lameness resembles that of bone spavin, but there is per- 
haps more tendency to a jerking up of the limb. The 
disease may go on to ulceration of the joint, to bony de-— 
posit, and even to anchylosis with abolition of all move- 
ment. 

Treatment. Rest, and use a high-heeled shoe. In case 
of very violent inflammation use soothing measures (fo- 
mentation), and when extreme heat and tenderness have 
subsided use blisters as for bone spavin, or still better, the 
hot iron applied lightly at nearly a white heat. 

Open joint is to be treated here as elsewhere, an active 
blister being often of great advantage in arresting moye- 
ment, closing the wound and abating inflammation. 

Bog spavin is most obstinate in old animals and in 
rheumatic constitutions with cracking of the joints im 
starting a walk. 


DROPSY OF THE HOCK JOINT. BOG SPAVIN. 


An excessive secretion of joint-oil, from over-exertion, 
or a dropsical effusion into the cavity of the joint pro- 
duces a swelling having all the characters described above, 
but without heat, tenderness or lameness. It may some- 
times be benefited by a blister or even by a bandage wet 
with some strong astringent lotion, but as it is only a 
blemish and does not interfere with the animal’s useful- 
ness it is best, as a rule, to let it alone. 


BLOOD SPAVIN. 
This is a dilatation of the vein which runs over the 


Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 363 


seats of bog and bone spavins and being harmless should 
not be interfered with. 


CURB. 


This is a swelling, at first soft and doughy, but later 
hard and resistant, in the median line of the limb and 
just behind the lowest part of the hock joint. It is best 
seen by standing to one side of the limb and looking di- 
rectly across it. The injury is usually a sprain of the 
tendon (perforatus) which plays over the front of the hock, 
though in some bad cases the ligament of the hock be- 
neath this is injured as well. There is heat and tender- 
ness with more or less lameness and a tendency to knuckle 
forward at the fetlock. Curby hocks are congenital in 
some horses and cannot be looked on as disease, but 
rather distortion. 

Treatment. Keep quiet, put on a high-heeled shoe, and 
apply hot fomentations or cooling lotions until inflamma- 
tion moderates, when an active blister may be applied. 
In some severe cases this may require to be repeated or 
resort must be had to the hot iron, but this is altogether 
exceptional. 


STRING-HALT. 


This is the name given to a habit of suddenly jerking 
up the hind limb when raised from the ground. It may 
be shown only in turning from side to side in the stall 
and in starting, or it may appear in walking and trotting 
as well. Again, the jerk may be comparatively slight, or 
so extreme that the fetlock may even strike the belly. 
Jts causes are unknown, though manifestly it is a reflex 
nervous act and may perhaps be determined by a variety 
of local injuries. If any such can be found they should 
be corrected, but as a rule treatment is eminently unsat- 
isfactory. The affection is usually aggravated with time 
and the animal is sooner fatigued and worn out than other 
horses. 


364 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, 


OTHER CAUSES OF LAMENESS. 


See Lymphangitis, Embolism, Farcy, Dropsy, Grease, 
Horse-pox, Mammitis, Rheumatism, Cramps, Palsy, Liver 
Disease, etc. 


CHAPTER XVIIL. 
DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 


General causes. Maxims for shoeing. Disease of the bony pulley and 
flexor tendon of the foot. Pedal Sesamoiditis. Podotrochilitis. Navicular 
disease. Coffin-joint lameness. Side-bones. Fractures of the bones of the 
foot. Inflammation of the foot. Laminitis. Founder. Chronic Laminitis. 
Convex soles. Pumice foot. Cracks in the hoof-wall. Sand-crack. Quar- 
ter-crack. False quarter. Horny tumor of the Lamine. Corns. Bruises 
of the sole. Pricks-and binding with nails. Incised wound of the sole. 
Distortions of the coffin-bone. Contraction. Treads on the coronet. Fist- 
ula of the coronet. Quittor. Powdery degeneration of the deep parts of the 
wall. Seedy toe. Inflammation of the secreting membrane of the frog with 
discharge. Thrush. Canker. Simple foot-rot in cattle and sheep. Con- 
tagious foot-rot. Foot-rot from Tuberculosis. 


Nearly all of these pedal diseases are directly or in- 
directly the result of faults in shoeing, and the absence of 
care for the feet. Here, accordingly, it would be appro- 
priate to describe the structure and functions of the foot, 
and to lay down the rational principles of shoeing. But 
our space forbids more than the merest mention of points 
which are absolutely indispensable to the understanding 
of what is to follow. 

The internal frame-work, or skeleton of the horse’s foot, 
consists of three bones :—the lower end of the coronet 
(small pastern) bone, which corresponds to the upper 
margin of the hoof; the coffin (pedal) bone, which is im- 
bedded inside the hoof and has a similar imperfectly con- 
ical outline; and a long narrow pulley-like bone (small 
sesamoid, or navicular) extended across the back part of 
the coffin-bone, its upper aspect forming a prolongation 
backward of the joint surface, while its lower face is coy- 


o1l* 


366 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


ered by fibro-cartilage, and constitutes a pulley, over which 
plays the flexor tendon of the foot. These are subject 
to like injuries with similar parts elsewhere. Thus the 
bones are liable to fracture, to absorption from pressure, 
to ulceration, to bony outgrowths, to induration, to soften- 
ing, to death and exfoliation, in connection with pricks 
with nails or other sharp bodies. The joint is subject to 
inflammation, 1n connection with wounds, rheumatism, 
overwork, etc. The flexor tendon is exposed to sprains, 
and, together with its synovial sheath and the sesamoid 
bone, to inflammation, ulceration, and the formation of 
new structures, which impair or destroy the functions of 
the part. 

The posterior third of the hoof has for its frame-work 
an elastic cushion, which makes continuation of the bones 
backward, without maintaining their rigidity. This cush- 
ion comprises two lateral fibro-cartilages that extend 
backward from the heels of the coffin-bone, and the upper 
elastic borders of which may be felt under the skin, just 
above the hoof, in the region of the quarter; also in the 
median line and continuous laterally with the cartilages, 
a thick pad of white and elastic fibres, corresponding in 
position to the horny frog, and known as the elastic frog. 
These are subject to inflammation, suppuration, ulcera- 
tion, ossification, fractures, necrosis, etc. In its healthy 
condition this cushion obviates the shocks, jars, concus- 
sions, bruises (corns), fractures and lameness which 
would necessarily result were this region occupied by 
unyielding bone. It further allows of expansion of the 
heel under continuous use and application of moisture, 
and its contraction under prolonged disuse and drying. 

Covering this bony and elastic frame-work is a dense 
fibrous net-work, with interspaces and canals for the pas- 
sage of blood-vessels and nerves, firmly bound to the bony 
and elastic structures by its deeper surface and to the hoof 
by its superficial. On the outer surface of this fibrous 
net-work is the membrane secreting the horn. The part 


Diseases of the Foot 367 


which forms the hoof-wall is prolonged as a band around 
the upper margin of the wall, and from the heels forward 
above the cleft at each side of the frog. It is shaggy 
throughout with soft conical processes (villi), from 4 to 2 
lines in length, which extend into the horny tubes and 
secrete them. ‘The membrane forming the sole is covered 
by similar villi which pass into the horny tubes of the sole, 
and that covering the elastic frog has corresponding but 
smaller villi. Between the fibrous net-work and the inner 
suriace of the hoof-wall and bars, the mode of union is 
by a series of 500 to 600 leaves (laminz) projecting on an 
average 14 or 2 lines, and each having on its lateral aspects 
from 30 to 60 microscopic secondary laminez. These are 
interleaved with the same number of primary and second- 
ary horny laminz forming an extent of connecting suriace 
which would beget incredulity if named. These inner 
fibrous and vascular lamine secrete the horny laminz that 
are interleaved with them, besides giving off an amount of 
moisture, which being absorbed by the cells of the adjacent 
horny wall, serves to keep that soft, yielding and tough. 
So intimate is the union between each of these secreting 
surfaces and the horn covering it, that the fibrous net-work 
will often be torn from the bone, rather than the horn from 
the sensitive parts. This is above all true of the lamine. 
This close connection further renders active inflammation 
in these structures acutely painful, for there being no loose 
tissue to yield to the exudation, it compresses these dense 
structures and violently tears them apart. Thus extensive 
effusions of serum or pus endanger separation and shed- 
ding of the hoof. A less acute inflammation of any of 
those secreting surfaces leads to the production of un- 
healthy horny growths. Thus disease of the secreting 
membrane at the coronet will determine a bulging, ragged, 
brittle line of horn from above downward on the hoof- 
wall, or, what is worse, a crack or fissure extending to the 
quick. Disease of the laminz will determine the forma- 
tion of a great mass of soft, spongy, yielding horn between 


368 The Farmer’s Vetermary Adviser. 


the horny laminz and the hoof-wall, causing a falling in 
of the wall anteriorly, and a descent of the margin of the 
coffin-bone so that it will press upon and even perforate 
the sole (pumice foot). In other cases there is merely a 
circumscribed horny growth pressing inward on the quick 
at a particular point (keraphyllocele). If the secreting sur- 
face of the sole is involved similar horny tumors may be 
formed, as in corns. Disease of the secreting membrane 
of the frog may determine an unhealthy secretion from the 
cleft (thrush) or an excessive growth and loss of cohesion 
of the horny fibres (canker). 

Tn addition to these disorders originating in the deeper 
structures we have a further list that take their origin in 
unnatural states of the horn. And for these the current 
modes of shoeing are mainly chargeable. 

At all points the hoof undergoes a steady condensation 
from its inner to its outer layers. In a transverse section 
of the hoof-wall the deeper tubes are open, spacious and 
surrounded by soft, yielding, elastic horn, while those 
near the surface are exceedingly minute and surrounded 
by a far greater amount of dense, hard and exceedingly 
resistant horny matter. The outer surface is especially 
close in its texture, and as the tubes run through the 
whole length of the wall to its lower or wearing surface, 
- where they are closed by attrition, comparatively little ex- 
halation of moisture can take place from this part of the 
horn in its healthy state. But it is far different when the 
dense surface layer has been removed by the rasp, and 
the open ends of the tubes exposed all over the sur- 
face of the wall. Then evaporation and drying go on 
rapidly, the hoof becomes hard and brittle and follows its 
constant tendency, when dry, to turn in at the heels and 
coronet, causing absorption of the parts beneath and lay- 
ing the foundation of disease. 

The sole and frog naturally increase in density from 
the quick outward, but the horn breaks up into plates be- 
fore becoming detached, the plates being separated from 


Diseases of the Foot. 369 


each other and from the tough elastic horn above by lay- 
ers of powdery horn, which serve along with the plates to 
protect from bruises and check evaporation. In their 
healthy state, therefore, sole and frog are as well pro- 
tected against evaporation, drying and shrinking as is the 
wall. But the case is altered when, with buttress or 
drawing-knife, these native protectors are removed and 
the tough elastic horn is laid bare. Then each horny 
tube exhales its moisture, the horn dries and shrinks, 
drawing inward the lower borders of the hoof-wall and 
pressing upward, often painfully, on the quick. Nor can 
the sole any longer bear contact with hard bodies, but 
bruises and injuries are the constant result. 

The injury in both cases may be lessened somewhat by 
the use of suitable hoof ointments but the process may be 
likened to that of supplying a man with a wooden leg 
after you have ruthlessly cut off his own sound one. The 
substitute may permit of the limb being used but the dif- 
ference, in utility, safety and durability, is almost infinite. 

Among other injuries by shoeing may be mentioned un- 
equal strain thrown on different parts of the hoof for want 
of a uniform bearing on the shoe; bruises of the sole 
from the shoe being improperly fitted, or left on too long 
until it has grown out over the shoe, or been drawn for- 
ward by the excessive growth at the toe until the heel 
settles on the sole between the wall and the bars; misdi- 
rection of the bones and joints by leaving one side of the 


~ hoof much higher than the other, or by leaving the toe or 


heel unnaturally long or short; pricks and binding by 
nails, etc., ete. Long-continued compulsory idleness in a 
stall, exposure to prolonged moisture, with intervals of 
drying, and continued contact with decomposing liquids, 
and to the irritating ammoniacal fumes of dung and urine 
are further destructive conditions for the horn. 

Maxims for Shoeing. The proper care, preparation and 
preservation of the foot is of far more consequence than 
the form of the shoe. The hoof must be preserved from 


370 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


knife and rasp, excepting the line around its margin and 
lower surface on which the shoe is to rest. This may be 
pared or rasped, as a rule, until the elastic horn of the 
sole is reached, and forms, with the lower border of the 
wall, a continuous smooth bearing surface of a breadth 
equal to perhaps one and a half times, or twice the thick- 
ness of the latter. But this only in a perfect foot. One 
that has a ragged furrow between the sole and wall can- 
not be treated in this way. Both sides, inner and outer, 
must be left perfectly uniform in height. The height of 
heel and toe must be determined by the natural form of 
the foot, excess and deficiency being alike avoided. Asa 
rule paring has to be done mainly or alone at the toe, but 
in some cases the heels grow excessively as well. While 
avoiding paring out of the heels and bars as the prolific 
cause of corns, we must equally avoid the retention of 
hard flakes of horn in this situation, where, imprisoned 
by the hoof-wall, the bar and the shoe, they act as foreign 
bodies and bruise the heel, as would a stone or a mass of 
hardened clay. That part of the sole which is uncovered 
by the shoe may have the surface-flakes removed with a 
blunt instrument, but should never be touched with a 
knife. The frog need never be touched, though there is 
no harm in removing ragged hanging shreds and patches. 
The sharp edges of the hoof-wall should be slightly 
rounded with a file to prevent splitting. The shoe should 
be of a weight proportionate to that of the horse and to 
the work expected of him, and of a breadth of web 
adapted to the protection demanded by the nature of the 
sole. Its upper or applied surface may be perfectly 
level, unless when an unhealthy convex sole demands that 
it shall be leveled off toward its internal border. Its 
outer border should exactly correspond to the margin of 
the hoof-wal!l, without projecting beyond it, or requiring 
that the wall be cut down to its dimensions. When ap- 
plied the upper surface should fit accurately at all points 
to the hoof. Bad as it is for horn to be seared, it is bet- 


Diseases of the Foot. a i 


ter to apply the shoe, momentarily, at a dull red heat, 
that any imperfection in fitting may be detected and rem- 
edied, than to hurry on a shoe which bears unequally on 
different pomts. Ii the sole joins the wall without a 
break, the two forming one continuous bearing surface, 
and uf both are of their natural thickness, the shoes are 
better to be coarsely fullered and the nails driven low, 
the fullering becoming finer and the nails being driven 
lower as we proceed from before backward, especially on 
the inner side. When the nails have been drawn up and 
riveted any roughness of the rivets may be removed with 
a file, but this should not touch the hoof if it is possible 
to avoid it. In turning down the clinches better make a 
slight depression beneath each with the point of the draw- 
ing-knife than an extended transverse furrow with the 
rasp, as is usually done. Remove the shoes before the 
hoofs have overgrown them so as to allow -them to settle 
on the sole, and above all before the growth of the toe 
has drawn the shoe forward and let the heel press upon 
that part of the sole. 


DISEASE OF THE BONY PULLEY AND FLEXOR TENDON OF THE 
FOOT. PEDAL SESAMOIDITIS. PODOTROCHILITIS. NAYIC- 
ULAR DISHASE. 


This affection, misnamed Coffin-joint Disease, implicates 
the lower surface of the small sesamoid bone of the foot, 
its synovial sac and ligaments, and the flexor tendon 
which plays over it. 

Causes. It is especially the disease of fast horses, and 
may be largely charged to friction between the tendon 
and its bony pulley, to overwork and concussion. But it 
may also depend on injuries to the foot from bad shoeing ; 
undue paring; setting in of the shoe on the sole; im- 
prisoned flakes of horn acting as foreign bodies; bruises 
from stones or hardened clay; rasping, hardening and 
contraction of the foot; drying and shrinking of the foot 
from standing too long idle in the stall; injury to the 


372 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


quick from uneven bearing of the shoe in connection with 
misfitting shoes or breaking of the hoof-wall; injuries 
from nails driven into the quick or picked up on the road ; 
a rheumatic constitution; Impaired nutrition with in- 
creased elimination of phosphates from the system ; or an 
extension of disease from the digestive organs as in an 
over-feed of grain, or a drink of cold water when hot and 
fatigued, ete. 

