JOHNA.SEAVERNS

FAR RIERT IMPR OV'D :

Or, a Com PL eat

T R E AT IS E

UPON THE

Art of F a rr iery.

Wherein is fully explain'd.
The Nature, Structure, and Mecha-
nism of that Noble and Uieful Creature,

A HORSE,

The 2)ifeafes and Accidents he i^ liable to, and

Methods of Cure.

Set down in as clear and intelligible a Manner as the

Subjedl will admit of.

THE

Use and Abuse of the S C I E N C E difcovei'd ; where-
by any Gentleman may be able to judge for himlelf, whether
or no he is imposd upon by ignorant ijrooms^ anj other P,-c;f/»-
dirs to this Art.

Together with

Many Necefiary and Ufeful Ohfewations and Refnarks con*
cerning the Choice and Management of HORS E S,

LIKEWISE

An Account of Drugs and Mix'd Medicinec r.fe.d in Farriery-
■with Ibn-it Remarks upon their Ger uinenefs and Adiilterarion ;
and their feveia': Prices, {tt dov/n alphabetically at the End of
the Work.

By HENRT BRACKEN, M. D. Author of the '
Notes on B U R D O N.

V.i E Hos mccantur, cycr]

1nfpc:-nt : 7;e ftjacies (utfApe) decora

Moiijt.lia Vcde eji, E'/npiorem indy.cat hian em

Siuodpy.lchr^ CUt.es ^ Ireve rued Ciput^ ardua Cervix. HoR.

LONDON:

( Printed for J-.Clarke at the Go/den Ba/I, Duck-Lane; and
J . S H u c K B u R G H ?-t the Su» near the Infier-Tmilc-Gate.
flcei'Str-za. 17 38.

( iii )

T O

Sir ISIathaniel Curzon

BARONET.

T is with the greateft Pleafure and
Satisfadion that I have an Oppor-
tunity of publifhing the following
Pages under your Patronage and
Proteflion.

N o one can be ignorant how
ready you are, upon all Occafions,
to promote any Thing which aims at the Publick
Good. And if thefe my Labours prove of Ufe or
Benefit to Mankind, in informing them how to cure
the Difeafes which infell that ufeful Creature a
Horfe, I mull confefs the Acknowledgment chiefiy
due to you, who firll eng ged me to treat more ^\xl\y
upon this Subj'jft than I hi.d formerly done in my
Notes upon Captain Burdotii pQcket Farrier.

A 2 You

DEDICATION.

You are fenfible, no doubt, of the gneat Loffes
daily fuftain'd for want of better Helps in the Far-
rier's Province. And I need not tell you, that thefe
are generally a very ignorant Set of Men, whofe
Arguments are weak and inconclufive.

Whatever Succefs this new Attempt may meet
with, I could not forbear making an Offer of it to
you, as a Regard due to your publick Merit.
Your Deportment in every Statioa mull be truly
acknowledged that of a Gentleman, and in all Re-
fpefts becoming a faithful Reprefentative of your
Country ; for in that Capacity you have indeed me-
rited the Efteem of all who are defirous of the pub-
lick Safety. And it will appear to the World,
whenever there (hall be Occafion for your farther
AlTiftance, that no one can be more ready to main-
tain our ancient Rights and Liberties.

This we m.ay the more reafonably expefl from
you, as you are not only poffefs'd of Qualifications
fuited to the nobleft Adlions, but alfo favoured by
the Almighty with fuch a plentiful Fortune, that
has piac'd you far above the Reach of Bribery and
Corruption, and that Meannefs of Spirit fo remark-
ably apparent in the cringing Sycophant.

I CANNOT otherwife exprefs my Gratitude for
your kind Recommendation of this Work, than by
teftifying, in the mofl publick Manner, how muck
I am,

SIR,

Tour mofl de^voted,

and mofl obliged

Lancafler, Humble Ser'vanf,

June 12,

<737'

Henry Bracken.

(V)

THE

PREFACE

O attempt any Thing for the
hnpro'vement of ufefnl Arts^ ii
a Debt thai every capable Per-
fon onves to the Puhlick, all
Ci-vil Societies halving a Right
to the Property of prinjate Per-
fons for the common Good.

/ wtif fubmit the fclloi-ving

Pages to the Cenfure of the Worlds but I beg to he
judged by capable fudges ; for it is not every Pre-
tender to Medicine [of honxj great Repute foe-oer)
that ts a competent fudge of fame demonfrated
Truths.

I do not fay that the PraSlice of Phyfck enjer ivill
he, much lefs that it no^v is, the Objeh of mathema-
tical Certainty ; But this I dare affert\ that nuhat

Im-

vi The PREFACE.

, Improvements there ha've been, or are likely to he

7nade in the Theory of Medicine^ are all under the
Conduil of Arithmetick and Geometry.

A human Body is a curious Machine, and fo is
tjoat of every Creature through the nx>hole Creation ;
for the component and conjiituent Farts of a Horfe
d^e fuhjeii to the fame La<ws of Motion as that of a
human Body, and both thefe to the fame La<ws by
tvhich the infinitely njoife GoD governs the Univerfe:
For both Man and Beafi are compofed of Solids and
Fluids, njohich are governed by the Lavos of Gravi-
tation, Impulfe, and Rea^ion ; and luhat Changes
are brought about in the Animal Oeconomy, by the
Motion of Matter, under the Condu^ of thefe Lavos^
can no voay be ejiimated fo vjell as from the Mathe-
maticks.

Let us not voonder, then, to fee a Phyfician take
Ben ix Hand, in order to nvrite dovon a Difcourfe
upon the Dijiempers in Horfes, feeing (as I have faid
before) the Property of Body is alike in hujnan and
brute Creatures: And, befides, there is full as much
Learning required to treat tolerably upon this Suhje^,
as there is in compiling any other phyfical Treatife ;
vohich Truth I could plainly make appear, from fe-
ver al Circumfiances, but that my Time at prefent
forbids it. Therefore, I fay, let ?zot my Brethren
murmur and complain at me, as if I voere debafing
the ProfeJJion, feeing it is certainly Fa£f, that he
ixjbo cannot vjrite fenfihly about the Dijiempers in
brute Creatures, is not fitly qualified to prefer ibe for
Man, by reajon "'tis plain he has not fiudied Nature
thoroughly.

It is a received Maxi?n, that Medicine Jhould be-
gin vjhere Philofoploy ends ', and it is undoubtedly an
effential Qualification in a Phyfician to be a good
Philofopher : But all the Phihfophy that has yet ap-
peared in the World, is no better than trifiing Ro-
rnance, except v;hat has been ^rit by the glorious

Sir

The PREFACE. vii

Sir Ifaac Newton, ivho ^ivas an Honour to the Britifti
Nation.

This ^wonderfully furprh:irtg Genius made fuch
Difco-veries^ by the Help of geometrical Reafonings
on Matters of Fa<^, as mujl be an eternal Monument
of Honour to his Memory ; and if People ivould only
ginje themfelves Liberty to think, and not be carried
aiAJoy by outnvard Appearances, I quefion not but in
a Jhort Time n/je Jhould difconjer fomething as remark-
able in our Little World, as that illuftrious Author
has done in the Great.

1 hanje purpofely omitted a feparate and diJiinSl
Difcourfe upon the Anatomy of a Horfe, that being
done to my Hand fo^jjell by Mr. Snape, and Mr. Gib-
fon ; therefore I hwve only taken Occafion no<w and
then to fpeak fomething of Comparati*ve Anatomy,
niohen I am t^-eating of the Difeafes of the Liver,
Lungs, ScZ. 'which <nxill eafly lead ayty judicious
Reader (as near as pojjtble) info ivhat nve term the
Etiology of Dijiempers.

I muft like^ife inform the Reader, that I had the
Offer of number lefs Receipts (as they are ternid)
from fenjeral Gentlemen, that I might infert them
in this Book ; but I ha^e not in the leaf made ufe of
any of them, feeing he njoho has his Head full of
Receipts, has his Head full of Nonfenfe, by reafon
there is not an-^ fuch Thing as praStifng by Re-
ceipts, and a Nutnber of them only fer<ve to perplex
and confound the Reader ; therefore I ha've not err'd
in this Particular, althd" I hope I hanje fet donion
nvhat is neceffary for the Cure of each Dijlemper in
Horfe s.

As to any farther Particulars, I muf refer to
the follovjing Difcourfe, and Jhall only here take
Notice in gejieral, that as all poffihle Breijity has
been Jludied on the 07ie Hand, fo I hanje not omitted
any Thing neceffary to be knonjjn by thofe nxjho de^
fire to lend a helping Hand in the Cure of Dif-
eafes

viii The PREFACE.

eafes in Horfes, njjhich I myfclf, fometimes through
Charity^ fometifnes through Curiojityf have often
:done^ for the Benefit of thefe dumb, hut fernjice-
ahle Creatures , wjhich are not be low tke Study
cf the mojl able Head.

C O N T- E N T S

CONTENTS.

Chap. I.^"^ F the Signs of Sicknefs in Horfes

V / Page I

Chap. II. Difconjering fome Errors in the Methods

ufually taken to pre<vent Difeafes in Horfes^ nvith

an Account of the moji proper Means to p-efer've

Health 6

Chap. III. Contains fotne general Rules to he oh-

fernjed in hleedinor and purging Horfes 1 3

Chap.-.IV. Of the Strangles 22

Chap. V. Of t^-^e Baflard Strangles 29

Chap. VI. Of^tc^vers 33

Chap. A'' 1 1 . Of n Symptomatic Fe-ver 3 7

Chap. VIII. Of Surfeits 41

Chap. IX. Of Dtfeafes of the Head. And fir f,

of the Head-ach 81

C h a p . X . Of the Staggers 8 8

Chap. XI. Of Difeafes of the Eje, nviih an Ac-
count of its Parts gg
Chap. XII. The Theory of Vifion conf.dered, n.vith

feme of the Difeafes of the Eye 1 1 3

Chap. XIII. Of Difeafes of the Eyes in general 1 20
Ch-^p. XIV. Of li Qunds or Bhnx's on the Eye, and

other external Accidents 123

Chap. XV. Of rheumy and inflanid Eyes 131

Chap. XVI. Of Moon Eyes, or Lunatic Eyes 1^5
Chap. XVII. Of Films, Webs, Sec. caufing Dim-

nefs of Sight 138

Chap. XVIII. Of Colds, or (^what Farriers call)

Mor foundering 1 40

Chap. XIX. Of Chef foundering , and hroken-

^jinded Horfes 1 60

Chap. XX. Of the Glanders, or Mourning of the

Chine 167

Chap. XXI. Of the Strangles, Bafard Strangles,

and Vi'ves I go

C H A p . XXI J . Of the Ant i cor I o 2

Q■n.^?. XX-IH. Of Dfeafes cf the Stomach and Guts

Chap.

CONTENTS.

Chap. XXIV. Of the Cholic Page 200

Chap. XXV. Of the Lax, or Scourwg, in Hoffes

213
Chap. XXVI. Of Worms ^ Botsy and T^runcheons

zzz
Chap. XXVII. Of Pahi in the Bowels from fud-
den Accidents 233

Chap. XXVIII. Of the Tellonvs, or Jaundice 238
Chap. XXIX. Of Difeafes of the Reins and Blad-
der 247
Chap. XXX. Of the Bolt-E'vil, and Mattering of
the Yard 257
Chap. XXXI. Of the Dropfy in Horfes 262
Chap. XXXII. Of Hide-bound Horfes 275
Chap. XXXIIl. Of the Farcin in Horfes 278
Chap. XXXIV. Of the Mange, or Scab, in Horfes

286

Chap. XXXV. Of Tumours , Impofthumes, and

Wounds in general 288

Chap. XXXVI. Of a Gangrene and Mortification

302

Chap. XXXVII. Of 'venomous Bites, as of the

mad Dogi &c. in Horfes 305

Chap. XXXVIII. Of Fifula's, old Wounds, &c.

Chap. XXXIX. Of Ronvelling Horfes 320

Chap. XL. Of the Lampas, Barbs, Wohes-Teeih,
Splents, Spa'vins, and Rir.g-Bones 322

Chap. XLI. Of the Poll-E^oil, Bruifes in the Wi-
thers^ Warbles in the Back, Sec. ^z6

Chap. XLI I. Of a Shoulder- Wrench, Shoulder-
Slip, Sinetv-Sprain, Sec. 33^

Chap,. XLIII. Of , the Mallenders, Sallenders, Sec.

339

Chap. XLIV. Of the Greafe and Scratches, Mules

and KiUd Heels 3 40

Chap. XLV. Of fuvbating, and narrciv Heels 348

Chap. XLVI. Of Gra-vely Nails, Sec. in the Foot

350
THE

THE

APvT of FAPvRIEPv Y

I M P R O V E D,

C H A P. L

Of the Zigns of Sicknefs in Ilorfes.

HAVE formerly ( in niy Pre-
face to the Notes upon Captain
Burdon's Pocket Farrier) hinted,
that it is a very difficult Matter to
come at the true Knowledge of

_ Dillempcrs in Ilorfes, and that

more Skill and Judgment is requir'd in the Cure
of them, than in thofe of a Human Body ; becaufe
the poor Creature cannot anfvver any Queilions,
therefore we mufi have recourfe to the Motions of
his Head, Geftares of his Boiy, i^c. Monfieur
Solleyfell, a French Author, has treated very largely
as to the lafi: Particulars ; but his prolix manner of
Writirg, as well as that of fcnie others of the fame
Stam.p, has been a means to bewilder and con-
found moft of our common Farriers, who (I am
forry to fay it) are generally an ignorant Set of
empty Coxcombs, whofe Difcourfe about Diflcmpers
would make a knowins Perfcn fick to hear it :
^ B And

The An of Farriery

And were it not for beneficent Nature, vvhofe
Power happens to be too flrong and working for
the Recovery of the fick Creature, in oppofition to
the Farrier's Prefcription, I fay, was it not for
this, they would moft ( if not all of them ) be
caiTiierM Gentlemens Stables. But it is in this Sci-
ence, as well as in all other Branches of Phyfic,
"jiz. that a Perlbn fhall have the Name of per-
forming a Cure, w^hen Nature has been the prin-
cipal, if not the only. Agent in it ; and no doubt
many times would (with proper Diet, Exercife,
^c. ) reftore Health fooner, was it not for a long
Tribe of ill-contriv'd Medicines, or rather Hotch-
potches, forced into a Horfe's Stomach, in fmall
Spaces of Time, which obftru6l her in her Opera-
tions. But before I proceed to a Definition of Sick-
•nefs, I think proper firft to define what is meant
by Health.

Health then is juftly defined the Faculty of per-
forming all the Actions proper, ( in any Creature
as well as a human Body) in the moll perfeft Man-
ner : and all the EfFedls of thefe Aftions are fuch,
as regard certain determin'd Mo;ions, or the Change
and Alteration of what is received into the Body ;
and on the contrary.

Sicknefs or Difeafe, is an unufual Circulation
of Blood, or the circular Motion of Blood aug-
mented, or diminifhed, either throughout the whole
Body, or fom.e part of it ; and this is what has
been a generally received Axiom ever fmce the Cir-
culation of the Blood was known, and Mathema-
ticks and Natural Philofophy have been introduced
into the Prrftice of Phyfick.

Mofl of our ancient Authors who have writ upon
the Art of Fantery, have puzzled the World with
their Accounts of Horfes Complexions, (2iS they
idly term it, ) and from theic Complexions they
imagine a great many Difeafes proceed. Orhers
:ig:iin, lay the greatcil Strefs up;in the four Ele-
ments, v/hich the Chymiils confine to Fire,- Air ^

IMPROVED. 3

Watef and Earth, and then proceed to give an Ac-
count of the four Humours, which they will have
to be Blood, Fleghm, C holer and Melancholy ; then
they go on with their Te7nperamefits, fuch as Hot
Dry, Cold and Moiji, as this or that Humour is pre-
dominant ; and fome of them, particularly Mark-
ham, has refined fo far on this Head, as to pre-
tend to tell by the Colour, of a Horfe, which of
the Elements has the Afcendant in him.

Indeed I cannot fay but there is fomething in
the Colour of a Horfe which may denote his being
hardy and able to endure all Weathers, or other-
wife, of a wafhy Conftitution ; But I am for from
thinking, that there is fo much in the Colour as
Markham imagines ; I fhall therefore deviate from
the common Paths of thefe Rcjtcrujtan Sages,
(whofe Brains were much more full of Humours
than moll Horfes Bodies with which they had any
thing to do, ) and inculcate a Praftice founded upon
right Reafon and Experience.

I take a Hcrfe, of the beft Sort, to be one nei-
ther too fi'ry nor fluggifli ; for if he be of the
firft Difpofition, he's fubjec^ to Fevers and Afth-
ma's, which laft is what the Farriers call a Broken Broken
Wind; and if he's of a dull, fluggifh Temper, he's Wind
more fubjeft to the Greafe, and Scratches, with Greafe, &x,
all the foul Concomitants of a flow and languid
Blood ; fuch as the Farcin, dillemper'd Eyes, Poll-
Evil, all Eruptions or Breakings out upon his
Body, with feveral other Diforders, which I Ihall
touch upon in the Sequel of this Difcourfe.

As to the fix Non-naturals, or Res non naturales The Six
as they are called by the Latins, 1 fhall not trouble J^J*"'^'*^^''
the Reader with a Difcourfe upon them, feeing I *
think the fame would not profit much. Therefore,
I fhall content my felf with the bare mention of
them, and ma;ke ufe of the Term as often as I fhall
find occafion ; though, I hope, with greater Per-
fpicuity and Plainnefs than many v^'ho have writ,
upon this Subjed, before me.

B 2 Fiifl

4 The Jn of Farriery

Firfc then, a particular Regard mull; be had to
the Symptom moil: urgent, or in plainer Terms, to
the moft dangerous Sign or Token of the Biftem-
per ; as for Example, If a Horfe be feiz'd with a
Haemorrhage, or Violent Bleeding, from a Wound
or otherwife, the main Bufmefs is to ftop it, and
afterwards to confider of proper Medicines to remove
the Caufe ; in like manner, if a Horfe, or ( as
is mod frequent) a Colt be in the Strangles, Bleed-
ing, Ghjlers, S^veati)7g, and other E-vacuations are
immediately required, fetting afide all other Con-
fiderations of Sicknefs.

Secondly, if there be feveral Difeafes at one and
the fame Time, regard mull: be had to them jointly ;
only take this along with you, I'iz,. tliat the moji
dangerous Enemy is firji to be encounter d.

thirdly, if the Indication or Sign of a Diferfe
be taken from the Blcod, it is to be confidered,
that all Diforders thereof depend on the circulato-
ry Motion being increafed or diminilhed ; and that
. all th-e Changes in the Texture and Quality of the
Blood ( as alfo in it's Quantity ) are attended with
either a Diminution, or Increafe of the Blood's
Velocity : Therefore, if the Quantity is too much
i*' ceding, augmented. Bleeding and other Evacuations are ne-
^''1?"""' ceitary; but if it's Quantity is diminifhed, then
*-*■ -•• y- Refloratives, Refl, and nourifliing Food may be
required ; And if this laft proceed from any Error
in the Stcmach, caufmg Lofr of Appetite l^c. then
thofe things which create Hunger and help Tyigef-
t'.on are to be adminifter'd ; and if the Crajis or
Texture of the Blood be changed, ( as is ufual in
long continued SickneiTes ) then it may be neccf-
fary (havii.g due regard to other Intention^) to
prcfcribe fuch Things as may correal the vitiated
Mp.fs.

Fourthly, when the Diilcmper proceeds from an
Increrfe or Dim.inution of fome Secretion or Dif-
chargc, tlie Cure (for the moll part) confills in en-
lar^ihg ilc Secictions, which are too fparing, and

refiraining

IMPROVED. i

reftralning fuch as are too liberal ; and no doubt the
fafeft Method to rejiram any augmented Secretion^ is
' b^ increnftng fotne other . And this Praftice, if right-
ly underftood, would be of the greateft Ufe and Be-
nefit to Farriers, as it is now a received Maxim in
Phyfick.

I would be underftocd, when I fpeak of an aug- Augment-
mented Secretion, th^.t fuch Secretion or Difcharge ^'-^ Sccre-
is a Difeafe, and not a Remedy; for very often a^^^"» '''' •^'^•
Secretion augmented proves a Cure of fome Difeafe
either already broke oui-, or lurking in the Body ;
and in fuch Cafe all imaginable Care is rec^uired,
leall we fliculd by flopping (or even checking) fucli
critical Difcharges, bring on a Train of Evil far
worfe than the prefent.

It is impoflible for me to teach (the greatefl Num-
ber of) my Readers, the Ufefulnefs of this Theory ^
by reafon it requires long Study and Experience ;
however I ihall give an Inllance or two, and then
proceed.

I fay then, if a Hcrfe be Lax, or has a Scouring
upon jiim, if fuch Difch?rge proceed from a Dii~-
order of the Guts, only by a PutrefaSlion of the".
ExcremiCnts too long retained, in fuch Cafe no Man
in his Senfes will give Medicines which Aftringe or
Bind, but on the contrary, exhibit fomething which
may flowly and fafely promote this fo neceffiry Dii-
charge. But if the C?ufe of a Loofenefs proceeds perfn ra-
from an objiru^ed Travfpiration, or tliat Sweating, ■ ion ob-
which we call ir.fenjlhle Per/pi ratioti, being flopped, itnicud,^
then indeed fuch Things as promote S^veat and ^V^j^^''^-.^,^
Vri^e are moil eligible. The like Method is tOneis.^
be obferved in moft other Secretions, as in Siveat,
Urine, running at the Mouth and Nofe, which is
often obfervable in Horfes in the decline of Sick-
nefs, and when the Di-lemper is going off.

Fifthly, as in Man, fo in Horfes, Nature ( or Nature the
at leaft what we underftand by that Name) is the btltGvi.dc.
befl and (urejl: Guide, and therefore the Farrier
ought diligent)/ to foHow her, becaufe whenever
B -^ ihe

The Art of Fa r r i e r y

fhe finds her felf opprefTed, fhe endeavours t«
diHodge the "Enemy, and to that end, tries all the
nearell and propereft Means : And it is fuprif-
ingly wonderful, what a Number of Outlets and
Drains Nature has furnifhed for the Prefervation of
Health, or the Recovery of it when loft ; for
fuch, are moil or all the Glands by which Secretion
is performed. Furthermore, though Nature is di-
ligently and carefully to be obferved and afiifted in
her due Operations ; yet fhe is not to be com-
pelled, but m.uft her felf be the Beginner, nay and
ought to be very often the Finijher of the Work
alfo.

I think I have faid enough under thefe Headi,
therefore I fhall proceed to a Difcovery of fome Er-
rors in the Methods ufually taken to prevent Dif-
eafes in Horfes, with the propereft Means to pre-
fer ve Health.

CHAP. H.

Difcovering fome Errors in the Methods uCually taken
to present Di/eafes in Horfes, ixith an Account of
the mofi proper Means to prefer<ve Health.

^ N D firfl, I fay Health, in it's beft Eflate, :
jr\ is only relative : for it is impclTible any Crea-
ture fhould keep at the fame Standard or Mathtma-
tical point of Health, even a Moment of Time;
therefore 'tis only Relative : Yet all Creatures may
properly be faid to enjoy Health, when they feep, '
tat, digcfi 'well, and tnonje ^vithctct pain ; and all
this depends upon a regular and uniform Motion of
the Elood; and whatever contributes to that regular
and uniform Motion, muft be the Means to preferve \
Health. But, on the other hand, it mull be al-
lowed, that the fame Means which are ufed in tim^s ■
of Sicknefs, to reflore the Blood to its regular Mo- '
tion, muft be prejudicial in a State of Health, by .

reafon

IMPROVED. 7

reafon fuch Means muil efFe£l a Change in the Ani-
mal O economy, more than neceffary. Thus Bleed-
ing and Purging, may be ferviceable to prevent a
Difeafe, provided a Horle be Plethorick and full of
Blood ', or if he has other Signs or S)'mptom3
which denote fuch Evacuations ufeful :' But then it
muil be allowed, thefe are Pifeafes actually begun,
and if a Horfe has none of thefe Signs that require
Evacuation, all the Efredl bleeding can have upon
him, is the Lejfening the ^lantify, which is too
often the Cafe, and of pernicious Confequence, by
reafon fuch Evacuation gives the Blood a different
Motion from what it before had in a healthful State,
Should any one pretend to infill, that thefe Eva-
cuations are made in order to bring a Horfe in-
to a better and more healthful State, and thereby
ftrengthen his Body, and enable him the more to-
refill Difeafesj I anfwer, that there is a certain
State of Health v/hich is natural and agreeable
to every Horfe, and that it confills in the before-
mentioned Pvequifites, 'vi%. in a Life free from
Fain cr any Jenjible ImperfeSlion. And there is-
not the leall doubt but ( as among Men ) one Horfe
may in Conftitution differ^ from another, and enjoy
a more perfed Degree of Health ; which Diffe-
rence lb cvving to their original Conformation,
Structure or M?l'e. And of this Part of Know-
ledge we are much more in the Dark with i-Iation
to Brute Creatures, for as much as their Com.-Horfes
pic/;, ens or Conilituuions are not difcoverable thro' Cnmple-
tiic.A Skins J but: thefe may eafily be perceived y^}'^j^'^ not
in a human Body, ;.;.d a very jnft Progno(fick or'^^''^ " '•■
Tol.en formed wi?:. i /i; .tion to their inward Sta^e
cf Health, For i.rv/ common i-s it for us to fay v., ,:-
of a Cnild or young Perfon, ue or ihc is an>'^'^"/'^"=f^
IL-thriven or puny Creature ; but as I have jull ^^ ^^^'^'
now hinted, this JiiogTient is not fo eafily m de
in Brutes, for Reaions too plain to 'be obj^:cled
againil.

B 4 Lafly^

i 7 he Jrt of F A KKIEKY

!'-?//;•, all that can be expedled, from tampering
with Horfes that are in their beft State, is little
or no Alteration ; more efpecia'ly if a Horfe has
Youth and Strength to withftand the Shocks given
to Nature by Phyfick ill admin i ilered ; or if
othenvife, it will certainly be an Alteration for the
worfe, by rertfon that a Horfe (naturally of a
flrong Fit bit of Body) may thereby be brought
into an habitual Weaknefs, and this becomes a
Difcafe. So likewife may a weak Horfe be made
much weaker ( I mean a naturally weak and tender
conliitutioned Horfe) by Male-Adminiftration of.
Tampering or Tampering with Phyfick, which Accidents very-
ftckV^^^^ 1 ^^^^^'^^^y happen by fuch un&ilful Management,
ofill Corfc- ^^^^Q' ^^^^J ^^'^ generally attributed to feme other
querxe. Caufe, as foreign to the Affair, as to fay, that
Tenterden Steeple n^as the Caufe of the Good'v.in
Satids.
The Caufe I fancy what hns led Farriers into thefe Errors,
o.Krcial i? their confufed Notion of Blood and Humours;
b^^p"^.'" although I muft ingenuoufly confefs, I never yet
tice Qi Far- ^^^^^ with any one of their Tribe that could diftin-
ric.s. guilh between a Vein and an Artery^ or a Tendon and

Ner'^se, l^c. Therefore, how can it be expefled,
fuch illiterate (but pofitively ignorant) Coxcombs,
ffiould perform any Thing extraordinary in the Cure
cf either inward or outv/ard Maladies. For thefe
Adepts would make us believe, that almoft all Dif-
eafes proceed from corrupt Blood, and therefore
imr^gine the fame, like Pond, or Ditch- V>''ater,
which gathers Mud, or Filth at certain Times, fo
A vv.'gar that it fhould be often cleanfed. And becaufe the
Blood of thefe Creatures (moft of them being ufed to
Toil and hard Labour) is for the mofl part of an un-
pleafant Afpe£l, they feldom or never take it away,
but they declare him full of corrupt and bad Hu- -
mours, not coniidering that this may be the moll
natural State his Blood could be in at tliat Time,
and that tlie fame may be cleanfed or purified foonei;
than. by Bleeding, although I-ov/n x.\\h p'ncfice does

not

y r or a
mnng p ar
ikrcs.

IMPROVED,

not (o well quadrate or fquare with the outward
Senfes of moft People who judge by Appearances
only.

In the next place you are told that the Horfe
wants Purging as well as Bleeding ; for the Farriers.
(poor Soul?) have not the leafl Notion of alterative;
Medicines, whereas the greateil: Feats may (without
any manner of difpute) be performed by fuch things
in moft obfiinate chronic Cafes which have puzzled
even the tip-top Gentlemen of the Profefiion.

There is another Thing which feems to have
given Encouragement to thePraflice of adminiftring
Medicines to Horfes which did not thrive well (as
the Term goes,) I'iz. becaufe they have been ob-
ferved to eat plentifully and not become fatter or in
better liking, till fuch time as Evacuations have
been pretty largely and plentifully made : Indeed
whenever any fuch thing happens, there is then a
Sign of a Difeaie, proceeding from fome Obflrudtiom:
in the Mcfentcry or AV/ (as it is called in other
Creatures befides Men,) or from fome vifcid, tough,
or flimy Humour or Matter lodged in the firll Paf-
fages, (which are the Stomach and Guts ;) this in-
deed may hinder a fuihcient Quantity of Chyle
(which is the white Juice of our digefted Food)
from entering into the Blood : But, I don't mean
fuch, therefore would be underftood only as to thofe
Horfes, which on full Examination and Experience,
are found to enjoy as found and perfedt a State of
Health as they have ever been knov/n of. Thefe
are the Horfes which lliould not be bled, purged,
or have Cordial Drinks given, at fuch Times as are
prefcribed in Farriers Books : For what can be
more ridiculoufly abfurd, than (as is the common
Cullom) to bleed a whole T^roop of Dragoon Horfes
in a Morning, juft before they are turned to Sum-
mer-Grafs J furely they are not all in the fam.e
Diftemper at one and the fame Time, and which
requires Bleeding \ and this is performed by v/ay of
preventing Difeafes ; But let fuch, whc warrant
Bs the

lo T'he Art of Fa r ^ l e r y

the Pndlice, go on in the blind Road of Ignorance ;
for I fuppofe they will be averfe to better Guides.

But leaft I Ihould be thought too peremptory and
pofitive upon this Head, or to deviate too far from
the common receiv'd Rules about Bleeding, Purg-
ing, &c. I fhall lay down fome few Cafes, where-
in Bleeding, or other Evacuations may be made,
even when there are no Indications to be taken
from Sicknefs : But even thefe are difcretionary,
and to be praftifed with Caution and Judgment : For
inflance. Bleeding may be of Service to young
Horfes which are pretty fat, or have undergone any
hard Exercife, or after a Journey in a hot Seafon ;
becaufe either the one or the other is apt to aug-
ment and increafe the Blood's Motion in too great a
Degree, which may (before it has acquired any ill
Tendency) be thus remedied: But even this may
not be neceffary to Horfes that are accuHomed to con-
llant Exercife, as Hunting, or the like, or thofe that
travel moftly the Yearabout ; fuch are Stage-Coach-
Horfes, Poji-Horfesy iffc. Secondly, a Horfe that has
been much ufed to {landing, and gets but little Exer-
cife, may have a Vein opened, efpecially if there be
any Reafon, to fufpeft his Blood growing Vifcid and
flagnating for Want of proper Airings ; becaufe,
while he is thus kept, a Difeafe may inienfibly, and
by Degrees, be creeping upon him, while as yet no
certain Indication can be taken from outward
Signs, thirdly, it may be proper to bleed, pro-
vided a Horfe has had the Misfortune to tumble
into a Pit of Water or deep Ditch, and the more
fo, if he has continued there any confiderable Time ;
for although he does not Ihew immediate Signs of
Sicknefs, yet fuch Accidents are a fufficient War-
rantry for Bleeding and Cordial Remedies ; by rea-
fon the Aftriftion or Shutting up of the Pores, oc-
cafioned by the Coldnefs and Preffure of the Water,
may caufe either a Fever, or a violent Cough,
which may very likely end in the Glanders, or
ibme other as fatal Dillemper,

The

IMPROVED. n

The fame Cautions (hould be obferved, as to ad-
miniftrlng purging Medicines to a Horfe, which
ought never to be done barely at a \^enture, but
when the Farrier, or Ov/ner may have a ftrong Suf-
picion of a latent or hidden Diftemper, which as
yet is not difcemable; and this may be thought
neceflary when a Horfe has eaten unwholfome
Food, or drunk bad Waters, which he has not been
accuflomed toj whether it proceed from CarelefT-
nefs or want of better Nourifhment. I fa)', in
thefe, or fuch like Cafes, Bleeding or Purging
may be ufed by way of Prevention. And I the
rather fo far give into thefe Methods, {with refpefh
to Brute Creatures) becaufe feveral of their Difeafes
may adlually have a footing, before they can
well be difcerned, and becaufe they do not im-
mediately fhew us any Signs or Complaints of
Sicknefs.

Yet, notwithftanding all I have faid, the Practice
of giving Medicines at Random is not juftifiable, by
reafon it oftener proves prejudicial than any way
contributing to the Horfe*s Safety. And I therefore
affirm, that unnecejfary Enjacuations of any kindy
cannot he the <way to present Difeafes^ hut that due
Feeding and proper- Exercife, are the only fafe Means y
and nxjtll fooner bring a Horfe into good riding Order,
than repeated Dofes of Fhyficky <when there is no ap-
parent NeceJJity for it.

All Evacuations or Difchargft effeduated by Me-
dicines, leffen the Quantity of the Blood, but moil
immediately Blood-letting : And if this has been
frequently repeated, or Blood taken away at once
in a large Quantity, the remaining part becomes
languid in its Motion : Forafmuch as a leffer
Quantity of Spirits mull of confequence be derived
or feparated from a leiTer Quantity of Blood j there-
fore it has not Force enough to reach the Paflages
of the Skin and miliary Glands^ fo as to make the
proper Secretions there > and from hence it may be

obferved^

1 X The Jrt o,j Farrier y

obferved, that injhad of presenting Difeafes it
becomes the Parent of mAny. •

Purging does much the fame as Bleeding, though
after a different Manner, and may indeed be of
much worfe confequence to Horfes, feeing ail fuch
Evacuations a£'t more diredly againll Nature, even
to fuch a Degree, tiiat the whole animal Frame is
put into great Hurry and Difcompofure by the
Exhibition of purging Medicines; for there is a
wide and very different Operation of Purges given
to a Horfe from that in a human Body, which the
leafl Difcernrnent may difcover : For Example, a
Man is in an upright PoUure, which helps to for-
ward fuch Difcharges -, but this Creature, being
in a prone and horizontal Oiie, the Medicine,
by fuch Means, lies longer in his Stomach and
Guts, and twitches and ve-llicates their tender
Membranes in a much greater Degree ; neither can,
you force or oblige him" to drink warm V/ater,
if he be not of himfelf inclinable thereto. The befl
Method, in my Opinion, to prevent Difeafes, is,,
in the firll place, not to give a Horfe any kind
of Food which m-iy be thought unwholfome, and
let them drink P.ain or River Water, which is
clear aiid not troubled. I fay thefe, along with,
propex Exercife, mull conduce more to the Pre-
fer vation of Health, than all or any the diffcrent-
\y prefcribed purging Phyfick too commonly made
"Ufe of without Realbn.

Exercife, no doubt, is e/Tentially neceflary for
preferving Health in any kind of Animal, but
more efpecially a Horfe, whofe very Nature re-
quires Abundance of it, (if he has his full Feeding ;)
for, by Exercife the Blcod is not only forced thro'
the fm:^Jleft Veins and Arteries by the feveral,
Contra^ions cf the Mufcles ; but all the little
Glands and Strainers of the Body are thereby for-
ced to throw out and difcharge their feveral Con-
tents, which certainly muft be a great, if not the.
greatell Means lo prefer ve Health. And this

Prefervation

IMPROVED. 13

Prefervatioil ouglit to be continued, in Propor-
tion to a HoiTe's Strength and Manner of Feed-
ing ; for one of thefe Creatures, of a delicate
and tender Make or Conftitution, cannot bear
much Exercife, nor fliould fuch a Horfe's Airings
be violent but gentle, and by this Management
he may perform Work enough for moll Men's
Qccafion?, though I muH own he would not fjit
my Tajle or Bujlnefs.

CHAP. III.

Contains fome general Rules to be obfewed in Bleed-
ing and Purging Horjes,

Have, in the foregoing Chapter, taken notice
of feme Errors committed in Bleeding and
Purging, therefore I Ihall, in this, lay down
feme general Rules to be obferved in thefe Ope-
rations.

And firft, I fa}% Bleeding is the mOiL resdy, as
well as the moll ufeful Operation, for relieving any
Creature in Sicknefs, or Difeafed, that can poflibly
be performed : For by this the moll immediate
Relief is obtained, feeing that by it the fierce ^fius
or Heat of the Blood, together with its Velocity, is
rellrained and abated ', and not only the Heat and
Velocity, but likewife its Vifcidity or Clammynefs,
may (in fome meafure) be dellroyed. Therefore in
all Cafes, where the Blood is too much rgitated
and in Motion, or where it is thick and fizey j I
fay, in thefe and fuch like Cafes, this Operation is
of Service. But I Ihall lay down fome particular
Dire6lions which more efpecially require Bleeding,
and, in doing this, I fhall not tie People down to
particular Times or Seafons, or the Influences of
the Planets, though indeed the old phyfical Writers
put great Strefs upon the lall of thefe, notwith-
ilanding they were ignorant of natural Philofo-

14 ^^^ ^^^ of Farriery

phy, a Science fo efTentially neceflary in the Cure
of Difeafes either in Human or Brute Creatures.
I do not deny, but in feveral Cafes the Planetaty
Influences upon the Fluids of the Body are exceed-
ing wonderful ; and thefe Operations the learned
Dr. Mead has fully explained, in his Treatife de
iviperio Solis et Luna : But this Gentleman*s Way
of fplitting Hairs is too tedious a Task for me tQ
to venture on at prefent ; neither would the fame
(in my Opinion) be either edifying or inftruftive
to the greateft Part of my Readers. Therefore I
hope to purfue my firft Rule and Defign, which
was to publifh this Book with all the Perfpicuity
and Plainnefs imaginable.
Bleeding to And Jtrfi, Bleeding ought to be avoided (if it can
be avoided ^vith Safety) in all Extremities of Heat or Cold,
Cold o?"^^ and the Signs which require it are a Vlethora or
Hot Wea- Overfulnefs of the Blood- Veflels, and this may be.
ther. difcovered by a Horfe's being purfive when he is

put to any Kind of Exercife, that is if he be not ac-
tually JJlmatick, (or Broken-winded as the Farrier's
Term goes ;) and even in this Cafe Bleeding won-
derfully relieves a Horfe's Breathing, by leffening
the Quantity of that Fluid with which his Lungs,
are fo inflated and blown up.

Secondly, Blood-letting is requifite and neceffary
in almoft all Fevers, whether Simple or Com-
plicate, that is to fay, whether the Fever confills
in an augmented Velocity or Quicknefs cf the
Blood's Motion, or when the Blood is (along with
this increafing Motion) vitiate or corrupt. But
Care Ihould be taken to form a right Judgment of
the Diftemper : For, if it have its Origin from
Want of Blood and Spirits, as is frequently the
Cafe, after large Hemorrhages or accidental Lofles
of Blood ; or after long Scouring, or too plentiful
Evacuations of whatfoever Kind ; or when a HorfQ
has for fome time been in a wafling or declining
Condition; I fay, in thefe Cafes (although fome
Indications or Signs may fhew Bleeding proper)

yet

IMPROVED. 15

yet it ought to be praftifed with the greateft Caution
and Circumfpeflion ; and if Blood mull be taken
away, it ought only to be done fparingly and in
very fmall Quantities.

Thirdly, I would ha\''e the Farrier always re-
member this General Rule, to wit, that Bleeding
is requifite in all Impojlumatiotts or Gatherings of cor-
rupt Matter in any Part of a Horfe's Body, and more
efpecially uuhen fuch Snvellings are fituate upon the
Glands or Kernels of the Throat, or nvhen they en-
danger Suffocation, or any other e<vil Accident : But
if the Farrier is confulted too late, I mean if he is
only called when the Horfe has been ill for feveral
Days, and that there is a Tendency to Suppuration,
or coming to a Head, as it is vulgarly called j I
fay, in this cafe Bleeding is not to be ufed, becaufe
by fo doing we oppofe Nature, who is at this time
endeavouring to throw off the Enemy another way.
But in Swellings of the Legs, occafioned by the
Greafe (as it is called,) Bleeding may be ferviceable,
efpecially if it be ufed in the Beginning of the
Diforder ; for by this Help Re^uuljion or a forcing
the Humours to a contrary Part, is performed,
and when this is efFe£led, then it is neceffary to
purge the Plorfe in order to carry fuch Foulnefs off
by the moft proper Outlet : For, what fignifies
caufmg a Re^uJJlon, unlefs you afterwards free the
Horfe's Body of what's oppreffive and burthcnfome
to Nature : For if the peccant Humour happens
(by Bleeding) to be tranilated from the Extremities,
it is ten to one but fome more noble Part is afFeded
by it, unlefs fpecial Care be taken to purge it off in
the moft judicious Manner.

I have faid, that Bleeding is proper en Account Bleeding
of Swellings in the Legs, occafioned by the Greafe, vyopsr m
provided it be ufed in the Beginning, and before J^^^^ ^
they are too much inflamed, by reafon this Diftem- ^^^'
per at firft chiefly proceeds from a Stagnation or un-
due Circulation of the Blood in thefe extreme Parts,
where the fame lofes a great deal of its Force, by

reafon

l6 The Jrt of Farriery

reafon of the Smallnefs of the Vefiels, and the
Diflance from the Heart. And I hope (in the
Sequel of this Difcourfe) plainly to make appear,
that this undue Circulation is moflly the Caufe of
the Greafe, which is contrary to the Notions of
former Writers, who imagined that in fuch Cafes .
the Blood was full of Impurities and Corruption, as
they idly term it.

Fourthly, Bleeding is requlfite in any violent
Pains, inwardly or outwardly, or as the Phyficians
write, Internal or External, as Wounds or Bruifes,
and Pain and Inflammation of the Lungs or Pleura^
which is the Noble and Senfible Membrane that
covers all the Cavity of the Thorax, or Cheft in
Horfes; or in Inflammations of the Liver, when
they can be difcovered ; and I fliall do my bell to
inform the Reader, how he may diftinguiih each of
thefe Kinds of Inflammations, when I come to
treat of the Dillempers of the Brejfl. Though,
notwithfl;anding what forne Gentlemen have writ
about Pains in the Stomach, Lungs, Li'ver, Paji-
creas or Sweat-Bread and the like, I mull own it a
very difficult Task to difcover the Seat of internal
Pains in Horfes.

Fifthly, Bleeding is proper, in moll, if not all,
Diforders of the Head ; fuch as Vertigo'' s, common-
ly called the Staggers in Horfes ; and in the firll
Stage or Beginning of Colds, by wliich Defiudlions
of Rheum are apt to fall upon the Lungs and often-
times the Eyes. Several form.er Authors forbid
Bleeding in the Difeafes of the Eyes, particularly
the Sieur de SoUeyfell, who no doubt has made the
Remark from his having feen fome ill EiFeds of it
in fuch Difl:empers : But the Queftion is, whether
this Gentleman form'd a right Judgment of particu-
lar Cafes, and duly weighed a^nd confidered all the
Symptoms together ? For if a Horfe be Lean and
out of Order, that is, when the State of the Blood
is very low and poor, and the Heart fcarce able to
drive it round the Horfe's Body, why^ then indeed

it

IMPROVED. 17

It is moil likely to ftagnate or ftop in the Extre-
mities and fmali Capillary or Hair-like Blood- Vef-
fels ; becaufe the fucceeding Fluid is deftitute of
force to impel c-r drive forward the antecedent Part
of the Blood : And this no doubt is true Doftrine,
fitice by taking Blood away, we take away from
its Force or Momentum, which in the Cafe cidcribed
is already too fmall, and therefore Bleeding may
fometimes (as S alley fell has obferved) occafion Difor-
ders of the Eyes, if not abfolute and total Blindnefs.
But then in all Overfulnefs of the VefTels, from hard-
riding, or from whatever Caufe, which drives the
Blood into the Extremities faller then it can be re-
turned by the fmall Capillary VefTels, or if the
State of the Blood be too vifcid or clammy, by
which Means it loiters in the fmall VefTels of the
Eye -lids or Body of the Eyes, Bleeding muft then
be of Service, and from the fame Theory it may be
proper in the Farcin, and other Difeafes of the
Skhi.

Lajjly, the Horfe's Age fhould be confider'd :
For a young Horfe, though he be more fubjeft
to Difeafes than an old hardened Stager, yet
he will fooner recover the Lofs of his Blood ; and
in my Opinion, a Horfe in the Prime of his Years,
will of all Ages '.-'ithf -nd fuch Evacuation bell :
But as to regulating when and at what Age a Horfe
may be faid to be in his Prime, it is very uncertain,
aJid mufl only be learned from fuch and fuch Breeds
of Horfes ; for, there is (to my own Knowledge) as
much Difference in this Particular with relation to
the Prime of Age in Horfes, as there is in Man,
and there are as long-lived, flout and hardy Gene-
rations (comparatively fpeaking) amongfl thefe Crea-
tures, as amongfl Mankind ; and on the contrary,
fome are old whilll they are yet young,* ( if I m?y
be allow'd the ExprefTion.)

• The Reafonwhy a Horfe is not fubjea to Sick- The Rea-
nefs and Fainting<= during the Operation of Bleeding, j-^oi-lLisnot
is -becaufe of his prone and Horizontal Pollure, s,(:k In

v.hich Bleeding.

l8 ^Pje Art of Farriery

which does not require To ftrong a SyJIole or Con-
traftion of the Heart, in order to throw the Blood
round the Body, as it would if in a perpendicular
Situation. This is plain to any one who has the
leaft Notion of Mechanicks ; and for the fame Rea-
fon a Man will lofe twice the Quantity of Blood
lying upon a Bed or Couch, without being fick,
than he can in an upright Poflure j which Truth
was well known to our famous Sydenham, although
this great and faithful Obferver was very much
wanting in Mathematical and Mechanical Know-
ledge, fo that he could not Ihare the real Pleafures
of thofe who have a Why for a Wherefore,

I fhall now proceed to Ihew in what Cafes Purg-
ing may be neceffary, and then ^ive an Account of
thofe Fe'vers in general which inleft this poor ufeful
Animal.
Purging P^^^'g^^'Si ^ ^^7 then, is brought about by fuch

how Medicines, which by their Irritation provoke and

broi.ght Simulate the Membranes of the Stomach and Guts,
^''^^^' whereby the PeriJIaltic or 'vermicular'^siotiow of the

latter is quickened, fo as to fhake or throw off their
Contents : But if the Dofe happens to be too large,
or abounds much with Rffifious Particles, vvliich of
all are moft pricking and Himulating, or ( lo fpeak
after the comm.on Way ) if very ftrong Pii) fick be
given, it not only carries off what is contained in
the Stomach and Guts, but likewife caufes iuch
reiterated and frequent Twitches, as derive a more
than ordinary Quantity of Blood and Spirits into
thofe Parts, whence is feparated and difcharged
Abundance of the Serum or watery Part of tlie
Blood, by the conmion Paffrges. And from hence
it is evident, that a Medicine may be fo contrived,
as to carry off more or lefs of the Subftancc of the
^lood, according as the Dofe is increafed or di-
minlflied, or as it abounds more or lefs with purg-
ing Particles, and confequently may be rendered
profitable or iiurtfiil.

It

IMPROVED. ip

It is needlefs to detain the Reader with the
Manner of preparing the Body for this Operation j
neither fhall I lay down Rules for rendering this or
that Sort of Humour fit for Difcharge by Medicines,
which have with much Induftry and more Igno-
rance, been devifed to prepare Choler, Phlegm,
Melancholy, and the like whimfical iniagin'd Hu-
mour i ; that Sort of Practice being new juHly ex-
ploded as ridiculous and uncertain ; fmce it is plain,
that all Kinds of purging Medicines differ only in
Degrees of Strength, and operate no otherwife upon .
different Humours, than as they flimulate more or
lefs, and either work no farther than the Prima
Via, or firft Paffages, or elfe caufe a Difcharge
from the Parts more remote from their Scene of
Aftion, which principally li^es in the Stomach and
Guts. And what particular Regard is to be had to
the different Kinds of purging Medicines will, I
hope, be fufHciently Ihewn to the Reader's Satisfac-'
tion in the Sequel of this Treatife, when I come to
treat of Diilempers which may demand Purging.
And therefore at prefent, I fhall only lay down
fome general Diredions, which may be of ufe to
all thofe Gent!e?neK who keep valuable Horfes.
And

Firfi, I fay, Purging is neceffary in mcH: or all
Plethorick Cafes when there is a Redundancy cf
Blood, but the Korfe fh*uld firfl of all be bled to
render his Body cool and lightfome : For, if he be '
purged when his Body is full, it may, ( unlefs the
other Secretions are free ) I mean the Difcharges by
Urine, t3c. occafion (during the Operation ) a too
great Hurry in the Motion of the Blood, or by .
driving or forcing off too great a Quantity of Blood,
^c. into the Inteflines or Guts, an Inflammation
may enfue. And for this Reafon it is judged proper
that thofe Horfes, which are Plethorick or full
of Blood, fhould only have mild and eafy working
Purges given them.

S^candly,

ao Tpje Art of Farriery

Purging Secondly^ Purging may be allowable in Diforders

iJi fordcrs of^^ ^^^ Stomach, before other Things are adminiftred,
the Sto- ^^^ ^^^^' becaule a Horfe can feldom or perhaps
mach, and never difgorge himfelf by Vomit.
foiilneCs of thirdly, it is proper in all Foulneffes of the Guts,
the vaiits. for di-iving out all vifcid and flimy Matter, and par-
ticularly when a Horfe is troubled with Worms,
provided the Purge confifts of fuch Ingredients, as
I ihall hereafter mention, when I come to treat of
this common though troublefome 'Reptile, which
afHids moll Horfes fooner or later. And farther-
more. Purging may be neceffary in Coftivenefs,
and in feveral kinds of Diarrhoea s or LoofenefTes of
the Belly ; but thefe likewife mufl confift of well
adapted Ingredients, <viz. fuch as after Purging in a
gentle and eafy Manner, conllringe and leave a
binding Quality behind them, fo as to Ihut up, in
feme Sort, the excretory Dudts of the inteftinal
Glands : Yet great Care muft be taken in this Mat-
ter, left by improper Purges, the Glands fhould be
fo relaxed as to bring on an Inflammation of the
Guts, by the too violent Operation of the Medicine.
Fourthly, and Lajlly j I recommend Purging as
ufeful in grofs Habits, where there is any Tendency
to fwelling of the Limb?, or any other ??rt of the
Body ; in humid and watery Difeafes ; in Diforders
of the Liver, caufmg the Jaundice (or Yellows in
Horfes i) in Difer.fes of the Eyes and Head, where
there is not any Fever, but only a Stagnation of the
Blood, in feme of the fmall Capillary or Hair-like
VelTels ; for Purging, in fuch Cafes, not only
drains oiF Part of the fuperabundant Matter, but
alfo (by putting the Blood in a brisker Motion)
caufes a Separation of its grofler Parts ; fo that it
moves with more Eafe and Freedom through all its
Canals, and by this Means is brought more readily
to the fecretory O.-Hces, or particular Outleti, dc-
figned by Nature to throw off the excrementitious
Parts of Nourifhment.

I muft

IMPROVED. 21

I muft not, however, clofe this Chapter, with- In Bleeding
oat acquainting the Reader, that in Bleeding and i^"^ Pvirg-
Purging a particular Regard muft be had to tl^^ g'Jfcnsth f
Strength of every Horfe ; by Reafon ( in the laft ^ Horle to
Cafe) the Irritation, or pricking and convulfive bv; conlickr-
Twitching, which many Kinds of Purges occafion, ^'d.
(during their Operation,) brings on great Sick?iefsj
convuljt^je MotioJis of the Body, damp Siueafs, &c.
fwhich too often end in Death.

A Horfe is with much more Difficulty purged
than a Man, becaufe of their prone or horizontal
Pofture, which helps nothing towards -forwarding
the Medicine; therefore the Phyfick lies moftly
twenty four Hours in his Guts, before it operates.
And, for the moft Part, the Purges given to Horfes
confift of fuch Things as are of a refmous Quality,
and thele, of all other, are moft fubje6l to caufe
violent Gri pings, cold Sweats, l^c. ; for, asi they
are ordered moftly without any Mixture to qualify
tliis Property, it is much, fo many Horfes get
through their Phyfick every Spring : And I rather
attribute it to the Strength of the Horfe's Conftitu-
tion, than to any good Judgment in the Farriers,
or common Keepers of galloping Horfes, For
there is no Doubt, in the leaft, but the fame ge-
neral Rule will hold good in purging Horfes, as it
does in Men ; I mean, the Idiofncracy of Bodies is Confukr
to be firft (as much as may be) ftudied amongft theldiolyn-
thefe Creatures : And this Knowledge of the pe- ^'.'^^V '^' ^°"
culiar Temperament or Difpofition of this or ^ ^"^^^
that Horfe, with relation to his being eafily or
difficultly v/rought upon by any Kind of Medicines,
will, I am convinced, be the greateft Guide a
Farrier can follow. And this Difpofition may, in
fome Meafure, be learned from the Horfe's Con-
ftrudure or Make, the firmnefs of his Flefh, i^c, ;
for thofe Horfes which are kept at hard Meat a long
Time together, and get pretty well of Exercife
along with it, are (it is very well known) moft dif-
ficultly purged, by Reafon they have fev/er Juicesi

to

a2 The Art of Fa r r i e r y

to work upon, than a grofs fat Horfe, who has
little or no Exercife. **

I have given thefe loofe Hints about Bleeding
and Purging, before I enter upon a Difcourfe of
the Diftempers incident to Horfes, as the fame was
necefiary to be confider'd by all Farriers, and is,
or ought to be, one of the Fundamentals of their
Pra6lice; I mean this, 'vi%. that every Farrier
Ihould rightly and duly weigh each and every Symp-
tom or Token of Sicknefs in a Horfe, and confider
well, whether he requires Bleeding, or Purging,
or both ; and not, ( as is too common, ) ftrike his
Fleams into his Neck, or tofs a Purge into his Sto-
mach, hah 7tab at random, which may very likely
go near to kill him, when performed without due
Caution, But what relates to this, and other Ope-
rations, both manual and other, will, I hope, be
fully and clearly laid down in the Sequel of this
Book, to the Farrier's Satisfei^ion, as well as of all
Gentlemen, who admire good Horfes. And I
ftiall do my utmoil, to apply all general Rules as
juftly and methodically as poflible.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Strangles.

AS this is, for the moil Part, one of tjie firfl
Diftempers that youn^ Colts are fubjeft to,
I judge it proper to be firft treated of; after which,
I fhall enumerate the different Kinds of Fevers, to
which Horfes are liable. And

Fh'fty I fay, the Strangles is a Swelling under
the Throat between the Jaw-Bones, and feems not
to differ (in any great Degree) from what we term
the Quinfy in human Bodies ; though it is faid,
that the Seat of the Strangles is not fo much upon
the Glands as upon the Mufcles, and therefore it
proceeds fooner to Impoftumation, or Gathering,

(as

IMPROVED. 23

(as It Is cillcd) ; neither is it thought there h fo
much Danger in the Straiigles in Horfes, as in a
Quinfy in human Bodies, by rcafon the Mufcles of
the Larynx, or Wind-Pipe, are not fo much af-
flidled in the firft, as in Man : For in Horfes, the
Mufcles of the Tongue feem only to be touched
with the Diftemper, and therefore it is, that the
Matter comes naturally to have an external Di/-
charge.

I have faid, that young Colts are moft fubje6l to The Stran-
the Strangles ; and, as I remember, Monfieur gles com-
Mle)fell, the French Farrier, compares this I^i^' ^J^^^J^ p^jj^
temper in Colts to the Small-Pox in Children, and
he has taken Notice, that few Horfes are troubled
with it above once in their Life, unlefs the Matter
of the Strangles has been imperfe£lly caft off, and
that then indeed, it generally returns at fix, ten, or
twelve Years of Age. This Author farther ob-
ferv^es, that the Morhific or offending Matter is
fometimes caft off by the Limbs, and other Parts of
the Body, and more efpecially by thofe Members
that have been any way hurt or weakened ; for the
Humour or Matter of the Difeafe, by Tranfla-
tion, fooneft affedls the weakeft Parts.

The laft Author mentioned, was very meanly
ikilled in the Anatomical Strufture or Make of a
Horfe, although he was a very diligent Obferver
of all manner of Accidents to which that Creature
is liable : If therefore he had been better acquainted
with Anatomy, his Accounts might have been
edifying as well as more inftruftive to his Readers.
For although this Diftemper of the Strangles be near
allyed to an external Quinfy, as to its Situation,
and alfo in many other Refpedls ; yet, no doubt,
as it moftly happens to Colts, it may ( not without
Reafon) bear an Affinity to the Small-Pox: For,
as the Blood of young Horfes may reafonably be
fuppofed equally Fluid, having not as yet been fuf-
ficiently comminuted, or divided by frequent Cir-
culations, therefore, while they are in this imper-

fed

^4 ^^5 ^^t; of Farriery

fed State, they are rendered more liable to Dif-
eafes ; and when thefe happen, they fufe and melt
the Blood, or purify it from its Vifcidities or groffer
Parts, by fome proper Oat-lets or Difcharges, which
are anfwerable to thofe by which the Small-Pox are
thrown out and difcharged in human Bodies. But
as the Small-Pox breaks out in little Puftules, or
Bladders full of Matter all over the Skin, wherefa-
ever the VefTels are fmaileft, and where the Blood
is moft'apt to ftagnate or flop; yet becaufe the
Blood- Veffels in Horfes are confiderably flronger
•and thicker than in our Bodies, therefore thefe Im-
purities cannot be fo readily difcharged in the Man-
ner aforefaid, but break out in Boils and Swellings
in the Neck, iffc. And I hope this Account may
fatisfy every impartial Reader, why Colts are mod
■fubje'ft to the Strangles, and other Impollamations,
than thofe Horfes which are arrived at a more ma-
ture State.

I would be underftood under this Head, that
moil Colts (though not all) have the Strangles be-
fore they arrive at fix Years of Age ; yet, I will
not fay but the Diftemper may be fooner or later
brought on by Colds, or other Mifmanagement in
keeping : And I muft own, that although I have
bred feveral Colts myfelf, yet not one, to my Re-
membrance, ever had the Strangles ; and thi'; I at-
tributed moftly to their being kept warm in Winter
with good Meat, ^c. And though this Theory
feems to contradift what I jufl: now advanced, 'vi^.
that the Diftemper called the Strangles feems im-
planted in the very Nature of Horfes, yet I ima-
gine the Seeds of it do not always meet with a pro-
per Nidus, fo as to propagate the Strangles, till
fach Time as the }'Oung Horfe has contrafted (what
we call) Colds, or, in better EngliJ}.\ till fuch Time
as by the Conftipation, or fhutting up of the Pores
by the Violentnefs of the Seafons, infomuch that
the requifite Perfpiration is impeded, and proper
Ferment produced, which brings forth the Diftem-
per

IMPROVED. i5

per mentioned. And this is not a very ill grounded
Hypothefis, if it be confidered, (as is really the
Cafe with feveral Kinds of Seeds,) how they will
lie in the Earth Scores of Years together, without
producing any fuch Thing as a Crop till fuch Time
as the ground be dug up and hufbanded, and then
indeed you fhall have Turneps, Muftard-Seed, and
fuch like, without fowing one Grain ; nay, altho"*
the fame Ground has not been turned over for a Hun-
dred Years before. And of this Fa<5l I have been an
Eye-Witneis, (fo far as my own Memory could in-
form me;) and it is well known in the Field-
Country of Lancajhire, that fo fure as any Perfon
throws up a new Ditch, fb fure he will reap a fine
Crop -of Muftard-Seed, without ftrewing any upon
the Ground before-hand.

Mr. Ray, in his Natural Hiilory of Plants, has
faid enough to convince any unprejudiced Perfon of
the afcrefaid Truth ; and I have dwelt the longer
upon this Matter, by reafon of the great Analogs
there is between Plants and Ani?nalsy with relation
to a great many inward as well as outward Dillem-
pers : And this, if my Time would permit, I
could with great Reafon make appear. But I mull:
proceed to my Subjed-Matter.

I fay then, fo foon as it is perceived that a Colt
(or it may be a Horfe of riper Years) has the Symp-
toms or Signs of the Strangles upon him, and that
the fame has a Tendency between the Jaws, ( as is
moll common, from the dependant Situation of the
Head,) and that the PaiHiges of the Gullet and
Wind-Pipe are not endangered, the fafefc Way is
to ripen the Swelling, and bring it to fappurate, or
burft, b)' warm Cloathing, and Applications which
foften the iniiamed Parts. For Example ; the fol-
lowing excellent Poultice is proper to bring the of-
fending Matter outward, and thereby prevent Suf-
focation, and other evil Accidents attending the La-
rynx and Phar^nxy or Mufclcs of the Wind-Pipe
and Gullet.

C Take

!26 The Art o/Farkiery

An excel- Take Leaves of Mallo^vs, and Marjh -Mallon.es,
lent Poul- [either green or dry^) each ten Handfuls ', nvhite Lil-
Srmngks ^^ /j'-^^o^ half a Pound. Boil thefe 'very foft in Water,
and prefs them out frongly ', then take Lin-Seed, a7id
Fenugreek-Seed, each four Ounces ; brvife them, and
boil ''em in tivo ^arts of Water flovAy, till it heco?ne
of a mucilaginous Con/if ence ; after <ivhich, fir and
heat it up ^.vell ivith the Lea<ves and Roots ; then
ndd four Ounces of Ointment of Marfh-Mallonxss,
nnd one Vound of rendered Hogs-lard', mix njoell, and
keep for Ufe.

This is a moH incomparable Cataplafm or Poul-
tice, in feveral Cafes befides what I have men-
tioned, when N.'iture is, as it were, defponding, and
cannot throw off the Load of Matter which caafes
the Diftemper or Swelling, feeing that by its ge-
nial Warmth ( for it ought to be applied pretty-
warm) it comforts the ftretched TihriUa or animal
Threads, which are diftended beyond their natural
Tone or Dimenfions by the Influx of the offending
Matter, and alfo greatly contributes to thin the
Skin, by its mollifying and foftening Qualit)^ So
that thefe two principal and great Ends are anfwered
by the Application of the aforefaid Poultice, 'vi%,
bringing Relief to the diftended Fibres, and alfo
thinning the Skin and mufcular Flefti ; inlbmuch
that the fluctuating Matter may with more Eafe be
felt by the Finger, than it otherwife would be. In
fine, I cannot fay too much in Praife of this Cata-
^lafm, whofe Virtues are fo unparalleled by any
other I could ever contrive ; (I mean in relation to
tumefied or fwelled Glands in any Part of the Body ;)
and I have known it ufed by my Direftion, to
Horfes in tjie Strangles, \^hich have received great
Benefit from it. The Manner of applying it is up-
on a double Cloth, very thick and pretty warm,
always adding a frcfli Poultice as the old grows dry.

IMPROVED. 17

If tlie Tumour breaks, the Wound may be drefTed
with the Ointment under the Title of the Farrier's
Ointment fpread warm on Tow, or fuch like, and
the Poultice over all : For you muft remember to
keep this going on till all the Glands are fallen, or
come to their natural State and Bignefs ; otherwife,
it hath happened, as I have often obfer\^ed, that for
want of ufmg the Poultice ( or fome fuch Applica-
tion) the Glands have been fo indurated or hardened,
that they would not yield to any Thing but Extir-
pation or Cutting out, and would turn out like a
boiled Turnep or Potatoe, upon giving the Skin a
crofs Incifion or Cut, and pulling them out with
oner's Fingers. Or, for Vv'ant of this Operation,
the Horfe has been big and fv/elled about the Jaws
during the whole Courfe of his Life.

I advife to lay all finuous or hollow Wounds or
"Ulcers open, as far as poflible without Danger to
the Blood- Veflels, Nen^es, or Tendons, and to
make the Incifion according to the Direclion or
Length of the Fibres, that is, you ought not to
cut a-crofs the Mufcles, or Leaders, { as they are
called by Farriers.)

The Dreflings, after Incifion, Ihould confift of
thofe Things which are of a detcrfi^e and 7nundify
ing Quality, fuch as are all the Kinds of Turpen-
tine, which I Hiall have occafion to fpeak of in the
following Pages. Thefe incorporated well with Proper
Honey, Yolks of E^gs, i^c. as I fhall defcribe Ointments
under the Name of the black digejli^uis Ointment, forWounds
along with the Farrier ?, green Ointment ; and a few
Mixtures, nioftly fpirituous, I believe will be fuf-
ficient for moil or all Wounds, both recent and
green, as well as thofe which, through bad Man-
agement and length of Time, are grown finuous or
Jiollow, and therefore difficult of Cure,

Of a contrary Quality to Turpentines are all

Kinds of Oil, Hogs-lard, b^r. with all the Tribe

of un^uous, oily, greafy applications, fuch as ( for

■the moft Part) Farriers are wont to apply to

C 2 Wounds:

^8 The Art of F A R R I E Tl Y

Wounds : For thefe greafy Applications are very
pernicious, by reafon they occailon Fungous or proud
Flefh, and likewife foul the Bones, Tendons, ^c.
where the Wounds are deep ; therefore I would ad-
vife all Gentlemen to tofs fuch Compohtions out of
their Stables, as detrimental. Indeed there is fome
Butter ordered in my Farrier'' s Ointment, but the
Thing could not be made any way lower, or of an
eafier Kind than the black dtgejiiqje Ointment,
without it ; and befides, MayButter, when Cows
are at Grafs, partakes of a fine mundifying or cleanf-
ing Quality, far before Hogs-Lard, or fuch like.
And this I have many Times experienced to my
Satisfadion.

Tents are alfo pernicious in moH Cafes, for they
occafion "Ca^ Fleih to grow callous, or hard and
horny ; and this is what is meant by the Wounds
growmg Fiftulous ; and till this Callofity or horny
Part be deilroyed by Knife, Fire, or corrofive
Powders,^ there is no fuch Thing as healing the
Wound, and on this Account it will difcharge a
naily, llinking, fanious Matter, while the Horfe
lives.

Mr. Gihfon (in his Book of Farriery) is very tedi-
ous and prolix in treating about the Cure of the
Wound, when the Matter of the Strangles runs off;
but he might have faid as much to the Purpofe in a
few Words, 'viz. Keep the Horfe" s Body and efpe-
cially his Throat, ijuarm, and drefs the JVound HMith
fome good digefti<ve and tvarming Ointment, and
izpply a fojtcniyig Foultice thick and <'iX-arm O'ver all,
till fuch Time as the Glands or Kernels are fallen,
and the Humours difperfed : But this is not brought
about but with great Care and Patience : For in ail
the Swellings,- either in Human or Brute Creatures,
none arefo tedious and difiicult pf Refolution (or being
TT-.rr:ox-ir?<»f diffolvcd) ae Tumours or Swellings of the Glands, and
the Glands this by Reafon of the Coklnefs of tiieir Nature (if I
hard to be may be allowed the Kxpreffion ;) for the Blood, ^V.
difiolvcd, pj. nuhcr the juices^ iiiakeib How a Circuit in the

Glands,

IMPROVED. 29

Glands, in Compnrifon to what it does through
the other (moftly reflilinear) Canals of our Bodies,
that thefe Swellings, from want of Heat, (which
Philofophers know confifls in Motion,) are of a flow
Procedure.

I have faid thus much in relation to the Strangles,
which I hope may be fafhcient : For in this Chapter,
as well as tlie following, I fhall not trouble the
Reader with long Accounts of Things, whicli
would rather puzzle and incumber his Memory,
than any way tend to his Information. Therefore
I now proceed to fay fomething of the fpurious or
falfe and Baflard Str angles.

C H A P. V.

Of the Bajiard Strangles.

MOnfieur Solleyfell, as well as our own Country-
man Mr. Markham, has accounted for the
Baftard Strangles in a very odd kind of Manner.
. Theirs Authors imagine, that when the Matter
cf the Strangles is imperfeftly carried oiF, there
remains a latent Ferment in the Blood, which, in
its proper Time, will agitate the Humours, and
caufe them, to" fail upon the fame Place where they
fhculd have been before call off. And this, they
{■yy, may fometimes happen five cr ten Years after-
ward, when a Korfe is ten or ^i^tctn Years old.
Indeed, at firfc Sip;ht, and to moft illiterate People,
who have no other Notion of Things than as they
quadrate or fuit with the outward Senfes, this feems
found Reafoning ; but it is all Bombafl, nonfenfical
Stuff : For it is well known there is no fach Thing
as Fermentation in the Blood, nor in any other
Fluid, which flows Vv'ith the like Celerity ; becaufe
this Celerity m.anifefily hinders that Intefline Mo-
tion, {o abfolutely necefTary to produce Ferm«nta-
tion. But really, it is no eafy Matter to fix Boun-
C 3 daries

pWmi:d,

30 Tbe Jrt of Farriery

claries to this Term ; for under it fome are for re-
ducing almofl all that belongs to Phyfick, chiefly as
it is a Term that accounts for, in the Lump, many
Vhceno7nena^ and faves a great deal of Trouble, by
faying' fuch an Effect is occafioned by Fermen-
tation. However, it fo far concerns every Body to
have fome juft Apprehenfion of what this Term
ought to exprefs, that I cannot be at too much
Fermcnt.i- Pains to explain it. Infomuch as it regards Medi-
t)on t:x- cn\t, and exalting or deftroying any Properties
therein, we cannot have a better Idea of it, than
by underflanding all which concerns the procuring
a fpirituous Liquor from Corn. Firft then, in
the Grain itfelf mull lie the Materials of what
makes the fpirituous Part, becaufe nothing elfe (be-
iides Water) is concerned in it. To this Purpofe,
therefore, it is foaked juft fo long, in a Ciftern of
Water, as is fufficient to loofen or open its natural
Texture ; after which, it is thrown in a Heap,
where it is fuffered to lie till, by the Motion of its
more ^m't and volatile Part?, it begins to heat and
ilioot out, as in Vegitation or Growth in Plants.
But to confine thefe Parts from flying off, by too
long a Continuance of fuch Inteftine Motion, it is
thrown abroad thinner, and expos'd more and more
to the Air, till it contrails almoft a Drynefs, vvhich
is finifhed by the Kiln, and all its Parts maintain'd
together, but yet in fo lax or loofe a Condition,
as very eafily to open and unite with warm or
hot Water : For by the Sweetnefs and Conf.ftence
of the Wort, and Lightnefs of the Grains, it is
plain, that the whole Sabilance of the Kernel is in-
timately m.ixed with the Liquor.

After this Apparatus, to finifh the Procefs, and
raife from it a flvong Spirit, the reft is done by Fer-
mentation with Yeaft or Barm. But to explain
how Fermentation is mechanically efFe(^ed, and
how it brings forth fuch a Spirit, would take up too
much Room in this Pla-ce j however, fuch EfFeds

are

IMPROVED. 31

are very conceivable, if the Reader has the leail
Notion of Hydrojlaticks.

I could, under this Head, account for the diffe-
rent Changes Bodies undergo under a State of Cor-
ruption, which is one Species of Fermentation.
But with all thcfe Requifites to this inteftine Mo-
tion of the Bodies, very little thereof can take
place in circulating Liquors, fuch as the Blood,
<Jc. How much foever this Term therefore is
made ufe of to account for feveral Appearances in
Animals, it muil be from mere Ignorance, or on-
purpofe to deceive. For thus far only can their
Juices be capable of Fermentation, as they are re-
mitted in their circulatory Motions enough to make
the natural Attractions of their Particles greater,
than the Force by which they are impelled or driven
forward, which cannot be but where they are almoll
entirely flopped. And it is therefore in the larger
Glands only, that the feparated Juices may undergo
fome Motions of this kind, fo as fometimes to be
changed thereby from their natural Properties :
But the Blood ( while in its Circulation ) cannot
undergo fuch Influence, becaufe the Velocity of its
Parts, from the impelling Force, is too great to let
them obey their Attra(5tions of one another. Hov.'
remote from Truth then muft thofe Reafonings
be which are built upon fach a Foundation, I mean
fuch as build their Faith upon imaginary Notions of
the Blood's being in a Ferment, (as the commoe
ExprefTion goes j) and how hazardous muil a Prac-
tice be which flows from fuch a Theory ?

I have been more tedious with relation to the.
aforefaid Term than ordinary, becaufe it will, I
hope, fave me farther Trouble in the Sequel of
this Book, when I come to treat of Fevers, which
(according to the comm„on Notion) are occafioned
through a Fermentation in the Blood. Therefore I
^beg the Reader will excufe the Prolixity : But to
return.

C 4: When

3^ ^he Art of Farriery

When Swellings, like the Strangles, happen to
old Horfes about their Jaws and among the Glands
or Kernels of the Throat, it is an infallible Sign of
a crazy Conftitution, and often is a Forerunner of
the Glanders, unlefs fuch Swellings are occafioned
by feme violent Colds, or hard Ufage. And really
the fame Difpoiition may be obferved in human
Bodies ; for if thefe happen to be of a tender and de-
licate Habit, or confumptive, the glandulous Parts are
often tumefied and fwell'd, as well thefe in the
Throaty called by Anatomifis the Faroticies, as thofe
in the Mefentery or Cawl ; and of this Truth I
have been many times convinced in the Courfe of
my Praftice and DifTeclion of Bodies,
Purging Lajily, in all Cafes where there is a grofs Kabit,

5 iOi>er in with a Tendency to Swellings in the I imbs, or any
groii Ha- other particular Part of the Body, Purging may be
neceiTary i as likcy/ife in humid or watery Difeafes,
fuch as tend towards a Dropfy of the. Belly, ^c.
in Diforders of the Liver, caufing the Jaundice,
and in the manifold Diilempers of the Eyes, but
more efpecially when they proceed from Rheum :
jfor really, in dry Blindnefs as it is called, I am
fure it cannot be of Service ; and when I come to
treat of the Difeafes of the Eye, I hope to do it in
fuch a Manner as that the World will be con-
vinced of the Soundnefs of my Dodlrine, which
does not confift in Hypothefes, and Chimerical
Notions, but is founded upon the flrideft Anato-
mical Obfervation and Experience.

I fay Purging is proper in the Difeafes above-
mentioned, by reafon of the Revulfion or calling
back the Humours from thofe Parts : It may like-
wife be proper in mcfl Ailments of the Head,
where there is not any Fever, but only a Stagna-
tion or Stopping of the Circulation of the Blood in
fome of the fmall Veflels. For, Purging in fuch
Cafes puts the Blood into a more brisk and free
Motion ; not (as fome pretend) by carrying off any
cffending Matter^ for that is impoflible, (as fhall

be

IMPROVED. 3.3

be (hewn hereafter,) but by caufing an uneafy Sen-
fiition, and irritating the Glands of the Guts, and
thereby obliging tliem to throw oft their Contents
both good and bad. This, I fay, makes what we
term Revulfion ; as alfo better fits the Glands to
perform their Office of Secretion, not only in the
Mefentery, or Cawl, but quite through the whole
Body (if the Purge be prepared as it ought) when
a Horfe can bear purging. And I might, under
this Head, plainly fhew, how ridiculous it is for
zny Perfon to imagine that a Purge carries off this or
that particular Humour, any more than that the
Elood can be freed from the mofl offending Part of
it by Phlebotomy, in every or any Cafe whatfoever.
And, although I am convinced that what I am now
writing is in direft Oppofition to the common re-
ceived Opinion j yet I doubt not making it plain
as the Sun at noon-Day, 'viz. that Purging is only
making Revulfion in a particular Manner, and that
the Good it produces flows from a different Spring
than what is commonly thought.

CHAP. VI.

Of F^'vers.

MOST Authors, who have treated of /V^rv;/ In Of Fever:
Horfes, have defined fuch Difeafes under a
preternatural Heat of the Blood : And the French
Farrier, Solleyfell, has in particular compared " a
" Fever to the Ebullition or working up of Wine
*' (for they have little Malt-Liquor in France;) in a
" Cask, where the fame being agitated, heated, di-
" iated, and fermented, and having no Vent, breaks
" impetuoufly through all Obflacle?, fpreading its
" Steams and Vapours all around; and appears fo
*' muddy, that we cannot difcern the leaft DroD
'' cf V/ine in the Veffel. Bat after thefe difor-
'^ dxily Motions, all the Impurities that were in
C 5 '^ the

34 ^^^ ^''^ ^f Farriery

** the Wine, are feparated ; the Lees fall to the
*^ Bottom, a Sort of Scum floats on the -Top, and
'* the Concavity of the VefTel is covered with a Sort
" of crufty Subilance."

Thus far Monf. Solleyfell j who, though he was
one of the better fort of Farriers by way of Reafon-
ing, yet he was far wide of the Mark. For firft,
I infill upon it, that there is no fuch Thing as Fer-
mentation in the circulating Blood ; although I own
the Tranflation of Morbilic Matter in Fevers fhews
fomething very like it, ^oi:z. That after the Blood's
Ebullition, it throws off the offending Matter in
Tumours and Eruptions much in the Manner of the
Sediments of fermented Liquors. Yet, notwithftand-
'ing this Appearance fuits fo pat with our outward
Senfes, it is far from Truth j I mean, to imagine
that there is a Poifibility of the Blood^s Fermenta-
tion, (any otherwife than as I have before defcribed
under this Term ;) and if it only happens in the
Manner I have pointed out, there is no Doubt but
all the Effefts, fuch as Tumours, Eruptions, ^c.
may follow a Fever as well every whit, as if there
was fuch a Thing as Fermentation in the Blood.
Fever In my Opinion, as well as feveral who have

^■fined. gone before me, a Fever is an augmented Velocity
of the Blood ; and the almoll infinite Variety of"
Caufes of this Diftemper, does fo diverfify its Ap-
pearances, and indicate fo many Ways or Methods
of Cure, that really it is no eafy Matter to write
down Rules, for the Management of Horfes ia
fuch Condition. However, I ihall attempt it in
the moft concife and befl Manner 1 am able.

Firft then, the Blood (as all other Fluids) being^
compofed or made of Liquid Parts, is therefore-
capable of being put into a more than ordinary
Degree of Motion, both by external and internal
Caufes. When the Caufe happens to be fimple
and external, as for Inllance, when the Blood is
violently agitated and put into a Hurry by the
Heat of the Sun, or by violent and excefCve Ex-

ercife j

IMPROVED. 5S

ercife ; I fay, in fuch Cafe, the Fever will be only
of the Symptomatick Kind : For in fuch Cafe the
Blood is fufed or melted like Wax, and confequent-
ly requires more Space in the VefCds, than when
in its ordinary State ; and likewife as it becomes
more thin and fluid, its Motion increafes, which is
obvious enough, by reafon all thin Liquors move
with more Swiftnefs, than thofe that are thick. Add
to this, the Compreffion the Blood meets with (when
in this State) from the Sides of the Veffels, t^c,
which is in Proportion to the Degrees of Fufion or
Thinnefs. Thefe Kinds of Fevers are regular and
uniform : But when a Fever proceeds from any ill
Quality in the Blood, as when it is tco vifcid and
thick, occafioning Obftru6lions in the Veffels which
are fmallert ; 1 fay, the Blood being obftruded there,
and meeting with fuch Oppofition, mufl needs oc-
cafion great Diforders, efpecially while it flows in a
greater Quantity than ordinary into any particular
Part of the Body, and while it endeavours to find
out proper Vents and Paflages for itfelf. Now in
both thefe Cafes, the Glandular Difcharges muii in
a great Meafure be hurt. But in complicated Fe-
vers, fome of the excretory Dudls or Pipes, by
which the Glands difcharge themfelves, may be too
open, v/hilft others are obfirufted : And hence it is,
that Nature is fo mucji put to it in Fevers of every
Species and Denomination ; for in thofe that are
moll fimple, fhe is over-power'd by a too great
Quantity of Blood, cccafioned by a too great Rare-
faftion as aforefaid, whereby it takes more Space in
the Veflels than ufual, and moves with fo much
Rapidity, as to difcompofe the whole Body. Like-
wife in thofe Fevers proceeding from vitiated Blood,
fhe is opprefs'd by violent Impulfes and irregular
Difcharge?, before the Blood, ^c. can become of
fuch a Texture or Make, as to render it fit to pafs
equally into all Parts ; and therefore, it is obferve-
able, whatever Changes the Blood undergoes in all
the different Kinds of Fevers, that fp long as the
C 6 Pifeaf^

^6 The Jrt of Farriery

Difer-fc laft^ thefe Changes muft have a Tendency,

either to an over-great Rarefaftion or Thinnefs, or

elfe to the over-great Thicknefs and Vifcidity of

the Blood.

A Fercr A Fever may likewife proceed from an Inequality

may pro- of the Subftance of the Blood, whereby fome Parts

ceed from of it pafs,more eafily than others through the fmaller

Iky oflfTe' ^^^^*'^s. I fay, this may produce the Symptoms

Subftance common to Fevers ; as violent and exceffive Heat,

of the and beating of the Arteries, ^c. ; and this is fo

Blooi. clear and evident, that it needs no Manner of Proof,

fmce Heat muft alv/ays be the EfFeft of Motion.

Some former Authors ( and thole of Note too )
have taken infinite Pains, to (hew the different Kinds
of Fevers from rarefied or thin'd Blood, as alfo thofe
prifing from the vifcid and thick : But in my humble
Opinion, though I have confider'd them over and
over again, they only argue to fhew their Learning :
For the JEtioIogy or Dodlrine teaching (or rather
pretending to teach ) us the Knowledge of the Caufes
cf Diilemper?, is a dark and abflrufe Doftrine ; and
really it is no eafy Matter to fhew, how many F~ts
go to an Ounce. Yet the Reafoning and Arguments
of many upon the aforefaid Term, amounts not to
a quarter Part cf what's pretended ; nor can fuch in
riny Manner or Shape edify or improve our Under-
ft^nding ; fmce they only confiit of unintelligible Me-
taphors wliich rather puzzle and perplex the Reader
than Gtherwife. Indeed I own, that the Art of
•Medicine is brought at laft to very great Perfedion,
and many Things proved plain to a Demonflration :
But I think, with Submiffion, that theie Improve-
ments and Difcoveries go no farther, than fhewing us
the Force and Manner of Operation of Medicines.
And in this Part of Knowledge, there is no Doubt,
but Natural Philofophy has the greateft Share. I
ihail therefore fhun, as much as in me lies, all daik
and abfirufe Reafomngs, as well as unintelligible
Terms, and fo proceed to give my Opinion upon what
is CiUled a Sir-jple, or rath<?r Sjrnptirfiatick Fe'uer.

CHAP.

IMPROVED. 37

CHAP. VII.

Of a Sjmptomatick Fever.

IH AV E explain'd, under the Sixth Chapter, f^J^^^?^'
v.hat I mean by a Symptomatick Fever, I'/z. pgyej.
that it is a Fever proceeding from Accidents, rather what. *
than any noxious Quality in the Blood itfelf : As
for Inftance, the Gout in Human Bodies caufes a
Symptomatick Fever, fo does the iirll Milk in Wo-
men's Breafts ; and in Brute Creatures, as I have
faid, too indent Exercije in hot Weather ^ or in Cold,
when not duly managed afterwards.

Secondly, this Fever may be occaiioned by turning
a Florfe to Grafs in very hot Weather ; efpecially
if the Inclofure be fmall, where there is but little
Air, and where there is not any convenient Shade to
cover him from the fcorching Heat of the Sun.

Mr. Gibfon, in his Book of Farriery, fays, that
*' this Fever (I m.ean what he calls Simple, and
*' what I term Symptomatick) may be caafed by
*' Bleeding a Horfe in the Heat of the Sun, in a
" hot Seafon, without houfmg ; and that becaufe
** during the Operation the Blood is put into a
*' greater Motion than ordinary, and that this new
" Motion is kept up and increafed by the additional
" Heat of the Weather. " And he father fays,
" that this Do6lrine may be illuflrated by the com-
* * inon Effeds of Fire under a Pot or Kettle, where
" the Heat of the V/'ater increafes m^ore in the fame
" Spaces of Time, according to the Degrees of its
*' Motion, tho' the Fire be not increas'd. " Now,
for my Part, I frankly confefs, I don't rightly ap-
prehend Mr. Gibfon's Meaning, unleis it is, that the
Water heats more in the fame given Tim.e when
near boiling, than it did a while before ; but at befl:
this is only a very lame and unfatisfaftory Experi-
ment.

In

3 S The Jrt of Farriery

In the next Place, external Cold, which hinders
that natural Perfpiration or infenfible Sweating fo
beneficial to both Man and Beaft, may bring on this
dered, pro- Fever : For by hindering Perfpiration, the Quantity
duces a of Blood is increafed, and that too with fuch a Flu-
Fever. \^^ as is far from the Homogene or benign Nature
of it.

And here it may be obferved, with refpedl to
Caufes and EfFedls, that the fame Caufe will pro-
duce very often different Eife6ls, and that the fame
Effeft will often proceed from different Caufes. For
Cold, when its Effedls are fudden and univerfal,
will caufe as fudden a Change in the Blood. Bitt
when Cold is only partial or gradual, it will have a
much different Effeft ; fuch as touching the Brain,
Lungs, or fome other particular Bowel : Yet not-
withftanding all this, the different Effefts which we
may obferve from the fame Caufe, or the fame Ef-
fedl proceeding from feeniingly oppofite Caufes, may
only arife from the different Degrees of Efficacy in
the Caufes themfelves. Wherefore we cannot be-
exadl and competent Judges thereof, efpecially as
they are exerted in the Animal Body, which is in •
finitely various in its Compofition and Strufture. I
ihall now proceed to give an Account of the Signs
of a Fever in general.
The Signs The Signs of a Symptomatick and continued Fe-
ot a Fever, yer are, violent Heat, and Fullnefs of the Veffels,
which will appear even to the Eye -, a Beating of the
Heart and Flanks much quicker than ordinary ; a
Drynefs in the Mouth, with Pvoughnefs of the
Tongue ; continual Watchfulnefs and Reflleffnefs ;
infomuch that if a Horfe be feized with this Fever
in the Field, ho will be perpetually moving from
Place to Place, going often to the Water, but (as
fome Authors fay) cannot drink i the' really I am
of Opinion all Creatures will drink if feized with a
Fever : And notwithftanding it was the former Prac-
tice to deny much Liquids in fuch Cafe ; yet the
Moderns, agree that Diluters are of all Things not

to

IMPROVED. S9

to be denied, provided they confift of proper Mix-
tures, ^<". Befides, when a Horfe is feized with a
Fever, he will often fmell to the Ground without
pafturing or feeding. Thefe I think are the moli
common Signs. Now for the Cure.

Having laid down the Caufes, as far as we may The Cure.
well judge, and alfo the Signs of a Symptomatick
Fever, it remains that I go thro* the Methods of
Cure ; and herein we are to obferve, that fmce there
can be no Accidents in thefe Kinds of Fevers but what
depend upon the Augmentation of the Blood's cir-
cular Motion, and while in this State the Blood is
not fuppofed to be in any wife, or at leaft but little,
vitiated, thofe Things are only to be done or admi-
nillred, which tend to leffen the faid Motion, and
bring it to a more quiet and fedate State. There- Clyfters
fore. Bleeding is in the firfl Place necefTary, after proper in
which Clyfters, compounded of a ilrong Decoftion ^ ^^'^^^'
ef Senna^ with about a Quarter of a Pound of the
eoarfeil Sugar dilTolved in each, may be proper at
due Intervals : for Example, once every Day to keep
the Horfe'' s Body open.

There are not many Drugs required in thefe Fe-
vers ; for, as I have faid, proper Bleeding, along
with the continued Ufe of Clyfters for about fix
Days, is fufficient to conquer the Difeafe, provided
the Hcrfe's Diet confift of proper Food, and this
fhould be given him fparingly ; for Nature is the
beft Guide, which (in Man as well as Brute Crea-
tures) commands, thatinmoft (or even all ) Difor-
ders, a ftridl Regard be had 7iot to over-charge the
Stomach ; for by fuch Mifmanagement, She is (o
far from being affiiled, that fhe is, on the contrary,
hindered in her Efforts towards carrying off the Dif-
eafe.

A Horfe in a Fever fhould have no cold Water A Horfe in
given him, but rather Milk and Water warm, with a Fever
a little Oat-meal ftrewed upon it ; and this may in- {f^^^'lJ^no
deed be given him in pretty large Quantities, as a cold Wa-
Diluter and Cooler of the Blood, ^c, ter,

Purging

40 ^ke Jrt C'f Far r i e r y

Purging Purging Medicines by the Mouth, ought never

Medicines ^q j^^ ^r^j ^^ Fevers ; for tJiefe raife new and ter-

in FeTers ^'^^^^ Commotions in the Blood in fuch Cafes, and

may in all likelihood occafion an Inflammation in

the Guts, by deriving or dravv'ing a Quantity of the

Febrile Matter that Way.

Before the Ufe of Clyllers as aforefaid, the Far-
rier ihould anoint his Hand very well with Oil or
frefh Butter, and pafs it up the Horfe's Fundament,
in order to bring away the harden'd Dung or Excre-
ments; and his Clyiler-Pipe fliould be long and
large, that the Liquor may pafs as far as poffible in-
to the Guts. I know fome Farriers who have Sy-
ringes or Inftruments commonly called Squirts,
which will contain at leail three Quarts of Liquid ;
and tliefe, in my Opinion, are exceeding proper to
injeft Clyfters : For the Guts of a Horfe are not
only large, but of a confiderable Length, from the
Valve in the Colo7i downwards ; fo that the Quan-
tity injected or thrown up into the Guts, ought not
,to be lefs than two Quarts, forafmuch as thofe things
which lie in lefs Room, are of too powerful a Na-
ture to be made ufe of on thefe Occafions ; I mean,
that if a Clyfier was contrived in a little Quantity
fo as to operate, it mufl be compounded of fuch
fharp ftimulating Ingredients, as perhaps might do
more Harm than Good. Therefore, as I have faid,
let all Clyllers in Fevers be mild in Operation, and
large in Quantity.

A Clyfter . Take of Mallo^uu Lea'ves, and FdUtorycf theWall^
jn a Fcvsir. each four Handfuls \ A7inifeed^ avd Caraways bruifed,
of each one Ounce ; boil thefe in four ^arts of IVa-
ter to three, then fir ain it off-, and add of Gallipclj-
Oil three Ounce's, of coarf Sii^ar four Ounces, .Ca-
ryocoftimun ElcSluary one Ounce, mix. The Carjo-
cofliniun cojis about z d. - •

Some add Leniti^ue EhSluary three Ovinces,' or as
the Nature of the Cafe requires. For reuliy; tliiere

is

IMPROVED, 41

is not any flich Thing as prefcribing general Rules
in Fevers, which fometimes require more, fome-
times lefs of Purgatives, fuch as the Leniti^ve Elec-
tuary, Ele8uary calPd CaryocoJiirMin, or fuch like,
to be mixed with the Clyfters : But if what I have
before prefcribed caufe the Horfe to void his Excre-
ments, I think it is fufhcient without adding any
Thins; purgative more.

Ch iters Ihould be injefled pretty warm ; for Ex- Clyflers
ample, as warm as one can poffibly hold the Bladder |h('uld be
with the Liquor unto one's Cheek ; and the Horfe's '^?^^^y \?/]rm
Tail kept clofe to his Fundament for fome Time,
that the Clyfter may be retained as long as may be.

There are many m.ore Forms of Clyilers pre-
fcribed, in ancient Authors, but this which I have
fet down may fufiice, and will do as much Service
as all the reft, which are only of the like Intention.

I think it necdlefs to enumerate all the different
Kinds of Fcv«;rs, fuch as the Putrid, the Peflikn-
t'lal, the Heciick, the Intermitting^ and the like ;
feeing it would not be of Ufe to the Reader, and
only ferve to fwell this Treatife, which I defign to
write as concife as poffible, yet with all due Regard
to the Diftempers which Gentlemen can or may
form jufl Idea's of. And therefore I at prefent quit
the Subje6l of Fevers, and proceed to difcourfe up-
on what the Farriers commonly term Surfeits.

C H A P. VIII.

Of Surfeits,

AS this is a Term frequently ufed among Far-
riers, as well as all Sorts of People, to lig-
nify a Difeafe, I think it not amifs to fay fome-
thing in relation to it.

By a Surfeit is principally underllood, all fuch J^^.'^ ,'^
Maladies or Diftempers as proceed from exceffive and mi^^nc by
immoderate Feeding,, but efpecially upon unwholc- a Siirlit.

fome

4^ ^^^ ^rt of Farriery

fome Food ; from Cold and Hard-riding, ^c. where-
by a Horfe forfakes his Meat, and is infefted with
hard Swellings, which (if they happen to fall upon
the Joints) will, in procefs of Time, occafion Lame-
nefs arid many other Diforders.

I will not fay but Farriers call thofe Horfes fur-
feited which do not thrive well, or have their Coats
ftareing and ftickle, ( as the Term is ; ) but the Dif-
tinftion I have made is moft bounded and intelli-
gible ,• for really thefe ignorant Fellows call all
Horfes, which have been in Ufe, furfeited ( if they
don't thrive well) as I have already faid.

Now whatever be the original Caufe of Surfeits,,
that is, whether they proceed from Colds, Excefs
of Feeding, or laborious Exertife, or from any Dif-
pofition of the Air or Climate ; it is very certain,
that whatever goes under the Notion of Surfeits, is
no other than that which follows the imperfeSl So'
lution of a Difeafe : As when the Matter of the Dif-
temper is, by Tranflation^ thrown or call oiF upon
fome particular Part of the Body, fo as to occafion
Swellings, ^r. ^ut thefe Surfeits, which proceed
only from a Glut of Provender, or the like, are
eafily cured, as their Caufe is the moft fimple ;
whereas thofe, on the other Hand, proceeding from
complicated Caufes, are often the EfFefts of Chro-
nick Diftempers or Diflempers of long {landing :
And therefore the Cure is hard and difficult, and
indeed many Times fuch Horfes are incurable.

But I imagine myfelf better to be underftood, ir
I give my Thoughts concerning that Kind of Sur-
feit, which proceeds from Over-feeding or Foul-
feeding 5 for, by the Knowledge thereof, all that is
necefHiry concerning Surfeits will be more intelli-
gible, as it is this alone which,, truly and properly
fpeaking, conllitutes a Surfeit.

Firjl then, we are to confider, that while the
Stomach is conflantly receiving Food, and as con-
ilantly tranfmitting new Supplies of Chyle or nu-
tritive Juice to the Mafs of Blood, that therefore

tliC

IMPROVED. 43

the Blood- Veffels become diilended and full, info-
much that what is over and above fufRcient for a
Horfe's juft Nourifhment, cannot be carried off by
the proper Out-lets ; that is to fay, the Canals or
Pores of the Extremities are not wide enough to
admit fo much grofs Matter as is feparated by the
Glands of the Inteitines or Guts ; and confequently
the Dirtention of the Vefiels will be more and more-
increafed : And here it may not be thought amifs
to fhew, as briefly as may be, how Animal Digef-
tion is performed. And firfl: I fay.

Animal Digeflion is the DiiTolution or Separation Animal
of the Aliments into fuch minute Farts, as are lit^^8*^^^j°*'^
to enter the La6leal or milky Veffels, and circulate' ^* ^^ '
with the Mafs of Blood ; or, it is the fimple Break-
ing of the Cohefion, or flicking together of all the
little Molecule or Cakes and Lumps, which com-
pofe the Subftances any Animal feeds upon. Now
the principal Agents employ'd in this Aftion, are,
/■/•/?, the Juices feparated by the falivary Glands
or Glands about the Mouth and Throat. Next
to the Saliva may be reckoned the Juice of the
Glands in the Stomach, and the Liquors we drink,
whofe chief Property is to foften the Aliments, as
they are Fluids which eafily enter the Pores of moll
Bodies, and by fwelling them break their moft in-
timate Cohefions : And how prodigious a force Flu-
ids have when afting in fuch a Manner, may be
learned from the Force that Water, with which a
Rope is wetted, has to raife a Weight feften'd to,
and fuftained at one End of it. And this Force is
much augmented by the Impetui or Stroke which
the Heat of the Stomach gives to the Particles of
the Fluid. Nor does this Heat promote Digeflion
thus only, but likev/ife by rarefying the Air con-
tained in the Pores of the Food, which helps to
burft its Parts afunder. And therefore fuch Liquors
as are mioft Fluid, or whofe Particles have the leaft
Vifcidity or Clamminefs, are moft proper to affut
the Faculty I am treating of; by Reafon fuch Li-
quors

44 '^^^ ^^'^ ^f Farriery

quors can tiie more eafily infinuate themfelves into
the Pores of the Aliments. And of all other Fluids
Water feems the moft fit for this Ufe : For, though
fome Spirituous Liquors may as eafily penetrate the
Subftances we feed upon, yet they have another
Property by which they hurt, rather than help, Di-
geftion ; and that is, their Particles have a llrong
attractive Force, by which, when imbibed into the
SubHance of our Food, they draw the Parts thereof
nearer to one another : So that in Faft, they con-
tract and harden, inftead of fwelling and diffolving
oar Victuals. And it is by this Property, that they
preferve from Corruption Animal and Vegetable
Subitances ; not but that we fometimes find they
help Digeftion, as they irritate and excite the Coats
cf the Stomach to a ftronger Contraction ; and
therefore, v^"hen they are duly diluted, they may
not only be ufeful but requifite. I fay, v/hen the
Pood is thus prepared, its Parts are foon feparated
from one another, and difiblved into a Fluid with
the Liquors in the Stomach, by the continual Mo-
tion of its Sides, v/hofe abfolute Power is demonf-
trated to be equal to the Preffure of 1 17088 Pound-
weight in a Fluman Body, and in a Horfe this Force
or Power of Digeltion is near double : To which,
if we add the Power of the Diaphragm or Midriff,
together with the Mufcles of the Ahdomen or lower
Belly, wiiich likewife conduce to afiilt in Digeltion,
then the Sum in a Human Body will amount to
250734 Pound-weight, which has been proved to a
very great Nicety by Dr. Wahrjjright , and others.
And fince T am advanced thus far into a Difcourfe
upon Digeltion, I hope it will not be unentertain-
ing for rne to fiiew how Nutrition is performed.
Nutrition Under this Term may be comprehended, Firfi, all
^hat ami that pafiTes under Digeltion as already mentioned,
how per- Secondly, the Appofition of new Parts in the room
of thofe wore off by ACtion : But here is to be
taken Notice, that the Parts of the Food are not
diiTolved into efiential Parts, (as fome call them.)

or

IMPROVED. 41

or Elements, whether Chymical, or any other, by
the Afliftance of a Ferment in the Stomach ; that is
to fay, by a Separation of fome Parts of ditxerent
Kinds combined together, and an Union of other
Parts before in Separation, as it happens in all Fer-
mentation of Wine, wherein Tartarous Particles,
before united with others, are feparated ; and Par- .
tides of Phlegm and Oil, which were before in Se-
paration, are brought nearer together, and form a
true Spirit. But, by the Concodlion which is per-
formed in the Stom.ach, the Food is divided into in-
tegral Parts, not differing from what they were be-
fore, but only in obtaining leller Bulk ; in the fame
■Manner altogether as Coral is ground upon a Marble
with Water, and reduced into an impalpable Pow-
der, whofe Parts are only fmall Pieces of Coral, and
not any Principles into which Coral is refolved, as
has (by ignorant Chyniiils) been foolifhly ima-
gined : For the Proof of this Afiertion, there needs
no other Argument than, that in the Stomach and
Inteilines of the larger Fifh, which devour and di-
geft the lefler, the Chyle is nothing elfe but a Li-
quor filled with the Fibres of the devoured Fifh, as
may eafily be difcerned with a Microfcope ; or the
fmall Parts of Fibres no way differing from the
larger (that is indigelled Pieces of Flefn) but in
Magnitude. The Chyle thus elaborated or Con-
cofted in the Stomach, by its alternate Contradions,
and the Force of the neighbouring Mufcles, is
thrown out into the Inteilines or Guts ; at its En-
trance into which, it is diluted with Bile or Gall,
and Pancreatic Juice, (or Juice feparated for this
End by the Gland called the Sweet-Bread ; ) and
thefe Liquors do not undergo any Effervefcence or
Fermentation with the Chyle, or with one another,
but are fmoothly and quietly mixed therewith, and
with each other, as appears by many and repeated
Experiments. But by Means of the Bile or Gall
and Pancreatic Juice, the Ch}'le is render'd more
fluid ; And hence it is, that the Parts of the Food,

(in

45 ^he Art 0/ Farriery

(in fome Meafure difTolved by the Motion of the
Stomach, but not fufficiently feparated from esch
other, through want of a due Quantity of Fluid,
every one yet being in fome Meafure in Contact
with each other) pafs over the Pylorus or lower Ori-
fice of the Stomach into the Guts ; and when thefe
greater or lefs digefted Particles cannot, by reafon
of their Magnitude, be ftrained in any con'fiderable
Quantity into the Ladeals, they are thruft yet far-
ther into the Inteftinal Tube, and therein putrefy,
fmce they are out of the A^erge of Circulation,
which commences at the La<Sleals : For all Things,
as the Flefti of dead Creatures, Herbs, ^c. which
are capable of Putrefaftion out of the Animal, are
capable of Digeftion in it. And from hejice it is,
that Digeftion is much more effeftually and expedi-
tioufly performed in the Day-Time, or when the
Animal is awake, than in the Night or during
Sleep : Becaufe, while awake, every Creature breathes
thicker, and the Diaphragm or Midriff and Mufcles
of the Jbdo?nen, and even of the whole Body, are
more exercifed, and the Stomach oftener comprefs'd.
It alfo follows, that by gentle Walking ( or while
any Animal exercifes in a moderate Degree,) Digef-
tion is more efFedually and expeditioully performed,
than while in Idlenefs and without Motion. And
that this is the true Theory of Digeftion and Nutri-
tion (I mean that it is the Motion of the Diaphragjn,
&c. which conduce in a great Meafure to thefe great
Ends ) will appear from the very Phiz or Counte-
nance of a hard Student, more efpecially if he be-
take himfelf to this Work foon after Eating ; for,
by this his Vifage looks pale and wan, for no other
Reafon than that the Mind is fo diverted, that Re-
fpiration or Breathing is more rare or feldom, that
is, we do not fetch our Breath near fo often, as even
v*hen we lleep, which is a very bad Situation for
Digeftion : Add to this the Determination of the
Animal Spirits, which after eating a hearty Meal,
ought to flow in greater Abimdance to the Stomach,

IMPROVED. 47

in order to aflift Digeftion. For this fo very fen-
fible Membrane, is touched with a pleafant Titilla-
tion after Eating, which determines the Animal Spi-
rits, as I have faid, towards the Stomach. But on
the other Hand, when the Mind or Cogitative Soul
is taken up with the Refolution of dark and proble-
matical Queftions, or the like ; I fay, this deter-
mines the Animal Spirits towards the Brain ; where-
as Nature defigns them, for fome Time after Eat-
ing, for the Ufe aforefaid. From hence it may be
obferved, how neceiTary it is for Students to unbend
the Mind by fome Kind of Mufick, or other Plea-
fure of like Kind and Benefit, to forward Digeftion ;
otherwife, as I have already hinted, their Vifage
will be pale, fallow, and wan.

