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ISSN 0738-9388

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AVJLL

JTHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXV

January 14, 1993

Number: 1

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Linda Hutsell
Jules Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Linda Hutsell
Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail); $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92III

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson
American Museum of Natural History
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Shell Variation and Species Determination in the Genus Nautilus

Dr. Kent TLego of Stanford University, whose show on the many variations in Recent nautiloids

current research is on cephalopods, will give a slide including the Chambered and Paper Nautilus.

Shells of the month: Cephalopods {Nautilus, Argonauta, Sepia and Spirula)
Meeting date: January 21, 1992

CONTENTS

Club news 2

Xenophoridae of Madagascar and southeast Africa

KATHARINE STEWART 3

Have you ever had the feeling that if you ate another thing you’d burst?

DON PISOR 12

Solen (Ensisolen) gemmelli Cosel, 1992

CAROLE M. HERTZ 13

Page 2

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

CLUB NEWS

Dues are Due for 1993

Dues are now due and payable for 1993 to
The San Diego Shell Club. Please send to the Club
address shown on the masthead. All domestic
memberships are $12; overseas (surface mail) $15;
overseas (air mail) $30. All memberships include
one copy of The Festivus per family. Those not
renewing by the end of January will not receive the
February issue or be included on the membership
roster. All memberships received after the end of
October 1992 were applied to 1993.

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - November 19, 1992

President Jules Hertz opened the meeting
by introducing new members and guests after which
the election of officers for 1993 was held. The new
officers are: President, Carole Hertz; Vice President,
Hugh Bradner; Treasurer, Linda Hutsell; Recording
Secretary, Terry Arnold; Corresponding Secretary,
Rick Negus.

Jules reminded members that dues are due
for 1993 and then gave information on the
upcoming Christmas Party.

Kim Hutsell outlined a proposed School Kit
Project for the Club in which local shells and
teaching materials would gradually be provided to
selected elementary school grades to encourage
greater knowledge and conservation of our marine
environment. The proposal was met with interest
and several people offered their help.

Terry Arnold introduced Don Shasky, the
speaker for the evening, who gave an informative
and entertaining program, with beautiful slides, on
diving in the Marshall Islands on the atolls of
Majuro and Arno. He told of some of the
problems encountered in arranging for dives, some
of the perils of diving at Arno, and he brought in
a beautiful display of shells he collected in the
Marshall Islands. The program was enjoyed by all.

After the shell drawing, won by Ed Boyd,
members and guests enjoyed a social hour with
refreshments provided by the families Flentz, Klaus
and Yeend.

The Annual Christmas Dinner Party

A wonderful time was had by all! Members and
guests in their holiday finery gathered in the
upstairs room of the Shanghai Restaurant. Gifts
for exchange were placed under the tree provided
by Kim and Linda Hutsell. Holiday music (also
courtesy of the Hutsells) played in the background
as friends animatedly greeted each other.

After the cocktail hour, members enjoyed a
bounteous Chinese dinner at festive tables, with
colorfully wrapped holiday favors of jellies and jams
made by Margaret Mulliner.

Master of Ceremonies Kim Hutsell welcomed
everyone and introduced outgoing President Jules
Hertz who briefly reviewed the Club 1992
achievements and thanked his board and committee
members for their contributions. Carole Hertz
expressed her appreciation to the Club for its
support of The Festivus and introduced Carol
Skoglund, the author of the ambitious supplements
updating Keen’s book. Then Kim introduced the
1993 board and the gavel was passed to new
president Carole Hertz.

Following was a slide show with contributions
by several members. Outstanding slides of Gulf and
Cocos Island were shown by Dave Mulliner and
Joyce Gemmell narrated a wonderful selection of
her slides of early San Felipe before the tourist
boom. After the slides, Kim announced the
traditional gift exchange, always a highlight of each
Christmas party. Everyone lingered after the gift
exchange, examining and admiring all the gifts and
wanting the party to last a bit longer.

Wes Farmer Announces Two New Pamphlets

Club member Wes Farmer has written,
illustrated and published two new 4x5.5 pamphlets
for beginners entitled BEACHCOMBING
BETWEEN TIDES and DID YOU KNOW THAT?
BAJA SEA SHELLS OF THE NORTHERN SEA
OF CORTEZ. Both contain 24 pages with line
drawings and both are priced at $4.25.

Contact Wes Farmer, 3591 Ruffin Road #226, San
Diego, CA 92123 [619-576-2143],

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 3

XENOPHORIDAE OF MADAGASCAR AND SOUTHEAST AFRICA

KATHARINE STEWART

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,
San Francisco, California 94110

INTRODUCTION

The discovery of a new species of Xenophora
from the southwest coast of Madagascar which does
not correspond to any described species (manuscript
in preparation) led to this study of the Xenophora
of Madagascar and southeast Africa. For this paper
four types from the Natural History Museum,
London (BMNH) and 105 specimens from my
collection were studied. A specimen of X. cereo
(Reeve, 1845), well known in the tropical Indo-
Pacific, is recorded for the first time from
Madagascar.

DISCUSSION

In March 1989, on a trip to Madagascar

Figure 1. Xenophora sp. undet., top view. 59.8 x 31.7 mm.
Location; southwest Madagascar. K. Stewart collection.

organized by Don Pisor of San Diego, California,
collectors found, in the Tulear shell market,
specimens of an unusual Xenophora that differed
from any known species (Figures 1 & 2). These
shells were collected off the Tulear coast, southwest
Madagascar, in mud, probably in shallow water.
Eight specimens were studied, ranging in size from
48 to 60 mm (measurements do not include
attached material). The dorsum is densely clothed
in attachments, largely broken pieces of bivalves,
evenly arranged and almost entirely obscuring the
whorls. The spire is shallow, 45-50 degree angle.
The base is brown, sculptured with strong spiral ribs
on the inner half, crossed by collabral lines (growth
lines conforming to the shape of the outer lip),
nodose at the junctures. The umbilicus is closed.
A description of this species is in preparation.

Figure 2. Xenophora sp. undet., showing basal view of specimen
in Figure 1.

Page 4

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(l); 1993

Other species of Xenophora previously recorded
from Madagascar are X. giganteo Schepman, 1909;
X. solarioides (Reeve, 1845); X. indica (Gmelin,
1791); and X pallidula (Reeve, 1842). Two species,
X. comigata (Reeve, 1842), and (Stellaria) Solaris
(Linnaeus, 1764), are recorded from southeast
Africa, but not found in Madagascar.

There are two forms of X. pallidula. One, from
the Philippines and much of the Indo-Pacific
(Figures 3 & 4), has a light build, may be as large
as 87 mm in diameter, and arranges its attachments,
often tong pointed shells, regularly, in a downward
slant so that the shell is resting on the points of
the attachments and the foot is off the ground
except when grazing. They move in what has been
called a "leaping motion", thus leaving no
continuous trail for predators to follow (St. Jean,
pers. comm.). It is white with about half the
dorsum exposed. The base is marked with collabral
lines which are faintly gemmate. The umbilicus is
partially covered by the lip.

Xenophora pallidula trawled in waters off Natal,
South Africa (Figures 5 & 6), generally has a very
heavy shell and may be as large as 95 mm in
diameter. The animal attaches not only shells, but
also rocks and lumps of coal, brought to the area
by coal barges. The tan base has heavy collabral
lines and a partially covered umbilicus. Ms. Kalhie
Way of the Natural History Museum, London,
noted that the figured syntype (BMNH 1950.8.28.17)
(Figures 7 & 8) "cannot be considered as a holotype
since Reeve makes it clear that more than one
specimen was available to him." Ponder (1983)
selected the lectotype (Figures 7 & 8) and
paralectotypes. The type locality is Japan. The
species is distributed in the Indian Ocean, central
Indo-Pacific, and northwest Australia. There is a
record of this species from the west coast of
Madagascar (Ponder, 1983).

Xenophora gigantea (Figures 9 & 10) has a large
shell. The holotype in the Zoological Museum,
Amsterdam. (ZMA 2532, Flores Sea, Indonesia)
measures 98 mm diameter by 60 mm height. A
similar specimen has a spire angle of 52 degrees.
It is a thin shell for its size, with a wide peripheral
flange, a deep open umbilicus sometimes partially
covered by the growing lip. The base shows weak

Figure 3. Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842), top view. 72 x 40
mm. Location; Philippines. K. Stewart collection.

Figure 4. X. pallidula, basal view of specimen in Figure 3.

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 5

Figure 5. Xenophora pallidula, top view. 85 x 40 mm. Location:
South Africa. K. Stewart Collection.

Figure 6. X. pallidula, basal view of specimen in Figure 5.

Figure 7. Xenophora pallidula, lectotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.17), Figure 8. X. pallidula, basal view of lectotype shown in Figure

profile view. 51.0 x 71.7 mm. Type locality; Japan. 7. Published with the kind permission of the Trustees of the

British Museum (NH).

Page 6

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

collabral lines, a whitish color swirled with pale
brown. On the dorsum the whorls are slightly
convex with sparse, small attachments leaving most
of the shell exposed. Several lots have been
recorded from the west coast of Madagascar,
brought up by trawlers in the Mozambique Channel
(Ponder, 1983). One specimen was trawled by a
Russian fishing vessel at a depth of 300-350 m
(Stewart collection). It is distributed from east
Africa through the Indian Ocean, the central Indo-
Pacific to northwest Australia and northern New
South Wales.

Xenophora solorioides is the smallest of the
Xenophora. The lectotype (BMNH 1953.4.7.47)
(Figures 11 & 12) was from the Philippines. It

Figure 9. Xenophora gigantea Schepman, 1909, top view. 100 x
60 mm. Location: South Africa. K. Stewart collection.

Figure 11. Xenophora solarioides Reeve, 1845, profile view of
lectotype (BMNH 1953.4.7.47). Type locality: Philippines.

measures 19.1 mm in diameter and 10.6 mm in
height. The shallow spire is densely covered with
attachments, the base nearly flat, the umbilicus
open with a subangulate border. The basal
sculpture varies in the strength of the spiral cords
that surround the umbilicus. These are crossed by
collabral lines which may be gemmate or smooth.
Of fourteen specimens studied, four have attached
halves of lightweight bivalves, often as large as the
base itself. Others collected small stones or pieces
of broken shells. This species is widely spread,
from the tropical Indian Ocean through the central
Indo-Pacific to the east coast of Australia (Figures
13 & 14). There are two records of X. solarioides
collected off the east coast of Madagascar

Figure 10. X. gigantea, basal view of specimen in Figure 9.

Figure 12. X. solarioides, basal view of lectotype in Figure 11.
Published with the kind permission of the Trustees of the British
Museum (NH).

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 7

Figure 13. Xenophora solarioides, top view. 21 x 8.3 mm. Figure 14. X. solarioides, basal view of specimen in Figure 13.
Location: southwest Taiwan. K. Stewart collection.

(Ponder, 1983).

Xenophora indica is represented in the
Zoological Museum, Copenhagen by three
specimens. The type is a small shell with the
peripheral flange worn off. It measures 44.7 mm in
diameter by 22.5 mm in height. The type locality
is Japan. The specimen figured here (Figures 15 &
16) measures 55 mm by 18.2 mm. It was trawled in
the Andaman Sea off Thailand. A large specimen
may measure to 83 mm.

Xenophora indica has a very thin shell with a
wide peripheral flange. The base differs from the
other Xenophora discussed here. There is a distinct
demarcation where the inner base joins the
peripheral flange. While the overall color is a light
tan, the inner portion of the base may be a darker
shade. It has weak collabral lines which are not
evident on the porcellaneous skirt. Its shallow spire
has foreign material agglutinated only on the first
two or three whorls. It is distributed from the

Figure 15. Xenophora indica (Gmelin, 1791), top view. 55 x 18.2 Figure 16. X. indica. basal view of specimen in Figure 15.
mm. Location: Andaman Sea, off Thailand. K. Stewart collection.

Page 8

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

tropical Indian Ocean through the central Indo-
Pacific to the western-most Pacific. In Madagascar
it has been collected from the area of Nosy Be in
the northwest, with a single record from the
southeast (Ponder, 1983).

Southeast Africa has two species of the
Xenophoridae, both found in the Mozambique
Channel, but not in Madagascar, X. comigata and
X. Solaris. X. comigata (Figures 17 & 18) has been
collected from the Persian Gulf, southeast Pakistan,
southeast Africa northeast to Zanzibar and Somalia.

Figures 17 & 18. Xenophora comigata (Reeve, 1842). 40 x 25.6
mm. Location: South Africa. K. Stewart collection. (17) top view

The type (BMNH 1950.8.28.18) (Figure 19) was
described from an unknown locality. Zanzibar was
designated type locality by Ponder (1983). It
measures 62.0 mm in diameter, 40.5 mm in height
and has a spire angle of approximately 56 degrees.
The whorls are rather convex with generally small
attachments., leaving approximately one half of the
whitish dorsum exposed. The whitish to brownish
base is slightly concave, the sculpture consisting of
strong spiral ribs on the inner half, crossed by
collabral lines, nodose at the junctures. Two small
specimens, 31 and 32 mm, collected by Mr. A. W.
White, Advisor to the Office of Fisheries, Khor
Fakkan, Sharja, Trucial States, Persian Gulf have
closed umbilici, while five specimens, 28-40 mm,
trawled from the Tugela Banks off Natal, South
Africa, have only partially closed ones. The fragile
material which develops a cover over the umbilical
area appears to have been damaged in the trawling
process. X. comigata has been incorrectly identified
as X. caperata Philippi, 1855 (Biggs, 1973;
Lambiotte, 1979) and as X. spirata nom. nud. (St.
Jean, pers. comm.). It has been incorrectly
identified in photographs in recent publications
(Kira, 1959; Habe, 1961; Hinton, 1972; Coleman,
1975; Eisenberg, 1981 and Abbott & Dance, 1982).
The name X. cerea has often been misused for this

Figure 19. X. corrugata, profile view of holotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.18). 40.5 x 62.0 mm. IVpe locality designated: Zanzibar. Published
with the kind permission of the Trustees of the British Museum (NH).

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 9

Xenophora Solaris is not represented in the
Linnaean collection. Ponder (1983) quotes Dodge
(1958) as saying that "Linnd gave the specimen
(possibly his only one) on which his first description
(1764) was based to Queen Lx)uisa Ulrica, and that
shell is now in the University of Uppsala. This
specimen is therefore, regarded as the holotype."
TTie type locality is Java. It has a shallow to
moderate spire, with a "peripheral flange
represented by 10-20 long, narrow, tubular blunt
spines." (Ponder, 1983). The whorls are convex
with very few attachments on the first two or three
only, the sculpture consisting of fine or, in rare
cases, strong opisthocline ribs. The base has strong
close collabral lines crossed by spiral ribs rendering
them nodose at the intersections. Of the fourteen
specimens studied, two from the Tugela Banks off
the coast of Natal, southeast Africa, had much
stronger dorsal and basal sculpture than those from
other areas. Additionally they had thirteen spines
as opposed to fifteen or sixteen on the others
studied. Based on heavy basal sculpture and fewer
spines, this form was described as Stellario solans
paucispinosa Kosuge & Nomoto, 1972. Ponder
considers it conspecific with Xenophora Solaris. The
two specimens from Natal have been compared with
a paratype in the collection of the California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CASIZ
063622) measuring 39 by 72 mm. One of the two
specimens is shown in Figures 20 and 21. It was
collected at Yemen, Gulf of Aden at 85 meters.

The specimens of the yet undescribed species
from Tulear (Figures 1 & 2) share characters with
two of the species named above. The basal
sculpture is similar to that of X. corrugata, but its
almost completely covered dorsum and shallow spire
separate it from that species. X. solarioides has a
similarly covered dorsum, but its small size and
open umbilicus distinguish it. X. conchyliophora
(Born, 1780), from Florida, the Caribbean and the
west coast of Mexico, also has a covered dorsum,
but its base with heavy collabral lines with brown
streaks and blotches, and its high spire distinguish
it from the Tulear species.

A worn specimen of X. cerea (Figures 22 & 23)
was collected by the author in three feet of water
on a coral reef near the Soanambo cottages on He.
Ste. Marie off the northeast coast of Madagascar.
It is 36.1 mm in diameter and 35 mm in height.
The brown base is almost flat, with very strong

collabral ridges and a closed umbilicus,
characteristic of the species. This find extends the
distribution to Madagascar where it has not been
previously known. The X. cerea type lot (BMNH
1950.8.28.19) consists of four specimens, of which
the smallest one is X. solarioides (Figures 24 & 25).

Figure 20. Stellaria solans paucispinosa Kosuge & Nomoto, 1972.
Top view. 62.6 x 25.8 mm (without spines). Location: Natal,
southeast Africa. K. Stewart collection.

Figure 21. S. Solaris paucispinosa, basal view of specimen shown
in Figure 20.

Page 10

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

Figure 22. Xenophora cerea (Reeve, 1845), top view. 36.1 x 35
mm. Location; He Ste. Marie, Madagascar. Leg. K. Stewart, 1990.

Figure 24. X. cerea, top view of lectotype (top) and two
paralectotypes (BMNH 1950.8.28.19). Type locality: Luzon,
Philippines. Smallest specimen is X. solarioides.

Figure 23. X. cerea, basal view of specimen shown in Figure 22.
K. Stewart collection.

Figure 25. X. cerea, basal view of type lot shown in Figure 24.
Published with the kind permission of the British Museum (NH).

Vol. XXV(l): 1992

THE FESTIVUS

Page 11

X. cerea is a wide-ranging species found from
tropical east Africa, islands of the western Indian
Ocean (Mauritius and the Seychelles), tropical Indo-
Pacific, as well as eastern Australia and Japan. The
island of Luzon, Philippines is the type locality. A
chocolate brown variety (Figures 26 & 27) has been
described as X. torrida Kuroda & Ito, 1961. It

Figure 26. Xenophora cerea var. torrida (Kuroda & Ito,
1961), top view. Location: Japan. K. Stewart collection.

Figure 27. X. cerea var. torrida, basal view of specimen shown in
Figure 26.

grades into the typical color form and cannot be
otherwise distinguished. Ponder (1983) considers it
conspecific with X. cerea. The dorsum carries
pebbles, at times coral. Most often this sturdy shell
is 1/4 to 1/3 covered, the base almost flat and is
sculptured with heavy collabral lines. In some
specimens subspiral lines cross these cords,
rendering them gemmate at the points of
intersection.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My heartfelt thanks to Kate St. Jean for her long
and assiduous study of the Xenophoridae, and for
so generously sharing her knowledge and her
specimens. Ms. Kathie Way of the Natural History
Museum, London, sent the Reeve types (and notes)
to the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History, where Dr. James H. McLean kindly made
them available for study. Mr. Gene Mallory
photographed them. They are published with the
kind permission of the Trustees of the BMNH. Dr.
Winston Ponder suggested that a note be made of
the range extension of X. cerea. The California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, made its
collection available for study and Dr. Terrence
Gosliner of that institution reviewed this article. I
am most grateful for their help.

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R.T. & S.P. DANCE
1982. Compendium of Seashells. E.P. Dutton, Inc., NY.
i-x+411 pp., illus.

BIGGS, H.E.J.

1973. The marine Mollusca of the Trucial Coast, Persian
Gulf. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. 24(8):343-
421, 6 pis.

COLEMAN, N.

1973. What Shell is That? Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd.,
Australia, pp. 7-308, 811 pis.

EISENBERG, J.M.

1981. A Collector’s Guide to Seashells of the World.
McGraw-Hill, NY. pp. 7-239, 158 pis.

HABE, T.

1961. Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan, 2.
Hoikusha Pub. Co., Osaka. 151 pp., 66 pis.
HINTON, A.

1972. Shells of New Guinea and the central Indo-
Pacific. Jacaranda Press, Ltd., Queensland,94 pp.,
44 pis.

Page 12

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

KIRA, T.

1959. Coloured Illustrations of the Seashells of Japan.
Hoikusha Pub. Co., Osaka. 239 pp., 70 pis.
KOSUGE, S. & K. NOMOTO
1972. Note on subspecific forms of Stellaria solans and
Ficus gracilis. Venus 31(l):4-8, 1 pi.

LAMBIOTTE, M.

1979. Note sur les especes recente de la Xenophoridae
R.A. Philippi, 1853. Informations de la Soc. Beige
de Malac. 7(3):61-115.

PONDER, W.F.

1983. Xenophoridae of the World. Australian Mus.,
Memoir 17:1-126, 42 figs.

HAVE YOU EVER HAD THE FEELING
THAT IF YOU ATE ANOTHER THING YOU’D BURST?

DON PISOR

10373 El Honcho Place, San Diego, California 92124

This specimen oi Astropecten amiatus Gray, 1840,
with Conus californicus Reeve, 1844, embedded in
its dorsum was in the collection of Helmut Meier

of Escondido, California. This sea star species is
found off the California coast. The specimen is
now in the Pisor collection.

Vol. XXV(l): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 13

SOLEN (ENSISOLEN) GEMMELLI COSEL, 1992

CAROLE M. HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

In the 1987 annotated catalogue on
the bivalves of the San Felipe area from
the Gemmell Collection, Gemmell, Myers
& Hertz, listed, in addition to Solen
pfeifferi Dunker, 1862, two Solen species
as "new species A" and " new species B"

(p. 57) . At the time of our work on the
1987 catalogue, the Gemmell Solen
material along with type material from
the San Diego Natural History Museum
had been sent to Dr. Rudo von Cosel of
the Mus6um National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, for his work on the
Solenidae. Now in his 1992 paper in The
Veliger, Dr. Cosel has identified our
"species B" as Solen (Ensisolen)
rostrifomns Dunker, 1862, and described
our "species A" as the new species Solen
(Ensisolen) gemmelli (Figures 1 & 2 )
which he named in honor of Joyce
Gemmell. This updates the identification
of the three Solen species collected by
Gemmell in the San Felipe area.

Our appreciation to David K.

Mulliner for the photographs of "species
A", now the holotype of 5. (E.) gemmelli,
taken at the time of the annotated
catalogue.

LITERATURE CITED

COSEL, RUDO VON
1992. "Solen rosaceiis" — three species. The
Veliger 35(4); 366-380, figs. 1-68
(October 1).

GEMMELL, JOYCE, BARBARA W.

MYERS & CAROLE M. HERTZ
1987. A faunal study of the bivalves of San
Felipe and Environs, Gulf of California,
from the Gemmell Collection (1965 to
1976). The Festivus 28 (Suppl.): 1-72,
figs. 1-79 (Feb. 26) Figure 2. S. (E.) ganmelli, interior of valves of holotype.

Photo: David K. Mulliner.

Figure 1. Solen (Ensisolen) gemmelli Cosel, 1992. Holotype, SDNHM 90139,
exterior of valves. Type locality: San Felipe area between Playa Alicia and El
Paraiso, on sandbars at low tide mark. I^g. Joyce Gemmell.

Photo: David K. Mulliner.

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ISSN 0738-9388

^|THE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club
Volume: XXV February 11, 1993 Number: 2

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

H-easurer

Past President

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Linda Hutsell
Jules Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Linda Hutsell
Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all eorrespondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTinC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologisls
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson
American Museum of Nature
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Fossil and Recent Cypraeacea of the Eastern Pacific

Lindsey T. Groves of the Natural History cowries, past and present, of the eastern Pacific.

Museum of Los Angeles County will discuss the His talk will be illustrated with slides.

Shells of the month: Cowries, fossil and Recent

Meeting date: February 18th

CONTENTS

Club news 15

Ceratostoma monoceros (Sowerby, 1841) a poorly known muricid from the eastern Pacific

CAROLE M. HERTZ 16

Book news: Pacific Coast Nudibranchs: Supplement I. Radula, reviewed

HANS BERTSCH, reviewer 19

1993 low tides for the northern Gulf of California 19

Conus mahogani (Reeve, 1843) the first specimen from Cocos Island, Costa Rica

KIM C. HUTSELL 20

Membership roster for detaching

Page 15

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(2): 1993

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - January 21, 1992

President Carole Hertz called the meeting to
order at 7:45 PM. Dates for Club events and
committee chairs for 1993 were announced (see
below) and Wes Farmer volunteered to serve as the
Club’s Botanical Garden Foundation Representative.
Jules Hertz shared new publications received for the
library noting that a new muricid was described
honoring member Carol Skoglund.

Terry Arnold introduced the evening’s speaker,
Dr. Kent Trego whose topic was "Shell Variation
and Species Determination in the Genus Nautilus.”
He discussed the many named forms of Nautilus
including the "questionable" ones and provided
some pointers for differentiating the various species
and forms. The talk was illustrated with slides of
the generally recognized species and several forms
of Nautilus as well as several species of Argonauta.

Following the talk the shell drawing was won
by Terry Arnold. Members and guests then shared
a social time with refreshments provided by the
Mulliners and Hutsells.

Mark your Calendars

The following Club events for 1993 have already
been scheduled. Please mark your calendars so you
won’t miss them.

Club auction and potluck-April 24th
Bizarre Bazaar-May 15th
September party-September 18th
Christmas party-December 4th

Committee Chairs for 1993

Hospitality: Bill Romer
Telephone: Paula Barton, Tommy Thomas
Historian: Linda Hutsell
Library: Margaret Mulliner & Pat Boyd
Publicity: Larry Buck
Botanical Foundation Rep.: Wes Farmer
Marine Field Study: Terry Arnold
The Club still needs a member of the phone

committee to help in calling central San Diego. If
you can help, please call Carole Hertz (277-6259).

A Request from the Club Library

The Club library circulates its material for one
month. Members are requested to return books at
the next regular meeting following their loan. Since
some of the books are in considerable demand,
please notify the librarian should a problem arise in
returning a book.

The Shells for Schools Project

Volunteers are needed for the Shells for
Schools project. The Club has discussed preparing
kits with shells and printed information to present
to local schools. Contact Kim Hutsell (232-2842).

The Auction/Potiuck

It’s time to think about the 1993
Auction/Potiuck. Please look into your collections
now and prepare your donations for this important
and exciting Club function. Specimen quality shells,
with good collecting data, when possible, are
needed. Bring your shells to the February meeting
or contact a board member and arrange for their
pickup.

This is the Club’s primary fundraiser and its
proceeds provide support for The Festivus, Club
library and donations to scientific organizations and
social events. We urge you all, both out of town
and local to be generous and donate to the auction.

1993 Gem Diego Show

The San Diego Mineral & Gem Society’s annual
show at the Scottish Rite Temple in Mission Valley
will be Mar. 20 (10 AM - 6 PM) and Mar. 21 (10
AM - 5 PM). There will be numerous special
displays of minerals, fossils and gems as well as
about 20 dealers.

Vol. XXV(2); 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 16

CERATOSTOMA MONOCEROS (SOWERBY, 1841) A POORLY KNOWN
MURICID FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC

CAROLE M. HERTZ

San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1390,

San Diego, California 92122

The species Ceratostoma monoceros (Sowerby,
1841a) has been variously considered a form of C.
nuttalli Conrad, 1837 (Eisenberg, 1981:91; Radwin
& D’Attilio, 1976:114), and as a distinct species
(Yokes, 1988:40; Morris, Abbott & Haderlie,
1980:276; Fair, 1976:60; Keen, 1971:534; Hall,
1959:429). In many popular books the species does
not appear at all. Ceratostoma monoceros,
described by Sowerby without loeality, was well
illustrated in the CONCHOLOGICAL
ILLUSTRATIONS (pi. 188, figs. 64, 65) (Figures 1
& 2 herein). ^What Conrad (1837)

Figures 1 & 2. Ceratostoma monoceros (Sowerby, 1841a). After
Sowerby (1841b, pi. 188, figs. 64, 65).

original description of C. nuttalli (pi. 20, fig. 22)
is the banded form shown here in Figure 3.
Specimens of Ceratostoma in the Los Angeles
County Museum of Natural History (LACM), San
Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM), and
Hertz collections exhibit several consistent
characters, which are distinct from C. nuttalli
although the geographical distribution of the two
species overlaps.

Figure 3. Ceratostoma nuttalli Conrad, 1837. After Conrad (1837,
pi. 20, fig. 22).

Ceratostoma monoceros (Figures 4 & 5), a larger
species, attains a length of 65 mm (Fair, 1976) but
C. nuttalli (Figures 6 & 7) rarely exceeds 50 mm
(although a world record specimen is recorded at
64.3 mm (Draper, 1987). Ceratostoma monoceros
with a grayish-tan shell, has rounded varices lacking
the varical flanges (sometimes highly foliated) of C.
nuttalli and consistently bears raised scabrous
threads over the entire shell surface; C. nuttalli
varies in color from brown to banded brown and
white to all white, and is relatively smooth. In C.
monoceros the spire is somewhat higher and is more
shouldered than in C. nuttalli (Hall, 1959:429, text
fig. 1) and the sutures are distinct and moderately
regular, clearly delineating the whorls. In C. nuttalli
the sutures are irregular and rise to the previous
whorl at the aperture.

Specimens of C. monoceros studied were found
on the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mdxico,
from one mile north of the east side of Isla Cedros
(SDNHM 22976 [1 specimen in mixed lot], LACM
71-92) south to Bahia Asunci6n and to Bahia
Magdalena (SDNHM 22978) (with one lot of one

Page 17

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(2): 1993

Figures 4 & 5. C. monoceros, 58 mm. (4) apertural view (5) dorsal view. Locality: off Isla Asuncidn in 55 ft, October 1982. Leg. Ron
H. McPeak. Photos: D.K. Mulliner.

Figures 6 «& 7. C. nuttaUi, 38 mm. (6) apertural view (7) dorsal view. Locality: South Casa Beach, La Jolla, California, intertidal, March
1964. Leg. David K. Mulliner. Photos: D.K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXV(2): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 18

26.5 mm specimen from the Golfo de California at
Punta Willard, San Luis Gonzaga (LACM 37-119 ex
AHF 716-37). Cerotostoma nuttalli was found to
have a much greater distribution, with specimens
from Mendocino County (SDNHM 89502) down
the coast of California to Baja California, Mexico,
from Isla Guadalupe (LACM 65-39, SDNHM
82207) to Isla Cedros (SDNHM 22980, SDNHM
22976 [mixed lot, 1 specimen]), and south to Bahia
Asunci6n (SDNHM 82351) and Bahia Magdalena
(SDNHM 46205). Two juvenile specimens
(SDNHM 82993 [ex Morris Levine Collection]) are
listed from Puget Sound, Vancouver Is., Canada.
During a visit to Bahia Asunci6n in 1982 (Hertz &
Hertz, 1984) specimens of C. monoceros were
collected by David K. Mulliner and Ron H. McPeak
diving in 55-70 feet off Isla Asunci6n (Hertz
collection) and one intertidal specimen of C. nuttalli
was collected by Jules Hertz (Hertz collection).
The following year, in May, Ron McPeak collected
a lot of 18 extremely encrusted specimens of C.
nuttalli at Bahia Asunci6n (SDNHM 82351). While
C. nuttalli is more common in the Californian
Province and C. monoceros seems to have a
restricted distribution from Isla Cedros to Bahia
Magadalena, both have been found near Isla
Cedros, at Bahia Asunci6n and Bahia Magdalena.
Dr. Emily Yokes (personal communication) noted
that she has Pleistocene specimens of C. monoceros
from the Upper San Pedro Series, San Pedro,
California, "suggesting a temperature determined
species."

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank James H. McLean and Lindsey T.
Groves for making comparative material in the Los
Angeles County Museum of Natural History
collection available to me for study. The San Diego
Natural History Museum made the facilities in the
library and Department of Marine Invertebrates
available to me which I appreciate. My gratitude to
Emily H. Yokes who kindly reviewed the paper and
gave additional information and to David K.
Mulliner who took the fine photographs.

LITERATURE CITED
CONRAD, T.A.

1837. Descriptions of new marine shells, from upper
California collected by Thomas Nuttall Esq.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7:227-268, pis.
17-20.

DRAPER, BERTRAM

1987. Lost Operculum Club list of champions. Conch.
Club. S. California, Los Angeles, CA, 44 pp.

EISENBERG, JEROME M.

1981. A Collector’s Guide to Seashells of the World.
McGraw-Hill, NY, 237 pp., 156 pis.

FAIR, RUTH H.

1976. The Murex Book: an illustrated catalogue of
Recent Muricidae (Muricinae, Muricopsinae,
Ocenebrinae). Pub. Ruth H. Fair. 138 pp., 363
figs.

HALL, CLARENCE A. JR

1959. The gastropod genus Ceratostoma. Jour.
Paleontology 33(3):428-434, pis. 61-63, 4 text
figs. (May).

HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE M. HERTZ

1984. Survey of mollusks at Punta Asuncion and
vicinity, Baja California, during November 10-
14, 1981. Festivus 16(10):98-112, figs. 1-20.
KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. 2nd ed.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1064-1- pp., illus.
MCLEAN, JAMES H.

1978. Marine Shells of Southern California. Nat. Hist.
Mus. L.A. County. Sci. ser. 24. rev. ed. 104 pp.,
54 figs.

MORRIS, ROBERT H., DONALD P. ABBOTT &
EUGENE C. HADERLIE

1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford
Univ. Press. 690 pp., illus.

RADWIN, GEORGE E. & ANTHONY D’ATTILIO
1976. Murex Shells of the World an illustrated guide
to the Muricidae. Stanford Univ. Press. 284-t-
pp., 32 pis., 179 drawings.

SOWERBY, GEORGE B. II

1841a. Descriptions of some new species of Murex
principally from the collection of H. Cuming
Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 8:137-147.

1841b. The Conchological Illustrations, Murex. Sowerby,
London, pis. 187-199.

YOKES, E.H.

1988. Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the

Eismeraldas Beds, northwestern Ecuador. Tulane
Stud. Geol. & Paleon. 21(l):l-50, pis. 1-6.

Page 19

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(2): 1993

BOOK NEWS

PACIFIC COAST NUDIBRANCHS:
SUPPLEMENT I. RADULA
By; David W. Behrens. 1992.

Publisher: Sea Challengers, 4 Somerset Rise,
Monterey, CA 93940. 11 pp., 150 illustrations.
Price: $6.95 (add California tax 7.25%;

shipping/handling $1.80).

A marvelous little book just arrived in my
office: the supplement to Dave Behrens’ Pacific
Coast Nudibranchs, second edition (1991). It
consists of line drawings of the radular teeth of 150
opisthobranch species that occur on our Pacific
coast from Alaska to Baja California. The cover is
a beautiful scanning electron micrograph of the
radula of Bajaeolis bertschi, an especially foudroyant
hydroid-eating eolid nudibranch.

The introduction summarizes the taxonomic uses
of radulae, their overall structure and function, and
how to extract and mount a radula for study.

When I received this booklet, I spent a lot of
time perusing the drawings, thinking about the
different shapes, the species’ prey items, and reasons
for differences and similarities. For instance, the
sponge-feeding notaspidean Anidofyta spongotheras
has radular teeth similar to those of the sponge-
feeding nudibranch species of Cadlina and other
chromodorids, yet is distinctly different form the
sponge-feeding teeth of species of Aldisa. The old
adage, "You are what you eat," can be appropriately
paraphrased according to evolutionary principles,
"Your teeth shapes are adapted to what you eat."

This publication highlights the diversity of
opisthobranch feeding structures and should
encourage much thought and study about their
functional morphology. If you are interested in the
biology of mollusks, this little book offers much
food for thought. It is highly recommended.

Hans Bertsch

1993 LOW TIDES FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

The entries listed below show only periods of
low tides of -4.0 feet and below. The times of low
tides are given in Mountain Standard Time. To
correct for San Felipe, subtract one hour from

listed times which are for Puerto Penasco (San
Felipe is on Pacific Standard Time). Tides below
the midriff of the Gulf cannot be estimated using
these entries.

February

4. -4.0 at 6:20 PM

5. -5.5 at 7;00 PM

6. -6.0 at 7:30 PM

7. -4.0 at 8:30 AM

-6.0 at 8:30 PM

8. -4.3 at 9:00 AM

-5.2 at 9:00 PM

9. -4.0 at 9:40 AM

March

6. -5.2 at 7:00 PM

7. -4.0 at 7:15 AM

-6.0 at 7:30 PM

8. -5.2 at 8:00 AM

-6.0 at 8:00 PM

9. -6.0 at 8:40 AM

-4.3 at 8:50 PM

10. -5.5 at 9:00 AM

11. -4.2 at 9:45 AM

April

5. -4.6 at 7:00 AM

-4.2 at 7:15 PM

6. -5.8 at 7:30 AM

-4.0 at 8:00 PM

7. -6.0 at 8:00 AM

8. -5.7 at 8:45 AM

9. -4.2 at 9:30 AM

May

4. -4.4 at 6:15 AM

5. -5.6 at 6:30 AM

6. -5.9 at 7:30 AM

7. -5.0 at 8:15 AM

June

3. -4.2 at 7:00 AM

4. -4.3 at 7:40 AM

5. -4.0 at 8:15 AM

July

19. -4.2 at 7:45 AM

20. -4.2 at 8:30 AM
31. -4.2 at 9:00 AM

August

17. -4.2 at 7:30 AM

18. -4.4 at 8:00 AM

19. -4.0 at 8:30 AM
September

15. -4.2 at 7:10 PM
-4.0 at 7:30 PM

16. -4.2 at 7:50 PM
-4.2 at 8:00 PM

17. -4.1 at 8:45 PM
October

13. -4.0 at 6:15 PM

14. -5.0 at 7:00 PM

15. -5.8 at 7:30 PM

16. -5.2 at 8:00 PM

17. -4.0 at 9:00 PM
November

11. -4.0 at 6:00 PM

12. -5.3 at 6:30 PM

13. -5.7 at 7:15 PM

14. -5.3 at 8:15 PM

15. -4.2 at 8:30 PM
December

11. -4.4 at 6:40 PM

12. -5.0 at 7:10 PM

13. -4.7 at 8:00 PM

14. -4.2 at 8:30 PM

28. -4.0 at 7:30 PM

29. -4.1 at 8:00 PM

30. -4.0 at 8:30 PM

Vol. XXV (2): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 20

CONUS MAHOGANI (REEVE, 1843)

THE FIRST SPECIMEN FROM COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA

KIM C. HUTSELL

5720 Gaines Street #23, San Diego, California 92110

In April 1992 I had the opportunity to join a
scientific expedition to Cocos Island, Costa Rica.
My role in the expedition was to videotape the
various techniques that would be employed, both
above and below water, for collecting marine
specimens of that area. Aside from my filming
duties, I was able to do some diving and exploring
on my own.

Near the end of the trip we anchored in Wafer
Bay and I went in the water for a night dive under
the boat. While checking trails in the sand at
about 17 meters (56 ft), I discovered a live
specimen of Conus mahogani (Reeve, 1843) (Figures
1-2). Because I had collected this species in many
locations throughout the Gulf of California, Mexico
(where it is relatively common), I didn’t think this
particular specimen would be of great interest, but
I brought it aboard anyway.

As standard procedure, everything collected
during each dive was submitted to Henry Chaney,
Don Shasky, or Michel Montoya for a

determination on whether a specimen should be
retained for study or returned to the water. To my
surprise, I was informed that my find was the first
specimen that had ever been observed either live or
dead at Cocos. The known range of C. mahogani
is from the upper Gulf of California to Ecuador
and the GaHpagos (Hanna, 1963; Chaney, 1987).
This find gave a considerable extension to its
distribution since Cocos Island is some three
hundred miles from the mainland. The specimen
measures 33.59 mm in length and 14.52 mm in
width. It is now part of the wet collection at the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
(SBMNH 53145).

I feel fortunate that by merely being an extra
pair of eyes and hands, I was able to make a small,
but significant contribution to the expedition and
the science of malacology.

Figure 1. Conus mahogani (Reeve, 1843). Taken on SCUBA,
collected live in sand trail at 17 m (56 ft) at night, Wafer Bay,
Cocos Island, Costa Rica, April 6, 1992. Leg. K. Hutsell. Photo:
D.K. Mulliner.

LITERATURE CITED
CHANEY, HENRY W.

1987. A comparative study of two similar Panamic
cones; Conus ximenes and Conus mahogani. The
Veliger 29(4);428-436.

HANNA, G. DALLAS

1963. West American mollusks of the genus Conus-
II. Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35:103 pp.

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SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
Membership List - 1993

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER, 2208 South Colonial Dr., Melbourne, FL 32902-2255, (407) 725-2260
ADAMS, ROSEMARY, 13346 Birchwood, Sunnymead, CA 92553
ALBI, YVONNE, P.O. Box 45828, Los Angeles, CA 90045

ANDERSON, ROLAND, Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Waterfront Park, Seattle WA 98101, (206) 386-4359
ARNOLD, TERRY, 2975 B St., San Diego, CA 92102, 235-8181

AUCKLAND INSTITUTE & MUSEUM, Serials Dept., The Library, Private Bag,Auckland 1, New Zealand
AVILEZ DON & KIM, 5481 Los Robles, Carlsbad, CA 92008
BARTON, GEORGE & PAULA, 620 S. Nevada St., Oceanside, CA 92054, 722-7281
BENNETT, JO & CHARLES, 1559 Tredegar Dr., Fort Myers, FL 33919, (813) 481-8306
BERSCHAUER, DAVID & FELICIA, 21961 Bacalar, Mission Viejo, CA 92691, (714) 581-9979
BIALASIEWICZ, SEWERYN, 7651 S. Kendall Blvd., Littleton, CO 80123, (313) 973-1705
BIELER, RUDIGER, Field Museum of Natural History, Dept, of Zoology, Roosevelt Dd. at Lake Shore
Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, (312) 922-9410 ext. 270

BLOIS, MARSDEN S. Ill, 1309 San Mateo Dr., Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 321-4149

BOONE, CONSTANCE E., 3706 Rice Blvd., Houston, TX 77005, (713) 668-8252

BOUCHET, PHILLIPE, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France

BOYD, EDWARD & PATRICIA, 18218 Paradise Mountain no. 197, Valley Center, CA 92082, 749-9033

BRADNER, HUGH & MARGE, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037, 459-7681

BRATCHER, TWILA, 8121 Mulholland Terr., Los Angeles, CA 90046, (213) 656-4877

BRIDELL, AL & MARY, 2265 Gulf Drive, #240-E, Sanibel, FL 33957, (813) 472-1637

BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Acquisitions Sec. (DLS) Cromwell Rd., London SW7

5BD, England

BROWN, BILLEE & BOB, 6333 La Jolla Blvd. #171, La Jolla, CA 92037, 454-5788

BRUNNER, CAROL, 160 N.W. 126 St., North Miami, FL 33168 (305) 757-3567

BUCK, LARRY & TONI, 2411 El Amigo Rd., Del Mar, CA 92014-3118, 792-5404

BUKRY, J. DAVID, U.S.G.S. MS-915, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025

BURCH, TOM & BEATRICE, P.O. Box 309, Kailua, HI 96734, (808) 261-7465

CARR, WALTER, 2043 Mohawk Dr., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, (510) 938-2251

CASTOR, JANE C, 854 Via Granada, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, (805) 569-0293

CATARIUS, LARRY & DEBBIE, 4173 Galt St., San Diego, CA 92117, 270-4376

CHADAM, MARIA, 29719 Niguel Road #H, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677, (714) 363-8142

CHANEY, BARBARA, 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108, (805) 969-1434

CHIPPEAUX, EDITH R. & HARRY L., 1308 Biltmore Dr., Fort Myers, FL. 33901, (813) 936-4058

CLARK, ROGER, 115 Pine St., Klamath Falls, OR 97601, (503) 882-2714

CLOVER, PHILLIP, P.O. Box 339, Glen Ellen, CA 95442, (707) 996-6960

CO AN, GENE, 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306, (415) 493-8242

COLTRO, JOSE & MARCUS, CEP 01599, Caixa Post 15.259, Sao Paulo, SP Brasil

COOK, BUNNIE & GEORGE, 1120 Makaiwa St., Honolulu, HI 96816, (808) 737-8050

COO VERT, GARY, 36 Prospect Ave., Dayton, OH 45415, (513) 275-7431

D’ATTILIO, TONY (Hon), 2415 29th St., San Diego, CA 92104, 281-9731

DESCHAINE, LEWIS, 3029 Silver Lake Rd., St. Anthony, MN 55418

DOI, MATTHEW S., 16209 Taylor Ct., Torrance, CA 90504-1902, (213) 329-3201

DUSHANE, HELEN, 9460 Friendly Woods Lane, Whittier, CA 90605, (310) 696-0687

EERNISSE, DOUGLAS J., Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, (313)

747-2193

EVERSON, GENE, 500 Nottingham Pky., Louisville, KY 40222

FARMER, WES, 3591 Ruffin Rd., #226, San Diego, CA 92123, 576-2143

FORRER, RICHARD B., P.O. Box 462, Northfield, Ohio 44067, (216) 467-7201

FOSTER, NORA R., University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, (907) 474-7994

FOSTER, ROBERT, P.O. Box 3010, Santa Barbara, CA 93130-3010, (805) 963-3228

FRANK, WILLIAM M., 1865 Debutante Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32246-8645, (904) 724-5326

GARDNER, SANDRA, 1755 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415) 328-8855
GARRISON, SUE, 1846 Hamilton Hwy., Adrian, MI 49221
GEMMELL, JOYCE, 150 S. Anza Sp. 47C, EL Cajon, CA 92020, 447-8004
GOLDBERG, RICHARD, P.O. Box 409, Simpsonville, MD 21150-0409
GORI, SANDRO, Via Sernesi 7, Livorno, Italy

GREEN, DAVE, LUCILLE & KRISTEN, 12307 Laneview Dr., Houston, TX 77070, (713) 376-5630
GREGORY, BRIAN D., 1124 Pennsylvania Ave., Bremerton, WA 98310
HANSELMAN, GEO. & Virginia, 5818 Tulane St., San Diego, CA 92122, 453-3019
HAYS, FRANK W., 1699 E. Washington, Apt. 2130, Colton, CA 92324, (714) 423-0512
HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE, 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, 277-6259
HILL, LEONARD C, 10501 S.W. 102 Ave., Miami, FL 33176, (305) 271-0650
HOLLMANN, MICHAEL, 14175 Half Moon Bay Dr., Del Mar, CA 92014, 259-6657
HOOD, CHERYL A., 7406 Pierrepont, Houston, TX 77040

HOUSTON, ROY, Dept, of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Loyola Blvd. at West 80th St., Los
Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 642-3126

HUTSELL, KIM, LINDA & JEREMY, 5720 Gaines St. #23 San Diego, CA 92110, 295-8330
JACKSON, JOHN & ELLEN, 11558 Rolling Hills Dr., El Cajon, CA 92020, 579-1084
JOHNSON, JOHN, 105 Gabriel Cove, Munford, TN 38058

JORDAN, SCOTT, 1620 El Travesia Dr., La Habra Hts., CA 90631, (310) 903-0287
KAISER, KIRSTIE, c/o Hoyt USA, 475 N.Neil Armstrong Rd., Salt Lake City, UT 84116-2881
KEMP, BRUCE, 9420D Carlton Oaks Dr., Santee, CA 92071, 449-7610, 225-7494(work)

KENNEDY, GEORGE, 8997 Moisan Way, La Mesa, CA 91941
KERSTICH, ALEX, 10700 E. Calle Vaqueros, Tucson, AZ 85749
KING, BOB & JUNE, 4269 Hawk St., San Diego, CA 92103, 296-0574

KLAUS, DEL & KAY, 8674 Glenhaven St., San Diego, CA 92123, 292-4527 (home), 553-7505 (work)
KNAPIK, TOM, 6952 Tower St., La Mesa, CA 91941, 462-1805

KOCH, BOB & WENDY, 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021, (602) 943-0816
KRIEGELSTEIN, DOUG VON, 11288 San Juan, Loma Linda, CA 92354, (714) 825-7207
LAFORET, GEORGETTE, 1119 Periwinkle #176, Sanibel, FL 33957
LAGRANGE, JOHN & LINDA, 533 North Rios, Solana Beach, CA 92075, 755-7215
LEONARD, FRED L., 800 North 41st Ave., Hollywood, FL 33021
LEVIN, DEBRA J., 600 Central Ave. #268, Riverside, CA 92507, (714) 369-1456
LEVINE, ANNITA, 139-62 Pershing Crescent, Jamaica, NY 11435, (718) 526-5044
LIGHTFOOT, JOANNE, P.O. Box 2295, Sedona, AZ 86336, (602) 282-7374
LINDAHL, KEN & MARGE, 202 Grand Canal, Balboa Island, CA 92662, (714) 673-1743
LUCUM, LOIS M., 702 Alder, Edmonds, WA 98020, (206) 778-3372
LUTHER, DOUG & MARY, 6034 Soledad Mtn. Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, 534-4739
MAGER, PAMELA, 225 Maple, Elmhurst, IL 60126

MCCLINCY, RICHARD J., 809 St. George Rd., Danville, CA 94526, (510) 838-3217
MCPEAK, RON & MARY, 7989 La Brusca Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, 942-3489
MENDES, EVE, 5959 N. 78th St., #234, Scottsdale, AZ 85250-6154, (602) 970-0957
METZ, GEORGE, 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato, CA 94947, (415) 892-4960
MICHEL, JOHN & NOLA, 4758 Mt. Cervin Dr., San Diego, CA 92117, 278-9088
MULLINER, DAVID & MARGARET, 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109, 488-2701
MUNEKATA, HIROSHI, 3385 Kita-toyama Komaki-shi, Aichi-Ken, 485 Japan

MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Hector Library - Librarian, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand
MYERS, JOHN & BARBARA, 3761 Mt. Augustus Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, 279-9806
NEGUS, RICHARD H., 3401 Woodland Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, 434-9808
NELSON, LOIS, 1310 W. Palmaire Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85021, (602) 997-9196

NESHEIM, DAVID A. & KATHLEEN, 26515 Hawkhurst Dr., Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274, (213) 541-
1568

NORRID, HAL & CHARLOTTE, 233 E. Cairo Dr., Tempe, AZ 85282, (602) 967-4957

NOYES, LACHLAN D., NAVSPECWARGRU-1, Medical Dept., NAB Coronado, San Diego, CA 92155

O’DONNELL, JEANNE E., 2726 Shelter Island Dr. #494, San Diego, CA 92106

PERRIN, MARILYN, 10960 Via Abaca, San Diego, CA 92126, 586-0175
PETIT, RICHARD E., P.O. Box 30, N. Myrtle Beach, SC 29582, (803) 249-1454
PIECH, BETTY JEAN, 211 N. Augustine St., Washington, DE 19804

PIERCE, ROSEMARY & FRANK, 43099 Tenaja Road, Murrieta, CA 92562, (714) 674-9370

PISOR, DON & JEANNE, 10373 El Honcho PI., San Diego, CA 92124, 279-9342

POORMAN, ROY & FORREST, 15300 Magnolia St. Sp. 55, Westminster, CA 92683-6425, (714) 892-

6730

REED, WAYNE, 107 Murray St., Chula Vista, CA 92010, 691-8766

REGULA, MARY & STAN, 15838 Avenida Villaha #177, San Diego, CA 92128, 673-9110
ROBERTS, DALE & KIM, 25885 Trabuco Rd., #208, El Toro, CA 92630, (714) 581-3444
ROBERTSON, WALLY & MARILYN, c/o 1137 Prospect St., La Jolla, CA 92037, 459-6858
ROMER, BILL, 3249 Towser, San Diego, CA 92123, 278-2389
S.I.O., C-075-C, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093

SAGE, WALTER E. Ill, Dept. Marine Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park
W. at 79th, New York, NY 10024, (212) 769-5717

SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM «fe NANCY, 12829 Carriage Rd., Poway, CA 92064, (619) 748-2822
SCHOENING, ROBERT C, 10831 Charles Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, (703) 273-9755
SCOTT, PAUL, Santa Barbara Museum (NH), 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, (805)
682-4711 ext. 319

SENCKENBERGISCHE BIBLIOTHEK, Zeitschriftenabteilung/DFG, Bockenheimer Landstr. 134-138, D-
W-6000 Frankfurt/Main, Germany

SHASKY, DONALD R., 834 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, CA 92373, (714) 792-1236
SKINNER, DREW V. JR., P.O. Box 208, Bremerton, WA 98310, (206) 876-0214
SKOGLUND, CAROL & PAUL, 3846 E. Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85018, (602) 955-2072
SMITH, VIVIENNE B., 16331 Porto Bello St. NW, Bokeelia, FL 33922

STEPHENS, SUSAN B., P.O. Box 217, 425 Lighthouse Way, Sanibel, FL 33957, (813) 472-1654

STEWART, KATHARINE, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, CA 93924, (408) 659-2321

STOHLER, RUDOLF (Hon), 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, CA 94709

TAYLOR, ROLAND & KAY, 2437 Aster St., San Diego, CA 92109, 274-2998

THOMAS, CHARLES & VIVIAN, 5253 Mt. Alifan Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, 277-4483

THOMAS, STEVE & SHERILYN, 598 Pineridge Ct., Bonita, CA 91902, 482-7214

UNDERWOOD, DORIS K., 9022 Brighton Court, West Melbourne, FL 32904

UPTON, VIRGINIA, P.O. Box 2228, Sierra Vista, AZ 85636

VALLI, ADRIAN & SHERRY, 940 Mariner St., Carlsbad, CA 92009, 931-6629

VINKEN, GERARD, A.V.H. Schoolstraat 21, B-3500, Hasselt, Belgium

VOKES, EMILY & HAROLD, Dept, of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, (504) 865-
5198

VOSO, ED & HELEN, 1815 Sweetwater Rd. sp. 134, Spring Valley, CA 92077, 469-8308
WEBER, GLADYS, 6439 West Myrtle Ave., #79, Glendale, AZ 85301, (602) 934-5964
WEBSTER, HERB & MELLA, 34021 A Ruby Untern, Dana Point, CA 92629, (714) 240-1606
WELTY, STEPHEN, Box 639, Dubois, WY 82513, (307) 455-2922
WHITE, JACKIE, 886 Mountridge Ct., Las Vegas, NV 89110, (702) 452-9651

WU, SHI-KUEI, University of Colorado at Boulder, Museum, Hunter Bldg., Campus Box 315, Boulder, CO
80309-0315

YEEND, ARTHUR & MARGENETTE, 5668 Lord Cecil St., San Diego, CA 92122, 453-0531
YIN, BOB, 1275 Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, 454-2342

YOUNG, HERB & WILMA, 14550 Stone Ave. North, Seattle, WA 98133, (206) 364-8327

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ISSN 0738-9388

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\oUL-

^THE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club
Volume: XXV March 11, 1993 Number: 3

CLUB OFHCERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Linda Hutsell
Jules Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Linda Hutsell
Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTinC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
r ntifnmin Academy of Sciences
H S^'^i^5^..p’Attilio
2415 i^th^eet

)

r^Sayj, Qiego, California 92104
ci Douglas J. Eernisse
University oLmichigan
' L i , ,Williamji£rtmerson

Tnencan Museum of Natural History
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date; third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Dei Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Specializing

Club member Kim Hutsell will give an specialize and the kinds of specialization i.e.

illustrated program discussing how and why people families, localities. He will also have a display.

Shells of the month: Jewel Box Clams (Chamidae)

Meeting date: March 18th

CONTENTS

Club news 22

The collection and observation of living Monini veleroae from Cocos Island, Costa Rica

HENRY W. CHANEY 23

Haliotis roberti at Cocos Island, Costa Rica

KIM C. HUTSELL 28

A range extension for Placiphorella rufa

ROLAND C. ANDERSON 30

A range extension for Strombus peruvianas and a record size Cypraea isabellamexicana

ALEX KERSTITCH 31

Book news: THE GENUS CHICOREUS AND RELATED GENERA... by Roland Houart reviewed
EMILY H. VOKES, reviewer 32

Page 22

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

CLUB NEWS

Special Door Prize at the March Meeting

For those in attendance at the March
meeting, there will be a separate and special door
prize which has been given by an anonymous donor.
Remember-you have to be at the meeting to win!!

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - January 21, 1992

The meeting was called to order by President
Carole Hertz at 7:40 PM. After welcoming members
and introducing guests, the minutes of the January
meeting were accepted as read.

Carole announced that member Twila Bratcher
had been gravely injured in a fall on her front steps
and was currently in the hospital. It is hoped that
she will return home this month to continue her
recovery.

The Auction/Potluck will be on 17 April in the
recreation room at Wes Farmer’s condo. A signup
sheet for the potluck will be passed at the March
meeting. Members are requested to bring their
shell donations to the March meeting or contact a
board member to arrange for pickup.

The Club will participate in the WSM
Scholarship Fund in the amount of $200. and will
host a wine and cheese reception preceding the
WSM auction.

Jules Hertz shared the latest issues of
publications received by the Club library following
which Vice President Hugh Bradner introduced
Lindsey Groves of the Los Angeles County Museum
of Natural History, who spoke on "Fossil and
Recent Cypraeacea of the Eastern Pacific", the
subject of his current research. The presentation
was illustrated with slides of all the currently
described species of Cypraeacea from the eastern
Pacific. Most of the fossil specimens illustrated
were holotypes. Several newly described fossil
species were illustrated and three undescribed
specimens currently being studied were also shown.
Several of the species had not previously been
photographed. Lindsey gave a complete account of
his research and his very well-planned program was

greatly enjoyed by all.

The door prize was won by Marge Bradner. A

social time, with refreshements provided by Larry

Buck, Rick Negus and Bill Romer, followed.

Terry Arnold

Additions to the Roster

Bertsch, Hans, 4034 S. Pacific Ave. #21, San Pedro,
CA 90731. (213) 833-8225.

Bishop, John, 3026 Freeman, San Diego, CA 92106.
(619) 223-6038.

Hawaiian Malacological Society, P.O. Box 22130,
Honolulu, HI 96822.

Herrmann, Richard & Ginny, 12545 Mustang Dr.,
Poway, CA 92064. (619) 679-7017.

Novak, Carole, 4433 Vista de La Tierra, Del Mar,
CA 92014. (619) 481-3301.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries,
Acct.#9010520201, Washington, DC 20560.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, C-075-C,
University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093.

Steinke, Dale & Christy, 12100 Tall Trees Dr.,
Dunlap, IL 61525.

Wuyts, Jean, 82 Koningsarendlaan, 2100 Deurne 4,
Antwerp 22, Belgium.

