iiiiii! § ^\.-:V'i<; I -t' NOV S, 192, "■ 2- W^tionaJ Moswm, "ashington, 0. C, FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS VOL. I. PART MA CROLEPIDOPTERA E. Meyrick. Price Thirty Shillings. To Subscribers Fifteen Shillings. ^HSO^ JVBRARl The Fauna Hawaiiensis will be published in parts at irregular inter- vals, and will it is hoped be completed in about two years. Contributions have been made or promised by the following, viz. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S. Prof. AUGUSTE FOREL Dr L. O. Howard and W. H. Ashmead G. W. KiRKALDY, F.E.S. Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S. E. Meyrick, F.Z.S. R. C. L. Perkins, B.A. R. I. POCOCK D. Sharp, F.R.S. ... A. E. Shipley, M.A. M. EUG. SlMO^J E. R. Sykes, F.Z.S. The Lord Walsingham, F.R.S. Mynheer F. M. van der Wulp Earthworms. Formicidae. Hymenoptera Parasitica. Hemiptera. Thysanura and Collembola. Macrohpidoptera . [Hymenoptera Aculeata, Orthoptera, \ Neitroptera, and part of Coleoptera. Myriapoda. Part of Coleoptera. Parasitic Worms. Arachnida. Mollusca. Microlepidoptera. Diptera. It is also intended to give a list of the Vertebrates, with their distribution, in the Islands. The price of each part will vary according to its extent and the number of Plates. Subscribers to the whole work will be charged half-price for each part. The parts will be sent, as published, to each subscriber who has paid for the preceding part. Those who wish to be subscribers, should send name and address either directly to C. J. Clay & Sons, Cambridge Warehouse, Ave Maria Lane, London, E.C., or through any bookseller. Payments for each part should also be made to Messrs C. J. Clay & Sons. I FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS OR THE ZOOLOGY OF THE SANDWICH (HAWAHAN) ISLES Being Results of the Explorations instituted by the Joint Committee appointed by THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR PROMOTING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE AND THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE And carried on with the assistance of those Bodies and of the Trustees of THE BERNICE FAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM AT HONOLULU. EDITED BY DAVID SHARP, M.B., MA., F.R.S. SECRETARY OF THE COMMITTEE. VOLUME I. PART II. MA CROLEPIDOP TERA By E. MEYRICK, B.A. Pages 123—275; Plates III, IV, V, VI, coloured ami Plate VII imcoloured. I CAMBRIDGE : AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1899 \All Rights resented.] June 8, 1899. aonSon: C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE. 263. ARGYLE STREET. Itipjig; F. A. BROCKHAUS. i^tijj Hotk: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. BomiiBs: E. SEYMOUR HALE. MACROLEPIDOPTERA By E. MEYRICK, B.A. 123 ■ e. /Va larb K/O, >er. MACROLEPIDOPTERA "''^'^r>. By Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. In this paper are included all the Lepidoptera except the Pterophoridae, Tortricina, and Tineina, which have been entrusted to Lord Walsingham. I propose to give a complete enumeration of all the species hitherto observed in the Hawaiian islands, describing the very numerous new species, and also redescribing those species of which our former imperfect knowledge has been enlarged by the acquisition of new material ; and also to discuss some general considerations arising from the study of these forms. I have not thought it necessary to quote the synonymy of the species, or to give references, except in so far as these have actual relation to the Hawaiian Islands. The accurate record of localities is in the case of this fauna so important for purposes of comprehension, that I have thought it best to particularise the number of specimens obtained from each locality, so as to indicate the value of the available evidence. On the other hand, the season of capture seems to depend in most cases only on the presence of the collector, and the impression derived from the records is that many species are probably obtainable throughout the year. § 1. General considerations on the Macrolepidoptera. In the following enumeration 292 species are recorded, of which number exactly 200 are now described for the first time ; these are assigned to 49 genera, of which 6 are new. Relation of Genera and Species. Of the 292 species, 31 occur also in other regions, the remaining 261 (or 89 per cent.) are endemic. Future discoveries are more likely to increase this percentage than to diminish it. Of the 49 genera, only 10 (or 20 per cent.) are endemic, the other 39 occur elsewhere. The endemicity of the species is therefore four and a half times as great as that of the genera. It appears to me that this ratio, in the case of a highly endemic fauna, is an index of the same significance as is the proportion of species to genera in a highly apodemic fauna. If, as an example of the latter, we take the Lepidopterous fauna of the British Isles, as enumerated in my Handbook of British Lepidoptera, we find 2061 species and 458 genera, the ratio being 4^^ to i exactly. I interpret this index as a measure of the comparative periods of time required to produce specific and M. F. H. 17 124 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS generic characters, signifying with considerable precision (for I find the same result in such other faunas as are available for calculation) that on an average it takes four and a half times as long to produce a genus as to produce a species. In the Hawaiian fauna, however, the proportion of species to genera is unusually- high, being 6 to i, and it may be asked why this is so. It appears probable that, owing to the extremely limited character of the fauna, and the relatively very small number of genera available in the first instance as a base of development, the generic competition has not been sufficiently severe to promote a high rate of modification : whilst the variety of situations presented under similar but slightly different conditions (such as those depending on altitude, rainfall, and insular separation), is highly favour- able for specific development. I shall show presently that even the existing endemic genera are not all on the same footing. Comparison of Families with other Regions. Only 12 families are represented in this portion of the fauna, and two of these, the Galleriadae and Pyralididae, only by species of undoubtedly artificial introduction ; thus only lo are truly native, all of them being of world-wide distribution. In the corresponding portion of the British fauna there are no less than 34 families ; yet all those families which are represented in Britain by more than 1 2 species are present in the Hawaiian Islands except the Arctiadae, Sterrhidae, and Notodontidae, and none which are represented by less ; so that, except for those three families, the results are in accordance with the law of chance. The New Zealand fauna so much resembles the Hawaiian in its broad outlines that it may be worth while to compare them in tabular form. New Zealand. Hawaiian Islandi Arctiadae 4 Hypsidae I Caradrinidae 59 38 Plusiadae 7 13 Hydriomenidae 93 17 Sterrhidae I Orthostixidae 2 Monocteniadae 4 Selidosemidae 25 33 Sphingidae r 7 Nymphalidae 6 5 Satyridae 4 Lycaenidae 4 2 Pieridae i(?) Phycitidae 3 7 Galleriadae I I Crambidae 49 8 Pyraustidae 76 159 MA CROLEPIDOPTERA 1 25 Neiv Zealand. Hawaiian Islands. Pyralididae 2 2 Psychidae 2 o Hepialidae 9 o All the Hawaiian families are therefore found in New Zealand, the Galleriadae and Pyralididae being introduced in both alike, and 8 other families are also repre- sented there, but only by a very few species, amounting altogether to 8 per cent, of the total, or an average of i per cent, each, whilst the ten other native families average over 9 per cent. each. The single species of