It is alfo obfervable, that we digeft better in
Winter than Summer ; becaufe in the Winter, to
drive away the Senfe of Cold, we are oftener put
upon Exercifes and greater Aftivity of Body, than
in the Summer Seafon : As likewife, becaufe the
Mufcles and folid Parts are more Tenfe and Firm,
and confequently ftronger, in their Contractions and
A ttra6lions . But as for any Ferment in the Stomach,
whether it be Sali^ua or Serum, ovifmg out from the
Glands of the Stomach, it cannot contribute any
Thing to the Digeftion of the Food, any further
than by foftening it, whereby it is capable of being
further divided. Neither do any Liquors flow into
the Stomach to promote Digeftion ; but Digeftion,
that is, the Motions of Swallowing, Chewing, and
of the Stomach, are the Caufe why thefe Liquors
are prefTed out, and that they drain into the Sto-
mach. For that thofe Liquors contribute nothing
(further than as I have mentioned) to Digeftion, is
manifeft from hence, that if Herbs or Meat be mixed
with them in any convenient Place, ( as warm as the
Stomach,) but without Motion, they will never be
changed into Chyle. So that it is aftoniftiing that
any Writer ftiould afcribe to the Serum of the Blood
(as it is excerned or leparated by the Glands ) a Fa-
culty

48 ^he Art of F a'r r i e r y

cuky of changing folid Meats into Chyle ; whereas
it is evident, that the Serum or thin Part of the
Blood, is not a fit Menjlruui7i or Dillblvent for the
Solution of Bread, Meat, or Herbs. But this Af-
fair will be better underllood from confidering, the
never-to-be-forgotten, and juftly celebrated Mr.
Bc^leh Difcourle upon a Machine for Digellion, as
defcribed by Rapin ; wherein, without the Help of
any Ferment, but by the Affiftance only of Heat
( and the PrefTure of rarefied Air confined, ) Bones
and Flefh, with the Addition of a fmall Portion of
"Water, are turned into a Jelly, where nothing is
wanting to its being made real Chyle, but the rough
Superficies of a Body to grind and often fhake it
about.

■ The Chyle thus made, wafhes over the Pylorus
or lower Orifice of the Stomach, into the Inteftinal
Tube or Gut called Duodenum, which in Horfes is
26 or 27 Yards in Length, and wider than in Oxen :
It is fomething narrower for about a Foot and an
half from the Stomach, where the Porus Eiliarius or
Gall-Pipe, and Pancreatic Du6i or Pipe which car-
ries a Juice into this Gut from the Sweet-Bread, en-
ter : After this the Chyle is (by thtPcriJialtick or
Worm-like Motion of the Guts, and Preflure of the
Diaphragm, along with the Help of the Mufcles of
the Abdomen or lower Belly,) ftrained through the
narrow Orifices of the Lafteal Veins, while the
grofifer Parts continue their Motion downwards, (or
rather backwards in a Horfe, ) until they are quite
ejefted by Stool ; what paffes through the Lafleal
VefTels, is carried by them into the Glands of the
Mefentery, where they receive a fine thin Lymph
from the Lymphaticks, whereby the Chyle is fo di-
luted, that it paffes eafier the reft of its Courfe :
For, beyond the firft Glands, I mean the firft in the
Mefentery or Net, thefe Lymphatick VelTels unite
in larger Canals, and thofe in ftill larger, until at
laft it arrives (that is this thin Lymph) at the Re-
ceptaculum Chyli or common Receptacle o^ the

Chvlc,

IMPROVED. 4?

Chyle, which is a Kind of Bafon form'd for it, by '
the Union of the Lymphatick and Lafleal Veilels.
From thence, in one Du6l or Pipe, it afcends the
Tf^rax or Breaft j and fometimes dividing about the
Heart, it immediately unites again ; and creeping
along the Gullet, it pailes in Man to the kft Sub-
clavian Vein or Vein in the Arm-Pit > and in
Horfes, into a Vein under the left Shoulder*Blade>
where, by one or two Mouths it pours in its Con-
tents, and there mixes with the Venal Blood, as it
returns from all Parts of the Body. But in the fe-
cond Acceptation of this Term of Nutrition , where-
in it is underftood of the -Blood*s nourishing all the
Parts of the Body, fuch Kind of Nutrition is per-
formed by a Secretory Duel, or fmall Pipe, ariiing
from the Termination or End of an Artery, which
carries a fuitable Portion of Blood to every Part to
be nourifhed : So that every Point in the Body mull
be a Termination of a Secretory Duft, through
which a proper Part of the Blood is convey'd, in
order to fupply that Part of the Body. And thus
much for Nutrition, and the Courfe of the Chyle.
Now it remains that I fay fomething about the Cir-
culation of the Blood, and Ihew how, and in what
Manner, this fo furprizing Piece of Mechanifm is
mechanically performed. But firll of the Blood itfelf.
By the Blood, fome underftand not only the Fluid
in the Veins and Arteries, but likewife that in the
Lymphedudls, Nerves, or any other Vefiels of the
Body i becaufe they all of them contain Parts of the
Blood feparated from it by Force of the Heart, and
many of them by the Animal Mechanifm return to
it again, after Performance of their deftin'd Task.
And in this Acceptation it is taken in the Calcula-
tions of its Quantity and Velocities, both in Human
and Brute Creatures, which, becaufe it is of the
greateil Moment to underlland, I fnall explain in as
brief a Manner as may be. But firfl of the Heart
itfelf.

5q ^^^ ^^^ of Farriery.

F/>y?, I fay, the Ventricles or Cavities in the
Heart of a Horfe, of a middling Size, are each of
them capable of receiving four Ounces of Blood, or
more ; and therefore, being in their Diafiok or Di-
latation, we may fuppofe that they throw out at leaft:
four Ounces of Blood in each Sy ftole or Contradi-
on. The Heart of this Creature contrails about
1 800 Times in an Hour, which is about ane half
flower than in Man ; (I would be underftood in a
Healthful State ; ) but even this varies in feme Mea-
iure according to the different Temperaments, Sexes,
The Qiian- and Ages : Ic is fuppofed there pafs through the
tity of Heart of a Horfe 1 800 Times four Ounces, or 450
cil^tlr^' P°"^^ o^ ^lood., in an Hour. Now the common
received Opinion is, that the whole Mafs of Blood
in Man is about 2 5 Pounds, and in a Horfe fix Times
as much ; and therefore, according to this Allow-
ance, a Quantity of Blood equal to the whole Mafs
pafles through the Heart ten Times in an Hour In
Man, and in one Hour and twelve Minutes in a
Horfe. And from hence may be obferved, how
neceffary it is to take away greater Quantities of
Blood in many Cafes, than is commonly pra(5lifed ;
for what fenfible EfFeft can the taking away a Quart
of Blood from a Horfe have upon him, if we con-
fider that he has near 225 Times as much in his
Body ; or how much we may depend on what is
called making a Revulfion, or drawing the Humours
off by Bleeding in the Tail ? For Example, when
the Diftemper affeds the Eyes, I fay, in my own
Thoughts, little, nay very little, Strefs can be put
on the Praftice, feeing the whole Mafs of Blood
pafTes through the Heart in an Hour. Therefore
the Benefit of Bleeding aca-ues from the Quantity's
being lefTened, and more free Liberty or Room
thereby given to the remaining Part. It is very fur-
prizing to confider, how far the old Writers have
been carried out of the true Do(flrine and Nature of
Things, by falfe and outward Appearances, fuch as
thofe I am fpeaking of j and their Unwillingnefs to

fearch

IMPROVED. 51

fe.irch after Truth, was the grand Caufe of their
dirk and abllrufe Reafonings.

Now, having the Number of Pulfes in any de-
terminate Time, the Quantity of Blood thrown out
at the left Ventricle of the Heart every Pulfe, and
the Diameter of the Joria or great Artery arifing
:: from the Heart ; I fay, thefe Things being known,
it will be eafy to find with what Degree of Celerity
the Blood moves through the Jorta. For, " the
*' Celerity with which a Fluid runs out at any
*' Orifice, uniformly and always running in the
*' fame Quantity, is equal to the Velocity of a
*' Body which defcribes a Space of the fame
" Length with that of a Cylinder whofe Bafis
*' IS equal to the Orifice, and whofe Magnitude
*' is equal to the Quantity of Fluid that runs out
*' in the fame Time ;'* And this Theory might be
yet farther illuftrated, but my Time, as well as
I Room here, will not permit me to fay much more
about this Matter. However, I muft not omit one
Thing, becaufe moft Farriers are fo very ignorant,
Ithat they hardly know the Difference between a
Vein and an Artery, but call them all in general
Veins, notwithftanding it is of the greatefi: Concern,
for the Cure of Difeafes, to have a perfeft Know-
ledge of Anatomy. I fay then, that the Sum of
the Seftions of the Branches of an Artery, is always
jgreater than that of the Trunk or Body of it ; and
iconfequently the Velocity of the Blood mufl always
liecreafe, as the Artery divides into more Branches,
jind is by Experience fhewn to do fo as 5233 is t()
IJ^j or tiie Blood moves 5233 Times flower in feme
capillaries or very fmall Branches of an Artery,
han it does in the Jorta or great Artery. The
31ood is received from the Extremities of the Arte-
les into the Veins, where it flill moves flower as it
eturns to the Heart again.

The Arteries are to the Veins as 324 to 441, and
onfequently the Blood moves in the Veins above
'1 16 Times flower, in Man, than it does in the
D 2 JorU

5^ ^Joe M of F A R R I E R ^

Aarfa or great Artery arifing out of the left Ven-
tricle of the Heart.

There is no Time when all the Blood can be faid

to have once circulated : But, if there were any fucli

Time, the Quantity of Blood in the Body mull be

iirfl determined, which is very difficult to do, and

not yet fully agreed upon by hardly any two Perfons.

Bkcling to Bleeding to Death can never give the Eflimate of

noTeH-eT ^^^ ^^^^ Quantity ; becaufe no Animal can bleed

tr^ic Eili- lottgt^r than while the great Artery or Aorta is full,

maie ofthe which will be longer or Ihorter as the wounded Ar-

Oiantity o' tery is fmaller or greater, and the Jorta mull al-

Bloocl in 3 }3g t|jg ^^^ -V^m that empties.

ans Animal, ^, ,, • Txr j i • ^ r j i. ^

^ The moil certam VV ay, no doubt, is to find what

Proportion the Cavities of the Veffels, of which
i'mQ whole Body is compofed, bear to the Thicknefs
of ,their Coats : And this in the Veins and Arteries
may be exactly found, but in the other Veffels, we
only know the Quantity of Fluid they contain, by
carefully evaporating as much as poffible, which the
ingenious Dr. Keil has try'd to a Nicety ; and by
his Experiments it is found, that the Liquors con-
tained in the Veffels of the Body are ( even at the
lowefl Calculation ) one Half of the Weight of the
whole Body. And if a Calculation be made on the
Proportion of the Blood in the Arteries to their
Coat?, in a Body weighing 1 60 Pound, there will
be ifound 1 00 Pounds of Blood. I ihall now pro-
ceed to a Defcription of that admirable Piece of
Mechanifm the Heart.
The Peri- In defcribing the Heart, it may be of Ufe to pre-
c;irdn m j^jf^ x!ii2X of the Pericardium or Bag in which the
uuaib.'d. j^g^j.(. is contain'd, becaufe they have fuch a near
Relation to each other. The Pericardium, fo cali'd
from-T^epJ, circum^ about, and>t<:t(>J^ii/5 cor, the Heart,
is a thin Membrane of a Conic Figure, that re-
lembles a Purfe, and contains the Heart in its ■Cavi-
ty. ' Its Bafib or Bottom-Part is pierced in five Places
hi' ^e Pafxhge of the \'effeb ^^■hich enter and come

out

am
;ribcfl.

IMPROVED. 53

out of the Heart. It lies in the DupUcature or
Doubling of the AW/^y?/>K^, which is a doable Mediafli-
Membrane, formed by the Continuation of the Fleu- f}"
ra or inner Lining of the Ribs, which arifes at the
SternuM or Breaft-Bone, and goes ftraight down, thro'
the Middle of the Thorax or Cavity of the Bread,
to the Vertehvcv or Bones of the Back. I fay, tJ\is
Membrane ( which Nature has fo wifely formed to
divide the Tbcrax, to the End that when one Lobe
of the Lung£ is hurt by a Wound, the other Lobe
or Part of them nay officiate,) contains in its Doul -
lings, the Heart in its Pericardium, the Vena Cwva
or holl'^w Vein* tht? Oshph^fuf or GviHet, and ths
Stomachic Ner'ves. The Ufe of the Pericardium is
to contain a fmall Quantity of a clear watery Lymph,
which is feparated by fmall Glands in it, that tlie
Surface of the Heart may not grow dry by its con-
tinual Motion.

This wonderful Engine is fituated in the Middle
of the Thorax or Cavity of the Breaft, between the
two Lobes of the Lungs ; it is of a Conic Figure,
whofe Bafis is the upper End or towards the Horfe's
Head, and its Jpex or Point, the lower End as ^'e
call it, v/hich is turned a little to the left Side, that
the right Auricle ( or Ear of the right Ventricle )
may be a little lower than the left, by which Means
the refluent Blood in the Cava afcends the more
eafily in Human Bodies ; but in Horfes the Point of
the Heart is not turned fo much to the left, by rea-
fon the returning Blood brought by the Fena Ca^ja
to the Heart does not rife fo perpendicularly as in
Man.

The Heart is tyM to the Mediajlinum and Peri- The Heart
cardium, both which I have defcribed, and fuftain'd dei'-^i^^''^-
by the great VefTels which bring and carry back the
Blood. It is cover'd by a Membrane or thin Skin,
which is of the fame Sort of that with which the
Mufcles are cover'd. Its Bafis or Bottom-Part is al-
ways furrounded with Fat. It has two Veins which
open into the Cwua or Hollow- Vein immediately be-
-. D 3 fore

5-4 ^^-'^ ^^'i <?/ F A R R I E R Y

fore it empties itfelf into the Jutide ; and they are
accompanied by two Arteries, from the Aorta or
great Artery, which run thro' all the Subilance of
the Heart ; they are called the Coronary VeiTels.
The Arteries bring the Blood for Nutrition and Mo-
tion of the Heart, and the Veins carry back what
is fuperabundant. The Branches of the Veins on
the right Side communicate with thofe of the left ;
and in like Manner do the Arteries on each Side
communicate with one another ; and it is the farrie,
tho' not every where fo evident, in all the Parts of
the Body.

The Heirt leccives a Multitude of fmall Nerves
from the Eighth Pair ( as they are called by Ana-
tomies ; ) particularly they creep in great Numbers
about the Aorta and the left Ventricle. It has alfo
feme Lymphaticks or VelTels which convey a thin
Liquor which dilcharge themfelves into the Lym-
phatic Duel or Pipe.
The A\iri- At the Bafis of the Heart there are two Auricles
cks dc- or little Ears, one on the right, the other on the left
llribed. gjj^ . Y\\x,q the right Ear opens the Vena Ca'va, into
the left xhtV ena P uhnonalis : The firft difcharges the
Blood it receives from the Ca^a into the right Ven-
tricle, and the fecond thrufts the Blood which comes
from the Ve^ia Pulmonalis into the left Ventricle.

The left Auricle is lefs but thicker than the right ;
their Subilance is compofed of two Orders of Muf-
cular Fibres, which terminate in a Tendon or finewy
Subilance. At the Bafis of the Heart, and at the
right Ear, there is a Circle like to a Tendon where
the Canja ends.

Their external Surface is fmooth, their internal
is unequal, Eill of fmall flelhy Pillar?, which fend
out fmall Fibres that crofs and go thwart one ano-
ther, and betwixt thefe Pillars, there are as many
Furrows. They receive Nerves from the Branches
of the Eighth Pair. They have the fame Motions
as the Syftole and Diajiole of the Heart, that is to
fay, they dilate and contrail m the fame Manner.

The

IMPROVED. SS

The Ufe of the Auricles is to receive the Blood,
which is brought by the Can;a and Fena Tuhnonalis,
and by them 'tis to be thruH forwards into the Ven-
tricles of the Heart.

In the Heart there are two Cavities or Ventricles,
which anfwer to the two Ears, one on either Side;
the Sides of thefe Cavities are very unequal, fall of
Fibres and little flefny Produ<flions, long and round,
of a different Figure and Bignefs, called Columtue or
Pillars : Betwixt thefe Fibres there are feveral Fur-
rows in the Sides of the Ventricles, efpecially in the
left Ventricle, where they are deeper and longer.
They contribute much to the clofe Contradlion of
the Ventricles : And becam'e the Side of the right
Ventricle is much thinner than the left, therefore
there is often a fmall Bundle of Flefhy Fibres, which
come from the middle Partition, call'd by Anato-
mifls the Septum medium, to its oppofite Side, to
hinder it from dilating too much.

The right Ventricle feems much wider than the Ths right
left, which is longer and narrower than the right, A'entricle
"and its Sides Wronger 2nd thicker^.and this. Nature •i^'^^'^^^'^d.
has contrived fo, becaufe it is the left Ventricle
which by Contra£lion throws the Blood all over the
Body. Therefore it was neceflary the Sides of it
fhould be much thicker and ftronger than thofe of
the right Ventricle. The two Ventricles are fepa-
rated by the Septum ?nedium, which is properly the
Infide of the left Ventricle, fmce its Fibres are con-
tinued or joined with the Fibres of the oppofite
Side of the fame Ventricle.

The Veflels which enter, and come out of the its Vefftls.
Heart, are the Vena Ca^va, the Arteria, and Vena
Vulmonalisy and the Aorta or Arteria magna.

The right Ventricle receives the Blood from the The right
Vena Ca-Da through the right Auricle or Ear, and VeritricJe of
at the Mouth of this Ventricle there are three J^^.^^^ft
Valves or Flaps made of a thin Membrane ; they ^^^^^^*'^"»
are of an Angular Figure, and called TricufpiJes ;
{heir Bafes are fixed to the Mouths of the Ventricles,
^4 ^

jJ The Art of Fa r r i e r y

and their Points and Sides tied by fmall Fibres to
the flefhy PrcduClions \ io that when the Ventricle
contrails and the oppofite Sides approach one ano-
ther, the Points of the Valves meet, and their
Lateral Springs being relaxed, the Sides are likewife
mads to join one another by the Blood which gets
between them and the Sides of the Ventricle : The
three Valves thus united form a Concave Cone,
•which hinders the Return of the Blood to the Auri-
cle : It is from thence thruft out at the Arteria
Vulmonalis, which rifes immediately out of the
right Ventricle j its Mouth is lefs than the Cava :
It has three Valves called Szgmoidales or Semilunares,
becaufe they rcfemble a half Moon, or the old
Xjreek Sigma, which v/ss v/rit like a C. Their
Subftance Is membranous; when they feparate,
they give paffage to the Blood from the Ventricle
into the Artery, but they fhut the PafTage and are
tlirull together by the Blood, if it endeavours to
return.

The Arteria Pulmonalis carries the Blood to the
Fena Pulmonalis, which difchargeth itfelf through
the left Ear into the Ventricle of the fame Side.
At the Orifice of this -Ventricie there arc two
Valve?, called Mitrales, becaufe they refemble a
Mitre. They are broader than the other Valves,
and are fituated, and have the fame Ufe as the
Tricufpidcs in the right Ventricle.
Defcri^ition The Aorta or great Artery, arifes immediately
ntihc (jyf Qf (}^g ]gff Ventricle; it has three Valves,

"^^^' which have the fame Ufe and Figure as the Semi-
lunar es in the Arteria Pulmonalis,
Defcription The Heart is a compound Mufcle, and it*s
^ ^^^ Subftance is made of Fibres, of the fame Nature

• as thofe of other Mufcles : There are feveral Orders
of them which have different Diredlions, and all
their Tendons are in the Bafis of the Heart. From
the Aorta, juft by one of the Coronary Arteries,
go out two Tendons, of which the firft paiTes thro*
the Pulmonary Artery (or Artery leading to the

Lungs)

IMPROVED. S7

Lungs) and the right Auricle; the other, paffes
between the two Auricles : Thefe Airround the En-
try both of the Aorta and left Ventricle.

The Entry of the right Ventricle is alfo tendi-
nous, but all the Fibres w^hich terminate about
the Pulmonary Artery terminate flcfhy.

Now of the Fibres which fpring from the right
Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery, the Oatermoil,
which are by much the finell, go in a llraight Line
to the Point of the Heart. All the others, which
are next the Surface of the Heart, wind towards
the left Hand, till they arrive at the Point,
where turning underneath themfelves, and under
the right Ventricle, they wind up the left Ventricle
towards the right Hand to their Infertion in the
Bafis. Under the llraight Fibres there pafs a few
more almoft ftraight, from the Mouth of the right
Ventricle to the Pulmonary Artery ; and from the
oppofite Side of the Artery, to the fecond Tendon
of the Aorta, there pafs others; by both which
the Mouth of the Pulmonary Artery is dilated in
the Contraftion of the Heart. Under all thefe,
fome which wind from the flrft Tendon of the
Aorta towards the Point, when they come to the
Middle of the right Ventricle, turn up again to
the Root of the Pulmonary Artery, or terminate
in the ilefhy Pillars and Papilite. Thefe both con-
tra«Sl the Ventricles, and dilate the Arteries at
the fame time.

The Mouths of the Ventricles are likewife fur-
rounded with Semicircular Fibres, which affift the
Valves in the Syjiole or Contradtion of the Heart,
On the Side of the Septum medium (which is next
the right Ventricle) fome. Fibres go flraight from'
the Bafis to the Apex or Point. All the Reft of
the Fibres are only twilled round the Ventricle, and
oi thefe fome creep halfway, fome more than half
way, and then return to the Bafis by the oppofite'
Sice ; fome again terminate in the flefhy Pillars and
Vapilla ; the Reft turn the point and fecm to involve-
• - D 5 the

jS ne Art of Farriery

the Heart more thau once in their going from, and

returning to the Bafis. And from hence it appears^

that a much greater Number of Fibres involve the

Left Ventricle tLm do the Right, feeing the Blood

is by the Right Ventricle thruft only through the

^ Lungs, but by the Left through all the Parts of the

Body, even to the Extremities and back again ; for

it is by the force of the left Ventricle, that the

Blood returns to the Heart by the Vena Cwva Afcen-

dens and Defcendens: And that the Force or Con-

tra£lion of this Ventricle miglit be every where

Urong, and the Texture of the Heart firmer, thefe

Fibres are not all parallel, or they do not run all

witTi the fame Obliquity ; but the inner always de-

CuiTate or crofs the outer, and frequently mix with

one another. The Bone which is found in the

Balis of the Heart of feveral Beafts, particularly

the Stag, is nothing but the Tendons of the Fibres

The Fibres ^f ^y^^ Heart offified j and this Bone (as it is felfely

Hearl ofTifi- ^^^^^) ^^ fo'-^nd in Men. The Heart, which is

ed in feve- properly called a Mufcle, has two Motions, ^ciz^

rt\ Ani- Syjiole or Contraction, and the Diafiole or Dilata-

^^^' tion. In the firft of thefe Motions, when the

Fibres contradl, its Sides fwell, and its Cavities or

Ventricles are lirongly prefs'd from all Parts. The

Diaflole is when it ceafe^h to a6l ; its Fibres are

lengthed, its Sides fall, and its Cavities become laige

and wide.

The Force by which this Mufcle throws the
Blood cut of its Ventricles, or by which it con-
trails in its Syllole, has employed the Enquiries-
of many in vain : And even the famous Borelli,
with a great deal of Geometry to his Affiflance,
feems to have been far wide of Truth,, in his cal-
culating this Power in the Heart of a human Body.
And as the Creature I am treating of has a Heart
which, in Contra<^icn, throws out four Times
as much Blood as a Man*s ; therefore it muft afl
with four Times the Force. I fay Borelli'*s Miftakes
proceed moftly from his Reafoning upon improper

Poftulates^

IMPROVED. 59

Poflulates, rather than the Infufficiency of the Means
he made ufe of: For Dr. Keil has fmce^ by the
fame Helps from Geometry, much more fatisfadlo-
rily determined it. For if we have the Velocity
wherewith a Fluid flows out at any Orifice, with-
out Refiftance from an anterior Fluid, it is eafy to
determine the Force which produces that Motion.
But this would, at prefent, take up too much Time
to perform.

The Hearts of any Creatures are to one another
as their Weights ; and it is computed, that the
Weight of (I mean the ordinary Weight) a human
Heart is twelve Ounces, then its Force will be al-
moft = eight Ounces : And although this Compu-
tation be fomewhat more than has been formerly
determined, yet it is of no great Moment, if we
Confider Borelli^s, who required a Force in the
Heart's PrefTure = 180000/1^. Weight, to move
7.0 lb. of Blood: But this great DifSrence of his
Calculation feems to arife from his not diftinguifh- ,
ing between the Blood at Reft and already in Mo-
tion : For, the Force of the Heart is not employed
in moving any Quantity of Blood at Reft, but only
to continue it in Motion. Yet how this Motion
firft came, or was imprefs'd upon it, feems out of
human Capacity to determine. However, this is
certain, that if the Refiftance of the Blood bore
always the fame Proportion to the Force of the
Heart, as it does now, the Blood never could at firft
be put in Motion by the Heart ; for there is a vaft
Difproportion between moving a Body at Reft, and
keeping it in Motion when it has acquired it. This
k difcoverable, in a very eminent Degree, in the Flux
and Reflux or Flowing and Ebbing of the Sea; for, Jhe Rea-
the higheft Tides are not precifely on the New and Full f?" 1;^^ ^

00ns, nor the N caps on the Quarters : But general- ^ idts are
ly, they are the thirdTidesafier them, andfometimesnor pre-
later; and the Reafonis, that the Water's being put in <^if*-'iy ^'P-
Motion by the Aftion of the Luminaries, their Li-^cha^'e^
bration or fwinging in the Manner of a Pendulum ^^ the^"^^

continues Muon,

6o The Art of Farriery

continues for fome Time after the Full and Change :
And though the Aftion of the Luminaries fhould
ceafe, the Flux and Reflux of the Sea would, for
fome Time, continue.

Now, did the Blood conftantly move forwards
with the Motion at firll communicated to it, and
did the Coats of the Veflels make no Refillance,
the. Pofterior Blood would not be retarded or hindered
by the Anterior; or the Blood, thrown out of the
Heart by the Contraction of the Left Ventricle,
v/ould not be retarded in its Motion by the Blood
already in the Aorta or great Artery ; and the.
Force of the Blood would equal the entire Force
of the Mover. But, becaufe of the Refillance
made by the Coats of the Arteries and Veins,,
and the Force which is fpent in diftending them,
the Bloood is continually retarded in its Motion
as it circulates, and would,, in a fhort Time,
ftop, were not the loft Motion made up by a frefli
I'mpulfe from the Heart ; and therefore the Force
of the Heart, mull be equal to the Rcfiflances the
Blood meets with in its Motion : If it were more,
the Velocity of the Blood would be continually in-
creafing; iflefs, it would continually decreafe, and
at lafl flop. And from hence it is evident, that if
the Circulation of the Blood was once flopped, all
the Force of the Heart could never fet it a moving
again. I fhall now proceed to fhew how, and in
what Way, the Circulation of the Blood is per-
formed, in a more particular Manner tlian I have
yet done in my Defcription of the Heart, t^c

■ To form a right Apprehenfion of the Animal CEco-
nomy, it is of the utmofl Confequence thoroughly
to underftand the Circulation of the Blood ; for befides
what I have faid under the Titles, Blocd, Syllole, Di-
aflole, and Aorta, it may be proper farther to take No-
tice here, and fhew what is meant by an Artery, and '
afterwards, what is underllood by a Vein : For really,
moll Farriers are fo very ignorant, that they are in
i\iQ Dark, with Relation to this fo necelTary Piece of

Knowledge,

IMPROVED. <5i

Knowledge, in their Pradice. The Ancients were
not acquainted with the Circulation of the Blood,
neither the Moderns, till that glorious Luminary of
our Ifle firft paved the Way to it, I mean the re-
nowned William Harvey, born at Folkjion in
Kenty and bred in Caius Colledge Cambridge, where
he commenced Do<^or in Phyfick ; he ftudied five
Years at Padua in Italy j and when he returned, was
made Phyfician to King Charles the Firft. I
fay, this great Man, to whom we are fo much in-
debted for a Difcovery fo efTentially neceflary for
us to- underftand in curing Difeafes, was a great
Benefaftor to the College of Phylicians in London,
and died in the Year 1657, aged 80 Years. He
was never married, but rather immortalized his
Name by his Books de Circulatione Sanguinis, de
Generatione, ^ de On/o, Sec.

The Word Artery, as fome imagine, is derived
from ct»f, Jir, and t^ico, fern)o, to keep; for
the Ancients had a Notion of their inclofing a great
deal of Air : But others, who underftand their Ufa
be**er, derive it dTro ra &t^^v ; becaufe it continu-
iMy rifes up with a Pulfe-like-Motion; There are
indeed three Duds or Pipes in the Body, to which
the Name is afcribed and applied, in which the
Arterial Blood does not flow as in the Reft of the
Arteries. And I muft fo far acknowledge my Ig-
norance in this Matter, that I do not really under-
ftand why thefe three Dufls ihould be called Arte-
ries; efpecially two of them ; they are the Afpera
Arteria or Wind -Pipe, the Arteria Puhnonalis, and
Vena Arteriofa, which laft is a plain Contradi6lion,
But indeed, all the Veflels which convey Blood
from the Heart, more properly are hereby included ;
and which is of that Confequence to be well ac-
quainted with, as deferves a particular Defcription ;
For really, moft Farriers call all the Veftels in the
Body, without Diftindlion, Veins, and have no
Notion of what is meant by an Artery. Firft
then I fay j

An

6a The Jrt of Farriery

An Artery An Artery is a Conical Canal conveying the
dtlcnbcd. -^^r,^^ ^^Q^ fhe pj^^j.^ tQ j^ii p^rts of the Body.

Each Arte ry is compofed of three Coat?, of which
the firft feems to be a Thread of fine Blood-Vefleb
and Nerves, for nourifhing the Coats of the Ar-
tery : The fecond is made up of Circular, or rather
Spiral Fibres, of which there are more or fewer
Strata or Coverings, according to the Bignefs of
the Artery. Thefe Fibres have a ftrong Elafticity,
by which they contrail themfelves with fome Force,
when the Power, by which they have been ftretch-
ed out, ceafes ,• in like Manner as a Piece of Cat-
Gut or Fiddle-String will do. The third and in-
moft Coat is a fine, denfe, tranfparent Membrane,
which keeps the Blood within its Canal, which
othcrwife, upon the Dilatation or ftretching out of
an Artery, would eafily feparate the Spiral Fibres
from one another. As the Arteries grow fmaller,,
thefe Coats grow thinner, and the Coats of the
Veins feem only to be Continuations of the Capil-
lary Arteries ; and are formed much thinner, be-
caufe that Strefs or Preffure of Blood does not lie
againll their Sides, as it does againft the Arteries.
And it is, as in this Particular, fo through the
whole Animal Machine that Nature has fhewn her
admirable Mechanifm and Workmanlhip : For if
the Arteries were not formed of fuch Conllrufture,
how much more incident would any Animal be
to dangerous Aneurifms or Over-llretching of the
Arteries ! This is fo plain, that I fcarce need in-
fill; upon it ; and I could give a Number of In-
ilances, where Men, as well as Horfes, have been
plunged into the difficult Cafe of an Aneurifm,
even by only wounding with a Lancet, or Fleam,
the outermoft Coat of an Artery : For by this un-
Ikilful Bleeding, the Coats (I mean the two found
Coats) are not able to refift thePulfition of the Ar-
tery, but are forced to yield and give Way ; fo that
in Proccfs of Time, the Tumour from Arterial
Blood will become as big as one's Head. The Cure

of

IMPROVED. <J3

of which, when prafticable, may be feen under
the Chapter of an Aneurifm.

The Pulfe is thus accounted for: When theThePulfe
Left Ventricle of the Heart contrails or draws toge- in the Ar-
ther, and throws its Blood into the Aorta or great '^^^'^^ ^*-:
Artery, the Blood in the Artery is not only thrult " *
forward towards the Extremities, but the Channel
of the Artery is likewife dilated; becaufe Fluids,
when they are prefs'd, prefs again to all Sides, and
their Preifure is always perpendicular to the Sides of
the containing VeiTels : But the Coats of the Arte-
ry, by any fmall Impetus or Force, ( as one Bowl
ftriking againll another) may be diftended. There-
fore, upon the Contraftion of the Heart, the Blood
from the Left Ventricle will not only prefs the
Blood in the Artery forwards, but both together
will diftend the Sides of the Artery. When the
Impetus of the Blood againft the Sides of the Arte-
ry ceafes, that is, when the Left Ventricle ceafes
to contrail, then the Spiral Fibres of the Artery,
by their natural Elafticity or Springinefs, return
again to their former State, and contraft the Chan- '

nel of the Artery, till it is again dilated by the
Syftole of the Heart. This Diaftole of the Artery
is called its Pulfe ; and the Time the Spiral Fibres
are returning to their natural State, is the Diftance
between two Pulfes, This Pulfe is in all the Arte-
ries of the Body at one and the fame Time ; for
while the Blood is thruft out of the Heart into the
Artery,' the Artery being fiill, the Blood mufl move
in all the Arteries at the fame Time. And becaufe
the Arteries are Conical, and the Blood moves from
the Eajis or larger End of the Cone, to the Jpex or
Point ; therefore the Blood mull llrike againft the
Sides of the Vefiel, and ccnfequently every Point
of the Artery muil be dilated at the fame Time that
the Blood is thrown out of the Left Ventricle of the-
Heart : And as foon as the Elafticity of the fpiral
Fibres can overcome the Impetus of the Blood, the
Arteries are again contracted. Thus, two Caufes

operating.

64

The chief
Dillribu-
tion of the
Arteiics.

The Arte-
ries and
Veins ac-
company
one ano-
ther for the
moft part
thro' the
iJo<ly.

A Vein de-
fcritei.

The Jrt of Farriery

operating alternately, the Heart and Fibres of the
Arteries, keep the Blood in a continual Motion.

The chief Diftribution of the Arteries is into the
Aorta Afcendens and the Aorta Defcendens, from
which they are branched, like a Tree, into the
feveral Parts of the Body.

I fhall not trouble the Reader with a particular
Account of the Ramifications or Branchings out of
the Arteries from the Aorta, under this Chapter j but
rather choofe to give an Account of the moft confi-
derable of them, as they fall in my Way, when I
come to treat of the Diilempers which require
Manual Operation. And I judge this as the better
Method; becaufe Farriers, when they are obliged
to perform any Operation, may, under fuch Heads,
at once fee what Hazard they run of wounding an
Artery. Therefore I fhall now proceed to fhew
the Difference between an Artery and a Vein.

The Arteries are moftly accompanied by Veins ;
that is, wherever a Vein is opened, you are to con-
iider an Artery, as big as the Vein, is near at
Hand. And although Nature has indeed (with her
ufual CEconomy) very well guarded the Arteries
againft the blundering Operator, by placing them
de^er, or more hardly to be come at, than the
Veins ; yet every one muft Jiave heard what terri-
ble and dangerous Confequences have befallen thofe
Creatures, whether Human or Brute, who have
had the Misfortune to have an Artery cut ^dy Acci-
dent, or otherwife.

The Veins are only a Continuation of the ex-
treme Capillary Arteries reflefted back again to-
ward the Heart ; and uniting their Channels as
they approach it, till at laft they all f^rm three
large Veins ; ^'iz. the Ve7ia ca'va dtjcinde,.i or de-
fcending Hollow- Vein, which brings the Blood
back from all the Parts above the Heart ; and' the
Ca'va afcrj'dens, which brings the Blood from all
the Parts below the Heart; and th'- y-nn- Porta,
which carries the Blood to the J The Coat^

of

IMPROVED,- «j

of the \^eins are the fame with thofe of the Arteries,
only the Mufcular Coat is as thin in all th« Veins
as it is in the Capillary Arteries ; the Preffure of
the Blood againfl the Sides of the Veins, being lefs
, than that againft th-^ Sides of the Arteries.

In the Vein^ ;:icre is not any Pulfe, becaufe the No Pulfe in
Blood is thrown in':o them with a continued Stream, the Veins,
and likev/ife becaufe it moves from a narrow Chan- ??^ ^,"^
nel to a wider. The Capillary Veins unite with ^1^
one another, as has been faid of the Capillary
Arteries.

In all the Veins which are perpendicular to the
Horizon, (I mean in Horfes ; for in human Bodies
the Veins of the Uterus and the roria are ej^ceptcd)
there are fmall rvieinbranes or Valves: Sometimes The V.ilves
there is only one, fometimes there are two, and -^'^' Scribed,
fometimes three, placed together like fo many half
Thimbles fluck to the Sides of the Veins, with
their Mouths towards the Heart. Thefe Valves
are, in the Motion of the Blood towards the Heart,
prelTed clofe to the Sides of the Veins ; but if the
Blood falls back, it mull fill the Valves ; and they
being dillended, flop up the Channel, fo. that lit-
tle or no Blood can repafs them. And that this is
the Cafe of a Horfe troubled with the Farcin, (com-
monly called the Farcy ) appears from the hard
knotty Tumours in the Veins, efpecially of the
Legs, Thighs, ^c. which Ihew themfelves in this
Diilemper. For the Blood is, in fuch Cafe, tOQ
vifcous or clammy, and fubjedl confequently to a
Lentor^ or Slownefs in Circulation : Therefore, in
fupporting its pei^endicular PreiTure, the Veins
are more than ordinarily flretched, and the Valves
drained accordingly ; infomuch, that they appear
plainly through the Skin or Hide.

Let any one but confider this lafl Piece of Me-
chanifm, I mean of the Valves or Flaps, in the
Manner as the Leatherit -I^laps in a Pump Box,
which are, as I have already faid, defigned by
Nature to fuftain the Blood in its perpendicular

Preflure,

66 The Art of Fa r r i e r y

PreflTure, and thereby eafe the Heart; fo that its
Syftole or Contraftion need not be fo ftrong in
order to drive the Blood round the Body, as would,
without thefe Valves, have been neceffary ; I fay,
kt any one confider even this fmalleft Piece of the
Creator's Architedlure in Brutes as well as Human
Bodies, and then tell me whether we are not (as the
Ffalmift fays) wonderfully formed.

No lefs furprizing is God's Handy-work in creat-
ing Animals in fuch Manner, as that the Blood in
the Fena ca<va defcendens fhould not prefs upon and
hinder that in the Vena cava afcendens from enter-
ing the right Auricle or Ear of the Heart ; and in
crder to take ofF this Hindrance, there is a fmrtU
Protubrance juft where the afcending and defcending
Trunks of the Ca^va join, which not only hinders
the defcending Blood from preffing the afcending,
but, moreover, diverts both into the Auricle. Now
in this Cafe, a Valve would not have done the
BuHnefsj for there would then have been fome,
though lefs perpendicular, Preilure from the de-
fcending upon the afcending Blood in the Caia ;
But by this Contrivance, the defcending Blood from
the Parts above the Heart, does not in the leall in-
commode the Pafiage of that below the Heart, but
is fupported by the Protuberance mentioned ; in the
fame Manner as a long Stone put into a Wall to
fupport a Weight above it ; as is common among
Builders to perform, when they would have the
Work projea or jut out beyond the naked Face of
the Wall, Pedeftal, ^c.

As I have faid in the Clofe of my Difcourfe up-
on the Arteries, fo I fhall fay with relation to the
Veins, fviz. that I now forbear a particular De-
fcription of them ; but fhall mention the moft con*
fiderable Branches, as they occur to me, when I
treat of the Diftempers incident to Horfes.

Thirdly^ I fhall fhew what is meant by an Ani-
inal Fibre ; by reafon fuch Knowledge is abfolutely

needful

IMPROVED. ^7

needful to thofe who are concerned In the Cure
of Diflempers, whether in Human or Brute Crea-
tures.

A Fibre is an Animal-Thread, of which there j\^ Fibre,
are different Kinds ; fome are foft, flexible, and adcfcribed.
little elaftick ; and thefe are either hollow, like
fmall Pipes, or fpongious, and full of little Cells,
as the Nerves and flefhy Fibres : Others are more
folid, flexible, and with a ftrong Elafticity or
Spring, as the membranous and cartilagmous Fi-
bres : And a third Sort are hard and inflexible, as
the Fibres of the Bones. In fine, the whole
Animal Body is nothing elfe but a Compofition of
feveral Kinds of Fibres ; and of thefe fome are very
fenfible, but others deftitute of all Manner of Senfe
or Feeling : Some fo very fmall as not to be eafily
perceived ; and others, on the contrary, fo big as
to be plainly feen with the naked Eye : And moft
of them, when examined with a Microfcope or
Magnifying Glafs, appear to be compofed of Hill
fmall er Fibres.

Thefe Fibres firft conftitute the Subftance of the
Bones, Cartilages or Grillles, Ligaments, Mem-
branes, Nerves, Veins , Arteries, and Mufcles.
And again, by the various Texture and different
Combination of fome or all of thefe Parts, the
more compound Organs are framed : fuch as the
Lungs, Stomach, Liver, Leg?, and Arms, the
Sum of all which makes up the Animal Body.

As for that particular Property of Elafticity or
Power of Contraftion, after the Diftraftile Force is
removed, upon which the Knowledge of the
Animal Mechanifm fo much depends, too much
Pains camiot be taken for rightly Uunderftanding it.
And

Fir/}, it is well known that any VefTel or Mem-
brane may be divided into very fmall Fibres or
Threads, and that thefe Threads may be drawn out
into a very conflderable Length without breaking ;
and that when fuch external Force is removed,

they

68 ^he Art of Fahriery

they v/ill again reflore themfelves to their proper
. Dimenfions. It is further alfo manifeft, that this
Property is preferved to them by a convenient
Moiflure, becaufe if one of thefe Threads lie dried,
it immediately lofes it j fo that upon the Applica-
tion of any Force to ftrctch it, it will "break ; as
alfo will its lying foaked in Liquor too much ren-
der it flaccid or flabby, and deftroy all its Power of
Reftitution when diftcnded.

Now fome Hints of that Configuration of Parts,
upon which this Property depends, may be had
from the Contrivance and Properties of a Syringe or
Squirt, with the Reafons why it is fo difficult to
araw back the Embolus or Piilon, when the Cy-
linder or Pipe in which it plays is flopped ; and
the Necefiity of any Liquor's following it, wherein
the Pipe is immerfed or dipt.

All that is necefiary to this Contrivance is, that
the Embolus be fo exadly adapted or fit to the
inner Surface of the Barrel, as to prevent any Air
pafilng between them when it is drawn up ; that it
matters not what Figure the Banel is of, fo that
the Embolus is well fitted to it ; and it might eafily
be contrived to make a Cafe of Syringes, wherein
every Barrel may alfo ferve as an Embolus to its
Exterior, which immediately includes it : And in
this Manner, it is not at all difficult to imagine a
continued Series of Particles fo put together, that
the inner may be moved and drawn upon one ano-
ther, without fuffering the Air immediately to en-
ter into the Interftices or Divifions, made by their
Diftradlion or being ftretched : Whereupon, as
foon as that Force which drew them is removed,
they will, for the very fame Reafon as the Embo-
lus of a Syringe, rufli up again into their farmer
All the Fi- Contafts.

brcs of a I could farther illuftrate this Theory by demon-
living fl:rating, that all the Fibres in a living Body are in
in a State ^ ^^^'^ ^^ Diftraftion, that is, they are drawn out
of Diftrac- ^^^^ ^ greater Length than they would be in, if
tion, feparatcd

IMPROVED, 59

feparated from any Part, and taken out of the Body ;
which plainly appears upon any Solutio Continuiy or
dividing of the Parts by a Wound, ^c. ; I mean
where fuch Divilion is tranfverfe or a-crofs. But
this Explanation might, perhaps, feem a little too
prolix for my intended Brevity : I fliall therefore
conclude with faying, that when the Arteries,
which (as I have fhewn) are a Compofition of
Fibres, are raifed by the Impulfe of the Blood from
the Heart, to a certain Meafure or Pitch, wherein
their Endeavours of Reftitution will exceed the
Impulfe that raifed or diflradled them, their Con-
tra(rtile Powers will draw them again into the
fame Dimenfions they were in before fuch Impulfe,
and confequently the Blood will be thruft forward
into the next Section of the Artery, and fo on fuc-
ceiTively from one to another through the whole
Courfe of it*s Circulation j the Contraction of one
Se£lion of an Artery being the true Caufe of the
Blood's Impulfe againft, and raifmg the next.

The moll natural Confequence of this Motion
will be breaking ftill fmaller the Parts of that
Fluid, which is difpenfed to lubricate or facilitate
the Motion of the Fibres i which Comminution will
continue till it is rendered fo fine as to fly off at the
Surface whenever it happens to get there ; and that
which thus infenfibly flies off, is the true Materia
Per/pirabiiis oiSanSicrius, which that Authar has SahStorins'/
fo learnedly treated upon. But, before it is {q MxeriaTtr-
broke, and ferves for the Purpofes aforementioned, ■^^'^'*^'j.''">
it is that which is to be underftood by the common
Terms of Animal Spirits or Oil, Liquidufn Ner<vo-
funty Succus Ner^'ofus, the Nervous Fluid or Juice,
and the like ; and any Thing elfe, drnominated a
Spirit in a Human Body, { that is not fubjed to
Mechanical Laws ) belongs to another Order or Sec
of Men to explain ; but in my Thoughts, lies
quite out of the Reach of that Reafon w^hich a
Phyfician is compelled to take up for his fureil
Guide. And I hope to Ihew in the Sequel of this Trea-

tife.

70 The Att of Farriery

tlfe, that a Pra6lice founded upon innate Principles,
occult Qualities, metaphyfical Dreams about Princi-
ples and Ends, ISc. is a Pradice which cannot bear
the Teft, but confifls in the Nugatory Produftions
of Reafon mifimployed. But that this was the
Cafe of moft of our Ancient Authors in Phyfick,
as well as the Science I now write upon, is too
plain to admit of the leaft Controverfy.

Fourthly, I fhall fhew what is meant by a Nerve,
and then proceed to give an Account of the Diftem-
pers which afFeft all or any Parts of the Body of
this fo ferviceable a Creature, which I am treating
of..
. Nerve A Nerve is a long and fmall Bundle of very fine
jfcnbed. Pipes or hollow Fibres, wrap*d up in the Dura and
Pia Mater or the two outermoft Membranes of the
Brain.

The Pia Mater, which is an exceeding fine
thin Membrane immediately covering the Brain,
not only covers all the Nerves in common, but
alfo inclofes every Fibre in particular.

The Medullary or Marrowy Subilance of the
Brain, which was by the Latins called Medulla
Oblongata, is that Part of the Brain within the
Scull upon the back Part, which is the Origin or
Beginning of the Spinal Marrow ; and this Medul-
lary Subftance is the Source and Fountain of all
the Nervous Syftem in Human and Brute Creatures.
It paffes through a Hole in the hinder Part of the
Scull, down the Vertebra or Bones of the Neck
and Back, and from thence fends out Branches to
theCheft, Abdomen or lower Belly, Limbs, ^c.
Thefpinal The Medulla Oblongata is accounted the com-
MarrowthCj^Qj^ ggj^CQj.y Qj. gg^^. ^f Senfation in all Animals,
fadonina'li^^-*^ although the Ancients imagined the Soul to
Animals.* have its Seat in the Stomach, by reafon of that
Bowel's being indued with fo exquifite a Senfation ;
and after them the Moderns fancied it took up its
Refidence in a Gland fituate upon the upper Part
of the Brain, found out by Pineus, and therefore

term'd

IMPROVED. yf,^

termM Glandula Vinealis ; tho' Snape will have It from
its Shape, which is like a Pine Kernel, to be called
Pineal ; I fay, this Glandule was the famous Dts
Cartei's imaginary Seat of the Soul ; though in my
Opinion, this Author feated the fame very homely :
For, this Gland in a Human Body, does not exceed
the Bignefs of a Pea, and is placed in the Anus of
the Brain, and no doubt ferves for the fame, and no
other Purpofes.

The Medullary Jubilance of the Brain is the Be- Each Fi-
ginning of all the Nerves, as I have already faid ; ^-"^^ o^ the
and it is very probable that eacli Fibre of the f^^'^'^h ^^
Nerves, anfwers to a particular Part of the Brain Sfto'^a'
at one End, and to a particular Part of the Body at particular
it'^ other End ; that, whenever an Impreffion is P^^^ of the
made upon fuch a Part of the Brain, the Senfitive ^^^'"•
Soul may know, that f4ch a Part of the Body is af-
feded. ^

The Ner\'es do ordinarily accompany the Arte- TheNerves
ries through the whole Body, that the Amman^c<^''"P'i"y
Spirits may be kept warm, and moving, by the ^"^^ "^"^^
continual Heat and Pulfe of them. They have alfo ^^^^'
Blood- Veffels as the other Parts of the Body ; and
thefe VefTels are not only fpread upon their Coats,
but they run alfo among their Medullary Fibres, as
may be feen amongft the Fibres of the Retina,
( a fine thin Membrane at the Bottom of the Eye,
immediately fpread upon the Optick Nerve, ) which
I fhall defcribe when I come to treat upon the
Diflempers of the Eye. Therefore, at prefent, I
fhall clofe this Defcription of the Nerves,, for it
would be tedious to the Reader to enumerate the
ten Pair of Nerves which arife immediately within
.the Scull ; as alfo the thirty Pair which branch out
jbetween the Vertebra or Bones of the Neck and
Back, wlz,, feven Pair of the Neck, twelve of the
Back, five of the Loins, and fix of the Oj Sacrum
lor Bones next the Dock : The great Branches of
Ithefe lail, with a Branch of the fourth Pair of the
Loins, make the l^ervui Sciaiicns, which (in hu-
1 man

y^ 7 he Art of Farriery

The Scat man Bodies) is the Seat of the Hip-Gout or Sciati-

ot the Scia- ^a ; and in Horfes, no doub.t, there often happens

Gouc.'"'^'* Pain in the Hip, which makes the Mufcular

Fleili, on that Side, wafte and fall away. So that

it is frequently miftaken for a Diflocation of the

Hip-Bone.

Refpiration Lajily, I fhall (as briefly as may be) iliew what

or Breath- Refpiration is ; for, certainly there is an abfolute

ing define a. |yj-g^,g^jjy ^^ underftanding how this is performed,

otherwife, a Perfon can but have very dark Notions

of the Animal CEconomy.

Andyfr/f, it is obfervable, that by blowing into
a Bladder, a confiderable Weight may be raifed
'by the Force of our Breath. For with a Bladder
that is Oblong, nearly of a Cylinderical Figure,
and tied at both Ends, if a Pipe be fixed at one
End and a Weight at the other, and the Pipe
faftened at fuch a Diflance from the Ground, as
juft to allow the Weight to reft upon the Ground ; .
th€ Bladder by an eafy Infpiration, will raife half
a Stone Weight or feven Pounds, and by the greateft
Infpiration of a pretty ftrong Man, it will raife two
Stone or 28 Pounds Weight,

Now the Force by which the Air enters this
Pipe, (which conveys it to the Lungs,) is that
fame Force by which it is driven out of the Lungs :
If therefore the Force by which the Air enters die
Pipe can be determined, we fhall have the Force'
by which the Air is drove into the Afpera Arteria
or Wind-Pipe.

The PrrtTure of the Air upon the Bladder, is
equal to twice the Weight it can raife; becaufe
the upper Part of the Bladder being fixed, it
refifts- the Force of the Air, juft as muft as the
Weight at the other End. And again, fince the 11
Air preftes every way equally, the whole Pref-'
fure will be, to that Part of it which prefies up-
on the Orifice of the Pipe, as the whole Surface
of the Bladder is to the Orifice cf the Pipe:
Tiiat is, as the Surface of a Cylin...:-, vvhofe Dia-'

meter.

IMPROVED. 73

meter, for Inftance, is four Inches and Axis feven,
is to the Orifice of the Pipe.

To explain this yet farther, according to the ni- The Pref-
ceft Calculation, it would appear liker a Romance iVire of the
than a true Hiflory; altho' it is certain that there ■'^"" "t^°^
is, even in human Bodies, a PrelTure of Air upon ,^jj'3,^j.--g(-Q
the internal Surface of the Lungs, equal to Ij^.\12 oi'the
Pound Weight ; and therefore, hov/ much more the l.ungs.
Air's PrefTure upon a Horfe's Lungs exceeds this ^^^^-^1^ ^f
Account, I leave any one to judge. And although {yl.\g-^['\^
thefe fcem to be prodigious Weights, yet it muft Human
ftill be underftood, that the Preffure upon each Part Bodies.
of the Surface of the Lungs, equal to the Orifice of
the Larynx or Top of the Wind-pipe, is not greater
than it is at the Larynx itfelf And that thefe vafi:
Weights arife from the vaft Extent of the Surfaces
of the Veficles or little Bladders, upon which it was"
neceffary that the Blood fhould be fpread in the
fmalleft Capillary VefTels ; that each Globule of
the Blood might, as it were, immediately receive
the whole Force and Energy of the Air, and by it
be broke into fmaller Parts, fit for Secretion or Dif-
charge, and likewife for Circulation.

From hence we may learn the m-echanical Rea-
fon of the Strudlure of the Lungs : For, feeing the
whole Blood of the Body was to pafs through them,
in order to receive the vivifying Virtue of the Air,
and this could only be communicated to it by fmall
capillary VefTels ; I fay, in fuch Cafe, it was
abfolutely neceffary that the Surfaces upon which
thefe Veffels were to be fpread, fhould be pro-
portioned to their Number, and this is admirably
well provided for, by the wonderful Fabrick of the
Lungs.

If the Gravity of the Air was always the fame,
and if the Diameter of the Trachea Arteria^ fome-
times called Afp'era Arteria or Wind-pipe, and the
Time of every Expiration or Driving out of the
Breath, were equal in all Creature?, this Weight
upon the Lungs would be always the fame. But
E fmce

74 ^^^ '^*'^ 0/ Farriery

fince we find by the Barometer, that there is three
Inches DifFcrence between the greateft and the lead
Gravity or Elafticity of the Air, which is a tenth
Part of its greatefl Gravity, there mail be likewile
the Difference of a tenth Part of its PrefTure tipoii
the Lungs at one Time more than another. For
the Mo7}ientu7n of all Bodies, moved with the fame
Velocity, are as their Gravities.

This is a Difference which fuch as are aflhmatick
(or what in Horfes is generally called broken
winded) mufl be very fenfible of; efpecially if we
confider, that they likewile (I mean the Aflhma-
tick) breathe thicker, that is, every Expiration is
performed in lefs Time : And if in half the Time
(as is common by Obfervation) and the fame Quan-
tity of Air drawn in, then the V/eight of the Air
upon the Lungs mufl: be 57648 Pound, of which a
tenth Part is 5764 Pound : (I mean this Calculation
for human Bodies). And in fuch Cafe, afthmatick
People, upon the greateft Rife or Fall of the Barome-
te,r, feel a Difference of the Air, equal to above
one Third of its Preffure in ordinary Breathing.

Lafil^y if the Afpera Arterla or Wind-pipe is fraall,
and its Aperture or Orifice, at the Larynx or Top of
it, of a narrov/ Conformation, the PrefTure of the Air
increafes in the flime Proportion, as if the Times
of Expiration were fliorter ; and upon this Account,
A iliviU a fhrill "Voice is always reckoned among the pro-
P ^^'^oftickS^^^^"^^ Signs of a Confumptlon, becaufe that pro-
Sign oi" a ceeds from the Narrcwnefs of the Larynx or Orifice
Confumpti- of the Wind-pipe ; and confequently increafes the
on in Man. PrefTure of the Air upon the Lungs, which upon
every Expiration, beats the VefTels fo thin, that at
laft they break ; and in human Bodies, as a Spitting
of Blood brings on a Confumption apace, fo in Hor-
fes it is nearly the fame : For I have feen fuch thick
v/inded Ones often troubled with Bleeding at the
Nollrils, l^c. which mollly terminated in the Glan-
ders, and Death in the End.

I think

IMPROVED. 7i

I think it is now high Time to afk Pardon for
thefe long, though neceffary Digreffions, and return
to the Text, 'vi^. of Surfeits in Horfcs.

I have hinted under the firfl Page of this Chap-
ter, that Surfeits proceed moftly from foul Feeding,
and undue Exercife, or from both : For as in fuch
Cafes, a Horfe's Blood is either overcharged, or
too much exhaufted ; the fame Ills may, notwith-
ilanding flow from it, t-'/k. undue Secretions or Dif-
charges, which when brought a little to Rights,
and that the Blood partly recovers its proper Tex-
ture ; I fay, then it is, that Hemorrhages or Bleed- ^ he Sign'^;
ings at the Mouth, Nofe, l^c. happen by a Diftra-ofaSurtlic.
<5lion or Breaking of the fmall Fibres ; or otherwife
the Diilemper appears in little Puftules, or knotty
Tumours among the flair, which are for the moil
part accompanied with Sweats r And if fo, the Dif-
eaie will foon be at its Crifis or Height : But if the
Blood, by foul Feeding, has acquired a more than
ordinary Vifcidity or Clamminefs, it will be apt to
ftagnate or flop in fome particular Parts, and call off
the Enemy in larger Tumours, fuch as Boils or Ab-
fceffes, which require Cutting open, and topical or
outward Applications afterwards.

Mr. Gib/on in his Book of Farriery, tells us a te- ^, . _..^ ,
dioLis Story about '* the Excrement or Dung of Hor- opinion'of
** fes refling fo long in the Guts, and thereby ere- a Si;rfeit
** ating a more than ordinary Putrefa£lion ; from cenfurei.
** which proceed acid and fharp Juices, which be-
** come a Stimulus to the Guts, and at lafl end in
" a Loofenefs. " And this Mr. Gibfo-a imagines to
be one Degree (or rather Symptom) of a Surfeit:
But for my own Part, I cannot remember e^-er to
have feen fuch a Cafe as this Author defcribes ; nor
indeed are Horfes much afflifted with LoofenelTes,
becaufe the prone or horizontal Poflure this Crea-
ture's Body is form.'d in, guards him (as much as
jnay be) againll fuch Difcharges ; and this is obfer-
yable when v/e give a Horfe purging Phyfick ; for
it is the Pofture (before defcribed) which makes the
E z Medicine

7^ The Jrt of Farriert

Medicine reft fo long as (moftly) 24 Hours, before
we obferve any Appearance of its Operation.

In general, when a Farrier fees a Horfe ^\^lth a
flareing-Coat, and his Hide flicking to his Ribs, he
immediately pronounces him to be a Surfeited Horfe,
although he confiders not but fuch Symptoms may
proceed from want of good nourifhing Food, and a
proper Sufficiency of it. In fine, I think, under
this Head fhould not be ranked any other Diftem-
j)ers, which do not take their Rife from foul Feed-
ing, or over Exercifmg : For, from thefe, in my
Opinion, moil of the Ailments (which may be
termed Surfeits) take their Origin or Source.
•The Cure. In the firft Place, if a Surfeit proceeds from foul-
Feeding, or over-Feeding, and Want of fufficient
Exercife, moll; or all the Evacuations, fuch as Bleed-
ing, and likewife Purging both by Stool and Urine,
are neceffary.
A great But I have many Times obferved, that People

Error in exped when their Horfes do little, they fliould be
Feeding. ^^^ ^^^ well-liking in the Stable, provided they
have only Hay (and that indeed very often of the
worfe Sort) given them ; or that they require little
or no Oats, &c., which is a great Error j for, Hay
in its Nature is fo drying, that a Horfe muft even
fwill to dilute it, otherwife he cannot digeft it ; and
this fills his Belly to fuch a Degree, that the Dia-
phragm or Midriff is prefs'd upon the Lungs, which
require Room to expand and ftretch themfelves. I
fay, thefe with a great many more Inconveniencies
proceed from feeding Horfes with too much Hay ;
fo that I advife thofe Gentlemen, who defign to
keep Horfes in tliis cheap Manner, rather not to
keep any Horfes at all i fmce the Farrier and his
Prefcriptions may amount to more than the Price of
the Corn might have done, vv'hich would have kept
the Creatures brisk and lively, and fit to do Bufmefs :
Whereas a Horfe that eats very little bcfides Hay,
yields very little more Benefit, befides his Dung, to
Uie Owner, and may truly be term'd a Conduit-
Pipe

IMPROVER 77

Pipe from the Hay-Mow to the Hay-Meadow. Of
fo little Service is fuch a Horfe for the Road.

I would be underftood to fpeak in general : For I
own, that fome Horfes are of fo fortunate a Make
and Conftitution, that they will look pretty fleek
and well, even with Hay alone, provided it be very
good and uveet, and given to them by a little at
ence, well ihaked from Duft, Cfr. But there are
few Horfes of fo hardy a Difpofition as to thrive
well in the Houfe with Hay alone : And although
moit Dealers would have you believe, that they
give their Horfes very little Corn ; I could never
yet meet with one (from their Hands) but required
more than common Care, as well as a good Quan-
tity of Oats, othervvife the Horfe would look muck
worfe in a very little while.

Secondly, a Surfeit may proceed from undue or ^he Rea-
too laborious Exercife, and catching Cold upon it. fon why
This very much endangers his Wind, as the Lungs the Lungs
are, from their foft Contexture or Make, exceed- ^^^J^°^^^
ingly fufceptible of Imprefiions from Cold ; which, jyij.}^ Colds
in plain Englijh, is the perfpirable Matter hindered than other
from being difcharged by the Pores in the Hide, l^'^^ts of
which, on taking Cold, contract themfelves fo clofe- '■^^ Bo^y.
ly, that fuch Excrement { for, I can call it no other )
is obliged to pafs along with the Blood in Circulati-
on, and therein raiies violent Commotions, and
great Diforders in the Lungs, Brain, iffc. but moil-
ly in thefe two principal Parts of the Body, for the
Reafon juft now alTigned, 'uiz.. their foft Conftruc-
ture, which foonell takes the Impreffion. Li this
Cafe Bleeding may be difpenfed with ; but, above
all, keeping the Horfe's Body very warm all over
with Blankets, or fuch like, and bedding or litter-
ing him down with dry clean Straw, are the great-
eft Preiervatives againft Surfeiting upon hard Exer- "
cife J for Warmnefs of this Sort, forwards Perfpira-
tion to a high Degree ; and this is, in Reality,
taking away the Caufe of the Diforder, which is
the true Way of curing Difeafes. And another
E 3 Thing

'^■^ The Jrt of F a r r i e r t

Thing may be faid in Favour of this Method, whlcH
is, that it afiifts Nature in opening the PafTages fne
defigned, 'viz. the Pores of the Hide; and no
Doubt but it will anfwer our End better than any
other of the Ernunftories or Out-lets, beeaufe we
forward the Exit of that Excrement, which Nature
defigned fhould be thrown out this Way.
Nothing Nothing cold fhould be given a Horfe to drink

cold fhould upon his Perfpiration being obilrufted, or^ in other
Honb to ^ ^^^'^"^ ^^ having catched Cold ; for fuch Things
ddnk upon *^^^ oppofite to the main Intention of Cure, ^-iz.
obftrnttttl promoting Perfpiration : Therefore give him AVater
Perfpira- Milk-warm for a few Days ; and it will be much
tiO!L better if you mix a little Oat-meal with it, or ra-

ther (if the Horfe will drink it ) fome of my Cor-
dial Ball, as prefcribed in my Notes upon Capf,
Burdon'^s Pocket-Farrier.

Mr. Cihfin dire£ls Sal Prunellcs or purified Nitre^
\.o be infilled in the Water ; and I cannot fay but it
may be ferviceable, as it is a powerful Diuretic, or
Promoter oi Urine : But fome Horfes are fo nice,
that they will refufe fuch medicated Water ; the*
I fancy one might bring them to drink it, by keep-
ing them from Liquids for fome Time, and that
may certainly be done ( in the Cafes I am fpeaking
of) without the leaft Danger or Hazard of hurting
the Horfe by fuch Abftinence.
Mr. Gi/c>;'s This Author farther very juftly obferves, that
Opinlpn when Nature is put out of the Courfe fhe defigned
jvillified. to difcharge or carry off any peccant or offending
Humour ; in fuch Cafe there moilly happens an im-
perfeft Crifis, from which proceed the Mange, Far-
cin, Lamenefs, Blindnefs, bjc. And that this is
too often the Cafe, and wholly owing to the Doc-
tor's Prefcriptions, which obllruited Nature in her
Defign, is too evident to admit of a Difpute : Bat
fuch there are, and fuch there will be, while the
World endures, whofe pretended Learning is built
upon lb fcindy a Foundation, that it will not bear a
Scrutiny ; but,, upon the Application of the Touch-

Stono

IMPROVED. 7S>

Stone of Natural or Experimental Philofophy, their
Writings will appear no better than meer metaphy-
fical Di earns, or philofophical Romances of trifling
Sages J fuch as were the Works of the old Phyfical
and Metapliyncal Philofophers of Greece. And al- Ancient
though the En?liJ,h Nation in particular feems to ^^/"^'^^^^
have a great \'eneration for what is ancient, yet the p^J./jgrs
ancient Phyficians, and prefent Farriers, were much nuuh upon
upon a Level as to Learning, provided we imparti- a Level as
ally examine the Writings cf both. And I dare !^" Ltarn-
un'deitake to make this out plainly to the World, '"^^
againfl: all Favourers of Hippocrates or Galen, when •
ever I am put upon it by any Perfon worth my
while to anfwer : That is, I will make it appear,
that thefe fo venerable Gentlemen, notwithftanding
the latter writ (or was faid to have writ) 200 Vo-
lumes, made full as many Blunders as our prefent
Farriers, in the Methodus Pr^efcribendi or Manner of
prefcribing : For, both the ancient Phyficians, as
well as prefent Farriers, feem to pin their Faith
mere upon the Number of Ingredients jumbled into
a Frefcription, than on any one as the Bafis, or to
which the Cure is wholly owing. But to return.

If a Horfe lias a ftaring-Coat, and is clung up in Staring
his Belly, boiled Barley is proper for him ; as is alfo Coat, or
fcalded Bran once a Day, with half an Ounce of J^^^^'
Crude Antimony in fine Powder llrewed upon it, * '
every Time you give it him ; and after a Week's
Ufe of thefe, you may purge him two or three
Times at proper Inter\'als, according as you find he
bears it : But if the firft Purge don't operate, you
are not ( as the common Method is ) to throw a fe-
cond Dofe into the Horfe ; for many are killed by
fuch a Trick, though the Owner perhaps never
hears the true Caufe of his Horfe's Deatli. I fay,
it is a vulgar Error to imagine that a purging Medi-
cine wull do great Damage, provided it happens n6t
to woxk much by Stool ; for it may, by Urine and
Sweat (which Courfe it generally takes, if it be
not ilrong enough to go off by Stool, ) do more Ser-
E 4 vice

Bo The Art of Farriery

vice than if it had been made ftronger ; and that the
G reat Feats greateft Feats are performed by what we call Alte-
^^^a'i""'^ ratives, or fuch Medicines as have not any immedi-
tive Mcdi- ^^^ fenfible Operation, but gradually gain upon the
cines, Conllitution, by changing the Humours from a State

of Diflemperature to Health. And it is now found
very ferviceable to give fuch Medicines as are pro-
perly Cathartic, by way of Alteratives,, in llubborn
chronical Cafes. Thus the Tin^uraSacra, or Tinc-
ture of Hiera Picra^ for Inftance ( in Human Bo-
dies, ) given in the Quantity of half a Spoonful for
a Dofe, has no immediate EfFe^l upon the Inteftines,
fo as to difcharg-e their Contents, but pafTes on to
the farther Stages of Circulation,, and often does
more Service by this Way of operating, than if ad-
miniftred in a larger Dofe. But moll People are fo
defirous to gratify the outward Senfes, that they are
never eafy, unlefs they fee fomething before their
Eyes, which is eje£led out of the Body,, and appears
excrementitious : Therefore, to fuch impatient Crea-
tures, Alterative Medicines are not agreeable ; tho*
People of this Temper often meet with their De-
fert, and are made to believe that they Vomit yel-
low nally Phlegm and llimy Matter, when it is only
the juices of the Stomach (tinged by the Medicine
they have taken,) which are thrown up by Vomit.
And, of all other Purgatives, I think the Gamboge-
Pill bell fuits fuch Folks ; for this generally begins
its Operation v/ith a Puke of yellow jlimy Matter,
v/hich the poor deluded Patients think mull be ex-
ceeding beneficial to them, as it looks fo yellow and
Daily ; whereas it is no other than the Gamboge
which tinftures the Juices of the Stomach, and
caufes them to appear in the Mimner I am fpeaking
of.

From hence it will be evident, that greater Ser-
vice may be done in obllinate chronic Cafes by Al-
terative Medicines given to Horfes, than to Human
Bodies ; for we can venture on much larger Dofes,
even in Proportion to the Bignefs of thefe two Sub-

jeas.

IMPROVED. Si

je(El?, and the Diameter of their VefTels ; that is, a
Cathartic or purging Medicine will operate in Man
in a fmaller Dofe, as the Subje6l is Man, fo as to
carry off the Excrements by Stool, than it will do
in a Horfe, notwithftanding the different Conftitu^
tions of thefe two Animals : For the prone Pofture
of a Horfe guards him (as I have faid before) from
Difcharges by Stool as much as may be ; and there-
fore Cathartics may be given in pretty high Dofes,
which will only ( according to the Idiofyncrafy or
peculiar Temperament of Horfes Bodies) operate as
an Alterative. So that I advife never to tofs in one
Purge upon another, when the firll does not work,
but let the Horfe alone a Week, and heighten the
Dofe then, provided Purging be thought abfolutely
neceflary : But, no doubt, it is in Horfes as in Hu-
man Bodies, with Relation to this Particular j for §0,^,5
really there are fome, both Men and Horfes, that Horfe?, as
it is hazardous to give them fuch a Dofe as will well as
purge them to a common Degree : Therefore, when t^^^\ ^'^^^
this fo falls out, it is beft to carry oft the Caufe ofp^j.a^
the Diforder through fome more proper Out-let,
which Nature is not fo much bent againil, as ihe is
to this particular Difcharge by Stool.

CHAP. IX.

©/ Difeafesof the Head. And jHrfi, of the Uiai-
Ach.

I Shall begin at the Head of this Animal, and The Head;,
proceed, in as regular a Method as I can, toAch*
defcnbe each and every Diilemper affecfling him>,
from thence to his Hoof^ both inwardly and" out-
wardly.

I need not give a particular- Defcription of the
Brain and its Meninges, with the Veins> Arteries,
and Nerves fpread upon it, tliis bdng pretty well
E 5 performed:

§2 ^pje Art of Fakriekv

performed by Andrenv Snape, who was Farrier to-
King Charles the Firft : But we are moft beholden
to the famous Malphighi, for a Defcription of this
particvtlar Part of the Body. This ingenious Perfon^
nicely examined what we call the Cortical Subflance
of the Brain, and difcover*d that it was nothing but
a Heap of little Oval Glands that receive the Ca-
pillary Branches of the Veins and Arteries which
belong to the Brain, and which fend out an infinite
Number of Fibres, that all together make up the
Medullary Subftance ; which going out of the back
Part of the Cranium or Scull, forms the Nerves and
th.Q Medulla fpinalis or fpinal Marrow, contained in-
the Vertehrcs or Bones of the Back.

I fay, a thorough Account of the Brain would
l>e too tedious in this Place, and (unlefs the Reader
underflood Anatomy) the Defcription would be of
no Service to him ,• for there is no fuch Thing as
any Perfon's learning Anatomy by Theory only,
which makes me avoid as m.uch as polTible any
Thing of that Kind, which may be thought unne-
cefTary. Yet I muft not omit now and then to de-
clare the admirable Mechanifm and Contrivance of
the Creator of the Univerfc, with relation to the
Bodies cii Animals. And, as I remember, I have
before hinted, that a Vein and an Artery go in
Company all over the Body j only the Arteries are
better guarded from Injuries by being placed deep-
er or under the Veins, ( fo indeed they are, gene-
rally fpeaking j ) but, in entering the Scull, they
fpread themfelves upon the Brain r and in this Place
they dilier, for mighty Rcafons, in^. that liad the
Veins entered the Scull by the fame Holes with the
Arteries, it would have fallen out, that upon any
Turgefcence or Swelling of the Blood- VefTels, the
Swelling and Pulfe of the Arteries would comprefs
the Veins againfl the bony Sides of their PalTage,
and fo caufe a Stagnation and Extravafation, or Lofs
£)f Blood within the Brain ; which would foon be
Ihe Defbudlion of the whole Machine* Neither do.

th«

IMPROVED. Sj

the Veins run along the Sides of the Arteries In the
Brain, as they do through all the reft of the Body,
but they rife from the Extremities of the Arteries
in the Cineritious or Afh-colour'd external Subftance,
and go draight to difcharge themfelves into the <S/-
nus's of the Dura Mater.

From the Blood, which is brought to the Brain
by the C-xrotidal and the Vertebral Arteries, is fe-
parated (by the Glands which make the Cineritious cineritions
and Cortical Sublbnce) its fineft Parts, called Ani- Subilance,
mal Spirits, which are received from the Glands ^'^hat.
by the Fibres of the Medullary Subftance, which is
the Origin or Spring of all the Nerves in Men,
Beafts, <3c. And each Nerve, therefore, is a
Bundle of very fmall Tubes or Pipes, of which fome
are no bigger than the Hundredth Part of a Hair ;
and thefe Tubes are the Excretory Dufts or Dif-
charging Veiiels of the Cineritious or Cortical Sub-
fiance. And this does not only appear from the
Strufture of the Brain^, but by Senfation likewife
we are afTured, that there is fuch a Fluid as we call
Animal Spirits in the Nerves ; which muft be done
either by the Subftance of the Nerve, or the Fluid
which is contained in the Nen^e. If by the Sub-
ftance of the Nerve, it muft be by a Vibration from
tiie Part upon which the ImpreiTion is made to the
Brain,

Now there can be no Vibration from the Im- No Vlbra-
preiTion of external Obje^ upon Animal Nerves, tion in the
(which are flack, and furroanded all along by other ^^""^'f^f'
Bodies) is evident ; and therefore Senfation muft be impreffion
made by the Fluid in the Nerves. The Motion of of External
this Fluid is not fwiit and rapid, as is generally Objects,
fuppofed, but flow and languid ; feeing all its Mo-
tion proceeds from the Dilatation of the Arteries
which comprefs the foft Subftance cf the Nerves^
and from the Force by which it is thruft through,
the Glands of the Brain. And when the Nerves
are full of this fme Fluid, the Impreffion of Objedls
may be communicated to the Brain without any

quick

84 Tbe Art of Farriery

quick Motion in the Animal Spirits, either by
retarding or flopping their progrelTive Motion, or
by caufmg an Undulation. If to thefe be added,
that the Animal Spirits muil be confined within
their own proper Channels, as well as the other
Fluids of the Body, the many Hypothefes contrived

Ti'i.WnUs's by Dr. Willis and others, ipjuII needs come to

Hypothehs nothing.

cenivired. rj.^^ Nervous Fluid or Animal Spirits, undoubt-
edly, connil of (by f^r) the fmallell Particles in the
Blood, as appears by the Minutenefs or Smallnefs of
their fecerning or feparating Glands -, and therefore,
they not being formed by the Cohefion of other Par-
ticles, might have been feparated any where, or in
any Pari; of the Body. Yet the Animal (Economy
receives a great Advantage by the diibnt Situation
of the Brain from the Heart ; for, if this had been
placed nearer, and received the Blood, before 'twrs
divided into its fmallell Particles by the Force of the
Air in the Lungs, fuch Particles might have enter'd
the Glands, arid afterwards cohering to one another,
might have obllruded fuch extremely narrow Chan-
nels.

Now, the Brain being placed at fuch a Dillance,
the Particles ( that by their attraftive Power form
Corpufcles ) will have fufficient Time to coalefce or
grow together, and their Magnitude v/ill hinder
their entering the Glands : For if it fhould happen
that thefe Particles fhould enter the Glands, aixl
there unite together, they would then obilruft the
Paffage to the Nerves, and produce Apoplexies,
Palfies, ^c. the Particles of which the Animal
Spirits confift, being of fuch an extreme Finenefs,
that their Quantity can bear but a fmall Proportion
to the other Fluids in the Blood, and confequently

The true xhtre vs-as a Neceffity of a prodigious Number of
the Bulk of^^^^"^^ ^^ feparate them from it; and this is the
the Biain. true Reafon of the great Bulk of the Brain.

There is no manner of Doubt, but Horfes are

fubje^^ to Nervous Diforders, yet not, by far, fo

E 5 much

IMPROVER 85

mach as Mankind, which is chiefly owing to their
fimple plain Diet, adapted to their Nature, as well
as the Exercife they are fubjefted to : Whereas we
(poor unthinking Mortals) tofs fuch a Number of
Solids and Liquids into our Stomachs in fmall fpacea-
of Time, and that too often very oddly compound-
ed with Spices, and other hot Ingredients ; I fay
this is, no doubt, one great Reafon why Mankind,
in this Age, complain more of Nervous- Diforders
than their Forefathers, who made fhorter and more
fimple Meals,, and ufed more Exercife. But to
return.

The Signs of a common Head-ach, or a Head- Signs of the
ach in which there is not much Danger, are, firft, Head-Ac h
Hanging down of the Ears more than ordinary, as *^ Horfes.
alfo Drooping his Head, Dimnefs of Sight, and
waterifh Eyes. But yet the Head-ach may proceed
from Pains and Inflammations in the Globe or Ball
of the Eye itfelf : So that it is very hard to dillia-
guifli in Brutes,, whether the KJead-ach is the Occa-
fion of Dimnefs of Sight, or the Diforder of the
Eye be the Occaflon of the Head-ach or Affedion
of the Brain. And I own I cannot eafily make the
Reader a Judge of this Matter ; although I am pret-
ty confident, that if I had a Horfe with bad Eyes,.
I could prefently tell whether it was an AfFedlion
of the Brain that occafioned it,, or that the Humours
of the Eye were originally afte£led, fo as to caufe a
Dimnefs of Sight. I fay, I cannot make the Rea-
der a Judge herein, becaufe there are a great many
Cafes which appear plain to me at firft View, and
yet I cannot find Words fully to exprefs my
Thoughts, which (I have the Vanity to think) is
the true^V ne fcai quoi ; and fo let it pafs at prefent.
However, I fliall prefcribe fomething that will do
Service in moft Head-achs, and that is,, firft. Bleed- The Cure,
ing and Purging, according to a Horfe's Strength,
Age, ^c. Secondly, if the Diforder do not yield One Rowel
to thefe, I recommend Rowelling in feveral Places avails lit-
at once i for one Rowel is of little Avail, for many tie.

Reafons 5

86 The AyI of Farriery

Reafons ; and thefe (liould continue running a con-
fiderable Time, at leaft a Fortnight or three Weeks.
An Excel- Laftly, the Herb Jf^ira Bncca dried and powdered,
Jj'^'J'^^.J^^^^j;^ and with a Quill, orfachlike, blown up the Horfe's
Head-Ach Noftrils, fo that it may pafs a good Way towards
and dif- his Brain r I fay this Powder, ufed in fuch a Man-
temper 'd ner, will perform Wonders in Head-achs, Dillem-
5^ycs. per'd Eyes of moft Kindf,. ?nd fuch like Diforders

of the Head j for it will abundantly parge the Brain,
by caufmg the Nofe to run like a Tap.

It may be ufed three Times a Week, and about
as much as will lie upon a Shilling each Time.
But the Horfe's Head muft be well covered, leall
he catch Cold, which will bring on a Swelling of
the Glands of the Throat, &c.

Moft People are fond of purging their Horfes
v/hen they are diftempered, whether the Cafe re-
quire it or no ,• for this Sort of Evacuation feems very
much to quadrate v/ith the outward Senfes, and
makes the ignorant Part of Mankind (whofe Heads
are fuller of Humours than their Korfes) imagine
that purging Medicines carry off the offending Mat-
ter in moft Diforders, never confidering the general
Rule which ought ftill to be kept in Mind, njiz^
A General ** that in Proportion to any one Evacuation's being-
Rule about «« heightened or increafed, moft or all of the other
on«^*'^^^^^' " Natural Evacuations are proportionally diminilh-
** ed." So that in the Main, it is by way of Re-
vulfion fuch Bufmefs mufl be done, which the Vul-
gar attribute to another Manner of Oj^eration.
Lord I How could I laugh when I fee a filly flupid
Fellow, who thinks himfelf a Tip-Top Groom or
Farrier, poking and flirring about in a Horfe-T-d
to find Greafe, ^(T. which his bright Notions telt
him he has by his Grand fpecifick Purge, or other
Medicine, fetch'd away from the Horfe's Head or
Heels. Whereas this Greafe obfervable in the
Dung of Animals, on fuch Occafions, comes from
no other Place than the Guts ; which I fhall evi-

deiitJy

IMPROVED. 87

dently explain, when I come to treat of the Diftem-
per called the Grcafe in Horfes.

Laftly ; Rovvelling may be of Service, as much
as any Thing, in obftinate Chronick Cafes, where
the Brain has for a long Time been affeded : But it
is not one fmgle Rowel which I advife, for that
will only make an inlignificant Difcharge, no more
in Comparifon to the Quantity of Blood, and other
Humours in a Horfe's Body, than a Drop of Water
compared to half a Pint. No, let me have five or
fix Rowels in the moil proper Parts, and continued
for fome coniiderable Time, if the Horfe can bear
the Lofs of what is difcharged by fuch Methods,
and then indeed fome Benefit may accrue from
them : Though this is no more than Revulfion, or
diverting the offending Humours to fome other Place-'
for Expulfion ; or rather, driving them into the
Mafs of Blood, and equally mi.^ng it. And that
Nature Ls better able to deal with the offending Par-
ticles, when equally mixed with the Mafs of Blood,
than when fuch Humoui-s are lodged upon fome
particular Part, is every Day vifible. And it is
for this Reafon, 'viz. that where the Particles
of Matter, which are of a Heterogeneous Nature
and confequently occafion Difeafes, are equally
mixed with the Mafs of Blood ; ( as indeed they
moftly are in the Origin or Beginning of Diflem-
pers, 'till Nature fuecumbs and is overpowered,
when they are thrown upon fome particular Part of
the Body, whereby the fmall Capillary Vefiels are
diftended, and form a Tumour, which at laft fup-
purates or breaks to let out the Enemy ; ) I iay^
when they are fo mixed, all the Emun6k)ries or Se-
cretory Glands, jointly and feverally lend a helping
Hand, and each of them affift in carrying off a little
of the offending Humour. But, on the contrary,
if thefe offending Particles of Matter, happen to
lodge or be driven upon any particular Part, the
Glands are fo Huffed, and their Excretory Veffels
become fo brulhed up, that (as I juft now obferved)

a Tumour

88 TBe Art of Farriery

a Tumour is formed ; and laftly, a Rupture or
breaking of the Capillaries, in order to difcharge
the peccant or offending Humour.

CHAP. X.
Of the Staggers.

FARRIERS, for the moft Part, term all or
moll Difeafes which afFed a Horfe's Head,
Stavers or Staggers ; and this Diforder in Human
Bodies, is called an Apoplexy., or Vertigo ; but
they are moftly the fame Thing, ( only a Vertigo
is an eafy Fit of an Apoplexy, ) by Reafon the felf-
fame Organs are aifedled ; and though the Vertigo
or Falling-Sicknefs in Human Bodies, does not al-
ways terminate in Death, yet ftill it is a flight Fit
of an Apoplexy, which I ihall defme after the Man-
ner following.
Apoplexy, The Word Apoplexy, is from the Greek
denned. a^oxAii t7<^, percutio, to ftrike ; becaufe a Crea-
ture is as it were fuddenly flruck with Death. It
is a fudden Deprivation of all Internal and External
Senfation, and of all Motion, unlefs of the Heart
and Thorax. For the underflanding of which, it
is neceffary to premife, Firjf, that if by any Means a
Nerve is tied, or comprefs'd, the Part to which
that NeiTe is diredled, lofes its Senfe and Motion.
Secondly^ that if any Nerve is cut, there difrils out
a Liquor. Thirdly, that Motion is performed, by
Reafon the Nervous Fluid is impelled by the Force
of the Arterial Blood, through the Nerves into .the
Mufcular Fibres. And lajily, that Senfation is from
hence, njiz. that Objedls comprefs or flrike upon
the Extremities of the Nerves by their Motion,
and drive back the Nervous Fluid towards the
Brain.
Apoplexy, An Apoplexy, therefore, is produced by any
its Courfe. Caufe which hinders fucli Undulation or wave-like

Motion.

IMPROVER 89

Motion of call the Nerves, unlefs of thofe which
are deftined to move the Heart and Breaft. But
the Reafon why the Motions of the Heart, and
Thorax or Breaft remain, and the Pulfe and Re-
fpiration continue, when the other Parts are de-
prived of Motion, is, becaufe in every Motion,
which is performed by Mufcles having Antagonifts
or others of contrary Motions to themfelves, a
Quantity of Nervous Fluid muft be derived into
the Contracting Mufcle, not only equal to that
which is derived at the fame Time into the Antago-
nift, but greater alfo. But leaft I may not be un-
derftood by the Word Mufcle, I fhall endeavour to
explain this Anatomical Term as plainly as may be.
And firft I fay.

A Mufcle,' is a Bundle of thin and parallel Plates A Mufcle,
of flelhy Threads or Fibres, inclofed by one com- what.
mon Membrane, and all the Fibres or Threads of
the fame Plate, are parallel to one another, and
tied together at extremely little Diftances, by Ihort
and tranfverfe Fibres. Thefe flefhy Fibres are conv-
pofed of other fmaller Fibres, inclofed likewife by a
common Membrane or thin Skin : Each leffer Fi-
bre conftfts of very fniall Veiicles or Bladders,
into which we fuppofe the Nerves, Veins, and Ar-
teries, to open ;. for, every Mufcle receives Branch-
es of all thofe VeiTels, which muft be diftributed
to every Fibre. The two Ends of each Mufcle or
the Extremities of the Fibres, are, in the Limbs of
Animals, faftened to two Bones, the one of which
is m-oveable, the other fixed or immoveable : Arid
therefore, when the M^ifcles contradl, they draw
the moveable Bone according to the Direftion of
their Fibres.

When the Mufcles contrail in Length, they
fwell in Thicknefs, as may be perceived by laying
the Finger upon the Majfetcr or Mufcle of the
lower-Jaw, and preffmg the Grinders or Axel-teeth
together : But this Power of Contracting or Swel-
ling is loft, when either the Artery, or Nerve of

the

^ ^pje Jrt of Farriery

the Mufcle is cut, tied, or otherwife obftrufted •
as in the Cafe of a Palfy, fe'V. AnA therefore we;
conclude, that the Contra 6lion, Swelling, or Mo-"
Motion of tion of the Mufcles, is performed by the Blood anc
W^^^ir-^^' Animal Spirits, diftending or ftretching the Vefich
formed. ' ^^ Bladders, which are the Cavities of the Fibres
And this Diftention of the Veficles of the Fibres,
muft be, either by their being filled with a greate
Quantity of Blood and Animal Spirits than th<
were before the Contrailion, or the Blood anc
Spirits mixing, muft rarify and fill up a greater
Space.

That the Veficles of the Fibres are not diflended,
purely by the Quantity of Blood and Spirits, will
appear if we confider, that were the Veficles diftend-
cd only by the Quantity of Fluids contained in
them, Nature (whofe Operations are always the
moft fimple) had only ufed one Fluid, and not two;
for in the Works of Nature, we no where find two
neceilary Caufes, where one could have produced
the fame EfFed. Now how fmall foever we fup-
pofe the Quantity of Fluid brought by the Nerves
to the Mufcles, that alone might hav^ contratfted
the Fibres, ( if a Quantity of a Fluid only had been
neceffary) by diminifhing the Diameters of the Ca-
vities or Veficles of the Fibres, as will appear plain-
ly to any Perfon, who is curious enough to enquire
into the Property of Elailic Fluids with relation to
Mufcular Motion. Now to return.

I think I have already faid, that an Apoplexy
proceeds from any Caufe which hinders the Undu-
lation of the Nerve?, and that a Quantity of Ner-
vous Fluid muft be derived into a contradling Muf-
cle, not only equal to that which is deriA'ed at the
fame Time into the oppofite Mufcle, but alfo gTe;U-
er : I fay, this is plainly fo, otherAvife the Part
to be moved would remain in an Equilibrium with-
out any Motion at all : And therefore, more of the
Nervous Fluid muft pafs into a Mufcle, that has an
Antagonift, than into that wliicli has none : But the

Heart

IMPROVED. pi

Heart is a Mufcle that has no Antagonill, and con-
fequendy it requires a lefs Qunntity of Nervous
Muid to continue its Motion, tlis.n other Mufcles
deftined for the Motion of the Limbs. Therefore,
if the Caufe hindering the Undulations of all the
Nei-ves were fuch, that no Juice could flow thro'
the Nerves, the Heart itfelf would ceafe from
Motion, and Deatli enfue : But if the Caufe be not
fo powerful, as to take away all the Motion of
the Fluid through the Nerves, but fo far only re-
fills their Dilatation, that but a very little Fluid
can pafs through them, not fufficient to inflate or
blow up thofe Mufcles which have AntagoniUs j I
fay, in this Cafe, thofe Mufcles only will be con-
trafted, which require the leaft Quantity of Spirits,
and fuch no Doubt is the Heart.

The Impediment to fuch due Undulation of the The Caulc
Nervous Fluid, is geiierally a Repletion or Over- and Cure.
fulnefs, and this indicates Medicines which are
called Evacuants, as alfo Bleeding, ^c. And in
my Opinion, Bleeding mufl: be the premier Refort,
and is moft likely to do Service in moft Difeafes
ef the Brain : And this I am treating of, is a
very common one in Horfes, as well as the
Vertigo or A^poplexy in Man.

The famous Bartho!h:e, calls the Jugular Veins E.trtho'we
jipoj)IeJfzc(ef from an Opinion of their being parti- ^^^^^ ^^-'^ ^^
cularly concerned in tliat Diftemper. But I ^ni [J^yl.y^l^'''
very well convinced, that there is little Difference ^popuniiA,
wherefoever you bleed, either Man or Horfe : Since
it is plain, that the Benefit which accrues to the
Patient, proceeds fi-om the Quantity's being lef-
fened ; and not fo much from the fooliflily fuppofed
conceit of Revulfion ; which Term as it is yet re-
tained, I judge it may not be improper in this
Place, to ihew how far it may be of Ufe in Phlebo-
tcmy or Blood-letting.

The Word Phlebotomy, derived from the G^'"^^-^ Phleboto-
(r>J-X, a Vein, and t'iuvco, feco, to cut, fignilies myexi^tain-
Blood-Ietdng j and to give due Light into this ^^•

Af&jr,

.^ 'TPje Jrt of Fa r r i e r y

AiKiir, which is of fuch Importance in the Art oi
Healing, we are to remember, firil, f^at e^vety
Body jiriking againji another, and communuat-
ing Part of its Motion thereunto, iofes fo much
of its c<wn Motion, or is fo much retarded: Where-
fore, the Blood thrown out of the Heart, while
it llrikes upon the antecedent Blood, and drives
it forwards, transfers to it Part of its own
Motion, or Iofes fo much of it, as is acquired by
the antecedent Blood. Yet, in order to a thorough
Knowledge of the Matter I am difcourfmg of, it is
abfolutely neceffary a Man fhould underftand Angi-
ology, or the Anatomy of the Veins and Arteries.
However, I lay it down in general, as good Pra-
ctice, to bleed on the contrary Side to the Part af-
fefted ; becaufe the remaining Blood will circulate
failer, and have more Room to do fo, and thereby
the ftagnating Blood (which occafions a Tumour ei-
ther outwardly or inwardly) will in all Probability
difperfe. But on the other hand we mull confider,
whether the Part affedled be fupplied with Blood,
from the afcending or defcending Trunk of the A-
crta or great Artery arifmg out of the Heart. For,
fuppofe the Tumour or Swelling, which we would
difperfe by Bleeding, lies upon the Glands or Muf-
cles of the Throat, we are not to bleed in the Tail
.,.,_or Thigh Veins, thinking this the moil likely, be-
caufe it is the common Method ; no, the Parts a-
bove the Heart towards the Head, are fed and fup-
plied with Blood from the afcending Trunk of the
large Artery ; as thole below the Heart or towards
the Tail, are by the defcending Trunk of the fame.
Reviilfion Therefore, if we bleed in the Thigh for a Swelling
explained. -^^ the Neck, we caufe the Blood in the defcending
Trunk of the Aorta or great Artery to move fail-
er, and of confequence the Fluid in the afcending
Trunk, miiil move flower : For as m.uch as that a
Supply will be wanted in the Veflel, which is run-
ning off its Contents ; and therefore, the left Ven-
tricle of the Heart, will not contain much more

Blood,

IMPROVED. 93

31ood, than what is required by the defcending Jor-
ta, which fpreads itfelf to the lower Limbs, ^r.
And that this muft be the true Do6lrine of Revul-
fion, is plain from my Text, to wit, T^hat e-very
Body flriking agai^ft another^ comtrnmicates Part of
its Motion thereunto, and confequenilv lofes fo much of
i its onj.m Motion. And under this View it may eafily
be gathered, what is to be done in every particular
Circumflance as to Blood-letting. For Inftance, if
we would prevent the Increafe of any Tumour from
the Blood ftagnating or flopping in or near the Fore-
Leg of a Horfe, or bring it about that as little Blood
as poffible ihould flow to that Leg in any given Space
cf Time ; I fay, in this Cafe, Blood fliould be taken
from the oppoflte Side , becaufe this is truly make-
ing what is called. Revulfion. Again, if Blood
be drawn from the Side afrefted, and from fome
Vein which receives the Blood from a Branch of
that Trunk of the Artery, which tranfmits it to the
iV eird Part j this, I fay, will caufe a greater Deriva-
tion or Flux of Blood to that Leg ; which appears
plrJn from the foregoing Do6lrine. And whofoever
rightly underftands thus much, will in every Exi-
gence eafily manage this Part of Cure to the greatefl:
Advantage. And as for what relates to the whole
Habit of Body or Mafs of Blood in all Lentors and
^Mfcidities, as in the Cafe of the Farcin, and other
Diflempers which proceed from a Slownefs of the
Eiood's Circulation ; I fay , if there be a due
Strength and Eiafticity remaining in the Solids,
Phlebotomy or Blood-letting will caufe the remain-
ing Blood to circulate fafter than it did before fuch
Operation, and it will alfo become thinner and
warmer. I fpeak this with relation to a Lentor or
vifcous Quality in the Blood, which is a Clog to its
Circulation. On the contrary, in a Plethora or
Ov^er-fulnefs of the VeflTels, proceeding from aHorfe's
being kept too high, (as it is call'dj and uflng
too little Exercife, fo that the Powers of the Vijcern
CtUinot digefl and fecern what is received by the

Stomach

94 ^^^^ -^^^ 0/ Farriery

Stomach in fuch Loads : I fay, in this Cafe , ancl
where there happens to be a Diminution of Perfpi-
ration, where the Mafs of Blood yet retains its na- 1
tural Fluxility, Phlebotomy will render the remain- |
ing Blood into fuch a State, as that it will circulate
flower, and become cooler. For in the firft Cafe,
a Diminution of the Refiftance in the Blood-Veffels,
will increafe the contra^ile Powers of thofe Veifels
themfelves, and confequently make them beat fa-
fcer, and circulate their Contents with greater Velo-
city or Swiftnefs : But in the latter Cafe, a Dim.inu-
tion of the Quantity of a fpirituous Blood, will lef-
{qti the Quantity of Spirit fecreted or feparated in
t^Q Brain j (v/hich is the Fountain from which all
the animal Spirits proceed;) and the Confequence of
this Diminution will be, that the Heart and Arte-
ries will not contraiTt fo often, nor fo ftrongly as
before, and therefore the Blood muft move flower
and become more cool. And on this depends the
whole Dextrine of Blood-letting. Thofe who are
yet more curious may confult Bellini^ de MiJJione
Sanguinis.

Notwithftanding what I have faid about Revul-
fion, I think it a Kind of fplitting Hairs, when we
make fo great Diil:in<5lion between taking Blood
from the Side affeded, or from the cppofite ; fee-
ing Circulation is performed in fo fliort a Space as
five Minutes in a Man, and about an Hour's Time
in a Horfe: And our own Countryman, the fimous
V^iSy^tnham Sydenha^n, who, I believe, cur'd as many Sick of a
oSgthe ^/^^^^/y as any other Phyfician of his Time; I fay,
Pkurify. this Gentleman (with good Reafon) depended much
Took Blood upon Bleeding in this Difeafe, and orders Blood to
fn^ithea'^-be drawn from the affedled Side, which ftiews he
ledca S:dc. 1^^^ fome Thoughts of its being preferable, and that
it would relieve the Patient fooner, than Bleeding
in the contrary Side. The Doctor found his Ac-
count in it fo far, that it did relieve the Sick, al-
though I mufi own he did not proceed upon the
true Dodrine of Revuilion, laid down as above. 4

Therefore, %

IMPROVED. S5

Therefore, I fay, that the DiffbreiKc is trifling, as
to Bleeding in either Side; for the Benefit acCTues
from the BIood''s Quantity being leflened, more
ithan any thing elfe. And in my Opinion the Learn-
ed might employ their Time and Talents much bet-
ter, than in Squabbling about fuch fmall Diflinfli-
ons as they make with relation to Phlebotomy.

Before I quit tliis Subjecl:, I mull not omitt one
very good Obfervation made by Capt. Burdon^ inCapt. 5«>'-
his Pocket Farrier, about the Caufe of the Staggers, fj-^j^J^'^f''!
and that is, ** Do}i^t let your Horfe Jland too ^5^<§"g,-rsj"&c.
*' nx:ithout Exercife^ it fills his Belly too full of Meat
** and his Veins too full of Blood , and from hence
I** (f^y^ ^^) ^^^ Staggers and many other Difiempers
*' proceed.''

It is a very hard Matter for a Farrier to judge
between a Fever of the Brain occafioning a Frenzy,
and the Dillemper (by them) .term'd the Stagers orTj^eUj^g
Staggers', for if a Horfe hangs down his Head andSympt'^ms
Ears, and reels to and fro, they immediately pro- attend a
nouncc him ill of the Staggers; whereas the fame ^^'^^^^ ;
Symptoms happen upon a Frenzy, occafioned (as I ^^\ ^^^
have before hinted) from a Fever of the Brain. Staggers.
Therefore, the Motion of the Blood mufl be re-
garded; for if that be too quick, it indicates a Fe-
ver. But fmce it is plain , that a Fever of the
Blrain and the Staggers require much the fame Me-
thod of Cure, I fhall proceed to an Account of
•what's proper in fuch Diftempers.

And firji, I fay, Bleeding to the Tune of four ^-.^^ q^^^
or five Quarts (if the Horfe be pretty ftrong) is moil
likely to do Service ; for, nothing is more certain
than that Difeafes are cured by their Contraries ; and
as the Staggers is a Diflemper which mollly pro- Origin of
ceeds from an Overfullnefs of the Blood- Veilels in the Stag-
the Brain, there is no Difpute but all evacuating S^^s.
Medicines take place after B!eei!:.g.

Secondly, Purging may be of Service, as it helps Purging
forward the Difcharge of a Load of Humours from proper, and
the Guts and GlanS thereabouts : Bat, as to any ^^^^'

particular

^ Tte j4rt of Farriery

particular Kind of purging Medicines fondly ima-
gined to carry off Humours from the Brain, it is all
a Jeft, and a meer Child of Ignorance, becaufe
NoEleftive there is no fuch thing as eleBi-ve Purgation , as I
Purgation. j^Qpg j^^y be underftood from what I have faid in
my Notes upon the Gentlemati's Pocket - Farrier.
Therefore, the Benefit accrues from this, to wit.
From that whatfoever Part of the Blood or Juices of the

whence the Body you take off by Bleeding, Rowelling, or fuch
Benefit ot jjj^^ Operafions, you thereby eafe the Preffure againft
&c^accrues. ^^^ Sides, i^c. of the containing VefTels , and of
confequence there is a more free Circulation, by
reafon the Quantity of Fluid in the Body is leflen'd,
which ( as I have faid before) caufes the Blood to
become thinner and move fafter.

' I Ihall not enter into a Detail of the Parts which

we fhould draw Blood from in Diftempers of the

Brain, feeing, in my Opinion, moft Places are a-

like, and the Cure feems chiefly to depend on a

proper Quantity of Blood's being taken away. But

no Perfon can judge of this except he faw the Horfe ;

only thus far may be faid in general, ** That where

'* one Creature dies of a dillempered Brain from the

" Lofs of too much Blood, there are twenty lofe

** their Lives for want of taking away a fufhcient

" Quantity. "

Mr. Cihfofi\ I muft here give Mr. Gib/on his juft Praife, who

Ball tor the in his Book of Farriery has taken care to order

Staggers, ^h^f jg very proper in the Vertigo or Staggers, t:'/.?:.

his Aflri Fcetida Balls with Caftor: But as thefe

would (if continued long in Ufe) foon exceed the

Price of a good Horfe, I believe few will make Ufe

of them ; altho' I muft needs own, if I valued my

The Kv- Horfe, I would give him Balls made v/ith one Ounce

thor'sBall of Native Cinnabar to half a Pound of the Cordial

for the Ball prefcribed in the Pocket-Farrier^ and let him

Staggcr.3. j^^^g ^^o^j ^j^^. Bignefs of a Wallnut of fuch Ball

every Morning before his moderate Exercife.

It is on the Cinnabar (in whofe Compofition
there is a deal of Quickfilver) that the Strefs of the

Cure

IMPROVED. 57

Cure is to be laid, and this, for Reafons too long
tor me to explain in this Place.

Laftly, I advife a ftrong Deco(5lion of Senna with A Glyfter
fome common Salt to be inje£led by way of Gly- J^'^^J^ J^^g
fter, with a very long Glyfter-pipe, l^c. every E-^'powder
vening or Morning, and alfo the Herb called Afarato be
Bacca to be powdered, and with a long fmall Tube blovm up
or Pipe blown up the Horfe's NoHrils to the Quan- '^J;.^' f'^l^-
tity of half an Egg-Shell full, which is about agV ' gj^'"""
Drachm in Weight. This fhould be done every
Evening to make the Nofe run a thin Lymph or
watery Plumour, which will eafe the Head abun-
dantly.

There are in Authors great Numbers of Receipts
for the Cure of the Staggers, as well as of mofl other
Diftempers : But, I mufl ingenuoufly confefs, that
my Faith is not pin'd upon the Number of Ingredi-
ents in any Compofition , but rather upon fucli
Things as are particularly adapted to the Cure of
the Difeafe, and for the Adminiilration of which
there is a Wljy and a Wherefore ; for really there is No end c*^
no End of the Praflice which is founded upon No-^h- Puic-
ftrums, feeing every one is bigotted to his ov.-n ^^ f^ , ''"
Receipt. Therefore it is well with us that the ^'^^ Kolrlrnu
of Medicine is at this time (by the Helps which ac-
crue from Mathematicks, Mechanicks, Chymiilry,
and Natural Philofophy) brought to fuch a Certain-
ty , that all Family Receipts are thrown out of Fiimily
Doors , and fufficiently exploded, as fuperflitioufly Rtceiprs
and ridiculouily contrived. exploded.

What I have faid with relation to Bleeding,
Glyftering, and the Sternutatory or Powder to blow
up the Nofe, is, I think, fufficient for the Cure of
the Staggers, by reafon it is granted, that (uch Dif-
temper proceeds from Over-fallnefs ; therefore E-
vacuants are indicated, and thefe fhould be mild ■^'^'^^".^"^^
and fafe, not fuch as enter the Blood an 1 fufe or fjJ!\^*J.,i''
heat it; but rather Glyfters, l^c. wh:ch operate no gers' ' '^
farther than the Prim^ Vi^ or frit PalTage^, I'/s. the G'.y.lcr
Stomach, Inteflines, and their Append'iC3s. hjw tar

98

The Folly
of putting
Garlick,
&c. into a
Horfe's
Ears.

