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Uy. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

- on ne ESS SSID

FEDERAL—GRANT RESEARCH at the

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

Projects on

ENTOMOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

Part 7, Section c

Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Compiled January 1958 by

The State Experiment Stations Division, Agri- cultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C., for use of workers in agricultural research in the subject- matter areas presented. For information on specific research projects write to the Director of the Station where the research is being con- ducted.

Issued May 1958

ii

FEDFRAL-—GRANT RESEARCH at the STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS Projects on ENTOMOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

Section c: Miscellaneous Insects and Economic Zoology

Contents

qT. MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS @ @ @ e@ e @ @ @ @ e @ e @ ® @ @ e@ i

A. GENERAL ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY . 6 « « © © © © © © © © JL B. INSECT PESTS OF SEEDBEDS, GREENHOUSES AND MUSHROOMS. . 5 C. ORNAMENTAL PLANT INSECTS . . « © «© © © © © © © © © 6 D. FOREST, FOREST PRODUCTS AND SHADE TREE INSECTS ... « q E. STORED GRAIN, HOUSEHOLD AND FOOD INSECTS .....e.e Mii F. ARTHROPOD PESTS AND PARASITES OF MAN AND ANIMAIS ... 15 G. PLANT DISEASE VECTORS e @ @ @ ® @ e @ e @ @ @ @ e @ e 20 H. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS, MITES, ETC. «2 «© «© oe e = 23 306 BEE CULTURE @ e e e ee e e oe @ e @ e ® e @ @ e e @ ay

II e ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ORO 1Or OO) 10) Ore, (OF. 18) -O) 1O Oe 1O.. [O51e> (6! 'O), @ 26

A. GAME AND RODENTS e e @ e @ e ee (6 2 e e e e @ e e @ eo @ 26 Be FISH AND OYSTERS e @ e @ e e e e @ @ e e e ¢ e eo @ e e Za)

III. REGIONAL RESEARCH, INCLUDING STATES WITH CONTRIBUTING PROJECTS e e e @ e e e e e @ @ e e e e e ® a e e@ @ e 3 O

IV. LIST OF SUBJECT-MATTER AREA COMPILATIONS . ... Attachment

iii

INTRODUCTION

This compilation is one of a series providing information on State agricultural experiment station research supported by Federal- grant funds appropriated annually by Congress under authorization of the Hatch Act of 1887, as amended and approved Aug. 11, 1955, and Section 204(b) of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946. It is prepared for use by research workers in the subject-matter areas presented. Only that part of each State's research program supported by Federal-grant moneys is included.

In addition to the Federal-grant moneys, the State experiment stations receive some Federal support through cooperative agreements or contracts with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Information on such research, along with other departmental research is available in the Central Project Office, Agricultural Research Service.

A substantial part of each State agricultural experiment station's research is supported with moneys appropriated by the respective State or Territorial Legislatures and through other forms of private and public financing. Information on current agricultural research at the stations which is not financed under the Federal-grant program or through USDA cooperation can be obtained from experiment staticn directors.

The information given in the series of Federal-grant compilations includes the title and objectives of each Federal-grant project per- taining to the subject given on the cover. The identification of each project gives the department(s) conducting the research, the station number of the project, and the number of the regional project if it is a contributing project.

Relevant regional projects, if any, appear at the end of the com Ppilation. States having projects contributing to regional projects are indicated. The Roman numeral (and capital letter) refer to the location in the summary of the contributing project title and objectives. The States are grouped into four major regions. These are designated NC- North Central, NE-Northeastern, S-Southern, and W-Western. The capital letter "M" following the letters for the region indicates regional marketing projects.

iv

c el ie ue wilt ;

+]

Ark.

Del.

Hawaii

oe I. MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS

A. General Economic Entomology

Ecology and Control of Aphids. To study physical, chemical and biological factors affecting abundance of spinach aphid, tur- nip aphid, pea aphid, greenbug, and cotton aphid, including effect on populations of sub-lethal applications of insecticides, and effectiveness of various new and standard insecticides in control to be determined in conjunction with the ecological study, with emphasis on control at low temperatures.

Ent. 186

Distribution and Abundance of Economic Insects and Their Damage to Crops in Delaware. (1) Increase yields and improve quality of crops by obtaining information for more effective insect control, for better detection of pest, for facilitating more accurate prediction of outbreaks and estimates of crop damage, and for indicating direction of future investigations. (2) Initiate preliminary emergency research on any species found to be of economic importance.

Ent. 6-E

The Application of Climatology to Delaware Agriculture. To learn (1) frequency distributions of rainfall, temperature and humidity for major crop areas of state and probabilities of occurrence of certain weather patterns likely to influence plant growth, disease, insect infestations and efficiency of crop treatments; (2) relationships between macroclimatic and microclimatic variables most influential in crop production; (3) learn relationship between available meteorological data and crop response, spread of plant diseases and severity of insect infestations; (4) influence of climatic conditions on crop growth, disease and insect infestations and efficiency of crop treatment.

Hort., Agron., Pl. Path., Ent. 14-H (NE~35) Coop. USDC -WB

The EDB Dip Process for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Gis) Analyze equipment needs for applying EDB Dip treatment to fresh

fruits and vegetables. (2) Compare equipment needed for batch method and continuous method of treatment in terms of engineer- ing and economic factors involved. (3) Design and construct pilot model processing unit.

Agr. Engin., Ent., Pl. Path., Food & Nutr. 742

Hawaii

Idaho

Masse

2

Investigations on the Biology and Control of Hawaiian Mites. To (1) make a survey of mites of Hawaii, to determine what species are present in the fauna, and which are to economic importance; (2) conduct studies on Hawaiian mites with a view to developing knowledge of those characteristics of mite biology and population dynamics which may be of value in developing or improving control; and (3) develop or improve methods of biologi- cal and chemical control suited to Hawaiian conditions.

Ent. 963 Coope ARS

Biologies of Economically Important Insects in Hawaii. To (1) increase the knowledge of the life histories of the pest in-

sects found in Hawaii and the beneficial species that prey on them; (2) build up a reference collection of immature stages and adults of pests and beneficial species that prey on them. Emphasis placed on species affecting health of man or animals and beneficial species that prey on pest species, (leaf mining insects, wood bor- ing insects, insects attracted to carrion and filth and beneficial flies that prey on mealybugs and scale insects).

Ent. 966

Effect of Lygus Spp. on Clover and Vegetable Seed Crops. To determine (1) if red, white Dutch, alsike, and ladino clovers and carrot and parsnip seed crops are affected by lygus bug feeding; (2) how injury is produced; (3) lygus bug population trends in these crops and populations needed to cause economic reductions in seed yields; and (4) critical period as to plant and insect development when control measures should be applied.

Ent. 227

The Biology of Mites that Feed on Crops and Other Plants and the Damage Caused in Idaho. To learn plant feeding mites which

occur in Idaho; host ranges of these plant-feeding mites; economi- cally important species of plant-feeding mites. To study ecological factors affecting population trends of mites of economic importance and their life histories.

Ent. 252

Climatology and Northeastern Agriculture. To learn (1) rela- tion of area macroclimatological data to production and quality of

agricultural crops of the state; (2) microclimatic conditions under which parasitic pathogens infect small fruit crops; (3) relation of climatic factors to insect pests, their distribution, survival, emergence, reproduction, and feeding rate.

Agr. Engin., Met. 122 (NE-35) Coop. USDC-WB

Mo.

Nebr.

= 3S

A Study of Methods of Estimating Insect Abundance and Relating Population Density to Insect Damage. fo(i) review and evaluate the methods now used to estimate insect population numbers 3 (2) study the comparative effectiveness of methods under a variety of environmental conditions; (3) determine effect of population size on efficiency of various methods; and (4) evaluate the use of one or more sampling techniques in a study of population fluctuations of different types of insects over a sufficiently long period of time.