Sterrhidae is an abundant Australian insect, and not improbably artificially introduced thence ; the small size and weak flight of members of this family may account for their not crossing wide seas. The Noto- dontidae are absent from both faunas ; they are notoriously seldom seen on the wing, and may therefore be habitually incapable of prolonged flight. Geographical Distribution of Genera and Species. For the consideration of this subject I shall group the genera not by their mutual affinities but by their constitution, as follows : [a) wholly ' apodemic (none of these contains more than two species), {b) apodemic, with one endemic species, {c) apodemic, with from 2 to 6 endemic species, {d) apodemic, with from 9 to 13 endemic species, {e) apodemic, with 24 to 57 endemic species, [^f) endemic, with i or 2 species, i^g) endemic, with 14 to 30 species. {a) Apodemic genera, of one species, or of tnjo species, neither endemic. There are 17 of this class, comprising 22 species. Nine [Plodia, Ephestia, Ephestiodes, Meliphora, Euchromius, NytnpJmla, Hymenia, Hellula, Pyralis), with 1 1 species, have been artificially introduced by man, mostly as larvae feeding on preserved foods or cultivated plants, and are now apparently estab- lished as residents ; all of them have similarly extended their range over most of the warmer regions of the globe (except Ephestiodes, which is hitherto only recorded from America), so that their place of origin is sometimes unknown, and is in any case unimportant for the present purpose. Two {Heliothis, Nomophila), with 2 species, and also Spodoptera exigtia and Sphinx convolvuli, are practically cosmopolitan, being found in suitable localities almost every- where, and are further known to be possessed of very great powers of flight, having all been met with in the open sea, sometimes many hundreds of miles from the nearest land. These may have come in from any direction, though Sphinx convolvidi is considered to be the American form {cingidata). ' Endemic denotes that a species or genus is apparently confined to these islands. I define apodemic as the opposite of endemic ; it signifies that a form occurs outside the islands as well as in them. 17—2 126 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS Hypocala, Anosia, Phtsia biloba, and Sphinx celeus, are American insects, all powerful flyers ; Anosia in particular has within recent memory extended its range over the whole Pacific to Australia and New Zealand. Simplicia robustalis, Spodoptera maiiritia, and Plusia chalciies are very wide- ranging species in S. Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia, the two latter occurring also in Africa, and the last-named likewise in New Zealand and Europe ; the two latter are of powerful flight, but the Siviplicia may prove, when its habits are made known, to be artificially introduced. This class represents the effect of present-day influences. 1 think it probable that the 4 cosmopolitan species actually came from America, and in that case there would be a large preponderance of the American element. Hypocala has a well-marked local form besides the normal American type, and Hcliothis also shows a tendency to form a local race, so that these two approach the character of the next class. {b) Apodemic Genera, ivith one endemic species. This class includes 7 genera and 1 2 species. Caradrina is best omitted from consideration ; the single species (in one specimen) cannot be positively assigned to the genus, which is however widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. Cosmopliila is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is represented by one apodemic species, which occurs also in Fiji, S. Asia, and Africa, but assumes here the character of a tolerably well-marked geographical race ; and one endemic species, which may reasonably be regarded as a development of the foregoing. Hydriomena is a very large genus of universal distribution, but mainly character- istic of temperate regions. The single endemic species is not sufficiently near any other to allow of its affinity being positively stated ; but I am disposed to regard it as being of an Asiatic (Himalayan and Japanese) type. Dasyuris consists, so far as is yet definitely known, of one Arctic species (Green- land, Labrador, Lapland), two Australian, and five from New Zealand. The Hawaiian species is not particularly close to any of these, though generally similar ; geographically it is an interesting link. The facts would seem to indicate a New Zealand origin. Vanessa is represented by three apodemic species and one endemic. Of the apodemic, V. cardni is cosmopolitan, being perhaps the best traveller of all the Lepido- ptera, and may have entered from any side ; V. Jninter-a is American, V. atalanta European and American, but both have probably alike come from America. The endemic species is intermediate between cardui and atalanta, and its nearest ally is V. callirrhoe in the Canary Islands ; hence it is probable that both these are the insular descendants of a former wide-ranging American species, which was also the ancestor of the continental caj-dui and atalanta. MACROLEPIDOPTERA 127 Lycaena exhibits one apodemic species, the very widely distributed L. baetica, which occurs in many Pacific islands, Australia. Asia, Africa, and Europe ; and one endemic species, by no means very close to any other, but belonging to the group of L. argiolus (Europe and N. Asia). Prionopteryx includes at present 7 American species, 2 African, and one Aus- tralian ; the single Hawaiian species is sufficiently remote from any of these, but probabilities are much in favour of an American origin. Summarising these, and excluding ambiguous forms, the apodemic species (present- day) show 2 Asiatic and 2 American ; the endemic (earlier) indicate 2 Asiatic, i New Zealand, and 2 American species. (f) Apodemic genera, with 2 — 6 endemic species. These number 8 genera, with 29 species. Hypenodes is a characteristically Indo-Malayan genus, though certain species range into Europe, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Of the five endemic species, one (much the commonest) is closely allied to the wide-ranging H. costistrigalis ; the other four are presumably derivatives of this, but are in part rather curiously diverse, showing sufficient structural modification to permit of subgeneric separation if desired. The mutual relations of these species are however difficult to understand, and the genus presents many obscure problems. Xanthorhoe is a very large and cosmopolitan genus, though relatively more prominent in New Zealand than elsewhere. The four endemic species are probably but not obviously of common origin ; they are of an early type, and may have most affinity to some Australian and New Zealand forms, but it is uncertain. Deilephila includes one apodemic and four endemic species, one of the latter being of doubtful generic reference and therefore best neglected for the present. The apodemic species is the cosmopolitan D. lineata, an insect of exceptionally powerful flicrht, which micrht have come from either side. The three other endemic species form a single group, doubtless from a common ancestor, rather markedly distinct from any other, but perhaps related most to D. galii, which is widely spread in Europe, C. Asia, and N. America. Homoeosoma is a generally distributed genus. The two endemic species (extremely similar but structurally distinct) must be modifications of a single ancestor, and approach very closely H. vagella, which is very common in Australia, and scarce in New Zealand. Talis includes at present 28 Australian species, i New Zealand, 4 Indo-Malayan, 2 African, 3 European, and 2 C. and S. American. The 6 Hawaiian species (probably there are more