q ie the act of July 16, 1894 s 500 ALBANY, N. Y, Aucusr 1, 1911 FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING SYLLABUS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS : IQII Sa iene . PAGE PAGE - Mechanical drawing............ 3. | Farm implements.............. 26 _. Conyentionsandrulesof practice 5 | Equipment for drawing and shop- Making blueprints............ 10 pf ARS AS Ne Ra as A He 26 LTP MCGMATICS O61 elk oe II Individual instrumentsand tools 26 PU CMIOUIPINED Eh i.e sdk oe COS F General tools for shop......... 26 . lease memCisey i Lie te oe ss 13 | Text and reference books and Suggestive list of topics....... 14 bulletins ....... Whe a fatetateranerans 28 ‘Special suggestions...... Sree 21 Farmers bulletins............. 29 i are WGEIEe prea ilns tao carianeens 23 Circulars! ete. 3. 2 VS idea 29 ; iGasins POQUIED (cle se esse va ale Pa RSUBER Sab vale, Wie ice'e besa payne ae yere 31 Ait } se ’ nae bey Sas ae & ; ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK at part IQII a "Hirr-Agri-2s00 ; Re ’ : 4 ‘% . f id r ; eve. GSS Sag ik Sn es i WAL Ge on eae iy es eat Dee ee Mes: } e585 § 2y = : STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 Wuite.aw Retp M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York t917 St Crarr McKetway M.A. LL.D. VeceChancellor Brooklyn TOTO DANIEL (BEACH Ph.D ELD 3 = ete ee Watkins 1014 Piney oy DE xXtON LIB. LD. oy -— Palmyra r912 T. GuitForp SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. — — — — Buffalo r915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany 1922 CHBSTER 5.) LORD MLA. DL... New York 1918 WiLitiAmM NotrtincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. —- — Syracuse 1920 BUGENE A, Pare iIn hl, Bi, ae aie “New York 1916 Lucian L. SHEppDEN LL.B. LL.D. - - -- - Plattsburg 1921 Francis M. CARPENTER - - — --- — — — — Mount Kisco 10273 ABRAM ae shu Use tl Bo aie ee New York Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Avucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant : CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library James I. Wver, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GEorcE M. Wiry M.A. Attendance, JAMEs D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WiLLIAM R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. School Libraries, CHARLES E. Fitcu L.H.D. Statistics, Hrram C. CASE Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. Acneanns Ph,B. Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. DEAN B.S. dbhduwtilqbapoqgo "S411 2] bu imoysoy. ay, UI PASN S! GJ PHJaAU! s0'D ‘Sn padoys [PAO OY 1 ZAxXMAN{S db doUuUjylIY ble PIG PO O6679S5eea ZAXMANLS AOA ONNIMCIHD STOO zZAXMANISubdoUWyMUBJepoqgo O6SL9OGTVECI ZAI INMINIOUES SOON A) Wes M SIO) BIC) hel y eS Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 500 AEBANYSNE 2 AUGUST I, IQII FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING SYLLABUS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IQII This syllabus is designed to outline and direct the work that has been indicated as “Mechanical drawing” and ‘ Carpentry and joinery,’ in the first high school year of the vocational course in agriculture. The drawing exercises are intended to occupy a reg- ular recitation period of forty-five minutes three times per week, alternating with two laboratory periods of ninety minutes each de- voted to shopwork in simple farm mechanics. The purpose of the year’s course is to give students of agriculture the ability to design and draw, and then work out much of the rough carpentry, simple blacksmithing, repairs and other forms of mechanical work often needed about the farm and its buildings, and which every first-class farmer should know how to do and direct. MECHANICAL DRAWING In its relation to the arts, mechanical drawing has for its object _ the conveying of information for purposes of construction. Its chief essentials are, therefore, a presentation of facts of form and dimensions which are embodied in what is technically known as the “working drawing.” Like most other subjects, mechanical drawing combines both theory and practice and has its conventions and rules of practice. While the theory is recognized as of great value in contributing to general educational growth and development yet the results attained must be judged by the ability to represent with accuracy and pre- cision any desired object. The working drawing, therefore, must be regarded as the backbone of mechanical drawing, and too much emphasis can not be placed upon the importance of acquiring skill and rapidity of execution coupled with a knowledge of conventions and drafting technic. 4 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT For purposes of convenient explanation the subject has been ar- ranged under the following subdivisions: a Use of instruments b Simple working drawings c Geometrical constructions with carpenter’s square a Use of instruments. A large part of the work in constructive drawing requires the use of instruments. A proper selection of these should be made in accordance with the recommendations which are usually found in the standard textbooks on this subject. The care and use of the instruments and information in regard to supplies as well as general instructions are fully treated in the texts to which the teacher is referred. A list of approved texts, refer- ence books, and equipment may be found on pages 26-29. Satisfactory results in drawing are attained only by strict atten- tion to details. Every drawing should be penciled in fine, light lines using a lead not softer than 4H and properly sharpened. A hard, firm paper that will withstand erasure should be used. A poor eraser will ruin a good drawing; the best is not too good. Problem work should be left in pencil. Working drawings may be inked on paper to secure practice but most of the inking should be