Ent., Econ. Zool. 1721

Investigations and Control of the Codling Moth and Other Fruit _and Vegetable Insects. To @) develop more efficient spray program for control of insects and mites attacking tree fruits; (2) develop effective program to control insects and mites attacking small fruits; (3) study biology of arthropod pests of vegetable crops and develop better methods for their control; (4) study residues of chemicals applied to fruits and vegetables under field and laboratory ccnditions.

Ent. 31

Further Studies on the Influence of the Different Elements and Plant Nutrients on the Well-Being and Fecundity of the House Cricket and Other insects. To determine effect varying amounts of different soil minerals, minor elements and other nutrients, as laid down in plants, may have on rate of growth, longevity and re- productive potential of the house cricket and other insects when fed upon growing plants or parts of plants.

Ent. 74

The Effects of Visible Spectrum Irradiation on Growth and Development in Several Species of Insects. (1) Measure effects of exposure by irradiation of delimited areas of the visible spectrum to German cockroach, common milkweed bug, and other selected in- sects; (2) Learn location of "receptor sites" within insect which are most probably altered as a result of irradiation;

(3) Identify particular hormone(s) involved and learn changes resulting from visible spectrum irradiation.

Ent. 569

Physiological Effects of 2 to 40 Megacycle Radio-Frequency Electric Fields on Insects. Learn (1) internal temperatures with-

in different areas of several species of insects immediately follow- ing exposure to high-frequency electric fields; (2) water loss in several species resulting from exposure to high-frequency electric fields and learn nature or source of loss; (3) possible damage to nerve tissue, especially the brain and ventral nerve cord, which may result from exposure to high-frequency electric fields.

Ent. 578 Coope ARS

NoYe (Cornell)

N. Ce

Oreg.

Pa.

— hon

Ecological Study of the Regulation of Insect Numbers in a Community. (1) Study natural regulation of insect numbers in a community; (2) Learn effect of insecticides on this equilibrium in community; (3) Use knowledge of biotic communities to improve methods of insect control; (4) Utilize population fluctuations of pest species.

Fnt. 102

Studies on Heterozygosity, Heterosis, and Homeostasis in Drosophila. (1) To learn extent of degree of heterosis exhibited in crosses between and within a. homozygous genotypes; b. geographi- cal races, ce. sibling species, is a function of level of heterozy- gosity. (2) Learn extent that heterosis and developmental homeo- stasis are correlated in crosses. (3) Analyse consequences of selec- tion for increased developmental homeostasis.

Ent. 72

Toxicological Studies on the Gray Garden Slug. To (1) deter-

mine effect of time, temperature, and moisture on residual life of metaldehyde; (2) improve formulation and application of metaldehyde; (3) investigate effects of metaldehyde and other chemicals on metabo- lism of the slug; (4) screen chemicals as slug toxicants, and (5) make ecological studies on the slug.

Ent., Agr. Chem. 90-1

The Effects of Sound and Radio Waves on Insects and Rodents. To (1) study factors influencing audiogenic seizures in rodents and to explore possible uses of these reactions for rodent control; (2) explore possible use of sound waves, in sonic and ultrasonic ranges for repelling and killing insects; (3) find, if possible, auditory end-organs of household insects and study their properties, and (4) explore possible use of radio waves for destruction of insects and study physiological backgrounds of effects of radio waves on insects and fruits.

Zool.e, Ent. 1115 Coop. USAF-Hawaii

An Analysis of the Correlations Between Polygene Combinations and the Result Expressions of Quantitative Characters. To deter-

mine (1) effects of diverse modes of breeding selection on gene

systems controlling single and correlated quantitative characters,

and (2) relationship between derived gene combinations and expres-

sions of the characters they control, using Drosphilia melanogaster. Bot., Par Path. 1249-A

Effect of Temperature on Insect Flight Mechanisms. Learn how temperature affects the speed, duration, and efficiency of flight.

Zool., Ent. 1293

Se. C.

W. Va.

Miss.

Ohio

Pa.

S55 ie

Identification and Distribution of Economic Insects in South Carolina. (1) Obtain taxonomic and biological information on cutworms, army-worms, leafhoppers, bark beetles, etc., occurring in South Carolina. (2) Provide and maintain adequate identification of species of economic importance currently encountered. (3) Oper- ate light traps in cooperation with ARS, and to correlate collec- tion with weather data. (4) Learn if it is possible to predict out- breaks of insects by means of trap light and field collections. (5) Prepare reports on seasonal and geographical data for publication. Ent. 102 Coop. ARS

The Structure and Function of Specialized Tissues in Insects.

To make a basic study of anatomical features of insects, with par- ticular emphasis on structure and functions of (1) sensory organs, especially the chemo-receptors involved in odor perception; (2) exoskeleton as related to protection against pathogens, micro- organisms and insecticides; and (3) certain secretory organs.

Pans Path., Ent. 63

B. Insect Pests of Seedbeds, Greenhouses and Mushrooms

Control of Arthropod Pests Attacking Greenhouse and Ornamental Plants. To determine Cy satisfactory insecticidal or cultural controls for the more important greenhouse and ornamental pests; (2) species and varietal tolerance of plants to effective insecti- cides; (3) value of plant nutrition and varietal resistance; and (4) most practical application equipment for various conditions.

Ent. HH-5

The Insect Phases of Greenhouse Vegetable Crop Production With Emphasis on Insect Pollinators as Well as Destructive Pests. (1) Obtain further information on biology and ecology of insect pest on vegetable crops grown in glasshouses; (2) Study: condi- tions responsible for development of resistant strains of mites and insects; (3) commercial control measures, and try to improve them; (4) Devise control measures for newly introduced or unusual pests; (5) methods to induce honey bees to pollinate greenhouse tomatoes efficiently and consistently.

Ent. 25

The Biology and Control of Animal Pests Affecting Cultivated Mushrooms. To study the biology and most effective and economical

measures for the control of the insects, mites, and nematodes which reduce the mushroom crop. Zool., Ent. 714

Pa.

Ind.

N. Je

Ree

a 6.

An Investigation of Methods for Controlling Certain Insects and Mites Affecting Greenhouse Ornamental and Vegetable Crops.

To determine most effective and eccnomical measures for control of insects and mites causing injury to roses, chrysanthemms, snapdragons, carnations, orchids, etc., as well as greenhouse tomatoes and cther food plants.

Zoole, Ente 957 Coop. ARS

C. Ornamental Plant Insects

Insect Problems of Shade Trees, Shrubs, and Fruit Trees in the Nursery. To (1) develop a complete annotated bibliography of insects attacking nursery plantings; (2) determine the major pest problems occurring in Indiana; (3) investigate the life history and habits cf these major pests; (4) determine cultural and related practices in plantings and nurseries which may be factors in the presence or absence of pests, or which may affect their economic importance; and (5) to find chemical and/or mechanical means of completely controlling pests in nurseries so that pest free plants can be grown and shipped inter- or intra- state.

Systemic Insecticides for the Control of Insects and Spider Mites Attack Greenhouse Flowers, Ornamental Shruts and Flowers

and Nursery Plants. (1) Learn mechanics of action of systemic insecticides on ornamentals by determining: methods and rate of absorption thru roots, stems, seeds and forage; parts of plant to which systemics are translocated; length cf effectiveness of systemics. Determine (2) types of insects and spider mites which are controllable by systemics; (3) economics of control by sys- temics as compared with previous control.

Ent. 213

A Study of Insects and Mites Affecting Nurse Stock, Forest and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs in Rhode Island. To (1) obtain

essential information on seasonal occurrence and economic impor- tance of insect and mite pests of nursery stock, ornamental trees and shrubs and forest trees; (2) investigate biology of insect and mite species when such information has not been heretofore reported; (3) determine relative effectiveness of various new synthetic organic chemicals as insecticides and acaracides for control of the species of economic importance; (4) investigate comparative vulnerability of insect and mite species in various stages of development to control measures, and (5) correlate appearance of most vulnerable stages in development of pest orga- nisms with host plant development under R.I. conditions.

Pl. Path., Wnt. 6C4

Ala.

Conn.