to be discovered) form a closely connected group of single origin, which seem to resemble most the small and inconspicuous Australian T. ge/asiis. though they 128 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS show little similarity to the main body of Australian species. It is however also possible that the connection is with the Indo-Malayan forms. The distribution of this genus is curious, and it was perhaps once more generally prevalent. Margaronia is universally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but is most characteristic of the Indo-Malayan fauna. The two endemic species (quite inde- pendent, and belonging to different groups of the genus) are both of Indo-Malayan affinity. Mecyna is a limited but cosmopolitan genus. There are two endemic species, of which one is the local representative of the universally distributed polygonalis group, being apparently nearest to the New Zealand form, M. deprivalis ; but here it certainly appears probable that the New Zealand representative is derived from the Hawaiian and not vice versa, as it shows no immediate relationship to the Australian form. In this case the origin of the Hawaiian form must be referred to North America. The other species is of somewhat uncertain affinity, but may possibly be a derivative of the first. Loxostege is characteristic of the northern hemisphere, though stragglers occur as far as Australia. The three endemic species form a connected group, not very near to any other, but possibly inclining rather to the North American type. In this class, therefore, apart from one doubtful and one apodemic cosmopolitan form, 9 primary species are indicated, of which three are certainly Indo-Malayan, 3 probably American, and 3 probably Australian. {d) Apodemic genera, with 9 — 1 3 endemic species. In this class are comprised 4 genera, with 42 species. Leucania is a large and quite cosmopolitan genus ; some of the species are great wanderers, and many, perhaps most, of the species feed in the larval state on grasses, and therefore find suitable food everywhere ; the genus is relatively prominent in New Zealand. The 9 Hawaiian species belong to two quite independent and dissimilar groups ; the first 4 species form an endemic group which is rather strikingly distinct from anything known to me, and must be classed as of wholly unknown origin ; the apodemic L. tmipuncta is spread over sufficiently warm regions of the whole globe, and its original home is doubtful ; whilst the remaining 4 endemic species form a connected group so closely approaching L. tmipuncta that they must be held to have been derived from it. Eucyviatoge includes about 20 Australian, Asiatic, and European species. It is however also interesting as being the undoubted parent of the very extensive genus Tephroclystis, characteristic of the Northern hemisphere but more especially Europe, and the also considerable Chloroclystis, which is principally Indo-Malayan, Australian, and New Zealand. Hence it is relatively a rather old genus, which would seem to MACROLEPIDOPTERA 129 have been largely replaced throughout its range by its improved descendants. The 10 endemic Hawaiian species form a single group, probably of Asiatic origin. Omiodes is a genus of moderate extent, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the whole globe. The 13 endemic species form one connected group, in which the characteristic elongation of the patagia is less marked than usual, and the type may therefore be regarded as comparatively early. Their origin would seem to be Asiatic. Pyrausta is a very large genus, especially characteristic of the Northern hemisphere, though a certain number of species are found in the Southern. The 10 endemic species constitute a single group, but two of them show a certain structural modifi- cation which might be termed subgeneric. In their general character they so much resemble the species of the allied genus Phlyctaenia, that it seems fair to presume they are an early type, recalling the common ancestor of Phlyctaenia and Pyrausta ; and as Phlyctaenia is characteristic of Europe and N. Asia, we may suppose that they are probably of Asiatic origin. The features of this class, which must be of a considerable age, agree, so far as they can be deciphered, in pointing to a predominant Asiatic influence. (e) Apodemic genera, with 24 — 57 endemic species. These include 3 genera and 106 species. Agrotis is a very large and dominant genus of world-wide distribution, but most largely developed in Northern temperate regions. Two apodemic species occur, A. saucia being common to Europe and N. America, and A. ypsilon ranging through- out the Northern hemisphere and extending into the Southern ; the former must be reckoned American, the latter uncertain. Besides these there are 23 endemic species, not nearly related to the two already mentioned, but apparently all connected together ; it is however difficult to affirm this, as change would seem to have taken place on much the same lines as in other regions, and there is great similarity between the species of different regions. The Hawaiian species as a whole certainly approach nearest to those of N. America, some of the forms being so close that at first I thought they might be identical ; hence it seems very probable that their origin is American. Phlyctaenia is a large genus, especially characteristic of Europe and N. Asia, but with a few species elsewhere. There are 24 endemic species, forming a connected group, whose origin must be esteemed undoubtedly Asiatic. Scoparia includes, so far as known to me, about 30 European species, 12 Asiatic, 3 African, 3 Madeira, 6 St Helena, 8 N. American, 9 S. American, 24 Australian, and 65 New Zealand. To these must now be added no less than 57 Hawaiian, all endemic, and undoubtedly all belonging to a single group, presumably traceable to a single ancestral form. This multiplicity of species is considered by Mr Perkins to be pardy I30 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS due to the very great variety of suitable situations afforded, assuming, as Is most probably the case, that the larval food consists of lichens. Probably a humid insular climate is particularly favourable to them, provided it is also sufficiently cool ; the latter condition can be secured by increased altitude, but a low-lying tropical island would not be favourable. After making allowance for such local circumstances, how- ever, there remains an excess of development of the genus in New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, which does not seem explicable merely by favourable conditions. Early occupation of the ground must have been the other factor in this result, and probably at something like the same period in both island-groups, and this would imply a common origin. Now the Hawaiian species are characterised by an unusual tendency to narrowness of forewings, and by generally showing a few long hairs in the cell of the hindwings ; both which characters are also repeated in a section of the New Zealand species, and not in those of any other region. The New Zealand species as a whole display a much greater variety of size and facies than any others, and must be regarded as primitive in type and unspecialised. Two or three Australian species of similar character doubtless claim a New Zealand origin. The Patagonian S. chordactis, however, and one or two other species from neighbouring portions of South America, which are undoubtedly closely related to peculiar New Zealand types, are not so easily explained, but must be classed with the considerable body of other evidence showing an ancient interchange of fauna and flora between South America and New Zealand. An elevation of i loo or 1200 fathoms in the bed of the South