Symptoms. Pointing the affected foot eight or ten 
inches in advance of the other, with the heel slightly 
raised when standing quietly in the stable. This symptom 

Fig. 71. 


Fig. 71— Ulceration of the small sesamoid bone ot the foot, and distorted 
heels of the coffin-bone. 
may last for months before lameness is shown. Stepping 
short and on the toe with a great tendency to stumble 
when first moved from the stable, which lameness may 
entirely disappear after going a mile or two. It is worse 
when cooled off after a long drive, but it may appear in- 
termittently while at work, as occasional stumbling or 
dropping on the sound foot for some time at first. The 
toe of the shoe is more worn than other parts owing to the 
peculiar gait. The foot feels hot, especially in its poste- 
rior part, and in acute cases the soft parts may bulge over 
the coronet and the pastern arteries throb with unusual 
force. The foot too, soon diminishes in size, especially in 


. 
: 
: 
: 


Diseases of the Foot. , 373 


the quarters and heels, where the heat, drying and disuse 
are greatest. Testing the margin of the hoof with pincers 
will not elicit tenderness, unless there is accompanying 
disease of the lateral parts of the foot (corns, bruises, 
pricks, absorption or distortion of the heels of the pedal 
bone, side bones, etc.,) but tapping the sole with a hammer 
on each side of the body of the frog, or striking the wall 
in the region of the quarter will cause the patient to flinch. 
Pressure with the thumb over the middle of the flexor 
tendon, on its inner side or on its outer, as deeply as can 
be reached in the hollow of the heel, the foot being bent 
back, causes suffering. There is more or less wasting of 
the muscles of the limb from disuse, but this is especially 
marked on the breast, above the elbow and outside the 
shoulder-blade. Hence the disease is usually referred to 
the shoulder as sweeny. It is most readily confounded 
with sprain of the flexor tendon behind the head of the 
small pastern bone, but is easily distinguished by the heat 
and contraction of the heels and the tenderness of the 
centre of the sole and the quarters to strokes of the ham- 
mer. To distinguish it from other diseases of the feet 
I must refer to these individually. 

Treatment. Usually unsatisfactory except in certain 
recent cases. First soothe inflammatory action, give a lax- 
ative (aloes), remove the shoes, shorten the toe, and keep 
standing from morning to night in a puddle of wet clay 
without stones or gravel, in which the animal will sink to 
the top of the hoof. At night place in a comfortable dry 
stall with a poultice on the diseased foot. Unless the in- 
flammation is severe, apply a mild blister to the front and 
sides of the pastern. If not applied at first this should be 
resorted to as soon as inflammation moderates, and is to 
be repeated when the effects of the first pass off. Cases 
that resist this treatment will frequently recover under the 
action of a seton passed through the frog, and a run for a 
month or two in a damp pasture free from stones. The 
recovery may be a restoration to perfect soundness, when 


32 


374 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


the surface of the bone has not been diseased, or it may 
be a removal of lameness in connection with a union of 
the bone and tendon when the surface of the former has 
been the seat of disease. In the last named case, the 
recovery is likely to be the more permanent, while many 
cases of apparent recovery, in the early stages, are followed 
by relapse. The frog seton is introduced at the hollow of 
the heel and brought out at the body of the frog, but as 
there is much danger of wounding the tendon or bursa in 
incompetent hands, it can only be safely undertaken by 
the veterinary anatomist. 

All other methods failing, resort is often had to cutting 
the nerves passing to the foot, so as to remove all sensi- 
bility. This should never be done unless the feet can be 
carefully picked out and sponged every time the animal 
returns from work, and kept covered with thick wet swabs 
all the time he stands in the stable. Neglect is sure to be 
followed by rapidly advancing disease in the bone, exten- 
sion of inflammation to the structures around, abundant 
exudation, and destruction of bones and joints. Even 
with the best of care this will occur in the advanced stages 
of the disease, unless indeed the bone and tendon grow 
together. For description of newrotomy see larger work. 


SIDE BONES. 


These consist in extensive ossification, from the heels 
of the coffin-bone into the lateral cartilages. Their great 
cause is improper shoeing; cutting away of the bars or 
sole, so that the wall turns inward and bruises the sole; 
pressure of the shoe on the sole whether from misfitting or 
from being left too long on; uneven bearing of the shoe, 
throwing too much strain on one part ; pricking or pinching 
with nails driven too near the quick; the pressure of the 
dry hard horn after undue paring or rasping, and the con- 
tinuous irritation which attends the partial separation of 
sole and wall. They are especially common in heavy 
horses with upright pasterns and the toe shortened rela- 


ee 


Diseases of the Foot. 375 


tively to the heels or shod with high heel calkins, so as 
to increase concussion in action. 

Symptoms. Lameness with a short stilty step, and a 
tendency to stumble from the attempt to avoid shock on 
the heels. The pasterns are upright and the heels often 
deep and strong. Pressure on the prominence above the 
hoof at the quarter, detects tenderness and a hard unyield- 
ing structure instead of the usual yielding elastic gristle. 
Bruises of the heel (corns) with bloody discoloration of 
the horn is almost a constant result of extensive side- 
bones, the sensitive sole being pinched between the bone 


and hoof. 


Fig. 72—Ossified lateral cartilages. Side bones. 

Treatment. Subdue any existing inflammation by rest, 
blisters or even firing at the coronets, and apply a bar 
shoe, the bar resting on the bulbs of the frog, and keep 
the hoof-wall, at the heels, rasped lower than the rest of 
the bearing surface, so that daylight can be seen between 
this part and the shoe. The same shoeing must be kept 
up when the horse is put to work or he will soon fall lame 
again from bruising of the heels. 

Excision of the ossified cartilage and neurotomy have 
been resorted to with success, but are inapplicable to 
most cases. 


FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT 


The small sesamoid may be broken after it has been 
weakened by superficial and internal absorption. The 
pedal bone may give way from concussion when previously 
softened by disease, or in cases of blows on the surface, 


376 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


laceration and detachment of horn, or wounds with nails 
or other sharp bodies implicating the bone. The sudden 
and extreme lameness following an evident injury or a 
long-standing disease may arouse suspicions of this and 
if grating can be heard the case is certain. Tveatment is 
rarely successful, excepting in circumscribed fractures 
from wounds, in which case the detached bone must be 
removed. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE FOOT. LAMINITIS. FOUNDER. 


This consists in inflammation of the sensitive parts of 
the foot, but predominating in the anterior portion of the 
laminz, where the greatest strain comes in standing. 

Causes. The disease may arise from direct injury as in 
over-exertion on hard roads, blows, bruises or freezing of 
the feet, pricks or binding with nails, continued injury from 
a badly applied shoe, or the constant straim upon the feet 
during a long sea voyage. It may also occur from a sud- 
den chill, from drinking cold water when heated and 
fatigued, from overloading of the stomach with grain, 
from muco-enteritis, the result of an over-dose of purgative 
medicine, or from diseases of the lungs (pneumonia, bron- 
chitis). Small and deformed feet and large flat ones often 
suffer. Horses with heavy fat carcasses are also predis- 
posed. 

Symptoms. When not caused by direct injury to the 
foot, it is usually ushered in by fever and general stiffness 
and soreness of the surface, with or without shivering, 
but independent of any tenderness of the foot. If not 
relieved these are soon followed by tenderness of the 
foot, usually predominating at the anterior part, but some- 
times settling in the heel and causing pedal sesamoid- 
itis. When acute inflammation is developed in the lam- 
inz of the fore feet the horse is in a high fever, with 
full hard pulse, excited breathing, distended nostrils, ex- 
tension of the fore feet forward, so that they rest only on 
the heels, and bringing of the hind feet far forward be- 


Diseases of the Foot. Sd 


neath the belly, to bear as much of the weight as possible. 


Tf moved, the horse groans, sways himself back on his 


hind parts, and drags the fore feet on their heels, or bal- 
ancing himself on the hind, lifts both fore feet at once 
and brings them down again on their heels. The affected 
feet are warm, even hot, and the animal refuses to have 
them lifted because of the pain consequent on standing 


on one. If they are struck with a hammer the animal 


winces and groans. The arteries on the pasterns throb 
violently. The hairs of the mane and tail may often be 
pulled from their follicles, showing the general implication 
of the skin. 

Tf one fore foot only is affected it is kept raised and 
advanced. Ii the hind feet, they are advanced beneath 
the belly, and the fore feet carried as far backward as 
possible to bear the greater part ot the weight. 

Treatment. In the initial stage, with general stiffness 
but no special tenderness of the feet over other parts, 
vascular and nervous tension may be relieved and the 
disease suddenly cut short by full doses of sedatives (lo- 
belia, tobacco, aconite,) with warm clothing to encourage 
perspiration. Even at a more advanced stage when the 
feet are becoming congested and tender, the same may be 
resorted to, the feet being enveloped in warm poultices, 
and the animal encouraged to lie down by supplying a 
clean comfortable bed of straw. Or in place of poulticing 
the feet, we may seek to improve the circulation by walk- 
ing without shoes on a soft newly plowed field, the heels 
having been slightly lowered, if very high, to allow press- 
ure on the sole, or the patient may even be walked ona 
hard surface after a long bar shoe with broad web and a 
slight rising at heel and toe (rocker fashion) has been ap- 
plied. But walking can never be resorted to when the 
extreme tenderness and fever show that active inflamma- 
tion has set in. In this case a mild laxative (aloes) must 
be given (unless already purging) and followed up by aco- 
nite or other sedatives, the feet must be enveloped in large 

32” 


378 ~The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


poultices and the animal encouraged to lie down. Should 
he refuse to lie down the hoof-wall should be rasped down 
to let the sole come in contact with the ground. In severe 
cases the coronet may be scarified with a sharp lancet and 
the foot placed in a bucket of warm water or fomented with 
the same to favor bleeding. In the course of two days, if the 
suffering, fever and local tenderness are increasing rather 
than abating, the sole may be thinned and opened at the 
toe, so as to evacuate any serous exudation and limit the 
separation of the horn from the quick, the poultices being 
kept on after as before. In the course of ten days ora 
fortnight the inflammation should have subsided far 
enough to warrant the application of a blister to the pas- 
tern and an ointment to the hoof, while the patient is 
turned out on a soft wet pasture or kept standing a part 
of his time on wet clay. 


CHRONIC LAMINITIS. CONVEX SOLES. PUMICE FEET. 


If the inflammation persists in a slight form, an excess- 
ive growth of soft, spongy horn takes place in front of the 
lamine at the toe, separating the coffin-bone from the 
hoof-wall and allowing its anterior border to press upon 
the sole or even to perforate it. The hoof-wall becomes 
covered with rings usually running together at the toe, 
where it bulges out below and falls in above. Complete 
restoration cannot be expected in the worst cases of this 
kind, but much may be done for the majority. Put ona 
thick broad webbed bar shoe beveled toward the inner 
side on its upper surface and thinner at the heel than the 
toe, dress the sole and wall daily with hot tar, apply gen- 
tle blisters around the coronet, and keep in a very soft 
damp pasture. The new growth of horn may grow down 
almost perfect in appearance, but it retains an undesira- 
ble brittleness. 


CRACKS IN THE HOOF-WALL. SAND-CRACK. QUARTER-CRACK. 


The predisposition to this is usually to be found in 
rasping and drying of the hoof-wall, in uneven bearing of 


Diseases of the Foot. 379 


the shoe, in alternate soaking of the hoof in water and 
drying, and in treads or other temporary wounds or inju- 
ries to the coronet. ‘The crack extends from the coronet 
downward, for a variable distance, in the direction of the 
horny fibres. attended by lameness, the laminz are 
usually being pinched between the edges of the crack, the 
irritation is perhaps further increased by the presence of 
sand and dirt, and fungous growths may appear in the 
sore. 

Treatment. A caretully applied bar shoe haying an 
even bearing all round the foot; a nail driven through the 
edges of the crack and riveted so as to hold them together ; 
a transverse groove, ? to 1 inch in length, cut to the quick 
just above the upper end of the crack, and active stimu- 
lation or shght blistering of the coronet above this point 
will usually succeed in obtaining an unbroken growth 
from above, and when the crack has grown off at the lower 
border the hoof is perfect. But the inflammation will 
sometimes demand poulticing; the nail may have to be 
replaced by a metallic plate fixed to the hoof on each side 
of the crack by screws not exceeding a line in length; a 
gaping crack may require filing with gutta-percha or 
other hard substance to keep the edges immovable; or 
finally, it may be requisite in bad cases to cut outa Y- 
shaped piece of horn, the apex corresponding to the mid- 
dle of the crack and the two limbs to the coronet on the 
two sides of the crack. 


FALSE QUARTER. 


This is similar to a sand-crack in appearance but caused 
by such destruction of the secreting structure at the top 
of the hoof that it is impossible to obtain a growth of 
horn to fill up the interval. Palliation by careful shoeing 
is all that can be accomplished. 


HORNY TUMOR OF THE LAMINZE. 


This is a result of sand-crack, the irritation leading to 
an increased secretion of horn on the inner surface of the 


380 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


hoof-wall, which in its turn may press on the quick and 
cause lameness. With or without any remains of sand- 
crack there is tenderness on pinching that part of the 
hoof, and when the shoe is removed and the hoof pared, 
there is observed a semicircular encroachment on the sole 
by a white spongy horn extending in from the hoof-wall. 
Wet swabs on the foot and rest may subdue any inflam- 
mation, but should lameness persist, the only resort is to 
cut out a triangular portion of the wall including the tu- 
mor, poultice the part, then cover with tar and wait for 
the horn to grow down in a healthy condition. 


CORNS. 


These are at first simple bruises of that part of the sole 
included between the bars and the wall at the heel, but 
~ later there is often an increased production of horn and 
the formation of a horny tumor which presses injuriously 
on the quick. In other cases the bruise causes active 
inflammation and the formation of matter, which if denied 
escape below, will burrow toward the coronet or less fre- 
quently around the toe and give rise to disease in the 
deeper fibrous network, the cartilage or the bone. In 
these last conditions it usually results in a fistula (quittor). 
In other cases the corn is pared out as is supposed, but 
the heels, having lost the mechanical support of the sole, 
curl forward and inward, repeat the bruise continually, 
keep up the inflammation and suppuration and what is 
equivalent to an open sore in the heel. The irritation 
often produces absorption of the margin of the bone at 
the heels with bony deposits above or below, and ossifica- 
tion of the lateral cartilage, a condition which almost 
necessarily perpetuates the bruises or corns (see side bones). 
Corns may exist in either heel but are usually in the inner 
or weaker one, and prevail above all in flat feet with low 
weak heels. 

Symptoms. Lameness with a tendency to point, with the 
heel slightly raised when at rest, and a short, stilty, stum- 


i dey 


Diseases of the Foot. 381 


bling step when moved. Pinching the affected heel with 
pincers or tapping it with a hammer causes wincing. If 
the shoe is removed and the heel pared out, the horn may 
be seen to be blood-stained, but unless this is seen on 
removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to lead 
to a deeper search. If suppuration has taken place the 
tenderness is extreme, often causing the animal to keep 
the foot raised and scarcely daring to touch the ground 


with the toe, a tender swelling usually appears at the 


coronet above the affected heel, and pinching or ham- 
mering of the heel is unendurable. A horny tumor may 
be ened by symptoms similar to those shown in 
keraphyllocele. 

Treatment. Ifa recent bruise and uncomplicated, apply 
either a bar shoe or a common one, but rasp down the 
bearing surface of the affected heel to avoid pressure as 
advised for side bones, and place the feet in water or keep 
the wall moist with wet swabs, and the sole with oil meal 
or clay packing. When tenderness has subsided, smear 
the hoof with ointment and work carefully. Remove the 
shoe early enough to prevent pressure on that heel, and in 
preparing the foot retain the strength of the heel by pre- 
serving the elastic horn of the sole between wall and bar. 
Never allow this to be pared and weakened unless it be to 
evacuate matter or sand, or for the removal of a horny 
tumor. 

