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FASCICULI MALAYENSES

Fasciculi Malayenses

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF AN EXPEDITION
TO PERAK AND THE SIAMESE MALAY STATES, 1901-1902

UNDERTAKEN BY

NELSON ANNANDALE and HERBERT C.' ROBINSON

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH AND
THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL

ZOOLOGY

PART I

PUBLISHED FOR

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF LIVERPOOL

BY

LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

^ 1903

Ai the Universit-^ Press of Liverpool
No. 45. October, 1903* 500

CONTENTS

PAGE

Report on the Mammals . . J, Lewis Bonhote^ M.A.^ F,Z,S, i

Report on the Heterocera . CoL Charles Swinhoe, M.A.^ F,E,S. 47

Report on the Land Planarians . . F, F. LaidlaWy B,A, 115

Report on the Diptera Pupipara . . . Dr. P. Speiser 121

Report on the Batrachians and Reptiles, G. A. Boulenger^ F.R.S. 131
Report on the Tiger Beetles . . . Herbert C. Robinson 179

Report on the Dragon Flies, Part I

. F. F. LaidlaWy B.A. 189

I

MAMMALS

BY

J. LEWIS BONHOTE, M.A., F.Z.S.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Although from so rich a region, it will be seen that our collection of
mammals embraces only some sixty-four species, of which several are
represented by unique specimens. This is, perhaps, to be explained by
the fact that I was only able to devote a small proportion of my time to this group,
and also because we were not successful in securing the assistance of natives
who were good jungle men. From time to time we set a very large number
of traps, but found that the animals, when captured, were frequently either
removed by small carnivores or else spoilt as specimens by ants. An efficient
trap which will capture small mammals alive has, apparently, yet to be invented.
In the districts visited by us I have little doubt, from my own observation,
that there are a considerable number of small insectivores, shrews and the like,
as well as a great variety of rats and mice, which can only be obtained by the
merest accident by a collector who is not prepared to spend the great propor-
tion of his time on the group. The Chiropterous fauna, too, must be very
extensive, and I may mention that in the limestone caves near Kuala Lumpur
I obtained, in one morning, twelve species, including the rare Eonycteris spelaea^
which number could doubtless be increased by systematic collecting.

I have added to Mr. Bonhote’s paper certain field-notes made by
Mr. Annandale or myself, which are distinguished by being placed between
inverted commas.

A complete set of all species obtained, including the types of new species,
has been deposited in the National Collection.

HERBERT C. ROBINSON.

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I

REPORT ON THE MAMMALS

By J. LEWIS BONHOTE, M.A., F.Z.S.

The mammal collection brought home by Messrs. Robinson and Annan-
DALE has, perhaps, tended more to our knowledge of the fauna of the
Malay Peninsula than any other collection from that district which has
reached this country of late years. This has not alone been due to the fact that
the present material has been procured on the modern system, accurate measure-
ments being taken, and the skulls carefully preserved apart from the skins, but
also because during the last four or five years the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition and the
collections of Mr. Lyle in Siam proper, as well as large collections received in
America from Dr. W. L. Abbott, had, while adding many facts, opened up
many interesting points, several of which this collection has enabled us to
solve. The result is that, although much still remains to be done, the mam-
malian fauna of the Malayan area is as well, or even better, known than that
of any other part of the Oriental region.

The present collection contains some sixty-four species, of which eight
are described as new. The connexion between the Malayan and Bornean
fauna is shown, apart from species previously noticed as having representative
forms in both localities, by the discovery of a cat, closely related to Felis badia^
and a small squirrel, related to S. lowii^ which I have named after Mr.
Robinson. A species of Rhinolophus allied to, but quite distinct from,
R. affinis is described ; this species has been known for some time, but was
considered as referable to R. rouxi^ Temm., which, however, is shown not to
be the case. It will probably, eventually, be found to occur in Borneo, as
Mr. Miller has already described another form of it from one of the islands
in the S. China Sea, under the name R. spadix.

Four species of Mus are among the novelties ; one, Mus annandalei^ is a
very distinct species, especially in its cranial characters, while of the other three
two belong to the Mus rattus group, and one is allied to Mus jerdoni. Owing
to the large number of species already described from this part of the world,
the working out of these rats necessitated a very careful examination, as far as
was possible, of the whole of the rats of the Oriental region, the results

2

FASCICULI MAL AT FUSES

of which arc incorporated in the present paper, and will, I trust, prove of use
to future workers. I must here record my thanks to Mr. Gerritt S. Miller,
of the National Museum at Washington, who very kindly sent me over a
series of topotypes of several of his recently described species, which have been
of the greatest assistance.

Two rare species of bats, whose occurrence on the Peninsula was doubtful,
have been procured, viz., Cynopterus ecaudatus and Nycteris javanica^ and also
several specimens of Mr. Miller’s recently described Emhallonura peninsularis.

Several fine adult skulls and skins of the porcupine Hystrix grotei^ Gray,
hitherto only known from the type, a young specimen, were brought back.
They are apparently of the same species as that recorded by me in the ‘ Skeat ’
collection as H, yunnanensis^ which is probably identical with Gray’s species.
Nemorhoedus swettenhami proves to be a good form distinct from iV.
sumatrensis^ and a revision of the Tragulidae^ partly brought about by the
series in this collection, has already been published. In addition to the actual
specimens, the collectors have made some very interesting field-notes on the
habits and distribution of several species, which will be found under those
species to which they refer ; among other points, a difference in the habits of
Sciurus vittatus and S. nigrovittatus^ which are now proved to be perfectly
distinct species, is noted, and a curious difference between the habits of the
former species on the East and West Coasts is pointed out. The distribution
of species on either side of the Peninsula seems likely to be a matter of con-
siderable interest, but at present our knowledge is too limited for any definite
statements to be made ; as a rule, the species on either coast appear to be much
the same, but their distribution is different ; in the case of Funamhulus insignis^
however, the Eastern form differs from that found on the West Coast. It has
been found that Linnaeus’ name of cynomolgus^ for the common macaque
could no longer stand, as it applies to an African monkey, probably a baboon,
and in consequence, Raffles’ name of fascicularis has been used. Mr. Miller
has been followed in the use of the generic name Presbytes instead of that of
Semnopithecus^ in accordance with the laws of priority.

It only remains for me to tender my best thanks to Mr. Oldfield Thomas,
who has so greatly helped me with his advice and opinion on the difficult points
which arose during the writing of this paper.

Hylobates sp. (?)

‘ We never actually saw a gibbon except doubtfully, at a great distance,
on Bukit Besar, but we frequently heard them near Mabck, and judging from
the noise they made they must have been very abundant on the hills round
the Semangko Pass on the Perak Pahang boundary.’

FASCICULI MALATEIASES

3

‘In Upper Perak it is believed by the Malays that • different species of
gibbon inhabit the two banks of the Perak River, and this belief is, to some
extent, born out by the cries heard by myself (sec Anthropology^ part I, p. i).
I was surprised to see a gibbon, a white individual {H, lar^ Linn.), among the
mangrove swamps at the mouth of the Trang River ; possibly it had escaped
from captivity, as in the Malay Peninsula the genus Hylohates is usually confined
to hilly ground cov'ered with bamboos or dense jungle. The Siamese of
Trang believe that all gibbons are females, being the other sex of the lotong
{Preshytes)^ which, they say, is always male.’ — N.A.

Macacus nemestrinus (Linn.)

‘ The “ broh ” is frequently met with in captivity in the Patani States, but
it is doubtful if it occurs wild in the districts we visited. It is often trained,
especially by the Siamese, to pluck the nuts from the cocoanut palms, and
captive specimens occasionally attain a very large size, but are apt, when full
grown, to become morose and savage.

‘ This monkey is not uncommon near the villages of Upper Perak, and
I believe that I have seen at least one troop in South Perak, at Gedong. It
is captured in large numbers at Malacca, and is abundant on the outskirts of
the town of Singapore, especially in the grounds of a Mahommedan shrine near
the Tanjong Pagar docks.’ — N.A.

Macacus sp. (?)

‘ In a patch of jungle, not far from Biserat, I came across a very large
species allied to the preceding. I had only a light collecting gun with me and
No. 12 shot, so I was unable to secure it, but as it was very leisurely in its
movements I had an excellent view of it. In general colour it resembled
M. nemestrinus^ but excelled in size the largest specimen I have seen of that
species, and possessed a very marked ruff of almost white hair round its face.
The tail was very short, not more than about three inches in length.’

1. Macacus fascicularis (Raffles)

Simia fascicularis. Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 246 (1822).

Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.), Blyth, Cat. p. 9 ; id. Mamm. Birds Burma, p. 7 ;

Anderson, An. Zool. Res. p. 73 (1879) ; P^ower^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 316 ;

BonhotCy loc. cit. p. 872 ; and of authors generally.

a, $ . Patani. 2nd June, 1901.

b, $ ad. Biserat, Jalor. 1 6th July, 1901.

c, d. $ ad., ^ jr. Biserat, Jalor. i6th July, 1901, and 20th July, 1901.

e. $. State of Nawngchik. 17th September, 1901.

J,g. 2 $ imm. Ban Sai Kau (captive spms.).

4

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

This series shows a considerable amount of variation, the male from
Nawngchik belonging to the rufous coloured variety (M. aureus)^ which colour
is also approached by two specimens from Biserat ; the remainder are of various
shades, all belonging to the commoner greenish-brown type.

The skull of one of the females from Biserat shows certain conspicuous
differences in the teeth, also in the general build of the skull and size of the
bullae. It may possibly be specifically distinct, but much more evidence bear-
ing on the point is required before a definite opinion can be pronounced.

For many years this species has been known under the name of
M. cynomolgus (Linn.), a name which should, unfortunately, no longer be used
for it, as it undoubtedly belongs to an African species, probably a baboon.
Nor is the name M. cynomolgus (Buffon nec Linn.), as used by Blanford,
available, as this species, renamed M, irus by Cuvier, was founded on what
Buffon considered to be M. angolensis major^ Rey, but which Cuvier shows
to be a different species from Senegal, intermediate between the Guenons and
Baboons. There is, therefore, no choice but to fall back on Raffles’ species,
which is well described, leaving little doubt as to the animal intended.

‘The “kra,” “krah,” or “kerah,” as it is variously called in different parts
of the Peninsula, was common in all districts on the East Coast visited by us.
It was specially numerous among the mangroves of the tidal creeks near Jambu,
and was also not uncommon at Biserat, where specimens were obtained as they
came to feed on the young Indian corn in a newly-made jungle clearing. In
South Perak, where monkeys of all species are scarce, possibly owing to the
presence of a large aboriginal population, we did not meet with it, but it was
abundant in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

‘Contrary to the experience of many naturalists we found the “kra” very
wary, more especially upon the sea coast, where it was found impossible to
obtain specimens without the expenditure of a quite disproportionate amount
of time. It is frequently to be seen upon the ground walking with a peculiar
stride and holding the tail parallel to the general line of the body. When the
tide is low it often frequents the mud banks in search of crustaceans, etc.,
retreating to the mangroves when disturbed and chattering defiance at the
intruder at a safe distance. The alarm-note is a rattle-like cry, from which the
vernacular name is possibly derived. When young they are very commonly
captured for pets by the natives, and one or two may generally be seen beneath
the houses in almost every village, but it is very rare to see a really adult male
in captivity, as they become very vicious on approaching maturity. Younger
specimens seem, as a rule, much more ferruginous in colour than the older

ones.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

5

‘We had three specimens of this species in captivity for some time, all of
which had been taken from their mothers when too young to fend for them-
selves. Our Malays attempted to teach these monkeys, after they had reached
a considerable size, to climb trees and bring down fruit, but we were surprised to
find that not one of them was able to make the initial leap by means of which
a wild “ kra ” negotiates the bare trunk of a tree below where the branches
originate. Once they were lifted to the first branch they seemed thoroughly
at home, but they appeared to have no idea how to commence climbing a tree.
It is conceivable that this deficiency may have been partly a physical one, due
to disuse of the hind limb in captivity, but we see no reason to regard this as
being the case, believing rather that the inability was simply due to lack of
education on the part of the monkeys, which had never been taught to climb
by their parents. If this is so, it is a point of great interest in animal psychology.
It may be well to note in the same connexion that we found that while young
kittens of Felis hengalensis were able to swim perfectly well before their eyes
were open, young Malay otters [Eutra cinerea)^ at the same stage, merely
floundered about in a quite ineffectual manner when placed in a basin of water,
and sank almost immediately.’

Macacus sp. (?)

‘ We had in our possession, for some months, a female of a species allied
to the preceding, which was said to have been captured on the Patani River.
Unfortunately, it died and its body was thrown into the river by one of the
servants. It appeared to us to differ from the common form in having a much
rounder head and a totally different facial expression, which it is difficult to
put into words ; in addition, it possessed a small crest, which was formed by
the hair radiating from a circular whorl on the top of the head, and it was
evident that when full grown it would have been a much smaller animal. We
were inclined to regard this specimen as a representative of a species taking
the place of M. fascicularis in the thickly-wooded central region of the Pen-
insula, very much as Pres bytes femoralis probably takes the place of P. ohscurus.
Near Bendang Stah we saw several large families in the trees on the banks of
the Patani River, that appeared to belong to the same variety as our captive
specimen.’

2. Presbytes obscurus^ (Reid)

Semnopithecus obscurus, Keid^ P,Z.S. 1837, p. 14; Flower, op. cit. 1900,
p. 317 ; Bonhote., op. cit. p. 872.

I. I have followed Mr. Miller [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, p. 477 (1903) ) in using Presbytes, Esch., Kotzebue’s
Entdeck. Reise, III, p. 196 (1821), instead of the well-known Semnopithecus, Cuv. Dents. Mamm., pp. 14, 247
(1825).

6

FASCICULI MALATENSES

ay by c. $ ski.jjuv. inalc. Tanjong Patani. loth June, 1901.

d-h. ^ ,4 $ . Tanjong Patani. ist October, 1901, 30th September, 1901.

i. $ }r. Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. i8th September, 1901.

k. $ Tenebong, Jalor. i ith August, 1901.

A very typical series showing no variation. The immature specimen is
just losing the first yellow pelage which is only left on the hind-quarters and
tail. Over the rest of the body the hairs are of a uniform greyish-black, the
light patch on the occiput being hardly distinguishable.

‘ The lotong is very generally distributed over those parts of the Peninsula
that we visited, with the exception of South Perak. Near Biserat it was very
abundant on the craggy limestone hills in the vicinity, where it was practically
inaccessible, but it never approached the village. Among the casuarinas on
Tanjong Patani it was abundant and tame, keeping in troops of one old male with
five or six females and young ; these old males are said by the natives to be
frequently very savage and even to attack small children. In habits it is much
more arboreal than the “ kra,” and we never saw one of them on the ground.
Judging from two specimens obtained the young must be born about February
or March (at the end of the stormy season), and until they are about one-
third grown are of a beautiful golden-yellow colour, with fur of a soft and
silky texture.

‘When driven on to an isolated tree these monkeys would ascend the trunk
as high as they could, and then strive to conceal themselves by pressing their
bodies as closely as possible against the trunk or some large branch, under
which circumstances it was very difficult to make them out exactly. At Tan-
jong Patani the food of those specimens which we examined had consisted
entirely of the young shoots of the casuarina.

‘ A curious change has taken place in the habits of this species at Biserat
within the last two years. When Annandale was there in 1899 as a member
of the ‘Skeat ’ Expedition, it was common among the fruit trees of the village,
into which one or more families came down from the hills nearly every day.
The natives deny that it ever does so now. The reason for the change is
probably that the houses of Biserat have recently been separated from one
another by a broad roadway. Possibly also the large numbers of Siamese and
Chinamen now settled there may have something to do with the disappearance
of the lotong from the village, for these two races, unlike the Malays, eat the
flesh of the monkey, believing that it has strong tonic qualities, especially for
pregnant women. We noticed that while P. obscurus was extremely wary in
the interior, it was comparatively tame in the neighbourhood of the purely
Malay fishing villages on the coast.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

1

3. Presbytes ’Temoralis (Martin)

Semnopithecus femoralis, Martin^ Charlesworth* s Mag. N.H. ii, p. 436 (1838) ;
Flower^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 318.

Semnopithecus slamensis, Muller and Schlegel^ Verhandly p. 60 (1841);
Anderson^ An. ZooL Res.^ p. 37 (1879).

a. 9 imm. Mabek, Jalor. 27th July, 1901.

There can be no doubt that this specimen belongs to the same species as
that referred to in the description of S. femoralis. As to whether 6*. femoralis
and S. alhocinereus are one and the same species or not is a matter which can-
not at present be satisfactorily settled. The typical femoralis is quite distinct
from the typical alhocinereus but apparently intermediate forms may occur.

S. siamensis of Muller should apparently stand as a synonym of S.
femoralis^ and according to the original description, Muller’s type was a dark
coloured monkey and not ‘ clear ashy grey ’ as stated by Anderson. The
original type locality of S. femoralis is Sumatra, so that further series may well
prove it to be distinct from siamensis.

‘ I know nothing of this species except that it probably replaces the fore-
going in the denser jungle towards the centre of the Peninsula, where if appears
to be well known to the natives under the name of ‘ kaka.’ It is extra-
ordinarily agile and shy, and the one troop that we saw kept to the tops of the
loftier trees in a patch of thick jungle near Mabek. Semnopitheci were very
abundant, but I think that all that we saw between Mabek and Biserat belonged
to S. ohscurus.'

Pres bytes sp. (?)

On Bukit Besar Annandale saw a large brown monkey with an entirely
black face and a very long tail ; it was not improbably S. maurus.

4. Nycticebus tardif^radus (Linn.)

Lemur tardigradus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 44 (1766).

Nycticebus tardigradus (Linn.), Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ind.., Mamm.^ p. 45 (1888) ;
Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 321 ; Bonhote^ op. cit. p. 873.

a. $ ad. Jambu, Jhering. 7th June, 1901.

b. 9 iid. Biserat, Jalor. i8th October, 1901.

Both these individuals belong to the variety described by Mr. Blanford as
N. hengalensis (Geoffr.)

B

10/7/03

8

FASCICULI MALATENSES

‘ In Perak and Selangor this species is known as ‘ kongkang,’ in the East
Coast States of Patani and Jalor as ‘ nilong,’ and in Jalor also as ‘ kra duku.’
Around it many native superstitions centre, and the presence of a specimen on
a fishing boat is believed to ensure a favourable wind. We never met with
the species ourselves, the specimens in the collection having been brought in
by the natives.’

5. Felis pardus, Linn.

Felis pardus, Linn, Syst. Nat, i, p. 6i (1766) ; Flower,, P.Z,S, 1900,
P- 323*

a. Skull. Tanjong Luar, Borders of Rhaman and Jalor. November, 1901.

6. Felis sp. (?)

There is a single specimen of a young cat from Ban Sai Kau on the
2 1 St May, 1901. The whole of the upper parts are of a dull rusty-red, the
under parts white, spotted with black. Although it is impossible to make a
definite statement on this single immature individual, it appears to belong to
a species most nearly allied to Fe/is hadia of Borneo, of which it is possibly the
mainland form.

‘ The specimen commented on abov'e was brought to us by the natives
and kept alive for some days. It was of a very savage disposition, and escaping
from its cage was killed in process of recapture. The species appears to be
well-known to the villagers of the neighbourhood of Bukit Besar, who describe
the adult as being of a uniform bright red, and in size “as big as a dog.” The
smaller jungle cats are known collectively as “ rimau akar ” — creeper cats.’

Felis beng^alensis, Kerr

‘ We obtained three kittens only a few days old at Kampong Jalor, which
may probably be referred to this species.’

7. Viverra zibetha, Linn.

Viverra zibetha, Linn, Syst. Nat. i, p. 65 (1766) ; Flower,, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 327 ;

Bonhote, op. cit. p. 873.

a, $ imm. Kampong Jalor. 28th October, 1901.

Precisely similar to the specimen brought home by the ‘Skeat’ Expedition,
and described in my paper quoted above.

There are also three specimens of a very young Viverra, procured at
Mabek, on the 28 th July, 1901, which I would also refer to this species.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

9

They are of a uniform dark-brown colour, and the tail is indistinctly
ringed with white, which is most easily seen on the under surface. The large
white mark across the throat is plain and conspicuous, but the other two light
transverse bands are only faintly visible. The anterior one is dull but uniform
in colour, while the posterior one is pure white but somewhat irregular and
broken up. The under parts are slightly lighter in tone at the bases of the
limbs. Above, the hair on the anterior surface of the ear is conspicuously
lighter, but, apart from this, no other markings are easily seen. By close
inspection, however, the light markings on the side of the neck may be made
out and also traces of light markings on the flanks.

8. Viverricula malaccensis (Gmel.)

Viverra malaccensis (Gmel.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 92 (1788).

Viverricula malaccensis (Gmel.), Flower.^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 328.

$ ad. skull. Patani. 15th June, 1901.

‘ The above specimen, which was brought to us in too decomposed a state
to preserve the skin, was greyish-brown in coloration, with black lateral
stripes and ill-defined side stripes on the belly. Tail with greyish-brown and
white bands and a broad white tip, the white bands broader than the others.

The vernacular name is musang hulan (moon civet), and immature speci-
mens are very frequently seen in captivity, becoming very tame and following
their owners about the village.’

9, Paradoxurus minor sp. nov.

General appearance of P. niger^ but only half the size. Colour above,
pale fulvous, showing on the back five longitudinal black stripes, of which the
two outer ones tend to break up into spots. These stripes converge anteriorly
to form one broad black stripe, which arises from the crown of the head, slightly
anterior to the ears. Across the forehead the hairs have white tips, giving it
a grizzled appearance, while the muzzle, limbs, and under part of the throat
are very dark brown. There is a small white crescent below, and slightly
anterior to the eye, and a few irregular white spots on the chin. The remainder
of the under parts are of a dull brownish-grey, while the flanks show a few
irregular black spots. The tail is black throughout its length, with the excep-
tion of the terminal three or four inches which are of a dirty white. The hairs
throughout the tail have light coloured bases which are most conspicuous at its
roots, while the light hairs on the body have dark ash-coloured bases.

10

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

The skull, which, except for its size is that of a typical paradoxure, most
nearly resembles one marked P. typus in the National Collection. The edge
of the bony palate is hardly posterior to the posterior angle of the last molar.
The audital bullae are placed wide apart and are more rounded on the inferior
surface. In other respects, however, the skull hardly differs from that of most
species of the genus.

'Dimensions (measured in the flesh). Head and body, 450 mm. ; Tail,
460 mm. ; Hind foot, 64 mm. ; Ear, 39 mm.

Skull Greatest length, 96 mm. ; Length of palate, from 43 mm. ;
Zygomatic breadth, 53 mm. ; Breadth of palate, between canines, 10 mm. ; ^
Between inner roots of carnassials, 14 mm. ; Greatest width of brain-case,
32 mm.

Habitat. State of Jalor (Kampong Jalor), Malay Peninsula.

Type. $ adult, collected on the 3rd November, 1901, by Messrs.
H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale.

The small size of this paradoxure will be quite sufficient to enable it to
be at once distinguished from any of the other species known to inhabit the
Peninsula. There is a second skull that agrees with that of the type in all
respects.

10. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Schreb.

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Schreb. Sauge, p. 346 (1778); Flower.^ P.Z.S.

1900, p. 329 ; Bonhote^ op. cit. p. 873.

a. $ ad. Kampong Jalor. 1 3th November, 1901.

b. $ imm. Kampong Jalor. 29th October, 1901.

In both of these examples the ground colour is very light, and the three
dark dorsal stripes clearly cut and well marked.

11. Paradoxurus sp. (?)

a. d' juv. Near Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. 12th September, 1901.

The above specimen, which is very young, is uniform brownish-grey
throughout, except for the head and face which are whitish, especially that
portion immediately anterior to the cars. The two fore feet and tail are also
white ; the ears and a small patch over the anterior half of the eye, dark
brown. I am not able, from the material available, to make out its specific
identity.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

1 1

‘ This specimen was found by our Malays in a nest in a hollow tree, and
was said to be the young of a species of which the vernacular name is Musang
tagalungy and which lives largely on fish. In appearance it closely resembles a
specimen associated with an adult Paradoxurus leucomystax in the Selangor
State Museum, Kuala Lumpur.’

12. Putorius nudipes, F. Cuv.

Putorius nudipes, F. Cuv, Mamm. iii, p. 149 (1823) ; Flower^ P,Z,S. 1900,
P* 334.

a. S • Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. April, 1902.

13. Lutra cinerea, Illiger

Lutra cinerea, Illiger^ Ahh, Akad. Perl. 1811, p. 99; Flower^ P,Z.S. 1900,
P* 334 ) Bonhote^ op, cit. p. 874.

a. ^. ad. Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. 25th May, 1901.

b. ^. imm. Biserat, Jalor. 1 3th July, 1901.

Measurements in flesh of the adult : — Head and body, 445 mm. ; Tail,
273 mm. ; Hind foot, 85 mm. ; Ear, 10 mm.

‘ Otters, probably of more than one species, are common in the Patani
States, both high up the rivers, in estuarine waters, and even in Patani Bay,
the coast form attaining a very large size. The people of the fishing village
of Tanjong Budi, on Patani Bay, told us that the species was polygamous, and
that the old dog otter always endeavoured to destroy the male pups, the usual
number of a litter being four. It was very abundant in this locality, and was
often to be seen along the edge of the mangroves at low tide, or swimming in
the waters of the bay. Travelling down the Patani River, above Biserat, in
very rainy weather, we surprised a party of four on a shingle bank, who sat up
on their hind legs and watched us, rubbing their faces with their paws.
Native name, Brang hrang^ or Anjing ayer (water dog).’

14. Ursus malayanus, Raffles

Ursus malayanus. Raffles^ Trans, Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 254 (1822) ; Flower^
P.Z.S. 1900, p. 335.

One skin (purchased from natives). Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik.

‘ From what we heard the sun-bear was by no means uncommon on the
slopes of Bukit Besar, and, on one or two occasions, we came upon fallen tree
trunks which had been pulled to pieces in the search for honey and grubs.
The species has usually the reputation of being harmless and inoffensive, but
in the Patani States, at any rate, it is considered ‘‘more wicked than the tiger.” ’

12

FASCICULI MALATENSES

‘ In the mountains of South Perak we obtained, through the Sakais, the
skull and bones of a very old male, which seems to have attained an excep-
tional size, but from native testimony (and Malays have a keen zoological
instinct) it seems very probable that another species remains to be discovered
in the Peninsula, which is perfectly well-known to the natives as the ‘bruang
bukit’ (mountain bear),^ and which lacks the yellowish-white on muzzle, paws,
and breast, which is so characteristic a feature in Ursus malayanus.

‘By some Malay systematists Nycticehus is considered a bear, just as for
some occult reason the gibbons are classed as squirrels.’

Cyon rutilans, S. Mull.

‘ Near Jarum, in the north-west of Rhaman, I disturbed a pack of either
five or six hunting dogs, which were resting at mid-day under a large tree,
in the centre of an open space overgrown with long grass, and surrounded
with thick jungle. The dogs walked off quite slowly into the jungle, at a
distance of not more than thirty yards in front of me, and, as I heard from a
man who followed me, returned very shortly to continue their siesta under
the tree. They were absolutely silent, a fact on which my Malay followers
congratulated themselves, it being considered most unlucky, in fact, a certain
omen of death, to meet the srigdla (as the Malays call it), if it barks. So far
as I could see, the body, head, and limbs of the individuals of this pack were
of an almost uniform bright rufous, the hair being rather longer than that of
the Malay pariah, but closely resembling that of the Sakai domestic dog ;
while the tail, which was carried hanging down, was almost entirely black and
moderately bushy. The head was held erect, and the animals walked high on
their feet. The Malays of Rhaman state that there are two species of srigdla
not uncommon in the Jarum district, the larger and redder species — that which
I saw — being called srigdla bukit (mountain jackal), and not venturing near the
villages, though it always goes about in packs ; while the smaller variety, which
may very well be a true jackal, goes solitary or in pairs, and frequently steals
sickly lambs, kids, or calves. In Nawngchik and Jalor the same two species
are said by the natives to occur, coming down in early spring into the plains
near the villages.’ — N. A.

‘ On Bukit Besar, on a bright moonlight night at the end of April, we
were disturbed, towards dawn, by a hideous yelping and yelling, probably
produced by a large pack of hunting dogs. It passed along close to our hut
and then came to a standstill, continuing for some time, some distance away in
the jungle ; and on several succeeding occasions we heard the sound about the

I. In Hulu Rhaman this hypothetical bear, without the pale markings on the breast, but with spectacled eyes, is
known as bruang anjing (dog bear) as distinct from the common species, bruang orang (man bear), which it is said to
exceed in size. — N. A.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

13

same time of night, or rather early morning. The Malays hold the same belief
with regard to the urine of the srigdla as that held by the Ghonds and other Indian
tribes regarding that of the dhole {Cyon rutilans)^ viz.^ that it causes blindness,
and that the dogs make use of this quality by urinating against the trunks of
trees on which their prey is likely to rub itself.’

15. Tupaia belang^eri (Wagn.)

Cladobates belangeri, JVagner, Schreb. Saugth. Suppl. ii, p. 42 (1841).

Tupaia belangeri (Wagner), BonhotCy P.Z.S, 1900, p. 192.

a. 9 ad. Biserat, Jalor. 4th July, 1901.

T. ferruginea is the southern form of this species and, judging by recent
collections, it does not appear to go very far north.

16. Tupaia malaccana, Anders.

Tupaia malaccana, Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan. y p. 134 (1879).

Tupaia javanica, Horsf., Flower.^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 336.

a. ^ ad. Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, alt. 4000'. 25th January, 1902.

17. Crocidura murina (Linn.)

Sorex murinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 74 (1766).

Crocidura murina (Linn.), Flower y P.Z.S. 1900, p. 337 ; Bonhotey loc. cit. p. 874.

a. 9 Alor Stah, Kedah. 17th December, 1901.

Although perfectly adult this is a small specimen, being about the same
size as the one noted by Blanford (Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 235 (1888)).
The measurements in the flesh were as follows : — Head and body, 97 mm. ;
Tail, 55 mm. ; Hind foot, 18 mm. ; Ear, 8 mm.

‘ It is probable that this musk shrew is an introduction into the Peninsula,
and not an indigene. We never met with it in the Patani States, though it is
not a mammal that is likely to escape notice, and if it occurs at all it must be
decidedly rare and local. On the other hand, it was extremely common at
Kuala Lumpur, where I saw several specimens which were captured under the
houses, and it is well-known both in Penang and Singapore. The specimen
in the collection was captured by one of our men on the curb of a well in the
early morning ; it appeared to be quite blind, as it actually ran over his foot.
The eyes were very small and almost unpigmented.’

14

FASCICULI MALATENSES

18. Crocidura fuli^^inosa (Blyth)

Sorex fuliginosus, Blyth^ J, A. S. B. xxiv, p. 362 (1856).

I $ spm. in ale. Biserat, Jalor. 19th July, 1901.

Measurements in the flesh ; — Head and body, 74 mm. ; Tail, 63*5 mm. ;
Hind foot, 15 mm. ; Ear, 9 mm.

‘ The single specimen obtained was found caught by the tail in one of our
rat traps, near the entrance of a limestone cave in fairly thick jungle.’

19. Pteropus vampyrus (Linn.)

Vespertilio vampyrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 31 (1758),

Pteropus edulis (Geoffr.), Flower; P.Z.S. 1900, p. 339.

Pteropus vampyrus (Linn.), Bonhote^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 875.

a. $ ad. Patani. 15th June, 1901.

$ ad. Biserat, Jalor. July?

f. $ . Kampong Bayu, nr. Biserat. 9th July, 1901.

‘ This big fruit bat, or kluang., the largest of all the Chiroptera, is very
common in every locality in the Peninsula visited by us. Just before sunset,
especially in the fruit season, flights* of them are to be seen making their way
to the nearest orchard, where they commit great depredations. The line of
flight is very direct and usually at a great height, and appears curiously
deliberate and raven-like, though the pace at which they travel is really con-
siderable. We noticed them in immense numbers in the estuary of the Klang
River, and they were also very numerous on Bukit Besar during our second
visit in September, 1901. Some Siamese eat them readily, though no Malay
would touch them.’

20. Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl)

Vespertilio sphinx, Vahl., Scrivten af Naturhistorie-Selskabet Bind, iste Heft
p. 123 (1797).

Cynopterus marginatus (Geoffr.), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 349; Bonhote, loc.
cit. p. 875.

9. Patani. 17th June, 1901.

2 9 . Biserat, Jalor. 7th July, 1901.

Several specimens in alcohol from Biserat and from the Batang Padang
district. South Perak.

‘ Very common in the houses wherever we went. The specimen from
Patani was shot hanging to the under surface of the mid-rib of a cocoanut
palm.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

15

21. Cynopterus ecaudatus (Temm.)

Pachysoma ecaudatum, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii, p. 94 (1839).

Megaera ecaudata, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii, p. 359 (1841).

Megaerops ecaudatus (Temm.), Matschie^ Megachir. Berl. Museum., p. 79 (i 899).
Cynopterus ecaudatus (Temm.), Dobs. Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1878).

a. 9 Bidor, South Perak. January, 1902.

Very few specimens of this rare bat have hitherto been obtained. The
type was procured at Padang, Sumatra, and the remaining few examples known
(with the exception of the present one) have all come from Borneo. This
species differs from the other members of the genus Cynopterus by having only
two incisors in the lower jaw.

Measurements of the above specimen: — Head and body, 78 mm.; Forearm,

53

The total absence of the tail, the long nostrils, short muzzle, and presence
of but two incisors in the lower jaw, enable this species to be easily recognized.

‘ Shot under the eaves of the rest-house, Bidor.’

22. M aerogel OSS us minimus (Geoffr.)

Pteropus minimus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus. xv, p. 97 (1810).

Carponycteris minima (Geoffr.), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 341.

Kiodotus minimus (Geoffr.), Bonhote, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 875.

a. 9^3. Patani. 22nd April, 1901.

23. Rhinolophus affinis, Horsf.

Rhinolophus affinis, Horsfield, Zool. Res. Java (1824) ; Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philad. 1898, p. 319 ; Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 342.

I spm. in ale. Biserat, Jalor. i6th July, 1901.

The forearm of this specimen measures exactly 50 mm.

24. Rhinolophus malayanus, sp. nov.

Nearly allied to R. affinis, Horsf, but much smaller, only slightly exceed-
ing R. minor, Horsf, in size.

Ears sharply pointed, and when laid forward reach to the extremity of
the muzzle. The outer margin is concave immediately below the tip, and
then slightly convex and separated from a large antitragus by a deep notch.

The horseshoe, which is moderately broad and sharply cleft in front, is
large enough just to conceal the nostril anteriorly. Sella of moderate width,
the erect transverse portion being of equal width throughout its length and

P 10/7/0J

i6

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

slightly narrower than the horizontal part. The connecting process behind the
sella hardly rises above the vertical part of the same and is rounded off. The
posterior leaf is of moderate size, the tip elongate, and the margins slightly
concave. Lower lip with three vertical grooves. Wing membranes from the
ankles ; interfemoral membrane nearly straight ; only the extreme tip of the
tail projects.

Fur moderately long, sepia brown above, lighter beneath.

Dimensions of type : — Head and body, 46 mm. ; Tail, 20 mm. ; Forearm,
41 mm. ; Ear (from base of antitragus to tip), 14 mm. ; Tibia, 16 mm. ;
Greatest width of horseshoe, 8 mm. ; Length from tip of posterior leaf to
anterior edge of horseshoe, 13 mm. ; Total expanse, 227 mm.

Habitat. Biserat, Jalor.

Type. Adult female in spirit collected on the 8 th August, 1901.

There are some specimens in the British Museum collected by Signor
L. Fea in the Karin Hills, Burmah, and recorded by Thomas,* under the
name R. affinis rouxi^ (Temm.) These specimens, though slightly larger and
somewhat more rufous in body colour, belong undoubtedly to the species just
described, or are, at most, only subspecifically distinct. As regards the name
rouxi^ Temminck states that it is a bat similar in all respects to R. afinis., and
gives the length of the forearm as ‘ i pouce, 10 lignes,’ or 50 mm. Horse-
field’s type from Java has a forearm of 49*5 mm. ; there can, therefore, be
little doubt that Temminck’s rouxi is a synonym of affinis.

The present species may be at once distinguished from R. affinis by its
smaller size, and from R. minor by the shape of the connecting process between
the sella and the posterior leaf, which, in this latter species, ends in a point
well above the vertical portion of the sella.

Rhinolophus spadix^ Mill. (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 136 (1901)) from
Sirhassen Id. is closely allied to this species.

25. Rhinolophus minor, Horsf.

Rhinolophus minor, Horsfield., Zool. Res. Java (1824) ; Flower., P Z.S. 1900,
P- 342.

2 spms. in ale. Biserat, Jalor. 8th August, 1901.

26. Hipposiderus armig:er, (Hodges.)

Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgson^ J. A. S. B. iv, p. 699 (1835).

Hipposiderus armiger {Hodgs.), Flower^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 342 ; Bonhote, loc. cit.^

p. 875.

a. ad. Biserat, Jalor.

1. Thomas, Viaggio di Leonardo Fea, p. 15, Genoa, 1892.

2. Temminck, Mon. Mamm. II, p. 306 (1835).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

17

27. Hipposiderus larvatus (Horsf.)

Rhinolophus larvatus, Horsfield^ ZooL Res, Java (1824).

Hipposiderus larvatus (YiovsI.)^ Miller, Pro c. Acad, Nat, Set, Philad, 1898,
p. 319 ; Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 343.

I spm. in ale. Biserat, Jalor. loth August, 1901.

28. Hipposiderus bicolor (Temm.)

Rhinolophus bicolor, Temminck, Mon. Mamm. ii, p. 18 (1835-41).
Hipposiderus bicolor (Temm.), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 343.

4 spms. in ale. Biserat, Jalor. loth August, 1901.

29. Nycteris javanica, Dobs.

Nycteris javanica, Dobs, Mon, As, Chir., p. 81 (i 876) ; id. Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus.,
p. 164 (1878); Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 345.

I spm. in ale., imm. Biserat, Jalor. August, 1901.

The occurrence of this specimen confirms Blyth’s statement that the
species is found in the Peninsula.

30. Scotophilus castaneus^ (Horsf.)

Nycticejus castaneus, Horsf. Cat. Mamm. E. End. Coll., p. 38 (1851).
Scotophilus castaneus (Horsf.), Bonhote, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 192.

a, b. 2 9- Patani. 22nd April, 1901.

c, d. 2 imm. Patani. 2nd June, 1901.

10 spms. in ale. Biserat, Jalor. June, 1901.

I have previously noted the differences between the present species and
S. kuhli, and this series entirely bears out my former notes. As regards colora-
tion, it is not strictly accurate to state that the under parts are not lighter, for
although, as a rule, the colour is very uniform, some specimens are decidedly
paler below. The general colour also varies from smoky-brown to bright
chestnut.

I can find no description of this bat by Gray, and it is certainly not in
the ‘ Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ which has been quoted by several authors
as containing the original description of the species. It is very closely allied
to, if indeed it be not identical with, S. temminckii (Horsf.) from Java, but
owing to paucity of material the matter cannot be decided at present.

‘ We found this bat to be the common house bat of the Eastern Malay
States. It was exceedingly abundant in the roofs of the houses at Patani, and
the specimens from Biserat were obtained in the hollow of the flagstaff facing
the government offices.’

I. For an account of the parasites, taken on this and other bats, see Dr. Speiser’s subsequent paper on the
Diptcra Pupipara.

i8

FASCICULI MALATENSES

31. Myotis muricola (Gray)

Vespertilio muricola, Gray, Nat. Mamm. Nepaul. and Thibet^ p. 4 (1846);

Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 347 ; Bonhote, loc. cit. p. 876.

Myotis muricola (Hodgson), Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1898, p. 321.

I spm. in ale. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'. ist September, 1901.

‘ This species was not uncommon on Bukit Besar, especially during our
second visit in August and September. It appeared in great numbers in the
half-hour preceding sunset, flying very much in the manner of the common
British serotine. In the jungle it was frequently to be seen up to about
10 a.m., but during the daytime it retired to the young rolled-up leaves of
musaceous and zingiberaceous plants, from which the individual recorded
above was obtained.’

32. Emballonura peninsularis, Miller
Emballonura peninsularis. Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1898, p. 328.

4 spms. in ale. Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 15th February, 1902.

As these specimens are practically topotypes* of Mr. Miller’s species, I
have placed them under that name. According to Mr. Miller, it is most
nearly allied to E. monticola, Temm., from Java.

33. Taphozous long^imanus, Hardwicke

Taphozous longimanus, Hardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv, p. 535 (1823);
Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 349.

a, b. $. Bisera t, Jalor. 15 th July, 1901.

‘ A cave species.’

Petaurista nitida, Desm.

‘We were disappointed at not securing any specimen of flying squirrel,
all the species of which are very largely nocturnal in their habits ; one of a
uniform foxy-red, which may be supposed to belong to this species, was shot
at Sungkei, but stuck in the fork of a tree and could not be retrieved.’

34. Ratu'fa bicolor (Sparrm)

Sciurus bicolor, Sparrm. Gotheh. Vet. Svensk. Handl. i, p. 70 (1778).

Ratufa bicolor (Sparrm.), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 354 ; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (7) vol. V, 1900, p, 493 ; Id. P.Z.S. 1900, p. 876.

Ratufa melanopepla. Miller, Proc. JVash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 71 (1900).

a-c. $ . Neighbourhood of Biserat, Jalor. July and August, 1901.

. Jeram Kawan is, however, over two hundred miles from Trang, the type locality of the species. Edd.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

19

I have very carefully compared these specimens with a series in the
Museum from Java and Sumatra, as well as with a paratype of Mr. Miller’s
R, melanopepla, Mr. Miller states {loc. cit,) that R. melanopepla differs from
true R, hicolor ‘ in the clear black of the upper parts,’ which is by no means a
constant feature, and I can match these individuals exactly with Javan specimens.
Nevertheless, from what we already know of the variability of members of this
group, I should not be surprised that, on comparison with a large series from
Java, the Malay form should turn out to be distinct.

‘ Although only a few specimens were obtained, this giant squirrel, which
is known locally as Grahoky is fairly common in Jalor, in the neighbourhood
of Biserat, where it usually frequents the jungle, keeping to the topmost
branches of lofty trees and taking a very heavy charge of shot to bring down.
When the fruit is ripe it is often to be found in the orchards surrounding the
villages, being like nearly all animals, from the tiger downwards, exceedingly
fond of durians. In no instance did we observe any specimen of the fawn-
coloured forms on the Eastern side of the Peninsula, although one or two were
noticed in the high jungle near Sungkei, South Perak.’

35. Sciurus hippurus, Is. Geoifr.

Sciurus hippurus. Is, Geoffr. Etudes Zool. No. 6 pi. 6 (1832) ; Anders, Zool,

Res. Yunnan., p. 241 (1879) > Flower^ P,Z.S, 1900, p. 356.

a. ^ a.d. Sungkei, South Perak. loth February, 1902.

The occurrence of S. hippurus and S, erythraeus in the Peninsula proves
the former to be a distinct species, and not merely the southern representative
of the latter, as has been suggested.

‘ This was the only specimen seen, and was shot running along a fallen tree
in deep jungle.’

36. Sciurus erythraeus, Pall.

Sciurus erythraeus, PallaSy GlireSy p. 337 (1778) ; Flower^ P,Z.S, 1900, p. 356 ;

Bonhotey loc. cit.y p. 877 ; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii, p. 161 (1901).

a. $ . Gunung Semangko, borders of Pahang and Selangor, alt. 4000'. loth May, 1902.

The further occurrence of this species in the Malay Peninsula renders it
certain that its range extends considerably further south than was formerly
supposed, but possibly it is confined to the hills. In appearance this specimen
most nearly approaches S. erythraeus typicus from Assam ; the red tail is, how-
ever, lacking, being alternately ringed with black and rufous, and the rufous is
more strongly developed on the head than elsewhere.

20

FASCICULI MALATENSES

‘ From the fact that the only two specimens known from the Malay
Peninsula have both been procured at altitudes exceeding 4000', it is, I should
say, almost certain that the species in this region is a purely mountain form.
Parallel instances occur among the birds, for such species as Mesia argentauris^
Siva sordidior^ and Brhinga remifer^ all forms of an Himalayan facies, are rarely,
if ever, seen below an altitude of 3000'.’

Sciurus finlaysoni, Horsf.

‘ On Bukit Besar Mr. Annandale saw a party of four individuals of a
species about the size of S, concolor^ one of which was pure white, while the
others were bright foxy-red. Afterwards, at the base of the hill, we examined
two specimens in the possession of the Siamese magistrate of the district.
One of these was bright red, but the other was pure white, with the iris pink,
and the nails and skin devoid of pigment — in fact, the specimen was
undoubtedly an albino.’

As a rule, white specimens of this species are not albinos, having black
eyes and very dark nails.

37. Sciurus concolor, Blyth

Sciurus concolor, Blyth^ J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 274 (1855) ; Bonhote^ Ann, Mag,
Nat. Hist. (7) VII, p. 272 (1901).

Sciurus caniceps, Gray^ Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 356 ; Bonhote., loc, ch.^ p. 877.

a. $.

Patani.

1 6th June, 1901.

b,c. ^ .

Patani.

1 6th and 19th June,

d-h. $,$.

Biserat, Jalor.

July, 1901.

i-m. $ , $ imm.

