LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. | ay 335 Chap. Copyright No... i Shelfe md Bu | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | Laer . tha FARM-POULTRY SERIES. No. Two. THE JARM-FOULTR ——— > + —-__—___ ff eV Rips 4 . | at >\ f aD ~ | f f K re Ste ; } ae | C) Price, 50 Cents +F ARM-POULTRY, published by I. S. Johnson & Co., Boston, Mass., has done, is doing, and will continue to do very much to teach every person who reads it carefully and practices its teaching, how to raise poultry for profit, because all the matter that goes into it is the result of actual experience on the poultry farms. Upon these farms is being done eyery year just what FARM-PovuLTRy can and will teach you, if you study its pages every issue. It is a practical instructor; it is a helpful friend and aid; it is to the beginner an ever ready reference and guide to success. Do you care to learn how others make their hens pay $2.50 each per year? Then subscribe to FARM-Pouttry. ‘* What has been done can be done again.’’ Remember the price: one year, $1.00; six months, 50c.; sample copy free. I. S. JOHNSON & CO., = = 22 Custom House Street, Boston, Mass. of dozen eggs laid, 456,875,080. The census of 1890 gave fowl, 285,288,700; eggs laid,” ee Ny a ea ee oe eg FARM-POULTRY SERIES. No. 2. F-arM- PounutTry ——<—<—<—_——<1-9 > ___—_ PREVENTION AND CURE OF FOUETRY DISEASES: BY. 2% or “4 NATHAN W. SANBORN, M. D. 7 Price, 50 Cents. “(+2 - _ _ PUBLISHED BY I. S. JOHNSON & CO., 22 Custom House St., Boston, Mass. 1896. i mi 5 i pia : | . Copyright, 1896, ; BY 2 I..S. JOHNSON & CO., bn BOSTON, MASS. ft ” oe i sy é Mi Press of S. y PREFACE. Writers in the poultry press, in telling what remedies to give, often say, ‘* I gave three doses of ‘something,’ and cured the bird.” Many letters have I received asking, ‘* How much, and how oftex shall I give the medicine?” It is hoped that the directions here given are plain on these points. A severe illness of a bird, even though it apparently recovers, reduces its value. Throughout these pages it is prevention of disease, rather than cure, that is emphasized. First, how to avoid; second, how to cure. Our birds are at our mercy, and if disease appears in the flock, commonly, it is because of sins of omission or commission on the part of the owner. If the ideas here presented shall lead to more healthy birds — increased profit — the book will have accomplished its mission. NATHAN W. SANBORN, M.D. Wellesley Hills, Mass. TABLE OF CONTER MS. Abdomen, Diseases of = = 26 Frost-Bite, - = = = 33 A Casein Point, - = : 48 Fungoid, — - : 5 F on Administering Medicine, - - 43 Gapes, = a 2 ¢ 15 A Few Questions Answered, - 44 Gastritis, - = . =! 22 Anemia, - - - - 8, 44 Grain, = : - - ” Apoplexy, - - - - 33, 44 Green Food, = E = 7 Appendix, - - - - 43 Grit, = = : E 6 Atrophy of the Liver, - - 45 How to Obtain Our Remedies, - 48 Baldness, - - - . 45 Impaction of Crop, - = 20 Black-Rot, - - - - 32 Indigestion, - - 22; 46 Break-Down, - . - 29 Inflammation of Crop, - - 21 Broken Bones, - = = 34 Inflammation of Liver, 2 = 23 Bronchitis, - = = Sy tyes Intestines, Diseases of = an 24 Bumble-Foot, - - - EY) Lameness, - - = = 34 Canker, - - - - 12, 46 Leg, Diseases of - - - 34 Care and Food, - - - 6 Leg Weakness, - - - 34, 46 Catarrh, - - - = 12, 45 Lice, - - - - 38, 47 Charcoal, - - - - 7 Liver, Diseases of - - 23, 45547) Chicken-Pox, - - = 37 Lungs, Diseases or - - 17 Cholera, - - - - 9; 45 Moulting, - - . - 40, 47 Comb, Diseases of - - 31 Over-Feeding, = - - 41 Comb, Injuries of - - - 33 Oviduct, Diseases of - - 29 Congestion of Liver, - - 23 Oviduct, Inflammation of = 30 Constipation, - - - 24, 46 Peritonitis, - - - - 27 Consumption, - - - 19 Pip, - - - - - 18 Cramp, - . - - 35, 46 Pneumonia, - - - 18 Crop, Diseases of - - - 20 Prolapse, - - - - 29 Cut Green Bone and Meat, = 7 Proper Houses and Yards, - 5 Debility, - - - - 8, 46 Rheumatism, - - - 35, 46 Diarrhea, - - - - 25, 46 Roundworm, - - - 28 Dieting Sick Fowls, - - 44 Roup, - - - =) 125 47 Diphtheria, - - - 11, 46 Scaly-Legs, - - - 36 Disease, Prevention of - - 5 Scurvy or Itch, S = - 45 Dropsy, . - - - 26 Soft-Shelled Eggs, - - 31 Dropsy of Feet, - - - 36 Sturdy Stock, - - . 5 Dropsy of Heart Sack, - . 