If suppuration has taken place, pare down the heel 


- until the matter escapes, remove all horn detached from 


the quick, and pare the horn around this to a thin edge, 
poultice until the surface is smooth, dry and not at all 
tender, then apply a bar shoe, a leather sole, and a 
stuffing of tow and tar or crude turpentine (pine pitch). 
No pressure should be allowed on this heel until the sole 
has grown up to its natural level, as a support. Horny 
tumors may be removed by paring out and treating as 
above advised, until the sole attains its natural growth. 
Tf old-standing corns are connected with death of a por- 


382 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 

tion of the heel, of the foot bone or ulceration of the 
lateral cartilage, these must be scraped or cut off before 
improvement is to be expected. If connected with side 
bones, they are liable to be kept up by frequent pinching 
of the quick between the bone and horn, and demand 
careful shoeing to avoid pressure on the heel. Some 
cases may be benefited by cutting out the side bone. 


BRUISES OF THE SOLE. 


Whether resulting from badly applied shoes, stones, 
accumulated gravel or dried mud, these are to be recog- 
nized, like corns, by pinching the hoof or tapping it with 
a hammer, and are to be treated on precisely the same 
principles, relieving the pressure when necessary, soothing 
the parts, opening when matter has formed, followed up by 
poulticing and bar shoe with leather sole and tar stuffing. 

GRAVELING is closely allied to the above, dirt having 
worked up through the unnatural groove between the wall 
and sole, and set up suppuration. Except in the careful 
removal of the foreign elements, treatment does not dif- 
fer from that of suppurating bruise or corn. 


PRICKS AND BINDING WITH NAILS. 


These usually occur in thin weak feet or such as have 
been reduced by over-cutting and rasping till there is 
little to hold the nails; in the case of nail stubs being left 
in the hoof from a former shoeing so as to turn the new 
nails in a wrong direction, and when the blacksmith is too 
stupid to recognize the difference between the stroke of 
driving a nail into the soft spongy horn and the hard firm 
outer horn of the wall. Simple binding with the nails 
may cause intermittent or persistent lameness, and there 
is flinching on striking the heads of the nails or the wall 
with a hammer, or in compressing the margin of the hoof 
with pincers. If matter forms there are all the local ten- 
derness and inability to use the foot spoken of in suppu- 
rating corn. In simple pricks an examination of the nail 


Se a 


Diseases of the Foot. 383 


clinches usually reveals one higher than the rest, and if 
this is a posterior one it is all the more suspicious. A 
nail may be driven too near the quick and yet not cause 
lameness for a week or two, until some slight shifting in 
the position of the shoe causes it to press painfully. 

Treatment. In sight cases the withdrawal of the nail 
may be all that is necessary. In more severe it may be 
requisite to punch the nail holes nearer to the toe, to 
drive the nails low, to apply cold water or other soothing 
agent to the foot and to rest for a day or two. If matter 
has formed the course of the offending nail must be fol- 
lowed with the drawing-knife, the pus evacuated and the 
parts treated afterward as in suppurating corn. If the 
bone has been reached and a dead scale exists on the 
surface this must be cut down upon and removed. 


INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE SOLE. 


That part of the foot which is uncovered by the shoe is 
hable to penetrating wounds from nails, glass and other 
sharp bodies on the ground, as well as nails, pitchforks, 
broken planks, ete., against which they may kick. Such 
wounds are dangerous according to their depth and posi- 
tion. If from a clean nail, and no deeper than just to 
penetrate the quick, they are usually of little consequence, 
and a little tar or gutta-percha may be used to fill the 
wound, if any, until it is seen whether inflammation will 
ensue. If deeper, a vertical wound will be most serious 
in the middle third of the scle, because of the implication 
of the flexor tendon and small sesamoid bone, and the 
risk of pedal sesamoiditis, or even an open coffin-joint result- 
ing. If in the anterior third, the danger les mainly in 
injury to the lower surface of the coffin-bone, with death 
and removal of a thin scale which must be thrown off 
before the wound can close. If in the posterior third the 
elastic frog alone is wounded and will heal very readily. 

_ Treatment will vary accordingly. The simple removal 
of the foreign body may suffice. Cold applications may be 


384 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


needed, matter may require an opening to escape, or the 
bone may have to be scraped to expose a living sur- 
face. But in wounds of the tendon or joint the foot must 
be wrapped in cloths, the heels raised if standing, and a 
constant stream of cold water kept up on the part, by 
having a caoutchouc tube attached to the limb and foot 
and acting like a syphon to bring the water from a bucket 
at a higher level. ‘This may require to be kept up day 
and night for several days. The subsequent treatment is 
like that for pedal sesamoiditis. 


DISTORTIONS OF THE COFFIN-BONE. 


Under this head may be named a great variety of de- 
formities, the result of disease. Thus in long continued 
inflammation of the laminz the fibrous net-work in front 
of the coflin-bone is partly ossified, giving this part a con- 
vex aspect from above downward. Continued irritation 
of the sole will equally develop a bony enlargement which 
is associated with a circumscribed convexity and tender- 
ness of the sole. The pressure of a horny tumor, whether 
on the laminz, the quarter or elsewhere, corresponding to 
and pressing on the bone, will cause absorption and de- 
pression of the bone to an equal extent. The pressure 
on the anterior border of the coffiin-bone, when separated 
from the hoof-wall and resting upon the sole, leads to 
extensive absorption and rounding of this part with a 
bony deposit above, on its front. Persistent irritation 
along the lateral borders of the foot from binding with 
nails, or the separation of the wall and sole, with or with. 
out the presence of gritty matters in the groove, causes 
absorption and rounding of the sharp lateral margins of 
the coffin-bone. But the heels of the coffin-bone are the 
parts which above all suffer in this way. Bruises from 
setting in of the shoe, from gritty matter or hard clay, 
especially if a furrow has been formed between wall and 
sole, from curving forward and inward of the heels when 
the supporting sole has been pared out in search of corns 


Diseases of the Foot. 385 


or to prevent their formation ; pressure from curving in of 
the wall which has been allowed to grow too long without 
support from the sole, or has been rasped till it dries or 
withers ; uneven bearing of the shoe; all undue paring of 
heels and quarters contribute to produce absorption and 
rounding of the naturally sharp border of the coffin-bone 
at its heels, bony deposits above and below, induration, 
softening, ulceration or death of more or less of the bony 
tissue, and permanent unsoundness. 

The existence of such distortions must be ascertained 
- from the unnatural appearance of the hoof; the signs of 
a horny tumor; a rugged unhealthy hoof-wall; a flat or 
convex appearance of the sole in whole or in part; a 
deep furrow between sole and wall; wasting and diminu- 
tion of the foot as a whole, but especially of the heels and 
quarters ; and it may be side bone or fistula. There is 
more or less tenderness of the feet and stilty careful gait, 
or there may be extreme lameness. It will be observed 
that these distortions are usually connected with some 
other disease of the feet, and the symptoms will vary 
-according to the nature of the accompanying lesion. 

Such changes of bony structure are permanent as a rule, 
so that our attention must be given, first to the removal 
of any unnatural condition which has caused and is per- 
petuating them, and then to secure such a system of shoe- 
ing as will allow of the utilization of the animal in spite 
of the acquired deformities. The hoof must be encouraged, 
by ointments, stimulants to the coronets, and perhaps a 
cool moist pasture, to grow as nearly as possible to the 
natural condition. Then the shoe must be applied so as 
to secure the greatest extent of bearing surface, without 
injury to the deformed and weak points. In many cases 
a bar shoe is wanted to avail of the frog for bearing weight ; 
a leather sole may be necessary in others; a broad web to 
the shoe, on one or on both sides, may be essential for 
protection ; in other cases the upper surface must be bey- 
eled ; in still others the nail-holes must be stamped only 

30 


386 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


around the toes; clips, small nails, artificial repairs of 
breaches in the hoof-wall may be resorted to, but it is 
beyond the scope of this work to do more than hint at 
what can only be accomplished by a combination of 
anatomical knowledge, mechanical skill and manual dex- 
terity. 


CONTRACTION. 


This is a great bugbear of horsemen, since it exists in 
nearly all the affections of the foot. It is usually a result 
and symptom of disease, attending as we have seen on - 
many different maladies, in which the hoof shrinks from 
the heat, dryness and disuse. It may also occur from 
simple idleness in a stall; from overgrowth of the hoof- 
wall, which curls in for want of support from the sole and 
moisture from the lamine ; from hardening and shrinking 
of the heels as the result of rasping, or of alternate soak- 
ings and drying; from undue paring of the heels, bars 
and frog, thus removing the natural supports; and from 
the effects of the shoe and nails in preventing the normal 
expansion in growth, and in removing the frog and sole 
from use and pressure. Thus produced it is not a direct 
cause of lameness and feet can be shown in which the two 
heels overlap each other without such a result. Yet such 
contraction implies wasting or absorption of the internal 
sensitive structures, diminution of the basis of support, 
with a corresponding weakness and tendency to disease 
under slighter determining causes than in the healthy 
state. The simplest treatment is to remove the shoes 
round the edges of the hoof-wall to prevent splitting, and 
keep standing sixteen hours a day, for two or three weeks, 
in a puddle of wet clay, then use hoof ointments freely, 
and apply a shoe with equal bearing throughout and with- 
out any bevel on its upper surface. 


TREADS ON THE CORONET. 


These are especially common in winter when the shoes 
are sharpened for frost. They are dangerous because of 


- 


os 


™ 


Diseases of the Foot. 387 


the frequent implication of the horn-secreting structures, 
so as to cause false quarter, and from the tendency of 
matter to burrow beneath the horn and in the supporting 
fibrous net-work to form a fistula. They should be 
thoroughly cleansed from all sand and mud, the inflamma- 
tion subdued by soothing applications (wet bandages or 
weak astringent lotions) and care taken to prevent the 


_ further introduction of dirt. To this end a simple cover- 


ing of tar will sometimes suffice, but in other cases a care- 
fully. applied bandage is essential. Muddy roads should 
be avoided until healing is complete. 


FISTULA OF THE CORONET. QUITTOR. 


Causes. Treads and other wounds of the.coronet; sup- 
purating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole; 
suppuration from the working in of sand or gravel between 
the sole and wali; irritation from sand-cracks and false 
quarters, and disease of the coffin-bone or its cartilage. 

Symptoms. Following on some one of the above dis- 
orders there is a tender swelling at the coronet, which 
bursts, discharging a more or less whitish serous fluid and 
shows no tendency to dry up nor close. If probed it is 
found to lead into one or more small canals in the fibrous 
net-work which covers the bone and elastic structures of 
the foot, and it may be to diseased or dead portions of 
bone or gristle. 

Treatment. Jf the inflammation is very violent the foot 
should be enveloped in a large poultice and a laxative ad- 
ministered. When moderated, inject a slightly caustic 
solution in the direction of each canal and as far as possi- 
ble. (Bichloride of mercury 5 grains, spirits of wine 1 02z., 
muriatic acid 20 drops). Less depends on the composi- 
tion of the mixture than on the application. Inject it 
three times the first day, twice the second and once a day 
thereafter. When the discharge has ceased and the wound 
is almost superficial, stop the injection and apply a simple 
dressing of wet tow. In aggravated cases with disease of 


388 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


the lateral cartilage or bone, these may require to be cut 
out or scraped, but our limits will not permit a further 
notice of this. 


POWDERY DEGENERATION OF THE DEEP PARTS OF THE WALL. 
SEEDY TOE. 


The result of uneven bearing of the shoe, the formation 
of furrows between the sole and wall, direct violence, as 
blows, or the too tight hammering of clips, etc., this is 
manifested by an irregularity or dryness of the affected 
part of the wall, and the formation of a cavity, filled with 
horn powder between the lamine and the wall of the hoof. 
Clear out the cavity until the tough healthy horn is 
reached, then fill with warm tar and shoe carefully to give 
a uniform bearing. A clip may be useful as a support to 
the undermined horn but it is destructive to hammer it 
tight. The dressing must be repeated at each shoeing 
until the cavity is filled up. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE SECRETING MEMBRANE OF THE FROG 
WITH DISCHARGE. THRUSH. 


Causes. Exposure to wet and filth; standing on dung, 
or in a dirty, wet yard; stuffing the feet with cow-dung ; 
bruises of the frog; undue paring; wounds of the frog; 
accumulation of dried mud or gravel in the cleft; exten- 
sion of disease from the skin of the heel, ete. 

Symptoms. Fcetid discharge from the cleft, soreness of 
the skin behind this, lameness or not according to severity. 

Treatment. Wash out the diseased part, pare away all 
ragged detached horn, and apply some astringents (dry 
calomel pressed in on a pledget of tow; tar with a few 
drops of sulphuric acid on the surface; carbolic acid; or 
finely powdered sulphate of copper or zine). 


CANKER. 


This is a more inveterate inflammation of the frog, and 
it may be the sole, representing in the horn-secreting 


* 


Diseases of the Foot. 389 


structures that aggravated affection of the skin of the 
heel in which red fungous growths appear. It may be 
preceded by thrush and is due to the same general causes, 
though it is also attributed to a parasitic fungus. It is 
especially common in coarse lymphatic subjects. 

Symptoms. A rapid growth, from the frog or sele or 
both, of a soft, unhealthy, spongy horn, the tubes of which 
are unnaturally large, open and wanting in cohesion, so 
that they often stand apart from each other, and have the 
appearance rather of a fleshy material than of horn. If 
cut down it may grow up to the same level in twenty-four 
hours, and the enlarged villi are reached and bleed long 
before this would have happened in healthy horn. As in 
thrush there is a most offensive discharge, and the disease 
is very obstinate to treat. 

Treatment. Cut down the fungous horn till blood 
comes, and the adjacent horn to the same level. Then 
cover with tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron and 
apply firm pressure by slips of wood placed side by side 
with one end of each resting above the web of the shoe 
at the toe, and the other on a slip extending across the 
bulbs of the frog and resting above the heels of the shoe. 
This must be removed and the dressing renewed at least 
once in twenty-four hours. Should the course of improve- 
ment seem lagging, change the dressing for carbolic acid, 
chromic acid, the mineral acids, sulphate of copper or 
iron, chloride of zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony or 
other caustic, resort being had to a new one in every 
instance as the former seems to lose its effect. The re- 
moval of the entire sole is essential to recovery in some 
cases. 


SIMPLE FOOT-ROT IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. 


This is a simple inflammation of the horn-secreting 
structures and adjacent skin, the result of direct irritation. 
Wearing of the sole to the quick from long journeys on 
hard roads; curling in of overgrown walls on the sole on 


33” 


390 The Farmer’s Vetermary Adviser. 


soft, boggy pastures ; wounds with sharp bodies like nails, 
glass, etc.; the accumulation and drying of clay or mud 
between the claws; softening of the horn and irritation 
from standing on hot reeking manure; irritation of the 
skin around the coronets by iced water, etc. 

Symptoms will vary according to the form, but in all 
there is lameness, often severe, the sheep getting down on 
its knees to feed, and an examination of the foot shows 
the nature of the injury. In the case of wounds with 
nails, glass, etc., the heat of the hoof will show the injured 
one, and a slight paring will detect the wound if not the 
offending body. 

Treatment. In case of a simple superficial rawness 
between the claws, clean the part and touch with a feather 
dipped in a mixture of one part of sulphuric acid and 
three or four parts of water; or the surface may be 
smeared with tar and a bandage tied between the claws 
and around the pastern. In case of the formation of 
matter beneath the horn the foreign body, if any, should 
be removed, the detached horn pared away until we reach 
that which is still connected with the quick, the surround- 
ing horn should be pared down to a thin edge and the 
sore covered with tar, with a few drops of sulphuric acid 
on the surface, the whole being closely bound up in a 
bandage. In exceptional cases the severity of the inflam- 
mation may demand a poultice, over the surface of which 
a weak solution of sugar of lead may be poured. One tar 
dressing is often enough, but the foot should always be 
examined a few days after, and any hindrance to the heal- 
ing process removed. Bad cases with fungous growths 
must be treated like similar cases in the horse. 

Sheep kept in low, soft pastures should have the hoof 
shortened by a knife or toe nippers at short intervals, to 
prevent injury to the sole. 


CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT 


Presents symptoms resembling those of simple foot-rot, 
but usually begins at the coronet unless in the case of 


Diseases of the Foot. 391 


pre-existing sores, and tends to produce fungous growths 
of the skin around the margin of the hoof and a degenera- 
‘tion of horn in some respects comparable to canker. It is 
mainly to be recognized by its spread in a flock as a 
' sequence of contact with diseased animals, and without 
any sufficient cause in their management or in the damp- 
ness of the locality. 