Mcrcrry
few'd up
in the Lars
luppoled a
Cure for
the Farcin.

The Ger-
man nian-
ner of ai-
ring the
Farcin.

The ab-
lurd No-
tion of thi
Number

7?j;'e.;'i con-
ducing to
cfFca: a
Cu e ccH'

The Ji't o/F'arriery

Mr. Gibfo7i^ in his Book of Farriery, tells us,
that it is a common thing to put Garlick, Rice,
Aqua Vita, Cloves, Ginger, Bay-falt, and the like,
into a Horfe's Ears, and ftitch them up, for the
Cure of the Staggers; and that he has feen fome run
mad by fuch Applications, fo that the People had
much ado to keep them from knocking out their
Brains againll the Walls. I muft confefs, I do not
remember to have feen any fuch Tricks played for
the Cure of the Staggers, thd^ it is common amongfl
Farriers to put Quickfilver, and often other Things,
into the Ears, and few them up for fome Time to
cure the Farcin. And I knew one of the better
Sort of Farriers, who had been long in f landers a-
mong our Troops, where he chiefly gained his Ex-
perience, (as he caird it,) fo foolilhly fond of few-
ing up Mercury or Quickfilver in the Ears of
Horfes for the Cure of the Farcin, that he feldom
made ufe of any other Method : And to my Know-
ledge he effeded Cures by it when the Cafe feemed
defperate. And here I muft relate one of the com-
mon Notions of this honeft Fellow, whom I ftill
had a good Liking to, becaufe I now and then could
drive fome Reafon into him, which he has publickly
owned he found his Account in. This Farrier, you
muft know, was fo bigotted to the Ears, as being
the moft proper Place to apply things to for the cure
of the Farcin, that he told me he had often feen the
German Farriers cure that Diftemper by whifpering
fome Abracadabra^ s into the Horfe's Ears, and giv-
ing him a Kick with their Foot, and turning him
{as 1 remember) three times round .ifterwards : And
this out-of-the-way Opinion my Old Friend retained
even to his dying Day; and I could never make
him believe an Englijhman half fo good as a Ger?nan
for curing the Farcin; notwithftanding I have taken
Pains to convince him that there is no greater Charm
or Conjuration in the Number Three than there is
in Number four, or any otlitr Number in Arithme-
tick, an}' farther than as it works upon the Imagi-
nation,

IMPROVED. yjr

nation, which I mull own is In many Cafes fur-
prifmg, where the Subje<5l is a Human Creature.
But in Brutes, I cannot fee that the Imagination
can operate, efpecially in this particular. But that
this Faculty or Funftion is predominant in Brutes,
as well as Human Creatures, is moft certain, the*
not in fo eminent a Degree, therefore no great Cures
can be effeded by it.

*As to other Dillempers of the Brain, fuch as
Lethargy or Sleeping Evil, Falling Evil or Convul-
fions, Frenzy, and Madnefs in Horfes, they are
moftly treated as Apopleftick Diforders, to wit, by
Bleeding and Evacuating Medicines, fuch as Purges,
^c. And I believe Rowels may in thefe Cafes ^-pwelHng,
prove of Service, provided there be made a fufRcient curiil^^ DiJl
Number of them, and thofe continued according to tempers of
the Horfe's Age, Strength, &c. But, as to the the Brain.
Parts of the Body, where fuch running Sores fliould
be made, whether behind the Ears, in the Breaft,
or under the Horfe's Belly, I think it is much the
fame thing ; for, the Cure conftfts in a regular and
flow Emptying of the Veflels, or, in other Words,
in draining off the Caufe of the Diftemper by other
Out-lets, moi-e than thofe provided by Nature.
For in reality, making Rowels, Iffues, (^c. are no The rea-
more than adding a Number of Anus's or Funda- fon why
ments ; fo that fhe may meet with them in feveral Row^-'lling
Parts of the Body, and not be put to the trouble of '^ uletul.
going the more tedious and common Round of Cir-
culation, in order for a difcharge by Excrement or
Dung.

CHAP. XI.

')fDifeafes of the Eye, with an Jccouftt of its Tarts.

[pN this Chapter I hope to make the Reader un-
[ derftand thoroughly the Nature of a Horfe's
ye, fo that he will be able, not only to choofe one
F 2 with

lOO ^he Jrt ^/Farriery

with good Eyes, but likevvife be a J adge when thefe
Horfo which have diftemper'd Eyes are curable.
But firft, I think it abfolutely neccfTary, to give
fome Account of the Anatomy of this fo admirably
contrived Organ.
The Eyes The Eyes are termM in Latin Oculi, from the
by the Word Occludo to fhut, or from the Word Occulo to
tefnVdO- ^^^^^ becaufe they are hid by the Cutting of the
cnli,^ an.l' Eye-Lids. They are the Organs or Inftruments of
-why. Sight, confifting of many Parts, to wit, of Hu-

mours, Membranes, ^f.
Why the yj.^g Eye alone, when its Mufcle?, the Optick
Kye IS of a ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^Xood. Veffels are removed, is of a round
Figure''^ or Globular Figure, both that it may move the
better, and alfo that it may the better receive the
vifible Rays.
Th^Eye- The Eye-Lids ferve as Curtains to the Eye, by
Liasjthtir which Duft, Flies, or any Thing elfe which might
^^'^- annoy them, is kept out ; nor .do I think a farther

The Eve Defcription of them is neceffary ; fo I fnall pioceed
<?efcribea. to tJie Eye itfelf, and defcribe the Ports of which it
Its Coats, confiils. And frfc, of its Tunicles or Coats.

The firfl of thefe is called Adnata, from ad and

tft. A'lnata^^^/^^,. ^^ g^ow to; it is alfo called Alhiigmea and

'^^''"''-''- Conjunai<va. This makes the White of the Eye,

and by it the Eye is kept firmly within its Socket ;

it is of exquifitc Scnfe, and hath many fmall Veins

and Arteries, which are very difcernable in ^nOph-

thahnia or Inflammation of the Eye.

id Sclero- The fecond, is called ScUrotica, from the Greek

t'lca. ffytK)]ovvcc, induro, to harden. 'I^his Coat appears

plain,' after the Removal of the former : It ariks

from the outermoft Coat of the Optick Nerve, or

in other V/ords, from the Dura Hater ; it is opaque

or dark behind, but tranfparent before, like a Piece

of fmooth Horn ; from whence the third Coat has

its Name, to wit, the Cornea or horny Coat,

v/hich is all that Part of the Eye, furrounded by the

White of the Eve. ^,

The

IMPROVED. roi

The third, is term'd the Cornea or horny Coat : 5^. Cornea.
It has a greater Convexity than the reft of the
Globe of the Eye, and is compofed of feveral paral-
lel Latnitite, which are nourilhed by man^ Blood-
VefTels fo exceeding fine, as not even to hinder the
fnialleft Rays of Light from entering the Eye. And
it has fo exquifite a Senfe, that, upon the leaft Touchy
the Tears might be fqueezed out of the Lachrymal The Ufe oi:
Gla}i(i, to wafti off any Filth, which by fticking to Tears,
the Cornea, miglit render it opaque and dark.

The fourth, is called Choroides ; it lies under the^ith. Cho-
Sclerotica, and is much thinner than that. Anato- rc-i-^^s.
mills think that this arifes from the Pia Mater or
thin cob-web-covering- of the Brain, which is ex-
panded all along the Infide of the Optick Nerve,
and terminates in the Choroides. On the Infide of
this Membrane is a kind of blackifh Subftance,
prepared by Nature, and fpread over the back Part
of the Eye. This Coat has a great Number of
Blood-Vefiels, which come from the fecond called
Sclerotica. The Choroides itfelf is of a whitiih Co- Its Colour
lour, only the Glands thereabouts feparate fuch
blackifh Matter as is before fpoken of. Mr. S?h7f'C Mr. 5n,;f'^'s
fays, that fuch Matter as is fpread over the Infide '>^'^^V"J,/'^
of this Membrane, is for the End that the Idea's ifh^Mp^n^r
received into the Eye might appear more iliuftri-fnrfad'ui.on
ous ; but this is a dark Saying, like many more Ex- the c ho-
prefiions made ufe of by thofe who have treated "oi^^^^^^-
upon the Subje(5l of Farriery.

There is no Doubt, but iuch blackifh Glaze, or'^^'-V^'-'
vifcous Liquor, is fpread over the Infide of this*^/^^ ' ^ f' '
Membrane, to the End that the Rays of Light, cbnjr.g ic.
which pafs from Objefts into the Eye, may not be
reflefted back again, but (as it were) become tho-
roughly imbibed, and have a due Weight an.d Force
upon the fixth Coat called the Retina. The Pupil-

The Choroides is open, or has a round Hole be-^^- wbac.
fore (for the PafFage of the Rays of Light,) called ^^[''^'^^J'
Pupi/la ; and by the common People, ( though very l^^^r ol
abfurJly, ) the Sight of the Eye. \h^ Eye

F 3 The

i02 7be Art of Farriery

■rtb. The The V^vea is the fifth Coat, and makes the Cir-
^^^'3. cumference of the Hole I have been defcribing,
which lies upon the Infide next the Cryjlalline Hu-
mour. This Coat is made of both circular and
ilraight Fibres or fmali Threads, which contraft or
dilate, according to the different Impreffions of
Light and Objefts : For, if the Light be flrong and
glaring, thefe Fibres contraft, and make the Hole
called the Pupil (or Sight of the Eye) appear fmaller.
In like Manner, thofe Colours which make a flrong
Impreflion upon the Retina^ oblige thefe Fibres to
contract and draw the Hole into a leffer Compafs ;
for the Contraftion is involuntary, as well as the
Dilatation or ftretching out of the Pupil. And by
thefe different Anions of the circular and ilraight
Fibres of the V'vea, one may very eafily judge of
the reft of the Parts of the Eye ; I mean, whether
they be found and perfeft. For, the more the
ftraight Fibres contraft, when the Animal is in Dark-
nefs, or has a dark or opaque Body held before the
Eye, by fo much the more may we judge the reft
of the Parts of this Organ to be in a found and
healthful State. The Contradion of the circular
Fibres is upon the Admiflion of the Rays of Light
into the Eye, and the quicker this Contradlion is
performed, the founder and more healthful are the
reft of the Coats and Humours. But, a Perfon who
is not well verfed in Opticks, muft look well, and
near, to obferve rightly the Contra6Upn and Dila-
tation I am fpeaking of.
No Con- Ii^ ^ Gutta Senna, the Pupil neither dilates nor

tra<5tion or contra(fh j becaufe the Rays of Light which pafs^
Dilatation this Hole, and fall upon the Retina,, do not in the
of the Pu- jg^^ ^^^^ fj^g Optick Nerve, which fhould convey
Gxitt" Se- the Image of the Objeft to the Brain. Therefore,,
rena, and in my Opinion, (notwithftanding what fome late
for what pretenders may fuggeft to the World, about their
Keafon. curing this Diforder of Sight) a Gutta Serena is in-
curable. And I dare venture to wager a Hundred
Found* with any Perfon, who pretends to perform

this

IMPROVED. 103

this Operation with Succefs, that he fails in the At-
tempt : But then I will not take his Judgment, but
my own, whether the Dillemper be a Gutta Serena
or no : For I know very well this common Trick Some Ac-

of Dr. T r^njiz. that he frequently calls a"^'-"'^^^

Catara^ or Glaucoma by the Name of a Gutta pc- " iV to
Serena^ when there are no better Judges than him- the ^— -«.
felf by ; and therefore he is faid ( by the ignorant
By-ftanders) to cure a Gutta Serena^ when he has
only done what many a one before him has, (with-
out a Quarter of the Noife he makes, ) njix. couched
a CataraSf. But this the Do6lor thinks is too bald
an Expreffion ; and notvvithftanding it is true, yet
it fecms Truth will not always take with the World
if in a plain Drefs. Therefore this Itinerant cun-
ningly ftyles fuch Operation (different from our
Forefathers ) by his common Term of Remo-ving the
Diforders of Sights or Depreffing a Glaucoma ; for
the Word Catara^ would be too intelligible to the
Country People, and would hinder the Dodlor's
Bufmefs.

I cannot part with this Fellow, who travels up
and down the Kingdom, and pretends that he can
perform fuch Wonders in removing the Diforders of
Sight, when in Faft (for I have difcourfed him over)
he is ignorant of the very Fundamentals, 'viz.. the
Anatomy of the Eye : And, as to Vilion, he knows
no more of it, nor of the Theory of Light and
Colours, than the Creatures I am treating of in this
Book. Indeed I muft own, he can couch a Cata-
raft and brufh the White of the Eye ( by the La-
tins called Tunica Adnata) with a Brufh made of a
few Rye or Barley-angs, (tied together in the
Middle with a little Silk ) when it is inflamed, and
by this Means cut afunder the fmall Capillary Blood-
VefTels, which are full and turgid in an Opthalmia
or Inflammation of the Eye, upon which the Eye
looks much better and clearer : But then, all this
While, fuch Operation is no new Thing ; for, it
has been a Pradice amongfl the French Surgeons,
F 4 efpe-

1 04 'fbe Jrt 0/ Fa R R I E R Y

efpeclally thofe who mounted Benches, by their
own Countrymen ftiled Medici?is Hahleurs^ which
rendered into our Language ilgnifies F-oviau cing
Doclcrs : I fay, this, as well as a great many more
vvhimfical and amufmg Performances, are ihewn to
the Populace, by the nimble fingerM Gentleman I
am fpeaking of: And of this I have been an Eye-
Witnefs twenty Years ago. But it is a delicious
Bruih to the Doftor, whatever it proves to his Pa-
tients ; for, to my certain Knowledge, he laft Sum-
mer brufhed an old clofe-fifted Clergyman out of thir-
ty Guineas, and at laft left him where the D — 1 left
the Frier : But, fo far I muft tell the Doftor, he
h fafe from any Complaints from this Gentleman,
becaufe he dare not fqueak for Fear of being laughed
at by his Neighbours, for being fo lavifti of his Mo-
ney to a Perfon who travelPd with no other Cre-
dentials, than fuch as (by the Didion and Style)
appear to be of his own Compofure.

I am not at all furprized at fome Letters of Re-
commendation this Perfon procures and carries from
one Town to another, which Letters are moftly from
Pliyficians to their Brethren. I myfelf had two
fuch from very ingenious Men in other Refpedls ;
but then I mull beg their Pardon if I differ from
them in my Opinion of this empirical Pretender,
vs'ho, in my Judgment, has got a Knack at nothing
but getting Money, which may do well enough for
a while : But fo far 1 mufl venture to tell Fortunes,
( notwithilanding the late A61 of Parliament againft
the common Retailers of Aftral Influence, ) that
this Man, along with one more of the like Stamp^
?,nd a Female Bone-Setter ; I fay, thefe Three are
of the Reptile Kind, and therefore cannot endure
long ; but as they fprang up haftily, and are defti-
tute of a good Foundation, it is certain they will in
a few T'.'loons totally difappear, and vanifh like a
Dream, neither will they be any more heard of.

I beg the Reader's Pardon for fo long a DigrelTi-
on, and I hope he will the more readily grant it»

when

IMPROVED. 105

when I tell him that I did it to caution my Coun-
trymen, as they value their Lives and Rye-Sight,
never to employ an Oculift who travels about the
Country founding his own Trumpet ; for I never
heard of, nor never knew a cleverer Fellow of the
Sort. And there are Inllances enough, v/ithin the
Memory of Man, to confirm what I fay ; and I
fancy the Publick will be thorouglily convinced,
what Sort of Men are fittell to be chofen as Opera-
tors to remove the Diforders of Sight, when they
read my Tranilation of the Labours of the vtry
Learned and truly Worthy Dr. Antoine Maitrejan^
fworn Surgeon of Paris, Vv'ith my Annotations up-
on him ; which I have ready for the Prefs, and
defign to publifh the firil' Opportunity after I have
finiijhed this Book. But to return.

The Iris is the Ojtficle of the V^jea, and is ofThe Ir:<j.
different Colours. From the Inilde of the XJ^^ea,
which joins the Choroides, rifes the Lio^amentum Ci-
Uare ; it is made of iliort Fibres, v/hich run upon
the fore-part of the Glsi'^y Humour ( which I fhall
defer ibe hereafter, ) to the Edges of the Cr-iJlaUine :
Thefe Lines are drawn from the Circumference to r^^^ Tjr £•
the Center, and by the Contradlion of thefe Fibres the Ciliary
the fore-part of the Eye is made more prominent Ligament,
or higher in the Middle, and the Retina or Net-
like Membrane prelTed back farther from the Cry/-
tallim Huwcur, as the Axis of Vifion is lengthen'dj
when Objefts are placed too near the Eye.

The Retina is the fixth Coat, fo called from its Sixth, The
refembling a Net, which covereth the Bottom of l'^^^"^'-^-
the Cavity of the Eye. It is a fine Expanfion of
the Medullary or Marrowy Fibres of the Optick
Nerve upon the Surface of the GlafTy Humour, as
far as the Ligamentum Ciliare ; and it is upon this
Coat that the ImpreHTon of Objects is made, and
from thence by the Optick Nei-ve convey 'd- to the
common Senfory. -

The Humours of the Eye are three : The firft is The Hu-
Called the Aqueous or Watery Humour-, wliich is oi^^^oms. of,
E 5^ ?vthiG

to6 The An of Farriery

the Eye a thin Confiflence and of a Spirituous Nature, for
^^?fi ft^' it will not congeal in the greateft Froft. And this
the A que- evinces the Neceffity of a continual Supply of this
ou.s cr ' Humour, which it is manifefl it hath ; becaufe if
Watery the Cornea or Horny Coat be pricked, and this
Humour. Humour fqueezed out, it will be reflored again in
Hiimour of ^^^ ^^ twelve Hours Time. And I have often ob-
aSpirituousfcrved this in fighting Cocks, which after they re-
Nature, ceived a Prick with the other's Spur thro' the horny

t^oi^'on"^' ^^^^' ^^^^^ ^^^ ^°"^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^"^ hollow and be
Cock's ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ Battle ; and altho' one would be hardly
£>e. perfwaded that fuch Cock would ever fee of that

Eye i yet it has the Morning following been full
and plump again j and in two or three Days after-
very well and found. But then I mull obferve that
when the Spur happens to penetrate fo deep as to
wound the Cryftalline Humour, then, that Humour
becomes heated and fo altered as to hinder the Rays
of Light from paffing thro', fometimes appearing of a
Pearl-Colour, at other Times ofthc Colour of ruily
Iron or Greenifh j and in thefe Cafes the Cock is faid
to have a Glafs Eye, which is in EfFed the fame as to
be blind -of that Eye : For, altho' fuch Creatures,
25 Horfes, i^c. which have Glafs-Eyes may dillin-
guifh Light from Darknefs, yet they cannot diftin-
guilh Objeds, fo as to Be of any real Service to
them ; and what is called By the common People a
Glafs-Eye, is the Cryftalline Humour altered from
a Tranfparency to that Degree, that it will not fuf-
fer the Light to pafs thro' it, and is in other Words
a Glaucoma or CafaraJI ; which Diforder I Have
ieard the prefent Learned Oculift to Her Majefty
affirm, he could either give to his Patients or cure
them of it, as he thought fit ; and that before he
learnt this Art, he had blinded 500 ; which Rela-
tion I am the more induced to credit, fmce I have
perufed his late Book upon the Diforders of Sight,
which I pronounce the moil confummate and finilh'd
Piece of Nonfenfe and Jargon that ever I beheld :
And really, I thought I fhouW have fglit my Sides

when

IMPROVED. 107

when I read it. But when I told the Do£lor that
he had puzzled me, he faid he was glad on it, for
he did not write in order to be underitood, fo that
he had gained his Point. But for Fear of naufeate-
ing the Reader too much with dwelling upon this
Man of Ability, I ^11 proceed.

The fecond Humour is the Crxjlalllne. It lies zd. The
immediately next to the Aqueous, behind the C/t;^^,c:iyftalline.
oppofite to the Pupil or Sight of the Eye, nearer
to the Fore-part, than the Back-part of the Globe.
It is the leaft of the Humours, but much more fo-
lid and firm than any of them. Its Figure, which
is Convex or high in the Middle and thinner at the
Sides, refembles two unequal Segments of Spheres,
of which the moil Convex is on its Back-fide, which
makes a fmall Cavity or hollow Place in the GlaiTy
or Vitreous Humour in which it lies. It is cover'd
with a fine thin Coat called Aranea from its Refem-
blance to a Spider's Web ; and this very Coat or
Covering is adherent to the Glafly Humour all
around the Edge of the Cryftalline.

Dr. T*— -r, Oculift to Her Majefty, has made a
great deal of Doe-about-nothing, in a Piece he has
had the Aflurance to publifh to the World.

In this Learned Performance, the Do£tor runs
much upon the Capfula of the Cryftalline Humour,
by which he means a kind of Bag which covers
the faid Humour ; and would have us believe, that
he was the firft Difcoverer of fuch Capfula or little
Bag, which he imagines he cuts in his Operation
for a Cataract, and with his Needle turns the whole
Body of the Cryftalline through fuch Aperture or
Opening. But fure^ the Dcftor is fo far from have-
ing read the Authors he quotes upon the Subjeft,
that he has negledled the Peruf^l even of fome of
our own Nation, particularly Dr. Kennedy : I fay,
if T-—r the Oculift had per u fed this Author, or
( if he could not underftand him ) have got fome
one to explain it to him, he would find that his
Cap/uia of the Cryftalline, is nothing more than
F 6 the

ne Ait 0/ t' A R R I E R Y

the Tunica Aranea, or Membrane that adheres to,
or is continued from, the Vitreous l^unic and higa-
?nentum Ciliare : And then, as to his turning the
whole Body of the Cryftalline out of its Place, i
ihall fhew the Abfurdity of the Notion, after I have
defcribed the Parts of the Eye, • and come to treat
upon Vifion. But to return.

The Subilance of the Cryftalline Humour is com-
monly taken for a congeal'd or frozen Sort of Body,
as the Vitreous has likewife been : But this Opinion,
no doubt, has proceeded from a very flight Exami-
nation, or rather no Examination at all ; fmce few
are fo ignorant as not to have feen a Fiih's Eye
boiled, or even any other Creature's, the Cryftalline
of which becomes "White, and turns off in many diffe-
rent Lamincs or Coats, like unto the Coats of an
Onion. And becaufe the Q^— 's Oculift would
have us believe, that he £rft difcovered the Capfula
of the Cryftalline, I beg the Reader's Leave to
tranfcribe the Words of Dr. Kennedy, in his Book
publifned in the Year 1713, which I believe will
be found to be fome Years before T- — r was a Prac-
tifer : The Words are thefe, tnz:.. fpeaking of the •
Cryftalline Humour, he fays, " That it lies in a-
*' perfe(5l Sort oi Sacculus, that is, its Tunica Ara-
*' may being continued from the Vicreous Tunic
" and Ligarnentum Ciliare , comes clofely round it,
** fo that it lies very fixed and faft ; but if you cut
'*■ its Tuyiic or Coat on the Top or Side, it imme-
** diately fprings out, fo that it feems not to be
*' any ways adherent to its Membranes."

Thus far Dr. Kennedy, whcfe Sacculus for the
Cryftalline, I think every whit as pertinent, as
T — ^'s Capfula: Although I muft own. Dr. Ken-
nedy is miftaken in one particalar, 'viz> where he
fays, that if you cut the Tunica Ara^iea, (or which
is all one, T — r'j Capfula, ) the Cryftalline will
immediately fpring out ; I fay, that Mr. Kennedy
is moft certainly wrong in this, becaufe we never
couch a Catara^, but we cut this Capfula or thin

Membrane,

IMPROVED. 109

Membrane, and turn off very often one or more of
the Lamina: of the Cryftalline Humour ; nay I have
great Reafon to believe, that fome CataraBs arc no
inore than the Caffula of the Cryftalline grown
dark or opaque : for upon the leaft Touch with my
Needle ( I mean a flat two-edged Needle ) the Fi-
bres of the Capfula being a little divided, imme-
diately contra6led themfelves, and left the v/hole
Body of the Cryftalline clear and tranfparent ; and
I was fatisfied, it could not be the Cryftalline that
I touched with my Needle, becaufe I did it To
nightly that I fcarcely cut the Capfula.

I fay, the Laminae of the Cryftalline Humour,
in the Difeafe called a Cataraft, are fo altered as
not to fufFer the Rays of Light to pafs through
them ; and when thefe Laminae, I mean the opaque^
Strata or Lays of the Cryftalline, are thus fcraped
off with the Needle, it is then the remaining Part of
that Humour fuffers the Rays of Light to pafs thro',
although, indeed, they often rail in a confafed Man-
ner-upon the Retina ; and therefore it is abfolutely
necefl?.ry to fjpply the Defe6l of the Cryftalline,
which from being Convex, is, by the Needle in
couching, made almoft of a Plane Surface ; I fay,
this Defeat is beft fupplied by a Lens or Convex
Glafs. And for farther Proof that this is the real
Cafe of a Cataradl, and that the Cryftalline is in
Fa£l the true Lens of the Eye, it may be cbferved,
that thofe Perfons who have had their £}'C3 couched,
are obliged to ufe Glaftes of a greater Convexity,
than others who are above a hundred Years of Age :
And this, becaufe the Convexity of one Side of the
Cryftalline is fcraped off in the Operation of couch-
ing. But it is Folly and Madnefs to imagine, with

T r the Oculift, that the Cryftalline Humour

is quite tum'd out of the Cavity it makes in the Vi-
treous, in fuch Operation i and that the Vitreous
Humour becomes Convex in its Place. I fay, this
Is (for Reafons too plain to be infifted on) talking"
more like a Quacking empirical Fellow, than one

Ycrfed

X la I'be Art of Farriery

verged in Opticks. I fhall now proceed to a Defcrip-
tion of the third Humour.
The jd The third is called the Vitreous or GlafTy Hu-

Humeiir. ^^^^ j^ j^j^gg ^p ^j^^ greatefl Part of the Eye,
filling all the hind Parr of the Globe. It is Sphe-
rical behind and in its Middle ; before, it is concave
or hollow, and in the Cavity the Cryftalline Hu-
mour lies.
The Vitre- The Vitreous is a very tranfparent Subflance, not
ous Hu- fo hard as the Cryftalline, or fo fluid as the Aque-
itibed^" ous or Watery Humour ; and it feems to be nothing
elfe but a Number of delicate little Veficles or
Bladders full of Water ; for in touching, it is al-
ways molll: and waterifli, and when cut, the Mix-
ture flows out more abundantly j or by rubbing it
betwixt the Palms of one's Hands, the Water comes
out, and to fuch a Degree, that it will appear
nothing but a Membrane or thin Skin ; and by ob-
ferving with a Microfcope or Glafs commonly called
a Magnifying-Glafs, when it is cut, you will ob-
ferve many little Airy Bubbles to arife from it, but
being dried, it evaporates or flies away, and this de-
licate membranous Body feems almoft withered to
nothing.
The Ufe of The Ufe of the Vitreous or Glafl*y Humour, feems
^^x H^l^^' ^^^^i^fly defigned to keep the Cryftalline at a proper
DTJOVir. Dillance from the Retina, as I fliall farther ex-

plain in fpeaking of Vifion : For I hope the Rea-
der will pardon my Prolixity, with relation to a
Pifcourfe of that fo admirably contrived Organ the
Eye, feeing fo many People are cheated with Horfes
that have bad ones, nay fometimes with fuch as are
ftone Blind. Therefore, 1 fay, if the Reader will
only lludy over this Chapter a little, he may moft
certainly judge of the Soundnefs of a Horfe*s Eyes ;
and thereby Ihun the Lofs which accrues upon buy-
ing a Blind Horfe, as well as the Cenfure of ixie
Neighbours, for his Ignorance in that Particularo
Now to return,.

The

IMPROVED. lie

The Vitreous or Glaffy Humour has a very
fine and thin Membrane or Coat with which it is
covered. This Membrane is adherent or joining to
the Ligamentum CiJiare, and no doubt has Blood-
Veflels ( as well as all the other Membranes of the
Body, which mull be nourifhed by Blood- Veffels,)
from thence, although fo fine and fmall that they
are not to be feen even with a Microfcope. Yet
this need not feem ftrange when we confider that
thofe of the Cornea, though they are much
larger, are not to be feen, till they become turgid
or fwell in an Opthalmia or Inflammation of the
Eye ; or even thofe of the Tunica adnata or white
of the Eye, till inflamed, as I have fa id. Now
whether there is any Communication between the
Vitreous Humour and the Gryftalline, is what Ana-
tomifts cannot determine : But this is plain, to wit,
that its Membrane or Coat is not only continued or
adherent to the Liga?nentufn Ciliare, but likewife
to the Tunica Aranea or Membrane which imm.e-
diately covers the Cryftalline Humour, which Tuni-
ca Aranea. is the Capfula of the Cryftalline lately

difcovered by Dr. T- r,. as I have jull before

hinted.

The Optick Nerves pierce the Globe of the Eye The opticfc
a little on the Infide of the Qptick Axes. Their ^^^^^^•. .
External Coat, which is a Produaion of the ^^^^'"^ and Term'il
Mater, is continued to the Sclerotis or that Part'n-tion of
of the Eye next under the White ; as their Inter- c heir Coats,
nal from the Pia Mater is to the Choroides, which
ia the Coat next under the Sclerotica, and their Me-
dullary Fibres pafiing through all, are expanded in-
to the Retina, upon v/hich the Images of Objedls
are painted. The Center of this Expanfion is in- Cenrer of
fenfible, and all Rays which fall upon it are lofl:,; he Retina
and confequently that Point of the Objedl from ^"^'-"^^^^^•
which thefe Rays come is invifible to the Eye:
The Reafon of which proceeds probnbly from the TheReafon
Blood-Veflels, which enter with the Optick Nerve, alTigncd.
and cover thk part of the Retina.. But, whatever

its

J 12 ^h€ Art (//Farriery

its Caufe is, there is a manifeft Advantage in the

TheAdvan- Optick Nerves being inferted on the Infide of the

O^tick^^^ Optick Axes; for if they had pierced the Eye,

Nerves be- ^^'^^'^ ^^^ middle Point of every Obje6l had been

jrginferced invifible. And where all Things conduce to make

nn the in- us fee bell, there we had not feen at all . We muft

oitkk ^^^ likewife have loft fome Part of an Objeft, if the

Axes Optick Nerves had been placed on the Outfide of

the Optick Jxes't becauie an Objedt may be fo

placed as that all the Rays, which come from one

Point, may fall upon the Outfide of both Eyes ;

but it is impoffibie they fhould fall upon the Infide

of both Eyes ; and therefore that Point which is loft

in one Eye is vifible by the other.

Hew Vifion All Rays of Light which come from one Point of

is perforin- an Objed, are by the Cornea and Humours of the

' Eye united in a Point of the Retina, which is in a

ftraight Line drav/n from the fame Point of the

Objeft through the Center of the Eye, and con-

fequently all the Rays which come from all the

Points of an Objeft are united on the Retina

in the fame Order and Proportion as the Points

of the Objeft are from whence thofe Rays come.

Therefore the Interpofition which thefe Rays make

upon the Retina muft be the Image of the Obje6l :

And thus Vifion in general is performed. But to

know what the feveral and diftin<51: Parts of the

Globe of the Eye contribute hereunto, it is need-

fill to obferve, that the Cornea is more Convex

than any other Part of tlie Eye, by which Means

all the Rays are gathered, fo that they may pafs

through the Pupil or Sight of the Eye, and none of

them be loft upon the Uvea.

The Aqueous Humour being thinneft and moft
liquid eafily changes its Figure, when either the
Ligamentum Ciliure contradb, or both the oblique
TbeRealbn Mufcles fqueeze the Middle of the Bulb of the
ofthe.Con- £ j.^ ^^^^^^^ it oblonff, when Objeds are tco
tractionand ^ i-m n ■ i iV-i r ^ tt j-i

Dilatation "^^^ "S- The ftraight fibres of trie Uvea dilate
of the Pupil, the Pupilla or Sight of the Eye, a$ it is commonly

called^

IMPROVED.- 113

crillfd, when there are but few Rays of Light ; and

the Circular Fibres contrail it when there are too

many ; as may moft eafily be obferved in a Cat*s Obfervati-

Eye when fhe fits in the. Sun-fhine, how naprow *^" °" '^^^^

and fmall the Pupil or Siglit of her Eye will ap- £yg

pear to what it is when ihe is in the Shade.

When the Pupil or Sight of the Eye is contra<^ed
we fee moll dillin^lly ; when it is dilated we fee
moil clearly.

The Glaffy Humour keeps the Cryllalline at >

fuch a Diftance from the Retina, as is necelTary for
uniting the Rays which come from one Point of the
Objeft exa£lly in one Point of the Retina.

The Choroides is tinftured black, that the Rays The Choro
of Light which pafs through the Retina may ides black,
not be refleded back again, and thereby confufe^"d v;hy.
the Image of the Objeft ; for black imbibes or (as Black the
it were) fucks up the Rays, and therefore it J'JJJ^- ^^/'^
is the hotteft Colour a Man can wear in Summer, summer-

Thus have I given a fuccinft or Ihort Defcrip- wear,
tion of this admirably contrived Organ j and what
I fhall treat of next is the Theory of Vifion,
wherein I Ihall Ihew how and after what Manner,
the Images of Obje^ls are reprefented to the Eye,
by Means of the aforef?ii Organs of Sight.

C H A r. XXL

theory of Vifion. co^ifJeredy nvith fime of the Difcafe^
of the Eye.

IT is not my Defign at prefect to write a dif-
tin£l Treatife upon Opticks, but only to flievv
the Reader fo much as is necellary how Sight is
performed, and by that Means he will be able to
judge better, perhaps, than he could do before, of
the Soundnefs of a Horfe's Eyes.

Light

r 14 ^h Art of Farriery

Light a Light, or what I mean by Rays of Light, are no

Flu''d ^oubt a fubtil Fluid that moves quick, and is conti-

nually emitted from the Sun or Luminous Body.
Its Motion may be obferved by the Refleftion on
Solid Bodies, and the Refraftion it has in pafTing
through denfe Mediums, fuch as Glafs, &€.
Motion of I might here enter into a Philofophical Account
fvncker ^^ ^g^^» ^^^ ^^w how much quicker its Motion is
than that ^^^^ ^^^^ °^ Sounds, which is the fecond in quick-
of Sounds, nefs to Light; and that this Body, for fuch it is,
though of extremely fmall Particles, according to
In what the DemonHration of Mr. Rome?; from the Eclipfes
Space of of Jupiter s Satellites y finifhes its Progrefs from the
T}^ r. Sun to this Earth, in about ten Minutes of Time;
ni'^es its ^^^ moves a Million of Times quicker than a Can-
Courfe, non-bullet, Ihot from the Mouth of a Cannon. For,
from the as the firfl comes to us from the Sun in ten Minutes,
Sun to the latter would be 2 5 Years in hnifhing the fame
this Earth. Courfe, though it fhould fly with the fame Celerity
as at firft ; and yet the Sound of the fame Cannon,
would be here in a little more than half that Space
of Time, And the Reafon why a Bird does not fly
away,, and efcape being killed by the Fowler, when
Jjght and Sound are fo much quicker than the Ball
or Hail-ftiot, is, becaufe the Diftance between the
Fowler and the Bird is fo fmall, that the Difference
is fcarcely diftinguiihable, except by a Perfon who
is a good Judge of thefe Things ; for the Motion of
all the Three is exceeding quick,
•^hat -A^^ Bodies abounding with earthy Particles, and

Bodies by efpecially if they are fulphureous, and their Parts
Agitation fufficiently agitated, do emit Light, whatfoever way
enutLighc. ^^^^i Agitation is brought about. Thus Sea- Water
ftiines in a Storm ; Quickfilver when fliaked in
Vacuo ; Cats or Horfes when rubbed in the Dark ;.
and Wood, Fifh, or Flefh, when putrefied.
Light, Light then is that Materia Suhtilis, fent forth

what it is. from the Sun or Luminous Body in Lines or Rays,
commonly called Sun-beams ; and thefe coming with
fuch incredible Swiftnefs, and meciing the Eye,

properly

IMPROVED. Jii

properly and wonderfully difpofed, with Con'vex and
Diaphanous Mediums the better to receive fuch Rays,
cannot but ftrike very fenfibly upon the fine Medul-
lary Fibres of the Retina ; but whether it be com-
municp.ted to the Soul by Undulation or Vibration,
is what I ihall not pretend to determine.

The Eye may be confidered as a Camera Ohfcura Camera
or dark Chamber, to make which, fhut the Doors 0^^<^\'^^
and Window-fhutters of a Room very tight and ^^^^*^^^*^^'^*
clofe, fo as no Light be admitted to come in but by
a fmall Hole in one of the Shutters : Then place a
Sheet of white Paper, which may be fuppofed to
reprefent the Retina in the Eye : I fay, place this
at a convenient Dillance from the Hole, and the
Rays refle£led from Objeds without, or in the
Street, will crofs one another in the Hole, and
paint the Image inverted or topfyturvy on the Pa-
per, though but faintly.

Thus it would do upon the Retina, although Vifion par-
there were no Humours in the Eye, neither Cryftal-'^^l^'^
line. Vitreous, nor Aqueous, no nor even the Cornea ^-^'^ Crvt-
©r homy Coat, provided there was only a fmall talline or
Hole,, fuch as the Pupil, for the Rays to pafs other Hu-
through, as in the Camera Ohfcura ; fo that it is ii^<M,ifS»
poffible for a Creature to fee without the help of the
Cryftalline Humour j and perhaps this may have

made Dr. 7" r imagine, that he turns the whole

Body of the Cryftalline Humour out of its Place,
when he couches a Catara6l. But he muft be only
a Smatterer in Opticks that knov/s not thus far, to
wit, that if the Cryftalline Humour were totally
removed out of its Place, the Images of Objefts
would be fo faintly painted upon the Retina, that a
Perfon might be near as v/ell blind. So that all the
Parts of the Eye ( as I fhall ftiew hereafter,) contri-
bute to the greater Perfetlion of Sight.

For Example, a hens or Speflacle-Glafs, we may The Rays
fuppofe to be the Cryftalline Humour behind the ^'^ L^ght
Pupil or Sight of the Eye; I fay fuch Glafs, being ^^^"^^^S^^
placed betwixt the Hole and the Paper, will make cryilallinc

theHumour,

1 16 ^he Aft 0/ Farriery

the Rays converge or come to a proper 'Focus cr
Point, though they were before fpread in a large
and confufed manner j that is, the oblique Rays of
each Pencil of Rays, that flows from every Point of
the Objeft, will be refradled by the Denfity of the
Glafs Medium to their proper Perpendicular, and
there meeting much nearer to one another in the
Focus, than at their Place of Incidence, muft con-
fequently imprint the Image much more Ilrongly,
and perfeftly delineated.

If the Lens or Cryftalline Humour be too far from
the Paper or Retina, the Rays will interfeft or
crofs one another before they arrive there, and after-
wards become divergent or difperfed upon the Pa-
per; fo that by this Means they are again fpread,
and make a confufed or faint Image or Impreffion
of the Objed. If it be held too near, I mean, if
the Lens or Convex Glafs be held too near the Pa-
per, the Rays are not as yet met in their Focus, and
therefore cannot be {o perfeft. Thus the Paper or
Retina muft b« at a proper Diftance.
j^ear- The Reafon commonly afTigned for the Diforder

fightednefs of Sight called Myopia, Moufe-ey'd or Purblind, is
accounted ^his, to wit, from too great a Convexity or Protu-
berancy of the Cornea and Globe of the Eye, which
is very remarkable in Creatures near-fighted. There
is no Cure for this Diforder in Horfes, but Men are
help'd by the Ufe of Concave Spe6lacles or Menif-
cous Glaffes, .or fuch Glaffes as are Convex on one
Side and Concave on the other, or thofe called Con-
cavo-convex Glaffes, which make the Rays diverge
or go farther afunder, that otherwife v/ould be too
near or Convergent, by the too great Convexity of
the Cornea, i^c,
presbytia, Prefaytia, from 'Tr^'iffCv;, Senex, old, i.^ a Dif-
what, temper juft oppofite to the former ; and is when the

Cornea, t^c. are not fo Convex, as they were in
In old Youth : For, as any Creature advances in Years,
H<>rfcs,the the Eye grows more plain and flat, for want of that

Cornea not yiprour in the Blood's Impulfe, which was wont to
fo Convex 6 J ^^^^

IMPROVED. 117

keep the Globe turgid and full. I fay, the Comea ns in young
in old Age becomes flatter or lefs Convex, and this °"^'^-
is to be helped by the Ule of Convex Spedlacles on-
ly ,• and thefe are to be fitted according to the Decay
of the Eye, or Flatnefs of the Cornea ; for I do not
allow that fo much defends upon the other Parts of
the Eye, as on the Cryitalline Humour's growing
plainer and of a lefier Sphere, according as a Perfon
advances in Years ; no, I am well fatisfied that the
Qornea or horny Coat (which is the outermofl Part Caufe of
of the Eye before) is moftly the Caufe of Dimnefs Dimnefs of
of Sight, and no doubt but it is the fame in Horfes : ^^ ^•
For in them I have obferved the Cornea become \yj,y q\,\
more fiat or lefs Convex as they grew old ; but this Hori'cs lee
Creature is not fo fubje6l to the Inlirmity I am now '•'^oviii than
treating of as Man, by reafon they do not live to /"^^"S
half the Age. And though it may be faid in gene-
ral, that a Horfe is as old at Seven, as a Man is at
Forty, yet his Eyes (if he is well kept) may conti-
nue jfull, and the Cornea be kept prominent till he
is Sixteen, or even Twenty Years of Age. Befides, ■
Mankind are fo carelefs of this ineftimable BlelTing,
that they little regard the Value of it, till it is often
too late; for they do their Eyes a vaA deal of Da- Fire pemi-
mage by fitting near and facing hot glaring Fires, clous to the
infomuch, that they, in fomie Meafure, parboil the ^^'^'
Cryflalline Humour in particular, as well as, do
Hurt to the reft of the Parts within the Globe of the ,
Eye. But as the Cryftalline Humour is (as I have
fnid before) of the moil foHd Confiftence of any of
the three Humours of tlie Eye ; therefore lefs Heat
is neceffary to make it of fuch a Nature, as that the
Rays of Light cannot pafs through it, fo as to make
Vifion diftin6l. And in fuch Cafe, the outermoll
Lamina or Covering mufl be turned off by a Needle,
as in the Operation for the Glaucoma or Cataraft.

Another Thing is Candle- Light, and of this Peo- Candle-
ple generally fufter themfelves to have too much ^'f ^^'
when there is little Occafion for it. And by how by'^J'^ ^ad
much the more we accuftom our felves to it, or for the

read Eyes.

1 18 The Aft (j/Fakriery

read by great Lights, by fo much the more are we

hazarding our Eye-Sight; and we may thereby

bring it into fuch a State that we cannot fee at all ;

when others of the fame Age, who do not hurt

themfelves by what I am fpeaking of, can read

diflindliy. Furthermore, People fhould turn their

Backs upon the Light when they would read, or do

any Thing that is termM fine Work j but inftead of

this they turn their Faces direftly towards the

Light, which is diametrically contradictory to all

the known Rules in Opticks.

"Why a There is not any Thing in the Compofition of a

Horfe fees Horfe's Eye, which fhould caufe him to fee better

^■h^*'>J-^1> than a Man <:an do, in the Night-time; for it is

than M^in'' ^"^7 ^^^ being kept more in Darknefs than we are,

which makes a lefs Light ferve his Turn. So that

as to Light or Darknefs we talk of them as we do

of Heat or Cold, to wit, as they afFe<5t our felves,

not others ; For Example, what's Hot or Cold to

me may not be fo to another, and when it is dark

with us, it may not be fo with others, altho' in the

fame Climate.

Why Cats, As to a Cat or Owl's feeing better than other

trc. can fee Creatures in the Night, there cannot be any more

Merf ^ ^^h" ^^^^ ^'^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^" ^^^^' ^° ^^^' ^^^^ ^^°^^ ^''^^"
Night'^ ^ ^"^^^ ^'^^^ their Eyes of a finer Contexture or Make,
and that therefore the Nerves are fooner affedled.
Add to this, the Infide of the Tunica Sclerotica of
thefe Creatures is more black than others, and by
that Means the Rays of Light are more imbibed,
and confequently a ftronger Impreffion made upon
the Optick Nerve. And whoever pretends to give
any other Account than this, it mult be fuch as is
meerly fpeculative and conjectural. But to return.

The Lens which reprefents the Cryftalhne Hu-
mour, is to be placed at its proper Diftance from
the Paper behind the Hole in tjie Camera Ohfcura
or dark Chamber ; by which Means the Rays of
Light are broke or retracted : But whether by a
proper Difpofition of the Pores of the Glafs or Me-

dinm,

IMPROVED. 119

dium, that breaks the Rays, in like Manner as a
Ball is thrown into a Tube ; or whether, according
to the incomparable Sir Ifaac Neivtotty the fame is
performed by Attradlion, I fhall not at prefent take
upon me to determine : But that the Rays are broke
or refrained, few or none will deny, fmee it is de-
monllrable by fei^ral Experiments in Opticks.

Thefe Rays being brought then by Means of the
Conn; ex Glafs or Lens to their proper Focus or Point
of Convergence upon the Paper, muft (as I have
faid) imprint a more perfe£l Image.

A Coti'vex Glafs of a larger Sphere, which Glafs A Convex
may be compared to the Cornea, as the other was ^' g^^^^"^'
to the Cryftalline ; I fay, a Glafs of this Sort being {j^g cornca,
put a little on the Outfide of the Hole, will make
a greater Number of Rays to converge or come to
a Point from all Parts of the external Objedl, and
to enter in at the Hole upon the Lens or Convex
Glafs on the In fide, and confequemtly make the
Pidure or Image ftill more perfect.

The greater the Convexity of the Lensy the larger The great-
the Objea will appear ; for the Angle of Vifion ^r the Con-
will be greater, but the Axis of Sight or Dillance ^^^ 'cornea
from the Objedl will be fhortned ^ fo that Creatures the larger
which have their Eyes more Convex than ordinary, the Object
or fach as are Purblind, if they have no other De- appears,
feft or Weaknefs but what proceeds from fuch Con-
vexity, fee Things better, and larger than others ;
yet this muil be fuppofed at their own Dillance,
which no doubt muft be nearer according as the Eye
is more Convex.

There is no Help for this Defeft in Horfes, I Purblind
mean the too great Convexity of the Cornea ; but Horfes fee
this I can fay with Truth, fuch Horfes will have a ^^"^^o^v
more perfe<fl Sight, or fee Things at more proper old.
Diilances when they grow older ; for by tliat Time
the Cornea will become flatter and more plain, and
the Rays from Objefts at common Diftances will
not fall fo divergent upon the Retina as they did
before.

I muft

I ao ^he Art 0/ Fa r r i e r y

A Horle I muft not quit this Subje£l without acquainting

be'^rid o"n a ^^^ ^^^^^'^ that if he be obliged to ride in a datk

dark Night N^g^t» nothing can be worfe than mounting his

out of a Horfe out of a Stable where there are Candles burn-

lig^V: ing i and it is the fame with thofe Horfes, which

Scable. ^^^ ^.j^g Shame of their Mafters be it fpoken) are

often hung or tied at the Door, 'till fuch Time as

the Owner condefcends to mount : For, (as I jull

now hinted,) no Light, or as little as poffible fhould

come near a Horfe for fome Time before he is rid,

if the Night be dark ; feeing it dulls or confounds

his Eye-Sight for fome Time at firft fetting out, in

which Space his Mafter may very likely repent it,

and curfe the poor Beail for ftum.bling, when he

himfelf was the Defaulter.

CHAP. xni.

Of Difeafes of the Eyes in General.

Horfesmore TTO R S E S are exceedingly fubjeft to Difeafes
DifeaSs^of ^~1 °^^^^ ^>'^^' ^^ Reafon they are obliged to
the Eyes ftoop or hold down their Heads ( one half of their
than Men, time) in Order to come at their Food, fo that the
and why. . Blood- Veifels in the Head are all that time more
upon the Stretch, than they can be fuppofed when
a Creature has the Head ere6l.

It is not to be imagined with the Vulgar Part of
Mankind, (tvho ha^oe tio other Way of account ijxg for
Nature* s Operations than from Appearances,) I fay,
we muft not fuppofe that Humours fall down upon
a Horfe's Eyes, becaufe he often holds down his
Head for a confirfierable Time together, when he is
\ at Grafs; no, the Reafon is becaufe the Blood's

Circulation, in the Veins about the Neck and
Head, is in fome Meafure impeded or hindered,
and this, by Reafon of the Blood in the Neck-
Veins, being in almoft a perpendicular Situation,
when his Head is down ; fo that the impelling

Force

IMPROVED. lai

Force from the antecedent Blood in the Arteries
mull be greater to raife a perpendicular Column of
Blood in the Veins, than is required to raife a Dia-
gonal one, which is, when the Head is little lower
than the Body. And nothing evinces this Truth
more, than what we obferve in ilck weakly Perfons,
to wit, that they will bear twice the Quantity of
I bod to be taken away from any Part of the Body
without being fick, when they lye upon a Bed or
in a Horizontal Pollure, than they can do in an
ere£l or upright one ; becaufe, in the latter, the Co-
lumn of Blood in the Aorta or great Artery rifmg out
of the Heart, prefTes fo heavily againil the left
Ventricle or Cavity \n the left Side of the Heart,
that it is fcarce able (in it's Syflole or Contraction )
to raife it, in Order for Circulation. And the true-^-^^j^ p^
Reafon of weak People's not being able to fit ere6l fons ealier
without Sicknefs proceeds from the like Caufe, jufl in a Hoii-
now aiTigned. So that even from this minute Cir- z::inral Poi-
cumftance of a Prone or an Erec^ Pollure, feveral ^"eft one!''
Feats may be performed with relation to Hasmor-
rhages or Loffes of Blood, which to the Vulgar
would feem almoll unaccountable. And, in my -.tt.
Opinion, there can be no other Reafon given, why Horie is
a Horfe is not fick (or at leall not fo to appearance) not Sick
during the Operation of Bleeding, than the Hori- "^^'hen Bled.
zontal Poilure or Situation this Creature is formed
in ; for, as I jufl now faid, when an Animal is in a
Prone or Horizontal Situation, there 's not that
Force required in the Heart to drive the Blood round
the Body in its Circulation, as there is when in an
upright or ered one.

I know no one Thing v/hich more endangers a l.ow-keep-
Horfe's Eye-Sight, than of a fudden to turn him 'rg after a
from good and warm Keeping (I mean what is^^^rieha?
commonly underflood by high Feeding) to a wo^fe ;-^'" ^j^^
kind of Living; for I have been a Witnefs of itper.^hisEyc-
feveral Times, and have obferved, that when by Sight,
turning a Horfe from good to very low Keeping,
his Eyes have grown dull and funk in his Head, fo
G that

1 21 Tbe- Jrt o/" F A R R I E R Y

thnt in a very little Time he muil inevitably have
gone Blind : Yet upon fuch KonVs being fold into
the Hands of a more generous Mailer, who was not
fo niggardly 'in his Allowances to the poor Beaft,
his Eyes have again become full and clear, and ac-
quired, in fome reafonable Tim.e, their former
Livelinefs and Vigour.
Mv.GHfoti's Mr. Glbfon, in his Book of Frtrr/^jrv, p. 67, has
Kcmark a- oj^g very good Remark, to wit, *' That Difeafes of
•y ** the Eyes fro?n 07itnx>ard Accidents^ become more or

** lefs dangerous^ acco7-ding as the Hcrfe is in a good
** or bad Slate of Health ivhcn fuch Accidents befall
** himr

This Remark is not only jufl: r.s to the Eye in
particular, but likewife in the Cafe of Wounds in
any other Part of the l^ody ; and when we fay fuch
Good Fkfh ^ ^^^ ^'^s gccd Flefh to heal, I cannot find there is
to heal, the any more in the Affair, than that fuch Perfcn is
Reafonof in a good State of Health, or that his Blood and
''"• Juices areof a Balfamick or healing Nature or Qua-

lity ; and this is every Day's Experience, to wit,
that in the recent or frefh Wounds, little m.ore need
be done (provided fuch Wound be in what we call
a fiefhy Part) than Binding it up in warm Blood ;
and by keeping it waflied once a Day v^ith any
Liquor, it is no matter what, whether Brandy or
Rum, or Milk and Water warm, the Wound will
heat as well, and much fooner than it would do by
the Application of Plaifters, O'.ntments, l^c.
And our Fore-fathers, not confidering the Reafon
of Things fo well as we do now> imagined frefh
The Folly ^^ green Wounds were cured by Sympathy, and
of prcrend- became fo far infatuated, as to dreis the Inftrument,
ing to cure or at leafl lap up in clean Linnen the Tool with
c^.^.^'Ji^'i^!'^ which the Wound was given, and by keeping fuch
Sjiiiyai ^y. jj^^^.yj^(,j^j. l^clOd up, and the Wound from the

Air, thought it healed in a fhort Time.

V/e have a great m.viy furprizing and even Ro-
mantick S<:ories, of the I'^icacy or \ irtue of a Pov.-
«ier, called the S}mpathetick. Powder, particularly

Sir

IMPROVED. 123

Sir Kenelme Dighy is very full in its Commendation, Sir Kmclme
and is of Opinion, great Wonders are performed by ^'"'^ ^^^v^"
Sympathy. His Powder was a Preparation from poy,^er
Salt of Iron, or what we call Copperas ; but the
Receipt is not worth Tranfcribing, otherwife I
would give it the Reader.

The Operation of the Powder ( as moll Prepara-
tions of Iron are ) was of a Styptick or binding Qua-
lity, much of the Nature of Dr. Eato?i's Balfamick
Styptick, fold by Patent, which is a very good and
pretty Compofition of Steel, or Iron, although
there feems to be an Abfurdity in the Title, to wit,
Balfamick Styptick, which is meer Nonfenfe :
However, I fiy, the Medicine is exceeding preva-
lent in many Diforders, attended with LofTes of
Blood ; and fuch Things when applied to Wounds
(that is frefh Wounds) bind up and Hop the Mouths
of the lacerated and torn Blood-Veffels, and by that
Means the Wound fooner confolidates or grows to-
gether.

CHAP. XIV.

Of Wounds or Bloi.vs on the Eye, and other ext&rnal
Accidents.

IF the Reader will but give himfelf liberty toofWoun:!s,
ftudy a little the Anatomy of the Eye, accord- Blows, &c.'
ing to what I have already fet down, he will eafily ^^^ the tye,
judge whether it is the Cornea or Horny Coat, or
forae other Part of the Eye which is afFedled : But
as the Cornea or Horny Coat is moftly the Scene of
Adion in Wounds of the Eye, I fhail chiefly con-
fine myfelf to that particular Part in this Chapter :
For the Cornea or Tunica Adnata^ which is only
the opaque Cornea or White of the Eye ; I fay
thefe, or the one of thefe, always fulFer in Wounds,
Blows, l5c. of the Eye, and the more fo, accord-
ing as the inllrument with which the Wound
G 2 is

I ^4 ^he An 0/ Farriery

is given is more or lefs pointed or fharp. But if
the Blow or Stroke be given with an obtufe or
blunt Inilrument, then the Parts adjacent to the
Cornea, as well as thofe within the Globe of the
Eye, may be concerned, infomuch that the very
Blood-VelTels which nourifn the Iris, Cryftalline,
^c. may be broken, and the whole Eye gulh full
of Blood in an Inftant. Nay, I have known it
happen from the Stroke of a blunt Inftrument, fuch
as a Cane or the handle of a Whip, ( which pafiio-'
nate People are but too apt to make ufe of, ) that
the very Cryftalline Humour of a Horfe's Eye has
been forced out of its Capfula or little Bag, and ei-
ther fallen down to the Bottom of the Aqueous Hu-
mour, or advanced forward through the Hole of the
Irisy which is, what People (though improperly)
term the Sight of the Eye ; and which fcevcr of
thefe is the Cafe, is not to be remedied by Art ; fo
Honey of Hoijey of Rofesy ^vith a little Spring Water, and the
Roles and WJnte of an Egg, mixed together, and applied nvith a
V^'^'^^^Q^n^.^eather, is, in my Opinion, as good as any Thing
gainit In-' ^^^ one can appl}^, to afiwage the Inflammation,
liamniatinn ^c.

of thcEyes, Mr. Gihfon talks of Plantain-Water, or Rofe-
Br"ks.2<c. W^t^^' but thefe Kinds of diftilled Waters, with
' ' many more which are obtained from Herbs, and
fuppofed in their Nature cooling, have not any Vir-
tue more than the Pump-Water. And therefore, the
common Trick of Apothecaries fubftituting it in-
The Tnfig- ftead of Plantain- Water, is no harm at all ; There-
riticancy nffoj-e, if this or the like were the greateft of their
Roic-watcr, jj^pofitions, I fhould never blame them, whatever
v!'-^^'c?^£vC Notions the good old Houfe-keepers may entertain
'*' '' ' of Plantain, Rofe, or Hyflop-Waters, with at leall
forty more of the fame Tribe.

It is very poiTible for a Horfe to get fuch a Bruife
or Crufli upon his Eye, in calling or throwing over,
(efpecially if any Stone or other hard and unequal
Body lie'in the Way, ) that the Humours, which
OJght to be in their dillindt and fcparatc Coverings,

may

IMPROVED. 12S

may be turned a little fideways, and his Sight lofl,
although the Eye keeps its due Fullnefs and Propor-
tion : But this Diforder cannot well be known, but
by thofe who underftand the Anatomy of this lb
admirably contrived Organ of the Body.

I remember a very odd Cafe, fomething like
this I am treating of, which happened to a Man*s
Eyes, and, as it is I think fcarcely to be parallel'd,
I muft beg leave to name it in this Place.

The Cafe was this ; one Hefiry Dumhall, near A very odd
V/igan^ happened to receive a Stroke upon one of C*'^^-
his Eyes in a Quarrel, which entirely deprived him
of Sight on that Side, although his Eye was as
plump and full as the other ; nor did he tell me
when I favv it, that he had much Pain after the
Misfortune

I obferved the Humours of the Eye difplaced,
though I had reafon to believe their Coats or Cover-
ings pretty whole and entire. The Cryftalline was
advanced nearer the Pupil (or little Hole in the
middle of the Iris) than it ought to be, and with
all turned fide-ways ; fo that by this ( I mean the
Cryftalline's being advanced nearer the Pupil ) the
Rays of Light mull fall confufedly upon the Retina,
in tiie fame Manner as when, in the Camera Ob/cur a
before defcribed, the Paper which reprefents the
Reti7ia is held at too great a Diilance from the
Convex Glafs which reprefents the Cryllalline
Humour. So that finding the Eye in this Pickle,
I advifed the poor Man to reft contented, and not
throw away his Money upon ignorant Itinera-nts^
which we daily fee is too often the Cafe of the de-
luded Vulgar : But this Man's Evils did not end
I here ; for a few Years afterwards he happened to
I fall out with one of his Neighbours, who in the
I Fray twifted his Finger into poor Dumball's Hair,
I and fqueezed his Thumb with fuch Violence into
his Eye, that, as the firft, fo was the other Eye
loft, and as near as poflible remained in the like Si-
i tu:ition and Circumftances with it. And this in-
G 3 deed

1 26 The Jrt of Farriery

deed was a deplorable Cafe, which made the" poor
Man feek out 011 every Hand for help, notwithftand-'
ing that I had given him my Opinion, that his
Eyes were incurable by Art ; and if he ever recover-
ed, it muft be by Accident. But what does it fig-
Tiify talking to blind Men, and telling them the
'Iruth; for thougli they are abfolutely incurable,
they are flill in hopes of receiving Benefit from fbme
P/eienJer or other, who does nothi^ng efFeiStaally
befides picking the Patient's Pocket ; and really one
would be furprized, to find fo many poor de-
1 ud'd Mortals feeking Relief from tliefc ignorant
Impofiors.

I know feveral Gentlemen and Ladies who have
the Misfortune to be incurably blind ; but more ^-^r-
Mr.Nul.cUs ticularly one, to wit, Mr. Nichclas Kent, an
2vt'ir 6Lalc. eminent and very honeft SoUicitor in London, who
is quite Blind \ yet to a Perfon not well acquainted
with the Strudure of the Eye, this worthy Man ap-
pears as if he could fee as well as any one in the
Room with him. EI is Cafe is a Varix of the Blood-
Vt9ith, chiefly of the Retina ; what I mean by a
Varix, is a Dilatation or Stretching of the Veins,
not the Arteries, where the Blood turns into a kind
of Eddy, and makes a Knot upon the Part. I fay
this is Mr. Kent\ Cafe, and is not any ways re-
mediable, though I have been informed he applied
himfelf to Mr. T — r, the Travelling Oculift,
who I doubt not would give good Encouragement
for a good Fee. But I have reafon to doubt that
Mr. T — r\ Hand and Heart are mere Strangers to
one another ; or that if he fpeaks as he thinks, he
is very ignorant. But to return to poor Harry
Dumball, who led me into this tedious DigrelTion :
Dy.mlalVs I fay, this poor Fellow, after he had been Blind
^^^^'. fome Years, applied himfelf to Mr. Green, faid to

concmued. ^^ g^^ ^^ ^^^ famous Green of Done after a pretty
good Stage-Orator in his Time, who promifed to re-
liore him his Eye-Sight : But the Man being poor,
a Perfon undertook to nuke a CoUedtion for him to

pay

I M P R O V E D- 117

pay the Do«ftor, fo ainongil the reft they ask'd my
Charity. I told them that 1 would lodge ten Gui-
neas, to be paid Mr. Grsen when the Cure was per-
it&.cd, bat was unwilling to give any Money other-
wife ; however, I give half a Crown, and a little-
wholefome Advice into the Bargain j which was, not
to give Mr. Green any Money till fuch Time as he
had perfeded the Cure, feeing he had promifed it
on fuch Conditions. In fine, this Mountebank poked
with his Needle, for fome confiderable Time toge-
ther, in the poor Min'b Eye, ( for he did but try
one of them, ) )'et without Succefs. However, thus
much I m.uft fay in behalf of Mr, Green, which is
m.ore than I can fay for any elfe of the Itinerant
Tribe, that he had not thruH his Inilrument or
Needle unskilfully into the I\'Ian's Eye ; for he had
not m the leail Hurt or Wounded any of the Blood-
VefTels of the Irisy nor had he turned the Point of
the Needle inward, fo as to do any damage to the
Cryftal'ine or Vitreous Humour ; but on the con-
trary, he had ( like a skilful Operator fo far ) kept
the fame wholly in the Aqueous Humour, with a
fteady Hand,, and his only Fault or Imperfeftion
was, that he was not able to judge rightly of the
Diforder : For had it been a Catara«Sl tint this Man
had labour'd under, 1 am perfwaded this Gentle-
man would have removed it with Safety ; fo that iu
the Main, he neither did Good nor Harm to this
Blind Man, which is much more commendable, than
what is done by many oflentatious Pretenders, (who
would have us believe they can play Cups and Balis
in a Man's Eye,) to wit, thruft the Needle {o un-
skilfully into this noble Part, that they make it im-
practicable for any after them to do Service; al-
though the Diilcmper (before they meddled with it,)
was fuch, as might have been removed by a good
Hand, even in the fourth Part of a Minute. But
leaft I fhoald intrude too much upon the Reader's
Patience, I draw near to a Concluiion of this true
Hiilory,

G4 As

12 8 The Jrt of Farriery

DMmUll's As I jufl: now faid, Dumhall ftill continued Blind,

but a few Years afterwards, he happened to be jell-
ing and wrellling with one of his Neighbours, wlio
caught him round the Head in his Arms, and
fqueefed his Face againfl his Breail:, and a Button by
Accident happening to light againil: one of the
Blind Man's Eyes, it feemed to Hurt him very Sore,
and feme Blood was ( by the Violence of the Squeefe)
forced out of the Eye ; but what is moft to be
wondered at, the Blind-Man received Sight of that
Eye from this Accident ; which is more than all
the Surgeons, Oculifts, l^c. put together, could
have done by Art. And v/hofoever ihould tell me
he could have performed this by any Inilrument,
or other Contrivance, I fhould look on fuch Perfon,
as no more than a vain empty Coxcomb, who can
fay more in one Minute, than he will perform in
his whole Life, tho' he fhould outlive Methufclah.

Now, in this Cafe, there is no Manner of Doubt
to be made, but the Cryllalline Humour of the Eye
mull (by the violent Squeefe of the Man's Thumb)
be forced out of its Capfula or that thin Covering
iy Anatomiils called Tunica Ara^iea ; and in fuch
C-i\.{t, the Rays of Light muft be brought to a Focus
or Point, quite in a different Part of the Eye to
wliat they ought to be, and of confequence the
Mari's Sight muft be loft while the Cryftalline con-
tinued in that State and Condition : And I am con-
vinced, this was the true Cafe ; for I could plainly
perceive a little of the Edge of the Cryftalline Hu-
mour (efpecially if I look'd fide-ways) through the
Pupilla or Sight of the Eye, and when this Eye
happened to be again prefs'd by the Button of a
Coat as aforefaid, the Cryftalline flipped back into
its proper Place, which is (as I have faid) imme-
diately behind the Iris, and into a fmall Cavity
in the Middle of the Vitreous Humour ; and by
this Means, the Rays became properly convergent
upon the Retina.

In

IMPROVED. np

In the firft Place, if a Horfe's Eyes be out of or- Look well
der, they fhould be well looked into befare you ['J^^*J^^,^
prefcribe : For, if he be quiet, one may eafily turn ^^,^ ^^^^^^q
up the Eye-Lids, and view if any foreign Body, yon pre-
fuch as Duft, or Moats of any kind, ftick upon their icribc
Infide, or upon the Horny Coat, which, as I have
faid, is the tranfparent and fore-part of the Eye ; if
there is, it muft be carefully wiped off with a Spunge
and Water. The Spunge may be ried to the End of
a fmall Stick, or the like; after this the Eye will
mend of itfelf ; for, ^u^hen the Caufe is taken a^ay
the Effea ceafes ; only let the Eye be now and then
wafhed with the white Eye- Water, as hereafter
prefcribed.

Take Roch-alum, and n.vhite-Vitriol^ each one^i^Q white
Ounce; Calcine or burn them to a Calx or W;'//^ Eye-water
Mafsj in a Crucible or upon a clean Fire-Jhonjel; ""[^^'^^ ^J
njohen this is done, -pffvcder ''em and mix ''em <vjith ^ On^V
Three Pints of Boiling-Water ', to this ma^^ be added
of Lapis Calaminaris finely-po'vjderedy one Ounce.

And this may be fufficient for moft Rheumy Sore
or Blood-fliot Eyes, or to heal any little Wounds or
Ulcers of the Cornea, or Tunica adnata, whether
occafioned from Diftillations of Rheum, or extrane-
ous Bodies which may have fretted and wounded the
fame.

If this Proportion of the Roch-alum and Vitriol
be too fliarp, it may eafily be lowered by adding a;
little more Water to it; and, as I have before hinted,
Pump-Water is as good as Plaintain or Rofe- Water.

If the Horfe's Eye be fv/elled and inflamed, he Bleeding
fhould be bled in the Neck, or where clfe you is good for
pleafe; for, notv,^ithftanding what Mr. Gihfon has 2" Intlam-
faid about making an Orifice too near the affefled J^.^'^p" ^"
Part, there is not fo much in the Matter as he '
would have us believe, unlefs in wtrj acute Cafes';
becaufe all the Good which accrues from Bleeding
is certainly no other than from the Quantity's be-
G 5 ing

130 7he Jrt of Farriery

ing lefTcned, Therefore, in my Thoughts, when
this Opei-ation is performed either upon Man 01^
Brute, it fhould be done to the Purpofe, that is, to
take away as much Blood as the Violence of the
Symptoms require, and the Strength of the 'Creature
can well bear; tlio' indeed, I advife that the Blood
may be drawn away at feverai repeated Operations,
rather than all at once, for Reafons very well af-
figned by the ingenious Dr. Hales in his Haemoila-
tical Experiments, vol. 2d. As to Conferve of Red
Rofes, Vinegar, Bole-armenick, Whites of Eggs,
or fuch like outward Applications, there is not
much to be expected from them; fo that, the Horfe*s
Eye need only be bathed or waihed well with warm
Water and a large Spunge; or, for want of fo ufeful
a Thing about a Stable, a pretty large Piece of
Linnen-Rag may ferve the Turn. And for healing
any V/ound of the Eye, I dare fay the following
Ointment will be ferviceable, when the aforefaid
W-ater is not in Readinefs, provided the Owner of
the tlorfe be endow'd with a little Patience.
-An Oint- Take Ointment cf Tutty, one Ounce-, Honey of

n.erit fnr RofeSy ttvo Drachms ; ivhite Vitriol calcined or
^l ^I"/ V r ^«''«^> one Scruple ; mix thefe cold, and apply 'em.
^ ^"^a little warmed with a Feather between the Eye-
Lids, Morn and Even for fome Time, and waih
his Eye at Noon with a little warmed blue- Milk
and a Spunge.
Pr.rgtng, Purging, Rowelling, Clyftering, iffc. are not of

&c of no much fignificancy in the Cure of Wounds of the
Service in g^^. ^^^ ^^ j j^^ve juil now faid. Bleeding and the
Woimci<? of (Ointment, as before prefcribed, are (with Patience)
the Eye. fufRcient to effed it.

I muft not dole this Chapter without taking
Notice of one Thing in Mr. Gihfons Book of Far-
riery, page 70. he fays, that *' when a Horfe's Eye
♦' happens to burft fomewhat out of it's Socket, by
" the Violence cf a Blow or Wound llretching or
*' cutting the Mufcles, the firfl Thing is to reduce
** it and put it carefully in it's Place, applying the
" Charge, ^r." Now

IM PROVED. 131

Now, in my Thoughts, one may as foon, and
with the like Succefs, put the Brain into it's Place,
after it is turned out, as the Eye. And tho* I a-
gree that the Mufcles may be relaxed and recover
themfelves again without much Damage ; yet I
cannot think the Eye witli it's Optick Nerve, (con-
sidering it's Infernon into ib foft a Part as the Brain,
whofe Contexture is fomething different from Elaf-
tick;) I fay, I cannot imagine that the Eye can be
turned out of the Head or Socket wlierein it fhould
lye, without caufmg efFedlual Blindnefs. Yet the

learned Dr. T r may perhaps be of a different

Opinion ; . for I have had the Honour to fee him
perform fome furprizing Operations upon Eyes :
But I mui^ not omit telling the Reader that they
were dead Calve's Eyes, tho' indeed the Dodlor told
us he had done the like upon living Subjefts, and
that Dr. HoUins and Dr. Chefelden were WitnefTes
to his Performances : But (low be it fpoken) the
latter of thofe worthy Gentlemen favoured me with
a Letter, wherein he fatisfied, or rather confirmed
me in my Belief of T- — rh groundlefs Affertions.

Soft Food, or fuch as does not require much Soft Food
chewing, is moft proper for a Horfe that is difeafed Proper rbr
in his Eyes, and if it be in Summer-time cut Grafs ^kh dif
is beft in the Stall ; but holding down his Head in tempered
the Pafture cannot be good for him, for Reafonsbe-iyis.
fore afTigned.

CHAP. XV.

Of Rheumy y and inflamed Ejes,

THERE are Horfes, no doubt, frequently Rheumy
troubled with Rheums and Inflammations o^^)'^^-
the Eyts, which have been ill cured while they were
Colts J fo that the Blood and Humours acquired a
more than common Bent that Way, v/here the ufual
Difcjiarge was made for fome confiderable Time
G (k befoiCj.

l^^ The Art of Farriery

before, infomuch that it is often very hard to flop

it. And really it is furprifing to obferve what large

Obfcrva- Quantities a Perfon will bleed from the Bite of a

Hon on the Horfe-Leech, after that Reptile has filled itfelf : But

Horfe- ^ ^^'^^ Reafon is, the natural Bent of the Blood to the

Leech. Orifice where the Leech faftened. And indeed I

have often feen the good old GolTips hard fet to ftop

the Blood from flowing too much out of the fmall

Wound made by this little Creature ; and I have

often heard People ( who have been ufed to Bleed

Spring and Fall ) fay, that they could perceive the

Blood pricking and making an Endeavour for Dif-

cl^arge at the old Orifice.

The Dia- Jul! thus it fares in Relation to moft Difcharges ;

Jlf^V^^M, ^^ ^^ ^^^7 continue too long, the Diameters of the

jncreafcil ^^^^els near the Part are inlarged by the continual

ly I'Mig Influx of the Blood and Humours ? fo that 'tis fome-

and conti- Time 'ere they can be reflored to their former State-

chJ^p-f'^' and Condition of Elaflicity.

'rht^'cavle '^^^ Caufes of Rheumy Eyes are very numerous ;
i)t' Rheumy '^ t)y Surfeits hard Riding, and the like. And I
Kyes. have often obferved, that low and poor Feeding, of a

Horfe Vv'hich has been ufed to better, very much in-
dangers his Eye-Sight ; and, that upon allowing-
him a proper Quantity of Oats, dffr. he has reco-
vered his Sight to a Miracle, even after his Eyes
might be thought funk in his Head (as it is cali'd) ;
and there is a very good Reafon for it, if one would
but conflder a little, which is, that while a Horfe
eats a good Quantity of Oats, and is much in Uf&,
his Blood and Spirits have their due Motion and \''i-
gour ; fo that the Globe or Ball of the Eye is kept
full, and the Axis of Vifion lengthened to a proper
Diilance. Bat if fuch a Horfe happen to tall into
bad Hands, who ride him hard, and allow hint -^
An Atro- little Corn, his Eyes are in Danger, by Reafcn it
jhyorCon- wiTfoften produce an Atrophy or Confumption of
^li^rt^^ " °' the Eye, for want of due Nourifliment to be derived
h^V^^' from the Blood, l5c. for the Ufe of this fo noble
caiiilii, and wonderfully contrived Organ,.

If

IMPROVED. 133

If a Horfejs Plethorick or too full of Blood and The Me-

Spirits, and his Eyes are inflamed or Rheumy, in^^'J,'^^.^
fuch Cafe Bleeding, Purging, Rowelling, ^'c. arei^jj^^^,^^
of no Service, although Super-purgation or Ov^er-Eye.s.
purging is as bad, and often of dangerous Confe-
quence, not only to the Eye-Sight, but alfo to the
Bowels or Inteftines, which it much weakens. Of
fuch Concern therefore is it to keep the Golden
Mean, and not to be over-fond of Purging or Bleed-
ing our Horfes when there are very fmall Reafons
for it, nay perhaps no other than that we are fond
of feeing fuch Evaaiations, by Reafon they bell
quadrate with our outward Senfes.

I fhall offer the following as a good and fafe Purge
for Rheumy Eyes.

Taie Horfe- Aloes, ten Drachms ; Cream of Tar- A Purge
/,?r, one Ounce ; Senna in Pouoder, half an Ounce j for Rhen-
on of Annifeed, tnjoo Drachms; Syrrup of Buckthorn, '^''^^^^^'
as much as is fuffi-cient to make it into a fiff Mafs :
Which form into two Balls, and give them in the
common Manner with about a Quart of warm Ale
to wafh them down.

The Price of this Purge (hould be about Sixteen The Price.
Pence, ( Apothecaries Profit, ) and there is no fear
of any of the Drugs being bad, they are fo cheap,
unlefs the Oil of Annifeed, which is worth eight '
Shillings a Pound at London ,• and as I have not
heard of any Method of trying its Goodnefs with-
out a deal of Trouble, I muft recommend my Read-
ers to make Choice of honeft Apothecaries (if any
fuch there are ) to make up the Medicines I prefcribe.

Oil of Annifeed has this peculiar Quality in it, dif-
ferent from moft, if not all other Chymical Oils j
to wit, that it congeals or feems to freeze even in
warm Weather.

After Bleeding, Purging, ^c. it will be of Ser-
vice to ufe the Water, fuch as before prefcribed.

If

134 ^^^ ^^^ ^f Farriery

How to be ff a Horfe has Rheumy running Eyes, the Wa-
^PP^X'^' ter will be of great Uie by putting it into them
Vv'arm, not only twice, but feveral Times a Day,
perhaps four or five Times : For the Tuyilca Cornea^
or outward Part of the Eye is ( in thefe Cafes ) full
cf fmall Wounds or Ulcers like fo many Pin-Points, .
which require fomething drying and healing to be
applied pretty often, that the Lodgement of the
fharp Humour may not farther corrode its tender-
Fibres.

Lafih^ I fhall for Variety fet down an Ointment-
for the fame Ufe as the Water, which I have known'
fucceed where that had failed. And I can attribute*
it to nothing more than the Ointments continuing'
longer upon the Eye, and not being fo foon wafhedi
off by the Moiilure and Movement of it.

The Oint- Tah Lafis Calaminart's, and Tutty prepared a^
r.ient lor ^;;^ ^^ p^^y ^g^ (hv grinding upon a Marllc^) of each'
fore£.yes. i^lf an Ounce ^ 'Roman Vitriol in Fo^vder, half a
Drachm j White Vitriol^ and Alum Calcined^ each
half an Ounce ; Camphire tti'o Drachns ; mix thefe
ruery woell in three Ounces of frejh Butter, and ap-
ply them <voarm thrice a Day 'with a Feather ; fo that
it aftually get into, or rather upon the Horny-Coat
of the Eye. And I "beg Leave to inforce this the
ftronger, becaufe moft People do not fufficiently
open the Eye-Lids when they apply Waters, Oint-
ments, l^c. foi the Cure of Rheumy or fore Eyes.

1 have in my Notes upon Capt. Burdon's Pocket-
Farrier remark'd that the Captain was a little out
in his Calculation, v/hen he faid, " no Powders
** ought ev€r to be put into a Horf^*s Eyes ; " and
fhew'd that the Water thofe Powders are mix'd v.'ith,
ferves only as a Vehicle to them, no more tlian the
Frelh-Butter in the Ointment jull: prefcribed ; fo
that in Fad it is the Powders which are the Eafis or
chief Thing in the Compofition. Nor is it avail-
able to fet down more Forms than thefe two, feeing

the

IMPROVED. 135

the Water, or Ointment, may either of them be
made weaker, as the Cafe requires, by adding more
Water to the firft, or more Batter to the hitter.

I have read over at leaft an hundred Forms of
differently contrived Eye-Waters, Powders, Oint-
ments, &c. for the Cure of Rheumy Eyes, but let
thefe fuffice with thofe who have fo much Learning
as not to pin their Faith upon the Number of In-
gredients in any Prefcription, but rather upon a few
rightly chofen Drugs properly adapted to the Cu-
rative Intention ; for of the other Praftice there is
no End, neither is it fupported by right Reafon.

De Grey has fome Things here and there worth r^e Gny
Obfer/ation in his Book of Farriery ; but he had a ccnliiretl,
comical out-of-the-way Notion, when he fancied
that Human Dung fry'd to a Coal and powder'd,
and blown thro' a Quill into a Horfe's Eyes, takes
away Specks, Films, i^c. Indeed there is fome-
thing of a Salt called Jnimal-Salt contained in the
Excrement of all Creatures, but more efpecially in
the Dung of thofe which difcharge the Urinous Salts
along with it,, having no Pifs-Bladder or Receptacle
for the Urine, fuch as Geefe, iffc. whofe Dung is
white at one End ; ( when it dries haflily ; ) and
thefe are the Urinous Salts of fuch Ufe among the
common Sort of People for the Cure of the Jaun-
dice i but I am of Opinion, that the Dung of Ani-
mals, however cooked, will be Dung ftill, and not
avail much in curing any Difeafes of the Eyes.

CHAP. XVI.

Of Moon-Eyes, or Lunatick Eyes. Of Moon-

Eyes.

MR. Gihfon defines Moon-llindednefs to proceed Mr- quMs
from *' an obftinate Stagnation in the fmall J^^^'^'J^'^^^;^
*' Arteries of the Tunica Adnata or outermoll Coat b'indncls
** of the Eye, commonly called the White of the ctnUiiwd.

- Eye,

1^6 ^^e Art of Farriery

" Eye, and a Relaxation of the fmall Kernels that
** are feated at each of its Angles or Corners ; and
*^ that, by the hentor or Corrofivenefs of the Mat-
** ter, it at length deftroys the Tranfparency and
** Clearnefs of the Cornea^ fo as to caufe Blindnefs."
This is, in my Thoughts, a very lame Defcrip-
tion of the Diftemper, For if there was an obHinate
Stagnation of the Blood in the fmall Capillary Ar-
teries, the Confequence would be a Suppuration or
Gathering, (as 'tis commonly called ; ) and from
thence the Cornea or Horny-Coat would be deftroy'd
in Part, or in Whole, by the Formation of fo thick
a Cicatrix or Scar that the Rays of Light could
rot be admitted fufficiently, in order to form diftinft
Vifion : Whereas we find by Experience, that
Moon-blhid Horfes do, at fome particular (though
not regularly Hated) Times, fee very well, info-
much that no Alteration can be obfer/ed, either
within or Vv^ithout the Globe of the Eye.

Secondly^ I have feldom obferved, that the Cor-
rofivenefs of the Humour or Matter deftroys the
Tranfparency of the Cornea-, I mean in Lunatick or
Moon-blind Horfes. And therefore, I am pretty con-
fident, from repeated Obfervation and Diffe6lion of
The true Moon-blind Eyes, that the true Seat of this Diftem-
Seat of the per (fo very peculiar to Horfes) is in the Iris,
Diitemier. otherwife termed Unjca^ before defcribed j and that
it is an Inflammation of that particular Coat of the
Eye, which may proceed from feveral Caufes, fuch
as Surfeits, hard Exercife, or the like ; and the
faint Yellownefs obferved by the ^ieur de Solleyfely
appearing under the Apple of the Eye, may plainly
be feen by any one, who underllands the Anatomy
of this Organ, fituate upon the JJ'vca. And this
Yellownefs is no other than what frequently happens
in other Parts of the Body, when an Inflammation
is going ofi\, occaficned (as I apprehend) from the
Blood and Humours being obllruded in tlieir Circu-
lation.

From

IMPROVED. 137

From what has been faid, it will eafily be judged
how we ought to proceed in the Cure of this Ma-
lady. And firfl of all, Leflening the Quantity ofThe Cure.
Blood mutl have the Preference : This ought to be
performed as foon as may be, and a good deal taken
away from the Thigh- Veins ( if you pleafe ) by
Way of Revulfion. After this, Purging may take
Place, and fuch Things which promote the Urinary
Difcharges ; and for this End, I know nothing bet-
ter than the Turpentines of all Sorts. For Exam-
ple.

Take three Ounces of Venice-Turpentine ; living p.alis 'or
Millepides, half a Gill; hruife them, and mix them Moon-ey'd
it'/Z-i? the Turpentine, and make all itito a Mafs, w?>/-?^°^^^^"
Flo^Lver of Brimflone : Out of which may be form'd
fmall Balls, of the Bignefs of Pidgeons Eggs ; one
of which may be given in a Morning for a Fort-
night together, after the Horfe has been purged
twice or thrice with the common AJoes-Purge be-
fore prefcribed.

I know Mr. Gihfon fays, Phlebotomy or Blood-
letting oftentimes proves hurtful in Moon-blindnefs ;
but certainly he has not thoroughly confidered the
Caufe of this Diforder, feeing nothing more, or
fooner relieves the Inflammation, than Leflening the
Quantity of Blood.

I do not think that outward Applications are of Outward
Service to Moon-blind Horfes, by reafon the Seat Applica-
of the Diftemper is within the Ball or Globe of the ^^^;^^fj°^^^^
Eye, and fuch Things reach no farther than the ^^p^^^ ^yhy.
Cornea and outward Coats.

Lafil)\ when all other Proceedings have failed, I Cutting the
have known the Temporal Arteries tied with waxed TemvoraV
Silk in two Places, each at the Diftance of about an^^'^^^|5J' ^
Inch, and then cut afunder, and the Wound healed j^^q^^i.
with any common Digeftive Ointment. And this blindnefs.
Method I have feen perform a Cure more lafting,
than any other Praftice whatfoeverj and a very

good

^he Jrt ^/Farriery

good Reafon there is for it, to wit, that by making
a Ligature upon the Temporal Arteries and dividing
them, the too great Influx of Blood to the Eye is
impeded, though tliere are fufficient Branches left,.
to fiirnifti a proper and due Quantity of Blood to the
Parts : Yet fetting all thefe Things ahde, if I had
a Horfe fubjeft to this Diftemper, the hrft Thing I
ihould do, would be to get rid of him, though I
don*t fay I would fell him for a found Horfe, as I
have heard is too common among Dealers, who-
think nothing of Confcience or Reputation.

There is little or no Reafon in what Mr. Gib/on
or the Skur de Solleyfcl have writ, with relation to
Foals or Colts which have 0.-ts given them, to wit,
that their Eyes are in Danger from thence ; becaufe,
in chewing the Oats, tlie Mufcles about the Eyes
are fo llrained, that a Defiuxion of Rheum, or, in
their Words, more Blood than neceffary is drawn
towards the Eyes, by the Motion as aforefaid. And
therefore they dire<Sl, that the OpJ:s be firft ground'
or {lamped, w^hich I think is proper, fo far as they
are nearer Digeftion, or in other Words, more eafy
to digeft : And this is all I can fay in Recommen-
dition of the Paragraph,

CHAP. XVII.

Of Films i Wehsy &c. caufing Dimnefs of Sight.

Kye- T^ ^^ T[io^ certainly of the utmofl Importance,

Water.s,c--c JL to diftinguifh betv/een thofe Difcafes or Infirmi-
of no ScT- ties afFedling the outward^ from fuch as have their
orders" ^^^'S^^'^ "P^*"^ ^^^ inv;ard Parts of the Eye ; for if the
wiihin the Disorder be inv/ard or within the Globe of the Eye,
Globe of all outward Applications of Waters, Powders, Oint-
ihe Kye. ments, ^'c. are quite out of the Qucllion : And
where there is one Diforder of the Eye outwardly,
there is ten inwardly, ( I mean in the Globe of tlie

Eye;)

IMPROVED. 1^5^

Eye ; ) for the E) e-Lids, iffc. are not ftridly to be
accounted as Parts of the Eye. Therefore, I fay,
unlefs a Perfon will give himfelf the Trouble to
learn fomething of the Anatomy of the Eye, (which
may be done in an Hour's Time, ) he can never be
able to tell whether the Diftemper is inward or out-
ward. And I have often been furprized to fee the
pofitive Ignorance of Farriers, nay, even of fome
Surgeons, ( that friould know better, ) who, when
the Creature has lubour'd under the Diilemper calPd
a Cataradl, (which is an Affeftion of the Cryilal-
line Humour within the Globe of the Eye, ) have
been applying Eye-Waters, iffc. as if the Cornea or
outward Coat had been inflamed, and full of fmall
Ulcers.

Mr. Gih/on fets down an Eye-Water of a blue ^'7'!'^

W'

Colour, for the Cure of Films occalioned from ^" t'h^CYre'^of
Inflammation of the Eye ; and the fame is a very FUms.'
good V/ater ; but one need not take the Trouble of
making it, for it is to be had at any Apothecary's
at two Pence an Oance ; only ask for Jqua Saphi- j[/j'^^,'^^^%
rhia or the blueiih Eye-Wr;cer. It is called Sa- ^'^ )'J■'^^
phirinuy from the Refemblance in Colour to the
Saphire Stone.

I fhall only recommend the Ointment prefcribed
for fore Eyes, Chap. 15, whenfoever a Horfe has
any Film or Speck, occafioned from the Sharpnefs
of Rheum or the like, falling upon his Eyes : But
then, I would be underitood to ufe it when the
Diftemper is new or Recent; for it will (to my
Knowledge, ) both cleanfe and heal the little Sores
with fafety : But if the Film or white Skin upon
the Eye be of long Handing, or what we call a Ci-
catrix or Scar from the Healing of a Wound of
the Eye ; I fay, if this be the Cafe, I very much
queflion whether any Thing v/ill be able effeftually
to remove it, notwithilanding there are many Nos-
trums for the purpole. And if any Good be done,
it muft be from the Ufe, nay long continued Ufe, c^
fuch Things, as by their Roughnefs and Solidity

(when

14^ ^he Art of Farriery

(when introduced into the Eye) fcour off the out-
ward Cor.t of the Cornea \ and thefe Things being
mixed with Honey, or any other healing Thing,
Powdered may now and then be of fome little Service. And
Glals pro- jn my Thoughts, Powdered Glafs is moft likely to
rfg^^^^^^'efFea a Removal of fuch Films or Specks, which
Films ire. appear upon the outward Surface of the E)'e, when
there is not any Inflammation accompanying them :
For Glafs finely powdered, and fifted through a fine
Flower Sieve, mixed with Honey and a little frefh
Butter, I have known to take awa)' a Speck or
Film when all other Things have failed ; and the
Reafon is, no doubt, becaufe Glafs will keep it3
Form, and not be difTolved into lefTer Particles by
the Motion and Waters of the Eye j whereas Tutty,
or Lapis Calaminaris, by fuch Motion, l^c. of the
Eye, are rendered fo fmooth, that they take little
EfFeft upon fo hard a Body as the Film is, when
it has been of fo long Handing. And the Operation
of the Glafs in the Eye, may well be compared to
the Fifh-Skin ufed by Joiners in fmoothing up their
Work ; for, as this fmooths and polishes the Wood,
fo does that the Cornea or Horny Coat of the Eye ;
and with fafety too, as I have often found by Ex-
fjerience. But then (as I faid before) it feldom fuc-
ceeds if the Film is old and hardened, unlefs the
Owner of the Horfe has a deal of Patience, and con-
tinues the Ufe of it for a long Time together.
Cutting out As to Cutting cut the Han.vsy when the Excre-
thv Haws, fcence is fo large that it damages a Horfe's Sight,
there may be fomething faid for it : But as tliis fim-
ple Operation may be eafily performed with Safety
by any of our common Farriers, and as the fame is
fufHciently defcribed by Mr. Gib/on ^ I fhall not
trouble the Reader with an Account of it any far-
ther, than telling my Opinion what the Diforder is.
And Firft, I take what the Farriers call the Flaws,
to proceed from a long and continued Defludlion of
Rheum upon the Eye, or a preternatural Heat
within the Globe of the Eye itfelf i and by this,

the

IMPROVED. 141

the Kernelly Subilance (as Mr. Gibfon terms It) in
the greater Canthus or Corner of the Eye towards
tlie Nofe, becomes hard and griilly, infomuch, that
I have feen it advance near as far as the middle Part
of the Cornea, commonly, tho' erroneoufly, ftiled
the Sight of the Eye. And in this Cafe, as I juft
now hinted, there is nothing to be done but to cut
them away, and the Ointment for fore Eyes before
prefcribed, will be fuihcient to heal the Part, at
the fame Time it is employ'd to polifli and heal the
Diforders of the Cornea or outward Parts of the
Eye.

De Grey makes mention of the French Marjhah A good
or Farriers taking up the Wajh of the Eye with a Obfcrva-
Needle and Thread, and cutting out the Haw as ^^*^y,° ,
clofe as they can, but difcommends fuch Praftice, - V / •
for as much as that the Horfe becomes blear-ey'd
afterwards. Therefore it is befl to cut out fo far
only as the griftly Part ( which is really the Haw )
fpreads and no farther, by Reafon if you take away
too much of the Glandulous Subftance, there will
be a Deficiency in that Part of the Eye ; infomuch
that the greater Canthus or Corner will ftand full
of Water. So that De Grey has very juftly obferved
in this Cafe.

Mr. Gibfon is very dark in his Reafoning about Mr. Gi//t;7'3
feveral of the Diftempers incident to tlie Eyes of Accounn
Horfes, particularly what he fays of a CataraSi 2it^'^/k^^'^^'^
page 83 is very far from the Truth ; to wit, that ^{^j.^.^^
the Matter which forms this Diforder is continually
falling into the Aqueous or watery Humour, and
farther, that we may know a Catarad before it is
ripe by rubbing the Outfide of the Eye j for by
fuch Means he fays it will ihift it's Place.

I cannot indeed be furprifed that Mr. Gibfon
fhould miilake the true Seat of a Catarad, feeing
many greater Men than he have fallen into the
like Error, and imagined it placed in the Watery
Humour ; whereas nothing can be more abfurd and
ridiculous : For, it is now made manifefl that the

Catarad

141 ^^5 ^rt of Farriery

The true Catara^ is fituate upon the Cryftalltne Humour of
^^i^ °^ <^ ^^ ^y^' ^^^ ^^ nothing more than an Alteration
a atara^ . ^^ Opacity of one or more of its Coats or Strata.
For the CryfialUne is compofed of different Strata
or Lays in like Manner as you fee an Onion ; and
when (as I have faid) one or more of thefe Coats
become Opake or Dark, fo as to hinder the Rays
of Light from pa fling thro' the Body of the Cry-
Jlallme in order to ^11 properly upon the Retina^
A Cata- I ^^Y this is what conflitutes the true Cafara^,
raft, what, which differs in Colour, being fometimes White,
Pearl-Colour, Yellow, Black or Greenifh : And I
am of Opinion the two firft only are cureable,
yet not by any Application outwardly or Medicine
Removed inwardly adminiilered, but by Manual Operation
by manual ^yith the Needle, which turns off the La7nina of
Oreration ^j^^ Cryflalline that are difeafed, and then the Rays
are a£iitted thro' the remaining Parts. But the
Mifchief is, that if you couch aHorfe for a C^/^?-/?^,
you can't make him, or rather you can't contrive
him Speftacles to wear afterwards, to help the De-
ficiency or Planenefs of the CryftalUne, fo that his
Sight will not be at all perfedi, tho' he may have
enough to keep himfelf out of Pits and Ditches.

It has been, and I believe ftill is a Notion among
Dealers in Horfes as well as Gentlemen, that
when a Horfe Harts much, or feems flighted at
every Thing he meets, his Eyes are bad ; and Mr.
Mr. Snape with like Reafon, believes fuch Horfes have

ijw/'e's congealed Bits like Motes floating in the Aqueous

Win'on of }j,^j„fj^y . and that thefe, when they become adhe-
cenlured. ^^^^ ^^ flicking to one another, form what we now
call a Catarad : But thefe Specks, Flies, Infers,
or the like, which arc imagined to go to and fro
before the Sight of Human Creatures, (and no
doubt it is the fame in this Refpeft as to Brutes,)
are no other than the difeafed Parts or Particles of
the 0.!twprd Coat of the Cryjlallijie HuiKour, in an
initient Caiarad ; and the Reafon we do not per-
ceive the Motes or Reprcfentation of flies always

in

IMPROVED. 143

in the fame Place, is plain to any who has the lead
Notion of Opticks ; for, unlefs the Eye be kept
truly fteady and fixed in the fame Pofition, it is
not poffible a perfon fhould obferve the Mote or
Speck always the fime.

Some will have it, that the Reprefentations I am
fpeaking of are not occafioned by the difeafed Cry-
Jialliney and pretend to prove from Experiments in
Opticks, that no Objefts fixed upon the Cornea or
Cryftalline can be reprefented upon the Retina, for-
afmuch as thofe Parts are fo near the Retina, and
of fuch Convexity, that the Pencil of Rays, pafTmg
from Objedls thro' them, cannot fall upon the Re-
tinn, fo as to be diflinguifh^'d ; and therefore con-
clude, that the Parts of the Retina (in the Diftem-
per I am treating of) are too much comprefs'd by
a Dillention or Stretching of the Arteries, and that
fuch Diftention is often the Caufe of a Gutta
'Serena.

Thefe may feem plaufible Arguments, but I mufl:
ov/n I could never obferve any Part of the Eye dif-
order'd in Cafe of a Cafara^, befides the Cryftal-
line Humour, altho' I have differed feveral Eyes
which were troubled with fuch Malady. Indeed The Caufa
I cannot help thinking, but that the Gutta Serena of a ^ v.ua
may proceed from fuch DiHention or ftretching of •^^''^'"*'
the Coats of the Arteries upon the Retina, I mean
when fuch Diforder proceeds from a Bruife, or the
like, and then it is moftly confined to one Eye only :
But if both Eyes be affefted with a Gutta Serena^
and that the Diftemper came without much Pain, I
am apt to believe the Seat or Caufe is an Obftruc-
tion of the Optick Ner^ve : But whether it be occa-
fionM from a Diftention of the Blood-VefTels which
ccmprefs and fqueefe the Retina, fo that Objefts
cannot be reprefented to the Brain, or whether it is
an Obftrudlian, Convulfion, or Paralytick Indifpo-
fition of the Op ick Nern)e, I think is not much to
my prefent Purpofe, feeing I am fatisfied they are
equally incurable by Art.

I had

144 ^^^ ^^^ c/ Farriery

A re- I had a pretty odd Cafe of the Eyes once under

markable my Care, which was this. A young Fellow, who
*-3i^' vvas a Sailor, and a vifiting his Friends upon his Re-

turn from Sea, who lived near Grmskirk, being one
Day walking in the Fields by himfelf, was ftruck
blind all of a fudden, without any previous Indif-
pofition, either in his Habit of Body or Eyes. Up-
on this, he was obliged to call out and make a Noife
for Help to carry him Home ; and as Luck would
have it, a Foot-Path leading thro' the fame Field
he was in, fomebody pafs'd that Way in a little
Time, and led him to his Habitation. After a
while he was condufted to me at Lancajler, where,
upon my viewing his Eyes, I found it a Gutta Se-
rena which he was afflifted with, and judged the
fame incurable, notwithftanding the poor Man's
Eyes appear'd as clear, bright, and tranfparent, both
within and without, as any Perfon's living. The
Reader may fuppofe the Confufion and calamitous
Condition the young Man mud be in, who had his
Bread to earn, when I told him his Cafe was defpe-
rate, which proved but too true ; for he lived near
three Years blind afterwards, when kind Death put
an End to his miferable Life.

Now what I name this Cafe for, is to ihew, that
a Gutta Serena may proceed either from a Dilatati-
on of the Blood- VefTels, or from an Obftruftion of
the Optick Nerve ; for I am fure no Perfon ( how-
foever skill'd in Opticks, and the Anatomy of the
Eye) could be able to judge which of the two was
the Caufe of the young Sailor's Blindnefs : Not-
withftanding, I will allow, they might argue for
fome Time upon the Subject in a metaphyseal Way,
without being ever a Whit nearer Truth, than they
were at firft fetting out.
Mr. ai fan's What Mr. Gih/bn and others fay, with relation
Account of to the Cure of a 'Gutta Serena, is meer Stuff and
^.,^.™7;;''Nonfenfe: For, fuppofing the Caufe in the Arte-
ries as obferved, this Gentleman advifes Cinnabar
Balls, which, no doubt, as Crnnahar is much hea-
vier

IMPROVE D. 145

vier than the Blood, will add to its Momentum or
ftronger Pulfation ; and this is generally fuppoiedas
moft proper to open Obftrj6lions or Stoppages in
the Blood- Veflels, Glands, is'c. which is very true ;
but then if the Stoppage or Obftru6lion proceeds
from the over-ftretching or Dilatation of a Blood-
Veflel, whether Artery or Vein ; I fay, let whe-
ther will be the Cafe, if we give Ci?inabar, or the
like, we run the Hazard of quite breaking the Coats
of fuch Veffel, from whence many and great Evils
might enfue. And here it may be feen of how mo-
mentous a Concern it is, rightly to judge of Things,
left we precipitately embark ; and by adminiflring
Medicines of quite a different Tendency to the main
Defign of Cure, we render the Cafe almoft deplo-
rable, which before ( by a skilful Man ) might ea-
fily have been remedied.

Mr. T r, the travelling Oculifl, pretends toAnObfer-

cure a Gutta Serena by convulfmg the Eye, (as he ■*',^^'^f^ ""

is pleafed to term the Operation ; ) but fuch Pretence y^^^->^ ^td£.'

is meerly fo, and of French Extradlion j for t]ie tice.

Mountebanks m France can play forty comical Tricks

upon the Eyes of their deluded Patients, without

eafnig tloem of their Dif orders. And really they

have fuch an Apparatus of Machinery to perform

the Farce withal, that an underllanding Man would

be confounded to fee it ; for, not one Infirument

out of forty, they fhew you, can be fiid to be of

any real Ufe in performing Operations upon the Eye.

If a Horfe move his Ears forv/ard, and feem to
keep them much in the fame Poilure, as a blind
Horfe will do when he is turn'd loofe : I fay, if a
Horfe do this when he is led in the Hand, (or run
before, as the Dealers Term is, ) and that he Hep
a little higher than ordinary v^ith his Feet, 'tis a
ihrewd Sign his Eyes are going to decay, or that he
has fome Inflammation either upon the outward or
inward Coats of them ; and tho' it be an eafy Mat-
ter for Gentlemen to judge of the Soundncfs of the
outward Farts of the Eye, yet it is very dilTicuIt for
H them

14^ TPje Jrt of Farriery

them to do fo rightly of the inward, unlefs, as I
have faid before, they will give themfelves the
Trouble ( or rather the Pleafure ) of iludying the
Anatomy thereof, which may be learn'd in half a
Day to Perfe6lion ; and then they would underftand,
%vhether the Dillemper lay within the Reach of out-
ward Application or no ; and if it did not, that the
Blood and Humours are then to be corredled by
Bleeding, Rowelling, Purging, i^c. and thereby
they might fave much Expence to themfelves, as
well as preferve the poor Creature from the torturing
Application of corrofive Powders, Eye-Waters, tlfc.
which ignorant Grooms and Farriers conftantly ap-
ply, having no other Notion of the Diftempers of
this Organ of the Body, than as if they were all
feated upon the outward Parts, fuch as the horny
Coat, i^c. and fo perfeftly deftroy a Horfe's Eyes,
which were, before fuch Perfon meddled with
them, curable : And therefore I infifl upon it, that
when the Difeafe is fituate outwardly or upon the
Outfide of the Globe of the Eye, nothing is more
proper or eflicacious than the Ointment for fore Eyes
before prefcribed ; nor need a Perfon ufe any Thin^
elfe outwardly, provided he has Patience to wait the
necefTary and due Time for Cure, which may be
longer or fhorter, according to the Urgency of the
Symptoms : For as the Eye is a Part of the Body
conftantly imbued with Moifture, and of Neceffity
„ ^ , often moved, I fay, thefe two Things greatly re-
Jvldftiue ^'^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ Diftempers ; for nothing
and Motion hinders the uniting or healing of Wounds more
Mnder the than Moifture and Motion, as may be experimen-
healing or j^^| found by any who -have Cuts or Sores upon
Wounds. , V T • T • . c^

The Gyxiki t^^ Ey^2» L^P^' Joints, ^c.

accoi:nt 47 There are about forty feven Diftempers reckon'd
Difteuiperi by the Greeks that affed human Eyes, but it is
otrht'Eyi.^.^^^j.j,g worth while to mention them in this Place,
Horfes do b^caufe Brute Creatures arc fubjeft only to a few of
not fquint, them ; and the Reafon why Horfes never have the

IMPROVED. 147

Defeft in their Eyes called Strabifmui or fquint-
eyed, is, becaufe their Eyes are a good Way afunder,
and fufficiently parted or feparated by the Promi-
nency or bunching out of the Forehead. This, I
fay, keeps them in fuch a Situation, that they can-
not crofs one another, or, in ether Words, Vifion
is not performed au tra'vers^ as the Frerich call it.

It may not, perhaps, be amifs, if I fay fome-
thing of this unfeemly Diforder of the Eye, altho*
the Creature I treat mollly of in thefe Pages be not
fubjed to it.