Ze

D. Forest, Forest Products and Shade Tree Insects

Biology and Control of Certain Insect Pests of Forests in Alabama. (1) Study and evaluate damage caused by more impor- tant forest insects in State. (2) Study certain phases of life histories and habits of important bark beetles and of pests of nurseries and seedlings. (3) Learn most practical method of controlling major insect pests of forest nurseries and estab—- lished stands of seedlings.

Zool.e, Ent. 111 (S-36) Coop. FS

Effect of Various Forest Situations and Practices on the Growth and Value of Forest Products and Returns from Forest Lands in Alabama. To (1) investigate factors that affect establishment, development, composition, and growth of forest stands and yield of products; (2) improve tree quality and rate of growth by select- ing and developing superior seed sources; (3) develop improved methods of forest protection against fire, disease and insect attacks; and (4) evaluate economic aspects and applying accepted and new forest practices.

For. 411

The Establishment, Growth and Yield of Forest Plantations in Alabama. To determine effect of certain site factors, especi-

ally soil, on the establishment, growth and yield of commercial tree species already planted and to develop specifications and instructions for planting such species under the site conditions existing in the State. Prevalence of insect damage will be included.

For. 509

Larval Migration and Defoliation by the sy Moth. Learn critical environmental factors affecting gypsy moth larval migra- tions and how these migrations are related to differences in defoliation damage of resistant and susceptible forest sites.

Ent. 314

The Control of Vectors of Dutch Elm Disease. Improve effici- ency of control of vectors of Dutch elm disease by development of more effective insecticides for application to (a) trees to be protected and (b) trees breeding vectors.

Fnt., Pl. Path. 317

Del.

Hawaii

Iowa

Kans

isi

Improvement of Measures for Control of Insects Attack Farm Woodlands and Nurseries. (1) Devise practicable ways for detecting presence, and for recording relative abundance of insect and allied pests damaging farm woodlands. (2) Learn effect of various ecological factors that might decrease or increase populations of any particular species.

Ent. 3-E

Biology, Ecology, and Control of Termites. To learn (1) how colonies of termites become established in buildings; (2) relation-

ship of soil type and moisture to distribution and abundance of subterranean termites; (3) rate of buildup of termite colonies originating from individual pairs; (4) effectiveness of different chemicals for use in eliminating existing termite colonies and prevention of subsequent termite entry or attack; (5) resistance of chemically treated and untreated products to termite attack; (6) effectiveness of chemicals applied as dusts in termite galler- ies in destroying termite colonies.

Ent. 965

The Study of Oak Wilt Caused by Endoconidiophora Fagacearum Bretze To TL) develop better understanding of relationships between causal organisms and its host; (2) determine more about characteristics of causal organism. (3) determine how the disease organism travels long distances to cause new infection centers; (4) develop better methods for oak wilt control under forest conditions; and (5) develop methods for oak wilt control under recreational and ornamental planting conditions.

Ent., Bot., Pl. Path., Zool. 1047 (NC-22)

Insect Vectors of Plant Diseases. To study (1) nature and extent of injury caused by toxicogenic insects; (2) ecology and habits of known vectors; (3) Search for new vectors; (4) Study chemical and other control methods of vectors.

Ent., Bot., Pale Path. 475

Insects Attacking Shade Trees and Ornamental Plants. (1) Obtain fundamental information on biology, ecology, distribution,

and habits of insects; (2) Study control measures; (3) Study relationship between drought, insects populations, and damage in shade trees and ornamentals.

Ent., Hort. 477

Maine

Mass.

as

Wood Borers in Forest Products. To (1) determine species of borers in damaging cut logs and other forest products, and relative importance of species found; (2) work out life cycles and‘ habits, for Maine, of species found to be most destructive; and (3) use acquired knowledge of life cycles as basis for research tests to develop effective controls for wood borers in Maine.

For. 79

Insects Concerned in the Dispersal of Dutch Elm Disease With Special Reference to the Native (American) Elm Bark Beetle, Hylurgopinus Rufipes (Eich.) To (1) study habits and distribution of Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eich.), Scolytus multistriatus Marsham and other insects which may be vectors of Dutch elm disease fungus, Ceratostomella ulmi (Schwarz) Buisman, especially correlation between timing of their feeding habits and seasonal development of host trees when fungus invasion is most likely, so insecticides may be applied at most appropriate time; (2) test new insecticides for elm bark beetle control; (3) experiment with hydraulic sprayer$ and mist blowers and, when possible, helicopters and other new spraying equipment to learn effectiveness in covering tall trees with insecti- cides; (4) study effectiveness of most promising insecticides and spraying equipment in actually preventing elm trees from becoming infected with Dutch elm disease fwmgus over a period of 5 to 10 years; and (5) when necessary, and in cooperation with other depart- ments, study toxicity to cattle of any insecticide that seems immi- nent of adoption by the public for Dutch elm disease control.

Ent. 53

Materials and Methods Which Promise Value in Control of Insects and Mites on Ornamental Shrubs and Shade and Forest Trees. Study value of newer insecticides and miticides, and applications for control of raat and mites on ornamentals and forest trees.

Ent. 5

Use of Insecticides to Prevent Borer Damage to Unseasoned Logs. Learn effectiveness of various insecticides and methods of appli-

cation in preventing damage by wood boring insects to unseasoned logs and lumber. Ent. 59

A Method to Minimize the Adverse Effect ay Tree Form of Attack by the White Pine Weevil. To compare (1) removal of all but one lateral branch in second-from-the-top whorl of branches with (2) retention of all laterals in this same whorl to learn effect of treatment (1) on subsequent development and straightness of a substitute main leader to take place of normal leader de- stroyed artificially to simulate attack by white pine weevil.

For. 7h

Miss.

Mo.

One

Insect Pests for Forest and Shade Trees.--A. Forest Manage- ment in Relation to Insect Pests of Plantations.--B. Epidemiology and Control of Insect Outbreaks in Forests and on Shade Trees.-- C. Minnesota Forest Insect Survey. To (1) facilitate prediction of tree insect outbreaks before they develop to the point where it is too late to attempt control; (2) provide basic understanding of natural control agencies operating to terminate outbreaks and some- times prevent them; (3) develop forest management procedures to reduce or eliminate losses resulting from insect damage; and (4) explore field of chemical control, both means of applying poisons to trees and use of newly developed insecticides.

Ent., Econ. Zool. 1706

A Study of the Effect of the Source of Seed Upon the Growth, Development, and Habits of Native Tree Species.--A. A Study of

the Effect of Source of Seed and the Influence of Insects Upon the Growth, Development, and Habits of Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana Lamb.) To study (1) effect of climatic conditions upon growth,

development and hardiness of jack pine from various portions of its range; (2) effect of form of parent tree upon the progeny; (3) variations in seed value from different portions of trees range; (4) whether the characteristics of opening cones annually on trees is inherited; and (5) influence of insects, such as tip moth, pitch nodule makers, sawfly, midges and others, on form and development of tree and determine methods of control.

For. 1902

Biology and Control of Certain Insects pie Forest Trees and Unfinished Forest Products in Mississippi. (1) Evaluate damage caused by insects previously listed; (2) Study life histories and habits of insects listed; and (3) effect of environmental factors on biology and damage caused by insects; (4) Develop control measures for these species applicable to nurseries, forests, wood- lots, and unfinished wood products.

Zool., Ent. HH-2, RRFH2 (S-36) Coop. FS

Taxonomy and Biology of Insects Attack Acorns_in Missouri. (1) Conduct systematic study of insects attacking acorns with emphasis on various species of nut curculios; (2) Investigate biology and ecology of insects attacking acorns.

Ent. 294

The Biology and Control of Carpenterworms and Associated Borers ssouri, Study the biology, taxonomy, ecology, and control of carpenterworms and associated borers and evaluate

their importance as enemies of hardwoods. Int. 321 Coop. FS

W. Va.

Ariz.