Pacific Ocean would be required, to allow of this being easily effected ; it is a large demand, but cannot be said to be impossible. My present opinion, on the available evidence, is that Scoparia originated in the New Zealand region, probably at that time considerably extended. The Hawaiian Islands must then have received their original species from New Zealand direct, and I should suppose that Christmas Island must have been on the line of transmission, and would probably still possess allied species as evidence thereof. These three genera are then respectively American, Asiatic, and New Zealand. (_/) Endemic genera, with i or 2 species. A class comprising 7 genera and 9 species. Nesamiptis contains two nearly related species ; it is most allied to Uypeiia, which is extensive and very generally distributed, but apparently approaches especially the type of some North American species. Progonostola is almost certainly an endemic derivative of Xanthorkoe. Sisyrophyta is undoubtedly an offshoot of Scotorythra. Tritocleis is at present of quite uncertain afiinity, and must be neglected. Genophanhs is certainly nearest to the monotypic Australian Crocydopora, which MACROLEPIDOPTERA 131 also occurs in New Zealand. It therefore stands on quite the same footing as Homoeosoina. Promylaea is clearly an offshoot of Mestolobes. Protaulacistis is undoubtedly closely allied to Orthomecyna, but is in some respects more primitive, and may therefore be regarded as a collateral development. Excluding the doubtful one, 4 of the above are therefore of native origin, i Australian, and i American. (_^) Endemic genera, with 14 — 30 species. These number 3 genera and 72 species. Scot oryt lira contains 30 species. It is distinguished from all genera of the Selidosemidae known to me (except its derivative Sisyrophyta) by the peculiar antennal character; in other respects it has a general alliance to the cosmopolitan genus Selidosema, but is of a somewhat more primitive type, and without the characteristic fovea. It is therefore probably earlier in origin than Selidosema, but I cannot indicate any nearer relationship with other genera. Mestolobes includes 28 species, and Orthomecyna 14. They are collateral genera, obviously nearly allied together, yet with differences which imply that they were derived not one from the other, but from a common ancestor. They belong to the group of Scoparia and Heliothela, more especially approaching the latter and Eclipsiodes, but I consider that they cannot properly be regarded as derived from either of these, but rather from an earlier ancestral form. The monotypic Malayan Dasyscopa resembles them in the presence of a subdorsal hairy groove in the hindwings, but appears not- withstanding to be only an offshoot of Scoparia. Heliothela contains only a very few species, but is almost cosmopolitan, though with a leaning to the Southern hemisphere ; Eclipsiodes is Australian. The origin of the three large endemic genera is therefore unknown. But if, as inferred above, Scoparia originated in the South Pacific, there is presumptive evidence for supposing that the other genera collaterally derived from its parent form must have originated there too ; and the distribution of Heliothela and Eclipsiodes rather tends to confirm this supposition. If this be granted, why should not Scoto- rythra, whose origin cannot be traced elsewhere, but may be presumed from its specific development to date from about the same period, be descended from an extinct form inhabiting the same region ? For it must be clearly understood that these large endemic genera could not have originated in the Hawaiian Islands themselves, for want of possible ancestors ; they must be derived from apodemic forms, but such as from competition of improved types, or other causes, have not survived elsewhere. M. F. H. 18 132 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS Arrangement of Genera in order of time. From a consideration of the foregoing analysis we can now with considerable probability group the genera under successive periods of time, and indicate the nature of the geographical influences of each period, beginning with the most ancient. First Period. To this belong 7 genera, viz. Sisyrophyta, Scotorythra (Selidosemidae), and Scoparia, Promylaea, Mestolobes, Orthomecyna, Protaulacistis (Pyraustidae), with 133 species. Probably all these must be traced to a South Pacific origin, and the former existence of a considerable land-area (now submerged) between New Zealand and South America is postulated. Second Period. Here are referred 5 genera, viz. Agrotis (except 2 species), Eucymatoge, Omiodes, Pyrausta, and Phlyciaenia, with 80 species. Of these the first only is American in origin, the other four Asiatic. Possibly this period may coincide in time with the considerable extension of the Hawaiian Islands to the north-west which seems to have once existed. Third Period. This includes 18 genera and 48 species. Of the genera 6 are probably Australian or New Zealand in origin [Dasytiris, Progonostola, Xanthorhoe, Homoeosoma, Geno- phantis, Talis), 5 Asiatic {Hypenodes, Cosmophila, Hydrioniena, Lycaena, Margaronid), and 5 North American {Nesamiptis, Vanessa (i species), Prionopteryx, Mecyna, Loxostege), showing a nearly balanced equality of influence which implies circumstances much as at present. Leucania and Deilephila (4 species) are of doubtful import. Fourth Period. This is represented by 29 species, contained in 21 genera, viz. Agrotis (2 species), Deilephila (i species), Vanessa (3 species), Lycaena (i species), and the 17 genera recited above as wholly apodemic. Excluding 9 of these genera, which are presumably of artificial introduction, and 7 other species which are practically cosmopolitan, there remain only 1 1 species, of which 5 are certainly and 2 probably of American origin, and 4 presumably Asiatic. The preponderance of the American element (I think a majority of the cosmopolitan species probably also came from that side) seems to be explained by the fact that almost all these species possess great powers of flight, and find little obstacle in mere distance, but are by no means independent of the wind ; this effect is therefore traceable to the influence of the N.E. Trade-winds. MA CROLEPIDOPTERA 133 It is to be observed that none of the genera of the first and second periods, except Agrotis, and only about half the genera of the third period can be esteemed strong on the wing ; these must therefore in general have proceeded by way of intermediate islands. Moreover, nearly all the genera of decided American origin, in whatever period, possess this characteristic of strong flight, and as the trade-winds must always have existed, there seems no reason to suspect the previous existence of any inter- mediate islands between Hawaii and N. America. Inter-Island Distribution of Species. The following statistics relate only to the 261 endemic species. No doubt further exploration would extend the inter-island range of some species, but probably new species of restricted range would be discovered in an equal proportion, so that the general results may be taken as fairly representative. Of 4 species taken by Mr Blackburn the localities have not been recorded ; I suppose 3 to be from Maui and i from Oahu, but they are not included hereafter ; the total may then be taken as 257. Of these 173, or more than two-thirds (67 per cent.), are confined each to a single island. The whole number of species occurring in each island, the number of peculiar species, and the proportion between the two numbers, are given in the following table : Total Peculiar number. species. Percentage. Hawaii 128 65 51 Maui 66 26 39 Lanai 32 5 16 Molokai 49 12 24 Oahu 51 17 33 Kauai 97 48 49 Of the remaining 