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FERNS ofthe west

V

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FERNS KNOWN TO
EXLST IN THE WEST, FROM NEBRASKA TO THE PACIFIC
OCEAN AND FROM MEXICO TO SOUTH AMERICA;

ALSO, A FULL ACCOUNT OF THE STRUC-
TURE OF FERNS, THEIR MODE OF
GROWTH, HABITS AND
DISTRIBUTION

( BY )

E. O'OE'ES, DVL.

Published by the Author :

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, U. S. A.
1882.

Palmerston & Lincoln, Printers.

/

"O (3o <?.- • I* '^'v

PREFACE.

The following account of the ferns of the West has been prepared
to enable any one, who is not familiar with Botany, to determine the
names of all the ferns known to exist in the United States west of Kansas,
from Mexico to British America.

Technical terms have been avoided as far as possible, but, for those
which are used, a glossary is provided fully explaining them.

An account of the distribution of ferns in general and ours in
particular, their habits and morphology will be found, giving such
information as will enable anyone to study our ferns intelligently with-
out the use of other works.

That such a work as this is needed, is apparent from the fact that to
determine all our ferns, would require Eaton' s Ferjts of North Afnerica^
or Bot. Cal. Vol. II, Wheeler' s Rep., Gray' s Manual, and various copies
of Torrey Bulletin, costing not less than ^15, or $20. These works are
practically out of the reach of the majority.

Great care has been taken to note in the keys any exceptions that
occur, so that the book may be relied upon as scientifically accurate. It
is too much to hope that it will never fail to lead to the correct
species; for the variations of many species are not accurately known:
but it is hoped that it will describe our species, as far as they are known.
The writer will esteem it a favor to be apprized^ of any inaccuracies in
the work.

The plan upon which our plants are here described, is to place the
most important characteristics of each species first, and to contrast those
of the plants which are most nearly related. The properties which are
common to mai^y, but cannot be worked into the keys, and those which
sometimes do, and sometimes do not, exist in the same plant, though
interesting to a fern-specialist, have no place in a scheme like this, and
so are omitted.

If this attempt at arranging in a cheap and careful way the scattered
materials on this subject, shall remove the useless difficulties that surround
our ferns; shall add to the pleasure of all by providing a satisfactory
means of studying them; and shall lead to a more extensive and thorough
knowledge of plants in general, the labor of preparing this work will be
repaid, and the writer’s purpose will be accomplished.

Marcus E. Jones.

Salt Lake City, Oct. 17, 1881.

-o-

THE

§ I, General.— Feins have attracted the attention of lovers of na-
ture from time immemorial, since their gracefulness, delicacy, and varied
forms place them among the loveliest of plants. The literature of the
day is full of allusions to them ; several great departments of painting
are not complete without them ; in our homes they are most eagerly
sought to heighten the beauty of drawings and paintings, to ornament
the walls, for v/reaths, vases and an infinite variety of uses. It is, there-
fore, not surprising that people turn first to these beautiful plants to learn
their names and manner of growth.

Where shall we find them ? There is scarcely a place from which
they are absent. In the far north and on lofty mountains above the limit
of forests, the delicate bladder-fern and the firmer rock-brake and shield-
fern peep from the rocks or wave over alpine rivulets. The woods, ra-
vines, and rocky dells of the east are lull of their beautiful forms.
From the rocks hang graceful bladder-ferns, blue cliff-brakes, lip-ferns,
polypodys, and spleenworts; while along watercourses and shaded ravines
are multitudes of maiden-hair, brakes, chain-ferns, spleenworts, walking-
leaf, beech-, shield-, ostrich-, sensitive , climbing and flowering ferns. In
the Southern States, especially in Florida, are the most beautiful ferns
of the United States. But it is in the^ tropical countries that they are
the most numerous and attain the greatest perfection. There are the
moss-like Hymenophyllums and stately tree ferns whose great fronds, often
twenty feet long, make a perfect canopy overhead. Between these ex-
tremes are myriads of ferns of all degrees of beauty and size.

^ 2. Our Region. — Of the three thousand species known, over two-

4

FE^NS OF THE WEST.

thirds inhabit the tropics ; nearly two hundred are found in the United
States ; and about seventy in the far West.

Though the ferns of our region are few, they are sought by botanists
and amateurs more than those of any other part of our land, because of
their scarcity, their many peculiarities, and the frequent discovery of
new species, as well as for their beauty.

In the West the lack of moisture has kept away our eastern ferns,
leaving the field open to a few species that are able to resist the drought.
These are very woolly, hairy, or powdery. In the higher mountains and
along the Pacific coast where there is more moisture, a few eastern
ferns grow, together v/ith many others of interest.

§ 3. Habits. — The most favorable localities for the growth of ferns
are damp and shady ravines (where all the larger kinds occur) ; next
come the clefts of wet precipitous rocks, especially where they face to the
north ; here grow the bladder- and rock-ferns, cliff - brakes, the small
spleenworts and shield-ferns ; beneath loose rocks on the mountains
and hills the Woodsias, cliff- and rock-brakes are found ; on the hillsides,
growing like other plants, are the gold-fern, brake, large spleenworts, and
shield-ferns ; around the few springs and watercourses in arid regions
the maiden-hair {A. Capillus- Veneris') grows; and in the north on de-
caying logs, stumps and trees (sometimes two hundred feet above the
ground) grow the polypodys.

§ 4. Mode of Growth. — On examining the under side of a ripe
fern-leaf there will be. found a delicate brown . powder which is composed
of a multitude of small grains, each of which is able to produce one or
more fern plants. These minute seeds do not have little plants already
formed in them as true seeds do, and so they have received the name of
^^spores.”

After a spore has lain in a favorable place for a time, it absorbs water,
swells, bursts its coat, and spreads out over the ground forming a little
green leaf (yprothallhmi) from whose under surface many small hairs grow
downwards and become roots. This little leaf is coniposed of innumer-
able cells (so small that it requires a high magnifying power to discover
them), some of which grow in a peculiar manner. A partition is formed
across the middle making two cells, an upper (^arciiegoniufii) and a lower.
The lower cell fills itself with mucilage which afterwards absorbs water
till it bursts through the under side of the leaf, leaving a little tube be-
hind which leads to the upper cell. On the margin of our little leaf is
a row of still different ceils {ojitlmndici) , which as they grow project be-
low the leaf like little balls. These are filled with still smaller bodies
{antherozoids) floating in them. These are covered with coiled threads,
the front ones having little hairs upon them which, when the cells
{antheridid) burst, move back and forth continually and drive them
through the water (for they do not develop except in water) in one di-
rection. These correspond to the grains of pollen in flowering plants.
As they move through the water, some of them enter the tubes and reach
and fertilize the cells (arckegonia) which immediately begin to grow.
As the cell enlarges it protrudes below the leaf, and a part of it (called
the ^Toot”) fastens upon the leaf drawing nourishment from the other

PE CULIARITIES.

5

cells. By the additional material thus obtained a little fern is soon
formed, with a root stem and leaf of its own. The leaves are very
small at first, but each succeeding one is larger, as the root increases, until
the plant is fully grown.

When the leaf is ready to produce fruit, in certain definite places
(according to the kind of fern) there arise minute projections, half a
dozen or more in a cluster, from the lower side of the leaf. These are
composed of one cell each. As the cell grows, it divides, the one next
the leaf becoming a kind of stalk, while the other divides into five, four
of which enclose the fifth. Each of the four divides into an outer and
an inner cell ; the outer ones form a stout ring, and the inner ones dis-
appear, leaving the fifth cell floating free in the watery fluid which takes
their place. This floating cell continues to grow till it breaks up into a
number of bead-like bodies or cells which are the spores. The case con-
taining the spores is called the spore-case. As this ripens, the ring of
cells shrinks till it cannot endure the strain longer, when it splits cross-
wise (in our ferns) and scatters the spores. These float out upon the air
till they come to rest in some favored spot where they begin anew the
great round of life.

§ 5. Peculiarities. Explanations of Terms Used. — The leaves of
ferns are coiled in a ball in the bud, unrolling as they grow, and growing
only at the tip. This peculiarity has given them the name of “acrogens”
(growing from the top).

As the leaves of ferns are so peculiar, their parts have received
special- names ; the so-called ‘^stem” is named the “stalk,” or “stipe,”
and the leaf-like part the “ frond.” A frond is ^/z/fr^when it is not cut,
toothed, nor divided in the least. It is toothed when the edge is notched
like a saw (it is serrate when the teeth point toward the tip of the frond,
toothed when the teeth point straight out, scalloped or crenate when the
teeth are rounded). It is cut or incised when the edge is gashed deeply
and irregularly. It is lobed when divided about half way to the midrib,
(the midrib is the prolongation of the stalk, the term is also applied to
the midveins of pinnae, pinnules and final divisions. ) It is parted or pin-
natifid when divided almost to the midrib (leaving only a little of the
green part of the frond between the parting and the midrib). It is
divided when cut clean to the rachis (the midrib in all divided fronds is
called the rachis).

Divided fronds are said to be pinnate (because the divisions branch
from the rachis like the veins on a feather; Latin pmna, a feather);
the divisions are called pinna. If the pinnae are themselves divided,
the frond is said to be bi-pinnate, or twice pinnate', and the divisions of
the pinnae are called pinnules (little pinnae ). If the pinnules are divided,
the frond is tri-pinnate , or thrice pinnate, and so on to quadri-pinnate,
etc. Sometimes the frond is so much divided that the final divisions are
only one forty-eighth of an inch long; the primary rachis, in that case,
branches into secondary, tertiary, etc. rachises.

By holding any delicate fern up to the light the midrib (of the
main frond or its divisions) will be seen to branch. These branches are
called veins; and their branches veinlets. The midrib, rachis, veins.

6

FERNS OF THE WEST.

etc., branch in various ways ; sometimes the stalk divides at the top into
two or more rachises, as in the maiden-hair ; at other times there is a
main rachis with alternate (where the branches come out on opposite
sides, but one higher up than the other) or opposite branches. Usually
the veinlets run side by side to the margin, but sometimes branches go
across from one to the other forming a network.