The Auction/Potluck on April 17th

Saturday evening, April 17th is the Club’s
annual Auction/Potluck-the year’s biggest social
event and fundraiser. The Auction will again be
held at the Clubhouse of Wes Farmer’s condo
complex (The Festivus issue in April will include a
map) and the festivities will begin at 6:00 PM.

Your quality shells are much needed to make
this auction a success. Several beautiful Cypraea
species have already been donated-C rosselli, C.
venusta and a 90 mm C. friendii, but YOUR shells
are also very important to the success of the
auction. Remember that besides being the favorite
event of the year, the auction proceeds support The
Festivus, student awards, donations to scientific
publications-and social events. Please be generous
with your donations-and come to the auction!

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 23

THE COLLECTION AND OBSERVATION
OF LIVING MORUM VELEROAE
FROM COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA

HENRY W. CHANEY

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road,
Santa Barbara, California 93105

While the April 1992 visit to Cocos Island was
successful at adding new records to the ongoing
survey of the island’s marine mollusks (Chaney,
1992), an acknowledged highlight of the trip was
the taking of living specimens of the rarely seen and
very beautiful Morum veleroae Emerson, 1968.

Although a living specimen had been
discovered during a past trip to Cocos Island
(Shasky, 1989), the 1992 expedition was the first to
take specimens in numbers significant enough for
comparative observations of the living animal, its
shell morphology, growth characteristics, and the
nature of its deep water habitat. In fact the
number of known specimens was more than doubled
as a result of this excursion.

Past Collection History and Systematic Treatment

Emerson (1968) described Mon/m veleroae from
specimens collected during the 1938 Hancock
Pacific Expedition to Cocos Island, naming the
species after the Velero III, one of the vessels used
by Capt. G. Allan Hancock during his explorations
of the Eastern Pacific. The type locality is
Chatham Bay situated on the north side of Cocos
Island. Besides the holotype (LACM 1170), four
paratypes were designated of which three remained
with the holotype and one was deposited in the
American Museum of Natural History in New York
City (AMNH 138280). All of the type specimens
are either subadult or juvenile. In 1968 four
specimens were dredged by Jacqueline DeRoy and
Carmen Angermeyer from three localities in the
Galdpagos Islands, thus extending the range.
Among these specimens was the first known mature

adult, subsequently figured by Emerson (1969).

Collections of additional specimens were not
recorded until Shasky reported the discovery of a
live adult (41.65 mm) in a tangle net during his
March 1989 expedition, which also included
collection of several dead specimens. Tangle nets
used in 1991 and 1992 also collected dead
specimens and fragments, but live specimens were
not found until a dredge was used in early April
1992.

Morum (Oniscidia) veleroae is one of two known
species of the genus extant in the Eastern Pacific
(Figures 1-2). The other taxon, Morum (Morum)
tuberculosum (Reeve, 1842), is commonly found in
the shallow nearshore habitats throughout the
Panamic Province, including the Galdpagos Islands
(Emerson & Old, 1963), but so far it has not yet
been reported from Cocos Island. This species is
similar to some forms of Morum (M.) oniscus
(Linnaeus, 1767) which occurs in Bermuda, the
Caribbean basin and along the Atlantic coast to
Brazil. In addition there are 15 extant species of
Morum (sensu lato) currently recognized from the
Indo-west Pacific biogeographic region (Emerson,
1990) and M. (M.) matthewsi Emerson, 1967 is
known from Brazil, largely taken from the digestive
tracts of bottom feeding fish.

In contrast, Morum veleroae has thus far been
found in the eastern Pacific only at Cocos Island
and the Galdpagos Islands. It bears general
resemblance to Morum (O.) dennisoni (Reeve, 1842)
(Figure 3), and the more recently described Morum
(O.) lindae Petuch, 1987 (Figure 4), both of which
occur in the Caribbean.

Emerson (1968) separated M. veleroae from the

Page 24

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

Figures 1 & 2. Morum veleroae Emerson, 1968. Adult male, 39.15 mm, SBMNH 53149.

Figure 4. Morum lindae Petuch, 1987. Caribbean species, taken
by shrimp boats from oft Colombia, 37.3 mm.

Figure 3. Morum dennisoni (Reeve, 1842). Caribbean species,
trawled from off Venezuela, 57.0 mm.

Page 26

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

without a fully developed callus and a weakly
denticulate lip were regarded as late stage subadults
(Figure 8). Adult specimens had a fully extended
callus and a thickened outer lip with denticles. As
adults aged, the dorsal color pattern became
reduced as the general exterior eroded.

Figure 8. Late subadult female specimen showing a developed
parietal callus and early dentition along the inner surface of the
outer lip, 33.47 mm.

With the exception of a very small juvenile (at
11 mm, see Figure 9 for comparison with adult),
shell length of the specimens examined ranged from
31.00 mm to 42.3 mm. A fully mature male
specimen from Bahia Iglesias measured 31.5 mm
while an early subadult female from the same
locality was the largest collected specimen at 42.3
mm (Figure 7). Among the specimens examined,
male morums were smaller at maturity, with the
largest collected being 37 mm. There was no
discernible sexual difference either with the overall
mass of the shells or their widths.

The gross anatomy of Monim has been
adequately described by recent comparative studies
with Harpa (Hughes, 1986; Hughes and Emerson,
1987). These works demonstrated a very close
affinity between these two taxa, resulting in the
phylogenetic reassignment of the morums from the
Cassidae (as "mesogastropods") to Harpidae
(neogastropods).

Gross similarities to Harpa were immediately
apparent when observing the very active animals of
M veleroae. The anterior region of the foot is a
highly facile propodium, shaped as a shield (Figure
10), and although morum feeding behavior is
poorly known it can be suggested that this
propodium is used to subdue prey, like small

Figure 9. Very small juvenile specimen (11.0 mm) on the dorsum of adult specimen.

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 25

analogous M. dennisoni by citing the former’s
smaller size, more delicate sculpture and the
lavender colored parietal callus, or shield (Plate 1,
Figure 1). While they are quite obviously distinct,
the current study shows a similarity by the presence
of irregular brown patches on the spire (Figures 5-
6), a characteristic which is not lost even as the
color patterns become reduced in older specimens.
As an added difference, none of the mature
specimens of M. veleroae showed any thickening of
the parietal callus in which the shield actually flares
away from the surface of the underlying body whorl.
This morphological feature is common with adult
M. dennisoni as it is with other species of the
Oniscidia, like Monim grande (A. Adams, 1855)
from the western Pacific.

Figures 5 & 6. comparison of spire patterns between M. veleroae
(Fig. 5) and M. dennisoni (Fig. 6) showing the similarity in the
pattern of irregular patches of brown coloration.

Recent Collection and Observations

Using a dredge designed and operated by Dave
Mulliner, 13 living specimens of M. veleroae,
including six adults, were collected from three
general sites around Cocos Island: off Bahia Iglesias
in the east, Bahia Wafer on the west side and Bahia
Chatham along the north coast. In each instance
the substrate was coarse gravel and coralline rubble,
richly populated with the bivalves Gfycymeris and
Area. Phos articularis (Hinds, 1844) was a
prominent common gastropod. Based on observing
the action of the dredge in shallower water, we
inferred that it was digging into the gravel substrate
down to a depth of three inches.

Given the opportunity to examine a number of
living specimens for the first time, evidence of
sexual dimorphism was found by comparing the
overall shell length of six male and seven female
specimens relative to their maturity, indicated by
the extent of the development of the parietal callus
and outer lip. The degree of shell maturity can be
divided into three groups. An early stage subadult
has little or no coloration on the parietal callus and
a thin fragile outer lip (Figure 7). Specimens

Figure 7. Early subadult female specimen of M veleroae with
poorly developed parietal callus and no denticles on the outer lip,
42.3 mm, the largest specimen taken.

Vol. XXV(3): 1992

THE FESTIVUS

Page 27

crustaceans. It is also probably an essential
instrument for rapid concealment in the substrate.
Personal observations of living harps show that the
animal can bury vertically (straight down) within a
few seconds.

The main region of the foot is the metapodium
on which the viscera and shell are attached. The
posterior end of the metapodium holds a small
operculum and can be autotomized, or detached, by
the animal as a defensive measure, an event which
occurred with two of the specimens during
observation. Two other conspicuous aspects of the
animal’s external morphology are the long cephalic
tentacles which hold the eyes and a long siphon
(Figure 11).

The basic color of the animal ranged from light
gray to pale yellow and is mottled with flecks of

black, brown, bright yellow and white (Plate 1,
Figure 2). These observations are similar to those
by Angermeyer of a Galapagan specimen (Emerson,
1969). The dorsal surface of the long cephalic
tentacles were tinged with bright yellow, particularly
distal to the black eyes.

The radula of M. veleroae was not dissected as
part of the present study, however the radula of
Morum tuberculosum was found by Hughes (1986)
to be very small and comprised of a single column
of tricuspid teeth. While this characteristic could
be consistent with all morums, it is not yet clear
whether all the extant species actually have a
radula. All the animals of the M. veleroae
collected during the 1992 Cocos expedition are
preserved in the collections at the Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History (53149), and are
available for future study.

Figure 10. Extended animal of M. veleroae showing the anterior
portion of the foot, the propodium. The metapodium connects
to the viscera and shell and the posterior portion holds the small
operculum.

Figure 11. Anterior view of active animal showing the mottled
color pattern of the foot, the siphon and cephalic tentacles. The
eyes are visible by looking at the animal's reflection.

Page 28

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

LITERATURE CITED

CHANEY, H. W.

1992. Interesting gastropods from the 1992 Cocos Island
Expedition. The Festivus 24(8):86-91.

EMERSON, W. K.

1968. A new species of the gastropod Genus Monim
from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Journal de
Conchyliologie 57:53-57.

1969. Galapagan records for Morum veleroae
(Gastropoda: Tonnacea). Nautilus 83(l):19-22.

1990. New records for western Pacific Morum
(Gastropoda: Harpidae) with biogeographic

implications. The Veliger 33(2): 145-154.

EMERSON, W. K. & W. E. OLD, JR.

1963. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of
Natural History Expedition to western Mexico. 19.

The Recent mollusks: Gastropoda, Strombacea,
Tonnacea, and Cymatacea. American Museum
Novitates 2153:1-38.

HUGHES, R. N.

1986. Anatomy of the foregut of Morum Roeding, 1798
(Gastropoda: Tonnacea), and the taxonomic
misplacement of the genus. The Veliger 29(1):91-
100.

HUGHES, R. N. & W. K. EMERSON

1987. Anatomical and taxonomic characteristics of Harpa
and Morum (Neogastropoda: Harpaidae). The
Veliger 29(4):349-358.

SHASKY, D. R.

1989. My last seven years - at Cocos Island. The
Festivus 21(8):72-75.

HALIOTIS ROBERTI AT COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA

KIM C. HUTSELL

2527 Gaines Street #23, San Diego, California 92110

Haliotis roberti McLean, 1970, is not only one of
the rarest species of Haliotidae but, at an average
length of less than 20 mm, it is also among the
smallest.

During the April 1992 expedition to Cocos
Island, Costa Rica, a number of live specimens were
collected. Most were dredged at depths around 76-
91 m (250 to 300 ft), but a few were found clinging
to coral and rubble brought up in tangle nets set at
slightly lesser depths (Plate 1, Figure 3).

The color photograph (Plate 1, Figure 4) was

produced from the first video footage ever taken of
a living specimen of H. roberti. The camera used
was an 8 mm sony Handy Cam and the still photo
was produced by Perfect Image of San Diego.

The 24 mm specimen in the photo was one
recovered from a dredge haul at approximately 87
m (287 ft) and brought aboard for study. During
the short filming session, this animal "reared up"
several times giving the appearance that it was
looking straight into the camera. In fact, the
animal was displaying an escape behavior typical to
Haliotidae.

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 29

PLATE 1: Figures 1-2. Monim veleroae. (1) ventral view of adult male showing distinctive parietal callus and outer lip dentition, 39.15 min (2)
view of active animal showing color pattern of foot. Figures 3-4. Haliotis roberti. (3) on substrate (4) view of active animal. Figure 5. Pkiciphurella
nifa with head area raised. Figures 6-7. Sfroinbus penivianiis. (6) apertural view (7) closeup showing eyes. Photos: 1-2. H. W. Chaney; 3, D.K.
Mulliner; 4, K. C. Hutsell; 5, L. J. Shaw; 6-7, A. Kerstitch.

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Vol. XXV(3): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 30

A RANGE EXTENSION FOR PLACIPHORELLA RUFA

ROLAND C. ANDERSON

The Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Waterfront Park,
Seattle, Washington 98101-2059

Cape Flattery, on the northwest tip of
Washington State, is probably the most scenic,
rugged, and diverse coastal area in the state, if not
the whole west coast. I described the area and its
oceanographic details in Ajiderson (1991). Over the
25 years I have been visiting the area, either for
pleasure or collecting for the Seattle Aquarium, I
have seen many interesting and unusual marine life
there, including year-round resident gray whales,
cold-water gorgonians (Swiftia spauldingi),
phalaropes, velutinas, and others. Thresher sharks
and sea turtles have even been reported from this
area. Recently, I have also found several specimens
of PlaciphoreUa rufa Berry, 1917, on Cape Flattery.

Placiphorella rufa was originally described from
Forrester Island, Alaska (Berry, 1917) and has been
primarily considered an Alaskan species (Abbott,
1974; Barr and Barr, 1983; Scott, et al., 1990).
Recently, the range of P. rufa has been extended
south to Barkley Sound on the west coast of
Vancouver Island (Clark, 1991). I reported P. rufa
from Port Renfrew on the southern coast of
Vancouver Island (Anderson, 1992). The animal
pictured (Plate 1, Figure 5) is in the collection of
Jules and Carole Hertz (San Diego, California). I
found two more animals this summer (2 August
1992) at Slant Rock (Cape Flattery, near Neah Bay,
Washington, lat: 48° 23.54’ N, long: 124° 41.72’ W).
Hiey were found while diving at 25 meters depth,
on rock surfaces covered with colonial tunicates,
cup corals, and coralline algae. The water
temperature was 6° C (in August!). The animals
were live-collected and transferred to the Seattle
Aquarium. One specimen was donated to the Santa

Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH
35625), and the other is in the collection of Elsie
Marshall (Seattle, Washington).

While this range extension is not long as far as
distance goes, about 80 km, it crosses the Strait of
Juan de Fuca, and brings the animal into
Washington.

The color photo of P. rufa was taken by Leo
Shaw of the Seattle Aquarium.

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R.T.

1974. American Seashells. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
663 pp.

ANDERSON, R.C.

1991. A note on Velutina prolongata Carpenter, 1864.
Festivus. 23(10):75-76.

1992. A note on the veiled chiton Placiphorella velata.
Of Sea and Shore 14(4):205-206.

BARR, L. & N. BARR.

1983. Under Alaskan seas. Alaska Northwest Publ.

208 pp.

BERRY, S.S.

1917. Notes on west American chitons-I. Proceedings
of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series
7( 10):229-248.

CLARK, R.N.

1991. Notes on the distribution, taxonomy, and natural
history of some North Pacific chitons
(Mollusca.Polyplacophora). Veliger 34(l):91-96.
SCOTT, P.H., F.G. HOCHBERG & B. ROTH.

1990. Catalog of Recent and fossil molluscan types in
the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. I.
Caudofoveata, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia,
Scaphopoda, and Cephalopoda. Veliger 33 (suppl.
1). 27 pp.

Page 31

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

A RANGE EXTENSION FOR STROMBUS PERUVIANUS AND A
RECORD SIZE CYPRAEA ISABELLAMEXICANA

ALEX KERSTITCH

10700 Calle Vaqueros, Tucson, AZ 85749

On August 4, 1992, in 37 m (120 ft) depth in
the Sea of Cortez off Isla Peruano, Guaymas,
Sonora, Mexico, I collected a live, 208 mm
Strombus penivianus Swainson, 1823 (Plate 1,
Figures 6-7). This is a new northern extension
record. I believe this species was previously

reported from Islas Tres Marias, off the southern
coast of Mexico.

Although I have logged over 300 collecting
dives at Isla Peruano alone the past ten years 1
have never seen this species at this locality, nor
anywhere in the Gulf, and El Nino is indirectly
responsible. The specimen was found exposed in
the midst of a forest of the black coral, Antipathes
galapagensis. This patch is about 46 m long by
about 18 m wide. Under normal conditions when
the coral is healthy it is impossible to swim among
the branches of this coral because of the density of

the yellow polyps, and even less possible to see the
bottom and base of this forest.

However, because the water off Sonora has
been unusually warm due to El Nino, this black
coral patch is in very poor condition. The polyps
are dying and the coral "trees" look like leafless
trees on land in winter. Therefore, for the first
time I was able to swim in the midst of this patch
and discovered my specimen. I believe this species
has been there right along under the protective
branches of the coral. This Strombus is still alive in
my aquarium and feeds mostly on algae.

Figure 1 represents a new world record size for
Cypraea isabellamexicana. The shell was collected
dead in the Gulf in 18 m (60 ft) depth at Isla San
Pedro Martir, off Sonora, West Mexico. The shell
measures exactly 60 mm by 38 mm and is not in
the best condition, but it is a record nevertheless.

Figure 1. Cypraea isabellamexicana, 60 x 38 mm specimen from Isla San Pedro Martir, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Vol. XXV(3): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 32

BOOK NEWS

THE GENUS CHICOREUS AND RELATED GENERA (GASTROPODA:MURICINAE) IN THE INDO-

WEST PACIFIC

By: Roland Houart. 1992

Memoires de Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie, tome (A) 154, 188 pp., 480 figs., 4 tables.
Price: Dfl 125.00 (about US $74.00) plus postage.

The long-awaited study of the muricid genus
Chicoreus has finally appeared and it was well worth
the wait. Houart has done a superb job of making
sense of a complicated group. In the systematics
there will not be too many changes to cause pain to
the collector. Only one "familiar" species has
disappeared, that being C. penchinati (Crosse),
which has disappeared into the synonymy of C.
strigatus (Reeve). Species of what heretofore have
been considered to be Chicoreus s.s. are divided into
a subgenus Chicoreus s.s., characterized by the
presence of a labral tooth, and a subgenus Triplex
Perry, lacking this tooth. Having participated in the
dismemberment of Murex s.s. on the same grounds,
I can scarcely find fault with this division. One new
subgeneric taxon is proposed, Chicopinnatus (type
species: Pterynotus orchidiflorus Shikama), for those
few species that have the superficial appearance of
the genus Pterynotus, with three winged varices, but
have the early development of Chicoreus.

The two taxa Naquetia Jousseaume and
Chicomurex Arakawa, formerly considered to be
subgenera of Chicoreus are elevated to generic level
(these are the "related genera" of the title) on the
basis of their radular morphology.

The general format of the book and its overall
excellent quality is a tribute to Philippe Bouchet, of
the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. The
only serious error that I have encountered is the
omission of any explanation for figure 302, which is
a specimen of C. rubescens (Broderip, 1833)
identified in a subsequent work (Apex, 1992, v. 7,
nos. 3-4, fig. 4) as a specimen in Houart’s collection
- 47.88 mm, from ?Tahiti.

Species of the muricid genus Chicoreus
Montfort are arguably the most beautiful of the
family; certainly they are the most numerous in
numbers of species (about 90 world-wide) and, as
they frequently occur in shallow water or even
intertidal environments, they are well-represented in
most collections. They are also the most complex
of the groups in the Muricinae, as a result of a
more than usual amount of intra-specific variation.

Just to give an idea of the magnitude of the
problem, Houart has accepted a total of 64 Recent
taxa in the three genera he is monographing. These
64 species have a total of 77 synonyms between
them. If one excludes those 16, mostly deep-water
forms, that have been named since 1980, the
numbers are even more daunting: 48 species with 77
synonyms. One well-known species, Chicoreus
brunneus (Link), alone has ten synonyms.

To establish these synonymies Houart has done
an amazing job of locating type material and
especially of figuring these obscure types. Of the
over 400 illustrations of specimens, one third
represents type material. This alone makes the
book worth its somewhat hefty price. But even
more than that, the illustrations are uniformly well
done, and the four plates of color illustrations are
especially gorgeous.

In addition to the large number of illustrations
of specimens there are also distribution maps for
each taxon, and of extreme value are the enlarged
drawings of protoconchs for 55 Recent species
(often more than one example) and six fossil
species.

EMILY H. YOKES

Ml

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, vj.^ .7OQS__s80!iurw<f

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ISSN 0738-9388

^|THE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXV

April 8, 1993 Number: 4

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Carole M. Hertz

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Hugh Bradner

American Malacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Richard Negus

Henry W. Chaney

Secretary (Record.)

Terry Arnold

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Treasurer

Linda Hutsell

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Jules Hertz

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Linda Hutsell

2415 29th Street

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

San Diego, California 92104

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernisse

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natwvl History

Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP .AND

SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natival Histoiy

family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):

Barry Roth

$15.00; Overseas (air mail); $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy

San Diego Shell Club,

Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy

Emily H. Yokes

The Festivus is published monthly except

Tulane University

December. The publication date appears

on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue; $5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

COME TO THE AUCTION/POTLUCK! / \

Saturday evening, April 24, 1993 f .jQ A J

6:00 PM-? \ " r y

For details.

see page 34 and map on last pageS.

There is

no regular meeting this month.

CONTENTS

Club news 34

Notes on four species of minute Indo-Pacific gastropods

DONALD R. SHASKY 35

Panamic puzzles: a singular Cingulina

ROBERT KOCH 39

Student research grant in malacology 41

Book news: THE EDGE OF THE FOSSIL SEA reviewed

EMILY H. YOKES, reviewer 42

Map for detaching

Page 34

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - March 18, 1993

The meeting was called to order by President
Carole Hertz at 7;40 PM. After welcoming members
and introducing guests, the Minutes of the February
meeting were accepted as corrected [meeting date
in The Festivus changed to February 18, 1993].

The Club has instituted a new policy in which
out-of-town speakers and local non-member
speakers are invited to dinner before the meeting.
Dinners will be at the Cafe del Rey Moro and
begin at 6 PM. If interested in joining the no host
dinner group, notify Hugh Bradner (459-7681).

Club member Kim Hutsell brought in a
beautiful display of pectens to complement his
freewheeling discussion on Specializing. Both the
discussion and display were appreciated by all.

A special door prize of Cassis nifa, donated by
an anonymous contributor, was won by Michael
Hollmann. A social time followed with a specially
decorated cake for the Hutsells, who will be leaving
San Diego at the end of April, provided by the
Bradners.

Additions to the Roster

American Museum of Natural History, Central Park
West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024.
Gabelish, Tony, 22 Kirkham Hills Terrace,
Maylands, Western Australia, Australia.

Rice, Tom, P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364.
(206) 277-2426.

Wilson, Barry, 4 St. Ives Loop, Kallaroo, Western
Australia 6025, Australia.

The Auction/Potiuck on April 24th

The Auction/Potiuck, to be held at the
clubhouse at Wes Farmer’s condo (see map, last
page), will begin at 6 PM with "relaxing fluid." The
potluck dinner will begin at 7 PM and the auction
at 8 PM.

A signup sheet for potuck contributions was
passed at the March meeting. If you were unable

to attend the meeting, call Carole Hertz (277-6259)
or Larry Buck (792-5404) and sign up for your
potluck contribution.

Your shell donations are also needed. If you
have a contribution, please call a board member
and arrange for pickup.

Several more fantastic donations have been
received including a shell drawing specially done for
the auction. It’s going to be a wild and wonderful
time. Don’t miss the most exciting Club function
of the year. Hope we see you there!

1993 Annual Meeting of the
Western Society of Malacologists Announced

The 26th annual meeting of the Western
Society of Malacologists (WSM) will be held in La
Jolla, California from June 27 to July 1, 1993 at the
Radisson Hotel La Jolla (formerly La Jolla Village
Inn).

This year the agenda will feature two symposia:
"Contemporary Research on Mollusca" and
"Malacofauna of western Mexico" as well as
contributed papers, a special "Photography of
Mollusks" poster session, evening visit to Sea
World, exhibits, shell auction, reprint sale and a
banquet featuring a sure-to-be-entertaining
presentation by Dr. Barry Wilson (author of an
important new book on gastropods of Australia).

Contributed papers are requested. For a
contributed paper application or for poster forms,
contact either President Douglas J. Eernisse,
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-1079 or Paul Scott, Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol
Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105. Applications must
be returned no later than May 15th.

Come to the Bizarre Bazaar

The fourth annual shell bazaar will be on
Saturday May 15th at 1 PM at the Mulliner’s
garden, 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, 92109. Bring
your shells, shell related items and table and enjoy
buying, selling, trading and admiring.

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 35

NOTES ON FOUR SPECIES OF MINUTE INDO-PACIFIC GASTROPODS

DONALD R. SHASKY

834 W. Highland Avenue, Redlands, California 92373

In 1956, the Australian malacologist
C. F. Laseron published a lengthy
monograph titled "The Family
Rissoinidae and Rissoidae (Mollusca)
from the Solanderian and Damperian
Zoological Provinces." The Solanderian
Province extends from just north of
Brisbane to southern New Guinea and it
includes the Coral Sea and the Torres
Strait along the northern shore of
Australia. The Damperian Province is all
of the northern Australian coast west of
the Torres Strait. Laseron’s treatise is
the only comprehensive work on
rissoacean species from these faunal
provinces. In addition to these two
provinces, a collection of mollusks from
Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean
south of Java was also included.

Laseron dealt with 167 species and
47 genera. One hundred thirty-one of
these species and 27 of the genera were
proposed as new; eighteen of the species
are from Christmas Island in the Indian
Ocean. Remarkably, all of the specimens
he used in his work were dead collected
and several of the genera and species
were erected from single specimens.
Laseron believed that many of the genera
would be relocated to other families
when their anatomies and life histories
became known.

Genera that Laseron cited as
rissoacean have subsequently been
removed to other groups by Ponder
(1985), including the Cerithiidae,
Vitrinellidae, Eulimidae and
Pyramidellidae. The four genera and
species treated in the present paper are
those that Ponder has reassigned. My

collecting, supplemented by the collecting of Douglas von
Kriegelstein, demonstrates that species that Laseron thought
might be endemic to Christmas Island or to northern Australia
do, in fact, occur more widely.

Discrevinia balba Laseron, 1956 (Figures 1, 2)

Figures 1, 2. Discrevinia balba Laseron, 1956. Length: 2.1 mm. Locality:
Anemwanot Island, Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands, 21-28 m in the lagoon,
May 5, 1991. Leg. D. Shasky. (1) apertural (2) dorsal. Photos: D. K. Mulliner.

This species was described from a single specimen from

Page 36

THE FESTIVUS

Vol XXV(4): 1993

Christmas Island. Laseron’s illustration of the shell
is a sketch which is quite dissimilar to the drawings
of the same shell illustrated by Ponder (1985: 105,
fig. 73a-b) which shows a marked repaired fracture.
Ponder, in his discussion of Discrevinia balba,
allocated it to the family Vitrinellidae. He adds,
however, that the familial position of the genus is
questionable. To my knowledge, Laseron’s and
Ponder’s citations are the only references to this
taxa.

The following lots of this species are in my
collection:

(1) 21 m (70 ft) in siftings, off Oyster Cay, North
Queensland, Australia. 1991. Leg. D. Shasky. 1
specimen.

(2) 8-33 m (25-107 ft) under coral, north side of
Sipidan Island, Sabah, Malaysia. June 11-16,
1990. 1 specimen.

(3) 15-28 m (50-90 ft) on coral, outside the outer
reef, Ine Island, Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands.
Sept. 2, 1992. Leg. D. Shasky. 25 specimens
(several live-collected).

(4) 1.5 m (5 ft) on coral, in the lagoon between
Lobikaere and Enigu Islands, Majuro Atoll,
Marshall Islands. May 5, 1991. Leg. D. Shasky.
2 specimens.

(5) 21-28 m (70-91 ft), in the lagoon of
Anemwanot Island, Majuro Atoll, Marshall
Islands. May 5, 1991 and Aug. 9 - Sept. 1, 1992.
Leg. D. Shasky. 4 specimens (Figures 1-2).

(6) to 24 m (80 ft) under coral, passage between
Koror and Babeldaob, Palau. Sept. 27, 1987.
Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. 3 specimens.

(7) 9-24 m (30-80 ft) under coral, outside Jokaj
Passage, Phonpei. Sept. 16, 1987. Leg. D. von
Kriegelstein. 10 specimens (some live-
collected).

Palisadia subulata Laseron, 1956 (Figure 3)

Perhaps the most exotically shaped minute
marine gastropod extant is Palisadia subulata, the
type of Palisadia. It is unique and could not be
confused with any other species. Palisadia subulata
is another taxon that Laseron named from a single
specimen from Christmas Island. Ponder (1985:108,
199, fig. 15a, b) reassigned this genus to the
Eulimidae. He mentioned that "A few shells of this
rare species have been obtained in northeastern
Australia" and are in the Australian Museum.

Figure 3. Palisadia subulata La.seron, 1956. Length: 3.1 mm.
Locality: outside Jokaj Passage, Phonpei, 9-24 m under coral,
Sept. 16, 1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. Photo: B. Draper.

The following lots are in my collection:

(1) 9-24 m (30-80 ft) under coral, outside Jokaj
Passage, Phonpei. Sept. 16, 1987. Leg. D. von
Kriegelstein. 1 specimen (Figure 3).

(2) to 24 m (80 ft) under coral, passage between
Koror and Babeldaob, Palau. Sept. 27, 1987.
Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. 1 specimen.

(3) 15-28 m (50-90 ft) under coral, Palau. Sept. 28,
1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. 1 specimen.

(4) 8-33 m (27-107 ft) under coral, north side of
Sipidan Island, Sabah Malaysia. June 11-16,
1990. Leg. D. Shasky. 2 specimens.

Costabieta honida (Garrett, 1873) (Figures 4-5)

Costabieta paucina Laseron, 1956, was described
from Michaelmas Cay off Cairns, North Queensland,
Australia, from three specimens collected by Tom
Iredale. Ponder (1985: 108 - 109, fig. 75c, d)

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 37

synonymized Rissoino horrida Garrett, 1873, with C.
paucina. Ponder stated that, "C horrida is a
pyramidellid with the first whorl of the protoconch
inverted and a weak columellar plication.
Examination of living material from Queensland
shows the animal to be typical of Pyramidellidae."

I have C. hoirida from the following localities
in my collection:

(1) 3-5.5 m (9-18 ft) on coral, southwest side of
Fitzroy Island, North Queensland, Australia.
Sept. 18, 1991. Leg. D. Shasky. 2 specimens.

(2) 1-3 m (3-10 ft) on coral, Woneedaly Passage,

Yap. Sept. 24-25, 1987. Leg. D. von

Kriegelstein. 2 specimens.

(3) 1.5 m (5 ft) in coral, sand and eel grass on
northeast side of Yap above Colonia. Sept. 25,
1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. 1 specimen.

(4) 1.5-28 m (5-90 ft) on coral, Muteremdiu Wall,

Palau. Sept. 28, 1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein.
1 specimen.

Figure 4. Costabieta horrida (Garrett, 1873). Length 3.3 mm.
Locality: Woneedaly Passage, Yap, 1-3 m on coral, Sept. 24-25,
1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Figure 5. Costabieta horrida, dorsal view of specimen in Figure
4. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Herewardia kesteveni (Hedley, 1907) (Figures 6, 7)

Hedley described Rissoina kesteveni from a
specimen taken from 31-37 m (17-20 fm) off
Masthead Island in the Capricorn Group,
Queensland, Australia. Iredale (1955) erected the
genus Herewardia with R. kesteveni as the genotype.
Laseron (1956), in discussing this species, stated
that "It is evidentally a rare species, perhaps
confined to deep water. The range, however, is
fairly wide, as a specimen in the Australian Museum
is from Murray Island." Ponder’s only comment on
this shell (1985:108-109, fig. 75e, f) is that "the type
species of this genus appears to be a pyramidellid
from examination of the shell."

Below I list the localities of specimens in my
collection. It is obvious that it has a wide range:

(1) 1.5 m (5 ft) in coral, sand and eel grass
northeast side above Colonia, Yap. Sept. 25,
1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. 1 specimen.

(2) 1-3 m (3-10 ft), Woneedaly Passage, Yap. Sept.

Page 38

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

24-25, 1987. Leg. D. von Kriegelstein. 1
specimen.

(3) 3-25 m (10-82 ft) under coral in lagoon, Rairik
Island, Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands. Aug.-
Sept. 4, 1992. Leg. D. Shasky. 1 specimen.

(4) 0.2-0.6 m (0.5-2 ft) on coral, Taharuu, Papara,
Tahiti, F.P. Dec. 26, 1990. Leg. D. Shasky. 1
specimen.

(5) intertidally under dead coral, Pte. Venus,
Manina, Tahiti, F.P. Jan. 7, 1983, Dec. 22, 1988,
Dec. 1990. Leg. D. Shasky. 42 specimens
(includes live taken specimens).

(6) 0.2-0.3 m (0.5-1 ft) under south side of Motu
Araara, Parea, Huahine, F.P. Jan. 4, 1983. Leg.
D. Shasky. 3 specimens.

(7) 0.9-1. 5 m (3-5 ft) under dead coral inside the
reef, Motu Vavara, Huahine, F.P. Jan. 4, 1983.
Leg. D. Shasky. 3 specimens.

(8) 0.3-1. 2 m (1-4 ft) under dead coral, Motu
Ahuna, Bora Bora, F.P. Dec. 29, 1988. Leg. D.
Shasky. 2 specimens.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. Winston Ponder for
identifying my first specimen of Discrevinia balba.

I also wish to thank both Dave Mulliner and Bert
Draper for the excellent photographs for this paper
and Dr. James McLean for supplying me with a
copy of Laseron’s monograph.

LITERATURE CITED

HEDLEY, C.

1907. Mollusca of Masthead Reef. Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales 32:476-523 (not seen).

IREDALE, T.

1955. Rissoid sectional names. Proc. Royal Zool. Soc. of
New South Wales 1953 4:81.

LASERON, C.F.

1956. The family Rissoinidae and Rissoidae (Mollusca)
from the Solanderian and Damperian Zoological
Provinces. Australian Jour. Marine & Fresh Water
Res. 7(3):384-484, figs. 1-228.

PONDER, W.F.

1985. A review of the genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca:
Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea). Rec. Australian Mus.
(1984) Suppl. 4:1-221, figs. 1-153.

Figures 6, 7. Hercwardia kesteveni (Hedley, 1907). Length: 2.8 mm. Locality: Pte. Venus, Manina, Tahiti, F. P., 0.2-0.6 m under dead
coral, Dec. 1988, Dec. 1990. Leg. D. Shasky. (6) aperlural (7) dorsal. Photos: D. K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 39

PANAMIC PUZZLES: A SINGULAR CINGULINA

ROBERT KOCH

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road
Santa Barbara, California 93105

In 1917 Bartsch described Turbonilla
(Cingiilino) urdeneto (Figure 1) from 47 specimens
dredged in the vicinity of Bahia Magdalena along
the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico.
Twenty-two years later, in 1939, Strong and Hertlein
described Turbonilla (Cingiilina) academica (Figure
2) from a set of six shells dredged in Bahia Honda,
Panamd. Both taxa are readily distinguishable by
the prominent spiral keels or cords encircling the
teleoconch whorls.

Figures 1 & 2. (1) Turbonilla (Cingulina) urdeneta Bartsch, 1917.
Holotype. (USNM 267740). Length: 5.7 mm. Type locality:
vicinity of Bahi'a Magdalena, Baja California, Mexico. After
Bartsch, 1917. (2) Turbonilla (Cingulina) academica Strong &
Hertlein, 1939. Holotype. (CAS 751). Length: 2.7 mm. Type
locality: Bahfa Honda, Veragua, Panama. After Strong &
Hertlein, 1939.

Keen (1971) listed Cingulina as a subgenus of
Turbonilla. Following Keen only two subsequent
references, of which I’m aware, relate to these
descriptions. Abbott (1974) placed Cingulina, as a
genus, in the subfamily Odostomiinae but listed
only C. urdeneta and one other Panamic species.

with no synonyms, compared to the four cited in
Keen. Shasky (1984) included C. urdeneta in his
checklist of marine mollusks from Manabi Province,
Ecuador.

It is my belief that these supposed two species
are conspecific. The descriptions are remarkably
similar in many respects. As described, the nuclei
are almost identical if not the same. There are
only minor variations relating to the strength or
absence of microscopic axial threads and spiral
striations. And, as stated by Strong and Hertlein C.
academica "...resembles Turbonilla urdeneta
Bartsch. ..but is smaller and has only 3 instead of 4
spiral keels [on the final whorl]." Size and the
number of spiral keels on each teleoconch whorl
are the major differences, but are explicable. The
C. urdeneta holotype measures 5.7 mm in length
with my postnuclear whorl count of SVi turns, while
the holotype of C. academica is just 2.7 mm in
length with SVi whorls. The spiral cords on C.
urdeneta are described as none on the first
teleoconch turn, 2 on the second, 3 on the next
three whorls and 4 on the rest. Cingulina
academica was said to exhibit one on the first and
second whorls, 2 on the third and 3 on the others.

The Skoglund and Koch collections together
contain over 150 specimens dredged from the Bahia
de Panamd. In the range of 3 mm in length (and
recalling that the Strong and Hertlein type lot was
merely six shells) any number make an excellent
match for C. academica of three spiral keels on the
final turn. At the 4 mm size and larger many
evidence a fourth keel as with C. urdeneta. In our
lots there are other variations in width and
sculpture with some lacking a cord on the initial
postnuclear whorl while others over 4 mm have five
keels, somewhat more subdued, on the last whorl.
The representatives of this material shown in
Figures 3 and 4 are now in the collection of the

Page 40

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

Figure 3 a-f. Dorsal and apertural views of three specimens
dredged from the Bahia de Panama, (a-d) Two 4.0 mm+ shells
exhibiting the sculptural pattern of Cingulina urdeneta\ (e-f) A
juvenile of approximately 2.7 mm matching the description of C.
academica. Leg. R. Koch. SBMNH 35636.

Figure 4 a-b. A juvenile specimen dredged off Puerto San
Carlos, Bahia Magdalena (near the type locality of Cingulina
urdeneta) approximately 2.5 mm and answering the description of
C. academica. Leg. C. & P. Skoglund. SBMNH 35637.

Photos: D.K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXV(4); 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 41

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Our
specimens, wherever the location, all evidence
similar nuclei. Cingiilina ocademica (Strong and
Hertlein, 1939) appears to be a juvenile of C.
urdeneta (Bartsch, 1917).

Distribution may be more or less continuous
through the Province. Collecting sites from the
Skoglund and Koch collections, together with other
available citations, are as follows: Bahia Magdalena,
Baja California Sur (Pacific side) (Bartsch, 1917 and
the Skoglund collection)(Figure 4); Isla Espiritu
Santo (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928) and Bahia
Concepci6n, Baja California Sur (Gulf side); Puerto
Penasco and Isla San Jorge, Sonora, Mexico (upper
Gulf of California); La Cruz de Huanacaxtle (Bahia
de Banderas), Nayarit, Mexico; Bahia Honda
(Strong & Hertlein, 1939, as C. academica) and
Bahia de Panamd, Panamd (Figure 3); Manabi
Province (Shasky, 1984) and Salinas, Guayas
Province, Ecuador.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My deep appreciation to Carol Skoglund for
the loan of material from her extensive Panamic
collection and to David Mulliner for his excellent

photographic assistance.

LITERATURE CITED
ABBOTT, R. TUCKER

1974. AMERICAN SEASHELLS, 2nd ed. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 663 pp.

BAKER, FRED, G. DALLAS HANNA & A.M.
STI^ONG

1928. Some Pyramidellidae from the Gulf of California.
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 15(6):223-239.

BARTSCH, PAUL

1917. Descriptions of new West American marine
mollusks and notes on previously described forms.
Proc. USNM .S2(2193):637-681.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. SEA SHELLS OF TROPICAL WEST

AMERICA, 2nd ed., Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, CA, i-xiv+ 1-1064 pp.

SHASKY, DONALD R.

1984. A preliminary checklist of marine mollusks from
Manabi Province, Ecuador. Ann. Rpt. Western
Soc. Malac. [1983] 16:25-32.

STRONG, A.M. & L.G. HERTLEIN
1939. Marine mollusks from Panama collected by the
Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos
Islands, 1931-32. Allan Hancock Foundation.

Pub. of Univ. So. Calif. 2(12): 177-245.

STUDENT RESEARCH GRANT IN MALACOLOGY

The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM),
in conjunction with the Santa Barbara Shell Club
and the San Diego Shell Club, as part of their
commitment to the continued study of mollusks, are
offering a student research grant in malacology.
One or more research grants up to $1000 are
available to applicants who are full time students
in formal graduate or undergraduate degree
programs. The thesis, dissertation or research
project must be focused primarily on the

systematics, biology, ecology, physiology,
biochemistry, or paleontology of marine, terrestrial
or freshwater mollusks. Research currently in
progress or beginning in the 1993-1994 academic
year will be considered.

Completed applications must be received no
later than 15 May 1993 and awards will be
announced by 30 July 1993. For further
information or application form contact: Paul Scott
(805) 682-4711 (ext 319).

Page 42

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(4): 1993

BOOK NEWS

THE EDGE OF THE FOSSIL SEA
By: Edward J. Petuch, 1992.

Publisher: Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum,

P.O. Box 1580, Sanibel, Florida 33957.

Price: $14.00 postpaid. Florida residents add $.84
tax; 20% discount to museum members.

A rag, a bone, and a hank of hair-from this
the fool constructed a vision of his "lady fair."
From little more than these the paleontologist
must reconstruct entire ecosystems. This is not as
difficult as it sounds-all it takes is a thorough
knowledge of the habitat requirements of living
land and marine animals and plants, plus a lively
imagination.

Ed Petuch fortunately is blessed with both.
And thus his new book, which, as the title
implies, is a tribute to the late Rachel Carson, is
a wonderful synthesis of Pleistocene life along the
margin of the Okeechobee Sea (a.k.a. the Florida
Platform).

From a bunch of fossil shells, a few
fragments of bones, and an encyclopedic
knowledge of the living Caribbean molluscan
fauna, Petuch has conjured up a vision of a
beautiful tropical landscape similar to that of the
present-day Bahama Islands, with coral reefs along
the margins, mangrove swamps to the north, low-
lying sandy islands with bizarre animals prowling
the forests and seals basking on the shores,
whales frolicking in the central lagoon, and in the

shallow marine waters myriad snails and clams
living out their daily dramas.

For the reader who perhaps has never
witnessed modern scenes such as are described in
the book, delightful sketches supplement the text-
-sometimes accompanied by slightly lavender, if
not positively purple, prose, such as "A flock of
gulls takes flight in a cacophony of screams, while
a line of violent thunderstorms approaches from
the west." Rachel herself could not have phrased
it better!

If I have any complaint about the book it is
the unending litany of common shell names that
tend to overwhelm the casual reader-do names
like "Petit’s Grinning Tun" or "Linda’s Seminole
Snail" convey any more information to the
average person than would Malea petiti or
Seminolina lindae? In the plate explanations both
common and scientific names are used; it is a pity
that this could not have been done in the text as
well.

Except for this minor aggravation, the book
is a marvelous introduction to paleoecology. It
demonstrates to the average person what it is that
we molluscan paleontologists really are doing.
We are not simply gathering up pretty specimens,
magpie-fashion, to put into museum drawers to
gather dust. We are attempting to recreate the
world of the past in all its astonishing diversity
and beauty. Thanks, Ed.

EMILY H. YOKES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

AUCTION/POTLUCK

APRIL 24, 1993

DIRECTIONS TO THE AUCTION: from 805: exit onto Balboa, east to

Convoy, south to Aero Dr., east to Ruffin Rd . , south about a
block or two. Clubhouse on East side of street; park at Sharp
Operations Centner on West side.

From San Diego Stadium on Friars Road; up Mission Village
Drive to Ruffin Rd . , right turn or north about a half mile,
parking on the west side of the street at Sharp Operations
Center across from the Clubhouse.

THE ADDRESS: 3575 Ruffin Rd. at the Summer Hill Clubhouse.

TIME : 6:00 P . M . -???

REMEMBER TO BRING: Your potluck dish with serving utensils. Also, please bring
eating utensils for yourself (plates, cups and napkins will be provided). And come ready
to have fun!!

4oi

F4IS

MAY 1 6 1993 ]

i3^ I

V u s

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXV

May 13, 1993

ISSN 0738-9388

Number: 5

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Margaret Mulliner
Jules Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Eugene V. Coan

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

Anthony D’Attilio

2415 29th Street

San Diego, California 92104

Douglas J. Eernisse

University of Michigan

William K. Emerson

American Museum of Natural History

Terrence M. Gosliner

California Academy of Sciences

James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date; third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Three Islands in Micronesia

Club members Marge and Ken Lindahl will give the Micronesian islands of Thrawa, Abemama and

an illustrated presentation on their collecting trip to Abeiang in 1992.

"Copper Tbxicity and Marine Embryos: Is it Reversible?"

Club Science Fair winner Nilakhom School, will present an overview of his winning
Nobouphasavanh, an 11th grader at Lincoln High project and receive the Club’s award.

Meeting date: May 20th
Shells of the month: Ranellidae (triton shells)

CONTENTS

Club news 44

Some unusual shell damage

ROLAND C. ANDERSON 45

Additional distributional information for Cochliolepis comis Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992
(Gastropoda: Vitrinellidae)

CAROL SKOGLUND 50

Page 44

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(5): 1993

CLUB NEWS

The Auction/Potluck on April 24th

The Auction/Potluck was again held at the
clubhouse at Wes Farmer’s condo and what a time
it was! About 50 members and guests (a joy to see
Twila Bratcher back) pored over the shells to be
voice and silent auctioned while enjoying "Dave’s
Punch" and appetizers. At the dinner following,
everyone did great justice to the abundance of
wonderful potluck contributions. All indulged on
the many goodies while greeting old friends and
meeting new ones.

At 8 PM the voice auction began. There was
much fun-filled and spirited bidding as Auctioneer
Carole Hertz put up the lots of beautiful sale
material. There was the D’Attilio drawing of
Babelomurex gemmatus, a Cypraea rosselli, Stratus
alabaster, a Richard Herrmann prizewinning
photograph, books, and so much more.

Our thanks to the many members and friends of
the Club who donated the fine auction material:
Marge & Hugh Bradner, Billee Brown, Larry Buck,
Anthony D’Attilio, Wes Farmer, Bob Foster,
Richard Herrmann, Carole & Jules Hertz, John
Jackson, June King, Kay Klaus, Marge & Ken
Lindahl, Margaret & Dave Mulliner, Rick Negus,
Carole Novak, Jeanne & Don Pisor, Wally
Robertson, Carolyn & Bill Romer, Nancy & Bill
Schneider, Don Shasky, Carol & Paul Skoglund, and
Margenette Yeend.

And a deeply felt thank you to Wes Farmer
who has hosted this function for the fourth time
and made us all feel very welcome.

It was a fantastic party-as always the best ever!!

Come to the Bizarre Bazaar

The fourth annual shell bazaar is this Saturday
May 15th beginning at 1 PM in Margaret and Dave
Mulliner’s garden at 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego,
92109. Bring your shells, shell related items and a
table or stand and enjoy buying, selling, trading,
admiring and socializing. It’s an event all members
and guests enjoy-don’t miss it.

For further information call Margaret Mulliner
488-2701.

Changes on the Club Board

Linda and Kim Hutsell, active club members, have
relocated to Wichita, Kansas, necessitating changes
in the Club board.

Margaret Mulliner has graciously agreed to fill
the Treasurer’s post and Pat Boyd has kindly
consented to take over as Historian. Larry Buck
will coordinate the Marine Field Study and Terry
Arnold will chair the committee on Shells for
Schools.

We wish the Hutsells well and we’ll miss them.

.Additions to the Roster

New members

Cronan, Sandra, PO Box 20586, Village of Oak
Creek, AZ 86341. (602) 284-4383.

Guillot de Suduiraut, Emmanuel, P.O. Box 13,
Central Post Office, Mandaue City, Cebu-
Philippines

Hamilton, Ian, 17988 Pueblo Vista Lane, San
Diego, CA 92127. (619) 674-5765.

Kronenberg, Gijs, Havenstraat 7, 561 IVW

Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Mons, Lynne, 245 Loma Corta Dr., Solana Beach,
CA 92075. (619) 481-6046.

Reitz, Jessica, 410 Orpheus Ave., Leucadia, CA
92024. (619) 943-1029.

Waters, Charles, 308 S. Guadalupe, Redondo Beach,
CA 90277. (310) 316-8214.

Woolsey, Mary Jo (Jody), 3717 Bagley Ave. #206,
Los Angeles, CA 90034. (213) 839-1604.

Changes of address

Hutsell, Kim, Linda & Jeremy, 1605 W. 29th St.,
Topeka, KS 66611. (913) 266-6235.

Levine, Annita Tuller, c/o Barnes/Green, 10178
Myer PL, Cupertino, CA 95014-2336.

Mendes, Eve, 6807 E. Vernon, Scottsdale, AZ
85257.

Vol. XXV(5): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 45

SOME UNUSUAL SHELL DAMAGE

ROLAND C. ANDERSON

The Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Waterfront Park,
Seattle, Washington 98101

There are a number of factors that contribute
to the damage, destruction, and decomposition of
shells. I’m sure we’re all familiar with some of the
usual causes of shell damage: physical abrasion by
waves rolling a shell on the shore; damage by
rubbing against rocks, sand, gravel, or coral; damage
from being eaten by fish or other invertebrates;
damage from harvest by people; damage from the
collecting process; and damage as part of the
natural life cycle of the animal (such as is evident
in species of Caecum). Shell collectors will be
familiar with Byne’s Disease, a condition that affects
shells housed in collections; since Byne’s disease is
an unnatural disease, I won’t discuss it here. I’ll
describe other, lesser-known aspects of natural shell
damage.

Natural shell damage is important to the study
of taphonomy, which looks at how the environment
affects living and dead materials. Such information
helps us understand past environments by
comparing what happens in living organisms to
what we see in the fossil record.

Several species of sponges damage shells.
Hermit crab sponges, species of Suberites, dissolve
the shells they encrust. Suberites domuncula is the
common species on the northern West Coast and S.
suberea occurs from California southward (Austin,
1985).

I first noticed these sponges while diving on
Cerantes Rocks (Port San Juan, B.C.). They were
on solid rock, about fifty feet deep and were a
deep, red-orange color. Most of them were oval in
shape and slightly flattened from top to bottom.
They were about two inches across. When I looked
at them closer, I noticed that they were moving. At
first I thought they were moving in the surge caused
by the swells on the surface; I was moving back-
and-forth across the bottom with each wave. On
closer examination, I saw that each sponge was
occupied by a hermit crab, which was moving the

sponge. I collected some to take back to the Seattle
Aquarium, where they survived well (Figure 1).

Suberites is a wide-spread genus, found in the
North Pacific and North Atlantic (Austin, 1985;
Smith, 1964). Throughout its range, members of this
genus are known to live in a commensal
relationship with hermit crabs. On the Pacific Coast,
S. suberea and S. domuncula live on shells inhabited
by Pagurus stevensae (Hart, 1982), although other
species of hermits may inherit the sponge if the
original inhabitant dies or is forced out. In addition
to Cerantes Rocks, I have found these sponges in
Washington at Neah Bay and in the San Juan
Islands.

The hermit crab originally occupies a snail shell
just like any other hermit crab. The sponge
somehow settles onto the shell. It is not known if
sponge larvae actively seek out hermit crab shells,
possibly by smell ("eau de hermit crab?"), or
perhaps sponge larvae that settle on hermit crabs
are the only ones that survive. It is also possible
that hermit crabs may actively seek out the sponge
and place it on their shells, like other species of
hermit crabs place anemones on their shells (Zann,
1980). Suberites spp also live encrusting on rocks,
so this is a possibility.

The snail shell is eventually dissolved, and the
hermit crab eventually ends up living in a hole in a
mass of sponge (Figure 2). It has always been
assumed that the sponge actively dissolves the shell
by use of some chemical secretion (MacGinitie and
MacGinitie, 1968), but this action has never been
studied and substantiated.

The hermit crab-sponge relationship is a case of
true commensalism, where both partners benefit.
The sponge gets moved around to new feeding areas
and may derive a better oxygen supply. It also
avoids sponge predators such as nudibranchs and
sea stars by being moved by the hermit crab. The
hermit crab also derives protection from predators.

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(5): 1992

Figure 1. The snail shell shape is still visible in this hermit crab sponge. The
shell may have been Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791).

Figure 2. The snail shell shape is eventually lost as the shell is dissolved and the
sponge grows.

as the sponge is noxious to most crab
predators. Suitable shells for hermit
crabs are frequently limited (Kozloff,
1983), so the hermit crab also gains
a home.

MacGinitie and MacGinitie
(1968) suggest that in France, S. ficus
eventually grows too large for the
hermit crab to carry around. The
hermit crab drops the sponge and it
then attaches to rocks, where it
continues to grow. Therefore, the
hermit crab may serve as a source of
dispersion for the sedentary form of
this species of sponge.

The taxonomy of Suberites spp is
still in flux. West Coast species have
been called S. ficus, S. latus,
S. suberea and S. domunciila. Austin
and Ott (1987) call one species "5.
?suberea forma latus Lambe, 1893,"
which shows the confusion over the
species. Further investigation is
obviously indicated.

A different kind of sponge, the
boring sponge {Cliona spp) is one of
the most important shell de-
composers. If it weren’t for Cliona
we would probably be knee-deep in
empty shells, on shores and
underwater (although this would
probably be shellers’ heaven!). Cliona
bore into shells, living and dead, and
in living and dead stony corals. They
also frequently live in rock crevices.
The genus is cosmopolitan, with
representatives living in all seas. They
are usually bright sulfur-yellow. An
infected shell will appear to be
riddled with tiny yellow bumps, as
the sponge protrudes slightly from its
burrows. Dried shells that have been
sponge-infested appear to be
peppered with tiny round holes, 0.1-
1.0 mm in diameter. The common
boring sponge on the West Coast is
Cliona celata (Austin and Ott, 1987).

Cliona bore into shells by a
combination of chemical and
mechanical erosion (Zann, 1980).

Vol. XXV(5): 1993

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Page 47

Special sponge cells settle onto the calcium
carbonate of a shell and chemically etch out a chip
of shell the same size as the cell by extruding a
shell-dissolving substance around the rim of the cell.
Then, special transport cells carry the chip away to
where it can be expelled out an ex-current pore.

While much of the sponges’ boring occurs in
dead shells, many live shells are also infested,
particularly the shells of abalone {Holiotis spp.),
rock scallops {Crassadoma gigantea) (Figures 3 &
4), giant barnacles {Balonus nuhilus), and corals.
When the sponge bores completely through these
living shells, the host must mount a defense against
it, and lays down an extra layer of shell where the
sponge has penetrated. This is an extra energy drain
on the host, which may weaken or kill it. To the
effect that the sponge is harming these living
animals, it is a true parasite on them. In the case of

Figure 3. The surface of this live Crassadoma ^gautea (Gray,
1825) is dimpled by an infestation of Cliona.

Figure 4. Cleaned shells, such as this Crassadoma gigantea that
have been infested with Cliona may appear pock-marked by the
sponge’s burrows.

coral, Zann (1980) estimates that one third of the
bio-erosion of coral reefs is due to Cliona.

Cliona grow extensively on rocks other than
coral reefs or coral rocks. I have seen them growing
profusely on basaltic rock in the fjords of the
Pacific Northwest. They are usually growing in
cracks of these rocks. It is not known if the sponges
contribute to the erosion of under-water rocks. This
would be a likely possibility in limestone rock.

The family name for these boring sponges,
Clionidae, is shared and preempted by the older
family name of swimming opisthobranchs, also
Clionidae (Austin and Ott, 1987). Obviously, further
taxonomic work is suggested.

Some shells may have holes drilled in them by
other mollusks. Most of these are caused by marine
boring snails, but it is not so well-known that
octopus can drill shells.

Octopus have a small radula which they use to

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(5): 1993

drill into molluscan shells (Wodinsky, 1973), in
conjunction with an accessory organ that chemically
dissolves the shell (Nixon, 1980). After they drill a
small hole in the shell, they "spit" in a bit of toxic
saliva, which relaxes, paralyses, and kills the prey.
(This is the same type of venom that kills people
bitten by the blue-ringed octopus; all octopuses are
venomous to varying degrees, but all bites are not
envenomated.) Once the prey is relaxed and
paralysed, the octopus then opens it with ease for
feeding.

Holes in shells drilled by octopus look similar
to those drilled by snails. The holes are usually very
small. A hole drilled in a clam by a 7.5 kg Octopus
dofleini at The Seattle Aquarium measured just 2
mm across (Figure 5-note that the hole is oblong).
The hole just barely penetrated the shell. For a
detailed description of octopus hole-drilling
behavior see such literature as Arnold and Arnold

(1969).

Figure 5. Shells of Tapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve. 1850)
that were drilled by a 7.5 kg Octopus dofleini (Wiilker. 1910).

A very different type of shell damage is
commonly found on the Kennerley’s Venus clam,
Humilaria kennerleyi (Reeve, 1863). I have found
Kennerley’s Venus in Puget Sound (Washington
State) in areas swept by moderate current, buried
shallowly in gravel or lying on the surface of the
substrate. It grows to about 10 cm in length and
has an oval shell with sharp concentric ridges. The
thick shell is gray and has a texture somewhat like
cement. The shell damage that is commonly seen on
living and dead shells is delamination of the shell
layers around the edges of the shell. This damage
is caused by sea stars attempting to prey on the
clam.

Kennerley’s Venus is resistant to being fed upon
by most sea stars. The large sunflower star
{Pycnopodia helianthoides) digs up these clams from
several inches deep in the gravel, ingests them, and
"spits" them out unopened and unharmed several
days later; these "Jonahs" are the clams that are
found just lying on the gravel. Many sea stars
attempt to open this clam but are unsuccessful, due
to the clams’ strong adductor muscles, tight-fitting
shell and the fact that the edges of the shell break
away before the clam is opened (see Anderson,
1985). There only a few sea stars persistent enough
to open Humilaria namely Pisaster brevispinus and
Orthasterias koehleri (Mauzey, et al, 1968). They
may attempt to open one clam for up to a week,
breaking away pieces of shell until an opening is
effected.