done on tracing paper or cloth in accordance with the method and practice of the modern drafting room. b Working drawings. ‘The first consideration in the making of a working drawing is the proper selection and arrangement of views. The number of views required depends altogether upon the nature of the object to be drawn, but should be as few as possible. It is wrong to suppose that three or any given number of views are al- ways required. For example, an ordinary plain box may be repre- sented generally in two views and simple turned pieces require but a single view while the cylinder need not be shown in a drawing at all; the statement that a cylinder 2 inches in diameter and 8 inches long is wanted conveys complete and accurate information without the aid of views. The rule is, therefore, to make only the necessary views. As to arrangement, the top view should be shown above the front view ; the right side view to the right and the left side view to the left of the front view. Bottom and back views are not frequently used, but when drawn should be placed to conform with the above scheme, the back view being placed to the right or left of side view. Sectional views should also follow the same plan. Related views must be included between the same parallels and under no circum- . VISIBLE | LINE. INVISIBLE _ LINE. EXTENSION, O/MENSION LINES. Fig 4. . atta CONSTRUCTION LINE. W.D. Mc Jennett Del. : PLATE 2 FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 5 stances should views be interchanged, reversed, or interposed be- tween related views. (Some good suggestions are found in ‘‘ Bench Work in Wood,” pages 1-6.) It is essential to keep in mind the fact that the working drawing is intended for the purpose of conveying accurate information and the crucial test requires that the information shall be distinct and complete as well as accurate. In order to meet these requirements it is often necessary for the draftsman to take liberties by omitting lines, views or parts of views. This may be termed drafting license and it simply means that for the sake of clearness the draftsman may depart with propriety from the strict theory of projection. From this practice has developed the necessity for the adoption of certain standards of usage which may be understood by draftsmen generally. The conventions which are given below are the more fundamental ones in general use. There is no code of standards which can be set up for universal adoption as the great diversity of the industries requires modifications and adaptations to individual requirements. Conventions and rules of practice (See plates 2 to 5) 1 Visible edges and outlines of objects should be represented by full lines of medium width. (See figure 1) 2 Invisible edges and outlines of objects should be represented by broken lines consisting of short dashes of the same width as full lines, separated by spaces of about one-half the length of dashes. (See figure 2) 3 Center lines and lines indicating the position of the plane in which a sectional view is to be made should be broken lines con- sisting of alternate short and long dashes. (See figure 3) 4 Extension lines which project from points between which dimensions are to be expressed should be fine, broken lines consist- ing of dashes of medium length. Such lines should not touch the outline of the object, and should extend slightly beyond the point of the arrowhead on the dimension line. (See figure 4) 5 Dimension lines should be fine, broken lines, consisting of long dashes, interrupted for the figures expressing the dimension. These lines should be determined by arrowheads whose points touch the proper extension lines. (See figure 4) 6 Construction lines including all lines which are in the nature of diagrams and are not essential outlines or edges of the object represented should be fine dotted lines. (See figure 5) 6 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 7 Fine full lines in red ink may be substituted for broken center, dimension, extension and construction lines, except that in draw- ings which are traced for printing the broken lines in black ink are to be preferred. 8 Figures should read from the bottom and right-hand side of the drawing. 9 Dimensions of length should be placed below rather than above the view, and rarely, if ever, upon it. Dimensions of width should be placed at the right rather than the left. Minor dimensions may be placed on a view. 10 Over-all dimensions should always be given and placed out- side all subdimensions. 11 Dimensioning from invisible edges should be avoided when possible. 12 Dimensions should read toward the center of circles, and never toward the circumference. 13 Circles are dimensioned by their diameters and arcs by their . radii. (See figures 6, 7, 8) ; 14 Section lines should be broken for a dimension placed in a sectional area. (See figure 27) 15 Dimensions should be placed on one view if possible and should never be repeated. 16 Fraction lines should not be inclined. 17 Dimensions should never be placed on center lines and never be crossed by a line. 18 When the greatest dimension does not exceed 2 feet, figure the whole drawing in inches, omitting the ’” (inch marks). 19 Denote feet and inches thus: (a) 6-10”, (b) 6 ft. 10”, (c) 8 ft. 034”. 20 Subdimensions should be chosen with reference to the meas- urements which will be made in constructing the object. 21 Dimensions should indicate full size independent of scale. 22 Sections should be shown by fine diagonal lines, spaced in proportion to the area of the section. (See figure 9) 23 When the object is symmetrical one-half only may be sec- tioned unless the section is small. A section of a symmetrical piece should be made symmetrical. (See plate 7) 24 Indicate the place at which a section is taken. 