There are various outgrowths from the surfaces of ferns ; some
of them are of the utmost importance. Occasionally fronds bear little
bulbs at the tip, or rarely along the surface ; almost all have chalfy scales
on the rootstock, stalk and rarely on the frond itself : many are covered

with powder, hair or wool : but the most important outgrowths are the

spore-cases {spora?igid). These are by nature transformed hairs, as the
flowers of higher plants are transformed leaves and stems. They spring
from the epidermis (skin of the frond), usually that of the under side of
the frond. They are flat (except in Aneimia) and coiled into a ring
which, at maturity, splits cross-wise and releases the minute spores. The
spore-cases usually are clustered, forming little spots or lines which are
called fruit dots fori). These are often covered by a scaly or papery
substance called the indusiu7n ; often they are collected along the margin
of the frond, which is rolled in so as to cover them, forming a false
indusium called the involucre. Upon the presence or absence of the
indusium and involucre and the arrangement of the fruit-dots, depends
the whole classification of our ferns. It is therefore of the first import-
ance that we know just what the indusium, involucre and fruit-dots are,
and where they are.

Some fronds of all kinds of ferns do not bear, but there are a few
ferns which have two kinds of fronds — those which always bear, and
those which never bear ; the former are called fertile fronds, and the
latter sterile fronds. These two kinds usually differ much in appearance,
but they always spring from the same root. In the polypodys the fruit-
dots are situated at the ends ; in others, at the forks; and in others along
the back of the veinlets or veins (as in the shield and bladder-ferns and
the Woodsias) : in a few they are along the sides of the veins (as in

spleenworts and chain- ferns). They also occur either in clusters or lines
on the ends of the veinlets at the margin of the frond (as in Notholoena.,
the brake, etc).

§ 6. How TO Analyze. — Having provided ourselves with a pocket
microscope (the folding brass “linen provers ” are the best, and cost
only half a dollar; — the writer is not the agent for them, however !) and
having gathered a ripe fern, with the root and sterile fronds, if there
are any, we proceed to learn its name.

Since we know that the fruit is a brown powder, we should search
out the places from which it comes. If, after blowing off the loose
grains, we see that it comes from certain round or roundish spots, which
have no covering (indusium), are not on the very margin of the frond,
but are on the ends of little veinlets in the frond, it is a polypody. If
the fruit-dot is round and covered by an indusium (young fruit-dots
should be examined for the indusium, for the riper ones often obscure it
by the abundance of powder which they discharge) it belongs to the

PE CULIARITIES.

7

tribe Aspidiece. If there is no apparent indusium (it being minute or
on the under side of the fruit-dot), and the fruit-dot is on the back of
the vein (so that it conceals the vein), not on the end, it belongs to the
same tribe. If the fruit-dots are longer than broad, and are either straight
or horse-shoe shaped, are situated on the upper side of the veins (so that
the veins are not concealed by them), and are covered by an indusium
which is closed on the side next the vein and -open on the other, so
forming a little pocket, it is a spleenwort. If the fruit-dots are rather or
very long, parallel to the midrib, and provided with an indusium like
the spleenworts and situated on the side of the veins, it belongs to the
tribe Blechnece. If there appears to be no distinct fruit-dot nor indusium,
but the spores are concealed along the incurved edge of the frond (at
least when the frond is young), it belongs to the tribe PteridecE. But i,
the spores occur along the edge of the frond, and it is not curved over
them (at least when young) and there is no indusium, or if the spores
arise in narrow lines along the veins and are devoid of an indusium, it
belongs to the tribe GrammitidecB. If, however, it does not belong to
any of these, and if the frond is pinnate and the two lower pinnae are
long stalked and bear all the fruit, the upper part of the frond being
sterile, it is an Aneimia. In case this test fails, it must belong to an
entirely different order, the fern -like plants, the Ophioglossacece. In these
plants the young fronds do not unroll as they grow, the upper and fertile
part is very different from the lower and sterile part. In one kind the
lower part looks like an oval * and entire leaf (the whole plant resembles
an orchid); in the other kind the lower part resembles a fern, but the
upper is full of fruit and rolled together.

After analyzing a few ferns, the learner will turn at once to the
key,” which follows, and take up tribe I. If his fern is not a polypody
(described in tribe I) he will turn to tribe II, and so on from tribe to tribe
till he reaches the right one; when this is reached, he will turn to the
genera (kinds of fern, such as NotholcEna, Pte7ds, Lomaria, etc.) passing
from one to the other till the right genus is found. Then he should turn
to the page where the genus is described. Let us suppose that it is the
genus Cheilanthes (lip-fern) and the species Lindhemieri . After reading
the description of the genus, and, being sure of it, the description in
Italics following “ * ” should be read (and that onlyj; as it does not fit
our plant, we skip everything to this likewise does not agree

with the plant in hand, so we turn to ^^***”- this agrees, then we
turn to ” under it; the description here does not fit, so we turn to
-K- -f— ”; as this is the right one, we read under “ -m-”; this not being
right, we read ”; as this is the right description we are now sure

that the plant is C. myriophylla or C. Lindheimeri. We read the descrip-
tion of each and decide that it is Lindheimer’s lip-fern. It takes but a
few minutes to find the correct name of a fern in this way, and it is a
pleasant task ; but if there were no key we should be compelled to read
every description before deciding what our plant’s correct name is.

§ 7- What Next? Having found the correct name of our fern, shall

* See Glossary for definition.

8

FERNS OF THE WEST

we lay it aside and complacently rest from our labors? If we visit a
mining camp for the first time, and learn that there is a smelter near,
we would be strange people if we did not go through it, and not
rest till we understood the purpose and workings of the complicated
machinery in every detail. So with plants; after our introduction to
them (for learning a name is nothing more), we should never cease to
study their habits, their modes of growth, and the uses of every organ in
root, stem and leaf. Many books have been written on ferns, and many
men have spent their lives in research upon them, but the field is hardly
opened, much less explored. Since the field is practically inexhaustible,
yields such rich returns, and its materials lie at every door, let us look
about us with more care, and try to discover and comprehend the subtle
forces which are busy day and night rearing up these beautiful plant
structures which have been the delight of the world from the earliest
ages.

ORDER I.-OPHIOGLOSSACEii.

Fern-like plants. Fronds not rolled up in the young state ; fruit-
bearing portion rising from the sterile part below in spikes or panicles,
and composed of very many large round spore-cases, splitting cross-wise,
and arising from the tissue of the frond (not the epidermis, as in true
ferns). Prothallium developing below the ground.

An order of three genera and twenty species. .

I. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Grape-Fern, Moonwort.

Fronds from a bud enclosed in the stalk of the previous season, not
net-veined, fern-like below ; spore-cases separate, in a double row on the
branches of the fertile part. Growing in wet or boggy places.

Ten species, seven North American.

* Sterile portion 7iot long stalked.

Sterile portion pinnate only.

B. Lunaria L- Sterile portion very short-petioled ; near the middle
of the stalk (which *rises from the ground and bears the fertile part at the
top), oblong, having five to fifteen moon-shaped or fan-shaped obtuse
divisions; veins forking repeatedly; fertile part, two to three times
pinnate. Plant four to ten inches high, fleshy.

Bard Creek, Colorado (Parry). Is found in various parts of the world.

> B. Simplex^ Hitchcock. Sterile portion, short-petioled, near the
base of the stalk, pinnately lobed into three to seven broadly obovate
divisions, or undivided and roundish, (but not net-veined, as in Ophio-
glossuni). Fertile portion once or twice pinnate.

Variety compositum, Milde. A low alpine plant, with sterile
portion about an inch long, of three entire or cut divisions.

California and Yellowstone Park. The typical form in the eastern States and
Europe. Rare.

B. Boroale Milde is credited to Unalaska, but does not reach our limits.

KEY,

9

4^ Sterile portion more than once pinnate,

B. lanceolatlim, Angstroem. Sterile portion sessile near the top
of the stalk, fleshy, three-lobed or parted into three divisions, lance-
olate and cut or toothed ; veins forking from the midrib ; fertile part
bi- to tri-pinnate. Plant three to eight inches high.

Mt. Ouray, Colorado (Brandegee). Lake Superior, New England and Europe.

B, Yirgillianillll, Swartz. Sterile portion sessile above the middle
of the stalk, thin and papery, divided into three parts, each of which
is twice-pinnate at base and twice-parted above. Usually one to two
feet high.

Oregon, Washington Territory, also in Colorado and eastward. In various parts-
of the world,

* * Sterile portion long stalked.

B. teniatum, Swartz. Sterile portion fleshy, many times divided ;
final divisions from round -kidney -shaped to triangular - lanceolate ;
fertile portions bi- to quadri-pinnate.

Yellowstone Park (Parry). California, Oregon and various parts of the world.

II. OFBIOIjLOSSUMj Linn^us. Adder’s Tongue.

Sterile portion. of the frond (in our plant) entire, net-veined ; fertile
portion with two rows of spore-cases grown together in a single spike ;
fronds arising from a bud situated outside of the stalk of the previous

season ; growing in wet and boggy places,

A genus of about twelve species.

0. Vlllgation, L. Sterile portion fleshy, sessile, ovate or elliptical,
entire, one to three inches long.

Arizona, Unalaska, eastern States and various parts of the world. Rather rare.

ORDER IJ.-Fl LI CES .-FERNS.

Plants with fronds which uncoil as they rise from the rootstock,
and produce spore-cases from the epidermis of the under side (in our
plants) of the frond. These spore-cases are collected in lines, or round
or roundish spots (fruit-dots) ; they are either naked or covered by an
indusium, or by the recurved edge of the frond (involucre). Prothallium
growing on the surface of the ground.

A large order of about eighty genera and three thousand species,
found chiefly in the tropical regions. Some are used for food, some for
their medicinal properties, and many are cultivated for ornament. Ferns
are divided into six sub-orders, two of which are represented within our
borders — the Polypodiacece with fifteen genera, and the Schizoeacece with
one genus.

SUB-ORDER I.— POLYPOBIACEdE.

Spore-cases round or flattened somewhat, splitting cross-wise, pro-

10

FERNS OF THE Vi^EST.

vided with an incomplete ring, by whose contraction in ripening the
spore-case is split open and discharges the minute spores.

* Fruit-dots without iudusium or involucre.

Fruit-dots roimd or roundish^ placed between the midrib and margin
on the ends of the veins.

Tribe I. — POLYPOBIEJE.— i. Polypodium.

4— Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of the veins., Indusium none,
or minute or on the imder side of the fruit-dot, and so not evident.