Ark.

ell-

Chemical Characterization of the fem veanepel ene Sub=

characterize chemically the substance responsible for tered te repellent activity of mahogany wood. Nutr., Ent., Biochem. , Med. 83

Factors Affecting Natural Regeneration in Upland Oak Types. To (1) test various types of reproduction cuttings in evenaged and unevenaged upland oak stands on various sites, in order to determine which methods of cutting are most applicable to ob- taining oak regeneration in these forest types; (2) determine most important species of harmful and beneficial insects affect- ing natural regeneration of upland oaks; and ascertain nature of some of their ecological relationships to the forest; and (3) determine effect and relative importance of rodents and animals other than insects, depth of litter, and compactness of surface soil on viability and germination of acorns.

For., Pl. Path. 67

E. Stored Grain, Household and Food Insects

The Biology and Food Preferences of the Khapra Beetle as They Relate to Grain Marketability. Obtain basic information

on biology, ecology, and economic injury of khapra beetle under conditions prevailing in the southwest. Ent., Agron. 389 (WM-16) Coop. AMS

Improved Marketing of Grains Through Insect Control. To (1) investigate kinds of insects damaging cash grain in farm

storage and evaluate the effects on quality and market value of the grain; (2) determine sources of infestations and factors favoring population increases and correlate cost of controlling these factors; (3) determine importance of various species and evaluate factors contributing to their development; and (4) determine better methods for direct and indirect controls and evaluate these in terms of cost, change in quality, and market value.

Int., Econ., Sociol. 391

Colo.

Del.

oe

The Biology and Control of the Khapra Beetle. Make compre- hensive study of Khapra beetle, including facets of its biology, ecology, normal and abnormal physiology and devise control measures for protection of stored products. (1) Biology. Rela- tion of temperature to development of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults—-life history studies of temperatures from 50-110, investigate thermal death point, effects of low temperatures above and below freezing; effect of light conditions and intensi- ties on life cycle at various temperatures; continue studies on food preferences, length of survival of various life-stages in absence of foods; factors influencing oviposition sites of females. (2) Physiology. Investigations of possible diapause in overwinter- ing larvae, movlting and metamorphosis, nutrition of larvae to gain insight into food range and limitations thereof. (3) Control. Studies will be conducted to determine effectiveness of various chemical controls as: studies with fumigants, studies with contact insecticides, studies with stomach poison insecticides, studies with attractants and repellents—-with physical agents, mechanical barriers, trapping devices, inert materials as deterrents, and with radiant energy.

Ent. 1671 (WM-16) Coop. AMS

Maintaining Marketability of Wheat in Farm Storage and Count Elevators Through the Control of Insects. To (1) obtain technical data on distribution, infestation, reservoirs, and conditions favor- ing high population densities of principal species of insects affect- ing marketability of wheat on farm and in country elevators; (2) determine value of various commercial protectants and fumigants to improve marketability of grain under farm storage; (3) study role of lesser grain borer as a factor in lowering quality and market- ability of wheats and (4) determine effect of insect damage in terms of economic loss to farmers and estimate increased returns from use of protective treatments.

Ent. 217 (WM-16)

Biology and Control of the Clover Mite, Bryobia Praetiosa Koch, in Delaware. (1) Fill in obscure portions of life history of mite as overwintering stages and habitat, favorite host plants for feeding and egg deposition and length of various stages. (2) Test by lab. and field methods effectiveness of recently-developed miticides and re-evaluate under local conditions the older miticides.

Ent. 7-E

Idaho

Iowa

Kans.

Moises

Bionomics of Stored Grain Insects Affecting the Marketa- bility of Grain in Storage. To (1) determine stored grain insects affecting marketability of grain and economic importance in farm and elevator storage; (2) determine factors affecting insect populations in farm and elevator grain storage; (3) study life histories of more important stored-grain pests under conditions existing in farm and elevator storage especially as they relate to control of such in- sects in grain for market; and (4) determine economic significance of stored-grain insect populations.

Ent. 286 (WM-16) Coop. AMS

aa Heh I Problems Involved in Corn and Other Field Grain Storage. To (1) test insecticides against corn and feed-grain pests under conditions of temperature, humidity, and other factors prevailing in practical storage; (2) discover more effective and cheaper fumigants and easier and safer methods of using them; (3) study effect of size, shape, construction, and ventilation of stor- age structures on dynamics of populations of stored grain pests; and (4) study inter-relations between insect infestation in stored grain, heat and moisture production, and prevalence of and spoilage caused by fungi.

ZOOle, Ent. 1257

Insects Affecting Stored Grain and Milled Grain Products. To (1) study biology and behavior of grain and milled grain products

insects; (2) develop methods for distinguishing insect fragments in milled grain products; (3) determine effects of new insecticides on grain infesting insects, and (4) study insect problems in farm stored grain.

Ent. 322

Stored Grain Insects With Special Emphasis on Those Infesting Rice, Especially the Rice Weevil. To perfect effective, practical and economical control measures suitable for storage conditions and requirements in La., embracing: 1. biology of rice weevil and other species; 2. ecological factors affecting species as pests; 3. seasonal habits; 4. varietal resistance; 5. control.

Agron., Ent. 827 Coop. AMS

Storage of Grain in Various Atmospheres in Sealed Bins. To learn effects of various atmospheres on the microbiological, ento-

mological, and bio-chemical factors that influence the quality of stored grains, especially wheat, corn and soybeans. Ag. Biochem. 1517

= re

Minn. Effect of the Association of Molds and Insects on the Keeping Quality of Stored Grain. To learn if the development of insects within stored grain bulks is associated with, or contri- butes to, growth of storage molds that are known to lead to heat- ing and other spoilage of stored grains.

Ent. 1730

Miss. Control of Insect Pests of Stored Corn and Small Grain. To learn (1) necessary modifications of steel and other type bins used in Mississippi for the efficient use of fumigants; (2) rates and frequency of application of fumigants needed in properly pre- pared bins necessary to avoid being graded as 'weevily'; (3) efficiency of ‘grain protectants’ for the control of different species of insects on clean grain; (4) effect of foreign matter and moisture content of grain (surface and beneath surface) on the control obtained from use of ‘grain protectants’ and fumi- gants; (5) importance of field infestations and possibly of farm management being used to reduce the infestations; (6) value of chemicals other than those tested which have characteristics that suggest a possible means of control of the rice weevil on corn stored in the shuck; and (7) differences in the rate of increase of rice weevil populations in those corn single crosses which have possibilities of being used for the production of hybrid seed.

Ent. HH-7 N. Ye Studies on the Biology and Control of Household and Structural

(Cornell) Insect Pests. Study biology of cluster fly, etc., and learn breed- ing place, its natural controlling factors, and how its activities can be controlled.

Ent. 99 N. Ce. The Control of Insects Affecting Stored Grain. To learn (a)

changes in grain grade and other measures of quality with respect to levels of population of storage insects; (2) resistance of certain varieties to storage insect attack and causes responsible for resistance; (3) relationship between moth and weevil develop- ment in stored grain as affected by time of planting and harvest; (4) best fumigants and other insecticides for control of stored grain pest, with especial attention to Angoumois grain moth and rice weevil.

Ent., Agron., Chem., HM-14

N. Dak. Insect and Rodent Contamination of Cere - Learn (1) kind, degree, time, and place of contamination of wheat and barley that occurs between standing crop, and freight car, particularly the on-farm contamination; (2) how contamination is related to harvest- ing methods and storage facilities used in different crop production area of state; (3) factors associated with presence of contamination and variability of these factors in different ecological situations.

Ent e 5-6

Oreg.

Se C.

Wash.

Ark.

UGE cs

Ecology and Biology of Stored Grain Pests in Areas with a Coastal Climate in Relation to the Development of Infestations Affecting the Marketability of Grain. To i) determine nature, extent, and species involved in stored grain insect problem in Western Oregon, which area would typify a marine west-coast type of climate; (2) acquire biological and ecological data on insect infestations in stored grain in western Oregon which differ in type or intensity from infestations in other areas; and (3) use information from foregoing sources to prevent or control infesta-

tion in western Oregon and similar areas. Ent. 99-5 (WM-16)

Control of the Rice Weevil and Associated Insects in Farm- Stored Corn and in Food Products Made from Such Grain. To (1 find an economical, practical method of controlling rice weevil and associated insects in farm-stored corn; (2) control insects in farm-stored corn intended for human-consumption; and (3) investigate simple, practical procedures in producing clean corn meal from corn available in the state.