20 Tapeworm, - = = = 28 Dysentery, - - - - 25 Testicles, Enlargement of - 247 Eczema, - - - - 37 Tuberculosis, - - - 19 Egg-Bound, - - - 2 Ulcerated Sore Throat, = - - 46 Egg-Eating, - - - 39 Under-Feeding, - - - 40 Enlarged Crop, - - - 22 Vent-Gleet, - - - 29 Enlargement of Liver, - - 23 Vertigo, - - - - 9; 44 Enteritis, - = - - 26, 46 Wasting of Liver, - - - 24 Feather-Eating, - - - 39 White Comb, - - =) 3245 Fertile Eggs, - - - 48 Worms, - . - - 28 Fish-Skin Disease, - - 36 Young Chickens, - - - 47 FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. Prevention of Disease. To be successful in the keeping of poultry one must be able to avoid the losses that come from preventable disease. Very likely you may be skillful in curing ailments that appear in your flocks ; but how much more satisfactory it is to have no sickness to contend with. Use common sense and prevention rather than so-called ‘‘ sure-cures.” The first essential in the prevention of disease is: Sturdy Stock. Avoid buying eggs or birds from weak, long in-bred stock, or from yards largely made up of late hatched, undersized birds. Breeding from birds that have been ill, although apparently well, is poor practice. Let every bird used for breeding be well matured, good-sized, vigorous, and a descendant of sturdy stock. Proper Houses and Yards. Land for poultry plants ought to be dry or easily drained. Light land, where the snow melts early in the season and quickly becomes dry, is to be sought for. A damp or wet soil, even though tight floors are used, is to be avoided. The yards should be large enough to keep in grass permanently, not only to furnish green food, but to feed upon the droppings and thereby prevent the ground becoming filthy. The poultry house should be of such size that every part can be easily and quickly taken care of. The roof and cold sides should be wind and water proof. Cracks let in rain and cold air where they are not needed, and lead to roup and bronchitis. There should not be too much glass in the house front. One window (two sashes) to a pen twelve feet square is enough, both for light and warmth. More glass than this will make the house at noon in sun- shiny days in winter too warm —and at night will radiate the heat so that the house becomes too cold. Some scratching-shed arrangement will be helpful ; or a door in the front of each pen that can be opened in pleasant weather, will answer the same purpose. Ventilators will not be required in houses that are six feet high and kept clean. Roosts and droppings boards ought to be low for heavy breeds, and made so as to furnish as little room as possible for ‘‘ red mites.” | Nests should be moy- able, and easily kerosened. Dust boxes full of road-dust should be in every pen. Shade should be furnished in warm weather. If the poultry yards can be in an orchard the problem is solved; but if there are no trees board shelters can be made in the runs. 6 FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. Care and Food. Birds, houses and brooders must be kept free from all lice. No one who wishes to succeed with poultry can neglect to consider the lice question. It comes into prominence at all times of the year. Like the poor, lice are always with us. The great obstacle to paying poultry and the stumbling-block in many an otherwise successful plant, is lice. If your birds ought to be laying but are not — look for lice. Ifthe young chicks, that should be growing, are dying — look for lice. Do not feed the army of tramps,— lice and mites. Begin early to fight lice. Dust the sitting hen with some good insect powder. Use the powder on the young chicks. See that the brooders do not become infested. Whitewash and kerosene will help keep within bounds the lice tribe in the large house. Roosts and nest boxes need constant attention. The red mites will multiply rapidly in the droppings if not often removed. It is good practice to dust the old birds with insect powder every two months during the warm season. If this is done in a business-like way it will take less time than one would at first suppose. Next to lice, I would place filth. Droppings boards and floors must be kept clean. Many cases of roup are due to uncleaned boards in the wet weeks of the year. Droppings boards cleaned and dusted at least twice a week, will prevent disaster to more flocks than one. Exercise is needed for good health, and to help fill the egg basket. During the cold months of the year this can be produced by using scratching material, hay or straw, on the floors of house or shed, and throwing all whole grain into it. When the material becomes too fine and soiled it should be replaced with anew supply. Remove early in the spring, lest it become a breeding place for lice. Fresh water is as necessary to fowls as to ourselves. It should be given twice a day in winter, and three times in summer. Drinking vessels should be carefully washed once a day during the warm weather, and at least twice a week in winter. Fountains that cannot be thoroughly cleaned should not be used. Very cold water should not be given, as it sometimes produces ‘‘ cramp,” and takes too much of the bird’s heat to warm it to the temperature of the body. Hens should be kept as much as possible from heavy rains and