Phegopteris and Woodsia in Tribe VI.

d — Fruit-dots either in lines along the veins, or in lines along the tips
of the veins close to the margin.

Tribe IL— aPAMMIlTDEI^.

2. CrymilOgrailime. — Fruit-dots in lines along the veins.

3- Notiiolsoiia. — Fruit-dots clustered at the tips of the veins along the margin,
and so running in a more or less interrupted line around the edge.

The margin slightly recurved in N. Candida, N. Grayi, N. Hookeri and so approaching Cheil-
anthes, but these three species are white- or yellow-powdery beneath ; Cheilanthes never.

* * Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, with involucre at least when young.

Tribe III.— PTERIDEJE.

4. Elieilautlies. — Fruit-dots minute, involucre usually not continuous around
the final divisions.

Fronds hairy, woolly, or chaffy when the involucre is continuous. Small ferns,

5. Pellsca. — -Fruit-dots close to the ends of the veins, often running together;
involucre thin, continuous around the final divisions. Sterile and fertile fronds much
alike, smooth, rather lead-colored; stalk black.

6. Cryptogramme. — Fruit-dots inclined to run down the veins from their tips ;

involucre broad, light-colored, flattening out as the fern matures. Sterile and fertile
fronds unlike ; stalk light-colored. ^ ^

7. Pteris. — Spore-cases borne on what appears to be a vein running across the

tips of the veins all around the division of the frond. Involucre continuous. Stalk light-
colored. Large ferns, two to six feet high. *

8. Adiailtlim. — The stalk of the final division (unlike the rest of the tribe)
branching at the top into many veins, which run to the edge of the division like the rays
of a fan, therefore no midrib. Outer edge of the final divisions recurved, forming the
involucre.

*** Fruit-dots with indusium (except Nos. 12 and 15 apparently.)

4— Fruit-dots borne on the upper side of a veinlet (or a long receptacle
which resembles it). Indusium attached to the veinlet and open on the
other side, so forming a pocket for the spore-cases.

Fruit- dots rather or very long, straight, parallel with the midrib.

Tribe IV.— BLECmEAE.

9. Lomaria. — Fruit-dots running the whole length of the pinnae. Fertile and
sterile fronds pinnate narrow, unlike.

10. Woodwardia. — Fruit-dots short, forming a chain-like row on each side of the
midrib. Fronds large, broad.

-FH- Fruit-dots straight or curved, short, borne on veinlets that are not
parallel with the midrib.

POLYPODIUM.

II

Tribe V.—ASPLENIEAE. — ii. Asplenium.

4— 4— Fruit-dots round or nearly so, on the backs or occasionally on the
tips of the veinlets.

Tribe VL— ASPIDIEAE.

12. Plieg'Opteris. — Indusium none, or very minute; fruit-dots very small, borne
on the backs of the veinlets.

13. Aspidillin. — Fruit-dots on the back or tip of the veinlets, round or kidney-
shaped, opening all around the edge or nearly so.

14. Cystopteris. — Indusium fixed across the back of the veinlets, splitting away
at the other side and usually turned back like a hood at maturity. Small and very
delicate ferns.

15. Woodsia. Indusium fixed beneath the fruit-dot, splitting into several lobes or
a delicate fringe, borne on the back of the veinlets. Small plants.

SUB-ORDER II, SCHIZ^ACE^.

Spore-cases ovate, opening lengthwise, in two rows.

16. Aneilllia. — Fronds fertile below, sterile above; sterile part long stalked,
twice-pinnate, divisions very narrow. Very peculiar plants, not at all like Sub-order I.

TRIBE I.-POLYPODIE^.

I.* POLYPODIUM, Linnaeus. Polypody,

Stalk jointed to the chaffy, usually creeping and elongated rootstock.
Fronds smooth, and pinnate only in our plants. (The name following
Polypodium and all the other genera and species denotes the person who
described them.)

Named from the Greek, meaning many feet, in reference to the branching rootstock.
A genus of about 350 species, chiefly tropical, 8 in the United States. Several of our
species appear to run together.

* Fronds not divided to or near the 77iidrib ; veinlets free.

1. P. vulgare, L. (The common P.)

Fruit-dots rather large, midway between the midrid and margin of the
divisions; frond almost leathery (thinner in the var.), oblong in outline,
tapering to a point at the top; divisions obtuse or only acute, linear-
oblong, scalloped, toothed, or almost entire. Plant i to 12 or more
inches high.

In canyons in a few places in Colorado; Cottonwood Canyon, Utah; Oregon and
eastward; Europe. Rare in our region.

2. Variety OCcMentale, Hooker. (The western var.)

Divisions long-pointed and toothed toward the tip. Much larger

and thinner than the typical form. Hardly deserves the rank of a variety.
Pacific Coast, San Francisco and northward.

3. P. falcatlim, Kellogg. hooked V.')^

Fruit-dots nearer the midrib than the margin ; divisions tapering
from a broad base to a slender point, more or less curved and toothed.

* The numbers of the genera in the Key are repre^nted here by Roman numerals to avoid confusing
the genera and species.

12

FEIGNS OF THE WEST

Veins mostly with four branches, i to 2 feet high. May run into P.
vulgare.

Usually on trees. Northern California and northward.

* * Fronds divided to the midrib, or very near it ; divisions linear-oblong ;
veinlets usually forming a net-work, at least near the margin.

4. P. Califoriliciini, Kaulfuss. (The Californian P.)

Frond papery, ovate to oblong-lanceolate ; divisions narrowed at
base, but not stalked, upper ones gradually smaller till they become mere
teeth at the tip of the frond ; veinlets 4 to 6, the lowest one bearing an
elliptical or egg-shaped fruit-dot, the upper ones sometimes sending
branches across to each other close to the margin, making a net-work.
Varies greatly. (jP. mteimiedmm, H. & A.)

From Guadalupe Island northward, mostly along the Coast,

5. P. Scoilleri, Hooker and Greville. {Scouled s P.)

Fronds very thick, leathery, fleshy when green, broadly ovate ; di-
visions minutely toothed, blunt, not tapering into the terminal one ;
fruit-dots very large (often one-fifth inch in diameter), near the midrib ;
veinlets forming a series of meshes all along the margin. (P. carnosum,
Kellogg; P. pachyphy Hum, Eaton.)

On stumps and trees, rarely on the ground, Guadalupe Island to British America.

TRIBE IL-GRAMMITIDE^.

II. GrYMNOGRAMME, Desvaux. Gold Fern.

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, and like the veins either undivided or
forked. Fronds pinnate, in our plants three to five angled ; lower pin-
nae twice-parted, nearly as broad as long. Distinguished from Noth-
olaena also by the fine lines of spore-cases that run from the margin to
the midrib like veins, in fronds that are not too mature.

A large genus, two species in the United States. The name, taken from the Greek,
meaning naked spores, in allusion to the lack of indusium.

6. Gr. triangularis, Kaulfuss. (The three cornei'ed G.)

Fronds smooth or granular above in the typical form, densely

covered beneath with a beautiful yellow or white powder: stalks dark-
brown, polished.

Shaded hillsides ; California to Vancouver Island ; common, Ecuador.

7. Variety viscosa, Eaton. (The viscid \2x.')

Frond viscid above.

Southern California.

8. Gr. MspMa, Mettenius. (The stiff-hairy G.)

Frond covered with long, stiff hairs above, woolly and minutely
scaly beneath: stalks grayish, minutely pubescent. ((?. podophylla.
Hooker; G. pedata, Eaton, Rob. Cat.)

New Mexico and Arizona.

HI. NOTHOLAENA, R. Brown. Rock Fern.

Fruit-dots roundish or oblong, soon running together and forming a

NOTHOLyENA.

13

continuous line. Small ferns. Fronds pinnate to quadri-pinnate ; lower
surface almost always hairy, woolly, chaffy, or powdery. Distinguished
from Gymnogramme by the spore-cases being 07t the inargin only, not
running up the veins to the midrib, in young fronds. Distinguished
from Cheilanthes, on the other hand, by the spore-cases not being covered
by an involucre. In three cases, N. caiidida, N. Hookeri, and N. Grayi
the margin is recurved, but not so as to cover the spore-cases; and these
three species are white or yellow-powde7y beneath ; our species of Cheil-
anthes are 7teve7^ pow defy.

Probably from the Greek, meaning spurious involucre, from the slightly recurved
margin in some of t)ie species.

A genus of about 40 species, 1 1 in the United States, all western. Growing in dry,
rocky places.

* Fro7id scaly he7ieath.

9. N. siniiata, Kaulfuss. wavy-77ia7gi7ied^.')

Fronds pinnate, stiff and narrow ; pinnae almost entire, or lobed,
ovate or roundish ; upper surface sprinkled with stellate hairs or divided
scales. 6 to 24 inches high. (iV. Icevis, Mart. & Gal.; N. prumosa, Fee.)
Texas to Arizona, south to Chili.

* * Frond hairy above, densely woolly befieath.

10. N. ferrugiliea, Hooker. (The rusty N.) ^

Fronds pinnate, narrowly lanceolate; pinnae from ^ to ^ inch

long, divided into 6 to 8 small lobes on each side. (iF. rufa, Presl.)
Arizona to Texas, south to Ecuador.

11. N. Parryi, Eaton. (Pa7'7y's N.)

Fronds thrice-pinnate ; final divisions 1-12 inch long.

Resembles Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Clefts of rocks, southern Utah to California.

12. N. Newberryi, Eaton. {Newberrf s N.)

Frond thrice- to quadri-pinnate; final divisions 1-24 inch long.
Very near to No. icf), but with a much finer and denser wool.

Southern California to Guadalupe Island.

* * Fronds white- or yellow-powdery beneath; {also scaly m No. iS.)

4— Fronds pimiate 07ily, green above ; the pin7tcE 7tot stalked; 77iargm of
the fro7id slightly recurved as m Cheila7ithes, but 7iot so as to cover the spore-
cases. Plants a foot high. Stalks s7nooth a7id shming.

13. N. Candida, Hooker. (The shmmg N.)

Fronds triangular or ovate: lowest pinnae elongated, their lowest
divisions again divided ; upper pinnae scarcely separate, passing into
mere lobes at the top, green above, and white- or yellow-powdery beneath;
midrib blackish. (iV. sulphurea. Smith; N. piilveracea, Kunze.)