25 Select such views as will best show the object but as few as will show it clearly, using sections and details in preference to other views. L.H. Dble 8 PI US.F > — ee — HH > } LUWULUULL G UULULULU) es -— rre.t@ PERMISSIBLE V THREAD Fre fa W.D.McJennett Del. PisAele: 3 ; . ee eee - FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 7 26 Drawings should be made to as large a scale as possible. In no case should other than a standard scale be used. Standard scales are i", 6”, ar, att 14”, i”, an". Aue 34/", dd 3/16”, 1%", 3/32” =12”. Details should be drawn full size, or to as large a scale as may be convenient. 27 A view may be omitted where a note will serve instead, and a view which shows circles only should be omitted, placing “ D” or “ Dia.”’ (diameter) after the circular dimensions. 28 Tinting, shading and shade lines are not to be used unless the object shown is of such a nature that its construction is made clear in no other way. 29 Drawings of castings should be figured for the machinist, not for the pattern maker. 30 Never section bolts, nuts, screws, shafts, spindles, keys, gear teeth, arms of wheels (lengthwise), etc. 31 U. S. Standard and V threads should be represented as shown in figure 10. The lines need not be spaced with reference to the pitch of the screw represented. 32 The form of the thread, if other than the usual, should be stated in a note. The diameter and pitch of a screw should always be given. If a screw has a left-hand or multiple thread a note should call attention to the fact. (Figure 11) 33 Parts that are well represented in one view may be omitted in the others — such as bolts and screws, the location only being shown in the other views. 34 As far as possible drawings of related parts should be kept near together. 35 Each drawing should have a title placed in the lower right- hand corner. The title should state the name of the object, scale, name and location of firm, date, and name of draftsman. The drawings made in this course need not be “ inked in” except such as are to be traced and blueprints made from the tracings. No drawing shall be placed before the student that is not in itself a model of good workmanship. It may sometimes happen that the school in- which the agricultural course is established has already in service a special teacher of drawing and that the agricultural teacher is not specially skilful in drawing. In such cases this work may be conducted by the drawing teacher; but the agricultural teacher will be held responsible as to what is drawn. It must be definitely re- lated to the vocational work which the student is doing in the shop and in the other special agricultural courses. 8 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT The pupil should at the outset be introduced to a high standard and encouraged to acquire a good drafting style. Pupils should be taught to work with facility from drawings, data, and from sketches of their own as well as those from other sources. In the matter of sketching it should be understood that the purpose of the technical sketch is to serve as a memorandum and it should be neatly and accurately drawn. Therefore the use of a straight edge or cross-section paper may be employed. In the making of a working sketch as well as the finished drawing a sys- tematic method should be followed: (a) The size and arrangement of views and details should be such that the sheet is filled without being crowded. (Db) After the views are “ blocked in” they should be outlined lightly. In sketches it is desirable to draw the views in good proportion. (c) The details should next be worked up. (d) Then place all dimension lines and lastly the dimensions. In sketching, the scale should not be used and no measurements taken until the drawing is completed and all the dimension lines drawn. It must be impressed upon the pupil that for purposes of construc- tion, the length, breadth and thickness of every part of the object _and of every detail are absolutely necessary, and it should be re- quired that each drawing be systematically made and thoroughly checked for these dimensions. The lettering of a drawing is of the greatest importance. The style used should be plam and simple. Fancy lettering, elaborate borders and ornate embellishments of all descriptions should be studiously avoided; such features are not only in poor taste but they detract from, rather than add to, the usefulness for which a working drawing is intended. Letters and figures should average from 1 inch to % inch in height and should be formed and spaced in accordance with a few simple fundamental principles. All letter- ing should be done free-hand and each student should be encouraged to acquire a good lettering style. A vertical or slanting type of letter should be chosen and the choice once made should be uniformly followed and practised until good style and proficency are secured. Plate 1 furnishes a model of a simple style of lettering. Sufficient practice should be had before this plate is executed to enable the students to acquire fair speed and accuracy in such work. When this portion of the course is finished students should have so far mastered the principles and practice of good lettering, both on drawings and sign boards, that it would be impossible for them thereafter to be guilty of such errors as dotting a capital I, turning 1-8 THREADS. »— -- Ith AAA »—--ttt UU eee ae Fie | a. =e Tuo. z a —— a CH ee ——— =e Rae Y te hee Fie. ee DOWEL PIN. ara NY i He LENE TH W. D. Mc Jennett, Del. FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 9 the S, Z or N the wrong way, inverting the W to serve as an M, or promiscuously mixing capitals and small letters in the same word. Nothing else so marks one as unobserving and illiterate as this class of errors in signs and notices to the general public, as on letter boxes, for-sale signs, and advertisements of school meetings. c Geometrical