84 species, 36 have been taken both in Hawaii and Kauai, at opposite ends of the group, and usually in one or more of the intermediate islands ; they may therefore be counted as ranging throughout the group. The distribution of the others is as follows : Hawaii, Maui Hawaii, Maui, Lanai Hawaii, Maui, Molokai Hawaii, Lanai 9 I 3 4 134 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS Hawaii, Molokai 7 Hawaii, Oahu 3 Maui, Lanai 2 Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Kauai i Maui, Molokai i Maui, Molokai, Oahu i Maui, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai i Maui, Molokai, Kauai i Maui, Oahu, Kauai i Maui, Kauai 2 Lanai, Molokai 2 Lanai, Molokai, Oahu i Lanai, Oahu i Lanai, Oahu, Kauai i Molokai, Kauai 2 Oahu, Kauai 4 These figures do not seem to lead to very much. The high percentage of pecuHar species in Hawaii and Kauai is apparently only what might be expected from their position at the extremities of the group, since interchange of species proceeds in their case on one side only, whilst in the intermediate islands it proceeds on both sides. There are certain well-marked instances of representative species in the different islands. Thus in Scoparia there are six species (nos. 7 — 12) which are easily distinguishable from all the rest by the entire black subterminal fascia, yet also separated by well-marked characters from one another ; five of these are confined respectively to the five islands Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai ; the sixth is a Kauai species, but differs from all the other five in being yellow instead of white. Scoparia habnaea is the Kauai representative of S. vieristis. Orthoniecyna alloptila, chrysophanes, and aibicaudafa are mutually representative in Hawaii, Kauai, and Lanai respectively. O. exigiia, which occurs in Hawaii, Maui, and Molokai, is represented in Lanai by O. ctipreipennis, and in Kauai by O. mesochasrna. Scotoiythra aruraea, from Hawaii, is represented in Oahu by O. caryopis, in Kauai by O. isospora, and probably in Maui by O. corticea. On the other hand there are some curious instances of allied species, which might have been expected to belong to different localities, but which are found occurring side by side. Such for example are the two species of Sisyrophyta, which are very similar except in the peculiar secondary sexual characters of the males, the females being superficially almost indistinguishable ; both of these are common in the same localities in Hawaii, though it is true that one also occurs in Molokai. So also Scoparia struthias, triacma, and ciyerodes, which are so similar that I took them at first for one variable species — perhaps I should add that there is really no doubt of their distinctness — all occur commonly together in the same locality, and are confined to the same island. Omiodes demaratalis and monogramma are another very closely MA CROLEPIDOPTERA 135 related pair, inhabiting the same localities in Oahu and Kauai. It seems to me that possibly the comparative slackness of competition in the Hawaiian Islands may account for this coexistence of two or three similar related forms, of which under severer conditions one would probably have been improved up to the point of com- pletely ousting the others, or perhaps the weaker would have been superseded by a species of a different group. Characteristics of the Fauna. {a) Absence of primitive forms. There are no genera of very early type, such as would help to fill up gaps between previously known forms. The conditions might probably have been favour- able for the preservation of such genera, if they had ever reached the islands, but they do not seem to have reached them. The genera of the first two periods designated above are early rather than late ; they belong to the earlier half of the Lepidoptera, but that is all that can be said for them. Perhaps the islands, old as they must be geologically, are still not old enough for this. (3) Prevalent close relationship of species. In those genera where the species are numerous, they are also generally very difficult to understand. Had the specimens been without locality-labels, I do not think it would have been possible to have separated the species satisfactorily ; but when arranged in geographical series, the differences, if any, became apparent. This state of things would seem to imply that the elimination of species has not been carried so far as in other regions where there is a sharper competition, which would have tended to increase the divergence, whilst at the same time destroying the intermediates. The climax of difficulty is reached in Scotoryt/ii-a, where many of the species are also very variable, whilst the sexes often differ considerably and are hard to match, and the secondary sexual characters, which often afford a good distinction in the males, are not available in the females. It is of course essential that the sexes of these species should be able to recognise one another with ease, and the visible differences which exist are sometimes so slight or so little obvious that it hardly seems credible that they can be appreciated by the insects themselves ; in such cases it would appear necessary to suppose that the sense of smell has to supply the deficiency. The expansible hair tufts on the genital organs of almost all Lepidoptera are probably scent-producing structures connected with this purpose. On the other hand, if the insects themselves do not 136 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS appreciate slight visible differences, how are these differences preserved from loss ? It seems difficult to imagine that the numerous white and black species of the jiicunda group of Scoparia, which are no doubt well concealed by their colouring amongst the lichens, derive any advantage in this respect from the slight characters of marking in which they differ from one another ; and if there were not some influence tending to the maintenance of these characters, variation in that particular would be unrestricted and they would disappear. In an ordinary fauna this difficulty does not usually present itself (r) Tendency to variability. An unusual proportion of species show strong variability, which in perhaps 1 5 or more species becomes excessive. It is impossible to give precise figures on this point, that would be of any real value, as many of the species only exist in one or two speci- mens. The variation of such insects as Hypenodes altivolans and Eticymatoge nionti- colans is quite phenomenal, and the proportion of highly variable forms is certainly much larger than in an ordinary fauna. In New Zealand, however, highly variable species of the same character are found in perhaps much the same proportion. Such species seem to resemble nebulae, which time, or a modification of circumstances, will break up and condense into groups of stars. I conceive that species in this state of potential multiplication are more plentiful in thinly stocked regions, such as the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand, because the number of unoccupied stations for species acts as an apparent incentive by removing a real check. In other words, species are being formed relatively much more frequently in such regions, and therefore these afford the most favourable opportunity for studying the process. In confirmation of this view, it may be noted that the 57 species of Scoparia are remarkably constant, not one being even moderately variable, on the available evidence ; in this genus specific development has already proceeded so far that suitable stations (assuming restriction to a lichen-feeding habit) are probably almost all occupied. {d) Tendency to dull colouring. It might perhaps be expected that a group of tropical islands, enjoying