Texas to California, south to Chili. Known under many names.

14. N. Hookeri, Eaton. {Hooked s N.)

Frond distinctly five-sided, ternate ; the middle division stalked,
the other two sessile, and having on the lower side of each a long, lobed
division, making the trend appear to be divided into five parts. Powder

14

FERNS OF THE WEST

pale-yellow. Resembles Gymnogramme triangularis. {N creiacea, Eaton,
Bot. Mex. Bound; N. Candida y2o:. y-fido-pct^lfnata, Hooker.)

Texas to New Mexico.

-H- -K- Frond bi- to quadid-pinnate. ; pinnce stalked.

^ Frond not less than tri-pinnate ; pinna rather long stalked; final di-
visions oval or elliptical, entire or three-lobed, very small; powder white :
stalks very dark, polished, tufted.

15. N. dealbata, Kunze. whitened

Frond triangular-ovate, quadri-pinnate at base ; pinnae chiefly oppo-
site; rachis straight ; final divisions 1-2410 1-12 inch long. {^Cheilan^
thes , Pursh.)

Kansas to Arizona; on dry, precipitous, chalky rocks.

16. N. lliyea, Desvaux. (The snowy N.)

Frond triangular-ovate, tri-pinnate; pinnae mostly opposite, rachises
nearly straight, final divisions ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or lobed,
smooth and green above, densely white-powdery beneath : spore-cases
brown, often running half-way down the veinlets. Stalks black and
shining. \

Tombstone Mine, Arizona; Mexico.

17. N. Fendleri, Kunze. (^Fendled s^.~)

Fronds often almost five times pinnate ; pinnae alternate ; rachis and
all its branches bent in a zigzag, tangled way; final divisions 1-12 to ^
inch long, often white-dotted or glandular above.

Clefts of rocks, occurring as high as 8,000 feet above the sea. One of the most
beautiful ferns. Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona.

Fronds narrowly lanceolate, bi-pinnate ; pinnce very short stalked,
loiver ones distant; final divisions linear or oblong, not 7nmute.

18. N. LemillOlli, Eaton. (yLemmon' s N.)

Stalks, rachis and all its branches black, shining, almost smooth;
pinnae ^ inch long, broadly triangular; lower pinnules linear, parted or
lobed, upper scalloped and passing into mere lobes of the pinnae ; powder
yellowish ; spore-cases scanty.

Southern Arizona. A very recent discovery.

19- N. Orayi, Davenport. (^Gray's N.)

Stalks cinnamon -colored, minutely pubescent and glandular, and
with scattered, awl-shaped, lacerate, long-acuminate, cinnamon-colored
scales, which extend to the midrib of the pinnules also ; pinnae inch
or less long ; pinnules broadly oblong, white-powdery beneath, margin
slightly lacerate and beautifully white-powdery on the upper side ; spore-
cases very abundant.

Southern Arizona. A very recent discovery.

* * * * Fro7id without scales, powder, hair, or wool.

20. N. teiiera, Gillies. (The delicate N.)

Frond pinnate to tri-pinnate, almost leathery, ovate-triangular;
pinnae chiefly opposite, distant; final divisions ovate or almost heart-
shaped, about 1-12 inch long. Six inches or more high.

In clefts of precipitous rocks. Southern Utah, near St. George, (Parry & Palmer).
Very rare. Also in Bolivia and Chili.

CHEILANTHES.

15

TRIBE IIL-PTERIDE^.

IV. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip -Fern.

Fruit-dots not very evident. Involucre almost always broken up by
the cuts or lobes on the final divisions, often with a whitish papery pro-
longation. Final divisions very minute or small. Bi- to quadri-pinnate
ferns. {See Notholcena for three exceptional species.')

Sixty species in the United States. Growing in the clefts of rocks. Some species
approach Notholsena very closely, but the margin is always slightly recurved, at least.
Greek lip -flower, from the shape of the indusium.

* Involucres situated between the teeth of the final divisions.

21. C. Califorilica, Mettenius. (The Californian C.)

Fronds quadri-pinnate, very broadly ovate, smooth; all the rachises
but the primary one winged ; lower pinnae more developed on the lower
side; final divisions lanceolate, cut or toothed, very acute, teeth often

recurved; involucres crescent-shaped, thin and papery. {Hypolepis ,

Hooker.)

Damp and shady canyons along the coast; Santa Cruz, California to Sonora, Mexico.

** Involucres not situated between the teeth of the final divisions, extend-
ing over the tips of several veinlets, but not in an unbroken line all around
the final divisions.

-K- Frond not glandular, usually smooth.

-5-i- Frond bright green, pinnate ; pinnce tivice-parted, but not divided.

22. c. Wriglltii, Flooker. ( Wright's C.)

Fronds ovate-oblong; pinnae about five pairs, deltoid, distant. Stalk
black. 3 to 5 inches high.

Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

Fronds bi- or tri-pinnate. Texture firm. 6 to 12 inches high.

23. C. niicropliylla, Swartz. (The small leaved C.)

Frond often tri-pinnate, smooth or slightly pubescent, broadly lan-
ceolate ; lowest pair of pinnae the largest ; final divisions deeply cut : stalks
dark-brown, rusty-pubescent on the upper side: involucre of the same
color as the frond.

Florida, Arkansas and New Mexico; south to Chili; common in the West Indies.

24. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. (The Alabama C.)

Frond bi-pinnate, narrowly lanceolate, nearly smooth; lowest pair of
pinnae not larger than those next above ; final divisions with a little lobe
on one side, or, in larger specimens, with several lobes or teeth : stalks
black, smooth, woolly at base: involucre light colored, papery. Closely

resembles No. 23. {Fte?ds , Buckley; Pellcea , Baker.)

Texas to Alabama and Virginia,

-K- 4— Frond very glandular and sticky, not hairy.

25. C. viscida, Davenport. (The sticky C.)

Frond narrowly oblong, pinnate; pinnae 4 to 6 pairs, distant, nearly
sessile, broadly triangular, twice parted; divisions toothed, the teeth

i6

FERNS OF THE WEST,

recurved and covering one to three spore-cases. 6 to lo inches high.
Makes a very close approach to Notholaena.

Eastern side of the Sierras at San Gorgonio Pass, California, (Parry).

^ Frond glandular and evidently hahy, not woolly.

26. €. leilCO|}OCla, Link. (The white -powdery C.)

Frond deltoid-ovate, quadri-pinnate at base, simpler upwards ; lowest
pair of piniice deltoid-ovate, the upper oblong ; pinnules stalked, oblong:
final divisions minute and rounded; when fertile, with a strongly recurved
margin. Pubescence short and glandular. Stalks straw colored. 6 to
7 inches high.

New Mexico, Texas and Mexico. Rare.

27. C. viscosA, Kaulfuss. (The glutinous C.)

Has a nearly black stalk, and smaller and stiffer frond; otherwise as No. 26. May occur in New
Mexico or Arizona.

28. C. Cooperae, Eaton. {^Mrs. Cooped s C.)

Frond ovate-lanceolate, bi-pinnate; pinnae oblong-ovate; pinnules
roundish-ovate, scalloped and cut, the ends of the lobes recurved when
young, unrolled afterwards and exposing the spores. Stalk and frond
with whitish, jointed, often gland-tipped hairs. Closely resembles C.
vestita of the eastern States, but that is devoid of gland-tipped hairs.

Santa Barbara, Sierra Valley, etc., California.

* * * Involucre extending in an unbroken line all around the rounded,
7ninute, final divisions. Fi'onds hi- to tri-pinnate, scaly or woolly.

^ Frond densely woolly beneath, not evidently scaly, pubescent above,
thrice -pinnate in well developed specimens. Stalks woolly. Itvolucre
narrow.

29. c. lailllgiliosa, Nuttall. (The woolly C.)

Frond hairy above, or nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate ; lowest pinnae
deltoid ; final divisions 1-24 inch long and broad, the one on the end of
the pinnae or pinnules slightly longer than broad ; involucre very narrow,
of the same color as the frond. 4 to 8 inches high. (C. lanosa, Eaton;
C. gracilis, Mettenius.)

Illinois to the Oquirrah Mountains, Utah ; south to Arizona ; north to British America.

30. C. toilieiltosa. Link. (The matted-woolly C.)

Frond woolly above, oblong-lanceolate; pinnae ovate-oblong; final
divisions nearly round, 1-24 to 1-16 inch long, the one on the end of the
divisions twice larger; involucre light-colored, papery. 12 to 24 inches
high.

Texas to North Carolina.

Frond woolly and scaly beneath.

Frond scaly only on the rachis and its branches. Stalks scaly when
young, not hairy.

31. C. Eatoni, Baker. (Eaton’s C.)

Frond oblong-lanceolate, tri-pinnate, woolly above, wool often very
dense; final divisions 1-24 inch long, rounded, the terminal one often
twice as large and obovate ; involucre very narrow, hidden by the reddish-

CHEILANTHES.

17

yellow wool. Scales entire. 6 to 18 inches high. (^C. tomentosa^lAoQY.^x.')
South from Manitou (Colorado) to Texas and Arizona.

32. c. griicillillia, Eaton. (The very slender C.)

Frond smooth above, or nearly so, linear-oblong, bi-pinnate ; pinnae
with about nine oblong-oval pinnules which are about 1-12 inch long and
covered beneath with pale, reddish-yellow, matted wool ; involucre yel-
lowish-brown. Scales entire. Rootstock many branched, forming a
tangled mass. 4 to 8 inches high. (C. vestlta^ Erackenridge, U. S. Ex-
pedition.)

From the Yosemite (California) to British Columbia, and westward to the coast.

33. C. Davenport. (Earis/ls C.)

Frond scantily long-woolly on both sides, oblong-lanceolate; pinnae
ovate-oblong ; final divisions three-lobed ; involucre very narrow, scarcely
concealing the spore-cases. Scales jagged or toothed on the edges. Root-
stock short. 7 to 10 inches high. Resembles No. 29.

Near San Bernardino, California. A recent discovery.

^ ^ Divisions scaly beneath as well as the slalh, rachis and its branches.
Involucre very evident.