constructions. The majority of the students in this course will not have had plane geometry; but there are certain mechanical problems that anticipate a knowledge of technical geom- etry which can be worked out to great practical advantage through the use of the carpenter’s square. This preliminary constructive work develops an appetite for geometry itself when the subject is properly reached in the course, and its use is in line with the most modern pedagogical principle, ‘‘ application before theory.” A variety of constructions are suggested in the following problems: 1 To draw a tangent to a‘circle 2 To find the center of a circle To inscribe a hexagon in a circle To trisect a right angle To divide a quadrant into any number of equal segments To find the “ stretch-out’’ or length of a circumference To determine a circle from three given points in its circum- ference 8 To construct an arc without using its radius 9g To construct an equilateral triangle 10 To construct a square 11 To construct an octagon 12 To bisect an angle 13 To divide a rectangle, as a board, into any number of equal parts without calculation 14 To construct an ellipse 15 To approximate the ellipse by using radii of circles, and by tangents 16 To lay out an arch, spiral, and parabola These and other applications of “ carpenter’s geometry ”? consti- tute a set of formal exercises that relate the drawing to actual con- struction work, and should occupy a reasonable portion of the time given to mechanical drawing. In addition, it is expected that all students in the course will execute plates which illustrate the princi- ples included in plates 6-10. N Qu ® ow 1See Modern Carpentry, included in the book list on page 28. 10 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Making blueprints When drawing and lettering have been well perfected, attention should be given to the process of reproducing known as blueprint- ing. A drawing of a printing frame should first be made, and the frame itself then constructed in the shop as a class exercise. It can be patterned after an ordinary photographer’s printing frame, bor- rowed for the purpose, but made with larger dimensions, say about 16 by 23 inches inside. This frame should be fitted with a good clear pane of glass, and is then ready for use. The drawings to be reproduced must first be traced on cloth trac- ing paper over good originals made on drawing paper. The tracing is placed ink side down against the glass and the print paper placed over it and held fast by the back of the printing frame. The blueprint paper can be procured most cheaply by purchasing in rolls of 10 yards or more in any desired width, or in cut sheets. But it is useful to know how to prepare it in the laboratory. The following is a standard formula: Dissolve 2 oz. citrate of iron and ammonia in 8 oz. of water; also 1% oz. of red prussiate of potash in 8 oz. of water. Add % oz. of gum arabic to each solution. Keep these solutions corked in separate bottles in the dark room. (This may be built by the farm mechanics class if the school is not already provided, although the blueprinting can be done in an ordinary closet that excludes the light well.) The dark room should have a sink somewhat larger than any print to be made, about 6 inches deep, and provided with a loose, flat board cover. When preparing the print paper, mix equal portions of the two solutions, and apply the mixture with a flat, wide camel’s hair brush or sponge as evenly as possible. The sheets to be treated should be laid flat cn the board and nailed through the two upper corners, and the board then set up in the sink at an angle of 60° from the hori- zontal. As each sheet is treated with the mixed solution it is pulled off by the two lower corners and laid in a drawer where it can be shut away from the light. Ail of this work and the filling of the frame for printing must be done in the dark room with as little light as possible. After the printing frame is filled it is exposed to the perpendicular rays of the sun for from three to fifteen minutes. The best length ef time may be determined by exposing to the sun a strip of the same paper drawn out an inch at a time at one-minute intervals from an opaque paper or pasteboard sheath. This strip is then “ devel- oped” in the regular way and that portion of it selected as a guide which gives the purest and most uniform blue color. ' ' ! ' ' | ! 1 ! Crea a, Fie. 30 J.E£.Noll Del. Pia Ach Ez SS Lie FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING II When the printing is finished, the sheet is removed in the dark room and developed in the tray by soaking, yellow side down, in clean water for about ten minutes. The sheet is then taken by diagonally opposite corners, lifted out of the water, dipped several times until it becomes no bluer, and then hung on a suitable rack to dry. If any dark purple or bronze spots appear on it they sheuld be thoroughly washed before the sheet is fully dry. This blueprinting process can be used to excellent advantage in cther work of the high school and lower grades, as in silhouetting butterflies, grasses, “ skeletonized ’’ leaves of trees, lace and embroid- ery patterns for sewing classes, etc. It is hoped that each class in farm mechanics will supply for exchange with all the other schools having agricultural courses a considerable number of blueprints of at least one of their best mechanical drawings each year. Several of these prints made in each school should be held for inspection and possible use by the Division of Vocational Schools. FARM MECHANICS As previously indicated, the practical, experimental and observa- tion work in farm mechanics is designed to occupy two laboratory periods each week throughout the entire school year. There is na intention that this work shall be an equivalent or substitute for the general