Biserat, Jalor.

July, 1901

9.

Biserat, Jalor.

loth August, 1901.

o-p. $ imm.

Biserat, Jalor.

October, 1901.

f- $ .

Anak Bukit, Nawngchik.

25 th April, 1901.

r. $.

Bukit Besar, do. 2500'.

2nd September, 1901

s-v, ^ imm.

Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik.

September, 19CI.

tv. $ .

Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik.

19th May, 1901.

AT. $ .

Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

October, 1900.

This series shows very little variation ; most of the specimens are in their
dullest pelage, but in a few the brown colour of the back is much more intense,
though the annulations on the hairs are always plainly visible. The brightest
specimens are all females, which would, therefore, appear to keep in their
bright dress later than the males. The young are dull in colour, resembling
their parents in their duller pelage.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

21

‘ This species is emphatically the village squirrel of the Patani States, and
it is very exceptionable to find it otherwise than in the immediate proximity
of dwellings. It is exceedingly abundant in the cocoanut groves and orchards,
and commits great ravages among the fruit, being particularly destructive to
the jack fruit or nangka {Artocarpus integrifolia). It is commonly seen on
the trees in the early morning, up till about 9 a.m., and after about 4 p.m.,
and in the heat of the day remains hidden in the crowns of the palms, where
it also forms nests similar to the drey of the British species. In South Perak,
if it occurs, it must be very rare, and we never saw a specimen, but in the
neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur it, or a closely allied species, is fairly
abundant. An entirely black variety was seen at Biserat on several occasions.’
Mr. Annandale also notes : — ‘ On the upper reaches of the Patani River,
the village squirrel was an almost uniformly grey species. A grey species
very similar in appearance extended also, as far as I could see, from Lampam,
in Patalung, to Trang, though it was absent, or very rare, in the Jarum district
and in Upper Perak.’

38. Sciurus macclellandi leucotis (Temm.)

Tamias leucotis, ‘Eemminck^ Zool. sur la cbte de Guenee, p. 252 (1853).

Sciurus macclellandi, (Horsf.) Flower^ P,Z,S. 1900, p. 357.

Sciurus macclellandi leucotis, Bonhote^ Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v, p. 53 (1900).

a-c. 2 $ , 9- Telom, Perak- Pahang boundary, alt. 4000'. January, 1902.
d, e. ^ , 9* Semangko Pass, Selangor, alt. 2700'. loth May, 1902.

‘ This beautiful little species was not met with on the Eastern side of the
Peninsula. In Perak and Selangor it is certainly a miountain form, and I do
not think that it occurs much below 3000'. It was very common at Telom, and
was also very abundant on the mountains round the Semangko Pass. It is
very largely an insectivorous species, and seems to keep chiefly to the trunk
and main branches of the trees, running along them with its tail pressed close
against the bark.’

39. Sciurus tenuis surdus, Miller
Sciurus tenuis surdus. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 80 (1900).

Sciurus tenuis, (Horsf.) Flower^ P.Z.S. 1900, p. 357 ; Bonhote, loc. cit., p. 878.

a-d.

Of

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

May, 1901.

$■

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

26th August and ist September.

h,i.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

31st August and ist September.

i,/.

juv.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

27th August.

m-q.

Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, alt. 4000'.

January, 1902.

r.

Semangko Pass, Selangor, alt. 2700'.

I 3th May, 1902.

22

FASCICULI MALATENSES

I have assigned Mr. Miller’s name to these specimens as they are
certainly somewhat duller than specimens from further south. At the same
time, there are, in the British Museum, some bright specimens from Perak,
so that the difference would appear to me to be rather individual than
geographical or seasonal, but much larger series than I have at my disposal
would be required before pronouncing a definite opinion.

‘This is also a jungle species, and, as far as our observation goes, is not
found in low country ; wherever found it appears to be abundant, its habits
being very similar to those of the preceding species. On Bukit Besar, in
August, a nest was found in a clump of birds-nest fern growing on a tree-trunk
some forty feet above the ground. The nest consisted of a globular chamber
some four or five inches in diameter, and was lined with fine black vegetable
fibre. It was approached by a slanting tunnel, and contained either two or
three young ones, which were nearly half-grown.’

40. Sciurus prevosti humei, Bonh.

Sciurus prevosti humei, Bonhote^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii, p. 170 (1901).
Sciurus prevosti, (Desm.) Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 358.

a. ^ ad. Sungkci, South Perak. 9th February, 1902.

A very typical example of the Malay race.

‘ A pair were shot for us by the Malay Pengghulu of Sungkei, who was
a keen naturalist, and to whom we were indebted for much assistance in the
way of collecting. Large numbers are always on sale in the bazaars of Singa-
pore, but appear principally to belong to the Sumatran race.’

41. Sciurus vittatus, Rahles
(Plate IV, figf. 7)

Sciurus vittatus. Raffles., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 259 (1822).

Sciurus notatus, (Bodd.) Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 358 ; Bonhote^ loc. cit..^ p. 878.
Sciurus notatus miniatus. Mill. Proc. JVash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 79 (1900).

Sciurus vittatus typicus, Bonhote^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii, p. 447 (1901).

a. 9- Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'. 7th May, 1901.

b. $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'. 26th August, 1901.

c. $. Jambu, Jhering. 7th June, 1901.

d' » 3 9 • Gedong, Batang Padang, South Perak. January, 1902.

h, i. 9* Sungkei, Batang Padang, South Perak. 7th and 8th February, 1902.

k. 9- . Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. 27th October, 1900.

This series shows hardly any variation ; the colour of the under parts is
practically the same in all the specimens, the difference, if there be any, is a
tendency among those from the Eastern States (Jalor and Jhering) to become

FASCICULI MALATENSES

23

slightly lighter. Referring to a note^ of Messrs. Stone and Rehn in a recent
paper on the red tip to the tail, this is not a conspicuous feature in the individuals
of the present series, but the annulations of the hairs of the tip are red, although
the colour does not spread throughout the whole length of the hair.

‘ The habits of this squirrel in different parts of its range are of consider-
able interest ; in Perak, and also in Selangor, it is the common village squirrel,
being abundant actually within the town of Kuala Lumpur, and also frequenting
low country jungle, though it was not found by us at any elevation on the
Western side of the Peninsula. On the East Coast, on the other hand, we
never met with it near a village, nor, with a single exception, which was shot
among the casuarinas on the sea-coast, did we come across it, except at a con-
siderable elevation on Bukit Besar, where, together with the succeeding species,
it was very common, though difficult to secure, as it only appeared for a short
time in the early morning and late afternoon, and then kept to the highest
branches of lofty jungle trees.

‘ Mr. Annandale further notes that in Upper Perak squirrels were not
numerous, and the only specimens seen belonged to the present form, which was
the dominant species in the Jarum district of Rhaman, and occurred commonly
in the villages, at least as far east as Betong.’

42. Sciurus nigrovittatus, Horsf.

(Plate IV, fig-. 6)

Sciurus nigrovittatus, Horsfield^ Zool. Res. Java (1824) ; Bonhote^ Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. (7) VII, p. 452 (1901).

Sciurus notatus, (Bodd.) Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 358 ; Bonhote^ op.cit.., p. 878.

a-c.

3 ^ (i imm.).

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

May, 1901.

d, e.

^ $ ad.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

28 th August, 1901.

f

9.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

3rd September, 1901

i-

$.

Gedong, Batang Padang, South Perak.

loth January, 1902.

h.

$.

Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, alt. 4000'.

22nd January, 1902.

Specimens from the Eastern States have the red on the face and throat
very well marked, and produced, in some cases, into a narrow ventral line, an
inch or more in length.

When I wrote my paper dealing with this group, the skulls at my disposal
were so fragmentary that a thorough description and comparison of the cranial
differences between this species and the foregoing was impossible.

D

I. Stone and Rehn, Froc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. 1902, p. 132.

1 1/7/03

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

The skulls of the two species are easily distinguishable ; that of the
present species being larger and more robustd The nasals are longer and
broader at their anterior extremity, and the muzzle slightly more compressed
laterally, especially noticeable when viewed from the under side. The
postorbital processes are shorter and stouter, and do not taper to such a fine point.
The most conspicuous and easily seen difference, however, is in the posterior
nares, which, in the present species, are much broader and practically uniform
in breadth throughout their length, whereas in Sc, vittatus^ apart from being
always narrower, they tend to contract posteriorly.

I append the average measurements of a series of six skulls of nigrovittatus^
as compared with a series of eight of vittatus : —

T ^ncrth Length of palate Zygomatic Interorbital Length of Greatest breadth

® from henselion breadth breadth nasals of post, nares

Sc, nigrovittatus. 50*7 mm. 21*5 31 17+ 5*6.

{48-52) (23-20) (29-32) (17-18) (14-16) (5-5-6)

Sc, vittatus 48*5 mm. 20*8 28*8 174- 13-5 4-3.

(48-49) (20-5-21) (28-29) (17-18) (13-14) (4-5)

‘ In the East Coast States this species occurs under precisely the same
conditions as S. vittatus,, but in Perak, so far as our observation goes, it is
never found in the villages and ranges higher up the mountains. A specimen
shot at Telom seemed to us a bulkier, more heavily built, animal, though there
was little real difference in the measurements.’

43. Sciurus robinsoni sp. nov.

(Plate I).

General appearance similar to Sciurus lowii^ Thos., from Borneo, but
rather smaller.

Colour above a uniform grizzled black, and rufous becoming rather
greyer and lighter on the flanks and sides of the face. Each hair is dark at
its base, and has one or more rufous annulations and a black tip. Under parts
and inner sides of the limbs buffy white, with a tendency to rufous on the
hind limbs. Ears short and covered with short hairs similar in colour to the
back. Muzzle, and a narrow stripe under the eye, fulvous. Tail above, similar
in colour to the upper parts, but with light tips to the hairs, below rufous.

Skull, Similar in general shape and conformation to that of S. lowii,, but
much smaller, and the muzzle relatively rather shorter and narrower. On the
under side the bony palate extends well back beyond the last molar, which is
not the case with S, lowii^ and the bullae are more flattened and rounded, and
do not project so far downwards. The molar series is very much shorter and
smaller, but the incisors are about the same size.

I. This exactly controverts the conclusion I came to before. My former remarks were, however, chiefly
based on imperfect Javan skulls, whereas these must be considered as applying to the Mainland race.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

25

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh) : — Head and body, 130 mm. ;
Tail, 95 mm. ; Hind foot, 28 mm. ; Ear, 12 mm.

Skull, Greatest length, 35 mm. ; Basal length, 28 mm. ; Length of
palate from henselion, 15 mm. ; Length of molar series, 5*5 mm. ; Zygomatic
breadth, 21*5 mm. ; Interorbital breadth, ii mm. ; Length of ansals, 10 mm.

Habitat, Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

Type, Adult female, collected on the 30th August, 1901. Original
number, 136.

The size of this squirrel suffices to distinguish it at once from Sc, lowii^
the only species v/ith which it might be confounded. In colour it is rather
paler and lacks the warm tinge. One specimen only was obtained, so that it
would not appear a very common species, though possibly occasionally confused
with Sc. tenuis^ from which it may be at once distinguished by the colour of
the under parts. That another species of Bornean facies should occur on the
Peninsula is by no means surprising, and we may soon expect to find most
Bornean species with their Malay representatives.

‘ In the field this species might certainly be readily confounded with
Sc. tenuis., but I find that this specimen is noted in my journal as possibly
distinct.’

44. Funambulus insig^nis jalorensis subsp. nov.

Funambulus insignis (Cuvier) Bonhote., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 878.

When working out the ‘ Skeat ’ collection I noted that the single specimen
sent home differed from those hitherto described, and the advent of two more
specimens exactly resembling it leave no doubt of the existence of a distinct
race from the Eastern side of the Peninsula.

Differs from S. insignis of Sumatra in its much greyer coloration, the
only rufous parts being the shoulders and thighs. The dorsal stripes are black
and well marked, the centre one reaching as far as the back of the crown of
the head. Under parts pure white, except the inside of the thighs, which are
yellowish.

Skull. The skull is rather more slender than those from the West Coast
of the Peninsula, and may be most easily recognized by the nasals, which are
slightly shorter and taper off posteriorly to a much greater extent. The series
of skulls is so imperfect that it is not possible to give a fuller description.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh) : — Head and body, 183 mm. ;
Tail, 98 mm. ; Hind foot, 38 mm. ; Ear, 10 mm.

Habitat, Bukit Besar (JaloP), 2500'.

I. Strictly speaking the side of Bukit Besar on which we collected is not in Jalor, but in the neignbouring petty
State of Nawngchik. The boundary, however, was said to run along the crest of the hill barely half-a-mile from our
encampment. Edd.

26

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

Fype. Adult male, collected on the 9th May, 1901. Original number, 9.

The grey colour forms a very conspicuous difference by which this race
may be readily recognized. Specimens from the West Coast do not appear to
differ from those found in Sumatra. A second specimen was procured from
the same locality in August.

Dimensions of skulls compared with one from the West Coast.

Greatest Palatal

length length

Type of jalorensis 50 mm. 21 mm.
Co-type „ 49*5 mm. 20 mm.

Spm. from W. Coast ... 21-5 mm.

Length of
nasals

15 mm.
15 mm.
15*5 mm,

Least width
of nasals

3 mm.

4 mm.
4'5 mm,

Zygomatic

breadth

27-5 mm.
27*5 mm.
29 mm.

Interorbital

breadth

H

H‘5

16

‘ Almost purely terrestial in its habits ; of the two specimens in the
collection, one was shot on the ground and the other caught in a trap baited
with melon rind.’

45. Mus cremoriventer, Miller

Mus cremoriventer, Miller^ Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 144 (1900).

a. ^ ad. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'. 4th September, 1901.

b. ^ ad. in ale. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'. i8th May, 1901.

I have compared these specimens with some paratypes kindly lent me by
Mr. Miller, and with which they perfectly agree.

‘ These two specimens were trapped in the jungle with traps baited with
melon rind, whereas Mus bukit came into our hut and were caught by the cook
in the rice-bags.’

46. Mus surifer, Miller

Mus surifer, Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 149 (1900).

a-d. 2 ^ , 2 $ . Goah Tanah, Bukit Tapang, Biserat, Jalor. July, 1901.

e. 9. Goah Tanah, Bukit Tapang, Biserat, Jalor. loth July, 1901.

f. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik (at foot of hill). 1 7th September, 1901.

g. 9- Jeram Kawan, South Perak 1 5 th February, 1902.

h. 9 iu ale. Biserat, Jalor. July, 1901.

This series, which is slightly duller in colour, shows less black on the back
than a series ot paratypes forwarded to me for comparison by Mr. Miller.
The species seems to be very largely an inhabitant of caves. The specimen
brought home by the ‘ Skeat ’ expedition, and referred by me to Mus cremori-
venter., belongs to the present species. Apart from other differences, Mus
cremoriventer is much smaller and has a uniformly brown tail.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

27

As pointed out by Mr. Miller, the species bears a very close resemblance
to Mus rajah, Thos., from which it only differs in external appearance by its
smaller size. The skull, however, apart from its size, has a much more slender
rostrum.

47. Mus bukit, Bonhote.

(Plate IV, fig 2).

Mus bukit, Bonhote^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 125 (1903).

Similar in appearance to Mus cremoriv enter. Miller, and Mus kina, Bonh.,
but larger than either.

General colour of a uniform pale ochreous, intermixed with short black
hairs, which are nowhere so prominent as to unduly predominate. Sides paler
and greyer, caused by an absence of black hairs and general shortness of fur,
which enables the light-coloured spines to show through. Under parts yellowish-
white, sharply defined from the colour of the upper parts. Feet with dark-brown
centres and light toes and margins. Tail rather longer than the head and body,
markedly bicolor and scantily clad with hairs.

Skull. Intermediate between those of M. rapit and M. kina. In size it
approaches most nearly to that of M. rapit, but the muzzle is considerably
shorter and broader in proportion, and the auditory bullae are larger. The
anterior zygoma root is very large and solid, greatly exceeding in size that of
M. rapit. The nostrils are long and taper greatly towards their posterior end.
The supraorbital ridges are well marked, and extend right backwards to the
posterior margin of the parietals. The bullae are large and well developed, but
lie rather flatter than in M. kina.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh): — Head and body,i2i mm.;
Tail, 148 mm. ; Hind foot, 24*5 mm. ; Ear, 17 mm.

Skull. Greatest length, 37 mm. ; Basal length, 28 mm.; Palatal length,
16 mm. ; Diastema, 9*5 mm. ; Length of incisive foramina, 6 mm. ; Length
of nasals, 15 mm. ; Zygomatic breadth, 18 mm. ; Interorbital breadth, 6 mm.;
Greatest breadth of brain case, 15 mm. ; Length of molar series, 6*5 mm.

Habitat. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2500'.

Yype. Adult male, collected loth May, 1901. Original number, ii.

The series brought home by Messrs. Robinson and Annandale, con-
sisting of two males and three females, is very uniform, and presents no
individual variation, whilst, at the same time, they exactly agree with several
specimens sent home from Siam by Mr. Lyle, and recorded by me as Mus
jerdonib I have thought it well to name this species, though subsequent
investigations may prove it to be a synonym of M. jerdoni.

i. P.Z.S., 1902, p. 39.

28

FASCICULI MALATENSES

The specimen of Mus pellax in the British Museum is practically a topo-
type of M. jerdoni^ but, as I have stated elsewhere, until the skin and skull of
Blyth’s M. jerdoni can be closely compared with specimens of M. pellax and
M. bukit^ the matter cannot be definitely settled. The skulls, however, of
these last two species being so distinct there should be no difficulty in deciding
the question, even though the type is young.

48. Mus rufescens, Gray.

(Plate IV, fig. 3).

Mus rufescens. Gray, Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist, i, p. 585 (1837) ; Bonhote^

P.Z.S. 1900, p. 878.

Mus rattus, (Linn.), Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 361.

a, b. ^ , 9 ad. Biserat, Jalor. 4th July, 1901.

In external appearance these specimens agree well with the most common
form of the rattus group found in the Peninsula ; the skull, however, is
distinguished by having very small teeth. As, however, I find a certain amount
of variability in the size of the teeth in a series from Siam and the Peninsula,

I presume it is merely a question of individual variation.

49. Mus jalorensis, sp. nov.

(Plate II, figs. I and 2, and Plate IV, fig. 4).

A medium sized short tailed rat of the Mus rattus group.

Fur moderately long and soft, thickly interspersed with very slender
spines. General colour warm grizzled brown, becoming greyer on the flanks.
Each hair is ashy-grey at the base with a broad brownish tip, the spines are whitish
with a black tip, and there are also some long black hairs. Under parts pure
white, sometimes with a slightly yellowish tinge, the line of demarcation between
the upper and under parts being well marked. Feet, dark brown. The tail
hardly exceeds the head and body in length, and is uniformly dark throughout,
and scantily clothed with very short stiff hairs.

Skull. Similar to that of Mus rufescens from the Malay Peninsula, but
smaller and narrower. The nasals taper greatly towards their posterior end.
The supraorbital ridges end altogether or become inconspicuous about the
middle of the parietals. Viewed from below, except for being narrower and
more slender, the skull does not offer any very striking points of difference.
The bullae are rather more rounded and do not appear to stand out quite so
much from the base of the skull.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh : — Head and body, 144 mm. ;
Tail, 177 mm. ; Hind foot, 31*5 mm. ; Ear, 19 mm.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

29

Skull. Greatest length, 40 mm. ; Basal length, 32 mm. ; Palatal length,
19 mm. ; Diastema, ii mm. ; Length of incisive foramina, 7 mm. ; Length
of nasals, 1 4 mm. ; Combined breadth of nasals: Anteriorly, 4 mm.; Posteriorly,
1*5 mm. ; Zygomatic breadth, 19 mm. ; Interorbital breadth, 6 mm. ; Breadth
of brain case at roots of zygomata, 14 mm. ; Length of molar series, 7 mm.

Habitat. Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik, and in the neighbouring State of
Jalor. Also found in Perak and Siam.

Type. Adult female. Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik, collected on the nth
September, 1901. Original number, 148.

This rat may be easily recognized by its dark and uniform upper surface,
short tail, black feet, and white under parts. In Mus rufescens the back is much
lighter and not so uniform in colour, tail rather longer, and feet white. Mus
rufescens has also a considerable longer ear.

The series of eight individuals in the present collection is very uniform,
and the Museum also contains specimens from Siam, so that it would appear
to range from Burmah eastwards.

Series received in present collection.

Cyb. 2 $ ad. Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. nth September, 1901.

(one of these is the type).

c. $. Biserat, Jalor. 17th July, 1901.

d-h. 2 $ y 39. Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, alt. 4000'. January, 1902.

Average measurements compared with M. rufescens : —

Mus jalor ensis. Head and body, 145 (13 7- 15 2) mm. ; Tail, 165
(151-177) mm. ; Hind foot, 30 (29*5-3i‘5) mm. ; Ear, 17*5 (19-17) mm.

Mus rufescens (Siam). Head and body, 170 mm.; Tail, 184 mm.;
Hind foot, 32 mm. ; Ear, 24 mm.

Skull

Greatest

Basal

Palatal

Diastema

Length

Breadth of nasals

Zygo-

Inter-

orbital

breadth

Breadth
of brain
case

Molar

length

length

length

of nasals

Anterior

Posterior

breadth

series

MM.

MM.

1

MM.

1

1 MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

M. jalorensts

(Av. of 7 spms.)

00

>-ri

317

18

1

IO’2

13

4

2

i8-5

6

H

7

M. rufescens

43

34

20

12

16

5

3

20

6-5

15

8

‘ Not a house rat ; the Telom specimens came from deep jungle ; and the
others were trapped in the rice-fields.’

30

FASCICULI MALATENSES

50. Mus £^risei venter, sp. nov.

(Plate II, fig-. 3, and Plate IV, fig-. 5).

A species of the Mus rattus group. Fur soft, short, and close, containing
a few slender and scattered spines.

General colour of upper parts very much as in the last species, but rather
paler and more uniform in coloration throughout, being hardly, if at all,
darker along the centre of the back. Under parts uniform dull grey, with a
yellowish tinge caused by fulvous tips to some of the hairs. Feet, dark brown ;
ears short, naked, and rounded. Tail rather longer than the head and body,
of a uniform black throughout, covered with numerous short stiff black hairs.

Skull. Similar to that of Mus jalorensis^ but longer and narrower. The
nasals do not appear to taper quite as much, and the supraorbital ridges are
more strongly marked and inclined outwards. The bullae are slightly larger,
not converging anteriorly quite as much, and the incisive foramina are also
rather narrower.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh) : — Head and body, i6i mm. ;
Tail, 212 mm. ; Hind foot, 35 mm. ; Ear, 19 mm.

Skull. Greatest length, 42 mm. ; Basal length, 35 mm. ; Palatal length,
20 mm. ; Diastema, 12 mm. ; Length of incisive foramina, 7 mm. ; Length
of nasals, 1 5 mm. ; Combined breadth of nasals ; Anteriorly, 4 mm. ;
Posteriorly, 2 mm. ; Zygomatic breadth, 19 mm. ; Interorbital breadth,
6 mm. ; Breadth of brain case at roots of zygomata, 15 mm. ; Length of
molar series, 7 mm.

Habitat. Bidor, South Perak.

Fype. Adult female, collected on the 3rd February, 1902. Original
number, 215.

The size of the hind foot and comparative shortness of the ear form two
features by which this species may be easily recognized. The uniform dull
coloration and grey under parts enable it to be distinguished at a glance from
Mus jalorensis. The tail in the type appears somewhat longer than that in the
remainder of the series.

Four specimens, 2 $ and 2 9 , were brought back, all from the same
locality. The average measurements of the four are : — Head and body,
155 mm. ; Tail, 177 mm. ; Hind foot, 34 mm.

‘A house rat ; very abundant in the Bidor rest-house.’

51. Mus annandalei, sp. nov.

(Plate IV, fig. i).

A medium-sized rat, allied to Mus neglectus^ Jent. Fur soft and moder-
ately long ; entirely destitute of spines.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

31

General colour grizzled fulvous, having a slightly darker area from the
nose and down the middle of the back. Under parts pure white, somewhat
tinged with ochraceous, the line of demarcation not being very distinct. Outer
sides of all four limbs greyish-brown, inner sides of fore limbs white, of hind
limbs dark brown. Feet dark brown. Tail slightly longer than the head and
body, uniform black in colour, and covered with short stiff hairs. Ears some-
what elongated and naked.

Skull, The skull, which is elongated, is chiefly noticeable for the large
bullae. The nasals, which are of a fairly level breadth throughout their length,
end in a line with the posterior margin of the praemaxillae. The supraorbital
ridges, which are not well marked, end about half-way across the parietal.
The anterior root of the zygoma bends abruptly outwards about its centre.
Viewed from below the most conspicuous features are the audital bullae, which
are very large and rounded, compressing the basioccipital and making it narrow.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh) : — Head and body, 151 mm. ;
Tail, 196 mm. ; Hind foot, 35 mm. ; Ear, 17 mm.

Skull. Greatest length, 44 mm. ; Basal length, 33 mm. ; Palatal length,
19 mm. ; Diastema, ii mm. ; Length of incisive foramina, 7-5 mm. ; Length
of nasals, 16 mm. ; Zygomatic breadth, 19*5 mm. ; Breadth of brain case
at posterior roots of zygomata, 15 mm. ; Length of molar series, 7*5 mm. ;
Length of bullae, 8 mm. ; Length between external and internal auditory
meatus, 7 mm. ; Breadth of basioccipital anteriorly, 8 mm.

Habitat. Sungkei, South Perak.

"Type. Adult female, collected on the 8th February, 1902. Original
number, 223.

This species must be considered as allied to the Mus rattus group, although
the large size of the bullae give the skull a very distinct and easily recognizable
appearance. Superficially it is somewhat like Mus validus^ Mill., only con-
siderably smaller ; whilst its nearest ally would appear to be Mus neglectus^
from Borneo.

‘ Trapped among old tree stumps near a patch of recently cleared jungle.’

I append a list of names with references to original descriptions and type
localities, showing the main groups into which some of these Oriental rats
may be classed. The list has no pretence at being complete or exhaustive,
but it may, perhaps, by rough subdivision, enable more competent workers to
attack and put in order the unwieldly genus Mus.

E

11/7/0J

32

FASCICULI MAL AT FUSES

It has been found impossible to divide these species into groups of equal
value. In the case of the Jerdoni^ Whiteheadi^ XanthuruSy and Rattus sections,
these groups are so subdivided as to have become, for practical purposes, of
almost generic value, although showing no characters of sufficient importance
to enable them to be generically separated. The remainder are groups of
slightly superspecific value, and equal to the subgroups of the more variable
forms.

JERDONI GROUP

Moderate sized to large rats ; fur as a rule thickly beset with spines. Colour above, brown
or ochraceous, sharply marked off from pure white under parts. Tail long and generally bicolor.

WHITEHEADI GROUP

Similar to above but tail short, and the species all of moderate size. Colour of upper parts
not sharply divided from that of lower parts, which are generally of a buffy white.

XANTHURUS GROUP

Large, soft-furred rats of brownish colour above, not sharply divided from that of the under
parts, which are lighter in colour, sometimes white. The tail is of moderate length, naked, and
its terminal portion white.

MUELLERI GROUP

Large grizzled rats with long black tail. Under parts white.

BOWERSI GROUP

Large rats of a silvery or brownish-grey colour minutely flecked with white. Tail long,
unicolor.

RATTUS GROUP

The large and difficult group of Mus rattus, I propose, dealing only with Oriental specimens,
to divide into three subgroups, viz. : — Rufescens, Pyctoris, and Griseiventer.

{a) Subgroup Rufescens

Hairs long, light coloured and yellowish, especially along the flanks, interspersed with longer
black ones down the centre of the back. Ears large. Under parts white or yellowish-white.
Tail slightly longer than head and body. Average measurements : — Head and body, 170 mm. ;
Tail, 184 mm. ; Hind feet, 32 mm. ; Ear, 24 mm. A tree rat.

{h) Subgroup Pyctorisi

Hair moderately long and soft ; much darker and more uniform above than rufescens.
Under parts white. Tail bearing about the same proportion to the head and body as in the
former subgroup, possibly rather shorter. Whole animal smaller, especially the ear. Average
measurements : — Head and body, 145 mm. ; Tail, 165 mm. ; Hind feet, 30 mm. ;
Ear, 21 mm. A hill rat.

I. This is the nitidus group of Thomas and various authors ; Mus nitidus belongs to my third subgroup, which
I have called grisei'venter to save confusion. The types of both and nitidus are in the British Museum.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

33

(c) Subg^roup Griseiventer

Larger. Hairs short and close. General colour much more uniform. Under parts grey
or yellowish-grey. Tail longer than head and body. Hind foot very large ; ear small.
Average measurements : — Head and body, 155 mm. ; Tail, 177 mm. ; Hind feet, 35 mm. ;
Ear, 19 mm. A house rat.

CHRYSOCOMUS GROUP

Small rats, of a dull uniform colour ; tail short, not exceeding the head and body in length.
They may most easily be recognized by their very soft, sooty fur.

I have endeavoured, as far as possible, in the following lists, to assign
each name to a group, but, in some instances, this has been found impossible,
and in others there has been only a very scanty description to go upon. A
group has not always been called after the name of the oldest species it contains,
but rather after a species which is fully described and can be easily identified.

JERDONI GROUP

Subgri'oup Edwards!

Mus edwardsi, Thos. P.Z.S. 1882, p. 587.

Mus siporanus, Thos. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa^ xxxiv, p.
Mus ciliatus, BonhotCy P.Z.S. 1900, p. 879.

W. Fokien, China.
(1895). Isle of Sipora, Sumatra.
Gunung Inas, Perak.

Subg^roup Sabanus

Mus sabanus, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xx, p. 270 (1887).
Mus vociferans. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 138 (1900).
Mus lancavensis. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 188 (1900).
Mus strepitans. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 207 (1900).
Mus fremens. Mill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1902, p. 154.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

Trang, Lower Siam.

Pulau Lankawi, S. China Sea.
Anambas Island.

Sinkep Island.

Subg^roup Jerdoni

Mus pellax. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 147 (1900).

Mus fulvescens. Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Coll., p. 18 (1846).

Mus caudatior, Hodgs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) iii, p. 203 (1849).
Mus jerdoni, Blythy J.A.S.B. xxxii, p. 350 (1863).

Mus coxingi, SwinhoCy P.Z.S. 1864, p. 185.

Mus rapit, BonhotCy Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 123 (1903).

Trang, Lower Siam.
Nepal.

Nepal.

Sikkim.

Formosa.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

Subg^roup Niveiventer

Mus bukit, BonhotCy Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 125 (1903).
Mus niveiventer, Hodgs. J.A.S.B.V. p. 234 (1836).

Mus confucianus, M. Edzv. Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii, p. 93 (1871).

Jalor, Malay Peninsula.
Nepal.

Moupin, China.

Subgroup Rajah

Mus rajah, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv, p. 451 (1894).
Mus hellwaldi, Jentinky Notes Leyden Mus. p. 1 1 (1878).

Mus anambae. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 205 (1900).
Mus lingensis, M/7/. „ „ „ p. 206 (1900).

Borneo.

Celebes.

Anambas Island.
Linga Island.

34

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Subgroup RSilSiVi— continued
Mus surifer, Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 148 (1900).

Mus flavidulus, Mill. „ „ „ p. 189 (1900).

Mus butangensis, Mill..,, „ „ p. 190 (1900).

Subgroup Cremoriventer

Mus cremoriventer, Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 144 (1900).
Mus flaviventer. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 204 (1900).
Mus kina, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 124 (1903).

WHITEHEADI GROUP

Mus whiteheadi, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv, p. 452 (1894).
Mus ochraceiventer, Thos., „ ,, ,, P-451 (1894).

Mus musschenbroeki, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. p. 19 (1878).
Mus alticola, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii, p. 408 (1888).
Mus baeodon, Thos. „ ,, (6) xiv, p. 452 (1894).

Mus asper. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 145 (1900).

BOWERSI GROUP

Mus bowersi, Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 304 (1879).

Mus latouchei, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx, p. 1 13 (1897).
Mus ferrocanus. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 140 (1900).
Mus berdmorei, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xx, p. 173 (1851).

XAIMTHURUS GROUP

Mus xanthurus. Gray, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 598.

Mus celebensis. Gray, P.Z.S. 1867, P- 598*

Mus meyeri, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. i, p. 12 (1878).

Mus everetti, Gunth, P.Z.S. 1879, P- 75-
Mus macleari, Thos. P.Z.S. 1887, p. 573.

Mus luzonicus, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi, p. 163 (1895).

MUELLERI GROUP

Mus muelleri, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus., p. 16 (1879).

Mus palmarum, Zelebor, Reise der Ost Fregat. Novara, Zool. i, p. 26
(1869).

Mus validus. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 141 (1900).

Mus integer. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 1 1 1 (1901).

Mus firmus. Mill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1902, p. 155.

Mus stoicus. Mill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 759 (1902).

Mus taciturnus. Mill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 762 (1902).

INFRALUTEUS GROUP

Mus infraluteus, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii, p. 409 (1888).

Trang, Lower Siam.
Pulau Lankawi.
Butang.

Trang, Lower Siam.
Anambas Island.
Kina Balu, Borneo.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

Celebes.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

Trang, Lower Siam.

Yunnan.

Kuatun, China.

Trang, Lower Siam.

Mergui.

Celebes.

Celebes.

Celebes.

Luzon, Philippines.

Xmas Island.

Luzon, Philippines.

Sumatra.

Nicobars.

Trang, Lower Siam.
Sirhassen Island.

Linga Island.

Henry Laurence Island,

Andamans.

S. Andaman Island.

Kina Balu, Borneo.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

35

RATTUS GROUP

Subg^roup Rufescens

Mus rufescens, Gray, Charlesxv. Mag. Nat. Hist, i, p. 585 (1837).
Mus flavescens, Elliot^ Madr. Journ. x, p. 214 (1839).

Mus brunneusculus, Hodg. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, p. 267 (1845).
Mus tetragonurus, Kelaart^ Prodromus (1850).

• Mus nemoralis, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xx, p. 168 (1851).

Mus robustulus, Blythy J.A.S.B. xxviii, p. 294 (1859).

Mus andamanensis, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xxix, p. 103 (i860).

Mus flavipectus, M. Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii, p. 93 (1871).
Mus sladeni, Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan^ p. 305 (1879).

Mus yunnanensis, Anders. Res. Yunnan^ p. 306 (1879).

Mus vicerex, Bonhotey Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 473 (1903).

India.

Madras.

Nepal.

Ceylon.

Ceylon.

Tenasserim.

Andamans.

Moupin, China.

Yunnan.

Yunnan.

Simla.

Subg:roup Pyctoris

(the nitidus group of Thomas, Sclater, and other authors.)

Mus pyctoris, Hodgs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, p. 267 (1845).
Mus aquicaudalis, Hodgs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) iii, p. 203
(1849).

Mus rubricosa, Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnany p. 306 (1879).

Mus neglectus, Jentinky Notes Leyden Mus. 1879, P* H*

Mus tiomanicus. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Set. iii, p. 209 (1900).
Mus jalorensis, BonhotCy anteay p. 29.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Yunnan.

Borneo.

Tioman Island.
Jalor.

Subgroup Griseiventer

Mus indicus, Desm. (nec Bechst.) Mamm. ii, p. 299 (1822).

Mus asiaticus, Grayy Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, i, p. 585 (1837).

Mus rattoides, Hodgs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, p. 267 (1845).
Mus nitidus, Hodgs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, p. z6j (1845).
Mus kandianus, Kelaarty Prodromus (1850).

Mus germaini, M. Edw. Rech. Mamm.y p. 289 (1874).

Mus pannosus. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xiii, p. 190 (1900).
Mus tambelanicus. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 212 (1900).
Mus siantanicus. Mill. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 210 (1900).
Mus atratus. Mill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 767 (1902)

Mus flebilis. Mill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 762 (1902).

Mus pulliventer. Mill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 765 (1902).
Mus griseiventer, BonhotCy anteay p. 30.

Pondicherry.

India.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Ceylon.

Pulau Condor.

Butang.

Big Tambelan Island.

Pulau Siantan.

Barren Island, Andamans.

Henry Laurence Island,

Andamans.

Great Nicobar Island.

Perak.

I have been unable to refer the following to either of the three subgroups.

Mus decumanoides, Hodgs. J.A.S.B. x, p. 915 (1841).

Mus ceylonus, Kelaart Prodromusy (1850).

Mus infralineatus, Elliot ; Blythy J.A.S.B. xxxii, p. 348 (1863).

3^

FASCICULI MALATENSES

CHRYSOCOMUS GROUP

Mus chrysocomus, Hofnin. Abh. Mus. Dresd. iii, p. 20 (1887). Celebes.

Mus ruber, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus, ii, p. 18 (1879). Guinea.

Mus baluensis, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv, p. 454 (1894). Kina Balu, Borneo.

Mus fratrorum, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii, p. 246 (1896). Rurukan, Celebes.

Mus datae, Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresd. vii, p. 25 (1899). Phillipines.

The following six species are very distinct from all those that have gone
before as well as from each other. They are merely noted here to show that
they have been taken into consideration when making out the above list.

Mus mettada, Gray, Charlsw. Mag. Nat. Hist, i, p. 586 (1837). Madras.
Mus gleadowi, Murray, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 805, pi. li. W. India.

Mus blanfordi, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii, p. 24 (1881). S. India.
Mus humei, Thos. P.Z.S. 1886, p. 63, pi. v. Manipur.

Mus annandalci, Bonhote, antea, p. 30. S. Perak.

Mus coelestis, Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii, p. 248 (1896). S. Celebes.

I append a few notes to shew the distinguishing characters of some of
the species and subgroups.

The Edwardsi group are large rats of a dark colour, their fur intermixed with spines of
medium stiffness. In M. edtvardsi and M. siporanus the tail is bicolor and has the terminal
third white. In M. ciliatus it is uniformly dark. In the original description of M. siporanus
Mr. Thomas was inclined to consider it as allied to M. macleari ; a comparison of the skulls,

however, clearly shews it to belong to the Jerdoni group. I have pointed this out to Mr.

Thomas, who concurs in the view here expressed.

SabanUS group. M. sabanus is slightly smaller than the rats in the above group, and
lighter in colour, especially about the shoulders. The tail is very long, bicolor, and with the
tip w^hite.

Jerdoni group. Smaller and much brighter in colour than individuals of the former

groups. The fur in this group is much longer and softer than in all the others, being

especially so in M. fulvescens and M. caudatior, which are synonyms. In M. coxingi, however,
although the fur is very long it is very thickly interspersed with stiff spines. Tail moderately
long and bicolor.

The Nivei venter group closely resembles the last, but the fur is shorter and very spiny,
especially in the case of M. niveiventer, where it is of a dull greyish brown on the back. They
are all slightly smaller than the Jerdoni group, and the tail is shorter in proportion and
bicolor.

The Rajah group contains rats slightly paler in colour than those of the Jerdoni
group. They are intermediate in size, between the Jerdoni and Sabanus groups, and the fur
is thickly beset with spines. Tail only slightly longer than the head and body, bicolor, and
white for about an inch at the tip.

The Cremoriventer group is composed of smaller rats than the previous ones. Fur
light yellow, thickly interspersed with spines. Tail of moderate length, unicolor.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

37

Whiteheadi group. M. whiteheadi and M. asper are very closely allied. M. ochraceiventer
is larger, has deep ochraceous under parts, and is much darker above. Mus alticola is dark brown
above, showing no trace of the fulvous tint ; the under parts are dull white.

M. baeodon is considerably smaller than M. whiteheadi, and has whitish under parts ; it also
differs in its cranial characters. With the exception of M. musschenbroeki, they are all spiny.

Bowersi group. The two specimens from the Hume Collection referred by Mr. Thomas
{P.Z.S. 1886, p. 62), to Mus berdmorei, Blyth, resemble Mus bowersi so closely, except in size, that
I have no hesitation in placing them in the same group. The hind feet of M. berdmorei measures
35 mm., and that of M. bowersi 52 mm.

Xanthurus group. The differences between the various species have been tabulated by
Mr. Thomas {P.Z.S. 1887, p. 573), who also, in his description of M. luzonicus, clearly
distinguishes it from M. everetti.

Muelleri group. This group are large dark coloured rats, with long uniformly black tails.
They are all grizzled to a greater or less extent with fulvous ; the under parts are, in the case of
M. validus, of a greyish-white, but in M. muelleri itself, yellowish-white.

Mus infraluteus is a fine and distinct species, but allied to the above group in size and
cranial characters. It is of a uniform very dark brown above, some of the hairs having light,
glistening tips. Under parts with dark grey under fur, and long, light, glistening stiff hairs, of a
spiny character.

The divisions into which I have divided the rats of the MuS rattUS group are, to a large
extent, correlated with the habits and situations in which they are found. Those of the Rufescens
subgroup are tree rats, although in many places they may also be found in houses, and at
considerable elevations as well.

The Pyctoris subgroup contains hill rats which are not found in low lying land, and Mus
grieiventer represents the true house rat, its chief characters being the large feet, correlated with
short ears. The great difficulty to be contended with in this group is the fact of their travelling
about on ships, with the result that many varieties and forms occur which cannot be definitely
assigned to any of the subgroups, and this has caused a great number of these varieties to be
described. One finds, however, as in the case of most small mammals, that in localities
away from the direct influence of imported specimens, individuals from any one district are
remarkably constant in their characters. In working out this group, reference should be made
to the following sources : —

Oldfield Thomas. P.Z.S. 1881, p. 521, etc.

W. L. ScLATER. P.Z.S. 1890, p. 523.

Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus., p. 62 (1891).

I have not gone into the Chinese forms of this group with the exception of M. flavipectus,
which belongs to the Rufescens subgroup, differing therefrom only in having the under parts
suffused with buffish.

M. vicerex, which I have recently described, is a very well-marked form of M. rufescens ;
its main point of distinction lies in its bicolor tail, which is also well-clothed with moderately
long hair. In colour it is a pale-grey form of M. rufescens, the long black hairs having a
greenish gloss, which, although present in Rufescens, is not nearly so conspicuous a feature.

Most of the specimens labelled M. nitidus in the Museum belong in reality to M. pyctoris,
Hodgs., which is chiefly to be distinguished by its darker and warmer tints and its longer fur.

38

FASCICULI MALA TENSES

I have placed M. neglectus in the Pyctoris subgroup, as the most typical specimens certainly
agree with the main features of that group. The series in the Museum, however, shews a wide
range of variation, which, owing to lack of sufficient data, I have not been able to satisfactorily
work out. Some specimens closely approach M. fiavipectus, which undoubtedly belongs to the
Rufescens subgroup, while others with their large feet and short ears approximate to the
Griseiventer subgroup, and it is probable that all three subgroups are represented in Borneo.

Mus nitidusj Hodgs., which has been confounded with Mus pyctoris, is a large rat of the Mus
griseiventer subgroup, resembling this last in the large feet and the comparatively small ears. On
the back the type resembles M. griseiventer, except in being rather paler, the under parts being
of a dirty yellowish-grey. Other specimens, however, from the same locality, are very much
brighter on the back.

Mus germaini from Cochin, China, is another species of the Griseiventer subgroup, and except
in its more fulvous colour is not unlike M. nitidus ; the under parts, how'ever, are yellowish white
instead of yellowish grey, and the hind feet are also whitish.

I have not had time or material to go carefully into the Chrysocomus group, but have placed
them together, as they may all be easily recognized by their extremely soft, woolly fur, entirely
destitute of spines. The skulls of M. fratrorum and M. datae may be recognized by the long
snout, flattened bullae, and large teeth. The skull of M. baluensis resembles more closely that of
M. neglectus, but is somewhat intermediate, having the snout more attenuated and the bullae
flatter than in the last named.

52. Mus concolor, Blyth.

Mus concolor, Blyth^ xxviii, p. 295 (1859) ; Flower^ P.Z.S, 1900,

p. 361 ; Bonhote, op. cit., p. 879.

a.

9

Bukit Besar, Jalor.

loth May, 1901

b-e.

3^ . ' 9

Biserat, Jalor.

3rd July, 1901.

/-<■•

3^ . I 9

Tojan, Nawngchik.

29th Nov., 1901

k-m.

3 spms. in ale.

Biserat, Jalor.

July, 1901.

‘ The common house mouse of the Patani States.’

53. Mus, sp.

a. 9 Jeram Kawan, South Perak, 13th February, 1902.

This mouse is apparently closely allied, if not identical, with Mus
concolor, but is slightly larger, and owing to the size of the skull I do not feel
justified in assigning it to that species.

54. Rhizomys sumatrensis (Raffles)

Mus sumatrensis, Raffles^ Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 258 (1822).

Rhizomys erythrogenys, Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 324 (1879).

Rhizomys sumatrensis (Raffles), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 363 ; Bonhote, he. cit.,
p. 881.

a, b. 9- Kampong Jalor, Jalor. 4th November, 1901.

c. 9* Gedong, Batang Padang, South Perak. 12th January, 1902.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

39

One of the Jalor specimens, while apparently fairly adult, is considerably
smaller and darker than the other two. At first sight, small dark coloured
examples of this species resemble R. pruinosus^ but they may always be dis-
tinguished by the red on the face and the longer tail.

They are possibly referable to R. erythrogenys^ Anders., which, on the
material at my disposal, I can only consider as a colour phase of the true
R, sumatrensis^ depending on the individual rather than the locality whence it
comes.