34. C. myriopliyilsi, Desvaux. (The many-leaved C.)

Rootstock very short, its scales narrow, stiff, dark-brown. Frond

oblong-lanceolate, almost smooth above, densely scaly and woolly be-
neath; scales hairy on the margin, those on the final divisions having
long, twisted hairs; final divisions innumerable, 1-24 inch long, roundish,
crowded. 5 to 14 inches high. (C. elegans, Desv.; C. paleacea^ Mart,
and Gal.)

Lake County (California) to Nevada; south to Chili. India.

35. C. Lilldheiineri, Hooker. {Lindheimed s C.)

Rootstock slender, elongated, branched ; its scales ovate and rusty.
Frond ovate-lanceolate, upper side white-woolly ; final divisions roundish-
pear-shaped, 1-48 inch broad. Scales of the rachis and its branches hairy
at base, those on the final divisions gradually passing into wool.

Arizona to Texas.

j^j^j^Prond scaly only^ tri-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, smooth above ; final
divisions 1-24 inch broad.

36. C. Fendleri, Hooker. (Eendler’s C.)

Scales of the rachis like those on the stalk, slender, minute ; those on
the rest of the frond broadly-ovate, brown, margin white, not hairy on
the edge, overlapping each other and the minute (less than 1-24 inch
long), beaded, round, final divisions; each division usually with one broad
scale : involucre very prominent. 5 to 9 inches high.

Glen Eyrie (Colorado) to Texas and Arizona.

37- C. Clevelandii, Eaton. (Cleveland's C.)

Scales densely crowded, ovate, tapering to a sharp point, cinnamon-
brown, half as large as those in No. 36, beautifully hairy on the edge ;
final divisions nearly round, flattish; involucre narrow. 6 to 12 inches

high-

Near San Diego, California; also in Lower California.

C. ARGENTEA, Kunze. (The silvery C.) Is reported from Alaska.

i8

FERNS OF THE WEST.

V. PELLiEA, Link. Cliff-Brake.

Fruit-dots oblong or roundish, soon running together. Small ferns.
(Greek dusky, from the dark stalk.)

A genus of about 50 species. Most of them in South Africa; some in tropical
America, and 1 1 in the United States.

* Fronds pinnate, stnooth, thin; veins easily seen; involucre broad.
Rootstock short.

38. P. Breweri, Eaton. (Ereweds P.)

Pinnae entire, or two-lobed or parted, oblong-ovate ; veins more than
once-forked. Stalks breaking up into many joints. Involucre light-
colored. Sterile pinnae broader. Rootstock very short and thick.
California and Arizona to Utah and southern Colorado. Clefts of rocks.

39. P. gracilis, Hooker. (The slender P.)

Frond very thin and delicate; lower pinnae once- or twice-parted
into three to five divisions; fertile divisions oblong or linear-oblong,
entire or sharply cut; divisions of sterile fronds obovate or ovate, scal-
loped or cut ; veins of the fertile fronds usually once-forked. Rootstock
very slender. Stalks not breaking into joints. 3 to 6 inches high.

On shaded limestone rocks, Vermont to Colorado. Asia. Rare in the West.

* * Fronds leathery ; veins not easily seen; involucre very evident.

4— Final divisions obtuse or acute, not having a sharp point or prickle at
the tip.

Fronds never tri-pinnate.

40- P. atropiirpiirea? Link. (The dark purple P.)

Smooth, except a few hairs on the stalk and midrib. Frond pinnate
(lower pinnae sometimes pinnate) : fertile divisions linear or oblong ;

sterile sometimes oval, usually entire, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at

base; veins forking only twice. 6 to 18 inches high. (Eteris , L. ;

Allosorus , Kunze.)

Clefts of perpendicular rocks. Colorado (rare), to Arizona and Mexico. Through-
out the eastern States.

41- P» aspera. Baker. (The rough P.)

Frond bi-pmnate, very rough on both sides with short, stiff, straight
or branched white hairs ; pinnae and pinnules deltoid-lanceolate ; edges

of the involucre scalloped. 6 to 9 inches high. (Cheilanthes ,

Hooker.)

New Mexico to Texas.

^ ^Fronds tri- to quadri-pinnate. (No. 42 is rarely bi-pinnate.)

42. P, andrometefolia, Fee. (ThQ Ajidromeda-leavedV.')
Rootstock slender. Frond ovate, chiefly tri-pinnate; final divisions

2-12 to -5-12 inch long, oval, slightly heart-shaped, notched at the end,
often sessile, almost fleshy; fertile divisions often with the edges rolled
up to the midrib; veins numerous, parallel; involucres thin, white-mar-
gined. 4 to 24 inches high. (Eteris and Allosorus , Kaulfuss.)

California to Arizona. Chili. South Africa,

43. Variety pubescens, Baker. (The/^to^:^_>^/ var.)

Final divisions usually larger than in the typical form, and often

FELL^EA.

19

more heart-shaped ; rachis finely pubescent and almost glandular.

San Diego (California), Arizona, New Mexico, Rare.

44- P. pulchella, Fee. (The preUy P.)

Rootstock very short. Frond quadri-pinnate at base, triangular-
ovate; final divisions ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, 1-12 to 1-4 inch long,
always stalked, smooth, edges often much rolled up; involucre thin.
Rachis and all its divisions black, polished. 6 to 18 inches high, (^Al~

losorus , Mart. & Gal.)

^ New Mexico to Peru.

divisions very sharp-pointed or prickly.

45. P. ternifolia, Link. (The P. with leaves divided in threes.')
i'ronds pinnate; lower pinnae three-parted.

May occur in Texas or Arizona. Mexico to Peru.

-w- Rootstock short and thick. Frond bi-pmnate, smooth ; fertile pinnules
rolled up to the midrib.

46. P. Wrightiana, Hooker. (The P. dedicated to Wright.)
Pinnules spreading, not exceeding six pairs; sterile ones broadly

oval, nearly ^ inch long, rounded or heart-shaped at base, obtuse but
with a minute, sharp point or prickle. Fronds lanceolate. Scales on the
rootstock dark-brown. 8 to 12 inches high. {F. mucronata, Baker; F.
Weddelliana, Fee.)

Colorado to Texas, Arizona and California.

47- P. bradiyptera, Baker. (The small fern.)

Pinnae very short, often broader than long, ascending or pressed close
to the rachis; pinnules 5 to 13 to each pinna, to inch long, crowded;
frond narrowly oblong-linear. Scales on the rootstock rusty, toothed.

12 to 18 inches high. (^F. Ornithopus^ var. , Eaton.)

Sierras, California, Rocky places.

^Fronds tri-pinnate (in well developed plants).

48. P. Ornitliopus, Hooker. (The bird footed Y .)

Fronds very stiff; pinnae linear, lower ones often fz the length of
the frond ; pinnules with 3 to 7 divisions, not exceeding inch long,
margins rolled up to the midrib, the rare sterile divisions four-sided.
Rootstock very thick and short.

Dry, rocky hillsides; throughout California, especially near the coast. Guadalupe
Island.

49. P. densa, Hooker. (The close-set P.)

Rootstock slender, branching, tangled. Frond ovate, to 2^
inches long: final divisions inch long, linear-lanceolate; fertile entire,
sterile sharply toothed; margins slightly recurved: involucre light-

colored. Usually very small, growing at high elevations. (^Onychmm
, Brackenridge.)

Utah and western Wyoming to California and Oregon. Rocky places.

*** Fronds leathery ; veins hidden; final divisions broad and fiat; im>o-
lucre very narrow.

50. p. Bridgesii, Hooker. {^Bridges' P.)

Fronds pinnate; pinnae mainly opposite, sterile ones round, at first

20

FERNS OF THE Tf'EST.

folded together and so half-moon-shaped, glaucous; involucre narrow,
whitish, soon unrolled and exposing the spore-cases. Stalks dark-brown.
Scales on the rootstock very narrow, upper half or two-thirds hair-like,
often cleft. 6 to 12 inches high.

Crevices of rocks. Sierras, California.

51. P. flexuosa, Link. (The easi’ly bending P.)

Fronds bi- or tri-pinnate; final divisions broadly ovate or heart-
shaped, very obtuse ; involucre at length flattened out and exposing the
spore-cases. Rachis and its branches bent in a zigzag way. Stalks red- *
dish. 6 to 24 inches or more long. {Allosorus , Kaulfuss; P. inter-

media, Kuhn.)

Texas to Arizona; south to Peru.

- VI. CB-TPTOGPAMME, R. Brown. RocK-feRAKE.

Fruit-dots round or oblong, soon running together. Fronds smooth;
the sterile ones with ovate or obovate toothed or cut divisions, tri- to
quadri-pinnate ; fertile ones taller than the sterile, long-stalked, less
divided; the divisions linear or oblong-linear, pod-like. Occasionally
the upper part of the fertile frond is sterile. (Greek iox hidden-spore si)

A genus of two species, one American and one European.

52. C. acrosticRoides, R. Brown. (The Acrostichum-like C.)

Sterile fronds leathery, dark-green, scalloped or toothed; fertile

yellowish and thinner. (A/iosorus , Sprengel.)

In dense tufts among rocks, California to Colorado and Lake Superior; north to
latitude 56° or 60°. It has been found growing above timber line (12,000 feet above the
sea) in Colorado.

VII. PTEE-IS, Linnaeus. Brake. Bracken.

Fronds in our species large; veins free. (Greek wmg, because the
fronds are pinnate, feather-like.)

A large genus, chiefly tropical, A very few species in the southern States.

53. P. aqilililia, Linnaeus. (The P. iihe an eagle' s beak.)

Frond 2 to 3 feet long and broad, almost leathery, smooth in the

typical form, bi- to quadri-pinnate at base; lowest pinnae rather long-
stalked; pinnules oblong-lanceolate or linear-halberd-shaped, entire or
pinnately parted: final divisions oblong or linear, obtuse; terminal ones
rather long, tapering; veins much forked. Stalks solitary, erect, light-
colored, naked, swollen at base. Rootstock large, thick, having the
partly decayed woody remains of the stalks of previous seasons.

Thi'oughout the United States; less common westward. Various parts of the world.

In wet or damp places. Young fronds and rootstocks often used for food.

54. Variety IjllliigillOSa, Bong. (The woolly variety.)

Lower side of fronds silky or woolly; final divisions broad.

Common in California, east to Colorado. Merely a western form of the species.
Very often grows on dry hillsides, and is six feet high.