Treatment does not differ materially from that of simple 
foot-rot except that a preference must be given to antisep- 
tics in the selection of caustic dressings. Hydrochloric 
acid reduced with thrice its bulk of water; chloride of 
zine | dr., water 1 pint; carbolic acid; butter of antimony, 
may be cited as examples. Much more important, how- 
ever, 1s it to separate the sound from the diseased, and 
from contaminated pastures and buildings, and to thor- 
oughly cleanse and disinfect the latter before they are 
again used for the shelter of flocks (see Disinfection). 


FOOT-ROT FROM TUBERCULOSIS. 


This is common in cattle and sheep, the disease com- 
mencing in the digital bones, which are enlarged with 
interstitial and surrounding deposit, leading to open sores, 
open joints and complete destruction of the member (see 
Tuberculosis). 


CHAPTER. XD 
DISEASED GROWTHS 


The limits of the present work forbid any systematic de- 
scription of the various degenerations of tissue (fatty, min- 
eral, amyloid, pigmentary, etc.,) and of the tumors or dis- 
eased growths which appear in different parts of the 
system. The last will only be noticed so far as to point 
out the principal distinctive characters of the malignant 
tumors or cancers, and the simple. 

Simple Tumors are composed of elements like those 
previously existing at the same or some other part of the 
body; they do not tend to draw surrounding structures 
into their substance, but grow between these and push 
them aside ; usually they are surrounded by distinct sacs 
which separate them completely from surrounding tissues 
except where the blood-vessels enter; they do not tend to 
produce swellings in the nearest lymphatic glands, by rea- 
son of propagation of elements absorbed from the dis- 
eased mass, nor an unhealthy constitutional state—dys- 
crasia—tending to the formation of such diseased masses 
in internal organs; and their elements tend to be resolved 
mainly into fat or gelatine by boiling, which shows there 
is little albumen in their structure. 

Cancers, on the other hand, usually contain elements 
unlike any previously existing in the system. ‘The pres- 
-ence of large cells, each containing smaller ones (nuclei) 
in its interior, and these still smaller nuclei (nucleoli), was 
at one time thought characteristic of cancer, and though 
this cannot now be maintained, yet the abundance of such 


Diseased Growths. ooo 


cells, or of any cells, implying the growth of the tumor is 

always highly suspicious. These tumors have no clearly- 
defined limit, nor limiting sac, but grow in the natural 
structures, drawing them into their substance and trans- 
forming them into a cancerous mass. Hence, a cancer 
near the surface will often lead to a depression at first by 
the drawing in of the skin, and in the mammary glands 
the drawing in of the teat is a most characteristic early 
symptom. They are hereditary, tending to appear in the 
offspring at the same age as in the parent. They lead to 
early and painful swelling of the adjacent lymphatic 
glands, of the internal lymphatic glands and of the spleen, 
and produce or aggravate the unhealthy constitutional 
state on which the deposition of cancer depends. If re- 
moved, there is a great liability to the formation of cancer 
in the same situation or some other, and especially if we 
fail to remove the whole organ in which the disease pri- 
marily appeared. They are more vascular, and grow 
faster without apparent cause (mechanical injury, expos- 
ure,) than simple tumors. Finally they contain an ex- 
cess of albumen, and the larger the proportion of albumen, 
of cells and granules, the more rapid is the growth and 
the more redoubtable the result. 

The Hard Cancers (Scirrhus) are firm and crisp under 
the knife, and from the cut surface exudes a whitish fluid 
—cancer-juice—containing the characteristic cells and 
granules. Soft or Brain-like Cancer is very soft and fria- 
ble, bleeds freely when wounded, contains a great excess 
of cells and granules, and from its rapid growth pushes 
existing tissues aside so as to feel more circumscribed. 
It is the cancer of the young and of particular organs, 
such as the eye, grows rapidly, opens early, exposing a 
raw, unhealthy, bleeding surface, and has a short and fa- 
tal course. It is often complicated by an extensive pro- 
duction of black pigment (melanotic cancer). In Epithe- 
lial Cancer the morbid product consists mainly in epithe- 
lial cells, and it grows downward into the substance of the 


394 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


tissues as well as outward from the skin. It is slow to 
implicate adjacent lymphatic glands, or to produce a con- 
stitutional dyscrasia with internal deposits, and hence its 
removal is much more frequently successful. Colloid Can- 
cer is characterized by the formation of a mucous or gelat- 
inous liquid containing a kernel of granules and rounded 
simple or nucleated cells, enclosed in spherical cavities, 
surrounded by a delicate membranous stroma, made up 
of the former tissues of the part. Osteoid Cancer of ivory- 
like hardness, with a vascular surface and interspaces, has 
not been observed in the lower animals. 

Treatment of Tumors. Recent simple tumors, still 
largely cellular, may sometimes be removed by stimulat- 
ing embrocations, as iodine ointment or tincture, cam- 
phorated spirit, soap liniment, etc. Others may be greatly 
reduced or even entirely removed by the occasional injec- 
tion into their substance, through a very fine needle-like 
tube, of discutients (weak solutions of iodine). In cystic 
tumors the evacuation of the liquid through a fine cannula 
or needle-like tube, and the injection of a weak solution 
of iodine (one part of the compound tincture and three 
parts water) will often succeed. But most frequently, 
and especially in old-standing tumors, resort must be had 
to the knife or to caustics. Excision with the knife is the 
quickest and usually the preferable mode, but in some 
dangerous situations caustic may be preferred. Its em- 
ployment is founded on the fact that it tends to eat away 
the diseased mass sooner than the healthy ; but this par- 
tial immunity of the sound tissues will not warrant the use 
of such agents as caustic potassa or soda, which quickly 
permeate all cell structures alike and destroy them. Ni- 
trate of silver, chloride of zinc, sulphate of copper, ter- 
chloride of antimony, or the mineral acids, are usually 
preferable. Protection against cold, ill-health arising 
from other sources, mechanical injuries and exposures to 
cold or wet are important elements in treatment. 

For cancers, an early and extensive removal with the 


~ 


_ Diseased Growths. BUD 


knife may be said to hold out the only hope. The whole 
organ in which the cancer grows should be cut out, as a 
rule, to insure the removal of all diseased elements, and 
any interference is to be deprecated when the adjacent 
lymphatic glands are already enlarged. 

Attempts have been made to dissolve and remove can- 
cers and other tumors with pepsin, and with considerable 
success, the agent virtually digesting the diseased prod- 
ucts with little pain, while the healthy tissues remain un- 
affected. 


APPENDIX. 
ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES. 


To some readers a few words of explanation may be 
necessary in order to the proper understanding of the drugs 
and their doses. 


1. EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 


Alteratives change in some unexplained way the condi- 
tions and functions of organs. 
Anesthetics deprive of sensation and suffering. 
Anodynes allay or diminish pain. 
Antacids are antidotes to acids. 
Anthelmintics kill or expel worms. 
Antiperiodics obviate the return of a paroxysm in peri- 
odic diseases. 
Antiseptics prevent, arrest or retard putrefaction. 
Antispasmodics prevent or allay cramps. 
Aperients gently open the bowels. 
Aromatics, strong-smelling stimulants which dispel wind 
and allay pain. 
Astringents cause contraction of vital structures. 
Carminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics). 
Cathartics freely open the bowels. 
Cholagogues increase the secretion of bile. 
Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces. 
Diaphoretics cause perspiration. 
Discutients dispel enlargements. 
Disinfectants destroy infecting matter. 
Diuretics increase the secretion of urine. 


Appendix. 397 


Ecbolics cause contraction of the womb. 

Emetics induce vomiting. 

Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tubes. 

Febrifuges counteract fever—lower temperature. 

Laxatives (Aperients). 

Narcotics allay pain and produce sleep. 

Parturients (Ecbolics). 

Purgatives (Cathartics). 

ftefrigerants diminish heat. 

Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation. 

Soporijics induce sleep. 

Stimulants temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory 
system. 

Sudorifics (Diaphoretics). 

Sialogogues increase the secretion of saliva. 

Stomachics improve digestion. 

Tomcs gradually and permanently improve digestion 
and nutrition. 3 

Vermifuges kill and expel worms. 


2. GRADUATION OF DOSES. 


The doses given may be held applicable to full-grown 
animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must be 
made in any case in which the patient exceeds or comes 
short of the average of his kind. A similar modification 
must be made as regards young animals, not only on ac- 
count of their smaller size but also of their greater sus- 
ceptibility. The following table may serve as a guide: 


HORSE, ETC. ° SHEEP. SWINE. 


a ——— 


3 years. 2years.| 1% years. 15 m’ths. ¥ year. | I part. 


fen EF Por “5 9-18 m’ths. -6 m’ths./|% — 
-| 6-12m’ths.| 5-9 ‘‘ i 
ei oy | ore 


s qe ar 
Se ea t6 


Allowance must also be made for a nervous tempera- 
ment which usually renders an animal more impressible, 


398 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


for habit or continued use which tends to decrease the 
susceptibility for individual drugs, for idiosynerasy which 
can only be discovered by observing the action of the 
agent on the particular subject, and for the influence of 
disease when that is likely to affect the action. Thus in 
most diseases of the brain and spinal cord and in some 
impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of 
purgative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza 
and other low fevers half the usual doses may prove fatal. 
In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating narcotics 
(opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus,) would aggravate the 
symptoms, ete. 


3. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION. 


Anodynes, Antispasmodics, Narcotics, Sedatives and 
Stimulants may generally be repeated once in four or six 
hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, Dia- 
phoretics, Febrifuges, Refrigerants and Tonics may be 
administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be 
given when necessary and should never be repeated until 
from the lapse of time we are assured that the first dose is 
to remain inoperative. Thus unless in urgent need, a 
horse should not take a second dose of physic under 
thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first, and in all 
cases, until the medicine has worked off, he should be 
kept at rest and allowed only warm bran mashes and 
water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose 
may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in 
carnivora and omnivora in from seven to ten hours. 
Emetics should be given in full doses and repeated in five 
or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, their action being 
further solicited by copious draughts of tepid water and 
tickling of the back of the mouth with a feather. 


4, FORM TO ADMINISTER. 


Drugs may often be given as powder or solution in the 
food or water; they may be made into a soft solid with 


Appendic. 399 


syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder and © 


covered with soft paper; they may be converted into an 
infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by 
boiling ; or they may be powdered and suspended in thick 
eruel or mucilage. They may be given, in a liquid form, 
from a horn or bottle; or, as a short cylinder or pill, may 
be lodged over the middle of the root of the tongue; or, 
as a sticky mass, they may be smeared on the back teeth ; 
or they may be given as an injection into the rectum; or 
finally, in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating 
agents, they may be injected under the skin. 

No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to 
prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, 
and irritants that will not mix with water (oil of turpen- 
tine, croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland oil, in 
milk or in eggs after having been thoroughly mixed. 


400 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


DRUGS AND DOSES. 


When not otherwise stated, the doses for the horse may be given to ox, ass 
and mule, and those of the sheep to the goat and swine. 


ACETIC ACID, antidote to acids, cooling astringent : Horse 1 dreams 
drs; ass I dr; sheep 1 scr; dog 2-3 drops. 

TINCTURE OF ACONITE, sedative, diaphoretic: Horse 20-30 drops; ox 
30-40 drops; ass 15-20 drops; sheep 3-5 drops; dog 1-3 drops. 

ALCOHOL, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse I-3 0z; ox 3-60z; assI 
oz; sheep % oz; dog2drs. Locally cooling astringent. ; 

BRANDY, WHISKY and GIN, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 3-6 0z; 
ox 6-12 0z; ass 2-5 0z; sheepIoo0z; dog %0z. Locally cooling astringent. 

STRONG ALE, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 1-2 pts; ox 2-4 pts; 
ass I pt; sheep % pt; dog2o0z. Locally cooling astringent. 

BARBADOES ALOES, purgative: Horse 4 drs; ass 3-4 drs; dog % dr. 

CAPE ALOES, purgative: Horse 5 drs; ass 4-5 drs. 

ALUM, astringent: Horse 2-3 drs; ox 3-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 4-1 dr; 
dog %-I scr. 

AMMONIA, LIQUID, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: 
Horse % 0z; ox %-1 0z; ass 2-4 drs; sheep %-1 dr; dog 1odrops. Lo- 
cally blister. 

AROMATIC AMMONIA, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: 
Horse I-2 02; ox 2-402; ass I-20z; sheep %-10z; dogidr. Locally 
blister. 

CARBONATE OF AMMONIA, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, di- 
uretic: Horse 2-4drs; ox 4-6 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep %-1 dr; dog 10-15 
grs. Locally blister. 

MURIATE OF AMMONIA, stimulant, discutient, alterative, diuretic: Horse 
2-4 drs; ox 4-6 drs; ass2drs; sheep %-1 dr; dog20grs. Locally cool- 
ing discutient. 

ACETATE OF AMMONIA, SOLUTION, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant: Horse 
2-3 02; Ox 3-402; ass 20z; sheep 4-1 oz; dog2 drs. 

ANISE-SEED, stomachic, carminative: Horse I 0z; ox I-20z3; ass I 0Z; 
sheep 2-4 drs; dog I-3 scr. 

- ANTIMONY, TARTARIZED (TARTAR EMETIC), emetic: Swine 5 grs: dog 
2-4 grs. Sedative, diaphoretic: Horse 2 drs; ox 2-4 drs; ass2drs; sheep 
I-2 scr; swine 4-1 gr; dog %-¥% gr. Locally blister. 

ARECA NUT, vermifuge, teniafuge: Horse I 0z; ox I 0z3; ass I 02z; 
sheep 3 drs; dog 4-1 dr. 

ARNICA TINCTURE, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 1 dr; ox 1 dr; ass % dr; 
sheep I scr; dog 10 drops. Locally cooling, soothing. 

ARSENIC, alterative, nerve tonic: Horse 5 grs; ox 5-8 grs; ass 3-5 grs; 
sheep I gr; swine % gr; dog, gr. Locally caustic, parasiticide. 

ASAFGTIDA, diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifuge: Horse 2 drs; 
ox 4. drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep %-1I dr; swine % dr; dog 10-20 grs. 

AZEDARACH, vermifuge: Horse %-I 0z; ox I 0z; ass 3-4 drs; sheep I-2 
drs; swine 1 dr; dog 20 grs. 


Appendix. AOL 


BELLADONNA, anodyne, antispasmodic, narcotic: Horse 2 0z; ox 2 oz; 
ass I-2 oz; sheep % oz; dog § grs. 

BELLADONNA, EXTRACT, anodyne, etc.: Horse 2drs; ox 2-3 drs; ass 1-2 
drs; sheep % dr; dog 1-3 grs. 

ATROPIA (alkaloid of Belladonna), anodyne, etc.: Horse 1-2 grs; ox I-2 
grs; ass I gr; sheep % gr; dog 7; gr. 

BALSAM OF PERU, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse I oz; 
Ox I-14 oz; ass 14-1 oz; sheep 2 drs; dog ¥% dr. 

BENZOIN, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse I 0z; ox I-1% 
0Z; ass %-1 oz; sheep 2 drs; dog % dr. 

BoRAX, nerve sedative, uterine stimulant: Horse 2-6 drs; ox %-I oz; 
ass 2-4 drs; sheep %-1 dr; swine 14 dr; dog 5-10 grs. Locally astringent, 
parasiticide. 

BISMUTH, SUBNITRATE, soothes irritation of the stomach and bowels: 
Horse 2 drs; ox 2-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep 20 STS 5 ; swine 10-20 grs; dog 
5-10 grs. Locally soothing, healing. 

BLACKBERRY ROOT, astringent: Horse 2-4 drs; ox % oz; ass 2 drs; 
sheep 2 scr; dog ¥% scr. 

BLUE-STONE (copper sulphate). 

BONESET, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic: Horse 1%4-I 0z; ox I oz; ass % 
oz; sheep 2-3 drs; swine 2 drs; dog 4-1 dr. 

BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM, nerve sedative: Horse 2-4 drs; ox 4 drs; ass 
2-3 drs; sheep % dr; dog 5-10 grs. 

BUCHU, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 4 drs; ox %-I oz; ass 3 drs; sheep 
1 dr; dog 10-20 grs. 

BUCKTHORN SYRUP, purgative: dog %-1 oz. 

CALOMEL, purgative: Horse I dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass 1 dr; swine I scr; 
dog 3-4 grs. Alterative: Horse I scr; ox I-3 scr; ass I scr; swine 3-4 grs; 
dog %-I gr. 