‘ We never met with the bamboo rat ourselves, all our specimens having
been brought in by natives. With the larger of the Jalor specimens were four
young ones, almost exactly resembling their parent in coloration.’

55. Hystrix g^rotei (Gray)

(Plate III)

Acanthochoerus grotei, Gray^ P.Z.S. 1866, p. 310 ; Sclater^ loc. cit.^ p. 417.
Hystrix longicauda (Marsden), Sclater^ P.Z.S. 1871, p. 234 ; Flower., P.Z.S.

1900, p. 364.

Hystrix yunnanensis (Anders.), Bonhote., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 881.

a-c. $ 9 Mabek, Jalor. 27 th July, 1900.

d. (J- imm. (skull only). 27th July, 1900.

The type of H. grotei., which is unfortunately a young specimen, and with
which I have compared the above, leaves no doubt that these can be referred
to that species. The only question about which doubt can exist is as to the
advisability of using Gray’s name instead of the H. longicauda from Sumatra
of Marsden* ; Marsden gives a plate but no description, and without specimens
from Sumatra it is impossible to say whether the Sumatran animal is identical
with that of the mainland or not.

Gray’s description of his type agrees well with the adult specimens, but
in the skin the nuchal crest is not visible, as the spines forming it are hardly,
if at all, longer than those on the surrounding parts, but a few of them have
a conspicuous white tip. The narrow lunate half collar under the throat is
also well marked in all the specimens.

The skull, which is large, approaches most nearly to that of H. muelleri,
Jent, from Borneo, but is larger and has a much stouter muzzle. The nasals
are long and of fairly uniform width throughout their length, their posterior
margin being about level with the hinder edge of the first molar, and being
longer than the greatest length of the frontals by about half-an-inch. The
praemaxilla is of moderate breadth at its posterior end, which lies about level
with the anterior margin of the premolar.

F

Marsden, Nat. Hist., Sumatra (3rd ed.), p. 118, pi. xiii (1818)

1/7/03

40

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

The measurements are as follows : — Greatest length, 140 mm. ; Hen-
selion to edge of occipital foramen, 113 mm. ; Zygomatic breadth, 72 mm. ;
Length of nasals, 61 mm. ; Greatest length of frontals, 51 mm. ; Breadth of
nasals at posterior edge of praemaxilla, 30*5 mm. ; Ditto at tip, 23 mm.

It will be noticed that in these specimens the nasals are about 10 mm.
longer than the greatest length of the frontals, whereas in H. yunnanensis^ which
was brought back by the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition two years ago, the nasals are
4 mm. shorter than the frontals. I have, however, compared these skulls
with that previously identified as H. yunnanensis^ and consider that they all
belong to the same species.

‘ Porcupines, presumably of this species, must have been exceedingly
abundant round Biserat, especially in the caves, the floors of which were covered
with innumerable tracks, but no trap that we could obtain proved effectual.
The series in the collection were obtained for us by natives, and were dug
from their holes in deep jungle. The immature specimen of which only the
skull was preserved, was found in the same hole along with one of the females
and an adult male, which escaped, and the remaining pair were captured
together. Both the females contained a single fairly advanced embryo, so
that it is evident that the young ones remain with their parents until the young
of the succeeding year are born.

A wound from a porcupine’s quill is considered by the Malays as very
dangerous, and we were solemnly informed that if the quill penetrated as far
as the first dark ring, the injury would inevitably prove fatal.

Locally this species is known as landak^ the brush-tailed porcupine being
called landek'

56. Atherura macroura (Linn.)

Hystrix macroura, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 77 (1766).

Atheroura macroura (Linn.) Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 364.

a. $. Kampong Jalor, Jalor. 14th November, 1901.

57. Nemorhoedus swettenhami, Butler
Nemorhoedus swettenhami, Butler., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 675.

Nemorhoedus sumatrensis (Shaw), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 370 ; Bonhote,
op. cit., p. 882.

2 $ (skins only). Biserat, Jalor. 30th July, 1901.

Frontlet. Purchased in Patani Town.

Frontlet. Purchased from Hill Sakais, Temongoh, Upper Perak.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

4*

In these skins the whole animal is jet black, with the exception of the
hairs along the mane, which are tawny at their tips and dirty white at their
bases.

‘ The kamhing gurun is, speaking relatively, quite a common animal in
suitable localities throughout the Peninsula, though no more than one
specimen has ever been shot by a European. Its favourite haunts are the
precipitous limestone hills, thickly clad with jungle, that form a very
characteristic feature in the landscape of many parts of the Peninsula, both
on the East and West coasts. It is, however, by no means confined to such
localities, for it was not uncommon on Bukit Besar, more especially on the
precipitous South-Western face, and even at our encampment above
Ban Sai Kau we heard the curious call, half-way between a bleat and a roar,
of the male. By offering a liberal reward we managed to persuade some of
the Biserat natives to snare us two specimens.’

58. Cervulus muntjac (Zimm.)

Cervus muntjac, Zimm. Geog. Gesch. ii, p. 13 1 (1780).

Cervulus muntjac (Zimm.), Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 371.

Six pairs of horns, Tanjong Luar, Jalor-Rhaman border, and the Jarum district of Rhaman

(obtained from natives).

‘ The muntjac was evidently common on Bukit Besar, and its barking cry
was often heard.’

59. Cervus unicolor, Bechst.

Cervus unicolor, Bechst Allgem. Uebers d. vierfuSy Thieve, i, p. 112 (1700) ;
Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 372 ; Bonhote, op. cit., p. 882.

Frontlet. Tanjong Luar, Jalor-Rhaman border.

Frontlet. Hulu Sungkei, South Perak.

‘ Obtained from natives. At Jahar, some distance inland from Biserat, we
saw a nearly adult female of this species in the possession of the Siamese
magistrate of the district.’

60. Tragulus javanicus canescens, Mill.

Tragulus canescens. Mill. Proc. Biol. Soc. IVash. xiii, p. 185 (1900).

Tragulus napu (F. Cuv.), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 374.

a. imp. sk. and skull. Grit, Upper Perak, April, 1902.

‘ This form is also common in the Batang Padang district. South Perak,
and we saw two or three specimens at Gedong in the possession of natives.
Speaking generally, this species is everywhere rarer than the succeeding, or
possibly is not so much esteemed for food.’

42

FASCICULI MALATENSES

61. Trag^ulus kanchil affinis, Gray
Tragulus affinis, Gray, P.Z.S. i86i, p. 138.

Tragulus javanicus (Gm. nec Osbeck), Flower, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 374 ; Bonhote^
op. cit., p. 883, and of authors generally.

Tragulus ravus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xv, p. 173 (1902).

a.

9.

Mabek, Jalor. 28th July,

190:

b.

9.

Biserat, Jalor. 14th July,

190:

c.

9.

Rhaman. 14th July,

190

d-e.

9.

Kampong, Jalor. October, i

901.

In my recent paper on the genus I have shewn the reason for adopting
Gray’s name for this form of T. kanchil. It is, however, very closely allied
to T. fulviventer, of which the exact locality is unfortunately doubtful. They
may be distinguished from T. fulviventer by their slightly smaller size and
paler coloration. The type of F. fulviventer has in addition a rufous trans-
verse stripe under the throat at the apex of the triangular marking which
connects the colour at either side of the neck.

‘ The Malays are acquainted with four species of Tragulus., which they
state are quite distinct, viz. : the Napu {fP. javanicus') ; the Pelandok, which is
the present species ; the Pelandok angin {wind chevrotain),' which is said to be
very rare and which we have not been able to identify ; and the Kanchil, which is
much smaller than any of the other species, and may be the young of T. kanchil.

Throughout the Malay Peninsula Traguli of one species or another are
extremely abundant, though so shy that they can rarely be captured, except
by snaring. They do not seem to frequent nor seem to care for very thick
jungle, frequenting by preference the bamboo forest that is very prevalent in
certain localities, such as the Batang Padang Valley, between about 1500 and
3000 feet, and the country round Mabck, where we frequently saw specimens.’

62, Sus cristatus, Wagner

Sus cristatus, Wagner, Munch, gel. Anz., p. 535 (1839) » Flower, P.Z.S. 1900,
P* 375-

Skin of head and skull, imm. $. Telom, Perak Pahang boundary. January, 1902.

‘ This specimen was sold to us by some Sakais who had brought it up as
a pet, and whom it followed about like a dog, coming to them when they
called it, but foraging for itself in the jungle.’

63. Orcaella brevirostris (Owen)

Phocaena brevirostris, Owen, Trans. Z.S. vi, p. 24, pi. 4, figs. 1-3 (1866).
Orcaella brevirostris (Owen), Anders. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 143.

a. ^skeleton, nr. Patani. October, 1901.

1. Cf. Fascic. Malay. — Anthropology —part i, p. I02.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

43

‘ A school of five individuals of this species were enclosed in the fisher-
men’s seine, on the sea face of Tanjong, Patani, and we secured two specimens.
Unfortunately, one was washed away by an unusually high tide. The fisher-
men told us that they were often seen in Patani roads, and even crossed the
bar of Patani River, but we never saw them except on this occasion. The
specimens were both males, and were of a grey colour, between French grey
and lead, slighter paler on the ventral surface.’

The dimensions, in millemetres, were as follows : —

A

B

Length, snout to middle point of fluke

2200

2752

Breadth of fluke

600

657

Length of flipper

yr\

00

ro

412

Anterior margin of flipper to anus ...

961

998

Anus to middle point of fluke

714

703

Girth at flippers

930

866

Girth at anus

714

760

Greatest Girth

1194

1250

From middle point of fluke to posterior margin of dorsal fin

938

922

Length of dorsal fin

144

182

Height of dorsal fin ... * ...

64

70

‘At Pak Yun, on the Taleh Sap (great lake), about half-way between
Senggora and Lampam, I saw, on May 12, a school of five or six small
cetaceans, apparently not much over four feet in length, and of an almost
uniform rich chocolate brown {Platanista sp. ?). The water was here only
very slightly brackish, the taste of salt being hardly perceptible. • At the end
of March, 1899, the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition saw a school of similar cetaceans at
almost exactly the same place, and the natives told me that it was always in the
vicinity of the village, the lake being very narrow at this point.’ — N.A.

‘ In the estuary of the Trang River, in salt water, I had a good view of
a solitary cetacean, apparently about twice the size of those at Pak Yun, and
of a uniform dead white colour. Its rostrum was only moderately elongated
{Sotalia sinensis ?')' — N.A.

64. Manis javanica, Desm.

Manis javanica, Desm. Mamm. p. 377 (1822) ; Flower., P.Z.S. 1900, p. 378 ;

Bonhote^ he. cit. p. 883.

a. ^ ad. Kampong Jalor, Jalor. 3rd November, 1901.
c. 9 inani. Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. May, 1901.

In the two immature specimens the latter half, and in the adult the
terminal third, of the tail is white.

44

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Cattle

‘ In addition to the buffalo {Buhalus tndicus)^ which has become feral in
parts of Legeh, and on the islands off the Trang coast, the Malays of the
Patani States own two breeds of horned cattle — a small, short-horned variety
of the zebu {Bos zehu)^ and a breed known in the Federated Malay States as
Kelantan cattle, but called in Patani, Lembu siam. The latter are also small,
and resemble the cattle of the Channel Islands in build and colouring, being
generally dun with black points and ankles. The zebus are frequently black
or red. The bulls of the latter breed are trained to fight with one another, by
shoving with their heads, rarely using their horns, and large sums of money
are lost and won in betting on a favourite bull. The ‘ Siamese ’ cattle are only
used for ploughing, and for sale in the British States. The two breeds are
allowed to mingle freely, and every gradation from one to the other, as far as
hump, general configuration and colour, is frequently to be seen, but the
hybrids show] a curious tendency to develop depressed and somewhat
corrugated horns like those of a buffalo.’

Elephants and Sheep

‘ The captive elephants in the Patani States are allowed to wander freely
in the jungle for a considerable proportion of the year, with hobbles shaped
like a figure of eight on their forelegs. Some attention is paid to breeding
them by the Rajas of Legeh and Jalor, and in each of these States there is an
official known as Ku Chang, whose duty it is to superintend all matters of the
kind. The Raja of Jalor told me that fully adult elephants breed once in five
or seven years, and that the female went pregnant for from ten to twelve
months,' and also that the period of gestation was longer in the case of a bull
calf. He also said that ordinary cattle bred every year, buffaloes once in three
years, and sheep and goats twice in the year. He had never heard of a cow
having more than one calf at a time.’ — N.A.

‘ At Kampong Budi, where a considerable number of sheep were pastured,
we were told that they bred every seven months.’

Can is fami Maris

In connexion with Mr. Bonhote’s remarks in a former paper {P.Z.S.
1900, p. 874) it may be of interest to note that we examined a considerable
number of pariah dogs’ skulls at Kampong Jalor, and found that the large
proportion of them were asymmetrical in both jaws, there being frequently one
tooth less than the normal number either on the left or right side indifferently.

. Two years is usually believed to be the correct period. — N. A.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

45

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE I

Sciurus robinsoni, Bonhote (p. 24)

PLATE II

Figs, i, 2. Mus jalorensis, Bonhote (p. 28)
Fig. 3. Mus griseivcnter, Bonhote (p. 30)

PLATE III

Hystrix grotei, Gray (p. 39)

PLATE IV

Fig. I. Mus annandalei, Bonhote (p. 30)
Fig. 2. Mus bukit, Bonhote (p. 27)

Fig. 3. Mus rufescens, Gray (p. 28)

Fig. 4. Mus jalorensis, Bonhote (p. 28)

Fig. 5. Mus griseiventer, Bonhote (p. 30)
Fig. 6. Sciurus nigrovittatus, Horsf. (p, 23)
Fig. 7. Sciurus vittatus, Raffles (p. 22)

FASCIC : MALAY - ZOOLOGY. — Parti.

PLATE

H Goodc'hild del etlatK.

SCIURUS ROBINSONI.

Mxntern. Bros. imp.

'-i^r ■ -.

:' ' - '7«Q!SI ■

:.' 1 ■ -,'*v»'f .r >,

•• • .-.'^.-H-'vjiiVA.-

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...'3, 'w ■?<(,•- -.i«i,5f! :wi

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r'k

;f

^;i

A’

. . tf-.'T.Si**'*'*" ‘A.

'V-,. r , ' ■'«^‘ • lj

'.%* s: \

\.:

V.fl

'4.-

l^aV

f): ‘.•': Mi^-

• ^ *- ^ ,’ ' V'iSt' » >. -•< i*''^'

r><?5!-

-/Sfs,

•V %::^ ;

.1: 4/

‘.iii’.

r’

,;-‘v y. -i

^ ^ / A L

ri' ' *r.' •'■’ • ■*!

■ ■ .3‘ - . ;, :>.r, .;:i, :.

:'■ > , ,‘v f. > v2gi>l

%

\ f' ^t*--

• ■» '..

. r’" ■ ‘^'"^ ' ■ ^ « •*^~

-.- ■; “ '* ‘

.■ ■■4i ■■

I

■■■". •• -'g/'-'m; , ■" ■

‘•' itr- '*•'•'’» * -^. ::..i >■': . ’

- •"•»' <<■ • V - ■ ," ■ >*,: ■

'.•■* ' * -. \-' ' *’V’ -•,‘- 7 . W .. -■ *

■•■ .* ' '. • ,;. < . f ' . V'gt^ «?

"M

.■a*i'-.

E*

. S

.^rXSK'®'

y

«. '

FASCIC : MALAY: ZOOLOGY. — Parti.

PLATK II.

H.GoodcKildL del . et litK .

1.2.MUS JALORENSIS,
3.MUS GRISEIVENTER

Min-ternBros imp .

FASCIC: MALAY: ZOOLOGY, Parti.

PLATE III.

H.Grdn.vold del.etlitk.

HYSTRIX GROTERGRAY.

(MAT SrZEV

Min.t er-n. Bt o s . imp .

FASCIC: MALAY : ZOOLOGY. Part I.

PLATE IV.

Skulls of Scnirus and Mus from the Malay Peninsula.

LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA

BY

Col. CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.E.S.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The notes I have added to Colonel Swinhoe’s paper are derived from the
observations of Mr. Robinson and myself in the Patani States and
Perak, Mr. Robinson being solely responsible for those specimens
collected in Selangor.^

Our collections must not be regarded as in any way exhaustive ; it rather
illustrates the variety of the Heterocera in the districts visited, seeing that
the two hundred and sixty-nine species enumerated are, in very many
cases, each represented by a single specimen or by two, while not unfre-
quently a genus, or even a family, is included on the same basis, indeed,
there are two hundred genera noted and barely six hundred specimens. The
specimens were collected casually, as they came, and with scarcely any process of
selection. This consideration I have thought it well to put forward pro-
minently, as it is of importance in the study of certain biological phenomena.

It will be readily seen that a very large proportion of the collection
was made round our lamp at night ; and that most of the specimens so
secured were taken on a comparatively small number of evenings. These
evenings were usually showery, with bright (often moon-lit) intervals, with
sudden gusts of wind and calm periods, but we could never be sure that
many moths would be attracted on such a night, and on several occasions
large numbers were attracted under wholly different atmospheric conditions.
It is probable that shelter from the weather was often as important a source
of attraction as the light, and that many of the moths were actually impelled
to us by the wind.

The series of the different species obtained are far too small to permit
wide generalizations as to the distribution of the Heterocera in the Malay
Peninsula, but one thing they seem to indicate — that there is no such absolute
separation in this group between the fauna of jungle country in the plains
and that of the high mountains, as there is, say, in the case of the birds.

NELSON ANNANDALE

I. The Selangor specimens were, with very few exceptions, collected during a few moonlight nights in May, in
a bungalow at the summit of the Semangho Pass (2,700 feet), on the borders of Selangor and Pahang. H.C.R.

^ -' ' - V? *«'■?• ^

iVv- ^ 1

^ ‘ ^ ^^SwIS^Kv .i^« it® ^

ic:> •■ 5...., '..■

'■■ . ’■• -^' - .V

» , '

,. t ..; .-VAT iu ‘-^Aivv ’-^HSSf’"'

•• ■ '•■■v.-H'

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-r

'^■'\ !t0

V'

-.‘i ';

» ■ .

’^ r»i |c .

;*H r^f .W) ^

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• ii**- • ''''' .- "

-A. .V • '.y". . r?'!i'k iM •. rvr.’SePm • .*' ■.■<£

. ■:■ rW^ ;' .' ^...1 .:^Mi r

*: ^

J'TI

51

REPORT ON THE HETEROCERA

By Colonel C. SWINHOE, M.A., F.E.S.

SPHINGIDAE

Chaerocampa, Dup.Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr. p. 159, pi. 2 (1835).

1. Chaerocampa lineosa

Chaerocampa lineosa, Walker.^ viii, 144 (1856) ; Butler., 111. Het. Brit.
Mus. V, p. 9, pi. 79, fig. 7 (1881).

$. Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 feet. 22nd January, 1902.

$. Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 feet. 23rd January, 1902.

‘We found this moth common at Telom in January. On moonlight
nights it flitted rapidly over the surface of the stream, especially over some
stones standing in the water on which our men were in the habit of cleaning
poultry. A considerable number of specimens of both sexes were always
seen together, but they did not appear to be attracted by the light of our can-
dles, and we never found them more than a few yards distant from the river.’

SATURNIIDAE

Attacus, Hubner^ Verz. Schmett..^ p. 155 (1818).

2. Attacus atlas

Phalaena atlas, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr.., p. 366 (1764).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. July, 1901.

9$. Biserat, Jalor. 27th July — ist August, 1901.

‘ Very common round Biserat in July and August ; larvae feeding on a
variety of shrubs and small trees. Also seen in South Perak in early spring.’

Actias, Leach., Zool. Misc. ii, p. 25 (1815).

Tropaea, Hiibner^ Verz. Schmett.., p. 152 (1818).

Plectropteron, Hutton, Ann. Nat. Hist, xvii, p. 60 (1846).

52

FASCICULI MALATENSES

3. Actias selene

Actias selene, Huhner^ SammL Exot. Schmett, i, p. 172 (1806).

Phalaena (Attacus) luna, Cram, (nee Drury)^ Pap. Exot. i, pi. 31, fig. B (1775).
Plectropteron dianae, Hutton^ loc. cit.

I 9 • Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. (Nat. Coll. ; only specimen seen).

A very large female measuring 7^ inches in expanse of wings, and nearly
6^ inches from the base of the costa of fore wings to the tips of the tail : it
has no indication of the usual discal transverse line on the wings, and has a
narrow dark-pink outer marginal band on both wings, continued on to the
tail for nearly two-thirds of its length.

BOMBYCIDAE

Prismosticta, Butler.^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi, p. 67 (1880).

4, Prismosticta tiretta, nov.

. Of a uniform ochreous brown, with a red tinge, especially towards
the anal angle of the hind wings ; fore wings with a brown lunule at the end
of the cell, an antemedial outwardly-curved brown line, a central line from the
lunule hindwards ; these are obsolete in the female ; both wings with two
discal transverse lines, which are closer together at the abdominal margin of
the hind wings, where they bend round inwards ; a white hyaline lunular
mark a little below apex of fore wings ; under side pale and more ochreous, a
brown lunule at end of each cell, hyaline spot with outer double discal lines as
above. Expanse of wings : — $ ; ?? inches.

There are three males from Sandakan, unnamed, in the British Museum.

^ 9 in copula. Gedong, South Perak. 9th January, 1902.

‘ I found these specimens resting on a leaf of a low-growing shrub in
dense jungle, mistaking them at first sight for a couple of dead leaves. They
sat with their wings spread out at right angles to the abdomen, but, especially
in the male, the posterior border of the hind wings was curled upwards and
inwards, so as to greatly increase the insects’ resemblance to dead leaves.’

EUPTEROTIDAE

Pseudojana, Hampson^ Moths India i, p. 48 (1892).

5. Pseudojana incandescens

Jana incandescens. Walker., iv, 910 (1855).

Pseudojana incandescens, Hampson, loc. cit. (fig. 31).

I $ . Grit, Upper Perak. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

53

NOTODONTIDAE
Besida, Walker^ xxxii, 456 (1865).

6. Besida xylinata

Besida xylinata, Walker^ xxxii, 456.

1 ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 17th July, 1901. (At light).

SYNTOMIDAE

Euchromiaj Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 121 (1818).

7. Euchromia orientalis

Euchromia orientalis, Butler^ Journ. Linn. Soc. London^ xii, p. 364 (1876).

I 9- Patani. 9th October, 1901.

I 9* Biserat, Jalor. 14th October, 1901.

‘ Both specimens were taken in low secondary jungle, resting among
foliage in the daytime.’

Eressa, Walker^ i, 149 (1854).

8. Eressa cirifinis

Eressa cirifinis. Walker^ i, 149.

i^. Biserat. 3rd July, 1901.

‘From spider’s web on cliff in jungle. Though dead and dry, it was
untouched by the spider.’

9. Eressa disci nota

Syntomis discinota, Moore^ Lep. Atk.y p. 13 (1879).

Eressa discinota, Hampson^ Phal. i, p. 123 (fig.) (1898).

2 $ . Mabek, Jalor. 27th July, 1901.

9 {in coitu). Biserat, Jalor. 5th November, 1901.

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 19th October, 1901.

Hampson says, with seven orange bands on abdomen of male, six in the
female ; this should be reversed.

10. Eressa annosa

Syntomis annosa, JValker^ Journ. Linn. Soc. London^ iii, p. 183 (1859).
Eressa annosa, Hampson^ Phal. i, p. 120 (1898).

54

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

$ f $ {in coitu). Kampong Mabek, Jalor. 26th July, 1901.

‘ The members of this genus are generally found resting at no great
distance from the ground, in fairly open country. Being of brilliant or con-
spicuous coloration, they make little, if any, attempt to conceal themselves,
though they often take shelter from the mid-day heat under leaves or amidst
foliage. They are very sluggish, and do not take to flight readily.’

Trichaeta, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 52 (1892).

11. Trichaeta albiplag^a

Syntomis albiplaga, JValker^ Journ. Linn. Soc. London., vi, p. 92 (1862).

I $ . Gedong, South Perak. 8th January, 1902.

Syntomis, Ochs., Eur. Schmett. ii, p. 103 (1808).

12. Syntomis euryptera

Syntomis euryptera, Hampson, Phal. i, p. 87, pi. 3, fig. 10 (1898).

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2,500 feet. 21st May, 1901.

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2,500 feet. 25th August, 1901.

13. Syntomis divisa

Syntomis divisa. Walker, i, 131 (1854).

$ {In coitu). Patani. i8th April, 1901.

14. Syntomis sperbius

Zygaena sperbius, Fabr., Mant. Ins. ii, p. 103 (1787).

Syntomis sperbius, Hampson, Phal., i, p. 106 (1898)

^ coitu). Patani.

1 8th April,

1902

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor.

1 6th July,

1902.

i $ . Biserat, Jalor.

I 3th July, I

902.

I $ . Mabek, Jalor.

22nd July,

1901.

‘ Common on shrubs at the edge of paths and in low undergrowth.’

Ceryx, Wallgm., Wien. Ent. Mon. vii, p. 140 (1863).

15; Ceryx transitiva

Syntomis transitiva. Walker, Journ. lAnn. Soc. London, vi, p. 89 (1862).
Ceryx transitiva, Hampson, Phal. i, p. 45 (1898).

I Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 ft. 25th January, 1902.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

55

‘ What has been said of Eressa is equally true of the representatives in
the Malay Peninsula of the succeeding genera. Their coloration, often
black, yellow and hyaline, combined with their form and the relative
proportions of their bodies and wings, gives them a quite general resemblance
to wasps.’

CHALCOSIIDAE
Pidorus, Walker, ii, 424 (1854).

Laurion, Walker, ii, 427.

16. Pidorus geminus

Laurion gemina, Walker, ii, 427.

Milleria bifasciata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vi, p. 99 (1862).

49* Biserat, Jalor. 3rd to 8th July, 1901.

‘ Common in July round Biserat. Rests during the day, sometimes in
conspicuous positions, among the low undergrowth at the edge of secondary
jungle. When disturbed, it either falls to the ground and lies still, or takes
a rapid and jerky flight, which does not carry it very far from its original
station. When at rest, its wings are folded in such a way that the posterior
pair are completely concealed.’

Trypanophora, Kollar, HugeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 457 (1844).

17. Trypanophora Testinata

Trypanophora festinata, Snellen, Deutsche Ent. Zeit. Lep. viii, p. 131 (1895).

I 9* Bukit Bcsar, Nawngchik. 2,500 ft. 17th May, 1902.

Chalcosia, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 173 (1818).

18. Chalcosia coliadoides

Chalcosia coliadoides. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vi, p. 87 (1862).

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 3rd July, 1901.

‘Flying in secondary jungle ; afternoon. Perhaps bears a generalized
resemblance to certain Pierinae.'

Milleria, Herr.-Schdff. Lep. Exot. Sp. Nov. i, p. 4 (1853).

19. Milleria panthona

Phalaena panthona, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv, pi. 322, fig. C (1780).

I 9- Patani. 9th October, 1901.

‘ On under surface of leaf.’

56

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

Cyclosia, Huhner^ Verz. Schmett., p. 177 (1818).

Pintia, Walker^ ii, 280 (1854).

20. Cyclosia papilionaris

Phalaena papilionaris, Drury, Ins. Exot. ii, p. 4, pi. 2, fig. 4
Phalaena venaria, 9, Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii, 2, 156, 99 (1794).
Eterusia ferrea, Walker, ii, 431.

I?.

Biserat, Jalor.

1 6th July, ;

1901.

19.

Biserat, Jalor.

6th July,

1901.

I?.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik (base of mountain).

29th May,

1901.

(These forms have been reared from the eggs of one female by
Mr. Bell in India).

‘ This species is not uncommon in Jalor and Nawngchik, flying in the
brightest sunshine about village plantations and at the edge of secondary
jungle. Its flight closely resembles that of several species of Danais, and it
evidently belongs to an association of Lepidoptera, which includes several
butterflies of the sub-families Danainae, Pierinae, and Papilioninae, and which is
characterized by the possession of broad wings of white or very pale dull
green, grey or yellow, heavily veined with black, dark brown, or dark blue.
We have taken certain of these butterflies in the same locality and habitat, and
at the same time of day as Cyclosia papilionaris, but it should be noted that
the individual variation in size of the species makes some specimens of the
moth resemble the Rhopalocera more nearly than others.’

Gynautocera, Guerin, Mag. ZooL, 1831, Ins., pi. 12.

21. Gynautocera zara

Gynautocera zara, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1891, p. 476.

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 9th August, 1901.

‘ Resting on tree-trunk ; afternoon. When pinned and set this insect
bears a striking resemblance to the butterflies of the Nox group of the genus
Papilio, especially to P. erebus, which it approaches most nearly in size ; the
resemblance being due to the shape of the wings (though they are somewhat
longer and narrower in the moth than in the butterfly), to their black colour,
slightly relieved by a veined blotch of bluish white in the centre of the hind
wings (though the obscure veining on the forewings is characteristic of the
moth and not of P. erebus), and to the brilliant red coloration of the sides of the
body and parts of the head (though its distribution is not quite the same in

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

57

the butterfly as in the moth). If this is a case of true mimicry, or even of
adaptive resemblance, and not one of coincidence, it can only be efficacious
when the insects are on the wing, as the attitude of rest of the moth is
different from that of any butterfly, its forewings being folded over its hind
wings and held tightly pressed against the surface on which it is resting.
Papilio erehus is a rare insect, which we did not collect, or, so far as I am
aware, even see.’

Pompelon, Walker, ii, p. 413 (1854).

22. Pompelon rotundata

Pompelon rotundata, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 72 (1892).

I 9- Buldt Bcsar (?).

‘ Flying in clearing ; early morning.’

23. Pompelon valentula

Pompelon valentula, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1889, p. 401.

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 21st October, 1901.

‘Sitting on tree-trunk, mid-day. The resemblance between the two
preceding species and butterflies of the genus Euploea is very striking, both
as regards the form of their wings and their dark, blue-shot coloration,
which fades into pale brown in places ; but the resemblance is probably
generic rather than specific, and does not appear to be accompanied by any
similarity of habits or resting attitude.’

Amesia, Westw., Arcana Ent., p. 20 (1841) ; Nat. Library Ent. vii, p. 93
(1841).

24. Amesia namouna

Gynautocera namouna. Double., Ann. Nat. Hist, xix, p. 74 (1847).

Amesia namouna, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 78 (1892).

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 3rd September, 1901.

‘I took this specimen resting under a gingerwort leaf in the jungle. It
made no attempt to escape, but when I touched it, a frothy, pale-yellow liquid
gushed forth in great abundance, with a distinct hissing sound, from a
minute pore on each side of the thorax, so that the moth, whose wings were
partially expanded, was surrounded in a few seconds with this substance, which
had a faint pungent odour. The bulk of the froth very soon exceeded that

58

FASCICULI MALATENSES

of the insect, which continued to emit it for some minutes, with redoubled
vigour when touched. Amesia namouna^ also, has something of a resemblance to
the genus Euploea^ but its habits would seem to differ from those of the butter-
flies, though it is very possible that the substance secreted by it may have a
physiological relationship to the well-known noxious juice of this family of
Rhopalocera.’

COSSIDAE

Duomitus, Butler^ Ann, Mag, Nat, Hist, (5) vi, p. 68 (1880).

25. Duomitus mineus

Phalaena-Bombyx mineus, Cram,^ Pap. Exot. ii, pi. 131, fig. D (1777).
i^. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 1,000 feet. 27th April, 1901.

‘ Several other very much injured specimens were brought us by natives
at Sai Kau. The specimen preserved was taken resting under the leaf of a
tree, which grew just at the edge of primaeval jungle. The head of the moth
was bent down below the level of the thorax, the antennae were quite con-
cealed beneath the fore wings, which were folded and arched so as to make
the dorsal surface rounded, and the first pair of legs were held stretched out
in such a way as to resemble those of a beetle. I mistook the specimen,
which made no attempt to escape, for some large Buprestid, and was surprised
to find it soft to the touch. We did not capture any species of beetle to
which this moth could be said to bear a definite resemblance ; but Buprestids
with a similar type of coloration (forepart of the body dark metallic green,
wings or elytra, flame-colour or deep orange, boldly spotted with the same
metallic shade) occur in the Malay Peninsula, and Mr. Richard Evans, of
the Skeat Expedition, found on Bukit Besar a Longicorn — not yet described,
but probably belonging to a new genus — which presents very much the same
general appearance, though in shape it does not resemble the moth so closely
as certain of the Buprestidae would do.’

Phrag^mataecia, Newman, Zoologist viii, p. 2931 (1850).

26. Phrag^mataecia castaneae

Bombyx castaneae, Hubner, Beitr. iii, p. 9, pi. i, fig. C (1790).

Phragmataecia castaneae, Hampson, Moths India i, p. 313, (fig. 213) (1892).

I Sungkei, South Perak. 9th February, 1902. (At light).

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

59

DREPAIMULIDAE

Problepsidis, Hampson^ Moths India iv, p. 476 (1896).

27. Problepsidis ostia, nov.

$ . White, frons brown, antennae grey, rather broadly pectinated, shafts
white ; fore wings with a thin subcostal blackish band, running on to the costa
near apex, with a white spot in it on the costa near the apex ; internal, medial,
and discal blackish lines from the hinder margin, all meeting near the apex,
the space above the medial line smeared in parts with pale black, a small patch
of this colour in the middle of the disc outside the outer line, also on the outer
margin intermixed with a festoon of white ; hind wings also with inner, medial,
and discal lines, the first two corresponding to the last two on the fore wings,
a smear of black outside both lines ; the outer margin and cilia of both wings
blackish ; on the under side there is a black thick band across both wings and
some black suffusion on the fore wings. Expanse of wings : — inches.

I . Telom, Pcrak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 ft. 24th January, 1902.

‘Resting on leaf, with wings spread out flat and antennae concealed beneath
them. Distantly resembled a bird’s dropping.’

LIMACODiDAE

Parasa, Moore^ Cat. Lep. p. 413 (1859).

28. Parasa lepida

Phalaena noctua lepida, Cram.^ Pap. Exot. ii, pi. 130, fig. E (1777).

I $ . Patani. loth October, 1901.

I 9- Patani. 8th October, 1901.

‘ Both specimens at light.’

29. Parasa dharma

Parasa dharma, Moore^ Cat. Lep.^ E.I.C. ii, p. 414, pi. iia, fig. 7 (1859).

I $ . Bidor, South Perak. 12th January, 1902. (At light).

Susica, Walker^ v, 1114 (1855).

30. Susica pallida

Susica pallida. Walker^ v, 1114.

Susica pallida, Hampton.^ Moths India i, p. 377, (fig. 257) (1892).

Selangor.

6o

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Miresa, Walker^ v, 1123 (1855).

31. Miresa albipuncta

Nyssia albipuncta, Herr.-Schaff.^ Lep. Exot. 1, fig. 179 (1853).

Miresa albipuncta, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 232 (1892).

Selangor.

Narosa, fValker.v^ 1151 (1855).

32. Narosa doenia

Parasa doenia, Moore^ Cat. Lep. E.I.C. ii, p. 416, pi. iia, fig. 10 (1859).
I $ . Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 15th January, 1902. (At light).

Altha, Walker.^ Journ. Linn. Soc. London.^ vi, p. 173 (1862).

33. Altha adala

Narosa adala, Moore^ Cat. Lep. E.I.C. ii, p. 418, pi. iia, fig. 14 (1859).

I $ . Mabek, Jalor. 27th October, 1901.

Natada, Walker^v^ 1108 (1855).

34. Natada pallivitta

Miresa pallivitta, Moore., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx, p. 93 (1877).
Miresa pallivitta, Kirby, Cat. Het. i, p. 549 (1892).

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak. 8th February, 1902.

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902.

‘Both specimens at light.’

Thosea, fValker^ v, 1068 (1855).

35. Thosea rara

Thosea rara, Swinhoe, P.Z.S., p. 408, pi. 43, fig. 9 (1889).

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. i8th October, 1901. (At light).

LYMANTRIIDAE

Orgyia, Ochs., Schmett. Eur. iii, p. 298 (1810).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

6i

36. Orgyia turbata

Orgyia turbata, Butler^ Trans. Linn. Soc. London (2) i, p. 560 (1879).

4^. Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901 — 1 3th July, 1901.

‘ All at light.’

Pantana, Walker, iv, 819 (1855).

37. Pantana visum

Liparis visum, Huhner^ Zutr. iii, p. 33 (1825).

Pantana dispar, Walker, iv, 820 (1855).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 7th July, 1901.

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 23rd October, 1901.

‘ One specimen flew into the house at mid-day, and settled on the wall
with its wings raised and their dorsal surfaces applied to one another ; the
other was taken on the wing in the open at mid-day.’

Leucoma, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii, p. 64 (1829).

38. Leucoma marginalis

Redoa marginalis. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vi, p. 128 (1862).
Leucoma marginalis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 202 (1892).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

I 9* Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,600 feet. 20th April, 1901.

‘ Resting on upper surface of leaf in jungle ; morning.’

39, Leucoma transiens

Redoa transiens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vi, p. 129 (1862).
Leucoma transiens, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 203 (1892).

Selangor.

Laelia, Steph., III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii, p. 62 (1829).

40. Laelia prolata

Laelia prolata, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 195 (1892).

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 21st October, 1901.

‘ Resting on branch of herbaceous plant growing in the open ; early
morning.’

62

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

Coban ilia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon ii, p. 120 (1883).

41. Cobanilla plumbacea, nov.

^ . Of a uniform plumbaceous grey colour, speckled with very fine
silver scales ; fore wings with a black spot at end of cell, blackish costal line,
a blackish spot on costa before apex, being the commencement of an irregular
blackish, indistinct, discal band, represented on the hind wings by a blackish
patch near the anal angle ; some blackish suffusion on the outer margin of the
wings below apex and on hind wings below the middle ; under side ochreous
grey, with some blackish suffusion inside the fore wings. Expanse of wings,
li- inches.

10

One example. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, 2,500 feet. 5th May, 1901.

The shape of the wings is similar to Cobanilla marginata^ Moore, the
type of the genus.

Numenes, Walker^ hi, 662 (1855).

Pseudomesa, Walker, iv, 923 (1855).

42. Numenes siletti

Numenes siletti. Walker, iii, 663 (1855).

Pseudomesa quadriplagiata. Walker, iv, p. 923 (1855).

I 9* Biserat, Jalor. 8th July, 1901.

‘ Resting among low undergrowth at base of cliff.’

This example has on the costa the commencement of a subapical trans-
verse band.

Euproctls, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 159 (1818).

43. Euproctis flavinata

Artaxa flavinata. Walker, xxxii, 331 (1865).

2^. Biserat, Jalor. 17th October, 1901.

2 $ . Biserat, Jalor. 8th July, 1901.

I 9- Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 feet. 17th January, 1902.

‘ The males are not uncommon round Biserat, resting in conspicuous
positions during the daytime ; the female was taken hovering over long grass
at dusk, very much as the male of Hepialus humuli does in this country.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

63

44. Euproctis transversa

Artaxa transversa, Moore, Cat. Lep. p. 352, pi. 9a, fig. 8 (1859).

Euproctis guttistriga, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London^ vi, p. 129 (1862).

2 9- Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 24th August, 1901.

I 9- Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 7th May, 1901.

I 9* Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 2nd September, 1901.

‘ Mr. Robinson took two specimens resting on tree-trunks in jungle, and
notes that they were very sluggish. I took another on the wing at dusk in
similar environment.’

45. Euproctis munda

Euproctis munda. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vi, p. 129 (1862).

I 9. Bidor, South Perak. February 2nd, 1902. (At light).

Lymantria, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 160, (i8i8).

46. Lymantria beatrix

Bombyx beatrix, Stoll. Cram., Suppl. Pap. Exot. v, p. 173, pi. 40, fig. 2 (1790).
I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 5th August, 1901. (At light).

Dasychira, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii, p. 58 (1829).

47, Dasychira horsfieldii

Arctia horsfieldii, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. \, p. 162, pi. 12, fig. i, 2 (1851).
Dasychira horsfieldii, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 220 (1892).

I. Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 feet. 26th January, 1902.

‘ Found dead in jungle.’

AGANAIDAE

Peridrome, Walker, ii, 444 (1854).

48. Peridrome orbicularis

Hypsa (Peridrome) orbicularis. Walker, ii, 444 (1854).

2 $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet, ist and 2nd September, 1901.

5 9- Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 28th August and 3rd September, 1901.

I 9- Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 3 1st August, 1901 .

The last female is curiously marked on the hind wings, the discal spots
being joined together by a thin black band, which is acutely elbowed above
the middle, and joins the black spot at the upper end of the cell.

I

12/8/oj

64

FASCICULI MALATENSES

‘ We did not take this species on our first visit to Bukit Besar, in April
and May, but it was very common in the jungle round our clearing (2,500
feet) in August and September. Lower down the mountain it became scarcer,
and we did not see it much below a thousand feet. It would appear to be
essentially a jungle species, and its absence from, or comparative rarity on,
the lower slopes may not be entirely due to inferior altitude, but also to the fact
that large clearings have at one time existed on them.

Peridrome orbicularis rests during the day below the large leaves of the
gingerworts and other plants of similar growth, whence it issues forth towards
dusk ; the readiness with which it is disturbed and its strength on the wing
causing it falsely to appear to be a diurnal species.’

Anag^nia, Walker^ ii, 446 (1854).

49. Anagnia subfascia

Hypsa (Peridrome) subfascia. Walker^ ii, 446.

2 ^ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 3rd September, 1901, and August, 1901.

3$. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 24th August, I90i-30th August, 1901.

I 9* Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 3,000 feet. 27th August, 1901.

‘ On Bukit Besar this species closely resembles Peridrome orbicularis in
habits and distribution, as it does in appearance. One male was taken on the
wing in bright moonlight, at the edge of our little clearing.’

Euplocia, Hubner^ Verz. Schmett.^ p. 172 (1818)

50. Euplocia membliaria

Phalaena membliaria, Cram.^ Pap. Exot. iii, pi. 269, fig. C, D (1780).

I $
I $
I $
I?
I?
I?

Tanjang Luar, borders of Jalor and Rhaman.
Between Anak Bukit and Sai Kau, Nawngchik,
Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet.

Between Anak Bukit and Sai Kau, Jalor.
Tanjang Luar, borders of Jalor and Rhaman.
Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 1,000-2,000 feet.

I 3 th October, 1901.
26th May, 1901.

2nd September, 1901.
26th May, 1901.

13 th October, 1901.
23rd August, 1901.

‘ All these specimens were taken in thick jungle, and the species appar-
ently resembles Anagnia subfascia and Peridrome orbicularis in habits.’

IMeochera, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 173 (1818).

51. Neochera butleri

Neochera butleri, Swinhoe^ Cat. Ret. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 84 (1892).

FASCICULI MALATENSES 65

Neochera marmorea, Butler, 9 only (nec Walker), III. Ret. B.M. v, p. 43, pi. 87
fig. II (1881).

•

Biserat, Jalor.

3rd and 9th July, 1901.

4.^ •

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 1,000, 2,000, and 2,500 feet.

28th August, 1901.

4^*

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 1,000, 2,000, and 2,500 feet.

7th September, 1901.

2 $ .

Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik.

14th September, 1901.

39.

Biserat, Jalor.

9th and I 5 th July, 1901.

19.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet.

30th August, 1901.

29.

Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik.

9th July, 1901, and
1 6th September, 1901.

19.

Gedong, South Perak.

7th January, 1902.

‘ This species is exceedingly common, especially in the summer months,
in the plains of the Patani States. On Bukit Besar it occurs as high as
2,500 feet, but is not common above 1,000 feet. It becomes scarcer in the
thickly wooded central region of the Peninsula, and is comparatively rare in
Perak. Like the preceding members of its family, it conceals itself during
the day beneath leaves, but the foliage it selects belongs to the low trees that
constitute recent secondary jungle. Its flight is strong, and it is very easily
disturbed.’

52. Neochera bhawana

Neochera bhawana, Moore^ Cat, Lep. E.I.C, ii, p. 295, pi. 7a, fig. 4, (1859).

I I 9- Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 7th September, 1901.

Asota, Hubner^ Verz. Schmett.^ p. 164 (1818).

Hypsa, Hubner, loc, cit, p. 172.

53. Asota caricae

Noctua caricae, Fabr.^ Syst, Ent. p. 596, 23 (1775).

Phalaena Attacus alciphron. Cram., Pap. Exot. ii, p. 58, pi. 133, fig. E (1777).

I

Jambu, Jhering.

6th June, 1901.

I

Biserat, Jalor.

29th June, 1901.

I

Biserat, Jalor.

14th July, 1901.

19.

Sungkei, South Perak.

6th January, 1902

‘ Two specimens were taken resting under leaves in the jungle during
the day, and two, a male and a female, flew into the house at night, though
they did not seem to be attracted by our light. I noticed, in one instance, that
the geckos, which were hunting other moths on the ceiling, appeared to avoid
this species. The flight is feeble.’

66

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

54. Asota egens

Hypsa egens, Walker^ ii, 453 (1854).

Asota egens indica, Rothsch.^ Nov. ZooL iv, p. 321 (1897).

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 14th July, 1901.

This is Rothschild’s indica form with six black spots on the under side of
the hind wings.

‘ Mr. Robinson took the specimen among shrubs on the roadside, at
dusk ; I disturbed another during the day among the undergrowth at the base
of a limestone cliff.’