LOMARIA,

21

VIII. ADIANTUM, Linnaeus. Maiden-Hair.

Chiefly smooth ferns, i to 2^ feet high, of graceful aspect. Stalk
black, polished. Final divisions never narrow. (Greek unwctted, the
fronds shed rain because they are oily.)

A genus of 67 species, mostly tropical.

* Stalks forked.

55. _A. pedatum, L. (The A. like a foot.')

Rachises bearing, on the outside, 6 to 14 pinnate divisions; pinnules
oblong, lobed or cleft, short-stalked ; main vein running along the lower
side of the pinnule which therefore appears one-sided.

Common in the coast ranges; less frequent in the Sierras, where it reaches an alti-
tude of 7,000 feet at Summit (Jones.) Very rare in the Rocky Mountains (Cottonwood
Canyon, Utah; Watson). North to Unalaska and east to the Atlantic. Japan, etc.

* * Stalks not forked. Fronds ovate to oval in outline, bi- to quadri-
pinnate at base, simpler upwards.

56. A. CapilillS- Veneris, L. (Latinized Maiden-Hair.)

Final divisions wedge-shaped at base with nearly straight sides,
obovate or broader, scalloped and finely toothed ; involucres separated,
oblong. Fronds delicate, smooth, -usually drooping, upper half or third
only pinnate.

Around springs and in damp canyons; southern California, Arizona, southern Utah,
southern States and various parts of the world.

57. A. emarginatllill, Hooker. (The notched A.)

Final divisions smooth or nearly so, almost semi-circular, sometimes
wedge-shaped at the very base ; sides concave, slightly cut ; involucres
almost continuous. Stalks rather stout. Not drooping.

In canyons; from San Diego (California) to Oregon, in the coast ranges.

58. A. tricliolepis, Fee. (The velvety A.)

Final divisions hairy on both sides; involucres very velvety. Root-
stock creeping ; with linear, acuminate, tawny scales.

Rocky ravines. Western Texas to Yucatan. May have been collected by Nuttall
at Monterey, California.

TRIBE IV.-BLECHNET.

IX. LOMAEIA, WiLLDENOw. Deer-Fern.

Sterile fronds with pinnae rather broad ; veins free. Fertile fronds
with very narrow pinnae ; veins often forming a series of meshes on each
side of the midrib. (Greek for a border, on account of the long indiisium?)

A genus of about 45 species, chiefly tropical. Evoi'green.

59. L. 8pica,llt, Desvaux. (The pointed L.)

Sterile fronds smooth, almost linear, tapering at both ends ; stalk
scarcely any ; pinnae oblong or oblong-linear, curved upwards. Fertile
fronds very narrow, long-stalked ; pinnae sessile by an abruptly widened

22

FEENS OF THE WEST

base. Rootstock short, thick, chaffy. 2 to 3 feet high. (^Osmunda ,

L.; Blechnum boreale, Swartz.)

Damp canyons; Santa Cruz (California) to Oregon, in the coast ranges. A pecu-
liar fern.

60. Variety serratlim, Wollaston. (The toothed variety.)

Margins strongly and doubly serrate.

Deep ravines, Multoonal Co., Oregon (Howell).

A very peculiar form [Blechnum doodioides, Hooker), found in British Columbia,
had the lower half of the fronds sterile and the upper half fertile, and the fruit-dots
broken up into several short ones on each pinna.

X. WOODWAB-DIA5 Smith. Chain-Fern.

Veins forming oblong meshes on each side of the midrib, at least.
Tall ferns. Dedicated to Woodward.

A genus of 5 or 6 species. Two or three Asiatic, the rest American.

61. W. radicans, Smith variety Americana, Hooker. (The
rooting h.., American variety.)

Fronds pinnate, almost leathery; pinnte parted ; 8 to 15 inches long,
2 to 4 wide; final divisions triangular - lanceolate, curved, acuminate,
spiny-toothed; fruit-dots close to the midrib. Rootstock stout, rising
somewhat above the ground. 4 to d feet high. ( W. Cha?nissoi, Brack-
enridge; W. spinulosa, Martens.)

Mendocino County (California), southward in the coast ranges and the Sierras; ex-
tending to Guatamala. The typical European form has a bud at the tip of the frond.

TRIBE V.-ASPLENIE^.

XI. ASPLENIUM, Linnaeus. Spleenwort.

Fruit-dots sometimes on the lower side of the veinlets also. Veins
free in our species. (Greek against spleen^ because of their reputed
remedial qualities.)

A genus of 300 species; 18 in the United States.

* Indusium straight. Fr-onds pinnate ; pinnce very numerous, almost
sessile. Small ferns.

62. A. TricllOHianes, L. (The A. like Trichomanes.')

Stalks I to 5 inches long, nearly black, and narrowly winged as well
as the rachis. Fronds 2 to 8 inches long, evergreen, linear, rather rigid ;
pinnae round, oval or oblong ; base wedge-shaped or truncate, entire or
minutely scalloped; fruit- dots 3 to 6 on each side of the midrib; indu-
sium very delicate, scalloped or entire. Rootstock thick and short.

Clefts of rocks. Rare in the west. California, Colorado, Oregon, Washington Ter-
ritory. Common in the eastern States. Throughout the temperate zone.

63. Variety mclsiiili, Moore. (The cut variety.)

Pinnae cut-lobed; lobes often scalloped.

Southern California.

64. A. paryilllim, Martens and Galeotti. (The vefj small A.)

Stalks short. Fronds almost linear, stiff-papery ; pinnae very many.

PHEGOPTERIS.

23

oblong, small, entire or minutely scalloped, enlarged at the base on the
upper side, middle ones largest, lower smaller and bent down. 4 to 8
inches high. {A. trkhomanoides, Mett.; A. eheneum, Eaton, Mex. Bound.)

Texas to Florida. Rare. Resembles A. ebeneum closely.

65. A. viriile, Hudson. (The A.)

Stalks reddish-purple at base; rachis green, narrowly winged, with
a few black hairs: frond linear, not evergreen, thin ; pinnae very broadly
ovate or oblong, deeply scalloped ; fruit-dots i to 3 on each side of the
midrib. Rootstock slender, creeping. Scales at base of the stalk lanceo-
late,.acuminate, with beautiful black striae and meshes.

Northern Rocky Mountains and eastward. Clefts of rocks.

66. A. septeiltriOMale, Hoffmann. (The A. of the north.)

Fronds in dense tufts, grass-like; with 2 to 5 long -linear, acute

divisions. Fruit-dots long, two or three to a division, next to the mar-
gin. 2 to 4 inches high. Closely resembles a bunch of grass: unlike
any other fern of our region.

Colorado and New Mexico. Europe and India. Rare.

* * Fruit- dots tisitally curved or horse-shoe-shaped. Large ferns.

67. A. Filix-foBBlilia, Bernhardi. {^Female- Fern.)

Fronds once- to tri-pinnate, thin, acuminate; fruit-dots near the
midrib. 2 to 4 feet high.

Variety anglistimi, Eaton. (The narrow variety.)

Fronds almost bi-pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, bent upwards ; divisions
oblong, scalloped or toothed. Fruit-dots very many, i to 3 feet high.

California, Utah and eastward. In damp, shady places.

68. Variety latifolilllll. Hooker. (The broad-leaved variety.)

Frond almost bi-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate; pinnae oblong-linear.

Secondary rachis winged. Final divisions broadly ovate, obtuse, often
doubly serrate. 2 to 3 feet high.

Oregon. In damp, shady places.

69. Variety coniimiiie, Eaton. (The coininon variety.)

Frond bi-pinnate; pinnae long; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
cut or serrate. About 2 feet high.

Throughout the United States. Damp, shady places.

70. Variety cyclosOlTllll, Ruprecht. (The variety with rounded
fruit-dots. )

Fronds very large, about 5 feet high, bi-pinnate; pinnules almost
parted; fruit-dots roundish ; indusium very short, small.

Oregon and Vermont. Damp, shady places.

TRIBE VI -ASPIDIE^.

XII. PHEGOPTEEIS, Fee. Beech-Fern.

Stalks not jointed to the rootstock. Our ferns have free veins; fruit-
dots near the margin; fronds very thin and papery, bright-green. This
was formerly united with Polypodium. (Greek for beech-fer?i.)

A^^genus of about 100 species, 4 North American.

24

FERNS OF THE WEST.

* Fronds pinnate., or several times parted.

71. Pe alpestris, Mettenius. alpine V .')

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, pinnate; pinnae twice-
parted, deltoid-lanceolate; final divisions from ovate-oblong to lanceo-
late, twice cut or toothed. Rootstock short' and thick. i to 3 feet high,

i^Potypodiiun , Hoppe ; Aspidium , Swartz. )

Around rocks in dense patches; Lassen’s Pealc (California) to British Columbia.
Europe. Resembles Asplenium Filix-foemina.

72. p. polypodioMes, Fee. (The P. like Fotypodium.)

Fronds twice-parted, deltoid-ovate, hairy on the veins; lowest pair
of primary divisions turned downwards; final divisions oblong, entire,
obtuse. Rachis winged. Rootstock very slender. 8 to 18 inches high.
^Foly podium Fhegopteris, L. )

Damp woods. Said to occur at San Jose (California). In the Rocky Mountains
and eastward. Alaska. Europe and Asia.

* * Fronds divided into three stalked, once- or twice-pinnate divisions.

73. P. Bryoptcrls, Fee. {PY\\q.Y. like Dry Opteris. Oak-Fern.)
Fronds smooth; divisions triangular; final divisions oblong, toothed

or entire, obtuse. {Folypodium , L.)

Damp woods. Oregon and eastward.

XIII. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fern. Wood-Fern.

Indusium attached to the center of the fruit-dot by a short stalk, or
attached on one side at the margin. Veins free in our species. (From
the Greek, meaning a little shield, in allusion to the indusium.)

A genus of over 3CX) species, chiefly tropical ; 23 species in the United States.

* Indusium kidney-shaped or round, fixed by one side.

-i— Veins forking but once. Tlirn or papery ferns. Fronds pinnate ; fruit-
dots close to the margin. Rootstock thick, creeping.

74. A. Nevadense, Eaton. (From the Sierra Nevadas.)

Stalks short. Fronds narrowly lanceolate, pinnate; lower pinnae
gradually reduced in size, linear-lanceolate, broad at base, almost sessile,
deeply cut ; final divisions oblong, nearly entire, obtuse, somewhat hairy
on the veins, resinous dotted ; indusium minute, hairy, glandular. 2 to
3 feet high.