CAMPHOR, calmative, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 2-4 drs; ass I 
dr; sheep I scr; dog 3-10 grs. 

CANTHARIDES, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 5 grs; ox 5-10 grs; ass 3-5 
grs; sheep I-2 grs; dog %-¥% gr. Locally blister. 

CAPSICUM, CAYENNE PEPPER, stimulant, aromatic: Horse 2-3 drs; ox 2-4 
drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep I scr; swine %-I scr; dog 2-5 grs. Locally irri- 
tant. 

CARAWAY SEED, stomachic: Horse I 0z; ox I-2 0z; ass I 0z; sheep 2-3 
drs: swine 2 drs; dog I scr. 

CARDAMOMS, stomachic: Horse 1 0z; oxI-20z; ass 10z; sheep 2-3 drs; 
swine 2 drs; dog I scr. 

CASCARILLA, Stimulant, bitter tonic: Horse %-I 0z; ox I oz; ass 4-6 
drs; sheep I dr; dog Io grs. 

CARBOLIC ACID, sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant: 
Horse %-1 dr; ox 1 dr; ass % dr; sheep 10 drops; dog 5 drops. 

CASTOR-OIL, purgative: Horse I pt; ox 1-1% pts; ass I pt; sheep 3-4 
oz; dog %-I oz. 

CATECHU, astringent: Horse 2-5 drs; ox 3-8 drs; ass 2-3 drs; sheep I-2 
drs; dog 10-30 grs. 


402 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


CHAMOMILE, stimulant, tonic: Horse I 0z; ox I-2 0z; ass I 0z3; sheep 2 
drs; dog % dr. 

CHERRY BARK, WILD, expectorant: Horse % oz; sheep 2-3 scr; swine 
2 scr; dog I scr. 

(CHLORAL-HYDRATE, sedative, antispasmodic: Horse, % oz; ass 4%-% 
oz; sheep 1dr; dog 20 grs. Soporific: Horse 1 oz; sheep 2-3 drs; dog 
yy dr. 

CHLOROFORM, stimulant: Horse 1-2 drs; ass 1dr; sheep 1 ser; dog 5-10 
drops. Anesthetic. 

CINCHONA, PERUVIAN BARK, bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic: Horse 
I-3 0z; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs; dog I dr. 

CINNAMON, stomachic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox %-I oz; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 
I-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. 

COD-LIVER OIL, tonic: Horse 4-6 0z; ox 6-8 0z; ass 4-60z; sheep I-2 
oz; dog ¥% oz. 

COLCHICUM, diuretic, sedative: Horse %-1 dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass % dr; 
sheep 4 scr; dog 2-8 grs. 

COLOCYNTH, bitter purgative: dog 2-5 gers. 

CoLuMBO, bitter tonic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox %-10z; ass 2-3 drs; sheep 
¥%-1 dr; dog Io grs. 

CONIUM, EXTRACT, sedative: Horse I dr; ox I-2 drs; ass 4-1 dr; sheep 
10-15 grs; swine IO grs; dog 2-5 grs. 

CoPpaIVA, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant: Horse 2-4 drs; ox 3-4 drs; 
ass 2-3 drs; sheep 14-1 dr; dog Io drops. 

COPPER, AMMONIATED, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent: Horse 1-2 drs; 
ox I-2 drs; ass I dr: sheep 10-20 grs; dog I-5 grs. 

COPPER, IODIDE, tonic, discutient: Horse 1-2 drs. 

COPPER, SULPHATE, tonic, astringent: Horse %-1 dr; ox I-2 drs; ass 
¥% dr; sheep 10 grs; dog 2-4 grs. 

CROTON SEEDS, purgative: Horse 10-12; ox 15-20; ass 8-10; sheep 2-3; 
dog 1-2. 

CROTON OIL, purgative: Horse 15-20 drops; ox 20-30 drops; ass 12-18 
drops; sheep 5-8 drops; dog 3-4 drops. 

CREAM OF TARTAR, diuretic: Horse I 0z; sheep 4-6 drs; dog I ;dr. 
Laxative: Horse 5 0z; ox 5-8 0z; ass 5 0z; sheep I-20z; dog % oz. 

DANDELION EXTRACT, TARAXACUM, diuretic, laxative, bitter: Horse 
I-I1%% 0z; Ox 2 0z; ass I oz; sheep 3 drs; dog I dr. 

DIGITALIS, sedative, diuretic: Horse 15-20 grs; ox 144-I dr; ass 15 grs; 
sheep 5-15 grs; swine 2-10 grs; dog I-3 grs. 

DOVER’S POWDER, sedative, diaphoretic: Horse 3 drs; ox 3-4 drs; ass 2 
drs; sheep 2 scr; swine I scr; dog 2-4 grs. 

ERGoT, checks bleeding, parturient: Horse %-I 0z; ox I 0z; ass % 0z; 
sheep 1-2 drs; dog % dr. 

ETHER, diffusible stimulant: Horse I-2 0z; ox 2-3 0z; ass I oz; sheep 
¥% oz; swine 2-4 drs; dog I dr. 

FENNEL SEED, stomachic: Horse I 0z; ox I-2 0z; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 
drs; dog % dr. 

o4* 


Appendix. 403 


FILIX MAS., EXTRACT, MALE SHIELD-FERN, vermifuge, teeniacide: Horse 
I oz; sheep % dr; dog 10-20 drops. 

GALLS, OAK, astringent: Horse 4-6 drs; ox I-20z; ass 4 drs; sheep 
¥y-I scr; swine I-2 scr; dog 1-3 grs. 

GALLIC and TANNIC ACID, TANNIN, astringent: Horse I-3 scr; ass I-2 
scr; sheep 5 grs; dog I-3 grs. 

GENTIAN, bitter tonic: Horse 4 drs; ox %-10z; ass 4drs; sheep 1-2 
drs; dog 10-20 grs. 

GINGER, stimulant, stomachic: Horse I 0z; ox 2 0z; ass %-10z; sheep 
W% oz; swine 2 drs; dog 2 scr. 

GLAUBER SALTS (SODA SULPHATE). 

HENBANE, HYOSCYAMUS, EXTRACT, sedative, antispasmodic: Horse 2 drs; 
ox-2-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep %-1 dr; swine % dr; dog 5 grs. 

HEMP, INDIAN, EXTRACT, antispasmodic, soporific, narcotic: Horse %-1 
dr; ass % dr; sheep 10-15 grs; swine 5-10 grs; dog I-2 grs. 

HYDROCYANIC ACID (PRUSSIC). 

IODINE, alterative, discutient: Horse 10-20 grs; ox 20-30 grs; ass IO grs, 
sheep 5-10 grs; swine 5 grs; dog I-2 ers. 

IODIDE OF POTASSIUM, alterative, diuretic: Horse %-1dr; ox 1-2 drs; 
ass % dr; sheep 3 scr; swine I-2 scr; dog I scr. 

IPECACUANHA, emetic, sedative: Swine 1-2 drs; dog 15-20 grs. Diapho- 
retic, expectorant: Swine % dr; dog 3-5 grs. 

JALAP, purgative: Swine 1-2 drs; dog 4-1 dr. 

IRON, PEROXIDE, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs; ox 4 drs; ass2 drs; sheep 1dr; 
dog 5-10 grs. Antidote to arsenic. 

IRON, SULPHATE, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep I dr; swine % 
dr; dog 2-5 ers. 

IRON, CARBONATE, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 1dr; swine 
¥% dr; dog 2-5 grs. 

TRON, IODIDE, tonic, discutient: Horse 4-2 drs; ox 1-2 drs; ass 3-1 
dr; sheep 15-30 grs; swine 10-20 grs; dog 1-8 grs. 

IRON, TINCTURE OF MURIATE, astringent, checks bleeding: Horse 14-1 0z; 
Ox I-2 0z; ass 4 0z; sheep %-1 dr; swine 10-30 drops; dog 5-10 drops. 

KINO, astringent; Horse % 0z; ox %-1 0z; ass 2-4 drs; sheep I-2 drs; 
swine %-1 dr; dog 10 grs. 

Kousso, vermifuge: Sheep 2-3 0z; dog I oz. 

LAUDANUM (OPIUM). 

LEAD ACETATE (SUGAR OF LEAD), astringent, sedative: Horse 1-2 scr; 
Ox 2-3 scr; ass I scr; sheep 10-15 grs; dog 2-5 grs. 

LIME-WATER, antacid, astringent: Horse 4-5 0z; ox 4-80z; ass 40z; 
sheep I oz; dog t dr. 

LIME, CARBONATE, CHALK, antacid, astringent: Horse 1-2 0z; ox 2-402; 
ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs; dog 8-12 grs. 

LIME, CHLORIDE, CHLORINATED, checks tympany, disinfectant: Horse 
2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 1-2 drs. 

LINSEED OIL, laxative: Horse 1-2 pts; ox I-2 qts; ass I pt; sheep 


¥y pt. 


404 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. 


LoBELIA, sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 1-3 
drs; ass 1 dr; sheep 15 grs; swine 5-15 grs; dog I-5 grs. 

MAGNESIA, antacid, laxative, antidote to arsenic: Horse I-2 0z; ox 2-4 
oz; sheep I oz. 

MAGNESIA, SULPHATE, EPSOM SALTS, laxative: ox I-2 lbs; sheep 4-6 oz. 

MALLow, demulcent: Freely. 

MENTHA PIPERITA (PEPPERMINT). 

MERCURY WITH CHALK, HYDRARGRUM CUM CRETA, antacid, laxative: 
Calf 10-15 grs; dog 5-10 grs. 

MERCURIAL PILL, BLUE PILL, laxative: Dog 5 grs. 

MERCURY, SUBCHLORIDE (CALOMEL). 

MURIATIC ACID, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, tonic, astringent, caustic, disin- 
fectant: Horse 1 dr; ox 2 drs; ass 1 dr; sheep 20 drops; dog 2-5 drops. 

MyRRH, stimulant, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs; ox 4-6 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 
I-2 drs; dog 15-20 grs. 

NITRE (POTASSA NITRATE). 

NITRIC ACID, tonic, astringent, caustic: Horse 1 dr; ox2 drs; ass 1 dr; 
sheep 20 drops; dog 2-5 drops. 

NvuxX VOMICA, nerve stimulant, tonic: Horse 10-30 grs; ox 20-40 grs; 
ass 10-20 grs; sheep 5-15 grs; dog %-3 grs. 

OAK BARK, astringent: Horse I 0z; ox 2-4.0z; ass 1o0z; sheep 4 drs; 
Swine 2-3 drs; dog I-2 drs. 

OLIVE OIL, laxative: Horse I-2 pts ; ox 2-3 pts; ass I pt; sheep 3-6 0z; 
dog I-3 02. 

OPIUM, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse %-2 drs; ox 
2-4 drs; ass %-1 dr; sheep 10-20 grs; dog 4-3 grs. 

OPIUM, TINCTURE, LAUDANUM, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: 
Horse I-20z; ox 2 0z; ass¥g-10z; sheep 2-3 drs; dog 15-30 drops. 

MOoORPHIA, MURIATE, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse 
3-5 grs; Ox 5-10 grs; ass 3 grs; sheep¥%-1I gr; dog Y-¥% gr. 

PEPPERMINT, OIL, stomachic, antispasmodic: Horse 20 drops; ox 20-30 
drops; ass 20 drops; sheep 5-10 drops; swine 5 drops; dog 3-5 drops. 

PERUVIAN BARK (CINCHONA). 

PEPPER, BLACK, WHITE, stomachic, stimulant: Horse 2 drs; ox 3 drs; 
ass 2 drs; sheep I-2 scr; dog 5-10 grs. 

PIMENTO, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2drs; ox3drs; ass2drs; sheep 
I-2 scr; dog 5-10 grs. 

PODOPHYLLIN, purgative, sedative: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 2drs; ass I dr; 
sheep 10-20 grs; swine 6-8 grs; dog I-2 grs. 

POMEGRANATE ROOT BARK, vermifuge: Horse I 0z; ox I-20z; ass 1 02; 
sheep 2-3 drs; swine I-2 drs; dog 20-30 grs. 

POTASSA ACETATE, antacid, diuretic, diaphoretic: Horse 6-8 drs; ox I oz; 
ass 4-6 drs; sheep I-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. 

POTASSA NITRATE, diuretic, febrifuge: Horse, 6-8 drs; ox I oz; ass 46 
drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. 

POTASSA BICARBONATE, antacid, diuretic: Horse 6-8 drs; ox 10z; ass~ 
4-6 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. 

PoTASSA CHLORATE, stimulant, diuretic, refrigerant, antiseptic: Horse 1-4 
drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep 20-40 grs; dog 5-15 grs. 


Appendix. A05 


POTASSIUM IODIDE (IODINE). 

PoTASSIUM BROMIDE, nerve sedative: Horse %0z; ass 2-4drs; sheep 
2drs; swine I dr; dog 20 grs. 

POTASSIUM CYANIDE, sedative, antispasmodic: Horse I-2 grs; ox 2 grs; 
ass I-2 grs; sheep % gr; dog %-\% gr. 

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA (WILD CHERRY). 

PRUSSIC ACID, sedative, antispasmodic: Horse 20-30 drops; ox 30-40 
drops; ass 15-20 drops; sheep 5-8 drops; swine 5 drops; dog 1-3 drops. 

PUMPKIN SEEDS, vermifuge, teeniafuge: Dog % oz. 

QUINIA, SULPHATE, bitter tonic: Horse 20 grs; ox 20-30 grs; ass 15-20 
grs; sheep 6-10 grs ; swine 5-10 grs; dog 2-6 grs. 

RHUBARB, laxative, tonic: Horse I 0z; ox 2 0z 3 ass 1o0z; sheep I dr; 
dog 20 grs. 

RESIN, diuretic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox %-1I 0z; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 2-4 drs; 
swine 2 drs; dog 20-30 gers. 

Soap, diuretic, antacid, laxative: Horse 1-2 0z; ass I oz; sheep 2-6 drs; 
swine 2-4 drs; dog 20-60 gers. 

SODA, BICARBONATE, antacid, diuretic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox 4-8 drs; ass 
4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 5-30 grs. 

SODA, SULPHITE, BISULPHITE, HYPOSULPHITE, antiseptic, disinfectant, 
alterative, relieves tympany: Horse I 0z; ox 2-3 0z; ass 1o0z; sheep 2-6 
drs; swine 2-4 drs; dog 20-60 grs. 

SODA SULPHATE (GLAUBER SALTS), purgative: Horse 1-144 lbs; ox 1-2 
Ibs; ass %-1 1b; sheep 6 oz. 

SODIUM, CHLORIDE (COMMON SALT), tonic, vermifuge, purgative: Horse 
I-2 0Z; OX 2-4 0Z; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs; swine 1-3 drs; dog 10-30 grs. 

SANTONIN, WORMSEED, SEMEN CONTRA, vermifuge: Horse %-1 0z; ass 
4 drs; sheep 2-4 drs; swine 1-3 drs; dog 10-60 grs. 

SQUILL, diuretic, expectorant: Horse 4% dr; ox %-1 dr; ass 20-30 grs; 
sheep 10-15 grs; dog I-5 grs. 

SILVER, NITRATE (LUNAR CAUSTIC), nerve tonic: Horse 5 grs; ox 5-8 
grs; ass 2-4 grs; sheep I-2 grs; dog %-¥% gr. 

SPANISH FLIES (CANTHARIDES). 

SPIGELIA, vermifuge: Horse %-I 0z; ox I-2 0z; ass %-I oz; sheep 2-4 
drs; swine 2-3 drs; dog 1 dr. 

STRYCHNIA, nerve tonic: Horse I-2 grs; ox I-3 grs; assI gr; sheep 
¥Y%-1I gr; swine % gr; dog 4)-yp gr. 

SULPHUR, expectorant, diaphoretic: Horse 3-4 0z; ox 5-60z; ass 3 02; 
sheep 20z; swine 1%-20z; dog2-8drs. Laxative, alterative: Horse 1 0z; 
Ox I-20z; ass 1oz; sheep6drs; swine 4-6drs; dog %-1dr. Parasiticide. 

SWEET SPIRITS OF NITRE, SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER, stimulant, antispas- 
modic, diuretic, diaphoretic: Horse I-2 0z; ox 3-4 0z; ass I oz; sheep 3-6 
drs; dog %-2 drs. 