Ent. 104

Control of Insect Pests of Stored Grain. To (1) evaluate chemical grain protectants for control of wide range of stored

grain insect pests which occur in the Pacific Northwest; (2) evaluate insecticides as residual sprays on walls of storage facilities; (3) evaluate grain losses incurred by each of impor- tant grain infesting species; (4) conduct intensive survey to trace seasonal development of insect population in storage facilities, to evaluate role of sanitation practices, and attempt to correlate insect infestations with type of storage unit con- struction; and (5) conduct other pertinent studies on stored grain insects.

Ent. 1127 (WM-16)

F. Arthropod Pests and Parasites of Man and Animals

Ecological Factors Favoring Abundance: The Dispersal; and

Methods of Control of the Lone Star Tick, A. Americanum In Arkansas. To develop a practical, thorough method of protecting

man and his animals from attack by this tick. Ent. 261

Cattle Grub Control. Develop a more satisfactory method of controlling cattle grub with particular emphasis on controlling the adult or newly hatched larvae.

Ent. 432

Ark.

Del.

Ky.

eva Control of Biting Flies Attacking Cattle. (1) Develop an

economically feasible control for horse fly, deer flies, stable flies, and southern buffalo gnat. (2) Learn breeding areas, habits, and life and seasonal history of southern buffalo gnat. (33 Develop a useful survey technique for predicting outbreaks of southern buffalo gnat.

Ent. 433

Biological and Toxicological Studies of the Horn Fly. To learn (1) life cycle of horn fly and factors influencing duration of stages; (2) lethal dose for adults after repeated exposure of a controlled population to insecticidal selection pressure.

Ent. 459

Mosquito Investigations: Flight Range Studies of Pest

Mosquitoes. Investigate flight range of pest mosquitoes in Delaware. Ent. 2-E Coop. USDI-FWS

Biology and Control of Horseflies Affecting Livestock. To

(1) develop insecticides or repellents that can be safely applied to horses, mules, and cattle for control of adult flies of Tabanus and Chrysops, (2) study use of attrahents for trapping houseflies, and (3) work out life histories and distribution of injurious species in various parts of the state.

Ent., Bot. 456

Biology and Control of Insects, Ticks and Mites Which Attack Livestock and Poultry. (1) Obtain complete information on biology and distribution of livestock pests; (2) Evaluate damage caused by each species; (3) Develop effective and economical control measures for the important pests.

Ent. 905

A Study of the aoe and Control of the Pest Mosquitoes of Northern Minnesota. To (1) conduct a general survey of mosquitoes and mosquito breeding places to determine which localities and species are most important; (2) make detailed study of the life cycle and breeding places of the species found to create the greatest nuisance; (3) try to classify breeding places by means of obvious biological indicators so potential sources of large mosquito populations can be anticipated and control campaigns carried out intelligently; (4) study dispersion patterns of princi- pal species to discover extent of areas which might be involved if control programs are to be effective.

Ent. 9 Zoole ig /s Bl

Gl ee

Miss. Biology and Control of Insects Affecting Dairy and Beef Cattle. Cattle lice--to investigate the efficiency of insecti-

cidally impregnated back rubbers for lice control on cattle. Horn flies--to (1) improve the efficiency of back rubbers and remove hazards resulting from the use of a too harmful chemical on these devices for horn fly control on cattle; (2) determine the favorable conditions, such as those of weather, affecting a large horn fly population build-up; and (3) determine if horn flies are becoming resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbons and organic phosphate insecticides; Horse and deer flies--To evaluate the effectiveness of promising insecticides for horse and deer fly control, and investigate the possible use of repellents as a means of protecting livestock from the attacks of these pests. Cattle grubs--to (1) investigate host resistance among cattle to grub infestations; and ('2) develop a technique for infesting bull calves with young larvae dissected from slaughtered animals, as systemic research for cattle grut control would proceed much more rapidly if a larvae-infesting method of calves would be perfected.

Ent. HH=6

Mo. Biological Investigations and Control of the Stable Fly, Horse Flies, and House Flies As Animal Pests. Investigation of

Improved Methods of Control of Mange Mites, Cattle Grubs and

Screw Worms. To determine (1) role natural competitive factors

play in control or lack of control of house flies with baits and baited sprays; (2) more attractive materials for use in house fly baits; (3) relative efficiency of Diazinon as residual spray and Diazinon as baited spray or dust in house fly control; and (4) under

what pasture and herd conditions micro-sprayers will operate and control horse and horn flies most efficiently and economically.

Ent. 46 Mont. Biclogy and Control of Mosquitoes in Montana. To (1) study

biology, habits, and distribution of mosquito species in Montana

as related to their environment; and (2) use this information in

finding economical methods for controlling mosquitoes where they

present a health and nuisance problem to man and domestic animals. Zool., Ent. 4i M.S. 886 Coop. HEW-USPHS

Nebr. Biology, Ecology and Control of the Stable Fly. To determine biology and ecology of stable fly, a pest of livestock and develop

more practical measures for its control. Ent. 442

Ne. Je

Okla.

Pa.

- 18 -

Mosquitoes in Relation to Agricultural Production and Veterinary Science. (1) Evaluate effect of mosquitoes on pro- duction of meat, milk, and animal products in certain parts of state and development of procedures for reducing economic loss; (2) Define importance of mosquitoes in management of equines in state and research on systemic and surface repellents for use with animals; (3) Clarify role of mosquitoes in transmission of virus and protozoan diseases of domestic birds and animals to learn reservoirs of such diseases.

Ent. 212 Coop. HEW-USPHS

The Biology and Control of Vectors of Anaplasmosis. To develop and demonstrate more effective means of controlling the

vectors of anaplasmosis and to intensively study the biologies of these arthropods so that the most effective time for control may be found.

Vet. 312 Coop. ARS

The Control of External Parasites. To (1) develop effective repellents to protect animals from external parasites, especially those with resistance to common toxicants; (2) evaluate effective- ness and hazards of new chemicals as pest toxicants; (3) determine best methods to apply insecticides to animals, especially auto- matic sprayers, rubbing posts and treadle machines; (4) obtain biological data to assist in above objectives; and (5) obtain adequate data indicating gains to be expected from parasite control.

Anim. Husb. 593

Insect Pests of Livestock. To study (1) life history patterns of insects associated with livestock and learn which stage of de- velopment is most susceptible to control; (2) rate at which insect pests of livestock develop resistance to insecticides; (3) new insecticides and techniques as to application for control and effect of such procedures on animals.

Zool., Ent. 1/261!

Insects Affecting Man and Animals. to (1) compare repellents against several varieties of biting flies of dairy and beef cattle;

(2) determine best methods of applying repellents and insecticides with emphasis on automatic treadle sprayers and back rubbers; (3) test the better repellents against horseflies and deerflies in parts of S. C. where they occur in large numbers, causing much annoyance to animals; (4) test insecticides using residual spray and bait methods for housefly control in dairy barns and other buildings; (5) determine most effective materials and methods of application of controlling ticks and chiggers of man and animals; and (6) test insecticides and methods of application for control of lice and grubs on cattle.

Ent., Zool. 65

Se C.

Vae

Va.

We Va.

Wyo.

=19).2

External Parasites of Poultry, Their Biology, Distribution and Control. (1) Survey external parasites present in state, and learn distribution of each. Study: (2) biology of certain species and relate this to control practices; (3) effectiveness of newer insecticides; (4) effectiveness of control by insecticides used as systemics; (5) toxicity of newer insecticides to various classes of poultry.

Ent., Zool., Poult. 134 Coop. ARS

Bionomics and Control of Certain Insect Pests of Cattle. (1) Obtain information on life history and habits of common species of cattle lice in state and evaluate methods and materials for their controls (2) Learn most economical and effective control of house fly in dairy barns; (3) Evaluate methods and materials for control of blood-sucking flies; (4) Study life history and habits of cattle grub and evaluate most effective control; (5) Evaluate losses caused by these insects in Virginia.