Shady and moist places in the Sierras of California. Resembles A. Noveboracense,
except in the rootstock.

75. A. patens, Swartz. (The open A.)

Fronds ovate-oblong, softly pubescent; lower pinnae not reduced,
linear, acuminate, pinnately parted; final divisions oblong, somewhat

acute ; indusium very pubescent. i to 3 feet high. (yNephrodium ,

Desvaux.)

In canyons; southern California, Texas to Florida and southward. Polynesia and
South Africa.

Veins forking freely ; frond not papery ; rachis usually scaly, as well
as the stalk. Rootstock short and thick.

ASFiniUM.

25

76. A. fragrans, Swartz. (The fragrant A.)

Frond pinnate, narrowly lanceolate, glandular, fragrant, small ;
pinnse parted, linear-oblong; final divisions oblong, obtuse, usually
toothed, almost covered beneath with very large over-lapping indusia
which are round and glandular on the edge. 4 to 12 inches high.

Northern Rocky Mountains and eastward.

77. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. (The Male-Fern.)

Frond once- to twice-pinnate, smooth, broader; pinnae lanceolate,
acuminate from a broad base ; final divisions oblong, obtuse, toothed at
the tip, lower ones cut ; fruit-dots large, near the midrib ; indusium

smooth, round -kidney-shaped. i to 3 feet high. {^Nephrodium ,

Richard.)

In damp canyons. Rare. Colorado and northward, thence eastward. In various
parts of the world.

78. A. rigidiilll, Swartz, variety argiitmil^ Eaton, (The stiff
pungent variety.)

Fronds bi-pinnate, ovate or triangular-lahceolate, smooth, glandular
beneath; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lowest broadest; final divisions
oblong, cut or doubly serrate, teeth tipped with small bristles ; veins very
prominent; fruit-dots large, nearer the midrib than the margin; indu-
sium round, glandular around the edge. Dried fronds fragrant, i to 3
feet high. (^A. argutum, Kaulfuss.)

Shaded canyons and hillsides. Oregon to Mexico, chiefly in the coast ranges.

79. A. spinillosillll, Swartz, variety dilatatlim, Hornemann. (The
bristly A., dilated variety.)

Frond bi- to tri-pinnate, ovate; pinnules toothed or cut, lanceolate-
oblong, set obliquely on their winged rachis ; lobes bristly toothed ;
indusium small, smooth. Scales on the stalk brown, with a dark center.
I to 3 feet high. {A. dilatatum, Swartz.)

Damp woods; Oregon and eastward.

A. Oreopteris, Sav., occurs in Unalaska, but does not reach our limits.

* * Indusium round, fixed by the center.

Fronds bristly toothed ; pinnoe enlarged al the base on the upper side.
4H- Fronds pinnate, leathery; pmnce only toothed (cut only in No. 84);
veins not uniting at the tip.

80. A, LoiicMtis, Swartz. (The spear-like A.)

Fronds scarcely stalked, linear-lanceolate, very stiff and leathery;
pinnae lanceolate, curved, an inch long, teeth dense and long, bristle-
tipped ; fruit-dots touching each other and near the margin. 9 to 20
inches high.

Usually at high altitudes, along streams and in clefts of wet rocks. Colorado, Utah,
British Columbia and eastward. Europe and Asia. Not common.

81. A, nillllitlllllj Kaulfuss. anned K.)

Stalks often a foot long. Fronds lanceolate, almost leathery; pinnae
linear-acuminate, 3 to 4 inches long, sharply and doubly serrate ; bristles
pressed close to the frond and pointing forward. In the typical form the
fruit-dots are abundant and midway between the midrib and margin, and
the rachis shaggy with reddish-brown chaff and scales. 2 to 5 feet high.

Nutka, through Oregon and California to Guadalupe Island.

26

FERNS OF THE WEST,

82. Variety nildatlllll, Eaton. (The bare variety.)'

Rachis and usually the stalk devoid of chaff and scales ; pinnae few,
short, oblong-oval ; fruit-dots few, at the ends of the uppermost pinnae.
Yosemite (Wood), and Moore’s Flat, California. A rare form.

83. Variety imtolcailSj Eaton. (The overlapping

Pinnae overlapping each other, oblong-lanceolate ; fruit-dots nearer
the margin ; stalk with brown, shining scales, otherwise naked.

California; Red Mt. (Kellogg), Trinity River (Wood), and Sierras (Mrs. Austin).

84. Variety iiiciso»serratllIll, Eaton. (The cut-serrate variety.)
Frond large; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, deeply cut and serrate ;

fruit-dots scattered.

Only from British Columbia, so far.

85. A. jnglandifolilllE, Kunze. walnut-leaved El)

Pinnae 3 to 13, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, terminal ones the largest,

all finely serrate, smooth; fruit-dots scattered in several irregular rows
between the midrib and margin. Lower pinnae stalked. 6 to 24 inches
high.

Western Texas. Common farther south to Tropical America.

^-^Fronds ahnost or fully bi-pinnate.

86. A. acilleatlim, Swartz. (The bristly A.)

Pinnae crowded, lanceolate from a broad base, curved, parted or
divided ; final divisions entire, serrate, or cut ; under surface chaffy ; fruit-
dots nearer the midrib : stalks and rachis very chaffy. i to 3 feet high.
In the typical form, fronds lanceolate and pinnae enlarged at base on the
upper side.

California; Santa Cruz (Bolander), Ukiah (Kellogg). Europe.

87. Variety Callforilicillllj Eaton. (The Californian variety.)
Fronds thin, narrowed at base, elongated ; pinnae, cleft at the base and

but slightly cut above ; upper side of the base of the pinnae not greatly
enlarged. {^A. Calif ornicum, Eaton.)

California; Santa Cruz (Bolander), Ukiah (Kellogg).

88. Variety lol)*ltlllll9 Kunze. (The Icbed variety.)

Fronds lanceolate; pinnae lanceolate, base broad, divided into
distinct and sessile pinnules, some of the lowest enlarged at base on the
upper side. (Varieties lobatwn and intermedium, Hooker.)

Santa Cruz and Mendocino County, California. Europe.

89. Variety ailgiilarej Braun. (The angled variety.)

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, fully bi-pinnate; pinnules stalked, some-
what cut, lowest ones largest and parted. {A. angulare, Willdenow.)
Santa Cruz, California. In damp ravines.

90. Variety scopilllllllMj Eaton. (The variety growing among
rocks. )

Fronds narrowly lanceolate, short, short-stalked, almost leathery,
pinnate ; pinnae ovate, an inch long, lower half lobed, upper half serrate
only; fruit-dots near the midrib. May be a form of No, 93. Resembles
No. 80.

Santa Cruz and Mendocino County, California, to Salt Lake City (Jones).

91. Variety Braimllj Koch. {Eraun's variety.)

WOODSIA.

27

Fronds tapering at base, bi-pinnate ; otherwise as No. 89.

Rocky Mountains and eastward. Europe.

92. Variety prollferillll, Wollaston. (The prolifei^ous variety.)
Fronds lanceolate, lax bi- or tri-pinnate, final divisions extremely

delicate, tapering, distinctly stalked, usually with deep and widely spread-
ing lobes, proliferous on the rachis.

San Rafael, California. Very rare.

-K- ^Fronds not bristly toothed.

93. A. molirioicles, Bory.

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, almost leathery, narrowed below, pinnate ;
pinnae many, to inches long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually
overlapping, obtuse, lobed, lobes scalloped ; fruit-dots very large. Stalks
chaffy. Rootstock short. About a foot high.

Mt. Eddy, California (Lemmon); Falkland Islands, Patagonia, Chili, Prince Ed-
ward’s Islands. Very rare.

XV. CYSTOPTEEISj Bernhardi. Bladder-Fern,

Fruit-dots borne on the back of a straight branch of the free veins ;
indusium somewhat jagged on the edge, soon vanishing. Tufted ferns.
(Greek for bladder-fe7^n, from the bladdery indusium.)

A genus of 5 species, 3 in the United States. Growing in moist and shady places.

94. C. fragiliSj Bernhardi. (The frail C.)

Fronds once- to thrice-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate j pinnse ovate or
lanceolate, acute in the typical form ; secondary rachis winged ; final
divisions irregularly cut.

Throughout the world.

95. Variety deiltata. Hooker. (The variety.)

* Scarcely bi-pinnate ; pinnules ovate, obtuse, bluntly toothed.
Abundant in California; less common eastward. Various parts of the world,

96. Variety laciniata, Davenport. (The variety.)

Fronds pinnate, narrowly lanceolate; pinnse short, broadly lanceo-
late, parted, divisions deeply and irregularly cut into linear or acutely
toothed lobes.

California and Colorado,

In the still unsettled knowledge of these forms, it is best to indicate what may prove to be good
varieties.

97. C. lUOMtana, Bernhardi. (Th& motmtain C.)

Fronds deltoid-ovate, tri-pinnate, final divisions almost again divided.
Mountains of Colorado and northward. Rare in our region.

XVf. WOOSIA, R. Brown. Woodsia.

Veins only forked. Our plants with pinnate, lanceolate fronds;
pinnae parted into scalloped or toothed divisions; fruit-dots near the
margin. Rootstock short and creeping. Tufted ferns growing among rocks.
About a foot high. (Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)
A genus of nearly 15 species, 7 in the United States.

28

FERNS OF THE WEST.

98. W. SCOpillilia^ Eaton. among rocks.')

Stalks quite dark, -at least at base. Frond, rachis and stalks pubes-
cent wtth stalked glands and flattened hairs ; indusium delicate, deeply
cut into several divisions which end in short hairs.

Mono Pass, Califoniia, and Oregon; east to Colorado.

99. W. OregaiiH, Eaton. (The N . from Oregon.^

Stalk straw-colored. Fronds usually smooth; indusium minute,
divided almost to the base into delicate beaded hairs : edge of frond
sometimes incurved. Fertile fronds taller than the sterile.

Oregon to Lake Superior, Arizona and Colorado.

100. w. Mexicaiia, Fee. (The Mexican W.)

