BRADLEE WHIDDEN, PUBLISHER, 18 ARCH STREET, BOSTON

Ferns and Evergreens

NEW ENGLAND.

v

LIBRARY
NEW YGR.lv

botanical

garden

A SIMPLE GUIDE FOR THEIR DETERMINATION.

By EDWARD KNOB EL.

BOSTON : Published by BRADLEE WHIDDEN,
1895.

Copyright, 1895, by E. Knobel.

To find the name of a fern. Observe if the stem divides into two branches or forks.

(</) Feather-like parted (pinnatifid), i. e., divisions not reaching to midrib or stem.
( h ) Feather-like divided (pinnate), i. e., divisions reaching to midrib or stem.

(e) Once divided, and divisions parted.

(d) Twice divided (two pinnate).

(if) Twice divided, and divisions parted.

(/) Three times divided (three pinnate, or ternate).

Compare general shapes, stems, and points with drawings on the black-ground plates : also
lower leaflets with detail drawings in regard to veins, sawteeth, points, and fruit dots.

The drawings are all about one-third natural size.

Stem not forked.

Key to Ferns (Filices).

(a) Simple leaf-like, feather-like parted, or twice parted .
(^) Feather-like divided

( c ) Feather-like divided and parted :

narrow ........

less than 2 ft. long .....

2 ft. or more long .....

(d) Twice feather-like divided . ....

(e) Twice divided and parted, at least the lower leaflets
(/) Three times divided, at least the lower leaflets .

Stem two-forked. Ferns .......

Evergreens or Club-mosses .....

Plate I.
Plate II.

Plate II.
Plate III.
Plates IV., V.
. Plate VI.
Plates VP, VII., VIII.

. Plate IX.

Plate X.
. Plate XI.

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The Ferns have been classified by their fruit, which consists
powder like spores in a case ( sporangium ). Tire sporangia are often clustered
dots ( sori ), and these are sometimes covered by a thin skin ( indusium ).

of minute one-celled
into round or oblong

Polypodium and Phegopteris,
sori round and uncovered.

Pteris and Adiaxtum, sporangia
covered by the edge of leaf.

Woodwardia, sori oblong, paral-
lel to ribs.

Asplenium, sori oblong, oblique
to ribs, and opening inwards.

Dicksoxia, indusium cup-shaped,
supported by a tooth of the
leaf.

Woodsia, indusium hood-like,
covering the sporangia.

Cystopteris, indusium fastened
behind sori, opening from the
centre.

Aspidium, indusium kidney or
shield shaped, fastened at the

middle,

openin

g all round.

Oxtoclea,

fertile

on separate

contracted fronds, sporangia

covered

leaves.

with

deformed

Osmunda

and

Botrychium,

sporangia uncovered, and
separate.

Lygodium, indusium scale-like,
covering the sporangia.

Ophioglossum, sporangia un-
covered, and connected.

Plate I.

Plate I.

1. Adder’s Tongue. Ophioglossum vulgatum. i to 2 in.

2. Moonnvort. Botrychium simplex. 2 to 5 in.

3. Moonwort. Botrychium matricaria. 3 to 6 in.

4. Common Rock. Fern. Polypodium vulgare. 6 to 10 in.; evergreen; fruit clots large and round.

5. Woodwardia angustifolia. 1 ft. high; fertile plants, with narrow curled-up leaflets, and

fruit dots parallel to midrib.

6. Mountain Fern. Phegopteris po/ypodioides. 12 in.; narrow triangular, hairy ; fruit dots small.

7. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. 12 to 15 in.; broad triangular, smooth.

8. Sensitive Fern, Wood Swamp Fern. Onorlea sensibilis. 2 to 4 ft.

Plate I.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016 with funding from
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https://archive.org/details/fernsevergreensoOOknob

Plate II.

Plate II.

9. Spleenwort. Asplenium trichomancs. 3 to 8 in. ; stem brown.

10. Spleenwort. Asplenium ebeneum. 8 to 16 in. ; stem brown.

11. Shield Fern. Aspidium ( Polystichum ) lonchitis. 9 to 20 in.; evergreen;
short stemmed ; fruit dots round, on under side of almost all leaves.

12. Wood Fern. Aspidium acrostiehoides. 1 to 2*^ ft.; bright
shining, evergreen : fruit dots round, on under side of upper
leaves only ; long stem.

Aspidium cristatum. 1 to 2 1 3 ft.; dull dark green, evergreen ; fruit
dots round and large.

14.

Woodsia obtusa. 6 to 12 in. ; fruit dots globular.

PLATI: II.

Plate HI.

Plate 111.

Spleenwort. Asplenium thelvpteroides. i l/z to 2)2 ft.; fruit dots oblong,
divisions not as crowded as in Xo. 17, stein leafy to gfound, veins
simple.