Ent. 86070

The Biology and Control of Certain Insects Associated with Poultry. (1) Obtain information on life histories, distribution and habits of more important insects and mites associated with poultry in Virginia; (2) Apply biological information to develop- ment of improved control techniques; (3) Evaluate new insecticides for control power; (4) Conduct studies basic to use of systemic insecticides for control of arthropods.

Ent. 86086

Arthropods Affecting Livestock in West Virginia--Their Distri-

bution and Control. To conduct a survey and collecting program to

determine kinds, distribution, incidence and economic importance of pests of livestock in the state. Ent., Anim. Husb., Dairy Husb., Bact. 79

Cattle Lice Control. (1) Find ovicidal compounds that might be used in combination with chlorinated insecticides for control. (2 & 3) Learn effectiveness of power-dusting as a control method and effectiveness of rubbing devices for lice control on large free-ranging herds.

Ent., Parasitol. 591

Mosquito Control in Irrigated Areas. Learn (1) average per- centage of total irrigated area that remains inundated long enough

to produce mosquitoes; (2) minimum effective dosage per acre of heptachlor granular as a larvicide and pre-flood treatment and of Dylox granular and soluble powder as larvicide; (3) utility of granular formulation and capsuled insecticide for hand application; (4) by trials on a large area, if warranted, if the inhabitants (with initial professional help) would be able to conduct successful control programs.

Ent., Parasitol. 687

=°96%=

G Plant Disease Vectors

Calsifi. Insect Vectors of Plant Viruses. (1) Correlate economic losses resulting from aster yellows with distribution of strains of virus in the State; isolate strains and learn host ranges and vector relationships. (2) Maintain cross protection tests with strains collected to learn degree of protection occurring in host plants and leafhopper vectors. (3) Compare incubation periods and retention patterns of virus strains in different species of leaf- hoppers following controlled acquisition feeding period of varying lengths. (4) Study transmission of viruses by aphids, beetles, and leafhoppers. (5) Compare host ranges and symptoms induced by viruses.

Ent., Parasitol. 657

Calif. Aphids As Vectors of Field Crop Virus Diseases. Learn and clarify the vector-virus-host plant relationships existing among

the aphid-borne virus diseases of various crop plants. Ent., Pl. Path., Parasitol. 1365A

Calif. Insect Vectors and Their relation to Virus Diseases of Deciduous Fruits and Berries in California. To (1) establish identity of vectors of the diseases, (2) study life history and host plants of vectors, (3) investigate host range of viruses when transmitted by insects, and (4) investigate virus vector relationships.

Ent., Parasitol. 1365-B

Calif. Insect Vectors and Their Relation to Virus Diseases of Ornamental Plants. To (1) study insect vectors, properties, host range and symptoms of nasturtium viruses in order to distinguish them and evaluate their respective incidence and importance and (2) determine the insect vector of orchid mosaic virus, properties of the virus and its relation to such vectors.

Ent., Parasitol. 1365-C

Calif. Insect Transmission of the Orange Tree Quick Decline. To investigate (1) identity of vector as determined by transmission tests, (2) occurrence and abundance of vector in various citrus- growing areas of the state, (3) vector's seasonal life history and identity of host plants, and (4) effectiveness of insecticidal control of vector in reducing spread of the disease.

Fnt. 1370

Kye

Mich.

Mont.

Nebr.

Ohio

Ey ae

Transmission of Virus Diseases of Field Crops by Insects and Mites. To learn (1) which insects and mites transmit virus diseases of field crops; (2) entomological factors influencing virus transmission of these diseases; (3) host naturally infected by selected viruses transmitted by insects or mites. (4) Find new methods and improve and simplify present methods of achieving above objectives.

Ent., Bot., Agron. 1010

Insect Vectors of Crop Plant Diseases. To (1) determine

insect vectors of aster yellows on potatoes, lettuce, carrots, gladiolus, etc.; (2) study bionomics of species concerned; in- cluding life history, migration, food plants, ecology, and con- trol; (3) study mechanics of disease transmission by species under study; (4) make inoculation experiments with various virus diseases, using accurately determined species or races of insects; and (5) by mass transfers of infected insects to non-infected plants of the same and of different species.

Ent. 78

Viroses of Sweet and Sour Cherries in Montana. To study the occurrence, symptoms, spread and control of viroses of sweet and sour cherries in Montana, especially little cherry and bud and scion perpetuated diseases.

Bot. & Bact. MS 830

Relation of Insects to the Transmission and Epidemiology of Plant Diseases. To (1) ascertain role of insects in transmitting viruses and other disease producing entities of plants; (2) deter— mine basic insect plant pathogen relationships. and (35 develop control measures, including use of insecticides, cultural practices and any other means effective in reducing build up of epidemics due to insect activities.

Ente, Pl. Path. ATh

Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Tree Fruit.--5. Transmission Viruses Affect Tree Fruits, and Their Insect Vectors. 1) Find and identify vector(s) of each of several important viruses causing diseases in stone fruits. Study insects to learn means of application of control measures. Study insect transmission which provides means of separating virus complexes.

Ent., Pl. Pathe, Pomol. 134-5 (NE-14)

A Study of Possible Vectors of the Oak Wilt Disease Organism. To (1) ascertain the species of insects, if any, that are attracted to Chalaramats; (2) if suspected vectors are found, determine if they carry the oak wilt organism either within or upon their bodies; and (3) find if they can transmit the organisms to healthy oaks.

Ent., 96-3 (NC=22)

Oreg.

Orege

Texas

W. Vae

= 99 =

Virous and Similar Diseases of Orchard Trees. To determine identity and distribution of virous and virous-like diseases of orchard trees including insect vectors.

Ent., Pl. Path. 44

Determination of Insect Vectors of Peach Spot and Associated Viruses. To (1) determine the Seal responsible for transmission of peach ring spot and associated viruses; and (2) use the vector(s) when found, to isolate components of the complex and maintain these cultures for use by various cooperating plant pathologists and entomologists of the Western Region.

Ent., Pl. Path. 344 (W-22)

Studies on the Relationship of the Mite Pediculopsis Graminum Reut. To Silver Top Disease in Oregon Grasses. (1) Study biology of Pediculopsis graminum Reut. and its relation to Fusarium poae. (2) Learn how other arthropods may be involved in mite-disease complex. (3) Test various miticides and insecticides for control of P._graminum.

Ent., Bot. and Pl., Path. 291

The Cause and Control of "Pimples" A Serious Defect of Water melons. To (1) establish cause of defect of maturing watermelons known as "pimples", "sand bumps", or "water bumps"; (2) determine how it spreads, and in what form and where inciting agent exists in winter; (3) learn what other plants, harbor causal agent or show related condition; and (4) develop control measures.

Pl. Physiol. and Path., Ent., Hort. 904

The Symbiotic Relationships Between Microorganisms and Insect Vectors of Plant Diseases. To investigate insect transmission of

plant diseases as a distinct biological phenomenon fundamental to general sciences of plant pathology and entomology, especially to determine for cucumber beetles; (1) how cucumber wilt bacterium survives in the insect body, (2) if symbiosis is involved, (3) if bacteria are transmitted thru eggs to larvae, (4) if bacteria survive pupal period, and (5) if physiological condition or physi- cal environment of beetles influence interrelations of vector and bacterium.

Pie batho

Virus Diseases of Sour Cherry and Other Stone Fruits.--(1-3) To learn (1) rate of spread of cherry virus diseases, (2) method of spread of stone fruit viruses in general with reference to possible insect vectors of cherry yellows and ringspot, (3) effect on yield and tree growth caused by viruses of sour cherry. (4) Attempt to locate virus-free sources of Mazzard cherry seed for commercial propagation.

Pl. Path. 89 (NE-14)

Wis.

Ariz.

Ark.

Calif.