A Strabifmus or Strabojity is a Diflortion of one Squinting,
of the Eyes, or both in refpeft to one another, or ^"-hat ic
a tranfverfe Viiion, commonly call'd Squinting;. It P'^^^^^'^s
proceeds from an unequal Axflion of the Mufcles of
the Eye. Infants eafily contradl this Diftemper,
fometimes by Negleft of the Nurfes who place the
Cradle in an ill Pollure towards the Window, or
letting the Child wear peaked Caps which come
over the Forehead.

Young Perfons alfo fall into this Diftemper, ei-
ther by an ill Ufe of their Eyes, or by Contagion,
to wit, by looking upon others troubled with the
fame Difordsr. So that from hence it may be judged
how improper it is to put out a Child to a {quint-
ing Nurfe, or to let them play with Children who
have this Defe6l ; for they are almofi fure to learn
it, efpecially if they keep Company for any confi-
derable Time with others who fquint. And it is
the fame as to fome other Habits, which are eafily
{ and as it were without our Knowledge or Obfer-
vance) acquired; more particularly the Defe<5l of
Speech calPd Stammering, which is often commu-
nicated from the Parent to the Child, from one
Child to another, and from the Tutor to his Pupil.
And when once this Defeft is acquired, it is hard The Defeat
to be removed, becaufe it requires Time and Perfe- o^^ Stamme
verance, and is not done, but by accuftoming one's ^^^^ ^^'
felf to a quite contrary Habit. For, as Stammering foj. ^^^^j ^^.^
proceeds from a too hafty Pronunciation, or putting cure.
H 3 one's

I4S ^he Jn 0/ F A R R I E R V

one's Words too clofe or crowded, it is (like all
other Diieafes of the Body ) to be removed by its
contrary, which is a flow and ftudied Utterance or
Delivery of Speech. And fo far I am fatisfy'd that
I could eafily make any Perfon ftammer, whom I
kept Company with, provided they did not keep a
good Gur.rd upon themfelves, and were apprized of
the Trick before-hand.
Squinting Squinting may be eafily cured, if the Perfon will
xurcd. ^j^iy confent to wear a Mask over the Forehead,

with two Pieces of Leather, or any Thing fet to it
in the Shape of Pipes or Tubes, about three or four
Inches long, to look thro' in the Day-time, and in
the Night to have the Eyes tied up with a Hand-
kerchief: But then this Method muft be purfued
for fome confiderable Space of Time, otherwife
there will be a Relapfe, and according as the De-
feft has been of a longer or fliorter D.ite, fo does
it require a Continuance of the Ufe of the Mask.

I have fometimes ordered a very large Nofe of
Pafteboard to be fix'd to fomething over the Fore-
head, which has entirely cured People of Squint-
ing ; for the main Bufmefs is to keep the Eyes part-
ed fufficiently, fo that they may not (as it were)
crofs one another, by the Right Eye's looking at an
Objeft upon the Left, and the Left Eye upon one
on the Right Hand : Therefore 'tis bcfi not to look
upon an Ob j eft even before you, when troubled
with this Defeft, but rather to turn the Head a little
fideways ; foj^ the Nofe mull be an exceeding big
one to part the Eyes in two, if one look upon an
Objeft right forward.

I Ihall now proceed to give my Opinion of Colds,
or what the Farriers term Morfound; ing.

CHAP.

IMPROVED. 149

CHAP. XVIII.
Of Colds, or (ix^bat Farriers call) Morfoundring.

TH E Word Morfondre in French fignlfies ColdMor-
UDon Heat, and therefore our Farriers retain ^^"ndring
the Terin, as Monileiir -SW/tv/'^// made Ufe of itexp^ain'd,
firll ; and would have us underlland by it, that it is
melted Greafe, or a Foundring in the Body, as De
Grey has it. But it is no other than this, to wit,
when a Horfe has been rid Jiard, and heated, and
GooL too fuddcnly, fo that the Pores of his Hide
are conftipated or fhut in a halty Manner, infomuch
that the Materia Perfpiruhilis is hinder'd from going
off in the ufual Courfe. Therefore as the Lungs
and Brain of Animals are, from their very Contex-
ture or Make, mod fufceptible of Impreffion, the
Enemy is fixed fometim.es upon the one, fometimes
upon the other of thefe fo noble Parts of the Body.

Mr. Gib/on fays, that Cold or Morfowndring is
a Stagnation of the Pores j but this Gentleman fure-
h- has not rightly underftood what is meant by the
'Ferm. Indeed if he had faid that Cold is occafion'd
by the perfpirable Matter's ( which fhould have gone
off by the Pores of the Skin) ftagnating in the Bo-
dy, I fhould have agreed with liim : But his next
Remark makes fufHcient Amends for this Millake,
when he fays, *' that Colds are often occafion'd
" thro' Negleft of Rubbing ciF the Sweat after
** hard Exercife, which ftrikes a Chillinefs and
^^ Damp over the whole Body. "

This is a very juil Obfervation ; and he who will
not lend a helping Hand to rub a Florfe clean and
dry, and death him up after he has rid him hard,
in my Thoughts, deferves to trudge on Foot rather
than ever m^ount this ufeful Creature. But fuch un-
thinking and carelefs Men there are, and flill I be-
lieve will be, who can ride a poor dumb Creature
moll unmercifully for twenty or thirty, nay, fome-
H 3 time*

ISO the Art of Farriery

times forty or fifty Miles together, without ever a
Bait, and after giving him a genteel Lafli or two
over his Buttocks with their Whip, turn him over
to the Care of a drunken lazy Fellow, who has no
more Humanity than themfelves, 'till fuch Time as
thty have Occafion to mount next Morning. And,
it may be, the poor Horfe undergoes almoll the fame
Fate for two or three Days fucceffively, by which,
i^ he had not a good deal of Meat in him, as the
Saying is, before he fet out, 'tis ten to one but he
falls into fome dangerous Dillemper afterwards.

I mufl not omit what the laft mentioned Author
fays with relation t© the Air affefting Horfes with
Colds. He tells us, " that fom.etimes many of the
*' Symptoms will happen (I fuppofe he means
** Symptoms of a Cold) when the Air is too much
^' rarified and thin ; for by that Means its PrefTure
" is not fufficient to force the Blood thro' the fmall
** Veffels of the Lungs, but will occafion a Stegna-
" tion there, and caufe a Difficulty of Breathing,
** which will be accompanied with a Cough, ^r.'*
Mr. Cnlf&ns^ Now any Man who has the leafl Notion of Pneu-^
j^ccovint o'-maticks or the Properties of the Air, may fee that
roneou"' ^^* ^^V°^ ^^as ignorant of this Part of Natural
Philofophy ; for if he had not, he would have been
quite of a different Opinion ; becaule when the Air
is moli rarified or thin, it is then moll elallic, or
prefles harder, or with more Weight, upon all Bo-
dies. Andthismaybeeafily feenbyany one, (who
has not had the Opportunities of feeing Experiments
in Philofophy) if a Bladder half filled with Wind,
and tied, be held near the Fire, fo as the Air with-
in it may be rarified, how it will fill and ftretch
enough to burft out its Sides ; or if he only obferves
the Working of the Barometer, (or Quick filver in
the Weathei'-Glafs, ) he will find that when the Air
is thinneft, ( as Mr. Gihfon calls it, ) it then ap-
proaches the neareft to what we may term pure Air,
and that therefore it is the moft fpringy or elaftick ;
and by its perpendicukr PreiTure at fuch Times, it

forces

IMPROVED. iji

forces up the Mercury in the Tube, to the greatefl:
Height : So that in the Main, we have a greater
Preffure of Air upon the Surface of our Bodies,
when the Air is thin, and not agitated by Winds,
^V. than we can poiTibly have otherwife.

Furtherniore, I fay, that the Air within our
Bodies, (ind no doubt but there is a confiderable
Portion,) bears an Equality with the Spring of the
Air without ; and when dirty foul Weather is com-
ing on, the Air within our Blood- VefTels muft be-
come lefs elaftick, whereby the Blood moves more
Slow and Languid ; and it is then we feel thofe
wandering Pains of the Rheumatifm, iffc. (o often
complained of by old People of Fourfcore, whofe
Bodies are b}' conftant Observation become good
Weather-Glaffes. But to return.

I have faid that a Cold is Perfpiration obllrudled, a Sto-
and that it moftly afFefls the Brain and Lungs j mach-
for Horfes are not fo much fubjeft to Diforders of ^^^'^^8^^
the Nerves which occafion Coughing, as Man, yet
they often have a Stomach-Cough, or, I would fay,
a Diforder at the Stomach, which makes them cough-
much, and this moftly proceeds from Worms, Bots,
i^c. lodged there, or a little lower in the Inteftines
or Guts.

The Cure of a Stomach-Cough confills^ in giving The Cvure.
the Korfe fuch Things as deftroy Worms ; thefe are
Mercurius Dulcis^ jEthiops Mineral^ or the like :
Bat if you give the firft, let it be about a Drachm in
Powder for a Doie, mixed in a little Pafte, or ra-
ther feme of my Cordial Ball, in an Evening ; and
the next Morning give him a Purge, o{ an Ounce of
Aloe: ; an Ounce of Cream of Tartar ', and half an
Ounce cf Senna in Po^'sder ; make this into two
Balls with Syrrup of Buckthorn, and give it the
Horfe in the common way. The Mercmrius Dulcis
and Purge fhould be given once a Week for three
Turns, and I think that may be fufficient ; but mind
you never give a Horfe cold Water when he purges,
for thofe who do are meer Ignoramus's, and cannot
H 4 give

Ij2 'The Jrt ^/ Fa R R I E R Y

give any good Reafon for their Prcceedings ; only
they'll tell you perhaps every Horfe will not driPxk
warm Water, though I think there are few but
y/iii (with a little Oatmeal,) drink fufficiently : Yet
if" they ilill refufe, never fear letting them fall:, ra-
ther than oblige them with cold Water,* for Reafons
£00 plain to be fet down more than once ; and I be-
lieve I have already made mention of them, under
ihe Difcourfe upon Purging, Bleeding, i5c.

JEthkp Mineral is a very fafe Medicine for the
Worms, either in Man or Beall, but mufl be con-
tirsued for fome Time, at leail a Fortnight; half an
Ounce a Day in fcalded Bran, if the Horfe will eat
it, if not, give it him in his Oats after they are
fprink led with Water.

There is not any cccafion for Purging after the
j^thicfs, though there is after the Mcrciirius Dulcis ;
for if you did not then do this, ycu would in all likeli-
hood raife a Salivation -, for Horfes eafilier falivate
than Men, provided the Dofe is in Proportion, hyu
Reafon of the pendent Situation of the Head. ;

After the Ufe of Worm-Medicines, let the Horfq
have fome Stomachic-Drench given him, fuch a^
the folio v,'ir;g. , . .y

• 0
The Cor- 7'^?if Turmeric, one Ounce j Saffron, o^ie Drachn ;

dial Sio- Long Pepper, fvco Drachms ', Annijced, one Ounce i
iTiach- Tonxder all thefe, and mix ^em in half a Found of

Treacle, and a ^art of <vjarm Ale, for a Uoje ;
luhich may be ufed thrice a Week, for a Forttiigkl. •

Drench.

cal.

Coughs It is very frequent for Coughs to be fo epidemical

irequently or univerfal, that few Men or Horfes mifs having
Epidcmi- j.}^gjj. share, more or lefs ; and this is owing to fome
peculiar Difpofition of the Air, which breeds fuch
Diftempers; though I mufl: frankly confefs I am
ignorant of the true Caufe ; that is, whether it be
©ccafioned from Infeds floating about in the Air,
and carried from Place to Place by the Winds, (as a
late Learned Author undertakes to prove ]) or it is
, brought

IMPROVED. 153

brought about by the Air's bein^ more or lefs im-
pregnated with Nitrous Particles. I fay, this is
Matter of Controverfy ; yet if we cm but fnd pro-
per Remedies for all Sorts of Coughs and Colds, it
is, one would think, abundantly fufficient, without
entering into many frivolous and idle Difputes, of
which there is no end.

If you would know whether a Horfe has newly How to
taken Cold, feel between his Jaws, and if there bel^^°^''
no Swelling of the Glands or Kernels of the Throat, ^^,^^^ J' ^
you may fuppofe it has not been long upon himjnevdy
likewife if he rattle in his Breathing, it is a Sign taken,
the Diftemper is in its firll Stage, or if (when he
drinks) the Water comes more than common thro*
his Noftrils.

Bleeding is mofl proper in the Beginning of almoflThe Cure.
all Colds, feeing they are more or lefs attended with
a Fever; for as the obftrufted perfpirable Matter
caufes a Commotion in the Blood, this Operation
muit certainly be very feafonable, if (as I have faid)
it be . performed in the Beginning of the Diftemper,
before Nature has pointed out fome other Way to
difcharge the Enemy.

Moderate Exercife next takes Place, which, along
with warm Water and Oatmeal, and a few of my
Cordird Balls, (as prefcribed in my Notes upon the
Pocht-Farrier) is, without any other Helps, the
befl Method of Cure.

The Bails fhould be given in the Quantity of twoDireftior?!
Gimces every Morning,, v/hen you take the rlorfefo^ I'^et-^'wr-S-
out upon his E.vercife, till fuch Time as the Difeafe,^ ?id^'' '"^
be quite conquered ; though I mull not omit advifr
ing- the Reader, . that warm Cloathing, efpecially
abou^ the Head and Throat, very much contributes
tov/ards bringing the Diftemper to a Crifis or a
Head, which may be known from the Difcharge by
the Noftrils : For Horfes differs from Men in this,
that they do not cough up the Fus or Corruption by
the Mouth, but throw it out all through the Nof-
trils., and often make fad nafty work in the Man-
H 5 gers^ -

154 ^^^^ ^^i of Fa r r I e r y

gers, fo that it is proper to fill the Manger with
Straw ; and when you feed a Horfe that has a Run-
ning at his Nofe, wipe it clean as well as his Man-
ger ; neither fhould he have much Hay given him
at once, for his Breathing (at this Time) will taint
it, and bring on a Sicknefs at his Stomach, if he
feeds upon it any Time together.

The Hay lliould be exceedingly well Ihaked from
Duft, i^c. and fprinkled with Spring or River-
Water a little ; for I have found by Experience,
that dry Hay prolongs this Diforder, and hinders
the Cold from breaking, as it is called, fo foon as
it would do otherwife.
'Scalded Scalded Bran is alfo proper in moft Colds, and

Bran pro- ^j^^fg jjjuft be given ( I mean put into the Manger )
%Q\ii ^ ^^^ ' ^^^ ^^'^ Steam of it does not a little conduce
tov/ards a Cure, by fetting the Nofe a running,
from which Symptom a Horfe finds the firil Eafe-
ment i for till then he will be dull and heavyfome,
and hang his Head into his Manger, and fometimes
run at his Eyes ; v/hich lafl is a fure Sign the offend-
ing Matter aifefts the Brain.

As it is very likely that a Horfe, which runs at
ihe Nofe^ mult f^^allow with his Oats or Hay a
good deal of the Pus or corrupted Matter, it may be
advifeable ( after the Dillemper is gone off) to admi-
niiler a Purge. The following may be taken as a
general one in this Cafe.

A Purge '^^^^ Jloes Cabaliine, commonly calVd Horfe- AloeSj

after a one Ounce ; of Socotrine Aloes, half an Ounce %
Coia. Glauber's Salt, one Ounce j Oil of Annifeed, t^o

Drachms ; Syrrup of Scjfron, one Ounce : Beat thefe
nvell together y and if the Mafs he fofY, 'work into it
a little Flour ofBrimfone, and gi've it the Horfe in
ttvo Balls.

This fhould be repe^ited every ten Days, as the
Hcrfe is able to bear it ; though I think two of
them fufficient, unlefc he is very foil of Flelh. And

as I

IMPROVED. 155

as I have ordered him to be bled in the firft Stage
of this Diftemper, I mull here again repeat the fame
Direftions, to remind the Reader of fuch neceffary
Evacuation ; and that it be done to fome Purpofe,
that is, not a Quart at a Time, but two or three
Quarts, or rather more if the Horfe can 'bear the Bleeding
Lofs of fo much ; and there are few but will, ^^^^"g 2J./|ry "^"
they have fo great a Quantity in the Body as before
obferved ; though if a good Quantity be taken away
at two or three Operations, fuppofe every Day once ;
two Quarts the firft Day, three Pints the fecond,
and a Quart the third, it is beft of all.

There is one Thing ordered by De Grey, which
he tells us he had from a famous Marfliall or French
Farrier, and that he holds it the beft Thing which
can be prefcribed, { I fuppofe he means in the
height of the Diftemper i ) it is this.

** Take a fmall Quantity of freih Butter, and Be Qreft
Brimftone made into a fine Powder ; v/ork them Method
together well, till they become of a deep yellow •°'^^jie °^
Colour ; then take two long Goofe-Feathers, and Head,
anoint them with the Ointment to the veiy
Quills, on either Side ; which done, roll them
in more Powder of Brimftone, and fo put them
up each Ncftril one ; and at the But-end of the
Quills put a ftrong Packthread, which muft be
faftened over the Horfe's Poll, like the Head-ftall
of a Bridle ; and then ride him up and down mo-
derately, for the Space of an Hour or longer, and
it will provoke him to fnort or fnuffle forth of
his Nofe and Head much of the congealed Filth;
then tie him to the Rack an Hour, after which
draw forth the Feathers ; keep him warm, and
give him Mafhes and white-Water, for four or
five Days.'*

Now for my Part, not^vithftanding the Enco-
miums De Grey is pleafed to pafs upon this Method;,
I think the Butter and Brimftone arc ridicijlous ; for
H 6 theie

ij5 TkerAt. 0/ F VI R R r E R Y

there is not any Thing in either of them which
provokes the Horfe to fnort or fneeze; therefore wa
are to attribute the Good (if any) it does wholly to
the Feathers, which, by tickling and irritating the
Olfaftcry or Smelling Nerves fpread about in the
Nolirils^ caufes Sneezing : Yet in my Thoughts^
tJiere are feveral Things may be thought of, under
the Tribe or Clafs of Sternutatories or Sneezing-Pow-
ders, that will anfwer the Epd better, and with,
much \t{i Uneafmefs than the Goofe-Quills.

How a Medicine occafions the Convulilve Mo-
tion termed Sneezing or Snorting, in Brutes as well
as Human Creatures, is not at all difHcult to under-
hand : For the Fibres and Membranes within-fidg
^he Noftrils are extremely fenfible : Whatfoever
therefore flimulates them, makes them contract,
and thereby pull thofe Parts they have any Commu-
nication with, which h/ Degrees brings on that
general Convulfive Shake, that throws off the irri-
tating Matter.

Every one's own Experience demcnftrates, and
belt explains to himielf, how this is produced ', and
Jikewiie manifefls xho. great Inflviences which may
be communicated over the whole Body, by the Com-
munication of Fibres, from an almoft unheaded Sen-
.fation upon the leaft. Part.

The Salutary Effcds of this forcible Concufiion of
the whole Body, are very confiderable. There are
many Glands or Kernels about the Head, deftined
for the Separation of very vifcid and mucous or
ilimy Subftances j by which Means many Sinus's or
Cavities, of feme Service in the Animal Oeconomyy
^re frpqnently fo ftufFed with fudi Matter, as not to
give that P^oom to feme of the Veffels, as it is their
OiHce to do ', whereby the Circulating Fluid in
fome Parts makes them too turgid or full, which
^pon many Accounts will occafion uneafy Senfations,
I?ain, Giddineff., and other Diflempers, frequently
experienced in the He^d.

IMPROVED. IJ7

By a particular Conformation, the Nofe receives
and difcharges many fuch fuperfluous Vifcidities or •
Foulnefles. Therefore a Stimulus, from what we
call Sternutatories or commonly SnufF, will pro--
voke thofe Parts to encreafe fuch Difcharges, where-
by a troublefome Load of Matter is drawn off, and'.
the. Head rendered brisk and lightfome.

Bat, befides the Benefit the Head receives fromi
fuch a Difcharge, the whole Conftitution or Frame ■
of the Body is likewife fo fenfibly affeded, that in-
many Cafes it is of Ufe as an Exercife ; and there
is no Motion whatfoever, even not that of Vomit-
ing, (thongh Horfes feldom vomit,) which fo fud-
denly and forcibly ihakes the whole Nervous Syftem. .
So that in all Obftrudions of the finer PafTages, par-
ticularly of the Nervous Fluid, whatfoever produces'
Sneezing muH be of great and fmgular Advantage.
And common Experience and Pradlice confirms this
in many Inftances of Paralytick, Apopledick, and
Lethargick Cafes; where this Motion roufes, and
enlivens as it wsre, the fluggilh Spirits, and by {bak-
ing the moll remote Fibres, affiils their proper Juices,
in Circulation, which before feemed to ilagnate, or^
nor to irritate the Fibres enough to maintain the natu-
ral EJafticity : And of fuch great Efficacy is this
Convuifive Motion, that it is fometimes procured
{in Human Bodie.^) on purpofe to forward Delivery,
and with good Succefs,

How far the Cuftom of taking Snuff is ferviceable The Folly .
or detrimental, is not direftly to my prefent Furpofepf acciif-
to determine; but thus far it may not be amifs to'^^™"^
inform thofe who comply too m^uch with it as ^x^q^^^Wx)?,
Fafhion, that they thereby put it out of their Power Snuff.
to receive any Benefit from fuch Things as a Medi-
cine, vvhenfoever there may be occafion for fuch
Helps : For continually itimulating thofe Parts with
hot pungent Snuffs, makes them by Degrees grow-
as it were callous or hard and horny, and much lefs
fenfible, which all Snuff-takers experience ; being;^
not pjcovoked to Sneezing, if they take ever fo much,

when

158 The Art of Fa r r i e r y

when one Pinch of the fame would immediately ope-
rate upon a Stranger to it.

There is another Inconveniency alfo from this
Praflice, and that is fpoiling the Appetite ; for
moft of the common Snuffs are Tobacco of one kind
or other, whereof fome will pafs down the Throat
into the Stomach, efpecially in thofe who take
much \ whence it deftroys their natural Appetite, as
many of them confefs to find by Experience, altho'
they cannot be prevailed upon to leave it off. But for
fuch who imagine continual taking SnufF to be ne-
ceffary or beneficial for them, many Things in liquid
Forms would much more properly anfwer their In-
tention ; fuch as Sal Volatile Oleofum, diluted with
fomething proper, as Spirit of Lavender, or the
like, where it is of itfelf too ftrong. But it is to be
feared no falutary Regard can obtain fuch Reforma-
tion, unlefs that Idol Fa/bio?i would vouchfafe a
Sanation thereto. Now to return.
A Cold in If a Horfe has a Cold in his Head, I think it
the Head, may moft eafily be known from the rattling Noife
he makes in Breathing ; and it is my Opinion,
that Patience and v/arm Cloathing are very requifite
in this Cafe, by reafon the Matter of the Diftemper
requires Time to afiimilate or gather together in
fuch Quantity, as that it may, with the greateft
Eafe to Nature, be difcharged thro* the Nofe. But
we are fuch uneafy Mortal?, that we have not Pa-
tience to wait Nature's Leifure, but rather force her
beyond her beneficent Defigns ; infomuch that the
Diforder is often protrafted, to the no fmall Dan-
ger of the Sick.
The Cure. I fay then, let the Horfe's Body and Head be
well cover'd with Cloathes for a confiderable Time,
and when his Nofe begins to difcharge ever fo little,
it is proper to blow thro' a Quill up his Noftrills
feme of the following Sneezing Powder, which may
be repeated twice or thrice a Day, till the Running
gradually ceafe 3 all which Time let him have warm.-

Water

IMPROVED. 159

Water and Oatmeal, with Mafhes and {prinkled
Hay, as before advifed. The Powder is this.

Take of the Lea<vei of the Herb Afara Bacca dried. The
half an Ounce', njohite Hellebore, one Drachm. Ponv- Sneefing-
der them nvell, and keep them in a Bottle clofe Jiopfd, ^^T^^Ia
forVfe. injjje ^

Head.

There are a Number of Recipe's for Colds, both
in Solleyfell, Blunde'ville, De Grey, Mr. Markham,
and Mr. Gib fin ; but as I have look'd them over, I
think they are not any of them worth tranfcribing,
or giving my Opinion upon : For Bleeding, Exer- The true
cife, good Dreffing, warm Cloathing, and proper Way of
Feeding, as before fpoken of, will, along with the ^^'^P^
Ufe of my Cordial Ball hereafter prefcribed, per-
form a Cure ; unlefs the Cough be a Confumptive
one, or that the Glandules or Kernels, call'd Pitui--
tary or Phlegmy, fituate about the upper Part of the
Jaws and Throat, be much infefted. Here follows
the Cordial Ball

Take Annifeed, Cara'voay Seed, and greater Carda- The Cor-
fnons finely po^wder''d, each one Ounce ; Flonjoer of^^'^^'^}}^
Brimfione, t^cvo Ounces ', Turmerick in fine Ponjoder,, "* *

one Ounce and a half', Safron, t'vjo Drachms ', Su-
gar-Candy, four Ounces ; Spanifi; fuice diffclved in
HyJfop-fVater, (or for nxiant of fiuch, Raiti-JVater
nx'ill do,) t^'O Ounces ', Oil of Annifeed, half a?i
Ounce', Liquorice-Pon.vder, one Ounce and half i
Wheat-Flour, a fufiicient ^antify to make it up into a
ftiff Pafie by heating all the Ingredients 'well in a.
Mortar.

I have not made any material Alteration in this
Cordial Ball from my Prefcription in the Pocket-
Farrier, feeing I could not do it to Advantage ;.
only when the Mafs grows dry by keeping, it may
be proper to beat it up again with fome fweet Fto-

• nncs-

l6o ^'he Art 0/ Farriery

rence-Oilj which will keep it moifl a long Time
together.

I need not enter upon any Encomium upon the

Properties or Effefts of this Cordial Ball, feeing I

have done it fufficiently in my Notes upon Btadon j

only this I mull fay farther in Favour of it, to wit,

that it contains all the proper Ingredients fit for a

Cordial Drench, as the Farriers term it ; fo that

you have only to take the Bignefs of a Hen's Egg

of it, and diflblve it in a Pint of White-wine, or for

want of that, a Quart of Beer, and give ittheHorfei

as Occafion requires.

Mr. ^ilfon's Before I clofe this Chapter, I ihall only take

Decoaion Notice of a Prefcription of Mr. Gib/on'^, in his Book

to prevent q^ farriery. Page 90, to wit, that " if you make

at the Nole ** ^ Decoftion of red Rofe Lea<ves, Pomegranate

turning to ** Bark, and Diafcordium, and fyringe it up the

the Glan- *< Noftrils pretty often, it will hinder its turning to

f ued "^'' " ^^^ Glanders i and that Honey of Rofes will do

"^^ • "the fame."

Now I am fatisfied, neither of thefe will be of
any real Service more than warm Water, nay, per-
haps they may not be fo good ; for the Intention of
the Prefcription is as an Aflringent, fo that it will
lock up and flop the proper Difcharge from the
Glands about the Throat, that is, if the Syringe
throw it up fo far : But I am of Opinion it can
fcarcely be injefled fo as to reach the Caufe of the
Billemper, therefore it favours more of Saund than
Senfe.

C I-I A P. XIX.

Of Cheji-Tbunderingi and hrphen-^inded tJorfii,

Cheft- /^ HE Word Fondre in' French fignifies to melt

in^ P^ur- ■^- ^^ ^^q'jify' ^i'-^' therefore the ancient Tarricns
five, or' would have us believe thatr the Horfe^s Greafe is

molten.

IMPROVED. 161

molten when he is Chefl-founderM ; but this Term Broken-
is very dark and abftrufe, forafmuch as a Perfon ^^^^^^^^^^^
cannot form any true Idea of the Diftemper from ^jye Hor-
it. i'cs.

Moil Authors agree in this, to wit, that Chefl-
foundering proceeds from too hard Labour, whereby
the Korfe becomes furfeited ; fo that in the main it is
no more than a (cvcie Cold, and therefore to be
managed accordingly. Signs of

The Signs of this DiHem-per are a flaring Coat, Cheit-
and Heaving of the Flanks more than common. 'O^^^'"^^^-
Mr. Gibpn mentions Ilarting with Pain as often as ^
he offers to moye, to. be one of the Symptoms of
CheH-foundering : But I imagine that Author had
form'd fuch a Notion of this Diforder as might lead
him- into the Millake, for I could never obferve fiich
Starting with Pain, ilfc. more peculiar to the Chell-
founder'd Horfe than any other. The Cure.

... In the firll Place, I recommend Bleeding accord-
ing to a Horfe's Strength, Age, ^c. to eafe his
pifRcnlty of Breathing j but as to Opening the
JPlank Veins, or thofe on the Infide of the Thigh„
to make P.evulfion, (as Mr. Gib/on advifes,) I don't
Relieve -there is much in it, for Reafons before af-
£gn-d under the Term ^."t/:,'^'?5;z.
i As Chefl-founder'd Plorfes are moilly Coftive,
and of a hot and dry Piabit, foft Food is moll pro-
per, I mean fuch ^s will give the Stomach leaft
Trouble (if I may. be allow'd the Exprcffion) to di-
gell it; fuch is boiVd Barley^ Oats ground roughs
^arm IVater with a good deal of Oatmeal in it,
and the like. What I mean by warm Water, is a
pretty Quantity of cold Water, to which you may xjfing a
add a little hot Water, fo as to make it Milk- warm ; Korle too
for if a Horfe be ufed to Water more than juil 'o"g to

warm, he will not drink any cold for fome conii-!!^^["
J ui rr-- r J ^ Water, aa

derable Time afterwards. i^ Cv-itom.

I cannot fee any Occafion for Clyflers, unlefs the

Horfe is (according to the Farriers Term) burnt up

ia

1 62

An excel-
lent Clyf-
ter.

T^he Jrt <?/ Farriery

in his Body ; if fo, indeed, he may have the fol-
lowing.

Take Pellitory of the Wall, and Mallo'w-Lea'ves,
each three Handfuh j Tenugreek-Seed hruifedy and
Annifeed, each one Ounce. Boil thefe ^ell in a Gal-
lon of Water to three ^larts ; then add of the Elec-
tuary caird Caryocoftinum, /wo Ounces ; (<vjhich
you may buy for about four Pence per Ounce,) and
three Ounces of common Oil ; for 'tis not material
what Oil it be that is ufed in Clyfters, feeing the
Part into which they are injefted will make no
Diilindlion between Florence - Oil and common
Plaifter-Oil.

A gran:l

Miitake

among

Farriers.

If you add a little common Salt, it will caufe the
Clyfter to operate fooner, by the pungent Particles
irritating the inner Membranes of the ReSlum or
Straight-Gut, and promoting that vermicular Mo-
tion of the Inteftines call'd Perifaltick.

I cannot prefcribe any Thing better than the
Cordial Ball to be ufed thro' all the Stages of this^
Diilemper, which wiU, with the Method above,
good clean Hay, warm Cioathing, and lying well
litter'd up in a large Stall, with the Help of mo*
derate Exercife (for fome confiderable Time) rellore
the Horfe to Health and Vigour.

There is very often a grand Miftake among Far-
riers, to v/it, that when the Horfe goes with much
Pain and Uneafmefs about his Shoulders and fore
Parts, they conclude him founder'd in his Body ;
whereas 'tis ten to one the Caufe of fuch painful
Movement lies in the Hoof, and is what thefe Fel-
lows call Hooffoundcring ; tho' the Word Hoof
foundering is Nonfenfe if render'd into our Language,
which would be Hoof-molten ; and that there is no
fuch Quantity of Greafe in a Horfe's Hoof where-^
by it can be molten by hard Exercife, fo as to de-
ferve the Name of Hooffoundcring, I need not be at
the Pains to explain. Therefore I (hall Ihew my

Notions

IMPROVED. 163

Notions of what the Farriers term Hoof-founder,

when I come to treat of the Difeafes of the Hoof.^ W?nd"nd

Broken Wind and Purji-venefs in Horfes is what in p^^rf^ pre-
human Creatures we call Afihmatick and Phthijicky. nefs.

The Caufe of Purfivenefs and broken Wind pro- The
ceeds from Surfeiting, hard Exercife upon a fuU^^"^^-
Belly, Riding a Horfe into Water when he is hot
and fweats ; andlaflly from obfiinate Colds ill cured.

I need not be tedious in enumerating the Signs or The Signs.
Symptoms of Purfwenefs, and broken Wind, by
reafon every one may eafily perceive the Diforder,
if a Horfe be only trotted fharply to and fro ; for it
is a frequent, difficult, and fhort Refpiration, joined
with a Kind of hiffing or whiftling Sound, and a
Cough, efpecially after drinking cold Water. And
Hories are, in this Particular, more liable to Pur-
fivenefs than Men are to Ailhma's, becaufe their
prone Poflure occafions the Guts to prefs continually
againft the Diaphragm or Midriff, ,which of Confe-
quence mull: hinder the Lungs from expanding them-
felves, or in other Words, they are expanded or
ftretch'd with more Difficulty than in Man, who is
in a perpendicular or upright Poilure. And that
this is the Cafe, thofe who are Afthmatick find by
Experience, that when they go to Bed they breathe
with greater Trouble, and are obliged to lie high
with the Head, that the Bowels may not prefs the
Midriff againft the Lungs, and hinder their Ex-
panfion.

I cannot fay, but it is fomething difficult for a A difficult
Perfon (not skill'd in Diftempers) to diftinguilh be- j-^"*^^J^
tween a purfive Horfe, and one which has newly be^^veen a
taken Cold : But if he only take Notice, that upon cold and
Motion there will be a hiffing whiftling Sound, and broken
greater Heaving of the Flanks than in common ^^'^'*^-
Colds, he will eafily know the Difference. Befides,
the Cough does not found fo deep in Purfivenefs,
but on the contrary is a fhort tickling one, as if it
were feated at the upper Part of the Larynx or Wind-
pipe j the* indeed it is feated moftly in the Lungs,

where

1^4 ^'ae Jn 0/ F A R R I E RY

where there are watry Tubercles or little Bladders,
and often flatulent or windy Tumours.
A Hiftcry De Grey tells us of a young Horfe he had under
^^^^ his Care in a Confumpticn of the Fleih, (as.he calh

it,) which had been occafioned, as he believed,
from hard Riding after a Pack of Hounds, and aftei-
wards fufFering him to go up to the Saddle-Skirts in
Water.

In fine, the Cafe baffled poor De Grey -, but he
open'd the Horfe when dead, and told his Owner^
that the Man who had the Nng in teaching to am-
ble had given him the Diilemper, by riding him
when hot into cold Water ; for that the Horfe be-
ing very full of Flefh, the Fat about his Belly,
Brisket, Ribs, and Sides, was fo caked and har-
den\i that it never could be ciffolved ; therefore, he
by flow Degrees dv/indied off his Flefh, and at
laft died.

Now this Account may to fome People feem pro-
bable enough ; but I fear De Grey tells the Story.
too much in Favour of his own Abilities, , when he
would have us believe him almofi a Conjurer, in
gueffing that the Ambler had rid the Horfe into
cold Water in the Circumftances aforefaid ; nor
did this Farrier know, perhaps, that there is a
Difference between Jdeps and Pinguedo', the firit
flgnifying the foft fatty Subilance, and the latter
Vv'hat we call Suet, or the harder Part of the Fat.
Therefore, in the Cafe De Grey cites, the foft fatty
Sub'ftance was all confumed, (as it really is in all
confumpdve Cafes,) and nothing was left but the
Pinguedo or Suet, which, when a Horfe dies lean,
is generally of a yeliowifh Colour. I f^y, this
made De Grey form the whimfical Notion of the
Horfe's Fat being frozen or congealed to fuch a De-
gree that the fame never diffolved again.
The Cure. I am pretty well convinced that more Stir and
Noife is made about Arcanums and Nojirunts or Secrets
for the Cure of Broken- VVinded and Purfive Horfes,
than there is any real Foundation for ; yet there is

no

IMPROVED. i6s

RO Manner of Difpute but fuch Horfes may, by-
good careful Management, be made of better Ser-
vice, than otherwife they would : For Inftance, let
the Water you give them be, once every other Day,
impregnated with half an Ounce of Salt Petre, and
two Drachms of Sal Armonia:^ which will operate
powerfully by Urine, and whatfoever does that,
moft certainly relieves Purfivenefs in Horfes as well
as Afthma's in Men. The following is fometimes
ufed, and may do for a while, 'till you can jockey
your Neighbour with a Broken-Winded Horfe in
Lieu of a found one.

Take neuj Milk, one ^.art ; Florence Oil, mixed K Mixture
nx'ith the Yelks of Eggs, four Ozinces : Give him this tor Purfiv-e-
Blood-warm, and let his Hay be well fhaked from. ^^^^^ ^'^'
Dufl, and fprinkled with Water moderately ; becaufe
if it is done over-much, he will take a Diftafle at
it, but if it be done fparingly, it adds to the Sweet-
nefs and Flavour of it.

A Horfe that is Purfive or Broken-Winded fhould
eat what is of good Nourifliment, and lies in a little
Room ; that is, he Ihould have more Corn thaa
Hay : For when a Horfe is obliged to fill his Belly
with Hay, he muft drink a deal of V/ater to dilute
it, and make it fit for Digeltion ; this prelfes harder
upon the Lungs, i^c. and adds to the Grie-.':ance.
Therefore, let fuch liorfes have much Corn, and
little Hay always fprinkled, if you expert them to
perform a Journey, and then their Lungs will have
Room to expand and dilate themfelves fufHciently.

De Grey tells a merry Story of a Horfe cured of ^^ ^^^ t^
Purfivenefs, which is as follows, " a certain Groom Cure for
*^ (no doubt a Vvife one ) who had a Broken-Winded Ptirfn^cnefs
*' Horfe under his Care, kept him from drinking "t'J-.^Jj'^^^'"
*^ for two or three Days, giving him all that Time " *
*' as much Hay and other Provender as he would
** eat; then lie leaped upon his Back, and rode
** him to Water, where he fuftered him to drink

«< his

l66 7 he Art of Farriery

** his Fill ; then he clapped Spurs to him and gal-
" loped full Speed, 'till the poor Creature fell down
** for want of Breath, and lay for fome Time as if
** he was dead ; as foon as he recovered Wind, the
»* Groom gave him more Water, and galloped him
" a fecond Time 'till he fell, and fo a third ; (for
** no Number I fuppofe but an odd one would do
*' with this Groom ;) well, when the Horfe had
** recovered his Wind a little, he fell to Coughing
" very much, (as well he might,) and by the Vi-
** olence of the Shake call, out of his Wind-Pipe
'* and Mouth, a Lump of congealed Phlegmatick
*^ Stuff of a good Bignefs, after which the Geld-
** ing was freed from the Dillemper."

This is what the lafl mentioned Author relates
from a worthy honeft Farrier, who had it from the
very Groom himfelf who performed the Cure ; but
in my Opinion, the Story has Need of better At-
teftation ; though if I had feen the Thing done my-
felf, I fhould never advife any one to put it in
Pradice.

As I have faid before, a fpare Diet and that of
good Nourifhment is moft proper for fhort, thick,
or broken-winded Horfes ; and Grafs is bell: of all,
efpecially fuch as does not make them grow big in
the Belly, as is the Nature of fome Kinds of coarfe
Benty Failures. So that by Care and Management,
a Perfon may make a Horfe perform tolerably well,
though he is Thick- Winded -, but if he is not other-
wife a valuable one, I think it is a great Folly to
keep tampering with him, for indeed there is no
End on't ; therefore it is in vain for me to think of
any Method of Cure, otherwife than as before fet
down, feeing I have no Faith in any of the long
Farrago of Recipes contrived for fuch Purpofes ;
and whoever lays out his Money upon the certain
und infallible Cure for Broken-Winded Horfes, had
much better keep it in his Pocket, towards purcha-
fmg another Horfe, fmce that in prefent PoiTeflion
is not likely to do him much Service. Yet I am

appre-

IMPROVED. 167

apprehenfive, that all I can fay againft giving Me-
dicines for the Cure of Broken- Winded Horfes, will
not have its due Weight ; becaufe I know there are
many who give Credit to every Thing they fee writ
xlown, provided there is Frohatum eji at the Clofe
of the Receipt. But the Family of the Wrong-
Heads is, and no doubt will be, a very numerous
one, while the World endures j and there will be
ilill more Fools than Philofophers, though there
were twenty greater Men than Sir Ifaac Nekton,
yet in Being to inftru<ft them.

Mr. Gibfon orders a Ball made with Gum Galba- Mr. G'tkfons
mtm, Ammoniacum^ Burdock-Root^ Flo^vers of Benja-^^^^^'^'^
min, and Siveet Oil, to be given four Ounces a Day winded
at twice ; and I cannot fay but the Compofition is Horfes.
a good one, though there is not in the Burdock-
Root much of a Perioral Quality -. But, according to
my Thoughts, this Ball would ftand in £ve or fix
Shillings a Day, at the Rate Galbanum, iffc. now
fell. Therefore, unlefs the Horfe be a valuable
one, I believe no Perfon will bellow fo much Mo-
ney upon him when Purfive, efpecially when there
is fo little Hopes of a Cure according to our bell
Accounts and Obfervations.

I fhall now proceed to a Defcription of the Glan-
ders, v/hich the Farriers term Mourning of the Chine.

I

CHAP. XX.
Of the Glanders, or Mourning of the Chine.

Cannot defcribe the Glanders better than Mr. The Sitns.
Gibfon has done, to wit, *' that it is a Flux or
Running of corrupt Matter from the Nofe of a
Horfe, which Matter is of different Colours ; as
White, Yellow, Green, or Black, according to
the Degree of Malignity, or according as the
Dillemper has been of long or ihort Continuance."

Our

i68 Tbt Art 0/ Farriery

Our ancient Farriers treat very oddly of this Dlf-
eafe, imagining the Seat of it fometimes in the
Lungs, at other Times in the Brain, if^c. and par-
ticularly De Grey tells us, " that before a Farrier
*^ can perfectly cure the Glanders, he muil free the
*' Horfe from manifold and fundry Difeafes, which
*' accompany them j fuch as Confumption of the
*' Flefli and Lungs, Griefs and Aches in the Head,
** Inflammation under the Joul, Difeafes in the
** Liver, Purfivenefs, Hide-bound, Dropfy, Swell' d
" Legs, iffcr

Now out of all thefe, I know but one infeparable
Sign of the Glanders, to wit, Inflammation or Swel-
ling of the Glands about the Throat, and behind
the Ears. And as to what Monfleur 5<?//^y/^/, Blun-
de<ville, and others, write about the Mo/^rw/w^o/'/^^
Chine or Confumption of the Brain and Spinat Mar-
row, which runs all through the Vertehr^e or Bones
of the Neck, Back, Loins, feV. it is a Pack of
Nonfenfe ; though indeed we have a Diftemper in
Human Bodies which goes by the Name of Tahes
Dor falls, and implies a Wafting or Confumption of
the Spinal Marrow : But I believe this Term was
moftly in Ufe when the Knowledge of Phyfick was
in its Infancy : For, what the Ancients fuppofed to
be a Wafliing of the Marrow in the Back, was no-
thing more than a Gonorrhcsa Simplex or Simple Gon.
without any Virulency, or Infeflious Quality in the
Running ; and the Pain in tliis Cafe moftly affefting
tlie Loins, they therefore judged the Marrow to be
wafljng : But to return to the Glanders in Horfes.

I take Mr. Snape's Account of the Glanders not
to be very defeftive ; only I cannot agree with him
in one Thing, that is, in this Diftemper's being
contagious or infe£tious ; for he might as well fay
that we catch Colds, Confumptions, ^c. by Infec-
tion : No ; what made him as well as others believe
this Difeiife of an infedious Nature, was the epide-
mical Conftitution of the Air, which, more at fome
particular Times than others (as we find by daily

Exre-

IMPROVED. 1^9

Experience,) fubjefts Men, Horfes, tffc. to CoMs
or Rheumy DiiUllations upon the Brain, Lungs,
Fauces or Jaws, and ib forth : And whenfoever this
happens, they do not all begin at one Time, but
one after another, according as the Blood and Hu-
mours are in a State to receive the Infc(fl:ion from
the infpircd Air ; and really in all Colds, one fhould
guard as much as pofiible againft the G/af:ders or In-
duration and hardening of the Glands or Kernels
about the Throat j and this may be done in the fol-
lowing Manner.

As the Glanders fecms to be an AfFedion of tha
Glands of the Throat, whether from catching Cold,
unwholefcme Food which renders the Blood poor
and vifcid, or from the bad Conltitution of the Air
producing fuch Diforders,; I fay, let ir be from any
of thefe Caufes, the Hori'e mull be managed in
much the fam.e Way : But the Bufmefs is to take The Cure,
the Diltemper in its firfl Stage, and nip it in the
Bud : For, after the Matter or Running has acquired
a malignant and corrofive Quality, whereby the foft
fpungy Bones in the Nofe are become Carious or
rotten ; {which may be known from the ill Colourr,
Smell, ^c. ) when this is the Cafe, it is paft Reme-
dy, or at leail the Remedy is worfe than the Dif-
cafe.

In the firft Place, the Korfe is to be kept very Diet for a
warm, and fed with clean good Food ; as fweet wellHorft m
IhakedHay, Oats ground, and fome of the rougher "^^^ GUn-
Seeds taken out, Maflies, and the like, with a con-
tinued Ufe of warm Water and Oat-meal for fome
Time ; and of thebtter, to wit. Oat-meal, be not
too fparing ; for the Glanders are occafioned often-
times thro' Poverty, and Lownefs of Flefh. There-
lore, as Difeafes are cured by their Contraries^ what
affords good wholefome Nourifhment, and adds Spi-
rits to the Blood, muil undoubtedly be of Service "^^leeding
in this Cafe. m'''^ i^T

Secondly, Bleeding is proper in the Beginning of|,;i^g oi^Jhe
the Diilemjer, that is, before the Humours have i/iiKniiKr.'
I too

170 ^^^'^ ^^t C/F A R R I E R Y

too far afFeded the Glands or Kernels about the up-
per Part of the Wind- Pipe; though indeed many
Horfes are afFefted with Swellings of the Glands of
the Throat, while they are at Grafs efpecially in
Winter, which continue long upon 'eni before we
fee them, or any proper Care is taken, infomuch
that they indurate or harden, and would turn out
like a boiled Potatoe ; and when thus hardened,
they are unfit to perform Secretion. But here it
may not be amifs to fhew the Reader the Form or
Strufture of a Gland, and then he may be the bet-
ter qualified to judge of Glandulous Diforders, which
are really very numerous ; and it is great Pity more
Pains is not taken to fet their Doctrine in a true
Light ; though of late Years we are better acquain-
ted with their Stru^flure and Mechaniim, from per-
ufmg the Works of the truly Ingenious Dr. Keil
upon the Subjeft.
A Gland The Ancients believed the Glands were as fo ma-

.4eicribtd. ^ly Cifterns whicli contained certain Liquors, by
which the Blood being fermented, threw off the
Humours refined by the Excretory or diicharging
Dudls or Pipes : But as thefe Ferments mull necef-
^farily mix with the Blood, fo they mull beexhaull-
ed, and carried off .by the Blood into the Veins ;
and becaufe ail the Liquors in the Body are fepa-
rated from the Blood, there m\i& be another Fer-
jnent to feparate more : But this fecond Ferment 13
as liable to the fame Fate as the firft j and therefore
there mufl be an infinite Series of Ferments in the
Body ; which is abfurd to imagine.

If it fhould be objected that the Ferments are not
carried off with the Blood, they muil be Hopp'd by
ihe Strudure of the Glands ; but then there will
be a Secretion without a Ferment, which is now
the common Opinion.

Some think the Glands are Tubes whofe Orifices,
differing in Figure, admit only Bodies of fimilar
Figures to pafs through them : But this (though a
.plaufible Conjedure) is dcmonilrably falfe ; For

befides

IMPROVED. i-t

befides that Liquors are fufceptible of all Figures,
and that Bodies of any Figure, and a leffer Dia-
meter than that of the Gland, will pafs through ;
e-^-en a Body of a fimilar Figure, and equal Dia-
ameter with that of the Orifice of the Glands, may
be prefented innumerable Ways, aad not be able to
pafs through, whilft there is only one Way it can
pafs.

I fay that all the Vefiels in an Animal Body are All th2
Conical or Cylindrical, and confequently there is no ^ ^^^1^ '»
Difference in the Figure of their Orite; for, the^J'^^^^^^^^
Preffure of a Fluid being always perpendicular upon or Cylindri-
the Sides of the VefTel that contains it, and equal at cal.
equal Heights of the Fluid, if the Sides are foft and
yielding they mufl be equally diflended or llretched
out ; that is to fay, a Se<5lion perpendicular to the
Axis of the VefTel muft be a Circle, and confequent-
ly the \^efrel be either Cylindrical or Conical : And
this is agreeable to the Accounts of the niceft Ana-
tomiils, who tell us, that a Gland is nothing elfe.
but a Convolution (or Vvinding together in a Bundle)
of fmall Arteries, whofe laft Branches are Cylindri-
cal, or, which is the fame Thing, Part of an infi-
nitely long Cone. A Gland therefore being no-
thing elfe but a Branch of an Artery, whofe farthefl
Extremity becomes the Excretory Duel or difcharge-
ing Pipe of the Gland, it is next to be known how
fuch a Strudure can feparate from the Blood only
fome of its Parts, and how different Glands may
feparate different Parts of the Blood.

If fuch a Fluid then is to be drawn off, as con-
fifls of the fmallefl Particles of the Blood, let that
■Orifice of the Gland, which is inferted into the Ar-
tery of which it is a Branch, be fo fmall as to ad-
mit only the fmallefl Particles of the Blood, then
thefe, and thefe only will enter this Gland, and the
Fluid, Vv'hich pafTes out at the other Extremity of
the Tube or the Excretory Duel, iiiufl be fuch as
is required,

I 2 -if

172 ^I'e Jrt 0/ F A R R I E R Y

L^ the Particles of tho Blood which are of the
next Size or Magnitude are required to be fepara-
ted, let the O.ifice of the Gland be fo big as to re-
ceive thofe fecond Particles, but fmall enough to
exclude all bigger Particles ; then thtfe fecond Par-
ticles, together with the firll or fmalleft, will enter
, the Gland : But becaufe the Liquor to be fecerned^
or feparated is to confift only of the fecond Sort of
Particles that is, the fecond Sort of Particles onl/
are to flow out at the Extremity of the Tube cr Ex-
cretory Dufl ; therefore we are to fuppofe that thi^
Gland (which is only the Branch of an Artery, and
differs in nothing from a common Artery but in the
Narrownefs of its Chp.nnel,) has Branches which
are big enough to receive the fmallell Particles only,
and carry them off into the Veins ; fc thr:t as both
Sorts of Particles move together along the Gland,
the fmaileft Particles will pafs off through its Bran-
ches, and a Fluid confifting chiefly of the fecond
Sort of Particles, will arrive at the Excretory Du(5l
or Extremity of the convoluted Tube.

Thus the' Number of Branches may be fo great,
as to draw cff moil of the fmallefl Particles before
the fecond Sort of Particles arrive at the Excretory
Dua ; fo that the Liquor to be fecernM or feparated
may confill of both thefe Sorts cf Particles mixed
too-ether in any Proportion, according to the Num-
ber of Branches.

If a Fluid confining of a third Sort of Particles
larger than anv of the former, is to befecern'd, the
OrTiice of the Gland mull be jull big enough to ad-
mit fuch Particles, and none bigger ; and the Bran-
ches of the Gland mull be fmall enough to exclude
the biggell Particles and big enovgh to receive the
leffer : ^And according as the Number cf Branches
is either greater or fmaller, the Fluid which runs
out at the Excretory Dufts will confill either of the
hrgeft Particles, or of all together mixed in any
Proportion.

I M PROVED. 175

And thus we may undcrflaiid how a Liquor thick-
er thp.n the Blood itielf may be ftniin'd oft from th«
Blood, if the Orifice of the Gland be fo big as to
admit Particles of any Sizes, and the Branches fo
numerous as to draw off the thinner Parts, before
the thicker arrive at the Excretory Du6l.

I could f irther illv.flrate this Theory by Diagrams,
and fliew ir;ore plainly how. znd in what Manner,
the fcveral HunriOurs in the Body may be feparated
from the Blood, which muft cither be compofed of
fo many Humours as are feparated from it, or other-
wife it mufL contain a few Principles, which mixed
all together fcrm the Blood, and which, \'arioufly
combined, form the different Humours which are
drain'd frcm it ; as a few Kays of Light, of diffe- An Obar-
rent Refrangibilities, mixed all together, produce a ^^J^'^J^„ ,,^
white Colour, but varioufly combined exhibit all ''
imaginable Variety of Colours. And it is not at allTheGla .;:.-
probable, that the Blood, in which we difcern butf-r^^^^t
two diftind Parts, fliould be compofed of near thirty r^^j^f^j^J '^ [ [\
f.mple Plumours ; for fo many do the Glands fepa- i-,^ours • o •-.
rate from it : Nor is it agreeable to that Simplicity tht Bicv-.
which Nature conllantly afrc«Sls in all her Operations.

The Principles of all Natural Bodies ?ue faid not
to cxccfd five ; and hew prodigious is the Variety
that refults frcm their different Mixtures and Modi-
fications ?

If we fappofe likewife but five Principles or dif-
ferent Particles in the Blood, their Combinations a-
lone, with different Modifications and Proportions,
will yield near as many different Plumours as are fe-
parated from the Blood. And it is Matter of Fa6l,
that Urine, Sweat, Tears, Salit^a or Spittle in
Man, and v/hat v\c call Sla-z-er in Horfes, as well
as the Milk in Human and Brute Creatures, are
Compound Liquors, and that in each of them there
are Parts common to all of them. And if the Com-
pofition of feme other HumiOurs of the Body is not
altogether fo plain and apparent as in thefe I juil
mcntion'd, yet it does not follow from thence, that
I 3 they

A ^.| ^ ^'he Art of Farriery

rliei' ain& not compounded, no more than that the
B^€od io not, becaufe we do not perceive in it the
feveral Humours which are Separated from it by the
Glands. /

• Since therefore the feveral Humours are formM
by the vr.rioiis Com.binations of a few Particles which
' qn^pofe the Blood, ?,nd that each Humour is fecern'd
^nd feparated })y Glands placed moflly in fome one
Part of the Body, r.s the Gall which is feparated in
fhe Liver, and the Urine in the Kidneys ; the Par-
ticles of Elocd mull: fall into fuch Combinations as
I re fit to form Gall in the Liver, and Uiine in the
Xidneys, and fo of the others : And if this was not
the Cafe, the Glands could never feparate fuch Hu-
mours from the Blood. And as all die Humours
Tire compofed of a few di2*erent Particles, the greater
will be the Number of Particles combined to form
Bile, and the greater Quantity of Bile will be fepa-
rated, the fewer there are of all other Combina-
tions at the Liver. Such Combinations therefore as
are £t to form the Humours proper to pafs thro*
the Glands, where thefe Combinations are form'd^
being therefore only requifite will be there mofc
numerous : And therefore, wherever the Particles
of Blood are moft diffolved, there will be placed
fuch Glands as feparate Humours, which confifl of
x\\.Q mofl fimple Com.binations, or of Particles which .
do the moil eafily combine : And at the greateft
Biflsnces from thefe will be fituated the Glands
which fecern or feparate Humours confiiling of the
moll compound Combinations, or of Particles which
do the moll flowly unite. And between thefe will
be all other Glands, which, according to either
Extreme, will feparate Humours more or lefs com-
bined, or compounded of Particles which do more
quickly or flowly combine together.
The Blcod By the Thinnefs of the Liquor in the Pericardium
is moil dif- qj. ^^^g furrounding and inclofmg the Heart, and

fnl[^about ^^'"^^ w^^^^ P''^^^^^^ ^^^°' ^^^ Kidneys, the Particles of
the Heart. Blood feem moll diiiblv'd at and about the Heart.

For

I M P R O V E D. 175

For Iiere we not only find the Effedl of fuch DifTo-
lution in the Secretions, but likewiie we are ac-
quainted with the Caufe of it, to wit, the Force of
the Air in Refpiration breaking the Globules of the
Blood, which Force i.s demonftrable to exceed the
PrefTure of a Hundred Pounds Weight upon the Sur-
face of the Lungs in a human Body, and much more
in a Horfe, whofe Lungs are far bigger than ours.
Nor is it evideni only from the Caufes and EfFe£ts,
that the Blood is here moft diffolved, butlikewife-
from the. very Methods wliich Nature takes to pre-
vent the Effefts of this DifTolution in fome particu-
lar Places at a little Diftance from the Heart : For,
rhe Bile or Gall, and Seed of Animals being thick
Humours, compcfed of Particles which combine but
ilowly together, and it being requifite they fhould
be feparated where the Liver and Teflicles are placed.
Nature lias made Ufe of particular Contrivances to
give the Particles, which were to form thefe Hu-
mours, mere Time to combine than they would
have had otherwife, being fo ne?.r to the Heart.

■ For the Formation of the Gall, {he has contrived The For-
the Fena Port^, and the Spleen ; thro' the firft the ';?^ft",?^
Blood moves near two hundred Times fiower (and ^ - ** *
thro' the laf: altogether as much,) than otherwife it
would have done ; and that the Particles which
form the Seed m.ight have Time to combine, the
Orifices of the Spermatick Arteries are contraded,
and they likewife arife from the Vena Cava a little
below the Enmlgents, at a great Diflance from the
Tefticles, contrary to the common Courfe of Na-
ture ; by which Means the Blood is One hundred
and fifty Times flower or longer in going to the
Teflicles or Stones, than otherwife it would have
been.

At the greateft DiHance from the Heart, the vif-The vif-
cous Liquor of the Joints is fecern'd^ as alfo fomecous Li-
other Liquors, which do not require any Combina- ^^P"* O'^'^^s
tions ; as the Ljmpha or watry Humour, which may -J^^^^^' ^^,
be feparated any where. /\nd all thefe different parated,
I 4. Combi-

lyS T^he Jrt c/" Farriery

Combinations which form fo many diftindl Flui-l?,
arife from an nttra<ftive Power in the Parts of Mat-
ter, which, tho' it be equally diffufed thro' the
whole Mafs, yet according to the different Denfities-
cf Panicles, and the Figures of their Parts, fome
.Sorts of Particles will be foon united, while others
reauire a longer Time to be join'd together ; fome
will cohere or luck together more firmly than
others, and Particles of one Kind will have a greater
Tendency to unite with thofe of another Sort, in a
certain Portion of their Surface, than in any other,
Bat, ieaft I fhould tire the Reader, with thefe long
Digreflions, (tho' there is not any Thing more ne-
i.efiary towards a right Underftanding of the Anitnal
Machine^ than a thorough Knowledge of the Struc-
ture and Ufe of the Glands or Strainers of the Bod\' ;)
1 now procejed to give fome Account of the Cure for
the Glanders, when the fame is curable.

I have already hinted, that good, clean, and eafy
digeflible Food, warm Cloathing, along with.
Bleeding, isc. are proper in the firil Stage of the
Glanders.
£eqve\ of Secondly, a continued Ufe of the following Mix-
th. Cure ture every Morning, for at ieail a Month, will per-
form the Cure, if any Thing can touch the Root
of the Diiiemper.

A Mixture ^a\e a Found of Balfa7n of Capaiba, (commonly
lor the calN Capivi \) iticorporate it <voell tvith the Telks of

Glanders. ^^,^,,^,^.y;.^ Eggs ; then add to it a Found of Tread-,
and mix all in fix ^arts of good fale Beery and
keep it corlid in a Stone Bottle for Ufe. White-
nvine is much better than Beer, if People will go
to the Price of it.

Capivi "^^^ ^^^^^ °^ ^^^^^ Mixture confifts in the Balfam

Bdf'Jm is of Capi'vi, wliich is an excellent and very pcnetrat-

about4i. ing Kind of Turpentine; and tho' there is a great

i>er Pound, Jsf umber of Turpentines, fuch as the com.mon, that

chtap-fl ^^^^ ^° ^^^^ ^^^^^ Venice, the Chio Turpentine, and

Hani^ all the Kinds of Pitch and Tar are of this Tribe ;

and

tor . h
Gl.in-lers.

IMPROVED. 1

and laftly, the Balfam of Mecha, or Balm of Gihad,
caird OpohalfmrM-n ; this la ft, to wit, the Balm of
GlJead, is tlie fineft Balfani we have ; which, tho*
of the Turpentine Kind, yet is fo dear that it can-
not be afforded to Horfes of common Value, not-
withftanding a little of it will go a great Way. But
feeing fome Gentlemen may take it in their Heads •
to try a little upon a Horfe in the Glanders, here
follows a Defcription of it.

The Balfam of Mecha or Bahn of Gilead is a Refi- An Ac
nous Liquor or Balfam, whichat firft is of the Confif- coiii^t t>t
tence of Oil of fwcet Almonds, but by Age becomes ^^,'j^'''
like Turpentine, lofes much of its Smell, and grows
Blackifli. When freih, it is of a very agreeable Aro-
matick Smell, and taftes like Citron-Peel. The
Plant from wiiich it flows is call Balfatniim Syriacum
Folio Rut^ by Cafpar Bauhine the fomed Botanift.
Monfieur Lippi was fent by Lenvis the Fourteenth of
France as AmbafTador to the Emperor of the Akyf-
files in Egypt, where he was at great Pains to dif-
cover the Plant which produced this Balfam, and
likev.'ife the Manne; of procuring it, which he at
lafl did ; and tells us, that there are three Ways of
producing it. The Firll is by Running of itfelf
from the Tree ; the Second by Incifion, or cutting
thro* the Bark ; and the Third is by boiling the
^lops of the Trees ; and that the Bilfam which rifes
firll, after a gentle Decoftion, is very good, and
much eileemM ; but what is got afterwards is of the
coarfer Sort, and of little Value. The firft Kind is
fent entirely to the Seraglio of the Grand Seignior ',
the other Sorts are fuffer'd to be exported.

This Baliam is not now to be found in Jndea,
which was its ancient Native Soil, and where it was
very common before the Deftruftion of Jemfalein :
But foon after that, the Jeivs de^roy'd all' their
Trees, leaft the Rowans fhould make Advantige
of them.

At prefent it is found at Mecha and Grand Cairo

in Bgypt, from whence ic is carried to ConJiantinopU^

I 5 and

//

178 The Art of Fa r r i e r y

and is in very great EHeem, infomuch that tlie
Grand Signior*s Ladies ufe it as a Cofmetick or
Beautifier of the Skin ; but as they cannot do this
with any Succefp, I think they make Ufe of it only
as it has a f ne Flavour, and is very fcarce : ( I mean
the befl Sort.)

The Scarcity and Price of this Balfam makes it
fometimes come to us very much adulterated, but
v/hen really genuine, no one Medicine can exceed
it in opening Obftro^ions of the Lungs, and heal-
ing Eiofions cr Ulcerations from acrimonious and
/harp Humours. There is nothing exceeds it in
Aflhma's and Pleurifies, and whatfoever elfe requires-
Expedoration or Spitting. All inward Decays, as
well as Bruifes and Sores are relieved by it ; and
particularly thofe of the Reins and Urinary PafTages ;\
/or it very quickly paffes off that Way, and Ihows
itfelf in the Smell of the Urine. In fine, it imparts
a Healing and Deterfive Quality to the whole Mafs
of Blood, fo that nothing can be faid truly to exceed
it in the Cure of inward Wallings, l^c. but it is fo

^dear (as I juH now faid) that very little of it is
ufed ; but tlic Capi^vi Balfam fubftituted in its Stead.
If the Mixture with Balfam of Capi'vi, and fyrin-
ging or wafhing the Horfe's Noflrils well and often
with warm. Water and a little Honey of Rofes in it,
do not give P.elief in the Glanders in the Space of

-three or four Weeks, I advife he may be knocked
on the Head, and put out of his Mifery ; for he
cannot be faid to be curable : And altho* there are
a Number of pretended Cures fet down for this Dif-
tcmper, in almcft all Authors ,• yet I don't fee any
of them worth Notice, faying, that among Hands
one may now and then give the Horfe a Quart of
the Deco£lion of Guajacn^u V/'ood, made as follows.

The Gtiaia- Take of the Rafpngs of Guaiactmi^ othernxife called
cum Le-^ Lignum Vit(^ IVood^ half a Pound', Riujiiis, at;d
coa Kin tor l*f.;^g -j^Q^f ^^-.ch tri-co Ounces : Boil thefe in fix
the Ulan- ^^ , /^ r>- r> • rr^ /- ^ »

dcTi. i^arts oj Ki-ver or Kain-l'P aUi' to four ^arts ; then

Exprefi

IMPROVED. 179

Exprefs or Strabi it cUt ftrbftglyy a7id gi've it Milk-
^varm a ^art e^cery other Day for a Fortnight.

I need not tell the Virtues of the Lignum Vitas
Wood, or Gum of that Tree, in healing inward
Ulcerations, or promoting infenfible Perfpiration by-
its warm deterfive Quality, feeing the fame is fuffi-
cientiy Experienced in obftinate chronick Cafes ;
and if it promote Sweat it mull be good in the firll
Stages of the Glanders, which are in my Thoughts
.oftener occafioned from obftrufted Perfpiration,
brought on either by hard Riding and Slaving tlie
Horfe afterwards, or by repeated Colds in Winter
Fafturage, than from any other Caufe whatfoever,
excepting fuch as are Dirtemper'd from Foals.

I muil own, that if Liquors could be injeded
fo far up the Horfe's Noilrils as to reach the Seat
of the Diftemper, fuch Things would be very pro-
per j in like Manner as v^'e cure a Gonorrhoea or Gonor^
Clap in Human Bodies of either Sex, furely, fafely, ^Jj*^ or
and in the leaft Time, by Injeaion : And this iSbPii^^jJJc
applying the healing Liquor to the very Parts af- tion.
fedfted, wichout fuffering it to go the tedious Round
of Circulation from the Stomach to the Penis i
lieither need any one be in the leafl: afraid of a
Relapfe or locking up the offending Matter in the
Body, (as the common Phrafe is;) for I have
(with never failing Succefs) cured Gonorrhoea's by
Injedion for .twenty Y"ears paft, unlefs I happened
to have to do_ with a whim.fical Fellow now and
then, 'who wbuld not' be. fatisfied except he was
continually taking Bolus's, and keeping a Corre-
fpondence with the Clofe-StooL But to return to
the Glanders in Horfes.

I fay, if with a long and well contrived Syringe
one could throw up the Liquor fo faf as to reach
the parotid Glands or Glands fituate at the upper
Part of the. Throat, it might be of Service; but I
am afraid that will be hard to be done : However,
for the Satisfa^lion of fuch as iiave a Deiire to try,
I 6 - . I fuall

The Art 0/ F A R R I E R Y

I {hall fet down as proper an Injedion as tan be-
thought of in fuch Circumflances.

Take Venice Turpentine y three Ounces ; tnix it
wery nvell nvith the Telks of a Dozen Eggs ; then add
Honey of Rofes, fix Ounces ; Mgyptiacum Ointjnenf,
tnvo'Ounces', White TFine, one'^art. Mix nnd
fyringe it up the Noflrils Milk-warm ; but unlcfs
(as I jufl now hinted) you caufe it to reach the very
Part affecled, it cannot poffibly be of Service,
farther than wafhing the nafty Matter out of the
NoHrils.

I have confidered all the Kinds of Liquors pre-
pared to be injedled up the Nofe in the Glanders ;
but I take the above to be one of the bell contrived
Injeaions for the Purpofe : And as to Myrrh and
Aloes, as ordered by Mr. Gthfon to be mixed with
thefe Liquors, th ere is little to be expelled from
them, v/hatever Notion fome People may entertam
©f theJr fpecifick Virtues in mundifv-ing or clean-
fmg old Sores or Ulcers : For they are far inferior
to the Turpentines, in Cafes where healing and de-
terfive or cleaning Medicaments are indicated.

CHAP. XXL
Of the Strangles, Bajiard-Strangles, and Via^es.

Strangles, -np H E Strangles fcarce need an>' Defcription,
\ by reafon they are pretty well known to ail ;
only I muft take Notice, th:-t this Diflemper as-
furely happens to vouiig Horfes (at one 1 ime or
other) as the Small-Pox does to Children ; and it
may well b; compared to a Quinfey in Human
Bodies, which is an Inflammation of the Mufcles,
yc. deftined for the Ofnce of Swallowing; and a'
Tumour beine formed, Uie Patient is often fuifo-

cated

IMPROVED. i8i

cued before the Matter is fufficiently digefted and
difcharged ; which Difcharge happens for the moil
Part on the Infide of the Throat, by reafon of tne
Thinnefs of the Skin in compariibn to the outward
gkin, and in fuch Cafe it is thrown up by the
Mouth in Human, and through the Nofe m Brute
C_^ rc3ti.ircs

The Bailard-Strangles diff-r very little from theBaftard-
true, only the Degree of Inflammation is not foSirangita,
violent ; and in like Manner, we make a Diftm-
aion between a True and Baflard-Quinfey m Human

Bodies. . n-Lr ->

There is one very good Remark m Mr. kjtbjon^
Farriery, under the Chapter of the falfe and Baf^
tard-Strangles, which is this, ** that when the
" Swellings about the Jaws and among the Kernels
*' happen to old Horfes, it is an infalhble Sign ot
" a crazy Conftitution, and is oftentimes the fore-
" runner of the Glanders, unlefs fuch Swelhng has
" been occafionM by fome Violence," I fuppofe
by Molence he means over hard Ufage, and Sur-
feiting, l^c, and farthermorehe fays (which I know
to be very true) that " we may even obferve in
** Human Bodies, in all tender and delicate Habits,
" the fame Difpofition to Swellings in the Glan-
** dulous Parts; but more efpecially in thofe that
** are Confumptive.'* ,. , ,7- t, ^

The Vives, according to all Accounts differ little \^ivcsha£>.
from the Strangles. The French call this Diftem- Pj^J^,^^ ^^
per Anjuves, though I cannot fee any Derivation ot ^^^ ^^^^^
the Word, fo as to imply a Swelling of the Glands
or Kernels near the Ear-Roots, for that Part i^ the
Seat of this Diforder ; and it happens to Horfes ot
all Ages i whereas the Strangles is moflly confined

'""tS i^^'a Dillemper in Human Bodies much S«
like the Vives in Horfes, to wit, the Swelhng ot ^^j^^j^ ^^^.
the parotid Glands behind the Ears, and Relaxation Reiaxati .a
of the Vn)ula, which when it happens, the com- of the
mon People cry out their Ear -Roots are down, and Uvx.ia la
^ therefore

i8a-

Human
Bodies,
compared
to the
Vives in
Holies.

The Cnre

The Jrt of Farriery

therefore they immediately apply themfelves to Tome
good old Woman who is Skilled in ilroaking them up
■again ; and this Operation together with a littk Pep-
per and Milk, or Pepper and Bread and Butter, per-
forms a Cure, according to their V/ay of Thinkings
though they do not confider that Fridion or rub-
bing any Swelling upon a Glandulous Part (which
is moftly of a cold Nature, the Juices there being
fo far cut pf the common Road of Circulation) helpt
to diffipate or difperfe the Tumour ; add to this,
their being direfted to keep the Throat and Ears
well covered, which indeed conduces chiefly to-
wards, a Cure.
, ' As all Swellings upon Glandulous Parts of the
Body are a long Time in Suppurating, ( or coming
to a Head j) therefore a great deal of Patience is re-
quired, leaft by a too hajiy Incifton or Cutting them
• open, you caufe the Wound' to heal before the Huwourx
" to he dif charged are fuficiently digefed and prepared
hy Nature', and by this Means, you bring about t;ro
or three diilinft Tumours, one after another, wh^ri
one would have done the Bufmefs, provided you had
b-een endowM with the Gift of Patience, as before
obferved.

l^ the Swellings, ( for I mull put them in the
////;-^/ Number, feeing feveral Glands are affefted:)
I fay then, if the Swellings are recent, or of fhort
jlanding, the Difeafe m.ay perhaps be cured by the
iirft Intention, which is doing it the neareft Wav,
and not fuifering the Hum.ours to come to Suppu-
ration ; and for this End Bleeding, Purging, with
the Ufeof Em.ollient Clyfters now and then, are of
Service : In General all Evacuations are necefiary,
but there are not near fo many Ways to perform
this in Horfes as there are in Men ; for as Dr. Bay-
nard (fpeaking of Evacuation) in his Decade Y^ry
hunjouroufly expreffes it.

Kfs

I M P R O V E«D. 183

Pifs,

Spew and
Spit,

Perfpiration and
Sweat,

Purge,
Bleed and
Blifter,
IfTues and
Clyfter.

" /;/ thefe Ten Words the nuhole Art is comprifed ;
*^* For fome of the Ten are al<vjays ad-vifed.

I fay, that Evacuation by Vomiting, Spitting,
and Bliftering, are not, nor can properly be praclifed
upon Horfes on every Emergency ; neither ought
any of the ftrongly operative Medicines which pro-
mote Urine, be given to a Horfe in order to diffolve
Swellings about the Throat, Ears, ^<. For as there
is always more or lefs of a Symptomatick Fever at-
tending thefe Tumours, ( fuch Medicines being mollly
of the Turpentine Kind) the Fever is heightened
and increafed by them. Therefore through the whole
Gourfe of the Strangles, Baflard - Strangles, and
Vives, let the Horfe be kept Cloath'd, and more
efpecially his Head and Throat, and have White-
Water and foft Food, and let the Tumours or Swel-
lings be anointed with the following Ointment.

Take Flanders Oil of Bays, half a Found ; Frejh
Butter clarified, four Ounces', Crude Mercury or The firft
^ickfilver, one Ounce ; Oil of Turpentine, one Ointment
Ounce: Mix or incorporate the ^zV/^/x;^;-, wi^hgtranles
the Oil of Turpentine very well in a Gally-Pot, and vii-es &s,
.then put it to the Oil of Bays, &'c. which
Ihould be ftirred and wrought together a Quar-
ter of an Hour or longer, that the Mercury may
be divided into as fmall Globules or Particles
as poffible, and (when the Hair is Ihaved off this
Swelling,) Embrocate or Anoint the Part with the
Ointment for a good while j and by that Means the
fmall Globules of ^ickfilver will penetrate the
Pores of the Skin, . and by their Weight add to the
Blood's Momentum or Stroke againft the Extremity
of. the VelTels, . infomuch that (if any Thing will)

this

1^4 *^>^^ ^'^^ 0/ F A R R I E R Y

this will diffipate and diflblve the Swelling by the

Help of the Oil of Bays, Sec. which foftens the

Parts, and confequently gives more Room for the

Blood and Humours to circulate, when by the

Power of the ^ickftlver vis aforefaid a greater

Weight is added to them. Far whate<ver Body is

mixed nxnth a fluid (fpecijically heavier than the

'Fluid itfelf) muft add 'to the Weight of fuch Fluid :

Prepara- rj^^^^ Preparations of Iron, Mercury, ^c. \yhen

VrTn jIut- mixed with the Blood add to its Weight, and con-

cury' &c. fequently to its Momentum or Pulfe ; and by thefe

Thuir Ope. Helps, Obllruaions, ^c. of the fmall VefTels are

"^*'?". , opened, and many Diforders, proceeding from a

explained. ^^^^^ Circulating, Sizey Blood, are Cured.

During the Ufe of the aforefaid Ointment, the
Horfe fhould be purged with the common Aloes-
Purge, before fet down as a General Purge for Hor-
fes Tprovided the Blood is not very Feverifh, which
may be known from the Motion of it, by laying
one's Hand near his Heart upon the near Side, (as
it is generally called,) and by fo much as the Pulfes
exceed the Number 40 in a Minute, (which is by
Experience found to be the neareft Calculation of
the Syflole's or Contraaions of the left Ventricle
of a Horfe in a healthful State ; I fay, by as much
as thefe Pulfations exceed 40 in a Minute, by fo
much is the Feverifh Heat increafed j and if the
Horfe is found to be Feverifh, ( I mean to any De-
Purglng pree,) for Example, if his Heart, or the left ^''en-
Medic.nes j'^.j^j^ thereof Contraft above ^ Times in a Mi-
thel'r'' nute, it may be fuppofed his Fever is fo high,
Horfe -s that Purging Medicines would be dangerous j for no-
Pulfc .beats tjjing of that Kind can be given to any Animal, but
above ^o .^ j.^-^^g n^^^,^ Time) a Heat and Commotion in the
SmutV" ' Blood ; thei-efore I hy, forbear Purging a Horfe in
any Diflemper vvhatfoever, when his Pulfe beats
above 50 Times in a Minute.
How to To meafure the Times a Horfe^s Pulfe beats m a

meafi^re Minute, ;\ Stop-watch which runs Second--, or a
the Times y^:^^^^^^ Sand-Giafs, as there are enough of them,
a Hojle s efpecially

IMPROVED. 185^

pfpednlly In the Maritime Towns ; I fay, either of P^^H'^j^ beats
thefe (in a good hand) will do, where a Perfon is not ^'Jjj^
provided witli a proper Pendulum for the Purpofe.

If the Tumours or Sv/ellings will not give way to
Refolvents or fuch Applications as open and loofen,
then we are to try fuch Things as will bring the
M'tter to fuppurate or digeil : And here it may not
lie improper briefly to explain what is meant by
tliefe Terms, to wit, Repellents, or fuch Medica-
inents as drive back Tumours, ^V. and Ripeners or
Drawers, as they are ufually termed : For if a Perfon
rightly underfland when to apply either the one or
the other of thefe, he will be far above the Reach
of our common Fam'ersy who when tliey would
draw the Matter to a Head, often through Ignorance
apply Repellents, which ( by driving back the
offending Matter into the Mafs of Blood ) raife new
and freOi Tumults and Commotions, which too often
endanger the Life of the Animal. And iirft.

By Repellents, I mean fuch Medicines or A.ppli- -Rcpc-lients,
cations as prevent fuch Afflux of Fluid to any their Man-
particular Part, as would raife it into a Tumour or J.^^?j°j^ ^^^
Swelling : But to know how this may be EfFefted, pi^jncd.
it will be convenient to attend to the feveral Caufes
which can produce v. Swelling, or force out of the
A''cirels any of their Fluid Contents, by fome unna-
tural Difcharge.

All Tumours have neceffarily one of thefe in
their Caufe, to wit, either an Increafe in the Velo-
city or Quantity of the Fluids, or a Weaknefs in
fome particular Part ; and fometimes both concur.

An Increafe in the Velocity of the Fluids makes The Ef-
them pu(h more forcibly againfl:, and diflend, all f'^'^;^ '^'^^'^
the Parts in their Circuit : If therefore any Part be y^j^f^^it'y of
unequally preffed, or relaxed or loofened by exter- the Fu.ids
nal Injuries, (is is the Cafe of a Clap in the Back- explauied.
fmews of a Horfe,) that Part will be more elevated
than any other ,• and for want of equal Refillance
with the Reft of the Body, will at length receive fuch
a Quantity of Fluid, as will raife it into a Swelling,

more

ii€. The Jrt of F a r k i e r 3?

more efpecially if any of its VefTels be obftrufted ;
Becaufe the Protrufion of frelh Matter a Tergo will
continue to add thereunto, until fuch Time as ^e
Part be upon the utmoft Stretch, and can hold no
more.

In this Cafe all thofe Things are faid to be Repel-
lent, which check or Hop the Growth of the Swel-
ling, and afiiil the refluent Blood in taking up the
obiirudled Matter, and wafliing it alor^g into the
common Stream again. And this Intention is
chiefly favoured by Evacuation and Revulfion : For
^^vhatfocver lejfcns the Quantity of the Fluid in the
Body, <vji!l diminijh the Force of the retno/ming Fluid
upon the tumified Part. But it concerns us mofl: to
know, with relation to the Strangles, i^c. how ex-
ternal Application to the Part itfelf helps or afliils
in this Affair. And,
J<-erfcI!ents Hereby a Medicine comes to be a Repellent, by
fometimes confliling of fuch fubtile Parts, as may tranfmit
dajigtrous. |-Qj^g q£ jj^gj^ through the Pores, and help to ren-
der the obflruded Matter more fluid ; fo that it be-
comes the more eafy to be foftened, and fill again
into the circulating CuiTcnt : But in this Cafe there
is a Hazard likewife of fuch Things putting tJie
Qbilru<5led Flum.our into a Ferment, whereby it
fooner turns into Pus or corrupt Matter, and then
they are called Suppuratives or Ripeners.

What therefore in a fl:ri6l Senfe is to be reputed a
Repeller, is that which aftringes or binds together, .
( as it were ) and ftrengthens the Part, fo as to make
it refill any fuch Lodgement of extravafated Matter,
l^c. and thefe are fuch, whole Qualities are moft
manifeil in their Coldnefs and drying Properties ;
but there are few Inftances where Bandage or bind-
ing down the Swelling in a proper Manner is not
much better than fuch Applications; therefore (with
the Ivnowing Part of Mankind) very few Medica-
ments come in Play for fuch Purpofe ; only in cu-
taneous, cr skinny JDiftempers, where the ferous or
thin Part oi the Blood is too plentifully feparated

by

IMPROVED. 187

by the Miliary-Glands, fo that it dcfarms the.Skiri,
as alfo in fome Kinds of HiemorrJmges or Bleedings,
Things of this Nature take Place ; which anfwer
fuch Ends by aftringing the Fibres, fo that the Aper-
tures or Openings are clofed,. and do not admit any .
filth Fluid through them afterwards.

Some Tilings alfo anfwer this End by ftiniulatingstinmlantg
the Fibres of the tumified Part, fo as to give themfometimcs
fudden and forcible Twitches, whereby the Obilruc- opera re a.s
tion is fometimes loofenM and fhook (as it were) ^^t^^^^^""-^*
away with the refluent Blood ; and fuch a Sort of
Morion as this will be occafioned by the fudden Ap-
plication of any Thing extremely cold, as common
Water, or the like : But this Pradlice is feldom fafe;
by reafon if the frft Efforts, which the Fibres are
put upon by fuch Mean?, do not facceed in break-
ing away the inclofed Matter, they will be llrainM.,
and not afterwards able to repeat their natural Vi-
brations : The Confequence of which is w^eakening
the Part, and fo the Tumour or Swelling will be
flill more obftinate.

There are many other Means and accidental Cir-
cumllances, which contribute to favour or retard
this Way of Practice ; I mean the Ufe of Repel-
ling Medicines ; but the Hints already given may,
I hope, prove fufficient : Therefore I fhall now give
an i\cccunt what is meant by Suppurative Medicines,
or fuch Medicaments as are generally flyled Ripeners
or Drav/Ci's.

By Ripeners or Drawers I mean thcfe Applica- Snppn.r?.-
tions which, by the Adivity and Warmth of their ti^'c ^^-,^':
Parts, are able to penetrate the Pores, and mix with, operation^^
and rarefy any obilrudled Matter, fo that it may begxplain'd,
render'd fit for Difcharge upon laying open the Part
by Caufticks or Incifion.

Now in many Inflances, as the Matter by thefe
Means rariiies, and grows more fluid, the refluent
Blood is apt to wafli it back into the common Mafs ;
which fometimes is of that Nature, as to do a great
deal of Mifchief i or by making it take up more

Room

i88 ^Pje Jrt 0/ Farriery

Room upon its Pvareficatlon, occaiions it tc dlftend
the Parts in which it is containM more flrongly ;
whereupon a Senfe of Pain is excited, and thereby
a greater Concourfe oi Fluid, and confequently a
needlefs Increafe of the Tumour or Swelling caufed ;
fo that Medicaments under this Denomination re-
quire to be in the Hands of fuch, \^ho are fo well
acquainted with the Mechsnifm of the Animal Oe- '
conomy, as to be able to apply them to the befl Ad-
vantage, and know how to avoid the Hazards which
may arife from their Abufe. Now to return,

I fay, if the Strangles will not yield to Bleeding,
Purging, l5}c. fo as r.pparently to diiToh'e away,
then Poultices made of icalded Bran and frefh Hog*i-
Lard, mixed and applied warm, are as good as any
Thing e[{t which can be conti-ived for fuch Purpofe,
notwithftanding every Perfon may pretend to Secrets
of the Kind. Eat for the better Satisfaftion of fuch .
whofe Heads run upon one particular Kind of Poul-
tice or Cataplafm more than another, ( I m.ean v,-here
foftening Things are indicated,.) I fhall ihow how
and in whfit Mnnner thcfe Sorts of Applications
operate: And, Firft,
Emollients, Emollients are fuch Things as fheathe and foften
or ibrtering the Afperity or Sharpnefs of the Humours, and re-

Jip r xf,"' l^x and make far^ple the Solids at the fame Time,
their Man- -,.. '■^ r • itv/t i

ner ofOpc- And it is very eafy to conceive tiie Ivlanner how

ration ex- thefe KfFefts are brought about by one and the fame

pUin'd. Medicine.

Secondly, By what Means foever the Juices have
obtdn'd a Sharpncfs or Afperity (and in the l::rg&
Glr.nds they are very fubje(rt thereunto,) fo as to
\-ellicate and render unea fy the Fibres and Nervous
Parts ; thofc Things which are fmooth, foft, and
yielding, cannot but (as it were) wrap up their
Points, and render them imperceptible, infomuch
that they will not be able to caufe Pains and uneafy
Senfations ; and by this Means they may gradually
(by the proper Courfc of Circulation) be brought

to

IMPROVE D. iSp

to fome convenient Emun«flory or Oat-let, with-
out doing any Injury by the Way.

Such Juices likewife draw tlie Fibres into Spafms
or Convulfive Twitching?, and keep them tenfe or
upon the Stretch, (o that Obib'uftions of the worle
Kind are frequently formM.

In all fuch Cafes therefore, Emollients lubricate
and moillcn the Fibres, fo as to relax or loofen them
into their proper Dimenfions, whereupon the Caufe
cf the Grie'vance is remo'ved, and the Diforder ceafes.
Now to return.

The Swelling of the Glands, in the Diforder of
the Strangles, Vi^'es, See. muft be well embrocated
or rubbed with fome foftening Ointment, or Oil,
inch as Ointment of Marfh-Mallows, commonly
c.dV d Dialtkr^^ Oil cf Lillics^ or the like ; warm
thefe pretty well when you ufe them ; but, where
they cannot be had, I think (wt^tfre/h Butter may
do well enough. However, before I quit the Sub-
je(5l of Eynollient Applications, I cannot omit fetting
down an Ointment I have often tried (with great
Succefs ) to di flblve tumefied or fwellM Glands in
human Bodies, whether from (what is commonly
call'd ) the E-vil, or from any other Caufe whatfo-
cver ; and if it will do this in Man, it will do the
f;ime in Brute Creatures, only making it a little
mere penetrating, by reafon of the Skin's being
thicker in thofe than in human Bodies ; and this
may be done by adding a little Oil cf Turpentine,
and Spirit cf Wine, mix'd in equal Quantities.
About a Tea Spoonful of this Mixture to an Ounce
cf the Ointment well incorporated together, will
be fufficient, with long Frifticn cr Rubbing, to
c lufe it to enter the Pores and difperfe the Swell-
ing, provided fuch Swelling be taken in its firft
Stage, and before the ftagnating Humours are be-
come corrupt. The 'cccnii

Ointm nc

The Ointment is this, Take the Flo^jers of ^>^^ Stran-" es
Herb Digitalis or Fox-Glo-ve, any ^antity, and in.,

jfamp

ipo ^he Art ^/Farriery

Jlamp or beat them ^j ell up in frejh Butter, as many
as you can make the Butter take up ; then fet it in a
Tot in a Cellar for a Fortnight or longer ^till the
Flo'-wers are fufficiently rotted in the Butter ; <vchen
this is doney boil it a nxjhile ; then fir ain and keep it

for Ufe.

This Ointment you muft know was held ns a par-
ticular Secret with an old Doftor of my Acquain-
tance, who had a vaft deal of Experience, I think
at leafl fifty Years, when he told me of it, and
that he never found any Thing exceed its Virtues in
refolving Tumours of the Glandulous Parts, ^c.
and he {aid he had frequently cured Colts of his own
Breeding by the Ufe of it, when the common Means
ufed by Farriers had faiPd ; tho' I confcfs I want
Faith to think there is any more in this Ointment
than in others prepared for the like Intentions, fuch

" as the Ointment of Marjh-Malhv.'s, P aim-Oil, <Scc.
which adl in the Manner before fet down as E7nol~
lients.

If the Matter of the Stra}?gles, Fi^'esy &c. can
be felt to fluftuate under one's Finger upon the Pref-
fure of the Tumour, it is bell to llit open the Swel-
ling, according to the Direflion of tlie Fibres, the

. whole Length of the Sinus or hollow Part, and
drefs the Wound with Dozels of Tow dipp'd in the
following Ointment very warm.

Take Rojin, and Burgundy Pitch, of each one
Pound and half; HoTiey, and common Turpentine,
each eight Ounces ; yelloiv Wax, four Ounces ; freJh
■Butter boiled and clarified, one Pound j Verdegreafe
of France finely po%vderd, one Ounce : Mix.

Firfl melt the Rofm, Pitch, and Turpentine to-
gether with the Bees-Wax fhaved in fmall Pieces ;
then boil them up with the clarified Butter, and put
the Ointment into a Pot that will abide the Fire,
and ftir in the Verdegreafe by Degrees, 'till the

whole

IMPROVED. i^i

wliole be pretty cool, that tiie Powder may not by
its Weight fiiik to tlie Bottom of the Pot ; for if it
do, the Ointment will be too abiterfive when it
comes near the Bottom.

This Ointment may {ervc as a general Wound-
Ointment for all Sores or Wounds in any Part of
. the Horfe's Body j for it will not eafily iuffer fun-
.gous, fpungy, or proud Flefh to grow, as is com-
.mon when Ointments have too much Oil or Greafe
in their Compofition : Yet if the Wound happen to
put forth proud Flefh, as is common to old Sores,
you may wafh it with a few Feathers tied together,
and dipt in the following Phagedenic Water.

Take of nvhheSuhlzmafe inPo'n.vder, fyivo Drachms ; Water to
idiffolnje it in a Pint of Liine-Watery and it n.vill'^^''- away
turn of ayelldivijh Colour : Which keep in a Bottle ^^'^f^"^^ ^'
forVfe. Fkfli.

The Lime- Water is prepared by pouring about a L[nie-
Quart of Water upon a Pound of quick or unflack'd J^'^''^^*'
Lime, and when it has flood all Night, decant the prepare it.
clear Water for Ufe.

At the fame Time the Wound is drefs^d with the
Ointment, the remaining Hardnefs, if any, in the
Neck, may be anointed with the firft Ointment as
prefcribed for the Strangles, or elfe the Fox-Glove
Ointment, to diffolve it : For, if it is found, that
amongfl the Glands all the Corruption is not dif-

. charged at once for want of Communication one
with another, fo that there often happens two or

. three Gatherings one after another, let the Wound
be kept open as much as pofTible, not by the Ufe of

. Tents, for they are moflly of j^ernicious Confequence,
for Reafons hereafter to be affign'd, but by Incifiofis
into all the fulHciently fiUuous or hollow Parts ; and
if the Dozels be thrufi pretty tightly into theWound,
it may be kept open 'till fuch Time as the olFend-

:m^ Matter is difcharged.

Before

t^^ Tbe Art 0/ Farriery

Before I clofe this Chapter, let me advife,. that
all Ointments of this Nature be ufed vtry warm,
and then they will affift the natural Heat of the Part,
which is generally wanting on thefe Occafions, by
reafon the Blood and Spirits are drainM off by the
Wound, which robs the Parts adjacent of the due
natural Heat mention'd ; and all the Tribe of Tur-
pentines have this particular Quality in them, to
wit, if you apply them hot, they are ilrongly di-
geltlve and deterlive ; if coldly applied, they are al-
moft of as little Efficacy as a greafy Ointment,
which indeed is bad enough.

I mull now proceed to give an Account of the
Diforder calPd the Anticor in Horfes.

T

CHAP. xxn.

Of the Anticor.

HIS Diforder in Horfes is calPd in French^

Anticceui% on Account of its being over-

againft the Heart, or in the Breaft.

The Signs. The Signs of an /-/////Vc?;' are (according to the

befl Obfervations of Men of Experience in Farriery )

a Swelling in the Breaft of a Horfe, which fome-

times rifes upwards along the Gullet, and threatens

fuffocating him ; he will hang down his Head, and

groan much when he is laid down ; forfaking his

Food ; neither can he floop to Grafs or Hay upon

the Ground ; he has a faltering in his Fore Leg?,

and trembling of the whole Body ; and if you tic

up his Head to give him a Cordial-Drench, he is

likely to tumble over.

LngVifa It is faid, that our Englijh Horfes are not fo fub-

l-iorics not je,^ to this Diilemper as the French, Spanijh, or

kA^to th'- *^^^'^^ foreign Horfes are; the' I know no Reafon

for it, unlefs it be that our Climate, which is more

temperate, does not generate thefe inflammatory

Diforders fo frequently as in the hotter Regions

^■iiiticor.

IMPROVE D. 15)3

The Caufe proceeds from taking Cold upon- hard The Cav;fe
and laborious Exercife, fo that the Blood, ^V. (asj^^^jf'^ ^«'
it were ) llagnates, tho' near the Heart, and Parts
adjacent ; and this made the Sieur De Solleyfell ima-
gine the Anticor a Diftemper of the Peiicardium or
Bag which contains the Heart.

Others are of Opinion, that it proceeds from
rank Feeding, and much Fatnefs. But let that be
as it will, here follows the Cure.

As there is ftill a feverifli Heat more or lefs in I'he Cure,
the Blood, when a Horfe is feized with the Aiiticcr ;
therefore, Firil, Bleedmg ( at feveral Times, ) ac-
cording to the Strength and Urgency of Symptoms,
is indicated ; I fay, at feveral Times, becaufe it is
found by H^?noftatical Experiments, that Bleeding
at different Times is the mcfi proper Method to
caufe Revulfion, and hinder the Blood from flowing
with that Impetuofity into the pain'd Part, as it
otherwife would : And tho' 'ds true that once Bleed-
ing m^y do this, yet it will not fo eiTeftually eafe
the Pain, as when Blood is drawn at feveral Periods,
according to the Urgency of Symptoms, as I have
already faid.

Next to Bleeding, (if the Horfe be bound in his c7!yft?r.?
Body or is what we call Colli ve) Clyfters are of vvhen pro-
Ufe J and the following may ferve as a general one. l''^^-

Take Lea'ves of Mallcnvs, and Peliifory of //^^ A Clyfter.
Wall, of each three Handfuls ; Camomile Floiuej-s,
one Handful ; Annifeed, and fnjoeet Fennel-Seed^ each
half an Ounce ; Linfeeds, one Ounce : Boil thefe in
three ^arts of Water to t^xvo j then Jlrain or prefs
out the Liquor jirongly ; and add of Car}o:oJiinum
Ele^uary, one Ounce j comnion Salty t^jco Ounces ;
and common Plaijler-Oil, three Ounces : Mix.

Thefe Ihould be injecled thro' a very long Pipe
for the Purpofe, and as warm as a Man can bear
his Cheek to the Side of the Bladder it is tied up
in ; and then it may be expected in a little Time

K (perhaps

15?4 ^^^ ^^^ 0/ Farriery

(perhaps in an Hour) that the Horfe will void his
Excrements, together with Wind, &"€. and by that
Means his feverifh Heat will be diminifhed : For, if
the Excrement or Dung of Animals be longer than
ordinary retained, fome of its putrefying Particles
are imbibed by the Inteftines or Guts, and thereby
get into the Blood, which ftill adds Fewel to the
before inkindled Flame,

The Clyfter may be repeated e^^ery two or three
Days, as Occafion offers ; and the Horfe*s Food
fhould be fuch as is ordered in the Strangles, as
white Water with a pretty deal of Oitmeal in it j
for if you can nourifh him up with this, and foft
Food, fuch as boil'd Barley given moderately warm,
Cff c. it is much the bell ; not only as fuch Things
are eafieft to digeft, but alio by reafcn that Hay
gives the Horfe mucli Trouble in chewing, and by
the Motion of the Mafcles deftin'd for Majlicatlon,
and Deglutition or Swallowing, the Inflammation
npon the Throat is increafed ; for, this Dillemper
(as I faid before) fometimes rifes from the Breafl up
the Gullet, and threatens fuffocating or choaking
the poor Beaft.

If the Fever runs high, which (as I have hinted)
may be known from the Number of advanced Pulfes
above Forty, the common ftated Number in a Mi-
nute, when a Florfe is in Health, and not feared or
frighted ; I fay, if his Fever has run high, you
may (after the Eighth or Ninth Day of the Difeafe,
accounting from the firft Attack of it) give him
about two Ounces of the common Cordial Ball^
^^^^' ^^' which contains mofl Things proper for that Purpofe,
and you may mix it with t^vco Ounces of Venice-
Treacle, four Ounces of common Treacle, and a ^uart
of flale Ecer-y tho' if you will go to the Charge, a
Quart of Canary is much better than Beer, provided
the Canary be genuine and frefh. When this is
done, give it the Horfe carefully, fo that as little
may be loll as polfiblc, and walk him a while in his

Cloaths

IMPROVED. 195

Cloaths afterwards ; but let his Water be alw'ays a
little warm'd, as before obferved.

Three of thefe Cordial Mixtures given at two or
three Days Diftance, I think fufficient to recruit
the Blood and Spirits, after they { the latter efpeci-
ally ) have been wafted and much fpent in this Dif-
temper.

It mufl be remember'd, that a Horfe fhould reft A Horfe
for fome confiderable Time after acute Difeafes ; as IhoiUd reit
Fevers of any kind, or otlier violent and fickly Dif- ^^lik after
orders : For if he is (when in this v/eak Condition) .^^ute
put to labour beyond his Strength, it may occafion DilVafes.
many and great Evils ; as Manginefs, Farcin ; and
Difeafes of the Stomach and Bowels, as Scouring, &c.
So that from a tolerably good Horfe before the Dif-
temper, he is now become a ^'ajh\, good-for-nothingy
ftuggijh Jade ; and, what is woril of all, is likely to
continue fo, unlefs he undergoes a tedious Courfeof
Phyfick, in order to bring the Fibres to their former
Power of Elafticity and Firmnefs.

CHAP. XXHI.
Of Difeafes of the Stomach, and Guts.

MR. Gihfon begins the 33d Chapter of his
Book of Farriery with a very nice Obferva-
tion ; to wit, that " as the Food of Horfe s confjis
** of the tnoj} flmfle Productions cf the Earth, they
" cannot be liable to many Difeafes of the Stomach.''^
And what he fays farther under the fame Head is
worth reading ; only when he comes to treat of the
Cure, he fets down two Purges, wiiich he tells us
may be either of them given with Succefs, to re-
cover loft Appetite. The)- are near the Clofe of
the 1 24th Page of his Book, and one of them is a
Decoftion, the other made into BolufTes or Balls.
Now the Decoclion is a pretty mild and eafy-work-
ing Purge ; but the Ball is ftrong enough for any
K 2 Horfe

i5>5 The An of Farriery

Horfe in full Vigour. Indeed he fays, take of the
beji Aloes an Ounce and half, by which he may
mean the Succotrine Aloes brought to us from Ara-
bia, and Egypt, in Skins, and is of a blackilh Co-
lour in the Lump, but of a Ihining golden Hue
when broke and powderM, and has but little Smell :
I fay, if he intended this So/t of Aloes, he fhould
have been a little more explicit, for it is dearer than
the common Aloes by five Shillings in the Pound-
Weight ; therefore you need not fear the Apothe-
caries will let you have that of fix or feven Shillings,
when they can fell you Aloes for fixteen Pence a
Pound, which is imported from Barbadoes in large
Shells or Gourds, of a ftrong cffenfive Scent, and
is calPd Hepatic Aloes, from its dark Liver Colour.
TheUfe of In fhort, I know no one Drug of more univerfal
Aloes % ery ufg in Medicine than Aloes, nor of more Efficacy
extenfive. ^^^ ^^^^ Intentions, both as a Purge and Altera-
tive. But to return,
Reftnous In the Purging Ball for loll Appetite, as prefcribed

Purges dativby Mr. Gibfon, ^there are two Drachms of Diagridi-
-gerovis and ^^^^ which is a Refmous Subftance call'd Scannnony
rough in j-Qg/^ed in a Quince ; but correct it how you pleafe,
Operation. .^ .^ ^.,^, ^^ Refmous that fmail Particles of it are
apt to ftick amongft the Folds of the Stomach and
Guts, and caufe fuch Vellications or convulfive
Twitchings, that they often endanger the Life oT
the Animal : And moreover, by the rough Opera-
tion of fuch -Refmous Purges, the Bowels are fo ir-
ritc ted to a Difcharge of their Contents, that J:he
Creature oftentimes purges off the very Mtiais ox
flimy Liquor or Moillure" which daubs over their in-
ternal Coat, and which M«r.7j Nature depofits there
as a Defence ngainft any (harp irritating Juices which
may pafs through them.

Bef des,two Drachms o^Dia^ridium is twelve good
Dofes for n flro^i^i Man, and this (confider'd with the
Quantity of Ho)-fe Aloes) I think is an over-Dofe,
elpecially for a Horie vhofe Stomach is (according
to my Text ) fuppofed to be in a depraved and weak

Con-

IMPROVED, iP7

Condition. Therefore when I come to the curative
Intentions, I iliall offer fome Amendments toMr.G/3-
fofis Deco3ion and Ball for Reco'very of lojl Appetite.

Moll Diilempers, efpscially Chronic ones or thofe
of long landing, derive their Original from depraved
Digeilion ; and altho' Horfcs (as I have faid before) Horfes not
arc not fo fubjea to Difeafes of the Stomach as Man, J" ^^^^^^
who ranfacks both the hidies for hot fiery Spices to^o^.j^^>^
fatisfj' his moft unrcafonable Guftation ; yet many stomach as
Difeafes in them are produced from Faults in the Sto- M=~n, and
mach, or in other Word?, the Faults of the Stomach ^^'hy.
or depraved Digeilion, very often are the Occafion
of many Difeafes in Horics, as well as that the Dif-
eafes of the Body bring on lofl Appetite.

There are two mod remarkable Caufes of Chylifi-
( at ion Hurt or Crudities in Digeftion, to wit, the
Jcid Crudity and the Nidorofe. And firft.

Acid Crudity brings on the Heart-burn, four and Acid
frequent Eruditions or Belchiugs upwards ; and this ^^^'"^"^y-
in Mankind, more efpecially in Children, who are
very fubjed to acid Crudities, is thrown up by
Vomit J oftentimes by Nature, fometimes by Art :
But as Horfes, by reafon of the Spiral Windings of
the Gullet where iris inferted into the Stomach, can-
not eafily vomit, therefore thefe auilere and foure
Juices are carried along into the Inteftines, and
there caufe Griping?, ^c. And when a Horfe is
troubled with over much Acid in his Stomach and
Guts, he as naturally and with as good Reafon de^
fires Mud aud Dirt, as he does his Hay when he is
hungry : And in my Thoughts, every Horfe which
is conftantly kept in the Stable, and has not Gn;fs
fometimes for Years together, ought to have now
and then powdered Chalk, burnt Hartshorn, or the
like, given him in his Provender, inllead of being
threatned and often beaten by his Ignorant and Illi-
terate Keeper, for eating what would cure his Dif-
order in Time. Burnt Hartshorn is much better
than the Clay or Mud he would eat, becaufe it will
abforb or drink up more of the offending Acid in
K 3 the

The Jrt of Fa r r i k r y

the Stomach, Is'c. And how powerful the Tefta-
cea or fhelly Powders, as well as Chalk or burnt
Hartshorn, are in deftroying Acids, or rather ab-
forbing them, any one may judge, who makes the
Experiment by mixing Vinegar or the like with
fuch Powders, 'which immediately lofes its Sharpnefs
and Pungency upon the Tongue.