abundant sunshine and possessed of a luxuriant vegetation, would be remarkable for the bright colouring of its Lepidoptera, but the case is quite the reverse. Considered as a whole, the general effect is exceptionally sombre. This is in some part attributable to the accidental constitution of the limited fauna, of which the principal genera are such as are usually inconspicuously coloured in all regions ; thus Agrotis habitually assumes the obscure tints of the dead leaves and rubbish amongst which the species conceal them- MACROLEPIDOPTERA 137 selves by day, and Scoparia the mottled black and white, or grey effects of the lichens which it frequents in all stages. Families, such as the Arctiadae or Zygaenidae, which are generally brightly coloured, do not happen to occur in the islands at all. But after making due allowance for these circumstances, it appears that there is a real local tendency to a dusky suffusion, which often obscures brighter pigments, even when they are perceptibly present. The best evidence of this is furnished by the local forms of apodemic species ; thus the local race of Hypocala andremona is so much overspread with dark suffusion that it has been regarded as a distinct species ; and there is a native race of Heliothis armigera, in which the suffused dark terminal band of the hindwings is considerably extended. Margaroiiia cyanomichla belongs to a group of the genus of which all the other members are sharply and clearly marked with prismatic-white fasciae, but itself has these markings more or less obscurely suffused with dusky-violet. Many species of various genera, when examined with a lens, show a not inconsiderable admixture of crimson, green, yellow, or blue scales, but so combined with other dark scales that there is little or no appearance of these colours in the general effect ; such are Hypenodes cyanias, several species of Eucymatoge, Mestolobes, and even Scopai'ia. It seems to me probable that this tendency is connected with the superabundant moisture of the climate, and is due to influences exerted in the pupal stage, but it is sufficient here to call attention to it as an existing fact. Imitative Colouring. The question of the assimilation of the colouring of a species to the rocks or plants which it frequents, can only be adequately treated by the collector, who has seen the insect amongst its natural surroundings. But there seem to be two or three cases of apparent mimicry — the assumption by a species of a facies foreign to its own genus but closely resembling that of an unrelated genus — which require to be noticed here, though they can only be adequately explained by observations made on the spot. These are as follows : Hypenodes epichaka and H. cyanias (although not at all resembling one another) are so like species of Phlyctaenia in general appearance that at first I had grouped them with that genus, and was much surprised, on a structural examination, to discover their true position. There is no exact imitation, but H. epichaka, which is yellow and black, has a strong general resemblance to Phlyctaenia- chalcophanes, and occurs in the same locality, and at the same season ; and H. cyanias, which is really partially coloured with violet-blue but does not show it to the naked eye, is very similar to P. ennychioides, a dark purplish-fuscous species which is found with it. Phlyctaenia heterodoxa is quite unlike all its congeners, and has assumed the facies of Omiodes demaratalis ; the character of the lines and spots has been entirely altered, 138 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS the black orbicular dot and straight pale second line being faithfully reproduced. This species is from Maui, and I have no record of O. demaratalis from that island, yet as it is one of the commoner species, and is known from Hawaii, Oahu, and Kauai, it does probably occur in the other islands as well. In each of these three cases the supposed mimicking species is apparently com- paratively scarce, and the mimicked one undoubtedly common. But there is at present no evidence to show that the latter is in any way distasteful or otherwise protected, without which the proof breaks down ; future collectors are therefore invited to experiment in this direction. It must be remembered that it is also quite possible that the members of each pair of similar species are coloured alike merely in similar adaptation to identical surroundings. Dorsal scale-projection of forewings. Finally, I may note that in many of the Pyraustidae there is an unusual tendency to increased development of the dorsal scale-projection towards the base of the fore- wings, which is normally inconspicuous. In some species it becomes so prominent that I at first thought it might be of value as a classificational character ; but finding that it occurred in various genera, yet was often conspicuous in one and obsolete in another of closely allied species, I was forced to the conclusion that it was of no importance as a test of relationship. It is therefore probably an adaptive modification, depending on external circumstances. § 2. Systematic account of the Macrolepidoptera. CARADRININA. CARADRINIDAE. Leucania Ochs. Head rough-scaled. Eyes hairy. Antennae in c/ ciliated. Thorax with or without slight anterior crest. Abdomen not crested. 1. Forewings with first and second lines entire 2. ,, „ reduced to dots or obsolete 5. 2. First line very oblique, to about middle of dorsum 3. „ not very oblique, to about f of dorsum 4. MACROLEPIDOPTERA 139 3. Forewings more or less rosy or red-tinged {4) euclidias. not red-tinged {3) niphadopa. 4. Orbicular and reniform white i.2) co7npnas. not white {i) anthracias. 5. Reniform marked by a white dot 6. not white-marked (6) typhlodes. 6. Forewings with oblique subapical shade reachmg second line {^) unipuncta. „ without subapical shade reaching second line 7. 7. Hindwings rosy-tinged (7) pyrrhias. „ not rosy-tinged 8. 8. Forewings strigulated with fuscous {8) amb/ycasis. „ not strigulated {j) macrosaris. ( 1 ) Leucaiiia anthracias, sp. nov. . ,, more or less indicated 16. MACROLEPIDOPTERA 143 13. Lower margin of cell marked with a whitish streak 14. ., „ not marked with whitish streak 15. 14. Orbicular and reniform combined, present {g) dislocata. .. ,, wholly absent (8) aidacias. 15. Forewings fuscous, spots black-edged (j) perigramma. „ red-brown, spots not black-edged (2j) ceramophaea. 1 6. Claviform dash-like, blackish (7^) spoderopa. „ not dash-like 17. 17. Forewings with defined blackish submedian streak (at least outhned) from base to middle 18. „ without such streak ig. 18. First and second lines entire, dark fuscous (j) pamp/ias. „ „ indicated by dots or indistinct {10) xiphias. 19. Forewings with veins black {11) melanoneura. ,, „ not black 20. 20. Median line absent 21. ,, present 22. 21. Orbicular distinct (72) tephrias. „ obsolete (/j) photophila. 22. Orbicular dot-like (77) epicrenina. „ not dot-like 23. 23. Median line curved 24. ,, bent in middle {18) baliopa. 24. Forewings ochreous or brown, orbicular fuscous {24) psammophaea. „ fuscous, orbicular pale, dark-centred {2^) austaka. (i) Agrotis ypsilon Rott. {snffusa Hub.). II specimens; 3 Kona, Hawaii, at 1500 — 4000 feet; i Kilauea, Hawaii; i Haleakala, Maui, at 5000 feet ; i Kaholuamano, Kauai ; i Waianae Mts., Oahu, at 2000 feet; i Kaala Mts., Oahu, at 1000 feet; 2 Lanai, at 2000 feet; i Molokai, at 3000 feet ; from February to September ; apparently established and common generally. Occurs also throughout the northern hemisphere. (2) Agrotis saucia Hub. 3 specimens ; 2 Haleakala, Maui, at 5000 feet ; i Mts. Waimea, Kauai, at 4000 feet; in May. Occurs also in N. America, W.C. and S. Europe, and N. Africa. (3) Agrotis in icr areas, sp. nov. ^%_ 22 26 mm. Head and thorax brown mixed with black, patagia with an oblique whitish streak. Antennae in ^ moderately bipectinated. Forewings ferrugi- nous-brown, much mixed with black, disc in ? light ochreous ; veins partially suffused with white, especially lower margin of cell, i b, and 6 ; orbicular, reniform, and a 144 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS broad streak beneath cell from base to middle darker. Hindwings dark fuscous, darkest terminally. (Plate IV. fig. 4.) 