STRAMONIUM, narcotic, sedative: Horse 20-30 grs; ox %-I dr; ass 15-30 
grs; sheep 5-10 grs; swine 4-6 grs; dog 2 grs. 

SULPHURIC ACID, tonic, refrigerant, caustic: Horse 1 dr; ox 2-4 drs; 
ass I dr; sheep % dr; swine 20 drops; dog 5-10 drops. 

TOBACCO, sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge: Horse 4 drs; ox 4-6 drs; 
ass 4 drs; sheep I dr; swine % dr; dog 5-6 grs. 


406 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 


TAR, expectorant, antiseptic: Horse %-1 0z; ox %-20z; sheep % oz. 

TURPENTINE OIL, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic: Horse 1-20z; ox 
I-1¥% oz; ass % oz; sheep 1-2drs; swine1dr; dog %dr. Vermifuge: 
Horse 2 023 0x 2-302; ass I-20z; sheep 4drs; swine 2-3 drs; dog 1-2 drs. 

VALERIAN, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge: Horse 2 oz; 
Ox 2-4 0z; ass 2 0z; sheep % 0z; swine 2-3 drs; dog 1-2 drs. ~ 

VALERIANATE OF IRON, nerve tonic: Dog 4-5 grs. 

VERATRUM, sedative: Horse I scr; ox %-1 dr; ass %-I scr; sheep 5-10 
grs; swine 5-8 grs; dog 2 grs. 

WILD CHERRY BARK, expectorant: Horse I 0z; ox 1% oz; ass 1 0Z; 
sheep 3 drs; dog 30 grs. 

ZINC CARBONATE, astringent, tonic: Horse 2 drs; ox 2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; 
sheep %-1 dr; swine 4 dr; dog 10-15 grs. 

ZINC, SULPHATE, astringent, tonic: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 2-3 drs; ass 1 dr; 
sheep 15-30 grs; swine 10-20 grs; dog 2-3 grs. Emetic: Swine 15 grs to 
1 dr; dog 8-15 grs. 


BLISTERING, ETC. 


As an example of a simple blister for the horse the fol- 
lowing may be given :— 


Powdered Cantharides 2. drs. 


Camphor 5 gers. 
Oil of Lavender 10 drops. 
Lard 1 oz. 


Mix thoroughly. When applying it, first cut the hair from 
the part, then rub the ointment well in with the palm of 
the hand and against the direction of the hair, for four or 
five minutes. The animal should be tied short to a high 
rack or otherwise prevented from reaching the blistered 
surface with his lips until it is well raised. Then the 
application may be washed off with soap-suds and the 
part smeared daily with lard. The blister should not be 
repeated until the effects of the first have passed off. 

For cattle, } oz. oil of turpentine or 10 grs. tartar 
emetic may be added to the above blister. For pigs can- 
tharides and turpentine may be used alone, 1 of the for- 
mer to 4 of the latter. For dogs and sheep equal parts of 
strong aqua ammonia and olive-oil may be used and 
rubbed in as often as may seem requisite. 


INDEX. 


Abductor femoris displaced, 
349, 

Abortion, 223. 

Abortion from ergot, 64. 

Abscess in bone, 296-299. 

Abscess in bone, symptoms of, 
297. 

Abscess in the false nostril, 
hd 

Abscess in 
pouches, 77. 

Abscess of the walls of the 
chest, 93. 

Acariasis, 277. 

Acari, parasitic, 277. 

Achorion Schonleini, 275. 

Action of medicines, 396. 

_ Acute enteritis, 155. 

Acute farcy, 44. 

Acute gastric indigestion in 
horses, 148. 

Acute glanders, 23. 

Acute inflammation of the 
bowels, 155. 

Acute intestinal indigestion in 
horses, 149. 

Acute muco-enteritis, 157. 

Afterbirth, retained, 230. 

Ages, doses for different, 397. 

Air in the chest, 92. 


the guttural 


Air in veins, 121. 
Albuminoids in the blood, im- 
perfect oxidation of, 185. 

Albuminous urine, 206. 

Albuminuria, 206. 

Amaurosis, 246. 

Anemia, 70. 

Anasarca, 67. 

Anchylosis, 307. 

Aneurisms, 119. 

Animal plagues, exclusion and 
extinction of, 2. 

Animals, doses for different, 
397-400. 

Anthrax, 32, 94. 

Anthrax, apoplectic, 38. 

Anthrax fever, in birds, 40; 
cattle, 39 ; horses, 38 ; sheep, 
39 ; swine, 40. 

Anthrax in dogs and cats, 38. 

Anthrax in man, 38. 

Anthrax of the throat, 37. 

Anthrax, prevention of, 42. 

Anthrax, treatment of, 40. 

Anus, fistula in, 168. 

Anus, imperforate, 169. 

Aphthous fever, 10. 

Apoplectic anthrax, 38. 

Apoplexy, 253. 

Apoplexy of the lung, 94. 


A408 


Appendix, 396. 

Appetite, depraved, 153. 
Arm-bone, fracture of, 330. 
Arterial hemorrhage, 117. 
Arteries, dilatation of, 119. 
Arteries, diseases of, 117. 
Arteries, inflammation of, 118. 
Arteries, wounds of, 117. 
Arteritis, 118. 

Arthritis, 307. 

Ascites, 170. 

Ascites in parturition, 230. 
Asiatic cholera, 24. 
Asthma, 94. 

Atrophy of the heart, 111. 
Auscultation, 73, 108. 
Azotzmia, 185. 

Azoturia, 185, 


Back and loins, fractures of, 
321, 

Back and loins, sprains of, 322. 

Back tendons, sprains of, 338. 

Beef tapeworm, 58. 

Belly-ache, 154. 

Belly, dropsy of, 170. 

Big-head, 302. 

Biliary calculi, 195. 

Bilious fever in horses, 21. 

Bird acari, 278. 

Bird lice, 284. 

Bird-pox, 10. 

Birds, impacted crop in, 140. 

Birds, pulse in, 107. 

Bistouri caché, 239. 

Bit and curb, injuries by, 317. 

Black pigment tumors, 274. 

Black-quarter, 36. 

Black-tongue, 36. 


Index. 


Black water, 186. 

Bladder, eversion of, 210. 

Bladder, inflammation of, 208. 

Bladder, paralysis of, 208. 

Bladder, spasm of itsneck, 207. 

Bladder, stone in, 214. 

Bleeding from arteries, 117. 

Bleeding from the lungs, 97. 

Bleeding from the nose, 75. 

Bleeding from the womb, 230. 

Bleeding from veins, 119. 

Bleeding in the bowels from 
liver disease, 183. 

Blistering, 406. 

Bloating, 140. 

Bloodlessness, 70. 

Blood poisoning from imper- 
fect oxidation of albumi- 
noids, 185. 

Blood spavin, 361-362, 

Bloody flux, 161. 

Bloody milk, 236. 

Bloody murrain, 32, 36. 

Bloody urine, 204. 

Blow-flies, 282. 

Blowing murmurs in the heart, 
109. 

Blue disease, 110. 

Blue milk, 236. 

Bog spavin, 361. 

Boils, 273. 

Bone, death of, 296, 299. 

Bone, induration of, 296. 

Bone, results of inflammation 
in, 296. 

Bones, general diseases of, 
293-295. ! 

Bones, inflammation of, 295. 

Bone, softening of, 296, 301. 


Index. — 409 


Bone spavin, 360. Bulle, 267. 
Bone, suppuration in, 296-299. | Bullers, 49. 
Bone, symptoms of abscess in, | Burns, 291. 


297. Burse, inflamed, 310. 
Bone, symptoms of death of, | Burst, 164. 
297. 
Bone, symptoms of inflamma-| Calcifications near inflamed 
- tion in, 296. bones, 296. 
Bone, symptoms of ulceration | Calculi in the gall ducts, 195. 
Ob 29: Caleuli, salivary, 135. 
Bone, thickening of, 296. Calculi, urinary, 211. 
Bone, treatment of inflamed, | Callosities of the skin, 274. 
298. Calves and foals, lung worms 
Bone, tubercle in, 300. in, 101. 
Bone, tumor of, 296. Cancers, 394, 274, 318. 
Bone, ulceration in, 296, 299. | Cancer of the orbit, 318. 
Bots, 171. Cancer of the tongue, 128. 
Bots in the throat, 79. Cancroid of the lips, 128. 
- Bowels, foreign bodies in, 152.| Canine distemper, 23. 
Bowels, impacted, 150. Canine madness, 28. 


Bowels, inflammation of, 155. | Canker, 388. 
Bowels, obstruction of, 163. | Capped hock, 356. 
Brain, inflammation of, 254. |Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, 


Breech presentation, 229. 5. 
Bright’s disease, 206. Carbuncular erysipelas, 37. 
Bristle-balls, 153. Carditis, 115. 3 
Broken-down, 339. Carious teeth, 131. 
Broken knees, 334. Carpitis, 332. 
Broken ribs, 93, 112. Castration, evil effects of, 221. 
Broken-wind, 96. Castration of males, 220; fe- 
Bronchitis, 85. males, 222; birds, 228. 
Bronchitis from worms, 101, | Cataract, 245. 
103, 104. Catarrh, malignant, 78. 
Bronchocele, 65. Catarrh, nasal, 75. 
Broncho- pleuro- pneumonia, |Catarrh of stomach and bow- 
92. els, 151. 
Broncho-pneumonia, 92. Catarrh of womb or vagina, 
Buckwheat as a cause of skin-| 231. ‘ 
disease, 269. Cat-flea, 284. 


35 


410 


Index. 


Cattle, lung fever in, 14. 

Cattle, malignant catarrh in, 
78. 

Cattle, measles in, 58. 

Cattle plague, 12. 

Cattle, tapeworm in, 58. 

Caustic potassa and soda as 
disinfectants, 6. 

Chafing of the skin, 266. 

Charcoal as a disinfectant, 6. 

Chest, air or gas in, 92. 

Chest diseases, signs of, 73. 

Chest, water in, 90, 92. 

Chest, wounds of, 324. 

Chigoe, 283. 

Chloride of lime as a disin- 
fectant, 6. 

Chloride of zine as a disin- 
fectant, 6. 

Chlorine as a disinfectant, 5. 

Choking, 137. 

Cholera, Asiatic, 34. 

Cholera, hog, 25. 

Chorea, 249. 

Choroiditis, 243. 

Chronic bronchitis, 86. 

Chronic farcy, 44. 

Chronic glanders, 43. 

Chronic indigestion in horses, 
151. 

Chronic roaring, 83. 

Cirrhosis, 195. 

Classification of contagious 
diseases, 3. 

Clots on the valves of the 
heart, 114. 

Cleanliness as a disinfectant, 4. 

» Cerebral meningitis, 254. 

Cerebritis, 254, 


Cerebro-spinal fever, 255. 

Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 255. 

Coal-tar as a disinfectant, 5. 

Coenurus cerebralis, 52. 

Coffin-bone, distortion of, 384, 

Coffin-joint lameness, 371. 

Cold drink, indigestion from, 
147, 

Cold in the head, 75. 

Colic, spasmodic, 154. 

Colic, tympanitic, 149. 

Collapse of the lung, 93. 

Colloid cancer, 394. 

Coma somnolentum, 252. 

Congestion of the lungs, 87. 

Conjunctivitis, 241. 

Consumption, 47. 

Contagious diseases, classifi- 
cation of, 3. 

Contagious diseases, 
from, 2. 

Contagious diseases, propaga- 
gation of, 2. 

Contagious diseases, their im- 
portance, 1. 

Contagious lung fever, 14, 

Contraction, 386. 

Convulsions, 252. 

Convulsions from ergotism, 63. 

Convulsions from teething, 
134, 

Coraco-radial tendon, sprain 
of, 328. 

Cornea, ulcers of, 242. 

Corns, 380. 

Coronet, fistula of, 387. 

Coronet, wounds of, 386. 

Cow-pox, 7. 

Cracked heels, 270. 


losses 


| i pa lc it an Ea iN i a anal 


OS SS 


Index. 


411 


Cranium, fracture of the base| Dilatation of the heart, 112. 


of, 318. 

Cresylic acid as a disinfectant, 

ah SMe 

Crib-biting, 129. 

Crop, impaction of, 140. 

Croup, 81. 

Croup, fracture of, 322. 

Croupous enteritis, 159. 

Curb, 363. 

Cutting, 242. 

Cyanosis, 110. 

Cystic calculus, 214. 

Cysticercus cellulosa, 56. 

Cysticercus medio-canellata, 
58. 

Cystitis, 208. 

Cysts under the tongue, 128. 


Deformities, 227. 

Demodex, 278. 

Dentinal tumors, 133, 318. 

Dentition fever, 133. 

Depraved appetite, 152. 

Dermanyssus, 278. 

Dermatocoptis equi, 278. 

Dermatophagus, 277. 

Dermatophagus equi, 279. 

Desquamative nephritis, 206. 

Diabetes insipidus, 203. 

Diabetes mellitus, 184. 

Diarrhea, 160. 

Dietetic and constitutional dis- 
eases, 63. 

Difficult parturition, assistance 
1) 227, 

Diffuse baldness, 276. 

Digestive organs, diseases of, 
124. 


Diphtheria, 82. 

Disease as affecting the action 
of medicines, 398. 

Diseased teeth, 125. 

Diseases of the digestive or- 
gans, 124, 

Diseases of the foot, 365. 

Diseases of the heart, 106. 

Disease of the membranes of 
the teeth, 133. 

Diseases of the respiratory or- 
gans, general causes of, 72. 

Disinfection, 3. 

Dislocation of the fetlock, 342. 

Dislocation of the hip, 350. 

Dislocation of the knee, 333. 

Dislocation of the knee cap, 
353. 


Dislocation of the lower jaw, 


318. 
Dislocation of the shoulder, 
328. 
Dislocation of the tail, 323. 
Displaced teeth, 130. 
Displacements of the heart, 
110. 
Distemper in dogs, 23. 
Distemper in young horses, 17. 
Distomum lanceolatum, 196. 
Diuresis, 203. 
Diuretics, poisoning by, 203, 
205. 
Dog-pox, 10. 
Doses, 397-400. 
Doses, graduation of, 397. 
Double-headed monster, 229. 
Down in the hip, 347. 
Drainage in anthrax, 33. 


412 


Index. 


Dropsy of the abdomen, 170. 
Dropsy of the lung, 93. 
Dropsy of the scrotum, 219. 
Dry gangrene from ergot, 64. 
Dry murrain, 144. 

Drugs and doses, 396-400. 
Dysentery, 161. 


Earth as a disinfectant, 6. 
Echinococcus hominis, veteri- 
norum, 35. 
Ecthyma, 268. 
Eczema, 267. 
Eggs of tapeworms, 52. 
Elbow, diseases of, 328. 
Elbow, fracture of, 329. 
Elbow-joint, disease of, 330. 
Elbow, tumors of, 328. 
Elbow, wounds of, 329. 
Emasculation, 220, 223. 
Embolism, 118. 
Embryo tapeworms, 52. 
Encephalitis, 254. 
Encephaloid, 394. 
Encephaloid of the face, 318. 
Endocarditis, 114. 
Enlargement of the heart, 111. 
Enteritis, 155. 
Enteritis, croupous, 159, 
Enzootic hematuria, 185. 
Enzootic myelitis, 257. 
Epilepsy, 247. 
Epithelial cancer, 274, 
Epithelioma, 394. 
Epizootic aphtha, 10. 
Epizootic cerebro-spinal men- 
ingitis, 255. 


Epizootic influenza, 19. 

Ergotism, 63. 

Erysipelas, 286. 

Erysipelas carbuncular, 37. 

Euchlorine as a disinfectant, 5. 

Eustrongylus gigas, 60. 

Eversion of the bladder, 210. 

Eversion of the rectum, 167. 

Eversion of womb or vagina, 
232. 

Examination of the urine, 202. 

Exostosis, 296. 

Extinction of animal plagues, 
2. 

Eye, diseases of, 240. 

Eye, foreign bodies in, 241. 

Eye, inflammation of the in 
terior of, 243. 

Eyelashes turned in, 240. 

Eyelids torn, 240. 

Eye, recurring inflammation 
of, 244. 

Kye-socket, cancer of, 318. 