The Cure' of Acid Crudity confifts in thi? ; to
wit, firft, in abforbing the Acid by the Ufe of
burnt Hartshorn for fome Time ; then a Cordial
Drink or two, prepared with Volatile Aromaticks,
according to the following Prefcription.

Take a ^lart of White-Wine, or for i»ant of this
c ^art of Beer ; and grate into it two Nutmegs of
irhout a Peiiny a-piece ; and gi've it the Horfe by a
Horny Milk-ivarm.

After the Drink, in a Day or two, may be given
the following Purge ', but if Purging be made ufe
of liefore fuch Preparation of the Juices, nothing will
be difchnrged, but Gripings and Convulfive Motions
will be occafioned. The Purge is this.

A Pi rge Take of Moes, or.e Ounce ; Diapevte, an Ounce

for Aci I ^^^ ^^^'. Salt of Tartar, half an Ounce ; Syrrup of
^^'heSro Buckthorn, an Ounce and half ', and nxjith flour of
mi^xh, ^c. Bri7rfone male them up into t-ojo Balls, and gi^ve
them in the ordinary Method.

Nidoron: Crudity, from the Word Nidor, which
Signifies any Thing of a bad Smell or Flavour, is,
when the Nourifhrnent is corrupted, fo that it turns
into a Putrefied Solution of a horrid Tafte and Smell,
altogether unfit for proper Chyle, and does not ( in
any eminent Degree) differ from Acid Crudity ; only
the Eruaations are not acid, but rather infipid, pu-
trid, or fulphurous, like theTafte of fry M Eggs when
they are burnt, as near as I can any way judge it. This
occaftons Heait-Burmngs ; therefore the Horfe partly

loaths

IMPROVE 1>. ^99

loaths his ufual Food, and longs after Mud and Dirt ;
and what the divine Hyppocrates fays with relation to
Humr^n Bodies, will hold good in Brute Creatures,
whofe Compontiorx is of Solids and Fluids aftuated by
the fame Mechanick Powers with our own ; to wit^
that thofe Tmnzs ^vhic'h the Appetite is fond of, are
7nuch more eaftly digcfed, than fuch as the Sto??iach
hath no defire after \ and therefore the common Pro-
verb is true, 'what eve Rtlljkes, Nourif^es. For, the
Stomach may truly be fnled the Kitchen of the
Body, its Office being; to receive the Food as into a
Store-Houfe, and to digeil the fame is its Primary
Aftionj whence Indigeftion is an undoubted Fore-
runner of the Deftrucdon of the whole Oeconomy.
Digeflion is frnply a Work of Nature, nor can
it be performed by Art ; for we can only affift and
help the V/ork of Nature, and fo corred the Fer-
ment in the Stomach, that it may be reduced to its
natural State. l^herefore, the fame Method I
have prefcribed for the Cure of Acid Crudities, will The Cure,
perform the Work with relation to Nidorous
Crudities. I Ihail jufl mention a Paffage in Mr.
Gihforis Book of Farriery, with regard to Horfes
which are troubled with foure juices upon the Sto-
mach, and which ibr fuch Reafon defire to eat
Ciuy out of the Wails, &c. He tells us, '' that
" when he attended the Arm.y, he took an Oppor-
" tunity of gratifying a Horfe in a very ardent De-
*' fire of tiiat Kind. The Horfe had fafFered very
" much from his Keeper, and had been often beat
" for eating Clay out of the V/all ; " he then fays,
" he brought him a Piece of Chalk the bignefs of
*' a Man's Fift, and laid it in the Manger ; the
*' Horfe turned it o%^r with his Nofe feveral Times,
" and at lafl broke off fome of the Corners and eat
*' them ; v%'hereupon Mr. Gihfon took up the Chalk
** to break it into fmaller Pieces ; but becaufe the
** Horfe thought he was going to be robb'd of it,
♦' he puihed his Head after it with all imaginable
** Eagernefs, and when it was broloe he eat the
K 4, " greatell

iicd the Jrt c/ Farriery

** greatell Part of it, and fell immediately to his
** Hay. The Dr?.goon told Mr. Gib/on he gave
** him more Chaik afterwards, and obfervcd that
** the Horfe eat his Hay better for it; but being
** /bon after obliged to march, he was perfe6lly
'* cured by the Exercife, and had no farther Crav-
** ings of that Kind."

You may by this Account, fee how neceffary it
3S to allow a Horfe (that has Acid Juices in his Sto-
mach in too grent abundance, ) to eat Clay, i5c. or
rather to give him Chalk, burnt Hartshorn, or
Oyflcr-fhells, in fine Powder, or the like ; other-
wife he will not thrive nor eat his Hay ; and alfo
_ Exercife is one great Help, towards removing the
Complaint.

The TTvn- The Hungry Evil in Horfcs, is the fame

|,:yEvii. that in Man we term M^ /ad a 2.x\di Bulifria, vul-
garly cnlled a Canine or Dog-like Appetite, al-
though Bulimy fignifies an Oxe's Appetite.

The Canfj. I'he Caufe of all thefe is Acid and Nidorous Cru-
dities, of which I have juft now treated ; and as the

The Cure. Cure confifts in Abforbent, Evacuant, and Stoma-
chick Medicines as mentioned, I ihall not take up
the Reader's Time fo much as to make a diftinft
Chapter of it, but proceed to an Account of the
Diftempers of the Guts, and firft of the Colick.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the Colick.

A S the Colick is a Diftemper which (as well
j\^ as many mere of the Stomach and Gut?) pro-
ceeds from Flatulence or Wind pent up, I mull beg
leave to explain what is meant by Carminati<ve Me-
dicines, or fuch Medicines as are faid to expel Wind ;
and as the Nerves are frequently under great Difor-
ders from pent up Wind or Flatus's, what difTipates

and

IMPROVED. :toi

and expels fach Vapours, muft be reckonjsd of great
Service to thofe Parts.

A great many People feem to be Strangers to this Carmina-
Term, I mean the Word Carminative, which docs tiv^c ^ledi-
not appear to carry in it any Thing expreifive of the pj^fj^^^^i^ '
Medicinal Efficacies of thofe Simples, which p-ifs
under its Denomination.

This Term certainly had its Rife as thus apply'd,
when Medicine was too m.iich in the Hands of thofe
Jugglers, who, for want of a true Knowledge in
their Profeffion, brought Religion into their Party ;
and what through Ignorance they were unable to do
,by rational Prefcription, and the Ufe of proper Me-
dicines, they pretended to effect by Invocations, and
the Correfpondence they kept with Heaven : Which
Cant being generally, for the furprize-fake, couch'd
in fome fhort Verfes ; the Word Carmen, which fig-
nifies a Verfe, was made alfo to mean an Inchant-
ment : Which, as it was a very good Cover for
.their Ignorance as well as their Knavery, was fre-
quently made ufe of to fatisfie the People of the Ope-
ration of a Medicine they themfelves could not ac-
count for ; and as thofe Medicines now under this
Name are of fome quick Efficacy, and the Confe-
quences thereof in many Inftances very great and
furprizing, the moft violent Pains fometinies arifmg
from pent-up Wind, which immediately ceafe upon
ijs being difperfed ^ for thefe Reafons, I fay, fuch
Medicines as give Relief in this Cafe are more par-
ticularly filled Carminatives, as if they cured by In-
ehantment ; the Complaint removed by them being
fo fudden, that the ordinary Manner of Operation
of a natural Caufe, is not eafiiy imagined to take
place fo foon.

But howfoever thi? Term came into the Profef-
fion, its common Ufe has fafficiently determined its
Meaning ; to wit, that vvhatfoever Medicines in-
wardly, or Applications outwardly, expel or dif-
perfe Wind, fuch I fay are ranked under the Clafs
of Carminatives.

K 5 Hew

aoa ^he Art 0/ F a r r i e r y

AU the How iuch Medicines difperfe Wind may be con-

Pa rr,s of the ceived, if we do but confider, that all the Parts of
Peripna^ the Body are perrpirable. Sa72aorius, in his Me-
tle • an 1 dicina Statica, determines all that is called Wind in
all Wind the Bowels to be fuch perfpirable Matter as makes
in th'i Vcf its efcape through the Coats of the Stomach and
J^^'g'^^J; °' Gats. And this likewife happens to the Mulcular
is faid to ' ^-^ts ; for fuch perfpirable Matter often breaks out
be pcrfpi- and lodges amongft the Mufcles, &c. for fome
rable Mat- Time.

thro' The ^^w, whatfoever will rarefy and render thinner
Coats of ^^^^ Colleftions of Vapours, muil conduce to their
fach utter Difcharge out of the Body, and confequently

VelTcIs. Temove thofe UneafmefTes which arife from their
Carmira- Detention, And as thofe Things in Medicine
tive Me.ii- ■which pafs under this Denomination are warm, and
xvarm Tub- ^^^''^^^^ of very light fubtile Parts, it is eafy to con-
tie Parrs, ceive how a Mixture of fuch Particles may agitate
and rarefy thofe Flatulences, fo as to facilitate their
Expulfion ; and more efpecially when we confider
what a Pklp to this Purpofe thofe grateful Scnfa-
•tions, which fuch Medicines give to the Fibres, may
be ; this cannot but invigorate their tonick Undu-
lations or tremulous Motions, infomuch that by De-
grees the obflrufted Wind is dillodged, and at laft
<3uite expelled.

\{ the Obflruftion is not great, as it feldom is in
the Stomach, Inteflines or Guts, by reafon of their
large Vent both upwards aud downwards, the Rare-
faftion of the Wind upon taking fuch a Medicine is
often fo fudden, and its Difcharge likewife, that it
goes off like the E^plofion of Gun-Powder. In
fine, all I'hings that warm, rarefy, and attenuate
]lhe obftrufted Hnmour% may (.^cording to the
common Acceptation of this Term ) be called Car-
minative Medicines.

Before I proceed to an Account of the Colick, it
fnay not be thought impertinent in me to defcribe
the Gut-Colon in a Horfe, which differs from the
Colon in Man, inafmuch as in the firft it appears as

three

IMPROVED. ao3

three Guts, being (as it were) divided by two Necks,
{as they are termed by Hippotomijls,) whereas in Man
this Gut is feemiiigly but one; and in my Opinion,
the Reafon the Necks or narrow Places in the Colon
of a Horfe are io ordained by Nature, is that the
Food ( which is moilly hard to digefl ) fhould not
pafs off before the Glands of the Inteilines have
taken in and fuck'd up what was neceiTary to lubri-
cate and make them ilippery, as well as for other
Reafons hereafter fet down in the following De-
fcription.

The Colon of a Horfe, which ( as I have faid ) The Colon
feems to be three Guts, by reafon of the two Necks ":} ? ^^ f^
of about Jialf a Yard in Length each, is drawn up
into many Cells or Purfes by Means of two Liga-
m«nts, one of which runs along the Upper, and the
other the Under Side of it, which, with the AfTif-
tance of a Valve or Flap at its Beginning, hinder
the Excrements either from returning back into the
fmall Guts, or falling too foon downward, as I juil
-now hinted, before the Chyle or Milky Subllance
• prepared from the Food be fent into its proper Vef-
fels. And indo<3d the Ccecum or Blind-Gut, which
is the firll of the three larger Guts, feems to be {o
contrived in Manner of a Valve to hinder the Ali-
ment and CThyie from pafling too foon into the
Colon ; for if the Aliment and Chyle were not in
feme Meafure hinder'd in their Paffage thro' thefe
large Guts, the Body could not be fafRciently fup-
.ply'd with Nourifhment : And thofe who pretend
that nothing can enter into the Mifs of Blood which
is injeded by way of Clyfter, may go on in their Ig-
norance ; but I am fatisfied of the coiitrary, for I
have cured a great many People of Agues by admi- Agnes
niftring the Jefuit's Bark in Clyflers, when tlie Pa-cu-cd by-
tient could not bear the Thoughts of it in any other ?,' ^i'^S the

^ ^^^' Clyfters.

The firfl of thefe Colons is about a Yard and

half in Length, the fecond about a Yard, and the

third, or that Part which joins to tJie Redum or

K 6 Arfe-

204 The Art ofYh'B.KiE^^

Arfe-Gut, near fix Yards In Length ; fo that the
Colon of a Horfe fourteen Hands high may be faid
to be nearly eight Yards and a half long ; and from
it along the Reaum or Straight-Gut to the Jnus,
where the Excrements are difcharged, is not above
half a Yard ; fo that it is plain Clyfters operate
Clyfters moflly in the Colon ; tho' I muft fay they are
ft uid be given in too fmall Quantities; for what fignifies
giv-.n in ^^^q Quarts of Liquor in a Gut nine Yards long^,
Qi antities. ^'^'^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Inches Diameter in a natural State :
Bat in the Colick it is fo diftended with Flatu-
lences, that its Diameter exceeds feven or eight
Inches, as I have frequently obferved in thofe dy-
ing of that Dillemper, or, which is much the
fame, the Griping of the Guts. Now for a De-
fer iption of the Colick.
The Word The Word Colick, ftriaiy taken, fignifies Dif-
Colick de- orders of the Colon only; but now generally it is
' taken for any painful Diforder of the Stomach, or

Bowels, attended from firft to laft with a thick and
Firft, a Bi- troubled Urine, whether in Man or Brute Crea-
lioas Co- tures. And from hence arifes the common Di-
hck, what. f|,;j^£^joj,s of, Firft, a Bilious Colick, which fprings
The Caufe. from a Redundancy or Acrimony of Choler irrita-
ting the Bowels, and fo caufmg Gripings, and ge-
nerally a Lax or Scouring.
The Cure. The Cure of a Bilious Colick is performed by
gently purging off and foftening the offending Hu-
mours, which is accomplilhed by Lenitives and Emol-
lients. The following Clyfter is very proper in the
firft Stage of this Diftemper.

A Clyfter 7ake Mallonv-Lea'ves, and Camomile-Fhwers, of^
Uck ^^ ^" ^""^^ ^""-'^ Uandfuls ; Bellitory of the Wall, three
Hdndfuls i Flo^\:ers of Elder, t<v:o Hatidfils ', Juni-
per Berries hrnifed, four Ounces : Boil thefe in four
Quarts of Rai?i-lVater to three ; then Jirain and prefs
out the Liquor pretty frongl)', and add tivo Ounces of
Lejiitinje Elefluary ; and give the liorfe the whole
three Quarts by way of Clyfter at once ; for, as I
■ . iiave

IMPROVED. aoi

have faid before, unlefs Clyfters be injefted in large
Quantities, they are but of fmall Service.

After the Colon and Straight Gut are cleanfed
from Excrement by the Ufe of the aforefaid Clyfler,
it may be needful to give him the following eafy
Purge.

Take of Alexandrian Senna y (knoivn hy the pointed PwrgQ in
Leaf, Brightnefs of Colour, and Richie fs of Fla-'^hQ Colick»
'vour,) tnjuo Ounces ; Liquorice-Root, one Ounce >
Salt of Tartar, tnjco Drach?ns ; Caraivay Seeds,
and frejhejl funiper Berries bruijed, each one Ounce :
Boil thefe in a Quart of Water to the Confumption
of half ; then ftrain and add of Leniti've BleSiuary,
( as freih as you can get it, for when old it is good
for little, } two Ounces ; and of good Canary, half
a Pint. Give it the Horfe in the Morning rather
more than Milk-warm, and keep him warm cover'd
for fome Days.

It is common in Cafes of the Colick in Horfes fbrOpiares
Farriers to give Venice Treacle, Mithridate, or i)/^y-":'3ngcrmis
cordium, in their Cordial Drinks, and often inc'^^'nj^of
large Quantities by way of Clyfter ; and this in the^he Bilious
firft Stage of the Dillemper ; which fo locks up theColick.
Caufe ojf it in the Guts, that it is all one in EfFed,
as if you fet the Muzzle of a Piftol to the Horfe's
Fundament, and let fly, in Hopes to clear the Way
of all Obftruftions at once.

Indeed after the Caufe of the Diforder is re-
moved by Lenient Purgati'ves, Clyfler s, SiC. as be-
fore prefcribed, it is abfolutely neceffary warm
Opiates fhould be adminifter'd, fometimes by Way
of Clyfler, fometimes by the Mouth ; for altho'
thefe Sorts of Medicines are ( as I have faid ) of fuch
dangerous Confequence in the Beginning of the
Difeafe, yet are they requi£tc to hnifh the Cure,
and allay the Tumult of the Bowels, which other-
wife ends in Superpurgation, or fuch a Lax or

Scouring

£06 ne Art of Farriery

Scouring as may caufe tlic Horfe to void moll of the
Mucus or flippery Matter, which fhould defend the
inner Membranes of the Guts from the Erofion and
Acrimony of the Juices j Therefore, when it is pro-
perly judged that the Caufe of the Diforder is taken
away, let the following. Mixture be given inwardly.
A Mixti^rc T^ake a ^uart of Ca?2ary, or for Want of that a
for the ^uart of 'voarm Beer', dijjol-ve about the Bignefs of
tolicK, ^^ -jg^^ ^ ^^ Cordial Ball in it, and an Ounce cf
Venice Treacle, or Mithriddte : To v/hich may be
edded ( if the Horfe fcour more than ordinary ) One
Hundred Drops of Liquid Laudanum, and the like
Nu7nber of Tinflure of Cajior. Stir it well before
you give it.

The Purge, Clyfter, &c. may be repeated accord-
ing as there is Need : But give no Opiates in the
Beginning of the Diiiem.per j for, notwithflanding
-I have as great a Veneration for Opiates as the
Gentleman who fiid, If there <vjas 710 Opium he
nvouJd be no Phyfician ; yet I am fatisfy'd the Secret
lies in the AdmirJfbration, not in the Knowledge
of good or bad Drugs. And this Secret will ftill rC'
main in the Hands ( or rather Heads ) of a very few,
altho' Books upon the Subjed of Phyfick w^ere
ever}' Day publiih'd. And no doubt the true Rea-
fon of tliis is owing to the indolent and fluggiOi
Temper of Mankind, v/hich fc be^-vitches them,
that they will not take Pains to fearch after Truth ;
Mathematicks, Mechanicks, Natural and Experi-
inental Philofophy, being meer Bugbears to tliem ;
-fo that they are contented to jog on in the old blind
Road of Ignorance, and prefcribe Medicines in Spite
of Nature and their Stars, and without knowing, or
being able to give any tolerable Account of tJie
.Modus Operandi, a Knowledge fo efTentially necef-
fcry in the G:re of Difeafes. Thefe are tJie M-en
who have not the Why for the Wherefore, and
whcfe Faith or chief Reliance is upon the Number
of Drugs in the Prefcription, not at all conladering

the

IMPROVED. 207

the Bafis or principal Ingredient, to which the Cure
( if any be wrought ) is attributable.

During the Ufe of Opiates, (which may be given
every other Day for two or three Turns, ) it is pro-
per to give the Horfe a Solution of Gran Arahick m
the Water he -drinks, which may be thus prepared.

Take an Ounce of Gum Arahick ; bruife it, andThe Gum-
hi/ it m a^art of Water, Uill'tis dij/hhed ', then^^^'^"^^
mix it 'uoith half a co?n?non Pail full of cold Water, ^ '
and Oatmeal ', and let the Horfe drink this Sort of
Water Milk-^warm for Jhme Time, to nvit, for a
Week ', and by that Time it may be fuppofed that
the Iniide of the Guts is well imbued with flippery
Matter to defend them from acrimonious or fharp
Juices.

I hope I need not te^ll the Reader that moderately Exercife
walking the Horfe will do him Good in the Colick, proper in
feeing that moderate Exercife is proper in moft -Dif-"^j^^g
tempers, excepting Fevers, in which the Blood is '^
already at too high a Pitch to admit of it.

The famous Bagli'vi was of Opinion, that theBaglhi's
-Seat of tlie Bilious CoUck is in the Mefentery or Opinion of
what we call the Tset in Brute Creatures ; and there- ^*^^. ^i'*^*^
fore he ordered his Patients, when the Diftemper
was flubborn, to take a Journey,, that the Body
might be fhaked up and evercifed by Riding for
fome Days, and the Fibres of the Meientery, which
by long Pain were relaxed, might afiume their for-
mer Oicillations to eradicate and expel the diftem-
per'd Impurities ,* after which he orders a Semicu-
pium or warm Bath, wherein the Patient fits up to
the Navel for fome Time : But as this lafl cannot
well be done for a Horfe in the Colick, tho' moft
certainly if he was nearly over Head in warm
Water it might be exceeding proper ,* yet I fay, as
this is fcarcely prafticable upon Horfes, we muft
content ourfelves with Exercife^ giving them now
and then an eafy Trot, to {hake the Guts a little,.

which

-aoS ^he Art of Farriery

which 'uill greatly affift in diflodging the Enemy.
Permit me now to give an Account, Secondly, of
the Flatulent or Windy-Colick.
Secondly, The Flatulent or Windy-Colick fhews itfelf by
'^^*-^ Pain in the Bowels, and proceeds from Wind pent

Slirl/ ^P t^6^^» which gives the Horfe fuch Pains and con-
The Signs, vulfive Twitchings, that he will oftentimes lie down,
tumble, and ftart up again haftily, and ftrike his
Belly with his hinder Feet, and ilamp with his Fore-
Feet, and forfake his Food. Thefe are the moft
common Signs of a Flatulent Colick \ and the Di-
vine Contriver of all Things hath wifely order'd
( both in Brute and Human Creatures ) that the Co-
lo7i ilhould furround the vvhole Ahdo7nen or lower
Belly, and with the 75^i?z<;z?z ( before defcribed) touch
all the Parts contained in it ; fo that by immediate
Fomentation with Clyfters, we might eafe fuch Parts
of their Maladies : I fay, this we have to praife
God for, as well as for the Rell of his wondrous
Works.
The Caufe. The Caufe (as I have faid ) is from pent up
Wind, which for the moft Part is occafion'd from
the Excrement or Dung's being too long retain'd,
which renders the Juices vifcid and ropy, fo that
the windy Flatulence cannot eafily break through.

I rem-ember fome Author or other that fays^,
** Flatulences or windy Diforders are bred in the
*' Stomach and Bowels by a vicious Fermentation,
** excited by a preternatural Acid in a vifcid Sub-
.** jedl, and that the Cure confifts in Digeftives and
*.* evacuating Medicines, together with a regular
" Diet."

This Defcripticn is fuccin(5l and clear, fo that I
need not trouble the Reader any farther, only i^.
fetting down my own Thoughts as to the Cure.
The Cure, ,. Firft, if you fufpeft that the Flatulence proceeds
Back- from harden'd Dung, the Horfe mufl be Back -raked,

ratir.;^ ^^^ .j,^ F::rriers call it, which is done by anointinv
wnar, ana j-, ..- , n • , ^ r ^ ■ t. °

how V (. r- i.V?^ Hajid very well with any Stjrt of On or Butter,
lbr:iV"i. and by little and little fetchii:g out his Excrements*

as

IMPROVED. 209

as far as the Farrier can well put his Arm into the
Fundament : But I advife every Gentleman to pitch
upon a Perfon to do this Friendly Office, who has
a Hand and Arm of the fmaller Size : For fome
are fo large and brawny, that unlefs the Horfe was
of the larger Sort, there would be fome Danger of
an Inflammation in the Straight-Gut, which would
be of far greater Concern than the Gripes.

After the Horfe has been Back-raked, in two
Hours Time give him the Clyfter as prefcribed for
the Colick.

Pvlr. Gihfcn very much extols a Clyfter he prefents
us \\ith for Pains in the Guts, after the groffcr Ex-
crements have been difcharged by fuch Clyfter as
I juft now mentioned. His Clyfter is this.

Take red Rofe Len^ves, Pv:o Hajidfuls ; Tops of^^^ G:i[oyi'$
lc[fer Centaury^ avd Wormtvood, of each one Hand-^}'^'^'^^ *^^
full Boll them in tnvo Quarts of Water to three r^
Pints ; and in the Decoclion diffolve tn.\:o Ounces of
Diafcordiumy and half a Pint of Treacle-lVater, or
Spirit of Wine,

The Bafis of this Compofition lies In the Opium
and other warm Ingredients of the Diafcordium.
So that in the main, if the Diafcordium was only
mixed with three Pints of warm Punch, it would
be full as good as Mr. Gihfo-ns Red Rofe-Lea<ves,
Tops of Centaury^ &c. Therefore I fhall humbly
offer an Amendment, or rather a more proper Clyf-
ter in the Place of his, which he fays, lies fo cor-
dially in the Bowels. It is this.

Take Camomile-Flo-ivers, tivo Hafidfuls ; jinni- A Clyfter
feedsy and lejfer Cardamoms hruifed, of each otie l^"" ^'^^^^
Ounce ; Long Pepper, half an Ounce. Boil thefe in ^^ '^^^ ^^^"•
fi've ^arts of Water to three ; and add thereto^
nxihen flrain'^d, three Ounces of my Cordial Ball ;
half a Pint of Brandy or Rum, and half an Ounce
of Oil of Amber : And give it the Horfe by a long

Clyfter-

a 10 ^he Jrt of Farriery

Clyfter-Pipe, and tie his Tail down to his Tuel Lr
ibme Time.

I can fee the Reader fmile at finding the Cordlil
Ball come into the Compofition of a Clyfter ; but
he may be eafy when I affnre him, tliat there are
feveral Things rer.dy mixed and incorporated in that
Ball, which are proper by w^ay of Clyfter ; more
particularly, Oil of Annifeeds is a noble Thing, by
Van Helmont Hyled Solatnen hitejiinorum, it is of fo
great Eileem and Account in the Cure of Flatulent
Diforders of the Guts.

De Grey has the following Cordial Drink in the
Chapter of the Colick.

JDf G» « 's Take of White Wine, a ^nrt j Tenugreek Seeds,

tojKh 'or Bay-Berriesy and Pepper, of each four Ounces',
the Colick g:^:^;^_^ ofParaJife, and Ginger, of each one Ounce ;
Water-Creffcs, tnjoo Handfuls } Sen-jreev, one Pound i
Mint, one Handful : Stamp the Herbs, and pound
the Spices'; then frain it, and put to it of Li^vB'
Honey tnvo Spoonfuls ', and fo give it the Horfs Blood'
nvafm.

Notv/ithftanding De Greys great Experience in
Farriery, I think the Quantity of Pepper too great
in this Mixture, to be giren by the Mouth ; nor
do I fee ^^•hat Bufmefs the Sengreen, as he calls it,
or Houfc-Leek, has to do in fo warm a Compofiti-
on ; that Herb being known, even by the common
People, as nn exceeding great Cooler ; and it really
is fo, infomuch that I have feen the unskilful Ap-
plication of it to a Burn or Scald, fo cool and de-
flroy the natural Heat of the Part, that a Mortifi-
cation or Gangrene has been threatened for fome
confiderable Time after it. Thei-efore, I think the
Sengreen fupcrfluous, and contrary to the main In-
tention of the Drink ; unlefs De Grey thought he
had put too much Pepper down in his Prefcription,
and fo thought proper to cool it with the Juice of

Hsufe-

IMPROVE D. an

Houfe-Leek : But even this would be a ftrange round-
about way of prefcribing, and fomething agreeable
to the old Family-Receipts fo much efteem'd by
good Houfewives, iffc. But if the Horfe be a
Ston'd-Horfe that is troubled with the Colick or
Gripes, this laft mentioned Author very merrily ad-
vifes he fnould have a Mare, efpecially if he is fo
afflidled that he cannot pifs ; and adds, that it pre-
vents fundry Sorts of Sicknefs and Difeafes, and
flrengtheneth Nature.

Nov/ De Grey was no Philofopher, otherwife he
muft have known, that the cftener any Sfring is
njjound up to its Height, it e<very Time lofes tome-
thing (tho perhaps <vefy inconjiderahle) of its Elaf-
ticity i and for this very Reafon Coition can in no
wife flrengthen Nature ; for Omne Animal pofi Coi-
tu?n Hebes.

If the Colick or Griping of the Guts caufe a
Stoppage of the Horfe's Water, it moftly proceeds
from hardened Excrements, which fo prefs the Neck
of the Bladder, that the SphinSier Vefica cannot
fiifnciently be dilated for the Pafiage of the Urine :
Therefore in fuch Crfe Back-rake him, and give A Clyfter,
him the Clyfter for V/ind as before mentioned, only when the
adding half a Pound of any common Oil to it, ^'^^^^^ ^^ ^
which will lubricate, and make fl^ppery the ftraight w^^Jerfi^oni
Gut, l^c. fo that the Dung may Hide more eafily harden'd
along it. Excre-

Thcre is a very proper and eafily prepared Clyf- ii^«i»ts.
ter in Mr. Gihfcn^ Book, which will excite the Pe-
rillaltick Motion of the Guts, and forward the Ex-
pulfion of the Excrements. It is this. *' Take\\r. GdfonS
" Beef Broth, (hid inmyThomhts any Sort of Broth ^^"H^^^^ tor
" of Flejh,) trwo or three ^tarts f one Handful of^^"" ^^'^'^*
** Salt, and half a Pound of Butter : Mix, and make
** a Clyfer to be injected njery njcarm. "

I fhallclofe this Chapter with a Hillory relating An Ac-
to the Cafe I am treating of; which is of a Dragoon- <^o^"5 *-'{ ^
Horfe that died of the Farrier, who (like many V^'^^^^^hl
Men in anotiier Proteiuon) was ignorant or the farrier.

Strudure

ne Jrt t)/ F A R R I E R Y

Strufture and Mechanifm of the Creature, which
was the Subjedl of his Art, as Mr. Gibfon handfome-
\y exprefles it, in Page 1 34 of his Farrier'' s Guide ;
the Story is as follows.

Mr. Gihfon tells us, " that a Dragoon-Horfe in
the Regiment to which he belonged, after a fall
five Weeks March, coming to ftand at his Eafe,
grew exceeding Coftive, and had his Fundament
and Sheath much fwelled, and tiiat he was com-
mitted to the Care of one, who was tolerably
well Skill'd in many of the common Things ;
but being wholly uriacquaintcd widi the Structure
and Mechanifm of that Creature, w hich was the
Subjeft of his Art, committed a grand Millake
in giving him a Urong Dofe of Purging Phyfick.
There being no Vent for a Pallage of the Excre- .
ments downv/ards, and the Horfe having no Ca-
pacity to vomit, and difgorge himfelf upv^anls,
was put into the moft violent Agony imaginable,
and at laft died in {Irong Convulfions."
Mr. Gib [071 goes on faying, " that perhaps this
Man might have fucceeded in Cafes of lefs Ob-
fiinacy, and where there was little or no Swel-
ling of the Fundament ; and that if there had
been a PoiTibiiity of making the Horfe vomit,
he might have fucceeded even in this Cafe ; for
then the Phyfick would have gone off that way,
and after feveral Difcharges by the Mouth, the
Remainder might have gone downwards, as it
oftentimes happens to Human Bodies ; becaufe
the draining to vomit makes a flrong Compreffi-
on of the Mufcles of the lower Belly, which
greatly forwards the Dejedions by the Funda-
ment : And therefore in fome obftinate Cafes of
this Nature, the befl Phyficians have ordei'd
Vomits with Succefs. But as it is quite other-
wife with Horfes ; and that their Stomachs are
not otherwife to be moved with the ilrongeil 5//-
muli^ than only to create Sicknefs, and caufe
them to flaver a little i Purging is not to be at-

*' tempted

IMPROVED. 213

" tempted in any ftubborn Coftivenefs, but by
" Clyfters."

This Account, and Mr. Gihfori% Obfervations
upon it, are well worth obferving j and although
he fays he belonged to a Regiment, I am fure by
his Manner of Writing that he was no common
Farrier ; for not one that ever I talked with, or
whofe Works I have read, come any thing near
Mr. GihJon\ Way of Reafoning : But on the other
Hand, the Difcourfe of the Modern, and the Wri-
tings of the Ancient Farriers, agree in this, to wit,
that they are equally a Compofition of Nonfenfe,
and unintelligible Jargon built upon falfe Principles.

There are three different Sorts of Colicks more Three dif-
than the two I have mentioned, which are incident ^^5'"^'^'^.^°^'^^
to Human Bodies, to wit, the Hyprhk-Colick, the°^ ^°^^^^^'
Ner-vous CoV.ck, and laftly the Stone-Colick, ariling
from Irritations of Stones and Gravel in the Kid-
neys, and urinary Paffages, and caufing violent Fain
by Confent of Parts : But as thefe three Kinds are
' not common to Horfes, I beg leave to proceed to
an Account of what we call a Diarrhcea in Men,
but a Lax or Scouring in Horfes.

CHAP. XXV.
Of the Lax or Scouring in Horfes.

I Shall not trouble the Reader with a tedious De-
fcription of the feveral different Kinds of Loofe-
TiefTes or Scouring, by reafon fuch Account would
rather tend to embarrafs than edify the Reader,
Therefore I fhall content myfelf with as fuccindand
brief a Dcicription as may be.

A Lax or Scouring in Horfes, is a frequent Dif- The Signs,
charge of T'hin, Watery, Mucous, Phlegmy,
Frothy, Fat, Colerick, Black Matter, by the Fun-
dament ; and this is mollly with, though fometimes

without

SI4 ^^^ Art cfY A. R' R I E R Y

without Excrements ; and commonly, but not al-
ways, attended with Griping Pains in the Guts.

If the Caufe of this Diflemper is any Error in
the tlorfe's Food, Water, or Exercife, the Re-
moval of fuch Caufe is the better Half of the Cure.

Then from whatfoever Caufe the Scouring pro-
ceed, the Stomach is to be ftrengthened, and fuch
Things given inwardly as abforb Acids ; both which
Forms I have mention'd before : However, that the
Reader may not be at the Trouble of looking back ■
wards, I fhall again name fome Drugs which are
proper in fuch Cafes ; and, firft, I think if you
give the Horfe pretty well of my Cordial Ball, ei-
ther by way of Bolus, or diiTolved in Wine or Beer,
it is as good as moft Things I can order. How-
ever, leaft it may be thought that I intended to
make this Cordial Ball as univerfal as Ci^-pt.' Burton
has made his Turnep-Poultis, I fhall offer a Cordial
Stomachick Drink, (or Drench) as follows.

A CoTilial Take Anni feeds, CaraivaySeeds, and Cardamoms

Carmina- the lejfer, of each an Ounce ; 'Jtiniper-Berriesy four

^^^ , 'Ounces ; bruife the Seeds and Berries, a7id put them

the Lax or ^''^^ofive Pints of Mint-Water ; then add to them

Scouring. -^^'^ Ounces of Venice Treacle, or Mithridate. Boil

to the Confuviption of half ', then f rain cut the Liquor,

and add to it half a Pint of good Red Port Wine,

.and half a Pmnd of Treacle.

The Price. This may be prepared for about two Shillings;
and he who will not lay out fo fmall a Matter for a
Tight good Drink for his Horfe, ought to trudge on
Foot : But I have one Thing to fay for't ; It is not
fo dear as Mr. Gib/en's Clyfler for the Lax or Scou-
ring, Pag. 137, where he orders three Ounces of Oil
of Pue at a Time, which will coft thirty Shillings ;
unlefs the Apothecaries can make you believe that
common Oil, in which Rue has been infufed, is as
good as the Chymical Oil, thu' there's no Compa-
rifon between them.

A.S

I M P R O V E a 215

As to Medicines which abforb Acids, they are The Yir-
all the Teftacea or Shelly Powders, fuch as Coral^ 'i-^-^s of
Pearl, Crabs-Eyes, Burnt Hartshorn, Oypr-Shelh.J,''^^^'^^'^
in Powder, or the like. And if you ask for any of
the firft Sort, 'tis ten to one the Apothecaries will
only let you have of Che laft ; which really is no
great Cheat, iince it is every Whit as good as any
of them, though it may be afforded for a Penny an
Ounce in very fine Powder ; and it fhould be finely
powder'd, or like the reft of the Teftacea 'tis not of
near fo much Service.

There is a very fine white Oyfter-Shell gather'd
upon the Sea-Shores, which the London Druggifts
vend to their young Cuiloraers in the Country for a
Groat or Sixpence a Pound : But if you throw a
Parcel of large or any Oyfter-S hells upon Walls or
Out-houfes, to blanch or whiten, with the Weather,
Sun, i^c. the Powder of them wiH be as good as
any ; but it muft be {o prepared by grinding upon a
Marble with Water, that you cannot feel it gritty
in the Teeth ; for unlefs thefe Powders are thus ma-
naged, as I faid before, they are not of much Ser-
vice.

Molten Greafe is only a fat cr oily Scouring, and.Motren
ariies from a Colliquation or Melting of the Fat of ^~^^"^^^='
the Body.

In all Kinds of Loofenefies or Scourings, the
Horfe's Drink fhould be fparing and moderate ; for
if he be allow'd to take too much Liquid, it will
rather encourage than abate the Flux ot Scouring ;
and in all his Water let him^ have Gum-Arahick dif-
folved in it, according to the Diredlions given in
the Gum-Arahick Water for the wet Gripes or
Colick, when there happens a Purging along with it.

It is a nice Thing to judge rightly when to ftop
a Loofenefs and when to encourage it r Therefore,
in the firft Place, if the Horfe's Appetite be good,
and that he has pretty well of Flelh upon his Back,
do not immediately go about to ftop his Scouring ;
for it may be, and very often is, the Out-let by which Many

' Nature Ciftw'mpers

ii6

caried off
ty critical
Loole-
ncfil'S,

The af-

tringcnt
Purge for
Scouring.

7 he Jrt of Farriery

Nature is working off fome latent Enemy, which if
retain'd in the Blood a while longer, would bring on
dangerous Diilempers, as Fevers, &c. Therefore,
I fay, do not immediately flop the Scouring, (if the
Horfe take Food fufhcient to withftand it,) but ra-
ther give him warm white-Water with Gum Ara-
hick for a while, to try how Matters go. Yet if
his Scouring continue too long, and that he purge
off the very Mucus of the Bowels, which the igno-
rant Grooms and Farriers often miftake for a good
Omen, when they think that the Horfe^s parting
with fuch Stuff mull certainly do him Service ;
whereas (as I have already faid) this very mucous
flvmy Matter is as neceffary for lining the Infide of
the Bowels, and defending them from fharp irritat-
ing Humours which pafs thro' them, as the Chyle
is to fupply Nourilhment to all Parts of the Body :
I fay, if the Lax or Scouring continues too long
upon him, give him the following Drink.

Take Red-Rofe Leaves, (or the dryd Buds nvhich
the Abothecaries keep,) two Ounces ; Tel/cnv Sanders,
three Ounces; rormentil- Root, four Ounces : Bruife
and bail thefe in tnx:o ^arts of Water to one ; then
ftrain, and add of choice toafled Rheuharb in fine
Powder, half an Ounce ; Syrnip of dried Rofes, three
Ounces: Mix, and give it the Horfe m a Morn-
ing Milk-warm.

We do net certainly know the Plant of which
Rheubarb is the Root, tho' it is probably a Species
of Latathum or Dock, call'd by Herman, Lapa-
thum Sinenfe ; and Muntingius in his Book De ^vera
Herha Bullanica, pretends to have cultivated it m
Holland, yet I do not think he could do it to any
great Perfe6lion.

We have a Root in Enolavd fomethmg like the

Turkey, or rather the Ec)- India Rheubarb, called

Rhaponticum or Monk's Rheubarb ; but it is eafily

diiti]i2.uilhed from the Foreign Sorts, by a flnny

^ mucous

IMPROVED. 217

mucous Tafte which it leaves in the Mouth, and be-
caufe when it is cut it appears regularly marbled, of
a Red, White, or Yellow Colour ; and thefe Co-
lours are difpofed in a radiated Manner. This Sort,
to wit. Monk's Rheubarb is a (landing Ingredient
in the Medicated Ales or Diet- Drinks intended for
the Care of the Jaundice, and removing Foulnefs of
the Urinary Paffages ; which it does by its deterfive
Quality, for it does not come up to a Purge.

The Rheubarb from the Le^vant is now accounted An Ac-
beft ; it is of a bright yellowiih Colour, and of a cv.mt of
Nutmeg-Grain if 'tis good ; tho' a deal of the bcft Rheubarb,
Pieces will be decay'd in every Parcel you look upon. ^^^^^^^
There is fome comes from China, and other Parts of
the Eajl-lndies, but is not fo much in Elleem as this
from the Le-vant, being of a darker Colour, more
foetid in Smell, and is not eafily povv^der'd ; tho*
that from the Eajl-Indies is more Purgative, efpe-
cially in Inflifion, but has not fo much of the
Allringent Quality fo efficacious in Diarrhoea's or
Loofenelfes, and Dyfenteries or Bloody-Flux ; and
that Sort which is accounted the fineft is very little
Purgative, but is much preferable in all the Inten-
tions of a Reftringent, and for this Reafon it is beil
in Fluxes of all Kinds.

The Purgative Quality of Rheubarb feems moftly
to confift in its Gummy'Parts, by reafon it is drawn
out bell with watry DifTolvents impregnated Vvith a
Lixivial Salt, as Salt of Tartar, or the like j and
extreme Drying dellroys its Purgative Quality ;
wherefore it is frequently order'd to be toaHed on
purpofe t© make it lefs Pu-rgative, and more allrin-
gent or binding ; and nothing llrengthens the Sto-
mach and Bov/els more than this Drug in the
Hands of a judicious Prefcriber : Nor do the Kid-
neys lie too remote for its Influences ; for it fre-
quently pafies fo much that Way as to difcover it-
felf in the Colour of the Urine : And upon this Ac-
count it is good in Obllrudlions of the Reins and
Urinary Paffages, whether from Sabulous arjd Gra-
L velly

2l8 ^>^^ ^^^ 0/ Fa R R I E R Y

velly Concretions, or othervvife ; and in the Jaun-
dice it almoft pafles for infallible.
The Price. The Price this Drug moftly bears makes the
Allringent Purge for Scouring either a high or low
Price ; for the Rell of the Ingredients may be had
for about w. 8 ^. ; but Rheubarb cofts the Apothe-
caries ( I mean the choice Sort ) from i s. 6^. per
Ounce to 5 s. and fometimes more. It is now
worth about three Pounds three Shillings per Pound j
but furely it has been cheaper when Mr. Gil^Jon or-
derM three Ounces in a Drench for this Purpofe,
Page 137. of his Book.

After the Ufe of the Allringent Purge, let the
Horfe have fome of the Cordial B.ill in Red V/ine
or Beer, with a Nutmeg grated into it, and about
an Ounce of Venice Treacle, or Mithridate, and a
little com.mon Treacle to make it tafte better ; for
in the Main, one Ihould fludy a Horfe's Palate as
well as a M?.n's, feeing they are often much ficker
than human Bodies can be, by reafon they cannot
vomit, but with fuch Difficulty as is enough to
deftroy the very Frame and Nature of them ; tho'
I have heard a Farrier fay he could make a Horfe
vomit any Time, and at lall I obtainVl a Difcovery
of the Secret, which reallv is enough to make the
A Furrier's D-—1 vomit ; for 'twas a Bolus made of a Sirreve-
\'oniit 'or rence or Human Dun?;, begging the Reader's Par-
a Horfr. don, which this foolifh Fellow had a AV.iy of torcmg
down the poor Creature's Throat with his Hand.

One w^ould be furprized to find the old Farriers
prefcribe fuch out-of-the-way Medicines, ( thoV
their Mixtures defervc not the Name of Medicines; )
particularly in this Cafe. De Grey tells us, that a
Flux or Scouring proceeds from eating Feathers,
Hen-Dung, ^V. and is not content 'till he has
made the Horfe fwallow the Guts of a great Chic-
ken for a Cure. But as the Recipe is not worth
tranfcribing, I fh.ill not trouble the Rer.der with it.
However, ''ieail the Allringent Purge before fet

down

IMPROVED. :iip

down be thought too dear, I mnll name an Aftrin-
gent Mixture of a low Prke.

Take of Roch-^lum, one Ounce; Armenian Bole, The \r.
one Ounce and half; put thefe into a ^art of Milk, tring^nt
'ivhen fhev are po^vder'd, and fir it o-ver the Fire Mixa re.
//// tt turns to a Curd; then gi^je it the Horfe ail
at once.

y, ^"^-^^ope the Reader will remember the Gum
Arahck Water as before prefcribed, and continue
the Ufe of ,t for fome Time after the Loofenefs is
Itopp d ; for Example, I think a Week may be fuf-
hcient ; and if an Ounce oi Burnt Hartshorn in Pow-
der be mix'd with each half Pail-full of fuch medi-
cated Water it will ftill make it better, and I
think no Plorfe will refufe drinking it.

It has been obferved, that both Human and Brute
Creatures which die of the Flux, efpecially if any
Blood be mix d with the Stools, their Intellines or
Outs are mortified or gangren'd at leall three Days
before their Death, and it is then that Thirft is no
longer troublefome, and that the extreme Parts, as
the Limbs, l^'c. grow cold and {lifF.

Mr. G/^> thinks the Bloody -Flux a Diftemper
to which Horfes are not fubjeft, and witli him Inl-
IcMelh, h^t other Authors tell us they have {t^^
many afflided with it ; and as it is a Profufion or
Superabundance of Pancreatic and Bilious Juice,
which being difcharged from the Sweet-bread and
Gall-biadder into the Inteftlnes, caufe an Irritation,
and great Influx of Blood thither; I fay, as this
IS the Cafe of a Bloody-Flux, I i^, no R^^fon wh;
Horfes as well as Men may not be afflifted with it

Laftly when there is Blood difcharged by the n r
Guts, give the following Powder in warm Claret, ^i"^.
If you love your Horfe, and n.ould not lofe a Ho. for^V.^ '
aHalj-pem2y-^:orthofTar. ^•'

L 2

^10 ^ke ^^^ 0/ F A R R I E R Y

Another Take Powder of Oyfter-Shelh, three Ounces ; C»n-

Mixtvire or trayer'va Root, and Virginian Snake-Root, of each
Drink tor a ^^^ Q^^^^ . Cinna?non, and Tormentil-Root, of each
):rV\nf half an Ounce', Saffron, and Cochineal, of each t-vjo
^' Drachms. Powder all well, and mix for fix Papers

to be criven the Horfe two every Day in warm Red
Wine^or Beer for three Days, keeping him coverM
well, and no Hay before him for two Hours after
the brink ; and fometimes may be added to each
Dofe one Ounce of Diafcordium with the Wine.
•Coeliac Mr. Gihfon mentions a Lientery or Flux when

^'alhon de- ^^^^ (-j^ le is difcharged with the Excrements, which
icribed. Diftemper is common in Human Bodies ; and is
occafioned from the Mouths of the Ladeals being
llopt by flimy Matter, fo that the Chyle cannot en-
ter, but is forced for\vard, and voided with the Ex-
crements. This Diforder in Men is fometimes calPd
the Cc^liac Paffton, but I cannot believe Horfes are
much fubjea to it, by reafon their Exercife guards
them from it.

The Cure of this Sort of Flux (nccordmg to mo-
dern Praaice) is by warm Aflringents only Begin
with he Aftrincrent Purge before fet down for a Lax
or Scouring; after which, give the following Infu-
fion by a Pint at a Time every Morning while it
lafteth.

VVeTnCn- Take, Zedoary-Root, and Gentian, of each half
fi n '.or a an Ounce ; Orange Reel, and Winter's Bark, of
chyle-Flux ^^^^^ ^^ q^^^^ . choice]} M\rrh in Ponvder, half an
Ounce ; Flo^joers of Camomile, and leffer Centaury,
of each half a Handful', Mace, and Chaves of each
'tc,,.o Drachms : Beat all thefe grofsly together, and
infufe them in a Gallon of good Red Port, if the
Horfe is worth it, if not you m.ay ufe Strong Beer
in its Stead, tho' the firil is much better if you will
go to the Price of it, and have judgment enough not
£) be impcfed upon by tlie \'intncrs.

When

IMPROVED. 221

When yoa ufe it, which may be after two Days
cold Infufion, you fhould add to every Dofe you
give the Horfe about two Ounces of Syrrup of dry d
Rofes, and give it Milk-warm ; but Icaft the Apo-
thecaries impofe fonie other Syrrup upon you in the
Place of the Syrrup of dry'd Rcfes, I ftiall fet down
a Recipe for an excellent Reftringent Syrnip, which
'tis Pity but all Apothecaries and Farriers Ihould
keep.

Take, Oak Bark, one Fouvd; Pomegranate Shells, An Excel-
Roofs of Torment il, and Bijhrt, of each t^vo Ounces ; Unc Re-
boil them in a Gallon of Sprinjr-Water to //^r^^ J""8^"t or
71 J 7 n- n ■ 1^ T ' J J ^ binding

rounds, or three Tints ', jtrain the Liquor ^ ^^'^ ^^ Syrrup.

it fettle ^tillfne ; ^ibich pour off as clear as may be.
To the Liquor -add Juice of Sloes, and Barberries, of
each a Pint ; ^ivhich boil and enjaporate to one Pint j
then add fine Sugar, t<vjo Pounds, and boil to thi Con-
fijhnce of a Syrrup.

This makes a Syrrup fo reflringent and binding
that it may be trufted to in Fluxes, even by itfelf,
where fuch Things are wanted, and fo ftrengthens
the Stomp.ch and braces the Fibres, that it will in
1-Iuman Bodies {efpecially in Children) cure Agues
or Intermitting Fevers ; however, a great deal of
the Jefuits-Bark may be fpared, was this Syrrup
contrived into all the Forms convenient for it, or
the Bark made up into Bolus's with it.

Laftly, I fh?.ll clofe this Chapter wdth a Clyiler
from Mr. Gibfon as order'd in a Bloody-Flux ; tho'
that Author very ingenuoufly confeiTes he never faw
a Horfe feized with fuch a Dillemper, yet believes
fome may have it, as it is not inconfiilent with the
Oeconomy of that Animal.

The Clyfter is this, and I think as well contrived
a^ poiTible where the Cafe is within the Reach of
fuch Things ; and if it don't operate when given as
a Clyfter, I fee no Harm can accrue from its being
given by the Mouth.

L 3 " 'Take ■

222 The Art tf Farriery

Mr, rMl[vn^ ** Take, a ^tart of "Forge-Water, (the older no
Rtilrin- " doubt the better ; ) boil in it four Ounces of Oak-
^^"JfoVfb " ^fl^>^; t^ivo Ou,'ices of Tormentil-Root 'y Balau-
Bio'xly- * " fines or 'Pomegranate Flo^vers, and Red Rofe Buds
Flux, ** drydf of each a Handful ; and to the frabi'd Ue-

** CO ft ion add three Ounces of Diafcordium, one
** Ounce ofMithridate, and half a Drachn ofOpiu?n.
Injeft it warm with a long Pipe, ijc. but if it be
given by the Moutii, which I think is the more
effeftual Method in fach Cafes, feeing (as I faid be-
fore ) the Caufe may lie more remote within the In-
teitines or Guts than the Clyfter can be injetSled
with the longeft Pipe of the Kind : Therefore, I
fay, when it is defiguM for inward Ufe by the Mouth,
you muH only put in half the Quantity of the Diaf
cordium, Mithridate, and Opium, and then it will
be an eiBcacious and fafe Medicine to flop Purgings
of any Kind.

I Ihall now proceed to give an Account of thofe
troublefome Reptiles to which both Man and Horfe
are {o fubjed, that inftead of devouring us when we
are dead, I am furprized they do it not while we
are living, to wit. Worms of all Kinds.

CHAP. XXVI.

Of Worms, BotSi and Truncheons,

Of Wcrms. TJ O R S E S are exceedingly fubjeft to Worms,
I _£ Bots, and Truncheons. By Worms the Far-
riers underftand thofe which are bred in the Maw or
Stomach ; but there is great Reafon to believe that
no Worms are bred there, though many are of a
different Opinion. For, as Mr. Gihfon obferves, it
is as hard for a Moufe to live and fubfift under a
Mililone while it is grinding Corn, as for Worms to
live and fubfiil in the Stomach of any Animal, con-
fidering the Mufcalar Action of this fo fenfible a
Part of the Body, which according to the beft Ac-
counts

IMPROVED. 223

counts we have of the Faculty of Digeftion, would
certainly grind them to Pieces very foon. There-
fore when Worms are call up by the Mouth and
Noftrils of Human Bodiei, it may be fuppofed they
could not abide the Heat and triturating Quality of
the Stomi'.ch, fo that they quit that Habitation, and
make the bell: of their Way either upwards or down-
wards. And I cannot fay I ever teok Notice of
Worms \'omited up, which were lively, but either
dead or very near it. Yet they are often in the
Duodenum or firil of the fmall Guts next the Sto-
mach, for as foon a? the Creature dies they rife up
thither ; wKere being found upon opening the Car-
cafs, it is erroneoufly concluded that they were bred
there.

Bots are a Kind of fmall ihort and thick Worms, Bots,
with grcn Heads, and fmall Tails \ they are moilly
in the RcBum or Gut next the F'j -dament ; as the
fmall white Worms in Human Bodies, v/hich we
call AfcartcicSi from cL^fiLiv^ mo^ve'}, to move, {o
termed from their continual troublefome Motion
caufmg intolerable Itching.

Truncheons are fhort thick Worms of a pretty big- chcons.
nefs, and have black and hard Heads.

" Monfieur Solleyfell takes Notice of a fourth ;^ ff^i^>
" Sort of Worms which refem.ble Wood-lice, only ^y^j.^^^
** they have fewer Feet, ar> of a deep reddili
<* Colour, velveted on the Back like a I- at, and
*' made up of feveral Folds : and thet"'" are the
** Worms he believes are bred in the Stou.ach,
" and abiding there deftroy all the iN'ourifhment ;
** fo that a Horfe, if he be never fo great a Feeder,
" cannot thrive w^iilil they are in his Maw." And
this Author farther obferves, " that this Kind of
'* Worms is oftentimes the Occafion of a Horfe*s
** Death, by eating Holes through his Stomach ;
** and tells us, that he has feen Thoufands of them
*' iu the Stomachs of Dead Hoifes.'"

L 4 Now

jrcdiiced

224 7'^e Jrt (jf Fa R R I E R T

Now, this Account feems to contradift and
thwart what I have before c.dvanced ; but if the
Reader will only confider that, as the Duodenum or
firft of the fmall Guts is fo near the Stomach, fo
foon as the Creature dies, and the Motion of that
Part ceafes, the Worms mount up thither, where
there is Plenty of Feeding, though before this, that
Habitation was too hot for them ; And indeed it is
rny Opinion, that when any Creature is near dying,
and that the Power of the Stomach is nearly de-
ftroyed, thefe voracious Reptiles make their Way
io^ and abide in the Stomach ; for I myfelf have
icen a young Horfe's Stomach eaten quite through
Vvith Worms, though opened only the Day after
he died,
^-"li- It is agreed by all, and a received Axiom, that

all Animo.ls are produced from Eggs, as all Plants are
Ironrig^s f'^^^ Seeds ; and thefe Ova or Eggs being fvvallowed
with the Food, and meeting with a proper Nidus
in the Inteftines or Guts of Animals, they are there
hc.tched or brought to Life. And young Horfes are
like young Children, more fubjedl to Worms than
full aged, or fuch as are ccm-e to their Prime ; by
reiifon, in the latter, the digeflive Faculty is fo
fiTOng that the very Ova themfelves are, as it were,
parboiled and deftroyed ; whereas in the firft, this
Faculty is fo cold and weak, as juft to produce a
proper V/armth to (well the Eggs as they pafs
tlirough the Stomach. Therefore when they get
into tlie Guts along with the Recrements of the
Food, they are fooner brought to Life j but whe-
ther they are bred in the Stomach, or Guts, it mat-
ters not, provided we know of a fafe and effetfhual
Vermifuge, which will deftroy fhem without doing
hurt to the Animal whofe Guts they are lodged in;
and of this I am pretty confident, to wit, that if the
following Methods and Medicines be ufcd, they
cannot fail of dellroying all the Species or Breed of
Worms.

The

IMPROVED. ^"^5

The S^gns are ^ll thofe which appear i» a Colick ; Th^ Signs.
and the only Patliognomontick or infeparable Symp-
tom of the Worms whereby to know it from the
Colick, is the Hcrfe's rubbing his Tail often, as
if he had an itching Humour upon him, though at
the fame Time he has not any.

Firlt, give the Horfe for three Mornings fuc- The Cure,
ceffively fijuo S>uarts of nvarm Ale-Wort ; and the ^J^^^^.^^*^
fourth Morning let him have the following Purging gji^^ft^"
Drench. Worms,

and why.

Take of Jloesy one Ounce ; Diapente, one Ounce A Purge

''and half'. Cream, or Crvftals of Tartar, one Ounce ; !?r „
r> 1 J J " r» / • J -.7 Worms,

Lalomel prepared, tauo Drachms ; mix, and nvttb

*Syrrup of Buckthorn, make it into a Ball, nfjhich

may he njorought up to a Conf fence n)Ath Ponxider of

Liquorice.

The warm Wort is fo pleafant and grateful to the
Worms, that they readily fv/ill themielves with it
even fo full, that they will fometimes come away
with the Excrements or Dung without any other
Remedy : But when the Purge comes upon them
full bellied, they cannot keep their Holds amongft
the Folds of the Guts, but are fwept away, as Trouts,
^V. with a Land- Flood,

After two of thefe Purge?, and the Method pre-
fcribed, let the Horfe reft a While from Medicines i
the Purges may be given about a Week afunder : For
Horfes cannot bear Purging twdce in a Week with-
out imminent Danger of Life, or elfe dellroying
their Conftitution.

In a Week's Time after the Purges, give the
Horfe jEthiops Mineral, in Manner following.

Take about a Pound of my Cordial Ball, (before it*j^}iQ B;||i {-^
he too dry ;) four Ounces of JEtklops Mineral; /wo kill
Ounces of Coralline, and as much Syrrup of Saffron Worms.
as <zviU make the Ball of a due Confifence, nxihich
may be about tn^vo Ounces. Beat all well together,
and give the Horfe about the Eignefs of a large Pid-
L 5 geon's

2l6 7'he Jrt of Farriery

geon's Egg, every Morning and Evening before his
Exercife, for a Fortnight.

An Ac- Coralline, or th.Q Mufcus Marirus o^ Diofcorides,

CO

■nt of

2v. Jicines
ccn v.ed

grows, fomethirg like the Mofs of Trees, upon Rocks,
Coraii)ne. shcli?, and on Coral -, the laft Sort is accounted beil,
and may be known from the llrong Marine Smell
with which it is endowed, more than the other two
Ki nd^ . It is fold r.t moft Apothecaries Shops, and
is 1 very chenp thing ; but for its Virtue in deftroy-
ing Worms, it is not, though taken alone, infe-
riour to many of the Shop-Compofitions.
Worm- I advife that Worm -Medicines be continued for

a coniiderable Time, at leaft three Weeks or a
Month ; for if this be not done, the fmaller Sort
for Ibnie vvill not be deftroyed, by reafon they fo cover them-
tiir.e. and felves in the Folds of the Guts, that the Medicine
"^^^y* pafies over them ; for Self-Prefervation is inherent

in every Creature, even from the higheil Potentate
to the vileft Reptile. Therefore, I fay, let the
Horfe have of the jEthlops Miveral, (ffc. for at
leaft three Weeks, and then it is almoft impoihble
but the Worms muil take in fome of it ; but if it be
given for a few Days only, they will rather fall
then fuck up any of the Juices mixed with it.

Mr. Gihfon frequently prefcribes half an Ounce
of Mercurius Dulcis ; two Drachms of Diafcoydiiimy
t5fc. with Aloes, for a Purge to kill Worms : But
although I am very fenfible that Mercurius Dulcis is
an excellent Vermifuge, yet the Quantity here
taken Notice of I think an Over-Dofe, efpecially
if two Drachms oi Dir.gridium be given along with
it. Therefore the Quantity is the only Objc6lion,
and is much likcr to deftroy both the Worms and
Horfe, rather than fix uron the former and fpare
the litter.

If you give Mercurius Dulcis, (which no doubt
is a fafe Medicine enough in good hands, ) let it be
in very fine Powder, and about two Drachms of it
mixed with an Ounce of the Cordial Ball, and given

the

IMPROVED. 227

the Horfe in a Horn of warm Ale the Night before
you defign to purge him with the Purge for Worms
before mentioned ; and this is much the bcft Way,
becaufe the Mercury will be doing Bufmefs all
Night, and mixing itfelf with the Juices of the Guts,
fo that many of the Worms will be either killed,
or fo difabled before the Purge operates, that they
will not have Strength to withfland the Wafh of it,
but will float along with the Excrements, and be
eje<5leQ in great Numbers.

I have not feen any ill EfFefts of giving Mercu-
rius Dulcis of itfelf, though fo long before the
Jloes-VxivgQ as twelve Hours ; yet I muft confefs
that a Horle, from the pendent Situation of his
Head, may fooner be put into a Salivation than Man : A Horfe
But it is the Quantity rightly jude;ed and adapted fooner Sal i-
to the Horfe's Strength which is "the Thins ; for ^^^^" ^^^"^
though half an Ounce given by itleir may put a ^^\-^^ '
Horfe into a Salivation, yet (hall not two Drachms
be able to effeft it ; and thus Purgative Medicines
are managed fo, that they may bajome Alteratives ;
which Term I have explained in fome former
Pages.

Although a Horfe happens to Salivate hy the
Ufe of Mercurius Dulcis of itfelf, yet is there no
- Danger ; for, one or two Purges will take oiF the
Running at his Mouth without Hazzard ; and if his
Gums be fore and Teeth loofe, they will mend of
thcmfelves by giving him foft Food, dffr . without
the Help of any Thing farther than Purging him
at due Interv'als as aforefaid. And this I know by
Experience ; for I had a Horfe that was very hard
to purge, being the fame that, in my Notes upon
Burdon, I mention to have taken t^vo Ounces of
Aloes, half an Ounce of Dia^ridium, tavo Ounces of
Cream of Tartar, and forty Drops of Oil cf Junifer,
tuith Syrrup of Buckthorn, and with the Addition of
a Drachm oi Mercurius Dulcis : Which Dofe in
reality is full much for two Horfe?, I mean becaufe
of the Diagridium. But before I order'd the Horfe
L 6 fuch

aaS The Art o/Farrxery

iuch a Purge, I was well acquainted with his Con-
ftitution, and what he could bear witliout Damage:
For, in all Creatures, there is a peculiar Tempera-
ment or Difpofition in fome, which is not common
to others, though of the fame Species ; and this is
Idjofyri- \m\^'2,i v.'e Term the Idlofyicrafy of Bodies, a Thing
Bodfe? ^'^^7 "^ceiTary to be iludied by all thofe who take
whac. ' upon them to prescribe Medicines, whether for Men
or Brutes. And this is fo felf-evident that I need
not infill farther upon it : For if a Phyfician ( only
of tolerable Skill and Judgment) has been employed
in a Family for any coniiderable Time, he can
eafily tell the Danger any one of them is in, even
from a bare Account of the Symptoms brought him
by a Servant ; and I am fure that his Prognollick
in fuch Cafe {hail oftener hit, than even when he
bimfelf fhall vifit a Stranger, whofe Conftitution, or
rather peculiar Temperament or Difpofition, he was
before wholly unacquainted with. New to return.

As I have prefcribed JEthiops Mineral feveral
times in this Ciiapter, it may not be amifs to fet
down the Manner of making it, which is done in
the bell and quickell Method as follows.

lour

aT.thi ps Take of Crude Mercury or ^ickfil'ver, and Flo.

.Iviineral, of Brimjhne, of each equal Parts ; melt the Bri?n-
how to V^'^-jione ilowly in an Iron-Ladle, and flir in the Quick-
cording^to J^^^^er for fome time till you fuppofe it well incor-
Art.' porated with the Sulphur ; then take it off the Fire,

and keep flirring while it is any thing like hot, or
'till it grows fo cold that the ^lickjil'ver eannot
precipitate or fink to the Bottom of the Pan ; when
this is done, and that the Mafs is cold, half the Rub-
bing will ferve it afterwards, which ought to be per-
formed in an Iron or Marble, not in a Brafs-
Mortar.

The common Way of preparing uTlthiops Mine-
ral is by triturating or grinding it in a Mortar for
ibme Time, without melting it before-hand, as I
have faid ; but unlefs the Perfon continue to rub

the

IMPROVED. 229

die Mixture for five or fix Hours together, the
Mafs will not be fufficiently mixed, but the Quick-
filver will remain in larger Globules than it ihould
be ; whereas the Bufmefs is to divide the Mercurial
Globules as much as may be^ and then they will
do moft Service.

I could fay a great deal in Praife of ^ickfilver, Encomium
which is fo admirably form'd by Nature, that it "po^
will intimately mix with moil Metals, Antimony, ^^^''
Iron, and O^ij^^r excepted ; and is itfelf the heavieft
of all Metals excepting Gold, which is to ^ickjil-ver
as four to three. Many are the Preparations from
this Prodigy in Nature, if I may be allowed the
Exprefiion : For it has eluded all the Skill of the
moil: able Chymifls in all Ages, who frankly con-
fefs their Inability to fix it ,• and from any of its
Preparations you may again reduce it into its priftine
State of Fluidity by the Force of Fire ; and what
w^as juft now a fafe, harmlefs, and efficacious Medi-
cine, is in an Inftant turned to the rankefl of Poi-
fons, and all this from only altering its Form and
Fluidity. And whofoever confiders this thoroughly
muft allow that the Operation of Medicine is truly
Mechanical ; and though our finite Capacities are
not able to difcover with any Certainty the true
Caufes of the Diftempers ; yet fo far as we can trace
the Operation of Medicine, it appears demonfira-
tively Mechanical : And he who at Random launches
into the Practice of Phyfick without being firft
thoroughly acquainted with the Properties of Body,
mull make ftrange Havock with Mankind ; neither
can he himfelf have the real Satisfaftion which is
enjoy 'd by the thinking Part of our Species.

As I have run into a Digrefiion upon the Subject
of ^ickjil'ver, I cannot help taking Notice in this
Place of Antimony, which is of fuch common Ufe,
efpccially among Farriers, that they make nothing
of giving an Ounce or two a Day for fome Time
together.

Antimany

2^0 'The Jrt of Farriery

Account of Antinio7jy is a heavy, folid, metallic, brittle Sub-

A"p'^!^"'.' fta^'Ce, of a Lead Colour, with long fhining Streaks,

^jQQg^^^'^'^'flirible or made fluid by Fire, but not duftile or

malleable. It is found in ZWy, and feveral of the

Provinces in France, as Au^ergne, Poiftouj Britany,

and others.

Among the Ancients, Antimony was ufed to dye
the Supercilia or Eye-Brows, is'c. black ; and ac-
cordingly v/e read in Scripture, that the wicked
Queen J e%ehel, in order to charm the King her
Husband, painted her Eyes ( by which I fuppofe
is only meant the Eye-Brows) with Avti?nony ; and
the Women who ufed that Praftice are alfo reproved
by the Prophets. And from thence it was that this
Mineral got the Name of yvucuKeioi'. But altho'
Quickfilver was by the Ancients rank'd among Pci-
fons, ( 1 mean by thofe who mention it, for the
Name of it is not found in the Writings of Hippo-
crates, whence it is probable that it was not in Ufe
in his Time ; ) yet Anti?nony, its Preparations and
Virtues are often fet forth by Galen, Hippocrates,
and Diofcorides, and others of more modern Date.
And about the twelfth Century, a German Bene-
diftine Monk, ^oiz. Bafilius V dent inns publilhed~a
Book under the Title of Cur r us Triumphalis Anti-
monii, wherein he extols the Vertues of that Mi-
neral, and its Preparations, in the Cure of an infi-
nite Number of Difeafes. And in the Century
following, Parr.celfus made the Fame of Antimony
become llili moreuniverfal. However. Phyfician«,
for fome Time aftcrward.% with great Warmth and
Virulence difpu*^ed concerning the beneficial and ds-
leterious or poifonous Quali:ies of this Mineral ;
but at prefent all agree, that tiiC Preparations from
it are very powerful and fife, (provided they are in
good Hands i } and acknowledge two Vertues in it
which depend upon its different Preparations, one
operating cither by Vomjr or Stool, the other by
Sweat j for^ in Faft, all Medicines prepared from

Antirtmny,

IMPROVED. 23t

Antlmom do either purge upwards or downwards,
or are Diapho'-etick and Sudorifick.

Ward's Pill end Drop are moil certainly Prepara- WaYd\ Pill
tions flora Antimony ; and I could eafily tell the and Drop
Rer.der of n. Fill and Drop, of like Operation with ^rcpaia-
thoie Quack Medicines, which may be prepared /(^"in^^ony
from Antimo7iy. But as no one Medicine can fuit
all Conititutions, tho' many that are robuft and
ftron^ may for a while fland the Shock of thefe vi-
olent Emeticks, dffr. and find Relief for the pre-
fent ; I lay, for this Reafon I forbear the Mention
of any Medicine as a Catholicon, rather choofing
to treat of Diltcnipers in a Way different from the
Gentlemen who ride Poll for Bread, and fluff the
News-Papers with their fulfome Nonfenfe.

I fhall clofe my Remarks upon this valuable Mi-
neral in Phyfick, with taking Notice, that in a
Manner all the different Preparations from Antimo-
m, how fevere foever they are alone, may be fo
managed in a skilful Hand, as to operate little, or
perhaps not at all in the Prim^e Vi^ or firfl Paffages,
which are reckon'd the Stomach, Intrjlmes, and
their Appendages ; nor will their Operation be per-
ceived until they arrive at the fmallefl Paffages.
And it is then thofe mighty Things are to be effec-
ted which cure the Gout, Pox, Evil, (sfc. in Men,
vvliich are too much the Opprobrium Medicorum ;
as alfo the Farcin, isfc. in Horfes. And it is cer-
tainly the want of this Knack of converting the
moi't eihcacious Catharticks into Alteratives, that
makes the common Pradlice in chronic Cafes fo
little to the Parpofe. And no doubt but at this
Time there are, in the Hands of fome Empiricks,
Medicines upon this Bafis which are too much a
Shame to Learning and Educv.ticn. But how can.
it be otherwife, when Practice is calculated rather
for the Eafe and Difpatch of a great deal of Bufi-
nefs, than to cure Patients ; whereby Cafes of Dif-
ficulty are not worth the Cure of any but Quacks,
and fuch as venture at Random. I nov/ beg the

R^der*3

232

Sublimate
Mercury
and Preci-
pitate of
dangerous
Effeas, if
given in-
wardly.

^he Art 0/ Farriery

Reader's Pardon for this Digreflion, and I hope he
will the more eafily grant it, by reafon that ^ick-
filver and Antimony have fo large a Share in Medi-
cine, and may be managed and contrived fo as to an-
fwer very different Purpofes. Now to return to the
Worms inHorfes.

I believe I need not name any more different
Forms of Medicines for the Worms, feeing what I
have faid before is abundantly fufficient, if the Own-
er of the Horfe have but Patience enough to con-
tinue the Ufe of the Prefcriptions for a confiderable
Time, by reafon the Guts of a Horfe are no lefs
than thirty five Yards long from the Stomach to the
Fundament.

Some Farriers ufe Black-Soap, AIut?i, Burnt Vitri-
ol, and the like, to kill Worms ; nay, they even
venture to give Sublimate Mercury, and Precipitate ;
which is moil certainly an erroneous Pradtice, efpe-
cially the two laft Preparations which are exceeding
dangerous. For Sublimate Mercury is a moll deadly
Poifon ; and altho' the Quantity may be fo propor-
tion'd that its Effefts fliall not immediately be felt j
yet the poor Horfe^s Conftitution and Habit of Bo-
dy muft be very much weaken'd and impaired by it.
And as to Precipitate, tho' it is fometimes in obfii-
nate Cafes (when deflagrated with Spirit of Wine)
given inwardly, yet I advife every one to be cauti-
ous iii the Ufe cf fuch Things.

Novv' altho' the famous Worm-Dojfcor, Mr. John
Moor (who pretended to a Secret againft Worm.i,
tho' as long as the M^iy-Pole formerly in the Stroi^d)
were yet in being, I am confident that Mercu-iits
Dulcis, and the JEthlops, are as good Medicine^ to
delhoy thofe troublefome Creatures as any Compo-
fition he was able to find out. And as this Gci de-
man h; ppen'd to die jufl at the Time I am treaiing
of Wo- ms, for which his Pefile and Mortar in Ab-
church-l.ane made fo much l>{oife, I (hall con-lude
with a Prediftion of the juftly celebrated Mr. Pope,

relating

IMPROVED. 233

relating to this fo immortal Man, which is, Or will
in a very Ihort Time, be fulfill^.

O / Learned Friend, of Abchurch-Lane,

Who Jets our Intrails free ;
Vain is thy Skill, thv Pouoder 'vain.

Since Worms w/// eat e'ven Thee.

CHAP. XXIV.
Of Pain in the Bo'wels from fudden Accidents.

BY Pain ii}. the Bowels from fudden Accidents
I v.'ouici be underftood to mean thofe Diior-
ders which are occafion'd thro' the Careleflhefs of
the Owner, Koftler, or Groom, who give them
cold Water while they i re hot, nay, perhaps, ride
them into it up to the Mid-fide to vvalli them^ ra- Wafhing a
ther than be at the Pains to heat a little to clean Hories
the Legs from Dirt, ^c. and in about an Hoar's L^§s w_th
Time afterwards to rub them dry, which certainly J^-r'^^better'
is the beft Way to manage a Horfe after a hard .,h an cold.
Day's Work. And it is by the OmifTv-n of this
laft Piece of Advice, that many of thofe ferviceable
the' dumb Creatures turn Broken-winded, Phthi-
ficky or Confumptive, or elfe are greafed intolera-
bly. But as the Brain, Lungs, and Guts, are from
their Situation and Make moft fufceptible of Im-
preffions ; I fay, for this Reafon thefe Parts are
moflly the Scene of Aftion when the Pores are fud-
denly llopp'd by Cold, &c.

It would be thought an incredible Story to fome, Infcnfible
if I fhould tell them, that i^ifenfihle Perfpiration orP^ripira-
the Matter which we lofc by a Kind of infenfible ^^^"*
Sweating has been proved beyond Contradidion to
exceed all the other Evacuations by Stool, Urine,
Spitting, b'V. put tof^ether ; and that in Itah, ss
Sandorius very accur.itely obfen^ed, this infenfible
Perfpiration is fo grerit, that in fifty one Days a

Man

234 ^^^ ^^^ ^f Farriery

Man lofes that Way, <vix. thro' tlie Pores of the
Skin, even the Weight of himfelf. And I ?.m fare
that a Horfe mull lofe more in Proportion to his
Bulk by infenfible Perfpiraticn than Man, by rea-
fon that the other common Evacuations are not en-
joy'd by him in fo great a Degree as in us ; parti-
cularly the Evacuation by the Mouth is much lefs
in a Horfe than a Man : And if Nature be over-
burthen'd, this Creature cannot difcharge himfelf
by Vomit ; therefore is he furnifh'd \^ith a Hide
exceeding porous in order for a Difcharge of any
peccant or offending Matter which might diilurb
the Vital Flame. And that this is the Cafe is plain
from the Ufes fuch Leather is put to ; for it is not
of fo firm a Contexture as to ferve for Shoe-Soles,
or the like.

The Subje6l of Infenfthh Perfpiration is m.ofl cer-
tainly of the utmoll Concern, and ought throughly
t-o be underflood both by Phyficians and Farriers ;
and they ought not only to acquaint themfelves
v/ith the Nature of this Evacuation, but likevvife
throughly to know by what Means it is to be pro-
moted or lelTen'd, according to the feveral Exigen-
ces of the Creature they have to deal with, either
for the Prefervation or Recovery of Health.

Infe-nfible Perfptration is either made by the Pores
of the Body, which is all over perfpirable, and
cover'd with a Skin like a Net ; or it is p>erform'd
by Refpiration thro' the Mouth, which lafl in a
Man in Health amounts to about half a Pound in
the Space of twelve Hours, as has been made to
appear by breathing upon a Glafs for that Time.

By the Pores we are to underrtand the Excretory
or difcharging Du6ls or Pipes of the cutaneous
Infenfible Glands or Glands of the Skin, both thofe internal,
Pcrip-ra- as of the Guts and Vifcera, and the common Co-
tion hin- vcrings of all the Mufcles ; as well as the external
caulcs ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Cuticida or outward Skin. And Na-

Gr;piiigs, ^^'"^ ^^^ ^o provided, that if by any external Caufe
c^f. ' this neceffary Evacuation is hinder'd in any one Part,

it

IMPROVED.

it is always increafed in another, or elfe a Diftem-
per will enfue ; for which Reafon, when the Cold-
nefs of the external Air (which more immediately
aftl'ds the outer-Skin) leiTens the Injenftlle Perffi-
ration that Way, either the fenfible Evacuations
are increafed, as commonly the Urine ; or elfe
greater Quantities are carried off by Refpiratioii
from the Lungs and Parts about the Mouth ; or,
lailly, perfpired into the Cavities of the Guts ;
which afterwards are difcharged by breaking Wind
either upwards or downwards : For, as long as the
Impulfe within rem.ains the fame, wherever there
is the leaft Refillance, thither will always the great-
eft Derivation of perfpirable Matter be. And from
hence it is that we fo frequ ntly find ( v/hen the
Body is more than ufually expoi'ed to external Cold,)
Gripings, and great UneafmefTes in the Bowels,
which proceed from nothing elfe but becaufe fome
Part of the perfpirable Matter, that ought to have
pafs'd the outer Skin, finding an opener PaiTage
within is thrown off that Way. And to this Pur-
pofe it is likewife very obfervable in Dogs, whofe
outer Skin is very little porous, ^i'z. in hot Seafons,
and upon much Exercife, whereby the more than
ordinary Motions of the Body occafion greater At-
tritions or Frettings off, of their circulating Fluids,
which produce larger Quantities of perfpirable Mat-
ter, that thefe Creatures throvv^ off a vail deal from
their Lungs in Refpiration and the Parts about the
Mouth, infomuch that their very Breath appears
like thick Smoke.

Le^venhoeck pretends by the Help of his Glaffes,
(though we have better now than ever he had.
Thanks to the Incomparable Sir Ifaac Nenvton for
the Improvements ; ) f fay, this nice Difcoverer
Ihews the Texture of the Cuticula or outward Skin
to be Scaly, and that thofe Scales cover one another
in feveral Lamina or Plates, more or lefs according
to the different Thickneffes of the Scarf-skin in the
feveral Parts of the Body ; and in the Compafs of

one

23<5

Warm
Bathing

promotes
l^erlpira-
tjon, and is
gooi
againft
Pains in the
Bowels,
aij Gravel
in Men.

The Cure
of Pains m
the Gilts
from Acci-
dents.

A Dri. k

for Pain in
the Guts
from Acci-
dents.

^he Art 0/ Farriery

one Cuticular Scale he reckons there may be 500
Excretory or difcharging Channels, and that a
Grain of Sand will cover one Hundred twenty five
Thoufand Orifices through which we daily perfpire.

In Human Bodies when Perfpiration is hindered
by any Accident, as Cold, ^c. nothing comes up
to warm Bathing for promoting this fo necefTary
Difcharge. For by it the internal Bowels are re-
frigerated, according to SanBorius'^ Expreflion, and
in Nephritick or Gravel-Pains, it has not its Equal.
Therefore as Colds are fo common and frequent
amongft us, it is Pity ( efpecially for the Ufe of
large Families, who do not refide near the naturally
warm Baths, or the City of London ;) I fay it is
Pity we have not more Conveniencies for Artificial
Bathing, when Cafes of the utmolt Confiquence
require it.

What I have order'd before in the Chapter of the
Colick, is moftly proper for Pains in the Guts from
fudden Accidents. However, I Ihall order a pro-
per Drink for the Purpofe, and then proceed to take
an Account of the Tello<vjs or Jaundice.

Firfl then, let the Horfe be taken into fome
warm Place, where you can fire fome Straw or Furz
near him, and turn him about it, fo that he become
pretty warm ; when this is done, and his Stall well
bedded, let him have the following Drink.

Take Venice Treacle, or Mithridate, tn.vo Ounces ;■
Matthenjijs s Fill, tivo Drachms ; Ca?nphire, fix
Grains : Mix and difiolve them in a ^art of White-
Wine, or Beer, and ginje it the Horfe y keeping him
ivarm chathed for /|.8 Hours after.

I own
though I
Mithridate, or Venice Treacle

to have Copied this from Mr. Gihfon,
have not put in his whole Quantity of
thinking it rather
too much ; and if to the Drink abovefnid, be ndded
a little of the Cordiil Ball, it may be flill better.

The

IMPROVED. 237

The Drink, or as the Farriers call it, this Drench, Camphire
is well contrived, and the Camphire makes it a very ^ Diapho-
powerful Diaphoretick or Promoter of Sweat ; for
it is the moft efficacious of that Kind yet known in
the whole Materia Medica^ its great Subtility dif-
fufmg. it through the very Subftance of the Parts,
as foon almoft as the Warmth of the Stomach fets
it in Motion : But its greateft Heat requires plenti-
ful diluting with fmall Liquors. Therefore, let
the Horfe have warm white Water offer'd him now
and then, that Sweating may be encouraged.

The Drops which make fo much Noife now-a- Bjteman's
Days, by the Title of Bateman's VeBoral Drops, ^^2l\-^^,
are »othing but a Compofition of Spirit of Wine, ^j.^ ^-^j^. '^
Vpium, and Camphire. And from hence it is, pounckd of.
they eafe Pains and promote Sweat. But nothing
of the Kind ihould be ufed without good Advice ;
feeing that thofe Things which are the moft effica-
cious Medicines, in fome Cafes may, in the Hands
of the ignorant and vulgar, turn to a very bad Ac-
count.

If the Korfe "be bound in his Body, let him have A Clyfter.
the Emollient Clyfter prefcribed for the Colick, and
caufe him to retain it as long as poffible, by hold-
ing his Tail down to his Fundament.

Mr. Gihjon orders a Horfe that has Pain in his Mr. G'dp.n
Bowels, occafioned bv fudden Accidents as afore- acU-ilcs to
faid, to be buried in a Dunghill all but the Head, ^f^.^-
for that no one Thing requires Sweating more than j-,^^J^ ^l",^
this, and that it may be fufpefted, the Horfe from when
drinking cold Water \^'hile he was hot, may prove pain'd in
founder'd in his Cheft. And this Author imagines ^^^ Bcwfcl5.
the Cafe is fo, becaufe the Horfe works and heaves
in his Flanks all of a fudden, after fuch Accidents
and Mifmanagement.

Now I take this Heaving of the Flanks to pro-
ceed from his inward Heat ; for v%'hen the Pores are
fo fuddenly clofed up by the cold Water, and the
perfpirable A'latter hinder'd from flying off that Vv'ay,
very great Changes muft of Confequence happen in

the

238 The Art o/" Farriery

the Blood, by the Mixture of fuch heterogene Par-
ticles, which rrjfe a Fever with great Sicknefs and
Fainting ; and when any Creature is fick or faint -
ifti, they breathe Ihorter and thicker, which as I
apprehend is the Reafon of the Heaving, and not
any thing that ftrikes to the Horfe's Heart, (as the
vulgarly received Opinion goes) which caufes Foun-
dering in the Cheft.

As to Burying in a Dunghill, according to Mr.
Gihjoti^ Method, I cannot think it will have any
better Effe£l than what I before advifed, to wit,
making a Fire of Straw or Furz in fome Place, fo
that you may turn the Horfe round about near it,
and with Cloaths put him in a Sweat as much as if
he was buried in a Dunghill.

T

CHAP. XXVHI.

Of the Telloivs or Jaundice.

H E Jaundice or Tellonvs is a Diftemper, to
which both Man and Beaft are exceedingly
fubjedl; and notwithftanding this, fome Authors
upon Farriery omit the Mention of it ; more parti-
cularly Sir William Hope, in his Compleat Farrieryy
never names the Tello-cvs in Horfes, that I can find.
The Signs. The Signs or Symptoms of the Tcllo^^vs, are a
Dullnefs or Sluggiflmefs of the whole Body, the
Horfe feems to breathe with Difficulty, his Heart
beats flower than when he is in Health ; Lajily,
he lofes his Appetite and becomes poor, lean, and
liker a Dog-Horfe than one fit for Bufmefs ; and
the Infide of his Eye-Lids, and Eyes themfelves
appear Yellow ; alfo Saffron-coloured Urine, i5c.

The Caufe of the Tellon.vs or Jaundice is often
from a Stone in the Gail-Bladder, or rather the
Ductus Comtmmis Chclcdcchus or common Gall-
Pipe, or elfe in ihe DuS}us C\fiicus or P.rus Bila-
riiis i \\ hich two lafl when they unite, form the

common

IMPROVED. a39

eommon Gall-Pipe, that empties out the Bile or
Gall into the lower Part of the firll of the fmall
Guts. So that when any of thefe are obil;ru£led or
flopped up by fabulous or gravelly Matter, or by
any flimy or vifcous Subllance, the Gall or Bile is
forced into the Vena Cwvay inftead of pafling into
the Guts.

The Ufe of the Bile or Gall is defign'd by Na- The Ufe
ture to blunt or fheathe the x^cids of the Chyle ; f^^'the Bile
becaufe they, being entangled with its Sulphurs, ^ • ^ J"
thicken it fo that it cannot be fufficiently diluted by
the Succus Pancreaticus or Juice from the Sweet-
Bread, to enter the Ladeal or milky V'eflels. And
this appears not only from the Analjls of the
Bile, which yields more of a Lixivial than of a ^

njolatile Alkaline Salt, but alfo from what has been
found by Experiment, to wit, that of the great
Quantity of Acid Salts amongfi: the Aliments in the
Stomachj there never could be found any in the
Chy'e, after it had pafs'd the Duodenum or firll Gut :
And becaufe fome Chyle is alw'ays paffing thro' the
Duodtnum, it was necelTary that the Bile or Gall fhould
be continually poured into it by the Duilus Hepaticus,
otherwife called Dutlus Choledochus : And a greater
Quantity of Aliments requiring a greater Quantity of
Bile, it is contrived by the Divine Artificer, that the
Stomach fhould prefs the Gall-Bladder according as it
is diilended, and requires the Mixture of that Liquor.

Secondl:, the Ycllo~j.s or Jaundice proceeds from
Obflrudions of the Kepatick or Liver - Glands,
which prevent the G&ll from being duly feparated
by them from the Blood. And fometimes, efpe-
cially in Human Bodies, thefe Glands are fo indu-
rated or hardened as never afterwards to be opened,
but elude the Skill of the ableil Phyficians, and re-
fill: the Force of the firongeH Deobilruents. Nay, Hard
thefe Glands are often, in hard Drinkers, fo par- Drinking,
boiled by the long continued ufe of fpirituous Li- )':'^'y^ ^^.
quors, of Vv'hich we may reckon Wine and Ale Jv'^!,^,^^^"
two, (although the Legifiature at prefent rank thefe Uodiefc

luider

240 ^^^ ^^^ 0/ F A R RI E R Y

under another Tribe ; ) I fay the Glands of the '
Liver which feparate the Bile, are in thefe Cafes fo
flopped, that they ftraiten the Motion of the Blood
through that Vifcus or Bowel, and that to fuch a ■
Degree as forces it fo ftrongly into the Gaftrick
Arteries, ( which go, or branch off from the He-
patick, ) that it breaks thro' into the Stomach. And
from hence it is that fuch Unfortunates are fubjeft
to \'omit Blood, in the laft Stages of their miferably
fpent Lives ; for this Symptom is a very fatal one,
I can affure them, and fuch as does not admit of a
Cure.
The Cure. If the Jaundice fucceeds the Colick, as is often
the Cafe, then it is proper to give the following
Mixture.

A Pu-ge Take Turkey Rheuharh in Ponder, one Ounce and

for the ^^if . Englijh Saffron in Ponvder, t^vo Drachns ;
Jaundice. Jf^es called Succotrijte, one Ounce ; Syr nip of Buck-
thorn, as much as is fufficient to make it into a Ball',
which may be given the Horfe in a Morning, and
about a Pint of warm Ale upon it.

You muft not expeft that this Purge will operate
much, nay perhaps not at all in fome Conftitutions ;
yet it will do great Service in the Jaundice, by pro-
moting other, though infenfible Dilcharges, as well
as carry the Diftemper off by Urine. But if Rheu-
harh be thought too dear or chargeable, it may be
omitted, and more Jloes added. Yet the Medicine
cannot be fo effeaual by fuch Management ; and, I
can aflure the Reader, I lludy a? much as poflible,
not only fuch Drugs as are moft ferviceable in the
Diforders I treat of, but likewife the Charge of
each Prefcription, that it may not exceed the Bounds
of Horfe-Phyfick.

If the Tello^'js or Jaundice romes of itfclf, the
Colick not preceeding, give the Horfe the afore-
faid Purge with Rheuharh j after which let him
have the following hfufotj.

^i'ke

IMPROVED. 241

Take Salt of Tartar, tnvo Ounces ; Turmerick^
three Ounces ; Sajfro'ri, ayid Soap of Tartar, of each
half an Ounce ; Filings of Iron, three Ounces : Mix
thefe in about a Gallon of Ale, and infufe for three
or four Days in a Stone-Bottle, or the like, giving
it a Shake now and then ; and let the Horfe have a
Pint every Morning Milk-warm while it lafts, ilrain-
ing it off as you want it.

A great many are fond of the Afhes of burnt
Broom, for the Cure of the Jaundice and Dropfy :
And we meet in the Chymical Shops, with thefe
Kinds of fixed Salts of a great many Plants, and the
common Prefcriptions of fome Gentlemen of the Fa-
culty, who praflife in the fpecifick Method, take
Notice of the different Kinds : But fach may reft fa-
tisfied that thofe dexterous and confcientious Artifi-
cers the Chymifts, can furnifli us with a Lixi^uial
Salt of any Plant we want, made from the Cineres
Cla'uellati or Pot-Afhes. And Indeed if this was
the greateft of their Impofiticns it would be well
enough ; for, let the Plant be what it will before 'tis
reduced to Afhes, the Fire brings it to that Texture
and Make of Parts into which it reduces any other.
So that a Salt made cut of the Lixivium oi any
i^fiies whatever will be always the fame. And they
who are incredulous herein may try Experiments ten
thoufand Ways, if fo many can be invented, but
will never find any fpecifick Difference. And No fpecl-
therefore, tnie Salt of Wormnxood is not more effec- ^tk Diffe-
tual in flopping Vomitings or Convulilve Twitch- ^^,^^^' ^^j.
ings of the Stomach, than Salt of Tartar ; and ofof-Worm-
this I have been often convinced upon many and re- wood and
peated Trials. Salt of Tar-

The Soap of Tartar, kz. in the aforefaid Infjnon, "^*
■operate powerfully upon the Obftrudions in the
Liver, which ?.re the Caufe of the Jaundice, and
help to carry the offending Matter off by Urine.
And as the Term Diuretick is oftener ufcd than un-
derftcod, I fhall give the Reader a fuccinft or fliort
M Account

242'

Mt-dicines,

their

Operation

•explained.

^he Jrt of F AKV. IE ^^

Account of the Operation of Diuretick Medicines.

And firft. ■ . , , ,

Under the Term Diuretick may be comprehended
all thofe Medicines whofe moft remarkable Proper-
ties appear in their Increafmg the Difcharge by
Urine, or which are fuppoied to have any Power in
removing Obil:ruaions of the urinary Glands, or
PaiTages from what Caufe foever, whether Hw
Tnourl Gravel or other offending Matter. And m
this View, Diureticks come under thefe following
Kinds ; to wit, they are either fuch as foften and
lubricate the Fibres compofmg the unn ny Glands
and Canals, by which they yield and relax into
their due Dimenfions and Capacities ; of which
Kind are all Emollients already explained r Or they
are fuch as by their attenu?.ting and deterfive Pro-
perties, rarefy and thin vifcous or ilimy Iiamours,
and adhere to, and carry them along in the Paflages :
Or again, they muft be fuch as have a Power of lo
alterin? the Cra£s orMixture of the Humours, a^s
to fit thofe to pafs, which could not get through
before ; and of this Kind is the Soaf of T^/Z^r men-
tioned, as well as all the Tribe of Lixi^iah ^xi^
fixed Salts. But, without venturing too far, trom
the Compafs here allotted, into theN^'ture of Secre-
tion, it may be proper to take Notice, that the
thinner Separations increafe in Proportion to the
Blood's Velocity : For the Swiftnefs of its Motion
not only keeps the Parts more divided, but alio
brings them oftener to the fecrctory Orifice; and
this every where is that which takes off the tmn-
neft of the Blood at that Part. Some of the vifcid
and thicker Secretions requiring, for tne ftme Kea-
fon a vaft Check of the Blood's Motion before they
can be performed; that is, before the Blood has
obtained fuch a Confillence by the Slowr^eis of its
Motion, that what is to be feparated is tne thicket
at that Part. If therefore frcm any Cauie the
Blood does not move with its due Velocity, its
F^rts will attraa one anoUier, and make the who.e

4;oo

IMPROVED. 243

too thick to part with any thing by the Kidneys,
or at leafl fo much as it ought. And herein N.iture
has in a very wonderful Manner provided agninft
this Inconvenience, by fo near Sitantion of the
Kidneys to the Heart, that the Motion of the B'cod
may not be retarded vt'hen it comes to them, unlefs
it moves flower through the Heart itfelf. And in
fuch Cafe, it muft of Confequence move flower than
it fhould do near the Kidneys.

From what has been fai'd it appears, thaffuch
things are Diuretick or operate by Urine, which
not only Simulate the Blood's Motion, by their Ir-
ritation of the Solids and quickening their Vibra-
tions ; but are fo fubtile, as to keep the Blood in as
Fluid a State as poffible. Therefore, Lixlvial
Salts, as Soap of Tartar, and the like, in the Infu-
iion for the Yellows, are of fuch a Nature, that they
hinder fuch Particles of Blood from coming int(J
Conta6l which would make them cohere. And on
this Account it is, that in all fluggiih and vifcid
Habits, where the Blood tends to too much Thick-
nefs, fuch things promote the urinary Difcharges.

There are fundry Kinds of Diureticks morelhan
what^ I have mentioned, but they all aft in a Me-
chanical Way; to wit, either by Adding to the
Motion of the Blood, or by Encreafmg its Salts, of
which Sort aie all the Plants of the Mallows-Kind :
And Dr. Grenjo, a mofl faithful Recorder of Expe-
riments of this Nature, obferves more Salts to be in
Plants of this Kind, to wit, fuch as feem of a muci-
laginous or flimy Contexture, than in others which
difcover it more upon the Palate. And if Nature
be the beft Compounder, thofe Plants of her Pro-
iuaion which have thefe Salts v/rapt up in a Kind
3f Mucilage, mail be the bell that can be contrived
"or carrying off fabulous or gravelly Concretions, in
he Kidneys of Human Bodies: For, at the fame What kind
mie that Salts are added to the Blood, by the £x-ofEiure-
libition of Decoaions of March-Mallov/s, or the ^^^^^ P'f'-
ike ; thefe are fo inveloped w wrapt up in a Muci-^f/^^"^^^,^

1144 ^^^ ^^^ (?/ F A R R I E R Y

lage or flimy Matter, that the Ureters are not hurt
by the Gravel, as it pafTes along from the Kidneys
to the Bladder. I fhall only obferve one Thing
more, and then return to the Yellows in Horfes.

It has been a long Difpute, how fome Things
which manifeftly pafs off by Urine, can do it in fo
fhort a Time as they are often obferved ; efpecially
thofe of the Turpentine Kind, which will very foon
difcover themfelves by their Smell (in which no
Body can be deceived ) in the Water. To explain
which, would take up too much Room in this Place,
neither does it feem greatly to our prefent Purpofe
to determine fuch Difficulties. However, thofe
who have Time and Leifure may abundantly fatisfy
themfelves in thefe Points, as well as how it happens
that large Quantities of Liquors drunk fuddenly
make their Way through the Kidneys to the Blad-
der in fuch Ihort Spaces of Time : I fay an Account
of this is given in a handibme Manner by Dr.
^incy, in his Explanation upon the Aphorif?ns of
Sanfiorius.

I am of Opinion, that as the Yellows in Horfes
moilly proceed from a Diminution or Decay of the
Animal Salts contained in the Blood, therefore the
Addition of fuch Kind of Salts mull reftore the Crea-
ture to Soundnefs of Body ; and this is performed by
Millepedes or Wood-lice, as well as the white End
of Goofe-dung ; for ( as I have fiid before ) this
Part alone of the Dung contains the Animal-Salt of
the Creature from whence it comes ; the chaffy or
black terrene Part being of no Ufe at all in Medi-
cine. So that if you add to the Infufion for the
Yellows a Pint of Millipedes hruifed, ( but they
fhould be frelh, for the old, commonly kept in the
Shops, are worth little ; ) I fay if you add thefe, or
a good Quantity of the Whit-c of Goofe-dung, it
will make the Thing f.ill more effeftu&l.

The Jaundice or TeJlo-Jcs in Horfes is very eafily
cured, provided ihe Vifcera be found. And they
iiave this Advantage over the human Species, to

wit.

IMPROVED. 245

wit, that if they have the Jaundice, it moftly pro-
ceeds from a Diminution or Want of Animal-Salts,
as I have before hinted ; and not from Schirrhous or
hard knotty Tum.ours of the Liver, which is com-
mon to Meif who have followed the Trade of Tip-
pling top long, and whofe Conftitutions, in fuch
Cafe, are almolt paft Help.

I am fully perfwaded, that Cafiile-Soap diflblvedCaftile-
in v.hite Wine, or even in Beer, will care moft^^^PS^-'^
Jaundices or Yellows ; tho' this indeed is from ^■Tavindice
fixed vegetable Salt wrapt up in an oily Subfcance.
And I have been credibly informed, that half a
Drachm of Cafiile-Soap diffolved in a Glafs of White
Wine was ( from fome Experiment in Bedford-
Houfe ) eileemed a great Secret for provoking Urine
in the Jaundice and Dropfy in Human Bodies.

Thofe, w ho have a Mind to try it upon a Horfe
in the Yellows, may mix an Ounce in two Quarts
of Beer, and give it at four Times, a Pint a Day,
either warm or cold 'tis equal, and let the Horfe
have Exercife : For the Jaundice caufes a fluggifti
Lazinefs either in Man or Beaft ; therefore Exercife
is proper to hinder the Fluids from running into
preternatural Cohefions, which was the Occafion of
the Diiteniper.

There is not ^ny Perfon, who has treated more
largely and well upon the Jaundice, and Difeafes of
the Liver in human Bodies, than my quondam Pr re-
ceptor, whom all Europe mull acknowledge one of
the Chiefs of his Profelhon, to wit, the learned
and truly worthy Herman Boeihaa've, ProfeiTor of
Phyfick at the Univerfity of Leyden.

Lajily, I advife ( for it will anfwer when moft .^th'nps
Anti-ifterick Medicines or Medicines againll the^hie-al
Jaundice have fail'd, ) the Ufe of ^thiops Mineral f^f'^^^'^
for fome connderable Time. And then I am pretty "^^^^ *''*^*
fure it will do, unlefs the Obilruftions be very obfti-
nate, and the Liver grov/n hard and horny ; in which
Cafe nothing will be able to remove the DKc^^q.

M 3 Before

%^6 ^he Jrt of Farriery

Before the JEthiops let the following Purge be
adminillred.

A Purge 'or 'Take ten Drachms of Aloes y one Ounce of Cream of
the Jaiin- Tartar ^ half an Ounce of Cafiile-foap, t^o Drachms
*^'^^^' of Saffron in ?o^der ; and ^vith Syrrup of Buckthoj n

make it irto tivo Balls by the Addition of a little

Po<v:der of Liquorice.

Let the Horfe have one of thefe Dofes, ( I mean
two Balis for a Dofe ) before the JEthiops, and I
think it will be fufficient to fcour off the flimy mu-
cous Matter, which may hinder the Bile or Gall
from being difcharged into the Guts, and mixing
with the Chyle, the Acids of which, it is by Na-
ture defign'd to blunt and make fmooth. ,

The Mthlops Mineral may be given in the fol-
lowing Manner, to wit,

^thirrs Take of my Cordial Ball, 07ie Pound ', of uEthiops

Mineral Mineral prepared as aforefaid, three Ounces ; of
^''^' CaQilsfoap, t^o Ounces ; 'of li'ving^ Millepedes, one

Pii:ti of Syrrup of Saffron, three Ounces: Mix, and
gi<ve the Horfe the Bi^nefs of a f mall Egg once or
t^vice a Day, before his moderate Exercife, for three
Weeks,

I knov/ it is a Difpute with many, whethtr any
of the Quickfilver in the jEthiops taken by the
Mouth get into the Mafs of Blood ; and thefe 'Gen-
tlemen bring for Argument, that the Force and
Heat of the Stomach are not fufficient to fublime it
in order to pafs that Way. However, I am con-
vinced from manifold Experiments, that JLthiops^ is
an excellent Medicine in skinny Diforders, which
lye even at the outermoft Skirts of Circulation.
And why it fhould perform thefe Cures without any
of its Particles ( how minute foever ) getting into the
Blood; I fay, this is a Myftery not to be unfolded,
unlefs we liave Recourfe to a DoOiine, fomethmg

like

IMPROVED. 247

like that of Sir Kenelm Digby of the Virtues of his
Svmpathetic Po^vde)\ whicli he made fuch a Stir
about, altho' it was nothing but a lictle calcined or
burnt Vitriol, which, ftrewed upon the Wound,
ftopt the Flux of Blood, and Nature perform'd the
Cure afterwards, by Means of the Balfam of the
Blood itfelf, whicli will any time do without the
Helps of Ointments, where the Fluids and Solids are
in a healthful State ; and this may be obferv'd upon
PLmfs, between which and human Bodies, in feve- Plants and
ral Refpcifts, there is a great Analogy, to wit, that -'|"''^^^s,
when you wound a Tree, by cutting away fome ^^\\^^\q^^^^
its Bark or Subftrmce, in a few Years that Lofs will ^
be repaired by Nature, without any Help from the
Gardener. And juft thus it fares with recent or
frefh and green Wounds as they are called, when
they happen in a ilefhy Fart of the Body ; for they
will he:l fooner of themfelves, provided the Part
be kept at Reft, without, than with any Applica-
tion whatfoever.

I fhall now proceed to the Dillempers of the
Reins and Bladder.

CHAP. XXIX.
Of Difeafes of the Reins, and Bladder.

T N E E D not defcribe the Kidneys of a Horfe,
J no more thrn any other of the Parts of this
Creature, feeing it is fo well perform'd to my hand
by Mr. Snaf.e and ethers. Therefore I Iha'll con-
tent m}'felf with giving the Reader a fhort Account
of their Ufe. And Firft.

The Ufe of the Kidneys is, to feparate the Urine The Ufe of
from the Blood, which, by the Motion of the'li-^- Ki.i-
Heart and Arteries, is thruft into the emulgent p^J". ^'5"
Branches, which carry it to the little Glands, byf^^ ''■'^'
which the Serofit^,^ or v/atry Part being fepr.rated,
it. is received by the Orifices of the little Tubes,
M 4 which

248 T'^^ ^'^i o/" Farriery

which go from the fmall Glands to the Peluis or
Bafon in the Middle of the Kidney, and from thence
it is that the Urine runs by the Ureters, as they are
termed, into the Bladder.

The Blood, which could not enter the Glands, Is
brought back by the emulgent Veins of the
Kidneys.
Urine ccn- The Urine, thus feparated, conf.ils of much Salt
flits of floating in Water ; and on this Account it is, that

mv.ch Salt, ^j^^ Kidneys have their Situation fo near the Heart :
Wat'tT^ ^" For had they been placed at a greater Diflance from
it, other Particles muil have united with the Salts
and aqueo^js or watery Particles, ( as in the prefent
Situation fome terreilrial ones do, ) and difturbed their
Secretion. And this Inconvenience is hinderM, as
I fometime ago remarked, by the Situation of the
Kidneys, which are fo near the Heart, that the
Blood; ^V. moves fo quick, that fuch Particles are
hinder'd from uniting, or coming within the Sphere
of Attradion (as much as poffible) of the Urin.us
Sahs. ^

The Ure- The Ureters are two long Pipes or Canais which
nr.s dtrtlri- come from the Bafon of tlie Kidneys, one on each
^^^- Side. They lye between the Doublings of the Peri-

tonaeum, and defcending in the Form of an S, they
pierce the Bladder near its Neck, where they run
fome Space between its Coats, and then open into
its Cavity.