2 specimens, Kilauea, Hawaii, in September. Differs from all the rest by its small size and dark fuscous hindwings. (4) Agrotis arenivolans Butl. Agrotis arenivolans Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xv. p. 269. c/ ?. 38 — 52 mm. Head and thorax light brownish sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous, thorax broadly streaked longitudinally with dark and pale. Antennae in (/ shortly bipectinated. Forewings fuscous, whitish-sprinkled ; veins sometimes forming white streaks ; a thick streak beneath cell from base to beyond middle, attenuated and acute at each end, and five elongate spots between bases of veins 2 — 7 (fourth shortest and sometimes much reduced) dark fuscous, blackish-edged ; orbicular and reniform edged with pale or whitish, usually dark-outlined, orbicular small, oval, usually preceded and followed by elongate dark fuscous spots ; in one specimen beneath and beyond these dark markings the ground is wholly suffused with ochreous-whitish ; sometimes a dark fuscous dorsal streak from about middle to tornus ; an irregular terminal series of long wedge-shaped sometimes partly confluent dark fuscous spots, darker-edged, shortest below apex and below middle, longest in middle. Hindwings fuscous. 3 specimens; 2 Kona, Hawaii, at 4000 feet, in July; i Haleakala, Maui, at 10,000 feet, in April. Also one received from Mr Blackburn, and the original types in the British Museum, which are said to be from Maui, taken flying by day on sandhills near the sea. It varies in intensity of marking. (5) Agrotis panoplias, sp. nov. 1 '"'^- Head and a marginal band along front of thorax light ochreous-brown, rest of thorax whitish-fuscous. Antennae in / bidentate with tri- angular processes. Forewings light fuscous, more or less irrorated with white, and sometimes darker-sprinkled ; veins marked with dark fuscous lines, except lower margin of cell, which is white ; interior of cell paler and more ochreous, usually marked with a black dot towards base ; orbicular and reniform combined into an elongate posteriorly abruptly dilated mark, fuscous, outlined with black ; a darker fuscous black- outlined streak beneath cell from base to middle, somewhat dilated posteriorly ; a pale ochreous longitudinal suffusion beneath this from base to near tornus ; sometimes short undefined blackish dashes or dark-outlined marks between bases of veins 2 — 6. Hind- wings fuscous. 7 specimens; 3 Kona, Hawaii, at 1500 — 4000 feet, in June; i Kaholuamano, Kauai, at 4000 feet, in April ; 3 Lanai, at 2000 feet, in February. Also several others received from Mr Blackburn and in the British Museum collection, apparently from Oahu. (10) Agrotis xipJiias, sp. nov. (/ ?. 33 — 36 mm. Head dark fuscous, sometimes mixed or suffused with whitish. Thorax fuscous to fuscous-whitish, anterior half of collar sharply dark fuscous, with a triangular blackish blotch on each side of back behind collar, sometimes extended as a streak to posterior margin. Antennae in itinuatalis. 12. First line followed by rectangularly bent blackish streak {6) anastrepta. „ not so followed (4) iridias. , (i) Oiniodes blackburni Butl. Botys blackbiwni Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 48. Omiodes blackbtirni yieyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 214. ^$. 30 — 37 mm. Sufficiently described by me (1. c.) ; but in one female from Lanai the groundcolour of both wings is mostly suffused with rather dark fuscous. 17 specimens; 7 Olaa, Hawaii, at 2000 feet; 5 Lahaina, Maui, on coast; I Honolulu, Oahu ; 2 Lanai, at 3000 feet ; i Makaweli, Kauai, on coast ; i Waimea Mts., Kauai, at 4000 feet ; in June, July, and November. Bred from larvae feeding on the banana (Afusa), to which it is very destructive. (2) Omiodes euryprora, sp. nov. ,??. 31 — 33 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half white. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi white. Forewings long, apex subacute, termen rather strongly sinuate ; fuscous, purplish-tinged, irregularly sprinkled with whitish ; a sharply-defined blackish-fuscous very broad median band, not reaching costa, anteriorly edged by lower portion of faintly marked angulated first line, anterior half of upper edge excavated, with a blackish orbicular dot in middle of excavation, posterior edge margined by whitish second line, forming a strong obtuse prominence in middle ; a terminal series of blackish-fuscous dots. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly ; an obscure paler postmedian line, angulated in middle. (Plate V. fig. 18.) 3 specimens ; 2 Olaa, Hawaii, at 2000 feet, in June and November ; i Hilo, Hawaii, at 2000 feet, in January. (3) Omiodes asaphonibra, sp. nov. t. 35 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Palpi fuscous, lower half white. Forewings long, termen slightly sinuate ; fuscous, somewhat mixed with whitish and MACROLEPIDOPTERA 203 darker ; a very broad dark fuscous median band mixed with ferruginous, not reaching costa, anterior edge straight, anterior half of upper edge excavated, with a dark fuscous orbicular dot in excavation before middle, posterior edge wholly suffused and undefined; a terminal series of dark fuscous dots. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; a slightly paler postmedian shade, darker-edged, obtusely angulated in middle. I specimen, Waimea Mts., Kauai, at 4000 feet, in May. (4) Oiniodes iridias, sp. nov. ^%. 27 — 28 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, with white line above eyes. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half white. Forewings rather long, termen slighdy sinuate beneath apex ; dark fuscous, irrorated with dull purplish ; lin'es obscurely paler, first obtusely angulated above middle, obsolete on costa, second very obtusely angulated below middle, straight or slightly curved on upper portion, sinuate inwards below angulation ; enclosed median band in ^ hardly darker, somewhat ferruginous-mixed on dorsal half, in % blackish except towards costa, upper edge excavated on anterior half, with a blackish orbicular dot in excavation before middle ; a terminal series of dark fuscous or blackish dots : cilia fuscous, with darker subbasal line. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; an obscurely paler slightly sinuate postmedian line, anteriorly darker- edged ; cilia as in forewings. (Plate V. fig. 19.) 2 specimens, Kilauea, Hawaii, in August. (5) Omiodes epicentra, sp. nov. ^%. 25 — ^26 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous mixed with brownish, segmental margins narrowly whitish, anal tuft mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half white. Forewings moderate, termen bowed ; pale ochreous, irregularly mixed with whitish and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; veins indistinctly whitish ; first line dark fuscous, very acutely angulated in middle, upper portion indistinct, lower strongly marked and followed by a brownish-ochreous suffusion ; a blackish orbicular dot ; two dark fuscous discal dots transversely placed, followed by an oblique brownish-ochreous suffusion; second line whitish, edged with dark fuscous, with very slight and obtuse angulation below middle ; a terminal series of blackish triangular dots. Hindwings grey, darker-sprinkled ; a blackish discal dot; a straight whitish postmedian line, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, and posteriorly by a cloudy dark fuscous suffusion ; an interrupted blackish terminal line. 3 specimens, Waialua, Oahu, on plains, in March. M. F. H. ^7 204 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS (6) Omiodes aiiastrepta, sp. nov. %. 