manual training work outlined in another syllabus. The work here described calls for a different equipment, proceeds from another viewpoint, and is inspired by a much more concrete and defi- nite vocational purpose. Equipment On pages 26, 27 is given a list of the tools and other equipment con- sidered necessary for an average class of ten students. . The tools selected should be first-class in every respect. It does not pay the school or individuals to buy tools of an inferior grade. Better grades are always cheaper in the end, and what is still more impor- tant, they do not easily get out of order and thus hinder the student in his work. It is important that they should be tools of full men’s size, suitable for use on any first-class farm. The use of smaller tools would easily bring the whole course into disrepute among prac- ‘tical school patrons; but this should not in any way discourage the purchase of small sets of standard tools by individual students. The individual chests for keeping such tools can well be made, from careful working drawings, by the students themselves. Nez NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT As in the case of all other vocational equipment, the Education Department “ duplicates” the cost of standard tools purchased by the school, and also the cost of books selected for the school library in farm mechanics and drawing, as well as in general agriculture. The shop room. Under average conditions the room for shop- work can be found. It should be about 20 by 30 feet in area, well lighted, and preferably with a south exposure. Rooms not already suitable for the purpose may often be made so at small expense. If absolutely necessary a basement room may be fitted up. In this case additional windows will frequently be needed. If there is no con- crete floor, the cement for making it can be mixed, tested, and laid under the direction of the vocational teacher (perhaps assisted by some local expert) as a regular exercise of the course in “ mechanic — ants. If the building has a gasoline engine or electric motor for ventila- tion, arrangements can often be made for extending its shaft or a counter shaft into the shop room, to be used for turning a grind- stone, blowing the forge, or running a drill press or wood lathe. Under the row of windows there should be a continuous bench, preferably built by the students, of two-inch planks. This bench ought to be about 30 inches wide and from 25 to 30 feet long. It should be provided at regular intervals with five wood vises, to be made by the class after the iron screws, sockets and handles are supplied. (See plan in Farmers’ Bulletin 347, page 23.) At the end of the bench nearest the forge and anvil there should be one blacksmith’s iron vise, and near by a blacksmith’s drill press. A good grindstone, mounted by the students, can be placed in a con- venient corner, and vertical cabinets for the tools belonging to the school can be built by the first class from their own designs. Some open space should be reserved in the middle of the room for the use of sawhorses, for setting up work in course of construction, and for testing the operation of gasoline engines. The forge should be so placed as to exhaust the smoke and gases into the regular furnace stack. : To deaden the sound of work being done in the shop, the ceiling of the room can be properly prepared, if desired, by the class in regular exercises. The under side of the floor joists overhead should be sheathed with ‘“ deadening felt,’ and this covered by a- tight wooden ceiling or by lathing and plastering. Metallic ceiling should not be used because of its sound-conducting properties. In some cases it may be advisable to have the shop detached from the school building, but near enough to be heated by the same sys- ‘Bewncu: Hook - wy - MOLDING -FLASK- f ate ope Fe OoOlwe/ or tae) PUN Mah ate = © Bottom board 7 = sui = Grooves 7o hold sand Z ae ies pis SSS ‘gicre re) Pete 6 FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 134 tem. Such a building can be designed, drawn, and largely con- structed by the labor of the class. It may give good opportunity for making and laying concrete blocks or solid cement walls, patent roofing, tiles, cellular tile blocks, and other forms of modern build- ing material that are very useful on the farm. In general, the work in farm mechanics is designed to give practical experience as well as educational direction in as large a range as possible of the various kinds of constructive and repairing work that have to be done, often without the service of expert craftsmen, under modern farm re- quirements. ‘ Practical exercise Sharpening tools. One of the most important of the earlier practical exercises is in properly sharpening edged tools on the grindstone and oil stone. One method of grinding is illustrated in “ Farm Conveniences,’ page 19, and a method of “trueing” a grindstone on page 18; see also pages 141 and:199. Some good sug- gestions are also made in “ Handy Farm Devices,” pages 10 and 284, in “ Farm Appliances,” pages 62-65, and throughout the book entitled “ Bench Work in Wood.” Sharpening the teeth of culti- vators and harrows when worn adds greatly to their effectiveness. (See “Handy Farm Devices,” page 271.) Valuable suggestions for the beginner on the care and use of bench tools may be found in Part I of “Elementary Woodworking.” Part II of this book de- scribes the various kinds of trees that are used for lumber making. Setting and filing saws. The list of tools given on pages 26-27 provides for one saw set and saw-filing vise ; ordinary flat and three- cornered files should be furnished by the students. Each can make for himself, after drawing, a wooden saw-filing clamp and setting gauge like those shown in plate 10. These can be used with the shop vises so that five or six students can work