- 23 -

The Relation of Leafhoppers_and Aphids to the Transmission of Vegetable Crop Viruses. Learn species responsible for dissemi-

nation of truck crop viruses and their importance in epidemiology of diseases under field conditions. Habits, host relations, mi- gration, and reducing insect vectors by insecticidal, biological, and cultural means will be studied. Lab. and greenhouse studies will show basic factors involved in vector-virus-plant relation- ships: as acquisition sequence; inoculation, retention, and latent periods, and vector feeding habits.

Ent., Hort., Pl. Path. 725

H. Biological Control of Insects, Mites, etc.

Insect Parasites and Predators of Insect Pests of Arizona Crops. (1) Learn: identity, distribution, and relative abundance of insects belonging to families generally recognized as containing species parasitic or predatory on other insects; and where needed descriptive, biological, and ecological information is lacking; and suggest where future work might be profitably done. (2) Evalu- ate effectiveness of the more common species of insect parasites and predators as control agents. Make related biological and ecologi- cal observations for more detailed work.

Ent. 404

Abundance of Corn Earworm in Relation to Hosts, Biological Control Agents and Physical Environment. (1) Seek causes of fluctuation in field populations of corn earworm in corn and in other available hosts. (2) Study effect of climate. (3) Analyze the effect of predators, parasites, and diseases and further investigate host abundance to seasonal population fluctuations.

Ent. 450

The Nature and Properties of Insect Viruses.--Investigate: the possibilities of in vitro cultivation of insect viruses, by

means of tissue and cell culture; phenomenon of virus infection sensu stricto and particularly the fate of granulosis and polyhedrosis virus after ingestion or intrahoemocoelic inocula- tion, in the period preceding the formation of inclusion bodies; the chemical and physical properties of insect viruses.

Biol. Control 1333

The Nature of Infectious Processes in Insects. To increase store of basic and fundamental knowledge relating to cause, symptomatology, pathogenesis, pathology, and epizootiology of the infectious diseases of insects.

Biol. Control 1484 Coop. HEW-USPHS

Calif.

Hawaii

Ind.

Maine

Ariz.

Fla.

= Op}

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Native Natural Enemies of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid and Other Aphids. Learn (1) role that various natural enemies play in control of spotted alfalfa aphid and other aphids; (2) influence of environmental conditions on native natural enemies.

Biol. Control 1748

Infectious Diseases of Insects in Hawaii and the Use of Micro-Organisms For the Control of Insect Pests. To learn the possibilities of using micro-organisms to combat insect pests and test their effectiveness in the field.

Ent. 962 Coop. ARS

The Effect _of Fungus Products on Arthropods. (1) Search among products of microorganisms for compounds causing biological

response in arthropods as demonstrated by attraction, repellency, or toxic properties. (2) Learn mode of action and properties of compounds causing biological responses in arthropods. (3) Develop techniques for practical application of any potentially useful compounds discovered.

Ente, Bot. and Pl. Path. 906

The Influence of Modified Spray Programs on Parasites And Predators of Orchard Insect Pests in Maine. Learn (1) extent, occurrence and importance of parasitic-predatory fauna; (2) species which might effect orchard insect pest control under state conditions, and degree of control expected; (3) length of time that must pass before these biological agents effect control of pests in an orchard removed from a standard control practice and placed on a modified program, and extent of damage by pests until they are brought under control; (4) factors promoting an increase, and maintaining a balance between agents and hosts.

Ent. 108

I. Bee Culture

Pollen Substitute for Honeybees. To produce an economical substitute for pollen fraction of diet of honeybees.

Pl. Physiol. 382 An Economic Analysis of the Florida Honey Industry. To

make analysis in respect to: market flow over time, market place distribution, costs and factors affecting costs of pack- ing honey.

Agr.Econ. 791

Iowa

Ne He

Oreg.

Pa.

Pae

Sie Cc.

Vt.

Os

Disease Resistance and Genetics in Honey Bees. To learn bases--physiological, ecological, behavioristic, and genetic,

as applicable -- of several characteristics in the honey bee. Zool. 9 Ent. 1332

Relation of wc to Horticultural Crops_in New Hampshire. To learn (1) effect of colony population and loca- tion on distribution of foraging honeybees; (2) pollination requirements for Low-Bush blueberries and apples in New Hampshire.

Ent. 114

The Role of Wild Bees and Honey Bees in Crop Production. To learn (1) cause of seedless fruit in pears, (2) reason for fluctuating yield, (3) optimum pollinator requirements per unit area of orchard, (4) length of time pear floret is receptive to pollination, (5) need of cross pollination by conducting experi- ments in crossing and selfing. (6) value of attractants in in- ducing pollination, (7) most advantageous management practices in honey bee colony placement, (8) role of wild bees in pear pollination, (9) range of individual bees, etc.

Ent. 95

Control of Nosema Disease, Nosema Apis, In the HoneyBee. To obtain a method of control of Nosema apis.

Fnt. 1084

The Preparation of Honey For Market. To determine (1) efficiency of existing equipment for processing honey and if

necessary to develop new equipment, (2) effect of various pro- cessing temperatures on nutritive quality of honey, and (3) develop new honey products for consumer markets.

Zool. and Ent. 1133

Pollination of Legume Crops. To investigate possible rela- tionship between soil conditions, especially general fertility, pH level, and content of organic matter, and attractiveness to honey bees of legumes grown on soils varying according to the above conditions.

Ent. 101

Marketing Honey in Vermont. (1) Learn type and relative importance of outlets for Vermont's honey crop. (2) Discover which outlets and marketing practices have proven most profitable in sale of honey. (3) Learn amount and relative importance of gross income derived from sale of honey, beeswax, and bees. (4) Obtain basic data for making a comparison of costs and returns from packing honey in containers of various sizes.

Agr. Econ. 62

- 26 - II. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

A. Game and Rodents

Mass. Animal Damage to Agricultural Crops in Massachusetts. Learn the birds responsible for loss of cultured blueberries

and ways of preventing this loss. For., Wild Life Mgt. 79

Minn. The Effect of Forestry Practices on Ruffed Grouse Population. To (1) determine ruffed grouse populations and the environmental factors affecting them, (2) learn grouse movements and their use of various forest coveetar(S) relate these two objectives to forestry practices.

Ent., Zool. 1732

Ne Ye Studies of Mammalian Wildlife of Economic Importance in

(Cornell) New York and the Control of Injurious Species. To obtain fundamental biological data on which to base development of

improved methods for control of injurious mammals and the use of beneficial ones. Conserv. 82 Coop. USDI-FWS

Ohio Ecological Study of the am Gh: Blackbird as It is Related to the Damage of Crops. (1) Conduct an ecological study of the Red-Winged Blackbird to obtain clues to its control in crops. (2) Study its reaction in plots of corn for clues to its control by use of resistant varieties, planting

dates, or various treatments.

Ent. 171 Oreg. Improvement and Management of Oregon Pastures and Ranges:

An Evaluation of Rodent Damage and the Need for Control Measures on Oregon Sagebrush Ranges. To learn (1) influence of rodents and other small mammals on plant succession of selected habitat types on eastern Oregon sagebrush ranges; (2) various species and numbers of rodents and other small mammals including rabbits present. (3) Study habits and movements of these and add infor- mation to their life histories. (4) Learn need for rodent control measures in improving sagebrush ranges.

Fish and Game Mgt. 160-11 Coop. ARS and USDI-FWS

Pa. Forest Cutting Practices Affecting Deer Foods. To deter- mine quantity of deer browse produced by silvicultural cutting practices.

For., Zool., Ent. 1057

Utah

W. Vae

Ala.

= 2] =

The Influence of Small Mammals n Range Forage Production and Availability. (1) Learn extent of competition for range forage between rabbits and rodents, and livestock. (2) Evaluate forage consumption of small mammals and resultant effect on range condition. (3) Learn influence of small mammals on natural plant succession.

Range Mgt. 473

Animal Repellents on Hardwood Forest Plantations. To deter- mine (1) extent of wild animal injury to hardwood forest planta- tions on spoil-banks and in other locations. (2) extent of pro- tection given by chemical repellents, (3) optimum time and fre- quency of application of repellents, and (4) cost of application of repellents on hardwood plantations of young trees.