55. Asota anawa, nov.

^ . The male is like A. strigivenata, Butler, above, but the wings arc

much shorter ; below, the white basal portion of the fore wings is more limited,
the brown apical third being clearly defined with an acute excavation in its
centre. The female is like A. caricae^ Fabr., but all the veins of the fore wings
are white and are clearly defined ; the hind wings have the commencement of
the marginal band at the apex, and three black spots, one at the apex of the
cell and two in the disc ; below, the fore wings are white for two-thirds from
the base, the apical third brown with a sinuous inner margin, but clearly defined,
the hind wings as above, but with the apical band not so macular. Expanse
of wings : — 2^ inches.

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 29th August, 1901.

I 9 • Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. }

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 1 6th July, 1901.

‘The male was taken on the wing in bright moonlight, at the edge of the
clearing, but in deep jungle. One female was resting on dead leaves on the
jungle floor during the day, and was very inconspicuous.’

Deilemera, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 178, (1818).

56. Deilemera tripunctaria

Phalaena tripunctaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x, p. 523 (1758).

Phalaena petulca, Sparm.., Amoen. Acad, xii, p. 500 (1769).

Nyctemera atralba, Hubner., Verz. Schmett.., p. 178 (1818).

Nyctemera sumatrensis, Heylaeris., Compt. Rend^ Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxiv, p. 17
(1890).

I?.

Biserat, Jalor.

15th July, 1901.

2 $ .

Jarum, Rhaman.

22nd April, 1902.

I?.

Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary.

4,000 feet. 27th January, 1902.

‘Common on wing in jungle ; day-time.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

67

57. Deilemera harca

Leptosoma harca, Swinhoe^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii, p. 215 (1893).

I 9- Jambu, Jhering. 6th June, 1901.

^ Flying among shrubs ; morning. Flight swift and sustained.’

58. Deilemera coleta

Phalaena coleta, Cram.., Pap. Exot. iv, pi. 368, fig. H (1781).

I Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 12th May, 1901.

1$. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet, 4th May, 1901.

I Gedong, South Perak. 7th January, 1902.

‘ Not uncommon in small clearings surrounded by jungle. Flies chiefly
in the evening, concealing itself among long grass in the heat of the day.’

ARCTIIDAE

Maenas, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett., p. 167 (1818).

59. Maenas maculifascia

Spilosoma maculifascia, Walker., iii, 676 (1855).

Alpenus maculifascia. Semper.^ Schmett. Philipp, ii, pi. 56, figs. 9, 10 (1899).

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902. (At light).

Diacrisia, Hubner^ Verz. Schmett.^ p. 169 (1818).

60. Diacrisia strig^atula

Diacrisia strigatula. Walker., iii, 613 (1855).

I $. Biserat, Jalor. 29th June, 1901.

‘ Laid 165 pale-green, almost spherical eggs in pill box. They were
somewhat flattened at the base.’

61. Diacrisia brunnea

Arctia brunnea, Heylaerts^ C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxiv, p. xxix (1890).

Diacrisia brunnea, Hampson, Phal. iii, p. 304, pi. 45, fig. i8,.^ (1901)-

I $. Bidor, South Perak. 4th February, 1902.

I think I am correct in my identification, but Heylaerts’ type is a unique
male, and this example is a female ; the dorsal band is macular and not a
stripe as in the male, but otherwise the description and the figure both
correspond.

68

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Creatonotos, Hubner^ Verz, Schmett.^ p. 169 (1818).

62. Creatonotos transiens

Spilosoma translens, Walker^ ill, 675 (1855).

Amphissa vacillans, JValker^ ill, 685.

Aloa isabellina, Walker^ ill, 705.

3 Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901.

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 7th July, 1901.

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 3otli July, 1901.

‘ All at light.’

Utetheisa, Huhner, Verz. Schmett.^ p. 168 (1818).

Deiopeia, Steph.^ III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii, p. 92 (1829).

63. Utetheisa pulchella

Tinea pulchella, Linn.y Syst. Nat. i, p. 534 (1758).

2$j 2 9. Biserat, Jalor. loth and 1 6 th July, 1901.

‘ One female at light in house ; two males and a female flying among
sensitive plants (Mimosa sp.) at dusk.’

LITHOSIIDAE

Ilema, Hubner^ Verz. Schmett.^ p. 165 (1818).

64. Ilema vicaria

Lithosia vicaria, Walker., ii, 505 (1854).

Lithosia antica. Walker., ii, 505.

Lithosia natara, Moore., Cat. Lep. E.I.C.., p. 304 (1859).

Lithosia sarawaka, Butler., Trans. Ent. Soc. London., 1877, p. 350.

Lithosia imitans, Mab.., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii, p. 87 (1878).

I $ . Biserat Jalor. loth July, 1901. (At light).

65. Ilema tortricoides

Lithosia tortricoides. Walker., Journ. Linn. Soc. London., vi, p. 107 (1862).
Lithosia tortricoides, Hampson^ III. Ret. B.M. viii, p. 4, pi. 143, fig. 16 (1891).
Teulisna biplagella, Butler., Trans. Ent. Soc. London., 1877, P- 355-

I ^ . Mabek, Jalor. 26th July, 1901.

‘Sitting on leaf, with wings folded.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

69

66. Ilema plag^iata

Teulisna plagiata. Walker^ Journ, Linn. Soc. London^ vi, p. 109 (1862).

Teulisna plagiata, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 120, pi. 3, fig. 1 1 (1892).

i^. Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary. 4,000 feet. 22nd January, 1902.

‘ Resting with wings folded, on leaf in jungle ; afternoon.’

I $. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 30th April, 1901.

‘ Resting on jungle floor ; daytime.’

The $ has the central square black patch on fore wings reduced to a
band.

67. Ilema torta

Corcura torta, Walker.^ Journ. Linn. Soc. London., vi, p. 1 1 1 (1862).

Corcura torta, Swinhoe., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i, p. 119, pi. 3, fig. 10 (1892).

I ^ . Mabek, Jalor. 23rd July, 1901.

‘ Mr. Robinson’s note : — “ Sitting on leaf of low shrub in jungle, with
its front and hind legs almost at right angles to the body, and its antennae
close to its wings.” ’

Chionaema, Herr.-Schaff.., Ausser. Schmett.., p. 20 (1859).

68. Chionaema effracta

Barsine effracta. Walker., ii, 546 (1854).

Chionaema effracta, Hampson., Phal. ii, p. 300 (fig.) (1900).

Selangor.

69. Chionaema selang^orica

Chionaema selangorica, Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 346 (1903).

Selangor.

Asura, Walker, ii, 484 (1854).

70. Asura cong^erens

Cymella congerens, Felder, Reise Nov., pi. 106, fig. 14 (1874).

Asura congerens, Hampson, Phal. ii, p. 454 (1900).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 1 6th October, 1901. (At light).

70

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Barsine, Walker, ii, 546 (1854).

71. Barsine lineata

Ammatho lineatus. Walker^ iii, 760 (1855).

Miltochrista lineata, Hampsoriy PbaL ii, p. 482 (1900).

Selangor.

Lambula, Walker, xxxv, 1890 (1868).

72. Lambula pallida

Lambula pallida, Hampson, PhaL ii, p. 100, pi. 20, fig. 18 (1900).

I Biserat, Jalor. 17th July, 1901. (At light).

Eug^oa, Walker, xii, 768 (1857).

73. Eug:oa bipuncta

Paidia bipuncta, Heylaerts, C,R, Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv, p. ccccxiv (1891).
Eugoa bipuncta, Hampson, Phal. ii, p. 547, pi. 34, fig. 6 (1900).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 7th July, 1901. (At light).

AGARISTIDAE

Eusemia, Dalm., Mon, Castniae, p. 26 (1825).

74. Eusemia fasciatrix

Eusemia fasciatrix, Westw,, Cab, Or. Ent., p. 67 (1848).

Eusemia bijugata. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vi, p. 85 (1862).
Eusemia communicans. Walker, xxxi, 50 (1864).

Eusemia darocana, Bruce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv, p. 23 (1894).

i^. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 2nd September, 1901. ‘ Nat. coll.’

NOCTUINA

TRIFIDAE

Ancara, Walker, xv, 1714 (1858).

75. Ancara obliterans

Ancara obliterans. Walker, xv, 1715.

I $. Sungkei, South Perak. loth January, 1902. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

71

Zalissa, Walker^ xxxiii, 936 (1865).'

76. Zalissa transiens

Eusemia translens, Walker^ vii, 1588 (1856).

Selangor.

Spodoptera, Guenk^Noct. i, p. 153 (1852).

77. Spodoptera mauritia

Hadena mauritia, Boisd.^Faun. Madag. Lep.^ p. 92 (1834).
Spodoptera nubes, Guenee, loc. cit.y p. i55j 246.

\

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 7th July, 1901. (At light).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 3rd July, 1901. „

llattia, Walker^ xvi, p. 208, (18 59).

78. Ilattia leucospila

Perigea leucospila, Walker^ xxxii, 643 (1865).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 29th June, 1901. (At light.

Diethusa, Walker^ xvi, 205 (1858).

79. Diethusa consentana

Eutelia consentana. Walker^ Journ. Linn, Soc. London^ vii, p. 68 (1864).

Plusia detegens. Walker,, loc. cit.,, p. 72.

Diethusa emiliusalis, Swinhoe {part)^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 38 (1900).

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak, iith February, 1902. (At light).

I made this species a synonym of emiliusalis in the O.M. Cat. for want
of material, but, having received since many examples of both sexes from
Borneo and Perak, I find there are two distinct species : emiliusalis = ventraliSy
and consentana = detegens.

Caradrina, Ochs.,, Eur. Schmett. iv, p. 80 (1816).

80. Caradrina exig^ua

Noctua exigua, Huhner,, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct.^ fig. 362 (1810).

I $ , Biserat, Jalor. 19th October, 1901. (At light).

81. Caradrina transversa

Tyracona transversa, Moore,, Lep. Atk.,, p. 95, pi. 4, fig. 5 (1882).
Caradrina transversa, Hampson, Moths India ii, p. 262 (1894).

K

12/8/oj

72

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

Bidor, South Perak. 22nd February, 1902.

‘ Resting on tree-trunk ; mid-day.’

Leucania, Ochs,^ Eur, Schmett, iv, p. 81 (1816).

82. Leucania decisissima

Leucania decisissima, Walker^ xxxii, 624 (1865).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. i 5 th July, 1901.

‘ Resting on under surface of leaf in clearing, with abdomen and greater
part of wings protruding from shelter, so that the metallic lustre on the
ventral surface of the latter was conspicuously displayed.’

83. Leucania consimilis

Leucania consimilis, Moore, P.Z,S. 1881, p. 336, pi. 57, fig. 10.

1$. Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

ACONTIIDAE

Erastroides, Hampson, IIL Ret. B,M, ix, p. 98 (1893).

84. Erastroides curvifascia

Ozarba (J) curvifascia, Hampson,loc. cit., viii, p. 76, pi. 145, fig. 23 (1891).

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 30th June, 1901.

Xanthoptera, Guenee, Noct. ii, p. 240 (1852).

85. Xanthoptera quintana

Acontia quintana, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 455, pi. 27, fig. 13.

I $ . Biserat, Jalor, 12th July, 1901. (At light).

Acontia, Ochs., Eur. Schmett. iv, p. 91 (1816).

86. Acontia intersepta

Xanthodes intersepta, Guenk,Noct. ii, p. 212 (1852).

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 29th June, 1901.

‘ Mr. Robinson’s note — ‘ Flying among bushes, late on a sunny afternoon,
in open country.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

73

Cerynea, Walker^ xix, 878 (1859).

87» Cerynea divisa

Selenis divisa, Walker^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3) i, p. 107 (1862).

Cerynea divisa, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 69 (1900).

I 9 • Jambu, Jhering. 6th June, 1901.

‘ Lying flat on leaf, with wings spread out, and their inner margin
covering the abdomen.’

PALINDIDAE

Nertobrigra, Walker., Journ. Linn. Soc. London.^ vii, p. 75 (1864).
Doranaga, Moore., Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 553 (1884).

88. Nertobrig^a signata

Ariolica (?) signata. Walker., loc. cit.., p. 54.

Nertobriga signata, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 74 (1900).

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 2nd July, 1901.

‘ On wall of house ; late afternoon.’

Maetamene, H amp son., MS. ined.

89. Maetamene atrig^utta

Lyclene atrigutta. Walker., J ourn. Linn. Soc. London., vi, p. 116 (1862).

Selangor.

SARROTHRIPIDAE
Gadirtha, Walker^ylm, 1102 (1857).

90. Gadirtha inexacta

Gadirtha inexacta. Walker., xlii, 1102.

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 15th July, 1901.

I 9* Biserat, Jalor. 22nd October, 1901.

‘ Both at light.’

Aq uis, Walker, xv, 1652 (1858).

91. Aquis viridisquama

Aquis viridisquama. Walker, xv, 1652.

Aquis viridisquama, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 82 (1900).

Selangor.

74

FASCICULI MALAY RUSES

Hyblaea, Fabr,^ Ent, Syst. iii (2), p. 127 (1794).

92. Hyblaea firmatnentum

Hyblaea firmamentum, Guen., Noct, ii, p. 392, 1253 (1852).

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 19th October, 1901.

‘ On flowering shrub, with many other insects.’

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 20th October, 1901.

The first has no spots on the hind wings above, but I have a similar
example from Assam.

‘ This moth is common in the day-time on the banks of the stream that
separates Jalor from Rhaman, at Tanjang Luar. Here it rests on the gravel,
the small pools in which are also visited by enormous numbers of butterflies.
When the wings are folded it closely resembles a small, damp pebble, owing
to the peculiar way in which the fore wings are arched when at rest, and to
their shining, brown surface ; but, when approached, it betrays itself by
suddenly flying for a short distance in a very circuitous and jerky manner.’

EUTELIIDAE

Anug:a, Guen.^ Noct. ii, p. 307 (1852).

93. Anug^a constricta

Anuga constricta, Guen.y loc. cit.^ p. 308, 1116.

I ^ . Bidor, South Perak. 19th February, 1902. (At light).

I 9. Sungkei, South Perak. 6th January, 1902. (At light).

Targ^alla, Walker., xiii, 1007 (1857).

94. Targ^alla delatrix

Penicillaria delatrix, Guen.^ Noct. ii, p. 304, 1112 (1852).

I $ , Bidor, South Perak. loth February, 1902. (At light).

STICTOPTERIDAE
Gyrtona, Walker., xxvii, 89 (1863).

95. Gyrtona conglobalis

Gyrtona conglobalis. Walker, xxvii, 92 (1863).

Selangor.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

75

96. Gyrtona hylusalis

Gyrtona hylusalis, Walker^ xxvii, 93 (1863).

Gyrtona hylusalis, Hampson^ Moths India ii, p. 405 (1894).

Selangor.

Stictoptera, Guen.^ Noct. iii, p. 51 (1852).

97. Stictoptera huma, nov.

9 . Palpi ochreous, last joint brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen dark
brown, thorax with pale pink markings ; ground colour of fore wings pinkish
white ; some pale points on costa, a brown spot on costa near base, a brown,
straight, and somewhat diffused band at one third ; the outer third of the wing
dark brown, with three lunular whitish lines on it, with dark brown outer edges ;
hind wings white, with a costal dark brown border, and a very broad border
on the outer margin, veins also dark brown. Expanse of wings, L inch.

Biscrat, Jalor. loth July, 1901. (At light).

GONOPTERIDAE

Cosmophila, Boisd,^ Faun. Ent. Madag.^ p. 94 (1833).

98. Cosmophila xanthindyma

Cosmophila xanthindyma, Boisd.^ loc. cit.^ pi. 13, fig. 7.

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 4th July, 1901. (At light).

Carea, Walker^ x, 474 (1856).

99. Carea robinsoni, nov.

9 . Palpi above, head, thorax, and fore wings dark bright pink red ; palpi
beneath and some spots behind the head white ; fore wings with a white mark,
composed of two or three dots at the end of the cell, three transverse bands
formed by three clusters of white specks, and with a thick and prominent
band of these specks near the outer margin ; cilia with white spots, and towards
hinder angle with white tips ; hind wings white, the principal veins pink, and
a pink patch at the apex ; the colour runs down the outer margin and inwards
on some of the veins ; a pink interline in the white cilia ; abdomen pink
above, with white segmental lines, white tip, sides, and underside. Expanse
of wings, inches.

Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary. 2,700 feet. May, 1902.

76

FASCICULI MALATENSES

QUADRIFIDAE

Patula, Guen.^ Noct. iii, p. 176 (1852).

100. Patula macrops

Phalaena-attacus macrops, Linn., SysL Nat. (12) iii, p. 225 (1769).

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 31st August, 1901.

1$. Mabek, Jalor. 25 th July," 1901.

‘ This species is not uncommon in thick jungle in the Patani States, and
is frequently disturbed as one forces one’s way through undergrowth. It
rests in dark places, with its wings spread out flat, and is most inconspicuous.
One specimen was captured on the wing at night.’

Arg^iva, Huhner, Verz. Schmett., p. 272 (1818).

101. Argiva hieroglyphica

Phalaena-noctua hieroglyphica, Drury, Ins. Exot. ii, p. 3, pi. 2, fig. i (1773).

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 3rd July, 1901.

‘ Resting among long grass at edge of jungle ; afternoon.’

I $ . Mabek, Jalor. 22nd July, 1901.

‘ Dull morning ; among low bushes in open ground.’

102. Arg^iva caprimulgus

Noctua caprimulgus, Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, p. 210, 6 (1789).

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 6th May, 1901.

‘ On roof of hut ; night.’

Ag^onista, Rogenhof Feld. Reise. Nov.Lep., pi. 113, fig. 5, and explanation
of plate (1869).

103. Ag^onista ciliata

Lygniodes ciliata, Moore, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 69.

Agonista ciliata, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 118 (1900).

3 $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 2nd May, 1901.

‘ Flew into hut at night.’

Ericeia, Walker, xiii, 1089 (1857).

104. Ericeia eriophora

Hulodes eriophora, Guen., Noct. iii, p. 210, 1611 (1852).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

11

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 4th July, 1901. (At light).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 1st July, 1901. (At light).

Two very small examples, but otherwise quite typical.

105. Ericeia fraterna

Girpa fraterna, Moore ^ Lep, Ceylon iii, p. 94, pi. 156, figs. 5, 5a (1885).

I Biserat, Jalor. 30th June, 1901.

‘ In room of house ; mid-day.’

2$. Biserat, Jalor. loth July, 1901. (At light).

This species can easily be distinguished by the round lobe on the hinder
margin of the fore wings.

Panilla, Moore^ Lep, Ceylon iii, p. 93, (1885).

106. Panilla dispila

Homoptera dispila. Walker^ xxxiii, 890 (1865).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 13th July, 1901. (At light).

Aedia, Huhner^ Veyz, Schmett,^ p. 260, (1818).

Anophia, Guen.^ Ann, Soc, Ent. Fr,x^ p. 81 (1841).

107. Aedia acronyctoides

Anophia acronyctoides, Guen,^ Noct, iii, p. 47, 1378 (1852).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 8th July, 1901.

‘ At sunset ; resting, with wings partially expanded, on trunk of an
Areca palm, with the bark of which it harmonized exactly.

Lacera, Guen.^ Noct, iii, p. 336 (1852).

108. Lacera alope

Phalaena-noctua alope, Cram.^ Pap, Exot, iii, pi. 286, figs. E, F (1782).

3 $ . Biserat, Jalor. 29th June and 3rd July, 1901. (At light).

Achaea, Hubner, Verz, Schmett,^ p. 269 (1818).

109. Achaea melicerte

Phalaena-noctua melicerte, Drury^ 111, Exot, Ins, i, p. 46, pi. 23, fig. i (1770).

I^. Patanl. 23rd June, 1901.

‘ Resting on under surface of tiles of roof in town ; late afternoon.’

y8 FASCICULI MALATENSES

Ophiusa, Ochs.^ Eur. Schmett. iv, p. 93 (1816).

110. Ophiusa arcuata

Ophiusa arcuata, Moore^ P.Z.S. 1877, p. 609.

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

Selangor.

111. Ophiusa onelia

Naxa onelia, Guen.^ Noct. ill, p. 258, 1679 (1852).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

Thyas, Huhner^ Sammel. Exot, Schmett. ii, p. 4 (1806).

112. Thyas honesta

Thyas honesta, Huhner^ loc. cit.y fig. i.

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 13th May, 1901.

‘ Sitting on jungle floor ; late afternoon. Hind wings and body con-
cealed beneath fore wings.’

113. Thyas dotata

Noctua dotata, Fahr. Ent. Syst. iii (2), p. 55, 153 (1794).

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 28th June, 1901. (At light).

Anereuthina, Huhner^ Zutr. ii, p. 21, No. 163 (1823).

114. Anereuthina lilach

Hypaetra lilach, Guen.^ Noct. iii, p. 260, 1688 (1852).

Anereuthina lilach, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 148 (1900).

Hypaetra ocularia, Swinhoe^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London^ 1890, p. 246, pi. 8, fig. 4.

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 29th June, 1901. (At light).

Bocula, Guen., Noct. iii, p. 295 (1852).

Borsippa, JValker^ xv, 1756 (1858).

115. Bocula hypenoides

Cosmia hypenoides, Moore, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 354, pi. 38, fig. 19.

Biserat, Jalor. 28th June, 1901. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

79

Remig^ia, Guen., Noct. iii, p. 312 (1852).

116. Remigia -frugalis

Noctua frugalis, Fahr.^ Syst. Ent. iii, 2, p. 138, vi, p. 601 (1775).

I Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 13th February, 1902. (At light).

Platyja, Hubner^ Verz. Schmetl.^ p. 268 (1818).

117. Platyja sada, nov.

9 . Of a uniform dark olive brown ; fore wings with an erect line of

white points at one-third, another a little beyond, not reaching costa, and a

third just beyond the middle from a white costal spot curving outwards, and

ending in the middle of the wing ; four or five white points on the costa

before the apex ; an indistinct, sinuous row or line of white dots in the

disc of both wings, more apparent on the hind wings ; a row of white dots

pointed with black, close to the margin of both wings ; marginal line pale ;

under side pale brown, with two transverse sinuous brown lines, discal on

fore wings, medial on hind, and rather close together ; fore wings with a

distinct angle in the centre of the outer margin. Expanse of wings,

I - inches.

10

Semangko Pass, Selangor- Pahang boundary. 2,700 feet. May, 1902

Amphigfonia, Guen,^ Noct, iii, p. 337 (1852).

118. Amphigonia hepatizans

Amphigonia hepatizans, Guen.^ loc. cit.^ p. 338, pi. 24, fig. 12.

Biserat, Jalor. 30th June, 1901. (At light).

Ophideres, Boisd.^ Faun, Ent, Madag, Lep,^ p. 99 (1834).

119. Ophideres -fullonica

Phalaena-noctua fullonica, Linn,,, Syst, Nat, ii, p. 812, 16 (1759).

2 9* Biserat, Jalor. 29th June, 1901, and 6th July, 1901.

‘ One specimen at light, in house ; one flew into house at mid-day, and
rested on wall.’

120. Ophideres discrepans

Ophideres discrepans. Walker, xiii, 1227 (1857).

L

9 . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. (At light, in hut).
9. Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902.

1 3/8/0 j

8o

FASCICULI MALATENSES

121. Ophideres salaminia

Phalaena-noctua salaminia, Cram.^ Pap, Exot. ii, pi. 174, fig. A (1779).
4$ . Biserat, Jalor. 27th June and 8th July, 1901. (At light).

Arsacia, lEalker, xxxiv, 1259 (1865).

122. Arsacia satu rails

Arsacia saturalis, FEalker^ xxxiv, 1260

I $ . Jambu, Jhering. 5th June, 1901.

‘ Flying among bushes ; evening.’

Plusia, Ochs.^ Schmett. Eur. iv, p. 89 (1816).

123. Plusia agramma

Plusia agramma, Guen.^ Noct, ii, p. 327, 1136 (1852).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 13th July, 1901. (At light).

TinoliuSi Walker,, iii, 621 (1855).

124. Tinolius quadrimaculatus

Tinolius quadrimaculatus, Walker,, xxxi, 281 (1864).

Tinolius zinga, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1890, p. 185, pi. 6, fig.

I $. Biserat, Jalor. iith July, 1901. (At light).

FOCILLIDAE

Boethantha, Walker, xxxiii, 982 (1865).

Seneratia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 202 (1885).

125. Boethantha praecipua

Thermesia praecipua. Walker, xxxiii, p. 1056.

Boethantha praecipua, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon, ii, p. 186 (1900).

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak, iith February, 1902. (At light).

I $. Sungkei, South Perak, iith February, 1902. (At light).

Eg^nasia, Walker, xvi, p. 216 (1858).

126. Egnasia sinuosa

Egnasia sinuosa, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 184 (1882).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 29th June, 1901. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

8i

Zethes, Ramb.^ Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.y 1833, p. 29.

127. Zethes shivula

Marmorinia shivula, Guen.^ Noct. iii, p. 372 (1852).

Biserat, Jalor. 28th June, 1901. (At light).

128. Zethes loria, nov.

$ . Pinkish grey ; palpi, head, and thorax brown pink ; abdomen with
first segment brown, the others with brown pink bands above, containing
pale dots ; fore wings with a sub-basal brown pink band, limited on each side
by a brown sinuous line, the base itself smeared with white ; one black dot in
the cell, two at end, linear ; in the hind wings the mark is lunular ; a thin
sinuous grey medial line across both wings ; a discal duplex line with a whitish
centre, bent inwards on to the costa on the fore wings ; a submarginal sinuous
line ; a black marginal line with black submarginal points ; the outer third of
both wings suffused with brown pink, and on the fore wing a white lunular
subapical patch, edged with brown ; on the hind wings a large round black
spot near the anal angle. Expanse of wings, lA inches.

Biserat, Jalor. 26th June, 1901. (One example). (At light).

Somewhat resembles Z.plumipes.^ Hampson, but the white subapical mark
in that species is excavated and toothed outwards and straight on its inner
side.

129. Zethes capatra, nov.

^ . Dull ochreous ; palpi with brown bands ; head brown ; wings
irrorated with very minute brown atoms ; a very broad brown band from
abdominal margin, occupying the basal half of the hind wings, all but the
extreme base, extending up the middle of the fore wings to the cell, where it
joins a large similarly coloured patch, occupying the apical half, with the
exception of the costal and outer margins ; a similar coloured patch on the
upper half of the outer margin of hind wings ; the patches are limited by
brown sinuous lines, and there is also a submarginal sinuous line ; a black
dot at end of cell of fore wings, two on hind wings, and black marginal dots
on both wings. Expanse of wings, lA inches.

Sungkei, South Perak, nth February, 1902. (At light).

Capnodes, Guen.^ Noct. iii, p. 374 (1852).

130. Capnodes finipalpis

Thermesia finipalpis. Walker^ xv, 1574 (1858).

82

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

19. Biserat, Jalor. I 5th July, 1901.

‘ Resting in open, on upper surface of leaf of shrub ; dusk.’

131. Capnodes badia, nov.

? . Of a uniform creamy-grey colour ; last joint of palpi white, with a
brown band towards its tip ; fore wings with the costal line whitish with black
spots ; a brown lunule at end of cell ; antemedial, postmedial, and discal
very indistinct, sinuous grey lines, the last the most distinct, with two or
three black points ; a large, nearly round red spot, formed of red and yellow
lines on the lower disc ; hind wings slightly suffused with brown, and with
indications of two diffuse brown discal bands ; both wings with black dots close
to the margin, and black dots in the white cilia ; abdomen suffused with
brown. Expanse of wings, inches.

Selangor.

Avitta, JValker.yLY^ 1674 (1858).

132. Avitta subsig^nans

Avitta subsignans. Walker^ xv, 1675.

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

DELTOIDIDAE

Simplicia, Guen., Delt, et. Pyral.^ p. 51 (1854).

133. Simplicia schaldusalis

Bocana schaldusalis. Walker^ xvi, 180 (1858).

Simplicia schaldusalis, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 197 (1900).

I 9 • Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet.

‘ On upper surface of leaf in jungle ; morning.’

Adrapsa, Walker^ xvi, 169 (1858).

134. Adrapsa titysusalis

Bocana titysusalis. Walker., xvi, 183.

Adrapsa titysusalis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, App., p. 593, pi. 4,
fig. 19 (1900).

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak. 9th February, 1902. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

83

Oxaenanus, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 201 (1900).

135. Oxaenanus longipalpis, nov.

$ . Ochreous grey, irrorated with brown atoms ; fore wings with four
blackish spots on the costa at equal distances apart, a black dot in the cell and
a black lunule at its end, three transverse very sinuous brown lines, ante-
medial, discal, and submarginal, the last outwardly whitish edged, and marked
with black on its upper half, with a blackish spot on the middle of the outer
margin ; hind wings with the central space whitish and unmarked, a black
lunule at end of cell, a broad black antemedial band, two other lines corres-
ponding to those on fore wings, and a small blackish sulfused space near anal
angle ; the palpi are of immense length. Expanse of wings, i inch. Length of
palpi, ^inch.

Selangor.

Pseudag^lossa, Grote^ Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. ii, p. 47 (1874).

136. Pseudaglossa quadrinotata

Hypogramma quadrinotata, tValker^ xxxiii, 893 (1865).

Pseudaglossa quadrinotata, Hampson, Moths India iii, p. 40 (1895).

I 9* Biserat, Jalor. 20th October, 1902.

‘ Flying in small cavern at base of limestone cliff ; morning.’

Hydrillodes, Guen.^ Belt, et Pyral.^ p. 65 (1854).

137. Hydrillodes lentalis

Hydrillodes lentalis, Guen.., loc. cit.^ p. 66, pi. 5, fig. 3.

I . Sungkei, South Perak. 9th February, 1902. (At light).

Bertula, Walker., xvi, 162 (1858).

138. Bertula abjudicalis

Bertula abjudicalis. Walker., xvi, 163.

I $ . Bidor, South Perak. i8th January, 1902. (At light).

Echana, Walker., xvi, 195 (1858).

139. Echana plicalis

Echana plicalis, Moore., P.Z.S. 1867, p. 86, pi. 7, fig. 7.

$ . Biserat, Jalor. (At light).

84 FASCICULI MALATENSES

Zanclogrnatha, Led,^ Noct,^ p. 21 1 (1857).

140. Zanclognatha albapex

Nodaria albapex, Hampson, Moths India iii, p. 59 (1895).

2^. Sungkei, South Perak. 9th February, 1902.

Progfonia, Hampson^ Moths India iv, App.^ p. 538, (1896).

141. Progonia oileusalis

Herminia oileusalis, Walker^ xvi, 116, (1858).

Progonia oileusalis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 197 (1900).

1$. BIserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

HYPENIDAE

Talapa, Moore, F.Z.S. 1867, p. 82.

142. Talapa transvitta

Hingula transvitta, Moore, Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 551, pi. 215, fig. i (1887).
I $. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 24th August, 1901.
‘Flying in jungle, and settling on ground ; late afternoon.’

Marapana, Moore, Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 227 (1885).

143. Marapana pulverata

Sanys pulverata, Guen., Noct. iii, p. 351, 1822 (1852).

I $ . Bidor, South Perak. 20th February, 1902. (At light).

Hypenaj Schrank, Faun. Boica ii (2), p. 163 (1802).

144. Hypena cam ptogram mails

Hypena camptogrammalis, Hanipson^ MS. ined.

. Biserat, Jalor. 15th July, 1901. (At light).

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 2nd July, 1901.

‘ In sweep-net from sedges ; forenoon.’

Bomolocha, Hubner., Verz. Schmett.., p. 343 (1818).

145. Bomolocha laesalis

Hypena laesalis. Walker, xvi, 62 (1858).

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 29th June and ist July, 1901. (At light).

FASCICULI MAL AT FUSES

85

Luceria, Walker^ xix, 853 (1859).

146. Luceria opiliusalis

Luceria opiliusalis, Walker^ xix, 853.

Luceria opiliusalis, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. JVLus. Oxon. ii, p. 853 (1900).

Rhynchina pallida, Hampson, 111. Het. B.M. viii, p. 92, pi. 147, fig. 5 (1891).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 1 3th July, 1901 . (At light).

PSEUDO GEOMETRINA

EPIPLEMIDAE

Epiplema, Herr.-Schaff. Samml.^ aussereur. Schmett. p. 26 (1850).

147. Epiplema conflictaria

Erosia conflictaria. Walker.^ xxiii, 851 (1861).

Epiplema conflictaria, Swinhoe^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London., 1902, p. 594.

2 ^ . Jambu Jhering. 6th and 7th July, 1901.

‘ Lying flat on leaves, with inner margin of hind wings covering body.’

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 6th July, 1901. (At light).

148. Epiplema clathrata

Epiplema clathrata, Warren., JSov. Zool. iii, p. 347 (1896).

I. Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902. (At light).

Dirades, Walker.^ xxxv, 1650 (1866).

149. Dirades conifera

Dirades conifera, Moore^ Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 399, pi. 186, fig. 8 (1887).

2 ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 30th June, 1901, and ist July, 1901. (At light).

Hitherto only recorded from Ceylon. 1 have it in my collection from
Port Blair, Andaman Islands.

150. Dirades mutans

Erosia mutans, Butler., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, p. 434 (1887).

Dirades mutans, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. London^ 1902, p. 597.

2. Biserat, Jalor. 28th June, 1901, and 2nd July, 1901. (At light).

I. ?

86

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Gathynia, Walker^ xxvi, 1639 (1862).

151. Gathynia miraria

Gathynia miraria, Walker^ xxvi, 1639.

I. Biserat, Jalor. 30th June, 1901. (At light).

MICRONIIDAE

‘ The larger representatives of this family show a remarkable resemblance,
most probably adaptive, to butterflies of the genus Cyrestis^ though the latter
have yellow markings on their wings, as well as the blackish pencillings
characteristic of both ; in both, these pencillings are displayed on pale wings
of a peculiarly angular outline and of relatively great extent, and in both
there is a tendency towards the development of “ tails ” to the hind wings,
with black eyes ” at their point of origin. Both the moths and the butter-
flies in this association have the habit of resting on leaves, with the wings
spread out flat in the same plane as the body ; but while the butterflies choose
the lower surface of the leaves, the Microniidae prefer the upper surface. In
this position the moths have a vague and general resemblance to a particularly
fluid bird’s drooping ; but, judging from the number of occasions on which
I have seen their wings lying scattered on the jungle floor, they are very
liable to be eaten by birds, reptiles, or small mammals. Cyrestis periander
(Fabr.) is common among the low undergrowth, which consists largely of a
prickly, holly-like shrub, at the base of the limestone cliffs round Biserat and
Kampong Jalor, and the Microniidae are often found in the same environ-
ment. Some of them are attracted to light at night.’

Strophidia, Hubner, Verz. Schmett.^ p. 290 (1818).

152. Strophidia fasciata

Phalaena-Geometra fasciata, Cram.^ Pap. Exot. ii, p. 12, pi. 104, fig. D (1779).
I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 7th June, 1901. (At light).

Acropteris, Huhner., Geyer^ Zutrage iv, p. 38 (1832).

153. Acropteris striataria

Phalaena-Geometra striataria, Clerck^ leones^ pi. 55, fig. 4 (1759)-

I 9. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 30th April, 1901.

‘ On jungle path ; daytime.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

87

154. Acropteris ciniferaria

Micronia ciniferaria, Walker^ xxxv, 1642 (1866).

Acropteris ciniferaria, Swinhoe^ Cat, Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 226 (1900).
I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 7th July, 1901.

‘ On leaf in jungle, with wings spread flat.’

155. Acropteris iphiata

Micronia iphiata, Guen,^ Phal. ii, p. 29, 932 (1857).

I $ . Mabek, Jalor. 25 th July, 1901.

‘With wings flat, on leaf in jungle ; mid-day.’

156. Acropteris vagata

Micronia vagata, Moore,, P.Z.S. 1877, p. 622, pi. 60, fig. 18.

Biserat, Jalor. 24th October, 1901.

‘ Resting, with wings flat, on leaf.

Micronia, Guen., Phal, ii, p. 22 (1857).

157. Micronia aculeata

Micronia aculeata, Guen.,, loc, cit,, pi. 13, fig. 8 $.

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 1st November, 1901.

I $. Mabek, Jalor. 2nd July, 1901.

‘ Resting, with wings flat, on leaf ; morning.’

GEOMETRINA

BOARMIIDAE

Xeropteryx, Butler, Joum, Linn, Soc, London, xvii, p. 203 (1883).

158. Xeropteryx simplicior

Xeropteryx simplicior, Butler, loc, cit,, p. 204.

i $ . (At light).

Ourapteryx, Leach, Zool. Misc,, p. 79 (1814).

M

13/8/05

88

FASCICULI MALATENSES

159. Ourapteryz podaliriata

Urapteryxjpodaliriata,? Phal. i, p. 32 (1857).

Ourapteryx podaliriata, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 229 (1900)

I S . Bayu, Jalor. 9th July, 1901.

‘ Flying, at 9 a.m., in thick plantation, and settling on under surface of
leaf.’— H.C.R.

‘ Both this species and a preceding one resemble the Microniidae in
the form and markings of their wings, but the pencillings are somewhat paler,
and the size of the moths is considerably greater. Probably they resemble
them also in habits.’

Leucetaera, Warren^ Nov. Zool. i, p. 405 (1894).

160. Leucetaera inamata

Acidalia inamata. Walker., xxii, 755 (1861).

19. Biserat, Jalor. 3rd July, 1901.

‘ Resting on twig of bush in jungle, with wings depressed and abdomen
raised in the air.’

Lomogrrapha, Huhner^ Verz. Schmett. p. 31 1 (1818).

161. Lomog^rapha quadrilineata

Heterostegane quadrilineata, Warren., Nov. Zool. i, p. 406 (1894).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 2nd July, 1902.

‘ Resting on wall of house ; late afternoon.’

Cory mica, Walker., xx, 231 (i860).

162. Corymica vitrig^era

Corymica vitrigera, Butler, III. Het. B.M. vii, p. loi, pi. 135, fig. 14 (1889).

I $ . Buldt Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet.

‘ Flying in jungle ; daytime.’

163. Corymica deducta

Caprilia^deducta, Walker, xxxv, 1569 (1866).

Corymica caustolomaria, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 231 (1888).

Corymica gensanaria. Leech, Entom. SuppL, p. 56 (1896).

19. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 5th September, 1901.

‘ Resting among long grass ; early morning.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

89

Nearest the form gensanaria^ with the wings irrorated with chestnut red ;
but, except as to the shades of colouring, all these forms are identical, and I
think C. ame'aria\2iX. hrunnea^ Warren, Nov. Zool. iii, p. 144 (1896), from
the Khasia Hills, belongs to this species ; I have in my collection some
specimens from the Khasia Hills identical with deducta., Walker, and causto-
lomaria^ Moore, and some more or less irrorated with chestnut red.

Hypochrosis, Guen.^ Phal. ii, p. 536 (1857).

164. Hypochrosis sternaria

Hypochrosis sternaria, Guen.^ loc. cit.^ p. 537, 1775.

I $ . Bukit Jalor, Jalor ; circa 300 feet. 29th October, 1901.

‘ Resting among dead leaves in jungle ; closely resembling environment.

165. Hypochrosis lycoraria

Hypochrosis lycoraria, Guen.^ Phal. ii, p. 538, 1778 (1857).

Selangor.

Achrosis, Guen.., Phal. ii, p. 539 (1857).

166. Achrosis pyrrhularia

Achrosis pyrrhularia, Guen.., loc. cit.

I ^ , I 9 • Biserat, Jalor. 3rd and 8th July, 1901.

‘ Resting, with wings spread flat, on leaves of shrubs in jungle.

Hyposidra, Guen., Phal. ii, p. 150 (1857).

167. Hyposidra talaca

Lagyra talaca. Walker., xx, 59,? (i860).

Chizala deceptatura. Walker, xx, 264, d.

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. i 3th July, 1901. (At light).

Hyperythra, Guen., Phal. i, p. 99 (1857).

168. Hyperythra lutea

Phalaena-Geometra lutea, Cram.., Pap. Exot. iv, pi. 370, fig. C, D (1782).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. 20th October, 1901.

‘ Flying among undergrowth in plantation ; sunset.’

I $ . Sungkei, South Perak, nth February, 1902. (At light).

90

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Fascellina, Walker^ xx, 215 (i860).

169. Fascellina chromataria

Fascellina chromataria, Walker^ xx, 215,?.

Geometra usta, Walker^ xxxv, 1602,^ (1866).

Biserat, Jalor. 12th July, 1901. (At light).

Luxiaria, Walker^ xx, 231 (i860).

170. Luxaria exclusa

Hemerophila exclusa. Walker^ xxi, 320 (i860).

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 2nd July, 1901.

‘ Resting, with wings spread flat, on leaf ; late afternoon.’

Gyadroma, Swinhoe^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London^ 1894, p. 220.

171. Gyadroma testacearia

Ennomos testacearia, Moore^ P.Z.S. 1867, p. 623.

Gyadroma testacearia, Swinhoe, loc. cit.

Selangor.

Elphos, Guen. Phal. i, p. 285 (1857).

172. Elphos albifascia

Elphos albifascia, Warren^ Nov. Zool. i, p. 430 (1894).

\$. Biserat, Jalor. 3rd July, 1901. (In jungle).

I $ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,100 feet. 8th May, 1901.

‘ Flying in jungle ; settling on a tree-trunk with wings spread flat, it be-
came practically invisible, despite its large size.’

Ectropis, Hiibner^ Verz. Schmett.^ p. 299 (1818).

173. Ectropis recticomata, nov.

$ . Uniform dull ochreous grey ; shaft of antennae and top of head
whitish ; antennae bipectinate, branches grey ; abdomen with two tufts ; fore-
wings with fovea ; costa with four brown marks, being the commencement of
four transverse, indistinct, greenish-grey bands, sub-basal, antemedial, medial,
and discal, at equal distances apart ; continuations of the second and fourth

FASCICULI MALATENSES

91

only apparent on hind wings ; a submarginal still more indistinct band ; the
outer margins grey, crenulate, and with fine brown points on the veins ; under-
side whitish, with very broad marginal blackish bands, the extreme margin
whitish. Expanse of wings, i inch.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. (One example). (At light, in hut).

Boarmia, Tm/., Schmett. Eur. V. ii, p. 433 (1825).

174. Boarmia trispinaria

Boarmia trispinaria. Walker^ xxiii, 378 (i860).

I ^ . Biserat, Jalor. 6th July, 1901.

‘On tree-trunk in jungle ; afternoon.’

175. Boarmia lioptilaria, nov.

$. Uniform dark grey, with an ochreous tinge, densely irrorated
with brown atoms ; shaft of antennae luteous, pectinations for three-fourths
length blackish in colour ; a brown ringlet at end of each cell, larger on the
hind wings in both sexes ; fore wings crossed by four sinuous, semidentate
brown lines, antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal, the second
and third inclining towards each other hindwards ; hind wings crossed by
three similar lines, two in the middle, rather close together, and the third
discal, somewhat near the margin ; black marginal lunules on both wings.
Expanse of wings, inches.

Selangor $ type.

Penang $ B.M. collection.

It has a great resemblance to B. ratotaria^ Swinhoe, from Assam.

ORTHOSTIXIDAE

Eumelea, FFestw. Duncan s Nat, Hist, Libr, xxxii, Exot. Moths^ P* 215 (i 841).

176. Eumelea rosalia

Phalaena-Geometra rosalia. Cram,,, Pap, Exot, iv, p. 152, pi. 368, fig. F (1782).

4$. Biserat, Jalor. 21st May — 26th July, 1901.

I 9. Mabck, Jalor. 27th July, 1901.

I $ . Telom, Perak-Pahang Border. 4,000 feet. 24th January, 1902.

‘ Common among low undergrowth in the jungle, especially at the base
of limestone cliffs, near Biserat.’

92

FASCICULI MALATENSES

177. Eumelea aureliata

Eumelea aureliata, Guen., Phal. i, p. 394, pi. 22, fig. 6 (1857).

I 9- Biserat, Jalor. 8th July, 1901.

I 9 • Mabek, Jalor.

‘ The specimens were taken resting under leaves, in low undergrowth,
with the abdomen hanging downwards, the ventral surface of the wings being
pressed against the lower surface of the leaves. When disturbed on the wing
both E. rosalia and E. aureliata settle and take up this attitude.

Celerena, Walker^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3) i, p. .72, (1862).

178. Celerena siamica

Celerena siamica, Swinhoe^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ined.

2 $ , 29* Biserat, Jalor. 4th and 7th July, 1901.

2 9 • Mabek, Jalor. 23rd and 28th July, 1901.

I. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 1,000. 7th September, 1901.

" Common among undergrowth in jungle, especially at Mabek ; flight
very strong and sustained, resembling that of many butterflies.’

Rambara, Moore., Lep. Ceylon m, p. 458 (1887).

179. Rambara lumenaria

Arrhostia lumenaria, Huhner., Geyer Zutr. iv, p. 35, fig. 757, 758 (1832).

2 9 • Biserat, Jalor. 3rd and 7th July, 1901.

‘ At light, and flying in secondary jungle in the afternoon.’

180. Rambara saponaria

Zanclopteryx saponaria, Guen.^ Phal. ii, p. 16, 915 (1857).

i^. Biserat, Jalor. 5th July, 1901. (At light). .

Ozola, Walker, xxiv, 1080 (1861).

181. Ozola macariata

Zarmigethusa macariata. Walker, xxvi, 1637 (1862).