at the same saw- filing or setting exercise. Simple saw sets can be made on the anvil out of old files. One or two “ jointers”’ (plate 10) should also be made, and practical work with all of these tools done both on handsaws and two-hand log saws. Good suggestions on the use of the file are found in “Farm Conveniences,” pages 126-129, Farm Blacksmithing, pages 82-90, and “ Bench Work in Wood,” pages 26-41. Harness mending. One of the most useful bits of skill often needed in an emergency is the ability to make quick repairs in har- ness. To assist in the development of such ability, the farm me- chanics class should make for permanent use in the school shop one I4 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT of the harness clamps or vises that are designed for this purpose. Illustrations may be found in “ Handy Farm Devices,” page 262, in “Farm Appliances,’ pages 74, 75, and in other books and farm papers. In the first-mentioned design the weight of the user oper- ates the clamp. Pieces of broken harness should be brought from home to the shop, and the ingenuity of the class exercised in devising and exe- cuting the best methods of quick home repair. A practical sugges- tion for mending a broken tug is found in “ Farm Conveniences,” pages 24, 25; for protecting weak eyes in horses, on page 161; and for lengthening the wear of harness, on page 211. See also Farm- ens’ Bulletin’ 347, pases 21, 22.031: The foregoing paragraphs illustrate the way in which reference books are to be used in all the practical work suggested or required in the course. Space does not permit in this syllabus an equally full description of all that is expected under the general divisions of carpentry, blacksmithing, and miscellanecus exercises. Accord- ingly only an alphabetical list of topics to be considered is here appended, followed by some explanation and comment. Suggestive list of topics H. F, D=Handy Farm Devices; M.B.= Modern Blacksmithing; P.A.= Physics of Agricul- ture; F. B.—Farmers’ Bulletin; F. Bl.—Farm Blacksmithing; etc. see pages 28, 20. 1 Apple sorting table [H.F.D., p. 152] 2 Anvil foundation [E1.F.D., p. 246; M.B. p. 33, 34] ©) fe) @ fatiace) © ie 0. le) © « je) sfc) we fe jellel ie fa) «| ate ee) Jee hehle eo. eye, 0 le, * (si 0] ©! = fe: re lone) je) ale h sei ene 6 ae [M-B., p. 114, 115; Cornell. FM: Ex. 2) (see pje2l 7 Bag holders |FA..~p.- 57-60; FG; p. 180, 2055) cEeos Da kTO: arn | Subae tie HAL, pel g Barn doors (models) [F.C., p. 52; H.F.D., p. 184-187] 10 Barn frames (models) [P.A., p. 339-342; B.P.&O., p. 10-17, 61-66; see also plate 8] 11 Barn plans (drawings) [P.A., p. 366-378; B.P.& O., p. 10-17, 61-66; H.F.D., p. 198-204 | 12 Barn ventilation [P.A., p. 350-365] £3: Barrel header (E-Ce sp, 20-1. B. nos iee pao 14 Belts [P.A., p. 543-545; M.B., p. 65, 66; F.M., p. 28-30] 15 Belt lacing (drawings) [P.A., p. 545, 546; M.B., p. 64, 65; F.M., p. 30-32; Cornell F..M. Ex. 1] Drill 7 oil hole. Tap for 72 Sta. on Loose Fulley. SS. on Tight Pulley. Note: stand a6 at FA ee Lb Dh) ee es -u/G UO UMOLD 2 K- alle ad ak | ly a WEB PULLEY — FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 15 16 Bins for grain (models) [F.A., p. 26; F-C., p. 9] 17 Bird houses [B.P.& O. p. 314-323] 18 Bit-brace wrench [H.F.D., p. 11] 19 Blasting stumps and rocks |{F.C., p. 57-62] ea priages,.jarm (models) [H.F.D., p. 160, 161; F.G.Bi, p. 176-187 | 2m, ull exerciser | F.C, p. 15] 22 buliter worker [F.A:, p. 92; H-F.D., p. 51] eo, Carts [FP .A., p.:36; F.C., p. Tr1-113,, 323] 27 Cement concrete [H1.F.D., p. 214-231; P.A., p. 379-384; F.A., p 45,.46; FB. no. 235 | 28 Cement fence posts (models) [F.B. no. 403] eorenanaimes [i.C., p. l22, 123; F.M.) p. 33; F. BL, p. 20-22] 30 Chicken coops (models) [H.F.D., p. 121-123; also “ Poultry Architecture” and “ Poultry Appliances ” | 31 Cistern filter [F.A., p. 119 and H.F-.D., p. 68, 69] 32 Clod crusher and sled [F.A., p. 49] 33. Cold frames [H.F.D., p. 140-142] 34 Colts, breaking rig for [F.A., p. 35, 36] 35 Corn rack (models) [H.F.D., p. 235-236] 30 Corn testing tray |F.B. no. 409] 37 “Corn Harvesting Machinery’ [F.B. no. 303] 41 Derrick, farm (models) [F.A., p. 147, 148] 42 Designs, elective (from all sources) 43 Drill press [F.B. no. 347, p. 16; F. Bl. p. 9] 44 Drilling iron [M.B., p. 58, 59] 45 Drilling steel [} ™., p..118] 46 Dump sled [F.A., .. 45] st Egg carrier [F.C., p. 190-192; “ Poultry Appliances ”] 52 Eveners (drawings) [P.A., p. 497-499; F.M., p. 13-15] 16 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Ce iC ri 50 “ Farm Conveniences” [See also F.B. no. 270] 57 Heed boxes and troughs (EAs, po, Only. sp mnOo) 58 Files and filing | F.Bl. p. 67-71] 59 Flood gates (models) [P.Cy p: 107; 247: T1E_Dip. 182eneee F.G.B., p. 85-93 | 60 Fruit picker [F.A., p. 177-179] 61 Foot-power device [H.F.D., p. 55| 62 Forge, portable [F.B. no. 347, p. 14] OG iis ce SRie cy 8 Sto Wigee bnew aha oi hres sated ene ee es 66 Gasoline engines (sectional models) [P.A., p. 523-530; F.M., Pp. 401-435, 456-459; Cornell F. M. Ex. 14] ; 67 Gasoline engines, fuel for [F.B. no. 277] 68 Gates, farm (models) [F.G.B., p. 117-164, and others] 69 Grain binder attachments [F.M., p. 150-153; Cornell F. M. Bx; 5] : 70 Greenhouse [H.F.D., p. 209] 71 “ Greenhouse Construction ” 72 Grindstones [F.C., p. 17-10; F2Ay, ps 62-65; ERED a pater B.W. in W., p. 66, 67] 73 Grinding tools |F.C., p. 141; B.W. in W., p. 24-26] ee ach ee opatte eva e cirtcad he'd a RAR RM eR EBS oe aes eee Be Ai UML Le Sy eas neither ge da a re 76 Hammer, nail-pulling | H.F.D., p. 246] 77 Haimess. clamp [EAL pi75 ib C. p24, 255 Elbe De ape ata 78 Harness repairing, tools and materials [F.B. no. 347, p. 21, 22, 31] 79 Heating vat |F.A., p. 34] 80 Hinge, tron |F.C., p. 38-40] 81 Hop poles, driving [F.C., p. 215, 216] 82 Hop trellising and tving (models) [F.B. no. 304, p. 13-17] 83 Horse power (model) [F.A., p. 153, 154; F.M., p. 287-204; P.A., p. 489-496 | e4 Elorsesheeing [/FIC;, p. 130;.140; 169,9170,.220. F Bamo. nian F.BI. p. 61-67] 85 Hot bed [H.F.D., p. 136-138] 86 Hydraulic ram [P.A., p. 552, 553; F.M., p. 273-276; F.B. no. 270, Pp.) 7a ose Counell sh. Me sE xe 7a Se giaers' FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING ie Ee ae 2 a gi Ice, pan for freezing [H.F.D., p. 233-234; see also figure 37] 92 Implements, farm (observation, setting up, use) [P.A., p. 225-37; F.M., p. 78-202; F. A., p. 124, 125] 93 Iron and steel, kinds of [F.M., p. 44, 45; M.B., p. 119; F.BI. p. 11-16; 49, 50| 94 Iron, weight of one-foot lengths | M.B., p. 192; F.Bl. Appendix | Te Pe ie are 6 oo o.5 455 Sug Six oe oR ogee 8a GE Nett 96 Land measuring [H.F.D., p. 167, and others] 97 Laying drain tile [P.A., p. 321-328] Gastevel [H.F.D., p. 14, 15] 99 Leveling [P.A., p. 291-310, 312-320] 100 Leveling, with a square [F.C., p. 41, 42] Tor Lifting-jacks [F.A., p. 40; F.C., p. 154, 155] 102 Lifting hayracks [F.A., p. 38; H.F.D., p. 238, 239] 103 Lightning rods [F.B. no. 367] 104 Lime, burning [F.A., p. 159, 163] 105 Lubricating axles [F.A., p. 41, 42] 106 Lubricating shafts and machinery [P.A., p. 541, 542; F.M., P. 40, 399, 400, 428] 107 Lumber saving [Forest Service Circular no. 180, Washington, 108 Lumber, testing strength of [B.W. in W., p. 198-200; P.A.; Forest Service Circular no. 113, Washington, D. C.] NN eh Nl Se 8 ins oid eS acelgre ade’ so ep a hae es t1r Mail-box trolley [H.F.D., p. 71] 112 Milking stool [F.C., p. 46, and others] 113 Miter box [F.C., p. 129, 130; H.F.D., p. 24-26; B.W. in W., Sep» 43, 64; F.B. no. 347, p.. 24] TS swe oo nee, chs 55. fee eet ae eee ee .10 10 T-squares, to be made by students. 20 “tiianeles, each «.).. 2 Goes nun siege es oe seh ele oo ene .20 10 bench hooks, to be made by students. (See figure 31.) 10 saw-filing clamps (wood) to be made by students. (Plate 6.) LO seratch awls, 142” handled} each... vec... 225s .05 TO bevels, “sliding, UG"; “each: -a 5 Bate ser ck oy ee £25 Total, “per student Ss ese A eas ee ee $2.45 General tools for shop 1 bench, to be built by students. (See page 12.) 5 bench screws. (vise), sockets, and handles, 15 x 1Y4”..... $6.50 5 heme eStOMS.s'ey.cs< a i-th ctcttece ote = toes bicep een aerate ieee 1.50 Tbityset wdowel; 3/16 10015 /32.4. Wee eee re eerie 2.50 T extension, ort 2 Mis 0 ccs ound ce Saree Rene ee ene iy sO) To belt puiielis eae afele es = kai oe ao eit eee ne een meget Seca .50 2; bit DEACES PS ESWEE Dace «|. 66 ois cies eee 1.85 I calipers; OVP WIR es oo. 30k... often Ope eee ee eens eae ane .50 5 chisels, socket firmer, one each 4%”, 14”, 34", 34”, and 144” 1.80 A. .clamps, steele bate torepenw2}: ". oo eee ee 1.90 FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 27 Se See ae See es ey NS on NOOSA ON We hse hy OS Onl tr ol Be Gy SY me Bos Se Sa Ko ee ICES PO ye a cass CEM TES been Veen. 30 SRR RM Olt oa es. ose ees | oe ca oy. .67 IT a do eh as Cis we i wo see hake. ve ew ee I.00 iewegaree mill, one round edge, 16”. .i... cess... .... 1.25 STEED oc Sr se Sea sc ow oe ee ei cas ween ca 5 8.00 I aes ise Ben os ea eS ge oe 8 soe we Pete a 25 SUMMER 2 Atak. yu iahs. Vin aca s,s COS eae Oe aah 25 gouges, tang outside firmer, one each 14”, 36”, 14", 34”... 1.30 MMM tee nets od ese Vcr clea obs ov digas Cha ots 65 SeMRmteMemEMRS OIE FOZ... . wieilscds case ti evel ss ydk ewes 465 Maminer, machinists’, ball peen, 16 oz.................- eee: ts 9. ees eMedeed: FZ OZ. 2. oo sss eee dvsness sce sides 2.65 hand drill, with frame for bench use.......... CARES 2.75 oo SELENE) 2S ae ta ae 2.45 MeO as... oc ns bk aed ev debe eee haloes 2.85 fee, Pockemon se with square. .. 2. ....6 sce cee e cote’ 1.00 SSC 89° 6 gn 65 - bps CEL Seis 2) ne 28 eanieereCasre ail MICCIUIM, ce cc ee cena 85 Peete etmetiine, 154" cutter... 2.0... sec ces eee ce ene 2.10 Peer rb drake BO oe. ce abate eee eee es 3.00 ROMPRES... c.g ee aces dee uw naned wis 3.40 ee RM eS ced. cw cc ce Sean's oe eee gem R75 Pave wea ma one routid side. .......c.e..sesccee eee .76 eee 20". 7 ptS.'. see vin se We eee es eet 6.75 Semen ceNNNSMED PEESETIIUS 5.08. 55's « <'s) slejaie Sc erie 'soislee ole «ao wdbaea 2.70 ENTREE PAS Lo, to), Jock Shas wert e ous gtk Serb als a's ob vine 33 Oo LE i be 0s CO eee rede ge ae eae rar .18 Na ary ave

pie 1 Sid Ways 0k heres 4s4/ MAAR omens « 75 SeameMnnamnen | ort se ai alas oe «ede ees é .63 RE Oe ee ee kh id he Naa GI's, « 's 0 \e Sagara oid 6 565 RMT IUINEES OG 7 CUD vias 9 ves Sku eee anes ewes 2.00 podemnn set, iron; tofch, fesin, bar solder.:...........+- 5.00 a es alr Wie g Apes «Acie sty poe alam. CARAS 75 fieeblacksmith’s ........5.% Teer ee ee eee eee 5.50 Reem ttitiikey, Steel Dat, J2.. .. ne ee nle esse eee ew eer 1.00 rcimmmmniicey, Steel Dar, 05! i... svecb swe ee es tele ews 1.75 PemeesiIect-LO GISCOMNE.. .o.. Fi. ee ee eta de $88 . 2 The blacksmith’s anvil, portable forge (with hood), tongs, ham- mers, punches etc. may be bought second-hand, or made as sug- 28 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT gested on page 24. These tools and those in the list are usually © handled by the large mail-order houses. Prices procured through local dealers in quantities sufficient to equip the school shop are subject to discounts. The totals given above may therefore be con- sidered the maximum for the tools listed. The entire expense on which State duplication can be arranged for fitting up the complete workshop would probably not exceed $100 for the first vear. TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS: AND) BULLE DINS 3arn Plans and Outbuildings. Halsted & Powell. Orange A ibtG Cc Rom EN Te: ALi ea oh a sg 3. Lah nae $1.00 Bench Work in Wood. Goss, "Gima)& Co. 22)2 40) eee .70 Farm Appliances. Martin. Oranceridd: Cok. se ae: ae .50 Barn: Conveniences. Orangeq|mddsGow i. 14 