During recent years, I have been doing some
diving in Lake Crescent (Olympic Peninsula,
Washington State), where I have seen another
unusual type of shell damage. Lake Crescent is a
clear blue lake, with underwater visibility reaching
a hundred feet at times. It is nestled in the
mountains of Olympic National Park. It has steep
rocky sides, sloping down to 600 feet deep. There
are areas of mud and sand in between the rock
outcrops where I have seen numerous freshwater
mussels, Anodonta kennerfyi Lea, 1860, whose shells
were badly eroded (Figure 6).

Almost all of the shells of large Anodonta I see
in this lake are pitted and eroded. There are
different stages of the erosion, depending on the
size of the mussel; smaller mussels are unblemished,
medium-sized ones are slightly eroded, and large
ones are greatly eroded. There are few empty shells
lying about, and these are the most eroded of all.

Vol. XXV(5): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 49

Figure 6. lire shells of these Anodonta kennerlyi from Lake
Crescent, Washington state are very erose.

Also, the mussel shells protruding out of the
substrate are more eroded than those buried. The
substrate where these are living is very soft mud.
Those mussels living in the mud still have the tips
of the shells protruding so their siphonal areas have
access to open water.

There are several reasons these shells can be
become eroded. Anoxic conditions in the mud may
contribute to the shell damage. Anoxic conditions
produce hydrogen sulfide, which in conjunction with
iron in sediments produces sulfurous acid on
contact with water (Hutchinson, 1975), which is
corrosive to shell material. However, since the shell
parts buried in the mud were less eroded than the
parts exposed, this is not a likely possibility.

Another contributing factor may be the
acidity/alkalinity of lake water. Most ocean waters
are slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.5-S.4 (Sverdrup
et al, 1942). Anodontidae are rarely found in waters
with a pH below 7.0 (Pennak, 1978). The pH of a
water sample I took from Lake Crescent was 7.8,
not particularly low. It does not seem likely that
low pH conditions are responsible for the shell
damage.

Another factor that might be responsible is soft
water conditions. Soft drinking water has been
known to erode pipes in public water systems, and
could dissolve shell material. A water sample from
Lake Crescent that was tested for hardness showed

dissolved solids of 58 mg/1, indicating soft water, so
this is a likely reason for the shell erosion.

This shell erosion could eventually kill the
mussels. Some of the live mussels I collected had
very thin shells in the spots of erosion, which broke
easily. Pennak (1978) says some Anodontidae may
live up to 10 or 15 years. It would be interesting to
tag some of these mussels and follow them for
several years to determine their life span and if
shell erosion contributes to their death.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank C. Clifton Coney of the Los Angeles
County Museum of Natural History and Elsie
Marshall of the Burke Museum for identifying shells
mentioned in this article. I also thank Leo Shaw of
the Seattle Aquarium for photographing the shells.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, R.

1985. Super Clam? Shells and Sea Life. 17(5): 173-176.
ARNOLD, J.M. & K.O. ARNOLD.

1969. Some aspects of hole-drilling by Octopus vulgaris.
Am. Zoologist. 9:991-996.

AUSTIN, W.C.

1985. An annotated checklist of marine invertebrates in
the cold temperate Northeast Pacific. Khoyatan
Marine Laboratory. 682 pp.

AUSTIN, W.C. & B. Ott.

1987. Phylum Porifera. pp 6-31. In: E.N. Kozloff, 1987.
Marine invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest.
University of Washington. 511 pp.

HART, J.F.L.

1982. Crabs and their relatives of British Columbia.
B.C.Prov. Mus. 267 pp.

HUTCHINSON, G.E.

1975. A treatise on limnology. John Wiley and Sons. 1015

pp.

KOZLOFF, E.N.

1983. Seashore life of the northern Pacific Coast.
University of Washington. 370 pp.

MACGINITIE, G.E. & N. MACGINITIE.

1968. Natural history of marine animals. McGraw-Hill.
523 pp.

MAUZEY, K.P., C. BIRKELAND, & P.K. DAYTON.
1968. Feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses
of their prey in the Puget Sound region. Ecology.
49(4):603-619.

NIXON, M.

1980. The salivary papilla of Octopus as an acces.sory
radula for drilling shells. J. Zool. London. 190:53-
57.

Page 50

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Vol. XXV(5): 1993

PENNAK, R.W.

1978. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States.
John Wiley. 803 pp.

SMITH, R.I.

1964. Keys to marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole
region. Marine Biological Laboratory. 208 pp.
SVERDRUP, H.U., M.W. JOHNSON & R.H.FLEMING.

1942. The oceans - their physics, chemistry, and general
biology. Prentice-Hall. 1087 pp.

WODINSKY, J.

1973. Mechanism of hole boring in Octopus vulgaris. J.
of General Psych. 88:179-183.

ZANN, L.P.

1980. Living together in the sea. T.F.H. 416 pp.

ADDITIONAL DISTRIBUTIONAL INFORMATION FOR
COCHLIOLEPIS CORNIS HERTZ, MYERS & GEMMELL, 1992
(GASTROPODA: VITRINELLIDAE)

CAROL SKOGLUND

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road,

Santa Barbara, California 93105

Cochliolepis comis Hertz, Myers & Gemmell,
1992 was described with a distribution from San
Felipe to just south of Puertecitos, Baja California,
Mexico. Two lots in the Skoglund collection extend
the distribution across the upper Gulf of California,
and south to Nayarit, Mexico.

One lot of two shells was collected by me in
the drift at the high tide line at Estero Morua
(31°17’N; 113°26’W) which is about 4 miles
southeast of Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. A
second lot of three shells was dredged by Peter and

Sally Bennett off Playa Novillero, Nayarit, Mexico
(22°23’N; 105°45’W) at a depth of 7 to 15 m.

I thank Carole Hertz, who identified the shells
by comparing them with a paratype.

LITERATURE CITED

HERTZ, C.M., B.W. MYERS & J. GEMMELL

1992. Two new vitrinellid species from the Gulf of
California, Mexico (Gastropoda: Vitrinellidae).
The Veliger 35(l):70-73, figs. 1-8 (Jan. 2).

1/

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club
Volume: XXV June 10, 1993 Number: 6

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Tferry Arnold
Margaret Mulliner
Jules Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92II1

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott

American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural . — ,

Eugene V. Coan

Research Associate ^ ^

California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson

American Museum of Natural History
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Abalone Gametes or How Haliotis Make Babies

Dr. Victor D. Vacquier, professor of marine worldwide Haliotis species,
biology at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, has He will present an illustrated program on this

been researching fertilization in the roughly 80 very interesting subject.

Meeting date: June 17th
Shells of the month: Abalone

CONTENTS

Club news 52

Dwarfism and melanism in Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby, 1834) at Agua Hedionda Lagoon,

Carlsbad, California

RICHARD NEGUS 53

Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby, 1834): feeding observations

LARRY BUCK 57

Correction to a Panamic caecid identification

JULES HERTZ 57

Page 52

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(6): 1993

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - May 20, 1993

The meeting was called to order by Vice
President Hugh Bradner. After the minutes were
accepted and several announcements made, Hugh
introduced the Club’s 1993 Science Fair winner,
Nilakhom Nobuphasavanh, an 11th grader from
Linclon High School. Nilakhom made a short
presentation on his project, "Copper Toxicity and
Marine Embryos: Is it Reversible?" This project
focused on determining the length of time urchin
embryos can be exposed to levels of copper
currently present in San Diego Bay before
irreversible damage is done. The embryos were
exposed to copper concentrations in the 1000 ppm
for time periods ranging from a few minutes to 3+
hours. TTien the copper was removed by addition
of EDTA, a mild chelate. This chelate has been
proposed as an alternative method of removing
some of the heavy metal concentrations in San
Diego Bay. He concluded that irreversible effects
of high copper concentrations were rapid and that
EDTA may not be cost effective except in special
circumstances.

After his presentation, Nilakhom was awarded
his prize of a copy of Barnes’ Invertebrate Zoology.

Hugh then introduced the main speakers, Ken
and Marge Lindahl who presented slides on their
trip to Kiribati, also known as the Gilbert Islands.
The slides showed island life and reef scenes on the
islands of Tarawa, Majuro, Abe Mama and Abe Ing.
The slides of the available"hotel" accommodations
lends credence to the reports of marginal facilities
on these remote islands. Accompanying the
presentation was an extensive display of native
crafts from Kiribati supplied by the Lindahls and
the Bradners.

The door prize was won by Arthur Yeend.
Four special door prizes from Kiribati contributed
by the Bradners and the Lindahls were won by
Terry Arnold, Louis Deschaine, Delbert Foss and
Bruce Kemp.

Terry Arnold

The Clipperton Expedition - 1994

A research expedition to Clipperton Island in
the eastern Pacific focusing on underwater marine
faunas is planned for April 7 through May 7, 1994,
with possible options for "late fly-down departure
and early fly-back return."

The trip will depart from and return to San
Diego, California and will be aboard the MA^
"Royal Star," a 92-foot long-range sportfishing boat
which will be equipped to handle SCUBA diving.
Stops will be made at Rocas Alijos and the Islas
Revillagigedo.

There will be space for a total of 18 people on
this trip to isolated Clippertion Island, an "overlap"
zone containing both tropical eastern Pacific and
Indo-Pacific faunal elements. If you are interested in
exploring this very poorly known area on the
Clipperton Expedition 1994, contact John Jackson
for further information by phone at (619) 570-8405
or FAX (619) 579-7901, or write to him at 11558
Rolling Hills Dr., El Cajon, CA 92020.

The Western Society of Malacologists
Meets in San Diego this June

The 26th annual meeting of the Western Society
of Malacologists (WSM) will be held at the La Jolla
Radisson Hotel from June 27 to July 1, 1993.

There will be two symposia "Contemporary
Research on Mollusca" and "Malacofauna of
Western Mexico" in addition to contributed papers,
a special "Photography of Mollusks" poster session
and exhibits. In addition there will be an opening
reception, evening slide shows, an auction and
reprint sale (with a wine and cheese reception
hosted by the San Diego Shell Club), and banquet
featuring a presentation by Dr. Barry Wilson of
Western Australia.

Club members are urged to attend the WSM
annual meeting. It is an opportunity to meet those
professionals and amateurs active in the field and
hear about their latest research.

Vol. XXV(6): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 53

DWARFISM AND MELANISM IN PTEROPURPURA TRIALATA
(SOWERBY,1834) AT AGUA HEDIONDA LAGOON,
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA

RICHARD NEGUS

3401 Woodland Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008

I became aware of these very unusual Murex
shortly after moving here from Los Angeles County
in the summer of 1987. The mid-summer low tides
being in the -1.5 to -1.7 foot range, exposed a large
portion of the riprap and muddy sand around the
periphery of the lagoon. The shells in question
were found on the rocks, trestles and buried in the
mud at the base of rocks, all exposed above the
water. This occurrence is very unusual for P.
trialata as they are normally found at a depth of
20-40 feet farther north in Los Angeles County,
which is the center of their range. Of the 50-1-
specimens that I have observed at the lagoon there
appear to be four distinct variants that are different
from the normal P. trialata that we see from deeper
water (Figure 1), and the four varieties figured here
show the same amount of dwarfism. I have not
measured a specimen larger than the very heavy and
gerontic 65 mm specimen (Figure 2) and the
majority of the shells I found were well under 55
mm. McLean (1978) gives the size range for P.
trialata as 55-80 mm and Glass & Foster (1982)
mention finding specimens to 97 mm in 10-30 feet
of water. The smallest size they reported is the
maximum size for those varieties found at Agua
Hedionda. Radwin & D’Attilio (1976) describe the
shell as being large (to 93 mm) and having one and
one-half nuclear whorls and seven or eight weakly
shouldered teleoconch whorls. These dwarf
specimens all have between seven and eight
teleoconch whorls even those specimens 44 mm in
length, so they are not just immature P. trialata.

The first variety is a remarkable looking
shell; it is melanistic in the extreme, reminiscent of
the Cypraea found on New Caledonia. Specimens
were found that are extremely dark brown and

Figure 1. Pteropurpura trialata, an 87 mm specimen from Los
Angeles California. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

completely lacking in bands of any kind (Figure 3)
or with just a hint of dark brown bands coming
through (Figure 4). What could have been the
cause of the melanism in this population of P.
trialatal The possible explanations for these
unusual specimens are many. Charlie Waters (pers.
comm.) who has collected many P. trialata as well
as the albino form of P. trialata in Los Angeles

Page 54

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(6): 1993

Figure 2. P. trialata, a gerontic 65 mm specimen. Figure 3. P. trialata, a 50 mm specimen lacking any bands.

Photo: D. K. Mulliner. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Harbor at 20-40 feet, suggests that being exposed at
low tide to sunlight and ultraviolet radiation has
stimulated the dark color. Other possible causes
might be pollution, diet or disease, but regardless of
the reasons, the subject is beyond the scope of this
paper.

The second variety (Figure 5) is very similar
to the albino form of P. trialata (Figure 6) but
with a dark blue-brown stain inside the shell
(Figure 7) which shows up as a bluish color on the
outside of the shell. This coloring is seen in some
normal albino P. trialata but only on the early
whorls (Figure 6), not over the whole shell like
these dwarf specimens. There is also a distinct
bluish-brown staining on the ends of the siphonal
canal (Figure 8) that is not found on a normal P.
trialata form alba.

The third variety (Figure 9) is very rare and
possibly just represents geriatric specimens that
have been faded or bleached by the sun or
pollution. The shell has the same pattern as the
first variety, but the color is a very bleached looking
light tan color.

A fourth variety is similar to the normal P.
trialata shown in Figure 1 in that it has bands on
its body and varices but resembles the variety shown
in Figure 4 in its dwarfism, shape of varices and
brown bands.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank Dave Mulliner for
photographing these shells, and Charlie Waters for
his generous input.

Figure 4. P. trialata, a 57 mm specimen with a hint of brown
bands. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Figure 5. P. trialata, a 64 mm white shell with bluish/brown stain
on whorls of shell and tip of canal. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXV(6): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Figure 6. P. trialata, an 83 mm all white form, the form more
usually found. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Figure 7. Detail of interior of aperture of specimen shown in
Figure 5, showing bluish/brown color. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

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Vol. XXV(6): 1993

Figure 8. Detail of canal of specimen in Figure 5 showing
bluish/brown stain. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Figure 9. P. trialata, a 61 mm faded- appearing shell, possibly a
gerontic specimen. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

LITERATURE CITED

GLASS, CHARLES & ROBERT FOSTER

1982. California seashells part II: Pteropurpura
(Muricidae) Conchologists of America
Bulletin 10(4): 10-13.

McLEAN, JAMES H.

1978. Marine Shells of Southern California,
Revised Edition. Natural History Museum

of Los Angeles County, Science Series 24:
1-104.

RADWIN, GEORGE E. & ANTHONY
D’ATTILIO

1976. Murex Shells of the World an illustrated
guide to the Muricidae Stanford Univ.
Press., Stanford, CA. pp. 1-284.

Vol. XXV(6): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 57

PTEROPURPURA TRIALATA (SOWERBY, 1834):
FEEDING OBSERVATIONS

LARRY BUCK

2411 El Amigo Road, Del Mar, California 92014

Several years ago I had tried - unsuccessfully -
to keep Pteropurpura trialata in my salt water
aquarium for an extended period of time. Although
other muricids in the aquarium fed readily on
various bivalves and other food items, I was not
successful in enticing the P. trialata to feed. They
seemed to slowly become emaciated and after
awhile died, even though remaining fairly active
until the end. Since then I’ve moved and
dismantled my aquarium.

I searched through the available literature and
was unable to find what P. trialata feed on. John
LaGrange, fellow diver and Club member, said he
thought they might be feeding on tube worms
(actually mollusks). I kept my eyes peeled when
diving, but failed to confirm John’s hunch even after
many hours of observing P. trialata .

Recently, while scuba diving near a local break-

water - a common habitat of P. trialata - I
observed a specimen clinging to a clump of
Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter, 1857) at a depth
of 10-15 feet. When I lifted the P. trialata I
noticed it had 2-3 inches of its proboscis inserted
down a tube of S. squamigerus. The animal was
obviously feeding. Thus I feel I finally confirmed at
least one of the prey species (food items) of P.
trialata. At several locations where we find P.
trialata to be common - usually on rocks at 5-25
feet - there also are abundant 5. squamigerus
attached to the rocks.

I hope I’ve solved the mystery of what to feed
captive P. trialata. Serpulorbis squamigerus are very
plentiful in our local bays at low tide and at
shallow diving depths. I can’t wait now to set up
my aquarium again. Maybe I can raise a world
record sized P. trialata.

CORRECTION TO A PANAMIC CAECID IDENTIFICATION

JULES HERTZ

3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue, San Diego, California

It has been brought to my attention by Carol
Skoglund that I misidentified the caecid figured in
the article entitled "Minute Shells" in The Festivus
(1978, vol. 10(1):91, 2 figs.). The shell figured is
Caecum liratocinctum Carpenter, 1857, not C.

elongatum Carpenter, 1857 as written. Carpenter
stated that C. elongatum "seem to have relations
with C. liratocinctum, but show no trace of
longitudinal ribs." The specimens figured have
some traces of longitudinal ribs.

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f T H E F E S T I V U S

A publication of the San Diego ShelT'Club
Volume: XXV July 8, 1993 Number: 7

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Margaret Mulliner
Jules Hertz

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): S 12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
S 15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Sania Barbara Museum of Natural History

Eugene V. Coan

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

Anthony D’Attilio

2415 29th Street

San Diego, California 92104

Douglas J. Eernisse

University of Michigan

William K. Emerson

American Museum of Natural History

Terrence M. Gosliner

California Academy of Sciences

James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natw-al History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Shell Remains in Archaeology

Susan Hector and Martin Rosen, husband and on shell remains in southern California. Susan is

wife, have been anthropologists for about 20 years. with Parks & Recreation and Martin is with

They will present this slide program, with a display, Caltrans.

Meeting date: July 15th
Shells of the month: fossils

CONTENTS

Club news 59

Geographic locations supplementing "Additions to the Panamic Province Gastropod (Mollusca)

Literature - 1971-1992" by Carol Skoglund

ROBERT KOCH 60

How an Ida’s Miter took up ballooning and landed on the beach

WESLEY M. EARMER 64

Glyptostomo newberryonum, the San Diego Chestnut

CAROLE M. HERTZ 65

In Memoriam Leroy H. Poorman

C. M. HERTZ, editor 66

Page 59

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - June 16, 1993

The meeting was called to order by President
Carole Hertz. After introduction of guests and
acceptance of the minutes as published in The
Festivus, there were several announcements.

The September party, a luau will be held at the
Catarius’ garden on Saturday evening, the 18th -
menus and details at the August meeting.

Dave Mulliner gave information on the
upcoming annual meeting of the Western Society of
Malacologists to be held here from June 27th to
July 1. The Club will host a reception prior to the
auction on June 29th to which all members are
invited. Members were asked to donate any
duplicate reprints to George Kennedy for the WSM
reprint sale to be held concurrently with the
auction.

Following these announcements, Hugh Bradner
introduced our speaker for the evening. Dr. Victor
D. Vacquier of Scripps Institution of Oceanography
who gave an exciting presentation entitled, "Abalone
Gametes or How Haliotis Make Babies."

Dr. Vacquier has been at the forefront of
research on fertilization, studying the molluscan
group Haliotis. He explained that invertebrates
such as abalone or sea urchins serve exceptionally
well for this research since they are readily available
and large quantities of eggs and sperm can be
collected for laboratory study.

Dr. Vacquier shared with us his as yet
unpublished findings. He illustrated with drawings
and slides how abalone sperm show species
specificity and attach to the protective casing of the
egg of the same species. Once attached, the sperm
releases a protein which disperses the fibers of the
protective casing in the area of attachment. No
enzyme is involved. The sperm is then drawn in by
the egg.

Dr. Vacquier’s laboratory has done DNA
analysis of the different west coast species of
Haliotis as well as that of some additional
worldwide species. He has been able to study the

relationships and relative ages of worldwide species.

Following his presentation, he spent at least a
half-hour answering the many questions from the
very interested audience

Ron McPeak won the shell drawing and the
delicious refreshments for the social time following
the meeting were provided by Kay and Del Klaus.

Additions to the Roster

Lance, James R., 746 Agate St., San Diego, CA
92109. 488-2132.

Small, Michael, Embajada de Canadd, Apartado
postal 10303-1000, San Jos6, Costa Rica. 506-28-
96-34.

Change of address

Bertsch, Hans, 192 Imperial Beach Blvd. #A,
Imperial Beach, CA 91932.

Club Mugs and Pins Available

Club mugs each featuring three local shells,
Pteropurpura trialata, Cypraea spadicea and Haliotis
rufescens and the Club logo are available in two
sizes, standard at $7 and extra-large at $9 each.
Add $2 for domestic postage, when necessary. For
overseas orders, postage will vary depending on the
country.

San Diego Shell Club pins are still available for
sale at $3 each plus 50c postage (domestic), when
necessary. To order, contact Margaret Mulliner at
5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109, USA or call
619-488-2701.

Mark Your Calendars Now
for the Club’s Christmas Party

The 1993 Club Christmas party will be held on
Saturday evening, December 4th. There will be a
Mexican theme. Further details later.

Vol. XXV(7); 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 60

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS SUPPLEMENTING
"ADDITIONS TO THE PANAMIC PROVINCE GASTROPOD (MOLLUSCA)
LITERATURE - 1971-1992" BY CAROL SKOGLUND

ROBERT KOCH

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road,

Santa Barbara, California 93105

In the Skoglund gastropod supplement to
Keen (1971) [The Festivus, Volume XXIV
(Supplement) 1992], geographic references were
cited that were not in A. Myra Keen’s (1971) "Sea
Shells of Tropical West America," 2nd edition,
Stanford University Press. The following is
intended to update the Keen (1971) section titled
"Geographic Aids."

Numbers to the right correspond to those
contained on the maps on pp. 929-932 in Keen.
There is some duplication between this list and that
of Keen. It has been done for convenience so that
only one reference need be consulted. The
geographic limits are those proposed by Keen and
followed by Skoglund.

A list of Spanish-English equivalents for some
geographic features is contained in Keen (pp. 919-
920). Two additional equivalents should be noted:
arroyo = wash and canal = channel.

Locations in Mexico

Cited Mexican states (with abbreviations)

Baja California "Norte" (B.C.)

23-29

Baja California Sur (B.C.S.)

5-22

Sonora (Son.)

30-42

Sinaloa (Sin.)

43-46

Nayarit (Nay.)

47-49

Jalisco (Jal.)

49-51

Colima (Col.)

52

Michoac^n (Mich.)

53

Guerrero (Gro.)

53-55

Oaxaca (Oax.)

56-59

Chiapas (Chis.)

60-61

Abreojos = Punta Abreojos, B.C. (beyond
Panamic limits) 3

Acapulco = Acapulco, Gro. 54

Adair = Bahia de Adair, Son. 30

Agiabampo = Laguna (Estero) de Agiabampo,
Son. & Sin. between 42 & 43

Angel = Puerto Angel, Oax. 57

Angeles = Bahia de los Angeles, B.C. 23

Angeles, Caleta de los (see Tenacatita)

Antonio, Punta San (see Guaymas)

Arena = Arena Bank

& Punta Arena, B.C.S. north of 9

Augustin = San Augustin, Son. between 38 & 39
Bacochibampo, Bahia (Ensenada) de (see Guaymas)
Balandra, Bahia (de) (see La Paz)

Ballena, Isla (see Espiritu Santo)

Banderas = Bahia de (las) Banderas,

Nay. & Jal. 49

Adjacent locales: Punta Mita, Nay.; La Cruz (de
Huanacaxtle), Nay.; & Cabo Corrientes, Jal.
Benito, Isla(s) San (see Cedros)

Bias = San Bias, Nay. 48

Buenavista = "Rancho Buenavista"

(Buena Vista), B.C.S. north of 9

Adjacent locale: La Ribera
Cachori, Playa (see Guaymas)

California = Golfo de California 9-46

Carizal, Bahia (de) (see Manzanillo)

Carlos, San & Bahia (de) (see Guaymas)

Carmen = Isla Carmen, Golfo de California 15
Cedros = Isla Cedros, B.C.

(beyond Panamic limits) 1

Adjacent locale: Isla(s) San Benito
Cerralvo = Isla Cerralvo, Golfo de California 10

Page 61

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

Chale = Agua (de) Chale, B.C. between 28 & 29
Chamela = Bahia (de) Chamela, Jal. 50

Chilenos = ("Los Chilenos")

Bahia Chileno, B.C.S. between 7 & 8

Cholla, Bahia la (see Pehasco) southernmost part
of Bahia de Adair

Chollude = Isla el Chollude, Golfo de
California 28

Clara = (Village of) El Golfo de
Santa Clara, Son. between 29 & 30

Clarion, Isla (see Revillagigedo)

Colonel = Cabo Colonel, B.C. (beyond Panamic
limits)

Colorado = Morro Colorado, Son.

between 37 & 38

ConcepciOn = Bahia (de) ConcepciOn, B.C.S. 18
Conejo = Arroyo Conejo, B.C.S. between 5 & 6
Coronados = Islas (de los) Coronados, B.C.

(beyond Panamic limits)

Corrientes, (Cabo) (see Banderas)

Cristobal = Bahia (de) San CristObal, B.C.S.

(beyond Panamic limits) ca 2

Cuastecomate = Bahia (de) Cuastecomate, Jal. 51
Danzante = Isla Danzante, Golfo de California 14
Ensenada = Ensenada, B.C. (beyond Panamic
limits)

Adjacent locales: Isla(s) & Bahia de Todos Santos
Escondido = Puerto Escondido, B.C.S. &

Bahia (de) Escondido 14

Espiritu Santo = Isla Espiritu Santo, Golfo
de California 11

Adjacent locales: Isla Ballena & Isla Partida
(Another island by the latter name is in the
upper Gulf.)

Estrella = Punta Estrella, B.C. south of 29

Felipe = San Felipe, B.C. & Bahia de &

Punta San Felipe 29

Final, Punta (see Gonzaga)

Frailes = Los Frailes, B.C.S. ca 9

Francisquito = Bahia (Ensenada) (de)

San Francisquito, B.C. between 21 & 22

Gonzaga = Bahia (de) San Luis Gonzaga, B.C. 26
Adjacent locale = Punta Final
Gorda = Gorda Banks (off B.C.S.) between 8 & 9
Guadalupe = Isla Guadalupe, B.C.

(beyond Panamic limits)

Guarda = Isla Angel de la Guarda, Golfo de
California 24

Guaymas = Guaymas, Son. &

Bahia de Guaymas 41

Adjacent locales (all part of the greater
Guaymas area): Punta San Antonio, San Carlos
& Bahia (de), Caleta Saladita, Bahia de
Bacochibampo, Cabo Haro «& Playa Cachori
Haro, Cabo (see Guaymas)

Hipdlito = Punta San Hipdlito, B.C.S.

(beyond Panamic limits) between 2 & 3

Huanacaxtle, La Cruz de (see Banderas)

Ignacio = Laguna (de) San Ignacio, B.C.S.

(beyond Panamic limits) between 3 & 4

Isabel(a) = Isla Isabel(a) (off coast of Nay.)

(a.k.a. Isla Maria Isabelita) between 47 & 48
Jaltemba = Bahia (de) Jaltemba, Nay.

between 48 & 49
Josd = Isla San Josd, Golfo de California 12
Kino = Bahia Kino, Son. 36

La Paz, B.C.S. & Bahia de La Paz ca 11

Adjacent locale: Bahia de Balandra (not [10]
as shown in Keen)

Lobos, Puerto (see Tepoca)

Lucas = Cabo San Lucas, B.C.S. 7

Adjacent locale: Playa San Ram6n
Macapule = Isla Macapule
(off coast of Sin.) between 43 & 44

Magdalena = Bahia (de) Magdalena, B.C.S. 5
Adjacent locale: Bahia (de) Santa Maria
Manzanillo = Manzanillo, Col. 52

Adjacent locales: Bahia (de) Santiago & Bahia
(de) Carizal

Marcos = Isla San Marcos, Golfo
de California between 20 & 21

Maria = Bahia (de) Santa Maria (see Magdalena)
Marias = Islas Tres Marlas (off coast of Nay.) 47
Martir = Isla San Pedro Martir, Golfo
de California 37

Matench6n = Bahia (Ensenada) Matenchdn, Nay.

between 48 & 49
Mazatldn = MazatHn, Sin. 46

Mita = Punta Mita, Nay. (see Banderas)
Monserrate = Isla Monserrate, Golfo de
California ca 13

Morua, Estero (see Penasco)

Muertos = Bahia de los Muertos, B.C.S.

between 9 & 10

Mulegd = Mulegd, B.C.S. 19

Navidad = Barra de Navidad, Jal. ca 51

Nolasco = Isla San Pedro Nolasco,

Golfo de California 38

Novillero = Playa Novillero, Nay.

between 46 & 47

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 62

Pablo = Punta San Pablo, B.C.S.

(beyond Panamic limits) ca 2

Partida = Isla Partida (lower Gulf of California)
(see Espiritu Santo)

Partida = Isla Partida (upper Gulf of
California) ca 22

Paz (see La Paz)

Penasco = Puerto Penasco, Son. between 30 & 31
Adjacent locales: Bahia (de) "la" Cholla
& Estero Morua.

Pequena = Punta Pequena, B.C.S. (beyond
Panamic limits) ca 3

Puedes = Canal Sal si Puedes, Golfo
de California between 22 & 23

Puertecitos = Puertecitos, B.C.S. 28

Pulmo = Cabo Pulmo, B.C.S.

& "Bahia Pulmo" between 9 & 10

Quintin = Bahia de San Quintin, B.C.

(beyond Panamic limits)

Ram6n, Playa San RamOn (see Lucas)
Revillagigedo = Islas Revillagigedo
(south of B.C.S.) Islands in this group:

Isla Clarion & Isla Socorro 121-124

Ribera, La (see Buenavista)

Rosalia = Santa Rosalia, B.C.S. ca 22

Sacramento Reef (ca Isla San GerOnimo)

(beyond Panamic limits)

Saladita, Caleta (see Guaymas)

Salvatierra = Isla Salvatierra, Golfo de

California (a.k.a. Isla Encantada) ca 27

Santiago, Bahia (de) (see Manzanillo)

Santo (see Espiritu Santo)

Santos = Isla(s) & Bahia de Todos Santos
(see Ensenada)

Santos (see Todos Santos, B.C.S.)

Sayulita = Sayulita, Nay. between 48 & 49

Sinaloa = Rio Sinaloa, Sin. between 43 & 44

Socorro, Isla (see Revillagigedo)

Tangola-Tangola = Bahia de Tangola-

Tangola, Oax. ca 58

Tastiota = Estero Tastiota, Son. between 36 & 37
Tehuantepec = Golfo de Tehuantepec,

Oax. & Chis. 57-61

Tenacatita = Bahia (de) Tenacatita, Jal. 51

Adjacent locale: Caleta de los Angeles
Tepoca = Cubo Tepoca, Son. & Bahia (de) Tepoca
Adjacent locale: Puerto Lobos 33

Tiburdn = Isla (del) Tibur6n, Golfo de
California 35

Todos Santos = Todos Santos, B.C.S. 6

Topolobampo = Laguna (Bahia) de Topolobampo,

Sin. 43

Tule = Rancho (El) Tule, B.C.S. between 8 & 9
Ventana = Punta Ventana, B.C.S.

between 9 «& 10

Verde = Bahia (de) Agua Verde,

B.C.S. between 13 & 14

Vista, Buena (see Buenavista)

Willard = Bahia (de) Willard, B.C. &

Isla Willard 26

Yavaros = Laguna (Bahia) de Yavaros, Son. 42

French possession

Clipperton = L’ile Clipperton
(Clipperton Island) 125

Location in Guatemala

Jos6 = (Puerto) San Jos6 (de Guatemala) 63

Locations in El Salvador

Fonseca = Golfo de Fonseca 66-69

Libertad = La Libertad 65

Sonsonate = Sonsonate 64

Tamarindo = (Playa) El Tamarindo

between 65 & 66

Uni6n = La Unidn 67

Locations in Nicaragua

Corinto = Corinto 70

Masachapa = Masachapa between 70 & 71

Poneloya = Poneloya between 70 & 71

Locations in Costa Rica

Cited Costa Rican provinces

Guanacaste 72-74

Puntarenas 75-78

Cano = Isla del Cano ca 76

Coco = Isla del Coco (Cocos Island) 126

Coco(s) = Playas del Coco, Guanacaste
& "Bahia Cocos" ca 72

Culebra = Bahia de ("Puerto") Culebra,
Guanacaste ca 72

(Keen’s location [73] seems incorrect.)

Page 63

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

Dominical = (Puerto) Dominical,

Puntarenas ca 76

Golfito = Golfito (Golfo Dulce),

Puntarenas ca 77

Herradura = Bahia (Playa) Herradura,

Puntarenas. Adjacent locale: Playa Jac6 ca 75

Jac6 = Playa Jac6, Puntarenas ca 75

Morales = Punta Morales, Golfo de Nicoya
(eastern shore) ca 74

Nicoya = Golfo de Nicoya ca 74

Parker = Puerto Parker, Guanacaste
(not on modern maps) ca 72

Puntarenas = Puerto (Port of) Puntarenas,
Puntarenas (not readily identifiable on Keen
map; on the eastern shore near the mouth of
the Gulf of Nicoya) between 74 & 75

Quepos = Quepos, Puntarenas
& Punta Quepos 75

Locations in Panamd

Cited Panamanian provinces
Chiriqui 78-80

Veraguas 81-82

Los Santos 82-83

Afuera = Canal de Afuera ca 81

(north of Isla de Coiba)

Azuero = Peninsula (de) Azuero,

Los Santos 82-83

Balboa = Balboa (part of greater Panama City) 85
Bucaro = Bucaro, Los Santos between 82 & 83
Burica = Punta Burica, Chiriqui 78

Catalina = Ensenada (Playa) Santa Catalina,

Los Santos (cited as "Veraguas Province") 83
Cdbaco = Isla Cdbaco (off Gulf of Montijo) 82
Chiriqui = Golfo ("Bahia) de Chiriqui
between Chiriqui and Golfo 78-81

Coiba = Isla de Coiba 81

Gubernadora = Isla Gubernadora 82

(ca Isla Cdbaco)

Panamd = Golfo de Panama 83-87

= Bahia de Panama ca 86

Perlas = Archipidlago (Islas) de las Perlas
(Perlas Islands), Golfo de Panama 88

Mala = Punta Mala, Los Santos 83

Mariato = Punta Mariato,

Los Santos between 82 & 83

Montijo = Golfo de Montijo, Veraguas 82

Rancheria = Isla Rancheria (off Isla de 81

Coiba, landward side) (a.k.a. Isla Coibito)

Taboga = Isla Taboga, Bahi de Panamd ca 85

Venado = Playa & Isla Venado ca 85

(ca Panama City)

Veracruz = Playa Veracruz ca 85

(adjacent to Playa Venado)

Veraguas = Golfo de Veraguas ca 81

Zurrones = ("Los Zurrones") Punta Zurron,

Isla C6baco ca 82

Locations in Colombia

Buenaventura = (Bahia de) Buenaventura 94
Gallo = Isla del Gallo ca 96

Gorgona = Isla (de) Gorgona ca 95

Malpelo = Isla del Malpelo 127

Octavia = Bahia (de) Octavia ca 90

Locations in Ecuador

Cited Ecuadorian provinces
Esmeraldas ca 98

Manabi ca 103

Guayas 104-108

Anc6n = Punta Anc6n, Guayas 106

Callo = Punta (Puerto) Callo, Manabi ca 103

Canoa = Canoa, Manabi ca 103

Corinto = "Corinto, Ecuador" ??

(Published as cited, but questionable)

Esmeraldas = Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas 98

Elena = Bahia (de) Santa Elena, Guayas 105

GaHpagos = Islas Galdpagos 128-146

(Archipidlago de Col6n, Provincia de Galdpagos)
Guayaquil = Golfo de Guayaquil ca 106-110
Manta = (Bahia de) Manta, Manta 103

Pasado = Cabo Pasado, Manta 102

Plata = Isla (de) la Plata between 103 & 104
Playas = Playas, Guayas ca 106

(adjacent locale: Playas de Villamil)

Salango = Salango, Guayas &

Isla Salango between 104 & 105

Salinas = Salinas, Guayas 105

Sua = (Punta) Sua, Esmeraldas between 99 & 100
Villamil, Playas de (see Playas)

Locations in Peru

Afuera = Isla Lobos de Afuera
(beyond Panamic limits) between 118 & 119
Bocapdn = Bocap^n ca 118

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 64

Canas = "Canas" = Cancas

ca

114

Pizarro = Puerto Pizarro

between 111 & 112

Colorado = Tierra Colorado

between 113 &

114

Tumbes = Tumbes

111

Cruz = Caleta la Cruz

between 111 &

112

Zorrites = (Puerto) Zorrites

112

M^ncora = (Puerto) (Ensenada de) M^ncora

113

Paita = (Puerto) Paita

115

Pimental = Pimental

between 118 &

119

(Other locations cited in

Peru are beyond

(beyond Panamic limits) Panamic limits and lack map numbers.)

HOW AN IDA’S MITER TOOK UP BALLOONING
AND LANDED ON THE BEACH

WESLEY M. FARMER

3591 Ruffin Road #226, San Diego, California 92123

An Ida’s Miter, Mitro idae Melvill, 1893, with
the help of the Bath Towel Alga, Gigartina, did just
that (Figure 1). The shell, 48 mm in length, with
some wear to the periostracum, was occupied by a
hermit crab, Pagunis, at the time of this unusual
transport.

My friend Lynne and I were jogging on the
beach, careful not to step on the kelp and other
algae stranded by the ebbing tide. There were also
bean clams, jingle shells and occasional piddocks.

After a bite to eat, the walk and jog to the car
gave us time to explore the beach. A Bath Towel
Alga with its holdfast attached to something
relatively small caught my eye. It was a full-grown
Mitra idae with hermit crab upon which the alga
must have started to grow. It would seem that as
the alga grew the hermit crab went about what
hermit crabs do until the the growth of the alga
must have reached the point at which the hermit
crab, with its four pair of walking legs and a pair
of chelipeds, could no longer keep the shell down
and the alga began ballooning with its shell. The
ocean currents caught the threesome and cast them
up on the beach where the ebbing waves left them
to be discovered by this biologist.

Figure 1. Mitra idae with attached Gigartina.

Page 65

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

GLYPTOSTOMA NEWBERRYANUM, THE SAN DIEGO CHESTNUT

CAROLE M. HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

From time to time, we who live near the coast
look inland and find that there are beautiful
mollusks that do not live in the ocean.
Glyptostoma newberryonum (W. G. Binney, 1858) in
the Megomphicidae is one of these lovely finds
(Figure 1).

Jeremy Hutsell, a San Diego Shell Club
member now living in Topeka, Kansas, was hiking
in Mission Trails Regional Park in San Diego in
March of this year after the heavy rains. On his
first visit he found several empty specimens of this
flat, polished brown snail shell. On a second visit
he found living specimens of G. newbenyanum
among rocks on a steep hillside 500 feet from the
west side of the San Diego River, which flows
through the park.

Later that same month, Mitchell Parlett found
a living specimen of the species in Ramona under
rocks on his property. None of us had seen this
species before and I sent Jeremy’s shells to Barry
Roth, who kindly identified them for us and
suggested I read G. W. Cox (1982).

In this interesting and informative article "The
Importance of Being Flat" in Environment
Southwest (no. 498:9-11), Cox wrote that the snail
can attain an age of 20 to 30 years, growing slowly
(a 31 mm specimen being about ten years old and
reaching maturity at about 35 mm). The largest
recorded specimen was 47 mm in diameter and
found near Jamul (Cox, 1982). Mature snails lay a
clutch of about six large, milky-white eggs deep in
the moist soil. Cox stated that the flatness of G.
newbenyanum aids the snail in working its way
down to the moist soil at the bottom of rock piles
where it both lays its eggs and aestivates during the
hot summer. This snail, according to Cox, "cannot
affix the opening of the shell to a rock surface, nor
can it secrete a protective membrane across the
shell mouth. Survival over the dry summer depends
on its ability to reach a moist aestivation site."

Cox also mentioned that G. newbenyanum

often lives among Helminthoglypta tudiculata
(Binney, 1843) [see Hertz (1989) Festivus 21(10):94-
95, fig. 2] in the chaparral in coastal areas. Jeremy
found a live specimen of H. tudiculata in the same
area as G. newbenyanum on his second trip to the
park.

Barry Roth suggests that because G.
newbenyanum takes a long time to mature and has
a low reproductive rate, the species would probably
be slow to build up its population numbers after
any catastrophe. My thanks to Dr. Roth for his
suggestions and for identifying the species.

Figure 1. Glypostoma newbenyanum (W. G. Binney, 1858), two
specimens. Top (spiral view): 31.2 mm diam.. Bottom (basal
view): 30.8 mm diam. Leg. J. Hutsell. Photo: David K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 66

IN MEMORIAM

LEROY H. POORMAN
1913-1993

It is with deep regret that we report the passing
of member and friend Leroy H. Poorman on May
18, 1993. Roy was well-known to local members
having written papers for The Festivus and having
presented many interesting programs to the Club.

Roy was an active amateur malacologist
specializing in Panamic Mollusca who described 10
species as author and 57 as coauthor (see below).
TTte species Conus poormani Berry, 1968, and
Favartia poormani Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976, were
named in his honor. Roy was, for a number of
years, a research associate in Malacology at the
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Species Described

1980b. Murexiella mildredae
Pazinotus advenus
1981a. Fusinus consagensis
Fusinus humboldti
Fusinus magnapex

and was an active member in several west coast
shell clubs. Recently he had been hard at work
completing 12 semi-scientific molluscan stories for
children which he had illustrated with his fine color
prints.

Our condolences are extended to Roy’s wife,
Forrest, his daughter Teri and son Ron and
granddaughters Amanda, Brittany and Chelsea
Poorman.

Below is listed the species described by Roy as
sole author and coauthor and a bibliography of his
molluscan papers.

Leroy H. Poorman

1981a. Fusinus paulus
Fusinus sonorae
1983. Daphnella levicallis
Murexiella venustula
Anachis (Parvanachis) mullineri

Species Coauthored by Leroy H. Poorman

McLean & Poorman, 1970
Bellaspira margaritensis

B. clarionensis

B. acclivicosta

McLean & Poorman, 1971.
Calliclava jaliscoensis

C. lucida

C. rhodina

C. subtilis

Elaeocyma amplinucis
E. melichroa
Kylix con tract a
K. woodringi
Leptadrillia firmichorda
Syntomodrillia vitrea
Agladrillia badia

A. flucticulus
A. gorgonensis

Etrillia (Drillia) cunninghamae

D. (D.) inornata

D. (D.) sinuosa
D. (D.) tumida
D. (D.) valida
D. (Clathrodrillia) berryi
Cerodrillia asymmetrica
Splendrillia academica
S. arga
S. bratcherae
Fusiturricula andrei
Crassispira (Dallspira) martiae
C. (Striospira) coracina
C. (Monilispira) currant
Lioglyphostoma rectilabrum
Maesiella maesae
Carinodrillia lachrymosa
Compsodrillia gracilis
C. olssoni
C. opaca
C. undatichorda
Borsonella abrupta

B. galapagana

Cymakra baileyi

C. granata
Clathurella maryae
Glyphostoma ( Glyphostoma )

pustulosa
G. (G.) scobina
Euclathurella acclivicallis
Acmaturris ampla
Thelecythara dushanae
Kurtzia elenensis
K. humboldti
Pyrgocythara angulosa
Daphnella gemmulifera

D. retusa

Rimosodaphnella deroyae
Philbertia shaskyi
Keimia informa
Veprecula tomipila

Poorman & Mulliner, 1981
Crosslandia daedali

Page 67

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

Bibliography of Molluscan Works by Leroy H. Poorman
(a.k.a. L. H. Poorman, Leroy Poorman and Roy Poorman)

POORMAN, LEROY H.

1973a. Shells of the west coast of the Americas.
Tabulata 6(1 ):7

1973b. Small boat dredging today. Tabulata 6(1 ):8, 2
figs.

1973c. Shells of the west coast of the Americas.
Tabulata 6(1): 15.

1977. A diary of retirees. Festivus 8(6):36-39, 2 figs.

1980a. Reinstatement of two species of Murexiella
(Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the tropical
eastern Pacific. Veliger 22(3):273-276, figs. 1-7,
(Jan.).

1980b. Two new molluscan species (Gastropoda:
Muricidae) from the tropical eastern Pacific.
Veliger 22(4):36 1-363, figs. 1-4 (Apr. 1).

1980c. New records from the tropical eastern Pacific for
Rechizia palmeri (Dali, 1871). Veliger 23(2): 183
(Oct. 1).

1981a. New species of Fiisinus (Gastropoda:
Fasciolariidae) from the tropical eastern Pacific.
Veliger 23(4):339-344, figs. 1-8 (Apr. 1).

1981b. Comments on two misunderstood fusinids
(Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the tropical
eastern Pacific. Veliger 23(4):345-347, figs. 1-4
(Apr. 1).

1981c. Rhizochihis in the Gulf of California
(Neogastropoda: ?Coralliophilidae). Veliger

24(2): 165-166 (Oct. 1).

1982a. Three Capiilus species in the eastern Pacific:
some comments. Festivus 14(5):52-57, figs. 1-5
(May).

1982b. Molluscan populations at Bahia San Carlos,
Sonora, Mexico. Festivus 14(9): 101-104, map
(Sept.).

1983. New molluscan species (Gastropods:
Neogastropoda) from the tropical eastern Pacific.
Veliger 26(l):5-9, figs. 1-7 (July 1).

1986. Crosslandia daedali Poorman & Mulliner, 1981.
Festivus 18(2):21-22, figs. 1-2 (Feb. 13).

1990. Have you seen this one, Folinia histia (Bartsch,
1915)? (Gastropoda: Rissoidae). Festivus

22(9):98-99, figs. 1-3 (Sept. 13).

POORMAN, LEROY H. and DAVID K. MULLINER

1981. A new species of Crosslandia (Nudibranchia:
Dendronotacea) from the Gulf of California.
Nautilus 95(2):96-99, figs. 1-6 (Apr. 30).

POORMAN, L. H. and F. L. POORMAN

1977a. West Mexican opisthobranchs-an overview

(abstract). Annual Report, Western Society of
Malacologists 10:8.

1977b. Four opisthobranchs living on marine algae from
west Mexico. Nautilus 91(2):62-66 (Apr. 25).

1981. Comments on a lovely Murexiella (Gastropoda:
Muricidae) from the Gulf of California. Festivus
13(5):61-62, 1 fig. (May).

DUSHANE HELEN and ROY POORMAN

1967. A checklist of mollusks for Guaymas, Sonora,
Mexico. Veliger 9(4):4 13-441, map (Apr. 1).

MCLEAN, J. H. and L. H. POORMAN

1970. Reinstatement of the turrid genus Bellaspira
Conrad, 1868 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with a
review of the known species. Los Angeles County
Museum Contributions in Science 189, pp. 1-
11, figs. 1-16 (May 4).

1971. New species of tropical eastern Pacific Turridae.
Veliger 14( 1):89-113, figs. 1-53 (July 1).

POORMAN, FORREST and ROY POORMAN

1961. Shell hounds at San Carlos. News of the Western
Assoc, of Shell Clubs l(4):73-75.

1963. Disaster? Adventure? Mexican style, ibid 4(4): 12-
13.

1964. Thirteen miles on the Gonzaga road, ibid 3(3):3-
4.

1967a. Shelling in a teaspoon, ibid 8(4):9-10.

1967b. Feliz Navidad. ibid 8(6): 17-18.

1968a. The marine Hilton, ibid 9(1): 1-4.

1968b. Ellen had a shell-in. ibid 9(4): 14-17.

1973. Tetas de Cabra-hoy! Tabulata 6(3):3-5.

1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahi'a de los
Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger
20(4):369-374, map (Apr. 1).

1979. The San Carlos Rectangle. Festivus 11(4):30-31,
2 figs. (Apr.).

1980a. Natica (Lunaia) lunaris Berry, 1964. Festivus
12(7):90, fig. la-lb (Jul.)

1980b. Range extension for Trigonostoma elegantidum
Smith, 1947. Festivus 12(10): 127, 1 fig. (Oct.).

1981. Colubraria xavieri Campbell, 1961 (Gastropoda:
Cymatiacea), the second known specimen?
Festivus 13(9): 102-103, fig. 1 (Sept.).

1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San
Carlos Rectangle, Sonora, Mexico, collected by
Forrest L. and Leroy H. Poorman from
December 1953 to December 1983. Festivus
20(6):47-63, map (June 9).

C. M. HERTZ, editor

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXV August 12, 1993 Number: 8

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Margaret Mulliner
Jules Hertz

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson
American Museum of Natural History
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Lifestyles of the Small and Cryptic:

West Mexican Gastropod Feeding and Reproductive Activities

Dr. Hans Bertsch, Chair, Department of University, will give this illustrated program with

Mathematics and Natural Sciences at National slides of mollusks in their natural surroundings.

Meeting date: August I9th
Shells of the month: Gulf of California gastropods

CONTENTS

Club news 69

On the first records of Cypraea moneta Linnaeus and Cytnatium mundum (Gould) on the west
American mainland (Cypraeidae: Ranellidae) with zoogeographic implications

WILLIAM K. EMERSON 70

The first record of Cypraea lynx from the eastern Pacific

HENRY W CHANEY 75

Annual meeting of the WSM

JULES HERTZ 76

Page 69

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - August 19, 1993

The meeting was called to order by President
Carole Hertz. After introduction of guests and
acceptance of the minutes as published in The
Festivus, there were several announcements.

It was announced that the Club’s reception at
the recent WSM meeting was successful and
attended by quite a few members. The Club also
sold many supplements of The Festivus. George
Kennedy thanked the Club for its donation of
reprints to the WSM reprint sale which provides
additional money to the student grants.

A sign-up sheet was passed for the September
party [see details below] and Carole announced that
the Christmas party on December 4th will be
Mexican in theme and held at the Guadalajara Grill
in Old Town.

Vice-President Hugh Bradner then introduced
our speakers for the evening, Susan Hector and
Martin Rosen, who gave a most interesting
presentation on the archaeology of southern
California.

Susan began the presentation with a background
on the science. She told that there were 13,000
archaeological sites in San Diego County and
showed slides illustrating some of the markers for
the different types of sites such as milling sites, rock
art sites and homestead sites. She also illustrated
the process of preparing a site for digging and
explained the careful processes of digging and
mapping the area and later the tedious lab work
identifying the material collected - much of which
is shell. She showed several zip-lock bags of shell
material collected from different depths at a site.

Martin continued the presentation with a
discussion of his special interest in the anthropology
of the archaeological sites, in particular, the worked

shell material fashioned by the peoples for jewelry,
ceremonial purposes, decoration for toots, and as
a medium for trade. He has been studying a site at
the Salton Sea and identified shells from both the
Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California in their
worked beads showing that the people of the area
traveled great distances.

Following the program, members and guests
enjoyed the fossil displays by Nancy Schneider and
Stan and Mary Regula, socialized and enjoyed
refreshments provided by the Thomases and the
Hertzes. Bob Schoening, visiting from the east
coast, won the shell drawing.

The September Party--A Luau

The September party, with a Hawaiian theme
will be held in the garden of Debbie and Larry
Catarius on Saturday evening, the 18th. The menu
and the music will be Hawaiian. Plan to come in
your finest Hawaiian garb and enjoy great company
and terrific food. A map with details will appear in
the September issue.

Mark Your Calendars Now
for the Club’s Christmas Party

The 1993 Club Christmas party will be held on
Saturday evening, December 4th at the Guadalajara
Grill in Old Town. Plan to come. There will be a
fine dinner, program and dancing afterward.
Further details later.

NEW MEMBER

Ron Velarde, Marine Biology Lab, 4077 Harbor Dr.

MS 45A, San Diego, CA 92101. 619-692-4903.

IN MEMORIAM
JOANNE LIGHTFOOT

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 70

ON THE FIRST RECORDS OF CYPRAEA MONETA LINNAEUS AND
CYMATIUM MUNDUM (GOULD) ON THE WEST AMERICAN MAINLAND
(CYPRAEIDAE: RANELLIDAE) WITH ZOOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS

WILLIAM K. EMERSON

Ajnerican Museum of Natural History, Central Park West and 79th Street,
New York, New York 10024-5192

INTRODUCTION

This paper reports the first records of
specimens of the Indo-Pacific species, Cypraeo
moneta Linnaeus, 1758, and the circumtropical
species, Cymatium mundum (Gould, 1849), on the
continental shelf of the West Americas; see Figures
1-4. James Ernest of Balboa, Panama collected a
living specimen of each taxon from Pacific Panama.
They were found by him on a minus 2.5 foot tide,
under rocks at Punta Itaco, Golfo Montijo,
Veraguas, Republica de Panama (ca. 7°40’N,
81°07’W), on March 12, 1993.

Cyproea moneta occurs throughout the Indo-
Pacific faunal province, ranging from east Africa to
the central Pacific Ocean (Burgess, 1985:228), where
it is known from the Hawaiian Islands (Kay,
1979:196), French Polynesia (Richard, 1985:421),
and the Line Islands (Kay & Switzer, 1974:279). It
previously was recorded in the eastern Pacific only
on the oceanic islands: Clipperton Island (Cate,
1969:117, fig. 19), Cocos Island (Cate, 1969:117),
and the Galapagos Islands (Cate, 1969:117).

Cymatium mundum inhabits the Indian Ocean,
is distributed widely in the western Pacific, and
ranges into the eentral Pacific, where it occurs in
the Hawaiian Islands (Kay, 1979:224, fig. C [as C.
gemmatum (Reeve, 1844)]) and French Polynesia
(Emerson, 1991:65, figs. 21, 22). It was previously
reported in the eastern Pacific only from the
Galapagos Islands (Emerson, 1991:65, figs. 9, 10).
This species is also known from the western
Atlantic (Emerson, 1991:65; Piech, 1993:90). The
presence of these cypraeid and ranellid species

living on the west Ajnerican borderland is, thus, not
unexpected. Many species of both Ranellidae and
Cypraeidae are known to have planktotrophic larval
stages that permit passive dispersal over great
distances and across deep-water barriers (Emerson,
1991:67).

A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS REPORTS OF
CYPRAEA MONETA IN EASTERN PACIFIC
WATERS

The early records of Cypraea moneta from the
eastern Pacific were based on dead-collected, mostly
beach-worn specimens known only from the oceanic
islands. At the time, shore collecting was largely
restricted to the intertidal zone, preferably during
low tides, as these were the days before the advent
of snorkeling and SCUBA diving. Hertlein
(1932:45) collected beach shells at Chatham Bay,
Cocos Island in February, 1932. He also mentioned
the presence of this species in the Galapagos
Islands, where six badly eroded beach specimens
[CAS 23042] had been collected in 1906 at Isla
Espanola [Hood Island] (Hertlein, 1937:307, pi. 1,
fig. 11; Ingram, 1948:140).

Subsequent reports of Cypraea moneta occurring
in the Galapagos Archipelago are sparse. Carmen
Ajigermeyer found a large specimen (L=36.2,
W=26.3, H = 18.1 mm) washed upon the beach at
Academy Bay, Isla Santa Cruz in the 1960s (AMNH
110418). Finet (1987:22, 14 figs.) reported

observing three small populations inhabiting the
intertidal zone at stations on the southern eoast of
Isla Santa Cruz, in April-June, 1984. A total of 14
specimens were collected, 7 of which were found

Page 71

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

alive. According to Richards (1986:10) these
populations did not survive the return of the colder
water of the "normal" hydroclimatic conditions
following the severe El Nino episode of 1982-1983.
This conclusion has not been verified. Subsequent
collecting in 1988 at one of the three sites
(Academy Bay) where Finet had found one dead
specimen in 1984, however, failed to reveal the
presence of any additional specimens (Harland,
1988:4). Kay (1991:244) cited specimens of this
cowrie in the collection of the Charles Darwin
Research Station at Isla Santa Cruz. She has
informed me that the Galapagan records are as
follows: "Shells have been found on [Islas] Isabela,
Genovesa and on [Isla] Santa Cruz, [where] several
were collected alive at Puerto Ayora in 1984;
February, April, May, and June". Dr. Kay attributes
these occurrences to the El Nino episode of 1982-
1983 (E. A. Kay, in lift.. May 6, 1993). Perhaps the
larvae of this cowrie require the warmer waters of
an El Nino event to survive dispersal to these
islands, but the newly arrived animals may not be
reproductively viable owing to cooling of the local
waters following the El Nino episodes. Without a
second generation, new introductions would be
required to populate these outposts for the Indo-
Pacific elements.