Eye, superficial inflammation 
of, 241. 

Eye, tumors on, 242. 

Kye, ulcers of, 242. 

Eye, white specks on, 242. 


Facial paralysis, 259. 
Falling sickness, 247. 

False quarter, 379. 

Farcy, 43. 

Fasciola hepatica, 196. 
Fatty heart, 115. 

Favus, 275. 

Fecundity of tapeworms, 52. 


Epivoutis diseases, their im-| Fetlock, blows on the inside 


portance, 1. 


of, 242. 


Index. 


413 


Fetlock, disease of, 342. 

Fetlock, dislocation of, 342. 

Fetlock, puffs in front of, 341. 

Fetlock, swelling in front of, 
341. 

Fever, cerebro-spinal, 255. 

Fibula, fracture of, 354. 

Fistula, 291. 

Fistula in ano, 168. 

Fistula of the coronet, 387. 

Fistula of the poll, 319. 

Fistula, salivary, 135. 

Fistulous withers, 320. 

Fits, 252. 

Fleas, 283. 

Fleas, attacks of, 282. 

Flooding, 230. 

Flukes in the liver, 196. 

Foot and mouth disease, 10. 

Foot, causes of diseases of, 365. 

Foot, diseases of the, 365. 

Foot, inflammation of, 376. 

Foot-rot, 389. ¢ 

Foot-rot, contagious, 277, 390. 

Foot-rot, tuberculous, 391. 

Foot, sesamoiditis of, 371. 

Foot, fractures in the, 375. 

Fore-arm, fracture of, 330. 

Foreign bodies in stomach and 
bowels, 152. 

Foul in the foot, 300, 389, 391. 

Founder, 376. 

Fractures, 303. 

Fracture at the base of the 
cranium, 318. 

Fractures, bandages for, 304. 

Fractured ribs, 93, 323. 

Fracture inside the hock, 359. 

Fracture of the arm-bone, 332. 


30* 


Fractures of the back and 
loins, 321. 

Fracture of the croup, 322. 

Fracture of the face bones, 
Sy ive 

Fractures in the foot, 375. 

Fracture of the fore-arm, 330. 

Fractures of the hip, 347. 

Fracture of the knee cap, 352. 

Fracture of the leg, 354. 

Fracture of the lower jaw, 316. 

Fractures of the neck bones, 
320. 

Fracture of the neck of the 
thigh-bone, 351. 

Fracture of the nose, 317. 

Fractures of the pastern bones, 
343. 

Fracture of the point of the 
elbow, 329. 

Fracture of the point of the 
hock, 359. 

Fracture of the poll, 317. 

Fracture of the shank, 337. 


Fracture of the shoulder-blade, 
328. 


Fracture of the splint bones, 
337. 

Fracture of the upper jaw, 
317. 

Fragility of bones, 301. 

Frog, canker of, 388. 

Frog, discharge from, 388. 

Frog, inflammation of, 388. 

Frontal bones, fracture of, 317. 

Fungi in milk, 236. 

Furuncle, 273. 


Gadfly, 282. 


414 


Gadflies of horses, 171. 

Gall ducts, stones in, 195. 

Gall-stones, 195. 

Gamasus of fodder, 278. 

Gangrene from ergot, 64. 

Gapes, 104. 

Gape-worm, 100. 

Garget, 237. 

Gas in the pleura, 92. 

Gastric fever in horses, 21. 

Gastric parasites, 171. 

Gastritis in oxen, 146. 

Generation, diseases of the or- 
gans of, 218. 

Gid, 52. 

Glander heaves, 86. 

Glanders, 43. 

Glass eyes, 246. 

Gleet, 209. 

Gloss-anthrax, 36. 

Gluteus, sprain of, 348, 

Goat-pox, 9. 

Goitre, 65. 

Gonorrhea, 209. 

Grapes, 270. 

Gravel, 210, 211. 

Grease, 269. 

Grease, parasitic, 277. 

Grub in the head, 76, 98. 

Gullet, dilatation of, 140. 

Gullet, stricture of, 140. 

Gums, inflamed, 127. 

Gut-tie, 163. 

Guttural pouches, abscess of, 
its 

Guttural tumors in swine, 37. 


Hematopinus, 284, 
Hematuria, 204. 


Index. 


Heematuria, enzootic, 185, 187. 

Hzemoptysis, 97. 

Hemorrhage from arteries, 
17. 

Hemorrhagic enteritis, 155. 

Hair-balls, 153. 

Hamstring, rupture of, 356. 

Hamstring, sprain of, 356. 

Hard cancer, 394. 

Heart, atrophy of, 111. 

Heart, auscultation of, 108. 

Heart, blowing murmurs in, 
109. 

Heart, clots on its valves, 114. 

Heart, dilatation of, 112. 

Heart, diseases of, 106. 

Heart, disease of its valves, 
125; 

Heart, enlargement of, 111. 

Heart, fatty degeneration of, 
115; 

Heart, hypertrophy of, 111. 

Heart, parasites in, 116. 

Heart, rupture of, 115. 

Heart-sack, inflammation of 
112. 

Heart, wounds of, 112. 

Heat apoplexy, 262. 

Heat as a disinfectant, 4. 

Heaves, 96. 

Heels, bruises of, 380. 

Heels, diseases of, 269. 

Heels, distorted, 384. 

Helophilus, 174. 

Hemiplegia, 259. 

Hen-louse, 278. 

Hepatirrhea, 191. 

Hepatitis, 192. 

Hereditary epilepsy, 247. 


Index. 


415 


Hereditary heaves, 96. 

Hereditary ophthalmia, 244. 

Hernia, 164. 

Herpes, 267. 

High breeding and heart dis- 
ease. 115. 

Hip, dislocated, 350. 

Hip, fractures of, 347. 

Hip-joint, disease of, 350. 

Hippobosea ovina, 283. 

Hip, sprain of the, 348. 

Hock, dropsy of, 362. 


Hoove, 140. 

Horn, natural state of, 368. 

Horny tumor in the heel, 380. 

Horny tumor of the lamina, 
379. 

Horse-pox, 6. 

Husk, 101. 

Hydrocele, 219. 

Hydrocephalus in parturition, 
229. 

Hydrorachitis, 257. 

Hydrophobia, 28. 


Hock, elastic swelling in front | Hydrothorax, 90, 92. 


of the outer side of, 358. 
Hock-joint, inflammation of, 
361. 
Hock, fractures of, 359, 360. 


Hypertrophy of the heart, 111. 


Icterus, 189. 
Impacted crop, 140. 


Hock, fracture of point of,| Impacted large intestines, 150. 


359. 

Hock, sprain behind the, 363. 

Hock, sprain of the flexor be- 
hind the, 358. 

Hock, sprain of the flexor of, 
355. 

Hock, tendon displaced from 

_ the point of, 367. 

Hock, thoroughpin of, 358. 

Hog cholera, 25, 60. 

Honey-dew as a cause of skin- 
disease, 269. 

Hoof-bound, 386. 

Hoofs, contracted, 386. 

Hoofs, loss of, from eating er- 
got, 64. 

Hoof, natural state of, 368. 

Hoof-wall, cracks in, 378. 

Hoof-wall, powdery degener a- 
tion of, 388, 

Hoose, 101. 


Impacted third stomach, 144. 

Imperforate anus, 169. 

Impervious teat, 238. 

Impetigo, 268. 

Indigestion from cold water, 
147. 

Indigestion in calves, foals, 
etc., 147. 

Indigestion in horses, 148, 149, 
151. 

Indigestion, intestinal, 149. 

Inflammation of the lungs, 88. 

Influenza, 19. 

Injuries to the loins, 204. 

Intercostal abscess, 93. 

Internal ophthalmia, 243. 

Intestinal catarrh from liver 
disease, 183. 

Intestinal fever of swine, 25, 
94. 

Intestinal worms, 174. 


A416 


Intestinal worms, symptoms | 
of, 179. 

Invagination, 163. 

Jritis, 243. 

Irregular strangles, 18. 

Itch, 277. 

Ixodes, 282. 


Jaundice, 189. 

Jaws, open joint between, 318. 

Joints, diseases of, 306. 

Joints, eburnation in, 307. 

Joints, general diseases of, 
293. 

Joints, inflammation of, 307. 

Joints, matter in, 308. 

Joints, tuberculous disease of, 
308. 

Joints, ulceration In, 307. 


Keraphyllocele, 379. 

Kidneys, inflammation of, 205, 

Kidney-worm, 60. 

Knee, bruise on inner side of, 
333. 

Knee-cap, fracture of, 352. 

Knee-cap, dislocation of, 353. 

Knee, dislocation of, 333. 

Knee, inflammation of, 332. 

Knee, puffs in front of, 331. 

Knee, sprains behind, 331. 

Knee, synovial swellings be- 
hind, 331; in front of, 331. 

- Knee, wounds of, 333. 


Labor, premature, 226. 
Lameness, 293. 

Lamine, horny tumor of, 379. 
Laminitis, 376. 


Index. 


Laminitis, chronic, 378. 

Lampas, 126. 

Lard-worm of swine, 59. 

Large intestines, impaction of, 
150. 

Laryngitis, 79. 

Lateral cartilages, ossified, 374. 

Lathyrus sativa as causing 
palsy, 84. 

Lead poisoning, 261. 

Leptus Americana, 279. 

Lethargy from ergotism, 63. 

Leucorrhea, 231. 

Leukemia, 200. 

Lice, 284. 

Lime as a disinfectant, 6. 

Lips, cancroid of, 128. 

Lips, warts on, 128. 

Liver, atrophy of, 195. 

Liver, cancer of, 195. 

Liver, chronic inflammation 
of, 194. 

Liver, congestion of, 191. 

Liver disease, general symp- : 
toms of, 182. 

Liver, fatty degeneration of, 
195. 

Liver, fibrous degeneration of, 
195. 

Liver, hypertrophy of, 195. 

Liver, inflammation of, 192. 

Liver, parasites of, 196. 

Liver-rot, 196. 

Liver, softening of, 195. 

Liver, tubercle of, 195. 

Lock-jaw, 250. 

Loins, injuries to, 204. 

Loins, laceration of the mus- 
cles beneath the,.322.. 


Index. 


A417 


Losses from contagious dis-| Mammitis, 237. 


eases, 2. 
Loss of veins, 120. 
Lower jaw, dislocation of, 318. 
Lower jaw, fracture of, 316. 
Lung, apoplexy of, 94. 
Lungs, bleeding from, 97. 
Lung, collapse of, 324. 
Lungs, congestion of, 87, 110. 
Lung fever of cattle, 14. 
Lungs, inflammation of, 88. 
Lung-worms, 99. 
Lymphadenoma, 200. 
Lymphangitis, 121. 
Lymphangitis, local, 123. 
Lymphatics, diseases of, 121. 
Lymphatics, inflammation of, 
121. 


Madness in dogs, 28. 

Maggots, 282. 

Malignant anthrax, 32. 

Malignant anthrax, local treat- 

_ ment of, 41. 

Malignant anthrax, prevention 
of, 42. 

Malignant anthrax, treatment 
of, 40. 

Malignant anthrax with exter- 
nal swellings, 35. 

Malignant catarrh, 78. 

Malignant cholera, 24. 

Malignant pustule, 38. 

Malignant sore-throat, 37. 

Mallenders, 272. 

Malleolus, fracture of, 359. 

Mal-presentation, 227. 

Mammze, diseases of, 236. 

Mamma, tumors of, 239. 


Man, anthrax in, 33, 38. 

Man, aphthous fever in, 11. 

Mange, 277. 

Man, glanders in, 45. 

Man, -hydrophobia in, 29. 

Manifolds, impacted, 144. 

Matter in the guttural pouches, 
(ae 

Matter in the nasal sinuses, 76. 

Maxims, obstetric, 227. 

Measles (parasitic) in cattle, 
58 5 In swine, 56. 

Medicines, action of, 396; as 
affected by age, 397 ; as af- 
fected by disease, 398; as 
affected by idiosyncrasy, 
398; as affected by genus, 
398, 400. 

Medicines, doses of, 400. 

Medicines, explanation 
names of, 396. 

Medicines, form to administer, 
398. 

Medicines, frequency of ad- 
ministration of, 398. 

Megrims, 249. 

Melanosis, 274. 

Mellituria, 184. 

Melophagus ovina, 283. 

Membrane lining the chest, 
inflammation of, 90. 

Membrane of the abdomen, 
inflammation of, 169. 

Mercurial, sore mouth, 125, 

127. 

Mesenteric glands, pentastoma 

(linguatula) in, 99. 


of 


Metacarpus, periostitis of, 336, 


418 


Metritis, 233. 

Microsporion Adouinii, 276. 

Miliary tuberculosis, 47. 

Milk, bloody, 236. 

Milk, blue, 236. 

Milk, concretions from, 238. 

Milk fever, 234. 

Milking tube, 238. 

Milk, viscid, 236. 

Milt, diseases of, 199. 

Moon blindness, 244. 

Moor-ill, 187. 

Morbid growths, 392. 

Mouth, inflammation of, 125. 

Mouth, tumors in, 128. 

Muco-enteritis, 157. 

Muguet, 127. 

Muscles, diseases of, 312. 

Muscles, general diseases of, 
293. 

Muscles, inflamed, 312. 

Muscles, ruptures of, 312. 

Muzzle for crib-biting, 130. 

Myelitis, 255. 

Myelitis, enzootic, 257, 

Myositis, 312. 


Nails, pricks and binding with, 
382. 

Nasal catarrh, 75. 

Nasal sinuses, matter in, 76. 

Navicular disease, 371. 

Neck bones, fractures of, 320. 

Neck of the bladder, spasm 

of, 207. 

Necrosis, 296, 299. 

Necrosis, symptoms of, 297. 

Nephritis, 205. 


Index. 


Nervous diseases, 
causes of, 247. 
Nervous disorder from ergot- 
ism, 63. 

Nervous disorders from liver 
disease, 183. 

Nervous irritation of the skin, 
273. 

Nervous system, diseases of, 
247, 

Neurosis of the skin, 273. 

Nodular swelling of the skin, 
272. 

Non-presentation of head or 
members, 228, 229. 

Nose, bleeding from, 75. 

Nose, fracture of, 317. 

Nose, parasites in, 98. 

Nose, pentastoma in, 99. 

Nose, tumors in, 78. 

Nostril, abscess of, 77. 


general 


Oat-hair calculi, 153. 
Obstruction of the bowels, 


163. 
(Estrus bovis, 282. 


(Estrus equi, 171. 

(Estrus ovis, 98. 

Oidium batracosis, 277. 

Open coffin-joint, 383. 

Open joint, 308, 309. 

Open joint, between upper and 
lower jaw, 318. 

Ophthalmia, enzootic, 242. 

Ophthalmia, internal, 243. 

Ophthalmia, recurring, 244, 

Ophthalmia, simple, 241. 

Optic nerve, palsy of, 246. 


Nephritis, desquamative, 206. | Orchitis, 218. 


Index. 


Ostitis, symptoms of, 296. 
Ostitis, treatment of, 298. 
Overgrown teeth, 130. 
Overloaded paunch, 142. 
Ox tick, 281. 

Ozone as a disinfectant, 4. 


Palate, congested, 126. 

Palpation, 108. | 

Palpitation, 109. 

Palsy, 258. 

Palsy, local, 259. 

Palsy of a lateral half of the 
body, 259. 

Palsy of the ear, 259. 

Palsy of the face, 259. 

Palsy of the hind limbs, 259. 

Palsy of the nerve of sight, 
246. 

Pampering, a cause of liver 
disease, 183. 

Pancreas, diseases of, 199. 

Paralysis from ergotism, 63. 

Paralysis from lathyrus sati- 
vus, 84. 

Paralysis, general, 258. 

Paralysis of the bladder, 208. 

Papules, 266. 

Paraphymosis, 222. 

Paraplegia, 259, 321. 

Parasites, 51. 

Parasites in the nose, 98. 

Parasites on the skin, 274. 

Parasites in arteries, 118, 119. 

Parasites in the heart, 116. 

Parasites in the lower air-pas- 
Sages, 99. 

Parasites in the stomach, 171. 

Parasitic acari, 277. 


A419 


Parasitic grease, 277. 

Parotid, inflammation of, 136. 

Parotitis, 136. 

Parrot mouth, 129. 

Parturient apoplexy, 234. 

Parturition, assistance in, 227. 