28 — 29 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half white. Forewings moderate, termen faintly sinuate beneath apex ; rather dark fuscous, more or less whitish-sprinkled ; first line whitish, angulated above middle, nearly or quite obsolete above angulation, lower portion margined posteriorly by a thick blackish-fuscous streak which is nearly rectangularly bent and continued beneath median vein to discal mark, this angle sometimes filled with dark suffusion ; a small black orbicular dot ; a transverse blackish discal mark ; second line whitish, slightly sinuate beneath costa, edged posteriorly by a suffused dark fuscous band, and some- times anteriorly by a series of dark fuscous dots ; a terminal series of blackish dots. Hindwings rather dark grey ; a paler slightly sinuate postmedian line, edged anteriorly with dark grey dots, and posteriorly by a band of dark grey suffusion ; a terminal series of blackish dots. 2 specimens ; i Kona, Hawaii, at 4000 feet, in September ; i Molokai Mts. (forest above Pelekuna), in August. (7) Omiodes telegrapha, sp. nov. Z. 40 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellowish. Palpi yellow-brownish, lower half whitish. Forewings long, termen sinuate beneath subacute apex ; light ochreous- yellowish, slightly blackish-sprinkled, veins partially white ; first line very acutely angulated above middle, only indicated by several blackish dots between veins ; second line cloudy, blackish, interrupted by veins, almost straight ; an almost terminal series of blackish dots, preceded by white dashes. Hindwings grey, veins whitish ; a dark grey discal dot ; a straight whitish postmedian line, edged anteriorly narrowly, and posteriorly more broadly with dark grey suffusion ; a terminal series of black dots preceded by white dashes. (Plate V. fig. 20.) I specimen, Olaa, Hawaii, in September. (8) Omiodes accepta Butl. Botys accepta Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 49. Omiodes accepta Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 214. Z%. 22 — 33 mm. Sufficiently described by me (1. c). 16 specimens ; 6 Hilo, Hawaii, at 2000 feet ; 4 Kona, Hawaii, from 1500 to 4000 feet ; i Haleakala, Maui, at 5000 feet ; i Molokai, at 3000 feet ; 3 Kaholuamano, Kauai, at 4000 feet ; i Waimea Mts., Kauai, at 4000 feet ; in December and January, and from April to September. \ MACROLEPIDOPTERA 205 (9) Omiodes contimiatalis Wall. Salbia contimiatalis Wall. Wien. Ent. Mon. i860, p. 175. Botys contimiatalis Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. xv. p. 270. Ofniodes continiiatalis Meyr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 215. t%. 26 — 32 mm. Sufficiently described by me (1. c). 30 specimens ; 4 Kona, Hawaii, from 2000 to 4000 feet ; 12 Waianae Mts., Oahu ; 3 Waialua, Oahu, on coast ; 6 Lanai, from 2000 to 3000 feet ; i Molokai Mts. ; 3 Kaholuamano, Kauai, at 4000 feet; i Waimea Mts., Kauai, at 4000 feet; from February to June, and in September. (10) Omiodes monogramnia, sp. nov. , „ whitish 51. 46. Forewings dark, tinged with yellowish, orange, or coppery 47. „ appearing grey, without such tinge 50. 47. Claviform conspicuous, blackish 48. „ little marked 49. 48. Claviform separate (j/) clonodes. „ connected with dark margin of first line (j2) biicolica. MA CROLEPIDOP TERA 249 49- Forewings orange-tinged {33) oenopis. not orange-tinged {38) thyelhpis. 50. Orbicular obsolete (^o) melanopis. distinct {4g) ischnias. 51. Claviform conspicuous, black (33) pyrseutis. ,, obsolete or merged in dark margin of first line 52. 52. Dark markings suffused with brown {34) platyscia. ,, without brown tinge c-j. 53. Expanse 13 mm. or less {43) geraea. ,, 14 mm. or more ca, 54. First line indented in middle ce, „ not indented in middle eg. 55. Orbicular elongate or dash-like, blackish {33) probolaea. not dash-like i^^j) macrop/ianes. 56. Orbicular forming a distinct black dot {33) halmaea. „ not distinct or dot like {32) wen's f is. (i) Scoparia tetranesa, sp. nov. ?. 16 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders black. Palpi black, base and tips white. Abdomen whitish. Forewings white ; a moderate black almost basal fascia, sharply angulated below middle ; a rhomboidal black patch extending along costa from before ^ to before |, lower anterior angle touching middle of dorsum, lower posterior angle in disc at f ; a small undefined oblique blackish costal mark at f ; a moderate black apical spot, and smaller tornal spot : cilia white. Hindwings whitish-grey, terminally suffused with grey, more broadly at apex ; cilia grey-whitish, with a grey basal line. (Plate VII. fig. 3.) I specimen, Haleakala, Maui, at 5000 feet, in October. (2) Scoparia rhombias, sp. nov. t%. 16 — 17 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders black. Palpi black, base and tips white. Abdomen light grey, segmental margins white. Forewings ochreous- white ; a moderate black almost basal fascia, sharply angulated about middle ; a rhom- boidal black patch extending along costa from beyond \ to f, lower anterior angle not reaching middle of dorsum, but sometimes connected with it by a few black scales, lower posterior angle in disc at f ; two small undefined marks of blackish or grey irroration on costa towards apex, and sometimes a smaller one on tornus ; a terminal series of blackish dots, sometimes incomplete : cilia white. Hindwings grey-whitish or whitish-grey, suffused with grey towards apex ; cilia whitish. 5 specimens ; 4 Kaholuamano, Kauai, at 4000 feet, in April ; i IVIolokai, at 4000 feet, in June. 250 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS (3) ScopaiHa ainphicypella, sp. nov. ^. 18 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders black. Palpi black, base and tips white. Abdomen grey, segmental margins white. Forewings white ; a moderate blackish almost basal fascia, sharply angulated below middle ; a rhomboidal blackish patch extending on costa from before \ to before f , lower angles prominent, anterior not reaching dorsum, posterior in disc at f, enclosing an elongate semioval white costal spot ; an inwardly oblique oblong blackish anteapical spot, and a smaller praetornal spot: cilia white. Hindwings grey-whitish, terminally suffused with grey; cilia whitish. (Plate VII. fig. 4.) I specimen, Mts. Waimea, Kauai, at 4000 feet, in May. (4) Scoparia oxythyma, sp. nov. ^ $. 15 — 18 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders with a black spot. Palpi white, with black median bar. Abdomen bronzy-ochreous, segmental margins white. Forewings white ; a moderate black almost basal fascia, sharply angulated about middle ; a narrow black oblique fascia from \ of costa to middle of dorsum, middle third triangularly dilated posteriorly ; an oblique black bar from |- of costa, reaching half across wing, lower extremity excavated ; a black praetornal spot ; an inwardly oblique oblong black anteapical spot, preceded by a black costal dot ; two or three black sometimes confluent terminal dots towards middle : cilia white. Hindwings whitish- grey, terminally suffused with grey ; cilia white. I I specimens ; 5 Mts. Waimea, Kauai, at 4000 feet ; 6 Kaholuamano, Kauai, at 4000 feet ; from April to June. This and the following species differ from those most similar to them by the broader white apical portion of the palpi, which reduces the black central portion to a comparatively narrow bar. (5) Scoparia balaiiopis, sp. nov.