At Clipperton Island, Hertlein and Allison
(1960:95, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2 [8 specimens obtained in
1956 and 1958 (AMNH 204596), 6 specimens
obtained in 1958 (AMNH 86235)]) and Cate
(1969:117) reported dead specimens to be common,
especially in areas protected from violent wave
action and on the shelf-side of the fresh-water
lagoon in 1956 and 1958. At least one living
specimen was collected by Conrad Limbaugh, who
reported that this cowrie was commonly found on
some of the tidal flats of Clipperton Island (Cate,
1969:117, pi. 14, fig. 19). Unfortunately, no date is
given for Limbaugh’s live-collected specimen, which
was illustrated by Cate (AMNH 204596a). Salvat
and Ehrhardt (1970:225) recorded five specimens
obtained by members of the "Bougainville"
expeditions to Clipperton Island in 1966, 1967, and
1968. Precise dates of collection are not provided
for these specimens; no indication is given whether
the specimens were collected alive or dead. All of
the specimens of cowries representing 12 species
(10 Indo-Pacific and 2 Panamic) obtained by the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography expeditions of

1956 and 1958 were dead-collected (Hertlein &
Allison, 1960). However, SCUBA diving was
disrupted by the aggressive behavior of sharks,
necessitating the use of a protective swimming cage
by the divers on the 1958 expedition (Allison,
1959:32). Carl L. Hubbs commented on problems
encountered with sharks during the visit to
Clipperton Island by personnel of the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography in December, 1954
(Hertlein & Emerson, 1957) as follows: "The outer
margin [of the island] is so excessively full of
sharks, that collectors are not very anxious to work
there. The sharks were so numerous that they
actually bit the oars of boats being rowed along the
shore, and paid very little attention to shark
repellent. In fact one of them came in and
swallowed the bag of repellent that was used in a
vain effort to get in collecting at a certain spot" {in
lift, to Charles M. Breder, March 14, 1957).
Despite the threat of sharks, extensive field
collecting is required at Clipperton Island to
determine what elements of the Indo-Pacific fauna
have been successful in maintaining reproductively
viable populations. Without such knowledge, the
present records of Indo-Pacific specimens there may
largely represent transitory intrusions of organisms
that can not survive without repeated replenishment
by larval recruitment or other dispersal agents, e.g.
rafting on floating objects (cf. Emerson, 1991:73).

The marine molluscan fauna of Cocos Island,
on the other hand, is reasonably well known, owing
to the recent field surveys conducted during the
past decade by Drs. Donald R. Shasky and Michel
Montoya and their many associates (Shasky, 1989;
Montoya, 1988). As noted above, dead specimens
of Cypraea moneta were reported from Cocos Island
by Hertlein in 1932. Additional beach specimens
were obtained in 1963 by Paul Slud incidental to his
ornithological field work (Emerson & Old, 1964:91
[6 specimens AMNH 107024]). Burgess (1985:229)
observed that all of the records of this cowrie at
Cocos Island known to him were based on empty
shells. He speculated that the shells were

accidentally introduced to the island by early and
recent visitors arriving on sailing ships and were
preserved in the beach drift. Shasky (1985:4)
negated this conjecture when he and Kirstie Kaiser
collected in May, 1985 three specimens living
intertidally at Chatham Bay. Shasky did note,
however, that in 1983, at the time of a severe El

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 72

Figures 1-4

Figures 1 and 2. Cypraea moneta (Linnaeus), L=32.4, W=22.7, H=14.9 mm. The dark coloration of the
crown of the specimen in Figure 1 results from the presence of the soft parts preserved in the specimen.

Figures 3 and 4. Cymatium mundum (Gould), L=29.1, W=14.5 mm. Figures X 1.5.

Page 73

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

Nino event, the water temperature was 85°F at all
depths, but two years later the surface water was
78°F and at 70-90 feet the temperature was reduced
to 65°F. He further noted that Cypraea talpa (Indo-
Pacific species) and C. isabellamexicana (Panamic
species) were common in 1983, but only dead
specimens were found in 1985. He concluded that
the warm water induced by the 1982-1983 El Nino
conditions had a deleterious effect on these cowries.
Subsequently, however, a living C. talpa was
collected by Michel Montoya from 20 m off Isla
Cdscara, west Cocos Island on February 11, 1991
{teste H. W. Chaney, May 26, 1993). Dr. Chaney
further noted: "During both the February 1991 and
April 1992 trips, C. isabellamexicana were numerous
in 10-20 m. During April 1992 the water
temperature at all depths to 120 feet averaged 88°F
(!), about 8° warmer than in February 1991." Other
Indo-Pacific gastropods at Cocos Island, such as
Terebra maculata (Linnaeus) (Montoya & Kaiser,
1988:572) and Conus tessulatus Born {teste H. W.
Chaney, 1993) appear to be well established there
and to be tolerant of distressful changes in
hydroclimatic conditions.

Kay (1991:245, table 5) reported that 16 of her
20 records with dates of Indo-Pacific species in the
Galapagos Islands occurred in or within a year after
an El Nino event. The few records with dates of
living Cypraea moneta from Cocos Island, the
Galapagos Islands, and the specimen reported
herein from Pacific Panama also reflect a temporal
occurrence during or immediately following periods
of El Nino conditions. More precise data, however,
are needed before the role played by El Nino
episodes on the diversity of these insular and
mainland faunas can be evaluated with certainty.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am greatly indebted to James Ernest of
Panama Specimen Shells for his gift of these
specimens and his continued support of our studies
of the tropical fauna of the eastern Pacific Ocean
and to Betty Jean Piech, an Associate in Malacology
at the Delaware Museum of Natural History, who
while in Panama, recognized the zoogeographic
significance of Ernest’s specimens and kindly
transmitted them to me for study. Data were
generously provided by Henry W. Chaney (Santa
Barbara Museum of Natural History), E. Alison Kay

(University of Hawaii at Manova) and Robert Van
Syoc (California Academy of Sciences). Dr. Chaney
kindly reviewed the manuscript. I thank my AMNH
colleagues: Walter E. Sage, III and Kathleeen B.
Sarg for technical assistance, Andrew S. Modell for
photographic services and Stephanie Crooms for
word-processing the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED
ALLISON, E. C.

1959. Distribution of Conus on Clipperton Island. The
Veliger l(4):32-34.

BURGESS, C. M.

1985. Cowries of the World. Seacomber Publications,
Cape Town, south Africa, xiv-289 pp., illus.
CATE, C. M.

1969. The eastern Pacific cowries. The Veliger
12(1): 103-1 19, pis. 11-15.

EMERSON, W. K.

1991. First records for Cymatium mundum (Gould) in
the eastern Pacific Ocean with comments on the
zoogeography of the tropical trans-Pacific
tonnacean and non-tonnacean prosobranch
gastropods with Indo-Pacific affinities in west
American waters. The Nautilus 105(2):62-80, 24
figs.

EMERSON, W. K. & W. E. OLD, JR.

1964. Additional records from Cocos Island. The
Nautilus 77(3):90-92.

HNET, Y.

1987. Living Cypraea moneta L. in the Galapagos
Islands. La Conchiglia (Rome) no. 222-223:22-
24.

HARLAND, W.

1988. Shell collecting and the Galapagos Islands, Part 2.
American Conchologist 16(3):3-5.

HERTLEIN, L. G.

1932. Mollusks and barnacles from Malpelo and Cocos
Island. The Nautilus 46(2):43-45.

1937. A note on some species of marine mollusks
occurring in both Polynesia and the western
Americas. Proceedings of the American

Philosophical Society 78(2):303-312, 1 pi.
HERTLEIN, L. G. & E. C. ALLISON

1960. Species of the genus Cypraea from Clipperton.
TTie Veliger 2(4):94-95, pi. 22.

HERTLEIN, L. G. & W. K. EMERSON

1957. Additional notes on the invertebrate fauna of
Clipperton Island. American Museum Novitates
1859:9 p.

INGRAM, W. M.

1951. The living Cypraeidae of the Western
Hemisphere. Bulletins of American Paleontology
33(136): 125-178.

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

THE FESnVUS

Page 74

KAY, E. A.

1979. Hawaiian Marine Shells: Reef and Shore Fauna
of Hawaii, Section 4. Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop
Museum special Publication 64(4):xvii + 653 pp.,
195 figs.

1991. The marine mollusks of the Galdpagos,
determinants of insular marine faunas. Chapter
11:235-252. James, J. J. [ed.], Galdpagos
Marine Invertebrates, Plenum Press, New York.

KAY, E. A. & M. F. SWITZER

1974. Molluscan distribution patterns in Fanning Island
Lagoon and a comparison of the mollusks of the
lagoon and seaward reefs. Pacific Science
28(3):275-295.

MONTOYA, M.

1983. Los moluscos marinos de la Isla del Coco, Costa
Rica, 1. Lista anotada de especies. Brenesia
21:325-353.

MONTOYA M. & K. L. KAISER

1988. Biographical notes on the genus Terebra
(Gastropoda: Terebridae) at Isla del Coco, Costa
Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 36(2B):569-

574.

PIECH, B. J.

1993. New records for ranellid gastropods in the
western Atlantic (Ranellidae: Cymatiinae). The
Veliger 36(1):88-91, 16 figs.

RICHARD, G.

1985. French Polynesian coral reef, Mollusca.
Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef
Congress, Tahiti, 27 May - 1 June, 1985. Moorea,
French Polynesia 1:412-445.

RICHARDS, A.

1986. Rare shells of the Galapagos. La Conchiglia
(Rome) no. 210-211:10-11.

SAL VAT, B. & J. P. EHRHARDT

1970. Mollusques de L’fsla Clipperton. bulletin du
Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle, sdrie 2,
42(1):223-231.

SHASKY, D. R.

1985. Further notes on Cocos Island species. Hawaiian
Shell News, new series 309, 33(9):4.

1989. My last seven years - at Cocos Island. The
Festivus 21(8):72-75, 4 figs.

BOOK NEWS

Several new books of interest to mollusk
enthusiasts have been advertised recently. They are
listed below:

A CHRONOLOGICAL TAXONOMY OF
CONUS, 1758-1840
By: Alan J. Kohn. 1993.

Smithsonian Institution Contrib.

368 pp., 27 pis., hardbound (cloth)

Price: $45.00.

BIVALVES OF AUSTRALIA, VOLUME I
By: Kevin Lamprell and Thora Whitehead. 1992.
Crawford House Press, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
i-xiii +182 pp., 77 (+2) color pis. and b «& w
drawings

Price: $40.00 (hardcover).

COMPOSITION OF SCIENTIFIC WORDS
By: Roland W. Brown. 1992 reprint
Smithsonian Press, 882 pp., hardbound (cloth)
Price: $35.00.

WORLD SEASHELLS OF RARITY AND
BEAUTY (revised and enlarged)

By: Akihiko Matsukuma, Takashi Okutani <&
Tadashige Habe. 1991.

National Science Museum. 206 pp., 158 color pis.
Price: $55.00 (hardbound).

THE CLASSIC SHELLS OF THE WORLD
By: T. C. Lan. 1993.

T.C. Lan. Taipei. 224 pp., 200+ color pis. + brief
text

No price given.

Page 75

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(8); 1993

THE FIRST RECORD OF CYPRAEA LYNX
FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC

HENRY W. CHANEY

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road
Santa Barbara, California 93105

During the April 1993 collecting expedition to
the islands of the Golfo de Chiriqui Republica de
Panam^i a single adult specimen of Cypraea lynx
Linnaeus, 1758 was collected. This discovery
represents the first report of this species from the
eastern Pacific.

Cypraea lynx is an Indo-Pacific species
commonly found under the coral rubble of shallow
tropical reefs. Its established range, was figured by
Burgess (1985) incorporating records extending from
South Africa to Hawaii and French Polynesia.
Hawaiian specimens are uncommon and occur in
deeper water (Kay, 1979).

Recent reports and surveys of the Cypraeidae
of the eastern Pacific have not mentioned any
occurrence of C. lynx from the region (Emerson,
1978; Camera, 1991; Groves, 1992; Skoglund, 1992).
This includes records from Clipperton Island where
the most Indo-Pacific cowries have been reported
(Hertlein & Allison, 1960). It is therefore quite
unusual to have this discovery from the continental
shelf of Panama.

The specimen was collected as an empty shell
out of a sand and rubble filled crevice on a rock
terrace off the southern end of Isla Jicarita
(07°12.65’N 81°47.70’E). Isla Jicarita is the
smaller of the two islands situated at the southwest
end of Isla Coiba in the Golfo de Chiriqui. The
collector was Jack Stone of Santa Monica who
discovered the shell at a depth of 10 meters on 16
April 1993.

Although collected as a dead specimen, the
shell was relatively fresh in appearance with only a
slightly dulled finish to the dorsum. It was
approximately 40 mm in length, was fully mature,
and had a pattern typical of Indo-Pacific specimens.

Subsequent surveys by the 10 diver collectors

along the coast of Isla Jicarita from 16-17 April
1993 failed to find any additional specimens or
fragments. There was also no evidence of C. lynx at
any of the other 20 collecting stations sampled
during our visit to the region.

It would seem doubtful at this point to report
that this discovery implies the presence of a
previously hidden population of C. lynx in western
Panama. Instead this record is probably another
example of the transient establishment of a wide
ranging tropical species as discussed by Emerson
(this issue). It is also possible that this specimen
may have been accidentally introduced from a
passing vessel. However the site of collection was
considerably removed from local anchorages, making
such an event unlikely.

Immediately after it was collected, the specimen
of C. lynx was examined and verified by several
members of our expedition. However there is no
figure to accompany this report because the
specimen was subsequently misplaced by its
collector. This was highly embarrassing to all
involved, given the significance of this discovery,
and it means that until additional specimens are
found, this report is based on the recollection of
seeing a single, now missing ... lynx.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My thanks to William K. Emerson for reviewing
this manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED
BURGESS, C. M.

1985. Cowries of the World. Seacomber
Publications, Cape Town, South Africa,
xiv-289 pp., illus.

Vol. XXV(8): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 76

CANTERA, K. J. R.

1991. First record of the Indo-Pacific gastropod
Cypraea caputserpentis (Linnaeus, 1758) at Isla
de Gorgona, Colombia. The Veliger 34(1):85-
87, 1 fig.

EMERSON, W. K.

1978. Mollusks with Indo-Pacific affinities in the
eastern Pacific Ocean. The Nautilus 92(2);91-
96.

1993. On the first records of Cypraea moneta Linne
and Cymatium mimdiun (Gould) living on the
west American mainland (Cypraeidae;
Ranellidae) with zoogeographic implications.
The Festivus [THIS ISSUE].

GROVES, L. T.

1992. California cowries (Cypraeacea): past and

present, with notes on recent tropical eastern
Pacific species. The Festivus 24(9): 101-107, 3
figs.

HERTLEIN, L. G. & E. C. ALLISON

1960. Species of the genus Cypraea from Clipperton
Island. The Veliger 2(4):94-95, 2 figs.

KAY, E. A.

1979. Hawaiian Marine Shells: Reef and Shore Fauna
of Hawaii, Section 4: Mollusca. Bernice P.
Bishop Museum Special Publication 64(4): xvii-
658 pp. 195 figs.

SKOGLUND, C.

1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod
(Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The
Festivus 22: Supplement, viii-169 pp.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WSM

JULES HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road
Santa Barbara, California 93105

The 26th annual meeting of the Western
Society of Malacologists was held 27 June to 1 July
1993 at the Radisson Hotel, La Jolla. There were
between 50 and 60 people in attendance for the
three days of papers and assorted social events. It
was a very successful meeting in very comfortable
and convenient surroundings. The meeting rooms
for the presentations as well as for the auction,
banquet, and opening reception were all
outstanding.

The 27th was a relaxing, get-reaquainted day,
and following registration and an optional field trip
to the Stephen Birch Aquarium, there was a
wine/beer/cheese reception. The following morning,
after opening remarks by WSM President Doug

Eernisse, the Symposium on Contemporary
Research on Mollusca convened. This symposium,
put together by Paul Scott, had some excellent
papers, many of which were presented by students.
The session started with an outstanding
presentation, "Phylogeography and Speciation in
Molluscs" by David S. Woodruff. This paper
discussed the use of allozyme variation in
conjunction with traditional methods to reconstruct
the phylogeographic history of populations and
species. The discussion covered such diverse
invertebrates as the Bahamian pulmonate land snails
of the genus Cerion, the Nautilus of Palau and New
Caledonia, six species of South American
Biomphaloria and 21 species of Thai Corbicula.

Page 77

THE FESTIVUS

Vol.XXV(8): 1993

Other outstanding papers were "Evolutionary
Divergence in Gastropods from Long-Lived Lakes:
Do Radiative Endemics Pack Species in
Morphospace?" by Ellinor Michel, "Morphogenetic
Programs and Evolution in the Gastropoda" by
Louise R. Page, and "Molluscs as Biomonitors of
Coastal Pollution? An Inside Look at the
Assumptions" by Andrew Z. Mason. The latter
paper detailed the use of Littorina littorea for
studying on a cellular basis the bioaccumulation of
metals. Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis
showed the sequestering of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn
into intracellular biomineralized concretions rich in
pyrophosphate/orthophosphate and the association
of Cd, Hg, and Ag with cytosolic proteins. The
implications jof_jhese findings on the validity of
using mOlffislS i^'b^^ was discussed. It was

emphasized that knowledge, of the mechanisms of
th^ metal accumulation was ^f vital importance and
needed more funding, /

Adjacent to the meeting room was an alcove
where 'exhibits nudibranch models,

photographs and publications were beautifully
displayed. Display chairman, Don Shasky, with the
help of Dave Mulliner were instrumental in getting
the participants and setting up the displays. An
outstanding display of enlarged pages and plates
from a forthcoming book on Australian gastropods
by Barry Wilson were mounted on a wall. The
exhibits were ideally placed so attendees could view
them before and after the sessions and at breaks.

On the 29th there was a session of Contributed
Papers. I thought the most interesting of these was
a second paper by Ellinor Michel entitled "A
morphometric Analysis Of Variation in Radular
Teeth of Sympatric Radiative Endemic Gastropods
from Lake Tanganyika" and a paper by Hugh
Bradner on "New Illustrations of Cypraea Radula."
The morning session was followed by a group
photograph and a well-attended workshop

presentation by Dave Mulliner on techniques for
photographing micromollusks. That evening we had
a Reprint Sale and Auction following a

wine/beer/snack social hosted by the San Diego
Shell Club. As usual, the highly entertaining event

was led by our infamous auctioneer, Henry Chaney.
There were marvelous shells, framed photographs,
and books to bid on. The combination of an
outstandingly humorous and coercive auctioneer and
good bidding material resulted in our most
successful WSM auction to date. The reprint sale,
conducted by George Kennedy, was also very
successful, allowing many people to add to their
libraries at bargain-basement prices.

On the final day, Hans Bertsch convened a
symposium on Malacofauna of Western Mexico. To
me, the most interesting were Sandra Millen’s talk
"Does the Bubble Snail Haminoea angelensis from
the Gulf of California Differ from the Common
Haminoea vesiculaT and Doug Eernisse’s talk "The
Brooding Chiton, Lepidochitona thomasi (Pilsbry,
1898), Discovered on the Oceanic Islets, Rocos
Alijos, Mexico." Sandra Millen’s talk included
extensive anatomical work on both species of
bubbles illustrated with scanning electron
micrographs. At the end of her talk, Sandra asked
the audience to vote their opinions: either one
species or two. We were equally split, and of little
help to Sandra.

The final day also included the annual business
meeting and banquet. At the business meeting, it
was announced that next year’s annual meeting will
be at Santa Barbara, California starting on June 26,
1994. The incoming WSM President is Kirstie L.
Kaiser. The award for best student paper went to
Ellinor Michel. The banquet, preceded by a no-
host bar, was the last social event of the meeting.
It gave the attendees one more opportunity to
mingle, make new aquaintances, and renew old
ones. The excellent meal was followed by the
banquet speaker. Dr. Barry R. Wilson, from
Kallaroo, Western Australia. His presentation,
accompanied by slides, discussed early days in
Western Australia, present conservation activities,
and some discussion of the always fascinating topic:
what is a species? He had some marvelous slides
of color variations in the various species of Zoila
cowries. Many of these we were able to personally
view in John Jackson’s exhibit. Barry Wilson’s talk
was both humorous and informative, and it ended
the meeting on a high note.

H\0\X-

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXV

September 9, 1993 Number: 9

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Carole M. Hertz

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Hugh Bradner

American Malacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Richard Negus

Henry W. Chaney '

Secretary (Record.)

Terry Arnold

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Treasurer

Margaret Mulliner

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Jules Hertz

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Pat Boyd

2415 29th Street

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

San Diego, California 92104

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernisse

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natural History

Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History

family): S 12.00; Overseas (surface mail):

Barry Roth

$L5.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

San Diego Shell Club,

Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Emily H. Vokes

The Festivus is published monthly except

Tulane University

December. The publication date appears

on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue; $5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

The September Party-Saturday, September I8th

Come to the Luau!

There will be no regular meeting this month.

(See page 79 and map on last page.)

CONTENTS

Club news 79

T\vo odd-ball Cypraeacea: Jenneria pustulata and Pseudocypraea adomsonii

HUGH BRADNER 80

Shelling on the run

JULES HERTZ 83

An interesting find off the Channel Islands (Gastropoda: Eulimidae)

DOUG VON KRIEGELSTEIN 86

Janthina, an unusual occurrence at Pacific Beach, San Diego

CAROLE M. HERTZ 87

Map for detaching

Page 79

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV (9): 1993

CLUB NEWS

The September Party--A Luau

The September party, with a Hawaiian theme
will be held in the garden of Debbie and Larry
Catarius on Saturday evening, the 18th. Festivities
will begin at 6:00 P.M. Members and guests are
requested to attend in their best Hawaiian or Island
garb and plan to enjoy an evening with good
friends, Hawaiian music, and Island cuisine.

The menu will include Puu-puus, Hawaiian
Meat Balls, rice, summer fruit bowl, desserts and
beverages. A signup sheet for the party (with a
recipe for the Hawaiian Meat Balls) was passed at
the July and August meetings. If you were unable
to attend those meetings, and would like to attend
the party and sign up for a menu contribution, call
either Carole Hertz (277-6259) or Larry Buck (792-
5404).

A map appears on the last page of this issue
with instructions to the Catarius’ home. Don’t miss
the party. Club parties are always the best!

New Sheller’s Directory Available

Of Sea and Shore Publications announces the
17th edition of A Sheller’s Directory. The
Directory of 104 pages is $4.95 plus postage of
$1.25 US or $1.50 overseas surface mail. It is
available from Of Sea and Shore, P.O. Box 219,
Port Gamble, WA 98364.

Available Issues and Supplements of
The Festivus

Supplements

1992. Additions to the Panamic Province
Gastropod (Mollusca Literature 1971 to
1992, by Carol Skoglund, (24:viii-fl69 pp.)
postpaid domestic, $20. overseas surface
postpaid, $22. overseas airmail postpaid $29.

1991. Additions to the Panamic Province Bivalve

(Mollusca) Literature 1971 to 1990, by Carol
Skoglund, (22:i-v-l-74 pp.) $11. postpaid
domestic, $12. overseas surface, $15. overseas
airmail.

1990. Additions to the Panamic Province
Opisthobranch tMolluscal Literature 1971 to
1990, by Carol Skoglund (22:i-iii-l-27 pp.) $6.
postpaid domestic, $7. overseas surface, $12.
overseas airmail.

1988. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Family
Typhidae Cossmann, 1903 by D’Attilio &
Hertz, (20:73 pp., 109 figs.) $11. postpaid
domestic, $12. overseas surface, $15.50
overseas airmail.

1986. A Faunal Study of the Bivalves of San Felipe
and Environs. Gulf of California, from the
Gemmell Collection (1965 to 1976) by
Gemmell, Myers & Hertz (18:1-72 pp., 78
figs.) $9. postpaid domestic, $10. overseas
surface, $15.50 overseas airmail.

1983. Illustration of the types named by S. Stillman
Berry in his "Leaflets in Malacology" by
Carole M. Hertz (15:1-42 pp., 92 photos)
$6.50 postpaid domestic, $7.50 oyerseas
surface, $12. oyerseas airmail.

Yearly Volumes 1980 - 1993 @ $12.00 per volume
plus postage. 1970-1979 @ $10 per volume
plus postage. Some volumes available only
partially xeroxed (1970-1973 all xeroxed).
Make checks to San Diego Shell Club, 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111,
USA.

Addition to the Roster

Sandoval, Alfonso Correa, 6 y 7 Gonzalez #214-
Altos, Colonia Mainero, C.P. 87100, Ciudad
Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Vol. XXV(9): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 80

TWO ODD-BALL CYPRAEACEA:

JENNERIA PUSTULATA AND PSEUDOCYPRAEA ADAMSONII

HUGH BRADNER

Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
La Jolla, California 92093

Following Schilder, most zoologists consider
that there are two families in the superfamily
Cypraeacea: Cypraeidae and Ovulidae. There are
two species of Cypraeacea, Pseudocypraea adamsonii
(Sowerby, 1832) and Jenneria pustulata (Lightfoot,
1786) that had previously been called cypraeids
because of the appearance of their shells. (Figures
1 & 2). The beautiful J. pustulata found in the
Panamic Province has a mantle line, aperture and
teeth like the cowries, though it does not show a
spire. The less well-known P. adamsonii living in
the Panamic and throughout much of the Pacific
and Indian Oceans, has small transverse dorsal
ridges, a marginal labial callus, and teeth on both
lips. It also shows no spire.

Figure 1. Pseudocypraea adamsonii (Sowerby, 1832), dorsal and
basal views. Length: 8.8 mm long.

In 1924, Schilder established a new subfamily
Eocypraeinae in the family Ovulidae, on the basis

Figure 2. Jenneria pustulata (Lightfoot, 1876), dorsal and basal
views. Length: 26.5 mm long.

of shell characters. The two species P. adamsonii
and J. pustulata have been placed there. They are
the only modern members of the genus, though
there are numerous fossil species. A few years later
when the animals of these two species were studied,
it was evident that they are foreign to the cowries.
Axel Olsson (1967) wrote that the radulae of P.
adamsonii and J. pustulata are similar, so only his
description of the J. pustulata radula will be given
here:

"The radula is complex, thread-like and
extremely long, made up of several hundred rows of
teeth, 9 in each row. The rachidian (central) tooth
is a small oval plate with 5 short cusps; there are

Page 81

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(9): 1993

2 laterals on each side, the inner one with a sharp,
fang-like cusp, the other flat, cleaver-like; marginals
are 2 on each side, long, slender shaft, the inner
with 5 finger-like branches, the outer with 14."
Drawings of a half-row of each species are shown in
Figures 3 & 4. For comparison Figures 5 & 6 show
a drawing and a scanning electron microscope photo
of characteristic Cypraea radula teeth. Cypraea
rarely have as many as 200 rows of teeth, 7 in each
row; all being of simpler form than the central
tooth of Jenneria.

Figure 6. Cypraea Isabella, scanning electron microscope photo

Figure 3. Pseudocypraea adamsonii, half row of teeth (After
Thiele, 1931).

Figure 4. Jenneria pustulata, half row of teeth (After Thiele,
1931).

Figure 5. Cypraea Isabella, half row of teeth (After Kay, 1960).

Figures 7 8 are the first published

photographs of P. adamsonii and J. pustulata
radulae. The photos reveal significant differences
between the two species, though the radula
structure is so feathery and complex that accurate
drawings may be better than SEM or optical photos
for visualizing the tooth shapes.

These two species are extreme examples of sea
creatures that look much like cowries but are not
even in the same sub-family, reemphasizing the
need to study the animals as well as the shells, in
considering taxonomy.

Figure 7. Jenneria pustidata, .scanning electron microscope photo
of radula (x 380).

Vol. XXV(9): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 82

two cowrie-like species that might be included in a
study of Cypraea radulae. This work was supported
by a grant from the Director, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography.

LITERATURE CITED

KAY, ALISON

1960. Generic Revision of the Cypraeinae. Proc. of the
Malacological Society of London, 33 (6): 278-287.

p. 280.

[LIGHTFOOT, JOHN]

1786. A Catalog of the Portland Museum... London.
viii+194 pp (p. 106, number 2328).

OLSSON, AXEL A.

1967. Pustularias (Jenneria ) in the American Neogene.
Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, No. 403:1-13, 2 pis. (July
21).

SCHILDER, F.A.

Figure 8. Jenneria pustulata, scanning electron microscope photo
of radula (x 380).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Lindsey Groves brought to my attention these

1924. Systematischer Index der rezenten Cypraeidae.
Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte, 90(4): 179-214.
SOWERBY, George B.II
1832. Conchological Illustrations. (London), fig. 7.
THIELE, JOHANNES

1931. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde.
Gustav Fischer, Jena. Vol.l. 788 pp., illus. (p. 270).

WORLD SIZE RECORDS CONTINUES

It has been announced by R. Tucker Abbott
that WORLD SIZE RECORDS will continue to be
published. Mrs. Barbara Haviland will be carrying
on the work of the late Robert Wagner and they
hope to issue a new list early in 1994.

All records sent since October 1992 will be
processed by Barbara Haviland and those having

submitted entries will be informed of new records
by her. All correspondence relating to WORLD
SIZE RECORDS should be sent to:

Mrs. Barbara Haviland #51
6950 46th Avenue North
St. Petersburg, EL 33709

Page 83

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(9): 1993

SHELLING ON THE RUN

JULES HERTZ

3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, California

In mid May of this year, Carole and I took our
first organized land tour. This was to be a 21 -day
bus tour of Spain, Morocco, Gibralter, and
Portugal. It was to be a "non-shelling" tour, since
most of the tour was inland and it was "jam-packed"
with visits to cathedrals, mosques, and palaces.
However, just in case we got a minute to ourselves
on the Mediterranean or on the Atlantic coast of
Morocco or Portugal, we included in our luggage
some ziplock bags and a couple of spatulas. We
decided to forgo alcohol or the rest of our normal
collecting gear.

Since this was our first tour, we were a little
apprehensive that things might go slowly. But we
were very fortunate. We had a great tour director,
and we rarely had a free moment. A typical day
started with breakfast around 7:00 AM, departure
around 8:30 AM, traveling and touring all day,
dinner finally about 9:00 PM with an occasional
show included, and then to bed around 10:30-11:00
PM. Of course we lived out of our suitcases, so
packing and unpacking were not very time
consuming. The local guides in each of the cities
were usually very good, and the sightseeing was
outstanding. The big problem was trying to
remember what we had seen, where we saw it, etc.
Neither Carole nor I are diligent in making notes,
so we will probably have interesting arguments as to
where was that mosque or cathedral or palace, who
was the King or Queen that built these marvelous
structures or financed the various expeditions or
wars, etc? Our slides have been developed, and
now we are researching where we were and what we
saw.

Although we normally only collect marine shells,
we started to get desperate and picked up some
land snails in palace gardens and on city walls. We
even picked out some nice bivalves from our

marvelous paellas at lunch. After sightseeing in
Madrid, Toledo, Cdrdoba, Sevilla, Jerez de la
Frontera and Granada, we finally arrived in
Torremolinos on day eight. We were in a hotel
that was two blocks from the beach at the famous
Costa del Sol on the Mediterranean, and we had a
few hours on our own for local sightseeing. Almost
everyone on the tour rushed to the local shopping
area, but Carole and I rushed to the beach. The
beach was beautiful sand, but not a rock in sight.
There were lots of single Cardium and Gtycymeris
valves as well as valves of other bivalves but not a
gastropod to be had. Of course, I was quite
distracted by the beautiful topless sunbathers lying
along the way and could have missed a golden
cowrie. After about 30 minutes of walking in the
hot sun and disappointing collecting, we were off to
the business area to do our bit for the local
economy.

The next morning we took a short bus trip,
paralleling the Mediterranean, to Algeciras where
we boarded the ferry to go to Tangier, Morocco. It
was a pleasent ferry ride and Tangier had beautiful
looking sand beaches, but unfortunately we were
busing directly to Fez. It would be five days until
we would see the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The
northern portion, through which we traveled, was
different than anything I had envisioned. It had
lush farmland, some large rivers, mountains and
forests, and even a modern resort village in the
mountains that looked like Switzerland. We visited
the Imperial cities of Fez, Meknes, Marrakesh, and
Rabat. The architecture and carvings at the
mosques and palaces is fantastic, and we were
treated to a new dimension - wandering through the
streets of the Medinas (old cities). The streets in
the old cities are very narrow (barely room for the
loaded donkeys) and form a maze. We were

Vol. XXV(9): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 84

thankful for our guides. There were hundreds of
people milling about, many hawking their wares,
and it was easy to get separated from our group.
We were constantly cautioned to stay with our
group and if we got separated just to stop and wait
for someone to come back for you (the joke was
that they would pick you up in three weeks when
the next tour would come through). These narrow
streets were lined on both sides with shops selling
all sorts of things, not only tourist items but the
daily necessities of the locals. Each of these shops
were extremely small and narrow. There were
butcher shops displaying their butchered goats and
sheep, and stores for spices, beans, fruits and
vegetables and many other things. There were
several large specialty shops for tourists which the
guides steered us to because they got good
commissions on all our purchases. These included
a beautiful rug shop, where we were served
Moroccan tea while the owners and sales help told
us all about Moroccan carpets. They kept unrolling
what seemed like hundreds of rugs until two people
in our group finally succumbed. I believe we might
still be there had these people not made their
purchases. We also went to a marvelous spice
shop, where the owner gave us a very humorous
rundown of their products. He would make a
marvelous pitchman at our county fairs. During
our travels, we stopped at a rock and mineral shop,
where they sold local geodes, ammonites, trilobites
and fossil nautiloids (Geisonoceras sp). Fossil
quality was very poor, and we quickly lost our
interest. Unfortunately, the bus didn’t stop at the
many places along the highways where the locals
had set up stands to sell fossils and minerals.

Our first sight of the Atlantic was at our
approach to Casablanca. We had no time to really
collect there before we continued on to Rabat for
the evening. The next morning would start a very
unusual shelling experience. We collected before
breakfast and after lunch and dinner in three
different cities, the last being Tangier approximately
283 miles from where we had started that morning.
This meant running down to the beach before
breakfast at Rabat and getting some live specimens

of Monodonta, Bulla and a Naticaria, followed by
touring and busing until we arrived at a seaside
restaurant at Asilah. Beating the crowd, we were
served first, and we were off to collect a second
time. Here we collected live Patella intermedia,
Siphonaria pectinata and Littorina punctata. Finally,
we arrived that afternoon in Tangier, where we
toured through the old city and then ran to the
beach for our final collecting of the day. Our first
two outings that day had been in muddy, rocky
areas, whereas in Tangier it was a very beautiful
sand beach. This latter beach had a large variety of
dead shells.

The next morning we ferried to Gibralter for a
two day stay. Again our hotel was on the beach,
and we were able to avoid sightseeing for a few
minutes to walk the beach. Like always, we could
not collect at low tide nor did we have enough time
to find the best collecting spots.

Our final view of the Atlantic was at Cascais,
Portugal, where I was able to sneak away from the
tour for a few minutes and find a few dead things
on a sterile-looking sandy beach. More touring of
Portugal and Spain completed our trip.

Table 1 is a list of the shells we found, with the
best identifications I have to date. I used Tebble
(1966) and Terreni (1981) for identifying the
bivalves and Poppe and Goto (1991) for the
gastropods. I am grateful to Michael Hollmann for
identification of the naticids.

LITERATURE CITED

POPPE GUIDO T. and YOSHIHIRO GOTO

1991. EurofTean Seashells. Volume I (Polyplacophora,
Caudofoveata, Solenogastra, Gastropoda).

Verlag Christa Hemmen, Weisbaden, Germany,
352 pp, 40 pis, 29 figs.

TEBBLE, NORMAN

1966. British Bivalve Seashells. Alden Press Osney Mead.
Oxford. 212 pp, 12 pis, 110 figs.

TERRENI, GIULANO

1981. Molluschi Conchiferi Del Mare Antistante La
Costa Toscana (Gastropoda, Scaphopoda,
Amphineura, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda). 100 pp, 10
pis.

Page 85

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(9): 1993

Location

Torremolinos, Spain

Casablanca, Morocco

Rabat, Morocco

Asilah, Morocco

Tangier, Morocco

Gibralter

Cascais, Portugal

TABLE 1.

List of Marine Shells Collected

Date Species

5/19/93 Tectonatica filosa (Philippi, 1844)

Spisula solida (Linnaeus, 1758); valves
Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758); valves
Venus casina (Linnaeus, 1758); valves
Mactra corallina (Linnaeus, 1758); valves
Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758
Donax variegatus "Gmelin" Linnaeus, 1791; valves
Callista chione (Linnaeus, 1758); valves
Glycymeris glycymeris (Linnaeus, 1758); valves

5/24/93 Gibbula umbilkatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758

5/25/93 Monodonta lineata (da Costa, 1778); live

Natica vittata (Gmelin, 1791); live
Bulla sp. -, live

Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840)

Venerupis decussata{lJ\nnat\\s, 1758); restaurant
Venerupis sp.

Mactra sp.

Donax variegatus "Gmelin" Linnaeus, 1791

5/25/93 Patella intermedia Murray, 1857; live

Littorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791); live
Siphonaria pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758); live
Callista chione (Linnaeus, 1758); valve

5/25/93 Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)

Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Trivia pullusina Locardi, 1892 = T. pullex (Solander in Gray, 1827)
Naticarius hebraeus (Martyn, 1784)

Calliostoma zizyphinum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Haliotis tuberculata lamellosa Lamarck, 1822
Vermetus cf. rugulosus Monterosato, 1878
Mesalia mesal (Deshayes in Lamarck, 1843)

Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 = C. mediterranus Hwass in
Brugidre,1792
Hydrobia sp.

Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758)

Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840);valves
Donax variegatus "Gmelin" Linnaeus, 1791; live
Lyonsia Tnorwegica Chemnitz, 1798 = Gmelin, 1790
Tellina tenuis (da Costa, 1778)

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758; valves
Mactra corallina (Linnaeus, 1758); valves

5/27/93 Patella candei d’Orbigny, 1840; live

Dials haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767)

Venus casina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758

Glycymis glycymeris (Linnaeus, 1758); valves

Pododesmus sp.

5/30/93 Cyclope donovania Risso, 1826

Spisula solida (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tellina tenuis (da Costa, 1778); valves

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 86

AN INTERESTING FIND OFF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS
(GASTROPODA: EULIMIDAE)

DOUG VON KRIEGELSTEIN
11288 San Juan, Loma Linda, California 92354

On September 16, 1990 I was scuba diving in
Bechers Bay on the northeastern end of Santa Rosa
Island of the Channel Islands of Southern
California. The sandy-gravel bottom at 12 meters
(40 feet) was covered with literally millions of a
very small (6-8 mm by 30 mm) ivory-colored sea
cucumber-like echinoderm (Figure 1). These
creatures were partially buried in the bottom.

Figure 1. Echinoderm with Melanella attached. Found in 12
meters off northeastern end of Santa Rosa Is., California.

Photo; David K. Mulliner.

On this particular day, while fanning the bottom
I spotted an echinoderm with a live 5 to 6 mm

Figure 2. Melanella specimen with proboscis extended shown in
Figure 1. Photo: David K. Mulliner.

white eulimid specimen attached (Figure 2). Later
that same day at Santa Cruz Island, I found two
more specimens of that echinoderm each with a
eulimid attached.

I sent two specimens each of both host and
parasite to Dr. Anders War6n of the Swedish
Museum of Natural History in Stockholm for
identification. In his reply to me he stated the
following:

Page 87

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(7): 1993

"The specimens belong to the genus Melanella,
sensu stricto, but I can at present give no names for
them. That would require comparison with the
holotypes of several of the species described by
Bartsch in 1917, in his revision of west American
eulimids. I have kept the specimens and their hosts
here, to do that later when I have accumulated
more material, possibly to make a paper on
holothurian parasites from your area, something like
the paper I recently published in the Veliger on
some more tropical species."

Obviously more material would be very helpful
for further study by Dr. Wardn. He is especially
interested in material that is collected with the
parasite attached to the host. Send both host and
parasite to Dr. Anders Wardn, Swedish Museum of
Natural History, Box 50007, S- 10405 Stockholm
Sweden.

I would like to thank Dave Mulliner for his
artistic photography and Anders Wardn for his
initial generic classification of these two specimens.

JANTHINA, AN UNUSUAL OCCURRENCE
AT PACIFIC BEACH, SAN DIEGO

CAROLE M. HERTZ

3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, California 92111

On 27 March 1993, my husband Jules found a
14 mm Janthina specimen (animal intact) identical
to the one figured in Abbott (1974, pi. 3, fig. 1181)
as Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816, at Tourmaline
Surfing Beach, Pacific Beach, San Diego. A
thorough search of the surrounding area revealed
no additional Janthina nor any of the pelagic Velella
velella (Linnaeus, 1758), often found in association
with Janthina. I had found two specimens of this
same species at the same beach in November-
December 1978. Finding Janthina in the San Diego

area is unusual; to my knowledge the last time a
large number were found with their associated floats
was early May 1967. At that time they were found
at La Jolla Shores, and on some Del Mar beaches.
At that time the species found was J. globosa
Swainson, 1822.

LITERATURE CITED
ABBOTT, R. TUCKER

1974. American Seashells, second edition. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co. NY. 663+ pp., 24 pis., 6405 figs.

THE SEPTEMBER PARTY - A LUAU

Saturday, September 18th
6 P.M. - ?

I

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Vj

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%

Larry & Debbie Catarius
4173 Galt Street
San Diego, CA 92117
(619) 21Q-A316

From 5 take 52 east to Genessee Ave. south.

From 15 or 805 take 52 west to Genessee Ave. south.
Go to light at top of the hill (Appleton St.).

Go right on Appleton to first stop sign on Cole St.

Go right on Cole St. It’s the 3rd house on the left.
Look for an anchor in the front yard.

REMEMBER. Wear your best Hawaiian finery, bring your potluck contribution, serving
and eating utensils. If possible, bring folding chairs.

Come and have a fantastic time!

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ISSN 0738-9388

>{o!

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXV

October 14, 1993

Number: 10

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB Sl’AFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Margaret Mulliner
Jules Hertz

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family); $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson
American Museum of Natural
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Aliens in the Bay: the Invasion of Exotic Mollusks in California Waters

Jeff Crooks, a doctoral student at Scripps significant problem. He will accompany his
Institution of Oceanography will give a talk on this presentation with slides.

Mini-auction of Books and Reprint Sale

Shells of the month: California shells
Meeting date: October 21st

CONTENTS

Club news

An overview of the known Recent micromolluscan marine fauna of the Islas Galdpagos
including microfaunal list

KIRSTIE L. KAISER

89

90

Page 89

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

CLUB NEWS

The September Party--A Luau

The September party, with a Hawaiian theme
was held in the gaily decorated garden of Debbie
and Larry Catarius on Saturday evening, the 18th.
Festivities began at 6:00 PM with the thirty-five
Club members and guests enjoying Dave’s Punch
and puu-puus while Island music played in the
background.

Members old and new enjoyed socializing and
partaking of the delicious buffet dinner of Hawaiian
meatballs, rice, fresh fruit bowl and assorted
desserts. The weather was perfect, the company
grand and the party a huge success-as always.

Our thanks to Debbie and Larry Catarius, our
most congenial hosts.

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - August 19, 1993

Vice President Hugh Bradner called the meeting
to order and after introduction of guests and
announcements concerning the September party,
introduced the speaker for the evening, Hans
Bertsch, Chair of the Math and Science Department
at National University whose program was entitled,
"Lifestyles of the Small and Cryptic: West Mexican
Gastropod Feeding and Reproductive Activities."

Hans’ presentation was accompanied by a
profusion of slides showing many different species
of nudibranchs, many undescribed, in their natural
habitats, feeding and mating. Several peculiar forms
living in hydroids were also shown. The
presentation was both informative and entertaining.

A refreshment break followed the program with
cookies provided by Terry Arnold and Marge and
Ken Lindahl.

Hard Times at the
San Diego Natural History Museum

As a result of severe budget problems, there
have been many changes on the third floor of the
Museum with the scientific staff severely depleted

and only the departments of Paleontology and
Botany with curators.

Dr. Richard Brusca, curator of Marine
Invertebrates and Regina Wetzer, collections
manager in that department, are both on a year’s
leave of absence with Rick Brusca heading the
marine sciences program at the University of
Charleston. The position of Curator of Invertebrate
Zoology will remain vacant during this time and the
Marine Invertebrate Department will be closed with
no provision for visitors, loans or additions to the
department’s collection.

As stated in the September-October 1993 issue
of Field Notes, the Museum is searching "for a
temporary, one-year, collections conservation
specialist to oversee the entomology, herpetology
and marine invertebrate collections to ensure that
these collections are maintained during the year we
are without staff in these three departments."

The Scientific Library will remain open with
librarian Ann Paine working to incorporate the
marine invertebrate literature into the main library
collection.

Additions and Changes to the Roster

New Member

Mark Kirwan, 300A Inchon Drive, Oceanside, CA
92054 (619) 385-0840
Changes of Address

Fred L. Leonard, 3441 Kirklees Road, Winston-
Salem, NC 27104

Doug & Mary Luther, 4458 Sierra Drive, Honolulu,
HI 96816.

The Club’s Christmas Dinner Party

The San Diego Shell Club’s annual Christmas
Dinner Party will be held on Saturday evening
December 4th at the Guadalajara Grill in Old
Town. Mark your calendars so you won’t miss the
party. Details at the October and November
meetings.

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 90

AN OVERVIEW OF THE KNOWN RECENT MICROMOLLUSCAN
MARINE FAUNA OF THE ISLAS GALApAGOS
INCLUDING MICROFAUNAL LIST

KIRSTIE L. KAISER*

Museum Associate, Department of Malacology
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard,

Los Angeles, California 90007

Charles Darwin described the GaHpagos
Archipelago as "a halting place" (James, 1988),
while the Ecuadorian government refers to these
islands as the Islas Encantadas (Enchanted Islands).
The Islas Galdpagos along with their diverse flora
and fauna have been the object of one of the most
intensive scientific studies of biodiversity in the
world.

This is the first of several papers on the
mollusks of the Islas GaHpagos. Future papers will
give detailed reports of the mollusks I researched
there in February 1988 during seven days of scuba
diving and intertidal work.

Micromollusks, as defined here, are those
mollusks whose shells do not exceed 10 mm in their
largest dimension at normal maturity. It is
understood that 10 mm is a subjective number and
that in the category of shelled marine mollusks
several families have only some members that do
not exceed 10 mm, while other families are
characteristically minute and no adult members ever
exceed the arbitrary dimension.

A sizeable percentage of the world’s known
marine molluscan fauna falls into the category of
this definition of micromollusk. These minute
invertebrates occur worldwide in tropical to Arctic
seas but certainly the majority live in tropical waters
and to a lesser degree, temperate waters. Many
families of micromollusks have been found in the
Pleistocene fossil record (Hertlein & Strong, 1939),
but the majority are perhaps most fully represented
in the existing faunas. Ponder (1983) speculates

•Mailing address: 475 North Neil Armstrong Road, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84116, U.S.A.

that members of the family Barleeidae are not
common as fossils, probably because of their
preference for hard bottom, shallow-water habitats.
This reasoning may hold true for other micro-
groups as well.

Considerable taxonomic study has been carried
out on the macrofauna over the centuries. Due to
the lack of more accurate magnification equipment,
many of the microspecies were inadequately figured
and described in the early years. Small size,
superficial similarity, and descriptions made with
lack or partial lack of the protoconch led to
numerous mistaken identifications and erroneous
generic placements (Marshall, 1983).

As better equipment became available interest
in micromollusks increased. With the advent of the
scanning electron microscope (SEM), soft anatomy,
radular morphology, protoconchs, and other
morphological features are now being illustrated
and studied. This has become invaluable for species
discrimination and taxonomic decisions in the whole
of malacology, but in particular for the
microspecies. Certainly in retrospect, the last 20
years has shown a surge of new taxa (Vaught,
1989), and these additions and revisions are mainly
seen in the micromolluscan groups.

Expeditions

There were many early exploratory expeditions
to the Islas GaHpagos. Although a significant
amount of scientific study was done on the
terrestrial flora and fauna, much less attention was
paid to the marine fauna and in particular to the

Page 91

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

micromollusks. Mentioned here are those
expeditions that collected marine micromolluscan
material which was subsequently annotated or
described.

One of the earliest collectors of mollusks in the
Galdpagos was Hugh Cuming between 1827-29
aboard his yacht Discoverer (Hertlein & Strong,
1955). Beginning about 1832 his many finds were
described by Broderip, the Sowerbys, Deshayes, H.
& A. Adams, and others. Reeve, between 1832 and
1855, reported Cuming’s findings in his monographs
(Stearns, 1893). Carpenter (1857) published the
first extensive list of the species collected by
Cuming, which included five microspecies. In 1868
Dr. Simeon Habel collected mollusks in the
Galdpagos. A list of the species, which included
several microspecies, was published by Wimmer
(1879). Stearns (1893) published a comprehensive
review of the early works on the conchology of the
Islas Galdpagos with a list of the molluscan fauna
he compiled from these earlier efforts. Dali (1890)
in "A preliminary report on the collection of
Mollusca . . ." by the U. S. Fish Commission
steamer Albatross in 1887-88, reported one deep
water microspecies, Microgtyphis perconicus (Dali,
1890) (Opisthobranchia), which so far remains
endemic to the Islands. From subsequent
expeditions of the Albatross Dali (1891) and others
described several new microspecies from various
families (Dali, 1908b) and specifically of the families
Pyramidellidae (Dali & Bartsch, 1909), Epitoniidae
(Dali, 1917), and Turritidae (currently Turridae)
(Dali, 1919).

Leo G. Hertlein was a member of the
California Academy of Sciences’ G. Allan Hancock
Expedition to the Islas GaHpagos in 1931-1932
aboard the cruiser Velero III. Special efforts were
made to collect samples of the microfauna in the
waters around the Islands (Slevin, 1959). Nearly all
the specimens were taken along the beaches or in
very shallow water. Large quantities of this

material were collected, and the sorting and
identification has taken many years of study.
Hertlein & Strong (1955) provided a list of these
species collected at the Islas Galdpagos. This
extensive annotated list, with collecting stations,
included many microspecies, some of which were
reported for the first time from the Islands.
Subsequent trips by the Velero III in the 1930s and
later l?y Velero IV accumulated by dredging, and

from bottom core samples, sand and rubble
containing many micromollusks. Most of this
grunge was stored at the University of Southern
California (USC), unsorted, until it was transferred
to the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History (LACM) for accession into their collection.
Several new microspecies were described from this
material at LACM by McLean (1970a-d). Since
1970, sorting of this material has generated a large
assemblage of micromollusks. Identification to
species of the Hancock material is still underway.

Known as the ‘St. George’ Expedition, the S, Y,
St. George was sent out in 1924 with a party of
scientists to the Pacific via the Panama Canal.
Tomlin (1927-1929) did an annotated list of the
marine mollusks collected from Panamd to the Islas
GaHpagos, including Isla del Coco and several
stations in-between. The list included four species
collected from the Galdpagos.

The Vanderbilt South Pacific Expedition of
1937 collected mollusks at Islas Galdpagos and
Schwengel (1938) listed beach shells picked up at
Wreck Bay, Chatham Island. Of the 77 species
listed, four are considered micro and of these, two
new microspecies Marginella rosa and Tralia
vanderbilti were proposed by Schwengel (1938).

In 1971, the Conchological Club of Southern
California organized the Ameripagos Expedition to
research the molluscan fauna of the Islas Galdpagos.
A considerable amount of micromolluscan material
was sampled. Various lots of the micro-material
are in the collections of Los Angeles County
Museum (LACM), Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History (SBMNH), and San Diego Natural
History Museum (SDNHM), while the remainder is
in several southern California private collections.
J. Hertz (1976-77) published on several families of
micro-material from the Ameripagos Expedition.

The Italian expedition of L. Mares-G.R.S.T.S. of
1971-1972 reported collecting 64 species of marine
mollusks. Ten of these were microspecies and all
had previously been reported from the Islas
Galdpagos (Taviani, 1979).

Since the establishment of the Galdpagos
National Park in 1959 (Jackson, 1985), several
scientific expeditions have conducted molluscan
research but little mention of micromollusks was
included in their reports until the F.N.R.S. Belgium
Expedition of 1984. Y. Finet spent several months
preparing for his part in this expedition by studying

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

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Page 92

collections of GaHpagos material in six of the
major scientific institutions in the United States.
After spending March through July in the Islands in
1984, Finet (1985) published a preliminary faunal
list of the marine mollusks of the Islas Galdpagos
in which he listed all the species of micromollusks
he had researched in the collections of the U.S.
museums, the Charles Darwin Research Station
collection on Isla Santa Cruz, and the material he
collected in the Galdpagos while there. Since that
time he published on the biogeography and
endemism in mollusks of the GaHpagos Finet
(1989) and again revised the faunal list (Finet,
1991).

In 1986 the Galdpagos Marine Resources
Reserve was established (Broadus, 1987). Collecting
of all marine fauna is now closely monitored and is
restricted to persons granted permits by the
Ecuadorian government for scientific research in an
attempt to control the direction and quality of
scientific research throughout the marine reserve.

In 1988 the Grupo Victoria Expedition was
organized by M. Montoya, K. L. Kaiser, and D. R.
Shasky. A permit was granted to collect and study
the marine molluscan fauna and special attention
was given to the microfauna. A total of nine days
(February 12-20, 1988) was spent in the Islas
Galdpagos including the islands of Baltra, Santa
Cruz, Santa Maria, Espanola, San Salvador, and
Rdbida. This resulted in the discovery of a wide
range of unreported micromollusks. From
examination of expedition material, Shasky (1989a,b)
published additions and corrections to the
preliminary list of Finet (1985).

Today there is ever increasing pressure for
building the industry of tourism in the Islas
Galdpagos. This brings increased human settlement
from the mainland as well as tourists. As economic
development increases, so do the problems
associated with terrestrial and marine habitat
conservation. Hopefully, with increased

environmental awareness, both conservation and
scientific research will be properly prioritized and
advanced.

Environment

The Islas Galdpagos have over 1350 km of
shoreline and according to Jackson (1985) are
subject twice daily to tidal changes ranging up to

2.6 m at new and full moons with a mean of about
1.8 m. During the periods of low tide the

temperature of the black lava rocks may soar
quickly to 104° to 122°F [40° to 50°C] from the
severe equatorial sun.

The Islands are influenced by seasonal
oceanographic conditions in which marked seasonal
changes in water temperature are brought about by
the South Equatorial Current which is composed
mainly of cold Peru Current (Humbolt Current)
water, but with a component of warm water from
the North Equatorial Countercurrent to the north.
At irregular intervals the waters surrounding the
Galdpagos are affected by the El Nino phenomenon
during which the Peru Current is deflected far to
the west of South America, thus allowing warm
water from Central America to sweep far to the
south causing extensive warming (Rosenblatt &
Walker, 1963). Hertlein & Strong (1955) reported
the temperature of surface waters to show a
variation from 66° to 86°F [19° to 30°C]. The 86°
could only be in El Nino years (McLean, pers.
comm.). Unfortunately, to my knowledge, no
systematic ecological work has been done on the
Galapagan marine molluscan fauna during these
changes brought about by El Nino.

In the Galdpagos, micromollusks have an
intertidal to abyssal distribution. Several types of
habitats occur throughout the Islands including
rocky regions, lava and coralline sand of varying
granulometry, algae, coral communities, mangrove
lagoons, and mud flats. Being volcanic in origin,
the Galdpagos are best characterized by rocky
intertidal and subtidal zones which vary in character
from one place to another, mainly as a result of
differing slopes and exposures to wave action. The
richness of microspecies is reasonably predictable
and largely a function of substrate type and variety.
Areas that have a diversity of stable substrate types
harbor more micromolluscan fauna than do the
more homogeneous habitats. In addition to these
complex habitats, micromollusks are known to have
symbiotic, parasitic, and commensal relationships to
various marine flora and fauna.

Collecting Methods

Taking into account all of the characteristic
features of zonation, food sources, and habitats of
micromollusks, one can imagine the inherent

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Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

problems associated with collecting methods and
data compilation. In order to ascertain the

biogeographic affinities of a certain species, one
must systematically isolate each of these features.

A number of collecting methods used for
scientific study have been utilized in the GaHpagos,
including bottom grabs, core samples, and various
dredges. All of these techniques are useful below
SCUBA depths, but the specific habitat is not

always clear upon final retrieval of the mollusk.
The issue of shell size remains a problem with the
use of SCUBA since it is difficult to see

micromollusks in situ. Most microspecies live in
very protected areas, and therefore, when habitats
including rocks, coral slabs, etc. are disturbed or
shaken into a canvas bag or similar container, one
is still left with uncertainty as to the actual habitat.
The examination of microspecies living in the

intertidal zone is somewhat easier to control as
magnification equipment can be used in many
situations. All members of the family Eulimidae
live on host echinoderms so, when possible, the
host animal should be collected and examined in a
more conducive environment.

Summary

It is my belief that in the Islas Galdpagos the
number of micromolluscan species is much greater
than current faunal records show.

To date, 686 species of verified marine mollusks
have been recorded (Keen, 1971; Finet, 1985, 1991;
Skoglund 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992). Of those 201
are microspecies. The 16 micromollusks shown
here (Figures 1-16) were originally described from
the Islas GaMpagos and give a varied representation
of the microfauna. Of those figured, five have now
been recorded outside the Islas Galdpagos.

Based on the work of (Keen, 1971; Finet, 1985,
1991; and Skoglund, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992), I
have calculated that 23.9% of the known Galapagan
micromollusks remain endemic. I believe the high
endemicity of the molluscan fauna, in particular the
microspecies, will continue to diminish as more
deliberate sampling and study continues in the
tropical eastern Pacific including the other oceanic
islands of Isla Malpelo, Isla del Coco, Clipperton
Island, and Islas Revillagigedo.

Future papers in this series will treat the
mollusks collected in the Islas GaMpagos. At the

end of this study a representative sampling of these
micromollusks will be deposited in the Charles
Darwin Research Station, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas
GaUpagos.

Format for species list

A list of Galapagan micromollusks follows on
Page 105. It is in taxonomic order according to
Skoglund (1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992) and/or Vaught
(1989) with Keen numbers when applicable. An
asterisk preceding a species name denotes
endemicity according to previous authors.
Taxonomic changes not annotated here can be
found in Skoglund loc. cit.. Following each species
entry are literature sources for the Galapagan
records beginning with Keen (1971). Additional
remarks are added when appropriate.

Acknowledgments

I wish to extend my appreciation to the
government of the Republica de Equador and
especially to the Ministero de Agricultura y
Ganaderia and to the Departamento de Parques
Nacionales y Vida Silvestre. I thank James H.
McLean of the Los Angeles County Museum of
Natural History for access to the type collection and
for the use of his numerous type photos. Lindsey
T. Groves, of the same institution, was helpful in
gathering critical information from the type
collection and both James H. McLean and Lindsey
T. Groves verified the information accompanying
the figures. This paper would not have been
possible without the use of the ZMA library and
facilities in Amsterdam. Special thanks to Robert
G. Moolenbeek and H. E. Coomans for their
assistance and to Abraham N. van der Bijl and
Rykel de Bruyne for their computer skills. My
thanks also to Bertram C. Draper for the photo
plates, to Donald R. Shasky and Sharon S. Legge
who offered helpful comments on the manuscript,
to David K. Mulliner who gave information on type
material and to Michel Montoya who was
indispensable in helping procure permission for the
Grupo Victoria to do research in the Islas
GaHpagos. And for their encouragement, critical
review, and suggestions, I thank Jules and Carole
M. Hertz.