snows. To be drenched with water when half moulted adds much to the drain that is being made upon the system to supply a new suit of clothes. Chicks a few days old are sometimes stunted, if not killed, by exposure to a sudden shower. Grit. Broken stone, brick or crockery ought to be within reach of every chick and fowl. Oyster shells will not take the place of grit, but are useful as a variety. To oblige birds to seek for grit in the droppings or from the earth floor of the pen, is uncleanly, to say the least. To attempt getting winter eggs without hen-teeth in abundance is useless. FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. ” Charcoal. A box or basin of small charcoal will be appreciated by the stock, and prove helpiul to the digestion. I have often noticed my birds, when let out in the morning run to the ash heap or the remains of a brush fire and seek earnestly for small pieces of burned wood. Green Food. Hens running wild or confined to a large yard of sod have this article in abundance during the growing season of the year. Birds kept in small bare yards or in houses, and all birds during the winter, need a generous supply of green food. Without doubt clover is the best well balanced green food we can use. Care must be taken that it is cut into pieces not more than one-half inch in length, thereby avoiding impaction of crop. It can be fed at noon by itself, or used in the morning mash. Barn-sweepings and waste from the mows contain seeds and leaves that the birds gladly pick up. Lettuce, young oat sprouts, lawn cuttings, cabbage, and roots of many kinds, may be used for winter green food. Cut Green Bone and Meat. A flock of twenty birds, with perfect freedom, getting all the animal food needed in the form of insects and worms, can do nicely during the open months without cut bone or scraps. When the frosts come and insect life is still, and worms are not in reach, then it is necessary to supply the animal food that the system craves. Birds confined to yards need a constant supply. No doubt a little animal food every day is nature’s way; but in feeding green bone I have found that two full meals a week give good results. Feed at noon all the birds will eat. If away from markets, or unable to get a full supply of bone near by, any of the ground meat, bone or blood meals will be found to give good results when fed in. morning mash. If cut bone or meat meals cannot be obtained, scraps will answer the purpose. Grain. Nearly every grain can be used at some time to advantage. Wheat stands first as a well balanced food, followed by barley. Corn and buckwheat are quite fattening, and should be used sparingly, with discretion. All the grains are to be had ground, and form the large part of the morning mash. The mash should be well cooked, and fed warm if possible. Find out how much the hens will eat if allowed their choice, and then always give less than a full meal. Keep the birds a little hungry until the night meal, and then feed bountifully. Fowls are early risers, and seek a breakfast about sunrise. Both old and young birds need food when they begin to look for it. To lie in bed until the sun has been up two or three hours, may be pleasant to the sleeper; but he will never be a successful hen-man. Not only do the chicks want food and water, but they are anxious to get out of the close brooder house or roosting coop into the pure air and sunshine. 5 FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. Mash for young chicks must be well cooked. Half-done food will produce diarrhoea. JI always bake mine in the oven two hours. In feeding condiments to young or old birds, do not make the mistake of using too much. A little will supply a need that really exists; but more than is needed will overdo the matter, and produce liver disease. It is good practice to keep birds of different ages and conditions in separate flocks. The large and small birds do not each require the same proportion of food. CoNsUMPTIVE persons or animals should not be allowed near poultry. ScCALY-LEGGED birds will spread the disease to young chicks, and even to those birds on the roost with them. QUARANTINE all new birds, and dust with insect powder every addition to the flock. Anzmia. By this we mean a condition of the blood itself, characterized by lightness in color, less albumen than in health, and under the microscope the red-blood corpuscles are seen to be less in number than normal. Anemia is due in most cases to Zack of proper food, or air, or sunshine. Anzemia from either of these causes may induce other diseases. Angwmia from bad air, or want of light, brings on indigestion, which only intensifies the trouble. When we know the important part oxygen takes in the animal economy it becomes plain why fowls kept in close crowded houses become weak, with light red (or yellow) combs and wattles, and fall a prey to roup and other diseases. The scratching shed plan provides two of the three ‘‘ needfuls” to healthy poultry —atr and sunshine. If to these be added proper food, anemia will seldom be seen. An anemic fowl is tough to eat, and hard to digest — not fit for food. TREATMENT.