Common Meadow Fern. Aspidium thelypteris. 2 ft. ; bare long stalk, fruit
dots round and crowded, veins forked.

Common Wood Fern. Aspidium tioveboracense. \ to 2 ft.; fruit dots round,
leaflets crowded, stem leafy to ground, veins simple.

Plate III.

Plate IV.

Plate IV.

Bog Fern. Woodwardia virginica. 2 ft. ; featherlets far apart, fruit dots
oblong, parallel with midrib.

Aspidium goldianum. 2 to 3 ft. ; fruit dots round near ribs.

Ondclea strut hiopteris {struthiopteris germanica). 2 to 3 ft.; fertile on
separate, curled-up, blackish fronds; stems angular; veins few
and simple.

Plate IV.

Plate V.

Plate V.

Osmunda Claytoniana. 2 to 4 ft. ; some featherlets in middle of

an ordinary frond bear the fruit.

Osmunda cinnamomea. 2 to 5 ft. ; fruit on a separate smaller frond,

thickly covered with whitish rusty wool.

Leaves of both alike ; many forked veins.

Plate V.

Plate VI.

Plate VI.

23. Royal Fern. Osmunda regalis. 2 to 5 ft. ; fruit crowded on
upper ends of some leaves.

Male Fern*, Vermifuge. Aspidium Jilix-tnas. 2 ft.; fruit dots round.

Rock. Fern. Aspidium marginal?.
round, near margin of leaflets.

to 2 ft. ;

evergreen ; fruit dots

Plate VI.

Plate VII.

Plate VII.

26. Dicksonia punctilobula (pilosiuscuhi). 2 ft. ; hairy, tapering

gradually to a fine point; roundish sawteeth ; fruit
dots cup-shaped, globular.

Female Fern. Asplenium ftlix-fcemina. 1 to 3
ft. ; smooth, short pointed, sharp toothed ;
fruit dots oblong or half-moon shaped.

There are several varieties, one smaller with
only short sawtoothed leaflets, one larger
with long curved leaflets.

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Plate VII.

Plate VIII.

Plate VIII.

Aspidium boottii. i to 2 ft. ; evergreen, resembling a broad
Aspidium cristatum. but differing in divided leariets and
much smaller fruit dots.

3 1 •

Aspidium spinulosum. 1 to 2 ft. ; sharp spiny toothed : lower leaflets

conspicuous, larger than the others and almost three times divided ;
evergreen.

o--

Asplenium ruta-muraria. 2 to 4 in. ; evergreen.

Plate VIII.

Plate IX.

Plate IX.

33. Commox Brake, Eagle Fern. Pteris aquilina, 2 to 3 ft. high; stem upright; fruit on curled
margin of leaves.

34. Oak Fern. Phegopteris Pry op ter is. 1 ft.

35. Moonavort. Botrychium lunarioides. 3 to 12 in.; leaf-stem from the ground.

36. Botrychium virginicum. 1 to 2 ft. ; leaf from middle of fertile stem.

Plate IX.

Plate X.

Plate X.

37. Maiden Hair Fern. Adiantum pedatum. 9 to 15 in.; upright blackish stem, leaves horizontal.

38. Climbing Fern. Lygodium palmatum. 1 to 3 ft. long.

Plate X.

Plate XI.

EVERGREENS;

Lycopodium and Club-moss.

Plate XI.

1. Swamp Evergreen. Lycopodium lucidulum. 6 to 12 in. ; leaves minutely toothed, growing from

underground creeping stems.

L. sclago. 3 to 6 in.; similar to No. 1 ; leaves not toothed.

L. inundatum. 1 to 4 in.; similar to No. i, but creeping on the surface of ground.

2. Lycopodium complanatum. Creeping, branches Hat.

3. Ground-Pine. L. dendroideum ( obscurum ). 6 to 9 in.; stems creeping underground.

Z. annotinum. 5 to 8 in.; similar to No. 3, but creeping on surface of ground.

4-

Common Club-moss. Z. clavatum. Creeping on surface of ground.

Plate XI.

Illustrated Guide Books,

To facilitate the study of New England Natural History. Each booklet
covers its branch completely, and contains many correct drawings of
each subject.

NOW ISSUED:

A GUIDE TO FIND THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF NEW
ENGLAND.

THE FERNS AND EVERGREENS OF NEW ENGLAND.

IN PREPARATION:

THE DAY BUTTERFLIES AND DUSK FLYERS.

THE BEETLES OF NEW ENGLAND,

THE MOTHS OF NEW ENGLAND.

THE FRESH WATER FISHES.

THE FROGS, TURTLES, AND SNAKES.

Etc., Etc.

Each, oblong 12 mo., paper; net, 50 cents.

BRADLEE WHIDDEN, Publisher, 18 Arch St., Boston.