For. 37

B. Fish and Oysters The Invertebrate Animals Serving as Food for Fish in

Alabama Ponds. Learn species, seasonal cycles of abundance, utilizati on, and ecology of the invertebrate animals that serve as food for pond fish.

Zool.e, Ent. 425

A Survey of the Parasites of Pondfishes in Alabama and Their Control. Gy Learn species, relative abundance and seasonal distribution of protozoan, helminth and arthropod parasites affect- ing pondfish. (2) Learn effects of parasites on growth and mortal- ity of pondfishes. (3) Develop methods for control of more impor- tant fish parasites.

Zoole, Ent. 426

Chemical Control of Weeds in Ponds. To test (1) effective- ness of commercial and experimental herbicides and algacides on common pond weeds; (2) toxicity of herbicides and algacides to fish and fish food organisms, and their effects on fish production, plankton and bottom organism production; (3) effects of herbicides or algacides on flavor of fish.

Zoole, Ent. 427

Fish Production and Management in Hatchery Ponds and Naturai. Lakes _in Michigan. To determine (2) potentialities of small, private waters in production of food and/or cash crop of fish, and determine methods of management of such ponds, and (2) deter- mine possibilities and methods of increasing production of fish in natural lakes.

Fisheries and Wildlife 21

Mich.

Miche

Mich.

Nei: (Cornell)

Oreg.

- 28-

The Relation Between Insect Prevalence and the Abundance of Fish in aapryees and Unimproved Stream, Pond and Lake Areas. To determine (1) correlation, if any, of numbers and kinds of insects in trout streams to distribution and variation in trout population and factors concerned, and (2) insect fauna, effect of various treatments, fertilization, depth of water, periodical draining, fish population, and other factors on insect population

in fish ponds. Ent. 27

Farm Fish Pond Management. To (1) estimate production of plants and animals per unit area or volume of water in farm type ponds and natural ponds, (2) determine to what extent fertiliza- tion of ponds will increase production of fish food and fish, (3) devise practical management programs for farm ponds, and (4) detect and measure possible detrimental effects of use of ferti- lizers in fish ponds.

Zool. 64

Physiologic Response of Aquatic Organisms to Pollutants . To (1) determine physiological cause of death in aquatic animals most susceptible to pollutants, and establish symptoms of sub- lethal amounts of pollutants, (2) demonstrate and identify re- sponses which may be interesting, but insignificant, for death, as opposed to those which have value as diagnostic symptoms of pollution toxicity, and (3) measure influence of environmental variables on above responses and determine validity of findings in predicting population changes in habitats subjected to pollution.

Physiol., Pharamcol. 122

Studies _on the Farm Fish Pond in New York State . To deter- mine (1) how valuable as fish producers, farm ponds may be under New York conditions; (2) factors which favor or hinder the produc- tion of valuable fishes in such ponds; and (3) to test and demon- strate successful pond fish management methods.

Conserv. 80 Coop. FS and USDI

A Study of "Native" Oyster, Ostrea Lurida, Farming in Oregon, as_a Supplementary Agricultural Enterprise. To determine (1 present and past status of oyster farming as a supplementary agri- cultural enterprise; (2) available unproductive lands which may be developed into oyster farms; (3) methods for preparing tidal lands for oyster farming; (4) maintenance of prepared lands; (5) costs of preparation; and (6) amount of land required for an economic part-time farming unit.

Fish and Game Mgt. 1,

Oreg.

S09 =

Determination of Fish Species and Management Practices Best Suited to Farm Ponds in Oregon. (1) Ascertain present pond management practices in Oregon. (2) Formulate suitable management practices for ponds built for fish production (3) Study possibility of using irrigation and stockwatering ponds for fish.

Fish and Game Mgt. 294 Coop. FES

NC-22

WM-16

S-36

= 304

III. Regional Research

Investigations of Oak Wilt. To gain on a region wide basis, essential information concerning the fungus causing the oak wilt disease, factors responsible for spread, including possible insect vectors, information on the longevity of the fungus, the effect of the fungus on wood killed by the disease and a possible antibiotic relationship of associated wood fungi on the oak wilt organism. To formulate control procedures and to develop, if possible, silvicultural practices that will permit continuous wood lot production even though the disease is present. Cooperating stations and agencies: Iowa I-D*, Ohio I-G, Cook County Forest Preserve Dist., Ill. Nat. Hist. Serv., Nat. Oak Wilt Research Comm., and ARS.

Maintaining Grain Marketability By Insect Control in Storage.

. To determine the stored product insects of economic importance in

the Western Region and the ecological factors responsible for their presence or abundance under both dry and humid conditions. To evaluate the efficacy of grain protectants, residual sprays and fumigants under laboratory and field conditions.

Cooperating stations and agencies: Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Oreg., Wash., (all contributing projects in a) and AMS.

Biology and Control of Certain Insects Affecting Forest Trees and Unfinished Forest Products in the South. To evaluate damage

caused by certain forest insects and study their life histories and habits. To study the effect of environmental factors on the biology of these insects and develop control measures applicable to nurseries, forests, woodlots and unfinished wood products. Cooperating stations and agencies: Ala. I-D, Miss. I-D, FS.

*The Roman numeral (and capital letter) refer to the location in the summary of the contributing project title and objectives.

LIST OF COMPILATIONS OF FEDERAL-GRANT RESEARCH PROJECTS AT STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

ARS=23=83 Part 3

Numbers 3 1

2

10

dill

Subject=Matter Area

Agricultural Chemistry

Agricultural Economics

Agricultural Engineering

Animal Husbandry

Dairy Husbandry Dairy Technology

Entomology & Economic Zoo logy

Field Crops

Food Science & Technology

Forage Crops, Pastures & Ranges

Forestry

Title of Section

Agricultural Chemistry

ae Prices, Incomes, & General: Studies of Com- modities & Industries

b. Farm Management

ce land Economics

d. Farm Finance & Taxation

ae Land & Water Use & Devélop- ment

b. Power Machinery & Equipment

ce. Farm Structures & Materials

ae Beef Cattle be. Sheep & Goats Ce Swine

Dairy Cattle Dairy Technology

ae Field Crop Insects

b. Fruit, Nut & Vegetable Insects

ce Miscellaneous Insects & Economic Zoology

d. Insecticides

ae Cereal Crops b. Oil, Fiber, Tobacco & Sugar Crops

ae Food Chemistry, Micro- biology, Sanitation & Public Health

be. Food Engineering, Processing, Product and Process Develop= ment, Utilization and Waste Disposal

ce Food Quality & Standards, Acceptance, Preference, & Marketing

Forage Crops, Pastures & Ranges

Forestry

ARS=23-8:

Part Numbers

12 13

U5} 16 17

18

Pl

22

23 24

Sub ject=Matter Area

Fruits & Nuts

Home Economics

Economics of Marketing

Meteorology Ornamental & Drug Plants

Plant Pathology & Bacteriology

Plant Physiology & Nutrition

Poultry Industry Rural Sociology

Soils

Vegetables

Veterinary Science

Weeds

Title of Section

Fruits & Nuts

ae Human Nutrition

b. Housing

ce Clothing & Textiles

d. Foods-Consumer Quality & Utilization

ee Household Economics & Management

ae Field Crops

b. Fruits & Vegetables

ce Livestock, Meats & Wool

d. Dairy Products

ee Poultry & Poultry Products

f. Forest Products & Ornamental & Drug Plants

ge Cross-Commodity & Functional Studies

Meteorology Ornamental & Drug Plants

ae Plant Pathology, Botany, & Diseases of Miscellaneous Crops

b. Diseases of Field Crops

ce Diseases of Fruit Crops

d. Diseases of Vegetable Crops

Plant Physiology & Nutrition

Poultry Industry

Rural Life Studies

ae Soil Chemistry & Microbiology

b. Soil Fertility, Management & Soil-Plant Relationships

c. Soil Physical Properties, Conservation & Classification

ae Vegetable Crops b. Potatoes

Veterinary Science

Weed Control