The Cavity of the Ureters is contraaed fome-
times in three or four Places, more efpecially to-
wards the Bladder ; and human, as well as brute
Creatures fuch as are fubjeft to the Gravel, have
them very much wider than thofe who are not fub-
jea to this Diforder. Furthermore, I have ob-
ferved, upon the Diffeaion of human Bodies of fuch
as were exceffive Drinkers, that the Ureters have
been fo dilated, as to put the End of one's little
Fin2;er into them. And therefore, I thmk it may
trulV be faid, that fuch Tipplers make their Bodies
into a kind of Cullanders to percolate the Liquor

betvseen

IMPROVED. i49

between the Hogfhead and the Pifs-pot : Of (o
little Ufe are they to the reft of Mankind.

The Obftrudtion of the Ureters by Gravel, or
any other foreign Matter, caufes a Suppreflion of
Urine oftentimes very fatal ; for it lyes out of the Reach
of manual Operation. Therefore, when the Cafe
is thus, moft or all the Evacuations are requilite ;
and ^rj}. Bleeding, altho' the Horfe has not any
Fever, befides a fymptomatic one. For, from Pain
his Blood miift acquire an exalted Motion ; I fay,
for this Reafon, Bleeding Ihould be performed in
the Beginning of the Difeafe, in order to give more
Room for the offendmg Matter to pafs along the
Ureters.

I muft confefs I have been often perplexed to find
out, how or in what Manner it is poifible for fuch
large Pieces of Stone or Gravel to pafs from the Kid-
neys along the Ureters to the Bladder,, when I have
confidered the Paffages as they are very nar-
row, and,, in feveral Places, much more contracted
than in others :- But that it is really fo, is every
Day's Experience, and bell underflood by thofe,
who are fo unhappy as to fufFer under excruciating
and intolerable Gravel-Pains ; for thefe Unfortu-
nates are truly fenfible of the Progrefs which any
Piece of fabulous Concretion makes from the Kid-
neys along their Back and Flanks till its Arrival in
the Bladder. And then for the moil part is is, that
their violent Strainings to vomit ceafe, and nothing
farther is to be feared, but the Trouble of forcing the
Piece of Stone through the Urethra by the Fenis or
Yaxd.

But it often happens, that fuch large Stones come
by the Ureters from the Kidneys, that when they
are even got into the Capacity of the Bladder, the
Perfon is not able to pifs them away : V/hich to me
is furpri2i'rio- ; feeing,, as I juft now hinted, the
Ureters are fo narrow, and the Neck of the Bladder
fo large. However, there is no Doubt of it, but
the b.eil V/ay to get rid of thefe. Stones, when they
M 5 are

2p "the Jrt of ¥ AV.Kt EB.V.

are in the Bladder, is to hold the Urine as long as
we can with Safety, and then the Detrufores Urina
or Mufcles which drive out the Urine will have
more Power to force out the Contents of the Biad-
Grey or der. But when the Stones are of the white Kind or
^vhi iih inclinable to a greyilh Colour, we have Reafon to
Gravel. f^^j. ^^^\j. becoming fo large that they cannot pais
n.ofthkely ^j^^ Ureters, ^c. Therefore, thofe who are afflic-
\lvH ted with the reddifh Gravel refembling Brick-Duft,

Stones in have lefs to apprehend 5 for I dare fay this lait
the Kid- YJmA feldom flicks together in fuch Quantity as to
"'>■'' '^'- form a Stone that cannot be pifsM oft by the Perns.
p , ,,,•<, It is certain that the Kidneys in Human Bodies
^:^nti are, in Fits of the Gravel, affbaed with a true In-
the Gravel. flammation. And this the . incomparable Boer-
Signs oiit ^^^^^ teiis us is fo from the burning, pungent, and
BoS^r"'" g^eat Pain ; from the fmail Quantity of Urine very
^''^'''- red and fiery, or in the Height of the Diftemper.
watry ; from the Numbnefs of the Leg on the pain d
Side,' the Pain of the Groin and Tefticle, the Ihac
PaJJmi or Nervous Colick, the vomitmg ot Uiie^
and continual Belchings.

All the general Caufes producing an Inflamma-
tion may ocaifion the aforefaid Symptoms, more
particularly what hinders the Straining and Pallage
of the Urine in the Urinary Paffages. And it a
s-reat Inflammation feizes thefe Veffels, they are
often fo bound up, that no Urine is made; at other
Times but very little, thin, and watry ; which no
Doubt is a very bad Sign. _

The Species and Caufes of Nephritick or Gravel-
Pains are infinite, yet the Cure of all of them is
much what the f^ime. And Firft.
Tl e Cure General Remedies proper for the Cure of Infiam-
mations take Place, ^-Z^. Bleeding, Rea>ulfion, and
Diluticn', ^.Xidi lenient Decoaions, Emollients, ^tA
fuch Things as refill too much Heat, fliould be
given plentifully. .

Cl^fters, To7ne.mtations, and Baths prepared with
Emollients, are ( in Human Bodies ) exceeding bene-

IMPROVED. 251

ficial ; but the two Firil can only be ufed to
Horfes.

Secondh, a moifc foftening Diet or Food is very
neccffary, fuch a^ fcalded Bran, boiled Barley y and the
like; and if the Symptoms of Pain are very violent.
Opiates are proper ; and in Human Bodies, when
there is too much Vomiting, I know nothing an-
fwer better than warm Gruel, the Wheys of feveral
So]*ts, or fuch like, fweeten'd with Virgin Honey :
And it has been obfetved, that Koney is of fo pene-
trating and healing, or rather abfterfive Quality,
that it will cure even Ulcers of the Kidneys, by a
continued Ufe of it for fome Time.

If the Diftemper cannot be difperfed, but con-An Afcfcefs
tinues beyond the feventh Day, an Abfcefs or Ga-inthe Ki.l-
thering in the Kidney is to be jufpefted : But if the^^y-
Suppuration continues long, the whole Kidney forms
a Bag fit for no Manner of Ufe ; and then a Tabes
Renalis or a Confumption of the Kidneys commonly
enfues : But if this forms a Schirrous or hard knotty
Swelling, a. Palfy or Lamenefs of the Leg on the
difeafed Side follows, which is incurable ; from
whence a Confum.ption or Dropfy proceeds.

If a fmall Quantity of inflammatory coagulated A S^DTie ;«
or curdled Matter fticks in the leffer Urinary Paf-^i^e Kid -
fages, it lays a Foundation, to which the Sandy Mat-"^y*', ^°^
ter which fupplies the Diftemper being added, ?{nd
growing hard, forms a Stone, and fo increafes it,
that it is very difficultly diffolved or brought away
by any Medicine.

I have feen Dr. Boerhaa've lay a fmall Stone,,
taken out of a Perfon'fe Blfdder, in the Ball of his
Hnnd, which, by his pouring a Liquor upon it>
diflblved and fell into Piece? very foon. Whereupon
this great Luminary in the Art of Phyiick cbferved,
that he was not without Hopes of, fome Time or
other, meeting wiih a proper and fafe Diflblvent
for the Stone in either the Reins or Bladder ; but
frankly confefs'd that the Liquor which difTolved
the Stone in his Hand, altho* it did not: difcolour
M 6. ths:

252 ^^0 Art 0/ Farriery

the Skin, yet it was not fafe to give the fame in-
wardly. And I myfelf have tryed to diffolve fmall
Pieces of Gravel, by putting them into feveral
Kinds of Liquors, which fometimes anfwer'd my
Expeftation : But then fuch Liquors that had the
greatefc Power of dilTolving the Stones, were not
lafe for inward Ufe. Only this I mull obferve.
Juice of that the Juice of Onions approach'd neareft to the
Onions a Biffolvent I was feeking after. I obierve by the
of calculous Experiments of a late Author, the ingenious Dr.
Maiter. Halesy that the Juice of this Vegetable is a very
Dr. Hahs"^ powerful DiiTolvent of calculous Matter ; and from
Obleiva- tj^i Hint no doubt a great many ufe the Infufion of
tion on It. Onions in White- Wine, to bring away Gravel, Cfff .
lodged in the Urinary FaiTages ; tho' in my
Thoughts, when the Matter which compofes the
Stone is of the greyiih Kind, as I juil now faid, it
is very hard to be diflblved, and when grown to any
Bignefs in the Bladder, it is Hill of a firmer Con-
fiftence, lying in a Kind of Strata or Coverings
Hke the Coats of an Onion, as I have often obfei-v-
ed in thofe I have taken from both Men and
Women, which are for the moft Part of an oval
Shape like the Bladder, which moulds them as they
increafe in Bulk like the rolling of a Snow-Ball.
A pavtJcii- I once, in cutting an old Man for the Stone, ex-
kr Cafe. traded fix Stones out of his Bladder, which weigh'd
one with another above an Ounce each j they were
fomething bigger than Pidgeon's Eggs, fmooth, and
poliih'd by rubbing againfl one another like fo
many Bullets in a Bag ; and whenfoever I meet
with the firft Stone of a fmooth Surface, I am in full
Expectation of more fuch like Companions, though
the Number cannot, by any Trial, be afcertain'd,
'till we have extradlcd all we can lay hold of, and
founded the Bladder very diligently afterwards.
Horfes not Horfes are not much troubled with the Gravel,
fofubjecttoby reafon their Liquor is moft fim.ple : But, Man,
the Gravel j ^^ ^^^^y {.^j ^^y jj.^ ^]^q Ihould be the moft rea-

inl why ionable Part of the Creation, is moft unreafonable in
" ' ^' his

I iM P R O V E D. 255

his Longings after very different Meats and Drinks,
tho' they are fo prejudicial to his Health and Well-
being. And there can be no other Reafon given
why Man fhould be afHided with fo many out-of-
the-way Diforders unknown to Brutes, but his rio-
tous and luxurious Living ; for, rather than deny
himfelf of hio Bottle, and the Solace of his Bon-
Companions, he will run the Hazard of his Health,
and fill his Stomach with Crudities, and his Reins
with Tartar, proper Fuel for moll Fevers, as well
as for the two Coufni- Germans the Gravel and
Gout in particular. But, leaft I write a Treatife
upon the Difeafes of Mankind, inllead of one upon
Horfes, I muft return to the Text.

I have faid in general, that Bleeding and moft Bleeding
Evacuations are neceflary in Cafes of Gravel-Pains, proper.
as they empty and give more Room for the Enemy
to diilodge ; therefore after Bleeding fufficiently, let
the following Clyfter be injedled very warm.

T^ake of Mallows, and Marjh-Mall(nvs, of each A Clyfter
three Handful s ; Pellitory of the Wall, t^o Hand- ^^^ the _
fuls : Boil thefe in four ^arts of Water to three ; S'^ ^.r^] ^"
then frain out the Liquor Jirongly, and add of Venice-
Turpentine three Ounces, diffolved in the Yolks of
three Eggs ; Oil of Juniper, and Oil of Turpentine^
of each half an Ounce ; Oil of Annifeed, tnjuo
Drachms. Incorporate the Oils <vjith the Turpentine^
Eggs, and three Ounces of Syr r up of Marjh-Mallonxis ;
then mix all together for a Clyjier to be given in the
ordinary Way.

The Horfe's common Drink Ihould be the Gutn-
Arahic-Water prefcribed in the Chapter upon the
Flux or Loofenefs,. and half an Ounce of fweet
Spirit of Nitre put into his Morning or Evening
Draught for three or four Days ; and if this Me-
thod with moderate Exercife will not perform a
Cure, the Cafe is very defperate, and the Horfe not
worth keeping.

I have

254 "^^^ ^^^ ^f Farriery

A Ho^fc I have known fome Horfes very fubjea to an

iliouldllop //ry^^fry or SupprajSlon of Urine, from riding hard

now and vvithout letting; them ftop now and then to Hale :

then upon p^^ ^.^^^ the^Bladder is ftretch'd beyond its natural

and wlw Tone,, the Detrufores Urin^e are diftended to fuch a

Degree as to lofe their Power of Elafticity, and the

pool- Creature is very hard fet to drive his Water

from him. Therefore it may be judged how necef-

fary it is -to fuffer a Horfe to ftop a little now and

then upon the Road, to try if he'll pifs, for Fear of

fuch Accidents.

When a SuppreiTion of Urine happens^ to a Man
or Woman, we can give immediate Relief by tak-
ing off the V/ater with an Inilrument calPd a Ca-
theter. And I have performed this Operation once
or twice a Day for a Fortnight upon the fame Per-
fon, before the Bladder has recover'd its due Tone.
The An- Three or four Times I have in my Practice ( when
thorsnew- the Sphinfter Mufcle or Neck of the Bladder has
Opt rat: on ^^^^ f^ fweiiM that it would not admit of paffmg
S-llnn'nf thc Inftri^ment, ) cut into the very Body of the Blad-
Xy^T der above the Os Pubis, and let the Urine flow out
that Way for a Month or fix Weeks, 'till fuch
Time as the Infi'mmation, &c. about the Neck of
the Bladder was quite difperfed and gene; after
which the People pifs'd as well and found as ever,
and feme of thtm are yet living, tho' it is ten Years
fmce I performed fuch Operation upon them.

I mention this Operation as it is a Method never
before pr?ajfed, nor even menfion'd in any ancient
or modern Author ; and really if the People I did it
upon had died under my Hands, I might perlmps
have been profecuted by fome malicious ill-dehgnmg
People for M;'le-Praaice ; but as they all recover'd,
I am out of Danger ; and I would not give a Far-
thing for one of our Profrifion,. who will not m
deiperate Cafes, and where nothing can be cxpraed
but Death without feme extraordinary Methods be
ufcd, move out of the common Pack Horfe Road to
fave a Man's Life : And I am fully perfwaded, that

a great

IMPROVED. 15s

a great many People die of a Suppreflion of Urine
altho' they might be cured by the atorefaid Method :
But the Generality of Mankind are fo ignorant,
that when any Man dies for want of making Water,
it is prefently concluded that the Gravel or Stone
was the Caufe ; whereas they have no Manner of
Relation to an Ifchury or Stoppage of Urine. I
could eafily account for the Reafonablenefs of my
Operation for this Diforder, and jfhow how im-
poffible it would be for the Patient to pifs under fuch
a Paralytick Indifpofition of the Bladder, as hap-
pens at fuch Times, if my Leifure would in any
Kind permit me fo to do : But if any of my Rea-
ders fhould ( though I heartily wifh they never may )
be troubled with a SuppreiTion of Urine for feveral
Days, and that, after the taking their Water away
\)y the Ufe of the Catheter, the Bladder ftill con-
tinues infenfible of the Preflure of Urine with which
it is from Time to Time filPd : I fay, when the
Q:>X^ is thus defperate, I am fure Cutting into the
Bladder above the Os Pubis mud be the only Relief,
and it is both fafe and fuccefsful ; neither is it at-
tended with Pain, no not even fo much as that of
being let Blood : For, as the Bladder is, or ought to
be, pretty full of Water when this Operation is per-
form'd, the Parts are fo upon the Stretch and be-
num'd, that there is little Feeling left. Befides this,
there is not any Lofs of Blood, no not the Quantity
of two Ounces, efpecially if the Operation is per-
form'd by a Perfon skill'd in Anatomy ; nor are the
Parts which minilter to Generation in the leall hurt
or difabled, as I have been inform'd from feveral
of my Patients who have undergone this new Ope-
ration. But to return.

- It is fcarce wonh any Body's While to keep a
Horfe v/hich is fubjeft to Diforders of the Reins and
Bladder. I fliall therefore only add a Recipe or two
for pi fling of Bleed, after I have given a Ihort Ac-
count of the Caufe ; for,.

As

a^S Tie Art 0/ F A R R I E R Y

As to the Signs, every Body's Eyes will beil in-
form them, the' they will be hard put to it to know
where the Grievance is fituate ; for there is often
bloody Urine made by too violent Exercife with-
out any Fault of the Kidneys, or Sufpicion of the
Stone, tho' the Blood which comes away in the
Urine is frequently difcharged from one or both of
them. And fometimes Blood is difcharged from the
Ureters, and fometimes from the Arteries of the
Yard. A Fall or Bruife, as well as a Straining or
hard Leap, as the Huntfmen term it, will alio oc-
caflon PiiTmg of Blood.

De Grey relates a Story *' of a good Gelding
** with which a young Gentleman was Hunting ;
** that upon coming to a great Leap, and rid off his
♦* Wind, his Rider inconfiderately forced him to
** take it, which the Gelding did, tho' with much
*' DifEculty, but withal fell and was not able to
" rife up but with the Help of Men : And upon
*« coming Home the fame Night he pifs'd Blood,
« whereof he died four Days after, maugre the
" Endeavours of three able Farriers ; and being
" open'd, they found two Veins broken near his
" Kidneys, and much black Blood."

The fame Author alfo takes Notice, that piffing
bloody Water often is occafionM by too hard
Riding, i^c.
The Cure. In bloody Urine, or piffing of Blood, the Inten-
tion is to blunt the Acrimony or Sharpnefs of the
Humours as m.uch as poffible. Thei-efjre Milk
given with Bole Armoniac is proper.

A Mixture Take t<wo ^larts of Milk ; tnvo Ounces of Jrme-
\oi- pilTing nian Bole in Po'ivdcr ; and half an Ounce of Japan..
ci Blood. Earth. Mix and give it the Horfe all at once.

Doftor Mayern tells us, " that he faw rPerfon
'* (who difcharged fuch large Quantities of Blood in
** his Urine, that he was in r Confumptive Way, )
" cured by drinking new Milk from the Cow every

** Morning

IMPROVED. 257

** Morning ; and the Way was to milk it upon a
*' Sprig of red Mint, and whilft it was yet hot,
" fweeten'd with Syrrup of Quinces and a little
*' Powder of Cinnamon ; and that he recover'd and
*' lived many Years afterwards."

Moll Authors, n)i%. ForeJiuSy Holler ius, Duretus, Sheep's
as well as Hippocrates, and Avicenna, are very libe- ^^i^l^ pre-
ral in the Praife of Sheep's Milk and Bole Jrmoniac. ^J^^*;^^ ^^
Therefore where fuch Milk can be had it may be ^j^^^
ufed inftead of Cow's Milk.

Laftly, Hog's Dung put in Milk and flrain'd is a Hog's
certain Remedy, among the Country People, for r*-ng
their Cattle which pifs Blood, or have the Moor- ^^^^^^'"^'^
ing, as they call it : But this I put down by the fcr Jnft
Way, not having any other Authority for it than Bloody
what I might hear from People who ufed to buy Water,
great Numbers of Oxen, ^c. to drive into the
South ; and as piffing of Blood is a very common
Diilem.per amongil; fuch Cattle, I bel'eve this is the
befl Remedy the Drovers have yet difcover'd.

CHAP. XXX.

Of the Colt-Etnl, and Mattering of the Yard.

TH E Colt - E^il is fuppofed to arife from
Stoned Colts having their full Liberty v/ith
Mares, before they are able to cover them ; but I
obferve mofc Farriers are fo ignorant, that they bring
under this Denomination all Difeafes of the Sheath,
tho' they only proceed from Dirt and Naftinefs
lodged there, which a little v/arm Beer and Butter
skilfully ufed will remove, and caufe the Sv/elling
to difperfe, as has been often experienced.

When a Colt's Yard is tumefied or fwell'd, from The Curs
whatever Caufe it proceeds, it ihould be fomented
with warm Flannels fqueezed out of the following
Fomentation as warm as he can well bear it ; and

if he

ijS ^he Jrt of Farriery

if he will not be eafy while it is ufmg, bind him
in fome fafe Manner.

Foment-a- Take the heaves of Mallon^js, and Mnrjh-Mai-

tion for the y^^^^ Fk-ivers of Camomile, Mclilof, and Fumitory,
Colt-Evil. ^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^ Handfuls ; Rcfemary, Origanum, or
'VJild Thyme, Southernnvood, and Flon.i-ers of Elder,
of each t^jo Handfuls ', Juniper, and Laurel-Berries
hrjiifed, of each four Ounces. Boil thefe in eight
^larts of IVater to fix. Then firain out the Liquor,
and with two Pieces of Flannel by Turns foment the
Parts r-ffcded as warm as the Horfe will bear it, for
fome Time, Morning and Evening : But before you
apply it, it may not be improper to add to it fonie
common Malt or.MololTes Spirit, about a Pint will
be fufRcient -, and every Tinie when ufed, it fnould
be kept warm over a Chaiing-Bifh of Coals, or it
will grow colder than it fhould be.

When you have done fom.enting the fwell'd Part,
the Liquor may be put upon the Herb?, ^f. to
keep for Ufe againll next Day. This Fomentation
may be ufed re a general one in all Kinds of Swel-
lings of the Flefhy Parts, only by adding more
Spirits to make it penetrate deeper.
Mattering Mattering of the Yard, as 'tis call'd, in Stoned
of the Horfes is often no ether than a Gonorrhoea Si7nplex

Yard, or in the ftriaell Senfe of the Word : For, when thefe
Sv'.'vTn Creatures are high fed, and do little, nothing is
Hoi r.s, more common than to fee them fhed their Seed by
how cured, thrulling their Yard againft their own Belly ; and if
this is the Cafe, and you v^ant a Cure, you mull
cut off his Stones, or e'lfe let him have Mares ;. for
either of thefe will do it efFeaually.

If the Skin is fretted off a tlorfe's Yard by being
over eager in covering Mares, it mull be cured
v^ith the fame Kind of Applications as Wounds in
any moift Part of the Body, and when fuch Wounds
have not been of too long Handing, the following
Omrmcnt or rather Liniment is proper, *

Take

IMPROVED. 0.S9

Take the Talks of t-wo Eggs^ avd mix <vAth them A Liniment
of Vemce Turpentine tnvo Ounces, and of Honey of or a^
Rofes one Ounce j flir all well together, and apply ^orle's
it moderately warm twice or thrice a Day with a ^^,j^^j^ ^-qj.^
fmall Bunch of Feathers tied together. And if this
be performed for feme Time, and the Yard now and
then waOi'd with warm Water to keep it clean, I
dare fay it will cure any Sore or Wound upon the
Outfide of it : But as this Part of the Body is of a
foft fpungy Nature, and is often extended and con-
tracted, it requires fome Time to heal Wounds upon
it : For, as I have often faid before, Motion hinders
Uniting in thefe Cafes, as may be found by Experi-
ence when we get a Hurt upon a Joint, or have a
Kin in the Lip, as the North-Country Phrafe is ;
for, thefe Parts being of Neceffity often obliged to
Motion, they will not give Time for the Wound to
confolidate or heal. \{ the Sore feem to put out To con-
fungous or fpungy Flefh, it (hould be Vy-aOied now '^^'"'^^ ^'^ ^^^
and then with a little Roman Vitriol Water, which ^ '^'^^r^V'.flj
mry be prepared with half an Ounce of FV/r/i?/ to a
Quart of Lime Water, and kept in a Bottle for Ufe.

Sometimes there feems to be no more than a fim^
pie Inflammation from the Horfe's being too eager
of covering Mares ; and if fo it is proper to bathe
the Yard with the following Mixture.

Take Lime-Water, one ^art ; Sugar of Lead, ^ "Water
half an Ounce : Mix and apply it Milk- warm, hy'^ ^^^.
wafhing the Part with a foft Rag or Piece of Spungey^j./
dip^J in the Liquor. when' in-

tiauitd.

As to a Korfe's being burnt by a Mare, as the
Farriers call it, I do not fay it is impoifible, altho'
I believe it is not ver)-- probable ; for they cannot
mean any Thing elfe by fuchTerm than that fuch
Horfe is clapM, or has got the Chaude-pifs or hot
Pifs.

Now there is no Manner of Doubt to be made
but that fuch Diftemper proceeds from over-heating

the

^6o Jhe Jrt 0/ Farriery

the Genital Parts of Animals by frequent Frlfllon
or rubbing upon one another, in like Manner as
you may caufe Fire even by rubbing two dry Sticks
together ; for Fire is caufed by rapid Motion, as
may be feen from feveral Experiments, befides that
of Flint and Steel. Therefore, if the Genital
Parts of Male or Female happen to be too much ex-
ercifed in the Adt of Coition or Coupling together,
they may either of them have the Skin rubb'd off
the Part, and Ulcers form' J, either on the Outfide,
or in the Urethra : Add to this, the Corruption of
the Semen or Seed of feveral Male Animals, when
they mix or Couple with one of the Females of the
fame Species ; for, this, along v/ith the Juices
which naturally ouze out of the Glands to moiften
the Vagina or Sheath of the Female, acquires in the
End fuch a corrohve Quality, that being imbibed
or fuck'd in by the Yard of the Male Animal, which
Cai.fe of n ^^^ well be compsred to a Piece of Spun ge ; I fay,
Conor- this fermented corrolive Liquor, when it enters the
rhoea. Yard either by the Pores upon the Outfide of it or

by the Urethra or Pifs-PafTage, caufes what is com-
mon] y tho' erroneoufly caii'd a Gonorrhoea. And if
this be the Cafe, as undoubtedly it is, how much
millaken muil that ingenious Man the late Dr.
Friend hzMQ. been, when he endeavours to make the
French-?ox a new Diftemper, and that the Lepra
Grcecorufn and Lepra Arahum had not any Relation
to it.

In my Opinion, the Ancients only wanted a pro-
per Name for this Dillemper ; and there can be no
Doubt, but if feveral Men ufe the A61 of Coition
with one and the fame Woman, there is great Like-
lihood, that the thin Skin or Lining of the Vagina
of the Woman may be fretted off in fome Part or
other, or at leaft the Parts of Generation will be fo
heated and inflamed, as that they will eafily fuppu-
rate or difcharge from the Glands call'd Lacuna a<
corrofive Ichor or Ferment, which when mixed with
the corrupted Seed, lodged as aforefaid in the Va-
gina

IMPROVED. 261

gina or Sheath of the Female, conflltutes fufficient
Matter to propagate the Diftemper to the next
Comer, and fo on ad infiiitum, unlefs fuch Ulcers
or running Sores be fafely and throughly deterged
or cleanfed and heal'd, otherwife they will be re-
infeded.

From what has been faid, is appears moft reafon- Female
abk that the Female was firft infefted with what we firit infec-
now call the Venereal Lues, and that the Male, Jg^^ vene-
after the Running commenced, (tho' I think not fe^i Lues.
before, ) might propagate it at Pleafure. And it is
with good Reafon judged, that tho* one Man ( as in
thofe Times when Polygamy was no Sin ) fhould
have a Number of Wives, yet fhall he be fafe and
fecure from the Venereal Difeafe, provided fuch
Wives do not contraft the Diftemper from another
Quarter. And this may be plainly feen in ftoned
Horfes, which have a Number of Mares, perhaps
fix or Seven Score in a Seafon, yet (hall they not
have any Running at the Yard which can be judged
virulent. But it is far otherwife with Dogs, i5c. Dogs often
which copulate fo promifcuoufly that they heat the clai^^'d.
Bitches, and therelDy get the Clap, which often
turns to an inveterate Mangynefs, accordingly as it
fhews itfelf in a kind of Leprcfy in Human Bodies,
when the Venereal Miafviata or infedious Matter
has once got into the Blood.

Dogs moilly lick themfelves whole, tho' their
Urine, ( for the Diftemper makes them pifs oftener
than they would do, and that is dmoft as often as
they pleafe ; ) I fay their Urine wafties the fmall
Ulcers within the Urethra, and keeps them clean,
fo that no Efchars or hard Scabs can be fcrrn'd upon
them to hinder the Difcharge of the Venereal
Venom ; for, in Fa<^, thefe Efchars or Scabs, whe-
ther by Neglcdl or bad Management, occafion the
Pox in Hum?Ji Bodies by driving back the Venereal
Taint, fo that it ibcu infeds the whole Mafs of
Blood, and deftroys the foft fpungy Bones, C5'r.
Jirjij but in Procefs of Time ruins the whole Hu-
man

The At 0/ F A R R I E R Y

man Fabrick. Yet more Stir and Noife is made
about the Danger and Cure of the Venereal Dif-
cafe, than needs be by far ; for, in Reality, there is
no more in curing it ( if not of too long Handing )
than in drawing I'eeth, or cutting out Corns, and
this with the greatefl Safety imaginable, even with-
out taking a Grain of any Medicine by the Mouth.
Yet I am told, that this Difeafe is fo terrible and
frightful to the London Apprentices, ^c. that a
great many of our Profeffion live very comfortably
from their Gains upon this one Article.

Yet I muft confefs thefe Gentlemen are at more
Pains and Trouble to find out new and frightful
Symptoms in this Diilemper, than one need be in
curing it. However, if their frightful declamatory
Way of Writing has any good EfFed upon Youth
fo as to make them lead better and mere virtuous
Lives, it would be Pity for any one to inveigh
againft them. Therefore, at prefent I muft defift
from the Subjeft, and proceed to a Defcription of
the Dropfy in Horfes.

CHAP. XXXI.

Of the Drcpfy in Horfes.

MR. Gihfon fays,, that all our Enrlifj Authors,
and fome Italians, have enumerated a
Dropfy among the Difeafes of Horfes ; but I find Mr.
Gihfon has not thought Sir William Hope's Book, a
third Edition of v/hich \\2S printed in 1717, worth
his Perufal : For this Author never mentions the
Dropfy as a Difeafe incident to Horfes, altho' he
hits a good Number of the Diilempers which afflia
this ufeful Animal. But then Sir William prefcnbes
fuch out-of-the-way Mixtures and Applications,
that to read them is enough to make one fick. So
that in the main I have not read any Author upon
the Subjea of Horfes (befides Mr. Gihjon) which is

worth

IMPROVED. 2(53

worth a Farthing ; I mean as to the Methodus frafcri-
bendi or Manner of prefcribing Medicines. I own fe-
veral of them, as the late Duke of Ne^vcajile, Sir
William Hope, znd others, have treated handfomely
with relation to the Menage, as the French call it,
of this Creature ; but then give me Leave to fay,
they were not competent Judges of the Force and
Operation of Medicine. Therefore, when we per- The an-
ufe either the Works of the Ancients or premier cknt Far-
Moderns upon the Subje6l of Farriery, we fhould do ''^^^^ ^"-^
it with a View to gain fomething from their Prac-^((^g^j^
tice and Obfervation upon the Symptoms or Tokens cenfnred,
of Diftempers ; for as to the curative Indications,
I am fare they are in a great meafure very lame
and defective.

I cannot give a better Definition of a Dropfy than
that which I was long ago taught, by my much re-
fpeded Preceptor Dr. Boerhaanje \ And tho' this
Definition feems diiefly calculated (by that grea^t
Luminary in Phyfick ) for human Bodies ; yet I am
fati^fied it will hold good with relation to Horfes,
whofe Arteries, Veins, Lymphedufts, ^c. r.re
conical as ours ; and Matter mull be indued with
like Properties, whether it be found in the Shape
of a Man or a brute Creature.

Dr. Bocrhaa've''i> Definition of an Anofarca or
Dropfy when the whole Habit of the Body is llufF'd
with pituitous or piilcgniy Humors, is as follows :
. ** As often as in the whole Habit of the fubcu- Dr. 5c?r-
*' taneous Fat the Lpnpha Hagnates, or is let o\xX.haave''sDt?i'
«' of the VefTels, it forms a Dropfy ; and the Signs ^^^^^"'J^^ »^
*' of it are, a foft, loofe Tumour of the whole Body,. ^ *'
** really 'oedematous ( or cold and watry ) in the
** Legs efpecially, a Defire of Drinking, the Urine
V thin, white, i^c.

As the Dropfy of the whole Body is by the
Greeks ililed Leucophleg',7w.tia, and becaufe it proceeds
from a Kind of Lsmpli or V/ater,- it may not be
thought improper for ni}' prefent Purpofe to give
the Header a general Notion of what we mean by

thofe

264 ^^^ ^^^ 0/ Farriery

thofe Veffels of the Body, which we call Ijw-
phatics.
Lymphatic Thefe are flender, pellucid or traniparent Tubes,
Veflels, whofe Cavities are contra£led at fmall and unequal
v^hat. Diftances, by two oppofite femilunar Valves, which

permit a thin and tranfparent Liquor to pafs thro*
them towards the Heart, but which Ihut like Flood-
gates upon its returning.

They arife in all Parts of the Body, but after
what Manner needs no great Difpute ; for without
Doubt all the Liquors in the Body ( excepting the
Chyle hefore defcribed) are feparated from the
Blood, in the fine capillary or Hair-like Veffels, by
a different Pipe from the common Channel m
which the Reft of the Blood moves : But whether
this Dua or Pipe be long or Ihort, vifible or invi-
fible, it is ftill a Gland, while it fuffers fome Part
of the Blood to pafs thro' it, and denies a Paffage
to other Parts of that Fluid. Now, the Glands,
which feparate the Lympha mull be of the fmalleft
Kind, being invifible thro' the fineft Microfcope
that has yet been contrived ; but their excretory
Duds or difcharging Orifices, the lymphatic
Veffels, unite with one another, and grow larger as
they approach the Heart ; yet they do not open in-
to one common Channel as the Veins do ; _ for
fometimes we find two or three, nay fometimes
more Lymphatics, running by one another, which
only communicate by fhort intermediate Du£ls, and
which unite, and prefently divide again.

In their Progrefs they always touch at one or two
conglobate or veficular Glands, into which they
difcharge themfelves of their Lympha or watry Hu-
mour ; which Liquor, if chymically examined,
will be found to contain a great deal of volatile but
no fixed Salt, fome Phlegm, fome Sulphur, and a
little Earth.

The Ufe of the Lymph m?y be gathered from

the Confideration of the Parts into which it dif-

charres itfelf, which are the Receptasulum Chyli in

^ the

IMPROVED. ids

the Abdomen or lower Belly, and the DuSIus Thora-
cicuSf yugular, and Suhclanjian Vehts^ which {hews
very plainly, that its Ufe is to dilute and make per-
fed the Chyle before it mixes with the Blood.

Now the whole Lymph, which is feparated from
the Blood, being requifite for this Ufe, it is plain,
that there could be no Glands in the Abdomen or
lower Belly appropriated for the Separation of the
whole Lymph, but what mull have had a very great
Share of the Blood, which pafles through the Aorta.
or large Artery ariling out of the Heart, in order to
feparate fo great a Quantity of this watry Liquor.
But the Liver and Kidneys requiring likewife a
great Quantity of Blood, and which for many Reafons
cduld not be avoided, provident Nature chofe to
feparate the Lymph from the Blood which goes to
all Parts of the Body, rather than appoint particular
Glands for fuch Ufe in the Abdamen or lower
Belly, which might have been more at hand, but
would have robb'd the other Parts, to wit, the
Liver, Kidneys, i^c. of a large Quantity of Blood,
and alfo occafion'd a very unequal Dillribution of
1 it. Now to return to the Dropfy, moftly proceed-
ing from this Lymph when extravafated or out of
the VclTels.

As the Dropfy proceeds from a kind of Weak- The Cure.
nefs in the Blood, the curative Indications are only
two, 'viz. a Difcharge of the Water, and Reco-
very of the Strength of the Blood. And to this
End it is of the greatell Confequence, both in hu-
man and brute Creatures, to know whether the
Sick of the Dropfy be eafily or with Difficulty
purged ; for, as I have often mentioned before, and
I think hereafter cannot too often inculcate, the
Idiofy7icrafy or particular Temperament and Difpofi-
tion of Bodies muft firft be learnt, otiierwife the

Prefcriber will make but blunderino; Work on't. ^, „

^ The lie!-

^ake of black Hellebore freJJj gathered, tzvo Poufids; f^^jj j'^^j. ^\■^Q
nfjajh^ hruifey and boil it in fix ^arts of Spring or Dropfy.
N Ki^sr-

a65

Refinons
Purges
good m th:
I)ropry in
Men, but
■not in
Hories.

7'le Jrt 0/ F A R R I E R Y

Ri'ver-Water to four parts', then ft rain out the li-
quor y and put Pvoo ^arts of n.vhite Wiyie upon the ^
remaining Hellebore, and let it infufe ^:arm in a ^
Pitcher or the like for forty eight Hours, often fhak-
ing the Liquor about ; then fir ain out the Wine, and
■mix both the Water and it together, 'which may lie
kept in a ^tone-Bottle for Ufe. Give the Horie a
Pint Morn and Even Milk-warm while it lafls.

Strong Cathartics, or purging Medicines which
work quick, are to be preferred to thole which
work milder and flower, and thefe are to be re-
peated as often as the Strength of the Horfe will
permit.

In human Bodies, where the alimentary Tube or
Pipe from the Stomach to the Fundament is not
^ fo long by feveral Yards as in Hories, nor the
Pojaure fo inconvenient, refmcus Purges are moll
efFeaual; fuch as Gam.boge, Elaterium or the in-
fpiffated Juice of wild Cucumber, and the like, by
reafcn they pov/er fully irritate the Glands of the
Guts, and make them fqueeze out their Contents,
infcmuch that the Patient fhall have feveral Stools
moftly Water, tho' he drink very little Gruel du-
ring the Operation of thefe Kinds of Purges ; and
therefore in' human Bodies they are very ferviceable
to drain off the fuperfluous Lymph : But I fear fuch
Things are not fafe for Horfes, for Reafons already
riTign'd under the Chapter upon general Purging,
i3c. Therefore, if the Legs of your Horie pit upon
the Imprefilon of the Fingers, I mean, if they do fo
pretty high up towards the Hough behind, or
Knee before, in fuch Cafe his Blood may be judged
too v.eak, that is, its Mome?itufn or Stroke againft
the Extremity of the Vcliels, for want of Spirits,
iffc. is not fo ftrong as it ought. And therefore,
upon its perpendicular PrefTure the Parts are apt to
tumefy and 'f^vell, more efpecially in the lower
Limbs of humm, aixl below the Houghs and

Kneco of brute Creatures.

^\'hen

IMPROVED. 257

When the Waters are lodged in the Abdomen or The Tyra-
between the inner Rim of the Belly and Guts, thenp-^-'y*
the Dillemper is called a Tympany y becaufe the^''^^^-
Belly in fuch Cafes founds like a Drum.

It is «lfo termed Afcites by the Latins ; and Cel- Afcitea,
fusy the famous Phyfician in the Time of Tiberius
the third Roman Emperor, tells us, the only Diffe-
rence between a Tympanites and Afcites is, that the
jiyjl confiils more of Humours and lefs Spirits, the
latter of more Spirits and fewer Humours ; which
Diilin^lion is pretty nice and worth Obfervance,
tho' I don't remember any other Author to have
made fo accurate a Remark ; for if it be really as
Ce/fus informs us, it is very likely that the Afcites
or Dropfy of the Abdomen, which confifls of more
Spirits and lef^ watry Humours, may be better cured
by proper Medicines, than by the Operation of
Tapping, by reafon the fick Creature would better
undergo the Lofs of a watry than fpirituous Liquor.

It is not always to be fuppofed, that a Horfe has F-ver/
got the Dropfy, when he feems to have a Kind ^^\yi2^iJ'^. '^
cold Sw^elling upon his Legs, that takes an Impref- ^^^ ^^
fion from the Finger ; no, this often happens for Dropfy,
want of due Exercife, Drefiing, i^c. becaufe, as
the Limbs are the moll depending Part of the Body,
the Blood moves in them with Difficulty, that is,
it prefTes hardell againft the Sides, i^^c. of the .
Veffels by the Force of its perpendicular Altitude ;
for, all Fluids prefs according to their perpejzdicular A\\ Fluids
Altitude, and not according to their ^antity. There- pr-f^ -^<^-
fore, I fay, in the Limbs, notvvithilanding Nature '^JJj 7 ^^'^^"^
has very wonderfally contrived what we czVl Valves, '^^^J'^.y.^^^l^^
in order to take off or eafe the Sides of the VelTels Altitudci
from the perpendicular Prefiure of the Blood ; yet
fuch Prclfure muft be greater there thaji in thofe
Veffels which lie more horizontal. And this Piece
of Mechanifm may be plainly obferved by any one
of the meaneil Capacity, who will be at the leafi:
Trouble imaginable to think r For, in thofe Tubes
into which Mercury or ^ickflvcr is put ia order to
N z lho\\^

268 ^^^ ^^^ 0/ F A R R I E R Y

{how the leffer Variations of the Air, ^iz. the ]>ia-
gonal ones, the Quickfilver will rife and fall ( u 1 •
may fo fay ) feveral Incheb more than in the com-
The Rea- mon perpendicular Sort. And the nearer the Line
fon why ftruck from the Perpendicular, approaches to a right
Peoples Angle, by fo much the more will the Mercury
Leg^i>fwell ^^^ ^j,g ^l^fticl^ Force of the Air. And for the
Say 'and i'ame Reafon thofe People who happen to have fweh d
fat/in the Legs in an Evening, find them moftly fallen in a
Mgtit. Morning, unlefs the Force of the Heart be very

weak indeed. ^ i. tv/t

An Afcitfcs There are very different Opimons about the Man-
or Dropfy, ner how a Dropfy of the Belly is produced, borne
the Man- i^^^[^q it proceeds from the Liver which is cover'd
Wd"" by t thin Membrane, and that when this Mem-
brane happens to be feparated by a waterilh Hu-
mour iffuing out of the Capillary Lymphatics,
Pu/Iules or little Bladders are form'd, which contain
a clear waterifh Lymph ; and if thefe break, the
Water falls into the Cavity of the Belly, and caufes
the fame to fwell like a Drum. Others, and par-
ticularly our Countryman Dr. 7f ////V, think the
Dropfy of the Belly proceeds from a Rupture of the
Lacleal or Milky Veffels fpread about in the Me-
fePtry or Net of Animals. But I am rather in-
clined to believe, that as there are a Number of Lym-
phatic Veffels which pour out a watry Liquor upon
the Chyle as it paffes along the middle Coat of the
Mefentery or Net, the Lymphatics are broke, ^ and
ouze out Water into the Cavity ot the My , mfo-
much that the Guts fwim in it as m a P^^l ^'^ll «*
Water. But what tbofe Paffages are by which the
Waters are difcharged out of the Cavity of the M-
domen or lower Belly into the Inteflines, &c. is yet
very uncertain : Bat it appears by Experience, that
an Infufion of C; -..;.. Uetallorv.m, or what is called
Vimm Benediaum, powerfully forces off watry
Humours from the Outfide of the Guts in an
Afdtes both upwards and downwards, which, as it the
Obilacles were removed, it runs plentifully off by

biool.

IMPROVED. i69

Stool. And the fp.mous Sydenham obferves, that the
inner Bark of Elder, three Handfbls boil'd in Milk
and Water of each a Quart to the Confumption of
three Pints, is as eifeftual as any Thing for the
Cure of an Afcites or Dropfy of the Belly, if the
Patient takes half a Pint in the Evening and the Reft
in the Morning ; but then this dtl-gent Ohfer<ver,
agreeable to Capt. Burdon in his Gentlernmi s Pocket-
Farrier, orders fuch Decoftion oi Elder Bark to be
repeated 'till the Patient ib well ; fo I muft own the
Captain had a good Precedent for his ExpreiTion .

And here I mull not omit the Mention of Dr.
Sydenham's, Honefty and Candour, where fpeaking
of a Dropfy of the Belly which he had cured, he
has Words to the EiTdft following.

** And I, v.ith the juvenile Confidence of an un- Dr. Syden-
** experienced Man, verily believed tihati had got a/'-'^'s im-
" Medicine that would cure any manner of Dropfy ; '.^^'^ ^:^'^
** but I found my Miftake within a few Weeks : rj^'raUon.'
*' For^ fjDon after I was cail'd to another WoBi:?n
" that had the fame Difeafe, which came upon a
** long Quartan Ague : I gave the fame Medicine,
** and repeated it often, increafmg the Dofe gra-
** dually ; but having vainly endeavour'd to eva-
** cuate the Waters, the Purge not v,orkin$;, the
** Tumour of the Belly increased, and the fick Per-
" fon difmifs'd me, and, as I remember, reco'ver''d
** by the Ajjijiance of another Bhyfician, ijoho pre-
*' fcrihed more effectual Remedies ^

Now what can be more ingenuous and fmcere
than this ConfeiTion of Dr. Sydenham, who was
certainly a Man allow'd by the ableft Judges very
capable of the Praftice of Phyfick : But fo far from The Folly
following this glorious Example are many of your of trailing
prefent Theoretical Gentlemen, who, juft difpatch'd ^° J^^
from Colleges brim-full of Diploma and Ignorance, if^"i^„g*=
foift their Nonfenfe and Abfurdities upon the Pub- Phyficiaas.
lick, yet never own their Errors, but impudently
and pofitively infill upon the Juilnefs of their juve-
nile and (hallow Prognoflicks in the Cure of Dif-
N 3 eafes.

!170 ^he Jrt of Farriery

eafes, infoir.uch that an old experienced Praflitionar
has but a poor Chance of b-ing heard, unlefs the
Audience hnppen to be bette-r Judges than are com-
monly met with on fuch Occafions. But to return.^
Three I am fully perfwaded that a Dropfy in general is

Ways of a produced by any Canfe, which may, Firji, fo con-
Pg^}'[^.^ 'Urain the Serous or watry Liquor as to make it flag-
dxiced. nate or flop in the Veffels ; or. Secondly, break the
VefTtls, fo as to let fuch Liquor out amongft the
Membranes of the Body; or, Thirdl;, fo obllruft
the Veffels that bring it back from the Cavity of
the Ahdome-n that fuch Liquor cannot exhale,_ nor
be abforbM again. And thefe Caufes are various ;
fometimes acute Difeafes, fuch as Fevers and the
like; Schirrlious Tumours or hard knotty SwelHngs
of any remarkable Bovvd, fuch as the Liver, Spleen,
l3\. all extravrgant Difcharges whatever, efpecially
great Loflcs of Blood.

I flirJl now fet down a Prefcription or two for the
Dropfy in Horfes, : and jufl mention a particular
Cafe ; after which I ihall proceed to an Account of
what is meant by a Horfe's being Hide-bound.

The Cnre Tirjl, if the Dropfical Humour be contimed with-
otan^/itf- in the Bounds of Circulation, tho' indeed there do
{area. j^ot ,^VPn(- Arguments to prove, that the Waters ccn-

tain'd in the Abdomen or lower Belly of Dropfical
Perfcns aie fo ; I fay if thefe Humours are lodged
all over, or, as we exprefs it, in the Habit of thQ
Body, it is termM an Anafarca, and may eafily be
cured ( provided the Vijcera be found ) with Purg-
ing, and corroborating or flrengthening Medicines.
And frfl of all give the Horfe this Purge.

A Purge ^ake Aloes, one Ounce j Gamboge, 07ie Drachm ;

lor the Sap-on in Ponder, tivo Drachms; Clo^'es, and

rroply. ]sf^f„jegs, each one Drachm j Oil of Annifeed, ftxty
Drops ; S-^rrup of Buckthorn, as 7nuch as is fufficient
to make h into a Ball; ivhich 7nay be given in the
vfual JVay. Only when a Horfe is fubjeft to Drop-
'^ -^ ■ fical

IMPROVED. 1171

fica] Humours, he fliould not be allow'd much Wa-
ter while his Phyfick works, and then it will fetch
ofF more Water.

This Kind of Purge may be prepared at once, If
the Perfon who wants it keeps the Cordial Ball ; for
it is only working or beating up the Aloes and
Gamboge when in Powder, into two Ounces of that
Ball ; and a little Syrrup of Buckthorn^ if the fame
be too hnrd, will make it of a proper Confidence.

The Gamboge fhould be powder'd in a Mortar Gamboge
that is firft rubb'd with a little fine Oil, otherwife^^ould be
its Parts will not be fuiHciently divided ; and if it j'^^')| ^^^"
be not, it will caufe intolerable griping Pains, by y,hy.
llickina amon^il the Folds of the Guts.

I have faid, that rejhous Purges are not conve-
nient nor i5rnper for Horfes, but that juft now fet
dov/n is fufticiently qualified v.ith warm Ingredients
which will forward its Operation with Safety.
Therefore, when I fpoke of the Danger of refmous
Purges, I would be underftood that fuch Things are
fo, unlefs duly qualified by other warm Ingredients.
. Secondly^ Corroborating or ftrengthening Medi-
cines are indicated, which brace the Fibres of the
Stomach, as well as thofe of the whole Body. And
for this End I advife the following Infufion to be given
every Morning a Pint for a Fortnight, letting the
Horfe be kept without Food for two Hours after it.

Take Gentian Root, and Zedoary, of each t-ojo An Inriifion
Ounces', Cajnomile Flo~ojers, and 'Tops of Centaury ^'^ ^'^^^^^^'
the lejfer, of each tnjjo Handfuls ; Bark of Feru '^^''^^- [^^re^nethen
Pionly called J e flit'' s Bark grofslyponjuder'^d, t--vJo Oun- ;he Sco-
ces ; Turmeric k, three Ounces ; Filings of Iron, halfvi\.\Lh,
a Pound i Annis or Caraivay Seed, four Ounces.
Mix thefe together, and infufe them in three Gallons
of Ale for a Week, fhakitig the Veffel no^tv and then
to dra<w out the Virtues of the Ingredients,

N 4 Give

I'll ^he Art 0/ Farriery

Give the Horfe a Pint of this Infufion at a Time
Morn and Even^ and in a little Time the Crafis or
due Mixture and Quality of the Blood will be re-
Itored, and the Horfe again to his Appetite, &c.
A particu- The Cafe 1 prcpofed to mention was this. A
lar Cafe of very worthy Gentleman of my Acquaintance, who
^ ^^d b''^ loves a good Horfe and Hunting, had one of his
Accident, ^"^^^^^"s under the Farrier's Care for fome Diforder
or other, wliich I do not now particularly remem-
ber, but the Fellow was doing fomething about his
Belly, or Infide of his Thigh, with a Knife, which
either flipp'd, or upon llarting ran into the Belly
of the Hcrfe, upon which there iffued out a consi-
derable Quantity of Water, and the Orifice or Hole
keeping open for fome Time, I was inform'd there
might be at leail fix or feven Gallons of Water dif-
charged in the Whole, before the Wound clofed
up : But what is moll: remarkable, the Horfe was
not before this Accident fuppofed any Way inclin-
able to a Dropfy, nor did he in the leafl Ihew any
Symptoms that Water might be lodged between the
Guts and inner Rim of his Belly ; for he did his
Bufmefs as well as could be expected at his Age,
which was pretty confiderable : But his hinder Legs,
which were moil commonly fwelPd or fubjedl to
Gourdlnefs, as the Dealers term it, fell to their pro-
per Size and Dimenfion. And my Friend told me,
that the Gelding was fo well after this lucky Acci-
dent as he call'd it, that he hoped he might ferve
him to ride a Hunting for fome Seafons.
Horfes Now where the Waters are contain'd in the Belly,

mv.che.ifierj believe Horfes may be cured by Tapping much
crired by ^^f^j. ^^^ Mzn, by reafon that the Situation a
than^Men. Horfe is in, favours the Difcharge of the watry Hu-
mours thro' the Orifice made by the Inftrument.
And I could Inftance many Cafes where the Ope-
ration has fucceeded fo far both on Men and Wo-
men, that the Belly, after taking out fixteen,
eighteen, nay fometimes twenty Gallons of Water
at diiFerent Times, has kept down to its natural

Size,

IMPROVED. a73

Size, and the Parties recovered to a Miracle. But
the Reafon why this Operation does not much
oftener fucceed to the Patient's Satisfadlion, is Want
of Judgment in the Phylician or Surgeon employ'd ;
For if thefe underilood their Bufmefs, they muft Tapping
know the different Kinds of tumefied Bellies, and^^a ^
eafily judge by the Date of the Diflemper, the ^^°^ ^^^
Sound of the Belly, and the Fluctuation of the it does not
Waters, together with the Afpeft of the Patient, oftener
and Knowledge of his or her Manner of living ; 1 fucceed,
fay, if thefe be confidered by a skilful Perfon of the
ProfefTion, a pretty fure Prognoflick may be form'd,
whether any thing or nothing can be done for the
Benefit of the Sick, more than prolonging Life for a
few uneafy Days and Weeks.

Lailly, when the Dropfy call'd Afcites happens
to attack a hard Drinker of Spirituous Liquors, I
muft tell him for his Comfort, he cannot be long an
Inhabitant of this World, but that his inward Parts
are or fcon will be fo vitiated, and as it were par-
boil'd, that they admit of no Human AfTiftance.
Therefore he muft fall, as the merry Drinking
Catch expreiTes it, in ( or rather by ) Ocloher.

There are various and innumerable Prefcriptions
fet down by Authors for the Cure of Dropfies,
which are compounded according to the Opinion and
Skill of the Prefcriber. One of Hvppccrates's Apho-^^^^"^^'*'*-'
rifms is plainly againft Tapping Men for a Dropfy, tap!;-^g'"^^
tho' I fanCy this divine old Man had been fome ]^ien for a
Time or other frighted into the Opinion, by obferv- Dropfy
ing that Wounds in Hydropic Bodies were with
Difnculty cured ; as may be gathered from the latter
Part of tiie fame Aphorifm. Yet, as I juft now faid,
the prefent Practice feems to warrant the Operation.

I muft not omit one Thing for the Benefit of my Dr. Botv
Readers who happen to be afnifted with this ftub-'^^^^'^e's Opi
born Diftemper. It is the Opinion and Do6lrine'^5'^°^"ths-
of the truly worthy Dr. Boerkaa-ve, communicated H^^^ma '"'^
to me fome Years ago from his own Mouth, ^i^. Bodies.

that Hydropic People ought flridly and reli-
N 5 *' gicufly

274

I' he At of Farriery

'< gioufly to abftain from Drinking, and ufe a Diet
" of Bif]?:et-Bread and Raifins, with a little Salt,
" and a moderate Quantity of Oily or rich Wines.'*
Indeed, thofe f ck of the Dropfy are generally fo
thirfty, that it is impofiible for them to deny them-
felves of drinking Quantities of one Kind of Liquor
cr other ; fo that, in the Main, they Ihould fub-
mit themfelves to Coiifinement under a trufty
Gunrd, who will keep up to the Direftions of a
kn'^wi^i? Phyfician, and by that Means they may
have fome Chance, by putting a Force upon Na-
ture, and obliging the Gbnds in the Mefentery
( which bv Abftinence from Liquor are almoft as
dry as Spunges before dipp'd ) to imbibe or fuck up
the extravafated Lymph, and convey it into the cir-
culating Channels once again, and then there is no
greit Fear but Medicines will have the wi(l\M-for

EiFca.

There are not wanting feveral Inftances to con-
firm the aforcfaid Dodrine of Profeffor Boerhaanje's ;
particularly a virtuous and good Lady in Ireland,
whofe Name for Decency I forbear mentioning,
cured herfelf ( as I may fay ) by abftaining wholly
from Liquor of any Kind for a confiderable Time,
during which Ihe eat Biflcet and Raifms. And in
my Opinion, there is no Fear of dying for vvant pf
Liquid, feeing the Body in fuch Cafe is moift
enough, and rather than the Vitals will fuccumb
or fmk under the Diftemper, they will fupply them-
felves with what is fufficient from the Waters lodged
in the Abdomen or lower Belly : But People are now-
a-days fo over-fond of gratifying their fenfual Ap-
petite, that a Phyfician might as well ftay at Home,
and perhaps do the Patient more Good than by
prefer! ing Medicines which are fure to be taken
irregularly, and with no due Decorum or proper
Government.

CHAP.

IMPROVED. St7i

CHAP. XXXII.

Of Hide - hound Ilorfes.

AH O R S E is faid to be Hide-hound when his The Sigr.s.
Skin flicks fo hard to his Ribs, &c. that you
cannot with your Hand feparate or loofen the one
from the other, but with great Difficulty.

Several old Authors upon Farriery have omitted
the Mention of this Infirmity in Horfes, for this
Reafon, as I fuppofe, that when a Horfe happens to
be Hide-hound, and clung up in his Belly, they pre-
fently pronounced him Chefi-founder d or Body^
founder'' d : And ( as I have obl'eived before upon the
Judgment of thefe learned Gentlemen) they were
often m.iftaken even in what they call the Chef or
Body-founder : And not only the old Farriers, but
likewife the prefent, frequently judge a Horfe foun-
der'd in his Body, when in Reality the Ailment
lies in the Hoof However, the Terms CheffouJi-
der. Body-founder, and Hoof founder, are very non-
feniical Terms indeed, as they do not convey to
the Reader any jufi or true Idea of the Dillemper.
But to return to v/hat we may properly call a
Hide -bound Horfe.

Befides the Skin cleaving to his Bones, his Body Furthej
is lean, his Belly gaunt, \ as 'tis called, ) and the Signii.
Ridge or Back-Bones frand up, his Guts are for the
jDioll Part very deficient of Moifture, his Dung dry,
hard, and balled, rendering an offenfive Smell
more than common.

I cannot fay but that Horfes fall into this Dif- The Caufc,
temper mofliy from bad Keeping, or Riding, and
ufnig them above their Keep, if I may be allowed
fuch Jockey Term ; and fuch Diforder happens to
them generally upon, or while they are ar, Hay ;
which, if not of a good Kind and well fhaked from
Duft, very much conduces to render the Blood of
this Animal fpiridefs, poor, and vifcidi in which
N 6 State

a76 ^f^ At of ¥ A K Ki^vi^

State I apprehend him to be when he is Hide-bound.
And when the Hay is bad, and the Owner fo
like his Horfe that he is Hide-bound too, ftinting
him of his proper and neceffary Allowance of Oats,
Hitk-lw.^.na &c. For, when the Soul and Silver of the Owner
Mailers are fo nearly related, that he can ride his Horfe
i^iii^e Y^^Yd, and keep him low at the fame Time, 'tis

Bor!es ^'"^^^^ the Diftemper is communicated, and that the
Horfe becomes Hide-bound and poor-fpirited like
his Mailer. However, the Cure of the firft may
be performed by changing the Failure ; but 'tis
much to be feared the Latter will continue Hide-
bound, let him be removed into whatfoever Region
or Climate.

There is one very good Obfervation in Mr. Gib-
fin's Farriery, relating to the Management of Dea-
lers in Horfes, as they are call'd.

This Author, after having in a proper Manner
told the Reader how a lean Horfe is to be managed,
and that when fuch Horfe happens to be fatned too
fuddenly, he becomes jadiih, broken-winded, Lame,
or lofe's his Eye-fight ; he then proceeds thus ;
«* For while the main Study of thofe Perfons ( mean-
*' ing the Deakrs in Horfes ) is only to make them
" fat r.ud plump, they foften all their Food, that
** it may digeil foon, and turn the fooner to Bloody
*< and allow them no manner of Exercife ; being
" fenfxble that any fuch Method would foon turn
** to their own Detriment."

Now, what Mr. Gih/on means by fw Manner of
Exercife, muil be conilru'd, that he allows them
not Exercife fulhcient or proper to put them in a
Condition for a Gentleman's riding.
>loft- Peo- Indeed, I mull cbnfefs this is often the Cafe ;
pie ii-e and pn^y, where's the Cheat any more than m
jocktys in other Adions of our Lives ? Do not all the World
their ^'^y-ftrive to ihew their Goods, l^c, to the bell Ad-
vantage ? Are not we all in Mafquerade, from the
meereil Cobler, who trims up and policies his
Work,, even to the highcil Statefman, who in Imi-

tationf

IMPROVED. 177

tation of the Cobler is obliged to fmooth and Co-
lour over his Ends, that his ill-concerted Politick*
may relifh the better ? Therefore, I infill upon it,
that all or mofl: People are Jockies, according to
the beft of their Judgments, and Abilities : And that
there is no more Reafon for applying the Name par-
ticularly to Dealers in Horfes, than to Dealers in
any other Merchandize or Traffick.

If a Horfe become Hide-hound, by hard Ufage The Cnre*
and ill Keeping, it is not properly a Difeafe, be-
caufe it may be removed without the Help of Medi-
cine, to wit, by good Keeping, ifc. Tho' I own,
that Morbus is attended with an unufual Circulation
of the Blood, or the circular Motion of the Blood
augmented or diminilhed, either throughout the
whole Body, or in fome Part of it.

If this Diforder be the Eifeft of a Fever, or of

fome other Difeafe, if that be cured njjhich is the

Canfe, the Effect nvill ceafe. But, if the Horfe

Jiave no Fever upon him, and that he is Hide-bound

from Lownefs of Blood and Spirits ; the Remedies

prescribed for the Cure of the 7'ellonvs can hardly be

amifs. Therefore I muft refer the Reader to that

Chapter ; only reminding him, that, during the

Time he is fattening a Horfe from Leannefs, the

Food and Exercife ought to be in Proportion to his

Strength, efpecially, if he defign him for his own

Ufe. But if, according to the Way of the World,

he would pack off his Goods as foon as may be, and

with as fair an Outfide as poffible, or in other

Words, if he would jockey' his Neighbour, he need

only order a little Blood to be taken from a lean

Horfe, turn him to Grafs, and let him fill his

Veflels, ^c. with crude indigefted Particles, fit only

to puff up his Flefh, and make him faleable. And

if fuch a Hoife be defign'd to fatten up in Winter, it

will require a much longer Time than in Summer.

However, 'tis beft dene with boil'd Barley or the

like, provided the Horfe do not purge too much

by fuch flippery Food : But you mull expeft he

will

ij78. ^^^ ^^t of Farriery

will dung foft like a Cow ; and indeed if you de-
fign him for your own Service, it is bell to raife his
Flefh with boil'd Barley, and other Kinds of foft
Food, White- water, and the like. But again, you
mull have Patience with fuch Horfe after his FleHi
is raifed, to harden it with good Oats, Beans, Ex-
ercife, i^c. For whatfoever, either vegetable or a-
nimal Bodies, is of quick or hally Accretion or
Growth, fuch Body will abide leall Hardlhip, that
is, it will be fooner confumed or walled. So that
in the Main, nothing comes up to Length of Time and
good Meat for making a Horfe perform his fourney
firongly. And I dare fay many a Horfe is, by the
ignorant and unthinking Part of Mankind, deem'd
a Jade upon a Journey, when his Wea.knefs is ow-
ing to Mifmanagements of the Owner or Keeper,
whofe Inconfideratenefs makes them expedl Impof-
fibilities. Proceed v/e now to the Farcin, fome-
times lliled Farcy in Horfes.

I

CHAP, xxxni.

Of the Farcin in Horfes.

Do not know any Dillemper to which Horfes are
fubjeft, which is more loathfome or more filthy
than the Farcin.

The Signs. The Farcin is a Kind of creeping Ulcer, begin-
ning with hard Knots and Puftules, which fpread
fometimes ever the v/hole Body of the Florfe, like
the Branches of a Vine or Ivy-Tree. I Ihall not
trouble the Reader with a Defcription of the Wet
Farcy, the Dry, the inward Farcy, the flying Foi"-
cy, the corded Farcy, the yellovv', or black Farcy,
l^c. becaufe they are all Degrees of one and the
f: ime Difeafe.

The Caiifc. The Caufe lies in the Blood ?nd Humours : For,
as the firft is in tlii Dillempei of too fxov/ a Motion,
efpecially in the capillary Arteries, the Glands and

fccretory

IMPROVED. 27P

fecretory Du<Sk will be fluff 'd with a Kind of flimy
Matter, and thereby render'd unfit to perform their
proper OfRce of feparating each particular Humour,
as is required by the Animal Machine.

It is abfurd to jmagine the Farcin can be produced RuftySpnr*
from Wounds of Spur-rowels, i^c. as fome Authors ^o "''=^[•3
fondly fuggell ; but fuch Writers when they mention caail°\he
the Farcin to proceed from rufty Spur-rowels, furely Farcin,
did not underftand, that to be hurt or cut with a rufty
Inftrum.ent is rot more dangerous than to be cut
with a fine polilVd one ; or that the Ruil of Iron
is an excellent Medicine given inwardly, even in the
Difeafe call'd the Farcin : For as 'tis now univerfally
allow'd by the thinking Part of our Frofefiion, that
Medicines operate mechanically ; therefore if any of
the Particles of Iron, or in other Words, if any of
the Ruft get into the Blood by the Wounds in the
Horfe's Sides, it muft rather aflift in the Cure of the
Diftemper, than otherwife, by opening the Obftruc-
tions in the fmall Capillary or Hair-like Veffels,
and caufing it to move more briskly and freely.
Therefore, if any of the ancient Farriers have ob-
ferved the Farcin to fucceed fore or wdunded Sides
from rufty Spurs ; I imagine, firft, either that fuch
Horfes are over exercifed and heated, and afterwards
cool too haftily ; or, fecondly, that their Food has
not been proportionably good as their Exercife, &'c.
have been violent. For^ he nvho rides ivith riifly
Spurs, generally rides a foor lean Horfe, ivhich is
^very unfit to answer any Kind of Spur, without mov-
ing beyond what he is well able to perform.

It is faid, the Farcin is contagious or catching, The Farcin
which I be]ie\^e may be true, if the Matter difcharged^^^^^S^o^s.
from the Sores happen frequently to fall, or^be
rubb'd upon another Horfe. Neither can the Efflw
tvia, which Horfes in this Diftemper perfpire, be
without Danger, in Cafe fuch Horfes ftand conftant -
ly near others ; for it may no doubt be communica-
ted as the Itch in human Bodies, if efpecially the
Horfes lie together.

^ That

fiSo the Jrt 0/ Farriery

Farcin That Kind of Farcin which begins in the Head

Y/hich be-^ ^^^ upper Parts is moft eafily cured, unlefs it has
Head^moft Z'^^ amongft the Kernels of the Jaws, and towards
eafily ^^^ Ear-Roots ; in which Cafe the Glanders are

cvired. threatned.

Farcin I^ t^^s Diftemper be not fpeedily cured, the

caules Horfe in procefs of Time becomes fubjeft to many-

broken other Difeafes, as the Telloivs, Broken-njoind, Con-
Wind, &c. ^^^p^i^^^ ^^_ ^hich fliU renders the Cure of the

Farcin more difficult and hazardous.
The Far- When the Farcin begins in the moft depending
Gin begin- Parts of a Horfe's Body, it is difficult to remove it,
ning in ihe fo as to make the Cure lafting ; by Reafon it is often
Limbs dii- attended with the Greafe. I fhall now proceed to
ficukto ,■, o
(.^^j.e_ the Cure.

The Cure. '^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Farcin confifts in removing the
Lentor, or flow, languid, and fluggifh Difpofition
of the Blood, whidi I fuppofe is much diverted of
its Spirits, and therefore more liable to be obftrufted
in the extreme Parts, or fmall Blood- VefTels in the
Skin and flefhy Pannicle.

Firft, Regard mull be had to the Horfe's Strength ;
for if he is lean and weak. Purging is forbidden ;
yet it is necefTary to begin with a Courfe of Medi-
cines of that Kind, provided the Horfe is well able
to ftand out their Operations. Therefore I fay, this
muft be in the Owner's or Farrier's own Breaft.
Monfieur Solleyfell, the famous French Author, will not
Solieyfetl agree to Purging, unlefs the Horfe be coftive or
againll bound up in his Body, and even in that Cafe he does
Pj^rginS^for • J. ^^ Clyllers. But there is no doubt but Purging
t e ^^ ^"'jyip^icines are proper to clear the firft Pallages, and
lay a good Foundation for the follovv'ing Medicines.
However, I mull not omit informing the Reader,
that many poor Horfes are ruined, and their Conili-
tutions {hatter'd and broken to Pieces very often, by
being over purged, according to the ignorant Di-
rections of their ill-judging Owners, orelfeofthe
Farrier?, who have no other Notion of the F::rcin,
than that it is a Difeafe in which the Blood is full

of

IMPROVED. aSi

of Corruption, and that the Purges they prefcribe
have an elective or fpecific Property of carrying
away fuch corrupted Matter with the Dung ; and
therefore they continue Purging the Horfe 'till the
very mucous Subftance of his Guts is wafted.

I ihall not undertake in this Place to fnew that
there is no fuch Thing as Eledive Purgation, other-
wife than as I have mention'd before under fuch ge-
neral Head.

If the Horfe troubled v. ith the Farcin be full of 3jgg^^|.,g
Flefh, let him be iirll bled fufRciently, then purged and Pi.rg-
with the common J/oes Purge, before prefciibed for ^rig wh^n
theDropfy, Chap. XXXI. and let this be repeated P'^P^'^'
with a due Regimen for two or three Times at pro-
per Intervals, which cannot be lefs than a Week : Horfts
For altho' a Man may be purged every other or lliould not
third Day, for fom'e Time without Danger, yet I l-^e F^-^gcd
am fatisfied, if you purge a Horfe oftner than once ^^'^g ^
a Week, you run great Hazards of killing him, or Week,
deftroying his Conflitution.

A lean Horfe in the Farcin does not require Bleed- what Me-
ing or Purging, but rather a Courfe of Sudorifck iicines
or Sweating, and alterative Medicines. Therefore, pf'^P'-'i' for
whether the Horfe troubled with this Dillemper be ^^J^J? j^
fat or lean, the following is a proper Ball to be con- ^he Farcin,
tinued for the Space of three Weeks or a Month.

Take Native Cinnabar, four Ounces j Gujn Guia- A Ball for
cum, one Ounce 'j Zedoary Root, and Galangal, ^iheFarcia.
€ach half an Ounce ; Diaphoretic Antimotiy, one
Ounce ; Venice Treacle, three Ounces ; mix thefe up
ixith a Found of the Cordial Ball. If it be too
hard, it may be foften'd with a little Syrrup of Saf-
fron or the like, giving Allowance for the Weather.
For the Ball will fooner grow hard and brittle in
Summer than Winter.

The Horfe Ihould have the Bignefs of a Pidgeon's
Egg of the Ball, twice a Day before his Water,
and be duly exercifed according to his Strength . For

nothing

2S% The Jrt of Farriery

nothing removes Vifcidity and Clammynefs of tlie
Blood, or helps to remove the Obftru<^ions of the
Veflels, ^V. more than Exercife, which puts the
whole VafcLilar Syftem in Motion, (if I may be al-
lowed the Expreffion, ) an Animal Body being as
much a Compofition of Blood-Veffels as any Thing
elfe, feeing, fo far as we can trace Nature through
that admirable Piece of Machinery by the Help of
Microfcopes, we may obferve Blood-Veffels. And
in the very Cuticula or Scarf-skin of Human Bodies,
I have been many Tim.es pleafed to fee their Rami-
fications or Branchings out ,• but the Injeclion with
which this was performed, I have not been yet able
to learn, altho' well acquainted with the Gentleman
who performed the fame at the Royal Garden in
Paris, where I heard the late Monfieur Du Verneyy
vA\o writ that excellent Treatife de Audit u, bid fifty
Louis Wor^s for a Difcovery of it, upon feeing the
Blood- VeiTels in the Brain inje<5ted to the higheft
Perfeclion imaginable. Yet I had great Reafon to
believe the fame m-ollly compounded of Oil of Tur-
pentine, tinftured with the Rad. Anchufce or Alca-
net-Root. But to proceed.
The Liirgs If aHorfe be opened that has died of the Farcin,
^'^^"^^^/^ his Lungs are frequently ulcerated, and his Liver
i_n^the tar- ^.|^^|j^ putrefed, and alfo full of Ulcers, which no
doubt is caufed by tiie hot and corrupt Blood : Yet
as I faid before, this is not wholly to be cured by
purging Medicines.

The moft promifmg Sign of the Diflemper or ra-
ther its Malignity being overcom.e, is when the
Cords or Knots grow loofe and moveable ; for then
the fame may be cured with a moderate Expence, if
due Exercife be given at the fame Time.

If the Farcin fhews itfelf in Ulcers like unto a
Hen's Fundament, cauterize or burn them well,
and apply the following Unguent with a Bunch of
Feathers.

IMPROVED, 283

Take common Turpentine y and Bees-tvaXy of eachO'mtmQnr:
half a Pound', Frejh^ Butter clarified, one Pound y^^^^
French Verdigreafe in fine Poivder, one Ounce and
half'. Honey, four Ounces : Mix and keep ftirring
'till almcil cold, or the Verdigreafe will fall to the
lower Part of the Ointment, and make it much
more abfterfive or fliarp than it fhould be. Some-
times inllead of the \''erdigreafe I have known ufed
•fome Soot fcraped off the Bottoms of Brafs-Pans,
which when finely powder'd and ftirr'd in well
makes a ihining black Ointment ; and I believe an
efFe^lual one in deterging and healing mofl Wounds :
For Soot, as I jull now mentioned, muft be full of
igneous and fery Particles, and therefore good to
apply to V/ounds, which for tlie moll Part are de-
ficient of a due natural Heat, by Reafon of the Dif-
charge and Expence of Spirits that Way.

- I cannot fay I ever knew a Mercurial Ointment
ufed for the Farcin, yet I am fure it would be very
effeftual and fafe, feeing 'tis often ufed for the Scab
in this Animal. Therefore I fhall mention one of
that Sort, which may be rubbed all over the Horfe
in the hot Sun, if in Summer ; but, if in cold
Weather, it i"hould be heated by a Fire of Straw or
the like made all round the Hoife, after which he
may be covered warm with an old Rug or the like
for a 'iow Days, till the Particles of Quickfdver be
got into his Blood.

Take Flanders Oil of Bays, one Pound and half; Oin'-mcnt
Oil of Turpentifie, tnxo Ounces ; Crude Mercury or for the
^ickfilver, four Ounces : Mix the ^ickfilnjer and f'^'^cin.
Oil of Turpentine well together, then add the Oil of
Bays, which ftiould be rubbed in for half an Hour,
or the Particles of Mercury will not be fulficiently
divided.

Rub the Horfe all over with this Ointment in
Marnier *iforefaid once a Week for three Turns, if

the

i84

"fhs Art of Fa R R I E R Y

An Oint
nienc ior

Yaws.

the Diftemper be obltinately fixed. After which,
let him have two or three Purges at due Intervals.
The Negro -Slaves in the Caribbee Ides are fubje^:
nienc lor ^^ ^ Diftemper called the TanAjs, which, according
r^'?aUcr't^ the Defcription I have had of it, refembles the
Farcin in Horfes ; I mean that Sort where the Ul-
cers turn out the Lips like a Hen's Fundiment. And
I have been told from good Hr?nds, that nothing
comes up to Venice Turpentine, four Ounces ; ^ick-
filuer, fix Drachms ; mixed for an Ointment to ^-
noint the Sores or Ulcer? j and there is a very good
Reafon why this Application along with proper In-
ternals (hould work a Cure.

In the Cure of the Farcin of any Klind, moll
Prepnrations from Antimony take Place, and a
Conrfe of Crude Antimony itfelf, or the Mineral
JEthiops, for fome Time, is very proper. The fol-
lowing Preparation is, I think, as efFedual as any
to eradicate this flubborn Diilemper.

A Powder
for the
Farcin.

The Au-
thor advi-
fcs to buy
Chymical
Medicines
from the
Apotheca-
nss Hall.

Tah Butter of Antimony^ and Bexoar Mineral,
of each an Ounce ; mix and make a Pcn^jder'y which
may be beat up with half a Pound of the Cordial
Ball while the Ball is moift or foft enough to take
it up.

Give the Horfe the Bignefs of a Wallnut, or three
Quarters ef an Ounce, of this Ball every Day for
two or three Weeks, letting him fall two or thiee
Hours after it, and have moderate walking Exercife.
Its Operation is by Sweat and Urine, and in Human
Bodies the Mineral Bezoar will fometimes vomit,
but it is a very fafe and efFedlual Alterative in Horfes
if continued for fome Time, otherwife little Good
can accrue from its Ufe. But I advife every one,
who value their Horfe's Health, to buy fuch Things
from the Apothecaries-Hall in London, where they
may be fure to have it genuine : But the Chy mills
are the greateft Jockies of all others ; for thefe and
fuch like Artificers, who keep Medicinc-Ware-

houfes.

IMPROVED. aSi

ho\i{es, frequently fophifticate it with half or two
thirds of Flowers of Sa/ Armoniack.

Moft Preparations from Antimony are of Ufe in Antihefti-
the Farcin, as I faid before, particuhrly the Anti- c«m Poterii
he8kum Poterii may be given from two Drachms v^'l^!' :J? ^
to half an Ounce every other Day. The Dofe may
be made up with a little of the Cordial Ball as Oc-
cafion requires ,- but of all Things the Owner mufl
have Patience, feeing, in thefe obftinate Cafes, the
very Crafis of the Blood mull be alter'd from a cor-
rupt and morbid to a healthful and balfamic State.

Laftly, I Ihall fet down a Method of Cure, which

have been told from good Hands hath often fuc-
cceded i particularly my old Friend the Farrier, whom
I took Occafion to mention before, told me he had
often cured the Farcin by fuch Means, when all
others he was able to try had failed. Before I fet
it down I mufl confefs to the Reader, that I cannot
give any right Reafon why fuch Pra6lice fhould re-
move the Diilemper, unlefs it be brought about
from the new Turn it gives the Blood and Juices :
For as my Friend told me he could make a Horfe
exceeding fick this Way, when he could no Way
do it by other Methods or Medicines which he ufed
in the Farcin, and his Method was this, which I fup-
pofe he had borrowed from De-Grey, for I fee the
fame in his Book.

Take one Handful of the tendered Tops of Reeds, De Gr.y's
bruife them well in a Mortar, then mix about two-'^^'-'f^^^' °^
Ounces of clear render'd Hog's-lard with it, and^'^/"ji. ^
put it into the Horfe's Ears, flitching them up after-
wards, and let him fland tied up for twenty-four
Hours at leafl without Food.

Put a little Wool upon the Compofition in each
:, Ear to keep it in the better, and after tv/ent;y-four
tlours unllitch the Ears and turn him to Grafs ; or,
15 De Grey tells us, he may be wrought after it,
%• the more he^s Jiirredy o.-nd the 7nore f^^are his Diet y
i he fooner he is cured. But we muil take De-Grey s
Vleaning to be with Relation to a fielhy Horfe, which

ma/

286 ^he Aft of Fa R R I E RY

may have contraaed the Farcin from foul Feeding
and Want of Exercife ; and then indeed his Diet
fliould be fpare, and Exercife pretty Iharp : But 'tis
otherwife with Refpeft to lean Horfes which are
afRifted with this Diforder.

If the Green Ointment (/. 283 ) be not flrong
enough, but that Fungous or proud Flelh is feen to
arife about the Wounds, you may mix with every
Ounce of Ointment a Drachm of Gum Euphorbium m
fine Powder, whofe Alcaline Qualities we are affured
from good Hands, deflroy the Acids which corrode
Ulcers, and even the Bones themfelves fd as to in-
duce Rottennefs.

CHAP. XXXIV.
Of the Mange or Scab in Horfes.

1 Shall not trouble the Reader with a long or te-
dious Defcription of the Scab in Horfes, by Rea-
fon the Diilemper is fo eafily known from any
other.

The Mange or Scab in Horfes is a flunny Dif-
temper, therefore outward Applications will be
found mofl available. The French call it tlie Ele-
phanfick Malady, becaufe Elephants are much fub-
je£l to fuch Diforders.
The Si?rs It is a Kind of a formal Leprofy which often be-
' gins in the Neck, Main, or Tail, and caufes the
Horfe to bi ever rubbing or fcrubbing : The Hair
will flare, and in many Places peel off, and fall
away, and a loathfome Scurf remains after it.

The Scab is well known to be infeftious, other-
wife our Laws would not provide, that no fuch
Korfe (hould be fuffeicd to go loofe, or in a com-
mon Pafture, leaft he infeft his Brethren.
The Caifc. The Caufe of the Scab or Mange proceeds froni
the Blood's being of too thin a Texture, and full of
Semm of a fharp, pungent, or corrofive Nature. It

IMPROVED. 2S7

is often brought on from Over-heating and Cooling
too fail, from low Feeding, Sec. And I have ob-
ferved, that the Lime-burners Horfes are very fub-
j-?6l to the Scab, w^hich I think may proceed from
the Lime falling upon them, which. fo heats and
dries their Skins, that the Pores and Excretory
Dudls of the Miliary Glands are obflrudted and
drawn together in fuch Manner that the perfpirable
Matter cannot fly off, but is ftopp'd between the
Cutis and Cuticula, and there corrupts and frets the
Parts, fo that both the true and Scarf-Skin appear
Ytij Ugly and full of Wrinkles.

There are a vr.fl I > umber of NoHrums or pre- The Cure,
tended never-failing Receipts for the Scab in Horfes -,
but I ihali in a few Words Ihew what is, of all,
the moll effeftual and fafe Method to be med in
fuch Cafes.

Firji then, if the Horfe be fcabbed from Poverty,
he fhould change his Manner of Living : For, Dif-
eafes { as I have often faid ) are cured by their Con-
traries. And tho' Bleeding is not abfolutely ne-
zeflary in lean Horfes troubled with this Diftemper,
^'et I think both that and Purging are fo when
±t Horfe is full of Flefh : And in either Cafe, I
mean whether the Horfe is fat or lean, let the
following Ointment take Place.

Take Oil of Bays, ( ov evtn frejh Butter, ) ff;»?^ Mercurial
Pound i ^dckfilver, four Ounces \ Oil of Turpen-^^^^'^^^^
'ine, t'-WQ Ounces ; black Soap, four Ounces, Mix 0^35^^
he Oil of Turpentine and ^ickfilver well, then the
^lack Soap and Oil of Bays ; but mind to rub the
3:ntrnent a long Time 'till none of the Particles of
he Mercury appeir to a young Eye; for by this
t is render'd n.uch more eiFe61;uai in removing the
)Cab. Rub the Hoife all over in the Sun, or by a
Mre of Furz, cr the like. But I own the Scab is
bonell cured in tlie Soring when the San begins
0 ha\'e Power, :ind when Grafs has Juice and f ced-
ng in It J and i believe the above Quantity will be

fufhcient

a8S ^he Art 0/ F a x r i e r y

fufficient for curing two Horfes, if the fame be
rubb'd well in, or rather thro' his Hide.

The Oint- This Ointment fometimes purges a Horfe ; tho'
ment Tome- if he is any Thing like found it will not do him
times Harm, and if he is otherwife e'en let him take his

purges. Chance ; for if he fland the Scouring it may come
to be of Service to him, befides curing him of the
Mange or Scab.
Crude After fome Time, the Horfe fhould take Crude

Antimony j„ti^ony in Powder, about an Ounce at a Time
?he^Oinr till he has eat a Pound, in fcalded Bran, or mix'd
with his Corn, after it has been fprmkled with a
little Water that the Antbnony may ilick to it the
better.

There are various Forms of Medicmes, both m-
ward and Outward, fet down by Authors for the
Cure of the Scab : But the Method I have juft now
mentionM is by far the moil effedual ; and pray
where is the Good of putting down a long Tram of
Recipes for each Diflemper, when they only ferve
to embarrafs and confound the common and ordmary
Reader, who it mull be fuppofed is not able to pick
out the moll elFeaual and bell contrived Remedies,
but rather is apt to choofe that which has the greatell
Number of Ingredients in the Compofition. '

mcnt.

CHAP. XXXV.
Of Tumour Sy Impofiumes, and Wounds in general.

Tumour, TJ Y a Tufnour, Ahjcefs, or Impojiume, I would
Allcels, 1"^ be underftood to mean Swellings of any Kind,
an.l lir.pof- ^^^, ^^^ ^^^ j^ ^^^ applicable to thofe Kinds of
^yJwt.' Swellings which have not any Pus or Matter in them.

Thus any Excrefcence upon the Body wliich is pre-
ternatural may be call'd a Tuwour : Bat an Ahfcejs
or hnpoP'me is a Colleaion of ?us or Matter in any
Part of the Body, and is caufed either from an Ob-

iUuC:lion

IMPROVED. . o8p

ftruaion of die Fluids in that particular Part, which
makes them change into fuch Matter, or from a
Tranflation of it from fome other Part where it is
generated.

Whenfoever a Tumonr happens, the firft Method
to be ufed generally is to dilfolve or difperfe it, prg-
^ided the fame is not form' d by a Tranflation of Mar-
hifck Matter cafl off from the Blood, in order to ter~
minate a Fe<ver or other Di [order of that Fluid', for
m fuch Cafe to attempt a Diffoktion of the Tumour
might brmg on worfe Evils. And yet I have ob-
ferved in Human Bodies, that Abfceffes form'd from'
the Matter of a Fe^ver or other acute Diftemper are
moil obflinate of Cure, and the Wound ( upon open-
ing fuch Abfcefs) and Parts adjacent are more than
ordinarily deftitute of natural Heat.

K;y? then if you would attempt Refolution or ^he firft
Diiperfing the Swelling, all Applications of auftereinVe'nn n
or four Tnmgs, luch ^Vinegar, Verjuice, Lees ^/ofaCurc.
Uine [ efpeciaily Red Wine, ) and the like, are be-
neficial ; lo is every Thing potentially cold, or
which is actually fo : But moderate and proper Ban-
dage in my Opinion, will hinder the Growth of
any Tumour or Swelling fooner than any Application
whatfoever, for Reafons already affign'd under the
general Head of Repellents or Medicines which
drive back Tumours. Therefbre thither I refer the
Reader for his ferther S^ftisfadion in the Cure of
Swellings by difpsrfing them. Tho' this I mult
put him in Mmd of, ^iz. that when he has dif-
perfed a Swelling, he ought to purge the Horfe
once or twice, in order to cleanfe his Blood as much
as poffible of the oftending Humours which may be
driven back into it.

The ^W Intention of Cure in Tumours orThefecond
Swedings, where there is great Heat, 6f.. is by Inrenfi'nof
Suppuratives or Ripeners as they are ftiled ; and of Cvac.
this I have treated fuihciently under thofe general
Heads. However, I (bail fet down a Cataplafm or
^ Poultice

to ripen
any Tn-
mour or
Swelling.

The Au-
thor 3ufti
ties his
Theory.

^h€ Art o/Farrier Y

Poukis for ripening any Swelling where fuch
Things can be applied with Conveniency.

Take Leases of Malh-ws, and Marjh-Mallorws,
each fix Handfuls; White Lilly-Root, ha If a Pound,
Fenugreeh and Lin feeds, of each four Ounces ', pun-
fed Hog's Lard, about t^o Pounds. Mix,

The Seeds Ihould be firft briiifed and boilM in
about three Quarts of Water to two or till the Li-
quor feem a>y. Th^ Leaves and Roo muft be
foil'd well, and the Water prefs^d ftrongly out be-
t^veen two Boards ; then beat the Jelly and Hogs
Lard well up with them, and ufe it very warni and
thick fpreadf as you ^^e Occafion' till the W^
ling is fit to be open'd or otherwife difperfed away ,
for if Nature ( and no doubt fne is the beft Guide )
defign Vhat the Tumour or Swelling (hall fuppurate
or ripen, this Application ^-^f f/^./^.^f^^^ ^^^^
<?km esfr. and relaxes the parchM FthrtlU, which
were'bifore fo corded and upon the Stretch that
the Motion of the Heart was fcarce ftrong enough
fufficiently to protrude the offending Matter. And
igain, i/Nat'ure defigns a Refolution of the S^vel-
line, fuch Poultis is no ways difagreeable , tor by
^ Win- Quality it helps to eaie the Pam and
t^^Z^.%J^^^r^^y g-s Vent to the of-
fending Humours either outwards or mwai as as
Naturf fnall point out moll for the Benefit of the

^'tt may be objeaed by fome, who can fooner fpy
- a Fault tLn mend one, that herein I contradia my
own Theory of Repellents feemg I make one and
the fame Poultis ferve both as a R^P^1|^?^ ^^^^^^^^
Teener • But I beg of fuch to confidcr a little, that
Ts Poultis aas So otherwife as a RepeHej^t than as
t cools and cafes the Inflammation ; and wha ever
Application does this muft hinder a greater Flux of
Humours to the afFefted Part J^-^f^^^^^
m firiaiy fpeaking of any R^^^-"S^"Vi^uS

IMPROVED. 291

frequently flops a Loofenefs, which it performs in a
different W?.y from Lemnian Earthy Bole-Armoniac,
Drago?i's Blood, and the like. Buu as a grer.t many
Things go to all Things, it mufl not be expefted
that I fhould give a mechanical Account of the Ope-
ration of eveiy Thing I pre^xribe in this Book ;
therefore I hope no Body will condemn me before I
be farther heard, if any Perfon Ihall fee Occafion to
call me to a Vindication of my Writings.

When any Tumour or Swelling is become foft. How to
fo that the Matter miy be felt to fluctuate under the op^" Tvi-
Finger upon PrefTure, then 'tis proper the ^^^^^ s^Yenin?s
ihould be open'd the whole Length, ( if it can be
done with Safety,) and not crofs-ways, but according
to the Direftion of the Fibres. Tho' if the Swelling
be very fuperficial, I mean only Skin-deep, it may
be open'd any Way according to the convenient Si-
tuation of the Part in which it lies ; but what I
mean by opening Swellings according to the Direc-
tion of the Fibres, is, that none of the Tendons or
Leaders, as they are call'd, may be cut ; for if any
of thefe happen to be touch'd, and their Fibres di-
vided tranfverfly or a-crofs, any Perfon may judge
the Confequence from what I have before faid in
my Defcription of the Nature and Elaflicity of an
Animal Fibre.

I have fet down the Form of an Ointment,
( Pag. 283. ) which fhould be conflantly kept ready
in thofe Stables where there are many Horfes ; for
Accidents, as Wounds, Bruifes, ^c. are happening
every Day, fuch as Over-reaching when the Horfe
Itcps fo far with his Hind-Foot that he cuts his
Fore-Heel : I fay, the Ointment defcribed Page
283. in the Chapter of the Farcin , is a very conve-
nient Ointment to be kept for conllant and common
Ufa to Wounds of all Sorts. Only when they hap-
pen to be old Wounds, as Fiflula's, and the like,
it is necefTary, lirft, to deflroy all the Callofities or
hard and horny Subftance either by Knife or Fire,
and then apply the Ointment veiy warm upon
O z Kurds,

2(^2 ^he An of Farriery

Kurds, ^c. And it is for old Wounds efpecially
that I have ordered the Soot to be mix'd with it as
Occafion offers.

If fungous or proud Flefh happens to put forth,
which is very common, you may wa{h the fame
with the following Water as often as there is Ne-
cefiity for it.

A Wa'.er Take Corrofinie Suhlimate, half an Ounce ; dif-

totat folve iUin a Pint of jh'ong Lime-Water, ^hich is

awv.y proud\^^,-// ^^^^.^ ^^ ^ Tello^v Colour. Keep this in a Bottle
^^^^' with a Stopple made of ^^^j-^^^^ or Glafs.

Wounds I fhall not make any needlefs Diftinftlon between

fimple and fimple and complicated Wounds, the f rft bemg rec-
complicate. j^^Qj^.^ ^^^1^ ^ Divifion of the foft Parts without the
Conccmitancy of other Accidents, and the latter
where there is a Contufion or Bruifirg of the Flefh
r.t the fame Time the Wound is given, and fome-
times a Fradure or DlHoaition of the Bones, all
which Cicumftances only make the Wound longer,
or more difficult of Cure. Tho' if thofe Wounds
which lie deep, and v/here the Bones are hurt, be
drefs'd with Hurds dipp'd in rinaure of Myrrh or
Tivrture ofEuphcrbiiim at the Bottom, and the reft
of its Parts with the aforefaid Ointment, there is no
Danger but, in Time, they will do well

1 muft here take Notice of Mr. Gihjo^i^ Miftake,
Page 194 ^^ ^^^ Book, where, after fpeakmg of
V/oundsoftheVifcera, he fays, " Wounds pene-
" tratincT the Subi^ance of the Bram are alfo mcu-
•** rable.'^becaufeofitsSoftnef?, the Multiplicity of
^' its Veffels, and the Tendemefs of its Mem-
<* branes." ' . ■•* ,

Mr G'i.Vs Now it is univerfally agreed, that wounds upon
Muliike t^ie gj-ain of Animals are not always mortal ; tho ,
ur'nkof if I remember right, our Countryman Mr. Wtfe-
S cB dn fnan fays, that the Patient may live till the wound.d
Lobe be walled away and coniumed, bnt cannct
jfurvive afterwards; Yet I have more than once

been

IMPROVED. i^i

been call'd upon, where the very Subllance of the
Brain has been wounded, and that a good Portion of
it, together with the Dura and the Pia Mater ^ have
come away with the Dreffings, after the fraftured
Pieces of the Skull have been removed. So that
from tills it may be fcen how much the Ancients
.were millaken with relation to Wounds upon the
Brain, which are not in my Thoughts, provided
they do not happen upon the CerebtHum or back
Part of it, near fo dangerous as Wounds of the
Liver, Lungs, Stomach,- or Inteftines, fetting the
Heart afide j for that moil: noble Part, I own to be
the Primum Mobile of the whole Animal Machine :
And yet there r.re not wanting Inllances, where even
Wounds of the Heart hnve not prov'd mortal, parti-
cularly I remember the Her.rt of a Deer kept as a A Musket
Rarity at Lo^ii:er-UaU, the Seat of that honeft and^^'l in the
worthy Nobleman the Lord Vifcount LonfdaleJ^''''^'^'^?'^^
which had a MuficetBall lodged in it, that wasJJ'ove.cd
heakd over, and a callous or hard Subllance all
round it ; which convinced me plainly, that fuch
Ball had been lodged there a confiderable Time be-
fore that which might be the Death of him : And
herein we may find, that Nature will often perform
Things beyond the Reach of human Skill or
Forefight.

If a Horfe be wounded in the Stomach or Paunch,, Wnurds ja
Gut?,. Liver, i3\. I think 'tis hardly woith v/bi!e,.'hf S-o-
confidering the hazardous Event, to attempt a Cure. "^'^^^^ -'^•
Yet, if his Scull happen to be fraftur'd, there': no ' ^f;"''-^^-
Doubt but he might as fuccefsfully be trepan'd as "" ° ^""^'^
Man. And if it is fo broken and Ihatter'd th:t with
an Inftrum.ent called a Le<vatory the Farrier may
raife up and take out the Fragments, I fiy then the
Wound may be healed with the follovving Com-
pofition.

Jake Honey of Rofes, half a Pound i Spirit of KUi^tvve
i'i ine, four Ounces, Mix, for ASlonn.s

o/ihe

O 3 When^^^''^^"-

115)4 ^^^ ^^^ ^f Farriery

When the Bones or Fragments are carefully re-
mov'd, cut a Piece of fine thin Silk or Linnen
Cloth a little bigger than the Hole in the Scull,
faflen it in the Middle by paffing a little Thread
thro' ; dip this in the Mixture when warm'd, and
cover the Orifice or Hole, then fill the Wound with
Bezels cf Lint dipp'd in the fame ; after which bind
on a double Cloth, &c.
How to If the Lur.gs be wounded, the Air will penetrate

know when thro' the Sore with a Frot-.y Blood of a Vermilion
the Lungs Colour. Yet I have often known ignorant People
^or^nclecl ^^laginc WivA or Air to come Ilrongly thro' the
Wound, and that the i^ime went down at the Mouth,
and fo on even till it blew the Candle out ; whereas
it was only the very Air that paffed in at the Ori-
fice on Expiration, or Breathing out the Air in the
Lungs ; for when thefe are again expanded and
ftretched on Infpiration or drav/ing in the Breath,
the Air between them and the Diaphragm or Mid-
riff, or any where in the lower Belly, mull necef-
farily be forced out thro' the Wound. And I vvrell
remember a Surgeon to have gain'd great Reputation
for his Skill in curing a Wound caufed by a Plow-
fhare in a Boy's Side, when it was fuppofed the Air
came thro' his Lungs and blew the Candle out,
tho' at the f^me Time, neither the Lungs nor any
principal Part was touched in the leaft : But the
common Integuments being cut thro', the Air on
Exfpiration went in, and on Infpiration return d
The com- again, and put out the Candle. So you fee bow
n.cnP°?pk unfit the Common-people are to judge of Merit,
vmfit to feeing, as I fuppofe, there are few either Phyhcians
3 udge of Qj. Surgeons will care to undeceive them, when they
^'''"' cry up the Cure for a greater Matter than what it

really is : And for my part, I am very well con-
vinced from many Obfervations, that the_Praft.ee
of Phyfic, as well as Surgery, in fome of its Bran-
ches, efpecially that of Bone-fetting, is turn'd into
mere Sham and Kjiavery. And fo far they refemble
the Law in this Particular, that if the ProfeflTors

IMPROVED. 2S>J

were always to fpeak Truth, their Fees would not
be by far fo numerous. Yet I would fain hope there
are fome in all Profeflions, who will not barter their
Confciances for that vain, empty, and unmerited
Praife before fpoken of, or even for Golden Fees
which are moft tempting. But to return.

When the Stomach is wounded, there will be How to
violent Sicknefs, with fudden Lofs of Appe- ^now if the
tite ; and if any of the fmdl Guts are run thro', the ^^'^^'j^'"'^^^ o»^
Chyle ufuaily iflues out of the Wound, tho' 'tis hard ^j.^.
to know it from Matter after the Wound begins to wounded,
digcft.

If the Kidneys be wounded, the Horfe ihall flaleThe Kid-
Blood ; and if the Bladder, then the Pifs {hall i^ue J^V^^^^J^^^
forth at the Orifice of the Wound. Therefore, by ^* **
thefe and m:my other Signs too tedious to mention
may inward Wounds be known.

I fhould, before I had put down the Compoiition
of an Ointment, Iiave told the Reader, that if there is
great Hemorrhage or Lofs of Blood, the fame mull
be firil flopped by the following Hyptic Compofition.

Take any Quantity of Tilings of Iron, and four upon Kn ev.cel-

them Spirit of Salt to the Height of three or four Fin- itnt It yp-

pers above them ; let them ftand in a qentle dig-eftit'e V" ^^^'
o J Tj ^ ,1 Tc- .-71 .1 -c ^ •' . cUt, corn-

oana-tieat, or near toe r ire, till the rerfnentatioti^^^ nlv fal-

■// o'ver, and the Spirit cf Salt is become fweet ', then led Cok"

pour off" i.vhot is liquid, and enjaporate it in an Iron • ^^^d'' ^^

or Glifs Vejfel until half is confimed ', at ivhich T/»^f ^^yP"^^'

pu: r: it an equal ^antity of Sugar of Lead, that is,

the Weight of the remaining Liquor, and evaporate

to a dry Povjder : But the Operation Jhould be flopfd

upon its becoming pretty dry, or it njuill not ha<ve fo

much Virtue as it ought.

This is t\i2.t grand Styptic, for theSale of which there
was once a Patent obt?.in'd. The Difference in that
fold by Patent and this, I have not put down, being
fo immaterial that it is fcarce worth Notice. Nor
need 1 trouble the Reader with any other llyptic
O 4 Forms

rip5 ^he Art 0/ Farriery

Forms either folid or liquid ; for, if this will not
flop the Blood, the Cafe is defperate. And before \
I quit the Subjed I muft declare, that I have not
found a more powerful or efFeftual Styptick in the
whole Materia Mtdica, either outwardly apply' d or
inwardly adminiltred. The Dofe to a Horfe in-
wardly, either to Hop Bleeding or even mofi Kinds
of Fluxes, is about two Scruples or a Drachm.
Mix it with a little warm Ale or red Wine, Nut-
meg and Sugar if you pleafe, and give it Milk-
warm. : If this fail in two or three Dofe?, every
Day one, I cannot fay what will anfvver ; for, I
have known it flop the Keeding of an Artery,
which has been cut, upon unskilliilly ftriking the
Fleam into a Korfe's Neck to let him BJood ; and
this it did after moil other Remedies had been un-
fuccefsfully try'd.

There are fome Surgeons and Apothecaries, I
believe, keep this Preparation ; and really none
fliould be without fuch a Thing, by reafon 'tis often
wanted in Hafle. Therefore if you fend for it to
the Apothecaries, enquire for it by the Name of
Colehatch\ Styptic ; and if 'tis good, it will be in
little hard Lumps of a brownifli Colour j but if it
has been kept badly cork'd, it has lofl its Virtues,
and becomes moifl and foft.
Little ro There is little to be done in the Cafe of inward
tc done in V/ounds more than flopping the Efflux of Blood ;
inwa'd for Nature mufl perform the Reft of the Work.
Wminds y^^ ^Q ^^^^^^ l^^j. Surgeons as well as Farriers will-
llomTng pretend to heal fuch Sores by applying Ointments,
the Biuod. Plaiflers, &c. to the outward Orifice, when in Faft
they mJght as well, and with as much Reafon ap-
ply the flmie to the Patient's Heel as to his Side,
for a Wound either in the Lungs, Liver, Stomach,
l^'c. which lye far beyond the Power of outward
Applications. Therefore a proper cooling and bal-
famic Regimen is, no doubt, all ( after flopping the
Blood ) which either Phyfician or Surgeon can put.
in Praaice for the Benefit of the Sick.

la

IMPROVED. 25^7

In Cafes where any large Branch of an Artery is Artery
wounded, the Method is to feparate the mufcular larg^:. i^'
Flefh from about it, if it can be done with Safct)^ JJj^!;" j^'J'o
and by paffing a blunt, long, and crooked Needle ^e done.
with an Eye made in the Point, under the Artery
with double Silk waxed a little, the fame may be
tied ftrongly botli above and below the Wound or
Hole in the Blood Veflel ; and this Operation is
llyled fh Operation of an Aneurifm. But it mud
be confidered, it is much harder to be performed
upon a Horfe than a Man in feveral Parts of his
Body, for Reafons too tediows to enumerate. There-
fore, if Blood cannot be flopped by the Styptick I
have mentioned, I think 'tis in vain to attempt
farther.

A proper Quantity of it fhould be laid upon the
Part, according to the Emergency ; and be fure you
always force it down, and hold it upon the very
VefTel that fpews out the Blood, if it can be done
outwardly*; if not, it may be given inwardly, as I
have already taught : And I dare fay it will hin-
der the Horfe from bleeding to Death, if an)^ thing
in the whole Univerie will \ feeing nothirg which
has yet been difcovered in the chymical Pharmacy
comes up to Preparations from Iron or Vitriol, for
flopping large Hemorrhages or Bleedings.

I hope I need not tell the Reader, when any^^rj^at
Wound requires to be Hitched together, feeing his Wounds
own Judgment will eafily point out that to him : "^i'^y ^.^
For, Wounds in the flefhy Part?, and when they ^^^^*-^^ '^'
happen according to the Direftion of the Fibres
commonly called the Leaders^ thefe are frequently
ftitch'd ; but it is otherwife amongit! the Tendons or
Sinews, Vvhich the Needle might prick, and da
more Hurt tiian the .firft Accident.

AVhen a Tendon happens to be cut quite afUn- A Tendon
der, there is an Operation perfornvd which is ciiC, what's
called the flit chbig of a Tendon ; which is done ny^° ^^ '^""''-^
laying one End over the other about half an Inch,
and {0 pafiing the Needle and waxed Silk two or
O 5 three.

25?8 ^h^ J^^t of Fa r r I e r y

tliree times thro' them, and dreffing the Bottom cf
the Wound with fpirituous DrefTmgs, and the Lips-
with the Ointment^. 283. of this Book.