Ozola macariata, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 645.

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 14th July, 1901. (At light).

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

93

LARENTIIDAE

Collix, Guen.^ Phal. ii, p. 357 (1857).

182. Collix icteraria, nov.

? Brown, with a pinkish tinge ; abdomen, with whitish segmental lines ;
transverse lines on forewings white, edged with black and brown, outwardly
curved ; first sub-basal, second and third close together, one-third from base ;
fourth discal ; a black patch or suffusion inside it, towards costa ; a similar
patch outside the third line ; a sub-apical patch, and one a little above the
middle near outer margin ; many whitish semidentate transverse lines very
indistinct, and the whole of the hind wings covered with similar lines a little
more distinct ; marginal line and cilia ochreous ; underside whitish, markings
very prominent ; a black spot at end of each cell, a black dentated band across
middle of both wings, some paler grey bands on the inner portions, and a
broad discal band ; no longitudinal streaks. Expanse of wings, inches.

Selangor.

STERRHIDAE

Craspedia, Huhner^ Verz. Schmett.^ p. 312 (1818).

183. Craspedia nesciaria

Acidalia nesciaria. Walker^ xxii, 750 (1861).

I Sungkei, South Perak, iith February, 1902. (At light).

1$. Biserat, Jalor. i 5th July, 1901. (At light).

Selangor. May, 1902.

184. Craspedia aspilataria

Acidalia aspilataria, IValker^ xxiii, 791 (1861).

Acidlia aspilataria, Hampson^ Moths India iii, p. 432 (1895).

Selangor.

Lycaug^es, Butler^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv, p. 373 (1879).

185. Lycaug^es anaitisaria

Acidalia (.^) anaitisaria. Walker.^ xxiii, 795 (1861).

^ 1$. Mabck, Jalor. 23rd July, 1901.

‘ Resting on leaf in jungle ; mid-day.*

94

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Chrysoc rasped a, Hampson, Moths Ind, iii, p. 443 (1895).

186. Chrysoc rasped a ru bricata, nov.

$ . The ground colour pale primrose, nearly the entire surface of the
fore wings streaked and irrorated with rufous, leaving a primrose small space
near the base and a larger one outside the upper end of the cell ; a brown
short line at the end of the cell, and indications on the hind margin of interior,
central, and discal transverse lines ; the hind wings are pale primrose coloured,
with thin rufous bands and some basal rufous marks ; an ante-medial straight
band, a discal duplex, outwardly curved band, with a streak curving down
between them from the costa, where they join ; both wings angled in the
middle, and with rufous marginal thin bands. Expanse of wings, i inch.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,000 feet.

‘ On dead banana leaves in stream ; morning.’

Somatina, Guen,^ PhaL ii, p. lo, (1857).

187. Somatina anthophilata

Somatina anthophilata, Guen.^ loc. cit.^ p. ii, pi. 18, fig. 2.

I?.

‘ Resting on leaf ; early morning.’

Nobilia, Walker^ xxiv, 1098 (1862).

188. Nobilia turbata

Nobilia turbata. Walker^ xxiv, 1098.

I ^ . Sungkei, South Perak. loth February, 1902. (At light).

GEOMETRIDAE

Dysphania, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 175 (1818).

189. Dysphania militaris

Phalaena militaris, Linn,^ Mus. Lud. Ulr.^ P* 375 (i7^4)*

Dysphania militaris, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 379 (1900).
Euschema abrupta. Walker., Trans. Ent. Soc. London^ 1859, p. 70.

2 $ . Jor, South Perak. Circa 2,000 feet. i6th January, 1902.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

95

190. Dysphania malayaria

Hazis malayaria, Guen,^ Uran. et Phal. ii, p. 189 (1857).

I $ . Mata Rusa, near Biscrat, Jalor. 7th August, 1901.

‘ In undergrowth ; early morning.’

191. Dysphania aurilimbata

Euschema aurilimbata, Moore^ P.Z.S. 1878, p. 846.

Dysphania supergressa, Warren^Nov. Zool. ii, p. 87 (1895).

1 9* Bukit Jalor, Jalor. 28th June, 1901.

‘ On wing in bright sunshine ; early afternoon.’

192. Dysphania subrepleta

Euschema subrepleta, Walker^ ii, 406 (1854).

Hazis bellonaria, Guen.^ Phal. ii, p. 193, pi. 18, fig. i (1857).

Euschema sodalis, Moore^ Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Iv. (2), p. 99 (1886).

2^. Jor, South Perak. Circa 2,000 feet. i6th January, 1902.

‘ These specimens were taken, together with those representing
D. militarise in the early morning, resting on a rock in the stream and
evidently half paralysed with cold.’

Pseudoterpna, HubneVe Verz. Schmett.^ p. 248 (1818).

193. Pseudoterpna chlora

Phalaena chlora, Cram.^ Pap. Exot. iv, p. 233, pi. 398, fig. C (1782).

I $ . Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 15th February, 1902.

Ornithospila, FEarren^ Nov. Zool. i, p. 386 (1894).

194. Ornithospila avicularia

Geometra avicularia, Guen.^ Phal. i, p. 342, 526 (1857).

2 9 • Biserat, Jalor. 2nd to 4th July, 1901.

‘ Flying in jungle after rain ; afternoon.’

THYRIDIDAE

Strig^lina, Gucn.^ Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) vii, p. 283 (1877).

N

1J/8/0J

96

FASCICULI MaLATENSES

195. Strig^lina decussata

Sonagara decussata, Moore^ P.Z.S. 1883, p. 27, pi. 6, fig. 8.

i^. Sungkei, South Perak. loth February, 1902. (At light).

Selangor.

Rhodoneura, Guen.^ Sp. Gen. Lep. Phal. ii, pi. i, fig. 8, (1857).

196. Rhodoneura marmorealis

Rhodoneura marmorealis, Moore^ P.Z.S. 1877, p. 617.

I $ . Biserat, Jalor. 4th July, 1901. (In jungle).

197. Rhodoneura capotona, nov.

$ . Ground colour ochreous grey, striated, and marked with chestnut
brown ; a band behind the head ; fore wings with whitish patches on the ^
costa, and many transverse pale chestnut bands ; both wings with a broad
dark-brown band from abdominal margin above the anal angle to near the
costa of forewings, one-third from apex ; this band is nearly straight, and
fairly uniform in breadth, except that in nearing the costa it terminates in a
large round patch ; the underside is whitish, tinged with ochreous, with the
markings more patchy and less developed ; abdomen long, double the
breadth of hind wings ; anal tufts large. Expanse of wings, inches.

Selangor.

Resembles R. reticulata.^ Moore, in shape of wings.

Addaea, Walker., xxxiv, 1201 (1865).

198. Addaea trimeronalis

Pyralis (.^^) trimeronalis. Walker., xix, 916 (1859).

Addaea trimeronalis, Hampson, P.Z.S. 1897, p. 632 (fig.)

1. M a be k, Jalor. 23rd July, 1901.

‘ Resting on leaf in jungle ; mid-day.’

CRAMBIDAE

Chilo, Zinck., Germars Mag. Ent. ii, p. 33 (1817).

199. Chilo simplex

Jartheza simplex, Butler, P.Z.S. 1880, p. 690.

2. Patani. 19th June, 1901.

I. Biserat, Jalor. loth July, 1901.

1. Bidor, South Perak. 2nd February, 1902.

2. Sungkei, South Perak, iith February, 1902.

(All at light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

97

200. Chilo suppressalis

Crambus suppressalis, Walker^ xxvii, i66 (1863).

Chilo suppressalis, Hampson^ P.Z.S. 1895, p. 957.

I. Patani. 9th October, 1901.

3. Biserat, Jalor. 7th and 13th July, 1901.

(All at light).

Crambus, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Supply p. 464 (1798).

201. Crambus tonsalis

Myeza tonsalis, Walker^ xxvii, 190 (1863).

Crambus tonsalis, Hampson^ P.Z.S. 1895, p. 926.

I $ . Bidor, South Perak. 21st February, 1902. (At light).

Ancylolomia, Hubner, Verz. Schmett.^ p. 363 (1818).

202. Ancylolomia chrysog^raphella

Chilo chrysographellus, Kollar^ Hug. Kasch. iv, p. 494 (1844).

2. Biserat, Jalor. ist and 13th July, 1901. (At light).

SCHOENOBIIDAE

Scirpophagra, Treit., Schmett. Eur. ix, i, p. 55 (1832).

203. Scirpophag^a auriflua

Scirpophaga auriflua, Zeller^ Mon. Chil. et Cramb.^ p. 2 (1863).

7. Biserat, Jalor. 15th and 20th October, 1901, and i8th July, 1901.

2. Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902.

(All at light).

Schoenobius, Dup.^ Cat. Lep. Eur.., p- 312 (1844).

204. Schoenobius bipunctifera

Tipanaea bipunctifera. Walker., xxviii, 523 (1863).

I. Sungkei, South Perak. 7th February, 1902.

I. Biserat, Jalor. 6th July, 1901.

(Both at light).

98

FASCICULI MALATENSES

205. Schoenobius dodatellus

Chilo dodatellus, Walker^ xxx, 966 (1864).

Schoenobius dodatellus, Hampson^ Moths India iv, p. 48 (1896).

1^,3$. Biserat, Jalor. 13th July, 1901, and 9th August, 1901.

I ^ . Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902.

I Bidor, South Perak. 22nd February, 1902.

(All at light).

206. Schoenobius immeritalis

Dosara immeritalis. Walker^ xix, 830 (1859).

Schoenobius immeritalis, Hampson^ P,Z.S. 1895, p. 915.

I. Biserat, Jalor. nth July, 1901. (At light).

ANERASTIIDAE
Polyocha, Zeller^ Isis^ 1848, p. 876.

207. Polyocha anerastica

Nephopteryx anerastica, Snellen^ Bijdr. Faun. Midd. Sumatr. 1880, p. 81.
Emmalocera anerastica. Rag. Mem. sur hep. viii, p. 317, pi. 36, f. 8 (1901).

Selangor.

GALLERIIDAE

Prasinoxena, Meyrick^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London.^ 1894, p. 479.

208. Prasinoxena viridissima, nov.

Head, thorax, and fore wings dark brilliant green ; five large yellowish
spots, occupying the whole of the outer margin, all with rounded inner sides ;
the first three from the apex do not quite touch each other, the last two are
conjoined ; hind wings and abdomen pure white ; underside, wings as above,
the green of fore wings paler, body and legs bright green, tarsi white. Expanse
of wings, \ inch.

Selangor.

Somewhat resembling P. monospila^ Meyrick, from Borneo, but the apex
of the fore wings much more acute, almost falcate, and the outer margin some-
what concave.

PHYCITIDAE

Canthelia, Walker., xxxv, 1726 (1866).

209. Canthelia lateritalis

Eurhodope lateritalis, Walker^ xxvii, 74 (1863).

I. Biserat, Jalor. loth July, 1901.

I. Patani. 8th October, 1901.

(Both at light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

99

Rhodophaea, Guen.^ Eur, Microlep. Ins. Meth.^ p. 74 (1845).

210. Rhodophaea heringi

Rhodophaea heringi, Rag.^ Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.^ 1888, p. 282.

Rhodophaea heringi, Rag.^ Mon. Phyc., p. 73, pL 8, fig. i (1893).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 12th July, 1901. (At light).

Oligfochroa, Rag..^ Nouv. Gen.., p. 20 (1888).

211. Oligochroa mundalis

Nephopteryx mundalis, Walker, xxvii, 67 (1863).

Oligochroa mundalis, Rag. Mem. sur Lep. vii, p. 387, pi. 12, fig. ii (1893).

Selangor.

PYRALIDAE

Pyralis, Linn, Syst. Nat. xii, p. 881 (1767).

212. Pyralis ’fumipennis

Pyralis fumipennis, Butler, 111. Ret. B.M. vii, p. 91, pi. 134, fig. n (1889).

12. Goah Tanah (Earth Cave), Buklt Tapang, nr. Biserat, Jalor. 9th July, 1901.

I. Goah Tanah (Earth Cave), Bukit Tapang, nr. Biserat, Jalor. i6th October, 1901.

‘ We found numbers of this moth seated on the walls of one of the big
limestone caves near Biserat, and did not see it elsewhere. It was only
observed in that part of the cave that was absolutely dark, and, so far as we
could judge, did not penetrate into the extremity, which was partially lighted
by holes in the roof. It was not attracted to the light of our torches and
lanterns. Very possibly the species only shelters in the cave during the day,
for it is almost inconceivable that it should be truly cavernicolous, in the
sense of being a regular denizen, being born, breeding, and dying in the
cave without ever coming to the exterior.’

ENDOTRICHIDAE

Cotachena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon hi, p. 275 (1885).

213. Cotachena histricalis

Botys histricalis, Walker, xviii, 655 (1859).

2. Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 13th February, 1902. (At light).

100

FASCICULI MALATENSES

NYMPHULIDAE

Nymphula, Schrank, Faun, Boic. ii (2), p. 162 (1802).

214. Nymphula affinialis

Paraponyx affinialis, Guen.^ Belt, et Pyral.y p. 259, 270 (1854).

2. Biserat, Jalor. iithand 13th July, 1901. (At light).

Stenia, Guen,^ Dup. Cat. Metb.^ p. 201 (1844).

215. Stenia spodinopa

Symmoracma spodinopa, Meyrick^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London.^ 1894, p. 469.
Stenia spodinopa, Hampson^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London., 1897, p. 207.

I. Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

Erilita, Led., Wien. Ent. Mon. vii, p. 426 (1863).

216. Erilita admixtalis

Botys admixtalis. Walker, xviii, 665 (1859).

I. Sungkei, South Perak. 6th February, 1902. (At light).

PYRAUSTIDAE

Aripana, Moore, Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 312 (1886).

217. Aripana caberalis

Spilomela caberalis, Guen., Belt, et Pyral, p. 284, 282 (1854).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 29th June. 1901. (At light).

Syng^amia, Guen. Belt, et Pyral, p. 187 (1854).

218. Syng^amia xanthalis

Syngamia xanthalis, Hampson, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 644.

I. Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 13th February, 1902. (At light).

219. Syng^amia floridalis

Stenia floridalis, Zeller, K. Vet-Ak. Handl., 1852, p. 6.

2. Biserat,'Jalor. 13th and 1 6th July, 1901.

‘ One at light ; one flying very low over bare ground in open at mid-day.’

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

lOI

Rhimphaleodes, Hampson, Lll. Het. ix, p. 174 (1893).

220. Rhimphaleodes macrostig^ma

Rhimphaleodes macrostigma, Hampson^ loc. cit.^ pi. 174, fig. 9.

I. Biserat, Jalor. 28th June, 1901. (At light).

Epimimai Meyrick^ Trans, Ent. Soc. London,^ 1886, p. 235.

221. Epimima bilinealis

Dolichosticha bilinealis, Ha?npson^ III. Het. B.M. viii, p. 139, pi. 155, fig. 25
(1891).

Marasmia bilinealis, Hampson^ Moths India iv, p. 277 (1896).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 13th July, 1901.

Ravanoa, Moore^ Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 284 (1885).

222. Ravanoa xiphialis

Zebronia xiphialis, Walker^ xvii, 483 (1859).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 24th October, 1901. (At light).

Eurrhyparodes, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. xxiii, p. 215 (1880).

223. Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis

Botys bracteolalis, Zeller, Caffr., p. 30 (1852).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 20th October, 1901. (At light).

Agtroterai Schrank, Faun. Boica ii, p. 163 (1798).

224. Ag^rotera coelatalis

Nistra coelatalis. Walker, xvii, 488 (1859).

I. Biserat, Jalor. ’ 29th June, 1901.

I. Sungkei, South Perak, nth February, 1902.

(Both at light).

225. Ag^rotera effertalis

Aediodes effertalis. Walker, xvii, 348 (1859).

Agrotera effertalis, Hampson., III. Het. B.M. ix, p. 173, pi. 174, fig. 19 (1893).

Selangor.

Bocchoris, Moore, Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 271 (1885).

226. Bocchoris onychinalis

Asopia onychinalis, Guen., Delt. et Pyral, p. 158, 205 (1854).

3. Jor, Perak-Pahang border. Circa 2,000 feet. 27th January, 1902. (At light).

102

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

Platamonia, Led., IVien. Ent. Mon. vii, p. 427 (1863).

227p Platamonia camillusalis

Botys camillusalis, Walker, xviii, 713 (1859).

I. ?

‘ Flying in jungle ; late afternoon.’

Pinacia, Hiibner^ Zutrage iv, p. 15 (1832).

228. Pinacia -fulvidorsalis

Pinacia fulvidorsalis, Hubner, loc. cit., figs. 643, 644.

2. Biserat, Jalor. ist July, 1901. (At light).

Tyspanodes, Warren, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii, p. 425 (1891).

229. Tyspanodes exathesalis

Euglyphis exathesalis, Walker, xix, 978 (1859).

Tyspanodes exathesalis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon ii, p. 474, pi. 6, fig. 16
(1900).

Selangor.

Saroscelis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 461.

230. Saroscelis nicoalis

Botys nicoalis, Walker, xviii, 700 (1859).

Saroscelis nicoalis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 475, pi. 8, fig. 3 (1900).
I. Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 13th January, 1902. (At light).

Dichocrocis, Led., Wien. Ent. Mon., 1863, p. 447.

231. Dichocrocis bilinealis

Dichocrocis bilinealis, Hampson, Moths India iv, p. 306 (1896).

I. Patani. 9th October, 1901. (At light).

232. Dichocrocis punctiferalis

Astura punctiferalis, Guen., Belt, et Pyral., p. 320, 347 (1854).

Dichocrocis punctiferalis, Hampson, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 690.

Selangor.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

103

233. Dichocrocis megillalis

Botys megillalis, Walker^ xviii, 700 (1859).

Dichocrocis megillalis, Swinhoe^ Cat, Het, Mus, Oxon. ii, p. 483, pi. 8, fig. 2
(1900).

Selangor.

Merotoma, Meyrkk^ Trans. Ent. Soc, London,, 1894, p. 460.

234. Merotoma dairalis

Botys dairalis, Walker., xviii, 698 (1859).

I. Sungkei, South Perak. 8th February, 1902.

I. Bidor, South Perak. 20th February, 1902.

‘ Both at light.’

Goniorhynchus, Hampson^ Moths India iv, p. 322 (1896).

235. Goniorhynchus g^ratalis

Botys gratalis, Led.., Wien. Ent. Mon. vii, p. 475, pi. ii, fig. 18 (1863).

I. Biscrat, Jalor. 20th October, 1901. (At light).

Endogfraphis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. London.^ 1894, p. 464.

236. Endog:raphis acrochlora

Endographis acrochlora, Meyrick, loc. cit..^ p. 465.

Selangor.

Endocrossis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. London^ 1889, p. 515.

237. Endocrossis flavibasalis

Botyodes flavibasalis, Moore, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 96. $

I. Mabek, Jalor. 24th July, 1901.

‘ At light, in hut.’

Pramadea, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 21 1 (1888).

238. Pramadea lunalis

Botys lunalis, Guen., Delt. et Pyral., p. 352, 417 (1854).

I. Biserat, Jalor. i ith July, 1901.

I. Sungkei, South Perak, iith February, 1902.

‘ Both at light.’

o

13/8/0J

04

FASCICULI MALAY ENSES

239. Pramadea luctuosalis

Hyalitis luctuosalis, Guen.^ Delt. et Pyral.^ p. 290, 291 (1854).

I. Sungkei. South Perak. 6th February, 1902. (At light)

Sylepta, Huhner^ Verz, Schmett.^ p. 356 (1818).

240. Sylepta og^oalis

Botys ogoalis, Walker^ xviii, 689 (1859).

Coptobasis colomboensis, Moore^ Lep, Ceylon iii, p. 556, pi. 215, fig. 13 (1887).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 28th June, 1901.

I. Jor, Perak-Pahang border. 2,000 feet. 27th January, 1902.

‘ Both at light, in house.’

Lyg^ropia, Led.^ Wien, Ent. Mon. vii, 381 (1863).

241. Lyg^ropia amyntusalis

Botys amyntusalis, Walker,, xviii, 662 (1859).

Lygropia amyntusalis, Swinhoe^ Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 497 (1900).

3. Biserat. Jalor. 1st to 14th July, 1901. (At light).

Ag^athodes, Guen.,, Delt. et Pyral.,^ p. 207 (1854).

242. Ag^athodes ostentalis

Perinephela ostentalis, Hubner, Geyer, Zutr. v, p. 1 1, hg. 833, 834 (1838).

I. Sungkei, South Perak. 8th February, 1902. (At light).

Sisyrophora, Led.,^ Wien. Ent. Mon. vii, p. 399.

243. Sisyrophora p-feifferae

Sisyrophora pfeifferae, Led.,^ loc. cit.,, pi. 13, hg. 13.

2. Jor, Perak-Pahang border. Circa 2,000 feet. 27th January, 1902. (At light),

Arthroschistai Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii, p. 500 (1900).

244. Arthroschista hilaralis

Margaronia hilaralis. Walker, xviii, 532 (1859).

I. Jeram Kawan, South Perak, i 3th February, 1902. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

105

Margfaronia, Huhner, Ferz. Schmett.^ p. 358 (1818).

245. Margaronia itysalis

Glyphodes itysalis, Walker^ 501 (1859).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 1 5th October, 1901.

246. Margaronia actorionalis

Glyphodes actorionalis, Walker^ xvii, 498 (1859).

I. Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 25th February, 1902. (At light).

247. Marg^aronia parvalis

Glyphodes parvalis. Walker ^ xxxiv, 1355 (1866).

I. Biserat Jalor. 29th June, 1902. (At light).

I. ?

248. Marg^aronia eburnealis, nov.

Palpi, frons, shoulders, and band behind the head dark chocolate
brown ; palpi beneath, wings, body, and legs shining white ; tip of abdomen
and two broad bands on fore legs chocolate brown ; a median band of that
colour along costa of fore wings above, and on outer margin of both wings
above and below, the band slightly broader on the outer margin than on the
costa of the fore wings ; fore wings with a brown spot in the middle of the
cell and another at its upper end, both touching the costal band, the white of
the wings running as a small wedge into the chocolate-brown colour at the
apex. Expanse of wings, inches.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. One example.

‘ Flying among long grass, after rain ; afternoon.’

Something like M. elealis^ Walker, from Africa, but that species has
much broader marginal bands, and the white does not run into the apex of
fore wings.

249. Marg^aronia canthusalis

Glyphodes canthusalis. Walker^ xvii, 505 (1859).

Botys luciferalis. Walker^ xxxiv, 1,412 (1865).

Glyphodes spectandalis, Snellen^ Tijd. v. Ent. xxxviii, p. 138, pi. 6, fig. i (1895).

Selangor.

o6

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Polythlipta, Led., fVien. Ent. Mon. vii, p. 389 (1863).

250. Polythlipta euroalis

Nausinoe euroalis, Swinhoe^ P.Z.S. 1889, p. 420, pi. 44, fig. 12.

I. Biserat, Jalor. 29th January, 1901. (At light).

Sameodes, Snellen, Lijd. v.Ent. xxiii, p. 217 (1880).

251. Sameodes cancellalis
Botys cancellalis, Zeller^ Caffr., p. 34(1852).

2. Biserat, Jalor. 9th and i6th July, 1901.

‘ One at light ; one in jungle in the morning.’

Prophantis, Warren, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii, p. 113 (1896).

252. Prophantis octog^uttalis

Botys octoguttalis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pi. 135, fig. 38 (1874).

I. Mabek, Jalor. 29th July, 1901.

‘ Nat. coll, in jungle.’

Crochiphora, Hubner, Geyer, Samml. Exot. Schmett. iv, p. 12 (1838).

253. Crochiphora testulalis

Crochiphora testulalis, Hubner, loc. cit., figs. 629, 630.

I. Sungkei, South Perak. loth February, 1902. (At light).

254. Crochiphora amboinalis

Siriocauta (.?) amboinalis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pi. 135, fig. 24 (1874).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 23rd October, 1901. (At light).

Selangor.

Pachyzancia, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 315*

255. Pachyzancia mutualis

Botys mutualis, Zeller, Caffr., p. 40, (1852).

I. Biserat, Jalor, i ith July, 1901. (At light).

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Acharana, Moore ^ Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 285 (1885).

256. Acharana phaeopteralis

Botys phaeopteralis, Guen.yDelt. et PyraL, p. 349, 409 (1854).

4. Biserat, Jalor. ist to 15th July, 1901. (At light).

107

257. Acharana licarsisalis

Botys licarsisalis, Walker^ xviii, 686 (1859).

I. Biserat, Jalor. i ith July, 1901. (At light).

Pionea, Guen.^ Delt, et Pyral.j p. 367 (1854).

258. Pionea flavofimbriata

Mabra flavofimbriata, Moore^ Lep. Atk.^ p. 208 (1888).

Pionea flavofimbriata, Swinhoe (note), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (7) viii, p. 138
(1901).

I. Biserat, Jalor. 23rd October, 1901. (At light).

Pyrausta, Schrank, Faun. Boica ii (2), p. 163 (1802).

259. Pyrausta ciniferalis

Pyrausta ciniferalis. Walker^ xxxiv, 1417 (1865).

Hapalia concolor, Moore^ Lep. Ceylon iii, p. 339, pi. 181, fig. 3 (1886).

I. Mabek, Jalor. 23rd July, 1901. (At light).

TINEIDAE

Coryptilum, Zeller.^ Isis., p. 181 (1839).

260. Coryptilum klugi

Coryptilum klugi, Zeller., he. cit. ; fValsingham^ Swinhoe s Cat. Het. Mus. O^n,
ii, p. 580 (1900).

I. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 2nd May, 1901.

‘ Flying round inflorescence of wild banana ; late afternoon.’

2. Jeram Kawan, South Perak. 13th February, 1902.

‘ Fairly abundant among undergrowth, especially where there are wild
bananas and gingerworts.’

io8

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Monopis, Huhner,Verz. Schmett,^ p. 401 (1826).

Blabophanes, Zeller^ Linn. Ent. vi, p. 100 (1852).

261. Monopis monachella

Tinea monachella, Hubner^ Samml. Eur. Schmett. viii, pi. 21, fig. 143 (i860).
Monopis monachella, Walsingham^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London., 1897, p. 63.

I. Patani. 8th October, 1901. (At light).

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF SPHINGIDAE

By Dr. K. JORDAN, Ph.D.

[Before Colonel Swinhoe undertook to describe out Heterocera, the
majority of the Sphingidae had been submitted to Dr. K. Jordan, who has
enumerated the following species] : —

ACHERONTIINAE

Acherontia, Laspeyres^ Jenaische Allg. Lit. Zeit. iv, p. 99 (1809).

262. Acherontia lachesis

Sphinx lachesis, Fahr. Ent. Syst. Suppl.., p. 434, n. 26-7 (1798).

I Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 2nd May, 1901. (At light).

263. Acherontia styx, subsp. crathis

Acherontia styx crathis, Roths. Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 23 (1903)
(Japan to Ceram and Kisser).

I 9- Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. April, 1901.

‘ Both this and the preceding species squeak when disturbed or handled.’

Meg^anoton, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lip. Hit. i, p. 58 (1875).

264. Meganoton nyctiphanes

Macrosila nyctiphanes, Walker., viii, 209 (1856).

Meganoton nyctiphanes, Roths. Uf Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 35 (1903).
^,9- Biserat, Jalor. loth July, 1901.

‘ On tree-trunk in village ; sunset.’

SESIINAE

Cephonodes, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett.., p. 13 1 (1822).

FASCICULI MAL AT FUSES

109

265. Cephonodes hylas, subsp. hylas.

Sphinx hylas, Linn. Mant. Plant. ^ p. 539 (1771).

Cephonodes hylas hylas, Roths. ^ Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 468 (1903).

1$. Mabek, Jalor. 29th July, 1901.

‘ In the State of Selangor the larva of this species has become a serious
agricultural pest, and has utterly destroyed several plantations of Liberian
coffee.’

PHILAMPELINAE
Panacra, IFalker^ viii, 154 (1856).

266. Panacra variolosa

Panacra variolosa, Walker., viii, 156 (1856).

Panacra variolosa, Roths. ^ Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 539 (1903).

^ . Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. May, 1901.

267. Panacra myodon, subsp. elegantulus

Thyreus elegantulus, Herr.-Schdff. Ausseur. Schmett..^ f. 479 (1856).

Panacra myodon elegantulus, Roths. Uf Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 542

(1903)-

$. Semangko Pass, Selangor- Pahang border. 2,700 feet. May, 1902. (At light).

CHOEROCAMPINAE

Macrogrlossum, Scop. Intr. Hist. Nat., p. 414 (1777).

268. Macroglossum insipida, subsp. insipida
Macroglossa insipida, Butler, P.Z.S. p. 242 (1875).

Macroglossum insipida insipida, Roths. ^ Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 642

(1903)-

I 9 . Biserat, Jalor. i6th July, 1901.

‘ Common at Biserat, flying rapidly among low shrubs at dusk.’
Theretra, Hubner, Verz. Schmett., p. 135 (1822).

269. Theretra pinastrina, subsp. pinastrina

Sphinx pinastrina, Martyn, Psyche, t. 29, p. 81 (1797).

Theretra pinastrina pinastrina, Roths. I3 Lord. Nov. Zool. ix, Suppl. p. 784

(1903)-

I ^ . Sungkei, South Perak. loth February, 1902. (At light).

I $. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. loth June, 1902.

LAND PLANARIANS

BY

F. F. LAIDLAW, B.A.

i

)

\

j

i

!

1

\

)

!

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

ONLY three examples of this group were preserved by us, and we did
not see many more.* Indeed, as I have noticed on both my visits to the
Patani States, Land Planarians are very scarce in this district in dry
weather, and by no means common even during the stormy season, whereas
in the interior of Kelantan they are comparatively abundant in a moderately
moist environment, such as exists in August and September at Kuala Aring.
There is no reason to think that the species are less numerous in the southern
half of the Malay Peninsula than they are in Java or Ceylon, but they have
been very little collected.

NELSON ANNANDALE

REPORT ON THE LAND PLANARIANS

By F. F. LAIDLAW, B.A.

DEMONSTRATOR AND LECTURER IN THE OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER.

BIPALIIDAE

1. Bipalium jalorense, sp. nov.

One specimen, from the interior of a rotten tree-trunk lying on the ground.

Bukit Besar, borders of Jalor and Nawngchik. 2,500 feet.

Very distinct from any species hitherto recorded from the Peninsula.
Unfortunately the only specimen has lost its hinder end, but the characters
are sufficiently well marked to admit of a satisfactory diagnosis.

The length of the fragment is about 30 mm., the breadth 5 mm. The
breadth of the head is about 8 mm., and that of the ‘ sole ’ i mm. The mar-
gin of the body is bright yellow. The middle of the dorsal surface is occupied
by a longitudinal dark band about 3*5 mm. in breadth, which is nearly black
laterally, but becomes slightly paler towards the middle line. The under
surface has the margin yellow (the whole side of the body being of this colour).
This margin is about as deep as on the dorsal surface. Within the margin on
either side is a black band about i mm. in width, fading on its inner side to
yellowish-white. The sole is white.

The margin of the head and its lobes are yellow, thickly studded,
especially towards the middle line, with minute eye-spots. The margin is
about I mm. in breadth, and is succeeded by a well-defined, thick crescentic
line of about the same breadth as itself, which commences on the under
surface of the body, just behind the angles of the lobes, and is in turn followed
by a small semi-circular patch of yellow, which intervenes between the
crescentic black line of the head and the median black band of the body.

The eye-spots on the margin of the head are so numerous as to give it a
brownish tinge. Those lying along the extreme edge of the margin are
decidedly smaller than those lying further back. Eye-spots occur also on the
ventral side of the black marks in the angles of the lobes.

FASCICULI MAL AT FUSES

1 16

RHYNCHODEMIDAE

2. Rhynchodemus nematoides, Loman
Two specimens from the same locality. A common and widely-spread
species ; it has also been recorded from Java and Ceylon.

‘ One of these specimens was taken on a banana leaf growing at the
edge of a small jungle clearing ; the other was gliding on the shady side of a
tree-trunk in thick jungle. The latter individual moved up to a colony of
Psocidae (Neuroptera) that, as a whole, closely resembled a foliaceous lichen,
wound its body partially round one of the insects, protruded its pharynx
over the body of its victim (which, apparently, made no attempt to escape),
and commenced to devour it.

‘ Rhynchodemus nematoides^ or a species resembling it in its comparatively
sober grey coloration and slender shape, became more abundant than any other
at Kampong Jalor during the rains in November, gliding in the early morning
on the leaves of bushes surrounding the village ; I probably observed about
half-a-dozen specimens in the course of a fortnight.’

The following is a list of species known to occur in the Malay Peninsula : —

Pelmaioplana sondaiaca (Loman).

Bipalium steindachneri, v. Gr.

„ strubelli, v. Gr,

„ rauchi, v. Gr.

„ ridleyi, v. Gr.

,, phoebe (?) var. transversifasciatum,^

„ tnegacephalum,^ Muller.

„ jalorense, sp. nov.

Placocephalus javanus (Loman).

,, gracilis (Loman).

„ bergendali, v. Gr.

Rhynchodemus vejdovskyi^ v. Gr.

„ nematoides (Loman),

Singapore ; Kuala Aring,
Malacca. [Kelantan.

Singapore.

Muller. Kuala Aring, Kelantan.

Gunong Inas, Perak.

Bukit Besar, borders of Nawng-
chik and Jalor.

Singapore.

fy

Perak ; Kuala Aring, Kelantan.
Singapore.

Bukit Besar, borders of Nawng-
chik and Jalor.

I, 2. Miiller, in an interesting account of these species, has given the localities in inverted order, doubtless owing
to a displacement of the labels. The specimens described by him were collected by myself at the localities given
above (Muller in Zeinchr.f. ivtss. ZooL LXXIII, pp. 81-85, Taf. IV, figs. 4, 4A, 5, 5a).

DIPTERA PUPIPARA

VON Dr. P. SPEISER, BISCHOFSBURG, OSTPREUSSEN

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The six species of parasitic Diptera in our collection were all obtained in
the Patani States by Mr. Robinson and myself, and Dr. Speiser tells
me that they are the first recorded from the Malay Peninsula. From
a morphological standpoint, the chief interest of the collection lies in the
inclusion of a species of the anomalous genus Ascodipteron^ on the anatomy of
which we hope that the same author will furnish us a paper later. From a
purely bionomical point of view, the specimens of the other species enumerated
and described would seem to indicate a difference of habits between the
Nycteribiidae and the Streblidae^ for the two species representing the. former
family were taken in different localities, each on a specific host ; while each of
the two species of Streblidae was taken on two different hosts not even belonging
to the same genus. Pteropus vampyrus and Scotophilus castaneus^ however, are both
bats which sleep during the day apart from other species, in trees, or in the
roofs of houses in the case of the latter ; but the bats on which we took
specimens of the Streblidae probably lived in caves, together with an enormous
number of other individuals belonging to a great variety of species ; and even
the wingless Diptera pupipara^ with the exception of such forms as Ascodipteron^
are sufficiently active to make their way from one host to another. It is
interesting also to notice that the Dipterous parasite of Pteropus vampyrus is
almost as much larger than that of any other bat which we saw, as Pteropus itself is
than any other Cheiropterous host ; Ascodipteron must again be excepted, but
when parasitism has produced such extreme changes as it appears to have done
in this animal, we must always look for increase of bulk.

NELSON ANNANDALE

Q

24/8/03

1

I2I

REPORT ON THE DIPTERA PUPIPARA

VON Dr. P. SPEISER, BISCHOFSBURG, OSTPREUSSEN

DURCH giitige Vermittelung des Herrn P. H. GRiMSHAwin Edinburgh,
wurde ich in die angenehme Lage versetzt, mehrere Glaschen mit Para-
siten aus der Gruppe der Diptera Pupipara untersuchen zu konnen,
welche die Herren Nelson Annandale und Herbert C. Robinson auf einer
Reise durch die Halbinsel Malakka nebst anderen Dipteren gesammelt haben.
Es findet sich dar unter einiges recht interessante, so dass ich ilber die
Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung hier eigens berichten mochte. Ein einziges
der mir zugestellten Glaschen enthalt keinen Parasiten einer Fledermaus, und
dieses Stilck sei daher hier vor den andern behandelt, zumal es eine bisher
unbeschriebene Art der Gattung hipoptena Nitzsch reprasentiert.

I. LIPOPTENA

1. Lipoptena gracilis, sp. nov.

I einziges?, am 29. x. 1901 bei Jalor, im siamesischen Teil der Halbin-
sel, als Parasit des Tragulus affinis, G. R. Gray, gefangen.

Die Art stcht in der Grosse unter den wenigen bekannten Lipoptena-
Arten am nachsten der L. pteropi Denny' sowie der h. capreoli Rondd und
L. capensis Walk, (als Ornithohia nach einem $ beschreiben^), welch letztere
jedoch der abweichenden Farbung wegen nicht in Betracht kommt. Von den
beiden andern genannten Species unterscheidet sie sich jedoch auchleicht durch
eine eigentiimlich zierliche Beborstung des Abdomens, die weiter unten genauer
beschrieben werden soil. Die noch etwas problematische L. capreoli Rond,
von Cypern gehort ausserdem zu den Arten mit besonders schmalen Augen,
was filr unsere Art nicht zutrifft. Von A. pteropi Denny endlich ist sie leicht
und noch dadurch unterschieden, dass von einem dunklen braunen Punkte am
Ende der Schenkel bei ihr nichts zu sehen ist.

Lange 2*5 mm., Mundrand bis Hinterrand des Scutellum knapp i mm.

1. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, *2, p. 315, t. 1 7, f. 5.

2. Bull. Soc. ent. Ital. 1879, ?• ^4*

3. hist of the Diptera in the British Museum^ 1849, 4> P* 1142.

122

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Kopf kurz und breit, mit brelten, fast etwas hervorquellenden Augen.
Die Augenr^nder etwas schmaler als die Augen, das matte Mittelfeld der Stirn
etwa parallel begrenzend. Clypeus schwarz mit gelber medianer Einkerbung
im Vorderrande, der ilbrige Kopf rostgelb, nur auf dem Stirndreieck noch ein
schwarzer Fleck zwischen den Ocellen. Kopf ohne Borsten mit Ausnahme
je einer jederseits vom Hinterrand des Stirndreiecks. Antennen knopffOrmig,
Maxillarpalpen kurz, kaum ein Drittel so lang als der Clypeus.

Thorax, wenn man von den Schulterecken absieht, so lang als breit; rostgelb
mit je einer helleren Strieme jederseits von der Mittellinie. Quernaht des
Mesonotum weit nach hinten gerilckt. Schulterecken dick kegelformig, ein
Drittel so lang als der Ubrige Thorax ; mit 3-4 mittelstarken Borsten. Auf
dem Praescutum mesonoti auf jeder der durch die sehr deutliche Langsnaht
geteilten Halften vorne mit einer etwas grossen und 2-3 kleineren Borsten,
vor dem Hinterrande jederseits von der Mittellinie eine ganz winzige, nahe der
Dorsopleuralnaht je eine starke und davor eine ganz kleine Borste. Auf dem
schmalem Scutum mesonoti vor dem Scutellum eine Reihe von vier langen
und starken Borsten in gleichen Abstanden. Scutellum kahl bis auf vier
Borsten in der Mitte des Hinterrandes, deren mittleres Paar lang, das dilnnere
kurz ist. Auf den Pleuren vor der Flilgelwurzel je 4-5 mittellange Borsten.

Auf der Ventralflache des Thorax ist das aus zwei seitlichen lappen beste-
hende, hinten geradlinig begrenzte Prosternum deutlich, das Mesosternum ist
doppelt so lang als das hinten spitzbogig ausgebuchtete Metasternum. Die
Grenze zwischen den beiden letzteren steht auf der Mittellinie senkrecht. Die
ganze Ventralflache ist gleichmassig kurz beborstet.

Beine von gewohnlicher Form und Langenverhaltnissen der einzelnen
Glieder zu einander, nur die Vorderschenkel sind etwas spindelformig aufge-
trieben, ohne bemerkenswerte Beborstungsverhaltnisse. Von den Flilgeln sind,
wie stets in der Gattung Lipoptena^ nur kurze, lappenartige Fetzen mit
unregelmassig zerrissenenem Hinterrande und deutlichem Geader erhalten.

Abdomen dorsal mit 5 oder 6 deutlich abgrenzbaren Segmenten. An
der Basis liegt ein grosses Segment, das in der Mitte seines Hinterrandes tief
und fast bis zur Basis eingebuchtet ist, und die Seiten des Abdomens ganz in
derselben Form umfasst, wie die weichen Elytra der Meloe (ein Vergleich,
den schon Wiedermann filr seine t\\s Melophaga beschriebene^ Lipoptena moschi
anwandte.) Es ist rostgelb gefarbt, und an der Basis liegt jederseits eine halb-
kreisaformige etwas dunklere Platte, welche nur am Hinterrande beborstet
ist. Ich weiss nicht, ob nicht vielleicht dieses Plattenpaar das eigentliche erste
Segment bedeutet. Das grosse mantelformige Segment tragt ziemlich

. Aussereuropaische %’weijiugelige Insekten, Hamm., 1830, v. 2, p. 613.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

123

lange Borstcn auf der ganzen Flache, und eine Reihe solcher begleitet den
Hinterrand, sodass sich etwas vor der Mitte des Abdomens eine zierliche,
winldig gebrochene Borstenreihe findet. Hinter diesem Segmcntrand folgt
eine weissgelbe ganzlich borstenfreie Flache, in welcher, schon am Hinterrande
des Abdomens, jederseits ein Stigma liegt. Am Hinterrande zusammenge-
drangt und hier einen trapezoi'dalen deutlich abgegrenzten Bezirk von etwas
mehr als dem vierten Teil der Lange des Abdomens einnehmend, liegen dann
die far Lipoptena characteristischen drei queren Segmentplatten. Sie sind
schmal, fast 6 mal so lang als breit (‘ breit ’ hier aber in der Medianlinie ged-
acht-lang darauf senkrecht). Die beiden ersten tragen nur ein Paar ganz
winzige Borstchen vor dem Hinterrande, die hinterste jederseits drei Starke.
Ebensoviel Borsten stehen auch auf warzenahnlichen Erhebungen jederseits
vor der Analoffnung. Ventral ist ausser einer gerade begrenzten derberen
Basalsegmentplatte, die an den Seiten des Hinterrandes je 3-4 langere Borsten
hat, ein mediales, nicht segmentiertes Drittel von zwei seitlichen zu unter-
scheiden, in welchen sich die Segmentgrenzen des grossen mantelformigen und
des darauf folgenden weichen deutlich erkennen lassen. Vor der GenitalOff-
nUng liegt nur eine nicht characteristisch configurierte, wenig dunklere Platte.

II. STREBLIDAE

2. Nycteribosca amboinensis, Rond.

4 Exemplare, Anfang, August, 1901, bei Biserat, Jalor, auf Rhinolophus
malayanus^ Bonhote, und Hipposiderus larvatus (Horsf).

3. Raymondia pag^odarum, Speiser^

2 Exemplare daselbst, auf Rhinolophus malayanus^ Bonhote, und
Hipposiderus larvatus (Horsf.).

Wie ich schon vermutete, ist das eine der beiden Merkmale, durch
welche ich diese Art von der nachst verwandten R. huheri Frfld. abgrenzte,
anscheinend durch zusammentrocknen der betreffenden Exemplare vorgetauscht
worden. Bei diesen malayischen Exemplaren ist das Scutum mesonoti auch
nicht nur J, sondern J, so lang wie das Praescutum ; dagegen besteht das
Merkmal des FlUgelgeaders vollig zu Recht. Beide Exemplare stimmen im
Geader genau mit meiner Abbildung iiberein [l.c. p. 49, fig. 7).

III. NYCTERIBIIDAE

4. Nycteribia (Aerocholidia) chlamydophora, sp. nov.

2^,8? auf Scotophilus castaneus (Horsf.), bei Biserat bei Jalor am
27th June, 1901 ; i , i 9 auf derselben Fledermausart am Bukit Besar
in 2,500 Fuss (760 m.) Meereshohe.

I. Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte, Jahrgg. 1900, p. 50.

124

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

Die Art reiht sich in meiner Bestimmungstabelle der Nycteribien*
unter 8 neben N, {/T) dispar^ mihi von Neu Guinea ein, an deren ? sie durch
das stark entwickelte Basalsegment des $ Abdomens erinnert.

Sie ist 2-2, 5 mm. lang, gleichmassig braungelb gefarbt.

Kopf von ganz gewohnlicher Form, eine Gruppe Borsten vorne am
Scheitel, die Wangenrander sparlich beborstet, und je zwei kleine Borsten
jederseits etwas unter der Stelle, wo sonst die Augen liegen. Thorax dorsal ohne
irgendwelche Besonderheiten, auf den den Mesopleuralnahten entsprechenden
Leisten (/.r. p. 18-19) steht eine gebogene Reihe von ic-12 schwachen
Borstchen. Das Ctenidium hat keine auffallend diinnen Zahne. Ventral
ist der Thorax langer als breit, der Hinterrand nur ein wenig in der Mitte
eingebuchtet, die Langsnaht hinten grubig vertieft.