eee 1-00 Farm Machinery and Farm Motors. Davidson & Chase. Orange. Judd Coy 2. Apa en sete el: ee ee 2.00 Farm Mechanic, The. Chase. Sturgis & Walton Co., N. Y.. a7 Elementary Woodworking. Foster. Ginn & Co........... .60 Elements of Mechanical Drawing. Anthony. D. C. Heath & (CoM me eI Pm cies ols shy} EAs GeO Soe. 4s Lace Essentials mi Woodworking. Griffeth, The Manual Arts Press, Peoria,, Tilly 4: (ccgedeiee rete ete ba teaeaee 1.25 Farm Blacksmithing. Drew. Webb Pub. Co., St Paul..... .50 Farmer’s Tanning Guide, The. Stevens. Webb Pub. Co., Dae | ee at: \ 0 PER Ls SRE Hn OR MLA A Aly a ey 99 3 P25 Fences, Gates and Bridges. Martin. Orange Judd Co..... .50 Greenhouse Constructions |) @atta Orange, judd: Corsee ae 1.50 Handy Farm Devices and How to Make Them. Cobleigh. Orange Judd: Co; . sa. Se ane paeee ans © Acie eee TARO Home Water Works. Lynde. Sturgis & Walton Co.,N.Y. .75 Letters and Letter Construction. Trezise. The Inland Printer Co., (Chicago.).<... aban eee 2.00 Mission Furniture: How to Make It. Part I, Popular Mechanics. (Co... <5 5. suis ele aces ee eee ed ee wc Modern Blacksmithing. Holmstrom. F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago! ese ae od. os SE ee eee 2. Soo Modern Carpentry. Hodgson. The Radford Architectural COIN ee ee oS UE 1.00 Modern House Plans for Everybody. Reed. Orange Judd CO. SoS OR Rike ea + ar < gee ee 1.00 Physics of Agriculture. F.H. King. Pub. by Author, Madi- Son, Wasi its meee RRM RE AUR e534 5 (808 gocothas ob 1275 FARM MECHANICS AND DRAWING 29 Froblems in Mechanical Drawing. Bennett. The Manual 8 SO a ee ee I.00 Poultry Architecture. Fiske. Orange Judd Co............ 50 Poultry Appliances and Handicraft. Fiske. Orange Judd EES 2 Ss sn ay Se es « Caen Kamae bhiere oo ee 50 The Steel Square. Part 1. Hodgson. Industrial Book Co., SI oe 0s a san where wae Loa ocala s Ved elas 4084 50 Farmers bulletins No. 113. Apples and How to Grow Them 179 Horseshoeing 235 Preparation of Cement Concrete 270 Modern Conveniences for the Farm Home 277 The Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines 303 Corn Harvesting Machinery 304. Growing and Curing Hops 321 The Use of the Split-log Drag on Earth Roads 347. The Repair of Farm Equipment 307 Lightning and Lightning Conductors 403 The Construction of Concrete Fence Posts 409 School Lessons on Corn Circulars, etc Forest Service Circular 113 Forest Service Circular 180 Bureau of Plant Industry Circular 44 Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 136 Yearbook Separate (U. S. Department of Agriculture) 18098 State Experiment Station Bulletin 121 and others, Geneva, N. Y. Cornell Farm Mechanics Exercises 1, 2, 5, 7, 13, 14, Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell Farm Mechanics Bulletin, Knots and Hitches _ Nore: All the bulletins and circulars except those of separate states, can be had free of cost by addressing your local congress- man or the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Among desirable periodicals for the school library are the follow- ing: The Scientific American, Popular Mechanics, and the Patent Office Gazette. The last-named publication can be procured free of cost by application to the district congressman or one of the U.S. Senators for New York. Every issue of the Gazette contains de- scriptions of several patented improvements on farm machinery. PS , Fi tial INDEX Agriculture VIII, 21 Agricultural teacher; responsible for mechanical drawing, should seek assistance tain exercises, 21 Amount of work to be course, 23 73 in cer- done Blueprinting, 10; special uses of, ie 21, 25 Books of reference, 28, 29; cost of | shared by the State, 12; use of, 14, 20 “ Carpenter’s Geometry”, 9 Concrete cement work, I2, 13, 15, 22 Cornell Farm Mechanics exercises, | 22 Drawing conventions, 5-7; instru- ments, 4; may be taught by drawing teacher under certain conditions, 7; must have distinct | vocational purpose, 7 Drill press, 12, 15 Elective designs, I5, 21, 24 Equipment of shop, It, 26-28 To rs Farm implements, 26; to be studied in the field, 26 Farm mechanics, not to be con- fused with manual training, II Farmers’ Bulletins, 29 Flask for molding, 22 Forge, 12, 16, 24; work, 23, 24 Gasoline engines, 12, 16, 22, 24, 25; precautions in testing, 25 Grindstone, 12, 13 Harness mending, 13, 16 Horse, model of, 22 Horseshoeing, 16, 24 14, in | 3rI Individual sets of tools, 11, 26 Implements, study of, 17, 26 Jacks for litting wagons, 17 King’s Physics of Agriculture, 28 Labozxatory periods in per week, 4 Lettering, errors 8,9 shopwork, to be avoided, Models required in certain cases, 20 Model horse, 22 “Model Lumber”, 22 Molding flask (plate 6), 22 Nails needed for certain jobs, 17 New devices to be encouraged, 21 Object of course, 3, 13, 23 Plows, adiustment and draft of, rie ite: Plowing match, 2 Precautions in habbitting, 24; in testing gasoline engines, 25 Periodicals for school library, 29 Quick repairs in harness, 13 Recitations in drawing, per week, 4, 20 Repair of farm equipment, 13, 23, 29 Saws, filing and setting, 13, 18 Sheet metal work, 23 Shop exercises, list of, 14-20; class assignments in, 20, 21; special suggestions on, 21-23 Shoproom, lighting of, 12 Sketching designs, 8 Slide valve of steam engines, 25 Study of italicized topics in the list (14-20), 20 32 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Tools, cabinet for, 12; cost of shared by the State, 12; list of, 26, 27; selection of, 11; sharp- ening, 13, 16 Teacher of agriculture, competence of, 21; responsible for mechan- ical drawing, 7; not to recom- mend machinery, 25 Technical terms to be learned, 25 LBFe 13 Use of reference books, 14, 20 Vises, I2 Work bench, description of, 3, 5 Working drawings, importance of, 3, 5; number and arrangement, 4 Workshop, to be built by students when possible, 13; ceiling, treat- ment of to deaden sound, 12 Aco hee nnn