Fronds smooth : teeth of the divisions half-transparent at the tip and
hairy on the edge in young fronds ; indusium divided into 3 to 5 narrow
parts, which are cut on the edges and divided half-way down into jointed
hairs.

New Mexico and ‘southward.

SUB ORDER II.— SCHIZ/EACE^.

XVIti ANEIMIA, Swartz.

Fruit-dots ovate, sessile, completely surrounded by an indusium, which
opens lengthwise by a slit, and has a complete ring at the top ; placed in
two rows one on each side of the midrib of the very narrow divisions of
the two lower, long-stalked branches of a panicled, pinnately divided

frond.

A genus of about 27 species ; mostly South American.

101. A. Mexicana, Klotzsch. (The Mexican A.)

Fronds scattered' pinnate, on slender stalks : the two lower brancHes
fertile, long-stalked, glandular-pubescent, bi-pinnate, densely fruited : the
rest of the frond sterile, deltoid-ovate, simply pinnate pinnae about six
pairs and a larger terminal one, short-stalked, broadly ovate-lanceolate,
almost leathery, smooth: veins parallel, close together; the veinlets run-
ning into the fine teeth on the edge of the frond. Rootstock creeping,
covered with narrow, awl-shaped, blackish chaff. 12 to 18 inches high.

"Westeni Texas and New Mexico.

GLOSSARY.

Acuminate, tapering to a point.

Acute, sharp pointed.

Alternate, (see page 4.)

Awl-shaped, tapering to a fine point from a
broad base.

Beaded, with the edges curved in so as to
make the part seem like a bead or ball.

Bi-f twice ; bi-pinnate, twice pinnate.

Cleft, gashed deeply.

Concave, curving inwards.

Cut, (see page 3.)

Deltoid, three-cornered, with the sides of
equal length.

Distant, separated from each-other.

Divided, (see page 3.)

Elliptical, oblong, with the. ends gradually
rounded.

Entire, with a smooth, unbroken margin.

Epidermis, the outer skin of the frond.

Erect, standing straight, not bent over nor
creeping.

Eertile, fruit-bearing.

Eree, not united with other veins or veinlets.

Genus, a group of different but related
species.

Glandular, having protuberances or de-
pressions which secrete a sticky fluid.

Glaucous, covered with a white powder,
which rubs off easily.

Gramtlar, covisred with small grains or
loose, rough bodies.

Halbert-shaped, shaped like the head of a
spear, with two prongs at the base point-
ing outwards.

Buiu,sium, (see page 4.)

Involucre, (see page 4.)

Lacerate, deeply and irregularly cut along
the edge.

Lanceolate, shaped like an egg, but with
the small end tapering to a point.

Linear, three or more times longer than
wide and with parallel sides. Ex., a
grass leaf.

Lobe, (see page 3.)

Midrib, (see page 3.)

Oblong, not three times as long as wide, and
with (nearly) parallel side's.

Ob ovate, shaped like an egg'^with the little
end down (when the leaf is held upright).

Obtuse, with a rounded or blunt point.

Opposite, (see page 4.)

Oval, shaped like an egg, but both ends of
equal size.

Ovate, egg-shaped, with the large end down.

Panicle, an irregularly branched flower-
cluster.

Bar ted, (see pago 3.)

Petiole, the stem of a leaf.

Pinna, fivoc?! pinnce, (see page 3.)

Pinnule, (see page 3.)

Proliferous, with branches arising from
branches.

Prothallium, (see page 2.)

Pubescent, with short or long hairs.

Quadri-, four times.

Rachis, (see page 3.)

Recurved, curved over upon itself.

Resinous, with waxy dots.

Rootstock, what passes for the root in ferns
is really an under-ground stem, and is
called by this name.

Scales, thin and papery or leathery bodies,
like chaff, that clothe the rootstock and
often the fronds of ferns.

Serrate, (see page 3.)

Sessile, without a stalk, and so attached
directly to the place of support.

Smooth, with an even surface, without,
roughness.

Species, the name applied to each kind of
ferns or any plants that have the same
chai'acteristics.

Spike, with the fruit or flowers situated
along a common stalk and devoid of a
stalk of their own.

Spore (see page 2); Spore-case, (see page 3.)

Stellate, star-shaped.

Sterile, barren, without fruit.

Stipe, (see page 3.)

Strice, fine parallel lines.

Tawny, dirty white or brown.

Ternale, divided in threes.

Toothed, (see page 3.)

Triangular , three-cornered.

Tri-, three times, thrice.

Truncate, ending abruptly, as if cut square
across.

Tufted, growing in bunches.

Typical, the form of a species upon which
the original description was based, and
distinct from the descriptions of varie-
ties afterwards discovered.

Veins, (see page 3.)

. Veinlets, (see page 3), little veins.

Viscid, sticky, like molasses.

Wing, a thin or papery appendage, attached
like the feather to an arrow.

Woolly, with long, twisted, matted hairs.

IITDEX.

PAGE.

Adiantum lo, 21

Capillus-VeneriSj L 4, 21

emarginatum, Hooker 21

pedatum, L 21

tricholepis, Fee 21

Aneimia 6, 7, 11, 28

Mexicana, Klotzsch 28

Aspidieae 7, ii, 23

Aspidium ii, 24-27

aculeatum, Swartz 26

var. angulare, Braun 26

var. Braunii, rCoch 26

var. Californicum, Eaton ........ 26

var. lobatum, Kunze 26

var. proliferum, Wollaston 27

var. scopulinum, Eaton 26

Filix-rnas, Swartz 25

frag rans, Swartz 25

ju^andifolium, Kunze 26

Lonchitis, Swartz 25

mohrioides, Bory 27

munitum, Kaulb 25

var. imbricans, Eaton 26

var. inciso-serratnm, Eaton 26

var. nudatum, Eaton .......... 26

Nevadense, Eaton 24

Oreopteris, Sav 25

patens, Swartz 24

rigidum, Swartz var. argutum, Eaton. ... 25
spinulosum, Swartz var. dilatatum, Eaton. . 25

Aspleniese 11,22

Asplenium ii, 22-23

Filix-foemina, Bernh 23

var. angustum, Eaton 23

var. commune, Eaton 23

var. cyclosorum, Rup 23

var. latifolium. Hooker 22

parvulum, Mart. & Gal 22

septentrionale, Hoffmann 23

Trichomanes, L 22

var. incisum, Moore 22

viride, Hudson 23

Beech-Fern 3

Bladder-Fern 3, 4, 27

Blechnese 7, 10, 21

Botrychium 8-9

lanceolatum, Ang g

Lunaria, L . . 8

simplex. Hitch, var. compositum, Milde . . 8

terhatum, Swartz 9

Virginianum, Swartz 9

Bracken 20

Brake 4l 20

Chain-Fern 3j 22

Cheilanthes 7, 10, 15

Alabamensis, Kunze. 15

argentea, Kunze 17

Californica, Mett 15

Clevelandii, Eaton 17

Cooperm, Eaton 16

Eatoni, Baker 16

Fendleri, Hooker 17

gracillima, Eaton 17

lanuginosa, Nuttall 13, id

leucopoda. Link 16

Lindheimeri, Hooker 7, 17

microphylla, Swartz 15

myriophylla, Desv 7> 17

Parishii, Dav 17

tomentosa. Link 16

viscida, Dav 15

viscosa, Kaulf. 16

Wrightii, Hooker 15

Cliff-Brake 2, 3, 4, 18

Climbing-Fern 3

Cryptogramme 10, 20

acrostichoides, R. Br 20

Cystopteris n>27

fragilis, Bernh 27

var. dentata. Hooker . .27

var. laciniata, Dav 27

montana, Bernh . 0 ... 27

PAGE.

Female-Fern 23

FILICES 9

Flowering-Fern 3

General, gi 3

Gold-Fern 4, 12

Grammitide.e 7, 10, 12

Gymnogramme 10, 12

hispida, Mett 12

triangularis, Kaulf. 12

var. viscosa, Eaton 12

Habits, §3 4

How to Analyze, g6 6

Hymenophyllum 3

Lip-Fern 3, 15

Lomaria 7, 10, 21-22

Spicant, Desvaux 21

var. serratum, Wollaston 22

Maiden-Hair 4, 21

Male-Fern 25

Mode of Growth, §4 4

Notholsena 7» io> 12 — 14, 15

Candida, Hooker 10, 13

dealbata, Kunze 14

Fendleri, Kunze 14

ferru^inea. Hooker 14

Grayi, Davenport 13, 10, 14

Hookeri, Eaton 13

Lemmoni, Eaton 14

Newberry i, Eaton 13

nivea, Desvaux 14

Parryi, Eaton 13

sinuata, Kaulf. 14

tenera. Gillies 14

Ophioglossaceae 7, g

Ophioglossum vulgatum, L 9

Ostrich-Fern 3

Peculiarities, §5 5

Pellaea 10, 18-20

andromedaefolia. Fee 18

var. pubescens. Baker . 18

aspera. Baker ... 18

atropurpurea. Link 18

brachyptera. Baker 19

Breweri, Eaton 18

Bridgesii, Hooker 19

densa. Hooker 19

flexuosa. Link 20

gracilis. Hooker 18

Ornithopus, Hooker 19

pulchella. Fee • 19

ternifolia. Link 19 ‘

Wrightiana, Hooker ig

Phegopteris 10, ii, 23-24

alpestris, Mett .24

Dryopteris, Fee 24

polypodioides. Fee 24

POLYPODIACE^ 9

Polypodies 10, ii

Polypodium Californicum, Kaulf. 12

falcatum, Kellogg ii

Scouleri, Hooker & Arnot 12

vulgare, L. . . ■ ii, 12

var. occidentale. Hooker ii

Polypody 4, 3, 6, 11

Pterides 7, 10, 15

Pteris 7, 10, 20

aquilina, L. var. lanuginosa. Bong 20

Rock-Brake 3, 4, 20

Rock-Fern 4, 12

Schizaeaceas 9, ii, 28

Sensitive-Fern 3

Shield-Fern 3, 4, 24

Spleenwort 3, 4, 22

Walking-leaf -Fern 3

What Next? ^7 7

Wood-Fern 24

Woodsia 4, 10, ii, 27

Mexicana, Fee 28

Oregana, Eaton 28

scopulina, Eaton 27

Woodwardia 10, 22

radicanSj Smith var, Americana, Hooker , . 22

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