Abdomen des 9 : dorsal wie ventral werden die vorderen 2 Drittel
eingenommen durch ein sehr langes Basalsegment von charactcristischer
Configuration. Die dorsale Flache ist ganz glatt, nur sehr sparlich beborstet,
in der Mitte durch eine hellere, nach hinten breiter werdende Linie
gewissermassen in zwei Halften gespalten, deren jede hinten medial mit einem
dunkeln spitzen mit langen dunkeln Borsten besetzten Zipfel endet. Bei
einem Exemplar fehlt diese Spaltung, sodass die Hinterrand als ganzrandig,
aber in der Mitte breit zipfelig vorgezogen beschrieben werden muss. Die
drci folgenden Segmente sind durch je zwei seitliche Gruppen von Borsten,
markiert, auf den zweltfolgenden stehen mitten inne noch 2 Borsten.
Ventral hat das Basalsegment eine dunkle Mittellinie, ist gleichmassig behaart
und tragt am ganz geraden Hinterrande ein sehr dichtes Ctenidium von etwa
34-42 Zahnen, welches nur die mittleren 2 Drittel einnimmt und nach
aussen noch durch je einige Borsten fortgesetzt wird. Das folgende Segment
ist nur an den Seiten etwas dunkler braun, der Hinterrand durch eine
sparliche in der Mitte unterbrochene Borstenreihe markiert, etwas eingebuchtet.
Das dritte besteht aus zwei dreieckigen seitlichen dunkleren Stilcken, welche
am Hinterrande beborstet sind. Dann folgt eine braune, hoch bogenformig
nach vorn geschwungene diinne Chitinleiste, auf der nur 4-5 Paar ganz
schwache Borsten stehen, endlich die braune, breite, durch einen hellen
Langsstreifen geteilte Platte vor der Genitaloffnung, welche den erwahnten
Bogen ausfilllt, nur ganz vorn 2 Paare und am Hinterrande einige schwache
Borstchen triigt.

Abdomen des $ : dorsal sind alle Segmente mit Ausnahme des ersten mit
einigen wenigen Borstchen besetzten auf der Flache ganz unbeborstet. Die

I. Arch. Naturg., v. 67, 1901, p. 68. Gerade an dieser Stelle muss die Tabelle wesentlich umgeandert
werden, indem N. minuta Wulp und N. roylei Westw. an durchaus anderer Stelle einzureihen sind. Das Genauere
will ich an anderer Stelle bringen.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

125

Borsten am Hinterrande sind am ersten Segment gleichmassig lang, je welter
nach hinten, desto linger werden die mehr seitlich stehenden Borsten, bis am
Hinterrande des fiinften wieder nur kurze und sparliche Borsten zu finden
sind. Die drei ersten Segmente sind gleich lang, das 4te und 5te unter sich
gleich, etwa |- der einzelnen vorherigen, das Analsegment ziemlich kurz und
stumpf. Ventral sind die Segmente i, 2, 3,4 + 5 unter sich gleich lang, 1-3
auf der Flache beborstet, i mit dem Ctenidium, 2 und 3 am Rande sparlich
mit schwachen kurzen Borsten besetzt, 4+5 an der Seite des Hintenandes
mit ziemlich langen Borsten, in der Mitte zwischen kOrzeren Borsten mit 4
Paaren kurzer starker, schwarzbrauner Dornen. Die Haltzangen gerade,
schmal und ziemlich lang, an den Hinterrand des vorletzten Segmentes nicht
heran reichend, braun, am Ende schwarzbra an bis schwarz.

5. Cyclopodia horsfieldi, de Meijerei

Bei Patani i(Jauf Pteropus vampyrus (Linn.), bei Biserat bei Jalor 6 ^ ,
3 ?auf Pteropus vampyrus (Linn.) und 1^,1 ?auf Pteropus vampyrus (Linn.).

IV. ASCODIPTERON

6. Ascodipteron siamense, sp. nov.

Mr. Annandale hat dank seiner Aufmerksamkeit das Gliick gehabt, auf
einer Fledermaus {Hipposiderus hicolor Temm.) von Biserat bei Jalor einen Para-
siten aus dieser Familie zu entdecken, von der bisher nur 3 Exemplare bekannt
geworden sind. Das Exemplar ist zusammen mit dem umgebenden Gewebe
filr anatomische Untersuchung conserviert, die ich hier leider wegen Mangel
an Hilfsmitteln nicht vornehmen kann. Ich bin daher auf die zu Tage lie-
gende Endplatte des Abdomens angewiesen filr einen Vergleich mitdenbeschrie-
benen Species. Der geographischen Lage des Fundorts nach kommt wohl
nur Ascodipteron phyllorhinae^ Adensamer^, aus Java in Betracht, diejenige Art,
durch w'elche wir mit der so hOchst eigentUmlichen Gattung zuerst bekannt
wurden. Von ihr unterscheidet sich das vorliegende Stilck in der Stellung der
Stigmen auf der Endplatte. Die vier grossen, dorsal von der ‘ Terminalspalte ’
(Genitaloffnung) gelegenen Figuren stehen namlich in einer annahernd hori-
zontalen Reihe, die beiden ventral gelegenen etwas dichter an der Spalte, als
Adensamer zeichnet (/.c., tab. I, hg. 6), letztere etwa so wie sie bei A. lophotes
Monticelli^ stehen. Ob die beiden kleineren ‘ Chitinringe,’ welche zwischen
‘ Terminalfurche ’ und ‘ Terminalspalte ’auch bei dem jetzt gefundenen Stilck ganz

1. Tijdschr. Ent.^ 42 Deel, 1899, ?•

2. S. B. Ak. Wien^ Math.-nat. bl., Bd. 105, I Abt. p. 400 ff.

3. Ricerche fatte nel Labor. Anat. normale d. R. Uni-v. Roma ed in altri. Labor, biol. Vol. VI, fasc. 4, 1898, pp. 201-
230, tav. IX.

126

FASCICULI MALATENSES

ebenso wie bei Adensamers vorhanden sind, auch Stigmen sind, und die Terminal-
furche thatsachlich die AnalofFnung ist, wie Monticelli annimmt, kann ich Icider
nicht entscheiden. Da man wohl vielfach nur auf die Untersuchung des
freiliegenden Knopfes angewiesen sein wird und dieser ein bei alien drei
Funden verschiedenes Bild bietet, mochte ich ihn zur specifischen Trennung
verwerten und dabei dem von Messrs. Annandale und Robinson gefundenen
Stilck zugleich auch einen Namen geben. Die drei Arten lassen sich dann
folgendermassen scheiden ;

A. — Von den 4 grossen dorsalen Stigmen steht das mediale Paar dorsal

vom lateralen. A. lophotes Monticelli.

B. — Von diesen 4 Stigmen steht das mediale Paar nicht dorsal vom

lateralen.

(1) Die 4 stigmen liegen fast in einer horizon talen Reiee.

A. siamense sp. nov.

(2) Das mediale Paar liegt weit ventral vom lateralen.

A. phyllorhinae Adensamer.

APPENDIX

Dr. Speiser informs us that no pupiparous Diptera have hitherto been
recorded from the Malay Peninsula, but enumerates the following species
from neighbouring countries. We hope that he may give an account of the
anatomy of Ascodipteron siamense in a subsequent paper.

From BENGAL

Hippoboscidae

Hippobosca maculata, Leach (1818) (= aegyptiaca var bengalemis, Ormerod).

Nycteribiidae

Cyclopodia hopei, Westw. (^) (1839).

From BURMA

Hippoboscidae

Hippobosca longipennis, Fabr. (1805) (exact description prepared by Speiser).
Ornithoctona nigricans, Leach (1818).

Ornitheza andaiensis, Rond. (1878).

Streblidae

Nycteribosca gigantea, Speiser (1900).
Nycteribosca amboinensis, Rond. (1878).

Nycteribiidae

Penicillidia euxesta, Speiser (1901).
Eucampsipoda hyrtli, Kol. (1856).

Cyclopodia ferrarii, Rond. (1878).

REPORT ON THE BATRACHIANS AND

REPTILES

By G. a. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

R

2/9/03

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Batrachians collected by Mr. Robinson and myself, on which, with
the Reptiles, Mr. Boulenger has been kind enough to furnish a report,
were obtained in the Patani States, a few of the commoner species
being also represented by duplicates from Perak or Selangor. The Reptiles
are mostly from the same district, but some interesting forms were obtained
in Selangor by Mr. Robinson, and the type of a new species of Testudo and
several snakes and lizards were collected by us together in South Perak. In
preparing the notes I have added to Mr. Boulenger’s report, I have used
Mr. Robinson’s observations as well as my own, some of the latter having been
made as long ago as 1899 ; and the descriptions of the colour of the living
animals were mostly our joint work. From a bionomical standpoint, two
interesting features in the collection are the evidence it affords (i) of the
superior conspicuousness of coloration possessed by young individuals of certain
species of Reptiles, and (2) of the mimicry of the deadly Naia hungarus by a
non-venomous snake.

It should be noted that while the ‘ Skeat ’ collection of Reptiles from the
Patani States, which was made by myself, was peculiarly rich in snakes, our
attempt in the present one was to obtain as representative a series of the
lizards of the district as possible, so that the two collections supplement one
another in a very interesting way.

NELSON ANNANDALE

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REPORT ON THE BATRACHIANS AND

REPTILES

By G. a. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

The collection made by Messrs. Annandale and Robinson, and kindly
entrusted to me for study, affords a substantial supplement to our
knowledge of the herpetology of the Malay Peninsula, recently
enriched by the efforts of Messrs. S. Flower, A. L. Butler, and L. Wray,
and by the ‘ Skeat * Expedition, in which Mr. Annandale himself took part,
and the results of which have been reported upon by Mr. Laidlaw. The
present report contains descriptions of two new frogs, two new tortoises, a
new lizard, and a new snake ; whilst three lizards {Mabuia siamensis, Lygosoma
quadrivittatum^ Dibamus novae-guineae) and one snake [Ancistrodon rhodostomd) are
recorded for the first time from the Malay Peninsula.

BATRACHIA

ECAUDATA

PELOBATIDAE

1. Meg^alophrys montana, Kuhl
(Plate V, Fig. 1.)

A young specimen, 26 mm. from snout to vent, and numerous larvae
from Bukit Besar (2,500 feet). A half-grown male from Jalor.

The curious larvae, with their enormous funnel-shaped lips, were first
described and figured by Professor Max Weber,* and further specimens from
Bukit Besar, obtained by the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition, and identified by me, have
been noticed by Mr. Laidlaw,^ and figured by Dr. Gadow, in the Reptile
volume of the Cambridge Natural History., p. 60.

1. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buiten%org, xv, Suppl. ii, 1898, p. 5.

2. Froc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 889.

132

FASCICULI MALAY BIASES

The superciliary ‘ horns * are merely indicated in the half-grown specimen
and in a young perfect specimen, and no trace of them is to be seen in one,
only half as long, which has retained the tail fully developed. The tympanum
is distinct. Until more specimens have been examined, it is, in my opinion,
safer to designate this frog by the varietal name aceras than to describe it as
a new species.

‘ The adult appears to be nocturnal, and all the specimens that I have
seen under natural conditions have been taken in dead tree-trunks lying on
the jungle floor. The larvae were obtained from a pool, not more than a
foot-and-a-haif square, in a little watercourse of partially artificial origin. I
took a number of specimens in the same pool at the beginning of May, in
1899. They occupy the extreme edge, where the water is so shallow that
their tails almost touch the bottom when they are suspended from the surface
film ; and when the pool dries up, as it does in comparatively dry weather, they
conceal themselves among the mud and dead leaves that remain, living, at any
rate for some days, under such conditions. Nevertheless, we were unable to keep
them alive in captivity for more than a day or two, probably because we did
not put them in sufficiently shallow water. Their food, judging from the
contents of their intestines, consists of algae and minute organisms, both
animal and vegetable. I do not believe that it is possible for them to rasp
the leaves of water-plants, as Dr. Gadow suggests. As a rule, they hang
from the surface film, as in Dr. Gadow’s figure, but occasionally they sink to
the bottom, where they often lie on one side for a few minutes before
returning to the surface. The moment that they commence to sink, the funnel
round the mouth collapses, taking on the form of a pair of horns, curling
backwards along the side of the head ; but, as they touch the surface again, it
re-expands into a regular parachute form : I was able to obtain photographs
illustrating this action. It is probable that development is liable to be protracted
by drought, as we found specimens in the same pool both at the end of April
and again in September and October, and those taken in the autumn were,
with a few exceptions, only a very little further advanced than those taken in
spring, an unusually dry summer having intervened. It is, however, possible
that they may have belonged to different broods, and I am only led to make
the suggestion that this was not so, by the fact that on one occasion, even in
September, when the rains should be commencing, the pool dried up almost
completely, and the tadpoles took refuge in the mud. The funnel round the
mouth exhibits some curious histological features, which will, I hope, be
described in a subsequent paper.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

133

BUFONIDAE

2. Bufo asper, Gravenh.

Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet, and Sungkei, Batang Padang, South Perak.

‘ A common species, both in Perak and in the Siamese States. It is
generally found near human dwellings or in secondary jungle, but occasionally
penetrates into thick forest country.*

3. Bufb parvus, Blgr.

Sungkei, South Perak.

4. Bufb melanostictus, Gthr.

Jalor and Selangor.

‘Probably the commonest terrestrial Batrachian in most parts of the
Peninsula, but I have never seen it in thick jungle. In the town of Senggora
it issues forth from holes in the city wall every evening, or after a shower, in
enormous numbers.*

ENGYSTOMATIDAE

5. Callula pulchra, Gray
Jalor and Selangor.

‘ Common in the Patani States and Senggora, apparently less so on the
west side of the main range. It is chiefly nocturnal in its habits, often hiding
during the day among the cocoanut-husks and other refuse under native houses.
I have seen a specimen seated in the hollow of a dead branch, surrounded by what
appeared to be the remains of an ants’ nest ; but all the ants were dead,
whether killed by contact with the Batrachian or not, I cannot say, though it seems
probable that this may have been the case. I have noted elsewhere,* how the
way in which this toad inflates itself on being disturbed causes its conspicuous
coloration to be displayed.*

6. Microhyla ornata, D. & B.

Mabek, Jalor.

‘ Not uncommon in the long grass of clearings surrounded by jungle.*

:. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 857.

m

FASCICULI MALATENSES

RANIDAE

7. Oxyg^lossus lima, Gravenh.

Cape Patani.

‘ Common in the freshwater pools among the sandy Casuarina woods on
Cape Patani ; appears to be largely an aquatic species. Local in distribution.’

8. Rana macrodon, D. & B.

Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet ; and Tel6m, Perak-Pahang boundary, 4,000 feet (young specimen).

‘ Both specimens were taken hiding under stones at the edge of jungle
streams.’

9. Ranatigrina, Daud.

Jambu, Jhering.

‘ The specimen was taken on the mud of the brackish mangrove swamp
at the mouth of the Jambu River. In such environment it is not uncommon,
occupying holes exactly similar to those of the mangrove crabs. I have seen
a specimen dive into a strongly saline pool and remain under the surface for
some minutes. It is also abundant, judging from its characteristic croaking, in
the swamps of the Taleh Sap at Lampam, in Patalung, these swamps being
possibly brackish at certain seasons of the year.’

10. Rana limnocharis, Boie
Jalor.

‘ The common rice-field frog, both of the Patani and the Federated
Malay States. In dry weather it is occasionally found in the jungle, and it is
generally common on elephant tracks in all places where the ground is
sufficiently soft to retain impressions wherein water may collect. Puddles
thus formed are a favourite spawning-place, but the eggs are also frequently
laid in ditches and pools. They form a feebly coherent, one-layered mass of
no great size that floats on the surface of the water, which oftens becomes
quite hot under the mid-day sun. The ova appear to have about half the
diameter of those of R. temporaria^ and to hatch within a week. In Jalor,
spawning takes place throughout the summer months, but most frequently in
June or July, apparently reoccurring after every heavy fall of rain. R. limnocharis
sits in great numbers along the edges of the embankments of flooded rice
fields, and when a person or large animal approaches, leaps hurriedly, with a
splash, into the water. It swims away for a yard or two, and then returns

FASCICULI MALATENSES

135

abruptly to the embankment, only a few feet in front of its former station. So
rapidly is this manoeuvre executed, that the frog is often re-established on
dry land before the cause of its disturbance comes on a level with it, in which
case it again leaps off and acts as before. At night and during breeding times
in summer, the rice-field frogs (in Malay herkatak hendang) are very noisy, their
croaking somewhat resembling the syllables ‘g6ng-gung,gong-gfing,’repeatedly
and monotonously reiterated. In Jalor, Malay children imitate it very
accurately by means of an ingenious toy. They take a narrow strip of rattan
or other flexible but fairly stiff material, and split it for about half its length ;
on each section they fasten a large Ampullaria shell, and then draw a stick
rapidly backwards and forwards between the two shells.

‘ In a number of specimens of K. limnocharis^ taken from the same field
and on the same day, the colour variation is considerable, some being devoid
of a pale mid-dorsal line, which in some is white, in some green, in some pink,
and in some tinged with yellow ; while, occasionally, the whole of the dorsal
surface, which is usually of a dull mottled-grey, is suffused with bright green.
This frog forms a very important item in the diet of several reptiles and of
the numerous wading birds that collect in the rice fields during the rains of
autumn and winter.’

11. Rana erythraea, Schlg.

Mabek, Jalor.

‘I do not remember having seen this frog either in the coast lands of the
Patani States, in the rice fields of Jalor and Nawngchik, or in the comparatively
dry jungle on the limestone hills of the former state ; but it is not uncommon
at Mabek, sitting on bushes at the edge of the stream, into which it leaps as
soon as any disturbance occurs in its vicinity. Several may sometimes be
seen on one bush. Near Kuala Lumpur, as Mr. Robinson has pointed out
to me, it is common in the rice fields.’

12. Rhacophorus leucomystax, Gravenh.

Kampong Bayu and Biserat, Jalor.

‘ This species is fairly common in the neighbourhood of human
dwellings, both in the Patani States and other parts of the Peninsula, though
being largely nocturnal, it is not very often seen. Its spawn is never, so far
as I am aware, deposited in the water, but is either suspended from the leaves of
trees, the eaves of houses, or some other point projecting over water or damp

soil, or else is laid on the edge of buffalo-wallows or the embankments of

s

2/9/03

136

FASCICULI MALATENSES

rice fields. The larvae appear to be able to develop considerably, at any rate
to assume an elongate form, before the froth, in which they are enveloped,
comes in contact with water ; but if the direct rays of the sun fall upon them,
as is often the case, and if they are not washed into some pool or puddle
within a week or so, they perish. The frog is by no means sagacious in
placing its spawn.*

Rbacophorus leucomystax has greater powers of colour change than any
other frog with which we met, the changes being due partly to changes in the
surroundings, or perhaps rather to variations in the intensity of reflected
light, and partly to its own emotions. A specimen sitting among green
leaves in the open is usually of a yellowish-green shade, while one confined
in a comparatively dull environment becomes darker ; but sluggish specimens,
which may be diseased, are generally dark ; and if a green specimen is
handled, it also becomes dark, the bars on its hind legs being very con-
spicuous. We saw one specimen, which, seated on a withered banana leaf
and surrounded with other withered trunks and foliage, had assumed the
dull grey of such surroundings exactly ; even the iris, which is habitually
yellow or brown, having become of this colour. This was at mid-day, in
fairly bright light, but the individual appeared to be unusually comatose.’

13. Rhacophorus robinsonii, sp. nov.

(PI. V, Fig. 2).

Vomerine teeth in two strong and oblique series touching the inner
front edge of the choanae. Snout narrow, as long as the diameter of the
orbit ; loreal region nearly vertical, slightly concave ; nostril a little nearer
the end of the snout than the eye ; interorbital space a little broader than the
upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
Fingers rather short, much depressed, entirely webbed, the disks as large as
the tympanum ; toes webbed to the disks, which are a little smaller than
those of the fingers ; subarticular tubercles small but very prominent ; a very
small inner metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth, granulate
on the belly and under the thighs ; no dermal flaps at the heels or above the
vent ; a strong fold above the temple. Pinkish-brown above, bluish-grey on
the sides of the body and limbs ; sides of head darker purplish-grey, which
above is sharply defined on the canthus rostralis ; ill-defined dark spots on
the back ; limbs with greyish-brown cross-bars ; interdigital webs blackish,
with light veins ; whitish beneath, throat mottled, belly marbled with grey.
From snout to vent, 73 mm.

I. Cf. Gadow’s Amphibia and Reptiles, p. 247.

FASCIC: MALAY: ZOOLOGF.— Part 1.

n.ATE V.

4-.

J. Greer\- del . et litK .

Mintern Bros .iinp.

l.MEGALOPHRYS MONTANA.var. ACERAS . 2 .RHAC OPHORUS ROBINSONII.

3.4. i:XALUS EARUTET^SIS.

FASCTC : MALAY: Z00L0G7.— Part I

PLATE VI.

J Greeiv del etlitk,

1 .RHACOPHORUS RQGROPALMATUS .

2a.

MinterixBros im.p

2.IXALUS HORRIDUS.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

137

This fine new Rhacophorus is very near R. fasciatus, Blgr., from Sarawak.
It differs in the more rounded snout, the more anterior nostril, a larger
tympanum, and strikingly in colouration. R. shelfordi^ Blgr., also from
Sarawak, which agrees very closely in most respects with this species and with
R, fasciatus^ is distinguished by having the disks of the fingers considerably
smaller than the tympanum.

A single specimen, from Bukit Besar. 2,500 feet.

‘ The specimen was taken in the morning, seated, a foot or two above
the ground, on the leaf of a herbaceous plant growing in thick jungle. ‘ It was
very sluggish, making no attempt to escape, though considerable disturbance
had been caused by our passage in its immediate neighbourhood. The fore-
legs were folded beneath the chest, and the hind legs were pressed close to
the sides of the body, beneath which the feet were partially concealed ; the
snout was somewhat depressed. The colour of the whole of the dorsal
surface was a pale coffee, v/hich so closely resembled the shade assumed by
many dying leaves that the frog, with its leaf-like outline in the attitude
described, was, at first sight, mistaken for a leaf that had fallen from the trees
above and had accidentally lodged on the plant ; Mr. Robinson, a Malay
who accompanied us, and I were all completely deceived. At this time the
purplish-grey of the side of the head was black, and extended in a well-
defined band down each side. When the specimen was handled, its colour
became darker, and mottlings of an ill-defined character, as well as the cross-
bars on the limbs, made their appearance, as they so often do in species of
Rhacophorus. The specimen permitted itself to be captured almost without a
struggle, after waiting while a camera was fetched and a photograph taken.

14. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus, Blgr.

(PI. VI, Fig. i).

This handsome frog, probably the very species alluded to by Wallace’'
as the ‘ flying frog,’ was first described from Sarawak. It has since been
rediscovered in Sumatra^ and in Upper Perak. ^

A female specimen was obtained at Mabek, Jalor, on the 22nd July,
1901. Its colour in life was as follows : — ‘Dorsal surface pale grass green,
powdered with white ; a conspicuous white mark on the dorsal surface of the
thigh ; on the dorsal surface of the feet, the green changes gradually into
orange ; membrane of the feet, orange marked with black ; sides of the body

1. Malay Archipelago I, p. 60.

2. F. Werner, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XIII, 1900, p. 496.

3. S. Flower, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 899.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

138

orange, changing into deep salmon pink on the abdomen and under surface of
digits ; throat and chest cream-colour.’

The specimen, a female, measures 88 mm. from snout to vent. The
largest specimen, from Bidi, Sarawak, in the British Museum, measures 100 mm.

The male is still unknown.

‘ Mr. Robinson, who took the specimen, notes that it dropped almost
vertically from a tall tree growing at the edge of a large clearing in the jungle,
while the individual obtained by Mr. L. Wray, in Upper Perak, was sitting
on a tree-trunk.^ Beyond the statement of the Chinamen who procured
Wallace his specimen, there appears to be no evidence to prove that the “flying
frog ” does use its enormous feet to support it in the air, and, so far as we
could see, it did not appear likely, from the condition of the web in the living
animal, that their purpose was that assigned to them by the discoverer of the
species. The seemingly gorgeous coloration may very possibly be protective
in its proper surroundings, for, with the exception of the black and orange on
the feet, the colours are not arranged so as to contrast with one another, and,
as I have pointed out elsewhere,^ the most brilliant colours, provided only
their arrangement be correct, may serve for concealment under conditions of
light common in the Malay jungle. In the plate, our specimen of R. nigro-
palmatus is represented as it now is, for the marblings on its dorsal surface
only became apparent after it was plunged into spirit. It is interesting to
notice that markings of a similar character appear on the bodies of all the three
species of Rhacophorus taken, if they are roughly treated, and probably also if
they are in bad health. These markings are not conspicuous enough to be
instances of warning coloration, but are rather analogous to the blushing or
paling of a human being under the influence of emotion or in pathological
conditions.

‘ Within the limits of the genus Rhacophorus we have the three main
divisions, into which the phenomena of protective coloration may be divided,
all well illustrated ; in the first place, there are species, like R. leprosus^ which
are coloured to suit their habitual environment, having little power of adapting
their colour to any other environment ; in the second place, there are species,
like R. leucomystax^ which can, to a certain extent, adapt themselves so as to
be concealed in environments of several different kinds ; while in the third,
there are species, like R. rohinsonii^ which appear to resemble some definite
object, in this case a dying leaf, not necessarily to be found in the environment
in which they are seated for the moment, but which might very well occur in
surroundings of the kind.’

1. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 899.

2. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, pp. 849-852.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

139

15. Ixalus larutensis, BIgr.

(PI. V, Figs. 3 and 4)

Snout rounded or obtusely pointed, as long as the diameter of the orbit ;
canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril a little nearer the
end of the snout than the eye ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ;
tympanum moderately distinct in the adult, indistinct in the young, half the
diameter of the eye. Fingers free, toes half webbed ; discs of fingers as large
as the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small inner metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of
the snout. Upper parts smooth, or with small flat warts ; throat, belly, and
lower surface of thighs granulate. Grey brown or reddish-brown above, with
dark brown symmetrical markings, a cross-band between the eyes being con-
stant ; usually a )( or )-(-shaped marking on the anterior part of the body ;
sides of body and of thighs with white spots on a brown ground, or between
a brown network ; a dark-brown lumber spot may be present ; limbs with
dark cross-bands ; lower parts white, spotted or speckled with brown. One
of the two young specimens from Jalor has a whitish vertebral line from end
of snout to vent, a similar line along the upper surface of the thigh and leg
and another from the chin to the breast ; the lower parts are obscured by
brown mottlings.

From snout to vent, 35 mm.

This species was described in 1900^ from specimens obtained in the
Larut Hills, between 4,000 and 4,500 feet altitude. Two young specimens
from Bukit Besar (2,500 to 3,500 feet) are in Messrs. Annandale and
Robinson’s collection, and are here figured.

‘ The specimens were found among dead leaves, to which they bore a
remarkable resemblance, on the jungle floor.’

16. Ixalus horridus, sp. nov.

(PI. VI, Fig. 2).

Very similar in general appearance to Rhacophorus leprosus^ Schlg., and
R. costicalis^ Blgr. Head rather strongly depressed, the obtusely pointed snout
a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal
region concave ; nostrils close to the end of the snout ; interorbital space a little
narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, as large as the eye.
Fingers half webbed, with large terminal expansions which are broader than
long, and as broad as the diameter of the tympanum ; toes webbed to the
disks, which are smaller than those of the fingers ; terminal phalanx bifur-
cate ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes very small ; a small, oval,

I. Ann, Mag. Nat„ Hist. (7) VI, p. 187 (1900.)

140

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the
eye and the tip of the snout. Upper parts with very prominent, irregular
large warts, themselves studded with granular asperities in the adult ; throat,
breast, lumbar, and antero-femoral region and lower surface of limbs smooth ;
belly and anal region with large flat granules. Dark warm-brown above,
with rather indistinct blackish spots on the body and regular cross-bars on
the limbs ; the granular asperities greyish ; a large black lumbar spot ; webs
blackish ; lower parts white (‘ bright blue-grey ’ in life), largely spotted and
marbled with black. Male, with a large soft pad on the inner side of the
first finger and an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent, 40 mm.

Description of Tapole. Body much depressed, a little longer than broad,
its length one and three-fifths to one and three-fourths in that of the tail. Eyes
superior, two and one-half to three diameters apart ; distance between
nostrils about two-thirds interocular width. Mouth ranid in type, elliptical,
its width a little greater than the interocular. Beak black, sides and lower
edge of the lip fringed with papillae, upper lip with a long series of fine
horny teeth, followed on each side by three series, three interrupted series
of teeth on the lower lip. Spiraculum on the left side, in the posterior third
of the body, directed straight backwards. Anus turned to the right, close
to the lower edge of the tail. Tail two and two-thirds to three times as long
as deep, rounded at the end, the depth of the muscular portion, in the middle
of the length, about half the total depth, the upper caudal crest does not
extend on the body.

The length of the numerous specimens, which are uniform dark-brown
or blackish, with the lines of sensory organs distinct and whitish, varies
between 1 5 mm. and 50 mm.

‘ A considerable number of adults of this species inhabited a tree in
the jungle near our camp on Bukit Besar, occasionally manifesting their
presence by low grunts or croaks, uttered singly at intervals. The tree was
one of those from the lower part of whose trunk large buttresses project,
and in its case these buttresses had coalesced in pairs, so as to form
cavities, which contained several gallons of rain water and dead leaves. The
frogs deposited their spawn on the trunk in frothy masses about the size
of a cricket ball, a foot or two above the surface of the water in these cavities,
which was of a deep brown colour. The masses resembled those produced
by Rhacophorus leucomystax^ but were rather smaller and paler in colour. I
found that if they were not washed down by the rain into the water within
three or four days, the froth dried up and the ova perished. The cavities

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

141

were haunted by a snake, Fropidonotus chrysargus^ two specimens of which
were taken feeding on the spawn, despite the froth in which it was embedded.

‘ The ova were quite devoid of colour, but the larvae soon assumed an almost
uniform velvety black hue. The blue grey, so conspicuous on the belly of the
adult, did not commence to make its appearance until the hind legs were fairly
well developed, and was much less intense on the young frog than in the
older specimens, being in very young individuals merely greyish-white. The
dorsal surface of the adult so closely resembled the bark of the tree on which
our specimens were taken, that I was unable to distinguish any of the individuals
captured in the shadow of the buttresses, and only knew of their presence
through their croaking or when they moved ; they were caught with a net in
the water in the cavities, into which they dived when the trunk was tapped.

^The resemblance, both above and below, between this species and
Rhacophorus leprosus^ known from the mountains of Perak, is very close indeed,
and is probably an instance of adaptive resemblance or ‘‘ convergence,” though
the two frogs belong to closely allied genera, seeing that they both differ
widely in appearance from the typical members of their respective genera.
Their habits appear to be identical, ‘ and it is probable that a very close resem-
blance also exists between their larvae, which live under very similar conditions,
but it is not known whether the species are found together. It would almost
seem as if there was some physiological connexion in these genera between a
warty, bark-like dorsal surface, and a blue-grey belly, mottled with black, as
it is most improbable, in consideration of the conditions under which these
frogs live, with their bellies closely pressed against the bark of trees, that the
conspicuous coloration of the ventral surface is an advertisement to enemiies.
The coloration does not appear to be altogether parallel to that of Bomhinator^
as the species of the latter genus are said to display the brilliant orange or
yellow of their bellies at the sides of the body, though the fable that they turn
over on their backs to do so has been refuted.* It may be pointed out, how-
ever, as Dr. Gadow himself confesses, that it is not always possible to induce
tame individuals of this genus to adopt the ‘warning attitude,’ and that it is
just possible that the attitude has primarily no connexion with the coloration of
the ventral surface, as it is one paralleled by the common attitude of alarm of
many animals which are soberly coloured below, even by certain Orthoptera
and Crustaceans. In this case, boldly contrasting patterns on the belly of these
four Batrachians may very well have a common origin in each instance, though
we cannot at present state their object.’

1. Cf. L. Wray, Perak Museum Notes and Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. .Soc., 1890, p. 144.

2. Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles^ 156, 157.

142

FASCICULI MALAY BIASES

REPTILIA

CHELONIA

TESTUDINIDAE

1. Batag^ur baska, Gray

A young specimen from the lower reaches of the-Patani River.

2. Damon ia subtrijuga, Schlg. & Mull.

Lower reaches of Patani River.

3. Cyclemys amboinensis, Daud.

Kampong Jalor.

‘ Also common in the pools on Cape Patani, where it is frequently kept
as a pet by the Malay children ; its fat is used as a medicine for fever.’

4. Cyclemys platynota, Gray
Kampong Jalor.

5. Cyclemys annandalii, sp. nov.

(Plates VII and VIII)

Belongs to the first section of the genus, including C. platynota^ dhor^ and
mouhoti^ characterized by the plastron not completely closing the shell and
being emarginate posteriorly, and by the separated posterior margin of the
carapace. Agrees with C. platynota in having the suture between the pectoral
shield and the marginals longer than that between the abdominal and the
marginals, but differs chiefly in the stronger bicuspid beak, the denticulate
border of the upper jaw, the more slender zygomatic arch of the skull, the
larger axillary shield, the smaller anal shields with a deeper notch between
them, and, normally, in the absence of a sixth vertebral shield.

This species, with which I have much pleasure in connecting the name
of Mr. Annandale, is founded on three specimens from Kampong Jalor ;
two young in spirit, and a large male, preserved dry, with skin and
skeleton.

A. Description of the Young,

Carapace depressed and unicarinate, with serrated posterior margin,
vertebral shields broader than long, as broad as or a little narrower than
the costals, first as broad, or nearly as broad, as the second. Plastron
narrower than the opening of the shell, with deeply notched hind

FASCIC: MALAY: ZOOLOG 7.— Part I,

PLATE VII.

^intern. Bros .ixrvp .

J.GreeT\. del.etlitK.

CYCLE MYS ANNANE AL II , Young . (-§-nat. size

FA SC/C: MALAY: J^OOr.OGY.-— Part 1.

FLATb VIII.

J.&i-eeTi. deLetli-ti..

Miittern Br o s . iTrvp

CYCLEMVS AT^NANDALII (f nat.size).

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

H3

lobe, and connected with the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width
of which is contained twice-and-a-half in the length of the plastron ;
axillary and inguinal shields large, the suture between the pectoral shield
and the marginals longer than that between the abdominal and the marginals,
the suture between the pectoral shields as long as or a little shorter than
that between the abdominals, the suture between the humeral shields
shorter than that between the gulars, and that between the anals shorter than
that between the femorals. Hook of the upper jaw bicuspid. Digits
extensively webbed, claws long, curved, sharp. Front part of the jaw with
broad, band-like transverse shields. Carapace dark brown, spotted with black
in the young, plastron and lower surface of marginal shields yellowish, with
symmetrical dark-brown markings in the young. Head and upper surface of
the neck dark-brown ; a yellowish streak on each side of the head, from the
upper surface of the snout to the neck, passing above the eye and the
tympanum, another, higher up, and parallel with the lower, on the temple, on
the neck, lower jaw and edge of upper jaw, yellowish.

Of the two specimens, one {a) is newly born, the other {h) considerably
older.

{a) Length of shell, 6o mm. ; width, 55 mm. ; depth, 28 mm. Shields
rugose ; an additional shield intercalated between the fourth and fifth verte-
brals, and another between the fourth costal and the fifth vertebral. Vertebral
keel and edge of marginals yellow ; roundish black spots irregularly disposed
on the vertebral and costal shields ; marginal shields blackish above, speckled
with lighter in their proximal third. Plastron with a complicated dark pattern
with rounded outlines, between which are dark vermiculations; similar markings
cover the bridge and the greater part of the lower surface of the marginals.

{b^ Length of shell, 145 mm. ; width, 1 17 mm. ; depth, 67 mm. Shields
with concentric grooves and radiating ridges around the rugose portion.

Traces of the symmetrical dark markings of the younger specimen can be
observed on the plastron.

B. Description of the Adult Male.

Shell three times as long as deep, once and two-thirds as long as broad ;
its posterior border much less strongly serrated than in the young ; shields
nearly smooth, with the vertebral keel merely indicated on the fourth and
fifth vertebral shields ; second and third vertebral shields as long as broad,
about two-thirds the width of the corresponding costals ; plastron deeply
concave, the relative proportions of the shields as in the young. Upper
jaw with two very strong median cusps, and a very distinct denticulation

T

4/9/oj

144

FASCICULI MALATENSES

along the whole border. The interdigital web appears to have been less
developed than in the young. Tail nearly as long as the head. Shell
black, with yellow markings over the marginal shields and on the plastron,
the latter forming a broad median band ; head blackish, vermiculate with
yellowish, but without longitudinal bands.

Length of shell, 380 mm., width, 245 mm., depth, 130 mm.

‘Numerous specimens were brought to us at Kampongjalor by natives, who
frequently keep this tortoise in captivity, boring a hole in the posterior margin
of the carapace, and tying a string, passed through this, to their house-posts.
We were prevented from preserving more than one large specimen by the
bulk, and by the difficulty experienced in killing tortoises. The adult appears
to be largely terrestrial in habits, but it is probable that the young are
aquatic. The species probably attains a bulk considerably greater than that
of our adult specimen.’

6. Cyclemys dhor, Gray
A young specimen from Kampong Jalor.

7. Geoemyda spinosa, Gray

A young specimen from Kampong Jalor, another from the Batang Padang district.

‘ Common in the flooded rice fields of the Patani States.’

8. Testudo pseudemys, sp. nov.

(PI. IX)

Shell much depressed, its depth one-third to two-fifths its length ; anterior
and posterior margins reverted and strongly serrated ; nuchal shield present,
rather large, broader than long ; supracaudal shields two, embracing a deep
notch ; discal shields concentrically striated and more or less concave ; verte-
brals much broader than long, at least as broad as the costals, the second,
third, and fourth, with the antero-lateral side not half as long as the postero-
lateral. Plastron large, gular region more or less produced and notched,
hind lobe deeply notched ; width of the bridge one-third to two-fifths the
length of the plastron ; pectoral shields meeting on the median line, the suture
between them measuring one-seventh to one-third the length of that between
the humerals ; axillery shield very small, inguinal large. Head rather small ;
temporal arch narrow, slender, its width not more than one-fifth the diameter
of the orbit ; two large praefrontal shields and a large frontal ; jaws not
hooked, not denticulate, the alveolar surface of the upper jaw with a feeble
median ridge. Limbs with very large bony, imbricate tubercles, some of

FASCIC: MALAY:

ZOOLOG y.— Part I.

PLATE IX.

J Green, del.etlitlx

"Man.terTvBros inat)

TESTUDO PSEUDEMYS.(^nat.size

FASCICULI MALATENSES

145

which, on the front of the fore limb and on the heel, are pointed and spine-
like ; a group of bony tubercles on the back of the thigh, the central ones
very large and conical. Tail of male ending in a divided, claw-like bony
tubercle. Yellowish or pale brown, dark brown or blackish on the periphery
of the dorsal shields and on the anterior border of the marginals ; young with
the carapace speckled with blackish ; plastron yellow or brown and yellow ;
head and limbs yellow, more or less variegated with dark brown.

Fig. I. Skull of Testudo pseudemys. Two-thirds natural size. ’

These tortoises agree in colour and general appearance with the shell
from Siam described by Dr. Gunther as Geoemyda impressa^ but they differ
from it, as well as from all specimens of Testudo emys examined by me, in
having the antelateral side of the vertebral shields so much shorter than the
postero-lateral. The skull of Geoemyda impressa is unknown, but that of
Testudo emys and that of Testudo phayrii differ from that of Testudo pseudemys

Fig. 2. Skull of Testudo emys. Two-thirds natural size.

in the much wider temporal arch, as may be seen by the annexed figure,
taken from a specimen from Sarawak.

Two specimens, from the Batang Padang district. South Perak (1,000
feet to 2,000 feet), in the collection, the shell of the larger measuring
255 mm., that of the other 100 mm. I have besides examined a specimen

from the Larut Hills, Perak (4,000 feet altitude), obtained by Mr. A. L.
Butler in 1900, and a young specimen from Thao, Kasia Hills (3,200 feet

146

FASCICULI MALATENSES

to 4,500 feet), collected by the late Mr. L. Fea, and which I first referred to
Testudo emys}

I have lately examined a rather large number of specimens of Testudo
emys^ from the Malay Peninsula and from Borneo, and doubts, similar to
those expressed by Dr. von Lidth de Jeude,^ have arisen in my mind as to
the specific identity of Testudo phayrii and Geoemyda impressa. The type of
the former having been carefully figured by Anderson,^ and the skull of its
co-type by Gray,^ it is possible to form a correct idea of the specimens
with which to compare the new material. Both the tortoises brought home
by Messrs. Annandale and Robinson agree with Testudo phayrii in the shape
and proportions of the plastral shields, and in having the nuchal shield much
wider than long, but the carapace is more flattened, more of the lateral
marginal shields being visible when the shell is viewed from above, and
the second and third vertebral shields have a different shape, their antero-
lateral borders being much shorter than the postero-lateral. The greater
depression might be merely due to age, the type of Blyth’s species
measuring 510 mm. in shell-length. As to the second differential character,
it appears to me to be of specific importance, and, coupled with the
difference in the temporal arch, suffices to separate T. pseudemys.

In all the specimens,^ four in number, which agree with T. emys in having
the pectoral shieJds of plastron more or less widely separated from each other,
the antero-lateral border of the second and third vertebral shields is as lonrr

O

as the postero-lateral, or but slightly shorter ; this is quite irrespective of the
great difference in shape which these shields undergo with age, the shells at
my disposal varying from 120 to 480 mm. in length. With one exception
(the type of Manouria fusca^ Gray, from Penang), all these specimens have
the nuchal shields as long as broad, or longer than broad.

Judging from the figure given by Gray, the skull of T. phayrii is identical
with that of T. emys ; and as the extent of the pectoral shields is a character
subject to considerable variations according to Anderson, whose figures show
a gradual passage between the two extreme types, I think it best to provisionally
maintain the species T. emys in the sense in which 1 have taken it in the
Catalogue of Chelonians published in 1889.

‘ The two specimens of Testudo pseudemys were taken on a jungle path at
dusk, within a few yards of one another. When alarmed they drew in their

1. Ann, Mus. Geno-va (2) xiii, 1893, p. 312.

2. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvii, 1895, p. 197.

3. Proc. Zool. Soc.^ 1871, p. 426.

4. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 470 ( Scapia falconert).

5. Mostly from Borneo ; three from Penang, two from the Larut Hills, Perak.

FASCICULI MALAY BIASES

147

heads, but when lifted from the ground became very vicious, hissing, stretch-
ing out their necks and attempting vigorously to bite, their whole demeanour
differing from that of specimens of T. emys I have seen in captivity in the
Malay Peninsula.’

9. Testudo elongata, Blyth
Kampong Jalor.

‘ Several specimens were brought us by natives at Kampong Jalor, and
they said it was common among the granite rocks of a hill in the neighbour-
hood, named Bukit Bubu (Bald Hill), never being found in the vicinity of
water. They called it kura-kural mas, or ‘gold tortoise,’ because of the bright
yellow colour of parts of the shell. In life the soft parts are of a pallid and
slightly yellowish flesh-colour, and in all the specimens we saw, the nose was
pink and inflamed, owing to the head and neck having been used as a lever to
right the animal when it had been turned on its back.’

CHELONBDAE

10. Chelone mydas, L.

11. Chelone imbricata, L.

Both the green turtle and the hawksbill occur at the mouth of the
Patani River. ‘ Their eggs, a perquisite of the Malay raja, are collected in
enormous numbers, both on Cape Patani and more especially on certain small
islands off the coast, a little to the north ; but it is difficult to know what the
turtles feed upon here, as the sea in these parts is almost devoid of sea-grass
and large algae.’

EMYDOSAURIA

CROCODILIDAE

12. Tomistoma borneensis, Schlg. & Miill.

A gavial-like crocodilian was observed by Mr. Robinson, lying on a log
in the Sungkei River, between Jeram Kawan and Sungkei, South Perak.

13. Crocodilus porosus, Schn.

Jambu, Jhering.

‘ The distribution of this crocodile in the Patani States is somewhat
local, probably because it needs muddy banks on which to sun itself It is
abundant on the Jambu River, which is little more than a tidal creek, the larger
specimens, as a rule, staying some distance up stream, but occasionally
descending to the sea. On the lower reaches of the Patani River it is scarce,

I. Kuru-kura is their general name for tortoises, but the large species of Cyclemys are called lelagu, while land
tortoises are known as banmg, and the Trionychidae as labi-labi. N. A.

148

FASCICULI MALATENSES

and the species which is abundant above Bendang Stah is very probably
C. palustris ; it occurs on the islands of the Taleh Sap and in the Lampam
River, for a Siamese crocodile hunter at Lampam showed me a number of skulls,
all of which appeared to be those of C. porosus. He told me, however, that
about one individual in every hundred he killed had a very long nose, with a
lump at the end, that is to say, probably, was a specimen of Tomistoma horneenis.

LACERTILIA

GECKONIDAE

14. Gym nodactyl us marmoratus, Kuhl.

Bukit Besar. 2,500 feet.

‘ Not uncommon on tree-trunks in the jungle. When disturbed it
frequently runs down to the ground, and takes refuge in one of the rats’ holes
common at the roots of trees.’

15. Gymnodactylus pulchellus, Gray
Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet, and Goah Tanah (Earth Cave), near Biserat.

‘ The specimen from Bukit Besar was obtained from a hole in the trunk
of a dying palm, about thirty feet above the ground. Those from the Jalor
cave were found crawling on the sides and floor in absolute darkness ; there
are specimens, taken in a similar habitat in Selangor, both in the State Museum
at Kuala Lumpur and in the Raffles Museum at Singapore.’