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 94

Abbreviations Used

AMNH American Museum of Natural History

ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia

CAS California Academy of Sciences

LACM Los Angeles County Museum of Natural

History

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard Lfniversity

SBMNH Santa Barbara Museum of Natural

History

SDNHM San Diego Natural History Museum
use University of Southern California

USNM United States National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
ZMA Zoologisch Museum, University of

Amsterdam

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Figures 1 to 3

Figure 1. Anatoma epicharis (McLean, 1970a), Holotype (LACM 1370). Diameter: 1.9 mm, height: 1.3 mm.
Type locality: Bahia Cartago, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Islas GaMpagos (0°35’S, 90°57’W) in 22 m (12
fm), RA^ Velero III, bottom sample, sta. 481, 21 Jan. 1938. Remarks: Two specimens were collected. This
species is one of the two earliest known tropical eastern Pacific species of the genus Anatoma Woodward,
1859. This was originally described as Scissurella (Anatoma) epicharis. The specific name is taken from the
Greek word for graceful. Photo: B. C. Draper.

Figure 2. Nesta galapagensis McLean, 1970c, Holotype (LACM 1307). Length: 5.5 mm, width: 3.3 mm,
height: 1.7 mm. T\pe locality: Tagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Islas GaHpagos (0°16’S,

91°22’30"W) in 146-183 m (80-100 fm), R/V Velero III, bottom sample, sta. 432, 15 Jan. 1943. Remarks:
This is the first reported species of the genus Nesta H. Adams, 1870, in the eastern Pacific. It was described
from a single specimen. Photo: J. H. McLean.

Figure 3. Mirachelus galapagensis McLean, 1970a. Holotype (LACM 1377). Height: 3.6 mm, diameter:
2.9 mm. Type locality: off Canal Bolivar, near Tagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Islas GaHpagos
(0°16’S,91°22’W) in 73-101 m (40-55 fm). Remarks: The type lot consisting of 12 specimens was dredged
by A. & J. DeRoy, 23 Jan. 1968. This is the first eastern Pacific record of the genus Mirachelus Woodring,
1928. Many specimens of this species were dredged off Bahia Chatham, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica by Kaiser,
Montoya & Shasky from 1984-1992. Photo: B. C. Draper.

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Figures 4 to 8

Figure 4. Calliostoma santacruzanum McLean, 1970d. Holotype (SDNHM 51301). Height: 7.0 mm,

diameter: 6.9 mm. Type locality: South Academy Bay, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galdpagos (0°45’S,90°20’W),
dredged in 45 m by A. & J. DeRoy, 10 June 1968. Remarks: It is the only umbilicate eastern Pacific
species other than the low-spired, broadly umbilicate, C. rema Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, 1933. J. H.
McLean verified two juvenile specimens taken in tangle nets in 440 ft (134 m) in coralline rubble at
Chatham Bay, Isla del Coco, April 2, 1992, leg. K. L. Kaiser. Photo: J. H. McLean.

Figure 5. Brookiila (Vetiilonia) galapagana (Dali, 1913). Holotype (USNM 207607). Height: 2.2 mm,
diameter: 3.4 mm. Type locality: near the Islas Galdpagos in 1159 m (634 fm) in sand, bottom

temperature 39.9°F. Remarks: A single specimen collected. This species is similar to the Atlantic

Vetulonia jeffreysi Dali, 1913. Photo: J. H. McLean.

Figure 6. Arene (Arene) echinata McLean, 1970b. Paratype (LACM 1277). Height: 7.2 mm, diameter: 6.5
mm. Type locality: Punta Espinosa, Isla Fernandina, Islas Galdpagos (0°16’S,91°27’W), collected by J.

DeRoy, 30 Jan. 1968. Remarks: The holotype (AMNH 154626) and the three paratypes were all collected
crabbed at low tide. This is the largest eastern Pacific species of the genus and no longer is endemic to
the Islas Galdpagos. J. H. McLean verified a mature specimen dredged at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica from
150 ft (46 m), sand and light rubble, 26 Mar. 1989, leg. K. L. Kaiser. The rose colored specimen is:
height: 4.0 mm, diameter: 4.4 mm. The specific name is Latin for spiny, prickly, and refers to the
sculpture. By coincidence, the type locality for the species is Punta Espinosa, meaning thorny in Spanish.
Photo: B. C. Draper.

Figure 7. Lirobarleeia galapagensis (Bartsch, 1911b). Holotype (USNM 207590). Length: 3.3 mm,

diameter: 1.9 mm. Type locality: Station 2808, near the Islas Galdpagos, dredged by U.S. Fisheries steamer
Albatross in 1159 m (634 fm) on coral sand bottom, temperature 39.9°F. Remarks: This was originally
described as Alvania galapagensis. Photo J. H. McLean.

Figure 8. Lirobarleeia hoodensis (Bartsch, 1911b). Holotype (USNM 213687). Length: 2.5 mm, diameter:
1.1 mm. Type locality: Station 2813, off Isla Espanola (Hood Island), Islas Galdpagos, dredged by U.S.
Fisheries steamer Albatross in 73 m (40 fm) on coral sand bottom, bottom temperature 81°F (believed to
be erroneous). Remarks: This was originally described as Alvania hoodensis. It was named for Hood Island
which has been officially changed to Isla Espanola (Jackson, 1985). Photo: J. H. McLean.

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

Figures 9 to 12

Figure 9. Cerithiopsis galapagensis ^diXX&chy \9l\di. Holotype (USNM 195187). Length: 2.4 mm, diameter:
0.8 mm. Type locality: Station 2813, off the Islas GaHpagos, dredged by U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross
in 73 m (40 fm) on coral sand bottom, bottom temperature 81°F (believed to be erroneous). Remarks:
This species so far remains endemic to the Islas GaHpagos. Photo: J. H. McLean.

Figure 10. Eulimostraca galapagensis BdirX&ch, \9\1 . Holotype (USNM 251281). Length: 3.8 mm, diameter:
1.2 mm. Type locality: Station 2813, off Islas Galdpagos, dredged by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross
in 73 m (40 fm) on coral sand bottom, bottom temperature 80°F (believed to be erroneous). Remarks: This
species is no longer restricted to the Islas Galdpagos (C. & J. Hertz, 1982). Although the Albatross made
trips to the Islas Galdpagos in the late 1880s, micromollusks collected had not begun to be identified until
the early 1900s. Photo: J. H. McLean.

Figure 11. Hespererato galapagensis Sc\[\\dex, Topotype (LACM 34-288). Length: 3.3 mm. Locality:
Tagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Islas Galdpagos, in 27 m (0°16’S,91°22’W) by RA^ Velero III,
bottom sample, 9 Dec. 1934. Remarks: Holotype, 2 paratypes, and 1 hypotype figured (Cate, 1977). Photo:
B. C. Draper.

Figure 12. Volvarina (Volvarina) nyssa Roth & Coan, 1971. Holotype (CAS 13713). Length 5.7 mm,
width: 3.0 mm. Type locality: SW side of Isla Pinta (Isla Abingdon), Islas GaMpagos (0°31’N, 90°46’W)
intertidal, 25 May 1964. Remarks: V. nyssa differs from the pink Volvarina (V.) taeniolata rosa (Schwengel,
1938) in not having three faintly developed pink-colored bands. Photo: J. H. McLean.

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

Figures 13 to 16

Figure 13. CerodriUia asymmetrica McLean & Poorman, 1971. Holotype (LACM 1498). Height: 6.1 mm,
diameter: 2.7 mm. Type locality: Tagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Islas Galdpagos

(0°16’08"S,91°22’38"W) 4 specimens dredged by RA^ Velero III in 18-33 m (10-18 fm), 15 Jan. 1934. Photo:
L. H. Poorman.

Figure 14. Kurtzia hiimboldti McLean & Poorman, 1971. Holotype (LACM 1537). Height: 5.2 mm,
diameter: 2.1 mm. Type locality: Tagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle) Islas Galdpagos [0°16’08"S,
91°22’38"W] 4 specimens dredged by R/V Velero III, in 18-33 m [10-18 fm], 15 Jan. 1934. Remarks: This
species was named after the 18th Century naturalist, Alexander Humboldt. The Humboldt Current cools
the equatorial waters of the Islas Galdpagos. Photo: B. C. Draper.

Figure 15. Miralda galapagensis (Dali & Bartsch, 1909). Specimen in K. L. Kaiser collection. Length:
1.5 m. Locality: Isla Rdbida, Islas Galdpagos (0°25’S,90°42’W) leg. K.L. Kaiser, SCUBA in 15 m from
shakings, 18 Feb. 1988. Remarks: Holotype (USNM 206906). Length: 2.0 mm, diameter 0.8 mm.
Originally described as Odostomia (Miralda) galapagensis. Not endemic to Islas Galdpagos (Finet, 1985).
Photo: B. C. Draper.

Figure 16. Transennella galapagana Hertlein & Strong, 1939. Specimen LACM 72-196. Length: 2.9 mm.
Locality: Punta Espinosa, Isla Fernandina, Islas Galdpagos, in boulders and sand in 15-30 m, by RA^
Searcher, 25 Jan. 1972. Remarks: Holotype (CAS Paleo. Type Coll. 6904), Length: 5.9 mm, height: 4.0
mm. T. galapagana is known to be found living intertidally in sand in shallow water. This species was
described from fossils. Paratypes (CAS Paleo. Type Coll. 6905-6909). Photo: B. C. Draper.

Vol. XXV(IO); 1993

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Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

TABLE 1.

A List of Galapagan Microspecies

Keen No.

List of Species

Literature Sources/Remarks

POLYPLACOPHORA

LEPTOCHITONIDAE

* Leptochiton (Leptochiton) albemarlensis Smith & Ferreira, 1977
ISCHNOCHITONIDAE
* Ischnochiton macleani Ferreira, 1978
Callistochiton pukheUus (Gray, 1828)

42 Chaetopkura (Chaetopkura) hanselmani (Ferreira, 1982)

70

187

189

190

191

235

312

265

383

392

776

3

5

10

21

126

127

128
159

67

91

ACANTHOCHITONIDAE
Acanthochitona angelica Dali, 1919

Acanihochitona imperatrix Watters, 1981
BIVALVIA

ARCIDAE

Barbatia (Acar) bailyi (Bartsch, 1931)

MYTILIDAE

Dacrydium (Quendreda) ekgantulum Soot-Ryen, 1955
PROPEAMUSSIIDAE
Cyclopecten exquisitus Grau, 1959
Cyclopecten liriope (Dali, 1908)

Cyclopecten pemomus (Hertlein, 1935)

Cyclopecten polykptus (Dali, 1908)

CRASSATELLIDAE
Crassinella varians (Carpenter, 1857)

KELLllDAE

Kellia snborbicidaris (Montagu, 1803)

BERNARDINIDAE

Halodakra (Halodakra) subtrigona (Carpenter, 1857)
VENERIDAE

Gouldia (Gouldia) califomica Dali, 1917

*Transennella (Transennella) galapagana Hertlein & Strong, 1939
CUSPIDARIIDAE
Cardiomya califomica (Dali, 1886)

GASTROPODA

SCISSURELLIDAE
*Anatoma epicharis (McLean, 1970)

Sinezona rimuloidcs (Carpenter, 1865)

FISSURELLIDAE
*Nesta galapagensis McLean, 1970
*Diodora punctifissa McLean, 1970
TURBINIDAE
Arene eclnnata McLean, 1970
Arene femtginosa McLean, 1970
Arene guttata McLean, 1970
Eulithidium diantha (McLean, 1970)

TROCHIDAE

Miraclielus galapagensis McLean, 1970
Calliostoma santacmzanum McLean, 1970

68 Solariella diomedea Dali, 1919

72 *Solariella tavemia Dali, 1919

SKENEIDAE

117 *Granigyra filosa Dali, 1919

118 *GraniQ>ra piona Dali, 1919

115 *Brookula (Vetulonia) galapagana (Dali, 1913)

Smith & Ferreira, 1977; Finet, 1991

Ferreira, 1978; Finet, 1991
as: Callistochiton carmenae A.G. Smith &
Ferreira, 1977 (Ferreira, 1979; Finet, 1991)
as: Chaetopkura cf C. mixta (Dali, 1919)
(Ferreira, 1982; Finet, 1991); as C. mixta
(Dali) (Keen, 1971)

as: Acanthochitona jacquelinae A.G. Smith &
Ferreira, 1977 (Finet, 1991); Watters, 1981
Watters, 1981; Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Soot-Ryen, 1955
See Waller (1984).
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Grau, 1959; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991; at Isla del
Coco (collected by K.L. Kaiser)

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 106

220

770

190

191

203

210

211

199

242

260

263

271

275

276
269

217

196

201

202

205

208

230

236

315

319

343

349

347

351

353

359

360
379
408

455

466

467
460
482

795

560

562

771

778

781

782

886

PELYCIDIIDAE
Pelycidion kelseyi (Bartsch, 1911)

LITTORINIDAE

Nodilittorina (Nodilittorina) angiostoma (C.B. Adams, 1852)
Nodilittorina (Nodilittorina) galapagiensis (Stearns, 1892)

Nodilittorina (Nodilittorina) porcata (Philippi, 1846)

RISSOIDAE

Alvania (Alvania) inconspicua (C.B. Adams, 1852)

*Alvania (Alvania) profundicola Bartsch, 1911
Alvania (Alvania) tumida Carpenter, 1857
?Alvania chathamensis Bartsch, MS
TAlvania duncani Bartsch, MS
*Manzonia (Alvinia) halia (Bartsch, 1911)

Rissoina (Rissoina) axeliana Hertlein & Strong, 1951
Rissoina (Rissoina) inca d’Orbigny, 1840
Rissoina (Rissoina) laurae de Folin, 1870
Rissoina (Rissoina) stricta Menke, 1850
Folinia ericana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)

Folinia insignis (de Folin, 1867)

Schwartziella (Pandalosia) ported (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930)
ANABATHRIDAE

Amphithalamus (Amphithalamus) inclusus Carpenter, 1864
BARLEEIDAE

*Lirobarleeia galapagensis (Bartsch, 1911)

* Lirobarleeia hoodensis (Bartsch, 1911)

Lirobarleeia itna (Bartsch, 1911)

* Lirobarleeia lara (Bartsch, 1911)

*Lirobarleeia nemo (Bartsch, 1911)

* Lirobarleeia nigrescens (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)

ASSIMINEIDAE

Assiminea compacta (Carpenter, 1864)

ELACHISINIDAE

Elachisina johnstoni (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930)
VITRINELLIDAE

Cyclostrerniscus (Cyclostremiscus) cosmtus (Bartsch, 1907)
Cyclostreiniscus (Cyclostremiscus) glyptomphalus Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952
Cyclostremiscus (Cyclostremiscus) valvatoides (C.B. Adams, 1852)
Cyclostremiscus (Pachystraniscus) pachynepion Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945
Miralabrum planospiratum (Carpenter, 1857)

Episcynia bolivari Pilsbry & Olsson, 1946
Episcynia nicholsoni (Strong & Hertlein, 1939)

Parviturboides copiosus (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945)

Parviturboides decussatus (Carpenter, 1857)

Solariorhis (Eulerema) pellucidus Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952
Teinostoma (Pseudorotella) pallidulum (Carpenter, 1857)

CAECIDAE

Caecum (Caecum) ebumeum C.B. Adams, 1852
Caecum (Caecum) richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, 1939
Caecum (Caecum) semilaeve Carpenter, 1857
Elephantulum mirificum (de Folin, 1867)

Fartulurn (Fartulum) dcxtroversum (Carpenter, 1857)

TORNIDAE

Macromphalina souverbiei (de Folin, 1867)

LITIOPIDAE

Alaba interruptelineata Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932
Alaba supralirata Carpenter, 1857
PLANAXIDAE

Fossarus angulatus Carpenter, 1857
Fossarus megasoma (C.B. Adams, 1852)

Fossarus purus Carpenter, 1864
Fossarus saxicola (C.B. Adams, 1852)

NATICIDAE

*Polinices (Euspira) litorinus Dali, 1908

Draper, 1974a
Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

as: A. monserratensis Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1930 (Finet, 1991)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
J. Hertz, 1976
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Draper, 1974a; Finet, 1991.

Draper, 1974a

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
J. Hertz (in press)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Draper, 1974b, Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Shask'y, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

J. Hertz, 1977
Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
J. Hertz, 1977
Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Marincovich, 1977; Finet, 1991

Page 107

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

_

TRIVIIDAE

* Trivia artema (Cate, 1979)

Cate, 1979

904

Trivia atomaria (Dali, 1902)

Cate, 1979

-

*Trivia citeria (Cate, 1979)

Cate, 1979; Finet, 1991

906

Trivia fusca (Sowerby, 1832, ex Gray, MS)

Keen, 1971; Cate, 1979; Finet, 1991

-

Trivia occideiualis (Schilder, 1922)

Cate, 1979; Finet, 1991

899

Trivia rubescem (Gray, 1833)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

913

*Hespererato galapagensis Schilder, 1933

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

OVULIDAE

Delonovolva mackani Cate, 1976

Cate, 1976

521

CERITHIOPSIDAE
*Cerithiopsis bicolor Bartsch, 1911

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

524

Cerithiopsis curtata Bartsch, 1911

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

526

Cerithiopsis eiseni Strong & Hertlein, 1939

Finet, 1991

527

* Cerithiopsis galapagensis Bartsch, 1911

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

529

Cerithiopsis guanacastensis Hertlein & Strong, 1951

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

536

Cerithiopsis neglecta (C.B. Adams, 1852)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

557

Seila assimilata (C.B. Adams, 1852)

DuShane & Draper, 1975; Finet, 1991

553

TRIFORIDAE

*Eumetula eucosrnia Bartsch, 1911

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

571

TRIPHORIDAE
Triphora adamsi Bartsch, 1907

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

572

Triphora altemata C.B. Adams, 1852

J. Hertz, 1976; Finet, 1991

574

Triphora chathamensis Bartsch, 1907

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

575

Triphora contrerasi Baker, 1926

Finet, 1991

576

Triphora cookeana Baker & Spicer, 1935

Finet, 1991

577

Triphora dalli Bartsch, 1907

Finet, 1991

578

Triphora escondidensis Baker, 1926

Finet, 1991

579

Triphora everrnanni Baker, 1926

Finet, 1991

580

Triphora excolpa Bartsch, 1907

J. Hertz, 1976; Finet, 1991

581

Triphora galapagensis Bartsch, 1907

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

582

Triphora hannai Baker, 1926

Finet, 1991

587

Triphora oweni Baker, 1926

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

592

Triphora postalba Bartsch, 1907

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

-

Triphora triticea (Pease, 1861)

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

596

*Triphora unicolor Bartsch, 1907

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

555

Metaxia convexa (Carpenter, 1857)

Finet, 1991

611

EPITONIIDAE

Asperiscala acapulcana (Dali, 1917)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

616

Asperiscala ernydonesa (Dali, 1917)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

619

Asperiscala habeli (Dali, 1917)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

627

* Asperiscala rhytidum (Dali, 1917)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

661

Nitidiscala wiUetti (Strong & Hertlein, 1937)

Finet, 1991

755

EULIMIDAE

*Eulima (Eulima) chathamensis (Bartsch, 1917)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

694

Eulirna (Eulima) elegantissima de Folin, 1867

Finet, 1991

756

*Eulima (Eulima) meridionalis (Bartsch, 1917)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

720

Melanella (Balds) falcata (Carpenter, 1865)

Finet, 1991

729

*Melanella (Balds) ochsneri Bartsch, 1917

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

693

Eulimostraca burragei (Bartsch, 1917)

as: Balds panamensis (Bartsch, 1917) (Finet,

743

Eulimostraca galapagensis Bartsch, 1917

1991); War^n, 1992
Keen, 1971; Finet; 1991

-

Sabinella shaskyi War6n, 1992

War6n, 1992

760

Stilifer (Stilifer) astericola Broderip, 1832

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

-

BUCCINIDAE

Cantharus (Pollia) fumosus (Dillwyn, 1817)

Shasky, 1988; Finet, 1991

1297

*Nassarius exsarcus (Dali, 1908)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

1301

*Nassarius goniopleura (Dali, 1908)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

1313

Nassarius nucleolus (Philippi, 1846)

as: N. taeniolatus (Philippi, 1846) (Finet, 1991)

1313a

*Nassarius towtisendi (Dali, 1890)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

1161

COLUMBELLIDAE
Columbella sonsonatensis (Morch, 1860)

as: C. festiva Kiener, 1841 (Finet, 1991)

1198

Costoanachis atramentaria (Sowerby, 1844)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 108

1186

1193

1213

1250

1251

1401

1406

1407
1409

1408

1413

1414

1415
1417

1607

1633

1651

1766

1770

1774

1776

1814

1817

1835

1865

1846
1848
1858
1845

1847

238

430

1903

1940

1970

1985

2053

1995

2006

2023

2043

2050

2160

2200

2234

2265

2238

2247

Costoanachis nigricans (Sowerby, 1844)

Costoanachis teevani (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)

Zafrona incerta (Steams, 1892)

Steironepion hancocki (Hertlein & Strong, 1939)

Steironepion melanosticta (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)
MARGINELLIDAE
Dentimargo anticlea (Dali, 1919)

*Dentirnargo eretna (Dali, 1919)

Persicula phrygia (Sowerby, 1846)

*VoIvarina (Volvarina) inncxa Roth, 1978
*Volvarina (Volvarina) nyssa Roth & Coan, 1971
*Volvarina (Volvarina) taeniolata rosa (Schwengel, 1938)
Volvarina (Volvarina) taeniolata taeniolata Morch, 1860
Granula insulantm Roth & Coan, 1971
Granula minor (C.B. Adams, 1852)

Granula polita (Carpenter, 1857)

Granulina margaritula (Carpenter, 1857)

TURRIDAE

Leptadrillia firmichorda McLean & Poorman, 1971
*Cerodrillia asymmetrica McLean & Poorman, 1971
Cryptogemma eldorana (Dali, 1908)

Microdrillia zeuxippe (Dali, 1919)

Mitromorpha carpenteri Glibert, 1954
Clathurella maryea McLean & Poorman, 1971
Clathurella rigida (Hinds, 1843)

*Kurtzia hurnboldti McLean & Poorman, 1971
Agathotoma (Agathotoma) camarina (Dali, 1919)

Ithycythara penelope (Dali, 1919)

*Gymnobela brachis (Dali, 1919)

Kermia informa McLean & Poorman, 1971
Microdaphne trichodes (Dali, 1919)

* Pleurotomella hermione (Dali, 1919)

*Truncadaphne stonei (Hertlein & Strong, 1939)

Veprecula tomipila McLean, & Poorman, 1971
RISSOELLIDAE
Rissoella tumens (Carpenter, 1857)

ARCHITECTONICIDAE
Heliacus (Torinista) planispira Pilsbry & lx>we, 1932

Heliacus mazatlanicus Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932
PYRAMIDELLIDAE
Chrysallida clathratula (C.B. Adams, 1852)

Chrysallida rinella (Dali & Bartsch, 1909)

Hen'iera gliriella (Melvill & Standen, 1896)

*Evalea parella (Dali & Bartsch, 1909)

Ividella navisa (Dali & Bartsch, 1907)

Cingulina evertnanni (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928)
Mmestho grijalvae (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928)

Miralda galapagensis (Dali & Bartsch, 1909)

Triptychus incantatus (Hertlein & Strong, 1939)

*Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) houseri Dali & Bartsch, 1909
Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sinaloana Strong, 1949
*Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) shimeki Dali & Bartsch, 1909
*Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) galapagensis Dali & Bartsch, 1909
ACTEONIDAE

*Microglyphis perconicus (Dali, 1890)

CYLl’CHNlDAE

Cylichna luticola (C.B. Adams, 1852)

BULLIDAE

Bulla (Leucophysema) morgana Dali, 1908
RETUSIDAE

*Sulcoretusa galapagana (Dali, 1919)

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Roth, 1978

Coan & Roth in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Coan & Roth in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Roth, 1978

Roth & Coan, 1971; Finet, 1991
Coan & Roth in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
J. Hertz, 1977; Finet, 1991
Roth & Coan, 1971; Finet, 1991
Coan & Roth in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Coan & Roth in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Shask7, 1989a; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Mcl^an in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
McLean in Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1984; Finet, 1991

as: H. caelatus (Hinds, 1844) (Finet, 1991);
Skoglund, 1992a
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

J. Hertz, 1977
Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Finet, 1991

J. Hertz, 1977

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Page 109

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

2249 Volvulella (Volvulella) catharia Dali, 1919

2250 Voh’ulella (Volvulella) cylindrica (Carpenter, 1864)

JULIIDAE

2315 Julia thecaphora (Carpenter, 1857)

2316 Benhelinia (Edenttellina) chloris (Dali, 1918)

APLYSIIDAE

2303 Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828)

TYLODINIDAE

2308 Berthellina engeli Gardiner, 1936

PLEUROBRANCHIDAE
2306 Pleurobranchus areolatum (Morch, 1863)

CAVOLINIIDAE

2274 Cavolinia globulosa (Gray, 1850 ex Rang, MS)

2275 Cavolinia inflexa (Lesueur, 1813)

2283 Diacria quadridentata (Blainville, 1821, ex Lesueur, MS)
MELAMPIDAE

2409 *Tralia vanderbilti Schwengel, 1938

2410 Pedipes angulatus C.B. Adams, 1852

SCAPHOPODA

PULSELLIDAE

12 Compressidens brevicomu (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897)

Abbott, 1974; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991
Sphon & Mulliner, 1972; Finet, 1991

Sphon & Mulliner, 1972; Ferreira & Bertsch,
1975; Finet, 1991

Bertsch, 1970; Finet, 1991

Bertsch & Smith, 1973; Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Shasky, 1989a; Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991
Keen, 1971; Finet, 1991

Keen, 1971; Finet 1991

L#

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club
Volume: XXV November 11, 1993 Number: 11

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

Carole M. Hertz
Hugh Bradner
Richard Negus
Terry Arnold
Margaret Muliiner
Jules Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Pat Boyd

Margaret Muliiner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Muliiner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacohgists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Eugene V. Coan

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

Anthony D’Attilio

2415 29th Street

San Diego, California 92104

Douglas J. Eernisse

University of Michigan

William K. Emerson

American Museum of Natural Histoty

Terrence M. Gosliner

California Academy of Sciences

James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Histoty
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoty
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM'

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Pcjrk

\

1

PROGRAM

Three Weeks in the South Pacific

Carole and Jules Hertz together with Carol and Western Samoa. The Hertzes will give a slide show

Paul Skoglund, spent three weeks in Tonga and on the trip and display shells from the area.

Election of Officers for 1994

Shells of the month; Terebras
Meeting date: November 18th

CONTENTS

Club news Ill

Shell collecting on Christmas Island

JOHN A. BISHOP 112

New distributional information for Panamic Province Archaeogastropoda (Mollusca)

CAROL SKOGLUND and ROBERT KOCH 116

Book news 118

A search for cuttlefish

ROLAND C. ANDERSON 119

A selected index to Volume XXV (1993) 120

Page 111

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(ll): 1993

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - October 21, 1993

The meeting was called to order by President
Carole Hertz at 7:40 PM. After introduction of
guests, the minutes were accepted as published in
The Festivus.

The slate of officers for 1994 as selected by the
nominating committee was presented: President,
Hugh Bradner; Vice President, Larry Buck;
Recording Secretary, Rick Negus; Corresponding
Secretary, Kay Klaus; Treasurer, Margaret Mulliner.
Nominations from the floor will be accepted prior
to the election at the November meeting.
Installation of officers takes place at the Christmas
party.

Don Pisor announced that the 1995 COA
Convention will be hosted by the San Diego Shell
Club in June 1995. Don, who will be chairman,
made an initial call for participation. Seven to nine
people are needed for chairpersons. Contact Don
(279-9342) if you are interested in helping .

Jules Hertz introduced speaker Jeff Uooks, a
doctoral student at Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, who spoke on Aliens in the Bay: the
Invasion of Exotic Mollusks in California Waters.
Jeff showed charts of the large number of mollusks
introduced into west coast waters both intentionally
and unintentionally. The talk was illustrated with
photographs from Mission Bay showing the invasion
of the mytilid Musculina senhoiisia which makes
muddy nests and has carpeted the areas in which it
has settled displacing the native bivalves.

Before refreshments, a mini-auction of books
was held. Refreshments were provided by Nancy
Schneider, John Jackson and Larry Buck. The door
prize was won by Tom Knapik.

The Club’s Christmas Dinner Party

The San Diego Shell Club’s annual Christmas
Dinner Party will be held on Saturday evening
December 4th at the Guadalajara Grill in Old
Town (4105 Taylor St.). The menu will include
salad, fajitas (combos with chicken, beef, shrimp).

tortillas, rice and beans, flan and coffee. The Club
will provide the dinner wine. The cost is $15.00
per person which includes tax and gratuities.

Festivities will begin at 6:00 PM with no host
cocktails. Dinner will be at 7:00 PM. Following
the Club program, there will be dancing in the main
part of the restaurant.

Paid reservations must be received by November
30th. Make checks payable to the San Diego Shell
Club. Send either to the Club address or to
treasurer Margaret Mulliner, 5283 Vickie Dr., San
Diego, 92109.

The Clipperton Expedition - 1994

A few spaces are still available on this research
expedition to Clipperton Island in the eastern
Pacific. The trip, focusing on underwater faunas, is
scheduled for April 7 through May 7 with possible
options of "late fly-down departure and early fly-
back return."

The trip aboard the "Royal Star," a 92-foot long-
range sportfishing boat which will be equipped to
handle SCUBA diving, will have a total of 18
persons. Stops will be made at Rocas Alijos, Isla
San Benedicto, Roca Partida and Isla Clarion
enroute to isolated Clipperton Island, with a
scheduled visit to Isla Socorro on the return trip.

If you are interested in exploring Clipperton
Island, an "overlap" zone containing both tropical
eastern Pacific faunal amd Indo-Pacific faunal
elements, contact John Jackson for further
information. Phone: (619) 570-8405, FAX (619)
579-7901 or write to him at 11558 Rolling Hills
Dr., El Cajon, CA 92020.

Dues are Due

Dues for 1994 are now due and payable to the
San Diego Shell Club. Please send to the Club
address shown on the masthead. All domestic
memberships are $12; overseas (surface mail) $15;
overseas (air mail) $30. Dues must be received by
the end of January for inclusion on the 1994 roster.

Vol. XXV(ll): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 112

SHELL COLLECTING ON CHRISTMAS ISLAND

JOHN A. BISHOP

3026 Freeman Street, San Diego, California 92106

I have a friend, an ardent flyfisherman, who
goes to Christmas Island each year to fish for
bonefish. I am not a flyfisherman, but his
description of the island led me to believe that it
would be an unusual and interesting place for shell
collecting and I quickly accepted his invitation to
join him in January of this year. We met at the
Air Nauru counter of the Honolulu Airport at 8:30
A.M. on January 19, 1993 and boarded a Boeing
737 for a comfortable IVi hour flight to Christmas
Island. There were only 30 passengers on board, 20
flyfishermen from the colder northern climes of the
United States, 10 government officials, and me. Air
Nauru flies only once a week, leaving on Tuesday
mornings and returning the following Monday-so
stays there come only in multiples of one week.

Christmas Island lies 1335 miles due south of
Hawaii, 1450 miles north of Tahiti, and just 2
degrees north of the equator [2°00’N, 157°20’W). It
is the world’s largest atoll, triangular in shape, 20
miles across the base, 40 miles long, (Figures 1 &
2) with a large shallow central lagoon full of ponds
and sandy islands (Figure 3). Rainfall averages
about 30 inches per year, but the soil is so poor
that there are only a limited variety of plants that
will grow there - mainly a 10 to 12 foot high bushy
tree of the Heliotrope family and thousands of
coconut palms. The latter were all planted by
previous inhabitants and cover about half of the
land area. There is only one native land bird - the
Christmas Island Warbler, a secretive little brown
bird which is difficult to see. Before leaving on the
trip I made an effort to review current publications
on the malacology of the island with negative
results. However, there are 18 species of sea birds
that nest there and they have been studied
extensively since 1954. In 1977 a Wildlife
Conservation Unit was established on the island and
now the birds are protected by law from any
molestation (Schreiber & Ashmole, 1970; Trussel &
Fujii, 1988).

1

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cmistmIs

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Figure 1. Detail of map showing Christmas Island.

The island was named by Captain James Cook
who arrived there on December 24, 1777. He
remained for two to three weeks to provision his
ship with the plentiful turtles that he found, and to
record a solar eclipse that occurred on January 1,
1778. During the 1800s the island was occupied for
various periods by the United States, British, and
Japanese interests. In 1907 it was bought by Father
Emmanual Rougier, a French priest, who after
being left a considerable sum of money, gave up his
priestly duties and moved to Christmas Island to
become a coconut plantation owner. He was
responsible for the unusual place names on the
island such as Paris, London, Poland, and Banana.
The island was taken over by the Allied Forces
during the second World War and is still littered
with rusting military debris. In 1957-58 and in 1962
it was used by the British and the United States for
a series of high altitude nuclear bomb tests. The
island was not evacuated at the time and a survey
of radioactivity in 1975 reported only normal levels

Page 113

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

Figure 2. Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean.

of radiation (Bailey, 1977).

After the second World War the
island was part of the Gilbert Islands,
a British Colony. In 1979 they were
given their independence and now
are known as the Republic of
Kiribati. The island now has a
population of about 1600 people of
Micronesian origin whose main
occupations are producing copra and
catering to visiting bonefishermen.
There is only one hotel, the "Captain
Cook." It was constructed in 1976
and has rooms and bungalows for 50
guests. The rooms were comfortable
and the food was good.

Each morning at 5:30 A.M. my
fishing friends departed to fish for
bonefish on the shoals of the sandy
islands in the central lagoon (Figure
3) leaving me to my own devices. I
spent the first day exploring the
beach adjacent to the hotel. 1
discovered that diving in the area was
impossible due to the high surf

Figure 3. Christmas Island’s large central lagoon from the air.

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 114

breaking over the fringing reef which was only 30-
50 yards offshore. However, the beach which was
composed of coral sand and rubble (Figure 4),
contained many crabbed and drift shells such as
cones, cowries, thaids, bursas, etc., and a number of
well-preserved Horpa amouretta. The second day I
decided to go by punt with the fishermen to the
island in the lagoon. While they were fishing I
wandered about collecting shells and photographing
the nesting sea birds. I found six different ceriths,
a variety of bivalves and an abundance of Planaxis
sulcatiis, a common littorine. The sea birds were
easily approached, much like tnose on the
Galapagos Islands. They were nesting on the

ground or in low bushes or trees and I was able to
photograph Red-footed and Masked Boobies, Black
Noddies, Sooty Therns, and Greater Frigates.

In order to find a diving area it was necessary
to go by truck to the leeward side of the island, a
distance of 10 miles from the hotel. The water
there was great-no surf, 86 degrees Fahrenheit, and
50 plus feet of visibility. Under the rocks and in
the coral crevices of the inshore reef 1 found cones,
cowries and bursas. There were also a good
number of Latinis omplustris, noted in the
Compendium of Seashells by Abbott & Dance as
being uncommon. In addition, I found three nice
specimens of Miti'o stictica by following sand trails
in an area of sand between fingers of the coral reef
at a depth of 25 feet.

Table 1 is a listing of the 70 different species
of shells that I collected. About 25 are new to my

collection and they, in general, seem more similar
to the fauna of Tahiti than Hawaii; there being 18
of the species not found in Hawaii.

Each entry is preceded by an abbreviation and
page number which denote the authority consulted
and page (A=Abbott & Dance, 1986; H=Houbrick,
1992; K=Kay, 1979; S=Salvat & Rives, 1984). An
asterisk before an entry indicates those species not
found in Kay (1979).

My sincere thanks to Carole and Jules Hertz
for reviewing the collection and helping me identify
a number of the shells.

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER & PETER DANCE

1986. Compendium of seashells. American Malac., Inc. pp.
i-ix+1-411.

BAILEY, ERIC

1977. The Christmas Island story, Stacey International, pp. 1-
88.

HOUBRICK, RICHARD S,

1992. Monograph of the genus Cerithiurn Bruguidre in the
Indo-Pacific (CerithiidaeiProsobranchia). Smithsonian
Contrib. Zool. 510:i-lv+l-211.

KAY. E. ALISON,

1979. Hawaiian marine shells reef and shore fauna of Hawaii,
section 4. Mollusca. Bishop Museum Press, pp. i-
xviii + 1-633.

SAL. VAT, B. & C. RIVES

1984. Shells of Tahiti. Les editions du Pacifique. pp. 1-158.
SCHREIBER, RALPH W. & PHILIP N. ASHMOLE
1970. Sea-bird breeding seasons on Christmas Island, Pacific
Ocean. Ibis 112:363-394.

TRUSSEL, STEVEN & JOCELYN FUJII
(Franco Salmoirhagi, photographer)

1988. Christmas Island. C.H.R. Ltd. Honolulu, unpaginated.

Figure 4. On a beach at Christmas Island about one mile east of the Captain Cook Hotel,

Page 115

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

TABLE 1

SHELLS COLLECTED AT CHRISTMAS ISLAND
January 19-26, 1993

Source Species Collected

Gastropods

Source Species Collected

K-52

Trochus intextiis Kiener, 1850

K-251

Thais armigera (Link, 1807)

A-46

*Tnrbo argsrostomus Linnaeus, 1758

Thais sp. undetermined

S-74

*Asti-aea rhodostoma (I^marck, 1822)

K-258

Quoyida madreporanim (Sowerby, 1834)

K-63

Nerita plicata Linnaeus, 1758

A-171

*Canthams undosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

A-62

PUmaxis sidcatus (Born, 1788)

A-181

*Nassarius granifenis (Kiener, 1834)

K-121

Cerithium cohinma Sowerby, 1834

Nassarius sp. undetermined

H-1I6

*Cerithium miinitum Sowerby, 1855 (This

K-275

Nassarius papillosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

species has been reported from Palmyra but

A- 184

*Latims amplustiis (Dillwyn, 1817)

not Christmas Island (Houbrick, 1992). Five

A- 184

Latirus iris (Lightfoot, 1786)

beach specimens found.)

K-284

Harpa amouretta ROding, 1798

K-125

Rhinoclavis aspera (Linnaeus, 1758)

K-296

Mitra stictica (Link, 1807)

K-124

RItinoclavis sinensis (Gmelin, 1791)

K-299

Mitra coronata Lamarck, 1811

A-67

*Clypeomonis brevis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)

K-303

Mitra acuminata Swainson, 1824

A-77

*Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821

K-304

Mitra pellisserpentis Reeve, 1844

K-189

Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758

A-209

*Vasum tiirbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

K-191

Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758

K-370

Conus chaldeus (ROding, 1798)

A-97

* Cypraea depressa Gray, 1824

K-371

Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758

K-192

Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758

K-374

Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

K-193

Cypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758

K-379

Conus rattiis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

K-196

Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758

A-248

*Conus scabriusculus Dillwyn, 1817

K-197

Cypraea poraria Linnaeus, 1758

K-380

Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

K-199

Cypraea scwra Gmelin, 1791

A-247

Conus tidipa Linnaeus, 1758

K-200

Cypraea talpa Linnaeus, 1758

K-397

Terebra crenulatcl (Linnaeus, 1758)

K-200

Cypraea teres Gemlin, 1791

K-423

Bulla vernicosa Gould, 1859

K-202

Cypraea viteUus Linnaeus, 1758

K-208

Polinices melanostomus (Gmelin, 1791)

Bivalvia

K-220

Cymatiiim aquatile (Reeve, 1844)

K-216

Cymatium nicobaricum (ROding, 1798)

S-140

*Modiolus auriculatus Krauss, 1848

K-217

Cymatiiim muriciniim (ROding, 1798)

A-302

Isognomon pema (Linnaeus, 1767)

K-223

Distorsio anus (Linnaeus, 1758)

A-329

*Fragum fragum (Linnaeus, 1758)

K-226

Bursa bufonia (Gmelin, 1791)

A-333

*Tridacna maxima (ROding, 1798)

K-227

Bursa granularis (ROding, 1798)

A-343

Tellina scobinata Linnaeus, 1758 (Abbott &

K-233

Tonna perdix (Linnaeus, 1758)

Dance (1986) consider T. elizabethae

K-241

Dnipa grossiilaria (ROding, 1798)

Pifsbry, 1918 as a synonym.)

K-241

Drupa monim ROding, 1798

A-347

*Asaphis violascens (FOrskaal, 1775)

K-241

Dnipa ricina (Linnaeus, 1758)

A-351

Trapezium oblongiim (Linnaeus, 1758)

K-248

Monda granulata (Duclos, 1832)

A-353

*Periglypta chemnitzi (Hanley, 1844)

K-249

Nassa serta (BruguiSre, 1789) (fragment)

A-353

*Periglypta reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758)

K-249

Neothais liarpa (Conrad, 1837)

A-354

*Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Vol. XXV(IO): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 116

NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL INFORMATION FOR
PANAMIC PROVINCE ARCHAEOGASTROPODA (MOLLUSCA)

CAROL SKOGLUND and ROBERT KOCH

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California, 93105

Keen (1971) gave the known distribution for
most shells in the Panamic Province. Skoglund
(1992), using the same geographic limits proposed
by Keen, brought published range extension
information up to date.

Numerous taxonomic changes have been made
since Keen’s treatise was published. These changes
are listed in Skoglund (1992). Bold type was used
in Skoglund and is used herein to indicate these
changes and for new species not included in

Keen’s book. Where possible, the same numbering
system has been used. Koch (1993) updated the
geographical locations for Skoglund (1992).

The following previously unpublished
geographic and bathymetric distributions have been
taken from material in the Skoglund (S) and Koch
(K) collections. All citations are based on
examination of shells by both of us with agreement
on identification of the species involved. All shells
were dead taken except as noted.

4. Anatoma keenae (McLean, 1970). Extend
distribution north in the Gulf of California
from Isla Raza to off Isla Smith, Bahia de los
Angeles, Baja California, Mexico (S).

5. Sinezona rimuloides (Carpenter, 1865). Extend
distribution north in the Gulf of California
from Guaymas, Sonora, to off Isla San Jorge,
Sonora, Mexico (K).

6. Emarginula tuberculosa Libassi, 1859. Extend
distribution north from Colombia to off Isla
Danzante, Gulf of California, Mexico (S).

9. Hemitonia (Montfortia) hemiosa Lowe, 1935.
Extend distribution northwest from Guaymas,
Sonora, across the Gulf of California to off Isla
Smith, Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California,
Mexico. Live, attached to small stones (S).

Rimula californiana Berry, 1964. Extend
distribution from the Pacific side of Baja
California to off Isla Danzante, Gulf of
California, Mexico (K).

18. Diodora inaequalis (Sowerby, 1835). Extend
distribution from the Gulf of California to the
Pacific coast of Baja California at Estero San

Josd, near Guerrero Negro, Baja California
Sur, Mexico, which is north of the Panamic
Province. Live intertidal (K).

26. Lucapinella crenifera (Sowerby, 1835). Extend
distribution north from Ecuador to Isla
Jesusita, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, intertidal
(S).

27. Lucapinella eleanorae McLean, 1967. Extend
distribution north from Guaymas to Bahia la
Cholla, Sonora, Mexico (S).

29. Stromboli beebei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951).
Extend distribution north from Bahia
Concepci6n, Baja California Sur, to off Isla
Smith, Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California
and east across the Gulf of California to off
Punta San Antonio, north of Bahia San Carlos,
Sonora, Mexico (S).

Fissurella (Fissurella) volcano Reeve, 1849.
Extend distribution south from Bahia
Magdalena into the Gulf of California at Los
Frailes, Baja California Sur, Mexico (K)

43. Leurolepas roseola McLean, 1970. Extend
distribution north in the Gulf of California

Page 117

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(ll): 1993

from Isla Espiritu Santo to Bahia de los
Angeles, Baja California Mexico. Live,
attached to small rocks (S).

56. Tectura fascicularis (Menke, 1851). Include
Bahia de los Muertos, Baja California Sur,
Mexico, in distribution. Live, intertidal (K).

60. Lottia mesoleuca (Menke, 1851). Include Isla
Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico, in
distribution. Live, intertidal (K).

69. Solariella elegantula Dali, 1925. Extend
distribution across the Gulf of California from
Guaymas, Sonora, to off Bahia Concepci6n,
Baja California Sur, Mexico (K).

71. Solariella (Minolia) peramabilis Carpenter, 1864.
Include off Isla Smith, Bahia de los Angeles,
Baja California, Mexico, in distribution. Live,
in mud at 183 m (S).

73. Solariella triplostephanus Dali, 1910. Include off
Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico, in
distribution. Live, depth to 66 m (S, K).

83. Calliostoma keenae McLean, 1970. Extend
distribution north in the Gulf of California
from Cabo San Lucas to off Los Frailes, Baja
California Sur (K), off Isla Danzante (S) and
off Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California,
Mexico (S).

86. Calliostoma mcleani Shasky & Campbell, 1964.
Extend distribution west across the Gulf of
California to off Bahia de los Angeles, Baja
California, Mexico (S). This distribution was
noted by Shasky and Campbell (1964). Include
off Isla Danzante, Gulf of California (S) and
off Los Frailes, Baja California Sur (K), in
distribution.

93. Tegula (Tegula) pellisserpentis (Wood, 1828).
Include the Islas Las Perlas, Panama, in

distribution (K).

95. Tegula (Agathistoma) bergeroni McLean, 1970.
Include the Islas Las Perlas, Panama, in

distribution. Live, intertidal (K). This
distribution was noted by McLean (1970).

103. Tegula (A.) ligulata mariamadre Pilsbry &
Lowe, 1932. Extend distribution north from
Cabo San Lucas to Bahia Playa Marias on the
Pacific side of Baja California, Mexico, which
is north of the Panamic Province. Live taken
(K).

111. Tegula (A.) verdispira McLean, 1970. Extend
distribution southeast from Islas Tres Marias to
the Mexican mainland at La Cruz de
Huanacaxtle, Bahia Banderas, Nayarit (S).

119. Haplocochlias cyclophoreus Carpenter, 1864.
Extend distribution north in the Gulf of
California from Isla Espiritu Santo, to off Isla
Danzante, Gulf of California (S, K).

120. Haplocochlias lucasensis {Strong, 1934). Extend
distribution south from Isla Socorro, Islas
Revillagigedo, Mexico, to Bahia Drake,
Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. Depth: 10 to
25 m (K).

lll.Arene (Arene) ferruginosa McLean, 1970.
Extend distribution from north of Acapulco,
Guerrero, Mexico, north to off Los Frailes,
Baja California Sur (S, K), and Isla Danzante
(S) and Isla Smith, Bahia de los Angeles (S),
Baja California, Mexico. Depth: 60 to 120 m.

131. Arene (A.) olivacea (Dali, 1918). Include the
Islas Las Perlas, Gulf of Panama in
distribution. Live, intertidal (S, K).

lAl. Homalopoma (Panocochlea) clippertonense
(Hertlein & Emerson, 1953). Extend
distribution from Isla San Pedro Nolasco
northwest across the Gulf of California to off
Isla Smith, Bahia de los Angeles, Baja
California (S).

142. Homalopoma (P.) grippi (Dali, 1911). Extend
distribution from Cabo San Lucas into the Gulf
of California to off Los Frailes, Baja California
Sur, Mexico. Live taken (K).

146. Turbo (Callopoma) saxosus Wood, 1828.
Include the Islas Las Perlas, Panama, in
distribution. Live, intertidal (K).

Vol. XXV(ll): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 118

158. Eulithidium cydostoma (Carpenter, 1864).
Extend distribution north from Cabo San
Lucas to off Puerto San Carlos, Magdalena
Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Depth 2 to 10
m (S).

162. Eulithidium substriata (Carpenter, 1864).
Extend distribution north from Puerto Libertad
to off Bahia la Cholla, Sonora, Mexico, and
south from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California
Sur, to off Bahia Santiago, Colima, Mexico.
Live, intertidal; dead to 60 m (S, K).

164. Eulithidium voriegata (Carpenter, 1864).
Extend distribution south from the Gulf of
California to Punta Camerones, Mazatldn,
Sinaloa, Mexico (S).

170. Plesiothyreus osculons (C. B. Adams, 1852).
Include the Islas Perlas, Panama, in
distribution. Live taken (K).

LITERATURE CITED

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of Tropical West America:

Marine Mollusks from Baja California to
Peru. Stanford University Press, Stanford,
Calif, i-xiv+1064 pp.; ca. 4000 figs.; 22 color
pis.

KOCH, ROBERT

1993. Geographic locations supplementing
"Additions to the Panamic Province
Gastropod (Mollusca) literature - 1971-
1992" by Carol Skoglund. The Festivus
25(7):60-64 (Jul.).

McLEAN, J. H.

1970. New species of tropical eastern Pacific
Gastropoda. Malacological Review 2:115-
130 (May).

SHASKY, DONALD R. & G. BRUCE

CAMPBELL

1964. New and otherwise interesting species of
mollusks from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.
The Veliger 7(2):114-120; figs. 1-24 (Oct.
!)•

SKOGLUND, CAROL

1992. Additions to the Panamic Province
gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to
1992. The Festivus 24 (supplement) 177
pp. (Nov.).

BOOK NEWS

The Club has received a copy of the revamped
1993 edition of Kingdom of the Seashell by R.
Tucker Abbott. The book was originally published
in 1972 in hardcover. This colorful soft-covered
version is the same size, has the same number of
pages (256), the same plates and the information in
it is as timely today as it was then. The book is
divided into eleven sections treating in an easy-to-
read way, kinds of shells, habitats, reproduction and
lifestyle, evolution, collecting, rare shells, shells
through history and uses of shells today.

The book now retails for $19.95 (it was $14.95
twenty-one years ago) and can be ordered from
American Malacologists, P.O. Box 1088, Andover,
MA 01810-0019. Add $2.05 for mailing.

Member Larry Buck donated the booklet Clean
Your Shells and Other Sea Life by Betty and
Robert Lipe to the Club library. This 36 page
illustrated booklet discusses different methods used,
to remove the animal from the shell, clean the
exterior and prepare shells for the cabinet. It also
has information on preparation of sand dollars, sea
urchins, sea stars and sea horses. Three plates
illustrate shells discussed.

Published by The Shell Store, 440 75th Ave., St.
Pete Beach, Florida 33706, the publications sells for
$4.95 plus shipping.

Both books will be available for circulation at
the November meeting.

Page 119

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(ll); 1993

A SEARCH FOR CUTTLEFISH

ROLAND C. ANDERSON

Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Waterfront Park, Seattle, Washington 98101

I recently vacationed in Malaysia, part of
which included diving on the tiny island of Sipadan,
off the northeast coast of Borneo. One of my goals
on this vacation was to see cuttlefish, which I had
never seen in the wild.

I have always had a fondness for cuttlefish.
Because they don’t occur in the cold Pacific
Northwest where I live and work, they are alien and
exotic to me, and I like their whimsical appearance.
Their crinkled eyes give them a bemused look.
Their color-changing ability endows them with
remarkable camouflage capability and allows them
to show "emotions" on their skins. They can swim
forward or backward with gentle ripplings of their
fins or fast jet propulsion, truly a group of animals
with interesting appearance and habits.

On a previous dive trip to Palau, I was about
the only diver in our group not to spot them. I did
see them at the clam-rearing facility there and we
occasionally display them at the Seattle Aquarium.

Unfortunately, I didn’t find any live cuttlefish
underwater on the trip to Sipadan either. We saw
cuttlefish in the fish market at Sandakan and found
several cuttlebones on the shore. The cuttlebones
looked surprisingly like pieces of white styrofoam.
They were tossed up high on the beach because of
their lightness. Several of them were quite large,
about a foot long (Figure 1). In addition to finding
them on the shore at Sipadan, 1 also found several
smaller ones in front of our hotel at Kota Kinabalu,
on the northwest side of Borneo.

These cuttlebones may have been from one
of two different species, either Sepia latimanis or 5.
pharaonis. Although cuttlefish can be identified by
the shape of their cuttlebones, we were not allowed
to bring them back, since Sipadan is a marine
preserve. Both occur in the area (Roper, et al,
1984) and get large. Of course the cuttlebones may
have drifted there on currents, but that doesn’t
seem likely, as there was no growth on them. S.

pharaonis has been reported from Sipadan (Wong,
1991), but is rarely seen.

It’s going to be a few years before I can return
to the tropics to resume my quest for cuttlefish. I’m
not enthusiastic about undergoing the expense and
durance vile necessary to get back to Borneo, so I’ll
probably continue my search elsewhere.

Literature Cited

ROPER, C.F.E., M.J. SWEENEY & C.E. NAUEN
1984. FAO species catalog, Vol 3: Cephalopods
of the world. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(3): 1-
277.

WONG, M.P.

1991. Sipadan, Borneo’s underwater paradise.
Odyssey (Singapore). 216pp.

Figure 1. Issie with cuttlefish "bones" on Sipidan Island.

Vol. XXV(ll): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 120

A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XXV (1993)

ANDERSON, ROLAND C.

A range extension for Placiphorella nifa 30

Some unusual shell damage 45

A search for cuttlefish 119

BERTSCH, HANS (reviewer)

Book news: Pacific Coast Nudibranchs: Supplement L Radula 19

BISHOP, JOHN A.

Shell collecting on Christmas Island 112

BRADNER, HUGH

Two odd-ball Cypraeacea: Jenneria pustulata and Pseudocypraea adamsonii 80

BUCK, LARRY

Piewpwpiira trialoto (Sowerby, 1834): feeding observations 57

CHANEY, HENRY W.

The collection and observation of living Monim veleroae from Cocos Island,

Costa Rica 23

The first record of Cypraea lynx from the eastern Pacific 75

EMERSON, WILLIAM K.

On the first records of Cypraea moneta Linnaeus and Cymatium mundiim (Gould) on the

west American mainland (Cypraeidae: Ranellidae) with zoogeographic implications 70

FARMER, WESLEY M.

How an Ida’s Miter took up ballooning and landed on the beach 64

HERTZ, CAROLE M.

So!en (Ensisolen) gemmelli Cosel, 1992 13

Ceratostoma monoceros (Sowerby, 1841) a poorly known muricid from the eastern Pacific 16

Glyptostoma newbenyaniim, the San Diego Chestnut 65

Janthina, an unusual occurrence at Pacific Beach, San Diego 87

HERTZ, CAROLE M. (editor)

1993 low tides for the northern Gulf of California 19

Student research grant in malacology 41

In memoriam Leroy H. Poorman 66

HERTZ, JULES

Correction to a Panamic caecid identification 57

Annual meeting of the WSM 76

Shelling on the run 83

HUTSELL, KIM C.

Conus mahogani (Reeve, 1843) the first specimen from Cocos Island, Costa Rica 20

Halioris roberti at Cocos Island, Costa Rica 28

KAISER, KIRSTIE L.

An overview of the known Recent micromolluscan marine fauna of the Islas GaHpagos

including microfaunal list 90

KERSTITCH, ALEX

A range extension for Sbvmbus pemvianus and a record size Cypraea isabellimexicana 31

KOCH, ROBERT

Panamic puzzles: a singular Cingulina 39

Geographic locations supplementing "Additions to the Panamic Province Gastropod

(Mollusca) Literature - 1971-1992" by Carol Skoglund 60

Page 121

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXV(11):1993

KRIEGELSTEIN, DOUG VON

An interesting find off the Channel Islands (Gastropoda: Eulimidae) 86

NEGUS, RICHARD

Dwarfism and melanism in Pteropwjnira trialoio (Sowerby, 1834) at Agua Hedionda

Lagoon, Calsbad, California 53

PISOR, DON

Have you ever had the feeling that if you ate another thing you’d burst [Asti-opecten

armalus Gray, 1840, with Conus califomiciis Reeve, 1844] 12

SHASKY, DONALD R.

Notes on four species of minute Indo-Pacific gastropods 35

SKOGLUND, CAROL

Additional distributional information for CochUoIepis cornis Hertz, Myers & Gemmell,

1992 (Gastropoda: Vitrinellidae) 50

SKOGLUND, CAROL & ROBERT KOCH

New distributional information for Panamic Province archaeogastropoda (Mollusca) 116

STEWART, KATHARINE

Xenophoridae of Madagascar and southeast Africa 3

YOKES, EMILY H. (reviewer)

Book news: The Genus Chicoreiis and Related Genera... by Roland Houart reviewed 32

Book news: The Edge of the Fossil Sea reviewed 42

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI

January 13, 1994 Number: 1

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Hugh Bradner

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Larry Buck

American Malacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Kay Klaus

Henry W. Chaney

Secretary (Record.)

Rick Negus

Santa Barbara Museum of Naniral History

Treasurer

Margaret Mulliner

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Carole M. Hertz

Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Pat Boyd

2415 29th Street

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

San Diego, California 92104

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernisse

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natural History
Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Histoiy

family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):

Barry Roth

$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

San Diego Shell Club,

Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Nattira! History

Emily H. Vokes

The Festivus is published monthly except

Tulane University

December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Dead Collected

Pliocene Fossils of Southern California

Member Terry Arnold will give a slide program Counties. He will also have a display of molluscan

on the fossil shells of San Diego and Imperial fossils from these areas.

Book and Reprint Sale

Shells of the month: California fossils

Meeting date: January 20th

L

ol

>U-

CONTENTS

Club news 2

Dr. Fred Baker, San Diego Conchologist: a most remarkable man

CAROLE M. HERTZ 3

Trigoniocardio (Americordin) bionguloto (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) from off Catalina Island

JULES HERTZ 15

1994 low tides for the northern Gulf of California 16

A bound volume of the Thesaurus Conchyliorum to be sold at auction 16

Page 2

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l); 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - November 18, 1993

The meeting was called to order by President
Carole Hertz at 7:45 PM. After introduction of
guests, the minutes were accepted as published in
The Festivus.