— Find the cause, and remeve it. Do the birds need more sunlight, better air, or an improved ‘* bill of fare?” See that the droppings do not accumulate and poison the air; that dust and cobwebs do not shut out the sunshine; that a false idea of economy does not keep you from feeding a well balanced ration. Tonics will be needed to improve digestion. Tincture of iron one teaspoonful, ten drops tincture nux vomica to one pint drinking water, will be useful to increase the appetite and tone up the nervous system. Anzmia is not so common to-day-as it was ten years ago, owing to more care and better understanding of the fowls’ needs. Debility. This is the condition known by poultrymen as ‘* going light.” It is seen both in chicks and fowls. There is hardly a flock of one hundred chicks where one or two of the birds do not, when about ten weeks old, grow thin, weak, with a dry skin, and die. Then in the fall or early winter birds sent to exhibitions or shipped to distant points, from one cause or another, lose appetite, ‘go light,” and die. Late in the winter many a bird that has been FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. 9 over-stimulated, and probably over-fat, ‘* goes light.” That there is a cause for this condition in chicks we have no doubt; but why it takes one or two birds and leaves the other fifty or more in splendid shape, we do not know. When it appears in exhibition birds it seems to be due to shock from rough handling, or new surroundings. In the full grown bird it is often the ‘* breaking down ”’ from an over-fat unhealthy condition. Vertigo. This is dizziness or ‘‘ swimming” of the head, making the bird turn round and round. It is due primarily to brain-pressure, and secondary to some abnormal condition of the digestive system. It is sometimes caused by fright. It is most common in over-fat birds. Symptoms.— The bird is seen to elevate its head, turning it as though it was trying to look at the sky through one eye, moving around in a circle, followed in severe attacks by falling to the ground, and lying there with a tremor in the muscles. TREATMENT.— A laxative of castor oil, followed by a diet not rich in fat or fat-forming foods, will be all the treatment needed. Cholera. Cholera is an epidemic disease, affecting the mucous surfaces, and always accompanied by diarrhea. It is rarely seen in this country in the true Asiatic type; that we have is of a less severe character. It is more often seen in wet weather with a high temperature, filthy surroundings, improperly balanced rations of food, and lack of care. Cholera will attack a flock that is rightly housed, fed, and in a healthy location if a bird with the disease is introduced into it, or even if the droppings from an affected bird are brought in any way (as on the shoes), so that they get into the food or water of the flock. Cholera attacks all breeds, old and young birds, strong and weak, alike. The older and stronger birds seem to be affected with this disease quicker than the chicks and weak birds, and die in less time. Cholera is seldom seen in settled cold weather; in fact a sudden freeze often does more to control this trouble than the medicines we use in its treatment. A thaw in mid-winter is sometimes the occasion of a violent outbreak of cholera where the disease has been previously introduced into the place. When birds are dying of bowel diseases in large numbers on neighboring farms, a vigilant watch should be kept that no possible way of contagion or infection be opened. New birds added to a poultry plant ought always to be quarantined ; yet how seldom do we observe this safe method. Cholera is a rapid disease. Your bird is seen to be sick to-day, and to-night or to-morrow, or possibly the second twenty-four hours, finds it dead. These first cases nearly alwaysdie. It is only by recognizing the disease you have to contend with, that you have any hope of saving any of your birds. When seen early the bird is dull, moves about slowly, is inclined to get into a sunny corner and mope. The feathers are ruffled, and those near the vent 10 FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR are wet and stuck together with the diarrhceal discharge. The muscles are relaxed, letting the wings droop; the feet drag when walking, the eyelids fall, the head is carried on one side, the bowel discharges