Lafily, when any freih Wound that lyes deep re-
quires to be ftitch'd, I advife, that the Farrier do
not only pafs his Needle Skin deep, but a good
Way into the mufcular Flefh, otherwife the Wound
will be left in fuch a Condition, that the congealed
Blood will become corrupt, and hinder the found
Healing of it, and often make it turn fillulous, l^c.
In Cafes of One Thing muft always be obferved, 'viz. that
Wounds, when any Creature is wounded. Keeping the wound-
^^%^u ^^^ ed Part ( as much as poffible ) free from Motion is
kept free ^^^^ ^^ Q\\xt j for I have known many a flight
ironi Mo- Wound, efpecially if amongft the Tendons or Si-
tion. news, which might have been cured in a little

Time, provided the Creature had not ftirr'd about :
But by fuch Male-pra£lice a Flux of Humors ha^
been occafion'd, and a Gangrene and Mortification
forely threatened, and fometimes brought; on. 'Tis
therefore, that I advife refting the wounded Part ;
and if the Horfe will not lye down in a wide Stall,
To make a he fhould be forced to it by tying up one of his fore
Horie lye ^zti clofe, and fallening a Cord or fmall Rope
°^ "' about the other Fetlock, and bringing the End of it

over the Horfe's Shoulders ; and by hitting him a
Kick with your Foot behind that Knee, and at the
fame time pulling his Nofe down ftrongly to the
Manger, you will bring him upon his Knees, where
you Ihould hold him till he's tired, and that cannot
be long ; but if he don't lye down foon, you fhould
get fomebody to thruft fideways againft his Quarters
to throw him over. Mind your Halter be good,
and Staple in the Manger flrong, and by forcing
him down feveral Times in this Way, you may
teach him to lye down at the fame Words you
made ufe of when you firfl cafl him, for they are
exceeding tradable Creatures,

I know

IMPROVED. aejp

I know nothing better for inward or outward
Wounds than what's commonly call'd Balfam de
Ver^jain or Vernjaitis Balfam, which made fo much
Noife in Ireland fome time ago. The Recipe I
fhall put down, as I receiv'd it from a faithful
Friend, who profefs'd it was genuine ; but whether
it be fo or no, I am fure the Compofition is ac-
cording to Art. The Balfam is this :

^ake Gum Benjamin, one Ounce ; Star ax fix Vcrvahiz
"Drachms', Perwvian Balfa^n, half an Ownce \ ,,^«f- Balfani fo«-
cotrine Aloes, fix Drachms ; fineft Myrrh, t^vo Oun-^^^^^^^ ^^
ces ; Tops of St. Johr^s Wort, tuoo Handfuls ', rec-
tified Spirits of Wine, three Bints. Cut the Herb
fmall, hruife the Gums, &C. and infufe in a <voarm
Place, for three or four Days, till the TinSiure be
made as ftrong as "'tis pojjihle for the Ingredients to
make it ; and decant it off as Occafion offers.

This Balfam or rather Tin£lure is to be fyringed.
now and then into the Wound, if the fame lye
deep; otherwife 'tis fufficient to fmear it all over
with a Feather, and cover it with Lint or Tow,
proper Bandage, &c.

There is one good Obfervation in Mr. Gihfon''^
Book, with Relation to Gun-fhot Wounds, ( ^oi-z. )
" that fuch Wounds are. not fubject to bleed much,
" by Reafon of the Bruifmg and Contufion which
" accompanies them." And this indeed is one Hap-
pinefs, feeing fo many Horfes muft be wounded in
Battle.

The firft Thing to be attempted in Gun-fhot The Man-
Wounds is to extraa the Ball, if the fame be^^^^of ^^^
lodged fo as fafely to be come- at; and in order to BaUoutofa
this, the Horfe fhould be put in the very fame Gunlhot
Pofture,. in which he was when he receiv'd it, Wound-
otherwife it will be impoiiible to extratSl it, by
Reafon of the bellying ouc of the Mufcles ; and be-
fides^ this Operation fhould be done as foon as pof-
fible, or the Ball will fail by its own. Weighty and*
0 6 by

30O ^Joe Jrt of Farriery

by the Motion of the Parts, infomuch that it can in
no wife be laid hold of. The Initrument for ex-
trading Balls, or other foreign Bodies, forth of deep
Wounds, is a hollow Pipe or long Cannula, vvhich
contains a fmall Piece of Steel, with a Kind of
fharp Screw at the End, made in the Manner of
that we raife the Scull with when deprefs'd, and
when you touch the Ball with the End of the
fmooth Cannula, you turn forward the Screw, and
fo extraft the Ball, Pieces of Rags, &c.
Gold or I. know no Kind of foreign Body that will lye in

Lead will ^he Flelh without Corruption, befides Gold and

jncrf^ft the ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^'^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ "^^">' Years. And we .
Mvifcnlar " have Inftances of Soldiers who have receiv'd Balls
iiefh many about the Neck, Shoulders, &c. and after a Num-
Years ^gj. ^f Years, thofe very Balls have fallen down as
D-naS ^°'v ^s ^^^ Loins, Hips, &c. where they have been
Two' great drawn out. So that in the Main^ thefe are two
Advan- \^xy great Advantages attending the Misfortunes of
tages at-^ glorious Adions, ( ^i%, ) that Gun-fhot Wounds are
^^^r^^f.^ne Seldom or never deadly (provided they mifs the
of Gun fhot very Vitals ) from Lofs of Blood. Nor is the Ball
Wounds, of any corroding Metal, but rather of a friendly
Nature and Difpofition ; and unlefs fome Rag or
other foreign Body be driven in by the Force of the
■ Ball, the Lead does not much incommode the heal-
ing of the Wound. Yet no doubt but it is poiTible
to make Bullets, Arrows, &c. poifonous by letting
them remain for fome Time in certain Liquors, or
Juices of Plants ;.but the Enemy who is guilty of
this can never be call'd a fair one.
Burnt wi'Ji- If a Horfe happen to be burnt or fcorched with
Gun Pow- Gun-powder, b'r. the beft Application is Spirit of
Uer; ire. y/inc and Camphire, about a Drachm of the laft
to each Ounce of the firfl ; and afterwards, _ I mean
in about half an Hour, anoint the Part with com-
mon Oi], vvhich is of as good Effcd as Oil of Ro-
fes, Oil of St. john's-wort, or Linfeed-Oil as pre-
Spirits of fcribed by Mr. Gthfon in like Cafes ; and I am fatis-
Wineand i^fied that Spirit of'Wine camphorated, is the very
Caiiii'h.re, \ bdl

IMPROVED: 301

beft Thing that can be applied to a Burn or Scald in heft Cure
Human Bodies, provided the fame be ufed immedi-^.°^^^^^^^
ately, and before the Scarf-skin be raifed into a Blif- g^^g^^l^^
ter ; for it will preferve that Skin from coming off, '

and entirely take away the Complaint. But if the
Cuticula or Scarf-skin be raifed by Serum or watry
Humour under it, it fhould reft there a proper Time,
and then be let out, the Skin taken away, and the
Blifter healed with Melilot Plaiftcr, in the common
Way ; for there is little Difference whether a Blifter
be raifed by actual or potential Fire, only the firft
h quicker and fmarter ; but one and the fame Ma-
nagement v/ill ferve for the Cure of either, when
the outward Skin is come off. And as to what the
common People fay of Fire being in, or Fire being
out of the Part, 'tis a Pack of Nonfenfe : For if
they'll only have a little Patience, and drefs with
common Melilot Plaifter, the Inflammation, which
they term Fire, will go off by a Difcharge of Serous
and other Humours from fuch fuperficial Wounds.

If the Burn be exceeding violent, fo that the The green
Horfe's Hide is much fcorched, I cannot warrant Ointmenr
that the Spirit of Wine, i^c. will be of fo great ^'^en'' ^'''^
Avail, by Reafon the very Skin is burnt as it were
to a Cinder. Therefore in fuch Cafe you muft ap-
ply the com.mon green Ointment prefcrib'd, [p. 283.)
pretty thick and warm upon Tow, . and in fome rea-
fonable Time the Efchar or thick Scab upon the
Wound will feparate. After which continue the
fame Dreffings 'till the Part affedled be well, and
then there is no doubt but 'tis cured, as I told Cap-
tain Burdon by his Turnep-Poultis.

If the Horfe be Feverifh, I mean, if he has a Bleeding,
Symptomatic Fever from the Pain and Infl?mmation Clyllers,
of the Burn, then he ftiould be bled, and have Ciyf- ^},'e?nfi?i
ters to cool him, and whaifoever he drinks fhould j^j'^j-j^j^ ^'' *
be a little warm'd.

A

C FI A P.

3oa

The Au-
thor's Ac-
count of a
Gangrene.

A Mortifi-
cation,
what.

Mortifica-
tion in old
Age dead-
ly.

the Art of Farriertt

CHAP. XXXVI.

Of a Gangreney and Mortificatkn,

MR. Gihfon defines a Gangrene to be a fudden
and violent Inflammation with intolerable
Pain, and that the fame is no other than a beginning
Mortification.

Now this Defcription of a Gangrene I take to
be very lame, for by it one would be induced to be-
lieve every fudden Inflammation a beginning Mor-
tification. Therefore I fhall offer another Account
of this direful Phasnomenon.

The Signs of a Gangrene are when the Symptoms
of Inflammation too fuddenly difappear, without
taking away the Caufe ; a dull Senfe in the Part,
Softnefs, Flaxidity, not rifing again if deprefs'd,
PuHules full of a Lymphatic or watry Liquor, fome-
times yellowifh, at other Times of a reddifh Colour,
in and about the Place inflamed. After this, comes
on a deadly Blacknefs of the Flefh, ^r .

In a perfed Mortification, which Word has its
Etymology from Mors, Death, zxi^facio, to make,
the natural Juices quite lofe their proper Motions,
fo that they fail into a fermentative one, and there-
by corrupt and defiroy the very Texture of the
Parts ; Senfe and Motion in this Cafe are entirely
taken awny ; (I mean in the Limb affefled -,) there
is a cadaverous Smell, and a deep mortiferous Cor-
ruption preying upon all the adjacent Parts, even
to the very Sones themfelves ; a Gangrene is pre-
fcntly to be remedied, but a Mortification or Spha*
celus immediately to be extirpated> or cut away by
the very Roots.

If this Diilemper happens to an- old Horfe, whe-
ther naturally or by Accident, it is almoft always
deadly ; and in Human Bodies fiom whatfoever
Caufe a Mortification proceeds, if the fame fall up-
on the A.ged, or Hydropical, Phtliyfical, or Scor-
butic Habits, it moftly carries Ui<; Patient off.

In

IMPROVED. 303

In the Cure of a Gangrene, nothing exceeds The Cure
timely and fmart Scarification, or cutting into the °^ ^ ^^^'
Part, in feveral Places, to difcharge the fermenting ^'^^"^•
Blood and Humours tending to Corruption. And
really the Ichor which flows out in fuch Cafes is of
fo corrofive a Nature, that I have been often, in
Human Bodies, furprized to fee it immediately take
away the Polifh of a fine Steel Inflrument, and
tinge the fame with a bluifn Call, which ihews the
Juices to be in ilrange Confufion and Diforder.

After Scarification it is neceffary to wafh the Sores Lime-
and all round the Part with ftrong and warm Lime- Water and
Water, with fome Sulphur Fivum in Powder mixed Sulphur

•with it ; about a Quarter of a Pound to two Quarts i^'^ ^°
of the Lime-Water will be fufficient. The follow- tificatiSJ''
ing IS hkewife of great Service in Hopping a Morti-

Take Oil of Turpentine, four Ounces ; Tin^ureA Mixtore
ef Myrrh- Aloes^ one Ounce -, mix, and wafh the Sores, f^^ ^ Mor«
after Scarification, with it very hot twice a Day. ^^Scation,
But of all outward Applications, a very good Au-
thor recommends the following Solution,

Tiike Spirit of mre (1 fuppofe he mans that A Solution
made wjith Oil of Vitriol,) or for ^^ant of that Aqua- for a
fortis, t'wo Ounces ', ^ickjiher, one Ounce. Mix. ^^^Srene.
Moiften Cloths in this Liquor, and fold them round
the Grngrened Part, and as our Author fays, the
Dead will readily feparate from the Sound ; nor is
there, fays he, any Occafion to think of any other
Medicine fcr a Gangrene, feeing there is not found
one v/hich performs the Work fooner or better.

I mufc own I never tried this Solution of Quick-
filver in the Cafe Belhjie (for he is my Author)
mentions ; but as he is a very old Man, and of long
Experience in a very extenfive Pradice, I think I
r.m not to blame to copy after him. Though I
Hiufl own tiiis Gentleman has rather carried the Jeft

too

304 ^^^ -Art of Farriery

too far, when his Veneration for Crude-Mercury or

Quickfilver led him to an Adminiftration of it in

An Obfer- almofl all Difeafes. And indeed our EngUJh Ladies

vation on vvere fo infatuated with the falutiferous Virtues of

dd^nking^^ this Mineral, that they ufed to drink it in their

Quicklil- '^^^» infomuch that they frequently, though invo-

ver. luntarily, dropt the fmall Particles of it all round

the Floor upon a Ball-night, fo that one would

really think there had been a Parcel of fmall fpark-

ling Diamonds thrown about the Room.

Gunfhot- I cannot fay but that Gunfliot- Wounds are moft

Wounds fubjedt to gangrene and mortify, by Reafon of ths

fubjeft to Contufion, at the fame Time the Wound is received.

Scadfica- Therefore pretty large Scarifications are moft cer-

tion proper, tainly proper in Gunlhot-Wounds, to promote the

natural Heat and genial Warmth of the Part.

I remember to have feen a fmall Piece published
by Mr. RuJJynvorthy a Surgeon lately dead as I re-
member at Northampton, in which Book he tells us
of the great Ufefulnefs of the Jefuits Bark in Hop-
ping Mortifications, and upon fuch Recommendation
I made Tiial of it, and chofe. the Bark as good as
I could.
Jefuit's The firll was upon a young Man who had the

Bark good Humeral Artery wounded upon unskilful Bleeding
M t'^c - ^y ^^ Apothecary's .Apprentice, fo that his lower
tksns. * -A^"^ began to mortify, and the Mortification, with-
out yielding in the leaii to the Bark, fpread up to
his Body, down his Side, and killed him. The
Boy to oblige his filly Mother would not confent to
lofe his Arm, or he might have been yet living.
Nor could the Operation for the Aneuriihi be per-
formed, by Reafon I was fatisfied it was the main.
Body of the Humeral Artery which was wounded.'
Therefore if this lihd been tied up, all the lower!
Arm mull have wanted a Supply of Rlood. But I
own I was not fati.fied from this Trial, that the
Bark was of no Service in Hopping Mortifications f
for I was not fo flupid to imagine th.it it could make-
the poor Boy a new Artery : No, I think the Bai k

IMPROVED. 30J

in this Cafe had not a fair Chance to grapple with
the Dirtemper : Therefore I made ufe of it in more
€:Ay and flight Cafe5, where the Part feemM to
threateji a Gangrene, or Mortification, from a De-
cay of Spirits, or for want of natural Heat, as I
faid before. For if an inflamed Tumour too fud-
denly grows cold, then this Drug no doubt yields
•Relief, by mechanically promoting the Firmnefs
and Elafticity of all the Animal Fibres : And there-
fore thofe Horfes which happen to be wounded in
Engagements, it may not be improper ("if they are
worth rearing) to give them a Pound of Bark by
Ounces twice a Day, mixed with Beer or the like,
and a little Venice Treacle along with it.

CHAP, xxxvn.

0/ Venomous Bites, as of the Mad Dog, kz. in
Horfes.

I Do not know any Thing more dangerous in
Englcmd than the Bite of a Mad-Dog or Viper,
but very few Misfortunes (thank God) happen from
the Latter, though there are many from the Former.
And befides, the Bite of our \^iper is nothing like
fo deadly a Bite, as thofe m hotter Countries, {<viz.}\
Italy, i^c.

Before I proceed to the Cure of the Bite of a The Signs
Mad-Dog, it may HOt be improper to give feme p-' ^^ ad nefs
Account how a Perfon may know when a Dog is ^" ^ ^°S'
really mad ; for I am fatisfied many poor Curs are
faid to be fo, after they have been abufed and
tumbled in the Dirt, when in Fa6l the People that
follow to deftroy them are the madder of the tv«'0 ;
and whomfoever fuch innocent Cur happens to bite
in his own Defence mull be deem'd forfooth bit by
a Mad-Dog, and thereupon travels Scores of Miles
with his wife Head, to apply for Relief to fome
ignorant Fellow as filly as himfelf, o»ly it is ru-

mour'd.

3o5 The Art of Farriert

mour'd he has got a Nojirum or never-failing Secret
for the Cure of thefe venomous Bites. And upon,
taking fuch Pill, Powder, Bolus, or Draught, the
deluded Traveller returns with Mens Sana in Corpore
Sana ; although 'tis ten, nay I may fay, a hundred
to one, that fuch Dog was not really mad, or that
if he were fo, the Saliva or Slaver did not get into
the Blood of the Perfon, who fancied hinifelf bit ;
and if it did not, I am fure no evil Accident would
follow upon fuch Bite. Yet fuch People fay that
if it do no Good, it can do no Harm ; true, but then
why ihould a Pack of ignorant Fellows have the
Credit of curing thefe venomous Bites with their
Ncjlrums and Nonfenfe, when the Operation of the
very Poifon itfelf, as well as the Methods by which
it is prevented from doing Harm, are truly mecha-
nical, as has been fuihciently fiiewn by Dr. Mead
in his Eflay on Poifons.
The firft The firft Symptom of Madnefs in m.oft Animals,
|Wcm oCis an unufual Trepidation or Trembling.
A true' Be- '^^^^ Diagnojiick Signs of a Dog truly mad, are
fcription of Hunger and Thirll:, yet he will not eat or drink,
a Mad Dog. except when the Difiemper is in its iirft Stage. His
Eyes are fierce and flaming ; he hangs down his
Ears, thruils out his Tongue, froths much at the
Mouth, barks at his Shadow, runs along fad and
anxious, often breathes as if tired with running,
carries his Tail bent inwards without any Difference ;
he runs again ft ail he meets with Force, and bites
running in a hafty and uncertain Courfe.

N. B. All Dogs that are well have fo much Senfe
of the Danger, that they fly away both at the Sight
and Barking of one that is mad.
Mr, Gilfoirs Mr. Gil;/on tells us, ** that the Biting of a Mad-
Account of (( j)Qg j's not fo poifonous as fuppofed, but only as
a mad Dog " '^°^^ Creatures are apt to ftrike their Jaws with
** great Force, whereby they fometimes wound and
** bruife the Sinews and nervous Parts ; but that
" the Bite of an Adder is plainly venomous and
*' deadly from many Inftances both among Men and
** Brutes.'* Now

IMPROVED. 307

Now for my Part I cannot fee what Ihould lead The An-
this Author into a Belief that the Bite of a Mad- 1^<^^ '^.j^ffers
Dog is not fo poifonous as we may imagine, feeing ^^ith^Mr°"
daily Experience evinces that it is fo, unlefs it is, QUfon.
becaufe- the Wound from the Bite of this Creature
when mad, is as eafily healed as any other Wound
can be. And really the Bite of a Mad-Dog has this
peculiar and wonderful in it, to wit, that fcmetimes
the Mifchief is not difcovered 'till the Occafion of
its Caufe is quite forgot, as the juflly celebrated Dr.
Mead obferves.

It often happens that the Poifon fliows itfelf two
or fix Months, nay fcmetimes a whole Year or
longer after the Bite ; and I have been well inform'd
from very credible People, that a Carrier between
Bernard Cajile and Kirkly Lonfdale in TVeJi more land,
went mad three Years after the Bite without any new
Aggriivation, and died howling and barking, with
all the Symptoms of this fo direful Malady upon
him. So that really we cannot tell when we are
quite fafe. However, if after forty Days the Crea- TheVenom
ture bit continues well without any of the comm.on commonly
Symptoms of Madnefs upon him, we may reafon- '"'^^^ ^"^^^"
ably conclude the greateft Part of the Danger to be J]!jy^s?^
over.

I believe, by Experience, and our own Obferva-
tion, that the Saliva or Slaver of the Dog is chiefly
vitiated, and that the Poifon is only in that, for it
is that which ufually infects Wounds. Yet we have
fonie authentic Accounts that the Mifchief may be
communicated without a Woun'd. Particularly we
fee in the Philofophical TranJaSlions an Account of^^i Ac-
two Men affeded with Madnefs from touching of count of
the Sali'va or Slaver of a Mad-Dog, without any two Men
Wound or Bite given. Though I am of Opinion ^^*^^^^
that thefe Men have had fome fore Places upon their ^^^^j.^^^ ^
Hands when they touched the Saliva, and that the Mad-Dog
fame has affedled them by penetrating into fuch fore without a
Places, otherwife it is fcarce poffible the Thing Wound,
(hould come to pafs : For if the outermoft Skin,

commonly

3o8 ne Aft (?/ F A F R I E R Y

commonly called the Scarf-shn^ be found and whole,
it is of fuch a Nature, that it will not eafily admit
any Thing to pafs through it inwardly, as may be
feen every Day in the Application of Epifpajlick or
Bliiler-Plaifters, which feldom caafe the Strangury,
unlefs fome of the Flies be put on the Melilot Piaif-
ter after the outermoft Skin is removed. And then
indeed the Ends of the Blood- VefTels, &c. are un-
guarded, and the fmall Particles of Flies enter, and
fo ftimulate the Parts, that very frequently a great
Heal of Urine and Strangury are occafion'd, which
would continue loiiger if the Party did not drink
plentifully of fmall Liquors to wafh off the Flies by
the Kidneys, ^c
TwoBnys We have liliewlfe an Account of two Boys in
^^^i^^M^ /rr/^^rt', who were in like Manner affcfted, only by
nei^, ot?Iy handling of a Wound in the Head of a Dog bit by
byhanl- another Mad- Dog : Though, as I faid before, we
ling A are not fure but thcfe Lads might have little Cuts or

\Vcnin 1 in g^j-^g ^^Q^i their Fingers, by which the Venom
Head that ^'^Z^^ enter, and fo get into the Mafs of Blood.
had been I'ime will not permit me to run Divifions upon

bit by a each of the Symptoms attending the Bite of a Mad-
Mad-Cog. '£>og, nor to tell the different Prefcriptions of emi-
nent Men upon the Subje-fl. Therefore I ih:\ll con-
tent my felf with fetting down the moll efFedual
Method yet known for the Cure.
The Cure. It is much doubted by the moH ingenious Men,
whether or no thsre is any Ciure for the Bite of a
Mad-Dog when the Venom has once taken Root,
but that the fame may be hindered from communi-
cating with the Mafs of Blood, if the Part affeded
be managed as it ought, no one lliould inake ths
leaft Scruple. And in order to this End,, let the
Wound as foon as poflible be cauteri^^ed with a hot
Iron ; and as Galen has recommended, let a Circle
be drawn with fuch Iron round the Wound pretty
deep, then wafh the Sore ^ith the following Mix-
ture.

IMPROVED. 309

Take good Mujiard-Seed in Poivder, tivo Ounces : ^^'^*-"{'<^ *^
Vhite-Wine Vinegar, one Pint: Mix and ^^CAgf^^of ^
'jarm and clofe ftopfd for an Hour or t^woy ihen j^'iad-Dog.
^rain and keep for life.

This Mixture or Infufion fhould be applied as
/arm as 'tis poffible to be borne : After which, let
he Wound be drefs'd with fome of the frefheft Egyp-
racwn Ointment you can get ; then cover it with
ledgets of "Toat*, and bind it up according to Art.
^his fhould be done twice a Day for fome Time, I
lean the Drefling with the Ointment ; for once is
nough to cauterize when fuch Thing can be done
/ith Safety. But if the Bite be amongll the Sinews
r Tendons, I am apprehenfive giving the Fire
light contrail them fo as to lame the Horfe, unlefs
he Operation was perform'd in an eafy Manner by

fmall pointed Iron, and only burning the Wound,

ithout ^ny^^ Circle round afterwards, as obferved
»efore.

All that we have to do is to break, blunt, or
heathe the pointed Spicule or little floating Daggers
vhich are contain'd in the Venom infufed into the
»Vound. And this may be done by Fire immediate-
y apply'd, as alfo by Viper s Fat, which is allow'd
he mo'ft penetrating Kind of all others ; for it is
ertain the Viper-Catchers have a Way of fmearing
)ver their Hands with the Fat of the Viper, and
hen they fear no Colours, but boldly handle them
IS foon as their little Dogs make a Set at them, in
:he Manner of Setting-Dogs, which is the Way
:hey take Vipers both here and in Italy ; for this
Pat fo flieathes and invelopes the pointed Spicule,
:hat they are not able to work their Way through
:he Fibres of the Body, they are fo entangled by it.

lo

Orrice cut into that Shape, and rubb'd over with
the following Ointment.
* ^ Take

310 T^^ -^rt of Fa R R I E RY

An Oint- Take the common green Ointment, prefcribed Pagt

ment. 283, Hvo Ounces; Cantharides or Spanijh Flies in

Powdery three Drachms, Mix.

Immerfion During thefe Things, whether the Creature that

in Salt is bitten be Man or Beaft, it is abfolutely neceffary

celTary "^' ^° in^"^erfe them in Salt- Water ; but if that cannot

conveniently be come at, any cold Spring may do,

'till you can arrive at the Sea-Water. The deeper

the Creature is plunged over Head the more efFedual

will it prove ; for it is not altogether the Coldnefs,

but the Weight of the Fluid which prelTes upon the

Body in Immerfion, that does the Bufmefs. And

it is therefore, that Salt Water in many Cafes is

more beneficial than cold Bathing, by reafon it is

much heavier. But as to the Number of Times

proper to dip in the Salt Water, I am of Opinion

Ten Times are better than Nine, though the iirll

be an even and the latter an odd Number.

The Secret A great deal of Stir has been made in the News

fome Time feveral Times, with an Account of a pretended Se-

Ne°ws"n(?^ cret for the Cure of the Bite of a Mad-Dog. And

other than ^ knew fome Gentlemen who efteem'd the Thing

Bjrci's Z)e- (before it came in the News) as a grand Or^netan

coUum ad or Counter-Poifon ; whereas the Compofition is in

^Morf,^^ Bates's Difpenfatory, under the Title o^i Decorum ad

ann a 1 i. j^^^yj^^ Canis Rabidi. However, to fave the Reader

the Trouble of looking into that Book, I fnall here

write the Thing down, that thofe v/ho judge fit

may try its EfHcacy ; and I mufl own the fame is

well enough calculated for the intended Purpofes.

A Decoc- Take Tops of Rue, fix Ounces ; Filings of Tin,
^^^^^^}' ^'^^ London Treacle, and Garlick, of each four Ounces ',
nT^ Dos ^^^^^ ^^^' f°^^ Pounds or t-ivo ^arts : Boil to the
Confumption of one Half and digeji or let it fand
fwarm a nvhi'le, then f rain it. Dofe to a Man, fix
Spoonfuls t<zvice a Day for nine Days together, and
apply the Magma (or Herbs after they are fqueezed
out of the Liquor) to the JVound,

Yoir

IMPROVED. 3it

You fee Dr. Bates was, like the Reft of the
World, infatuated with an odd Number, or elfe he
has orderM it fo to be taken in Compliance with the
old Ufe and Cuftom, which I muft own I ihall not
undertake to alter ; though I hope I am at Liberty
to ufe my Senfes and judge reafonably, let old Ufe
and Cuftom do as they pleafe.

There is one Mr. Hill of Ormeskirk in Lanca- Mr. ttV/'s
Pifircy who pretends to a rare Secret for the Cure of Secret for
<venomous Bites, particularly thofe of a mad Dog, ^ m^d^DoJ
mad Caty &c. and I am told, his Medicine is in not always'
Form of a Powder ; though I can't fay it was ever fuccefsftil.
pretended to cure any one when the Symptoms of
Madnefs had really feized them, notwithftanding I
had the Curiofity to make a ftrift Enquiry of it3
Succefs. But I was told, that the late Earl of Der-
by had moft of his Hounds bit by a Mad-Dog : And
as Knon.vsley, the prefent Seat of that Ancient and
Noble Family, is in the Neighbourhood of Ormes-
kirk, his Lordftiip thought fit to try Mr. Hill's Se-
cret. An equal Number of them took the Powder,
and as many more, equally affedled as far as could
be judged, took the Decoftion of Rue, Garlick, &c.
as aforefaid, by the Management and Direflion of
Mr. Serjeant, the then Cook at Knonv/ley, from
whom I had the Account. In fine. Five out of
Nine of Mr. Hill's died, and thofe under the Cook's
Care all recover'd. But then it may be objeded,
that Mr, Hill's Secret does not operate upon Men
and Dogs in the fame Manner ; but fuch Objeftion
would, to any Man of Senfe, look very abfurd and
ridiculous, feeing, as I have often hinted, nothing
is more fure than that the Operation of Medicine is
mechanical, and that therefore it will e61 by the
fame known Powers, let the Subjeft be Human or
Brute Creature. Dr. Lyjier has treated very learn-
edly upon thefe venomous Bites, Iffc.

Sir William Hope, Author of Tros Complete Horfe-
man or Perfe^ Farrier, ha£ here and there fet down
fomething in the curative Way worth obferving ;

but

^1% ^he Aft of Farreir'y

but in general be is very infipid and infignificant as
to this Particular : And in treating of venomous
Bites he has the following Obfervation, o'/x.

** There are certain venomous Creatures refem-
** bling Mice, which breed in rotten Straw, the
'^ Bi tings of which are fatal to Horfes and Dogs,
** and when a Cat eats them, fhe dies in a Kind of
** Confumption. If they bite a Horfe in the Pa{-
** tern or Fetlock- Joint, the Part fwells, extending
*' the Tumour to the Hough, Cods, and Funda-
*' ment ; and, without timely Afliftance, the Horfe
*' dies in forty eight Hours. If they bite the Belly
** of a Horfe, the Tumour either fifes towards the
** Throat, or extends to the Sheath, and quickly
<* kills him."

Thus far Sir William Hope, tho' I can't fay I
ever knew any Thing happen to a Horfe, whereby
one rriight fuppefe him bit by one of thefe Mice ;
nor do I find, that any of the ancient Authors men-
tion it. Yet I have had Cats, that have died fre-
quently in a Kind of lingering Way, which indeed
might l)e called Confumptive j and though young,
walled, and refufed Food to the End, without my
being able to guefs at the Dillemper. But I alway;
fuppofed they might have eaten fome Moufe or Rat
that had taken RaPs Bane, &c. and got fo much oj
that Poifon as might make tliem linger and die,
though not very haflily. But I might be millaken,
and the Cats may have eaten fome of Sir Willuun
Hope'^s Mice. Therefore take his Receipt for the
Cure of this Sort of Bite.
Sir If'i'.Vam " If the Bite be in the Leg, tye a Ribbon or
Hope's Cure <« Garter of the Breadth of an Inch above the
for the Bite,, Swellincr to Hop its Progrefs ; and beat the fwollen
mousMice ** ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ Branch of Goofeberry Bufh, 'till it
** be all over bloody : Then chafe it with a large |
^' Quantity of 0/-a.7V/<«;/." (I do not know which
he means, unlefs that in Bates's and ^dncys, Difpcn-
fatories under the Title of Elccluarin?n Or<vietanu7n)
*' or Vatice Treacle, exhibiting inwardly at the

« fame

IMPROVED. 313

fame Time an Ounce of either the Or-x-ietan or
Vemce-Treacle in Wine ; the next Day anoint
agiin and exhibit half an Ounce of the fame
Remedy. After which untie the Garter, chafe
the Leg with Spirit of Wine, few a Cloth dipt
in the fame Spirit about the Swelling, and after
that rubjhe Part with the D«/J.', Ointment to
all wage the Swelling."
I have look'd over the Ointment which he isVinersFat
pleafed to '^yl^ the Duke^ s Ointmertt, and find it excellent
compounded of Linfeed-Oil, Flowers of Sulphur ^°^ the Cure
and Hog's Lard, or HoriVs Greafe, which latter Sor't °;,3^BT,^.e^-
^iv miham fancies mull be belt; though in the '"

mam there is fcarce any Difference in the EfFeds of
the Fat of Animals, I mean Quadrupedes ,• but Vi-
per s Fat IS of all others the molt penetrating, and
wiiat no large Family fliould be without, feeing it
has moll Right to claim fomethina extraordinary in
cunng not only the Viperine Poifon infliaed by a
i5ite, but hkewife all other venomous Bites : for

't7s ''J?^^fTu ^^. ^^^P"^^ ^^ be made but the
deadly Mifchiefs following fuch Bites proceed from
the fmall and pointed SpkuU contained in the juices
or bah-va in the Mouth. And of this any one may
be convinced upon looking at the Venom of feveral
noxious Ammals with aMicrofcope, when the fame
IS iloatmg upon a C/.///« -Saucer or the like

Dr. Mead enraged a Viper, and caufed it to bite
a young Dog m the Nofe fo hard, that both the
7eeth were ilruck deep in : Hehowl'd bitterlv, and
hePart^egantofwell; but upon Application of
ff^^--ung^a or Fat of the Viper, which was ready
at Hand, he was very well the next Day : But leaft
It might be thought that the Dog's licking his Nofe
mi^ht cure him, he was bit a fecond Time in the
1 ongue, and upon forbearing the Remedy, he died
in four or five Hours after the Bite. The fame Trial
vvas n.ade with like Succefs upon other DogT Bu
or afuUand truly fatisf^dlory Account of Poifons
t muH reier the Reader to the Dodor'. EiTav on that
^ 'Subjed,

314 Tbe Jrt efFAKKiEKY i

Subjea. And I muft efteem thofe very unhappy
who have not feen that excellent Piece.

CHAP. XXXVIII.

Of fijiulds, old Wounds, hz,

Ti,^ t;;an. A ^(y?«^^ is any Kind of Pipe : But its common
iiieb.gns. j^ J^^^ .^ ^^ fignify Ulcers that lie deep, and

ouze out their Matter thro' long, narrow, winding
Paffages. In which Cafes the Bones are frequently
affeaed with Rottennefs or Blacknefs, and the ex-
treme Parts or Lips of the Wound, as well as many
Times the Infide of it, are callous, horny, and hard.
Thefe Wounds are commonly narrower at the Mouth
than at the Bottom, and fend forth thin Matter com- .
monly calPd Ichor.
The Canfe. A fijiula is often occafion'd from the ill Heahng
of a Wound ; fometimes it comes from a Crufh from
the Saddle ; and, as I have obferved, thefe trouble-
fome Ulcers are moll commonly in the Withers :
And if they pafs down between the Shoulder-Blades
and Ribs, as is often the Cafe, they are very diffi-
cult of Cure, by reafon there is no coming at the
Bottom of the V/ound.
The Cure. The firft Thing to be done, is to fearch^or probe
the Wound with a leaden Probe that will eafily bend,
or with a Piece of fmall Wax-Candle 5 and, if the
^i7im or Cavity lie in any Part that can with Safety
be open'd, it 'ihould be done the whole Length of
it by the Help of a long, fniall-poin:ed Penknife or
Bijiory, which fliould be guided along w-ith a fmall
Piece of Iron that is channeli'd on one Side, and of
a fit Length. After the Hollownefs or Cavity is
quite open, you muft feel with your Finger up and
down for callous, horny, and hard Subftances ; ^ for
the Ichorom Difchai-ge from theie old Wounds is of
fuch a corrofive Quality, that it caufesthe ^inus or
Cavity to become horny and hard in order to defend
' the

IMPROVED. 315

the Vefiels, i^c. from the farther Corrofion of it,
and in this Particular it is like a Shield of Defence.
But all this callous Subflance muft be taken away AH the
either by the Knife, aftual, or potential Cautery ; callous
tho' I take the firft to be the quickeft and befl Me- Snbllance
thod, if it can be done ; yet in many Cafes we are ? ^^\^u^'
obliged to bum away the Callofity with the aftual forethr'
Cautery ; and even where this cannot be complyM Fiftula can
with, feme corrofive Powder or the like is made ^^ cured,
ufe of Therefore, iirll deflroy the callous or horny
Subftance to the very Bottom of the Wound -, then
apply the following Water and Unguent.

Tah a Pint of Lime-Water made 'very ftrong ; TheFifluU
€i7id put to it, of corrofive Sublimate, tnjoo Drachms ; Water.
fir the fe frequently together for fame Days ; then four
off 'what is clear, and add Spirit of Wine, four
Ounces. Mix.

With this Water the Wound may, with a Bunch
of Feathers, be waihed for a Week at the Beginning :
But its Ufe Ihould not be continued too long toge-
ther; for though 'tis a good Cleanfer of old Wounds,
yet after all the Hardnefs is eaten away (as 'tis
call'd,) proper Ointments are fufficient. Therefore
you need only now and then wafh the Sore with it
to hinder fungous or proud Fleih from generating;
this Water being a great Enemy to any fuch foft
Subllances, and, I dare fay, would cure what the To cure
Cow-Leeches term the Foul in a Cow's Foot, bytheFouiin
ufmg It as they do Oil of Vitriol, which, in my a c:ow's
Thoughts, is not near fo fafe. ^^^'

I hope it will be remember'd, that I direfted the
Opening of Wounds according to the Direftion of
the animal Fibres, efpecially where there i-^. not a
good deal of mufcular Flefh : But where this is in
Plenty, it cannot do much Harm if the Sinus or
Cavity be open'd a little crofs-wife ; for the fmaller
Kmd of Fibres will unite well enough to perform
the mioxi of the Mufcles ; but no fuch Thing can
P 2 "be

Olg 7loe At 0/ F A R R I E R Y

be done where the Cavity runs amongft the Tendons
or extreme Parts of the Mufcles, unlefs the fame
lie only Skin-deep, and then indeed it may be laid
open as the Operator finds it moft needful.

When all is done which I have direfted, let the
Wound be drefsM once or twice a Day (according
to the Quantity of Matter it difcharges) with the
following Unguent.

^. , .,„, rah common Tar, t^'o Pounds -common rurpen-
forT tine, half a Pound, Honey, fix Ounces ; 1 elks of

mula. Eggs, Number ten : Melt the far, "rurpentrne and
Honey together, and nvhen they han^e flood till they
are only Milk-nvarm, flir in an Ounce of the bcji
French Verdigreafe in fine Po-xvder, and fiir it Jo
long that it cannot fink do-ivn to the Bpttom.

If you would have it a little more ftiff or of a
thicker Confluence, you may add half a Pint ot
Wheat-Flour; but, in my Thoughts tis b:tter to
•be thin ; and then with a few Feathers tied together
the whole Wound may be anointed with the Oint-
ment very warm, as often as there is Occafion.
And lafily, cover with Tow ^nd Pledgets.
A Cafe of I remember to have had a good old Horfe which ,
a L'iihila in I much valued for his pall Services : He had a large
^l^^Wi- and hard Tumour or Swelling "F" Jj^^^^^^^^f '>
^^\ which is the Joining of the Shoulder-Blades before

'"^'■^' the Saddle. It continued for fome Months, with-

out tending in the leaft to fuppurate, but remain d
fix'd and hard, and at laft grew /o big, and con-
traded the large Back-Sinew of his Neck fo much
that he could fcarcely rtoop ^o cat Grafs I then
npply'd to a Farrier, who had had a deal of Fxpe-
rience, to know what he thought of the Matter ;
tho' I did not dehgn religiouily to purfue his Me-
thod unlefs I jadged it reafonable. Upon li^nd^mg
the Tumour, he told me, m a very honeil Wa) ,
th't I had better knock the Horfe oW H^.l, and
difpatch him at once, -rather than be at Expenc.

IMPROVED. 31:

and Trouble with him to no Manner of Purpofe ;
fo that he thought him abfolutely incurable, the
Tumour was fo large and of fuch a hard and horny
Nature : And farther he faid, he had Reaion to be-
lieve the fame a Fiftula, which penetrated deep be-
tween the Shoulder-Blades and Ribs.

This Sentence I thought a very harfh one pafs'd
on my old Servant, by one of the better Sort of
Pradlifers in his Way. However, I told him, if
he would operate with his Knife, I would direct it ;
feeing he thought the Horfe fit for nothing but try-
ing Experiments upon. This he very readily con-
fented to, for it was my old Friend the Farrier
(whom I have often mentioned) that Vv'rought for
me, and I for him, fo that We Dcdlors never took
any Fees from one another, as the facetious and
lucky PrognofJcator Dr. Radc/ijfc merrily exprefs'd
himfelf to an Operator of this Kind. In (hort, we
caft tlie poor Creature, and after fecuring his Feet,
^c*. I made the Farrier cut a Hat's Crown full of
horny and hard Flefh from about the Withers ; in-
fcmiuch that my Friend cried out to ilop, or we
fhould cut the Fix-Fax of the Neck (as he calPd it)
whiclr is the large and ilrong Tendon that fupporls
the Head. This I thought a good Obfervation of
the Fellow, who had (as every one fhould) ia his
Mind the Parts concern'd in the Operation : B.it I
bid him proceed, for that we w'ere yet fafe enougli
from what he apprehended. When he had cut as
much of the callous Subllance away as 1 judged riC-
ceffary, I ordered him to fearch the Wound for a
Cavity or hollow Part, which he ufually did by ni
kind of crooked Horn like the Antler or Branch of
a Stag, whereby he difcovered a Fiiiula which feem'd
to run along tov/ards the Shoulder-Biades, though I
was in Hopes it was not very deep for Reafons too
tedious to enumerate. This done, the next Thing
to be conf-der'd was the found Healing of theWound,
and at as eafy an Expence as might be, lefl the Cure
fhould be worfe than the Difeafe i for he was then
P 4 a Korfe

3l8 ^he An o/Fa RRIERY

of fmall Value, and if kept at Hay, l^c. would
^oon have eat his Head off, as the common Saying
is. I therefore ordered him to Grafs, ( for it was in
Sbring Time,) and that in fuch a Paflure where he
{hould have fcmething to bite at ; othervvife the
Healing 0. the Wound would be hindered by his
continual Stooping and Labouring for his Living.
The Wound was drefsM twice a Day with the Oint-
ment as above, only a little Soot was added to it to
make it more detergent, and alfo more offenfive to
the Flies, l^c. After the Ointment, we coverM
the Shoulders with Tow, and a Piece of thin Sack-
ins; over all faften'd behind his Shoulders under his
Cheft and before liis Breaft ; and in this Manner he
was cured in a reafonab'e l^ime, doing much good
Service afterwards.

I kept my Friend the Farrier for fome Time m
Icrnorance and Sufpenfe about the Ointment, but
rSher than 1 would lofe his Cuftom, tho' he gave
me no Fees, I told him how to prepare it, which
was as before direfted.
AVi^erfiv-e I hope 1 need not enter into a Difpute, whether
f.d clean- unauous or e^ly, or cleanfing and^.bfterfive Apph-
ling Appii- cations are moft proper for the ^ure of Fiftulous
cations pre- uj^^^ old Wounds, ^c. feeing I have fufficiently
S:u"or:^ewn in my Notes upon Captain ^^-^y^^^^K
^S Farrier, that the latter are much preferable, and

the former to be reieaed, as fuch Things breed proud
Fefh, esfr. Neither is Syringing any kmd ot Li-
quors, or pafling a Rope or Hair Rowel thro the
hhvs or Cavity, in order to drain off the Humours,
TheUfeofof any Avail in thefe Cafes; ^d there are very
?^nts'p r' few Inftances wherein the Ufe of Tents are not pr -
ricious\ judicial ; for any or all of thefe much oftener create
Knife and \^^ ^ure a Fiftula. Therefore the moft ready and
Fire better. ^^^^^^ Utl\vo^ is the Knife and Fire, both which
agree better with the Nature of a Horfe's Flelli than
Injeaions, Rowels, or Tents.
Giving the That giving the Fire is of the greateft Service m
Fire, of many Cafes, both in Human and Bxute Creatures

IMPROVED. 3t9

no cne need difpute ; being we often find that the great Ser-
Sciatica or Hip-Gout, and long fettled Pains and T^^i^^ -
Lamenefs in the Joints, ^<r. of the latter are often ^^^ ^^^
removed by it, when given to the Purpofe ; or in brute Crea"
other Words, when the pain'd Parts are cauterized tares,
as deep as their Situation will allow, and according
to the Urgency of Symptoms, both which mull
guide the Hand of the Operator.

I could recount many obllinate Pains and Aches
in the Joints, iffc. of Human Bodies, which have
been removed and often quite cured by the Ufe of
the aftual Cautery. And I once knew an empirical
Fellow that travelPd the Country, making it his
Bufincfs to remove fuch Complaints, v/hich he moil-
ly did by applying Cauflics to fo great a Degree,
that I found he put on Ten at a Time to cure a cer-
tain Landlady at Otiey in Torkjhire of an obllinate
Sciatica and Rhcumatifm, which he did rffe^lually i
for when I faw her llie had been three Years well
and free from her Pains, and faid fhe hoped to con-
tinue fo, tho* her liTues from the Cauftics were all
dried up.

The Arahiars v/ere very fenfible of the great Ufe-
fuJnefs of the aftual Cautery in many Cafes, parti- '
cularly Alfo.hara'vius, who as the late ingenious Dr.
Friend tells us is the fame with Alhucaftty mentions
fifty Diflempers v/here it may be of Service. And
Profper Alpijms remaHxs, that in his Time Ufdon or
Burning was the Remedy moll ufed, pjid was mcft
depended on for inveterate Pains and Aches am.cn gil
the Egyptian and Arabian Horfcmen, who, living
chiefly in Tents and Defarts, were no doubt very li-
able to vagous and wandering Pains, ^c. And
really I am furprized the aflual Cautery is not more
in Ufe at this Day, feeing there are fuch good Rea-
fons for it. But, when Phyficians and Surgeons are
fo timorous, either for the prefent Eafe of their Pa-
tients, or in Diffidence to their own Judgments, we
mull expe£l feveral Cures will be perform'd by Em-
piricks and Quacks, who venture upon rougher,
P4 yet

,20 The Jrt of Farriery

vet more effeftual Means. Witnefs Ward's Pill
and Drop^ which is a fingular Inftance of this Trath :
For the fame being Preparations from Antimony,
feveral very notible Feats are performed by them,
efpccially in diflodging Gouts and other Humours
which obilruft the Glands and fmaller PafTnges.
And tho' we well know why the Pill and Drop ef-
feftthis and that Cure, yet,'forfooth, becaufe Anti-
monial Preparations are accounted rough and harfh
in their Operation, they murt be excluded the Shops,
to oblige the prefent delicate Age, who rather
choofe wh.at they ignorantly ftyle a fafe Many than
one who prefcribes more effeif^ual Medicines, and
moves upon a more certain Bafis, and much better
Plvilofophy.

I fee no Harm in Firing or Cauterizing young
Coke, that arefiender Icgg'd, upon the back Sinews,
before they are lam'd, and abfolutely require fuch
Operation. For it was a Praaice am.ongft the
Ecxficrn Bonx:men, before the Ufe of Fire-Arms, to
do the like upon the brawny Part of the Arms of
mod of their Youth, that they might become
llronger, and fhoot their Arrows with more Force.

I need not farther enlarge upon the Manner of
giving the Fire, feeing it is fufRciently known and
praftiTed by Farriers : Therefore I muil now pro-
ceed to Ro^Mclling, &c.

CHAP. XXXIX.

Of RoiKcIling Horjes.

IO N C E thought not to have made a particular
Chapter upon RGrojc/lhsi, feeing I have in my
Notes upon Burden given^my Reafons when the
fame is ufeful, and when otherwife ; but left that
fmall Piece may not be in the Hands of every Sub-
fcriber to this Work, or if it were, it is incorred
thro' the Negligence of the Irijh Printer ; I fay, for

thefe

I M P R O V E I>. jiir

thefe Reafons, I beg to be heard a Word or two
upon the Subject.

And firfi, tho' Rowelling be the moft common
Thing amongil Farriers, yet I never met with one
could give me any iatisfaftory Account of the Ufe
or Abufe of fuch Drains. But they all in general
tell you, that a Rowel is to draw off the bad or cor-
rupt Humours from the Blood ; To that Fat or Lean,
Lame in the Hoof, or Lame in the Shoulder, Hide-
bound, or Hoof-bound, Rowelling is the Cure, ac-
cording to their Way of Reafoning.

Rowelling is an artificial Vent which is made be- Rowelling,
tween the Skin and Flefh, in order to make Revul- ^^^ ^^'^•
fion or Derivation from any Part that is weakened
or relaxM by old obftinate Obftruftions. And for
this Furpofe, it is ufeful in many of the fame In-
tentions as the adiual Cautery or Firing treated of
in the preceeding Chapter.

It is good in all Aches and Pains, cold phlegma- RowcUhig,
tick Swellings, and fometimes Lamenefs, and Infir- ^'''^^^^ P^-^".
mities of the Legs. It alfo gives Relief where there ^ ^'
is a Fullnefs and P^edundancy of Humours, and iii
DefiudUons of Rheum upon the Eyes, ^c. But it is
prejudicial to lean hide-bound Horfes, which can-
not bear any fuch Difcharge. And, as I faid in
my Notes upon Bur don, the Horfe might as well,
nay better, lofe as much Blood every Day, as he
does Matter by the Rowel : For it is certainly and
with as much Propriety/ of Language called Cruor,
as that in the Veins is called Sanguis, barring the
Colour, which makes no very efiential Difference.
And I am very much of Opinion, that feveral R^ft a^rd
Cures are wholly attributed to Rowelling, when ^'^'^^^'^^^
Relt and Patience are the principal Inftruments or pertLm
Agents that perform it. However, %? I'ult decipi, the Cure,
deiipatur. the' it is

attributed
to other

P5 CHAP.™"^^-

gaa 21?5 ^r^ c/ F A B. R i E R 1?

CHAP. XL.

Of the Lampas, Barbs, Wolves-Teeth, Splents,
Spavins, a-nd Ring-Bones.

The Signs /— |-*^ H E Lampas is by the Farriers defined a fil-
et the I ^Y^y Lump or Excrefcence in the Roof of the
Lampas. j^j^^^j^^ ^^ ^l^^t upon Opening the Horfe*s Mouth,
you may perceive that the Roof rifes more or lefs
above the Teeth.
The Cure. This Diforder ( as 'tis callM ) is common to young
Horfes, the Roof of their Mouth not being of fo
harih and dry a Nature as thofe cf old Horfes. And,
tho' 'tis faid, that the Flelh will rife fo high above
the Teeth that it will even fcare him from his^ats,
Cff r. yet I am ftill of Opinion that Nature is not
often luxuriant above Meafure in this Particular, as
the common Farriers, Blackfmiths, ^c. would
make us believe. Nor is there, in my Thoughts,
fo often need of chatting out the Lampas. The
French cure it by rubbing the luxuriant Flelh with
a hot roalled Onion lap'd in a Clout ; but for my
Part, I ca.nnot fee of what Benefit fuch Application
can be to deftroy or wafte the Lampas in a Horfe*'s
Mouth.

I have had many young Horfes, yet never any

cut for the Lampas, tho' the Roofs of their Mouths

were as fleihy as other People's Horfes ; and I never

could fee that it did any real Service to cut them

out J fo that it is plaguing and tormenting the poor

Creature to no Purpofe, and fatisfying the ignorant

Farrier, and more ignorant Mailer or Owner. Be-

fides this, it makes the Horfe bear a Mark or Teili-

mony of old Age before his Time ; an old Horfe's

Mouth being naturally harih and thin of Fleih upon

the Roof: Therefore 'tis well we have fo many

Marks, v/hich fhould all or moft of them corref-

fpond for our Sad.faaion, to fignify to us a Horfe's

Age i otherwife we might often be obliged to keep

r M P R O T E D. 5^3

thofe, which we had moll Mind to part with, by
Reafon Chapmen, <vjho meafwe others Corn by their
cvjn Bujhef, would not believe us when we faid he
had been cut for the Lampas, and fo would deem
him an aged Horfe.

Barbs are fmall Excrefcences under the Tongue, Barba,.
which may be feen by drawing it afide a little, and
are cured by Cuting them off as clofe as may be ;
but as to rubbing the Place with Salt afterwards,
tliere is not much Reafon or Occafion for it, the*
'tis commonly ufed for this and many other Ail-
ments, wherein it cannot be faid to fhare any
Thing of the Cure ; therefore I think a Spunge, or
Rag dipt in Brandy or Spirit of Wine is better,
frequently to waih the Sores withal after cutting off"
the Barbs.

A Horfe is faid to have Wolve' s-Teeth \i\itvi his Wolre^s
Teeth grow either Outwards or Inwards fo, that Teeth,
their Points prick and wound either the Tongue, or
Gums when he eats. Horfes in their Decline of
Age are moll fubjedl to this Infirmity, by Reafon
the Teeth grow long, or in other Words, they are
not fo much coverM with Flefh at the Roots, as a
young Horfe. And when the upper overpafs the
under Teeth in a great Degree, 'tis then he may
have what the Farriers call Wolve's'T'eeth,
f ^ If you would remedy this Evil, you ma^ either The Cure,
chip off the fuperfluous Parts of the Teetn with a
Chizzel and Mallet, or, which is better tho' longer
in performing, file them down firll with a rough,
then with a fmooth File, till fuch Time as you
have wafted them fufficiently. After which 'tis
diredled by Farriers to wafh the Mouth with Vinegar
and Salt ; though warm, or even cold Water is as
effe^lual in removing the fmall Pieces of Bone, and
that is all wbjch is required.

Splents, Ofslets, Spavins, and Ring-bones moflly Splent?,
owe their Formation to one and the fame Caufe, to Spavins,
wit, Bruii'es or hard Exercife, and fome have it ^^^^^^s, ;jnd
frvm their Sire or Dam j yet there is no general 2^^!^
P 6 Ruls *

3^4 ^he Art of Farriery

iheir Rule without an Exception. However, the' I totd

Caul'e. the World in my Notes upon Burdon, that Horfes

troubled with Spavins, Ring-bones, ^c. might get
found Colts, yet I would not have fuch Expreffion
conftru'd in too large a Senfe;. for as thofe Notes
were v>rit in hafte, and the Subje6l couched in as
few Words as poffible, it muft not be expefted that
every Particular is touched upon. Therefore I muft
now declare, that altho' fach Horfes may beget
A Hcrfe found Colts, yet I would not put a Mare to either
^*Tk°i'^ ^^' ^ ^^^^^ Horfe, ( efpecially if he went blind without
foiiml tho' A^^'^^'^^"^ ) or to one which had a Spax-in or Ring-
he have ^one. But as to Splents, Ofslets, &c. I do not
Splents call the Horfe unfound though troubled with them,
provided he for thefe moilly wear offby^Time.
h'art°' Every one knows that Splents are hard Excref-

Spknte. cences which grow upon the Shank-bones of Horfes,
and they are more or lefs dangerous as they are big
or little, but there are few young ones without
fome.
Ofslets. Ofslets are of the fame N?-ture with Splents, fita-

ate near the Knee on the Infide, and are faid to
grov/ out of a Gummiy Subflance abC'Ut the Knee.

Ofslets are only dillinguilhable from the Knee it-
felf by being a little lower. And thefe, as v/ell as
Ring-bones, Bone-fpavins. &c. before they become
cf too hard a Nature, may be made to yield to
Remedies.
The Cnre, The Cure of all thefe bony ExcrefcenceSj is, in
my Thoughts, fi-Ji, to beat them with a bleeding
Stick for fome Time ; then prick or wound the Part
with a fmall Bodkin made hot, and rub in feme of
the beft Oil of Origany ^ after which clap on the
following Charge.

Charge Take JEthiops Mineral, one Ounce ; cofnmon fut'-

ioT a Ring- pcntine, (ix Drachms j Burgundy Pitchy one Ounce ;
Su'cmt ^panlfh Flies in Po^cvder, tiva Drachms ; Gum Eu-

Olsi(.t* or phorbiutn, ttvo Drachms; Corrojive Sublimate in
J>paviu. Po-z\:der^ hi If a Drachm. Mi?c, Shave away the

Hair,

IMPROVED. 32i

Hair, and apply this warm and thick fpread either
upon Tow, or Leather, and bind it on for fome
Time till it ofFers to come ofF eafily, after which
heal the Wound with the Green Ointment, ( page
283. ) Scm3 give the Fire in thefe Cafes with Suc-
cefs ; but I believe the Method I have fet down has
cured more than any other, and if it fail I think
Firing will not work a Cure ; nor would it do be-
fore, if the Excrefcence be of fuch Hardnefs, as that
it will not yield to the above Application, &c.

It is worth obferving, that thefe Kinds of bony
Excrefcences muft either be nipt in the Bud, or they
will foon become of fuch Firmnefs and Solidity, that
they will not yield to one Thing or other j and that
by Rubbing and Beating them with a Stick of any
•fort of Wood, tho' fome advice Ha^le as the beft,
the hard Subftance is brought foft as Jelly, and will
therefore more eafily be difperfed or cHfToIved by
the Plaiiler, &c.

I fnall not enlarge upon the Subject of thefe bdny^cne Spa-
Excrefcences; for the fame Method, which will"^'''' -^"^
cure a Ring-bone or Ofslet, will do in Cafe of ''■^^^'
Bone-fpavins ; only in the Cure of the laft it may
be proper to keep the Back-fmew well oiled now
and then with Oil of Swallows for fear the fame
contrad too much, which it will often do when
the Fire has been given deep : But if the Method
I have fet down be praclifed, there is not near fo
much Danger of Contra6lion.

The Blood-Spa^vi?! is a Dilatation or Swelling of Blocd-
a Vein on the Infide of the Horfe's Hough, and in Spavin,
Human Bodies we call this Diforder a Varicofe-
fwelling, wliere the Blood in the Vein turns into
a Kind of Eddy, and forms fuch Tumours.

The Cure of a Blood-Spavin is the fame as that The Cure.
for an Aneurifm or Dilatation of an Artery, only
one Thing material muft be minded, in which the ^"- Thing
tying up a Vein, and tying up an Artery, diiFer "^''^^ '^'^^^'
in an emiiient Degree j for the Arterial-Blood ciix:u- obltrvcd in

lates

3^5 ne Jii 0/ Farriery

making a lates from larger into fmaller Veffels, but the Venal-
Ligature Blood from fmaller to larger ; fo that if you tie a
Blood-^"^ Vein above the Hough, without tying it alfo below,
Veflel. ^^^ Tumour muft neceflarily increafe as the Blood
meets with Refillance at the Ligature ; for the Veins
carry back to the Heart the fuperabundant Blood
from the Arteries. Therefore a Vein muft be tied
below, and an Artery above the Hough to cure a
Swelling or Dilatation^ of which I am now treat-
ing : And really no one Thing is more common
amongil the ignorant blundering Farriers, than to
tie lip a Vein on the wrong Side the Varicofe-Tu-
mour ; for thefe Fellows have no Notion of the
Difference between a Vein and an Artery. There-
fore they imagine that all the Blood - Veffels are
alike, and convey that Fluid from the Heart to the
extreme Parts of the Body without carrying any of
it back again.

From what has been faid it may be obferved,
that the Cure of a Blood-Spavin confifts in differing
the Skin and mufcular Flefh off the Vein, but fo as
not to cut any, or however very few, of the Car-
nous Fibres tranfverfely. Then pafs a Piece of ftrong
Silk doubled and well waxed with Bees-wax both
below and above the Tumour, which is performed
with a crooked Needle not very fharp, with an Eye
in the Point fuffi«*ently large, that the Thread may
leave it eafily. And when the Blood-Veffel is well
tied both above and below the Swelling, cut it in
two in the Middle, and heal the Wound with the
common Green Ointment, (p. 283.^
Giving the Some Farriers give the Fire after tying up the

Fire in the yein, but I think fuch Praftice unnecefiary.
Cure ot a ^

Blood- -^

Spavin im- CHAP. XLI.

necefiury. qj> ^y p^ii ^,,^ii^ p^,,,,jres in the Withers, Warlles
in the Back, Sec.

The Poll- ^"T^ H E Poll Evil is a Swelling in the Nape of

Evil. JL rhe Neck or Poll of the Horfe jufl behind'

the £:.:■: , This-.

IMPROVED. 317

This often proceeds from Crufhes and Brulfes, The Cauf«,
cither with the Halter or fome other hard Body ;
and fometimes from ill Humours : But as I have
obferved moftly from the Halter's crulhing this
Part of the Neck, when Horfes are unruly in break-
ing, fhoeing, dsTr. Therefore 'tis good to lap Colt-
Halters with Lifts to make them foft and eafy.

The Cure is much the fame as with a Fiftula, The Cure,
( 'viz. ) to lay the Part open, where it can be done
with Safety, and apply the Fiftula-Ointment, i^c,
very warm : But if the Poll-evil be not taken in
Time, it degenerates into a hollow crooked Ulcer
full of fharp Humours, tho' this moftly falls out for
Want of Care in the Beginning ; and when the Bones
of the Neck are become foul and decay'd, I much
queftion there is any Cure. However if the Matter
difcharged do not partake of an ill Smell, i^c. Oil Oil of Tuf-
of Turpentine poured hot into the Sinus or hollow P""^^"^ ,
Wound once a Day, and rubbing the Swelling with pQi^.^yii
the following Ointment, is moft likely to fucceed.

^ake Oil of Bays, half a Pound', Oil of Turpen- The Oint-
tine, tivo Ounces ; ^ickjtl'vey, three Ounces. Mix. f"^"^ ^^J

The Quickfilver ftiould be well kill'd (as 'tis ^^^fi^^^^^"
cail'd ) in the Oil of Turpentine when mixed with
the Oil of Bays, 'till none of its Particles can be
difcovered with the naked Eye. Rub the Swelling
twice a Day, and cover the Neck with Flannel^ 01
a good warm Cap-hood.

Tents of any Kind are feldom or never proper In Tents im-
the Cure of the Poll-Evil, for they caufe the Ulcer pf pp^'r i?
to become iiftulous. Therefore Incifion or Cutting "^^^ ^^^^^'
open, where it can be done, is beft ; and where fuch
Operatioifis impra£licable by Reafon of the conft-
derable Branches of Nerve?, Tendons, or Blood-
Veftels, then a Tube or hollow Pipe made of Lead
turn'd down at the outermoft Edge, and Holes bored
thro' it, to tie two Strings, fo that they may be
faftned round the Neck in Order to keep it in for

th§

3^8 the Art of Farriery

the Matter to run thro% *till the Wound gradually
heals by the Applications prefcribed. But one
Thing is to be obferved, to wit, that all Tumours,
Abfcefies, hollov/ or Sinuous Ulcers fhould be open'd>
either by the Knife, or by Cauftic, in the moil de-
pending Part that can fafely be come at ; that fo
the Ichorous Matter, may ran off" before it acquire
fo great a Degree of Acidity, ^c. as to corrode
the Bones and other Parts, and fo caufe a trouble-
feme running Ulcer or Fillula.
Withers of The Withers of a Horfe, is the joining of the
a Horfe, Shoulder-Bones before the Saddle ; and thofe Horfes
fitiiate v/hich are thin fhoulder'd, as 'tis call'd, are moll
fubjeft to be wrung in the Withers by fuch Saddles
as are wide in the Tree, or want Stuffing : And
really it is fcarce poftible one and the fame Saddle
fhould rightly fit feveral Horfes, whofe Backs diiFer
The Ai> as much as Human Faces. Therefore I advife
thors Opi- gygj.y perfon to be fo far prudent, for the poor
Saddles ^ dumb Creature's Eafe, and his own Safety, as to
&c. proper have his Saddle rightly fitted to the very Horfe's
for a jour- Back which he is to ride the Journey upon. And
"^>'- ii the Saddle v^ant Stuffing,, then to mind particu-

larly, after one or two Days riding, whether the
fame do not bear upon the Horfe's Withers ; for the
new Stuffing, will fettle much, and it is a great
Piece of Ignorance and Folly for any one to feel at
the Saddle or Horfe's Back while he is in the Stable,"
whether it hurts Or wrings his Withers, for by fuch
Tryal he may be deceived. Therefore let him
mount, or fet a heavier Man upon the Horfe, and
then let him try if he can get the Breadth of two
Fingers betvvsen the Withers and Saddle, which
Space is fufficient ; for if it fit too high 'tis a great
Fault, becaufe it wrings him in the Points, and
will make him travel with Fain and Uneafmefs, be-
fides bruifmg the Flefh, and caufing him to carry
the Rider's Weight in a wrong and very improper
Part : For if the Saddle be too narrow in the Tree,
or the Pannel have too much Stuf&ng-in at the

Points,,,

I MP ROVED,

Points, in fuch Cafe the Horfe cannot be faid to
carry the Weight upon his Back, but rather upon hh
Shoulder - Blades. And altho' many jejune and
frolickibme Riders mount a Horfe for a long Jour-
ney, without firll having the Saddle well fitted to the
Back ; yet it is a Piece of great Indifcretion and bad
Condud, to negleft fo good and beneficial a Part
of Oeconomy ; and whoever flights thefe Precepts,
I hope it will be voted Nem. Con. that fuch Rider
be obliged to carry his Horfe inftead of the Horfe
carrying him, or at leafl to walk half of the Jour-
ney on Foot. And fo far I muft fpeak in my own
Commendation, as to the Particular of faving the
f lorfe I ride fi-om being v>^rung or hurt in the Wi-
thers that thu' I take good Care of my Saddles,
yet I cannot ride five Miles an End, without feeling
novv' and then with my Fingers under the Saddle
next the Horfe's Withers whether it fit down, ( as
'tis calPd. ) Furthermore it is miOft eafy for a
Horfe to travel and carry his Weight upon a good
large" feated Saddle, and the m.ore fo, if the Perfcn
who rides him be fat and bulky i for then he m.ay
be truly faid to carry his Weight in {o ^reat a Coni-
pafs, as that it will not gall or fret his Hide, &c.
Therefore how prepofterous and unnatural mufl it
be for a heavy Man to ride upon a Cockney-Saddle,
which may fitly be compared to a filly Man car-
r)'ing two Buckets of Water upon his Shoulders
with a round Pole, inftead of a fiattidi one hollov^ed
and mechanically fitted to receive his Shoulders- If
the Horfe be young and his Back not ufed to the
Burthen, it will be the more neceffary to ride him
with a large Saddle, that his Back may not war-
ble, or however as little as polTible ; for if the
Weather be not, and Journey long, it will be ex-
ceeding difHcult to keep the Back of a young Horfe
from galling ; However the bell Method is a large
Saddle often fcrap'd with a Knife, beaten and clean'd
upon the Pannel from Sv/eat and Dirt, and the
Horfe's Back bath'd every Night with a little cold

Wates

330 l!he Art 0/ Farriery

Water wherein fome Alum has been diffolved. And
it may not be amifs every Day at Noon to take cfF
the Saddle, and cool his Back by only throwing a
fingle woollen Cloth upon it. Nor is there much
Fear of catching Cold from thefe Praftices, if the
Rider only confider the Seafon, and cover the
Horfe's Back more or lefs accordingly, while the
Saddle is off: For if we confider the Thing rightly,.
we muft know that it is the Motion and Heat of the
Saddle which caufes a Kind of Bliftering upon the
Horfe's Back. And tho* it may be imagined, by
fome fhort - fighted Folks, that a large Saddle is too
hot, and will fooner gall a Horfe than a fmall one,
which ( to them ) feems much cooler j yet 'tis
plainly the contrary, and every Day*s Experience
fhevvs, that large Saddles are not only eaner, and in
Reality cooler to Horfes Backs, as well as much
more eafy and fafe to all Men who are not accuf-
tomed to top a iive-barM Gate, than the fmall
Sort can pofTibly be. And if, inflead of the Follies
and Fopperies of a certain neighbouring Nation,
we imitated them, in their Way of faddling Horfes
only, we fhould not be fo defervedly laugh'd at, as
Sc'Ach Car- I'm afraid we are. I could farther enlarge upon
^vT''^ T?^ ^^^^ Point, and ihew the Scotch Carriers Cunning,
les^without ®^ I'^^her Dexterity, in faddling their Horfes, and
Pack Sai- making them carry much heavier Packs without,
die. than our Carriers can with Saddles : But I hope

vi^hat I have faid is enough to convince any reafon-
able Man, that a large Saddle is eafier and more
convenient than a fmall one both for Man and
Horfe. Permit me now to proceed to the Cure of
a fore Back from a Crufh with the Saddle.

If the Saddle be altered in due Time, I mean be-
fore the Blood VefTels, Isjc. are ill crulhed, the beft
Application muft be camphorated Spirit of Wine ;
but lefl the Apothecaries you get it from fhould
have a Spice of the K— e in them, when Camphire
happens to be dear, you fhould buy the Spirit of
Winfi and it feparate, and then you are idX^. There-
fore

IMPROVED. 331

fore I (hall fet down the due Proportion of Spirit
and Camphire fit for this Purpofe.

7nke Spirit of Wine reilijied, four Ounces ; Ca?n~ Spirit of
fhire, fix Drahms. Mix. Wine cam-

*^ •' phorated.

By the continued Ufe of this three times a Day Crufh on '
for a few Days, and removing the Caufe of the the Wi-
Complaint, n;iz. the PrelTure of the Saddle-Bow ^hers cured,
upon the Withers, I dare fay the Swelling will di-
fperfe ; but if it turn to Matter or grows foft and
fuzzy, then it mull be opened for fear of a Fiftula,
and cured with the green Ointment, iffc. p. 283.

Every one has his Ncfrum or Secret for the Cure
of a crulVi'd Back -, fach as a cold Sod of Earth, Bole
Arynoniac, White Wine Vinegar^ and Whites of
Eggs, commonly called by Grooms the cold Charge ,
or Salt and Black Soap, See. which any one may
try at Pleafure ; for, as I have fome time ago faid,
whatfoever is either potentially cold, or fo in its
ov/n Nature, mud be accounted a Repellent, and
proper, in fome Cafes, to apply to Tumours from
Heat and Inflammation ; nay even if you com.e to
a Dijhclout by Turns fqueez'd out of cold Spring-
Water and apply*d to the Part, it is as potent a Re-
pellent, in my Opinion, as moll others which bear
a more pompous Title. Yet by the ill Ufe of Re-
pellents, many and bad Confequences are brought
about: But for further Satisfa£lion I muft beg the
Reader will take the Trouble of turning back a few
Pages, and confider wJiat I have writ down under
the general Term.

Warbles are fmall hard Tumours or Swellings Of War-
under the Saddling Part of a Horfe^s Back, occa- ^le-s and
fionMfrom the Heat of the Saddle in Travelling, ^t^^^r^^^'
and are cured by Bathing them often with the fol-
lowing fpirituous Mixture.

^Take Spirit of Wine, t<wo Ounces ; Oil of Turpen-
tine ^ half an Ounce i Tin^ure of M^rrh- Aloes y t'wo
Drachms. Mix.

A Si^:

33^ ^^^ ^ft of Farriery

A SitFaft, A Sit-Faji, proceeds moftly from a Warhle after
what. 'tis burnt, and is a Piece of the Horfe's Hide turn'd

horny or hard by the Heat, l^c. of the Saddle.

The Cnre. The Cure is performed by taking hold of the

Edge of the hard Skin with a Pair of ftrong Flyers,

fuch as are ufed by Watchmakers, ^c. and cutting

out the horny Part entirely, and dreiTing it as a-

common Wound with the Ointment p. 283. and

taking Care to keep the Saddle from rubbing upon

it. Therefore, if you are upon a Journey, the

Saddle fhould be chamber'd very nicely, and not

carry upon a hard Ridge all round the Sore, but to

fall off gradually, or the Horfe's Back will be

worfe hurt than before.

How to pre- It may not be amifs to tell the Reader how he

(lr\^e a jn^y preferve his own Pofleriors, as well as the

fronrciu- Horfe's Back, from galling, f-etting, or excoriating ;

ing by ' fi^^d herein 1 fhoald be a pretty competent Judge,

Kiding. not only by reafon the Subjedi is of the human

Species, but becaufe I myfelf, tho' I often ride,

am very apt to gall and have the Skin fretted cfF

ir.y Pofleriors, unlefs I take great Care. And even

in this we fee the great Difference or peculiar Dif-

pofition of one Peribn from another ; for fome will

bear to jide further upon a bare Saddle-Tree with-.

out any Cover of Leather, than I can upon a very

tiSy Saddle.

I have obferved lately in the News Papers an Ad-
vertifement about a Po~xder for the entire Curing of
what I am now about : But the very Title and Ac-
count of it bewrays the Thing fpurious and infig-
nificant.
large Siid- The firft Thing is, as I have jufl now faid, to
dies molt ride upon a large Saddle, that your Weight may be
^'\i'^'(-^ '"'"•^, carried (let m.e fpeak philofophically ) upon more
vifed to Points than 'tis poffible, in a little Saddle, to touch
them. upon ; and by this you will find that every addi-

tional Point, provided you be not quite out of all
Reafon, will ilill eafe the Places in the Middle
where you prefs hardeft upon the Saddle.

Next

IMPROVED. 335

Next to this is often eafing yourfelf by alighting
■from the Horfe, and either walking flowly, or reft-
ing yourfelf upon fome eafy Seat, and now and
then cooling your Buttocks in cold Water to harden
the Skin : For it is much eafier to prevent, by good
Management, the Buttocks from galling, than to
make the Skin come on again, upon a Journey.
And herein People are as negligent and carelefs for
their Eafe, as they are in other Particulars relating
to Health ; for while their Buttocks are eafy and
well, they think nothing of a gall'd A-fe, than
which fcarce any thing is more painful, by reafon
we have fo often Occafion to makeUfe on't. There-
fore they mount any Sort of Saddle, and caufe an
Inflammation before they are aware of it-; neither
will they apply any Helps, or ufe any preventive
Methods, before 'tis too late. For when by the
Fndging, &c. in Riding, the Serum or watry Part
of 'the Blood is gathered between the two Skins, it
is then too late to prevent a fore Backfide. There-
fore, either apply pretty large Piaiilers fpread thin
upon Leather with Diachylon, or what is fometimes
cali'd Dinpabna, to the Buttocks, before you really
^want them, or be content to jog on with a wry
.Face and fore A--fe.

There is a great deal to be faid why fuch cooling
Plaifter fhould preferve the Skin from fretting, or
excoriatiDg, tho' I fliall only nam.e a few of its Vir-
tues. And frji, it thickens your own Skin, or, as
it were, adds a new and flronger Scarf-Skin to de-
fend the Ends of the Blood- Veifels, ^c. from being
heated and inflamed, and hinders the Skin from rub-
bing into Wrinkles, which is one Reafon why we
gall fo foon.

Secondly, it performs this by a Com.pofition that
is very cooling and pleafant, and an Enemy to Heat
and Inflammation in the Flefli, ajid which is in its
ov/n Nature drying and healing.

Lajily, I advife thefe Plaifters be large, and ap-
plied to the Buttocks as plain and even as pofiible,

and

334 ^^^ -^^^ (?/Farriekv

and to keep them as much as can be in the like Si'
tuation.

I fometimes put them on after I am mounted,
and got a little Way into the Lanes, for Fear of
their running into Creafes or Wrinkles while I am
getting on Horfeback ; but fat and unwieldy People
cannot raife themfelves upon the Saddle fo as to do
this. Therefore they mufl put them on juil before
they mount, and keep them even, as I have direct-
ed. Furthermore, it is necelfary to have a Number
of thefe Plaillers ready fpread and roU'd up in Boxes
for the Purpofe, that fo you may take a frefh one as
Occafion requires ; but while the old one will flick
and keep from Creafes, it v/ill do well enough.

They may be thrown by at Night, and the But-
tocks cooPd with Blue-Milk and Water, and laid
on in the Morning after ftretching them a little.

Let them be fpread thin and with a fmall Mar-
gin, and by that Means your Linnen and Breeches
win keep clear of daubing, Iffc.

If the Traveller be fo very negligent as not to
follow thefe wholefome Direftions 'till the Skin is
off his Buttocks, 'tis Pity but it fhould continue {o.
However, I muft tell him charitably, that nothing
will in fuch Cafe keep him more eafy to his Jour-
ney's End, than thofe very Plaiilers, which fhould
be apply'd before the Thing is too far gone. As to
this or that Sort of Lining of Breeches, Hare or
Rabbet-Skins, and the like, they are only good as
they caufe the Buttocks to reft more eafy upon a
hard Saddle ; which Sort of Furniture I by no means
A little recommend, unlefs it were to be ufed as a peniten-
Saddle tial Scourge to the Pofteriors, in like Manner as
compared there are a Sort of Penance-Belts to correal the Sins
*^ ^ ^ B It ^^^ ^''^^^^ of the anterior Parts of the Body.

' If I have been tedious upon this Particular, I
muft beg the Reader's Pardon, having promifed a
worthy Gentleman of my Acquaintance to fpeak to
it in fome Part or other of this Book.

C H A P

IMPROVED. 3^s

CHAP. XLII.

0/ a Shoulder-Wren chy Shoulder-Slip, SinefW"
Sprain, &c.

BEFORE the Reader enter into this Chapter,
his Notions and Judgment fhould be full
fraught with the Properties of an Animal Thread or
Fibre, for of fuch are the Mufcles, Tendons, ^c.
concern'd in the Grievance, compofed. And thefe
Properties have been explained before.

Horfes above all other Creatures are fubjefted to
thefe Kinds of Ailments, and yet fcarce any Thing
is more difficult in the Art of Farriery than to tell,
in fome Cafes, whether the Complaint be in the
Shoulder, Back-Sinew, or Foot : And tho' every
Farrier v/ill, at the f rft flight View of a lame Horfe,
pretend to tell you the Affair is in this or that par-
ticular Place ; yet I would no more believe or truft
them, than a young, unfledged Phyfician {who has
juft received his Difpatches from his College) in the
Cure of any obftinate and ilubborn Diftemper, not-
withllanding the Phyfician and Farrier are alike po-
fitive in their Way ; therefore if your Hcrfe be lame
before or in his Fore-Parts, confider rightly his Way
of going. But firll: I mull inform the Reader, that
a Horfe' s Shoulder-Blades are not fixed to his Body
by any Kind of Articulation or Joint, but by Ap-
portion or being laid on along the Side of the Ribs,
and there failen'd by the Mufcles, ^c. which lie
below and above them ; fo that when a Horfe re-
ceives a Hurt in the Shoulder, it is the Mufcles,
Tendons, iffc. which are relaxed or ftretched at that
JuntSlure of Time, beyond their natural Tone of
Elafticity or Springinefs.

If the Lamenefs be in the Foot (except it be a The Signs
hot furbated Foot ) the Horfe will halt more the o ' Lame-
further he travels ; that is, if the Complaint be the H.^^^ ^" ^^
Gravel, or a Crulh with the Shoe, or a Nail that ^^'
bears too hard upon a Vein, b'V. he will not mend

by

^3<5 ^1^^ -^^^ ^f F-^ R R I E R Y

by Travelling, but generally goes worfe and worfe ;
and if the Roads be hard or rough, he will com-
plain fo much the more ; tho' in a Shoulder-Strain
he will not make much Difference as to hard or foft
Roads J and if the Wrench be violent, he will be
apt to call his Foot outwards, forming a Circle as
he goes.
The Signs If the Ailment is in the Shoulder, he will fethis
of a Strain PtDOt down hardily to favour it, though he be turn'd

Sho^^ r ^^^^ ^^ ^'^^ ^^"^^ ^^^^' which Motion tries him the
rnofl: of any : But if you cannot yet difcover where
the Lamenefs lies, you m.uft have the Shoe off, and
his Foot fearch'd, and fqueezed a little here and
there with a Pair of Pinchers ; and if his Sole be
good he will not eafily complain, unlefs there be
Gravel, or a Nail hurt him, or the Shoe fit down
too hard upon his Quarters.
Back-Sinew If it be neither in the Shoulder nor Foot, it may
Strain. be in the Back-Sinew, which may be known by the
Roundnefs of the Leg, or Inflammation and Heat
thereabouts ; or if not here, yet it may be in the
Coffin- Joint, tho' no Swelling or outward Appear-
ance of it can be difcovered. I Ihall now proceed
to the curative Intentions.
No Strain In the firft Place let it be remembex'd, that no
cftedhially Strain or Relaxation of tlie Tendons is Sufficiently
cured un- ^^^.^^ • ^^ l^l^ Time than three Months ; but that if

der three

Months

the Horfe be continued in Ufe during the Grievance,

Time. it may make him incurably lame. Therefore it is,
that Reft, without the Farrier's Applications, avails
more than fuch Applications without Reil. And
from hence it may be feen, how improper it is for
a Horfe to wear a Patten-Shoe, to force him to bear
his Weight upon the weak Shoulder. And tho' I
arn told the Horfe is well after fuch Management,
yet I am very feniible he would be fooner cured by
pulling his Shoes off, and giving him Reil and Eafe.

I'he Cure. If your Horfe be flrain'd in the Shoulder, let him
be bled in tlie Thigh-Vein, and rubb'd with the
following Mixture.

Tale

IMPROVED. .337

^ .7ake Oil of Turpentine, one Ounce -y Spirit of ^^'^^^^'-^^ .,^
Wine camphorated, t--ujo Ounces. Mix. 'n'tht^"^^^

Shoulder. "

This fiiould be rubb'd well in at twice, half of it
foon after Bleeding, and the Reft twelve Hours af-
terwards, . walking the Horfe a little 'till the Keat
be gone off.

If you put in more Spirit of "Wine than I have
ordered in this Mixture, it will not be fufficiently
warm fo as to penetrate deep enough to do Good,
and if more Oil be made ufe of, it will be too hotj
and caufe the Hair to come off, and the Horfe's
Hide to crack and break as far as the Mixture
reaches : Therefore if the Medium be kept fo as 1
have ordered, I believe it will be as effedtiai as any
Thing which can be apply 'd, and yet not fo hot as :

to bring the Hair off, altho' it be heated in with a J '

hot Fire- {hovel.

Capt:Jn Burdon in his Pocket-Farrier orders Oil
cf Spike and Oil of Swallows mix'd, to rub a
fir in'd Shoulder ; but thefe two Oils are of quite
.cifferent Properties as much as Water and Spirit of
Wine; fo t]^:it by this injadicibus Ccnipofition, 'cis
jeaf/ to guefs at the Captain's 1'ether of Learning
if;]th Reh(tipn to Medicine.

Ro .elling is generally the next Thing prefcribedRowelling
cfter Oiling and Bleeding, tlioughl cannot fee any fj^-ietimts
g.eat Rcafon for it, unlefs the Strain be exceeding [!^-'!^'^ ^"^
violent, and a Flux of Humours brought upon the th!;'^Shou'l-
Part by the Tenfion and Heat ; then indeed I can-dcr.
not fay any Thijng agrJnft Rowtlling under the Belly
and in the Breafi, vvhich mayi-lielp to cool and eafe
the Pain. And in my TiibughtG Scoprels or round
Pieces cfL^tJi€a-, with ^.H^Ies in the Middle, lapd
found wit^ ^cw, . ar,e the; moft fit and proper in
thefe Cafes J ' But in "or^er to male the P.owel dif-
chai ge moil copioufly , ' let the Piece of Leather with
Tow be dipt in the follovying Qintment made warm.

Q rake

Ointment Tt^kethe common green Ointment, (p. 2S3.J fivo
for Rowel- Ounces ; Cantharides or Spanijh Flies in Po^vder,
^"8- ^/j^ge Drachms. Mix.

Every other Day with a fmall Bunch of Feathers
work up Tome of this Ointment into the Wounds,
and it will caufe a copious Running. |

If the Strain be in the Back-finew and the fame I
not violent, I think the Application of the follow- |
in<tr cold Charge may be fufficient, with Reft and Pa- 1:
tience : But without thefe I believe the Symptoms
will be aggravated.

Cold "^^^^ of '^^^^ Armoniac in Tonvder, lalf a Pound i ,

Charge for White -n^vine Vinegar, and Whites of E-rgs, as much \
a Strain in ^j rwill make it the Ccnfip7tce of a Poullis. Mix. '
t^e Bacfc-

^^^^^' Apply it pretty thick upon a Piece of Leather or

double Cloth, and as it grows dry put on more, 'till
fuch Time as the Tendon or Sinew has received its

natural Tone. ^^ , j

There are a great many different Methods, as
Captain Burdov:% Turnep Poultis, i^c. Bleeding in
the Spnin-Vein, Poultis's of Cow's- Dung, and the
like : But the cold Charge exceeds them all-, thd*
if the Sinew be much relaxed, or if the Horfe be,
what the Jockies call, let down in the Smew, I
think nothing comes up to firing : Yet fuch Horfe
X Winters can never be made fo ftrcng in that Part, but a hard
Rvnm-rg Courfe, or Running a Race upon hard Ground, unll
ntcfiary let him down again, tho' he may perrorm mdilie-
aftcr giving ^^^^ ^^^y^ ^^^^ a Road, provided he has had a Wm-
theFnetcr Dunnincr after dving; the Fire.
?hflS If the Lamencfs^e iS the CofHn- Joint, oiling
SincAv. with the Mixture for a Strain in the Shoulder, and
Strain in fufficient Reft may perform a Cure j but 1 have
the Back known thefe Strains very tedious in going oft
coir.monly por a Strain in the Couplings, I advile the tol-
s'Jay'S lowing ftrengthening Charge. ^^^^
Back,

IMPROVED. 339

Take Pitch and Rofin^ of each four Ounces I torn-
mon Tu?-pentine, three Ounces. Mix. Pour it on
warm, and cover the Fillets all over with Tow or
Kurds.

I have juft mention'd the Signs of Lamenefs in
the Foot, and how it may be diftinguifh'd from a
Shoulder-Slip, ^c. But I Ihall treat of the feveral
Diforders attending that Part of the Body, with the
Methods of Cure, feparately in fome fubfequent
Chapter.

CHAP. XLIII.

Of the Uallenders, Sallenders, &zc.

T^^A LLENDERS are a very fore Thing
JLVjL happening to Horfes, making them flumble
and go lame.

They are fituate upon the Bending of the Knee on
the Infide, and difcharge a fliarp thin indigefted
Matter.

Sallenders appear upon the Bending of the Hough, SallenJcrs
and make a Horfe go lame behind. what.

The Cure of both thefe Infirmities is perform'd The Cure,
by wafhing the Parts with a Lather of Soap warm,
or with old Pifs ; after which apply the following
Ointment.

Take common turpentine ^ and ^ickjilver, cf each O'mtmcwt
an Ounce ; incorporate them wcell hy jiirrijig for a '^r the
long Time in a Pot, and fpread 'em upon Pledgets of^^'^^^'
Tonfj, and drefs Night and Morning 'till all the Scab>
are fallen off. But if this does not fucceed, take
the following, which is yet a more effeftusi Method,
tho' *tis better to cure any Diforder with eafier or
more mild Applications, if it can poffibly be done,
for which Reafon I juft mention'd the Turpentine
and Quickfilver,

Q^z Tah

340 ^be J^t of ¥; ATkv. iTL r* y

Another Take Flanders Oil of Bays, or for ^j:ant of thai of

Ointn.ent ,.^^^^^v Hoo' s lard, tivo Ounces ; Sublimate Uer-
(krs or Sal- ^^^^ ^"^^ ^Drachms. Mix. . Anoiut tne r^UHieiidsr^
lenders. or Sallenders every Night and Morning for four
Turns, and I dare fay it will cure them, by rubbing
vvitli a little Quickfilver mixed with Hog'b-Lard af-
terwards, which fhould be done for three or four
Days, to caufe the Scabs to fall off and the Kair to
come 2i^it^.

CHAP. XLIV.

Of the Greafe and Scratches, Mules, and Kibed
Heels.

Believe I need not trouble the Re-.dcr v/ith a te-
dious Defcription of thefe Dillemper-s by Rea-
fon they are fufficientl}' known and apparent to every
Body.

The Caufe. The Caufe of tliefe and fuch like Difcrders is
from over Exercife, when a Korfe is either over fat
or lean, or in other AVords, when he is exercifed
above his Keeping, and has not due Care taken of
him in Drcffing, Feeding, i^c. or \vhen he goes too
near, and knoclis one Leg r.gaihft another {o as to
bruife tlie Flefh, and caufe Heat, Jnffammition, <?*;€.;
in which laft Cafe great Care muu.be; hadin Shoe-
ing,' that he may be made to go as wide as pofiible,.
otiienvire thefe Kinds of Ilorfes will be difficult to
manage fo as to keep them from tlte Greafe, ^V.

If the Gre:^fe be an Attendant of fome other Dif-
cafe, fuch Difeafe mull be cured before the Greai^e
can be remoycd^ for very often it is an Attendar^t
upon the Faicin,. Yellows, and other Difoidcrs of
the Blcod and Humours. r.i

The Cu-e. ' If the Horfe be full of Flcfh the Cure" is to{bp,
begun by Evacuation, fuch as Bleeding, Purging,.
^V. and his Heels alway:. kept as clean and fweet as
poffible, by wafhing with warm \A''atcr and Soap ;

for

I M P R O V E D. 34t

for nothing promotes the Grcafe more than Negli-
gence and Nnftinefs, and as I have told the Publick
in my Notes on B:i}\ion, nothing is better for the
Cure of the Greafe than a good deal, of Elbovv-greafe
properly apply'd, when the Sores are kept clean'
walh'd. But fev.% yefy few Grccms will take the
true Pains repaired to preierve a I-Iorfb's Legs in or-
der, efpecially if flich Horfc is ofrcn rid hard either
upon the Field or Ror.d. Therefore the Mailer's ei bo w-
Vyt and Hr.nd are as necefiary to keep his Ilorfe Greaib
from th^e Greafe, ^r. as to fee them fed, nay much ^^^"-^ i'^"°'
more fo*'; becaufe a lazy Fellow can fooner tofs a^^^*
J^eed of Corn into the Horfe*s Manger, than clean
his Legs by wafhing with v/arm Water, i^c. as he
ought. And in my Thoughts mere Horfes are
gveafed by bad looking to, than by hard Riding, or
any Dillemper Horfes may be fuppofed to have
which may bring on fuch Malady! Therefore if
you have a Horfe that is inclinable to f\yeli'd Legs,
be fure to choofe as careful a Servant as you can to
look after him ; for without great Care, as I faid
before, no Medicines will effed a Cure.

I believe, ont of the many Boys I have had to
look after my Horfes, I have had but one that could
truly be Hiid to be fo careful, that you could not
greafe one whilfl under his Care and Management :
For altho' he was as I muH confefs very apt to get
too much Liquor, yet drunk or fober he always
turn'd his Horfes out v,ith clean Heels, fo that I
could more eafily forgive his common Faults. And
unlefs your Servant every Tim.e he goes into the
Stable, or however very often in a Day, rub your
Horfe's Legs with his Hands after the Legs are dry
and clean, you can expedl nothing but the Greafe
from a Stagnation of the Blood and Juices in thofe
depending Parts, for want of fuch mufcular Motion,
w'hich by Turns naturally comprefTes the Vefiels
when the Horfe is at Grafs, and thereby forwards
Circulation. Therefore I would propofe a Piece of
whclefome Advice to all thofe IMailers who are
0^3 troubled

34i ^^^ -^^t ^f Farriery

troubled with what we Z2XS.Jliff-hac}Cd Ser-i-ants that
amnot floop but with DifRculty, which is, that
fuch Maflers would turn their Horfes to Grafs, and
allow them the like Quantity of Corn in Summer
which they {liould do in Winter, if they are expec-
ted to do great Service ; and then I am fure theyj
will not be fubjedl to the Greafe, and yet perform.
a Journey very well, but not look fo fleek and fine
coated as thofe which lie in the Houfe.

If you can't ccnfent to your Horfe'^s lying out in
Winter, with a Hovel or half-Houfe for them to run
into at Plecfare, where they Juiould have their Hay

T'rcpf r Ex- and O.its with warm Bedding, ,^r. I think turning

« ic;tc the out in the Bay Time moll likely to cure the Greafe,.

l^eil Re- ^^ prevent it v*hen ihreatned ; and by what has been.

Ji'^^y- |,,-j ^p ^pg Caufe, it is eafy to judge of the Cure ;

fcr as the Greafe proceeds from the Blood and Hu^
nicurs fegnpting or flopping in the Limbs, Exeicife.
mull be the Remedy to prom^ote the Circulation o£
the Juices. And this, together with keeping the?
Heels clean wafliVl, exceeds any Medicine inwardiy,j
orApplication outwardly, for the Cure of the Greafe..
The befS: Exercife is for the Hcrfe to go at large as
lie pleafes amongil the Grafs j for if this happens tor
be in Plenty, or that he walks up and down amongil
Weeds, Ruihes, Barks, or fuch like, the Dew
which refts upon them, will by falling upon the
Hcrfe's Legs fo cool and eafe the Inflammation and
Heat, that I have known many cured this Way.

A large Next to turning a Horfe out for the Cure of the?

Stall proper Greafe or Scratches, lam fatisfied a large and con--

thVcS venient Stall, with good DreiTmg, ^c. mull take
' Place. And if your Horfe be taught to lie down at
the Word of Command, as I have fhewn in fomc
former Pages, he will be Hill lefs liable to the
Greafe, Scratches, Mules or Kib'd Heels ; for by
lying down often, the Blood and Juices will circu-
late with more Eafe in the Limb?, w^hich are then
in a Horizontal Poilure ; fo that it is not, according
to the vulgarly received Opinion, the Humours

which

IMPROVED. 343:

which fall down from the Body upon the Limbs
which caufe the Greafe, i5'c. but the flow Circula-
tion, and the great perpendicular Column of Blood
which prelTes hard againll the Sides of the contain-
ing VefTfls for want of Exercife ; or in other Words
for want of mufcular Coiitraftion, which occafions a
Stagnation, and of Confequence the Scratches,
Greafe, <^'c.

It is a very fooliih and abfurd Notion to imagine The Jrc-
a.Horfe full of Hum.ours (as the Jockies call it) ki^s Notion
when he happens to be troubled with the Greafe, °'-„ 7^7cd
Scratches, or fore Heels : But fa ch Hiallow Reafon-
ing will alv/ays abound, while People's Judgments
are merely uiperiicial. Therefore to convince fuch
unthinking Folks, let them take a thick Stick and '
beat a Hcrfe foundly upon his Legs, fo that they
braife them- in fevered Places; after which they'll
fwell, I dare fay, and be in Danger of Greafuig.
Now pray what were tnefe offending Hum.ours CiQ
ing before the Bruifes given by the Stick ? And it is
abfurd to friy, that wnen a Horfe travels he raifes
the Humours in his Body, and then they fall down,:
into the Limbs ; whereas it is nothing but his knock-
ing his Legs together. Want of Care to keep his
Heels clean, and Heat of the Parts occafion'd by a
hard Day's Journey, which for the moft Part bring
on the Greafe, ^c. But leafl I Ihould be thought
fmguiar in pretending to cure the Greafe, by Diet,
Exercife,, and good DreiTmg, I ihall fay a Word or
two with relation to the Medicines of moil Efhc^icy
in fuch Intentions of Cure. And/r/?,

I don't think Capt. Burdon's Turnep Ponltzs a def-Capt Bh^
picable Application ; For when the Heels are clean *'*'^ ^ /^ ^''"'
wafh'd and the Hair cut away, fuch Poultis may, norimpJo-^
by its genial Warmth, and more homogenial Juice, per forcu-
much contribute towards a Cure. But then, unlefsring rhe
the Horfe will lie down of himfelf, or at the Word ^^*-'^f*^*
of Command, the Poultis will not do fo much Ser-
vice J for it is generally his Handing Days and Nights
fogcther in narrow bound-up Stalls, which occaiions.
0^4. this

544 ^^^^ ^^f of Farriery

this loathfome and nally Diflemper. Therefore,
imlefs the Greafe happens to be an Attendant of
fome inwrrd Difeafe or outward Accident, I cm of
Opinion what I have already faid about it may lead
any feniible Men to the Cure.
B'eedrg. Bleeding, Purging, Rowelling, and moft other

r . ncctf- Evacuations take Place (according to Cuftom) in
"■ '7- the Cure cf the Greafe and Scratches. And when,

as I have hinted, tliis Diilemper is the Attendant
(^ fome other Difeafe, v/hich proceeds from a ge-
neral Fulnefs of the Vcfiels, fuch Difchargcs are rc-
quifite and necelfary, v;ithout all manner of Difputc :
But then agrin to purge a Horfe within an Inch of
his Life, in order to carry off the Gre=:fe widi the
Excrements, is a Piece of mere Entliufiafm : For
Avhat thefe Adepts imi:gine to be Greafe is the na-
tural Mucus of the Guts ; which flimy Matter I '
h.'.ve {hewn to be as necefiary in its Place, as the -
very Blood within the Veins.

.1 mufc own, v^hcn a Hcrfe's Legs are very hot,
and enflamed, the Groom may over-do his Part in
rubbing them, cither with a Cloth or his Hands.
Therefore, in tlus Cafe, Moderation is to be ufed }*-
and if you will not turn the Horfe out in the Day-^j
tim.e *till his Limbs are cool'd and mads eafy, yo-U-
fhould order him into a very large Stall, if he-is^--
r,ot in one already ; but what ctlier People think a^
large Stall, may, in my Opinion, be othcrwife. -
For what I call a large one fhould be at Icaft fixi
Foot wide, that a tall Horfe may llioot out his Legs ■
at Length, that fo the Biood may pafs along with-
out the Refinances it muft naturiiliy meet With when
a Horfe lies all on a Heap, or with his Legs under
Sta'lnot j^jjjj^ Furthermore it^ is ncceilarvt" that a Stable
l-ark\v5i5. fl^ou^d be fo paved that there be not too grest a De-
■^•^r]^^;.:' ,^* clivifiy or Stecpnefj bsLwceti the fere and hind PntJ
Forfes ' of the Horfe. .For if he Hand too low with his
greafe of- \Xx\^ Leg<i, mofl; of hie Weight will reft upon them
li 'nYth-ui ^^^ S'^'^ ^'^^ ^^ Greafe, elpecially if he is in the
twioie.' loaft. inciinable to what we term gcurdy Legs. And

I really

IMPROVED. 345

I really believe, it Horfes were to ftand as low with
the fore Feet as they generally do with their hinder
Feet, they would greafe and icratch fooner before
than behind ; and there can be no other Reafon why
a Horfe fhould greafe fooner behind than before, un-
lefs that he is apt to cut oftener in the Place firfl
mentioned.

Some of our ancient Farriei-s advife the tying up Tying up
of the Thigh Veins for the Greafe: But I by nofheThiijh-
Means approve of fuch Pradice, it being quite 0P"^^^-'i"g'j^]Je
pofite to the Intention of Cure ; feeing that inilead(3pg^^•^^
of tying up or flopping a Vein, they had better an Error,
(were it polhble) add another more than there is al-
ready, and fo the Blood would circulate more eafily,
when there is a Kind of Stagnation in the Limbs.

I ili.ill not enlarge upon this Head farther than .
informing the Reader, that a large Stall, good Bed-
ding, clean Feeding, DrelTmg, and E-xercife, along
with the Ufe of the cordial Ball with a little Anti-
mony in it, \^-ill moll certainly cure the Greafe.
But to give a Check to and curb the prefent Evil,
turn the Horfe cut in the Day-time in his Cloaths,
if he be ufed to Clcathing, and when his Heels are
dry and cool, it is a bad Groom, or a worie Mafter
that fuffers him to relapfe, except he be fuch a Horfe
as cuts intolerably ; if fo, he is not worth my while
to mention, farther than to bequeath him a Collar,
for he is not ft for the Road.

Lrji/y, thofe Gentlemen who admire the Diverfi- .
en of Hunting, and are hard Riders, fhould take
this Piece of Advice along with them, {■v:'z.) that if
'tis a young Horfe, and unufed to Leaps, he fnould*'
have the greatefl Care imaginable taken to pick cut .
all the Thorns, dsff. th.-.t may flick about his Fet-
lock-Joints, i5fc. For as young Horfes generally
bruft thro' rather than clear their Leaps, they are
apt to bang their Legs againfl Stubs, ^c. which, ,
with the Points of Thorns flicking in the Flelh, :
caufe Inflammation and Greafe. Therefore let fuch .
I'horns be very carefullv fearched by the Finger, and

34.6 The Art of Farriery

piiU'd out, rind the Legs well wafli'd with wanrr
Water, and after they are dry let them be bath'd
with fome common Spirit of Molofles, Malt, or the
like ; and after Feeding properly, let him be forced
down in the Manner I have taught, if he will not:
lie down of himfelf, which *tis ten to one he will
not, becaufe his Legs will be uneafy from the Pricks,
Knocks, ^c. fuftain'd in getting thro' the Hedges.
And as a young Horfe is, from his not being ufed'
to fach Work, and the prefent tender Difpofition of
his Fibres, mofl fubje6l to greafe or fcratch in the^
Heels (as *tis call'd) ; for thefe Reafons the Grooms
ought not to leave him, 'till he has eafed his Legs as-
much as poflible, and feen him lie down. //; JiJiey..
a Horfe's Legs in fuch a Cafe fhould be wafh'd and
clean'd at leail three Times a Day. And if he will
lie and feed with Captain Burdo^i's Turnep-Foultis,
I can fay nothing againfl fuch Application.

When the Greafe is got to an intolerable Height
(which it need not be fufFered to do urilefs People'
xire both filly and obftinate) fo that the Hair flares,
nnd is (what fome term) pen-feather' d, then indeed
it will be hard to cure it, in fuch Manner as that
the Hair (hall lie fmooth afterwards. However, to
put a Stop to fuch naufeous Difcharge, let the Ht^els,
after cutting ofF the Hair, be firft wafh'd very clean
with Soap and Water, then bath'd with the follow-
ing Wound- Water pretty warm twice a Day for three*
Days.

A (Uyin^ Take Roch Jlum, and <vchite Vitriol, of each t<v:o

^Voi.nd- Ounces ; po-cvder them together^ and hum them either

Water ior in a Crucible or iff on a clean Fire -Shovel till they hc-

lac Gr<.alc. ^^^^^ ^ nvhite Calx : Then take Cajnphire, one Ounce ;

po-ivder it hy rubbing the End of the Pefle n.iith a

little Oil I and of Bole Armoniac in Po^'der, tnxo

Ounces', Ri'ver or Rain-Water, ti.vo^arts. Make

the Water hot, and fir the other Things into it for a

confderahU Time,

Whea

IMPROVED, 347

_ When you ufe it, it ftiould be iliaked up, and a
little of it warm'd in a Pot, and tlie Sores wafh'd
with a Piece of Spunge or Rag.

It is a Folly to imagine, that there is Danger in
drying up the Ulcers in the Pleeb of Horfes troubled
with the Greafe, which feemingly difcharge fo much
ftinking Matter. For it is the Lodgement of fuch
Matter amongil the Wounds and Hair of the Heels,
that makes it of fuch ofFenfive Savour. In like
manner the Sali'va difcharged in human Bodies du-
ring a Salivation fmells exceeding ftrong and often-
five ; but it is not the Sali'va or Spittle that naturally
fmeils fo, but the Breathy, which acquires fuch Taint,
as it paiTes over the numberlefs fmall Ulcers in the
Mouth, Throat, ^c. of fuch Perfons. And this is
eafily try'd, by impartially fm.elling to the difcharged
Sali'va, in a Place which the Patient's Breath can-
not have tainted. Neither is it, in the Cafe of de-
cayed and rotten Teeth, the Perfon's Breath that
ftinks, but the Teeth ; for only remove fuch Caufe,
and the Effeft will ceafe. Therefore there is not,
ftriftly fpeaking, any fuch Thing as a ftinking
Breath, unlefs fuch Perfon has an Ulcer of the Lungs,
which contaminates the very Air in Infpiration.

Horfes are \ery fubjeft to the Scratches or kibedScra'-che?,
Heels, from travelling in deep fandy Lanes, or from Alulei, cr
a natural Gourdinefs of the Legs, but moitly for!^'^'-';!
want of Care in walhing and keeping them clean
after Exercife.

The Scratches are fo painful a Diforder, that tiiey
wHl c?.ufe a Horfe to lofe his Appetite, and go ex-
ceeding lame and ftiff for fome Time alter fetting
out.

The Cure is the faoie with that of the Greafe ; r];},^ Cure,
only if the- Scratches he dry, 'tis beft to ]:eep the
Heels foftcned and fupple with Curriers Dubbing
mrde cf Gil- arid Tallow ; for this will keep the
Hids fiom crack irig, and preferve it as well as.it
do€b Leather ; . and, it, is the only Thing to hinder
the Scratches, by ufmg it often before Exercife, and
(i.6 wafning^

348

l^he Art of Farriery

wafhing the Fleels with warm Water, when the

Horfe comes in.