The slate of officers for 1994, as proposed at
the October meeting, was placed before the
membership with nominations from the floor
invited. The following officers were elected
unanimously: President, Hugh Bradner; Vice

President, Larry Buck; Recording Secretary, Rick
Negus; Corresponding Secretary, Kay Klaus;
Treasurer, Margaret Mulliner.

Hugh Bradner introduced speakers Carole and
Jules Hertz who presented slides of their trip to
Tonga and Western Samoa. Slides were shown of
Vavau and Tongatapu, Tonga and Upolu, Western
Samoa with shots of various collecting sites and
some of the shells collected. The shells were also
on display at the meeting.

The refreshments were provided by Carole and
Jules Hertz and Wes Farmer, and Carole Hertz won
the door prize.

Terry Arnold

The Club’s Christmas Dinner Party

The San Diego Shell Club’s annual Christmas
Dinner Party on Saturday evening December 4th
was a bang-up affair with fifty people in attendance,
one of our largest yet. Members and guests,
dressed in their holiday finery, greeted each other
like long-lost relatives and enjoyed the festive
atmosphere.

Following the dinner. Master of Ceremonies,
Ron McPeak led the proceedings. The old board
was acknowledged for its efforts, the new board
introduced and outgoing president, Carole Hertz
thanked the members of the board, committees and
others who helped during the year.

Ron then introduced the program for the
evening-mini slide presentations by members

showing special places and things, and a slide review
of the Club’s history through its parties and special
events since 1969.

The traditional gift exchange, always a highlight
of the Christmas party, followed. Despite the
heaters which did not work causing several
attendees to be frozen, it was a grand affair and a
lovely beginning to the holiday season.

Dues are Due

Dues for 1994 are now due and payable to the
San Diego Shell Club. Please send to the Club
address shown on the masthead. All domestic
memberships are $12; overseas (surface mail) $15;
overseas (air mail) $30. Dues must be received by
the end of January for inclusion on the 1994 roster.

The Club Receives Generous Book Donations

The San Diego Shell Club library is the
recipient of three generous gifts.

Helen DuShane has donated more than ten
books plus various soft-covered publications with
permission to sell those not useful for the library.
Any material sold will be used for special projects
of The Festivus and/or library purchases. One rare
book will be sold at the Club auction. See page 16.
A listing of her books retained in the library will be
published later.

John Jackson has given a copy of the new 571
page Lorenz & Hubert’s, A Guide to Worldwide
Cowries as well as the two volume set of the new
Barry Wilson work, Australian Marine Shells. Both
these works will be reviewed in future issues of The
Festivus.

Thirdly, the Club has received from The
Smithsonian Institution Libraries the two volume
Handbook of Systematic Malacology, a translation
of the monumental work of Johannes Thiele by the
editors Rudiger Bieler and Paula M. Mikkelsen.

The Club is very grateful for the generosity of
the donors.

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 3

DR. FRED BAKER, SAN DIEGO CONCHOLOGIST:
A MOST REMARKABLE MAN

CAROLE M. HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105

"The most scholarly early
conchologist who has ever
honored San Diego by making
this city his residence is Dr. Fred
Baker [Figure 1]. At times he
filled the positions of president
of the Society of Natural History
and of director of the museum.
At one time his was the largest
privately owned collection of
shells in the world.... In 1931 the
San Diego Shell Club [an earlier
incarnation] was formed. Dr.
Baker was, of course, the most
outstanding member...." (Dr.
Joshua L. Baily, from a talk for
the first annual banquet of the
San Diego Shell Club, January
1962).

Frederick Baker was born in
Ohio on January 29, 1854, did
his undergraduate and masters
studies at Cornell University, and
in 1880 he and his future wife,

Charlotte LeBreton Johnson,

graduated from the University of
Michigan with degrees in

medicine (Baily, 1938). After
their marriage in 1881, both
practiced briefly in Ohio and
then moved to New Mexico
because of Charlotte’s malaria
(Hippen, 1983:46). They

practiced medicine there, and
were also in the cattle business
(San Diego Sun, May 17, 1938).

Figure 1. Dr. Fred Baker. 1914, Tokyo, Japan. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
archives.

It is said that Fred Baker "broke a long distance record" in his medical
practice in New Mexico (then a territory) when he "drove and rode
1,000 miles to treat two gunshot victims." (San Diego Union, Mar. 31,
1932). While in New Mexico, their two children, Robert and Mary
(called Mollie), were born, Robert in a log cabin in Pie Town. In 1885
they were all almost killed while "...in a real prairie schooner with our

Page 4

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

two babies swung to the wagon bows in a clothes basket to get
away from the last Apache Indian raid..." (SDNHM archives: Feb.
1938 letter by Baker to J. R. Le B. Tomlin). They settled in San
Diego in 1888 (San Diego Sun. May 17, 1938), where they both
practiced medicine as Dr. Charlotte and Dr. Fred and had active
careers in the community throughout their lives (Baily, 1938)
(Figures 2, 3).

Charlotte, who boasted that she was a physician first and a
female second (Hippen, 1983:47), worked to promote
pasteurization laws, wrote on the germ theory of disease, was the
San Diego County Medical Society’s first woman president and was
honorary president of the YWCA, founder and honorary president
of the WCTU (San Diego Sun, Nov. 1, 1937) and president of the
Equal Suffrage Association (San Diego Union, Aug. 20, 1961).

Fred Baker, a specialist in eye, ear, nose and throat disorders
(San Diego Union, May 17, 1938), and ardent prohibitionist (Baily,
1938), was active in civic affairs serving twice as president of the
County Medical Society, on the San Diego City Council, County

Figure 2. Drs. Fred and Charlotte Baker and children Bob and Molly, circa 1905.
San Diego Historical Society archives.

Board of Education and on the
Board of Trustees of San Diego State
Normal School [now San Diego State
University] (Hippen, 1983). But his
greatest interest was natural history,
especially conchology, and his
accomplishments in this area made
for his greatest contributions.

The founding of Scripps
Institution of Oceanography in La
Jolla, then called the San Diego
Marine Biological Association, was
largely the result of Fred Baker’s
untiring effort. It was one of his
chief loves, and he was president
during every year of its existence but
one (Hippen, 1970). The location of
the institute was originally planned
for "some point in southern
California south of Santa Barbara,
probably San Pedro..." but promised
funding for the "large conceptions"
fell through and it was realized that
the area would become an urban
center and probably not be suitable
in the future. Baker invited the
marine biologists to look at San
Diego (Ritter, 1912). He also invited
E. W. Scripps, "one of his poker
cronies at the Cuyamaca Club.. .to see
what two University of California
marine biologists were up to"
(Trimble, 1992). Scripps formed a
strong personal friendship with one
of the two biologists. Dr. William
Emerson Ritter, who became the
Institution’s first scientific director,
and Scripps became a staunch
supporter of the new institution. At
first Coronado was chosen as a site
in 1903. "With the enthusiastic and
efficient assistance of Dr. Baker, who
from his profession and his interest
in conchology was something of a
biologist, the removal of the
equipment from San Pedro to San
Diego was made," and a lab was set
up in the boathouse of the Coronado
Hotel (Ritter, 1912). But docking
for the research vessels took longer

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 5

Figure 3. Baker home in Point Lxima - Roseville, 1898 Rosecrans Blvd., circa 1905. San Diego Historical Society archives.

there than in San Diego, and it was also discovered
that the marine life differed from that of the open
ocean which was their interest (Ritter, 1912). Fred
Baker then suggested La Jolla. It was "here the
station was first housed within walls of its own
construction and possession" in 1905 (Ritter, 1912).
Baker was a respected friend of those who could
support the marine laboratory scientifically and
financially (Shaw, 1976). He raised the funds for
the first laboratory in La Jolla, and permission for
use of the waterfront land was gained from the San
Diego City Council. Mr. E. W. Scripps and Miss E.
B. Scripps gave considerable material support and
"soon became the exclusive patrons so far as money
gifts were concerned" (Ritter, 1912) and later
arranged for the tract of land that became the
Scripps Institution as we know it today. Baker was
the organizer and devoted much time and attention
to all the details involved with establishing the
laboratory (Shaw, 1976). In 1911, he deeded the
property of the Marine Biological Association to
the University of California, where it has become a
renowned research laboratory (Hippen, 1970).

Baker described his feelings about this effort in

a letter to Tomlin in 1938 when he wrote, "I say
that I was simply the lucky accident, but I am
counted as one of the founders, this being the only
really important public service that I have ever
rendered."

Baker, with F. W. Kelsey, also of San Diego,
"collaborated.. .in establishing the Baker-Kelsey
collection of Pacific Coast [MJollusca, now at the
Scripps Institution at La Jolla (Figure 4) of which
Dr. Fred was honorary curator at the time of his
death" (Baily, 1938). Baker wrote that the
collection contained "about 3,000 species and
subspecies" (1938 letter to Tomlin). In 1951,
Wesley R. Coe of that institution, volunteered to
"put the Baker shell collection in better shape" to
make it available for "comparative examinations"
(SIO archives, folder G9). In July of that year, in
another memorandum from Carl Hubbs, he
requested that Sam Hinton make the Baker-Kelsey
collection ready to show to "any of the
malacologists who might ask to see it..." (SIO
archives, folder G9). The collection was stored for
a time behind the aquarium and some material was
pilfered. Later it was in the invertebrate collection

Page 6

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

Figure 4. The Baker-Kelsey collection at the museum at Scripps Institution of
Oeeanography, October 1933. Scripps Institution of Oceanography archives.

separated in its original cabinets (Neuman, pers. comm., Feb. 1993).
Since that communication the Baker-Kelsey collection has been
accessioned in the molluscan dry collection and is on computer with
the information again available for researchers (Luke, pers. comm.,
July, 1993). Over 200 lots from Baker’s collection of west coast,
Mexican and western Pacific mollusks form part of this collection.
Only a specimen of Rissoina bakeri Bartsch from Isla San Martin
(M4519, labelled cotype) is segregated as type material.

Fred Baker was also "one of that small group of five men [all
physicians] who early in 1916, met in the office of Dr. Harry M.
Wegeforth and founded the Zoological Society of San Diego. Thus he
became one of the charter members..." (Zoonooz, Oct. 1937).

He was also a staunch supporter of the San Diego Society of
Natural History and was honorary curator at the time of his death
(San Diego Union, May 17, 1938). He served in many official
capacities in the early years of the Society: Acting Director (1900),
President (1921), Vice President (1925) as well as serving on the
Board of Directors for many years (San Diego Union, Jan. 10, 1921;
Jan. 12, 1930; Jan. 15, 1933). He gave many talks to the Society on
his experiences while traveling and collecting shells (San Diego Union,
July 24, 1921; Aug. 6, 1921; Feb. 3, 1922). He "...made and later gave
to the Society significant collections of mollusks. ..traveled under
considerable inconvenience to collect and study shells in places like
Brazil, Japan, Panama and even the Gulf of California (Environment
Southwest, 1974). Baker’s molluscan collection was presented to the
museum in 1938 after his death (San Diego Union, May 17, 1938).

From his molluscan material,
holotypes of eleven species he
described with V. D. Philip
Spicer of San Diego, an
apothecary in the Navy, were
placed in the type collection of
the San Diego Natural History
Museum, as well as paratypes of
three terrestrial species Baker
described from Brazil. Eleven
paratypes of molluscan species
described by Baker with G D.
Hanna and A. M. Strong are also
in the type collection of this
same institution.

Fred Baker seemed to have
had his love of natural history
and travel from the time of his
youth. During his undergraduate
education at Cornell University,
he "lived in the same house with
Dr. Wesley Newcomb, a former
practicing physician in Honolulu,
who had just sold his great
collection of shells to the
University for fourteen thousand
dollars" (Baker, 1928) and was
well known for his work on the
tree snails Achatinellidae of the
Hawaiian Islands, naming nearly
100 species (Clarke, 1960).
Baker’s undergraduate education
at Cornell was interrupted by a
six-month trip in Europe with
Albert N. Prentiss, a professor of
botany, and a trip in Mexico and
Central America during his
senior year with the Russian
meteorologist. Dr. Woiekoff,
which extended to four years
during which he learned to speak
Spanish and gained an interest in
anthropology (Ritter, 1938; Baily,
1938). Dr. Newcomb, he said,
"urged me strongly to collect
shells" during that trip in which
he traveled from "Yucatan along
the coast of the Gulf of Mexico
to Mexico City, then to the city

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 7

of Guatemala and back into Mexico where I went
through the revolution which first made Porfirio
Diaz President of Mexico, then back into
Guatemala for a year and a half. During this time
I was in the wilds three fourths of the time, but I
do not recall seeing a single shell except on my
occasional visits to sea beaches ..." (Baker, 1928).

While maintaining a busy schedule as a physician
and in his many civic duties. Baker continued to
travel and collect and study the Mollusca (San
Diego Union, May 17, 1938). In 1902, his first
article on conchology, listing shells collected on Isla
San Martin in the Gulf of California, was published
in The Nautilus (Baker, 1902).

In 1911, he joined the Stanford expedition to
Brazil as surgeon and malacologist. He said of
that, "It pays to advertise. Learning in the winter
of 1910-11 that my former Cornell classmate. Dr. [J.
C.] Branner, planned to take a scientific
expeditio[n] to Brazil in the summer of 1911, I
wrote my friend. Prof. Straks, asking if they did not
need a roustabout, an interpreter, a conchologist,
and a physician all for one price of admission. I
expected to pay my own way but found that the
matter of having a physician along seemed of
enough importance as to induce them to put me on
the same terms as the other members of the party
after Dr. McFarland found it impossible for him to
go." (Baker, 1938). Following the expedition he
continued to travel 1000 miles up the Amazon
River collecting land and freshwater shells. This
resulted in his important paper, "Land and Fresh
Water Mollusks of the Stanford Expedition to
Brazil," in which he described 21 new terrestrial
species and 17 freshwater species. Baker worked
with J. R. Le B. Tomlin on the marine species
collected on that expedition but the report was
never finished (Baily, 1938). Baily (1962) said of
that project "and now can never be, as the type
material has disappeared."

In 1914, while he and his wife were on a two
year trip around the world, he traveled to the
Orient and collected for the National Museum of
Natural History (Smithsonian), the Academy of
Natural Sciences (Philadelphia) and the California
Academy of Sciences. "I had arrange[d] with
another classmate, Dick Rathbun, who was assistant
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge
of the [Njational Museum, to do such collecting for
the Museum as I could without interfering with my

plans to collect shells for myself and our real
purpose as tourists." While in Cambodia on a
sampan, he noticed that the crew members would
anchor at mealtimes and jump overboard for "shell
fish." "After they had eaten the animals, I would
clean up the shells and this trip yielded me about
half a bushel of the finest things I took in the
Orient." He added, "We had gathered shells at
every point possible in our wanderings during nearly
two years and I found that my records showed fifty
boxes ranging from large packing cases to mailing
lots sent home for study. Much of the material is
in duplicate and the great collections are made by
exchanging with other conchologists, all over the
world. I have spent so much time in studying those
of my own collecting that I have had little time for
exchanging but I have added some thousands of
species to my collection since coming home. I am
careful to keep the location labels carefully and
anyone can name the new things any time in the
next fifty years, so that, when I am through playing
with them, I expect that they will go into our local
Museum and that at some future time others will
have finished the work for which the shortening
years will leave me all too little time" (Baker, 1928).

In 1921, Baker, representing the Department of
Paleontology, was the conchologist on an expedition
by the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf
of California. The aim of this expedition was a
comprehensive study of the flora and fauna of the
islands in the Gulf of California and the adjacent
mainland (Slevin, 1923; Hanna, 1923, 1949). It was
Baker’s responsibility on this trip to make the
collections of both fossil and living mollusks,
terrestrial and marine, keep the field notes (Hanna
& Hertlein, 1927), and identify much of the
material (Baker & Hanna, 1927). Baker (1928) said
of this trip, "We had a glorious three months cruise
in the Gulf, touching at many places in lower
California and Sonora and landing on twenty-six
islands, more than had ever been visited by any
scientific expedition before. We have only reported
on three families of the shells taken but have
already described about forty species and varieties
new to science." After the trip, Hanna (1963) and
Baker began identification of the species. "As the
work progressed and more material accumulated,
many difficulties were encountered. Failing health
necessitated that Dr. Baker withdraw at an early
stage but his keen judgment of obscure points and

Page 8

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

enthusiasm continued to be an
inspiration until just prior to his
death."

Baker’s field notes not only
identified collecting areas but were a
running log of the expedition. He
collected a Pliocene Pecten 15 miles
north of Loreto which was named for
him (Hanna & Hertlein, 1927).
Some collecting was done by
dredging, with many problems
reported in getting the dredge to "dig
in," but which resulted in many
minute mollusks including
pyramidellids (Baker, Hanna &
Strong, 1928), rissoids (Baker, Hanna
& Strong, 1930a) and epitoniids
(Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930b).
Additional papers published from this
expedition, and subsequent ones in
1922 and 1925, treated the
Cerithiopsidae, Cerithiidae and
Cyclostrematidae (Baker, Hanna &
Strong, 1938a) and Columbellidae
(Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938b).

Baker retired at age 69, fifteen
years before his death and continued
his work with shells, some of his
major papers being published after
his retirement (Figure 5). During
these later years, he continued
generously sharing his knowledge and
his duplicate shells with young and
old, lending his books, and giving
access to his "monumental card
catalog" (Baily, 1938). Of this card
catalog, Baily (in Keep & Baily,
1935: viii) wrote that Baker’s

"monumental card catalogue of
Pacific Coast Mollusca has been of
inestimable assistance in untying
many of the Gordian knots afforded
by modern synonymy ...." One
formerly active member of the San
Diego Shell Club and a San Diego
native, Philip Faulconer, told me that
he remembers with great pleasure
when as a young boy of eleven, he
would visit with Baker, who was then
nearing 80. Dr. Fred would show

Figure 5. A meeting at the Baker home, circa 1928. Back row, l-r; Mr. E. E. Hand,
Mrs. Hand, Mr. Herbert N. Lowe, Dr. Fred Baker. Front row, l-r: Miss Julia Ellen
Rogers, Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, Mr. Tom S. Oldroyd, Mr. W. P. Cooke. Seated: Mr.
V. D. Philip Spicer. San Diego Shell Club archives.

him his shell collection and Phil said, "He gave me a cigar box full
of dredgings from Yokohama and a Coddington Glass [Bausch &
Lomb magnifier] and taught me to look for the little shells." Phil
added, "His other gift to me was an Oliva porphyria, the finest I’ve
ever seen and a shell which I still have and treasure."

Seven months after the death of his wife of 55 years. Baker
died at age 84 after major surgery "from which he was unable to
rally." (San Diego Sun, May 17, 1938). He was survived by a
daughter. Miss Mary C. Baker, dean of women, Fresno State
College; a son. Captain Robert H. Baker of San Diego; and a
grandson, Kenneth Baker (Baily, 1938). Some years before his
death, in discussing taxonomy before the local chapter of the Phi
Beta Kappa Society, Baker (1928) jested about immortality in
speaking about renaming the preoccupied crustacean genus
Melanella Wade, 1919, to Vogdesella in honor of General Vogdes.
He said, "My name will be associated with this name and that of
the various shells I have described, but my bid for fame is of little
use, for no one with common names as Smith, Jones, or Baker
can hope to make a stir with so little as I have done...."

Fred Baker was too modest. Although two other Bakers,
contemporaries of his - H. B. Baker and F. C. Baker - were
prominent malacologists, Fred Baker’s contributions to the science
were considerable.

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 9

Species Named in Honor of Dr. Fred Baker

Rissoina bakeri Bartsch, 1902
Alvania bokeri Bartsch, 1910
Bernardina bakeri Dali, 1910
Tiirbonilla (StriotiirboniUa) bakeri Bartsch, 1912
Gundlachia bakeri Pilsbry, 1914
Erycina bakeri Dali, 1916
Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsis) bakeri Bartsch, 1917
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) bakhanstranum Keen, 1962
[named for Baker, Hanna & Strong]

Sabinella bakeri Bartsch, 1917
Philine bakeri Dali, 1919
Fartuhim bakeri Bartsch, 1920
Aglaja bakeri MacFarland, \92A, =Navanax inermis
(Cooper, IS63>), fide Keen, 1971
Pecten (Patinopecten) bakeri Hanna & Hertlein, 1927
Aesopus fredbakeri Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932
Mangelia fredbakeri Pilsbry, l932,=Nassarina tincta
(Carpenter, 1864), Abbott, 1974; Keen, 1971.
Fusinus fredbakeri Lowe, 1935
Botulina bakeri Dali, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
Rissoella (?) bakeri Strong, 1938
Circuhis bakeri (Strong & Hertlein, 1939)

Aspella bakeri Hertlein & Strong, 1951

Following is a listing of the molluscan taxa
described by Baker and Baker with others. The
taxa are listed in alphabetical order by species
name, followed by genus, author, date, page and
figure reference. The repositories of the primary
type material for each species follow with the
respective museum numbers as far as is known.
Remarks, where necessary, are inserted in square
brackets. Unless otherwise noted, species are
preserved dry in these collections.

For Baker type material in the SDNHM, the
numbers in parentheses following the museum
numbers refer to Baker’s private collection numbers,
which were the ones published. For the CAS, the
numbers in parentheses refer to former numbers
before being placed in the invertebrate zoology (IZ)
type collection: GeTy for Geology type collection
numbers and SUTy for Stanford University type
collection numbers.

In the case of the type material of the genus
Doryssa, all those in Baker (1914) have been
attributed to Pilsbry by Clench & Turner (1962) and
J. T. Smith (1978). H. B. Baker (1964) however.

attributed some of the Doryssa taxa to Baker
(1914). In correspondence with Elizabeth Kools of
the California Academy of Sciences I learned of
Michael Kellogg’s CAS database entry stating, "...
authorship of this taxon [D. heathi and D. starksi],
belongs to F. Baker as indicated by the original
label and the typography and style of the text."
Kools then wrote that she had "looked at the
publication [Baker, 1914] and the original labels for
these specimens ..." and found that Kellogg’s
conclusion "is consistent with original labels of taxa
we have in our collection which were described on
these pages. On the bottom of page 651, the
quotes stop as do new taxa attributed to Pilsbry.
The style also changes which Michael noted..."
After study, following Kool’s letter, I have included
the Doryssa species in question in the listing of F.
Baker taxa. Those in quotation marks in Baker
(1914) remain as taxa described by Pilsbry.

The following abbreviations are used:

ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia

CAS California Academy of Sciences
CASIZ California Academy of Sciences,
Invertebrate Zoology
fig(s.) figure(s)

GeTy Geology Type

SDNHM San Diego Natural History Museum
SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography
SUTy Stanford University Type
USNM National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution

H

holotype

P

para type

L

lectotype

PL

paralectotype

pl(s.)

plate(s)

spec, specimen(s)

Acknowledgments

Deborah Day and Carolyn Rainey of the
Archives of the library of Scripps Institution of
Oceanography were most helpful in locating and
suggesting archival material that might be useful to
me and arranged for prints of photographs in their
collection. The San Diego Historical Society made
a print of the photograph in Figure 2 and also

Page 10

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l); 1994

made material on Fred Baker available to me, as
did the San Diego Shell Club archives and librarian
Carol Barsi, now retired, and Billee Meeder both of
the SDNHM library. William Newman and Spencer
Luke of SIO and Betty Shor of San Diego were
helpful in my learning the whereabouts and
condition of the Baker-Kelsey collection; Spencer
Luke provided a listing of the Fred Baker material
housed there.

Gary Rosenberg and David G. Robinson of the
ANSP, James H. McLean and Lindsey Groves of
the LACM, Terrence Gosliner and Elizabeth Kools
of the CAS, and Alan Kabat of the USNM were
most gracious in giving of their time in providing
information on the type material in their respective

collections and the Department of Marine
Invertebrates, SDNHM made access to the
collection and facilities available. Paul Scott of the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Regina
K. Kawamoto of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu,
and Teresa Cristina S. de Avila Peres and Cristina
Sposito of the Goeldi Museum, Pard, Brasil, have
offered to search their museums’ respective
molluscan collections for Baker type material.
Philip Faulconer of San Diego shared his memories
of Baker with me and provided a picture of Baker’s
home. Eugene Coan and George Kennedy gave
helpful information and Eugene Coan reviewed the
paper. To all of these people I am very grateful.

Species Described by Baker and Baker With Others

abbotii, Triphora - Baker & Spicer, 1935:39, pi. 5, fig. 4.

H = SDNHM 1557 (23763); P = USNM 469116 (1 spec.).
abunaensis, Streptaxis — Baker, 1914:629, pi. 22, figs. 8-10.
H=ANSP 109313.

amortajademis, Turbonilta (Chemnitzia) - Baker, Hanna &
Strong, 1928:209, pi. 11, fig. 2. H = CASIZ 066069 (ex GeTy
4001).

angelensis, Haminoea - Baker & Hanna, 1927:129-130, pi. 4, fig.

1. H = CASIZ 032113 (ex GeTy 4001).
angustior, Acteocina — Baker & Hanna, 1927:124-125, pi. 4, fig.

5. H = CASIZ 032116 (ex GeTy 2513).
audax, Odostomia (ChrysalUda) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:230-231, pi. 12, fig. 7. H=CASIZ 066088 (ex GeTy 4038);
P = CASIZ 066089 (ex GeTy 4039); P=SDNHM 1839 (4039).
azteca, Turbonilta (Pyrffscus) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928.:222-223, pi. 11, fig. 14. H=CAS1Z 066079 (ex GeTy
4017); P = CASIZ 066080 (ex GeTy 4018-4020); P=SDNHM
1838.

bartschi, Anodontites — Baker, 1914:668, pi. 27, figs. 3-4.

H=ANSP 109370; P = SDNHM 1822a,h.
basilirata, Rissoina gisna - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930:32, pi.

1, fig. 12. H = CASIZ 066055 (ex GeTy 4606).
benyi, Rissoina — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930:35-36, pi. 1, fig.

3. H = CASIZ 066057 (ex 4608).
branneri, Drytnaeus — Baker, 1914:637-638, pi. 23, figs. 1-4.
H=ANSP 109308; P=CASIZ 064149 (ex SUTy 6188) 1 spec.
4- I fragment [the fragment is the body whorl only (Kools,
pers. comm)].

brasiliana, Strobilops — Baker, 1914:647, pi. 21, figs. 8-9.
H=ANSP 109310; P=ANSP 397242 (6 spec.); P = CASIZ
066422 (ex GeTy 1821).

bristolae, Cerubiopsis (Ceriduopsida) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1938:219-220, pi. 19, fig. 4. H = CASIZ 065939 (ex GeTy 5457).
bristolae, Lioiia acuiicostata - Baker, 1929:72, new name for
Liotia acuiicostata radiata Dali, 1918, not radiata Kiener.
cachoeirae, Doryssa — Baker, 1914:655-656, pi. 25, fig. 9.
H=ANSP 109356.

cassi, Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsida) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1938:220-221, pi. 19, fig. 5. H = CAS1Z 065941 (ex GeTy 5458).
cearana Psadara derbyi - Baker, 1914:634, pi. 22, fig. 19.
H=ANSP 109344.

chalcana, Turbonilta (Strioturbonilla) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:212, pi. 11, fig. 6. H = CAS1Z 066071 (ex GeTy 4005);
P=SDNHM 1835-1837.

chamberlini, Triphora - Baker, 1926:235, pi. 24, fig. 2. H=CASIZ
066365 (ex GeTy 2150).

charlottei, Leptinaria — Baker, 1922:36(1):32, new name for L.

imperforata Baker, 1914, not Strebel, 1882.
chimera, Atys - Baker & Hanna, 1927:126, pi. 4, fig. 4.

H = CAS1Z 032115, (ex GeTy 2514).
contrerasi, Odostomia (ChrysalUda) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:231-232, pi. 12, fig. 13. H = CASIZ 066090 ex GeTy 4040).
contrerasi, Triphora — Baker, 1926:230, pi. 24, fig. 7. H=CAS1Z
066357 (ex GeTy 2141); P= CASIZ 066358 (ex GeTy 2142).
cookeana, Streptaxis — Baker, 1914:628-629, pi. 22, figs. 5-7.
H=ANSP 109304; P=ANSP 397243 (4 spec.); P = CAS1Z
066416 (ex GeTy 1136-1137); P = LACM 2234 (2 spec.).
cookeana, Triphora — Baker & Spicer, 1935:41, pi. 5 fig. 7.
H = SDNHM 1560 (23766).

coronadoensis, Strigatella (Atrimitra) — Baker & Spicer, 1930:176,
pi. 19, fig. 1. H = SDNHM 667 (18295).
coyotensis, Turbonilta (Mormula) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:223-224, pi. 11, fig. 17. H = CASIZ 066081 (ex GeTy
4023); P=CASIZ 066082-066083 (ex GeTy 4024-4025).
cytindricus, Odontostomus (Cyclodontina) scabrellus — Baker,
1914:65:642, pi. 23, figs. 15-16. H=ANSP 109327.
dalli, Anodontites -- Baker, 1914:667, pi. 27, figs. 1-2. H=ANSP
109369.

defuncia, Cylichnella - Baker & Hanna, 1927:127-128, pi. 4, fig.

3. H=CASIZ 032118 (ex GeTy 2515).
donna, Mitrella -- Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938b:248-249, pi. 24,
fig. 6. H = CAS1Z 065953 (ex GeTy 5817).
eatoni, Systrophia - Baker, 1914:631, pi. 22, figs. 14-15. H=ANSP
109299; P=CASIZ 066418 (ex GeTy 1105).

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 11

elongatus, Hemisinus flammeus — Baker, 1914:618-672, pi. 25, figs.
16. H=ANSP 109367.

escondidensis, Triphora — Baker 1926:236-237, pi. 24, fig. 11.

H = CASIZ 066366 (ex GeTy 2151).
espiritum, Epitonium (Nodiscala) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1930b:46, pi. 2, fig. 4. H = CASIZ 066061 (ex GeTy 4778);

P = CASIZ 066062 (ex GeTy 4779-4780).
ct'ermanni, Triphora - Baker, 1926:227-228, pi. 24, fig. 9.
H=CASIZ 066353 (ex GeTy 2137); P=CAS1Z 066354 (ex
GeTy 2138).

ct’ermanni, Turbonilla (Cingulina) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:226-227, pi. 12, figs. 3-4. H=CASIZ 024961 (ex GeTy
4030).

fantasma, Cylichnella - Baker & Hanna, 1927:128-129, pi. 4, fig.

6. H = CASIZ 032117 (ex GeTy 2516).
flammeus, Hemisinus -- Baker, 1914:657, pi. 25, fig. 15. H = ANSP
109366; P=SDNHM 1817-1819.

francisquitana, Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) -- Baker, Hanna &
Strong, 1928:216, pi. 11, fig. 9. H = CASIZ 066075 (ex GeTy
4012).

gabrielensis, Odostomia (Salassia) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:227-228, pi. 12, fig. 6. H=CASIZ 066084 (ex 4032);

P = CASIZ 066085 (ex GeTy 4033).
gallegosi, Alvania - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930a:26-27, pi. 1,
fig. 11. H=CASIZ 066051 (ex GeTy 4599).
globosa, Doryssa - Baker, 1914:651-652, pi. 25, figs. 1-2.
H=ANSP 109352.

golisehi, Epitonium (Nodiseala) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1930b:44-45, pi. 2, figs. 1-2. H = CASIZ 066059 (ex GeTy
4770); P = CASIZ 066060 (ex GeTy 4771).
gonzagensis, Retusa - Baker & Hanna, 1927:131-132, pi. 4, fig. 8.

H=CASIZ 066191 (ex GeTy 2519).
gonzagensis, Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:213-214, pi. 11, fig. 7. H=CASIZ 066072 (ex GeTy 4006);

P = CASIZ 066073 (ex GeTy 4007-4010).
grand, Delphinoidea — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:236-237, pi.

22, figs. 4-6. H = CASIZ 065947 (ex GeTy 5468).
grand, Triphora — Baker & Spicer, 1935:40, pi. 5, fig. 5.

H = SDNHM 1558 (23764).

grijalvae, Odostomia (Menestho) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:238-239, pi. 12, fig. 16. H=CASIZ 066096-066097 (ex
GeTy 4055-4056).

guajarana, Helicina — Baker, 1914:626, pi. 21, fig. 3. H = ANSP
109340.

hannai, Dentalium — Baker, 1925:84-85, pi. 10, figs. 4-5.

H = CASIZ 066343 (ex GeTy 1757); P = CASIZ 060763 (ex
SUTy 5445); P=SDNHM 1788-1789, 1811.
hannai, Triphora -- Baker, 1926:225-226, pi. 24, fig. 1. H = CASIZ
066351 (ex GeTy 2135); P=CASIZ 066352 (ex GeTy 2136).
harrisi, Gibbula — Baker & Spicer, 1930:177-178, pi. 19, figs. 3-
4. H=SDNHM 666 (18297); P=SDNHM 3304-3318;

P = LACM 1014 (2 spec.), P = USNM 424553 (3 spec.),
P=ANSP 162012 (9 spec.), P=ANSP 166001 (4 spec.),
P=ANSP 160240 (3 spec.), P=ANSP 161204 (2 spec.).
harrisi, Triphora — Baker & Spicer, 1935:37-38, pi. 5, figs. 1-2.

H = SDNHM 1555 (23761); P = USNM 469114 (1 spec.).
heathi, Doryssa - Baker, 1914:653-654, pi. 25, figs. 3,4,7.
H=ANSP 109935; PL=SDNHM 1812-1813 [see Wilson &
Kennedy, 1967].

herrerae, Alvania — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930a:25-26, pi. 1,
fig. 2. H = CASIZ 066050 (ex GeTy 4598).

herrerae, Odostomia (Pyrgulina) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:233-234, pi. 12, fig. 9. H = CASIZ 066091 (ex GeTy 4041).
hiranoi, Ostrea - Baker & Spicer, 1930:175, pi. 18, figs. 1-3.
H=SDNHM 664a,b (18294); P = SDNHM 1077, 1078a,b, 1079-
1085, 1086a,b, 1087, 1088a,b-1091 a,b, 1092-1095, 1096a, b,
1097-1126; P = CASIZ 066042 (ex GeTy 7192).
iheringi, Doryssa — Baker, 1914:654-655, pi. 25, fig. 8. H = ANSP
109354; P = SDNHM 1814.

imperforata, Leptinaria - Baker, 1914:646, pi. 21, fig. 19.

[preoccupied by Strebel, 1882. See L. charlottei Baker, 1922].
jamauchimensis, H}ria - Baker, 1914:644-645, pi. 27, figs. 8-9.
H=ANSP 109373.

jekylli, Entodina - Baker, 1914:630-631, pi. 22, figs. 11-13.
H=ANSP 109311; P=CASIZ 064579 (ex SUTy 8255),
P = CAS1Z 066417 (ex GeTy 1117).
johnsoni, Turbonilla (P)rgiseus) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:218-219, pi. 11, fig. 11. H = CASIZ 066077 (ex GeTy

4014) .

johnstoni, RissoeUa -- Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930a:36-37, pi. 1,
fig. 16. H=CASIZ 066058 (ex GeTy 4612).
johnstoni, Triphora - Baker, 1926:233-234, pi. 24, figs. 3-4.
H = CASIZ 066361 (ex GeTy 2145); P = CASIZ 066362-066364
(ex GeTy 2146-2148a).

kelseyi, Diplodon — Baker, 1914:665-666, pi. 27, figs. 5-7.
H=ANSP 109371; P = CASIZ 060865 (ex SUTy 5819);
P = CASIZ 066426 (ex GeTy 5640).
kelseyi, Epitonium (Asperiseala) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1930b:48-49, pi. 2, fig. 7. H = CASIZ 066063 (ex GeTy 4766).
kinoi, Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsida) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1938a:221-222, pi. 18, fig. 6. H = CASIZ 065942 (ex GeTy
5451).

laterculus, Helicina - Baker, 1914:626-627, pi. 21, figs. 4-5.

L=ANSP 109339; PL= ANSP 358656 (3 spec).
lowei, Cyclostrema — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:233-234, pi.
20, figs. 1-3. H = CASIZ 065943 (ex GeTy 5461); P=SDNHM
1920.

lucasana, Alvania - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930a:24-25, pi. 1,
fig. 1. H = CASIZ 066049 (ex GeTy 4597).
lucasana, Delphinoidea - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:237-
238, pi. 19, figs. 10-12. H=CASIZ 065948 (ex GeTy 5460).
lyrta, Amphissa — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938b:252-253, pi. 15,
' fig. 1. H = CASIZ 065905 (ex GeTy 5816).
madreaisis, Circulus - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:236, pi. 23,
figs. 1-3. H = CASIZ 065946 (ex GeTy 5469); P = SDNHM 1925-
1929.

mamoreensis, Leptinaria - Baker, 1926. New name for L.

perforata Baker, 1914, not Pfeiffer. H=ANSP 109331.
manni, Littoridina - Baker, 1914:658, pi. 26, fig. 15. H=ANSP
130701; PL=SDNHM 1821 [see Wilson & Kennedy, 1967].
maranguapensis, Odontostomus (Cyclodontina) inflatus - Baker,
1914:641-642, pi. 23, fig. 18. H=ANSP 109323.
mariae, Cyclostrema - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:234, pi. 21,
figs. 7-9. H=CASIZ 065944 (ex GeTy 5465).
mayana, Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:219-220, pi. 11,’ fig. 12. H = CASIZ 066078 (ex GeTy

4015) .

mayi, Guppya - Baker, 1914:632, pi. 21, figs. 6-7. H=ANSP
109338.

melanelloides, Rissoina - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930:31-32, pi.

1, fig. 5. H = CASIZ 066054 (ex GeTy 4062); P = SDNHM 1915.
mendozae, Odostomia (Ividella) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

1928:234-235, pi. 12, fig. 11. Hololype missing. ["A vial with
specimen label and typed [Myra Keen] label reads ‘Holotype
4042 - missing - as checked 5/31/48 M.K.’" (pers. comm.
Kools)]; P=CASIZ 066093 (ex GeTy 4043-4045); P=SDNHM
1840-1842.

momerratensis, Alvania — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930a:27-28,
pi. 1, fig. 9. H = CASIZ 066052 (ex GeTy 4600).
nahuana, Turhonilla (Strioturbonilla) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:211-212, pi. 11, fig. 5. H = CAS1Z 066070 (ex GeTy 4004);
P=SDNHM 1834.

navarettei, Odostomia (Menesiho) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:239, pi. 12, fig. 17. H = CASIZ 066098 (ex GeTy 4057).
obsolescens, Diplodon — Baker, 1914:666-667, pi. 22, figs. 16-17.
L=ANSP 109372 ["109327 is a misprint in Johnson & Baker"
(Rosenberg, pers. comm.). Lectotype designated by Johnson &
Baker, 1973].

ofuensis, Triphora - Baker & Spicer, 1935:38, pi. 5, fig. 3.
H = SDNHM 1556 (23762); P = USNM 469115 (1 spec.). [One
other paratype - "Spec, lost, noticed 9/5/80, vial broken HAR"
(i.e. Harald A. Rehder), (pers. comm. A. Kabat)].
oweni, Triphora - Baker, 1926:232-233, pi. 24, fig. 10. H=CASIZ
066360 (ex GeTy 2144).

paparyensis, Seginentina - Baker, 1914:662-663, pi. 26, figs. 9-11.
H=ANSP 109346a; P=SDNHM 3036-3042; P = CAS1Z 064435
(SUTy 7780); P=CASIZ 066425 (ex GeTy 1115).
parana, Zonitoides - Baker, 1914:632, pi. 21, figs. 12-14.
H=ANSP 109314.

pazmsis, Triphora johnstoni - Baker, 1926:235, pi. 24, fig. 6.

H = CASIZ 066354 (ex GeTy 2149).
pazmsis, Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:214-215, pi. 11, fig. 8. H=CASIZ 066074 (ex GeTy 4011).
peleae, Triphora - Baker & Spicer, 1935:40-41, pi. 5, fig. 6.
H=SDNHM 1559 (23765).

perforata, Lepthiaria - Baker, 1914:645-646, pi. 21, fig. 11.
H=ANSP 109331. [Preoccupied, see L. mamoreensis Baker,
1926.]

pUsbryi, Idiopyrgus - Baker, 1914:658-659, pi. 26, figs. 13-14.

H=ANSP 130700; PL=SDNHM 1820.
pilsbryi, Tornigenis — Baker, 1914:643, pi. 23, figs. 9-10. H=ANSP
109315.

planicosta, Odostomia (Miralda) aepynota - Baker, Hanna &
Strong, 1928:237, pi. 12, fig. 14. H = CASIZ 066094 (ex GeTy
4048); P = CASIZ 066095 (ex GeTy 4049-4053).
porteri, Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsida) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1938:222-223;, pi. 19, fig. 2. H = CASIZ 065952 (ex GeTy
5455); P = SDNHM 1908-1914.

porteri, Odostomia (Miralda) — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928:236-
237, pi. 12, fig. 8. H=CASIZ 066092 (ex GeTy 4047);
P=SDMNH 1843.

porteri, Rissoina - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930:30, pi. 1 fig. 15.

H=CASIZ 066053 (ex GeTy 4601); P=SDNHM 1908-1914.
porteri, Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:217-218, pi. 11, fig. 10. H = CASIZ 066076 (ex GeTy
4013).

quLxadaensis, Streptavis deplanchei — Baker, 1914:628. H=ANSP
109305 .

rochai, BuHmulus (Rhinus) — Baker, 1914:636, pi. 23, figs. 19-
20. H=ANSP 109058 ; PL=SDNHM 1790-1801 [see Wilson

& Kennedy, 1967]; P = CASIZ 064151 (ex SUTy 6185)
(2 spec.); P=CASIZ 066420 (ex GeTy 1111).
schereri, Helicina - Baker, 1914:625-626, pi. 21, figs. 1-2.
L=ANSP 109341; PL=ANSP 358657 (2 spec.); P = CASIZ
064434 (ex SUTy 7779); P = CASIZ 066415 (ex GeTy 1109-
1110).

slevini, Triphora - Baker, 1926:231-232, pi. 24, fig. 5. H = CAS1Z
066359 (ex GeTy 2143).

snethlagei, Happia -- Baker, 1914:629-630, pi. 22, figs. 3-4.
H=ANSP 109300.

spiceri, Cyclostrema - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:234-235, pi.

20, figs. 4-6. H = CASIZ 065945 (ex GeTy 5462).
spiritualis, Delphinoidea - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:238, pi.

21, figs. 1-3. H=CAS1Z 065949 (ex GeTy 5463).

starksi, Doryssa - Baker, 1914:652-653, pi. 25, figs. 5,6,13,14.

H=ANSP 109350; P=SDNHM 1815-1816.
stephensae, Delphinoidea - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938a:238-
239, pi. 21, figs. 4-6. H = CASIZ 065951 (ex GeTy 5464).
stephensae, Rissoina — Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930:33-34, pi. 1,
fig. 14. H = CASIZ 066056 (ex GeTy 4607); P = SDNHM 1916-
1917.

stephensi, Triphora - Baker & Spicer, 1935:42-43, pi. 5, figs. 8-
9. H=SDNHM 1561 (23767); P=SDNHM 1562-1563.
strong), Haminoea -- Baker & Hanna, 1927:130-131, pi. 4, fig. 2.

H = CAS1Z 032114 (ex GeTy 2517).
subgloriosa, Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsis) — Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1938:218-219, pi. 18, fig. 7. H=CASIZ 065934 (ex GeTy 5453);
P=SDNHM 1918.

sulcata, Doryssa cachoeriae - Baker, 1914:656, pi. 25, fig. 10.
H=ANSpT09356.

suprapunctatus, Drymaeus linostoma — Baker, 1914:638-639, pi. 23,
figs. 5-8. H=ANSP 109307.

suturalis, BuHmulus (Rhinus) rochai -- Baker, 1914:637, pi. 23,
figs. 13-14. H=ANSP 109322; P=ANSP 397245 (2 spec.)
[synonymized with B. rochai F. Baker, 1914 (pers. comm. D.G.
Robinson)]; P = CAS1Z 064148 (ex SUTy 6187), (5 spec.);
P=CASIZ 066419 (ex GeTy 1108).
taipuensis, BuHmulus (RJtinus) rochai — Baker, 1914:636, pi. 23,
fig. 17. L=ANSP 1099321; PL=SDNHM 1802-1810; P = CASIZ
064152 (ex SUTy 6186); P= CASIZ 066421 (ex GeTy 1106-
1107).

tolteca, Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:220-221, pi. 11, fig. 13. H=CASIZ 066014 (ex GeTy
4016).

tucunareensis, Doryssa - Baker, 1914:656-657, pi. 25, figs. 11-12.
H=ANSP 109363.

treva, Anachis - Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1938b:251, pi. 24, fig.

4. H=CASIZ 065954 (ex GeTy 5820).
vanduzeei, Triphora - Baker, 1926:228-229, pi. 24, fig. 8.
H=CASIZ 066355 (ex GeTy 2139); P = CASIZ 066356 (ex
GeTy 2140).

vizcainoana, Odostomia (Chrysallida) - Baker, Hanna & Strong,
1928:229-230, pi. 12, fig. 10. H = CASIZ 066086 (ex GeTy
4034); P=CAS1Z 066087 (ex GeTy 4035-4037).
zamboangoensis, Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) - Baker & Spicer,
1930:176-177, pi. 19, fig. 2. H=SDNHM 665 (18296);
P=SDNHM 3303.

Vol. XXVI(l): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 13

Bibliography of Fred Baker’s Writings on the Mollusca

BAKER, FRED.

1902. List of shells collected on San Martin Island,
Lower California, Mexico. Nautilus 16(4):40-43
(August 2).*

1910a. Shell collecting in Puget Sound and Alaska.
Nautilus 24(3)125-31 (July 6).

1910b. Shell collecting in Puget Sound and Alaska
(cont’d). Nautilus 24(4):44-47 (August 2).

1911a. Correspondence from Brazil [May 30, 1911].
Nautilus 25(4):37-39 (August 18).

1911b. Correspondence from Brazil [July 24, 1911]. ibid
25(5):54-56 (September 11).

1914a. The land and fresh-water mollusks of the
Stanford Expedition to Brazil. Proc. ANSP 1913
(65):618-672, pis. 21-27 (January 28).

1914b. Correspondence from Japan and China. Nautilus
28(8):90-93 (December 21).

1918. Note on a preoccupied name in Polyplacophora.
Nautilus 31(4):144 (May 5).

1922a. Jeanette M. Cooke [obituary]. Nautilus 36(1):30-
31 (July 24).

1922b. Note on Leptinaria imperfomta. Nautilus 36(1)32:
(July 24).

1923. Nomenclature of certain species of Chrysodomns
and Calliostoma. Nautilus 37(l):34-35 (July 23).

1925. IV A new species of mollusk (Denlaliiim hannai)
from Lower California, with notes on other forms.
Proc. CAS 4th ser, 14(4):83-87, pi. 10 (July 23).

1926a. Tiirbonilla Iiypoaola. Nautilus 39(4): 144 (April 9).

1926b. Leptinaria Nautilus 39(4): 144 (April 9).

1926c. Mollusca of the family Triphoridae. VI Expedition
of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf
of California in 1921. Proc. CAS 4th ser.
15(6):223-239, pi. 24. (April 26).

1928a. Seashore animals of the Pacific coast [book
review]. Nautilus 42(2):72 (October 25).

1928b. Talk on Conchology read before the Phi Beta
Kappa Society at the Athletic Club. December

13, 1928 [unpublished]. SDNHM archives.

1929. A new name for a California shell. Nautilus
43(2):72 (October 17).

1934. A conchological Rip Van Winkle. Nautilus
48(l):5-6 (July 10).

1937. Notes on Ischnochiton ophioderma and Milneria
kelseyi. Nautilus 50(3):86 (January 29).

1938. Letter to J. R. le Brocton. Tomlin (February 16).
SDNHM archives.

BAKER, FRED & G DALLAS HANNA

1927. Marine Mollusca of the order Opisthobranchiata.
V Expedition of the California Academy of
Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Proc.
CAS 4th ser, 16(5): 123-135, pi. 4 (April 22).

BAKER, FRED, G DAllAS HANNA & A M. STRONG

1928. VII Some Pyramidellidae from the Gulf of

California. Proc. CAS 4th ser, 17(7):205-246, pis.
11-12 (June 29).

1930a.IV Some rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of

California. Proc. CAS 4th ser, 19(4):23-40, pi. 1,

4 text figs. (July 15).

1930b.V Some Mollusca of the family Epitoniidae from
the Gulf of California. Proc. CAS 4th ser,

19(5):41-56, pis. 2,3 (July 15).

1938a.No. 15 Some Mollusca of the families

Cerithiopsidae, Cerithiidae and Cyclostrematidae
from the Gulf of California and adjacent waters.
Proc. CAS 4th ser, 23(15):217-244, pis. 17-23
(May 24).

1938b.No. 16 Columbellidae from western Mexico. Proc.
CAS 4th ser, 23(16):245-254, pi. 24 (May 24).
BAKER, FRED & V. D. P. SPICER

1930. New species of mollusks. Trans. SDSNH 6(6): 173-
182, pis. 18-19 (July 12).

1935. New species of mollusks of the genus Triphora.
Trans. SDSNH 8(7):35-46, pi. 5. (March 21).

* Dates of publication of early Nautilus entries per Coan
&. Harasewych, 1993.

Literature Cited

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER

1974. American seashells, 2nd edition. Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, NY 663 pp, illus.

ANON.

1937. Zoonooz. (October).

BAILY, JOSHUA L. JR.

1938. Doctor Fred Baker [Obituary]. Nautilus 52(2):64-
66, 1 fig. (October, 28).

1962. Untitled. [A talk written for the San Diego Shell
Club’s first annual banquet. News of the Western
As.sociation of Shell Clubs 3(1) [San Diego Shell

Club]:14-17.

BAKER, H. BURRINGTON

1963. Type land snails in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia Part II. Land Pulmonata,
exclusive of North America north of Mexico.
Proc. ANSP 1 15(8): 19 1-259 (November 22).

1964. Type land snails in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. Part III. Limnophile and
Thalassophile Pulmonata. Part IV. Land and fresh
water Prosobranchia. Proc. ANSP 1 16(4): 149-193
(October 20).

Page 14

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

BARTSCH, PAUL

1912. A zoogeographic study based on the pyramidellid
mollusks of the west coast of America. Proc.
USNM 42(1906):297-349, pi. 40 (June l.S).
CLARKE, ARTHUR H. JR.

1960. Catalogue and illustrations of mollusks described
by Wesley Newcomb, with a biographical resumd.
Bull. Amer. Paleo 41(188):13.5-1.'>7 (June 30).
CLENCH, WILLIAM J. & RUTH D. TURNER

1962. New names introduced by H. A. Pilsbry in the
Mollusca and Crustacea. ANSP Spec. Publ. 4, 218

pp.

COAN, EUGENE V. & M. G. HARASEWYCH

1993. Publication dates of 'Phe Nautilus. Nautilus
106(4): 174-180 (February 5).

HANNA, G DALLAS

1923. XXVI Expedition of the California Academy of
Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921 L^nd
and freshwater mollusks. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
12(26):483-527 (December 31).

1949. West American mollusks of the genus Conus.
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th ser. 26(9):247-322, pis.
.S-10, 4 figs. (January 28).

1963. West American mollusks of the genus Conus-U.
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci.3.‘i: 1-103, pis. 1-
11, figs. 1-4 (January 28).

HANNA, G DALLAS & LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN
1927. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences
to the Gulf of California in 1921 Geology and
Paleontology. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 16(6): 137-
L57, pi. 5 (April 22).

HERTLEIN, LEO G. & A. M. STRONG

19.51. Descriptions of three new species of marine
gastropods from West Mexico and Guatemala.
Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 50 (Pt. 2):76-80, pi. 26,
figs. 1-4, 8 (May-August).

HIPPEN, ROBERT L.

1970. The Bakers - Drs. Fred and Charlotte. San Diego
Physician 1870-1970 Historical Supplement. S.D.
County Medical Soc. Centennial Year, pp 64-65
(July).

1983. The Doctors Baker. San Diego Physician. Official
publication of the San Diego County Medical
Society, pp. 46-47 (October).

JOHNSON R. I. & H. BURRINGTON BAKER

1974. The types of Unionacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 125:145-186, 10 pis.
KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd edition.
Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford, CA. 1064-1- pp,
iilus.

KEEP, JOSIAH & JOSHUA L. BAILY, JR

1935. West coast shells. Stanford Univ. Press, i-xi + 1-
350, figs. 1-334.

LOWE, HERBERT N.

1935. New marine Mollusca from west Mexico, together

with a list of shells collected at Punta Penasco,
Sonora, Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist
8(6): 15-34, pis. 1-4 (March 21).

PILSBRY, HENRY A. & H. N. LOWE
1932. West Mexican and Central American mollusks
collected by H. N. Lowe, 1929-31. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 84:33-144, pis. 1-17, figs.
1-7 (May 21).

RAITT, HELEN & BEATRICE MOULTON
1967. Scripps Institution of Oceanography first fifty
years. Ward Ritchie Press, pp. 1-217, iilus.
RITTER, WILLIAM E.

1938. Dr. Fred Baker [Obituary]. Science 88(2272):48-
49.

ROBERTSON, ROBERT, LEONARD RICHARDSON,
GEORGE M. DAVIS, ARTHUR E. BOGAN
1983. Catalog of the types of neontological Mollusca of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Pt. 3 Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda: Trochacea:
Trochidae, Stomatellidae. Tryonia, Misc. Publ.
Dept. Malac. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7:1-90 (May
31).

1986. Ibid Pt. 4 Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda:
Trochacea (concluded), Neritacea {sensii lato).
Tryonia 14:1-153 (May).

SAN DIEGO SUN

1938. Obituary (May 17).

SAN DIEGO UNION
1938. Obituary (May 17).

SMITH, JUDITH T.

1978. Primary types in the Stanford paleontological type
collection. Bull. Amer. Paleo. 72(300):317-552,
iilus.

SHAW, MARJORIE B.

1976. Profile: Dr. Fred Baker. San Diego Zoonooz.
February, p. 5.

SLEVIN, JOSEPH R.

1923. VI Expedition of the California Academy of
Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Proc.
Calif Acad. Sci. 12(6):55-72, map.

SPHON, GALE G.

1971. Type specimens of Recent mollusks in the Los
Angeles County Museum of Natural History.
Contrib. in Sci. 213:1-37 (May 27).

STRONG, A.M.

1938. New species of west American shells. Proc. Calif
Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 23(14):203-216, pis. 15-16
(May 24).

TRIMBLE, VANCE H.

1992. The Astonishing Mr. Scripps. The Turbulent Life
of America’s Penny Press Lord.

WILSON, EDWARD C. & GEORGE L. KENNEDY
1967. Type specimens of Recent invertebrates (except
Arachnida and Insecta) in the San Diego Natural
History Museum. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.
14(19):237-280 (Nov. 17).

Vol. XXVI(l): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 15

TRIGONIOCARDIA (AMERICARDIA) BIANGULATA
(BRODERIP & SOWERBY, 1829) FROM OFF CATALINA ISLAND

JULES HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road,
Santa Barbara, California 93105

Abbott (1974) reports
the distribution of
Trigoniocardia (Americardia )
biongiilata (Broderip &
Sowerby, 1829) as southern
California to Ecuador. Finer
(1985) included Islas
Galdpagos, Ecuador in its
distribution. This bivalve is
not often found in southern
California. Hertz & Hertz
(1992) reported finding it in
Mission Bay, San Diego.
Adrian Valli, a member of
the San Diego Shell Club,
found three specimens in July
1992 at a depth of 27 m (90
ft) in muddy sand off Casino
Point, Catalina Island,
California. One of the
specimens shown in Figure 1
is orange in color. Alongside
it is the lighter, more
common color form, which
Adrian found in Bahia
ConcepciOn, Baja California
Sur, Mexico in sand in three
feet of water. He has also
found a completely white
specimen in Bahia
Concepcidn.

Figure 1. Trigoniocardia (Americardia) biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Left: orange-
colored specimen; right: specimen with usual coloration.

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER

1974. American seashells; the marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts of North America. 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,
663 pp., 24 pis., numerous text figs.

FINET, YVES

1985. Preliminary faunal list of the marine mollusks of the Galdpagos Islands.
Instit. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique. Documents de travail 20:1-50.

HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE M. HERTZ

1992. Unusual finds at Mussion Bay, San Diego. The Festivus 4(6):61-62.

Page 16

THE FESTIVUS

Vol.XXVI(l): 1994

1994 LOW TIDES FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

The entries listed below show only periods of
low tides of -4.0 feet and below. The times of low
tides are given in Mountain Standard Time. To
correct for San Felipe, subtract one hour from

January

27.

-6.0

9.

-4.0 at 6:30 PM

-4.7

10.

-4.5 at 7:00 PM

28.

-6.2

11.

-4.8 at 7:40 PM

-4.0

12.

-4.3 at 8:10 PM

29.

-6.0

25.

-4.0 at 6:40 PM

30.

-4.4

26.

-4.8 at 7:15 PM

April

27.

-5.2 at 8:00 PM

24.

-5.5

28.

-5.0 at 8:30 PM

25.

-6.1

29.

-4.1 at 9:00 PM

26.

-6.3

February

27.

-6.0

8.

-4.0 at 7:00 PM

28.

-4.4

9.

-4.1 at 7:40 PM

May

10.

-4.0 at 8:10 PM

23.

-4.7

23.

-4.0 at 6:15 PM

24.

-5.8

24.

-5.0 at 7:00 PM

25.

-6.0

25.

-6.0 at 7:20 PM

26.

-5.5

26.

-4.3 at 8:00 AM

27.

-4.0

-5.7 at 8:10 PM

June

27.

-5.4 at 8:30 AM

22.

-4.4

-4.3 at 9:00 PM

23.

-5.0

28.

-4.7 at 9:10 AM

24.

-4.4

March

July

25.

-4.2 at 6:15 PM

22.

-4.0

26.