running away. The appetite is lost, but there is a strong desire for water. The bird is seen slowly walking back and forth between the warm corner and the drinking vessel. The diarrhceal matter is at first slightly thick, but soon becomes watery and frothy. As the disease progresses, the bird can hardly stand, and the bowel discharge is often streaked with blood. The mucous membranes of the body now become inflamed, and a frothy discharge is seen to come from the mouth, eyes and nostrils. The comb grows darker in color — sometimes purple. Prof. Hill says: ‘¢ The bird is disinclined to move, and either stands with its back raised, the wings being away from the body and drooped, or squats on the ground with its beak in the earth and the wings spread out. The breathing is short and labored, the crest swollen and black in color, the vision almost lost, the plumage lustreless, and finally the bird dies in a state of stupor or convulsions.” Post-mortem appearances, according to Prof. Hill, in his new edition of the ‘Diseases of Poultry,” the best European book we have, are: ‘ Lining membrane of the mouth livid, except toward the outside, which was pale; throat purple and full of sticky dirty-yellowish matter ; tip of tongue hardened and partly detached; eyes sunk deep into the sockets, eyelids emphysematous or swollen; gizzard empty, except a little gravel and thin acid fluid; muscular substance of a deep red color ; intestines extensively inflamed, with extravasated blood patches under the mucous membrane; and here and there corrosions. The matter contained in the intestines was of a dirty thin ichorous, or acrid nature; liver deeply congested and increased in volume; lungs slightly con- gested and pleuritic exudation ; heart purplish-red and studded with ecchymose or extravasated blood spots; pericardium contained an excessive amount of straw-colored fluid.” TREATMENT.— A disease running its course in two or three days, and so uniformly fatal, necessarily demands an early and vigorous treatment. First remove every bird with diarrhea to a house or place away from the well birds. At once see that water-dishes are perfectly clean. In those of the diseased birds keep for drink the following: water, one quart; spirit of camphor, one- half teaspoonful; sulpho-carbolate of zinc, one-fourth ounce. Give the appar- ently well birds for drink: water, one quart, sulpho-carbolate of zinc, one- eighth ounce. If there is violent diarrhea give every two hours a tablet or pill of Dover’s powder (one grain each). This will relieve some of the pain, and lessen the number of discharges. A diet of meat juice is best for a cholera case. This can be made from round steak, and given with a spoon or glass dropping tube. All the houses must be cleaned at once from all filth; white- wash and carbolic acid used thoroughly. Fresh earth should be spread on the floors of the buildings, and the yards be plowed or spaded. All birds that die should be burned. FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. II Cholera rarely visits the poultry plant of the man who houses carefully, feeds intelligently, and quarantines all sick or new birds. A heavy wet soil isa factor that enters into the spread of this disease. Such a location is certainly not the right one,—if possible should be avoided. The crowding year after year of birds into yards so small that weeds and grass have no chance to grow, in time causes the soil to become extremely filthy, and a good breeding place for cholera. Such yards should be seeded to grass or some crop and allowed to lie unused for a year ortwo. True cholera is a rare disease, but when it enters a flock few escape from its deadly clutches. Let us hope you will never make its acquaintance. Diphtheria. Diphtheria is a dangerous and quite fatal disease. It is contagious, being given by one bird to another, directly or through the medium of food or drinking water. The ‘‘ canker ” seen at the winter shows is a mild form of diphtheria. This disease is most common where houses or surroundings are damp and filthy. It is usually seen during the cold months of the year. Diphtheria is sometimes introduced into a flock through new stock that is diseased. The contracting this and other diseases of poultry might be more often avoided if some plan of quarantine was adopted by those who buy new birds. Symptoms. — Diphtheria, when first noticed, shows itself by great depres- sion of spirits accompanied by signs of catarrh, The feathers are ruffled, the bird looks sleepy, the neck is held as if it was stiff. In a day or two there is a slight discharge from nostrils, and a sticky fluid from the mouth. Looking into the mouth, it will be found partly full of the sticky fluid, with string-like pieces