"VVarcry I fhall not make a diilinft Chapter of watry Sores,

Sores, and ^c. of the Legs, as Mr. Gibfon has done, feeing

ri.r.nmg thefe Diforders may be confider'd under the Chapter

l-ivih. ^£ ^j^g Greafe, &c. And if a Korfe has naturally

a running Frufh, I believe there is no Cure that can

be accounted" fafe, no more than we. can cure People

of fweaty Feet. Therefore the bcfr Way is to keep

both thefe Inconveniencies as fweet and clean as the

Circumftances of the Cafe will adm.it pf, by reafon

an entire Drying up of fach fuperfluous Matter,

which Nature has thought fit to difcharge thisWa)-,

might bring On worfe Evils.

I fhali now proceed to the DiHempers o^ the Foot :
And Jirji^ of Surhating.

CHAP. XLV.

Of Surhating, ar.cl 7iarrc<-L\: HeeU-.

The 5;jgns . T M U S T own, that the Farriers have a great
\ many Names for Dillempers that would puzzle
a Man to find out their Etymologies ; nor can I
think from whence the Term Sur bating ccm.e?, un-
lefs from the French of Sur and Battre, which fig-
nifies to ftrike upon, as w^hen the Horfe's Hocf
ftrikes upon the Pavement, and thereby becomes
hot, or what we call furhated.

The Cavifc. Surbated Hoofs proceed from hard Ufage and in-
judicious Shoeing, tho' moftly from the natural Con-
formation or Make of the Horfe's Hoof, which if,
inllead of being of a flat Make and open Heel, it is
a deep Hoof with a narrow Heel, you may fully
expC'lt he will (if ufed upon hard Roads) become
farb.ited or beaten of his Feet in a very fiiort Time,
let the Ov.ner take wiiat Care he can of him.

:: I hope I need net -^11 the Reader, that eafy Shoe-
ing, Greafmg, or Liquoring the Hoofs with Hog's

Lard

IMPROVED. 549

Lard or any other Greafe (which is ilill the fame,
as I have fhcwn in iome of the preceding Chr.pters)
and Stuffing every Night with foft Cow's Dung, is
the beil Method to eale a beaten Foot. And if now
and then you order a little Print of freih Butter to
be put upon the Sole of the Foe t, and lay the Cow-
Dung uppermoil, it will ftill make the Horfe travel
with more Eafc to himiclf and Safety to the Rider ;
for he v/ill not, v/hen his Feet are eafed, be fo apt to
fnapper and llumble. And I have obferved, that
thefe Kind of tender-footed Horfes are worll when
they are new ihod j for 'tis either the Beats of the
Hammer, or the Shoe that is not yet fettled to their
thin and tender Soles, that makes them tread like a
Cat upon a hot Backjlone, as we ufe to fay in the
North : But when the Shoes are fettled to the Feet,
thefe Horfes will (fomeof them) make a tolerable
Shew in a Dealer's Hand, if he is fo wife as to keep
the Spur on the Side, and the Horfe on foft Ground.
But Icall I fhould be thought to teach them more
Cunning than they have already, (tho' they moitly
have Occafion for it, feeing all Eyes are upon them )
I mull proceed ; only, before I leave the Subject of
beaten or farbated Feet, let me warn the Reader of
one common Trick which the Dealers ufe when they
happen to have a Horfe that's tender-footed, f'Z'i:>:.)
they always fliew you thefe Horfes in v/ore-out bad
Shoes, and pretend that when he's (hod he'il go
found and clever. But it is a Miftake, as I have
now hinted ; for if he be lame in Shoes that are
fettled to his Feet, I am fure he will be fo in new
ones in a much greater Degree than we ourfelves are
in new Shoes ; otherwife from whence the Proverb, .
as eafy as my old Shoe. But while a Korfe is young
and mettlefome he fcorns to yield to or fncv/ the
growing Infirmity. In like Manner as v/e ourfelves,
v.hen Boys, could tread upon harder Grounds, and
v.'ear more pinching Shoes than we can at prefcnt.
Therefore, 1 fay , it is of the utmoft Confequence to •■
examine well the Make of the Hoof when you de-'

550 ^be Jrt cf Farriery

fign to buy : For tlio' one of thefe (o ufeful Crea-
tures may trot found on hard Ground upon a Shew ;
yet if his Hoof be what we term a deep Hoof with
a narrow Heel, he ought to be refufed for it, if the
Buyer want one to ferve him a good while j but
fuch Horfes may do well enough for thcfe whofe

Bufmefs it is to buy the D 1 and fell the D 1,

and may ferve well enough on Roads that are not
too hard for their Corns. However, I mull tell
the Reader that fuch Kind of Horfes cannot be call'd
good for the Road, by Reafon the Road muft be
Pioneer firft of all good for fuch Horfes : For when you ride
fclorfes. one of thefe, you ihould fend a Pioneer before to le-
vel the Roads.

It has been a Method long amongft Farriers, to or-
der a Stuffing of Ox or Cow's-Dung and Vinegar
for the Soles of the Feet in thefe Cafes ; but furely
thefe Fellows do not rightly confider the Virtues of
Vinegar any farther than deeming it a Cooler, and
therefore good againft a hot, furbated Hoof : But I
would have fuch People know it is not only cooling
but alfo reflringent, v/hich lall Property is diame-
trically oppofite to the Intention of Cure. And be-
fides, this vegetable acid Juice may by its eminent
cooling Quality, if ufed to a iict Hoof, caufe the
Horfe to founder, and go lamer than he would do
v;ithout fuch Application, v/hich benumbs him ex-
ceedingly in fuch Cafe?. Therefore you fee how
neceffary and requif.te it is for a Man v/ho under-
takes to prefcribe Medicines either imvardly or out-
wardly, to confider, throughly and with Judgment,
all the particular and different Qualities or Virtues
of every individual Ingredient in the Cornpofition,
otherwife he can never be fiid to prefcribe judiciouf-
ly ; for although at firft flight Confideration a Drug
may feem properly adapted for the Cure of a Dif-
temper, yet if we do but give ourfelves Liberty to
confider a little, wc fhall find perhaps that fuch Drug
is cndu'd v.'ith forne very different Qualities more
than wh?»t we v-X hril imagined. But to leturn :

There

IMPROVED. Sji

There are others again who are for foftning the
Sole of the Foot with greafy Things, and afterwards
pouring in a Mixture of boiling Pitch and Tarr ;
But 1 do not think thefel'hings can do any Service,
becaufe no right Reafon can be given why they fhould
eafe a Surbated Hoof. Therefore I rather recom-
mend old De Greys Method, which was to take two
new-laid Eggs, and after pricking the Feet well,
break them raw upon the Soles. After which Huff
with Ox or Cow-Dung.

1? you only ufe the Whites of Eggs with fuch
Stuffing, I believe it will be ftill better ; for they
are moderately cooling, and by their clammy Na-
ture add Firmnefs to the dry and brittle Hoof.

I have ordered a Horfe of this Sort to be fhod
with Pieces of old Hat under the Shoes, thinking
thereby to let him tread fofter, but all to no Purpofe,
for I could find no Difference in his Travelling. So
that in the Main there is no Cure for a beaten Hoof.
Therefore what I have faid before is all that can be
done in the Cafe.

By a Horfe's being Hoof-bound is meant,, when Hoof-
his Heels are too narrow, il^c. or that his Hoof is boumi,
bound up and drawn together by Wrinkles, both^'''"^^*
which are a Sign of too great Heat in this Part of
the Horfe's Body.

There are many and various Methods now in Ufe
for the Cure of this Diforder of the Hoof; and
Farriers, no doubt, will tell you that drawing the
Soles, and fere wing the Keels v/ider with a Piece of
Machinery for the Purpofe, will certainly cure your
Horfe. But altho' I have often taken Notice of
this barbarous CuHom, and been forry to fee a Flag
of Korfe-Soles hung out upon every filiy Smith's
Door ; yet I could never convince them that fuch
Method was erroneous and foolifh, or that they did
amifs when they fcraped away fo much of the Frufh
as they generally do to open the Heels in Shoeing,
the' by ic doing they wcr.kcn the Heels and make-

theoi

35a "The Jrt of Farriery

them approach nearer together. But as I have faid
before, ^i 'vult decipi, decipiatur.
Narrow- i can give no particular Diredions for the Cure

Heel. of narrow-heePd Horfes, befides what I have faid

under the Title of beaten and furbatcd Hoof?. And
altho' Mr. Gihfo7i has writ well upon Farriery, yet
I think he's out, where he dcfcribes an Operation
for the Purpofe, feeing little Good ever accrues
from it.

I

CHAP. XLVI.
Of Gra-'oel, Nails, Sec. in the Foot.

NEED not defcribe the Gravel in the Roof,
any further than what I have done in the pre-
ceding Chapter, where I treated of Lamenefs, and
how a Perfon might gaefs whether a Horfe was
lame in the Foot or Shoulder.
The Cure. The/r/? Thing is to get out the Enemy as foon
as you can ; but if you have not very good Reafoii
to "believe your Horfe gravei'd, by pinching his
Sole moderately with a Pair of Pinchers, ( for any
Horfe will Hirink if he's hard wrung: } I fay if you
don't find fufficient Reafon to believe he is gravei'd,
do not fuffer the Smiith to rip and tear up the poor
Creature's Foot with his drawing Knife ; for by
fuch injudicious Praftice the Horfe often gravels,
tho' he was not before fuch Work, by making the
Sole fo thin thaftlie Gravel works itfelf thro' to
the Quick ; and really there is no Occafion to rip
up the Foot fo much, bc-caufe if you fqueeze him
only at every half Inch Diftance round the Hoof,
you will be fure to hit the Place, if there be Gra-
vel. But then again you are to giv€ Allowance
for a thin, and thick, and firm Sole ; for thin-foled
Horfes, ' or fuch as have tender Feet, will fnew
S}'lnptoms of the Gravel, upon this Tryalj aUho'

there

IMPROVED. 353

there is not the lead Bit got thro' the Sole. And
therefore I fay, you muft give Allowance for a
tender-footed Horfe.

The Gravel moflly follows the Nail-Holes, and
when thefe pafs too near the Quick, 'tis then fuch
Sort of Matter gets in and corrupts, working its
Way continually upwards towards the Coronet, or
Part between Hoof and Hair, where it very often
forms what the Farriers call a Quitter-Bone, of te-
dious and difficult Cure.

Furthermore a Horfe may be gravel'd from his
being fo thin pared in the Heels or elfewhere of his
Foot, that it works its Way thro' ; yet I believe,
the Farriers often make a Miftake by calling the
Lamenefs a Gravel, when it is the Horfe's Foot
which is crufli'd about the Heel by the Shoe that
fits too hard, and the crufh'd Blood when grown
corrupt makes the Horfe halt and go lame ; th-^re-
fore upon fearching the Hoof it is term'd a Grrvel.
But as the Cure of both are the fame, we may the
more eafily forgive the Miftake.

Aft r you have got out all the Gravel, ( which
may be known by a Difcontinuation of the Black-
nef-',) the Place may be heaPd with the Green
Ointment, Page.z^i. which muil be aprly'd very
warm, or rather poured hct into the Grievance ;
and afterwards fill the hollow Part with fomething
of a more firm Confiftence, fach as black Pitch,
with a little Turpentine, or the like. However it
may be proper every Night to view how Matters go,
leaft the Cement be dropt out in Travelling. The
beft Way to preferve it in its Place, is to leave the
Hole as rough as poffible, and hollow'd a little under ;
that is, to make the Hole larger within than with-
out, in the fame M.mner as we fix the Gudgeons of
a Door in Stone, by melting Lead into the
Cavities.

Some have a Method, and that not defpicable, of
burning Gil of Turpentine in the Hole, after the
Gravel is got out ; for by this Means the Sole, I '

mean

354' ^^^ -^^ {)/ F A R R I E K Y

mean the thin Part next the Quick, is made harder
and firmer, to hinder the getting in of foreign Mat-
ter ; and after burning the Oil, to melt in any
Kind cf Cement, fuch as Pitch, Rofm, Burgundy-
Pitch, or the like.
Sole to be If the Gravel ly^ deep or thro' the Sole of the
drawn, if Foot, which may be eafily told when you trace it.
the Gravel vvith the Farrier's drawing Knife, then indeed it is
he deep. ^^^^g^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ the Sole, and by this Method:-
you may hinder a Quitter-Bone; for unlefs you
proceed fo r.s to fetch out all the Gravel, it wilt
Hill wwk upwards, as I have faid ; like as an Ear of
Rye or Barley will go further and further up one's
Arm if we put it under the Wrill-band of the Shirt,
" ' ilir the Arm from and to the Body. For a.

and

Hc-rfe\Hoof is ihaooth upwards and rough, down-
ward?,, in. the fame Manner with an Ear of Rye or
Barley : So that if any Gravel get to the Quick, it
cannot come out the fame Way it went in, unlefs
fcjaped out, but Vv'crks flill further and further up-
wards, 'till it makes its Egrefs about the Coronet of!
the Hoof. Therefore, if the Gravel lie deep, draw
the' Sole,, and apply Tar and Turpentine warm, 'till'
a new one be formed firm enough for the Horfe to-
travel upon.
ColHn-Bone Sometimes the Grievance proceeds flill further,
affcacd j^j^j afil^ds the CorHn-bone, which is of fo foft and
vith the fp^ngv a Nature, that it foon turns carious and rot-
• ten. Therefore, if this be the Cafe, ( which tho'
it cannot be told 'till tlie Sole is drawn, yet it may
be eafily difccrned afterwards in two Drefiings, when
the Blood is flop'd and the Part well vvafnM, by a
Continuation of the Blacknefs, over-againil the Hole,
in the Sole that's drawn;) I fay, if the Comn-Bone
The Cure, be tainted, nothing exceeds the Aaual Cautery or
Burning-Iron contrived with a Point like a Sugar-
Loaf ; and by drying the Bone in this Manner, and
the Application of the following fpirituous Mixture,
with the green Ointment, p. 283. over all, the Part
may be made found and without Blemi'^i, which it

C3n

IMPROVED. 3SS

can fcarcely be, when the Gravel burfts out about
the Coronet. The Mixture is this :

T£de Ttnaure of Myrrh -Akes, half an 0««f^ j Tinanre

Tinaure of Eupharhiujn, fwo Drachms. Mix. !?'' ^^^

•^ ' Gravel.

Apply this, by dipping a fmall Dozel of Lint in '

it, to the decay'd Bone, without warming, twice a
Day, and the green Ointment over alJ, as before
hinted.

I can't fay but there is a great Similitude or Agree-
ment between a Man's Nails and a Horf(;'s Hoof;
for v/hen there happens to be a Gathering (as 'tis
call'dj under any of the Nails, if it be near the
Root of the Nail, it often caafes it to grow in Ridges
or Wrinkles ever after : And in like manner it fares
with Horfes Hoofs when the Gravel gets up to the
Coro3iet, where forming a Quitter-Bone, the Far*-
rier is obliged to apply fjch Things as will deftroy.
the.Excrefcence or hard SubHance, and unlefs gr-cat
Care be taken, the Hoof will grow wrinkled, and
often lofe a Quarter ( as 'tis call'd ) .

To cure a Tread upon the Hoof,, or what?s com^The Cure,
monly called an Over-reach, nothing more need be ^c)r an Over?
ufed than the common green Ointment, p. 283. and'*^^ '
a Clout fevv'd over the Sore ; for the Gravel fcarce
ever works downwards, becaufe it is hinder'd by the
very Make of the Hoof, as I have before fhewn :
Neither need you to fear Travelling the Horfe a
little, unlefs the Grievance be very bad, for there is
a vaft deal of Difference as to the Danger of Gravel
at the^ Bottom, and Gravel at the Top of the Hoof.

K 'fitter-Bone is a Kind of hard, round Svvel- A Qj.i!tter-
ling upon the Coronet, moilly about the Heel or Bone, what,
back Part of the Hoof, and generally it grows on
the Inlide,

The Caufe is moH commonly from Gravel which.The C.inf*?.
has not been got out in Time, but by working its
Way upwards, it lodges about the Coronet, forming
a Quitter-Bone. It alfo proceeds from Bruifes, Stabs,.

355 ^he Jrt of F A 'B.KiEKY

P-rick.% Nail?, and the like, which having been ne-
gkaed fliew the Farrier's Ignorance, or Owner's
Fault in not applying in Time.

There are other Caufes^ alTign'd, but I cannot
.^ think they have any Hand in producing Quitter-
Bones, therefore I omit their Recital.
The Sign?. The Signs are Lamenefs, and a vifiBe Swelling
in the Place mentionM, which at laft breaks, and
runs Matter from a fmall Hole like unto a Fiftula.
The O- re. 'I\he Cure, of a Quitter-Bone is perform'd by burn-
ing feveral Holes in it pretty deep with a Cautery or
Piece of Iron, pointed pyramidically ; burn the
Holes fo big that you may put in Pieces of Subli-
mate Mercury, as big as Horfe- Beans, which let
flay there 'till there turns out a Core or' Lump of
putref ed Flefli ; after which drefs the Wound for
fome Time v^ith the green Ointment, p. 283. with
the Addition of Soot, as order'd in the Chapter of
the Farcin.

It very often happens, that a Horfe lofes a Quar-
ter of his Hoof by a fevere Quitter-Bone ; for that
Part call'd the Coronet, being dellroy'd, and no
other Method yet found fo eifeftual as Burning in
the Manner I have defcribed, without which a Cure
cannot be efFeaed, therefore it is, that the Hoof
often parts in two Pieces, and remains fo while the
Horfe lives ; which fo weakens his Hoof, that when
a Stone happens to prefs harder upon that Part than
the reft of the Foot, he is ready to tumble down.
But 1 am apt to believe, that when the Hoof parts
quite thro' from the Coronet to the Sole, the Quit-
ter-Bone has been ill cured ; for by keeping the
Hoof dry, and lapping it round with Clukin, as the
Sailors call it, pretty well tar'd, from the upper to
the lower Part, it will preferve it together,^ and
caufe it to grow firm and llrong. Yet it requires a
quick Eye, and found Judgment, to tell when all
the Matter of the Quitter-Bone is deftroy'd, as vvell
as to preferve that Quarter of the Hoof from being
loft (as 'tis call'd).

. If

IMP ROVE R': 357

If you nov/ and then wafli the Sore with the fol-
lowing Water, it will hinder proud Fleili, and caufe
the Wound' to heal more found than it otherv/ife
would do.

Take JVhifc-Wine Vinegary one Pint ; Honey, ^a^fwattr for
a Pound ; French Verdigreafe in Po-o:der, half an a Q^iiitter-
Ounce : Boil them all ivell, and put it into a Bottle ii^^<^.
for life. And to caufe the Hoof to gro-.v, Talloiu,
Dogs Greafe, and Tui-pentine , of each equal Quan-
tities, are recommended, tho' I dare fay any Greafe
is as good as Dog's Greafe, provided it is free from
Salt.

I have now faid vvhat is fufHcIent for the Cure of
moll Maladies, Vv'hich infell this fo noble and ufeful
Creature ; I fay, moft Maladies, thofe which I have
omitted being not worth Notice, becaufe they fall
in naturally under fome of the Heads of which I
have treated. And as I have far exceeded the Num-
ber of Pjges at lirll propofed to my Subfcribers, I
mrift beg Leave to proceed to an Account of the
Prices of Druge ufed in Farriery ; only I beg the
Reader v>'Ould obferve one Thing, which is, that
he would try hfore he buy : And tho' you can hr-.rdly
meet with a Dealer that will let you have a HoiTe
upon Trial a Day or two, yet if they would not,
they fhould have none of my Money ; for though aTh': Signs
Jiorfe Jia7id firm and upright u! on his P. ^ ferns, nfjalks "^^ ^ g' ^-"^
and trots like a Doe, goes ^wide behind, and pretty ]f'^^}'
near before, fo as to rufp.e the Hair Kvithout breaking
the Skin, carries his Head in a good Place, and fhenx's
himfelf other<zvife a handfome and excellent Horfe,
yet he may be apt to boggle, or be otherwife vici-
ous, notwithflanding he does not fhe-v-- his Imperfec-
tion? in the Dealer\s Hand, who ne\tr cries Stink-
iug Fif, though perhaps he may talk honeftly i but
it is my Opinion (fo far as I have tr^ ''! this Sort of
Traders) that their Tongues and Hearts lie far
af under ; but for a thorough -pac'd One, I muil re-

comjnend

238 5"*^ -^^^ ^/ Farriery

commend my old Friend at the K-g's-As in K-nd-l,
who is as (harp a Dealer as any of them, and yet
takes Care to fet his Words, dsV. in fuch proper
Places, that he feems to preferve what is commonly
llyled a OharaSi?r.

Aft

IMPROVED.

339

An A c c o u N T of the Goodnefs and
Prices of D RUGS made ufe of in
Fa R Ri E RY, when purchafed from
the beft Hand (June 1737.)

A.

jiLOES Sttccotrine, the bell, ter

-«^ Pound — _

Ditto, fecond Sort , , .

Ditto, third Sort . — . .

Ditto, Barhadoes, commonly call'd

Horfe-Alocs — — —

Alum, common, per Pound — .

—Rup. or Roch Jllum -^

Antitnony, crude, -per Pound —

Arfenic'k, white or yellow, per Pound

An i feeds, per Pound

AE.gyptiacufn, per Pound —
^^thiops Mineral, per Ounce —— .

Antimo7ty Diaphoretic, per Ounce

Balfam Capi<vi, per Pound -

■ of Gilead, per Ounce

— of Peru, per Ounce •

— of Tclu, per Pound >

Bole Armoniac, per Pound .
Borax, per Pound ,

Bee% Wax, per Pound — *

Balujlines, per Pound — m

Brimjione in Rolls, per Pound

Balfam of Sulphur a-nifated, per Pound
Butter of Antimony, per Ounce —

2

4
4

C.

Ccmph

o

[O

4
o

3

4

2,

8

2I

o

4

360 TJ^e Art of Fa r r i e r y

C. /. 3. s.

■Ciimpkire, from 35 j. to i^s. per Pound,

which laft Price it is now Ibid at — o 4 o

'Cantharides, /^r Pound ' -^ — 060

Cajlor, Nen.v-Enolajid,^er OiViZQ — 010

Ditto, Tjuffia, per Ounce >• — ■ 034

,Ceruje, 01 WhiU-Lead^ perYxi\x's\\ ^~ .0 o 3

'Cinnadar, n;<tive, ^^r Ounce , ;-^^ TT O 2. 4

, Cochineal, per Ounce . *-^ — '^^— "^ o 1 4

Coloquintida, per Pound 034

Corallin^ per Pound * 006

Cream of Tartar y per Pound , — — 008

Cardamofns the greater, per Pound — 044,

Coriander Seeds, per Pound ^ . -^ — o o 2\

Crocus Meialhrum, per Pound — o 1 8

D.

D'tagridiiim. per Ounce *« ' ■ 014

E.
"Earth of fvjeei Vitriol, cominonly called

Colcothar, per Oance ■■ 00 4

Ela'erium, per Ounce • 010 o

Ens Veneris,' per Ounce o o 9

ExtraSl. Opii, per Ounce • o 1 4

Ditto of Rhiibarh, per Ounce — - 03 8 '

F.

Flowers of CaTnomile, per Pound ■ — 014

Tenu^jeek Seeds, per Pound ■ o o 3!

Frankinccnfe, per Pound . 005

Flonvers of Benjrmiin, per Oimce — 080

' Ditto J of Brifnfone, per Pound — o o 4 '

Grain's of Paradi/e, per Pound ■ — .010

Gamboore, per Pound 030

Gum Elemy, per Pound ~= • 028

•~ ~ 'Euphorhium, per Pound ■— — o 1 2

Citfn

IMPROVED.

361

L

J.

d.

Gum GuaiacuTfiy per Pound

0

5

0

Myrrh, the beft, per Pound -

0

2

8

0

13

0

0

2

4

Guaiacum, or Lignum Vita, rafped, per

Pound - - - -

0

0

2

Glafs of Antimony, per Pound -

0

2

0

H.

Honey, per Pound . , -

0

0

4

Ditto o/Rofes, per Pound -

0

I

4

Horfe Spice, per Pound

0

0

6

I.

Juniper Berries, per Pound

0

0

2

J efuit's Bark, per VoMW^.

0

7

0

Jalap Root, per Pound

L.
Laurel Berries, per Pound

0

4

6

0

0

3

Lapis hfernalis, per Ounce

0

0

6

Ditto Medicamentofus

0

0

3

Laudanum Liquidum, Dr. Sydenham's,

per Ounce - - - -

0

0

8

Lead, white, per Pound

0

0

3

Liquorice, the bell, per Pound -

0

0

5

M.

Mercurius Dulcis, per Ounce - O O 7

Ditto Brtecipitate, red, per Pound 080

Ditto, Sublimate corrofi've, per Pound 066

O.

Opium, per Pound _ - -
Oil ofjkveet Almonds, per Pound - -
Ditto, of Chamo?nile , common, /^r Pd.
Ditto, Chymical, per Ounce
Ditto, of Svjallo^vs, per Pour.d

10

Di^o

362 ^he Art (/Farriery

/.

Oil, of Bays, Flanders, per Pound o
Ditto, ofhinfeed, cold drawn, per Pd. o
Ditto, of Worms, per Pound - o

Ditto, of Olives, the bell, pr Pound o
Ditto, of Petre, per Pound - o

Ditto, of Spike, common, per Pound,
'tis a Cheat, the true Chymical
Oil being very hard to be got - o
Ditto, Turpentine, ^^r Pound - - o
Ditto, of Anifeed,^per Pound - - o
Ditto', ofyuniper, per Pound - - o
Ditto, of Bricks, per Pound - - - o

P.

Pf/»/^r, ./tf«^, the beft, /^r Pound - -
Pitchi Burgundy, per Pound - - -

.^ickfilver, per Pound

Q.

-050

R.

Rhubarb, the bell, per Pound
Royal Styptic Water, per Ounce

S.
Saffron, E?igljjh, per Ounce
JSetia of Alexandria, per Pound
Snake root, per Pound
Sal Armoniac, crude, per Pound ■
Soap^ black, per Pound
Stages, Aire feed, per Pound
Spanijh Juice, per Pound
Syrup of Ma.jhnallonvs, per Pound
Soap ojf Tartar, per VoMVid.
Spirit of Wine, per Gallon - -

300
004

*Tar cf Barb a does, per Pound -
'liirpentinef common, per Pound

o I o

003

Turpentine

IMPROVED.

/.

s.

d.

turpentine of Strashurgh

o

I

6

Turmerickf per Pound - : ::

o

o

7

V.

Vipers, per Dozen : _ -

o

lO

o

Vitriol, ivhite, per Pound

o

o

8

Ditto, Roman, per Pound

o

I

4

Ditto, Green, or Coperas, per Pound

o

o

I

Verdigreafe, French, per Pound

o

2

o

Ditto, Englijh - - -

o

I

o

z.

Zedoary, from Turkeyy per Pound

- o

FINIS.

K

INDEX.

THE

INDEX.

A.

BDCMEN, what 44
Ahracadahras , whif-
per'd in Horfes Ears by the
Germans as a Charm for
the Farcin 98. The Folly
of it, and the Cuftom of
turning them thrice round
afterwards, expos'd ibid.

J\biterfive Applications, pre-
ferable to unftuous Ones,
in the Cure of FiHulous Ul-
cers, ^c. 31 18

A.cid Crudity, one of the Cau-
fes of Chylification 197.
The Cure of it 198. The
Prefcription for it ibid.
A Purge for it

Acid Crudity, the
the hungry Evil

Adcps, what 164.
fercnce between
Pinguedo

Adnata Tunica

ibid.
Caufe of

TiOO

The dif-

that and

ibid.

what 100.

Its Derivation and other De-

nominations ibid.

./Ethiops Mineral, proper for
the Deftruftion of Worms
151. How to prepare it
according to Art 228.
Good in the Jaundice 245

jiEtiology, what 36

Agues, cured by giving the
Bark in Glyilers 203

Air, one of the four Elements 2

Albuginea Tunica, what 100.
Its other Denominations ib.

Ale -wort, good againll the
Worms , 225

Aloe, the Ufe of it very ex-
tenfive • 196

Alterative Medicines , un-
known to common Farriers
9. Great Cares perfbrm'd
by them in Chronic Cafes
ibid, and 80

Anafarca, Bcerbaanje's Defi-
nition of Jt 263. The
Signs ibid. The Cure 270

Ai^jitoffiy, the Knowledge of
it

INDEX.

it abfolutely necelTary for

the Cure of Difeafes 5 1

Aneurifms, what 62. The

Operation for it harder

to be performed upon a

Horfe than a Man 297

Angiology, what 92

Animal Digeftion, defined 43

Animal (Economy, receives a

great Advantage by the di-

ftant Station of the Brain

from the Heart, and why

H

Animal Spirits, a Fluid in the

Nerves ib. Their Motion

flow and languid, and why

ibid.

Animals, of all Kinds, pro-
duced from Eggs 224.
Their Analogy with Plants
247

Anticor, what, and why fo
called 192. The Signs of
it ibid. Englifh Horfes
not much fubjedl to it ibid.
The Caufe and Cure 193.
A Glyfter proper for it ib.
A Cordial proper to be gi-
ven , af:er eight or nine
Days 1 94

Ant'iheBicufn Pcterii , g: od
for Horfes in the Farcin 28 ^

Antimony, an Account o? v:
230. Where found ibid.
QdiWtdiyuMctiKe.ov, rndwhy
ibid. Made ufe of by Je-
xshel, to Charm the King
her Husband ibid. The
\^irtue3 of it fet forth by

Galen , Hippocrates , 8cC^
ibid.

Antimony, Ward's Pill and
Drop, a Preparation from
it 231

Antimony, crude, proper to
be given to Horfes in the
Mange 288

Aorto, what 5 1 . Defcribed

Apex, what 53

Apopleftica, the internal jugu.

lar Veins fo called by Bar-

thclinCy and why 9 1

Apoplexy, its Derivation, and

Definition 88. Its Courfe.

ibid. Its Caufe and Cure

Aqua Saphrina, a Cure for
Films 139. The Price of
it ibid. Why fo called ibid.

Aqueous Humour of the Eye
defcribed 106. Its fpiritu-
ous Nature ibid.

Arteries, the Derivation of the
Term 61. Their Number
and Names ibid. A De-
fcription of one dz. Its
Elaiiicity ibid. The Pulfe
in them recounted for t^.
The'r Form ibid. Their
chief Diflribution 64.
Ti;ey accomp:.ny the Veins
for the niOll part through
the Boay ibi-a. L e deeper
ho've -er, and are iia.Jerto
be come at than the "as
ibid. The fatal Confequtnce
R 3 that

INDEX.

that attends the cutting one
of them ibid.

Artery, large, if wounded,
what is to be done 297

Afcites, what 267. How pro-
duced 268

Afpera Arteria, what 72

AfTara Eacca, dried and pow-
der'd, an excellent Medi-
cine for Hcrfes affeded with
the Head-ach and diftem-
per'd Eyes 86. The Man-
ner in which it is to be ufed,
the Our iitity prefciibed ,
and the Precautions to be
tr.ken in the Operation ibid.

Afihma^;, what called by
the Furriers 3. What Sort
cf Horfes moil fubjedt to
them ibid.

Aftringent Purge for fcouring
216

Ailringent Mixture for it 2 1 9

Aftringent Syrup, to be truft-
ed to in Fluxes 221

Aftringent Glyfters, prefcri-
bed in the like Cafe by Mr.
Gihfony and approved by
the Author 222

Atrophy, what, andhowcau-
fed 132

Augmented Secretion, what 5
The beft Method to retain
it ibid.

Auricles, defcribed 54. Their
Ufe 55

B.
Ack- raking, what, and
how performed 20 8

B

Back-fmew, when flrain'd, a
cold Charge for it 338
Bagli'vi, his Opinion of the
bilous Cholick 207

Balls for Moon-ey'd Horfes
137. To kill Worms 225
Balm of Gilead, what 177.
Call'd Opobalfamum ibid.
A particular Account of it
ibid. The PI ant from which
it flows, what called by
Cafpar Cauhine ibid. Mr.
LipfikYit by Len.vh XIV. of
France, as Ambaffador to
the Emperor cf the Ahyf-
fines in Egypt, to difcover
that Plant ; and the Man-
ner of procuring the Balfam
from it ibid. The various
Ways of produciag it ibid.
Not now to be found in In-
dia, and why ibid. At
prefent found at Mecha, and
Grand Cairo in Egypt ibid.
From thence carried to Con-
fianti-nople ibid. Ufed by
the Ladies there as a Cof-
metic 178. The Scarcity
and Price of it, the Caufes
of its Adulteration ibid.
An excellent Remedy in
opening ObftruiSlions of the
Lungs and feveral other Di-
ftempers ibid.

Balfam of Capivi, what 176.
Its Price ibid. Us'd in-
ftead of Balm of Gilead 178
Balfam de Vervain recom-
mended

IN D EX.

mended 299. The Recipe

ibid.

Barbs, what 323

Barthollne calls the internal

jugular Veins AfopkBiccej

and why 9 1

Bateinari'i peroral Drops, of

what compounded 237
Baynard, (Dr.) his humorous

Account of Evacuations 183
Bile in Animals, theUfe of it

239
Black, the hotteft Colour for

Summer Wear, and why

Bleeding, proper for Colts in
the Strangles 4. Service-
able when a Horfe is ple-
thoric and full of Blood 7

Bleeding a whole Troop of
Horfes together by way of
Prevention before they go
to Summer Grafs, a ridicu-
lous Practice 9

Bleeding to be pradlifed with
great Caution 10. In what
Cafes it may be ferviceable
ibid. Otner creates than
prevents Difeafes 1 1 . Ge-
neral Rules to be obferved
in the Practice of it 1 3 . The
moft ready and vlef'.;! Ope-
ration for Relief in Sicknefs,
and why ibid. When to be
avoided 14. Requifite in
all Fevers ibid. And in
all Impofthumations, unlefs
there be a Suppuration ;
and why in tliat Cafe not

to be ufed 15. Servicea^
ble in Swellings of the Legs,
occafioned by the Greafe,
ibid. But with Reftriftions
ibid. Proper in violent
Pains, whether internal or
external 16. In moft Dif-
orders of the Head ibid.
Forbid by Solleyfell in Dif-
eafes of the Eyes ibid. His
Judgment queftioned ibid.
When fervicenble fpecified
17. Proper in the Farcin,
and other Difeafes of the
Skin ibid. The Horfe's
Age to be confidered in the
Ufe of it ibid. Youth the
moft proper Time for it ib.
Horfes not fubje£t to Sick-
nefs or Fainting during the
Operation, and why ibid.
In all Cafes v/here Bleeding
is neceftary the Strength of
the Hcrfe muft be confider*d
21 . The hrft thing requi-
fite in a fymptomatic Fever

39
Bleeding to Death, no true
Eftiniate of the Quantity of
Blood in any Animal 53
Bleedingaccording to a Horfe's
Str- ngth, A-ge, &c. fervice-
able when lie is fff.fted
with tjie Her.d-ach 8s . The
premier P.efo-t in moft Dif-
e-ifes of the Buiin 91

Bleeding in any one partlcui ir
Part not very material, and
why 92. On the contrary
R 4 Side

INDEX.

Side to the Part afFedled moft
approved of, and why ibid.
Dr. Sydc/ihamhmoMS for the
Pradice of bleeding in the
Pleurify, but chofe the af-
fefted Side, contrary to the
Dodrine of Revulfion 94

Bleeding, from whence the
Benefit arifes 96. Service-
able to Hories with rheumy
Eyes 133. And for fuch as
are Moon-blind 137. Pro-
per in the Beginning of all
Colds, and why 153. And.
in large Quantities 155.
Proper in the Glanders 1 69 .
Proper for Perfons afHidled
v.ith Gravel - pains 253.
V/lien proper for Horfes in
the Farcin 281

Blood, one of the four Hu-
mours 3. Wliat underllood
by it 49. The Calculations
of its Quantity and Veloci-
ty 50. The Time of its
Circulation not to be deter-
mined 52. Its Circulation,
hov/ performed 60. The
Antients and Moderns like-
wife unacquainted with it,
till difccver'd by IV. Hayveyy
Phyfician to King Charles
the Firft 61. Moll dif-
folv'dat and about the Heart

174
Bloody flux, what 219.
Horfes not fubjed to it ac-
cording to Gibfon and Sol-
leyfell ibid. The Author's

Aflertion to the contraryt

and his Prefcription for i

ibid, and 220

Blood-fpavin, what 325. The
Cure ibid. Cauterizing un-
necelTary for it 326

Blunder-oille^i Recipes for colds
not worth tranfcribing 159.
His Account of the Glan-
ders cenfured 168

Boerhaa<ve, ( Herman) a moft
excellent Phyfician 245.
His Definition of a Dropfy
263. His Opinion of it in
human Bodies 273

Bone-fpavin, the Cure 325

Borclli, mjfiaken in his Cal-

culation of the P

of the

Heart in a human Body 59
Bots, frequently the Caufe of
the Stomach-cough 151. A
particular Account of them
223
Boj/e's Difcourfe on a Ma-
chine for Digellion recom-
mended 48
Brain, the Difcafes of it 81.
The true Reafon of its Bulk

84

Bran , fcalded , proper for

Horfes when affedted with

a Cold 154

Breathing defin'd 72. The

Weight of it ibid.

Broken Wind, the Farrier's

Term for Afthma'5 3.

What Sort of Horfes moll

fubjedl to that Diftemper

ibid. The Caufe of it 163.

The

I N D E ' X.

The Signs ibid. A difficult
Matter to diftinguilli it from
a Cold ibid. The Cure
164. A Recipe for it 165.
What Diet beft for Horfes
fo p.fFefted 1 66

Bulinna, what 200. The
Caufe and Cure ibid.

Bnrdoiii Pocliet Farrier referr'd
to with refpedl to a general
Obiervation of the Author i

C.

•CAMERA obfcura, a
\^^ Defcription of it 115
Camphire, the Quality of it

237
Canthus, what 141

Capillary Veffels, what 17
Capfula of the Chryftalline
pretended to be tirft difco-
ver'd by T—r 108. Known
long before he was a Prac-
titioner ibid.
Carminative Medicines ex-
plain'd 201. Confiil: of
warm fubtil Parts 202
Cailile Soap, good in the Jaun-
dice 245
Cataplafm, what 26
Catarafb, what 106. Mr,
Gihfon'i Account of it cen-
fured 141. The true Seat
of it 142. What conftitutes
a true one ibid. The feve-
. ,ral Colours of it ibid. The
;;whitearid pearl colour'd on-
ly curable ibid. Not by
internal or external Medi-

cines, but manual Operati-
ons only ibid. S nape's Opi-
nion of it cenfored ibid.

Cathartic Medicines fervicea-
ble by way of Alteratives,
in Chronic Cafes 80

Cats, the Author's Obferva-
tions on their Eyes 1 1 3

Cats rubb'd in the Dark emit
Light, and why 1 1 4

Cats fee better than Men in'
the Night, and why 1 1 8

Caufes ( the fame ) will often
produce .diiFerent EfFedls 38

Cautery, the Ufe of it recom-
mended for the Cure of
Pains in the Joints 3 1 9

Chefl-foundering, what, and-
from whence it proceeds 1 6 1 «
The Signs of it ibid. The
Cure ibid. The Food moft
proper for Horfes under that
Diftemper ibid.

Choler, one of the four Hu-
mours 3

Cholic , v.'hat,and from whence
it proceeds 200. Defined
204. The Caufe and Cure
ibid. A Glyller for it ibid.
A Purge for it 205. A
Mixture for it 206. The-
various Sorts of it 213

Choroides, what loi. Its
Spring ibid. Its Colour
ibid. Snapis Account of
the blackifh Matter fpread
upon it, dark and obfcure
ibid. Is open ibid. Is
black, and why 113

R 5 Chj-yilalline.-

INDEX.

Chryftalline Humour of the

Eye delcribed 107. Its

Situation, Figure, and

Covering ibid. Its Sub-

ftance commonly taken thro'

MiHake, for a congeaPd

Body 108. Dr. Kennedys

Account of it ibid. The

Author'sObfervationfron the

Dodor ibid.

Chyle, what 9

Chyle-Flux, the Author's In-

fufion for it 220

Chylification, what 197

Cineres Clavellati, what 241

Cineritious Subftance, what

Circulation of the Blood not
to be determined 5 2 . How
it is performed 60. An-
tients unacquainted with it,
and Moderns likewife, 'till
difcovered by Har<vey, in
the Reign of King Charles
the Firil 61

Clap, or Goncrrhaea, beil cu-
red by Injeclion 179

Ciyfters, o;/^^ Glyfters

Ca^liac, Paiiion, what 220.
Korfes not fubjed to it, and
why ib. the Cure for it ib.

Colds fconer afF^cl the Lungs
than any otlier Part of the
Body 77- Bleeding, and
other proper Meafures to be
taken, when Horfes are fo
affededibid. Nothing cold
to be admmiftred to them
uxidcr thcfe Diibrderc -j^.

A Prefcription of the Au-
thor's ibid. Mr. GiI?/o?i's
Receipt approv'd of ibid.
His Opinion relating to un-
skilful Prefcriptions juftified
ibid.
Colds, from whence proceed-
ing 149. Gibfoti^ Account
of them erroneous ibid, and
150. How to know when
Horfes are firil taken 153.
The Cure ibid . The Feed-
ing proper at fuch Times

153. 154. Purging 'pro-
per, a Recipe accordingly

154. Bleeding neceffary

155. De Gref^ Method of
Cure ibid. Part of his Me-
thod cenfured as ridiculous

156. The Author's Di-
reftions for knowing when
a Cold in the Head is taken
158. And his Sneezing-
Powders to cure it 159.
The Recipe ibid. Further
Diredtions for the Cure
ibid. The Author's Cor-
dial-Ball propofed ibid.
The Recipe ibid.

Coldbatch'^ grand Styptic for

the Stoppage of Blood, how

prepared 295

Colon of a Horfe defcribed

203

Colour of Horfes, Markhanis

pretended Skill therein 3.

What it may poffibly denote

ibid.

Colts

I N D EX.

Colts mofl fubjedl to the Stran-
gles 4. The Meafures t3
be taken immediately there-

upon

ibid.

Colt-Evil, what 257. The
Cure ibid. Fomentation
for it 258

Columnse, what 5 5

Complexion of Plorfes, an idle
Term, and the Conjedures
that many Difeafes proceed
from it, all imaginary 2.
Not difcernible thro' their
Skin, as a Man's is 7

ConjunSiivaTunica, what 100.
Its other Denominations
ibid.

Conftipation, what 24

Convex Glafs compared to the
Cornea 1 1 9

Convex GlafTes, Helps to Per-

fons near-fighted, and why

116

Convexity of the Cornea, the
greater it is, the larger the
Obje6l appears 119. No
Help for this Defeft inHor-
fes ibid.

Coralline, the Manner of its
growing, its Virtues and
Price 226

Cordial Stomach Drench, the
feveral Ingredients whereof
it is compofed 1 5 2

Cordial Bail recommended to
be given to Horfes when
Cheil-founder'd 162

Cordial Carminative Drench
for the Lax, or Scouring

214. The Charge of it
ibid.
Cornea Tunica, \v\\2it. lOi

Cornea of the Eye, not fo con-
vex in old Horfes as in
young ones 116. Is the
Caufe of Dimnefs 117
Coronary VefTels, what 54
Coughs, frequently epidemi-
cal 152. To what owing
ibid.
Crafis, what 5 1

Chronic Diftempers, their O-
rigine 197

Cures, common People unfit
to judge of them 294-

D.

DEcoftion, prefcribed by
Dr. Gihfon to prevent
Running at the Nofe turn-
ing to the Glanders, cen-
fur'd, and why 160

Deer, an Tnftance of one fhot

in the Heart with a Muf-

ket-Ball , and yet recover'd

293

De Grey cenfured for his Eye-
Powder for Horfes, compo-
fed of human Dung 135.
An Obfervation of his with
refpeft to the Hawes ap-
proved of 141. His Pre-
fcription for a Cold in the
Head 155. Part of it ridi-
culous, and v/hy 156. His
Recipe's for Colds not worth
tranfcribing 159. His Hi-
liory of a Horfe in a Con--|-
R 6 . fumpu^^n'.

INDEX.

fumption of the Flelh, cen-
fured 164. His Drench for
the Cholic 2 1 o. His mer-
ry Prefcription for a Stone-
Horfe, when troubled with
the Cholic, or unable to
pifs 211. Charged with be-
ing no Philofopher on that
Account, and why ibid.
His Account of the Caufe
of a Scouring, and his Pre-
fcription for it, cenfured
218. His Method for cu-
ring the Farcin 285
Des Cartes imagined the Glan-
diila Pinealis to be the Seat
of the Soul 7 1
Diagridium, what 196
Diameters of VeiTels increafed
by long and continued Dif-
charges 132
Diaphragm, what 44
Diarrhoeas, what 20, 2 1 7
Diailole, what 50
Digellion more effeftually and
expeditioufly perform'd in
the Day-time than the
Night, when an Animal is
awake, than when a-fkep,
and why 46. In Exercife,
than when inaflive ibid.
Plard Study prejudicial to
DigeiHon, and therefore the
Mind ought to be unbent
by Mufick, or feme other
Amufemcnt to forward it

47
Digeihon, better in Winter

than in Summer, and why

47

Diluters, not to be denied in
Fevers, if they confift of
proper Mixtures 38, 39

Diteafe, a Definition of it 2.
When there is a Complica-
tion of them in a Horfe at
the fame Time, the general
Maxim to be obferv'd 4

Diuretic Medicines, what 78.
Their Operations ex plain' d
242 . What Kind moft pro-
per for Perfons aiftided with
the Gravel 243

Dogs often clap'd 26 1

Dropfy in Horfes, Dr. Boer-
^^^'z;^'s Definition of it 263.
The Signs ibid. The Cure
265. The Hellebore In-
fufion for it ibid. How
produced 268. Three fe-
veral Ways fpecified 460.
A Purge for it 270. An
Infufion to corroborate the
Stomach 271

Dropfy in a Horfe, a remark-
able Cure of it by meer Ac-
cident 272

Dropfy, Dr. Boerhaanje's O-
pinion of it in human Bo-
dies 273

Dumball, (He7iry) a particular
Cafe , with refped to a
Blow on his Eye 125.
Tamper'd with by Dr.
Qrecn, without Succefs 126.
Rertored to Sight by a won-
derful

INDEX.

derful Providence, and not
by Art ibid. The extraor-
dinary Manner of it parti-
cularly related 128

Duodenum, what, and the
Length of it in a Horfe 48

Dyfentery, what 217

E.

EARTH, one of the four
_' Elements 2

Eaton's Balfamic Styptic , a
good Preparation in itfelf,
tho' the Title is meer Non-
fenfe 123

EfFefts (the fame) will often
proceed from different Cau-
fes 63

EIe<5live Purgations, a meer
Jell 162

Elements, confined to four by
the Chymills 2 . Their fe-
veral Denominations 3

Elephantic Malady, what, and

. why fo call'd 286. The
Signs and Caule ibid. The
Cure 287

Eibow-Greafe, when proper

341
Emollients, what 188. Their
Manner of Operation ex-
plain'd ibid.

Emunftories, what 78

Errors in Practice, with re-
fpedl to preventing Difea-
fes, and the bell Means to
prefer ve Health 6

Efchars, what 261

Evacuants, proper in the Stag-
gers 97

Evacuations, a general Rule
concerning them 86. Un-
skilful Grooms and Farriers
expofed for their poking in-
to a Horfe's Excrements in
Search of Greafe ibid. Dr.
Baynard's humorous Ex-
prefTion concerning them
183

Exercife, effentially neceffary
for the Prefervation of a
Horfe's Health, and why
12. To be ufcd in Pro-
portion to his Strength, and
Manner of Feeding ibid.
His Airings muft be gentle,
however, and not violent,
efpecially if he be of a ten-
der Conftitution 13. Pro-
per in mofl Diftempers 207

Exercife the beft Remedy for
Horfes troubled with the
Greafe, t^c. 342

Expiration, what 73

Extraverfation, what 310

Eye, an Account of the Dif*
eafes of it, and its various
Parts 99

Eyes, called by the Latms
Or«//, and why 100. Their
globular Form, and why
made fo ibid. Eye -Lids,
their Ufe ibid. Their Coats,
and the feveral Names of
them ibid. & feq.

Eye, the three Humours of it

defcribed, and their feveral

Denominations 10^, & feq.

The Author's Obfcrvations

on

INDEX.

on a Cock's Eye io6. Re-
flexions on Dr. 7 r,

and his Treatife on the Dif-
orders of Sight ibid.

Eye of a Cat, the Author's
Obfervations on it 113

Eyes, Fire pernicious to them
117. Reading by Candle-
Light bad for them ibid.

Eye-Waters of no Service in
Diforders within the Globe
of the Eye 138

Eyes fubjedl to 47 feveral Di-
llempers, according to the
Greeks 1 46

• F.

FARCIN, inHorfes,a
very loathfome Diilem-
per 278. Signs of it, and
the various Kinds of it ibid.
The Caufe ibid. Cannot
proceed from the Wounds
of rufty Spur-rowels, and
why 279. The Diftemper
contagious ibid. That Kind
which begins in the Head
moil eafily cured 280. The
dangerous Confequcnces of
it, if not fpeedily cured ibid.
The Farcin, if beginning
in the Limbs, hard to cure
ibid. The Cure ibid. Pur-
ging for it improper, ac-
cording to S alley fell ibid.
When Bleeding and Pur-
ging proper 281. Proper
Medicines for lennHorfes in
the Farcin ibid. A Ball
for it ibid. An Ointment

for it 283. A Mercurial
Ointment for it ibid. A
Powder for it 284. Anti-
heSlicum Poterii good for it
285 . De Greys Method of
Cure for it ibid.

Farriers, (common ones) ig-
norant empty Coxcombs i .
Ought to follow Nature,
and why 5. The Caufe of
feveral Errors in their Prac-
tice 8. Cannot, for the.
moll part, diftinguiih be-
tween a Vein and an Ar-
tery ibid. A vulgar Error
of theirs exploded ibid.
Few of them have any No-
tion of alterative Medicines

9

Farriers Ointment, to be ufed

in the Cure of the Strangles
27

Farriers (modern ones) and an-
cient Phyficians, much up-
on a Level with refpeft to
Learning 79

Farriers, both ancient and mo-
dern, cenfured 263

Fevers, what Sort of Horfes
jYioH fubjedl to them 3. A,
particular Account of them

33. How generally defi-
ned ibid. What compared
to b) Solley/ell ibid His
Account wide of ihe Mark

34. The Author's Defini-
tion 'bid. The feveral Cau-
fes from whence it may pro-
ceed 36, &c kq^. A parti-
cular

INDEX.

cular Account of the Sim-
ple or Symptomatic Kind
37. Sometimes occafioned
by turning a Horfe to Grafs
in hot Weather ibid. Mr.
Gib/on' s Account of it ibid.
It may be produced by ex-
ternal Cold, or Perfpiration
hindered 3 8 . The Signs of
it ibid. The Cure 39.
Bleeding and Glyfters pro-
per ibid. Cold Water and
Purges pernicious, and why
40. Direftions to Farriers
in adminiftring of Glyfters
ibid. Syringes, or Squirts,
proper Inftruments for that
Operation, and the Quan-
tity of Liquor requifite to
be ufed ibid. Glyfters to
be mild in . Operation, and
large in Quantity ibid. A
Recipe for one ibid.

Fevers, the different Kinds of
them 4 1

Fermentation, no fuch Thing
in the Blood, and why 29.
The Term explained 30.
Plow mechanically eifefted
ibid. Beil conceived by fuck
as underiland Hydroltaticks

Fibres of the Heart oflified in

feveral Animals 58

Fibres defcribed 67. The A-
nimal Body nothing but
a Compofition of feveral
Kinds of them ibid. Some
are fenfiblc, others not*

fome imperceptible, others
obvious to the naked Eye
ibid. All of them, in a li-
ving Body, in a State of Di-
ftradion 68

Fibrill^, what 26

Fiery Horfes, fubjeft to Fe-
vers and Afthma's 3
Films, cauling Dimnefs of
Sight, an Account of them

.38

Fire, one of the four Ele-
ments 2. By what caufed

443
Filh, Fleih, or Wood, emit

Light when putrified 1 14
Fiftula, what 314. The Signs

ibid. The Caufe and Cure

ibid. A Water for it 315.

An Ointment for it 316
Fiftula, in the Withers, cured

316

Fix-fax, what 317

Fleghm, one of the four Hu-
mours 3

Fleih, good to heal, the Rea-
fon of it 122

Fluids, the EfFe6ls of an in-
creas'd Velocity of them ex-
plain'd 185. Their Man-
ner of Preffure 267

Foudre, a French Term, the
Signification of it 160

Foul-feeding, the Caufe of Sur-
feits 41

Foul, in a Cow*s Foot, the
Cure for it 31^

Frenzy, occafioned from a Fe-
ver in a Horie's Brain 95,
Not

INDEX.

Not eafily diftinguiftiM from
the Staggers ibid. The Cure
ibid.
G.

C"^ J LE N, his voluminous
"X Writings cenfur'd 79.
Charged with being as great
a Blunderer in the Method
of prefcribing, as our mo-
dern Farriers ibid.

Gall, the Formation of it 175.
The Ufe of it 239

Galling, Methods prefcribed
by the Author to prevent
it 332, & feq.

Gamboge Pill, the Ufe of it
exploded 80

Gamboge mufl be finely pow-
der'd, and why 271

Gangrene, the Author's Ac-
count of it 302. His Cure
for it 303. A Solution for
it ibid.

Garlick, ^c. ftitched up in a
Horfe's Ears, a common
Pradlice in the Cure of the
Staggers, according to G/h-
fon 98. The Folly of it
expos'd ibid.

Gihfon, cenfured, with refpe(5l
to his Account of the Ca-
tarad 141. His Definition
ofMor-foundering falfe 149.
And his Recijjc'b for Colds
not worth tranfcribing 159.
Hi^ Decodlion to prevent
Running at the Nofe turn-
ing to the Glanders, cen-
fur'd; and why 160. His

Balls for broken- v/inded
Horfes approved of, but
thought too dear 167. His
Defcription of the Glanders
approved of ibid.

Glanders, a Defcription of
them 167. The Signs of
them ibid. Solleyfell, Blun-
der'ville, &c. cenfur'd, for
their Accounts of this Di-
ftemper 16S. The Cure
1 69. The proper Diet for
a Horfe in them. ibid. Bleed-
ing proper ibid. Sequel of
the Cure for it 176. A Re-
cipe for it ibid. The Guai-
acum Decoftion for it 178.
The Author's Injedlion 180

Glands, what 15, 170. Se-
parate near thirty Humours
from the Blood 173

Glandiila Pinealis, w^hat, and
from whom fo called 71.
Suppofed by Des Cartes to
be the Seat of the Soul ibid.
The Notion exploded, and
why ibid.

Glafs Eye, what ic6

Glaffey Humour of the Eye,
defcribed 110. The Ufe
of it ibid.

Glaucoma, what ro6

Glyfters, proper to be applied
to Colts in the Strangles 4.
Requifite in Symptomatic
Fevers 39. Should be mild
in Operation, and large m
Quantity 40. A Recipe for
one ibid. They ihould be
injeded

INDEX.

injefted very warm 41.
The Extent of their Ope-
ration 97. An excellent
Glyfter for Horfes that are
Chell-foundered 162

Glylters to be adminifter'd in
large Quantities 204. A
Glyfter for the Cholic ibid.
For a Pain in the Guts 209.
Glyfters proper, when a
Horfe has a Stoppage of his
Water from hardened Ex-
crements 211. Mr. Gibfon's
Prefcription in that Cafe
ibid. Glyfters for Horfes
troubled with Gravel 2:^3

Gold or Lead will lie in the

Flefh without Corruption

300

Gonorrhasa, or Clap, beft ca-
red by Injeflion 1 79

Gonorrhaea Simplex, in Hor-
fes, what, and how cured
258. The Caufe of it 260

Gourdinefs, what 272

Gravel, that Sort which is
grey, or whitilh, moil likely
to breed large Stones in the
Kidneys 250. Boerhaa've's
Opinion of it ibid. Signs
of it in human Bodies ibid.
The Cure ibid.

Gravel, the Sole of a Horfe
to be drawn if it lies deep
354. The ill Confequences
that attend it ibid. The
Cure ibid. A Tindure for

^^ 355

Gravel-pains, Bleeding proper
for them 253

Greafe, the Caufe of it 340.
The Cure ibid. Capt. Bur-^
don's Turnip Poultice not
improper for it 343 . Bleed-
ing necelTary 344. Tyi g
up the Thigh Veins for the
Cure of it, an Error 345

Greafe, what fort of Horfes
moll fubjeft to that Diftem-
per 3

Greeks, reckon up forty-feven
feveral Diftempers of the
Eyes 1 46

Green, (Dr.) a pretty good
Stage Orator and Oculill
126. A particular Ac-
count of him, and his tam-
pering with one Dumball's
Eyes without Succeis ibid.

Guaiacum , what 178. Its
Virtues 1 79

Gum-Arabick, proper to be
put into the Water a Horfe
drinks, when troubled with
the Cholick 207. The
Prefcription ibid.

Gun-lhot Wounds, the Man-
ner of extradling the Ball
299. Two Advantages at-
tending fuch Wounds 300.
Subjedl however to mortify
304. Scarification therefore
proper ibid.

Gutta Serena, a Diftemper of
the Eye 102. No Contrac-
tion or Dilatation of the
Pupil

I N D E X.

Pupil in it, and why ibid.
Thought by the Author in-
curable, not withft and ing the
Arrogance of feme Preten-
ders to the contrary ibid.
Dr. T r's common Ar-
tifice to impofe on his Spec-
tators, by calling a Cataraft
or Glaucomri. a Gutta Sere-
na 103. Further Reflec-
tions on the Do6tor, with
refpefl: to his Praftice ibid.
His Ignorance in Anatomy
expofed ibid. The Author's
Prophecy relating to him ,
a Brother Operator , and a
Fem.ale Bone-fetter, by him
fliled Reptiles, by way of
Contempt 1 04
Gutta Serena, the Caufe of it
143. A remarkable Cafe
of a young Sailor afflifted
with it all of a fadden 144.
Gihfoji^ Account of it erro-
neous ibid. T r's Pre-
tence to cure it a meer Gaf-

conade

14-!:

H

HA B - N A B, a vulgar
Term for doing any
Thing at Random 22

Haemorrhage, what 4, 14.
Hard drinking the Effefts
of it 239, 240

Hale\ Obfervation on the
Juice of Onions 252

Har^vey, (William) where born
and bred 6 1 . Phyfician to
King Charles the Firft, and

iirft Difcoverer of the Cir-
culation of the Blood ibid.
A great Benefaftor to the
College of Phyficians in
London \hidi. DiedaBatch-
ellor in the 88th Year of
his Age, and immortalized
his Name by his Writings
ibid.
Haws, what 140

Head, an Account of the Dif-
eafes wherewith 'tis often
afflifted 8i,&feq.

Head-ach, the Signs of it in
Horfes 85. The Cure ibid.
Hiealth, a Definition of it 2
Health, only relative, and
why 6. When Creatures
may properly be faid to en-
joy it, upon what it depends,
and what mufl be the Means
to preferve it ibid. The
Means made ufe of in Sick-
nefs prejudicial in a State of
Health, and why ibid.
Health, wherein it confills 7
Heart, a Defcription of it 5 3 .
Its Bafis always cover'd with
Fat ibid. Its two Motions
58. Properly caird a Muf-
cle ibid. Its Force has em-
ploy'd the Enquiries of ma-
ny in vain ibid. The fa-
mous Bore Hi miftaken in
his Calculation of this Pow-
er in a human Body ibid.
Heart, a fatisfaftory Account
of the Power of it given by
Dr. Keill S9- The Weight
of

INDEX.

of a human Heart ibid.
The Weight of its Force
ibid. Wherein it is em-
ploy'd ibid. How the Mo-
tion of it firft came, cannot
be determined ibid.

Heart is a Mufcle that has no
Antagonift 91

Hide-bound, Horfes fubjeft to
that Dillemper 79. Medi-
cines proper for it prefcribed
ibid.
Hide -bound, what 275. Signs
of it ibid. Natural Caufe
of it ibid. Sometimes pro-
ceeds from Hide-bound Ma-
ilers 276. The Cure 277
Hiera-Picra, the Ufe of it re-
commended 80
HilPs ^^ecret for the Bite of a
mad Dog, not always fuc-
ceisful 3 1 1
Hippocrates cenfured 79
Hippocrates againil Tapping
for the Dropfy in Men 273
Hog's Lard pernicious and
improper for Wounds, and
why 27
Hoof-foundering, a grand Mi-
ftake of Farriers about it
162. The Term Nonfenfe
in Englijh, and why ibid.
Hoof-bound, what 3 ^ i
Hope, (Sir William) his Ob-
fervation on the Bite of ve-
nomous Mice 312. His
Cure for it ibid.
Horfes, greater Difficulty in
knowing their Dillempers,

and more Judgment requi-
fite in the Cure of them,
than thofe in human Bodies,
and the Reafon affign'd i
Horfes, the beft Sort of them
fpecified 3. Such as are
fiery, fubjed to Fevers and
Allhma's ibid. Such as are
dull and fluggifh, lubjed to
the Greafe and Scratches
ibid.
Horfes, like Men, differ in
Conftitution, or Complex-
ion, and whereto it is ow-
ing 7. But then their Com-
plexions are not difcover-
able through the Skin, as
ours are 8

Horfes, more difficult to be
purged than Men, and why
21
Horfes in a Fever mufl: have
no cold Water, or Purges,
given them 39

Horfes, not often afflidled with
Loofenefies, and why j^.
Errors with refpeft to their
Feeding 76. Kay alone ve-
ry pernicious ibid.
Horfes, fome of them, like
Men, hard to purge, and
when fo, other Meafures
muft be taken to remove
their Diforder 81
Horfes, not fo fubjeft to Ner-
vous Diforders as Men, and
why 84, 85
Horfes rub'd in the dark emit
Light, and why 814
Horfes

INDEX.

Horfes fee better than Men in
the Night, and why ii8.
Such as are purblind fee bet-
ter as they grow old, and
why 119. Should never be
rid on a dark Night, after
being taken out of a light
Stable, and why 120

Horfes more fubjefl to Difeafes
of the E}'es than Men, and
why 120. Not fick when
• bled, and why 121. Their
Eyes will grow dull on low
Keeping, after having been
ufed to high ibid.

Horfes, an excellent Obferva-
tion of Dr. Gihfon's, with
refpe6t to their Eyes 122.
Their Eyes fliould be well
look'd into before Prefcrip-
tion, and why 129. If
their Eyes be diftemper'd,
they muft have foft Food
131. Such as are Moon-
ey'd receive no Benefit from
outward Applications 1 3 7

Horfes, never fquint, and why
147

Horfes, when they are purged,
fhould never be indulged
with cold Water 152. Af-
ter taking Mercurius duhis
for the Stomach- Cough,
muft purge for Fear of a Sa-
livation ibid. More eafily
falivated than Men, and why
ibid.

Horfes muft be bled and exei--

cifed when they take Cofd

153. Directions for their
Feeding in that Cafe ibid.
Scalded Bran very proper

154. Muft be taken hot,
and why ibid. Purging af-
ter it good, and why ibid.
Proper Ingredients for fuch
Purge ibid.

Horfes, not fo fubjeft to Dif-
eafes of the Stomach as
Men, and why 197. Some-
times die of the Farrier 211

Horfes Palates to be ftudied as
much as Men's, and why
218

Horfes, not fubje6l to the Cce-
liac PafTion, and why 220

Horfes, young ones, more fub-
je6t to Worms than thofe
that are full aged, and wh y
224. The Signs of them,
and the Cure 225. Ale-
Wort good againft them,
and why ibid. A Purge
to kill them ibid.

Horfes Guts, the Length of
them 232

Horfes not fo fubjetfl to the
Gravel as Men, and why
43 1 . Should ftop now and
then upon the Road, and
why 252. When their
Yards are fore, a Liniment
for them 259. A Water
for them ibid.

Horfes feldom burnt, or clap'd

by Mares 259

Horfes,

INDEX.

Horfes, much eafier cured of
the Dropfy by Tapping,
than Men 272

Horfes, fhould not be purged
above once a Week 281

Horfes, when wounded, mull
be kept free from Motion
298. The Method of ma-
king them lie down, pre-
fcribed ibid.

Horfes, when burnt with Gun-
powder, how to be cured
300. The green Ointment
proper, and when 301

Horfes Greafe oftener behind
than before, and why 344.
Are fubjefl to the Scratches,
^c. and from whence it
proceeds 347, Some Hor-
fes call'd Pioneers, and why

350

Horfe-Leech, feme Obferva-
tions on its Bite 132

Hotch-Potches, a Term of
Contempt, made ufe of to
exprefs a Load of ill- con-
trived Medicines 2

Humours confined by fomeAu-
thors to four only 3. Their
Denominations ibid.

Humours of the Eye, their
Number and Denomina-
tions 105, 106

Hungry Evil in Horfes, what
I. 200

JAundice, or Yellows, in
Horfes, by what caufed 20.
A Dillemper both Men and
iiorfes are Ytry fa bjcd to

2 3 8 . The Signs of it ibid.'
The Caufes 239. The
Cure 240. A Purge for it
ibid. An Infufion for it
241. Caftile Soap good for
it 245. ^thiops Mineral
good for it ibid. A Purge
for it 246

Idiofyncrafy of Bodies, to he
duly ftudied by Farriers 2 1 ,
What it is, and how it may
be learnt ibid, and 228

Jefuit's Bark, good to flop
Mortifications 304

Jezebel^ faid to die her Eye-
brows with Antimony, to
charm her Husband 230

Impofthumations, what 15

Impoilhume, n;ide Tumour

Inflammations in Horfes Eyes,
occafioned by Bruifes, '^c.
a Recipe for their Cure 1 24^^
Bleeding in the Neck, or
any where elfe, ferviceable
129. As great a Quantity
of Blood to be taken away
as the Cafe requires, or the
Strength of the Horfe can
bear 130. Not to be drawn
away, however, all at once,
and why ibid.

Inlenfible Perfpiration, what
233. The bed of all Eva-
cuations ibid. San^orius's
Obfervation upon it ibid.
The Subjeft of it of the ut-
moft Concern to be knov/n
by Ph} ficians and Farriers

infen-

INDEX.

Infenfible Perfpiration, how
made 234. If hindered,
the Caufe of Gripings, ^c.
ibid. Warm Bathing good
for promoting it 236

Internal Jugular Veins, call'd
by Bartholine, Apo^le6licay
and why 9 1

Jockeys, moft People fo in
their own Way 276

Jockeys, their Notion of
Greafe confuted 343

Iris, a Defcription of it 105

Ifchury, what 254

K.

KE ILL, (Dr.) his curious
Experiments relating to
the Weight of the Liquors
contained in the VelTels of
Bodies 5 2

KenelmDighy, (Sir) his Sympa-
thetic Powders cenfur'd, and
the Receipt declar'd not
worth tranfcribing 123

Kennedy, (Dr.) a Quotation
from a Treatife of his rela-
ting to the Chryftalline
Humour of the Eye 184.
Some Miftake of his hint-
ed at by the Author 1 08

^Kent, (Nicholas) a blind Solli-
citor in London, his Cafe
related at large 1 26

KibM Heels, the Caufe there-
of 347

Kidneys, their Ufe 247. An
Abfcefs in them, when to
be fufpefted 251. A Stone
in thtm, how found ibid.

L.

LAmenefs in the Foot, the
Signs of it 335

Lampas, what 322. The Signs
and Cure ibid.

Lancajhire, the Field Country
of it remarkable for produ-
cing Muftard-feed fpontane-
oufly 25. The Truth of it
confirm'd in Ray^^ Hiftory
of Plants ibid.

Lapathum, what 217. How
called by Herman ibid. S?.id
to be cultivated in Holland
by Muntigius ibid.

Larynx, what 23, 73

Lax in Horfes, a Defcription
of it 213. The Signs and
Cure ibid. A cordial car
minative Drench for it 2 1 4
Lens, what 109, 115

Lentor, what 65, 93

Leucophlegmatia, what 263
Ligamentum Ciliare, what,
and from whence it arifes
105. The Ufe of it ibid.
Light, what 114. Its Mo-
tion rapid ibid. How to
be obferved ibid. More
quick than that of Sounds
ibid. The fhort Space in
which it finiihes its Courfe
from the Sun to the Earth,
according to Mr. Romer
ibid.
Light emitted by fome parti-
cular Objefts by Agitation
ibid
Light defcribed ibid. The
Ravs

INDEX.

Rays of it convey'd by the
"' Chryftalline Humour 1 1 5
Light, an Obfervation upon it

173

Lignum- Vitas Wood, its Vir-
tues 295

Lime-Water, how to prepare
it 191

Liniments for Horfes Yards
when fore 259

Lippi, (Monf) fent by Leivis
XIV. of Fra7ice as Ambaf-
fador to the Emperor of the
Abyjfjines in Egypt, to difco-
ver the Plant which produ-
ces the Balm of Gilead lyj.
Takes great Pains to find it,
and the Manner of procu-
ring it ibid. His Succefs,
and the various Ways of
producing it ibid.

Loofenefs , what Medicines
proper to be applied to Hor-
fes afRifted with it, and
what not 5. The Caufe
afTign'd ibid. Horfes but
feldom troubled with it, and
why 75. Diftempers fre-
quently carried off by it
215, 2l6

Low-keeping of Horfes imme-
diately after High-feeding,
•endangers their Eye -fight
121. A curious Obferva-
tion of Mr. Gibfon's relating
to a Horfe's Eyes 122

Lunatic Eyes, -viiie Moon Eyes

Lungs, their wonderful Struc-
ture J":,. Sooner affeded

with Colds than any other
Part of the Body, and why
yy. The proper Meafures
to be taken with Horfes
when fo affedled ibid. How
to know when they are
wounded 294

Lymph, theUfeof it 26 c
M.

MAdnefs, in a Dog, the
Signs of it 305. The
firft Symptom 306. A De-
fcription of a mad Dog
ibid. Gibfon's Account of
the Bite of a mad Dog ibid.
The Author differs in Opi-
nion 307. The Venom,
when commonly perceiv'd
ibid. The Cure 308. A
Mixture to wafh the Bite
309. The Wound to be
kept open forty Days ibid.
An Ointment for it 310.
Immerfion in Salt Water
neceffary ibid. A Decoc-
tion for it ibid.

Malacca, what 200. The

Caufe of it, and the Cure

ibid,

Mallenders, what 3 39. Where
fituate ibid. Ointment for
the Cure 578. Another

340
Maipighi, his Defcription of
the Head, ^c. -approv'd of
82. His Examination of
the cortical Subftance of the
Brain, and Difcovery of
what it is 'ibid.

Mange

INDEX.

Mange in Horfes, what 286.
Called by the French the
Elephantic Malady, diiid. why
ibid. The Signs and Caufe
of it ibid. The Cure 287.
A mercurial Ointment for
it ibid.

Markham, his pretended Skill
in Horfes from the Colour
of them 3. Stil'd a Rofi-
crucian Sage, by way of
Contempt ibid. Cenfur'd
for his odd Account of the
Ballard Strangles 29. His
Recipe for Colds not worth
tranfcribing 159

MafTeter, what 89

Materia perfpirabilis, what,
according to SatiSlorius 69

Mattering of the Yard, what,
and how cured 257

A4ediaftinum defcrib'd 5 3

Medicines, given at Random,
not julliiiable 1 1 . The bell
and fafell Methods for pre-
venting Difeafes, laid down
ibid.

Medullary , by the Latins
caird Met^ulla oblongata ,
what 70. ITie Seat of Sen-
fation in all Animals ibid.

Melancholy, one of the four
Humours 3

Menifcous GlafTes, ferviceable
to near-fighted Perfons, and
why 116

Mercurius dulcis, proper for
the Dcflrudion of Worms
226. Prefcrib'd by G/^/o«
ibid. As good as any Se-

cret of the famous Dr.
Moor's of Jhchurcb-Lzne

23Z

Mercury,few'd up in a Horfe's
Ears as a Cure for the Far-
cin, praftis'd with Succefs
98. Both Sublimate and
Precipitate dangerous, if gi-
ven inwardly 232
Mefentery, what 32
Miafmata, what 19
Millepedes, what £44
Mitrales, what, and why fo
called 56
Moillure and Motion hinder
the Cure of Wounds 250
Moleculae, what 43
Molten Greafe, what, and
from whence it arifes 1 46
Monks Rhubarb, how calPd
and diftinguifh'd from the
foreign Sort 216. In what
Dillempers a ilanding In-
gredient 2 1 7
Moon-Eyes, an Account of
them , 135
Moon-Blindnefs, Mr. Gibjons,
Definition of it cenfur'd
135. The true Seat of it
defcrib'd 136. The Cure
137. Cutting the temporal
Arteries of fmgular Service
ibid.
Mooring, what 257
Mor-foundering, the Term cx-
plain'd 149. Gib/on igno-
rant of the Meaning of it
ibid. His Account of Colds
erroneous 150
Morti-

INDEX.

Mortiiicadon, what 302. In
old Age deadly ibid. What
good to prevent one 303.
A Mixture for it ibid. Sca-
jification and Jefuit's Bark
prC)per to Hop it 304

Mourning of the Chine, what
167. TheSignsof itibid.
Solleyfell, Blunder-ville, and
Others, cenfur'd for their
Account of it 168. The
Cure for it 169. Proper
Diet for a Horfe when fo
afRifted ibid. Bleeding pro-
per for it ibid. Sequel of
the Cure for it 176. A
Recipe for it ibid. The
Guaiacum Decoftion for it
178. The Author's In-
jeflion for it 180

Mules, the Caufe thereof 340.
The Cure ibid.

Mufcles, what 89. What
caird by the Farriers 27.
Their Motions, how per-

. form'd 90. Some have An-
tagonifls, and others none

Mufcus Marinus, its Virtues
and Value 226

Myopia, what, and how ac-
counted for 116. No Cure
for it in Horfes, tho' Men
are help'd by the Ufe cf
proper GlafTes ibid.

N.

NATURE, the beft
Guide, and to be dili-
gently followed by all Far-

riers, and why ^. To be
affifted in her Operations,
but not compell'd 6. Muft
be the Beginner, and ought
often to be the Finifher of
the Work ibid.

Nerves, a Defcription of them
70. Each Fibre of them
anfwers to a particular Part
of the Brain 7 1 . Accom-
pany the Arteries, and why
ibid. Ten Pair of them
within the Skull, and thirty
Pair branch out between
the Vertebrae ibid.

Nerves, a Fluid in them calPd
Animal Spirits 83. Senfa-
tion muft be made from that
Fluid, and not the Sub-
fiance of the Ner\'e, and
why ibid. No Vibration
in them from the Impref-
fion of external Objeds ibid.

Nervus Sciaticus, what 71

Near - fightednefs , accounted
for 116

Near-fighted Perfons fee better

as they grow old, and why

119

Nidorous Crudity, what 198.
Its Derivation ibid. Its
Cure 199. The Caufe of
the Hungry Evil 200

Nonnaturals, the Number of
them, and what called by
the Lativ.s '^

Nutrition, what, and how per-
icrni'd 44.

S OATS,

INDEX.

OATS, not to be given
to Foals or Colts till
ground, or llamp'd. accord-
ing to Gib/on and Solleyfell
138. The Reafon aflign'd
ibid. Judged proper by the
Author, only as being eafier
of Digeftion when fo pre-
pared ibid.

Oefophagus, v/hat 53

Over-reach, the Cure for it
^ " c

Oiiy Applications for Wounds,
very pernicious 27

Ointments proper for Wounds
ibid.

Ointments for fore Eyes 134,
A Recipe for making it ib.
Of no Service in Dilorders
within the Globe of the Eye

Onions, the Juice of them a
DifTolvent of calculous Mat-
ter 252. Dr. Haleh Ob-
iervation on it ibid.

Opiates, dangerous in the firll
Stage of the Bilious Cholic
205
Opobalfamum, what 177
Ophthalmia, what 100

Optick Nerves, the Origine
and Termination of their
• Coats III. I'heir advan-
tagious Situation 1 1 2

Os Sacrum, what 71

Oflets, their Caufe 323. What
■.^24. Tlicir Cure ibid. A
Tt^ii-xture for them ibid.

Over-feeding, conftitutes a Sur-
feit 42

Owls, fee better than Men in
the Night, and why 1 1 8
P.

PAck-Saddles, not ufed by
Scotch Carriers 330

Pain in the Guts from Acci-
dents, a Drench for it 236.
A Glyller for it 237, Bu-
rying a Horfe in a Dung-
hill prefcribed by Gib/on for
it ' ibid.

Pancreas, what 16

Pancreatick Juice, what 45

Pericardium defcribed 52. Its
Derivation ibid. The Fi-
gure and Refemblance of it,
and what it contains ibid.
TheUfeof it 53. Its Si-
tuation ibid.

Periflaltick Motion, what 48,
and 162

Phlebotomy, its Derivation 91 .
The Term explained ibid.

Phyficians, the Folly of truii-
ing to young ones expofed
269

Pia Mater, what 70, and loi

Pinetis , firil found out the
Gland fituate on the upper
Part of the Brain, fuppofed
by the Moderns to be the
Seat of the Soul 70, and 71

Pinguedo, what 164. The
Difference between that and
Adqis ibid.

Pifling of Blood, by what fre-
quently occafioned 2j6.
Tiie

INDEX.

The Cure ibid. A Mixture
for it ibid. New NHlk from
the Cow prepared by Dr.
May em ibid . Sheeps Milk
flill better 257. Hog's
Dung good for it ibid.
Planets, their Influence upon
the Fluids of the Body won-
derful 14. A Treatife on
their Operations, by Dr.
Mead, cenfured ibid.

Plants, their Analogy with A-
nimals 247

Plethora, what 14

Pleura, what 16

Pleurify, Dr. Sydenham famous
for the Cure of it 94. His
Method ibid.

Poll-Evil, a Diilemper inci-
dent to Horfes, and what
Sort in particular 3. An
Account of it 326. The
Caufe and Cure 327. Oil
of Turpentine good for it
ibid. An Ointment for it ib.
Pores, what 234

Porus Biliarius, what 48

Powders, of no Service in Dif-
orders within the Globe of
the Eye 1 3 8

Powdered Glafs, proper for
taking off Films 140. The
Operation of it in the Eye,
compared to the Filh-skin
ufed by Joyners, and the
Reafon afligned ibid.

Preparations from Iron, Mer-
cury, ^c. mixed with the
Blood, add Weight to it,

and to its Pulfe 1S4. Their
Operation explained ibid.

Presbytia, what 116. Its De-
rivation ibid.

Prevention of Direafes,thebeft
Method for it prefcribed 12

PrimaeViae, what 19

PupilljE, whst 10 1. Abfurdly
called the Sight of the Eye
ibid. The Contraftion and
Dilatation of it accounted
for 1 1 3 . The Author's Ob-
fervation on a Cat's Eye ib.

Purblind Perfons, as well as
Horfes, fee better as they
grow old, and why 119

Purge to kill Worms 225

Purging ferviceable to a Horfe
that is plethoric, and full
of Blood 7. To be prac-
tifed with Caution, and not
at a Venture 11. When it
may be ufed by way of
Prevention, and why ibid.
Of en becomes the Parent
of Difeafe?, inftead of pre-
venting them, and why ibid.
General Rules to be obfer-
ved in the Pra^ice of it
13. How brought about
1 8. Necellary in moft or
all plethoric Cafes, but af-
ter Bleeding, and why 19.
Particularly if a Horie be
troubled with Worms 20.
Neceffary if he be coftive
or laxitive ibid. Ufeful in
correcting all grofs Habit;
ibid. In S^vellings, watery
S 2, Difeafcs,

INDEX.

Difeafes, Difoiders of the
Liver, and Difeafes of the
Eyes and Head, if not at-
tended by a Fever, and
why ibid. In all Cafes, the
Strength of the Horfe to be
confidered 21

Purging, what it is 33

Purging proper in grofs Ha-
bits, and why 3 2 . Not fer-
viceable, however, in cafe
of Dry-blindnefs ibid.

Purging at proper Intervals,
ferviceable to a Horfe that
has a flaring Coat 79.
Purge,however,upon Purge,
is very pernicious ibid. A
vulgar Error with refpeft to
purging Medicines ibid.

Purges hazardous to be given
to fuch Horfes as are hard
to work upon 81. Ser-
viceable when given j:<:cor-
ding to the Horfe's Strength,
Age, i5fc. when he is af-
feSed with the Head-ach
85. A general Error in
the Praftice of Purging 86.
Serviceable to Horfes af-
fedled with rheumy Eyes
133. A Purge for it ibid.
And with Moon-blindnefs
137. Of no Service in the
Cure of Wounds c f the Eye
ibid. Proper for the Sto-
mach-cough 151

Purgi .g Medicines dangerous,
wlien a Horfe's Pulfe beats
50 Times in aMiiiute 11-4,

How tomeafure fuch Times
ibid.

Purging, when proper for Hor-
fes in the Farcin 281

Purfive, what 14.. The Caufc
of Purfivencfs 163. The
Signs ibid. Difficult to be
dillinguiftied from a Cold
ibid. The Cure 164. A
Recipe 165. What Diet
beft for them 1 66

Pylorus, what 46

QUickfilver, when fhook
in Vacuo, emits Light,
and why 1 14

An Encomium on it 229.
Ranked by the Ancients a-
mongft Poifcns 230. An
Obfervation on the EftgUJh
Ladies drinking it 304

Quitter-bone, what 355. The
Caufe ibid. The Signs and
Cure 356

R.

RAT, (Mr.) a particular
Obfervation of his, with
relation to the fpontaneous
Growth of Muftard-feed in
Lane a/hire 2^

Reading by Candle-light, bad
for the Eyes 1 1 7

Receptaculum Chyli, what48
Recipes. A Poultice for the
Strangles 26. A Glyiler in
a Fever 40. A white Eye-
water 130. An Ointment
fsr Wounds of thi Eye 133.
A Purge for rheumy Eyes
ibid.

INDEX.

ibid. An Ointment for fore
Eyes 134. Balls for Moon-
ey'd Horfes 137. A Cor-
dial Stomach-drench 152.
A Purge after a Cold 154.
Sneezing Powders for Colds
in the Head i(;:9. A Cor-
dial Ball for Colds ibid. An
excellent Gl yiler 162. A
Mixture for Purfivenefs 165.
A Mixture for the Glanders
176. A Guaiacum Dq-
coclion for the Glanders
178. The Author's In-
je6lion for the Glanders
180. The f.ril; Ointment
for the Strangles, Vives,
^c. 1 83 . The fecond Oint-
ment for the fame Diieafes
189. The Wound Oint-
ment for the Strangles 190.
Water to eat away fungous
or proud Flelh 191. A
Glyfter when Ilorfes are
coiiive 193. A Cure for
acid Crudity 193. A Purge
for it ibid. A Glyfter for
the Cholic 204. A Purge
for it 205. A Mixture for
it 206. A Solution of
Gum Arabick 207. Mr.
Gibfoji'?, Glyller for a Pain
in the Guts 209. The Au-
thor's Glyiler for Wind in
the Guts ibid. De Greys
Drench for the Cholic 210.
Mr. Gibfon-'s Glyller for a
Horfe that has a Stoppage
of Water from harden'd

Excrements 211. A Cor-
dial carminative Drench for
the Lax or Scouring 214.
The aUringent Purge for
Scouring 216. The aflrin-
gent Mixture for the fame
219. Another Mixture for
the fame 220. The Infu-
fion for a Chyle-flux ibid.
An excellent reilringent Sy-
rup 221. Mr. Gibfofi's re-
ftringent Glvfler for the
Bloody-fiux 222. A Purge
to kill Worms 225. Tiic
Ball to kill Worms ibid.
A Drink for Pain in the
Guts from Accidents 236.
A Purge for the Jaundice

240. Infufion for the fame

241. Another Purge for
the Jaundice 246. -^thi-
ops Mineral Ball ibid. A
Glyfter for the Gravel in
Horfes 253. A Mixture
fcr Pilling of Blood 256. A
Fomentation for the Colt-
Evil 258. A Liniment for
a Korfe's Yard, when fore
259. A V/ater for it, when
iiiiir.medibid. The Helle-
boi'c Infufion for the DroD-
(y 26,-. A Purge for the
Drcpfy 270. An Iriiifioni
to corroborate and ftreng-
then the Stomach 271. A
Bail for the Farcin 281.
An Ointment for it 283.
Another Ointment for the
famo ibid. An Ointment

S 3 for

INDEX.

for the Yaws 284. A Pow-
der for the Farcin ibid.
A'^ercurial Ointment for the
Scab 287. A Poultice to
ripen any Tumour 290. A
Water to eat away proud
Flefli 292. A Mixture for
Wounds of the Brain 293.
Colebatch\ Styptick 295.
Ver'vain's Balfam for all
Kinds of Wounds 299. A
Mixture for a Mortificgtion
303 . A Solution for a Gan-
grene ibid. A Mixture to
waili the Bite of a mad Dog
309. An Ointment for the
fame 310. A DecoOion
for it ibid. The Fiftula
Water 315. Ointment for
a Fiftula 316. A Charge
for a Ring-bone, Splent,
Cflet, or Spavin 324. The
Ointment for the Poll-Evil
327. A Mixture for a
Crufh on the Withers 331.
A Mixture for the Warbles
ibid. A Mixture for a Strain
in the Shoulder 337. An
Ointment for Rowelling
338. A cold Charge for a
Strain in the Back Sinew in
the Couplings ibid. An
Ointment for the Mallen-
ders 339. Another Oint-
ment for Mallenders or Sal-
lenders 340, A drying
Wound-water for the Greafe
346. A Tindure for the
Gravel 355. A Water fw
a Quitter-bone 357

Repellents, their Manner of
Operation explaiuM 185.
Are fometimcs dangerous
186

Reptiles, a Term made ufe of
by the Author to ex-
prcfs his Contempt of three
Quack Operators 104

Res non naturales, the Num-
ber of them 3

Refmous Purges, dangerous and
rough in Operation 196.
Good for P/Ien in the Drop-
{y, but not for Hcrfes 266

Refpiration dcfiRcd 72

Rell, after acute Difeafes, pro-
per for Korfes, and v/hy 195

Relforatives, when neceffary 4

P^etina, v/hat 7 1 . Defcribed
105. Why fo callM ibid.
7 he Center of it infenllble,
and v>hy 1 1 1

P.evul ficn , vvh n t 1 5 , 3 2 ,. 9 2

Rhubarb, the Plant of which
it is the Root not certainly
known 216. What calPd
by Eernian ibid. Pretend-
ed to have been cultivated
in Holland by Ntiitti}igi:!s
ib. The Engl'ip Root,caird
Rhapo7iticu7n , or Monk's
Rhubarb, how diftinguifli'd
from the foreign Sort ibid.
What Rhubarb the beft ,
and its Virtues 217. In
what its purgative Quality
principally confiil:s,and why
ibid. Order'd to be toaft-
ed, and why ibid. In what
Diftempers

INDEX.

Diftempers mod ferviceable
ibid. The Price 218

Rheumy and inflamed Eyes,
an Account of them 131,
& feq. The Caufe of them
132. The Method of Cure

Rmg-bones, their Caufe 323.
A Mixture for them 3 24

Road-Horfe, the Signs of a
good one 357

R-ofe-V/ater, Plantane-V/ater,
^c. tallc'd of by Gibfouy
have no more Virtue than
Pump- Water i 24

Roj'icrucian Sages, a Term of
Contempt m.r.de ufe of by
fhe Author to expofe Pre-
tenders to Furriery 3

Rowels, p] efcribed when Hor-
fes are afrl'cled with the
Head-acli 85. Several to
- be made \:<^-z of nt a Time
ibid. Serviceable in curing
moft Difcempei's in the
Brain, and the Reafon of it
99. Of no Sigmfic.'.ncy in
the Cure of Wounds of the
Eye 130. Service.iGle to
Horfes with rheumy Eyes

133
Rovvelling, its Ufe 321. When

proper ibid. An Ointment

for it 338

Running-Frufh, no Cure fafe

for it 348

S.

SADDLES, the Author's
Opinion of fuch as are fit
for a Journey 328

Sal Prunella, what 7R. Pre-
fcribed by Dr. Gib/on to
Horfes, when their Perfpi-
ration is obilru6led ibid.
His Medicine approved of
by the Author ibid.

Sal Volatile Oleofum, diluted
with Spirit of Lavender,
much more beneficial to the
Head than Snuff 1 5 8

Sailenders, what 339. The
Cure ibid. An Ointment
for it ibid. Another 340

SanciQrius''s Materia Perfpirn-
bills, what 69. His accu-
rate Obfcrvation, v^ith re-
fpedl to Infenfible Perfpira-
tion 253

Scab, 'z,'/^^' Pvlange

Scalds, in human Bodies, how
fooneil cured 500

Sclerotica Tunica, what 100

Scouring , what it proceeds
from, according to De Grey
218. His Prefcription for
it ibid. The Author's af-
tringent Mixture for it 219

Scratches, a DiRemper inci-
dent to Horfes 3. What
Sort of Korfes moft fubjed
to it ibid.

Scratches, the Caufe 340. The
Cure ibid.

Sea- Water Ihines in a Storm,
and why 114

Secretidn, what 5

Semilunares, what, and why
fo called (^6

Senfation, made by the Fluid
S 4 in

INDEX.

jn the Nerves, ^c. not the
Subftance of them, and v/hy
83
Septum Medium, what 55
Serum, what 18

Shrill Voices, Prognofticks of
a Confumption in Men, and
^ why ^ 74

Sicknefs, a Definition of it 2
Sigmoidales, what, and why
fo called 56

Signs of Sicknefs in Horfes i
Sirreverence, prefcribed by a
certain Farrier as a Vomit
for a Horfe 2 1 3

Sir-fall, what 332. The Cure
ibid.
Snape, Farrier to YJmgCharles
I. his Defcription of the
Brain, and its Meninges,
l5fc. approved of 82. His
Etymology of the Term
Glandula pinealis ']\. His
Opinion of a Qataraft ccn-
{ur'd 142. His Account of
the blackifn Matter fpread
upon the Chorcides dark
andobfcure loi. The Au-
thor's Opinion concerning
it ibid. His Account of the
Glanders not very defective
168
Sneezing, how occafion*di56
Sneezing Powders, proper in
paralitic, apopleftic, and le-
thargic Cafes, and why 157.
Proper for a Cold in the
HeadJ58. The Ingredients
'59

Snuff, the Folly of accuftcm-
ing our felves to the taking
of it 157

Solleyfell, a French Author on
Farriery, very prolix, and
one who bewilders common
Farriers i. Forbids Bleed-
ing in Difeafes of the Eyes
17. His Judgment que-
llion'd ibid. Compares the
Strangles in Colts, to the
Small Fox in Children 23.
Is faid to be ignorant of a
Horfe's anatomical Struc-
ture, tho' a curious Obferver
into the Diftempers he is
fubjcft to ibid. He and
Markhanz account for the
Strangles in an odd Manner
29, Is cenfared for his Ac-
count of the Ballard Stran-
gles ibid. His Account of
Fevers cenfurM, as wide of
the Mirk 34. Direds Oats
to be ground or ilamp'd be-
fore they are given to Colts,
and why 138. His Recipes
not worth tranfcribing 159.
His Account of the Glan-
ders cenfur'd 167. He dif-
approves of purging for the
Farcin 280

Solutio continui, what 69

Soul, the Seat of it imagined
to be in the Stomach, by
the Ancients, and why 70.
Its Refidence thought to be
in the Brain by the Mo-
derns, and firll found out
by

INDEX.

by one Pineus, and from
him call'd Glandula Pine-
alts , according to fome ;
but according to Snape from
its Likenefs in Shape to a
Pine Kernel ibid, and 71.
Des Cartes likewife feated
the Soul in this Glandule
ibid. The Notion, how-
ever, exploded, and why
ibid.

Spavins, their Caufe 323. A
Mi xture for them 3 24

Spinal Marrow , what 70.
The common Seat of Sen-
fation in all Animals ibid.

Splents , their Caufe 323.

What ibid. Their Cure

3 24. A Mixture for them

ibid.

Squinting, 6afily to be reme-
died 147. Several Methods
of Cure 148

Staggers, or Stavers, a Dif-
temper incident to Horfes,

' an Account of it 88. Bears
a very near Affinity to the
Apoplexy, or Vertigo, in
human Bodies ibid. An ex-
cellent Obfervation on the
Origine of them, by Cap-
tain Burdo7i, in his Pocket
Farrier 9^ . Bleeding four
or five Quarts for it, and
purging afterwards, the beft
Cure, and why ibid. Mr.
Gibfon\ 4jjfa Fcetida Balls
with Callor,approvMof 96.
Thought, however, toocoll-

ly ', the Author's Balls pro-
pofed as lefs expenfive ibid.
A Glyiler prefcribed after
them 97. Diredtions how
to make the Preparation,
and adminifter it ibid. Af-
fera Bacca, in Powders, to
be blown up the Noftrils af-
ter it ibid. Great Num-
bers of Receipts given by
Authors for it ibid. The
fewer Ingredients in any
Compofition, the better ib.
No End to the Praaice
founded on Noftrums ibid.

Stall, not to be too fteep back-
wards, and why 344

Stammering, infeftious, e^fily
contracted, and hard to be
remov'd 147. TheDefea
accounted for, and the Cure
prefcrib'd 148

Staring Coat, what 79. Me-
dicines proper for Horfts
troubled with that Diilem-
per ibid.

Sternum, what 53

Sternutatories, what 97. Pro-
per in Colds 156

Stomach, if wounded, how to
know it 295

Stomach-Cough, what, and
from whence it proceeds
151. The Cure ibid.

Stomachic-Drench, the proper
Ingredients for it 152

Strabifmus, what, and from

whence it proceeds 147.

Infants cafily contrail this

Di-

INDEX.

Diftemper ibid. Cautions
to Parents relating to it ib.

Strain in the Shoulder, the
Signs of it 336. Not to be
cured in lefs than three
Months ibid. The Cure
ibid. A Mixture for it 3 3 7 .
Rowelling proper ibid.

Strangles, Colts moft fubjed
to this DiHemper 4. The
befl Methods of Cure ibid.
A particular Defcription of
them 22. Bear a near Af-
finity to the Quinzy in hu-
man Bodies ibid. Not fo
dangerous, however, as the
latter, and why ibid. Com-
pared by Solleifell to the
Small -Pox in Children 23.
The bell Method to prevent
them 24. The belt Me-
thods of Cure 29. An ex-
cellent Poul dee for them 26.
The Manner of its Appli-
cation 27. How bell to be
CQi M after Incifion 2 8

Strangles, fparious, falfe, or
bailard, an Account of them
29, Sz feq. Solleyhll and
Maj-kham account for them
in an odd Manner ibid.

Strangles, a Defcription of
them 1 80. An Account of
the baftard Strangles 181.
A good Remark of Gihfoti%
with refpedl to them ibid.
The firil Ointment for them
183. The fecond Oint-
ment for them 1S9. The

Wound Ointment for them
190
Subclavian Vein, what 98
Super cilia, what 230

Superpurgation of Horfes, per-
nicious to their Eye-fight

.133

Suppreffion of Urine, reliev'd
by a new Operation of the
Author's 254

Suppuration, what i 5

Suppurative Medicines, their
Operation explained 1 87

Surbating, what 348. From
whence derived ibid. The
Signs and Cure ib. and 349

Surfeits, an Account of then*
41, & feq. What gene-
rally meant by the Term
ibid. Various Caufcs from
whence they proceed 42.
If the Caufe be fimple, the
Cure may be^cffefted with
Eafe ; if complicated, with
much Difficulty, and feme-
times not at all ibid. Cre-
ated principslly by over or
foul Feeding ibid. The
Cure for them 76. The
Signs of them ibid. Mr.
GibiWs Notion of them
cenfur'd ibid.

Sweating, proper for Colts in
the Strangles 4

Swellings, like the Strangles,
in old Horfes, the Sign of a
crazy Conilitution 32

Swellings in the Legs, not al-
ways the Relult of a Dropfy

INDEX.

267. Rife in the Day, and

fall in the Night, and why

268

Sydenha7n^ his Charafter 18.
Famous for curing the Pleu-
rify 94. Depended much
upon Bleeding ibid. Took
Blood from the affv^^^ed
Sides, and not the oppofitc,
contrary to the Dodrine of
Revulfion ibid.

Sydenham, a remarkable In-
ftance of his Sincerity 269

Sympathy, the Notion of cu-
ring green Wounds by it ri-
diculous 122

Sympathetic Powders, fo high •
ly recommended by Sir Ke-
nelm Digby, of no real Va-
lue 123

Sy mptcmatic, or fimpleFe\^er,
what 37. How it may be
occafion'd ibid. Mr. ^Gih-
fon\ Account of it ib. The
Signs of it 38. The Cure
39. Bleeding and Gly Hers
proper for it ibid. Cold
Water and Purges perni-
cious, and v.hy 40. Di-
re6lions to Farriers in admi-
niftring Glyfters ibid. Sy-
ringes, or Squirts, proper
Inilruments for that Opera-
tion ibid. The Quantity of
Liquor requifite to be ufed
ibid. Glyfters to be mild
in Operation, and large in
Quantity ibid. A Recipe
for one ibid.

Symptoms, particular Regard
to be had to them 3 . Their
Explication ibid.

Syftole, what 18

T.

TAbes Dorfalis, what 168
Tabes Renalis, what
251

Tampering with Phyrick,bad,
and of ill Confequence 8

Tapping for Dropfy in Men,
why fo often unfuccefsful
273. Not approved of by
Hippccrates ibid.

Tears, the Ufe of them i o 1

Temperaments, theirNumber
and Nam.es 2

Tendon, when cut, what is to
be done 297

Tents, in moft Cafes, perni-
cious in the drcffing of
Wounds, and why 28, iqi,

318

Teflaceous Powders, their Vir-
tues 2 1 5

Three, the abfurd Notion of
that Numiber conducing to
efFeft a Cure, either in Man
or Beaft, confuted 9S. The
Praclice of turning a Horfe
round thrice by the Ger-
man s^ for the Farcin, ex-
pofed ibid.

Thorax, what 16

Tides, the Reafon why the
higheft are not precifely on
the Full or Change of the
Moon, nor the Neaps on
the Quarters 59

Tinaura

INDEX.

Tin£lura Sacra, theUfeof it
recommended 80

Trachea Arteria, what 73

Tricufpides, what 55

Truncheons, an Account of
them 223

Tubercles, what 164

Tumours of the Glands, hard
to be difTolved, and why 28

Tumour, what 288. The finl
Intention of a Cure 289.
The fecond ibid. A Poul-
tice for it 290. Diredions
for opening it 291

tunica Arajiea^ what, and why
fo call'd 107

Tunicles, their feveral Deno-
minations 100

^- r, OcuIiH to the Queen,

a particular Account of him
103. pJis Ignorance and
Practice expos'd ibid. A
Prophecy concerning him,
and feme other Quack Ope-
rators 104. Further Re-
fieft.'ons on him, and his
Treatife on the Diforders of
Sight 106. Kis furprizing
Operations on dead Calve's
Eyes ridicul'd 131. His
J'retence to cure a Gutta
Sere?iay by convulfmg the
Eye, a meer Pretence 145

Turpentines , all the Kinds
proper for Wounds 27.
And for Horfes with Luna-
tic Eyes 137

Tympany, what 267

VAlves, of the Heart,
what 55. Of the Veins

H

Varix, what 120

Veins, defcribed 64. Their
Number and Names ibid.
No Pulfe in them, and why
65. Their Valves defcri-
bed ibid.
Vena Cava, what 53
Venereal Lues, the Female firft
infefledwith it 261
Ventricles of the Heart de-
fcribed 92. [Its Vefiels and
Valves 93. What called
ibid.
Vertebrae, what 53
Vertigo, what 16
Ver'vairi^ Balfam , for all
Kinds of Wounds, recom-
mended 299. The Recipe
ibid.
Vipers Fat, excellent for the
Cure of venomous Bites 3 1 3
Vifcidities, what 17
Vifcous Liquor of the Joints,
where feparatcd 1 7 5
Vifion, how performed 112.
The Theory confider'd 1 1 3
Vitreous, or Glafley Humour
of the Eye, a Dcfcription
of it no. The Ufe of it
ibid.
Vives , what 181. How cal-
led by the French ibid.
Happens to Horfes of all
Ages ibid. Is much like
the Swelling of the parotid
Glands,

INDEX.

Glands, and Relaxation of
the Uvula in human Bodies
ibid. The Cure 182. The
firfl Ointment for them 183.
The fecond Ointment for
them 189. The Wound
Ointment for them 1 90

Ulcers, that are fmuous or hol-
low, to be laid open, and
in what Manner 27

Undulation, what 88

Vomit for a Horfe, a fmgular
one prefcribed by a certain
Farrier 2 1 8

Ureters, defcribed 248

Urine, of whrt it ccnfifts ib.

Uvea, what 102. Its Com-
pofition ibid.

W.

-tTf ARBLES, what 331.

\% Their Cure ibid. A

Mixture for them ibid.

Ward's Pill and DrC)p, Prepa-
rations from Antimony 231

Warm Bathing, good againll
Pains in the Bo>^els, ^'c.
236

Wafiiing a Horfe's Legs "with
warm Water, better than '
with cold 233

Water, one of the four Ele-
ments 2

Water, given to Horfe3 too
long warm, when out of
Order, ?ai ill Cuftom 161

Water, to eat away pi-oi'.d
Flefh 191

Another Water for the fame
\j^Q 292

Weak Perfons eaficr in an lio-
rizontal, than in an eredt
Pofture, and why 1 2 1

Webs, caufmg Dimnefs of

Sight, an Account of them

138

White Eye-Water, a Receipt
for it 1 29

Willis, (Dv.) his various Hy-
potheles cenfured 84

Wind in the Bowels, what
202

Wind Cholic, whence it pro-
ceeds 208. The Signs of
it ibid. The Caufe ibid.
The Cure ibid.

Withers of a Horfe, where fi-
tuate 328. A Mixture for
the Cure 331

Wolves Teeth, what 323.
The Cure ibid.

Wood, when putrified, will
emit Light 1 14

Worms, frequently the Caufe
of the Stomach-Coagh 1 5 1

Worms, an Account of them
22«. Horfes exceedingly
^ubje^ to them ibid. A
Sort of them refembling,
according to Scllejfell^W ood
Lice, very pernicious 223.
The Signs of them, and the
Cure 225. A Purge to
kill them ibid.

Worm Medicines, to be con-
tinaed for fome Time, and
why 2^6

Wounds, not to be cured by

Sympathy, as the Ancients

idly

INDEX.

idly imagined 122. The
Sympathetick Powders fo
highly recommended for
that Purpofe by Sir Kenelm
Dighy, of no real Worth
123

Wounds, or Blows on the
Eye, and other external Ac-
cidents, an Account of them
123, & feq.

Wounds of the Eye, an Oint-
ment for them 130. Di-
rections for the Ufe of it
ibid. Purging of no Ser-
vice in the Cure of them
ibid.

Wounds fimple and compli-
cate 292

Wounds of the Brain, Qih-

fon\ Miftake about them

ibid. A Mixture for them

293

Wounds in the Stomach, very
dangerous ibid.

Wounds, when internal, little
more is to be done than to
ftop the Blood 296

Wounds, what may be ftitch'd
Y. 297

YAWS, what 284. An
Ointment for it ibid.
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on the Divine Providence.

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