16. Gonatodes aflinis, Stol.

Bukit Besar. 2,500 feet.

‘ Dorsal surface dull grey, mottled with black and closely banded with
yellow ; mid-dorsal line slightly paler yellow ; a large black spot, with a bright
yellow “ eye ” in the centre, and bordered posteriorly with the same shade, just
behind the base of the fore limbs, these markings being far more conspicuous
in the male than in the female ; three faint yellowish lateral bars.’

‘ Common on tree-trunks in the jungle, especially on the one on which
the frog Ixalus horridus was taken. The gecko was generally found between
the upper part of the buttresses of this tree, but when it was disturbed it
slipped down into the water in the cavities, beneath the surface of which it
remained for some minutes, finally pushing out its head at one side so carefully
that not the slightest commotion was caused. The roughness of its integument
caused it to be covered with a film of air while beneath the surface of the

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

149

water, but it is doubtful whether this was anything but adventitious. Resides
these geckos and frogs, and also snakes, the pools in the cavities were inhabited
by numerous insects — Hemiptera and larval Diptera, Beetles and Odonata.’

17. Hemidactylus ‘frenatus, D. & B.

Patani ; Gedong and Tapah, South Perak ; Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

18. Hemidactylus platurus, Schn.

Patani ; Bukit Besar.

19. Gehyra mutilata, Wiegm.

Bidor, South Perak.

‘ The three preceding species are all common in houses, both in the
Patani States and in Perak. -They all exhibit considerable power of colour
change, becoming at night, under the influence of strong light reflected from
whitewashed walls, of a peculiar translucent pale yellowish brown. If, however,
they run across any dark object on the walls, they immediately become
darker.’

20. Gehyra butleri, Blgfr.

Kuala Lumpur.

Described in 1901’' from three specimens obtained by Mr. A. L. Butler,
at Kuala Lumpur, the largest measuring 32 mm. from snout to vent. The
specimen brought home by Mr. Robinson measures 35 mm. from snout to
vent, and has six lamellae under the inner toe, and eight under the fourth.
Reddish above, speckled with brown and with yellow dark-edged ocelli,
theos ocelli closely approximating in pairs on the tail.

‘ I obtained several specimens of this species in Selangor, which, so far as
my observation goes, is rarely, found in houses. All my specimens were
captured among the fibre at the base of the leaves of cocoanut palms, where
they seem to feed largely on the small centipedes and millipedes found in such
situations. ’ H.C.R.

21. Gecko verticillatus, Laur.

Jalor.

‘ This species is common on the trunks of cocoanut palms in the Patani
States, but does not live in the houses either in this district or in Senggora,

I. Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. XIII, p. 333, PI. — , Fig. i.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

150

where there are many large brick and plaster buildings, as it does in Bangkok,*
where I have seen it commonly in European dwellings. It appears to have no
power of colour change.’

22. Gecko stentor, Cant.

Batang Padang.

‘ Though somewhat scarce in collections, this gecko is really common in
the Malay jungle, especially in Upper Perak and the adjacent parts of Rhaman,
where I heard its characteristic cry almost continuously. It is usually a jungle
species, frequenting the upper branches of high trees, but a large specimen,
now in the State Museum at Taiping, Perak, was taken in a hospital (built at
the edge of the jungle), in the walls of which its cry had disturbed the patients
for some time. Our specimens were shot on trees by the Sakais, with their
blow-guns ; they consider its flesh a delicacy. The changes of colour under-
gone by the individuals of this species are very slight, being confined to a
slight paling or darkening.

‘ The characteristic note of this large gecko is often heard in certain
bungalows in Kuala Lumpur.’ H.C.R.

23. Gecko monarchus, D. & B.

Bidor, South Perak ; Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

‘ The species appears to be somewhat particular as to its environment,
occurring abundantly on the walls and ceilings of some houses, but avoiding
others close to them. It has very little power of colour change.’

24. Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Gray
Two newly hatched young, from eggs obtained on Bukit Besar.

‘ The eggs, of which several sets, hatched and otherwise, were noted on
Bukit Besar, are deposited in pairs, on the lower surface of leaves or on tree-
trunks, sometimes quite near the ground. They have brittle calcareous shells,
but must be soft when laid, as they are flattened where they come in contact
with one another, the outline of the two together forming a figure of eight, and
as the lower surface, which is also flattened, retains an impression of the
surface to which it clings and on which the eggs have been laid. The eggs measure
about 13 mm. in diameter, and ii mm. in depth. The period of incubation
is long for so small an animal ; in the case of the eggs of a captive specimen

I. Cf. S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 632.

FASCIC : MALAY: ZOOLOGY. — Part T.

PLATK X.

lb.

2 .

J GresTL iel. etlitK .

1.

1. DRACO PUNCTATUS. 2.DI0LEPIS BELDII .
3.DYG0S0MA MIODACTVLUM.

Min.terivBros .amp .

FASCICULI MALATENSES

151

in Java, F. H. Bauer* found that it lasted from November to May ; specimens
obtained by ourselves in May, in which the embryos were already far advanced,
hatched a month later, and we found others, some advanced and some in an
early stage of development, in September, When the young geckos emerged
they were covered with a delicate membrane, which they cast immediately,
rubbing it off against sticks and pulling it from the hind limbs with their
mouths, and then devouring it. One specimen was kept alive for about a
fortnight, during which it evinced not the slightest tendency to make use of
the fold of skin along its side as a parachute. Indeed, this fold, except when
accidentally displaced by coming in contact with some foreign substance, was
always kept closely tucked round the body, so that it was hardly apparent.
The young gecko, which was coloured so as to exactly resemble the bark of a
tree, was slightly darker by night than by day, a white bar across the tail
becoming more conspicuous in the evening ; otherwise the colour changed very
little.’

AGAMIDAE

25. Draco fimbriatus, Kuhl.

Sungkei, South Perak, and Semangko Pass (2,700 feet), Selangor-Pahang boundary.

‘ General colour above greyish, brown on head and neck, with irregular
spots of black, tail banded with blackish brown and clay colour ; lower surface
of body uniform dirty grey, chin dusky grey, spotted with black and white on
jaws, gular pouch salmon pink, lateral folds more orange.’

26. Draco punctatus, Blgr.

(PI. X, fig-. I)

Head rather large ; snout as long as the diameter of the orbit ; nostril
lateral, directed upwards ; tympanum naked, nearly as large as the eye-opening.
Upper head-scales small, keeled ; a distinct J^-shaped series of enlarged scales
on the forehead ; a conical, spine-like tubercle at the posterior corner of the
orbit and another in front of it ; ten upper labials. The male’s gular appendage
hardly as long as the head. A short and strong denticulate nuchal fold.
Dorsal scales a little smaller than ventrals, feebly keeled ; a lateral series of
enlarged scales. The fore limb stretched forwards extends a little beyond the
tip of the snout ; the adpressed hind limb barely reaches the axil. Tail with
a very strong crest of long pointed scales. ‘ Greyish above, tinged with rusty
on the crown and on the middle line of the back, with numerous small black
spots ; four large dark blotches forming a cross between the shoulders ; alar

u

. Gadow’s Amphibia and Reptiles^ P* 5^2

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152

FASCICULI MALATENSES

membrane blackish above, streaked with whitish, uniform whitish beneath ;
lower parts bluish, throat and breast with small blackish spots ; gular appendage
and inner side of lateral wattles bright chrome-yellow.’

Total length, 230 mm. ; head, 17 mm. ; width of head, 12 mm. ; body,
67 mm. ; fore limb, 37 mm. ; hind limb, 43 mm. ; tail, 145 mm.’

This species was known from one specimen from the Larut Hills, Perak,
and a second from Sarawak.

A single male was obtained on Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet ; shot on a tree
in the clearing.

Draco punctatus is most nearly related to the Bornean D. cristatellus^ Gthr.,
from which it differs in the stronger caudal crest, in the presence of a dorso-
lateral series of enlarged scales, in the shorter gular appendage, in the rather
larger upper head-scales, and in the perfectly lateral nostril.

27. Draco melanopog^on, Blgr.

Bukit Besar. 2,500 feet.

This species is now known to have a wide distribution, as it has been
recorded from various localities in the Malay Peninsula (Malacca, Singapore,
Ulu Selama, Bukit Besar) and from Borneo, Sumatra, and the Natuna
Islands.

The specimens from Bukit Besar (males) are described as having in
life the dorsal surface moss-green and black, the ventral surface cream,
marked with dark brown ; gular pouch black and white ; alar membrane
black, spotted with golden yellow.

28. Draco 'formosus, Blgr.

Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet ; and Patang Padang, South Perak.

‘ Sides of throat deep claret-colour ; upper surface of alar membranes
pale gamboge, with five irregular bars of blackish mottling, becoming claret-
colour towards the outer edge ; a broad subterminal zone of paler claret and
dull yellow mottled with black.’

‘ A pair of this species, probably a male and female, sailed into our
clearing from the jungle and alighted on a large tree-trunk on several
occasions, generally towards evening. The last to alight was once or twice
secured, but the first always escaped. If unmolested, the former chased the
latter up the tree in a spiral course, until they disappeared among the branches.

‘ The common D, volans has the same habit, and in its case it is easy to
distinguish the sexes by the colour of their gular appendages. D. volans^

FASCICULI MALATENSES

153

of which we did not obtain a specimen, is somewhat sporadically distributed
in the Patani States, occurring in fair numbers on the trunks of the cocoanut
and betel palms in some villages, while apparently absent from others. When
seated on the trunks of these trees, however, its coloration and the immova-
bility of its pose render it practically invisible. On the coast of Trang it is
very abundant in the villages, as it is in many parts of Perak — though we did
not happen to see it in that state — and Selangor, as well as in Singapore and
Penang.’

29. Draco blanfordii, BIgr.

Bukit Besar. 2,500 feet.

30. Gonyocephalus borneensis, Schlg.

Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang border. 2,700 feet.

‘ I took the specimen representing this species ; it was seated on a
chair in the Government Resthouse, on the Semangko Pass, and was very
sluggish. I have noticed the same sluggishness in the case of the North
Australian G. hoydi. Young individuals were not uncommon in the neigh-
bourhood, and were exceedingly active and difficult to capture.’ H. C. R.

31. Gonyocephalus herveyi, Blgr.

Batang Padang, South Perak.

32. Gonyocephalus grandis, Gray
Batang Padang, South Perak.

‘ The specimens in our collection of this and the preceding species were
shot by the Sakais with their blowguns. For one of them we are indebted
to Mr. G. B. Cerruti, late Superintendent of Sakais, who also presented us
with other zoological specimens from the same district.’

33. Acanthosaura armata, Gray
Bukit Besar ; 2,500 feet.

‘ I found the specimen digging for earth worms in a small bare patch in
the jungle. It had evidently been successful, as its stomach was full of earth.
Apparently only its fore limbs were used in digging. When disturbed it
rushed into a hole in a tree trunk. Another specimen was seen on Bukit
Besar, clinging to the stem of a sapling. When a hand was stretched out to
seize it, it dropped rather than leaped into the undergrowth.

154

FASCICULI MALATENSES

‘ When first seen, the specimen taken was almost black, with only small
blotches of green on the body ; there was a distinct division in the coloration
a little behind the fore limbs, and in front of this the shade was much duller
than it was on the tail and the hind quarters. When the animal was
handled, the green blotches began gradually to expand, until, finally, the
comparative extent of green and black was completely reversed. This is
remarkable as being exactly the opposite of what takes place when Calotes
cristatellus is roughly treated.’

34. Calotes cristatellus, Kuhl.

Jalor, Batang Padang

‘ This lizard is the most common Agamid in South Perak and Selangor,
and though it is, perhaps, less abundant in the Patani States, it is far from
being scarce ; I have seen specimens in Patalung. Though essentially a brush-
wood species, it penetrates into high jungle on Bukit Besar. It is rather less
active than C. versicolor^ and often sits quite motionless on tree-trunks, with
its head and forequarters raised from the surface to which it clings. It is
usually of a bright green colour in life, but if ill-used becomes almost black,
the green only remaining in the form of small blotches and veinings, which,
however, re-expand if the animal is killed or narcotized.’

35. Calotes versicolor, Daud.

Jalor and Batang Padang, South Perak.

‘ Calotes versicolor^ the ‘ chamaeleon ’ of the Europeans of the Malay
Peninsula, is very abundant in the northern parts of the Patani States, in
Senggora, on the shores of the Taleh Sap, and also in Upper Perak ; but
is rare in South Perak. It is an extremely active form, principally found
in the neighbourhood of human dwellings. Mr. Robinson has watched
a specimen seated on a tree trunk, up which a stream of leaf-sewing ants
{Oecophylla smargadind) were making their way to their nest. It devoured
many as they passed, and there is reason to believe that they form an important
item in the food of the species. When this, lizard is very much excited and
in rapid motion, the locomotion becomes, at any rate for short distances,
bipedal.' I have published an account of the nuptial dance of the Malay
‘ chamaeleon ’ elsewhere,^ which is of interest as showing that the changes of
colour which have given the lizard its English name proceed, like those of the

1. Cf. E. Green, N. Annandale, and W. Saville Kent ; Nature^ 1902, vol. Ixvi, pp. 492, 577, and 630.

2. Proc. Zool. Soc. r8«^, p. 858.

f

FASCICULI MALATENSES

155

true chamaeleon,* very largely from a psychological or psychico-physiological
stimulus. The same view is illustrated by the fact that dark vertical bars,
which are a fairly conspicuous feature in the young at all times, only become
apparent in the adult when it is annoyed. My note on Calotes emma in Dr.
Gadow’s Amphibia and Reptiles (pp. 518, 519) should refer to this species.’

36. Calotes emma, Gray
Bukit Besar and Jalor

‘ General colour pale sage green ; a broad longitudinal band of dirty
white on each side ; irregular transverse markings of sienna brown, becoming
darker where they cross the longitudinal band ; dorsal and nuchal crests pale
sage green ; lateral surface of head bright green, with a dark bar running
backwards from the angle of the eye. Skin and base of scales on gular pouch
dark crimson lake ; a triangular sooty pouch immediately in front of fore
limbs.

‘ Jalor is, so far as is known, the southern limit of this species, which is
quite common in the interior of Patalung ; but it is a jungle-loving form,
and, as such, liable to escape detection. Its powers of colour change are slight,
consisting chiefly in an accentuation of the darker markings on annoyance or
irritation.’

37. Liolepis belli!, Gray
(PI. X, Fi^. 2.)

Patani and Jalor.

The young from Patani recall, by their livery, the young of various
Lacertids of the genera Acanthodactylus and Eremias. The following notes on
their life coloration were taken by the collectors : — ‘ Tail bright brick-red ;
median and lateral stripes on body lemon-yellow ; pale yellow spots and faint
traces of cross-bars occur between the stripes on the sides. In the adult, the
tails become dull grey, and the pale yellow spots and traces of cross-bars
increase in size and become orange and purple respectively, more brilliant in
the male than the female, while bright blue markings, also more brilliant
and more extensive in the male, make their appearance on the ventral surface.

‘In the Patani States, and apparently also in Kelantan, Trengganu, and
Pahang, Liolepis bellii is confined to sandy localities, almost bare of vegetation,
betv/een the foot hills and the sea. On the West Coast, it is common on the
coast and islands of Trang, and has been recorded from other localities, but

I. Poulton, The Colours of Animals^ pp. 84 and 90.

156

FASCICULI MALATENSES

want of suitable habitats makes its occurrence sporadic, and renders it generally
rare in the south of the Peninsula. I am now certain that it is monogamic,
a single pair inhabiting a burrow, which is shared by several young ones,
probably hatched in March or April, at least for some weeks. If an
individual is surprised away from home, it does not bolt down the nearest
burrow, but makes its way to. its own, running with the fore part of the
body somewhat depressed and the tail raised high in the air. Within the
mouth of its burrow it often turns to view the cause of its disturbance,
before disappearing. Mr. Laidlaw has found vegetable matter in the
stomach of specimens from Trengganu,^ but the ordinary food of the species
consists largely of the small Acridiids common in the localities it frequents.
A specimen was taken by Mr. Robinson climbing a tree-trunk at Sai Kau ;
but this is a most unusual position.

‘ I have already commented upon the purple and orange cross-bars on
the sides of this species at some length but I may add, that when the
males are fighting they make themselves as flat as possible, thus, incidentally,
displaying the brilliant coloration on their sides. They stand facing one
another, with the forequarters and head raised as high as possible, and each
tries to slip past his adversary’s guard and seize him by the shoulder. At
last one catches the other with his jaw, either on the shoulder or the snout,
and commences to worry him. If the individual so seized can shake himself
free, he bolts. The victor does not pursue, but stands with uplifted head,
which he bows repeatedly in the direction of his adversary’s flight, for some
minutes, and then makes off in the opposite direction.

‘ The brilliant coloration of the young of this lizard affords a good
instance of a phenomenon which has not received the attention it merits among
students of animal coloration, I mean the fact that young reptiles are very
often more brilliantly or more conspicuously coloured than adults of the
same species. To give other examples from species actually collected by Mr.
Robinson and myself in the Malay Peninsula, the young of Cyclemys annandalii
has yellow streaks on the head, as well as markings on the carapace, which
disappear in the adult ; the young of Crocodilus porosus and Varanus salvator
exhibit greater contrasts of colour on their dorsal surface than do the adults ;
many Malay Scincidae Mahuia multifasciatd) have longitudinal pale

stripes on the dorsal surface of the young that become broken up into
inconspicuous spots or blotches, or altogether disappear, in the adults ; the
young of the snake Hypsirhina bocourtii are marked with black and yellow

1. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 309.

2. Proc. Zool. Soc.y 1900, pp. 857, 858.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

57

where the adult only displays different shades of inconspicuous brown ; the
dorsal cross-bars of black or dark green on several of the Hydrophinae
disappear with age, leaving an almost uniform dull green or grey coloration.
These are only a few instances, taken from a comparatively small number
of species from a very limited area ; but, even from them, it is clear that the
young of reptiles lose their characteristic juvenile coloration in one of two
ways, either by the fading of brilliant or intense colours, or by the growth of
dark pigment, which encroaches upon pale areas, either obliterating them
altogether or breaking them up in such a way that they are no longer con-
spicuous. In some genera the conspicuous coloration persists, in a more or
less marked way, through life in certain species, being confined to the young
in others, so that it is more probably a vestigial character than a new develop-
ment ; for example, the yellow streaks on the head which disappear in the
adult of Cyclemys annandalii^ normally persist through life in C, amhoinensis^
while the lateral bars in Calotes versicolor are only occasionally visible in this
species in the adult (when it is in a state of irritation), generally present in the
young, and at any rate closely paralleled in the adult of C. emma even when
the animal is undisturbed. Of course, sexual coloration, such as the cross-bars
on the sides of Liolepis bellii^ has no connexion with this phenomenon of the
juvenile livery, and, equally of course, there are many reptiles which retain a
conspicuous or intense coloration, however old they may be, and others which
develop such a coloration after their extreme youth is past, for reasons possibly
other than sexual. Among Batrachians, conspicuous coloration is rare in
youth ; frogs and toads endowed with bright pigment, like Ixalus horridus^
do not possess it when first they lose their tails, though its extent in later
development may be indicated, while almost adult specimens of Ichthyophis
glutinosuSy which 1 have seen alive in a stream in the Malay Peninsula, have
had both the yellow and the black of their characteristic coloration less intense
than was the case with larger individuals.’

VARANIDAE

38. Varanus nebulosus, D. & B.

Jalor, and Batang Padang, South Perak.

39. Veranus salvator, Laur.

Jalor.

‘ On the coast ot the Patani States both Varanus nehulosus and V, salvator
are very common, especially on the mud-flats near Jambu, where they stalk

158

FJSCICVLI MALATENSES

the mangrove crabs and the different ‘‘ mudhoppers ” (JPeriophthalmus^
Boleophthalmus, and the like), which bask in the sun in such localities. About
Biserat and Kampong Jalor, Varanus nehulosus is the commoner of the two near
the villages ; but V. salvator is abundant on the limestone hills and in the
pools at their base. In the interior of Rhaman and Kelantan, the former species
is comparatively rare. Neither species, as a rule, penetrates into deep jungle,
where their place is taken by V. rudicollis and other scarcer species. In the
sheltered waters of Patani Bay, V. salvator may occasionally be seen swimming
in the sea. It seems to find water more necessary than V. nehulosus^ which,
on the other hand, is more frequently observed on tree-trunks and branches,
though both are aquatic and arboreal on occasion. The food of both species
includes almost every kind of small animal and carrion. The yellowish
markings of the dorsal surface of V, salvator are more brilliant and con-
spicuous in the young than in the adult. ^

LACERTIDAE

40. Tachydromus sexiineatus* Daud.

Biserat, Jalor

‘ I have only seen this species in the neighbourhood of Biserat (the one
recorded locality in the Malay Peninsula), where it lives among long grass,
along the top of which the great length of its tail and the slenderness of its
body permit it to run without bending the blades. In life, its tail is very brittle.’

SCINCIDAE

41. Mabuia macularia, Blyth.

Biserat, Jalor.

42. Mabuia rugifera, Stol.

Muar River, Selangor

43. Mabuia multifasciata, Kuhl.

Jalor, Bukit Besar, Batang Padang (South Perak), and Selangor.

‘ Probably the common skink of all cultivated parts of the Malay
Peninsula.’

44. Mabuia siamensis, Gthr.

Jalor.

This is an addition to the herpetological fauna of the Malay Peninsula,
the species being previously known from Southern China and Siam.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

159

45. Lygosoma praesig^ne, Blgr.

Semangko Pass, Selangor- Pahang border.

The single specimen agrees very closely in size, scaling, and coloration,
with the type from the Larut Hills, altitude, 4,000 feet, which I described in
the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) vi, 1900, p. 191.

‘ The specimen was captured in a crevice in a tree-trunk, and many
others were noted in the vicinity, which 1 neglected to secure, mistaking
them for the immature stage of the common Mahuia multifasciata^ to which
L. praesigne bears a strong superficial resemblance.’ H. C. R.

46. Lygosoma bowringii, Stwr.

Jambu, Jhering.

‘ The specimen was taken at dusk, on a sandy path. It progressed,
rather slowly, by movements of the body, the limbs giving, apparently, very
little aid.’

4-7. Lyg^osoma quadrivittatum, Ptrs.

Bukit Besar.

This skink was known from Celebes (Gorontalo) and the Philippines
(Mindanaor) ; the British Museum has received it from Sandakan, North
Borneo ; and its range is now found to extend to the Malay Peninsula.

48. Lyg^osoma chalcides, L.

Batang Padang, South Perak.

‘ The limbs of this and similar slender forms are of more use in
progression than their small size would indicate, at any rate upon the surface
of the ground. The species are, however, burrowing forms, so often found
associated with the Typhlopidae that the Malays regard them as the larvae of
these snakes.’

49. Lygosoma miodactylum, sp. nov.

(Plate X, Fig. 3)

Section Lygosoma. Body much elongated, limbs minute, the anterior with
toes rudimentary, bud-like digits with blunt claws ; the posterior terminating
in a single sharp claw. Snout short, obtuse ; lower eyelids scaly, nostril
pierced in the anterior lower part of the nasal ; no supranasal ; fronto-nasal
twice as broad as long, forming sutures with the rostral and with the frontal ;

V

3/9/03

i6o

FASCICULI MALATENSES

praefrontals small ; frontal slightly longer than broad, broader than the supra-
ocular region, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; four supra-
ocularSj six superciliaries ; fronto-parietals distinct ; interparietal longer than
the fronto-parietals ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; first
upper labials largest, fourth entering the orbit ; ear completely hidden ; twenty-
two smooth scales round the middle of the body, equal ; a pair of enlarged
praeanals ; tail thick, dark-brown above, white beneath, sides white with
longitudinal series of brown spots corresponding to the scales.

Total length, 152 mm. ; head, ii mm. ; width of head, 7 mm. ; fore
limb, 4 mm. ; hind limb, 6 mm. ; tail (regenerated), 65 mm.

A single specimen from Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary. 2,700 feet.

Very closely allied to h. larutense^ from Larut, Perak (3,000

to 4,000 feet). Distinguished by the monodactyle hind limb, and the smaller
number of scales round the body, viz., twenty-two instead of twenty-six.

DIBAMIDAE

50. Dibamus novae-guineae, D. & B.

An embryo from Bukit Besar.

New to the Malay Peninsula. Known from New Guinea, the Moluccas,
Lombok, Celebes, Sumatra, and the Nicobars.

‘ The egg, which was found by a native in a dead tree-trunk, was broad
in proportion to its length, but not circular ; it had a brittle and highly
calcareous shell.’

OPHIDIA

TYPHLOPIDAE

51. Typhlops braminus, Daud.

Bukit Besar and Selangor.

52. Typhlops nig^roalbus, D. & B.

Bukit Besar, Sai Kau, and Jalor.

‘ The distribution of the Typhlopidae in the State of Jalor is somewhat
spDradic, but appears to coincide with that of burrowing lizards, such as
Lygosoma chalcides^ and of the burrowing Amphibian, Ichthophys glutinosus.
For instance, these forms are exceedingly rare, if they occur at all, in the

I. Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7) v, 1900, p. 306.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

i6i

immediate vicinity of Biserat ; while they are all abundant at the villages of
Mata Rusa and Parang, which are four or five miles distant across the rice fields,
and which stand in large and ancient orchards. The Malays, who delight in
zoological theorizing, say that the ‘‘ earth snakes ” avoid the banks of the river
because they are afraid of some particular ant, which is abundant there. This
theory may be the correct one, but to myself, who have not had the opportunities
of observation enjoyed by the natives, it seems more probably that they avoid
a sandy soil, in which there are few earthworms, and prefer a rich leaf-mould
in which earthworms abound.’

BOIDAE

53. Python reticulatus, Schn.

Batang Padang and Jalor.

Not uncommon in the Patani States and Lower Siam. The Malays
have many superstitions regarding it.'

COLUBRIDAE

54. Chrysydrus g^ranulatus, Schn.

Patani.

55. Tropidonotus piscator, Schn.

Jalor.

56. Tropidonotus chrysargus, Schlg.

Bukit Besar and Jalor.

‘ Two specimens were captured in pools of water in a tree-trunk, feeding
on the spawn of the frog Ixalus horridusl*

57. Macropisthodon rhodomelas, Boie.

Batang Padang.

58. Lycodon laoensis, Gthr.

Jalor.

Was only known from Siam until discovered at Kota Bharu (Rhaman)
by the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition.

I. Fascic. Malay, y Anthrop,^ part i, p. 88. See also Skeat’s Malay Magic^ pp. 302, 303

i62

FASCICULI MALATENSES

59. Zamenis korros, Schlg.

Jalor.

‘ A very common snake in Jalor and Nawngchik, generally being found
in or near brushwood. The Malays call it the “ wild snake” {ular liar) on
account of its vicious behaviour when captured. At Biserat a native brought
us a male and female which he had taken paired. The male, which had evidently
lost the tip of his tail, measured 174 cm., and the female 202 cm. in length.
Both these specimens had the ventral surface of the neck of a bright chrome
yellow, which was more intense in the male than the female. This brilliant
colour is usually absent, and is probably assumed only at the breeding season.
The large, black-edged scales of the tail of this species give large specimens
a rather close resemblance to the Hamadryad {Naia hungarus) which has
often an orange patch of considerable size on its throat. Consequently, the
Malays often confuse the two species, the harmless with the venomous, and
call large specimens of the former by the name that properly belongs to the
latter.

‘ A very large specimen, measuring 2,505 mm. in length, was brought
us at Kampong Jalor, and was more variegated in coloration than were the
smaller specimens commonly seen. Its general colour above was dark fuscous,
with mesial and lateral black lines, joined by black cross-bars. The ventral
surface was cream, vermiculated with slaty black, the sides of the scales being
very dark lead-grey. The tail was almost entirely of the latter shade beneath ;
above it had a diamond-shaped pattern of black on a dark fuscous ground.
The skin between the scales was pale yellow, producing zigzag markings
along the sides. This specimen deceived not only the natives of the village,
but also ourselves. We were about to start on a journey and merely examined
the colour of the specimen, never doubting but that it was one of Naia
bungarus'

60. Coluber taeniurus, Cope

Goah Tanah, near Biserat, Jalor ; and Batu Caves, near Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

The large specimen from Jalor agrees with the definition of the
var. ridleyi^ Butler,^ whilst the smaller specimen (97 cm.) from the Batu
Caves is of a generally darker colour and shews taint traces of a reticulate
pattern on the middle part of the body, whilst the dorso-lateral stripe is
intensely black on the posterior part of the body and on the tail.

‘ This snake, which is called by the Malays of Selangor and Patani “ moon
snake” {ular hiilan)^ is not so common in the Jalor caves as in those near Kuala

I. Journ. Bomb. Soc. N. H. xii, 1899, p. 426.

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

163

Lumpur. In both localities its food consists entirely or principally of bats.*
The sound it produces when disturbed is most peculiar, in no way resembling
a hiss, but rather, as I find it described in my notebook, being midway between
a mew and a squeal. The snake is usually found in the darkest parts of the
cave, but though it seems dazed and purblind when suddenly brought out
into a bright light, it soon regains normal vision. The difference between the
young specimen and a much larger one, of the ridleyi variety, taken the same
day as that on which we took the former, and within a few yards of its place
of capture, was, perhaps, more marked in life than it would have been in
preserved specimens, and the fact that the ridleyi variety departs further from
the normal coloration of the species, makes it most improbable that the
superior intensity of the pigmentation of the smaller individual was merely a
juvenile livery. Mr. Boulenger points out, that no very young specimen of
Coluber taeniurus has been recorded from the Malay caves, and that it is very
possible, on the one hand, that if young specimens were kept in total darkness,
they would, so to speak, fade into the variety ridleyi^ and, on the other, that
older specimens of this variety, if kept in daylight, might possibly become
darker and assume the typical markings of Cope’s species ; and the living
specimens we have seen bear out this view. It is strange, however, how
extremely rare specimens of Coluber taeniurus appear to be in the Malay
Peninsula, except in the caves, in some of which they are quite abundant.’

61. Coluber radiatus, Schlg^.

Jalor.

‘ This is the “ rat snake ” {ular tikus) of the Patani Malays, in whose
houses it not infrequently takes up its abode, feeding on rats and on the
sparrows,^ which nest in the roofs of the larger buildings.’

62. Dendrophis pictus, Gmel.

Jalor.

‘ Probably the most abundant snake in the cultivated parts of the Patani
States, where it is called ular lidi^ that is, “midrib of the cocoanut-palm snake,”
a name the appropriateness of which is realized when one sees a leaf of this
palm from below, with the midrib black against the sky, and an apparent light
space on either side of it, due to the comparative narrowness of the leaflets where
they leave it. The snake is generally found among bushes, often at the edge
of rice fields.’

1. S. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 668

2. Passer montanus.

164

FASCICULI MALATENSES

63. Calamaria pavimentata, D. & B.

Jalor, Sai Kau (Nawngchik), and Batang Padang (South Perak).

The black line along the lower surface of the tail may be absent.

‘ Not uncommon among the rubbish under native houses in the Patani
States, where small specimens are sometimes called ular lima kendiri^ “ five
kendiri snakes/’ a kendiri being three cents, or considerably less than a penny.
This curious name is given them because it is believed that the effects of their
bite can be remedied for medicine worth fifteen cents.’

64. Hypsirhina plumbea, Boie.

Jalor.

‘ Essentially aquatic, but often found under dead trees some distance
from water. On Cape Patani it is common in the freshwater pools, on the
bottom of which it may often be seen, lying stretched out almost straight.’

65. Hypsirhina bocourtii, Jan.

Jalor.

‘ Often found with Acrochordus javanicus in swamps and pools. The
superior brilliance of coloration of young specimens is remarkable.’

66. Dipsadormorphus dendrophilus, Boie.

Jalor.

The specimens belong to the var. melanotus of Bleeker.

‘ This nocturnal snake is very vicious, and drums with its tail on the
ground when alarmed, but its food consists of small mammals, frogs, lizards,
other snakes, fish, and, curiously enough, slugs.’*

67. Dipsadomorphus cynodon, Boie.

Jalor.

‘ The specimen was taken coiled up on a bush about four feet above the
ground. Unlike all the specimens of T). dendrophilus which I have seen
in life, it was sluggish in demeanour, and made little attempt to escape,
though it had evidently not had a recent meal.’

68. Dipsadomorphus pallid us, sp. nov.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth enlarged, but less than in Z).
eynodon. Rostral broader than deep, well visible from above, internasals

I. Cf. Proc. Zool. Soc.y 1900, p. 859.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

165

broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals ; frontal as long as broad, as
long as the distance from the end of the snout, shorter than parietals ; loreal
tapezoid, longer than deep ; one praeocular, in contact with the frontal ; two
postoculars, in contact with the frontal ; temporals 24-3; eight upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; four or five lower labials in contact

Fig. 3. Head of Dipsadomorphus paUidus. Two-thirds natural size.

with the anterior chin-shields, which are smaller than the posterior. Scales in
twenty-one rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Ventrals, 256 mm. ; anal,
entire ; subcaudals, 1 54 mm. Head and neck purplish-grey above, fading into
a pale brown on the body ; no spots or markings of any kind ; upper lip
and lower parts yellowish-white ; belly and tail speckled with grey. Total
length, 1,580 mm. ; tail, 420 mm.

A single female specimen from Jalor.

69. Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Boie.

Jalor.

70. Dryophis prasinus, Boie.

Patani, Bukit Besar, and Jalor.

‘ Common throughout the Patani States, equally so in virgin jungle
at 3,000 feet, and in the open casuarina woods on Cape Patani. It

FASCICULI MALATENSES

1 66

feeds chiefly on skinks. On Bukit Besar, we watched a large specimen
on the look-out for prey. It had its tail and the posterior half of its
body coiled among the branches of a small shrub growing among long
grass, while the anterior half of its body stretched outwards without support,
the neck being arched. This position was retained for some minutes, and
then an abrupt movement changed the direction of the head and neck,
without an alteration in the position of the tail and that part of the body
coiled in the shrub. The same movement was repeated at intervals, so
that the snake viewed all quarters in turn. When annoyed, D. prasinus
puifs out its slender neck so that it attains a girth approximately equal
to that of the body, and by so doing causes the skin to be stretched and
the black and blue-grey markings between the scales to be displayed. The
three colour-varieties, the commonest of which has in life the general colour
of the dorsal surface a bright leaf-green, while the others have it emerald
green and golden brown respectively, are found together in the Patani States,
and the difference in their appearance does not appear to be due either to age,
to sex, or to environment.’

71. Chrysopelea ornata, Shaw
Jalor.

‘ Also a common species in the Patani States, Senggora, Patalung, and
Trang, frequently entering native houses and lodging in the roof. The
commonest coloration in these States is blackish, finely chequered and
veined with greenish yellow. Individuals thus coloured are called ular jelbtong
by the Malays of the Patani States, jelbtong^ the colour of the Ibtong monkey.
Preshy tes {Semnopithecus) obscuruSy being a dark slaty grey. When a specimen
has scarlet and black spots on the sides, it is called ular hatu daching^ or
“ balance-weight snake,” because these spots resemble the little scarlet and
black “ crabs’ eye ” seeds, used as weights in the Malay goldsmiths’ scales.’

72. Thalassophis annandalii, Laldlaw
Distira annandalii, Laidlaw* P.Z.S.^ 1901, ii> P- 579> phxxxv.

Head moderate, body short and stout, strongly compressed behind the
neck. Rostral broader than deep ; nasals small, separated by a pair of large
internasals, which widen in front, upper head shields more or less broken up,
the parietals small and separated from each other, and sometimes also from
the frontal, by very small scales ; frontal and supraocular unusually large,
well developed, eye separated from the upper labials by one or two suboculars,
one or two prae-, and one or two postoculars ; temporal scales small, numerous ;

FASCICULI MALATENSES

67

nine to twelve upper labials, chin-shields usually broken up into scales. Scales
extremely small, ninety to one hundred round the middle of the body, juxta-
posed, dorsals with a more or less distinct central tubercle or short keel.
Ventrals, 350-370 mm., very feebly enlarged. Pale greyish olive above, white
below ; back with dark cross-bars, narrower than the interspaces, tapering to a
point on the sides.

Total length, 600 mm. ; Tail, 80 mm ; Greatest depth of body, 43 mm.

Several specimens from Patani.

This is a very remarkable sea snake, distinguished from all other
Hydrophinae by its extremely small scales. As the nasal shields are distinct
from the internasals, it is better placed in Fhalassophis than in Distira^ if,
however, the former deserves to rank as a valid genus.

73. Hydrophis caerulescens, Shaw
Patani.

74. Distira wrayi, Blgr.

Patani.

75. Distira jerdonii, Gray
Patani.

76. Enhydris hardwickii, Gray
Patani.

77. Enhydris valakadien, Boie.

Patani.

‘ This appears to be by far the commonest species in Patani Bay, in the
shallow and muddy waters of which sea snakes literally swarm, while they
appear to be very little less common in the open sea on the other side of
Cape Patani. A very large proportion of the fish on which they feed in the
bay are Silurids and others provided with long, sharp spines, and the manner
in which these spines are eliminated from the snakes’ bodies is curious, for
they appear to pass out through the walls of the alimentary canal and through
the body wall to the exterior. I have frequently found specimens of the
Hydrophinae with fish spines actually protruding from within through
the integument, without, apparently, causing any inflammation or incon-
venience. Sea snakes cannot hiss, but produce a low gurgling sound
when annoyed. During the fishing season at Patani, in the spring
and summer months, they are comparatively harmless, being inoffensive
except when injured, and never, it is said, biting men wading in the sea
with their nets ; but during the north-east monsoon, in November, December,

i68

FASCICULI MALATENSES

and January, when a tremendous surf breaks all along the shore and
practically blocks up the mouths of the rivers, the sea snakes, battered in
the waves, often cast up on the beach torn and wounded, naturally lose their
temper, and bite anything in contact with which they come. We have seen
them in this condition, and can well believe, as we were told, that several
deaths are annually caused by their bites among the fishermen of every little
community by the sea, who take the opportunity to go out shrimping whenever
a break in the weather occurs. It is said, too, that numbers of the snakes are
shut up in the river mouth, where they have taken refuge from the storm, and
that when in fresh or brackish water their bite is most dangerous. The
Malays say that when a person is bitten blood starts out from his eyes and
ears, and he dies in high fever within twenty-four hours.’

78. Naia tripudians, Merr.

Jalor. Belongs to the fasciata, Gray.

‘ The cobra is rare throughout the Patani States, but is said to be
more abundant on Cape Patani than elsewhere. We could not hear of a
single death from its bite. The only specimen which we saw in nine months,
except the specimen preserved, belonged to the same variety, and was
brought to us at Sai Kau. A very beautiful variety of an almost uniform
yellowish colour, known to the Malays as “turmeric ladle-hood snake
tedong sendok kunyit), is, apparently, not very uncommon in Rhaman, where,
in 1899, I saw two specimens in one day.’

At Kuala Lumpur, cobras were very common, and numerous specimens
were brought to me at the Museum. They belonged without exception to
the black variety, N, sputatrix^ Boie, which is the prevalent form in the
southern half of the Peninsula.

79. Naia bungarus, Schleg.

Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik.

‘ General colour fuscous, some of the scales with a yellow base ; skin
of the neck irregularly blotched with black and yellow ; top of the head
sienna brown ; under surface dirty white, with a fuscous bar on the neck
followed by a patch of dull orange ; scales on the tail paler in colour and
broadly edged with black. Total length, 3,317 mm.’

‘ The Hamadryad seems to be commoner in the Patani States than the
cobra, but the specimen preserved was the only one examined, and it is
very easy to confuse with it a large specimen of Zamenis korros hastily seen.
Our specimen was shot by Mr. Robinson, under a native house in the

FASCICULI MALATENSES

169

village of Sal Kau. It had taken refuge in a pile of cocoanuts, from
which it was persuaded to come out by a Chinaman armed with a long
pole ; it attempted to crawl away, making no movement in our direction?
though we were within a few yards of it. This was said to be the
same individual which had bitten a man on the shin a day or two
previously. According to this man’s own story, he had been passing along
a path close to the house under which the specimen was shot, when
an ular selor^ as big as a cat,” leaped out from behind a log and bit
him. We were asked to see him the next day, and found him
apparently dying of pain and fright ; his leg was tremendously swollen
but not above the knee, and had a slightly bluish tinge, and he felt pain
in the glands under the arm-pits and elsewhere. We applied such remedies
as we were able, and, what was more important, persuaded him and his
friends that we could cure him. When we left Sai Kau, a week later,
he was well on the way to recovery. I have described this incident,
because I think that there is strong circumstantial evidence that the man
actually had been bitten by a Hamadryad. It was certain that he had been
bitten by a large poisonous snake, for the marks of the fangs, which were
just visible, were far apart. I do not know of any poisonous snake “ as
big as a cat,” except a Hamadryad or a large cobra, for the Malays gauge
the size of an animal by its girth, rather than its length or height, and
the bite was rather high on the limb for it to have been that of a species
that lies on the ground like Ancistrodon rhodostoma. It is not at all
improbable that poisonous snakes’ are less deadly in the Malay Peninsula
than the representatives of the same species in India, except, perhaps, the
Hydrophinae.’

80. Callophis g^racillis, Gray
Batang Padang, South Perak.

81. Doliophis bivirgatus, Boie.

Jalor. The typical form.

82. Doliophis intestinaiis, Laur.

Bukit Besar and Batang Patang (vars. annectensy Belgr. ; and lineata, Gray).

‘ The Malays of Patani say that both D. hivirgatus and Z). intestinaiis^
which share the name of “sunbeam snake {ular sina frequently pro-

gress with the bright coral-red part of their tails held upright, apparently
in very much the same manner as Cylindrophis rufus^ as figured by Captain

I. The proper Malay name of this snake is ular selor^ and it is through a mistake of my own that it is called
ular telor (egg snake), in Mr. Laidlaw’s report on the snakes of the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition. N. A.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

170

Flower.^ Moreover, they assert that all red-tailed snakes are very
poisonous, believing that the “ sunbeam snakes ” flourish their tails in the
air as an advertisement of the fact. It is probable that the observation
that they flourish their tails is a true one, but it is very doubtful whether
the species of Doliophis can be reckoned, practically, as dangerous forms, in
spite of the enormous size of the poison glands in D. bivirgatus. Cylin-
drophis rufus is a most inoffensive and feeble snake, and many specimens are
devoid of the red mark on the tail ; indeed, it is probable that the
whole theory of warning coloration, as far as the Patani Malays are con-
cerned, rests on the fact that the readiest way of distinguishing between
the venomous Lachesis gramineus and the harmless Dryophis prasinus^ when the
shape of the head cannot be seen, is the reddish tail of the former species.’

AMBLYCEPHALIDAE

83. Haplopeltura boa, Boie.

Bukit Besar, 2,000 feet.

‘ A Specimen was taken lying almost straight along the midrib of the leaf
of a small palm in the jungle. The whole coloration and attitude suggested
a stick that had fallen from above, and the blunt snout and buff markings on
the head appeared to represent that part of the stick which had been broken
from its parent branch.’

84. Amblycephalus moellendorffii, Bttgr.

Jalor.

VIPERIDAE

85. Ancistrodon rhodostoma, Boie.

Jalor.

This large and deadly Crotaline snake was only recorded with certainty
from Java, and with doubt from Siam. I have, however, been recently shown
a specimen from Puket,^ Siam, received by the Christiania Zoological Museum.
The distribution is the same as that of the Chelonian Damonia subtrijuga.

‘ A. rhodostoma cannot be scarce in the neighbourhood of Biserat and K.
Jalor, as several specimens, of which we did not keep all, were brought us at
both of these places. The Jalor Malays call it ular kapak daun^ or ‘‘leaf axe-

I F.Z.S., 1899, pi. xxxvii.

2. Puket is the chief place in the Siamese island of Junk Ceylon or Selangka, which lies off the west coast of
the Malay Peninsula, south of the Isthmus of Kra. N. A.

FASCICULI MALAY FUSES

snake,” but, as Mr. Laidlaw^ has pointed out, the term ular kapak is of wide
application, while the present species certainly shares the name of “ leaf axe-
snake ” with Lachesis gramineus^ and probably with other forms that resemble
leaves living or dead. The persons who brought us specimens of Ancistrodon
rhodostoma denied that its bite was fatal, though they said that it made a man
very ill. This is curious, as peasants, whether British or Malay, have usually
a tendency to exaggerate the dangerous qualities of animals with which they
are liable to come in contact, and I do not think there was any superstitious
reason^ why they should speak no ill of this snake, for I asked them, on several
occasions, after the specimen was dead and in spirit. They say that the “ leaf
axe-snake ” lies about among dead leaves and is very sluggish, as its figure
would suggest.’

APPENDIX

List of the Batrachians and Reptiles Recorded from the
Malay Peninsula, South of Tenasserim

Numerous additions have been made to our knowledge of the
Batrachians and Reptiles of the Malay Peninsula, since the publication
of Capt. S. S. Flower’s useful list in the Proceedings of the Zoological
Society in 1896 (p. 856). A second list given by Capt. Flower, in 1899
(pp. 600 and 885), is obscured by the fact that Siam is included. I therefore
gladly fall in with the suggestion that a complete list should now be given,
embodying the additions made by the ‘Skeat’ Expedition, the reptiles of which
were described by Mr. F. F. Laidlaw {Proc. ZooL Soc. 1900, p. 883, and
1901, i, p. 301, and ii, p. 575) ; and by the collections of Messrs. L. Wray
and A. L. Butler, and described by me (^Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) v, 1900),
and Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii, p. 333 (1900), or listed by Mr. Butler
{Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii, p. 188).