-4.4 at 7:00 AM
-5.0 at 7:10 PM

23.

-4.0

listed times which are for Puerto Penasco (San
Felipe is on Pacific Standard Time). Tides below
the midriff of the Gulf cannot be estimated using

these entries.

at

7:30

AM

August

at

8:00

PM

none

at

8:00

AM

September

at

8:40

PM

5.

-4.0

at

7:40

AM

at

8:40

AM

October

at

9:10

PM

4.

-4.6

at

7:15

PM

5.

-5.2

at

7:50

PM

at

6:40

AM

6.

-4.6

at

8:15

PM

at

7:10

AM

7.

-4.0

at

9:10

PM

at

7:50

AM

Noyember

at

8:30

AM

1.

-4.0

at

6:10

PM

at

9:10

AM

2.

-5.2

at

6:50

PM

3.

-6.0

at

7:10

PM

at

6:15

AM

4.

-5.6

at

8:00

PM

at

7:00

AM

5.

-4.2

at

8:40

PM

at

7:45

AM

30.

-4.1

at

5:50

PM

at

8:15

AM

December

at

9:00

AM

1.

-5.7

at

6:10

PM

2.

-6.1

at

6:25

PM

at

6:40

AM

3.

-6.0

at

7:10

PM

at

7:20

AM

4.

-5.2

at

8:00

PM

at

8:10

AM

30.

-5.2

at

6:30

PM

31.

-6.0

at

7:15

PM

at

7:40

AM

at

8:00

AM

A BOUND VOLUME OF THE THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM TO BE SOLD AT AUCTION

The San Diego Shell Club will be selling at its
annual auction in April a hardbound volume of the
Thesaurus Conchyliorum. The volume is in
excellent condition with very few faint signs of
foxing and hand-tipped color plates in perfect
condition. The bound volume (no frontispiece)
includes the following sections:

Vol. I: Part 1 (May 1842) Apporhais, Rostellaria,
Stttithiolaria (pp 21-24, pi. 5)

Part 4 (Apr. 1844) Scalaria (pp. 83-108, pis. 32-35),
Columbella (pp. 109-146, pis. 36-40)

Part 6 (Jan. 1846) Tellina (pp. 221-333 -I- alpha-
betical index pp. 333-335, pis. 56-66), Plicatiila

(pp. 435-437, pis. 90-91), Pedum (p. 438, pi. 91)
Part 3 (June 23, 1843) [with cover], Lima (pp. 83-
88, pis. 21-22), Cyclostoma (pp. 89-168, pis. 23-
31, [27, 28 as 17, 18], suppl. pis. 31 a,b)

Vol. II: Part 10 (1849) Neritina (pp. 507-543, pis.
109-116) + alphabetical index (pp. 544-546)

Library plate from Jean & Crawford Cate
[Cate name embossed on several pages in text]

The San Diego Shell Club will be accepting
mailed bids up to March 31st; the volume will be
sold at the Club’s annual auction in April 1994. A
definite date for the auction will be set early in
1994.

ISSN 0738-9388

a

F4-'« fXHE FESTIVUS

MoLL A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI February 10, 1994 Number: 2

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF

Historian

librarian

FESl'IVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Hugh Bradner
Larry Buck
Kay Klaus
Rick Negus
Margaret Mulliner
Carole M. Hertz

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
SLS.OO; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Ee.stivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $.3.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Hi
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emenson
American Museum of Natia-al IJistoiy
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James FI. McLean
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Histoty
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoty
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of NaUwal Histoty
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:.30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Baja: From the Coronado Islands to Sierra de San Francisco

Award-winning photographer and Club member, traveling from underwater at the Islas Coronados
Richard Herrmann will give an illustrated program to the rock art of the Sierra de San Francisco.

Shells of the month: Rock Shells (Thaididae)

Meeting date: February 17th

CONTENTS

Club news 18

Some comments on (?)Poirieria (Pazinotus) sibogae (Schepman, 1911) (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

ROLAND HOUART 19

San Miguel Island Dive-’93

LARRY BUCK 21

Book news: Handbook of Systematic Malacology by Johannes Thiele
(Scientific editors of translation, R. Bieler & P. M. MikkeLsen)

WAITER B. MILLER (reviewer) 22

Announcement of new publications 22

Corrections and notes regarding the Naticidae listed by Poppe & Goto (1991) in European Seashells

MICHAEL HOLLMANN 2.3

A Cypraea marginata ketyana at the San Diego Shell Club auction 26

Roster for detaching

Page 18

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - January 20, 1994

At 7:45 p.m. the meeting was ealled to order by
President Hugh Bradner who began the first
meeting of the year with a very nice review of the
Club’s activities, contributions and accomplishments.

After an introduction of guests, the minutes
were accepted as published in The Festivus. Hugh
then suggested that this year the hospitality
chairperson be aided each month by those supplying
the refreshments. Those persons are asked to arrive
early that month.

Several announcements were also made: to be
included on the Club membership roster, dues must
be paid by January 31st. Kim and Linda Hutsell
will be returning in June. Don Pisor has a book
collection for sale-a list of those books is available
to members. The Bizarre Bazaar will be held on
the afternoon of May 14th in the Mulliner’s garden.

A card for Rose D’Attilio, who is recovering
from a stroke suffered late last year, was available
for signing. Rose is now recuperating at home.

A going-away party for Michael Hollmann and
Sherry and Adrian Valli will be on Saturday,
February 12th at 6:00 p.m. at the home of Don and
Kim Avilez. [See next column.]

Wes Farmer, Botanical Garden Foundation
representative, informed the membership of some
changes to be made in the meeting room.

Whether or not the Club should subscribe to
the periodical. World Shells, was discussed. A
decision will be made later.

Carole Hertz announced that the Club’s
auction/potluck will be held at Wes Farmer’s
Clubhouse on Saturday evening, April 16th.
Members were asked to search their collections and
bring in their shells for donation, or contact a
board member to arrange for pickup. A rare cowry,
Cyproea rnarginaia ketyana has been donated
anonymously to the auction [see page 26] as well as
a volume of the beautiful Thesaurus Conchylioruni.

The speaker for the evening was member Terry
Arnold who gave a very interesting and informative
talk on southern California fossils and local sites.
Terry’s knowledge of his subject and his slides of
area sites and some of the beautiful molluscan

fossils he’d found were of great interest to our
members. As a result of his talk, future trips to
fossil sites were discussed.

Following Terry’s presentation there were two
shell drawings, the regular drawing was won by Kay
Klaus and the special drawing, donated by the
Bradners, was won by Wes Farmer.

The refreshments were provided by Kay Klaus
and Marge and Hugh Bradner.

Rick Negus

A Going-Away Party at the Avilez’s Home

Michael Hollmann will be leaving San Diego to
return to Germany and Adrian, Sherry and Dylan
Valli will be relocating to Costa Rica. The Qub
will miss them and this recepion is in their honor.

Come to this appetizer-potluck, at the home of
Don and Kim Avilez, 5481 Los Robles, Carlsbad.
It will begin at 6:00 p.m. RSVP (438-4460 [Avilez]
or 792-5404 [Larry Buck].)

A Video Missing from the Cluh Library

If you’ve borrowed the Club video, "Dredging in
the Sea of Cortez" by Carol and Paul Skoglund, will
you please check to make sure you have returned it
to the Club library. Both the video and the library
card are missing, making it difficult to trace the
borrower. Please contact Librarian Margaret
Mulliner (488-2701) if you have the video.

John D. Isaacs Scholarship Available

Informational brochures and applications for the
S 10,000 John D. Isaacs college scholarship (S2500
for each of four years) are available. California
high school seniors who have entered a marine
science project in a science fair are eligible.
Application deadline is April 8, 1994. For further
information write to Isaacs Committee, California
Sea Grant College, University of California, San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0232
(phone (619) 534-4442).

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 19

SOME COMMENTS ON (l)POIRJERlA (PAZINOTUS) SIBOGAE
(SCHEPMAN, 1911) (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE)

Roland Houart

Research Associate, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
Rue Vauiier, 29, B-1040, Brussels, Belgium

A species of (7)Poiriena (Pazinotus) from the
New Caledonian region, recently collected by the
Musdum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, was
compared with the holotype of Latiaxis sihogae
Schepman, 1911, stored in the Ztwlogical Museum
of the University of Amsterdam (Netherlands).
Except for the apertural lip which is juvenile, thin
and fragile in the holotype, all other shell features
could be carefully compared. Spiral and axial
sculpture, spines, siphonal canal and white colour
are identical in the specimens from New Caledonia
and in the holotype of L. sihogae. The protoconch
is broken in all specimens including the holotype
but remaining fragments suggest it is paucispiral.
The holotype (Figures 5 & 6), with a juvenile outer
apertural lip, has one teleoconch whorl less than
the New Caledonian specimen illustrated in Figures
3 and 4 which accounts for its smaller size.

The species is listed in D’Attilio (1978:22) and
in Clover (1982: pi. 15) as a Latiaxis, while Kosuge
and Suzuki (1985:22) considered it a Bahelomure.x
(Echinolatiaxis). Together with the holotype,
Kosuge and Suzuki (1985, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2; pi. 34,
fig. 9) figured two other specimens (locality not
mentioned), but besides their light pinkish colour,
the illustrated specimens have more numerous and
narrower spines and spinelets, a somewhat broader
aperture and a more acute spire. They are two
specimens of Coralliophilidae, not conspecific with
{l)Poirieria (Pazinotus) sihogae.

The classification of (?)P. sihogae in the family
Muricidae instead of the Coralliophilidae, as
originally combined, is verified by the presence of a
radula in a specimen from New Caledonia.

The radula of (7)P.(P.) sihogae (Figures 1, 2)
consists of a serrated rachidian tooth with a single,
unicuspid, sickle-shaped lateral tooth on each side.
The rachidian bears a short central projecting cusp

and two long lateral denticles situated between the
central and marginal cusps.

Pazinotus has been used usually as a subgenus
of Poirieria Jousseaume, 1880 (a genus of the
Muricinae), but the radular morphology of (?)P.
sihogae (Figures 1, 2) and of P. spectahilis Houart,
1991, fig. 39, is muricopsine. As noted in Yokes
(1992:35), because of the scabrous surface
ornamentation these species are probably more akin
to Pygniaepteiys Yokes, 1978, a genus of the
Muricopsinae and a new subgeneric taxon will
probably prove necessary.

2

Figures 1, 2. Radula of specimen of (l)Poiricna (Pazinotus)
sihogae shown in Figures 3, 4. Scale bars 10 (tin.

Page 20

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

Figures 3-6. (3, 4) ('?)Poiritria (Pazinonis) sibogae (Schepnian, 1911). 26 mni. Coral Sea, Nova Bank (22°08’S, 159°21’E), 375-415 m,
MNHN. (5, 6) (?)P. (P.) sibogae. Holotype ZMA 3.11.092. 16.5 mm. Pulu Kaniiungan ketjil.

Since the radular morphology of {‘?)Poirieha
(Pazinorus) stimpsonii (Dali), the type species of
Pazinonis, is not known, it is not yet possible to

determine if Pazinonis is muricine and probably a
subgenus of Poirieria, or muricopsine related to
Pygmaepteiys.

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 21

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to Dr. R. G. Moolenbeek
(University of Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum) for
the loan of the type material, and to Dr. P. Bouchet
(Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris) and
A. War6n (Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm) for preparation and SEM work of the
radula.

LITERATURE CITED

CLOVER, P. W.

1982. Laiiaxis catalog and illustrated check list of
Coralliopliilidae family, pis. 1-18.

D'AITILIO A.

1978. Muricacea, catalogue of the family Coralliopliilidae.
Festivus 10(10):(j9-96.

HOUART, R.

1991. Description of thirteen new species of Muricidae
(Gastropoda) from Australia and the New Caledonian
region, with range e.xtensions to South Africa. J. Malac.
Soc. Aust. 12:35-55.

KOSUGE, S. & M. SUZUKI

1985. Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups
family Coralliopliilidae. Inst. Malac. of Tokyo. Special
publication 1:1-83.

SCHEPMAN, M. M.

1911. Siboga-Expeditie, 49, Prosobranchia, pt. 4, Rachiglossa:
358-363.

YOKES, E. H.

1992. Cenozoic Muricidae of the western Atlantic region. Part
IX - Pterynotus, Poirieria, Aspella, Dennomure.x,
Calotwphun, Acantholabia, and Attiliosa\ additions and
corrections. Tulane Stud. Geol. Paleont. 25(1-3): 1-108.

SAN MIGUEL ISLAND DIVE -’93

LARRY BUCK

2411 El Amigo Road, Del Mar, California 92014

This past October, a group of twenty-five of
our club’s divers and iheir friends spent a fabulous
two days of diving at San Miguel and Santa Rosa
Islands. The 1993 trip seemed the best ever with
more dives possible including one night dive. The
skipper Bill Magee, wife Sherry (also the cook), and
the rest of the crew from the charter boat. Peace,
once again put themselves out to accommodate us.
The food was terrific and we had the boat all to
ourselves-the hot tub got alot of use.

Along with a sprinkling of newcomers, were
many divers from previous years’ trips. With a flat
ocean, we dove the best dive spots such as Wilson

Rock, Castle Rock and Talcott Shoals. Many
abalone and rock scallops were taken and I even
found another world record shell, a Noirisia norrisi.
The 68.7 4- mm shell in excellent condition and
covered with barnacles, was collected dead on the
bottom. 1 also found a Hinnites giganteiis measuring
233 mm which ties the world’s record for this
species.

This year’s trip, in August, will be an attempt to
dive San Nicolas Island along with Begg Rock and
then Santa Barbara Island on the return trip. Start
saving your money now and reserve your spot. Last
year’s trip filled up quickly.

Page 22

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

BOOK NEWS

Handbook of Systematic Malacology
by Johannes Thiele

Scientific editors of translation: Rudiger Bieler and
Paula M. Mikkelsen. 1992
Published by: Smithsonian Institution Libraries &
The National Science Foundation, Washington,
D.C., 1189+ pages

Price: Part 1, $77, Part 2, $61 [from American
Malacologists, P.O. Box 2255, Melbourne, FL
32902-2255]

For anyone not fluent in German, the English
translations of Johannes Thiele’s "Handbook of
Systematic Malacology, Parts 1 & 2" is a godsend.
Part 1 covers the Polyplacophora and the
Prosobranch Gastropoda. Part 2 covers the other
two gastropod subclasses, Opisthobranchia and
Pulmonata. An index is found at the end of each
volume, whereas in the German volumes only one
index was put at the end of Part 2.

Where I have had to refer to Thiele in the
indentification and classification of our specimens,
I have found the English version very easy to use.
In instances where anatomical descriptions appeared
inadequate, we have verified that the fault lay with
the original Thiele and not the translators. But
even these scant references to anatomy are better
than none, as in Zilch’s "Euthyneura".

It is to be hoped that someday we may see
Engish translations of Part 3 (Scaphopoda, Bivalvia,
and Cephalopoda) and Part 4 which discuss the
foundations of classification, phytogeny,
paleontology, geographical ranges and nomenclature
of mollusks.

Many thanks to Rudiger Bieler and Paula
Mikkelsen for a very valuable publication.

Walter B. Miller,

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS

The Prosobranch Snail Family Hydrobiidae
(Gastropoda: Rissooidea); Review of Classification
and Supraspecific Taxa. Smithsonian

Contributions to Zoology, Number 547
By: Alan R. Kabat and Robert Hershler. 1993
Published by: Smithsonian Institution Press,

Washington, D.C., 94 pages, 4 tables

In this monograph the "Hydrobiidae are redefined
and differentiated from other rissooidean families,
and a review of the classification of this family is
presented." Seventy-five family level names and 725
generic level-names are discussed in this family of
freshwater and brackish-water gastropods.

This monograph will be available for circulation

in the Club library at the February meeting.

Sea Slugs of Western Australia
By: Fred E. Wells and Clayton W. Bryce. 1993
Published by: Western Australian Museum
Price: $29.95 plus $2.80 postage

Announcement of this "colourful field guide"
has been received from the Malacological Society of
Australia. The guide, "with over 200 photographs"
is available from the Western Australian Museum
Bookshop (09)427 2776 or the Publications

Department (09) 427 2779, FAX (09) 227-9989,
Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth,
Western Australia 6000.

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 23

CORRECTIONS AND NOTES REGARDING THE NATICIDAE LISTED
BY POPPE & GOTO (1991) IN "EUROPEAN SEASHELLS"

MICHAEL HOLLMANN

14175 Half Moon Bay Drive, Del Mar, California 92014

In 1991 a long-felt need for a comprehensive,
well-illustrated book on European seashells was met
when Guido T. Poppe of Belgium and Yoshihiro
Goto of Japan teamed up to publish the first
volume of EUROPEAN SEASHELLS, containing
the Polyplacophora, Caudofoveata, Solenogastres,
and Gastropoda. The book’s stated purpose was to
serve as an overview and guide for the amateur
shell collector, covering the more readily accessible
species of European shells. In their introduction
the authors stressed that their book had "no
scientific pretentions", and that only a few original
descriptions or types had been consulted. Given
the awesome magnitude of the task to cover all
families within the four classes of mollusks
mentioned above, and considering the huge
geographical area covered, taxonomical errors and
misidentifications are unavoidable.

The purpose of this article is to point out
some errors observed in the section on the family
Naticidae. Since EUROPEAN SEASHELLS

undoubtedly will become one of the primary
references for identification of European species
for shell collectors and shell dealers alike, this
author felt it was important to alert fellow
collectors to some of these taxonomical problems.
Some of these errors have previously been pointed
out by Marc Streitz in a note published in 1992 in
XENOPHORA, the journal of the French shell
collectors’ club. Association Francaise de

Conchyliologie. The corrections listed below should
not take away from the overall usefulness of this
important new book which should be a "must" on
every shell collector’s shelf.

In Table 1 the correct names are given for those
10 out of the 33 Naticidae specimens figured on
plates 16, 17, and 18 which have been wrongly
identified. In addition to these actual

misidentifications, a number of nomenclatural errors
occur which do not affect species identification per
se but lead to the use of junior synonyms instead of
the valid names. These errors will be addressed in
the nomenclatural comments following the table.

Table 1. List of Misidentified Naticidae Figured on Plates 16-18
of EUROPEAN SEASHELLS, Volume 1

Figure(s) (pi./fig.) Identification by Poppe & Goto (1991)

Correct Identification

17/4

17/8

17/11

17/12

17/14

17/15,16

17/21,22

18/4

Liinatia monlagiii (Forbes, 1838)

Lunatia pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)
Natica adansoni Blainville, 1825
Natica maroccana (Chemnitz, 1781)

Natica variahiUs Recluz in Reeve, 1855
Naticarius canariensis (Odhner, 1931)

Sinum haiiotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Payraudeautia intricata (Donovan, 1804)

Eiispira pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)
Euspira montagiii (Forbes, 1838)

Natica prietoi Hidalgo, 1873
Natica canariensis Odhner, 1931
Natica vittata (Gmelin, 1791)

Natica marochiensis (Gmelin, 1791)
Sinum hifasciatiim (Rdcluz, 1851)

Natica vittata (Gmelin, 1791)

Page 24

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVVI(2): 1994

Additional Nomenclatural Comments

(All page and plate numbers given
refer to Poppe & Goto (1991)

Natkarius cmentatiis (Gmelin, 1791) [pp. 37,
119, pi. 16, figs. 18-20] is a junior synonym of N.
hebraeus (Martyn, 1784), a name which has been
declared a nomen consen’andiini in Opinion
1662/1992 of the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) in spite of its
publication in a work rejected by ICZN Opinion
457/1957 for not being consistently binomial.
TTierefore, this species has to be called Noticariiis
hebraeus (Martyn, 1784). (Poppe & Goto’s book
was published in 1991, when this information was
not yet available.)

Natkarius punctatus (Chemnitz in Karsten,
1789) [pp. 37, 119, pi. 16, figs. 21-23] should rather
read N. punctams (Karsten, 1789) because Karsten
validated Chemnitz’ non-binomial name. However,
the name punctatus Karsten, 1789 [Nerita] is not
available (as the authors themselves point out on
page 120) since it is preoccupied by (it is a primary
homonym of) punctatus O. F. Muller, 1774 [Nerita],
with both these species having been described in the
genus Nerita. Therefore, this species must be called
by the next available name, which is Naticarius
stercusmuscanim (Gmelin, 1791).

The genus Lunatia Gray, 1847 [p. 37, 117-118,
pi. 17, figs. 1-9] is a junior synonym of Euspira
Agassiz, 1838, fide Marincovich (1977), Kabat
(1991); see also Streitz (1992).

Lunatia piilchella (Risso, 1826) [pp. 37, 118, pi.
17, fig. 9] is a junior synonym of Euspira nitida
(Donovan, 1804) fde Sabelli et al (1990); see also
Streitz (1992).

Natica maroccana (Chemnitz, 1781) [pp. 37,
118, pi. 17, fig. 12] is a name suppressed by ICZN
Dir. 1/1954 because it was proposed in a non-
binomial work, and is therefore unavailable. The
next available name is Natica marochiensis (Gmelin,
1791). However, as also noted by Streitz (1992),
the species figured in pi. 17, fig. 12 is nm N.
marochiensis (Gmelin, 1791) but rather Natica
canariensis Odhner, 1931 (see Table 1).

Natica variabilis Rdcluz in Reeve, 1855 [pi. 17,
fig. 14] should read Natica variabilis Reeve, 1855,
ex Rdcluz MS, since Reeve used a manuscript name
by Rdcluz when he described N. variabilis in his
CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA. However, the

specimen figured is nm N. variabilis Reeve ex
Rdcluz MS, 1855 but rather N. vittata (Gmelin,
1791), as mentioned in the table.

Natica prietoi Hidalgo, 1873, is listed [p. 119] as
a synonym of both N. maroccana (Chemnitz, 1781)
and N. variabilis (Reeve, 1855) which is not true in
either case. Natica prietoi Hidalgo, 1873, is a valid
species (and nicely figured on pi. 17, fig. 11),
although with a wrong name) and quite different
from N. maroccana (Chemnitz, 1781) as well as
from N. variabilis (Reeve, 1855, ex Rdcluz MS).

Both Naticarius vittatus (Gmelin, 1791) [pp. 37,
120, pi. 17, figs. 17-18, and also fig. 14] and
Naticarius dillwynii (Payraudeau, 1826) [pp. 37, 119,
pi. 17, fig. 23] belong to the genus Natica rather
than Naticarius.

Neverita josephina (Risso, 1826) [pp. 37, 120, pi.

17, fig. 20] is a - quite commonly found -
misspelling for N. josephinia (Risso, 1826).

The date for Tectonatica filosa (Philippi) [pp.
27, 121, pi. 18, fig. 3] is 1845, not 1844. It should
be mentioned here that Tectonatica filosa (Philippi,
1845) may actually be a junior synonym of T.
sagraiana (d’Orbigny, 1842). Although d’Orbigny
described Natica sagraiana from Cuba, his detailed
description and excellent figure strongly suggest that
the species he described is conspecific with the
Mediterranean/West African T. filosa (Philippi,
1845). D’Orbigny reports that he received the
specimen he described from Ram6n de la Sagra,
and it is conceivable that the locality "Cuba" is an
error and that the specimen actually was of
Mediterranean/West African origin. To my
knowledge, no specimens answering the description
of T. sagraiana (d’Orbigny, 1842) have since been
reported from the Caribbean.

It should be noted that some authors (e.g.,
Sabelli et al, 1990) regard Tectonatica affinis
(Gmelin, 1791) [pp. 37, 120, pi. 18, fig. 1] and T.
clausa (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) [pp. 37, 120, pi.

18, fig. 2] as conspecific. Other authors {e.g.,
Marincovich, 1977) stopped short of declaring the
two species conspecific but stated that all alleged T.
affnis (Gmelin, 1791), examined in museum
collections appeared to be unseparable from T.
clausa (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). If this can be
confirmed by further research, the name T. affnis
(Gmelin, 1791), would take precedence over T.
clausa (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829).

Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758), has been
used by many authors as the name of the

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 25

Mediterranean species of Siniim. However, Kabat
(1990) concluded that the Linnaean species Sinum
haliotoideum actually is conspecific with an Indo-
Pacific species which commonly had been called
Sinum planatum (Rdcluz, 1843). Kabat designated
a lectotype for 5. haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758),
and the specimen he selected and figured (Kabat,
1990:8, fig. 1 CD.) is a Sinum with no spiral
sculpture, quite unlike the European species of
Sinum. The next available name for the
Mediterranean species of Sinum figured by Poppe
& Goto is Sinum bifascianim (Rdcluz, 1851).
However, Sinum bifasciatum (Rdcluz, 1851) was
originally described from the West African faunal
province, and it is not entirely clear whether it
ranges into the Mediterranean, and if so whether it
actually is conspecific with the Sinum reported from
the Mediterranean. Dixon and Ryall (1986)
reported that they could find no distinguishing
features between the Mediterranean and West
African Sinum they examined. Streitz (1992) noted
that to his knowledge no living Sinum has ever
been found in the Mediterranean and that dead
specimens reported from the Alboran Sea (the
entrance to the Mediterranean) most likely are of
West African origin and represent Sinum
bifasciatum. This author, however, has several
specimens of Sinum with believable data from
Mediterranean locations (Malaga and Marbella,
Spain, and Egadi Island, Sicily, Italy) in his personal
collection, and these specimens appear to have been
collected live. Should future research show that
the Mediterranean Sinum represent a separate
species, an available name would be Sinum philippii
(Weinkauff, 1883).

LITERATURE CITED

DIXON, R. MICHAEL & PETER S. RYALL

1986. Naticidae of West Africa. Part II. La Conchiglia
no. 202-203:4-10.

HIDALGO, J. G.

1873. Description de deux especes de Natica des mers
d’Espagne. Jour, de Conchyliologie 21:332-335.
KABAT, ALAN

1990. Species of Naticidae (Mollu.sca: Gastropoda)
described by Linnaeus in the Sy.stema Naturae
(1758). Zoological Jour, of the Linnean Society
100:1-25, fig.s. 1-3.

1991. The cla.ssification of the Naticidae (Mollusca:

Gastropoda): review and analysis of the

supraspecific taxa. Bulletin of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology 152(7):417-449.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd ed.,
Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford, pp. i-xiv + 1-
1064.

MARINCOVICH, LOUIE JR.

1977. Cenozoic Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of
the northeastern Pacific. Bull, of American
Paleontology 70( 194): 165-494, pis. 17-42.

MULLER, OTTO FREDERIK

1774. Vermium terresirium et lluviaiilium, seu,
animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et
testaceorum, non marinorum succincta historia.
Havniae & Lipsiae, 2 vols. 1873-1874 [vol. 1]
pt. 1, pp. 1-135 [1-34]; pt. 2, pp. 1-72, [1-8]
(1773); vol. 2; pp. i-xxxv, [1], 1-214 [1-10]
(1774)].

ORBIGNY, ALCIDE cP

1842. Mollusques. In Histoire physique, politique et
naturelle de file de Cuba, vol. 2, by M. Ramdn
de la Sagra, Paris, 2 vols. plus atlas, 1841-1853
[collation by Keen, 1971: vol. 1:1-208 (1841),
209-264 (1842); vol. 2; 1-1 12 (1842), 113-280
(1853), atlas, pis. 1-28 (1842)].

PHILIPPI, RUDOLPH AMANDUS

1842-1850. Abbildungen und Be.schreibungen neuer
Oder wenig gekannter Conchylien, unter
Mithiilfe mehrerer Deutscher Conchyliologen,
herausgegeben von....R.A. Philippi. Cassel, 3
vols. [collation by Woodward, 1913; vol. 1:1-
20 (1842), 21-76 (1843), 77-204 (1844); vol. 2:
1-64 (1845), 65-152 (1846), 152-232 (1847);
vol. 3:1-50 (1847), 51-82 (1848), 83-88 (1849),
89-1388 (1850)].

POPPE, GUIDO T. & YOSHIHIRO GOTO

1991. European .seashells, vol. 1 (Polyplacophora,
Caudofoveata, Solenoga.stra, Gastropoda).
Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, pp. 1-
351, pis. 1-40.

REEVE, LOVELL AUGUSJ'US

1855. Conchologia iconica: or, illustrations of the
shells of molluscous animals. London. Vol. 9,
Natica, pis. 1-30.

SABELLI, BRUNO, RICARDO GIANNUZZI-SAVELLI

& DANIELE BEDULLI

1990. Annotated check-list of Mediterranean marine
mollusks, vol. 1. Societa Italiana de
Malacologia, Edizioni Libreria naturalistica
Bologne.se, Bologna, pp. i-xiv -i- 1-348.

STREITZ, MARC

1992. Quelques notes sur European Seashells, de
Guido Poppe et Yoshihiro Goto. Xenophora
59:28.

WOODWAI^D, B. B.

1913. Catalogue of the books, manuscripts, maps and
drawings in the British Museum (Natural
History), London, vol. 4 (P-SN).

Page 26

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(2): 1994

A CYPRAEA MARGINATA KETYANA
AT THE SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB AUCTION

A specimen of the beautiful Cypraea marginata
ketyona Raybaudi, 1978, the gift of an anonymous
donor, will be sold at the upcoming San Diego
Shell Club auction/potluck on April 16th.

This mature 50 mm long, shell (Figures 1 & 2)
was collected near an offshore island in the Shark
Bay area off Carnarvon, Western Australia on
sponge in 35 meters. The shell with its cream

colored dorsum and cream to orange to brown
apertural area is a rarity in collections and highly
sought after. A small under-the-nacre bump and a
slight chip in the dorsal nacre can be seen under
close examination.

As with the bound volume of the Thesaurus
Conchyliorum [see January issue, page 16], mail-in
bids will be accepted for this shell.

Figures 1, 2. Cypraea inarginata ketyana Raybaudi, 1978, dorsal and apertural views. Photos: David K. Mulliiier

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
Membership List - 1994

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER, 2208 South Colonial Dr., Melbourne, FL 32902-2255, (407) 725-2260
ADAMS, ROSEMARY, 13346 Birchwood, Sunnymead, CA 92553
AI.BI, YVONNE, P.O. Box 45828, Los Angeles, CA 90045

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Serials Unit, Library, Central Park West at 79th St., New York,
NY 10024, (212) 769-5714

ANDERSON, ROLAND, Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Waterfront Park, Seattle WA 98101, (206) 386-4359
ARNOLD, TERRY, 2975 B St., San Diego, CA 92102, 235-8181
BARBOUR, SIMON, GPO Box 697, Adelaide 5001, Australia
BARTON, GEORGE & PAULA, 620 S. Nevada St., Oceanside, CA 92054, 722-7281
BENNETT, JO & CHAI^LES, 1559 Tredegar Dr., Fort Myers, FL 33919, (813) 481-8306
BERSCHAUER, DAVID & FELICIA, 21961 Bacalar, Mi.ssion Viejo, CA 92691, (714) 581-9979
BERTSCH, HANS, 192 Imperial Beach Blvd. #A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932, 423-8900
BIAI.ASIEWICZ, SEWERYN, 7651 S. Kendall Blvd., Littleton, CO 80123, (313) 973-1705

BIELER, RUDIGER, Field Museum of Natural History, Dept, of Zoology, Roosevelt Dd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago,
IL 60605, (312) 922-9410 ext. 270
BISHOP, JOHN, 3026 Freeman, San Diego, CA 92106, 223-6038
BLOIS, MARSDEN S., 1309 San Mateo Dr., Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 321-4149
BOONE, CONSTANCE E., 3706 Rice Blvd., Houston, TX 77005, (713) 668-8252

BOSS, KEN, Dept, of Malacology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138
BOYD, EDWARD & PATRICIA, 18218 Paradise Mountain no. 197, Valley Center, CA 92082, 749-9033
BRADNER, HUGH & MARGE, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037, 459-7681
BRATCHER, TWILA, 8121 Mulholland Terr., Los Angeles, CA 90046, (213) 656-4877
BRIDELL, AL & MARY, 2265 Gulf Drive, #240-E, Sanibel, FL 33957, (813) 472-1637

BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Acquisitions Sec. (DLS) Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, England

BROWN, BILLEE & BOB, 6333 La Jolla Blvd. #171, La Jolla, CA 92037, 454-5788

BRUNNER, CAROL, 160 N.W. 126 St., North Miami, FL 33168 (305) 757-3567

BUCK, LARRY & TONI, 2411 El Amigo Rd., Del Mar, CA 92014-3118, 792-5404

BUKRY, J. DAVID, U.S.G.S. MS-915, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025

BURCH, TOM & BEATRICE, P.O. Box 309, Kailua, HI 96734, (808) 261-7465

CARR, WALTER, 2043 Mohawk Dr., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, (510) 938-2251

CASTOR, JANE C., 854 Via Granada, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, (805) 569-0293

CATARIUS, LARRY & DEBBIE, 4173 Galt St., San Diego, CA 92117, 270-4376

CHADAM, MARIA, 29719 Niguel Road #H, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677, (714) 363-8142

CHANEY, BARBARA, 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108, (805) 969-1434

CHIPPEAUX, EDITH R. & HARRY L., 1308 Biltmore Dr., Fort Myers, FL. 33901, (813) 936-4058

CLOVER, PHILLIP, P.O. Box 339, Glen Ellen, CA 95442, (707) 996-6960

COAN, GENE, 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306, (415) 493-8242

COLTRO, JOSE & MARCUS, CEP 01599, Caixa Post 15.259, Sao Paulo, SP Brasil

COOK, BUNNIE & GEORGE, 1120 Makaiwa St., Honolulu, HI 96816, (808) 737-8050

COOVERT, GARY, 36 Prospect Ave., Dayton, OH 45415, (513) 275-7431

CORGAN, JAMES X., 209 Chip-n-Dale Rd., Clarksville, TN 37043, (615) 648-1253

D’ATTILIO, TONY (Hon), 2415 29th St., San Diego, CA 92104, 281-9731

DESCHAINE, LEWIS, 3029 Silver Lake Rd., St. Anthony, MN 55418

DOI, MATTHEW S., 16209 Taylor Ct., Torrance, CA 90504-1902, (213) 329-3201

DULLAS, NORMA M. & WILLIAM, 13231 North 65th Dr., Glendale, AZ 85304, (602) 979-8758

DUSHANE, HELEN, 9460 Friendly Woods Lane, Whittier, CA 90605, (310) 696-0687

EERNISSE, DOUGLAS J., Mu.seum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, (313) 747-2193

EVERSON, GENE, 500 Nottingham Pky., Louisville, KY 40222

FARMER, WES, 3591 Ruffin Rd., #226, San Diego, CA 92123, 576-2143

FLENTZ, MARY & JOLIN B., 4541 Lambeth Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008-6407, 434-2522

FOSTER, NORA R., University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, (907) 474-7994

FOSTER, ROBERT, P.O. Box 3010, Santa Barbara, CA 93130-3010, (805) 963-3228

FRANK, WILLIAM M., 1865 Debutante Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32246-8645, (904) 724-5326

GABELISH, TONY, 22 Kirkham Hills Terrace, Maylands 6051, Western Australia, Australia, 011-61-9-271-3119

GARRISON, SUE, 1846 Hamilton Hwy., Adrian, MI 49221

GEMMELL, JOYCE, 150 S. Anza Sp. 47C, EL Cajon, CA 92020, 447-8004

GOLDBERG, RICHARD, P.O. Box 409, Simpsonville, MD 21150-0409

GORI, SANDRO, Via Sernesi 7, Livorno, Italy

GREEN, DAVE, LUCILLE & KRISTEN, 12307 Laneview Dr., Houston, TX 77070, (713) 376-5630
HANSELMAN, GEORGE & VIRGINIA, 5818 Tulane St., San Diego, CA 92122, 453-3019
HECK, HORACE, 4550 W. Maryland, Glendale, AZ 85302, (602) 939-3920
HERRMANN, RICHARD & GINNY, 12545 Mustang Dr., Poway, CA 92064, 679-7017
HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE, 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, 277-6259
HILL, LEONARD C, 10501 S.W. 102 Ave., Miami, FL 33176, (305) 271-0650
HOLLMANN, MICHAEL, 14175 Half Moon Bay Dr., Del Mar, CA 92014, 259-6657
HOOD, CHERYL A. & LONNIE E„ 7406 Pierrepont, Houston, TX 77040

HOUSTON, ROY, Dept, of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Loyola Blvd. at West 80th St., Los Angeles, CA
90045, (213) 642-3126

HUTSELL, KIM, LINDA & JEREMY, 1605 W. 29th St., Topeka, KS 66611, (913) 266-6235
JACKSON, JOHN & ELLEN, U558 Rolling Llills Dr., El Cajon, CA 92020, 579-1084
JOHNSON, JOHN, 105 Gabriel Cove, Munford, TN 38058

KAISER, KIRSTIE, c/o Hoyt USA, 475 N.Neil Armstrong Rd., Salt Lake City, UT 84116-2881
KEMP, BRUCE, 9420D Carlton Oaks Dr., Santee, CA 92071, 449-7610, 225 -7494( work)

KENNEDY, GEORGE, 8997 Moisan Way, La Mesa, CA 91941, 667-1030
KERSTICH, ALEX, 10700 E. Calle Vaqueros, Tuc.son, AZ 85749
KING, BOB & JUNE, 4269 Hawk St., San Diego, CA 92103, 296-0574

KLAUS, DEL & KAY, 8674 Glenhaven St., San Diego, CA 92123, 292-4527 (home), 553-7505 (work)

KNAPIK, TOM, 6952 Tower St., La Mesa, CA 91941, 462-1805

KOCH, BOB & WENDY, 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021, (602) 943-0816

Kl^IEGELSTEIN, DOUG VON, 11288-A San Juan, Loma Linda, CA 92354, (714) 825-7207

Kl^ONENBERG, GIJS, Havenstraat 7, 5611 VE Eindhoven, The Netherlands

LAFORET, GEORGEITE, 1119 Periwinkle #176, Sanibel, FL 33957

LAGRANGE, JOHN & LINDA, 533 North Rios, Solana Beach, CA 92075, 755-7215

LANCE, JAMES R., 746 Agate St., San Diego, CA 92109, 488-2132

LEONARD, FRED L., 3441 Kirklees Rd., Winston-Salem, NC 27104-1728, (919) 760-9375

LEVIN, DEBRA J., 600 Central Ave. #268, Riverside, CA 92507, (714) 369-1456

LEVINE, ANNITA, 10150 Torre Ave. Apt. 317, Cupertino, CA 95014

LUCUM, LOIS M., 702 Alder, Edmonds, WA 98020, (206) 778-3372

LUTHER, DOUG & MARY, 4458 Sierra Dr., Honolulu, HI 96816

MAGER, PAMELA, 225 Maple Ave., Elmhurst, IL 60126

MCCLINCY, RICHAI^D J., 809 St. George Rd., Danville, CA 94526, (510) 838-3217
MCPEAK, RON & MARY, 7989 La Brusca Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, 942-3489
MENDES, EVE, 6807 E. Vernon, Scottsdale, AZ 85257, (602) 970-0957
METZ, GEORGE, 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato, CA 94947, (415) 892-4960
MICHEL, JOHN & NOLA, 4758 Mt. Cervin Dr., San Diego, CA 92117, 278-9088
MONS, LYNNE, 245 Loma Corta Drive, Solana Beach, CA 92075
MULLINER, DAVID & MARGARET, 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109, 488-2701
MUNEKATA, HIROSHI, 3385 Kita-toyama Komaki-shi, Aichi-Ken, 485 Japan

MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Hector Library - Librarian, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand
MYERS, JOHN & BARBARA, 3761 Mt. Augustus Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, 279-9806
NEGUS, RICHAI^D IL, 3401 Woodland Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, 434-9808
NELSON, LOIS, 1310 W. Palmaire Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85021, (602) 997-9196

NESHEIM, DAVID A. & KATHLEEN, 26515 Hawkhurst Dr., Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274, (213) 541-1568
NORRID, HAL & CHARLOITE, 233 E. Cairo Dr., Tempe, AZ 85282, (602) 967-4957
NOVAK, CAROLE, 4433 Vista De La Tierra, Del Mar, CA 92014, 481-3301

NOYES, LACHLAN D., NAVSPECWARGRU-1, Medical Dept., NAB Coronado, San Diego, CA 92155
PERRIN, MARILYN, 10960 Via Abaca, San Diego, CA 92126, 586-0175
PETIT, RICHARD E., P.O. Box 30, N. Myrtle Beach, SC 29582, (803) 249-1454
PIECH, BETTY JEAN, 211 N. Augustine St., Washington, DE 19804

PIERCE, ROSEMARY & FRANK, 43099 Tenaja Road, Murrieta, CA 92562, (714) 674-9370
PISOR, DON & JEANNE, 10373 El Honcho PL, San Diego, CA 92124, 279-9342
POORMAN, FORREST, 15300 Magnolia St. Sp. 55, Westminster, CA 92683-6425, (714) 892-6730
REGULA, MAR.Y & STAN, 15838 Avenida Villaha #177, San Diego, CA 92128, 673-9110
REITZ, CHUCK & JESSICA, 410 Orpheus Ave., Leucadia, CA 92024, 943-1029
REYNOLDS, CINDY, 13216 S. Isis Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250, (310) 643-9791
RICE, TOM, P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364, (206) 297-2426

ROBERTS, DALE L. & KIMBERLY A. DAI^LING, 25885 Trabuco Rd., #208, Lake Forest, CA 92630, (714) 581-
3444

ROBERTSON, ROBERT, Dept, of Malacology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy.,
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

ROBERTSON, WALLY & MARILYN, c/o 1137 Prospect St., La Jolla, CA 92037, 459-6858
ROMER, BILL, 3249 Towser, San Diego, CA 92123, 278-2389

SAGE, WALTER E. Ill, Dept. Marine Invertebrate.s, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th,
New York, NY 10024, (212) 769-5717

SANDOVAL, ALFONSO CORREA, 6 y 7 Gonzalez #214-Altos, Colonia Mainero, C.P. 87100, Ciudad Victoria,
Tamaulipas, Mexico

SCLINEIDER, WILLIAM & NANCY, 12829 Carriage Rd., Poway, CA 92064, (619) 748-2822
SCHOENING, ROBERT C., 10831 Charles Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, (703) 273-9755

SCOTT, PAUL, Santa Barbara Museum (NH), 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, (805) 682-4711 ext.
319

SENCKENBERGISCHE BIBLIOTHEK, Zeitschriftenabteilung/DFG, Bockenheimer Landstr. 134-138, D-W-6000
Frankfurt/Main, Germany

SHASKY, DONALD R., 834 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, CA 92373, (909) 792-1236

SKINNER, DREW V. JR., P.O. Box 208, Bremerton, WA 98310, (206) 876-0214

SKOGLUND, CAROL & PAUL, 3846 E. Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85018, (602) 955-2072

SMALL, MICHAEL, Embajada de Canada, Apdo Postal 105-05, 11580 Mexico D.F., Mexico, 525-545-1961

SMITLI, VIVIENNE B., 16331 Porto Bello St. NW, Bokeelia, FL 33922

STEINKE, DALE & CHRISTY, 12100 Tall TreesDr., Dunlap, IL 61525

STEPHENS, SUSAN B., P.O. Box 217, 425 Lighthouse Way, Sanibel, FL 33957, (813) 472-1654
STOHLER, RUDOLF (Hon), 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, CA 94709
TAYLOR, ROLAND & KAY, 2437 Aster St., San Diego, CA 92109, 274-2998
THOMAS, CHARLES & VIVIAN, 5253 Mt. Aifan Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, 277-4483
UNDERWOOD, DORIS K., 9022 Brighton Court, West Melbourne, FL 32904
UPTON, VIRGINIA, P.O. Box 2228, Sierra Vista, AZ 85636

VELARDE, RON, Marine Biology Lab., 4077 N. Harbor Dr. MS 45A, San Diego, CA 92101, 692-4903

VOKES, EMILY & HAROLD, Dept, of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleaas, LA 70118, (504) 865-5198

VOSO, ED & HELEN, 1815 Sweetwater Rd. sp. 134, Spring Valley, CA 92077, 469-8308

WATERS, CHARLES, 308 S. Guadalupe, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, (310) 316-8214

WELTY, STEPHEN, Box 639, Dubois, WY 82513, (307) 455-2922

WHITE, JACKIE, 886 Mountridge Ct., Las Vega.s, NV 89110, (702) 452-9651

WILLIAMS, DOROTHY IT, 7637 N. Pinesview Dr., Scottsdale, AZ 85258

WILSON, BARRY, 4 St. Ives Loop, Kallaroo, Western Australia 6025, Australia, 011-61-9-307-1469
WU, SHI-KUEI, University of Colorado at Boulder, Museum, Hunter Bldg., Campus Box 315, Boulder, CO 80309-
0315

WUYTS, JEAN, Koning.sarendlaan 82, B-2100 Deurne, Belgium

YEEND, AI^THUR & MARGENETLE, 5668 Lord Cecil St., San Diego, CA 92122, 453-0531
YIN, BOB, 1275 Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, 454-2342

YOUNG, HERB & WILMA, 14550 Stone Ave. North, Seattle, WA 98133, (206) 364-8327

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. "’.V "t-V, SA •' '

ISSN 0738-9388

4-0]

r^\%>

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI

March 10, 1994

Number: 3

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

Hugh Bradner
Larry Buck
Kay Klaus
Rick Negus
Margaret Mulliner
Carole M. Hertz

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Fe.stivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Plenry W. Chaney
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2415 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson
American Museum of Natw'al History
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Nanwal Histoty
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Nattwal History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Musewn of Natural Histoty
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

The Art of Shaking and its Rewards
and

A Visit with My Ancestors and Collecting in Borneo

Donald R. Shasky, Club member and world recent collecting trip to Borneo and on the
traveler, will present a slide show both on his techniques he uses for collecting micromollusks.

Book and Reprint Sale

Meeting date: March 17, 1994
Shells of the month: Spondylus

CONTENTS

Club news 28

On a "problem" Siphocypraea Heilprin, 1887, from the Pliocene/ldeistocene of Florida

TERRY S. ARNOLD 29

Kellia suborbicidaris (Montagu, 1803) an unusual and interesting habitat

LARRY BUCK 38

Book news: Review of Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Part 1. by Barry Wilson

TERRENCE M. GOSLINER, reviewer 39

Announcement of three annual meetings 40

Page 28

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - February 17, 1994

At 7:40 p.m. the meeting was called to order by
President Hugh Bradner. Minutes of the January
meeting were approved as published in The
Festivus.

During the business portion of the meeting
there were several announcements. Carole Hertz
requested that members donate material for the
Club auction. March is the last available month for
donations [see col. 2]. Librarian Margaret Mulliner
asked that members return their books promptly
and remember to cross off their names on the
library cards and replace them in the books. John
Jackson announced the availablility of Volume 1 of
Barry Wilson’s new Australian Marine Shells. He
also donated a set to the Club library.

Larry Buck announced that some Club members
will be going to El Golfo, Baja California for the
low tides at the end of April. If you are interested,
contact Larry (619) 792-5404.

Marge Lindahl won the shell drawing and Terry
Arnold and Michael Hollmann provided the cookies
for the refreshment break.

Larry Buck introduced speaker Richard
Herrmann, who took the Club on a trip from the
waters off the Coronado Islands to the caves of
rock art in the Sierra de San Francisco. Richard’s
beautiful slides of the underwater (and above water)
life in the waters of the Coronados were followed
by the fantastic views of Baja in bloom as Richard
traveled across the peninsula to the Sierra. His
tour to the rock art caves was by mule down the
side of the sheer mountain. The lush views were a
side of Baja that many had never seen and the
incredible views of the life size rock art paintings
were marvelous. Most of those in attendance were
disappointed when the program ended.

Following the program, members enjoyed
refreshments and socializing.

Too Late for the Roster

Avilez, Don and Kim, 5481 Los Robles, Carlsbad,
CA 92008, (619) 438-4460

Hawaiian Malacological Society, P.O. Box 22130,
Honolulu, HI 96822

Lindahl, Marge and Ken, 202 Grand Canal, Balboa
Island, CA 92662, (714) 673-1743
Weber, Gladys, 6439 West Myrtle Ave. #79,
Glendale, AZ 85301, (602) 934-5964
Webster, Herb and Mella, 3402 1-A Ruby Lantern,
Dana Point, CA 92629, (714) 240-1606

The Pacific Shell Club Presents
Its First Shell Show

The Pacific Shell Club announces its first shell
show on May 1, 1994 from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the
Cabrillo Marina Community Building, Berth 28, in
San Pedro. [22nd St. to Via Cabrillo Marina, turn
south to Berth 28, parking on right]. Admission
and parking are free. There will be exhibits,
auction, raflJe, snack shack, and shells for sale.

For further information call Frank Jewett (310)
514-8012, Ann Billings (310) 207-2318 or Dave
Nesheim (310) 541-1568.

The Club’s Annual Auction/Potiuck

The Club’s annual auction/potluck will be held
on Saturday evening April 16th from 6-11 p.m. in
the community room of Wes Farmer’s condo at
3591 Ruffin Rd., San Diego, CA 92123 [map will be
in the April issue].

This is the Club’s big fundraiser and the biggest
social event of the year. Your help is needed to
make it a success.

Please either bring your shell donation, with
data, to the March meeting or contact Carole Hertz
277-6259 or Larry Buck 792-5404 to arrange for
pickup.

The annual auction provides the Club with the
funds necessary to support its many activities such
as The Festivus, Club library purchases, donations
toward student grants. Greater San Diego Science
Fair participation as well as the Club’s social
functions.

Please look through your collections and help
make the Auction a huge success.

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 29

ON A "PROBLEM" SIPHOCYPRAEA HEILPRIN, 1887, FROM THE
PLIOCENE/PLEISTOCENE OF FLORIDA

TERRY S. ARNOLD
2975 B Street, San Diego, California, 92102

INTRODUCTION

Recently three specimens of Siphocypraea
Heilprin, 1887, came into the author’s possession.
These specimens appear to fall outside the usual
range of variation for any of the previously
described species in this highly variable genus.

BACKGROUND

The members of this genus are characterized
by having an apex in a crater-like depression. This
feature is unique within the family Cypraeidae' and
is the primary diagnostic feature (Dali, 1890;
Heilprin, 1887) distinguishing Siphocypraea from
the other genera of Cypraeidae’. Siphocypraea has
been further subdivided into two subgcnera,
Siphocypraea sensu strict o and Muracypraea

Woodring, 1957 (Olsson & Petit, 1964). In the
opinion of several authors the species assigned to
Muracypraea are more closely related to the
Barycypraea and should be referred to that genus
(Kay, 1990; Liltved & Le Roux, 1988).
Siphocypraea s. s. first appeared in the Lower
Miocene (Chipola Formation) of northwestern
Florida, spreading in the middle Pliocene to North
Carolina (Yorktown & Duplin Formations), South
Carolina (Duplin Formation) and north Florida
(Jackson Bluff Formation). During the Upper
Pliocene through early Pleistocene in southern
Florida, Siphocypraea developed into a bewildering
variety of forms, becoming extinct in the early
Pleistocene. At least nine of the Upper Pliocene-
Lower Pleistocene forms have been described. The

stratigraphy of the southeastern United States has
been extensively studied for over 100 years (Dali,
1903; Heilprin, 1887). Unfortunately, like many
other heavily studied subjects there is a significant
amount of disagreement and duplication in the
literature.

Table 1 shows a summary of the late Tertiary-
early Quaternary stratigraphy of Siphocypraea-
bearing strata. The formation names, regional
correlations and geological age assignments are a
compilation of the most recent data available
tempered by retaining the formation names most
commonly used in paleontology literature (Missimer,
1992; Ward, 1992). While the age assignments of
the Duplin, Yorktown, and Jackson Bluff
Formations (Ward, 1992) represent a significant
revision from age assignments by earlier
workers (Mansfield, 1943) the correlations and
relative stratigraphy are in complete agreement.

This author is aware of the following currently
described species and subspecies in Siphocypraea s. s.:

S. carolinensis carolinensis (Conrad, 1841)

S. carolinensis floridana (Mansfield, 1931)

S. chilona (Dali, 1900)

5. gt'iffini Petuch, 1991
S. hertweckonini Petuch, 1991
S. hughesi Olsson & Petit, 1964
S. lindae Petuch, 1986
5. mulepenensis Petuch, 1991
S. pilsbiyi (Ingram, 1939)

5. problenwtica (Heilprin, 1887)

‘ For the purposes of this paper Siphocypraea is used as a genus of the family Cypraeidae as designated by Olsson & Petit and
used by most recent authors (Olsson & Petit, 1964, 1968; Parodiz, 1988; Petuch, 1988, 1991; Schilder, 1965) studying this "group" of
fossil species. Some authors have treated Siphocypraea as a subgenus of the genus Cypraca (Dali, 1890; DuBar, 1958; Heilprin, 1887;
Olsson & Harbison, 1953). Readers who prefer the latter usage may read all occurrences of Siphocypraea as Cypraea (Siphocypraea)
without any loss of meaning or risk of misinterpretation.

Page 30

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

S. trippeana Parocliz, 1988

S. transitoria Olsson & Petit, 1964

The stratigraphic and geographic distribution of
the described Siphocypraea are shown in Table 1
(Dubar, 1958; Gardner, 1943, 1947, 1948; Olsson &
Petit, 1964; Petuch, 1991, 1992).

The described species of Siphocypraea s. s. can
be placed into categories based on a variety of shell
characteristics. Two of the most consistent are form
of the posterior canal and width of the aperture.
Table 2 categorizes the described species using these
characteristics. These categorizations are based on
published descriptions and illustrations (Dali, 1890;
Gardner, 1947, 1948; Heilprin, 1887; Olsson &
Harbison, 1953; Olsson & Petit, 1964; Parodiz,
1988; Petuch, 1988, 1991, 1992). A comparison of
the category membership of Table 2 and the
stratigraphic ranges of Table 1, suggests that the
constant width aperture and curved posterior canal
are characters that may have evolved from the
earlier wide anterior aperture straight posterior
canal form typified by 5. c. carolinensis . Schilder
(1965) hypothesized the evolutionary sequence S.
c. carolinensis -> {S. c. floridana, S. hughesi, S.
transitoria) -> S. problematica which is in general
agreement with Tables 1 and 2.

DISCUSSION

The "problem" specimens are characterized by
a constant width aperture and a curved posterior
canal, placing them in the same Table 1 category
with S. griffini, S. mulepenensis, and S. problematica.
The three "problem" specimens bear the following
locality data;

A Florida, Miocene

B Bermont/Caloosahatchee De Soto Shell Pit,
De Soto, Florida

C Mid-Caloosahatchee, Arcadia, Florida

The De Soto Shell Pit is located close to
Arcadia, in central De Soto County, Florida,
therefore it is reasonable to believe that specimens
B and C came from the same stratigraphic horizon.
The designation of specimen A as being Miocene
appears to be erroneous and is assumed to be from
a similar horizon. A search of the literature does
not reveal any detailed studies of the De Soto Shell
Pits or central De Soto County. The nearest areas
that have been studied in detail are Shell Creek, 15
miles to the south, and the APAC Pit 30 miles to
the west (DuBar, 1962; Lyons, 1992; Missimer,

1992) . Both the Shell Creek and APAC sites are
characterized by having significant exposures of the
Fort Thompson, Caloosahatchee, and Tamiami
Formations (DuBar, 1962; Missimer, 1992). The
entire southwestern region of Florida is underlaid
by the Miocene-Lowest Pliocene Hawthorne Group,
which is exposed at the bottom of the APAC Pit
(Ketcher, 1992; Scott, 1990). The Tamiami
Formation is apparently absent in central Do Soto
County (Campbell, 1985). The uppermost member
of the Hawthorne Group, the Peace River
Formation, is very close to the surface in De Soto
County and is overlaid by Plio-Pleistocene deposits
(Campbell, 1985). This leads to the conclusion that
the De Soto Shell Pits contain Caloosahatchee,
Bermont and Fort Thompson strata. On this basis
specimens A and B are assumed to be from the
Caloosahatchee Formation since there are no
records in the literature of Siphocypraea occurring
above this formation or in the Hawthorne Group
in southern Florida. This assumption is supported
by the presence of S. problematica in the same lot
with Specimen B and the observation by Jay Tripp
that De Soto Shell Pits contain Bermont and
Caloosahatchee strata (personal communication,

1993) .

The three "problem" specimens are illustrated in
Figure 1 in a dorsal view and Figure 2 in an
apertural view. Specimen B is illustrated in Figure
3 in a detailed view of the posterior canal at an
angle of 45° from the vertical. For comparison
purposes the same views of S. problematica, S.
bansitoria (paratype), and S. trippeana (topotype)
are shown in Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Dorsal and
apertural views of S. mulepenensis and S. griffini are
shown in Figure 9 (after Petuch, 1991). Dorsal and
apertural views of S. lindae are shown in Figure 10
(after Petuch, 1992). It is worth noting that the
specimen identified as S. transitoria in Petuch (1988,
pi. 12, figs. 9, 10) appears to differ significantly
from the holotype figured in Olsson & Petit, 1964,
in that the Petuch specimen has a constant width
aperture, the columellar teeth are greater in number
and the posterior canal protrudes only slightly.
However, it does appear to be similar if not
identical with the "problem" specimens.

A comparison of the figured species reveals that
the "problem" specimens are most closely
comparable with Siphocypraea problematica, S.

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 31

Table 1. Stratigraphy and Siphocypraea Ranges

Formation

Epoch

Siphocwraea Present

Fort Thompson Formation
(South Florida)

Upper Pleistocene

none

Bermont Formation (South
Florida)

Middle Pleistocene

none

Caloosahatchee Formation

(South Florida)

Upper Pliocene-Lower
Pleistocene

5. griffmi
S. miilepenensis
S. problematica

Tamiami Formation
"Pinecrest Beds"/
Buckingham Formation

(South Florida)

Upper Pliocene

S. c. Jloridana
S. hertweckomm
S. hiighesi
S. lindae
S. transitoria
S. trippeana

Duplin Formation (North &
South Carolina)

Upper Lower Pliocene

S. c. carolinensis

Yorktown Formation (North
Carolina)

Upper Lower Pliocene

S. c. carolinensis
S. pilsb?yi

Jackson Bluff Formation
(North Florida)

Upper Lower Pliocene

S. c. carolinensis

Chipola Formation (North
Florida)

Lower Miocene

S. chilona

Table 2. Categories of Siphocypraea s. s. Species Based on Two Shell Characteristics

Aperture with
width constant

Aperture wider at
anterior

Straight shallow
posterior canal

S. lindae

S. c. carolinensis
S. chilona
S. pdsbiyi

Straight deep

S. hertH’eckorwn

S. c. carolinensis

posterior canal

S. hiighesi
S. trippeana

S. c. floridana

Curved posterior canal

S. griffmi
S. miilepenensis
S. problematica

S. transitoria

Page 32

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

Figure 1. "Problem" specimens A. B, C (I to r), dorsal view

Figure 2. "Problem" specimens A, B, C (I to r), apertural view

Figure 3. "Problem" specimen B, dorso-postcrior view.