mixed with the fluid, especially toward the back of the throat. As time goes on the fluid becomes more thick and strong smelling. The back of the mouth and all the throat are at first bright red, then purple, in those places not covered by the membrane. As in the human throat in diphtheria, so in that of poultry, any attempt to remove or pull off the thick leader membrane leads to bleeding. This membrane increases in size, and finally runs together, shutting closely the opening of the larynx, causing by suffocation the death of the bird. These cases take from five to fifteen days for a full run of this disease. If a case improves there is some trouble for several days in swallowing food, and quite often the bird loses the use of legs and wings for weeks. TREATMENT. — To successfully handle this disease the bird should be in a warm room of even temperature, where the air can be kept moist by boiling water. The discharge should be carefully wiped off the mouth and throat. Then with a metal or quill tube blow sulphide of calcium in fine powder all over the mucous membranes. This should be done three or four times a day. If the patient is able to take food, put one grain of the calcium sulphide into a little warm mash, and give before each application of the powder to the throat. Dr. Hill advises : — ‘¢ The inhalation of acid vapor is also serviceable; one ounce of acetic acid to a pint of boiling water. The bird’s head should be held with the mouth open over the steam for five or ten minutes at a time, and this 12 FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. should be repeated several times during the day, always previously mopping the throat and mouth out with carbolized water. When shreds or specks appear, the parts should be painted with tannic acid and glycerine (tannic acid five grains to glycerine one ounce), tincture of per-chloride of iron and glycer- ine (tincture per-chloride of iron ten minims to glycerine one ounce), or a solution of nitrate of silver, ten grains to the ounce of water.” For diet, give milk, raw egg, and beef juice. If unable to swallow, the food may be given by the bowel, and if not given in this way the bird will probably die. If the severe symptoms grow less and less, and the patient passes safely the danger point, tonics should be given. The best I know in these cases is Fellows’ syrup hypophosphites compound, five drops three times a day. Canker. Canker is a mild form of diphtheria. It is seen quite often in Game birds, especially in birds that have been exposed to cold while on their way to and from the winter shows. The bird is slightly dumpish, has some little difficulty in swallowing, and seems to try to swallow even though it is taking neither food or water. The usual treatment is to apply or blow upon the sore patches in mouth and throat finely powdered dry chlorate of potash. Diphtheria is as likely to attack the strong vigorous bird as one that is weak or delicate. If a case appears it should at once be isolated, and the remainder of the birds given the best of care. Tincture of iron, one teaspoonful to a quart of drinking water, is a good tonic to use during any sickness to tone up the well birds and ward off disease. Catarrh. This is an inflammation of mucous membranes caused commonly by exposure to wet or cold. It may be seen as a mild watery diarrhea, or a slight mucous discharge from nostrils and eyes. As a ‘‘ cold,” it is to be distinguished from roup by the mild attack, by absence of odor, and by the tendency to get well without active treatment. That there isa line drawn between roup and catarrh, I have no doubt; but I know of no symptoms in the early stages of these dis- eases that surely determine one trouble from the other. It is well in the beginning of either disease to bathe eyes, nostrils and throat with a solution of sulphate quinine, ten grains to two ounces warm water. If this does not check the trouble in a day or two, then treat as directed under ‘cRoup, Roup. The word roup is probably derived from croup, an inflammatory disease of the larynx and trachea in the human biped. Roup 1s a purulent catarrhal affection of the air passages. CausrEs. — Roup is the result of close air, extreme variations in tempera- ture between day and night, damp houses, draughts, improper food, and filthy water. It is a contagious disease, and large numbers have been lost from the FARM-POULTRY DOCTOR. 13 thoughtless introduction of a roupy bird into a healthy flock. Over-feeding or under-feeding, stagnant water, anything in food or drink that lowers the vital- ity of the fowl, is one factor in the process that sometimes ends in roup. A damp location of house, a leaky roof or cracks that admit draughts, often lead to catarrh or roup.