In this list the names of species not in Capt. Flower’s list of 1899 are
marked with an asterisk (*).

I. Proc, Zool. Soc, 1901 (2), p. 576.

2 Cf. Fascic, Malay. Anthrop., part I., pp. 83, 104.1'

172

FASCICULI MALATENSES

BATRACHIA

APODA

Ichthyophis glutinosus, Linn.

Caeciliidae

2.

EC AU DATA

Pelobatdae

Ichthyophis monochrous^ Blkr.

3-

Megalophrys montana, Kuhl.

*7-

4-

,, nasuta, Schleg.

*8.

5-

„ longipes, Blgr.

6.

Leptobrachium hasseltii, Tsch.

Bufonidae

9-

Bufo penangensis, Stol.

14.

*10.

„ jerboa, Blgr. Gunung Inas,

>5-

Perak (Laidlaw).

1 6.

1 1.

„ asper, Gravh.

*17.

12.

„ melanostictus, Schn.

13-

„ parvus, Blgr.

Engystomatidi

18.

Calophryne pieurosiigma, Tsch.

25.

19.

Phrynella pulchra, Blgr.

26.

20.

,, pollicaris, Blgr.

*27.

21.

Microhyla ornata, D. & B.

22.

,, inornata, Blgr.

28.

23*

„ leucostigma, Blgr.

*24.

„ butleri, Blgr.

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).

29.

Ranidae

30-

Oxyglossus lima, Gravh.

*47.

31-

„ laevis, Gthr.

32.

Rana cyanophlyctis, Schn.

48.

33-

„ kuhlii, D. & B.

*49.

34-

,, laticeps, Blgr.

50.

35-

„ macrodon, Kuhl.

*36.

„ doriae, Blgr. Larut, Perak

51-

(L. Wray).

52.

37-

,, pUcatella, Stol.

*53.

38.

„ hascheana, Stol.

39-

„ tigrina, Daud.

^54-

40.

,, limnochat is, Boie.

41.

,, macrodactyla, Gthr.

5 5-
*56.

42.

„ erythraea, Schleg.

43-

„ labialis, Blgr.

57-

^44.

„ jet boa, Gthr. Batu Caves,

Selangor (A. L. Butler).

*58.

ns-

,, lateralis, Blgr. Kuala Aring,

59-

*60.

Kelantan (Laidlaw).

46.

„ luetuosa, Ptrs.

Leptobrachium heteropus, Blgr.

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).

„ pelodytoides, Blgr.

Larut, Perak (L. Wray).

Bufo quadriporcatus, Blgr.
„ divergens, Ptrs.

(A. L. Butler).

Microhyla pulchra, Hallow.

,, achatina, Boie.

,, annectens, Blgr.

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).
„ berdmorii, Blyth.

Callula pulchra. Gray.

Rana signata, Gthr. Gunung Inas,

Perak (Laidlaw).

,, glandulosa, Blgr.

„ livida, Blyth. Larut, Perak

(L. Wray).

,, larutensis, Blgr.

Rhacophorus leprosus, Tsch.

,, leucomystax, Gravh.

,, bimaculatus, Blgr.

Larut, Perak (L. Wray).

,, robinsonii, Blgr.

Supra p. 1 36

„ nigropalmatus, Blgr.

Ixalus larutensis, Blgr. Larut, Perak

(A. L. Butler). Supra p. 139

,, pictus, Ptrs.

,, vermiculatus, Blgr. Larut,

Perak (A. L. Butler)

„ asper, Blgr.

„ horridus,^\gx. Supra p. 139

FASCICULI MALATENSES

REPTILIA

CHELONIA

Sphargdiae

173

4-

I.

Dermochelys coriaceay

Testudinidae

Linn.

Callagur picta. Gray.

*9.

Cyclemys annandaliiy Blgr. Supra

Batagur baska. Gray.

10.

,, dhoi'y Gray.

Hardella thurgiy Gray.

1 1.

Geomyda spinosay Gray.

Damonia subtrijugUy Schleg. &

Mull. 12.

„ grandiSy Gray.

Supra p. 142 j ^

Testudo emysy Schleg. & Miill.

Be Ilia crassicollisy Gray.

*14.

,, pseudemysy Blgr. Supra

Cyclemys amboinensisy Daud.
Cyclemys platynotay Gray.

15-

Chelonidae

„ elongatay Blyth.

Che lone my das y Linn.

17-

Che lone imbricatay Linn.

18.

Thalassochelys caretta

, Linn.

Trionychidae

Trionyx subpianusy GeofFr.

22.

Trionyx cartilagineusy Bodd.

„ huruniy Gray.

23-

Pelochelys cantoriy Gray.

*9-

20.

21. „ phayrii, Gray.

EMYDOSAURIA

Crocodilidae

24. Tomisioma schlegelii, S. Mull. 25. Crocodilus porosus^ Schn.

26. Crocodilus palustrisj Less.

LACERTILIA

Geckonidae

27.

Gymnodactylus marmoratusy Kuhl.

39-

^28.

„ peguensisy Blgr.

40.

Patalung (Laidlaw).

41.

29.

„ pulchellusy Gray.

*42.

Gonatodes kendalliy Gray.

31-

„ affinisy Stol.

*43-

32-

Aeluroscalobates felinusy Gthr.

33-

Hemidactylus frenatusy Schleg.

44.

34-

,, brookiiy Gray.

45-

35-

„ depressusy Gray.

46.

36.

,, leschenaultiiy D. & B.

47*

37-

„ fiaviviridisy Riipp.

48.

(coctaei, D. & B.)

49.

38.

„ garnotiy D. & B.

50.

Hemidactylus platyurus, Schn.
Mimetozoon craspedotus, Mocq.

Gehyra mutilata^ Wiegm.

„ larutensis, Blgr.

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).

„ butleri, Blgr.

Kuala Lumpur, Selangor (A. L. Butler).
Lepidodactylus ceylonensis, Blgr.

„ lugubris, D. & B.

Gecko verticillatus, Lawr.

„ stentor^ Cantor.

„ monarchus, Schleg.

Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Crev.

„ horsfieldii^ Gray.

74

FASCICULI

MALATENSES

Agamidae

SI-

Draco volans, Linn.

59-

Draco

quinquefasciatusy Gray.

52.

9?

maculatus, Cantor.

60.

Aphianotis fuscay Ptrs.

5 3-

99

Jimbriatus, Kuhl.

61.

Gonyocephalus kerveyty Blgr.

'54-

99

punctatus, Blgr. Larut, Perak

62.

„ borneensisy Schleg.

(A. L. Butler). Supra p. i 5 i

63.

„ grandisy Gray.

*5 3-

99

formosus, Blgr. Larut, Perak

64.

Acanthosaura armata. Gray.

*56.

(A. L. Butler). Supra p. 152

65.

Calotes

cristatelluSy Kuhl.

9>

blanfoj'dii, Blgr. Larut, Perak
(A. L. Butler). Supra p. 153

J

66.

99

versicoloi'y Daud.

*57.

99

microlepisj Blgr. Larut, Perak

*67.

99

emmay Gray. Patalung

(A. L. Butler).

(Laidlaw).

58.

99

melanopogon^ Blgr.

68.

Liolepis

belliiy Gray.

Varanidae

69.

Varanus fiavescens. Gray.

71-

Varanus rudicoilisy Gray.

70.

nebulosus, Gray.

72.

99

salvatoi'y Laur.

Lacertidae

*73. Tacky dromus sexlineatus, Daud.

Biserat, (Laidlaw).

Scincidae

74-

Mabuia novemcarinata. And.

85.

Lygosoma anomalopusy Blgr.

75-

99

macularia, Blyth.

86.

olivaceumy Gray.

76.

99

rugifera, Blgr.

87.

>>

atrocostatumy Less.

77-

99

multifasciatay Kuhl.

88.

singaporensCy St dr.

=^78.

99

siamensisy Gthr. Supra p. 158

*89.

it

bampfyldiiy E. Bartl.

"79-

Lygosoma stellatum, Blgr. Larut, Perak

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).

(S. Flower, A. L. Butler).

90.

tt

bowringliy Gthr.

^80.

»>

praesignCy Blgr. Larut, Perak

91-

tt

albopunctaiumy Gray.

(A. L. Butler).

*92.

tt

quadrivittatumy Ptrs.

*81.

scotophiluniy Blgr. Batu caves.

Supra p. I 59

Selangor (A. L. Butler).

*93-

tt

surduniy Blgr. Selangor

*82.

malayanuniy Doria. Larut,

(A. L. Butler).

Perak (A. L. Butler).

94.

tt

chalcidesy Linn.

^83.

fiou'criy Laidlaw. Gunung

*95-

iarutensey Blgr. Larut, Perak

Inas, Perak (Laidlaw).

(L. Wray, A. L. Butler).

84.

Lygosoma maculatum, Blyth.

*96.

tt

miodactyluniy Blgr. Supra p. i 59

Dibamidae

*97- Dibamus noz'ae-guineae,^\gx. Supra p. i6o

OPHIDIA

Typhlopidae

98. Typhlops lineatus, 10 1. T yphlops bothriorhynchus, Gt\vr,

99. „ brambiusy Daud. 102. „ nigroalbus, D. & B.

„ albicepsj Blgr. Larut, Perak

(A. L. Butler).

100.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

175

103.

106.

109.

1 10.

111.

1 12.

113-

1 14.
*115.

1 16.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

1 22.

123.

124.

125.

1 26.
* 127.

*128.

129.

130.

131-

1 32.

133-

134-

135-
136..
137-

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

Python reticulatus, Schn.

Boidae

104. Python molurus^ Linn.
105. Python curtus^ Schleg.

Cylindrophis rufus^ Laur.

Ilysiidae

107. Cylindrophis lineatus, Blanf.

Xenopeltidae

108. Xenopeltis unicolor ^ Reinw.

Colu

bridae

Acrochordus javanicus, Hornst.

143.

Chersydrus granulatuSy Schn.

144.

Xenodermus javanicus, Reinw.

145.

Polyodontophis geminatus, Boie.

146.

„ Sagittarius, Cantor.

147.

Xenochrophis cerasogaster. Cantor.

148.

Tropidonotus has, Laidlaw.

U9-

Gunung Inas, Perak (Laidlaw).

150.

„ trianguligerusy Boie.

151.

„ piscatory Schn.

152.

„ stolatusy Linn.

153-

„ vittatusy Linn.

154-

„ subminiatusy Schleg.

155-

„ chrysargusy Schleg.

156.

„ maculatusy Edel.

* 157-

Macropisthodon faviceps, D. & B.

00

,, rhodomelasy Boie.

Helicops schisiosusy Daud.

159-

Lycodon aulicus, Linn.

160.

„ laoensisy Gthr. Khota Bharu,

161.

Rhaman (Laidlaw).

162.

„ butleriy Blgr. Larut, Perak

163.

(A. & L. Butler).

164.

,, effrenisy Cantor.

165.

„ subcinctusy Boie.

166.

Dryocalamus subannulatus, D. & B.

167.

Zaocys carinatus, Gthr.

168.

„ fuscusy Gthr.

169.

Zamenis korros, Schleg.

170.

„ mucosusy Linn.

171.

„ fasciolatusy Shaw.

172.

Xenelaphis hexagonotus. Cantor.

173-

Coluber porphyraceusy Cantor.

174.

„ taeniurusy Cope.

175-

,, oxycephaluSy Boie.

176.

„ melanurusy Schleg.

•177.

„ radiatusy Schleg.

178.

Gonyophis margaritatus, Ptrs.

Dendrophis pictus, Gm.

„ formosus, Boie.

Dendrelaphis caudolineatus, Gray.
Simotes purpurascens^ Schleg.

„ cyclurus^ Cantor.

„ octolineatus, Schn.

„ signatus, Gthr.

„ cjuentatus, Gthr.

Ahlabes tricolor^ Schleg.

,, baliodirus, Boie.

„ longicauda, Ptrs.

Macrocalamus lateralis^ Ptrs.
Pseudorhabdion longiceps, Ptrs.

Calamaria vermiformis^ D. & B.

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).

,, albiv enter ^ Gray.

„ sumatrana, Edel.

„ leucocephala, D. & B.

„ pavimentata, D. & B.

Hypsirhina indica, Gray.

„ plumbea, Boie.

„ enhydris, Schn.

„ bccourtii.

„ sieboldii, Schleg.

Homalopsis buccata^ Linn.

Cerberus rhynchops, Schn.

Fordonia leucobalia, Schleg.

Cantoria violacea, Gir.

Hipistes hydrinus. Cantor.
Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus, Boie.

„ gokool. Gray.

„ dendrophiluSy Boie.

„ jaspideus, D. & B.

„ drapieziiy Boie.

„ pallidus, Blgr.

Supra p. 164.
„ cynodon, Boie.

X

8/9/03

176

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

Col U br id£ie — cojitinued

179.

Psammodynastes pulverulentusy Boie.

*198.

180.

Dry op his xanthozonay Boie.

181.

„ prasinusy Boie.

199.

182.

Dryophiops rubescensy Gray.

200.

183.

Chrysopeiea ornatay Shaw.

*201.

184.

„ chryscrhloray Boie.

185.

Hydrus platuruSy Linn.

^ UZ •

186.

Thalassophis annandaliiy Laidlaw.

203.

Patani (Laidlaw).

204.

187.

Hydrophis caerulescensy Shaw.

205.

188.

„ nigrocinctusy Daud.

206.

189.

„ graciliSy Shaw.

207.

190.

,, can tori y Gthr.

208.

I9I.

„ fasciatuSy Schn.

209.

192.

,, rhombifery Blgr.

210.

Coast of Perak (L. Wray).

2 1 1.

193-

„ torquatusy Gthr.

212.

194.

„ obscurusy Daud.

213.

‘95-

Distira stoke siiy Gray.

214.

196.

,, ornatay Gray.

215.

197.

„ brugmansiiy Boie.

Amblycephalid

216.

Haplopeltura boay Boie.

2 1 8.

217.

Amblycephalus vertebralisy Blgr.

219.

Larut, Perak (A. L. Butler).

* 220.

Viperidae

221.

Ancistrodon rhodostomay Boie.

224.

Supra p. I 70.

225.

222.

Lachesis monticolay Gthr.

226.

223.

„ purpureomaculatusy Gray.

Distira zvrayt, Blgr. Perak Coast

(L. Wray). Patani (Laidlavv),
„ cyanocincta^ Daud.

„ jerdoniy Gray.

Enhydris curtus, Shaw.

Patani (Laidlaw).
„ hardwickiiy Gray.

Enhydrina valakadietiy Boie.

Aipysurus eydouxi, Gray.

P/aturus laticaudatus, Linn.

„ colubrinusy Schn.

„ fasciatusy Schn.

,, candiduSy Linn.

Bungarus JiavlcepSy Reinvv.

Eaia tripudiansy Merr.

„ bungarusy Schlcg.

Gallop his gracilisy Gray.

„ maculicepSy Gthr.

Doliophis bivirgatuSy Boie.

„ intestinalisy Laur.

malaccanusy Boie.

moellendorff'iiy Bttgr.
Biserat, Jalor (Laidlaw).

Lachesis gfamineusy Shaw.

,, sumatranuSy Raffles.
„ wagleriy Boie.

CICENDELIDAE

BY

HERBERT C. ROBINSON

179

REPORT ON

THE TIGER BEETLES (CICENDELIDAE)

By HERBERT C. ROBINSON

AS Mr. Ridley has observed in a recent paper in the proceedings of
the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, the Tiger Beetles
of the Malay Peninsula fall very readily into two divisions — (i) those
which, like our European species, are essentially denizens of open country
or of the seashore, and (2) those which are exclusively found in deep jungle.
To the latter section great interest attaches, for they act as models, which are
imitated by large numbers of other insects, more especially by beetles of
other families and by Orthoptera.

The specimens in our collection have been identified by comparison with
the series at the British Museum, which has been recently examined by Dr.
Horn, but in the case of the difficult genus Collyris I cannot be absolutely
certain of my identification, as in several instances I have had only a single
specimen : in this connexion I must express my thanks to Messrs. Gahan
and Arrow, who have always been ready to assist me in every possible way.

1. Cicendela aurulenta, Fabr.

This wide-spread species was common everywhere in open country in
the Siamese Malay States, from sea level — though its place was taken on
the shore by C. sumatrensis — to 3,000 feet, but we did not ourselves meet
with it in Perak or Selangor. In habits, it exactly agrees with those of
C. campestrisy being found running with great rapidity along roads or on
patches of damp or dry sand, often in the hottest sunshine, and readily
making use of its wings when disturbed. The mode of flight and the dense
white pubescence on the lower surface give the insect a close resemblance to certain
of the smaller wasps, which it resembles also in the buzzing sound it produces
when handled.

‘ Its variegated colour, however, renders it inconspicuous in broken light,
when on sand strewn with scattered leaves and twigs.’ N. A.

i8o

FASCICULI MALATENSES

2. Cicendela 'fulig:inosa, Dej.

Biserat, Jalor. i8th October, 1901.

The single specimen in the collection was brought in by native children
among specimens of the preceding species.

3. Cicendela sumatrensis, Herbst.

Cape Patani. June, October, 1901.

Found running about in great numbers just above high-water mark on
the muddy shores of Patani Bay, and round the edges of freshwater pools on
Cape Patani. Much scarcer on the seaward face of the same sand-spit, which,
at one point, is not more than twenty or thirty yards wide, its place being
seemingly taken by small crabs and by Diptera of different families.

4. Cicendela minuta, Fabr.

Sungkel, South Perak. 8th February, 1902. (At light).

5. Cicendela chlorochila, Chaud.

Ban Sai Kau, Nawngchik. 26th April, 1901. (At light).

6, Heptadonta anal is, Fabr.

Semangko Pass, Selangor- Pahang boundary. 2,500-2,700 feet. May, 1902.

This brilliant species was found in great abundance on paths running
through fairly open jungle. I only met with it in one locality, but it is common
in Singapore and Penang.

7. ’Tricondyla aptera, OHv.

Biserat, Jalor. nth July, 1901.

Mr. Ridley remarks that this beetle has a superficial resemblance to the
large ant, Camponotiis gigas^ which is known to the Malays as semut gajah
(elephant ant).

‘ I took two specimens of this species running about together on sand
at the foot of a tall tree in open country. Their resemblance to a fossorial
wasp/ common in the same environment, was so marked that the Malays
with me begged me not to touch them, remarking that wasps of that
kind stung very badly. The wasp is frequently seen running about on
sand, with its wings folded in such a way as to be very inconspicuous.

. Sphex lobatus, Fabr.

FASCICULI MALATEUSES

i8i

but at the same time to somewhat veil the brilliant irridescent blue of
the abdomen. It never runs straight for any distance, being probably
employed in hunting other insects, perhaps “ ant lions,” in the sand, but
frequently stops for a moment, and then resumes motion in another
direction. The beetle had eKactly the same gait and movements, and its

resemblance to the wasp was due to this rather than to any very detailed
similarity of form or colour, though in these respects, too, there is a general
likeness even in the set specimens. In the present instance, it would seem
rather that the beetle mimicked the wasp than the wasp the beetle, the wasp
being by far the commoner of the two insects, and also the more noxious.
The bearing of Mr. Ridley’s observation on this view is not clear, but, in
any case, it is improbable that the resemblance between the Hymenopteron and
the beetle was so close as in the instance observed by myself, for the movements
of the ant referred to by Mr. Ridley bear a general likeness to those of the
digging wasps, but are less rapid and abrupt, at any rate when the insects are
undisturbed. The colour of the ant, moreover, is dark brown, instead of being
metallic blue. Mr. Shelford* points out that in Borneo Tricondyla cyanea var.
wallacei^ a form resembling T. aptera in appearance, is mimicked in a very
detailed manner by the Orthopteron Condylodera tricondyloides^ which also
mimics, in different stages of its growth, T. gihha and C. sarawakensis. It is very
puzzling to find allied forms, of which some appear to act as models and others
as mimics, but this would rather bear out Mr. Robinson’s suggestion {ypostea^
under Coilyris sarawakensis) that in the case of these beetles and the forms
which resemble them superficially we are dealing not with Batesian mimicry
at all, but with a Milllerian association, some of the members of which may
still be unknown. In considering a question of the kind it must be remem-
bered that a large proportion of the insects reckoned scarce in collections are
only “ rare ” because the particular habitat or locality in which they are abun-
dant has not yet been discovered.’ N. A.

8. Tricondyla wallacei (Thoms.)

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. 3rd September, 1901.

‘ Resting on end of twig in jungle ; early morning.’

A single specimen is referred somewhat doubtfully to the above species.

9. Coilyris apicalis, Chaud.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. August, September, 1901.

. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902 (2), pp. 233-234.

i82

FJSCICVLI MALATENSES

10. Collyris sarawakensis, Thoms.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. May, August, September, 1901.

This species and the preceding, which it closely resembles, were not
uncommon on Bukit Besar. They frequented fairly open paths where there
was much alternation of light and shade, and were extremely active and restless
in their movements, settling for a few seconds on some projecting twig or leaf
and then flying off with great rapidity. While on the wing they could with
difficulty be distinguished from the smaller wasps of the family Scoliidae and
from certain Diptera {Sciomyzidae .^), but this resemblance quite vanished when
the beetles were at rest. Perhaps, however, the most interesting member of
this mimetic association is a Hetsromerous beetle, originally described by
Westwood as Styrax tricondyloides, and which appears to be exceedingly rare,
as there is only a single specimen in the Bates collection at the British Museum.
The single specimen that we captured, which we did not specially note at the
time, was secured on Bukit Besar in the sweep net on April 20th, and so close
was its resemblance to the three preceding species that it was actually taken
down to the British Museum with the Cicendelids, and only recognized then
on a rigid examination as not belonging to this family. Both it and its models
have red legs and cyaneous elytra, which are strongly rugose at their anterior
halves, while the posterior portion is smooth and shining, though in the case
of S, tricondy hides it is slightly striated. The thorax of the mimic has two
large tubercles on the disc, projecting slightly forwards as a kind of hump,
with the result that the thorax appears to be slightly constricted anteriorly, as
is the case in the species of Collyris.

It is not at first sight easy to understand why this section of the
Cicendelids should be so very extensively mimicked' as they certainly are in
the Eastern tropics. They are of course highly raptorial insects, but I am not
aware that it has ever been shown that they are nauseous, while even if this
was the case they are not, at any rate in the Malay Peninsula, sufficiently
abundant for any protective qualities that they may possess to prove any
advantage to their mimics. Possibly all cases in this group may ultimately be
shown to be instances of Mullerian rather than Batesian mimicry, though the
extreme rarity of the mimic is an argument against this supposition.

11. Collyris crassicornis, Dej.

Mabek, Jalor. 23rd July, 1901.

‘ Running on leaves of shrub, and flying rapidly from shrub to shrub.’

I. Cf. R. Shelford, Troc. Zool. Soc. 1902 (2), pp. 233-234, pi. xix, figs. 1-6.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

83

12. Collyris filiformis, Chaud.

Bukit Besar. 2,500 feet. April, May, 1901.

13. Collyris variicornis, Chaud.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. May, September, 1901.

14. Collyris cribripennis, Thoms.

15. Collyris -fuscitarsis, Schn.

16. Collyris ortygia, Buq.

The three preceding species were not uncommon on Bukit Besar in May
and September.

17. Therates, sp. incert.

Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500 feet. May, 1901.

A couple of specimens of a small species of this genus were captured
among low herbage. The form is not represented in the British Museum
collection and does not appear to be described, but in the absence of further
material I prefer not to name it.

8/9/oj

Y

1

I

ODONATA

Part I

BY

F. F. LAIDLAW, B.A., Cantab.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The first part of Mr. Laidlaw’s paper now published contains an account
of a small section of the Odonata that, in the Malay Peninsula at any
rate, is especially characteristic of the true jungle fauna. In the
Patani States it is almost certain that it does not occur on the lower reaches
of the rivers, nor, indeed, except in districts where the primaeval forest has
been but little interfered with.

The species seem to be dependent on the presence of rapid running
streams of clear water from which, with but few exceptions, they are rarely
found far distant. It will be noted that the whole of our collection was
obtained in three localities, and that more than two-thirds of the total number
of specimens were captured in less than a week at Mabek in the Hulu Jalor,
where the richness of the Odonate fauna far exceeded anything that we met
with elsewhere. Dragon flies were very numerous at Bukit Besar, but for
some reason, were exceedingly scarce at Telom in January, where only three
or four species were even seen, and with the exception of a few of the
commoner rice-field forms, this scarcity was almost as noticeable in every place
we visited in South Perak, during January and February, 1902, except at Jor.

The present list includes all the species of Agrioninae known to occur in
the Peninsula, twenty-two in number, of which our collection contains
representatives of eleven, though it is not improbable that this number will
be largely increased when the mountainous districts of the Peninsula have
been more fully explored.

HERBERT C. ROBINSON

189

REPORT ON THE DRAGON FLIES

By F. F. LAIDLAW, B.A., Cantab.

Before commencing my description of Messrs. Annandale and
Robinson’s collection, I must acknowledge my indebtedness to
Dr. F. Forster who has, with the greatest generosity, permitted me
to incorporate in my lists the name of known species contained in a large
collection in his possession from the mountains between Perak and Pahang ;
thus enabling me to give a very fairly complete list of the species known from the
Peninsula (since his collection contains several species not contained in the
present one, and vice versa). But, in addition to this, he has furnished me
with many valuable notes for inclusion in my paper. These notes are, in
every case, printed within square brackets [ ], and it is hardly necessary for me
to add that by his kindness Dr. Forster has greatly eiihanced the interest,
already very considerable, of the large and carefully-collected series of
specimens obtained by Messrs. Annandale and Robinson.

I take the opportunity of thanking Mr. Kirby, of the British Museum,
for his unfailing courtesy and ready assistance on several occasions when I
have found it necessary to compare specimens with those in the British
Museum. My thanks are also due to my mother, who has given me much
assistance in transcribing the following notes.

As to the literature of the subject, sufficient reference to papers
published before 1890 will be found in Kirby’s invaluable Catalogue of
the Neuroptera Odonata. Since that date the most important papers dealing
with the Odonate fauna in the immediate neighbourhood of the Peninsula
are de Sely’s ‘ Odonates de Birmanie ’ Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) x (1891))

and Kruger’s important work on the Odonate fauna of Sumatra, published
in the Stettin Ent. Zeit. of 1898-1899 and 1902.

Comparison of the present list of species with that contained in the
two papers above mentioned will show that the fauna of the Peninsula is more
closely related to that of Sumatra than that of Burmah.

I have recently published a brief account of a collection of dragon
flies from the Malay Peninsula. References to these and other papers are
given in the text when necessary.

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19

PART I

AGRIONINAE (Calopterygfinae, De Selys)
LEGION AGRION

1. Echo (Cl imaco basis) modesta, Laidlaw
$ Climacobasis lugens, Laidlaw^ P.Z.S. 1902 (i) p. 85, pi. vi, fig. 5.

$ Echo modesta, ibid, loc, cit. p. 84, pi. v, fig. 6.

A fine series of 5 ^ and 2 9 from Bukit Besar, Nawngchik, from an altitude of 2,500-3,000 feet.

There can be no doubt that the two species which I founded on a single
specimen in each case, are merely male and female of the same species. The
generic name may be retained as that of a section of the genus Echo^ distin-
guished by the great relative length of the pterostigma in the male, in which
it is about three times as long as in the female. This character serves to
separate this species from the two or three species of Echo already known in
which the pterostigma of the male is described as being short, or at most, only
very slightly longer than in the female.

On the other hand, it is readily distinguishable from the remarkable
Archineura, which it resembles in the length of the pterostigma by its smaller
size and less complex neuration.

I have already described the characters of the female from a somewhat
immature specimen. The mature female differs in having the pterostigma
dark brown.

As to the male, the curious white pruinose mark on the top of the head
is only present in fully mature specimens. The wings are shorter and narrower
than in the female, and the abdomen is slenderer, the ninth segment is only
one-half the length of the eighth.

The upper pair of appendages are one-third as long again as the lower
pair, and about as long as the ninth segment.

The pterostigma in the adult male is black. In young males it is whitish
brown.

The following is the literature dealing with this and allied genera : —

Selys. Synopsis des Calopterygines

Monographic des Calopteryginesy 1854

{Echo margarita 9 described)

Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xlvii, p. 356 (1879)

9/9/oj

192

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Echo margarita $ , 9 described

„ „ race ? tripartita $ , 9 described

Echo ? uni/ormis $ „

Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belgique^ xlii (1898), p. 335.

E. unifo7'mis, $ 9 > described

Karsch. Be?l. Ent. Zeitschr. xxxvi, p. 455 (1891).

E. incarnata described

Ent. Nachr. xx, No. 6, p. 84 (1894)

Remarks on Kirby’s Archineura basilactea

Kirby. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiii, p. 86 (1894)

Archineura basilactea described

loc. cit.j p. 450. Reply to Dr. Karsch (see above)

MacLachlan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii, p. 370 (1896)

Remarks on Archineura incarnata., Karsch

Kruger. Ent. Zeit. Stettin, 1898, p. 72

E. iricolor, n. sp. ^ 9 > ? = E. uniformis

,, loc. cit., E. iricolor — E. uniformis

Laidlaw. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, pp. 84, 85

Echo modesta and Climacobasis lugens described

2. Neurobasis chinensis (Linn.)

Neurobasis Chinensis, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 102 (1891) ; Kruger, Stett.
Ent. Zeit., 1898, p. 74 ; Forst. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xli, p. 210 (1897) ;
Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1902, p. 86.

10 > 3 ? > taken in July in Jalor. Mostly noted as having been caught ‘ flying over the river.’

‘ Frequents places where the current is strong, occasionally hying
along with hind wings depressed, just touching the surface of the water ;
then very conspicuous, the hind wings appearing emerald green in sunlight
and peacock blue in subdued light. Often settling on a black rock, with
the wings raised over the back as in a butterfly ; in this position quite
inconspicuous.’

FASCICULI MALATENSES

193

All the females belong to the typical variety quadrimacuJata, ‘ Wings
golden brown with yellow spots on the anterior margin.’

[‘ Camp Jor* (Grubauer) var. quadrimaculata^ var. bipunctata^ and var.
florida^ also forms with variations in the length of the legs.’]

The var. florida occurs in Penang and in the Baram district of Borneo.

3. Vestal is amoena, Hagen

Vestalis amoena, Kirby ^ Cat. Odonata^ p. 103 (1891) ; Kruger^ Stett. Ent.
Zeit..^ 1898, p. 75 ; Laidlaw.^ P.Z.S. 1902 (i), p. 87.

6$, 2$. Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,500-3,000 feet. May and August, 1901.

29* Bukit Besar, Nawngchik. 2,000 feet. September, 1901.

‘ Jungle near water, dull morning.’

I $ . Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

‘ Flying in the jungle, mid-day.’

I 9* Jarum, Rhaman. April, 1902.

‘Very common in jungle, not necessarily near water; abdomen dark
bronze, thorax dark emerald green, eyes black, wings purplish irridescent.’

Occurs also in Dr. Forster’s collection. Perhaps the commonest Calop-
terygine that occurs in the Peninsula. Its habits are markedly in contrast with
those of most of its nearest relatives.

3. Vestalis lumens, Alb.

[‘ I ^ . Taken by Grubauer at Camp Jor at an altitude of 2,000 m. ft.').
Identical with specimens from High-Sumatra.’]

LEGION EUPHAEA

4. Euphaea ochracea, Selys

Pseudophaea ochracea, Kirby ^ Cat. Odonata^ p. 109 (1891).

Euphaea ochracea, Selys^ Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa^ (2) x, p. 489 ; LaidlaWy
P.Z.S. 1902 (i), p. 87.

One male, from the State of Patani ? (more probably from Bukit Besar).

‘ Puting betiong^ Patani Malay for dragon flies generally. Wings deep
copper colour, abdomen and head black, thorax marked with dull crimson.
Jungle stream, mid-day.’

I. If the ‘Camp Jor’ of Grubauer is the same place as that visited by us (cf. itinerary) its approximate
altitude is 2,000 feet^ not metres. There is no camp in the Perak-Pahang boundary range as high as 2,000 metres,
the extreme summits of a few mountains only just exceeding this height. Edd.

194

FASCICULI MALATENSES

The colour of the abdomen is of a very dull dark-brown rather than
black. The wings appear of a much richer colour when the insect is flying
than after death.

This species belongs to a group of closely allied species or perhaps
geographical races, which range from the Khasia Hills (where E. brunnea^ a
fairly distinct form, much larger than the typical E. ochracea occurs)^ through
Burmah and the Peninsula into the Archipelago, where again the forms are
mostly large, e,g.^ E. lara from Sumatra, etc.

[^Camp Jor (Grubauer) with variations in size : Kelantan (Waterstradt).’]

5. Euphaea mason i, Selys

Pseudophaea masoni, Kirby, Cat, Odonata,^. no (1891).

4^. Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

‘ Black, except for the transparent patches on the wings.’

These specimens agree closely with the types from Tenasserim, but the
costal spaces are not black, only the sub-costal spaces are so coloured. Occurs
also in Tonquin.

6. Euphaea aspasia, Selys
Camp Jor, 2,000 m. (r ft.) (Grubauer).

[‘ Identical with specimens received from Mr. G. Schreider from Dalak,
mountains of Rajah, High Sumatra.’]

7. Euphaea impar, Selys

Recorded by myself (P.Z,S. 1902 (i), p. 87) from the Kelantan River.
Not represented in this collection.

8. Dysphaea limbata, Selys

Dysphaea limbata, Kirby ^ Cat. Odonata, p. 110(1891); Kruger, Stett. Ent. Zeit.,
1898, p. 78 ; Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1902 (i), p. 88.

$. Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

‘ On river ; colour velvety black, with a shade of purple on the wings.’

^ . Camp Jor (Grubauer) : Kelantan (Waterstradt).’]

I believe that no specimen has previously been captured so far to the
north as that taken in Jalor. The genus is confined to the Peninsula and to
the Islands of Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

195

LEGION LIBELLAGO

The distribution of Rhinocypha^ perhaps the most characteristic Oriental
Odonate genus, presents several features of interest. Firstly, it is noteworthy
that no species of the genus is known from Ceylon. Compare with this the
absence of the genus Draco among lizards, and Diplommatina and Alycaeus amongst
the land Mollusca ; all three otherwise widely spread and characteristic of the
whole Oriental region. It will be interesting to learn whether other cases of
this nature occur.

Following De Selys, the genus may be subdivided roughly as follows : —

A. Two rows of postcostal cells (often rudimentary) ; opaque marks on hind wings of
males, with hyaline ‘ windows.’

1. Group of R. quadrimaculata.

B. A single row of postcostal cells.

[a) Opaque marks on the hind wings of the males, with hyaline windows.

2. Group of R. perforata.

{b) Opaque marks on hind wings without ‘ windows ; ’ the females in some
cases also have opaque marks on the hind wing.

3. Group of R. tincta.

Group I is mainly Himalaic, and as far as I know, confined to the main-
land of Asia. R. fenestrella., its representative in the Peninsula, which is very
closely allied toi^. quadrimaculata^ Selys, of India, and to R. spuria^ Selys, of
the Khasia Hills, extends further south than any other species of the group.

Group 2 has one species in Thibet, viz., R. trimaculata ; the remaining
species range from India to Cochin China and Hainan, and down into the
Peninsula and the greater Sunda Islands, but not further east than Java. The
Peninsular species are R. hiforata and R. apicalis.

Group 3, typified by R, tincta^ is capable of further sub-division, but this
cannot be attempted within the limits of the present paper. It contains
numerous species ranging from Sumatra and the Peninsula, where it is repre-
sented by the interesting little R. karschi^ intermediate between R. heterostigma
and R, tincta., and by R. petiolata^ to New Guinea.

Thus in the Peninsula, and apparently there only, the three groups over-
lap.

9. Rhinocypha fenestrella, Ramb.

Rhinocypha fenestrella, Kirby, Cat. Odonata^ p. 113 (1891); Selys, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genoa (2) x, p. 491.

8 (J , 29. Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet, Nawngchik. May, 1901.

196

FASCICVLI MALATENSES

‘ $ Rests on stones in streams, with wings almost touching the body along
their whole length.’

With another male is the following note ; — ‘Jungle stream, mid-day ;
white under surface of tibiae conspicuous in this specimen, which was hovering
round the female, a dull greenish insect.’ A female is said to have the thorax
marked with pale green, and to be most inconspicuous.

5 I 9 • Telom, Perak-Pahang border, altitude 4,000 feet. January, 1902.

Note with a male, ‘ Dances in the air before the female, displaying white
surface of tibiae.’

2 9 • Upper Batang Padang Valley, 3,000 feet. South Perak. January, 1902.

[Camp Jor, 2,000 m. (ft. ?) (Grubauer) : Kelantan (Waterstradt)].

10. Rhinocypha bifbrata, Selys

Rhinocypha biforata, Kirh)\ Cat. Odonata^ P* ^^3 5 Laidlaw., P.Z.S.

1902 (i), p. 88.

2 $ . Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

One ‘ flying over river,’ the other, ‘ on edge of jungle stream. Dull
morning. Thorax velvety black, marked on the sides with pale blue. In
the centre of the dorsal surface a triangular mark of mauve pink. On the
sides five stripes, pink posteriorly shading into blue anteriorly. Abdomen
black with delicate blue marks on the sides. Legs and head black.’

[ Camp Jor and Kelantan].

11. Rhinocypha apicalis, Kruger
Rhinocypha apicalis, Kruger., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1898, p. 79.

Rhinocypha inas, Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1902 (i), p. 90, pi. vi, fig. 7.

[Camp Jor, 1,200 m. (ft. ?) (Grubauer) : Kelantan (Waterstradt)].

I believe that Dr. Forster is correct in identifying my species with that
very briefly noted by Kruger. When I wrote my description of R. inas., I had
not the opportunity of comparing it with R. hisignata. It certainly resembles
R. whiteheadi from Hainan very closely.

12. Rhinocypha petiolata

Recorded from the Peninsula, but not included in the present collection.

13. Rhinocypha karschi, Kruger

Rhinocypha karschi, Kruger, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1898, p. 33 ; Laidlaw, P.Z.S.
1902 (i), p. 90.

FASCICULI MALAY BIASES

197

Not included in the present collection ; taken by myself on the Aring
River, in Kelantan.

14. Micromerus stigmatizans, Selys
Micromerus stigmatizans, Kirby^ Cat. Odonata^ P-

This and the next species belong to a section of the genus in which the
males have a pterostigma on all four wings, while in the remaining species of
the genus the pterostigma is absent on the fore wings. This section appears
to be confined to the Peninsula, where two species occur, and to Borneo,
which has three species. Neither of the Peninsular species is included in the
present collection.

15. Micromerus hyaiinus, Selys

16. Micromerus lineatus, Burm.

Micromerus lineatus, Kirby^ Cat. Odonata^ P-

5 I 9- Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

The following is a note on one of the males : — ‘ Flying over river at mid-
day ; the wings moved so fast that they were quite invisible. Head and
thorax velvety black, marked with pale yellow green. Abdomen, five proxi-*
mal segments orange yellow, marked with black ; distal segments velvety
black, as is the ventral surface. Anterior surface of tibiae white.’ The
female was taken flying with the male.

[‘ Camp Jor (Grubauer). The black marks on the dorsal surface of the
abdomen appear to become more extended with age.’]

17. Micromerus signatus, Kruger

Recorded from Penang.

%

18. Micromerus aurantiacus, Selys

Not included in the present collection.

19. Micromerus annandaii, sp. nov.

Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

‘ On river. Dorsal surface of abdomen deep red.’

Related to M. aurantiacus and possibly a local race, but sufficiently distinct
to merit a description and name.

198

FASCICULI MALATENSES

The most obvious distinction lies in the colour of the dorsal side of the
abdomen, which in M. aurantiacus is golden or orange yellow, but in the
present species, dark brick-red. The dorsal surface of the head is black.
There are four small yellow spots lying at the angles of a square just in front
of the anterior ocellus, two others on either side of the two posterior ocelli,
and two others, more widely separated, behind those on the vertex.

Prothorax black, with a pair of lateral yellow spots, an anterior yellow line,
and a posterior yellow median spot.

Thorax black, the mesothoracic ridge and a pair of narrow antehumeral
stripes incomplete above, yellow. Humeral stripes reduced to a small yellow
mark at the upper end of the suture. Two broad lateral stripes on either
side yellow, the anterior pair interrupted at about its middle, and again near
its upper end by a projection into it of the black ground-colour.

Abdomen^ upper surface deep red, articulations black ; under surface
orange yellow with a broad median stripe, but the whole under-surfaces of
segments 9-10 is black. Sides of segment i black with a round yellow spot.
On either side of segments 2-6 is a triangular yellow mark, with its apex
directed backwards, enclosed within a black border. In segments 2-4 the
black margin does not quite reach the hinder limit of the segment, whilst in
segments 5-6 it does so, and the black commences to widen out against the
articulation. From segments 7-10 the yellow mark is absent, and the black
now forms a triangle with its apex directed forwards. The sides, beyond the
triangle in segments 2-4, are yellow. On the dorsal side of segments 2-3,
near their hinder ends, is a transverse black mark interrupted in the middle.

Anal appendages black, the upper pair rather long and slender, without
projections, three times as long as the lower pair, which are rather stouter
and conical. Legs black, the inner sides of the last two pairs of femora
whitish distally.

Wings very narrow and brightly irridescent. No pterostigma on the
anterior pair, which have 5-6 antenodals. Apical spot longer than it is broad,
not reaching the hind margin, rather less than one-fifth the length of the wing.
Pterostigma (of hind wing) black, covering rather more than two cells.

Length of abdomen, 13 mm. ; hind wing, 15*5 mm. ; apical spot,
2*75 mm.

20. Micromerus semiopacus, Selys
[‘There exist three closely-related forms or “sub-races” living, perhaps,
separately in Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Pensinula, viz., M. semiopacus^
Selys (type) in Borneo; M. semiopacus^ Selys, sub-race inartinae^ Karsch in

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Sumatra ; and M. semiopacus sub-race ajfinis^ Laidlaw in Kelantan ( ? ,Laid-

LAW ; $ $ ^ Waterstradt). Karsch compares M. martinae^ Karsch, with
M. xanthocyaneus from the Celebes. But Karsch ’s species undoubtedly differs
but slightly from the typical Bornean M. semiopacus^ Selys. In Af. semiopacus
the dark tips of the fore wings are mm. in length, in TW. martinae^ 5 mm.,
and in M. affinis^ 5|- (Laidlaw), and in Waterstradt specimens only 4 mm.
In all these forms the dorsal surface of segments 3-5 of the abdomen carries
a longitudinal rectangular light yellowish spot, which is divided in two by the
black Carina. In some cases, by an angular encroachment of the black ground
from the sides, these paired spots are changed into two, 7 set back to back.
The 7-shaped marks occur in segments 4-5 of M. affinis^ in 3-4 of M, semio-
pacus (probably also in 5), and very imperfectly in M. martinae.

Segment 6 is identical in all three, and the light mark projects as a
rectangle from the anterior margin of the segment. In M, lineatus^ on the
other hand, it projects as a rhomboid, and in M, stigmatizans nearly as a circle.

M. martinae is more distinct from the typical form, M. semiopacus^ than
is M. affinis^ which is very nearly identical with it, since the extent of the
opaque apical spot of the fore wing is evidently variable, and the darkened tip
of the fore wing is merely a mark of age. In all three the epistone is metallic
blue, partially wrinkled. In M. ajjinis the light markings of the abdomen are
pale green.’]

The continuance of the black apical mark on the fore wing, right across
the wing, serves to distinguish these three species at a glance from those of
the lineatus group.

My specimens of M. affinis were, to the best of my recollection, pale
yellow in colour in life, so far as the markings of the abdomen are concerned.

(See Karsch, Ent. Zeit.^ Berlin, xvii (1891), No. 16, for M. martinae;
for M, affinis^ see Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1902 (i), p. 90, pi. vi, fig. 7).

LEGION AMPHIPTERYX

21. Devadetta arg^yroides (Selys)

Devadetta argyroides, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 1 1 1 (1891).

1^,3$. Bukit Besar, 2,500 feet, Nawngchik. May, 1901.

I (^ . Mabek, Jalor. July, 1901.

‘ Flying beside jungle stream.’

Two of the female specimens from Bukit Besar where taken ‘ flying in
the jungle,’ one ‘ in the morning ’ and ‘ early afternoon, before rain.’ The
male is labelled ‘jungle stream, mid-day.’ One of the females is briefly

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FASCICULI MALATENSES

described as follows : — ‘ Abdomen dark-brown with paler bars, fawn spot on
wings (j)tero stigma)^ faint blue spots on thorax.’ The coloration is, in fact,
practically identical with that of the male.

The first two joints of the antennae in both sexes are stout, the second
nearly half as long again as the first ; the third is short and club-shaped,
slenderer than the second. To the generic characters given by De Selys, it
may be added that the wings are petidated almost to the level of the commence-
ment of the quadrilateral.

I have examined a specimen of this species collected on Mount Kina Balu,
in Borneo.

PRINTED BY DONALD FRASER, 37 HANOVER STREET, LIVERPOOL

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