Parturition, difficult, 225 ; dis- 
orders following, 230. 

Parturition fever, 234. 

Parturition, premature, 223. 

Pastern, bony growth on the, 
344, 

Pastern, fractures of the, 343. 

Pastern, sprains behind the, 
346. 

Patella, dislocation of, 353. 

Paunch, overloaded, 142. 

Paunch, tympany of, 140. 

Pedal bone, distortions of, 
384, 

Pedal sesamoiditis, 383. 

Pelvis, fractures of, 347. 

Penis, amputation of, 220. 

Penis, disease of, 219. 

Penis, ulcers on, 220. 

Pentastoma tenioides, 76, 99. 

Percussion, 73. 

Perforans, sprain of, 358. 

Pericarditis, 112. 

Periodic ophthalmia, 244. 

Periosteotomy, 336. 

Periostitis, symptoms of, 297. 

Periostitis, treatment of, 298. 

Peritonitis, 169. 

Pharyngeal anthrax, 37. 

Pharyngitis, 79. 

Phlebitis, 120. 

Phlebitis, diffuse, 120. 

Phosphatic calculi, 153. 


420 


Phrenitis, 254. 

Phymosis, 222. 

Physical signs of chest diseases, 
73. 

Pigs, lung-worms in, 104. 

Piles, 167. 

Piles from liver disease, 183. 

Pimples, 266. 

Pin worms in arteries, 119. 

Pining, 47. 

Pityriasis, 272. 

Pityriasis, parasitic, 276. 

Plague, Russian cattle, 12. 

Plagues of Egypt, 1. 

Plagues, propagation of, 2. 

Pleure, gas in, 92. 

Pleure, inflammation of, 90. 

Pleurisy, 90. 

Pleurodynia, 94. 

Pleuro-pneumonia, 92. 

Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, 
14, 

Plugging the nose, 76. 

Plugging of arteries, 118, 120. 

Pneumonia, 88. 

Pneumothorax, 92. 

Podo-trochilitis, 371. 

Poisoning by lead, 261. 

Poll evil, 319. 

- Poll, fracture of, 317. 

Polypus in the vagina, 227. 

Polyuria, 203. 

Porcelaneous deposit, 307. 

Pork tapeworm, 57. 

Premature labor pains, 226. 

Presentations, abnormal, 227. 

Prevalence of contagious dis- 
eases, .2. 

Pricks, 382. 


Index. 


Profuse staling, 203. 

Prolapsus uteri, vagine, 232. 

Propagation of animal plagues, 
2. 

Proud flesh, 290. 

Prurigo, 273. 

Puffs in front of the knee, 331. 

Pulmonary congestion, 87. 

Pulmonary inflammation, 89. 

Pulse in disease, 107. 

Pulse, its characters, 106. 

Pumice feet, 378. 

Purgatives, administration of, 
398, 

Purpura, 94. 

Purpura hemorrhagica, 18, 67, 

Pustules, 268. 

Pustules in the heels, 270. 


Quadrupeds, pulse in, 106. 
Quarter-crack, 378. 
Quittor, 380, 387. 


Rabies, 28 ; dumb, 30 ; furious, 
30; lethargic, 30 ; paralytic, 
30. 

Rabies, fallacies concerning, 
oils 

Rat-tailed maggots, 174. 

Rectum, eversion of, 167. 

Rectum, inflammation of, 160. 

Recurring ophthalmia, 244, 

Red-water, 186. 

Renal calculus, 213. 

Respiratory organs, diseases 
of, 72. 

Retained afterbirth, 230. 

Retinitis, 243. 

Rheumatism, 65, 94. 


Index. 


421 


Rheumatism of the heart, 112,|Scrofulous disease of bones, 


114. 
Ribs, fractures of, 93, 323. 
Rickets, 301. 
Rinderpest, 12. 
Ringbones, 344. 
Ringworm, 274. 
Ringworm, honey-comb, 275. 
Ripe grain, effects of, 144. 
Roaring, 83. 
Rot, 196. 
Roup, &2. 
Rupture, 164, 
Rupture of the heart, 115. 
Russian cattle plague, 12. 


Saccharine urine, 184. 
Saccular gullet, 140. 
Sacrum, fracture of, 322. 
St. Guy’s dance, 249, 

St Vitus’s dance, 249. 
Salivary calculi, 135. 
Salivary fistula, 135. 
Salivation, 134. _ 
Sallenders, 272. 
Sand-crack, 378. 


300. 
Scrotum, dropsy of, 219. 
Seedy toe, 388. 
Sensation, loss of, 258. 
Sesamoiditis, 340. 
Sesamoiditis of the foot, 371. 
Sesamoiditis, pedal, 383. 
Sesamoid ligaments, sprains 
of, 341. 
Shank-bone, fracture of, 337. 
Shank-bone, inflammation of, 
336. . 
Sheath, swollen, 221. 
Sheath, tumors of, 219. 
Sheep and goats, lung-worms 
in, 103. 
Sheep, carbuncular erysipelas 
pile 
Sheep-pox, 8. 
| Sheep, tapeworm in, 58. 
| Sheep-tick, 283. 
Shoeing, effects of, 365. 
‘| Shoeing, maxims for, 369. 
Shot of grease, 121. 
‘Shoulder, abscess in, 324, 328, 


Sand-like deposit in the blad-|Shoulder-joint, disease of, 327. 


der, 216. 
Sarcoptes, 277. 
Sarcoptes equi, 278, 
Scab, 277. 

Scabies, 277. 

Scald-head, 275. 

Scalds, 291. 

Sealy skin affections, 272. 
Scarlatina, 69. 

Scirrhus, 393. 

Scouring, 160. 

Scratches, 270-272. 


Shoulder lameness, 324. 

Shoulder slip, 326. 

Shoulder sprain, 325. 

Shoulder, tumors on, 324. 

Siberian boil plague, 35. 

Side bones, 374, 380. 

Simple ophthalmia, 241. 

Sinuses of the head, matter 
im;-'76, 

Sitfasts, 274. 

Skin, congestion of, 266, 


422 


Index. 


Skin disease from buckwheat,| Spinal cord, inflammation of, 


269. 


255. 


Skin disease from honey-dew,| Spinal meningitis, 185, 255. 


269. 

Skin diseases, divisions of, 264. 

Skin diseases, general causes 
and treatment, 265. 

Skin, inflammation of, 266. 

Skin, nervous irritation of, 
273. 

Skin, nodular swellings of, 272. 

Skin, parasitic diseases of, 274. 

Skin, scaly affection of, 272. 

Slavering, 134. 

Sleepy staggers, 252. 

Slings, 306. 

Slobbers, 134. 

Sole, bruises of, 381. 

Soles, convex, 378. 

Sole, wounds of, 383. 

Sore mouth, 125. 

Sore shins, 336. 

Sore teats, 239. 

Sore-throat, 79. 

Sore-throat, malignant, 37. 

Spasmodie colic, 154. 

Spasm of the neck of the blad- 
der, 207. 

Spavin, blood, 361, 362. 

Spavin, bog, 361. 

Spavin, bone, 360. 

Spavin, occult, 360. 

Spaying, 223. 

Speedy-cut, 333. 

Spermatic cord, strangulated, 
221. 

Spermatic cord, tumors on, 
222, 


Spleen, diseases of, 199. 

Spleen, enlarged from liver dis- 
ease, 183. 

Splenic apoplexy, 39. 

Splenic fever, 26. 

Splint-bones, fracture of, 337. 

Splints, 335. 

Sprains, 313. 

Sprain above the knee, 331. 

Sprains behind the fetlock, 
340. 

Sprains behind the pastern, 
346. 

Sprains below the fetlock, 341. 

Sprain of tendon in front of 
the hock, 358. 

Sprains of the back and loins, 
321, 

Sprains of the back tendons, 
338. 

Sprain of the flexor of the 
hock, 355. 

Sprain of the hamstring, 356. 

Sprain of the hip, 348. 

Sprain of the muscles outside 
the shoulder, 326. 

Sprain of the radial ligament, 
331. 

Sprain of the shoulder, 325. 

Sprain of the suspensory liga- 
ment, 339. 

Sprain of the tendons behind 
the knee, 331. 

Staggers, 249. 

Staggers, parasitic, 52, 

Staggers, sleepy, 252. 


| Index. 3 


Stephanurus dentatus, 59. 

Stiff-joint, 307. 

Stifle, disease of, 354. 

Stifle, fracture into the, 352. 

Stocking, 270. 

Stomach, foreign bodies in, 
152. 

Stomach and bowels, catarrh 
oF 151: 

Stomachs in oxen, inflamed, 
146. 

Stomach staggers, 260. 

Stomatitis, 126 ; aphthous, 127. 

Stone in the bladder, 211. 

Strangles, 17. 

Strangulated cord, 221. 

Stricture of the gullet, 140. 

Stricture of the urethra, 210. 

String-halt, 363. 

- Strongylus elongatus, 100. 

Strongylus filaria, 99. 

Strongylus micruris, 100. 

Strongylus rufescens, 100. 

Sturdy, 52. 

Sulphate of copper as a disin- 


423 


Swelled legs, 270. 

Swelling of the sheath, 221. 

Swine, carbuncular erysipelas 
in, 37. 

Swine, guttural tumors in, 37. 

Swine, intestinal fever of, 25. 

Swine, lard-worm of, 59. 

Swine, malignant sore-throat 
in, 37, 

Swine, measles in, 37. 

Swine-pox, 9. 

Syngamus trachealis, 100. 

Synovitis, 307. 


Syphon for injecting the nose, 


76. 


Tenis, 51. 

Teenia ccenurus, 52. 

Tenia echinococcus, 55. 

Tenia expansa, 58. 

Tenia mediocanellata, 58. 

Teenia solium, 57. 

Tail, amputation of, 323. 

Tail, fracture and dislocation 
of, 323. 


fectant, 6; of iron, 6; of |Tapeworm, embryo, 52. 


zine, 6. 
Sulphur fumes as a disinfect- 
ant, 5. 


Tapeworm from measley pork, 
57. 
Tapeworms, 51. 


Sun’s rays as a cause of skin |Tapeworms, fertility of, 52. 


disease, 266. 
Sun-stroke, 262. 
Superfluous limbs, 229. 
Supernumerary teeth, 129. 


Tapeworm of sheep and cat- 
tle, 58. 
Tapeworms, 
of, 52. 


transformations 


Suppuration, tendency to in|Tar as a disinfectant, 5. 


different animals, 290. 


Tartar on teeth, 133. 


Suspensory ligament, sprain |Taurocholic acid, poisoning 


of, 339. 
Sweeny, 326. 


by, 183. 


Index. 


424 


Teat, closure by a membrane,| Tinea decalvans, 276. 


238. 

Teat, polypus in, 238. 

Teats, scabs on, 239. 

Teat, stricture of, 238. 

Teat, thickening of its walls, 
238. 

Teat-tube, 238. 

Teats, warts on, 239. 

Teeth, caries of, 131. 

Teeth, disease of, 76. 

Teeth, displaced, 130. 

Teething, fever from, 133. 

Teeth, overgrown, 130. 

Teeth, supernumerary, 129. 

Teeth, tartar on, 133. 

Teeth, tumors of, 133. 

Tendinous sheaths, inflamed, 
310. 

Tendons, calcification of, 314. 

Tendons, shortening of, 314. 

Tendons, thickening of, 314. 

Terms, explanation of, 396. 

Testicle, inflammation of, 218. 

Tetanus, 250. 

Texan fever, 26. 

Thece, inflamed, 311. 

Thigh-bone, fractures of, 351. 

Thigh, long muscle of, dis- 
placed, 349. 

Thoroughpin, 
358. 

Thoroughpin of the hock, 358. 

Thoroughpin of the knee, 331. 

Thrush, 127, 388. 

Thumps, 109. 

Tibia, fracture of, 354. 

Tick of sheep, 283. 

Ticks, 282. 


bandage for, 


Tinea favosa, 275. 
Tinea tonsurans, 274. 
Tongue, cancer of, 128. 
Tongue, cysts beneath the, 128. 
Tongue, inflamed, 127. 
Tongue, laceration of, 128. 
Tooth-like tumors under the 
ear, 318. 
Tooth-rasp, 131. 
Tooth-socket, inflamed, 133. 
Tracheotomy, 19. 
Treads on the coronet, 386. 
Trembling, 257. 
Trichina spiralis, 60. 
Trichiasis, 59, 240. 
Trichodectes, 284. 
Trichophyton tonsurans, 275. 
Trismus, 250. 
Tubercle, 47. 
Tubercle in bone, 300. 
Tubercules, 272. 
Tuberculosis, 47, 110. 
Tuberculous foot-rot, 391. 
Tumors in the mouth, 128. 
Tumors in the nose, 78. 
Tumors, malignant, 393. 
Tumor of bone, 296. 
Tumors of teeth, 133. 
Tumors of the cornea, 242. 
Tumors of the elbow, 328. 
Tumors of the mamma, 239. 
Tumors of the sheath, 219. 
Tumors on the shoulder, 324. 
Tumors on the spermatic cord, 
222. 
Tumors, simple, 393. 
Turn-sick, 52. 
Tympanitic colic, 149, . 


Index. 


Tympany of the rumen, 140. 


Variola canina, 10. 


Tympany of the stomach in} Variola capre, 9. 


horses, 148. 
Typhoid fever, 94. 
Typhoid fever in horses, 21. 
Typhus, 36. 
Tyroglyph, 279. 


Udder, congestion of, 237. 

Udder, inflammation of, 237. 

Ulceration in joints, 307. 

Ulceration of bone, 296, 299. 

Ulceration of bone, symptoms 
Of 297. 

Ulceration of the neck bones, 
320. 

Uleers of the eye, 242. 

Unripe seeds, their effects, 260. 

Upper jaw, fracture of, 317. 

Urethra, inflammation of, 209. 

Urethral calculus, 215. 

Urethra, stricture of, 210. 

Urethritis, 209. 

Uretral calculus, 214. 

Urinary calculi, 211. 


Urinary diseases, general 
causes of, 201. 
Urinary diseases, general 


symptoms of, 201. 
Urinary organs, diseases of, 
201. 


Vagina, catarrh of, 231. 

Vagina, eversion of, 232. 

Vagina, polypus in, 227. 

Valves of the heart, insuffi- 
ciency of, 115. 

Varicose veins, 121. 

Variola avis, 10. 


Variola equina, 6. 

Variola ovina, 8. 

Variola suilla, 9. 

Variola vaccina, 7. 

Veins, air in, 121. 

Veins, dilated, 121. 

Veins, diseases of, 119, 

Veins, inflammation of, 120. 

Veins, wounds of, 119. 

Venereal disease of solipeds, 
46. 

Verminous 
103, 104. 

Vertigo, 249. 

Vesicles, 267. 

Vetches, a cause of roaring, 
84, 

Viscid milk, 236. 

Voluntary motion, loss of, 258. 

Volvulus, 163. 

Vomiting, 151. 


bronchitis, 101, 


Warbles, 282. 

Warts, 274. 

Warts on the lips, 128. 

Wasting from ergotism, 64. 

Wasting of the heart, 111. 

Water-brain, 52. 

Water in the abdomen in par- 
—turition, 230. 

Water in the chest, 90, 92. 

Water in the head in parturi- 
tion, 229. 

Water stones, 219. 

Watery blood, 70. 

Weed, 121. 

White scour, 147. 


426 Index. 


Wind-broken, 96. Wounds, 289. : 
Windgalls, 340. Wounds, bruised, 290. 
Wind-sucking, 129. Wounds, healing of in differ- 
Wolf-teeth, 129. ent animals, 289. 

Wowb, bleeding from, 230. | Wounds, irritated, 123. 
Womb, catarrh of, 231. Wounds, lacerated, 290. 
Womb, eversion of, 232. Wounds of the chest, 98, 324. 


Womb, indurated neck of, 226.| Wounds, poisoned, 291. 
Womb, inflammation of, 233. | Wounds, punctured, 290. 
Womb, twisting of the neck) Wounds of the heart, 112. 


of, 226. Wounds of the sole, 383. 
Wood-evil, 180. Wounds of veins, 119. 
Wood-tar as a disinfectant, 5.| Wounds, putrefying, 123. 
Wool-balls, 153. Wrong presentations, 227, 
Worms in the digestive canal, 

174. Yellows, 189. 


Worms, treatment of, 181. 


THE END. 


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