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 33

Figure 4. Siphocypraea transitoria (Paralype, 80.6 mni, Brighton facies Pinecrest Beds, Tamianii Formation), S. probleniatica (69.5 mm,
De Soto Shell Pit, Caloosahatchee Formation), S. trippeana (topotype, 57.7 mm, APAC Pit, Pinecrest Beds, Tamiami Formation), (I
to r), dorsal view.

P'igure 5. S. transitoria, S. prohlanatica, S. trippeana (same specimens as Figure 4), apertural view.

Page 34

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

Figures 6-8. Dorso-posterior views of specimens in Figures 4 & 5. (6) S. tramitoria, (7) S. probkmatica, (8) S. trippeana.

transitoria and S. trippeana, due to similarities in
overall shape, size, aperture form and posterior
canal form. 5. griffmi and S. mulepenensis appear to
be quite different due to their broad inflated form.
S. lindae differs significantly due to its very coarse
prominent teeth and much smaller size (30 mm).
Table 3 lists a feature comparison of S.
problematica, S. transitoria and S. trippeana with the
three "problem" specimens. The entries in the table
were compiled from specimens in the author’s
collection (5. problematica 4 specimens, S. mmsitoria
3 specimens including 2 paratypes) except for 5.
tiippeana, which was compiled from two topotypes
loaned by Jay J. Tripp. The reduced tooth counts
were calculated using the formula of Schilder &
Schilder (1938). In the posterior and dorsal views
there are close resemblances between 5. transitoria
and the "problem" specimens, with the main
differences being in the extent of canal protrusion
on the labial side and the degree of coiling. S.
problematica is quite different in this aspect with
the coiling much tighter, bounded by ridges and not
protruding. 5. trippeana is also quite different in
that the posterior canal is straight, without any
coiling, very protruding, and distinctively pinched. In
the apertural view there is a close resemblance
between the "problem" specimens and S.
problematica in terms of apertural width and all
aspects of the teeth. S. transitoria differs from the
"problem" specimens both in width of aperture at
the anterior and all aspects of the teeth. S.
trippeana differs markedly from the "problem"

specimens in terms of the very strong teeth on the
labial side and the smaller number of teeth.

This leads to the conclusion that the "problem"
specimens are more closely related to S.
problematica and S. transitoria than to any other
described Siphocypraea species. However, in 5.
problematica the degree of posterior canal coiling is
greater and the degree of posterior canal protrusion
is less than in the "problem" specimens. A
comparison with all illustrations and specimens of
S. problematica available to this author confirms the
consistent differences in the posterior canal. 5.
transitoria differs most significantly in form of the
aperture. A preliminary cladistic analysis implies
that the "problem" specimens are more closely
related to S. transitoria than to S. problematica and
may represent an intermediate evolutionary stage or
intergrade between the stratigraphically lower S.
ti-ansitoria and the apparently sympatric 5.
problematica. An alternative hypothesis, also
suggested by the preliminary cladistic analysis, is
that the "problem" specimens are a terminal form in
the 5. transitoria lineage and are not closely related
to the 5. problematica group (i.e., S. problematica, S.
griffmi, S. mulepenensis). The latter hypothesis would
extend the stratigraphic range of S. transitoria
upward into the Caloosahatchee, where it has not
been reliably reported previously.

Whether these differences are sufficient to justify
description as a distinct species or subspecies will
not be clear until further specimens, with accurate
stratigraphic data, are available for study. A more

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 35

detailed cladislic analysis of Siphocypraea (in
preparation) may also clarify the relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

A possible new stratigraphic form of
Siphocypraea is illustrated and compared with
previously described Siphocypraea species. Though

closely related to 5. problematica and S. transitoria
this possible new form appears to be distinct and
may represent an intermediate stage in the
evolution between the two species or a terminal
form of S. transitoria occurring in a higher strata
than previously reported in the literature.

Figure 9. S. nuilepaicmis (64 mm, Griltin Brothers Quarry, Caloosahalchee Formation), S. griffini (45 mm, Mule Pen Quarry,
Caloosahatchoe P'ormation), dorsal and apertural views (after Petuch, 1991).

Figure 10. S. lindae (30 mm, (Bird Road, Miami Reef Tract, Pinecrest Beds, Tamiami Formation), dorsal and apertural views (after
Petuch, 1992).

Table 3. Comparison of "Problem" Specimens with S. transitoria Olsson & Petit, 1964,
S. trippeana, Parodiz, 1988, and S. problematica Heilprin, 1886

Page 36

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

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Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 37

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My thanks to Mr. Richard E. Petit for
providing paratypes of Siphocypraea transitoria as
well as a reprint of Olsson & Petit, 1964, Mr.
Lindsey T. Groves of the Los Angeles County
Museum for suggesting the comparison with 5.
(rippeana and providing a copy of Parodiz, 1988,
Ms. Jay J. Tripp for the loan of S. trippeana and
stratigraphic information on the De Soto Shell Pits,
and an anonymous reviewer for suggesting inclusion
of the stratigraphic and geographic distribution
information. The literature search and analysis

required to compile the stratigraphic data was both
enlightening and frustrating, but contributed

materially to improving this paper.

LITERATURE CITED

CAMPBELL, K. M.

1985. Geology of DeSoto County. Florida, Open File Report
11. Florida Geol. Surv., 13 pp.

DALL, W. H.

1890. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida with spe-
cial reference to the Miocene Silex Beds of Tampa and
the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie. Part 1.
Pulnionate, opisthobranchiate, and orihodont gastropods.
Trans. Wagner Free Inst. 3(1): 1-200, pis. 1-12.

1903. Geological results of the study of the Tertiary fauna of
Florida 1886-1903. Trans. Wagner Free Inst.
3(6):1541-1620.

DUBAR, J. R.

1958. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the late Neogene strata
of the Caloosahatchee River area of southern Florida.
Florida Geol. Surv. Bull. 40, 266 pp., 12 pis.

1962. Neogene biostratigraphy of the Charlotte Harbor area in
southwestern Florida. Florida Geol. Surv. Bull. 43, 83
pp., pis. 1-2, figs. 1-8. this. 1-8.

GARDNER, J.

1943. Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of
Virginia and North Carolina. Part 1. Pelecypoda. U S.
Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 199-A: 1-176, pis. 1-23.

1947. The mollu.scan fauna of the Alum Bluff Group of Florida
Part VIII. Ctenobranchia (remainder) Aspidobranchia,
and Scaphopoda. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 142-
11:493-656, pis. 52-62.

1948. Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of
Virginia and North Carolina. Part 2. Scaphopoda and
Gastropoda. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 199-13:177-310,
pis. 24-38.

HEllTRIN, A.

1887. Explorations on the west coast of Florida and in the
Okeechobee Wilderness. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Vol.
1:363-506 -I- index, pis. 1-19. (Reprinted by

Paleontological Research Institution 1972).

KAY, E. A.

1990. Cypraeidae of the Indo-Pacific: Cenozoic fossil history
and biogeography. Bull. Marine Sci. 47(1): 23-34, figs. 1-
4, tbis. 1-5.

KETCHER, K. M.

1992. Stratigraphy and environment of Bed 11 of the
"Pinecrest" Beds at Sarasota Florida, pp. 167-178, figs. 1-
4, in Scott, T.M. & W.D. Allmon (eds.). The Plio-
Pleistocene stratigraphy and paleontology of southern
Florida. Florida Geol. Surv. Spec. Pub. 36.

LIL'FVED, W. R. & F. G. LE ROUX

1988. A new fossil Cypraea (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) from
southern Africa with notes on the Alexandria Formation.
The Veliger 30(4):400-407, figs 1-8.

LYONS, W. G.

1992. Caloosahatchee-age and younger molluscan assemblages
at APAC Mine, Sarasota County, Florida, pp. 133-159,
figs. 1-16, appendix figs. 1-80, tbi. 1, in Scott, T.M. &
W.D. Allmon (eds.). The Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy and
paleontology of southern Florida. Florida Geol. Surv.
Spec. Pub. No. 36.

MANSFIELD, W. C.

1943. Stratigraphy of the Miocene of Virginia and the Miocene
of and Pliocene of North Carolina pp. 1-19, fig. 1-3, tbl.
1-2, in Gardner, J., 1943, Mollusca from the Miocene and
lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina. Part 1.
Pelecypoda. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 199-A:1-176,
pis. 1-23.

MISSIMER, T. M.

1992. Stratigraphic relationships of sediment facies within the
Tamiami Formation of southwest Florida: proposed
intraformational correlations, pp. 63-92, figs. 1-4, in Scott,
T.M. & W.D. Allmon (eds.). The Plio-Pleistocene
stratigraphy and paleontology of southern Florida. Florida
Geol. Surv. Spec. Pub. No. 36.

OLSSON, A. A. & A. HARBISON

1953, Pliocene Mollusca of southern P'lorida with special refer-
ence to those from Saint Petersburg. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, Monogr. 8:1-457, 65 pis. (Reprinted by The
Shell Museum and Educational Foundation 1990).

OLSSON, A. A. & R. E. PETIT

1964. Some Neogene Mollusca from Florida and the Carolinas.
Bull. Amer. Paleo. 47 (217):409-575, pis. 77-83.

1968. Notes on Siphocypraea. Bull. Amer. Paleo.
54(242):277-289, pi. 18.

PARODIZ, J. J.

1988. A new species of Siphocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae)
from the Neogene of .southwest Florida. Ann. Carnegie
Mus. 57(3):91-97.

PETUCH, E. J.

1988. Neogene history of tropical American mollusks. The
Coastal Education and Research Foundation, pp. 1-217.

1991. New gastropods from the Plio-Pleistocene of southwestern
Florida and the Everglades Basin. Spec. Pub. 1, Paleo.
Res. Inst. 594- pp., 10 pis.

1992. The Pliocene pseudoatoll of southern Florida and its
associated gastropod fauna, pp. 101 -ff 6, figs, 1-4, in
Scott, T.M. & W.D. Allmon (eds.). The Plio-Pleistocene
stratigraphy and paleontology of southern Florida. Florida
Geol. Surv. Spec. Pub. 36.

Page 38

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

SCHILDER, F. A.

1965. A statistical study in fossil cowries, The Veliger 7(4):
236-240, 5 this.

SCHILDER, F. A. & M. SCHILDER

1938. Prodrome of a monograph on living Cypraeidae., Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 23(3): 1 14-231.

SCOTT, T. M.

1990. The lithostratigraphy of the Hawthorne Group of

peninsular Florida. Open File Report 36, Florida Geol.
Surv. pp. 325-336, figs. 26. 1-9.

WARD, L. W.

1992. Diagnostic mollusks from the APAC Pit, Sarasota,
Florida, pp. 161-165, fig. 1, tbi. 1, in Scott, T.M. & W.D.
Allmon (eds.). The Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy and pale-
ontology of southern Florida. Florida Geol. Surv. Spec.
Pub. No. 36.

KELLIA SUBORBICULARIS (MONTAGU, 1803)
AN UNUSUAL AND INTERESTING HABITAT

LARRY BUCK

2411 El Amigo Road, Del Mar, California 92014

On November 27ih, 1993 Larry Catarius, Bob
Pike, Walt Baird and I drove to Santa Barbara for
the day to dive. While there I collected some
Euvola diegensis (Dali, 1898), formerly called Pecten
diegensis, at 65 to 75 feet on a silty mud and rock
bottom. On returning home I opened a dead-
collected specimen to clean the mud from inside,
and to my surprise 1 found 24 small bivalves, Kellia
siiborbicularis (also known as Kellia laperousii
Deshayes, 1839), living inside the pecten. The K.
siiborbicularis ranged from 5 to 12 mm in length
and were a translucent white color. I found it hard
to believe that enough water and nutrients could
enter the dead shell to sustain them. Later at the

same spot, I found three dead K. suborbicularis in
another mud-filled pecten shell. I noticed a small
gape in the scallop valves near which the Kellia
were living. Several others were in a void inside
some crumbly bryozoan growth attached to another
dead Euvola diegensis. Twenty-four of these little
bivalves have been deposited in the Santa Barbara
Natural History Museum (SBMNH 141666).

We find many interesting things such as this
while poking around on our dives. It seems that
every dive presents some new information
pertaining to habitat and behavior.

Thanks to Jules Hertz and Paul Scott for help in
identifying the K suborbicularis.

Vol. XXVI(3): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 39

BOOK NEWS

Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods.

Part One

By: Barry Wilson

Published by: Odyssey Publishing. 1993

Price: Vol. 1, $85; Vols. 1 & 2, $160. plus shipping

This book is the first of two beautifully
illustrated volumes depicting the rich diversity of
marine snails inhabiting the shores of Australia. It
represents the first compendium of australian
marine mollusks since Joyce Allan’s Australian
Shells, published some thirty-four years earlier.

The book begins with an introduction that
contains valuable information for the beginning
beachcomber or seasoned malacologist. There are
well written sections dealing with shell collecting,
remarks about molluscs, classification and
nomenclature. The section on collecting provides
hints on where to find mollusks and how to prepare
them for a collection. These are explained within
the responsible context of conservation. The author
describes the ethic required to responsibly study
mollusks, while minimizing the adverse environ-
mental impacts of that endeavor. For example,
Wilson states that species with direct development
rather than planktonic larval stages are more
susceptible to local extinction from over collection.
Shell collectors arc discouraged from turning stones
and breaking coral or from greedy collecting.
Several golden rules for responsible collecting are
words that all students of malacology should follow.

The sections on classification and nomenclature
explain many of the principles that taxonomists use
to organize groups of organisms into units that
reflect evolutionary relationships. Classification
should reflect relative proximity of organisms to
related forms. It is noteworthy that the author
states that genera and all other higher categories
above the level of species are relatively arbitrary.
This is a poorly understood concept that even many
professional taxonomists have yet to grasp.

Gastropod systcmatics is presently undergoing
a major revolution in changing the higher groups of
snails into a new classification system that is more
reflective of evolutionary relationships. This is of
little comfort to many people who struggled to
learn about prosobranchs, opisthobranchs.

pulmonates, archaeogastropods, mesogastropods and
neogastropods. Change does not come easy. Barry
Wilson does a fine job of incorporating many of the
changes that are underway into the organization of
taxa within the volume. He introduces terms that
may be new to many readers, such as
Heterobranchia (a group that includes several
families of what used to be mesogastropods together
with opisthobranchs and pulmonates).
Archaeogastropoda no longer includes many of the
groups formerly included within it (such as
Patelloidea). Wilson’s archaeogastropods are what
most other workers are now calling Vetigastropoda
(fissurellids, haliotids, trochoideans, etc.).
Caenogastropoda now includes some of the old
Mesogastropoda together with the Neogastropoda.
While these changes may seem disruptive and
unsettling, they are reflective of a more objective
and logical way of dealing with relationships and
the current changes will probably endure for many
generations without major additional disruption.
One other thing that Wilson does not state is that
Prosobranchia is no longer a valid group of
gastropods. The things we call prosobranchs have
no unique features that they share. In other words,
they are united only by things that they lack, not by
things that they possess. This is true of
invertebrates, as well. The only feature they share
is not having a backbone. Haliotidae, Caeno-
gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Cypraeidae, Conus are
all names for groups whose members all share new
innovations. These are the names that will endure.

The bulk of the book presents the diversity of
several major groups of the Australian marine
gastropod fauna. The author states that there are
probably about 10,000 marine australian mollusks.
The first volume includes approximately 1,000
species. Major feature of families are described in
detail and several important references to those
groups are provided for those who wish to
investigate in more detail. Characteristics of each
genus are described and the type species is listed.
Species descriptions include distinguishing features,
geographical information of the distribution within
Australian waters and beyond and ecological
information. Most species are exquisitely
illustrated, using the superb drawings of Carina

Page 40

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. (XXVI(3): 1994

Wilson or the 44 full color plates of photographs
by Patrick Baker. The color plates illustrate more
than 800 species. Groups that are well known, such
as the cowries, are treated comprehensively with all
species being discussed and illustrated. The
endemic cowries in the subgenera Zoila and
Umbilia are presented in detail to reflect the
extreme variation of direct-developing,
geographically separated populations. Other groups,
such as the Vitrinellidae, that are poorly known are
treated only superficially.

This book provides a wealth of valuable
information. It is not just a book for Australians.
It will make an important addition to the library of
anyone interested in mollusks, from beginner to

professional. This book is virtually free of errors.
I only found one in my perusal of the work.
Chelynotiis Bergh, 1853, is listed as a genus of
Lamellariidae. Coriocella Blainville, 1824, is an
older name. This book is extremely well presented
and is beautifully designed. The superb drawings of
living animals, together with some of Barry Wilson’s
photos of live mollusks, serve as a continual
reminder that mollusks are exciting, beautiful, living
creatures, not just pretty shells. This book is so
attractive that many of us will have to buy new
coffee tables to do it justice.

Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences

ANNOUNCEMENT OF THREE ANNUAL MEETINGS

American Malacological Union, 60th Annual
Meeting

The 60th annual meeting of the AMU will be
held in Houston, Texas from July 9-14, 1994 at the
Hyatt Regency in the downtown area. The call for
papers has been sent out and the deadline for
receipt of abstracts is May 1, 1994.

There will be a Gulf of Mexico Symposium,
Unionid Workshop, contributed papers and poster
sessions. In addition to the Bourse there will be
evening social events: President’s reception [Texas
Ranch & Barbecue], Museum Fiesta Dinner,
auction, and Conch’s Country Caper as well as field
trips.

For further information and registration forms,
contact President Constance E. Boone, Houston
Museum of Natural Science, 1 Hermann Circle
Drive, Houston TX 77030. Phone: (713) 639-4677;
Fax: (713) 523-4125.

Conchologists of America, 22nd Annual Convention

The 22nd annual convention of the COA will
be held in Corpus Christi, Texas from July 18-22,
1994 at the Marriott Bayfront Hotel on Corpus
Christi Bay.

In addition to programs there will be a bourse,
auction, optional trips, fiesta and barbecue. The
meeting is hosted by the Coastal Bend Shell Club
in conjunction with other Texas shell clubs.

For further information, contact Auction
Chairman Dave Green, 12307 Laneview Drive,
Houston, TX 77070. Phone: (713) 376-5630.

Western Society of Maiacologists, 27th Annual
Meeting

The 27th annual meeting of the WSM will be
held in Santa Barbara, California from June 26-30,
1994 at the Miramar Hotel located directly on the
beach in Santa Barbara.

Highlights of the meeting include two symposia
planned during the formal meeting featuring studies
of molluscan biogeography and micromollusks, the
presidential reception at the Sea Center of the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History,
traditional auction, closing reception and banquet to
be held at the main museum. Call for papers and
specific meeting information will be sent later.

For further information, contact Treasurer Dr.
Henry W. Chaney, Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa
Barbara, CA 93105. Phone: (805) 682-4711, x334;
Fax: (805) 569-3170.

YL

4o)

M

Fffg

rioLL

fTHE FESTIVU

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

ISSN 0738>9388

^/eRARlES

Volume: XXVI

April 14, 1994 Number: 4

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Hugh Bradner

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Larry Buck

American Malacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Kay Klaus

Henry W. Chaney

Secretary (Record.)

Rick Negus

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Treasurer

Margaret Mulliner

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Carole M. Hertz

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Pat Boyd

2415 29th Street

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

San Diego, California 92104

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernis.se

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natural Histoiy

Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natiwal History

family); $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):

Barry Roth

$15.00; Overseas (air mail); $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natw'al History

San Diego Shell Club,

Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Emily H. Vokes

The Festivus is published monthly except

Tidane University

December. The publication date appears

on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

COME TO THE AUCTION/POTLUCK!

Saturday evening, April 16, 1994

6:00-11:00 p.m.

For details.

see page 42 and map on last page.

(There will be no regular meeting this month.)

CONTENTS

Club news 42

Conus tessiilaius in the Sea of Cortez

JOHN JACKSON 43

Oliva incrassata [Lightfoot, 1786], an unusual form from El Golfo de Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexico

CHARLES WATERS 45

Book news: Review of A Guide to Worldwide Cowries by Felix Lorenz & Alex Hubert

LINDSEY T. GROVES, reviewer 46

Plotydoris mocfarlandi Hanna, 1951, from Bahia de Sebastian Viscaino, Baja California, Mexico

WESLEY M. FARMER 48

TWo interesting egg-laying gastropods: Simnia loebbeckeana and Janthina janihina

ALEX KERSTITCH 49

Map for detaching

Page 42

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - March 17, 1994

At 7:40 p.m. the meeting was called to order by
President Hugh Bradner. Minutes of the February
meeting were approved as published in The
Festivus.

There were several announcements during the
business portion of the meeting. Carole Hertz
called on all members to donate shells for the up-
coming auction on April 16th. Librarian Margaret
Mulliner announced that the new Australian
Marine Shells by Barry Wilson was now available to
members. Hugh Bradner announced the dates for
the upcoming club events: Bizarre Bazaar on May
14th; September party on September 24th and the
Christmas party on December 3rd.

Debbie Catarius and Margaret Mulliner won the
door prizes and Larry Buck and Tom Knapik
supplied the cookies for the social time at the end
of the meeting.

Larry Buck introduced the speaker, Don Shasky,
who gave a wonderful slide presentation of his trip
to Sarawak and Sabah on the island of Borneo.
We were treated to all the sights of the islands
including their open-air markets, varied people,
temples, flowers, and side trips to see a sea turtle
hatchery and orangutan sanctuary.

Don finished the program with slides of the
many wonderful species that he has collected by
shaking out coral and rocks into a dive bag. He
demonstrated this with a display of the equipment
he uses. All of those attending were very
appreciative of this fine program.

After the program, the members enjoyed
cookies and chatting about their favorite subject,
shells.

Rick Negus

Come to the Club’s Annual Auction/Potiuck

The Club’s annual Auction/Potiuck will be held
this Saturday evening, April 16th, from 6-11 p.m. in
the community room of Wes Farmer’s condo at

3591 Ruffin Rd., San Diego, CA 92123 [See map
on last page of this issue.]

It’s still not too late to plan to come to this
fantastic party. If you have not been contacted, or
are suddenly able to attend, contact Carole Hertz
(619) 277-6259 or Larry Buck (619) 792-5404.
We’ll be happy to have you join the festivities.

For those attending, please remember to bring
your potluck contribution to serve 12 along with
serving utensils and your own eating utensils.
Attitude adjustment hour will be from 6-7 p.m., and
dinner will begin at 7 p.m. The auction will begin
promptly at 8 p.m.

If you have not yet made a shell donation and
would like to, contact Carole Hertz. The Club is
always happy to have your donation.

See you at the party!!

Come to the Bizarre Bazaar

The fifth annual Bizarre Bazaar (shell bazaar)
will be held in the garden of Margaret and Dave
Mulliner’s home at 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego
(in the Pacific Beach area) on Saturday afternoon.
May 14th.

This is a "fun" occasion for members and guests
to bring their shells and shell related items to
exchange, sell or just show off. Members must
bring their own tables or stands for setup and then
just enjoy the interaction with old friends and new.
For further information, contact Margaret Mulliner
(619) 488-2701 or Larry Buck (619) 792-5404.

El Golfo de Santa Clara

A group of Club members and friends are
planning a visit to El Golfo de Santa Clara in the
northern Gulf of California for the low tides at the
end of April. The lowest tides are from Sunday,
April 24th to Wednesday the 27th (see January
issue of The Festivus, p. 16). There are few
facilities in the area and most will be camping. For
further information, contact Larry Buck (792-5404).

(continued on page 50)

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 43

CONUS TESSULATUS IN THE SEA OF CORTEZ

JOHN JACKSON

11558 Rolling Hills Drive, El Cajon, California 92020

In July 1992, I had the good fortune to
participate in a diving trip to the Gulf of California
(also known as the Sea of Cortez). Our "Sea of
Cortez Odyssey-- 1992" was a trip by boat from La
Paz, Baja California Sur to several islands in the
Gulf, including Isla San Francisco, Isla San Jos6,
Isla San Ildefonso, Isla San Marcos and Isla San
Pedro Martir. Two different stops at Isla Cayo, a
small islet off the southern end of Isla San Josd,
resulted in the collection of several specimens of
the unusual and beautiful form of Conus tessulams
Born, 1778, that is found in the Sea of Cortez.
This form has a moderately heavy shell which is
broad at the shoulder and has a pattern on the
entire body whorl of small rectangular blocks which
vary in color from light orange to dark reddish-
brown (Color plate 1, figures 1-3). The variations
in color pattern of specimens found in the Sea of
Cortez represent the entire range of color that is
found in this species across the Indo-Pacific.

Isla Cayo (24°53’N, 110°37’W) is 2 km off the
southwest corner of Isla San Jos6 (Figure 1) and is
90 km north of La Paz. It is small and narrow,
consisting of a rocky ridge 400 m in length and 90
m in width at its widest point. The islet ranges in
height to 15 m at its southern end, to 4 m at its
northern end and has a break near the middle, over
which the sea washes at high tide (Lewis & Ebeling,
1974). Its rocky profile drops rapidly into the water
to meet a gently-sloping sand bottom. The sand
bottom starts at a depth of 15 m off the south end
and 6 m off the north end.

On the first day of our voyage, we stopped off
the southeast corner of Isla Cayo. We anchored in
20 m and entered the water off the back of our
boat. Most of the divers in our party of six worked
their way into the shallower water near the rocky
shoreline. However, one diver, Larry Buck of Del
Mar, California, spent most of his dive in 15 to 20
m depth over the sandy bottom with scattered
rubble. Larry found a dark, reddish-brown

specimen of Conus tessulatus crawling on the sand.
His specimen measures 46.5 mm in length and 29.0
mm in width (Color plate 1, figure 1).

Ten days later, we returned to dive Isla Cayo.
This time we anchored in 15 m about midway down
the west side of the islet. It was 9 p.m. and fully
dark when we dove. Three more specimens of C.
tessulatus were collected from 10 to 15 m depth, all
crawling on the the sand bottom. Two of these
specimens are pictured. The darker, reddish
orange-brown shell (Color plate 1, figure 3)
measures 47.7 mm in length and 30.8 mm in width.
It has an unusual and very beautiful pattern of very
fine rectangular blocks of different sizes and tones.
The lighter, reddish-orange specimen (Color plate
1, figure 2) measures 45.9 mm in length and 28.4
mm in width and also has a pattern of fine
rectangular blocks.

In July 1993, David Mulliner of San Diego,
California and Kirstie Kaiser of Park City, Utah
each collected a specimen of C. tessulatus off Isla
Cerralvo, located south of La Paz in the Sea of
Cortez. Both of these speicmens were similar in
size and shape to the specimens found off Isla
Cayo. They were light in color and had the same
pattern of small rectangular blocks (personal
communication).

Keen (1971) reported that C. tessulatus is a
"widespread tropical species" that is "one of the few
Indo-Pacific immigrants that have found their way
to the West American mainland," and that its
"range on the Pacific coast is on the west Mexican
coast, especially the offshore islands...." Walls
(1979) reported that C. tessulatus, though it is
found in the Panamic area, is "rare on the offshore
islands and mainland of Mexico." In her 1992
Additions to the Panamic Province Gastropod
(Mollusca) Literature, Carol Skoglund listed other
sources which have extended the distribution north
from the southern Mexican offshore islands to Cabo
Pulmo and La Paz, Baja California Sur, to off

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

Page 44

THE FESTIVUS

Figure 1. Map showing the Sea of Cortez and the Baja peninsula with a detail of the area surrounding Isla Cayo.

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 45

Guaymas, Sonora on the Mexican mainland; to Isla
Clari6n, Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico; and south to
Isla del Coco, Costa Rica; the Islas Galdpagos,
Ecuador and Panamd. The locations of the
specimens covered by this article would seem to
extend the distribution even further north (by
another 90 km north of La Paz) on the Baja
California peninsula side of the Sea of Cortez.

My thanks to Larry Buck for the loan of his
specimen for use in this article.

LITERATURE CITED
KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd ed. Stanford
Univ. Pre.ss, Stanford. 1064+ pp.

LEWIS, LELAND R. & PETER E. EBELING

1974. Baja sea guide, volume 2 (2nd printing). Sea
Publications, Inc., Newport Beach.

SKOGLUND, CAROL

1992. Additions to the Panamic province gastropod
(Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. Festivus 24
supplement, 169 pp.

WALLS, JERRY G.

[1979]. Cone shells a synopsis of the living Conidae. T.F.H.
Publications, Inc. 1011 pp.

OLIVA INCRASSATA [LIGHTFOOT, 1786], AN UNUSUAL FORM FROM
EL GOLFO DE SANTA CLARA, SONORA, MEXICO

CHARLES WATERS

308 S. Guadalupe Avenue, Redondo Beach, California 90277

For years I had wondered what shell collecting
would be like at El Golfo de Santa Clara, that little
place I had always noticed on my Auto Club map
of Baja.

Well, last June I finally got the opportunity to
find out when Larry Buck, Kim Hutsell and I drove
down to that quiet little town in the upper reaches
of the Sea of Cortez. We went for two mornings
and nights of really good minus low tides.

We found El Golfo to be a clean and charming
little town with all the necessities: gas, ice,
restaurants, a market, R.V. park, etc. I like to
think it must be what San Felipe was like many
years and many tourists ago. In the time we were
there, we had lots of fun and collected many species
of mollusks. One remarkable thing that we noticed

was that many of the Oliva incrossata had unusual
striped patterns.

On our last morning of collecting we drove
Jubilee, my four wheel drive truck, ten miles south
of town on the beach for some collecting in a
remote area. Well, with what Larry likes to call
"the luck of the Irish," I happened upon the beauty
shown in Color plate 1, figures 7 and 8. We all
agreed that it was the most remarkable O.
incrossata any of us had ever seen. The shell is
64.70 mm long and 35.04 mm wide at the shoulder.

Needless to say, we are all looking forward to
our next visit to the sleepy little town of El Golfo
de Santa Clara, and I am especially looking forward
to more of "the luck of the Irish"!

I thank Dave Mulliner for photographing this
shell and Larry Buck for his generous input.

Page 46

THE FESTIVUS

Vol XXVI(4): 1994

BOOK NEWS

A Guide to Worldwide Cowries

By: Felix Lorenz Jr. & Alex Hubert. December

1993

571 pages, 124 plates, 50 figures + numerous
unnumbered figures

At first glance this massive volume appears to
be another picture book of the cowry shell (a la
Burgess, 1970 and 1985, Taylor & Walls, 1975, and
Walls, 1979). However, A Guide to Worldwide
Cowries will not only succeed these volumes but
will become the cowry reference book for many
years to come. Not only do the authors comment
on all living species, subspecies, and forms, they
also treat numerous fossil species from the
Cretaceous through the Pleistocene. Lorenz &
Hubert utilize the Schilderian taxonomic
classification for the Cypraeidae and update it as
well. Not since Allan’s (1956) Australian Shells has
this scheme been used in a complete family review
in an illustrated volume (Allan was greatly
influenced by the taxonomic classifications of
Iredale as well). The authors base their subfamilial
and generic definitions on shell and animal
characteristics and inferred evolutionary
relationships of the genera and species.

Following brief paragraphs by both authors in
the preface, an introduction and overview explains
the intent of the volume to be "a guide to taxa and
an aid for collectors and scientists to identify
species by their shells." However, in some instances
the authors refer to animal characteristics for
identification as well (e.g. the Blasicnira teres
complex). A short descriptive section on internal
and external features of the cowry animal treats the
shell, mantle, foot, siphon, radula and shell growth.
The authors briefly comment on the fossil history of
the Cypraeidae and include a "hypothetical family
tree of cowries" based on systematic positions of
fossil and Recent genera.

The text is organized as a "checklist" that treats
four subfamilies, 35 genera, 207 species, 110

subspecies, and 80 forms recognized by the authors.
For each species and subspecies the common name,
original reference, synonyms, geographic range,
characterization, size range, habitat, cross references
to other works, and discussion are included.
Distribution maps are included for each species and
subspecies as well. All species, subspecies, and
forms recognized by the authors are illustrated
along with numerous juveniles, hybrids, freaks,
subfossils, and "niger forms." Several plates feature
living animals as well as selected fossil species.

A very useful illustrated key to living genera and
species is included as is a multilingual glossary of
frequently used terms in English, German, French,
and Italian. Finally, an appendbc includes "A new
subspecies of Cypraeoviila coronata Schilder, 1930,
with a review of the species" and notes on recent
finds including the unusual ovulid Chimaeria
incomparabilis Briano, 1993, from deep water off
Somalia.

The authors have done a splendid job of
monographing the living cypraeids. Complex taxa
such as the South African Cypraeoviila species
group, and the Indo-Pacific groups of erronea onyx,
Cribranila, and Blasicnira teres are well treated
although much work remains to be done. The only
awkward feature of this volume is the placement of
the plates following the text. Color illustrations
within the text would enhance this beautiful book
even more.

The 124 spectacular plates make this volume well
worth the cost. Without a doubt this volume
should be in the library of all cypraeologists.

Available from the publisher: Verlag Christa
Hemmen, Grillparzerstr. 22 D-65187 Wiesbaden
Germany [DM 168 + shipping and handling] ( =
S98.00 as of 17 December 1993), or from Mai de
Mer Enterprises, P.O. Box 482, West Hempstead,
NY 11552 [$100.00 + $4.00 shipping].

Lindsey T. Groves

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Vol, XXVI(4): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 47

COLOR PLATE I. figures 1-8. (1-3) Conus lessu/atus Born. 1778. three specimens from off Isla Cayo in the Sea of Cortez.

(4) Plaiydoris macfarlandi Hanna, 1951, (CASIZ 089102). 2 specimens trawled in Bahia de Sebastian Viscaino, Baja California,
Mexico, August 1952. (5) Janlhina janlhina (Linnaeus, 1758), laying egg mass, San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico. (6) Sinmia lochheckeunci
(Weinkautf, 1881), laying egg mass, Monterey, California. (7,8) Oliva incrassaia [Lightfoot, 1786], apertural and dorsal views of
specimen from El Golfo de Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexico.

I

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 48

PLATYDORIS MACFARLANDI, HANNA, 1951, FROM
BAHIA DE SEBASTIAN VISCAINO,

AND ISLA NATIVIDAD, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

WESLEY M. FARMER

3591 Ruffin Road #226, San Diego, California 92123

In 1951, Hanna described Platydoris macfarlandi
from three specimens taken off Pismo Beach,
California in 129 to 184 meters. Two additional
animals were trawled in 55 to 113 meters in
Redondo Canyon off Redondo Beach, California
and from these two specimens P. macfarlandi was
redescribed (Behrens & Henderson, 1983). These
specimens from deep water were the only five
specimens known.

In August 1952, I was a junior scientist on the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography research vessel,
Paolina-T, working with Senior Scientist Dr.
Kenneth Norris. We were looking for fish in Bahia
de Sebastian Viscaino. Nine P. macfarlandi were
brought up with fish in otter trawls in the bay
between August 11 and 13. Three specimens were
taken from off Isla Natividad and six more were
trawled in the middle of the bay in 88 meters (48
fm). They measured between 14 and 55 mm in
length (preserved). A kodachrome transparency of
two of the opisthobranchs, photographed in a jar
lid, was made aboard ship (Color plate 1, figure 4).

These nine specimens, two of which are shown
in Figures 1 and 2, with five microscope
preparations and 11 Kodachrome transparencies
have been deposited in the Invertebrate Zoology
collection of the California Academy of Sciences
(CASIZ 089101, 089102 & 089618).

These specimens from Bahia de Sebastian
Viscaino, raise the count of this seldom seen
opisthobranch to 14 and are a significant southern
distributional record for the species.

Figures 1 and 2. Line illustration of two specimens of Platydoris
macfarlandi Hanna, 1951, (CASIZ 089102). Trawled in Bahia de
Sebastian Viscaino, Baja California, Mexico, August 1952.

LITERATURE CITED

BEHRENS, DAVID & ROBERT HENDERSON

1983. Redescription of Platydoris macfarlandi Hanna, 1951
a rare deepwater doridacean nudibranch. Veliger
25(4);365-369, 1 pi., text figs. 2-7 (April 1).
HANNA, G.D.

1951. A new west American nudibranch mollusk. Nautilus
65(l):l-3, 5 text figs.

Page 49

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

TWO INTERESTING EGG-LAYING GASTROPODS:
SIMNIA LOEBBECKEANA AND JANTHINA JANTHINA

ALEX KERSTITCH

10700 Calle Vaqueros, Tucson, Arizona 85749

Although most gastropods are bottom dwelling,
associated with a wide variety of substrates, ynn/Zn/m
janthino (Linnaeus, 1758) (Color plate 1, figure 5)
is a pelagic species which spends most of its life
floating on the sea surface. Buoyed by a self-
constructed platform, or raft of bubbles, it drifts
along upside down on the surface at the merc7 of
winds and currents. The bubble cushion is formed
by the extension of the snail’s foot where it traps
tiny air bubbles from the water with its spoon-like
foot. It coats each bubble with a mucilaginous
secretion so the raft of bubbles can be held
together to support the floating shell.

The bubble float also serves to trap small
hydrozoan prey such as Velella and Porpita.
Jonthina secretes a purple dye when the prey is
captured. It is believed the dye keeps the prey’s
nematocysts from firing while Jonthina bites off
chunks of stinging tentacles with its ptenoglossate
radula. Smaller prey can be swallowed whole in its
buccal cavity.

Like many gastropods, Jonthina is

hermaphroditic and the eggs are attached to the
bubble raft. Some species, however, give birth to
free-swimming larvae, or veligers. Being gregarious
snails, janthinids are often washed up on beaches in
large numbers when heavy inshore winds or storms
prevail. Strandings of Jonthina on shore are
sporadic and they are often absent for years. When
beached, the delicate shells are usually damaged, but
good specimens can be collected near shore before
they get washed ashore. In the Gulf of California
Jonthina drifts often include PhysoUo iitrilculus,
Porpita porpita, Velella velella and the pelagic
nudibranch, Glaucus atlanticiis Foster, 1777. All
seem to be intertwined in their predator-prey
relationships. Alt of the five to six janthinid species
are blind and without statocysts. The operculum is

degenerate and the shell is thin and fragile, rarely
exceeding 2 cm in length.

In the Panamic province the family Janthinidae
is represented by two genera and at least three
species, - Jonthina jonthina, Jonthina globosa
Swainson, 1822 and Recliizia palnieri (Dali, 1871).
These have a widespread geographic distribution
and (except for the Panamic Recliizia palmeri) are
circumtropical.

Simnia loebbeckeona (Weinkauff, 1881), (Color
plate 1, figure 6) is a relatively common west coast
species ranging from Monterey, California south to
west Baja California occurring at depths of 60 to
over 300 feet with mantle coloration ranging from
pure white to crimson red.

Occasionally called rice shells, all Simnia species
are ovulid cowries which are exclusively associated
with gorgonians, sea whips, sea fans, sea pens and
even black corals. Feeding on the colorful polyps
and tissues of their hosts, their mantle coloration is
derived from the tissue pigmentation of the ingested
soft parts. A single species feeding on a variety of
soft corals may exhibit a range of mantle
colorations, each matching the color of the hosts.
Although some damage to the host does occur,
Simnia rarely destroy their host organisms and
grazed areas are restored relatively quickly with
tissues and polyps. Various mantle coloration in
the same species can, at times, make identification
difficult.

Eggs of Simnia are laid in round, transparent
capsules attached directly to branches of the host
(Color plate 1, figure 6). In two to three weeks
tiny veligers hatch out in search of a host.

Aquarium observations have revealed that male
Simnia spp. from California and the Gulf of
California tend to be territorial. When two or
more males are found on a single gorgonian, they

Vol. XXVI(4): 1991

THE FESTIVUS

Page 50

will vigorously defend their territories from
intruding males. Females, however, are left alone
and a single male may live with a harem of four or
more females. Another aquarium observation
demonstrated that some Simnia spp. occasionally
leave their hosts in search of another. By drifting
upward towards the surface the minute snail

attaches its foot upside down to the surface film of
water and drifts about. From time to time the foot
is retracted into the shell and the snail sinks to the
bottom in search of another host. If a new host is
not encountered the snail repeats its ascent to the
surface. The whole process of rising to the surface
and sinking to the bottom is repeated several times
until a new host is encountered.

CLUB NEWS (continued)

Balboa Park, Now a Safer Place

A notice called "Social Security" in the
March/April 1994 issue of Field Notes, a publication
of the San Diego Natural History Museum,
announced that there has been a dramatic decrease
in crime in Balboa Park as a result of a "beefed-
up police force, park rangers, security guards, and
border patrol personnel on horseback, bicycles,
motorcycles, squad cars and on foot..." and that
people should not be insecure about enjoying our
museums, theaters and gardens.

A call to Officer Bette Weed at the Balboa
Park Storefront office [opposite the Cafe del Rey
Moro] (525-8244) confirmed that "crime in the park
is way down," with the most dramatic decrease in
crimes against persons. Anyone desiring a copy of
the crime statistics in Balboa Park can request one
by visiting the Storefront Office.

This is, indeed, good news to the many people

and organizations such as the San Diego Shell Club
that meet in this beautiful park.

Too Late for the Roster

Auckland Institue & Museum, Serials Dept., The
Library, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Woolsey, Mary Jo (Jody), 3717 Bagley Ave., #206,
Los Angeles, CA 90034, (213) 839-1604

New Members

Brenner, Ed, 1291 Las Flores Drive, Carlsbad, CA
92008, (619) 720-1556

Boyd, Bob & Susie, P.O. Box 1541, Fallbrook, CA
92088, (619) 728-3849

Price, Ali L. & Kevin Martyn, 31500-lst Ave. So.
#22-303, Federal Way, WA 98003, (206) 941-
2349

L

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club
Volume: XXVI May 12, 1994 Number: 5

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF
1 listorian
Librarian

FESTIVUS STAl’F
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Hugh Bradner
Larry Buck
Kay Klaus
Rick Negus
Margaret Mulliner
Carole M. Hertz

Pal Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
•lules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): S 12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
Sl.'i.OO; Overseas (air mail); S30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 38S3
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Feslivus is published monthly except
December. The publication dale appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue; S.3.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natwvl History
Eugene V. Coan
Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences
Anthony D’Attilio
2dl5 29th Street
San Diego, California 92104
Douglas J. Eernisse
University of Michigan
William K. Emerson
American Museum of Natural Histoiy
Terrence M. Gosliner
California Academy of Sciences
James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Histoiy
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy
Emily 11. Vokes
Tidane University

Meeting date; third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Collecting Mollusks in the South China Sea

Paul Scott, Associate Curator of Invertebrate Histoty, will present a slide program (with a

Zoology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural display) on his trip to the South China Sea.

Book and Reprint Sale

Meeting date: May 19, 1994
Shells of the month: bivalves

CONTENTS

Club news 52

Panamic puzzles; a question of assignment {Odostomia vs. TurboniUa)

ROBERT KOCH 53

Persicula pulchella (Kiener, 1834) "a numbing experience"

KIM HUTSELL 56

The secret is out; a new mousetrap has been invented!

HAL AND CHARLOTTE NORRID 57

Octopus bites clam

ROLAND C. ANDERSON 58

Page 52

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

CLUB NEWS

The Auction/Potiuck

Because the May issue had to go to press early,
news of last month’s Auction will be published in
the June issue. Additionally, that issue will contain
a listing of those members and friends who donated
auction material.

The 1994 Greater San Diego Science
and Engineering Fair

The San Diego Shell Club has again sent its
judges to the Science Fair, this year chaired by
Hans Bertsch. This is the Club’s 23rd year of
participation and the judging committee will report
to the membership at the May meeting. The Club
chooses a winner from the senior division entrants
in the area of marine life. The winner will attend
a future meeting of the Club and give an overview
of the winning project and receive a Club award
from a choice of three books. Between Pacific Tides,
Intertidal Invertebrates of California or
Invertebrate Zoology.

The Bizarre Bazaar

The fifth annual shell bazaar (Bizarre Bazaar)
will be held this Saturday, May 14th, beginning at
1 p.m. in the garden of Margaret and Dave
Mulliner’s home at 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego,
92109. It’s a most enjoyable event so bring your
shells or shell related items and a table or stand
and enjoy the bazaar. There’s heavy admiring,
trading, buying and selling-and socializing.

The Festivus Welcomes Articles

The Festivus welcomes your articles, both
popular and scientific (sometimes overlapping), long
or short - from collecting and diving trips,
aquarium observations, unusual finds, photography
of shells, unusual shell and color forms, collecting
and/or preparation techniques etc. - to serious

articles on topics such as habitat observations in the
field (i.e egg laying, feeding, copulating, niches),
studies of molluscan morphology, range extensions,
book reviews.

Articles should be submitted to the editor at
the Club address (front page) double spaced and
including any art work, such as photographs (color
or black & white), drawings, tables and maps. In
addition to hard copy, accompanying floppy disks in
Word Perfect 5.0 are very welcome.

Articles are subject to review by The Festivus
review board (front page) and this editor. This is
done to check accuracy, insure that information is
current and suggest improvements. It should not
prevent anyone from contributing. The review
process only makes the submitted paper better.

Many of those who have published in The
Festivus have decided that they like the idea. Why
not send in an article; you’ll probably find it an
enjoyable experience also.

The Club Book and Reprint Sales

The Club’s book and reprint sales at the past
few meetings have been well received and successful.
The material at the sales is duplicate library
material and/or items donated for the sale. The
monies raised from the sales are used for purchases
of new books and periodicals for the Club’s library.
There will be another book and reprint sale at the
May meeting. It’s first come, first served and
payment is on the honor system. So come early
and find a bargain.

Club Mugs Available

Club mugs are still available for purchase.
These specially designed mugs, each featuring three
local shells, are in two sizes: standard size at $7 and
extra-large at $9. Should you want the mugs
shipped, add S2 domestic postage (per mug). For
overseas purchases, postage varies depending on the
country. Mugs can be purchased directly at the
May meeting.

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 53

PANAMIC PUZZLES; A QUESTION OF ASSIGNMENT
(ODOSTOMIA VS. TURBONILLA)

ROBERT KOCH

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road,

Santa Barbara, California 93105

Within the family Pyramidellidae, as recorded by
Keen (1971), the most numerous genera in the
Panamic faunal province are Odostomia and
Turbonilla. With the various taxonomic changes
that have been published subsequently, as compiled
by Skoglund (1992), it is more appropriate to raise
these two genera to the subfamily level of
Odostomiinae and Turbonillinae. In any event this
will not alter the character of this fruitless exercise
in taxonomy as no changes are involved.

While the majority of turbonillas exhibit a more
slender and tapering profile as opposed to the
odostomias, the more pronounced morphological
key is supposedly a columellar fold. As described
by Dali and Bartsch (1909), Keen (1971) and
Abbott (1974), the genus Odostomia generally may
be separated by an easily recognizable collumellar
fold. Turbonilla, on the other hand, may often have
a weak fold hidden or not readily visible on the
columella. So in the initial separation look for the
fold. Where evident, commence identification
within the odostomias; otherwise start with the
turbonillas.

An array of genera and subgenera are
represented within the two subfamilies - some 32
if Keen’s count is used. There are a goodly number
of identifiable species which appear to fit
comfortably within their generic assignments.
Occasionally though, the rationale for a given
designation fails to penetrate this individual’s
cranium. In particular, two species under the
specific names lierrerae and wetmorei have me
confused. Viewing the illustrations and original
descriptions of the holotypes (reproduced here as
Figures 1 and 2 so that the reader, if so
"taxonomically" inclined, can pursue an independent
conclusion) the two species seem reasonably similar

Figures 1 & 2. (1) Odostomia (Pyrgulina) herrerae Baker, Hanna
& Strong, 1928, hololype, after Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928.
(2) Turbonilla (Pyrgscus) wetmorei Strong & Hertlein, 1927,
holotype, after Strong & Hertlein, 1927.

in appearance, leaning toward elongate and slender.
Each has rounded axial ribs from suture to suture
and on the final whorl extending toward the
umbilical region. As stated in their respective
descriptions, the spiral sculpture of each consists of
"incised" lines. TTie lengths of the holotypes are
about the same - 3.4 mm for herrerae versus 3.5
mm for wetmorei. The diameter of herrerae is
broader than wetmorei 1.12 mm versus 0.9 mm and
by my count (of the holotype illustrations) henerae
exhibits 5Vi teleoconch whorls, wetmorei 6Y2. The
authors described the whorl counts as 5^^4 and 7
respectively. In the latter instance, it may be that
the apertural whorl was counted as a full whorl
rather than a half. There is a color pattern
associated with wetmorei, but herrerae is described as
"shining, milk-white" which would indicate a dead
shell that may or may not have had a color feature.

Page 54

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

Thus far, in my view, the two species might easily
be considered related or, if a variability factor were
included, possibly conspecific. But the descriptive
details do not support this cursory conclusion.

The descriptions of our two micro-monsters
were published in the late 1920s and 30s at which
time, so far as I can determine, the authors’
principal source for comparison would have been
the pyramidellid monograph of Dali & Bartsch
(1909). So where to place these somewhat similar
and minute beauties?

The first to be described was herrerae, where
the authors indicate, with respect to the aperture,
"...peritreme completed by a very narrow parietal
callus, the outer and basal lip, columella and
parietal wall not being distinctly definable." To me
this connotes a whole or continuous apertural
margin and the illustration seems to support this
conclusion. There is no mention of a columellar
fold, hence my presumption that the species falls
under Turbonillinae, genus Tiirbonilla. Then, what
subgenus? Using the Dali & Bartsch (1909) key,
herrerae probably belongs in the subgenus Pyrgiscus
where: "....Axial sculpture consisting of well

developed ribs. Spiral markings.. .of strongly incised
lines. Summits of whorls not strongly shouldered...."
The illustration certainly gives the impression of
"well-developed" ribs. While the description refers
to "numerous fine, wavy, incised lines," the
illustration shows, on the last whorl, what can be
taken for "strongly incised lines." "Summits of
whorls not strongly shouldered...." certainly applies
as illustrated and described as "... whorls. ..slopingly
shouldered," at least on the later whorls. My
specimens vary from strongly to slopingly

shouldered, but all adults display a complete
peritreme with no visible fold (Figure 3).

So much for hetrerae\ now for wetmorei. Here
the authors indicate a "...columella raised, curving
into the aperture as an oblique fold." My
assumption is that this characteristic would probably
indicate an odostomian, in this case the genus
Odostomia — and that the subgenus might be
Pyrgnlina. Dali & Bartsch (1909) characterize the
shells in this subgenus as having "...strong axial ribs
which extend from summit to the umbilical area;
intercostal spaces of the spire and base marked by
fine incised lines...." The description and
illustration would appear, in most particulars to
support these statements. The description states

"...upper whorls strongly shouldered, less so on the
later whorls...." This feature also is apparent in
the illustration, but from the illustration of herrerae
the same might apply (Figure 4).

Figures 3 & 4. (3) Odostomia (PyrgiiUna) herrerae, approx. 3.0
mm L. (Note color hand on final whorl.) Dredged 15 m (50 ft)
on sand bottom off Isla San Jorge, Gulf of California, 28
September 1973. Leg. R. Koch. (4) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus)
wennorei, approx. 3.5 mm L. Dredged in 91-107 m (300-350 ft)
on coarse sand, cobbles and shell debris bottom, SW of Punta
Doble, San Carlos (Guaymas), Sonora, Mexico, May 1985. Leg.
R. Koch. Photos: D. K. Mulliner.

Here, as with heirerae, my shells exhibit a
variability factor, but the "oblique fold" is evident.
And incidentally, if my identifications are correct
(I’m more confident about herrerae than wetmorei),
the two species have distinguishable nuclei (Figures
5 & 6).

By my reckoning herrerae is a Turbonilla,

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 55

Figure 6. Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) wetmorei. Nucleus of specimen
illustrated in Figure 2. Photo; D. K. Mulliner.

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER

1974. American Seashells, 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold,
NY, 663 pp.

BAKER, FRED, G DALLAS HANNA & A.M. STRONG
1928. Some Pyramidellidae from the Gulf of California. Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci 17(7):205-246, pis. 11-12.

DALL, WILLIAM H. & PAUL BARTSCH
1909. A monograph of west American pyramidellid mollusks.
Bull. USNM 68, 258 pp., 30 pis.

HANSELMAN, GEORGE A.

1973. Some hints on the identification of chitons (part 3).
Festivus 4(6):41-45. Reprinted: Of Sea and Shore, Fall
1973:113-118.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2nd ed. Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, CA. i-xiv-l-1064 pp.

STRONG, A.M. & LEO G. HERTLEIN
1937. New species of Recent mollusks from the coast of
western North America. The Templeton Crocker
Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932.
No. 35. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 22(6):159-178, pis. 34-35.

subgenus Pyrgiscus, and wetmorei an Odostomia,
subgenus Pyrgulina (Figures 3-6).

Well, not hardly! Just the opposite is the case;
the two species are Odostomia (Pyrgulina) hetrerae
Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928, without a columellar
fold, and Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) wetmorei Strong &
Hertlein, 1937, with a fold. So much for my ability
to key-out and identify some of these minute
rascals. If there is any consolation in this exercise
in futility it comes from Col. George Hanselman.
About descriptions, he wrote the following in 1973:
"And so, as always, in the long run a description
may turn out to be the product of what the
describer saw, what he thought he said about it, and
what you think he thought he said." Words to
guide this poor benighted individual.

Figure 5. Odostomia (Pyrgulina} herrcrae. Nucleus of specimen
illustrated in Figure 3. Photo: D. K. Mulliner.

Page 56

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

PERSICULA PULCHELLA (KIENER, 1834)
"A NUMBING EXPERIENCE"

KIM C. HUTSELL

1605 SW 29th Street, Topeka, Kansas 66611

During a dive on the May 1992 expedition at
Cocos Island, Costa Rica, I found myself faced with
a situation where applying an old collecting
technique seemed appropriate. Our dive vessel.
The Undersea Hunter, had anchored near one of
the small islets off Cocos for a night dive. Not
wanting to miss the opportunity, I made a dive with
video gear in tow. As often happens with
underwater photography, an equipment failure
occurred early in the dive and I decided to return

to the boat to correct the problem.

While en route, I scanned the bottom as I went,
hoping to find a specimen or two of Olivo foxi
(Stingley, 1984). The sand bottom at 20 m (65 ft)
was rather barren and I found no olives, or
anything else for that matter. That is, not until I
spotted a tiny marginella cruising along the sand.
I was really surprised that I saw it at all because it
was the same buff color as the sand and less than
10 mm in length. (See Figures 1 & 2).

Figures 1 & 2. Pcrsicula piikhcHa (Kiener, 1834), 8.3 mm, live collected on sand at 20 meters (1) apertural view (2) dorsal view.
Photos: D. K, Mulliner.

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 57

I’d made the dive with video equipment instead
of collecting gear so I had no bag, no bottle, no
gloves, nothing to carry the specimen. And from
past experience, I didnt want to try carrying
something that tiny and slick between my fingers
back to the boat. Then I remembered a technique
I’d used in Okinawa for transporting small cowries
safely to the surface. I took my regulator out of
my mouth, placed the marginella between my upper
lip and gum, and replaced my regulator.

Only about fifteen minutes had elapsed from
the time I found the specimen to the time I stood
on the deck of the Undersea Hunter. But, by then,
my entire upper lip, the gums around where I’d
carried the marginella and the tip of my tongue
were completely numb. It felt similar to visiting the
dentist, but there was no taste, foul or otherwise,
just numbness that lasted for well over a half hour.
This phenomenon may already be known to others,
but it was certainly something new to me.

THE SECRET IS OUT: A NEW MOUSETRAP HAS BEEN INVENTED!

HAL & CHARLOTTE NORRID
233 E. Cairo Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85282

Full disclosure has been made.
When they go camping together,
the Skoglunds never have mice
in their camper and the Norrids
always do.

In the spring of 1993, Carol
and Paul Skoglund found a live
Spondylus leucacantha Broderip,
1833 (about 110 mm L) and put
it on the doorstep to their
camper. During the night the
bivalve relaxed and opened its
valves. Along came an
inquisitive mouse. T\\q Spondyhts
responded by quickly closing its
valves and the poor little mouse
did not get into the house
(Figure 1).

No mice in the Skoglund’s
camper!

Figure 1. Tlie Spondylus leucacantha mousetrap with mouse.

Page 58

THE FESTIVUS

Vol.XXVI(5): 1994

OCTOPUS BITES CLAM

ROLAND C. ANDERSON

The Seattle Aquarium, 1483 Alaskan Way, Seattle, Washington 98101

I have always been interested in
unusual shell damage caused by
predation or parasitism (see
Anderson, 1993). Shell damage can
show the evidence of the inter-
relationship between animals long
after they have died, in the form of
their long-lasting shells. This
evidence persists even in the fossil
record (e.g. Geary et ai, 1991).

Recently, I have been studying
how octopuses [Octopus dofleini
(Wulker, 1910)] open clams for
eating (Mather & Anderson, in
prep.). These octopus may pull the
clams apart, chip the edges of the
shell or break it with their beaks, or
drill into it. They use a radula to
drill shells in combination with an
accessory boring organ, which helps
dissolve shell material (Nixon, 1980).
Once they drill a hole or chip the
edge of a shell they inject a bit of
venom into it to paralyze and kill the
clam. In Anderson (1985) I
documented the reluctance of an O.
dofleini to bore into large (8-10 cm)
Hmnilaria kennerleyi (Reeve, 1863),
presumably because of the extra
thickness of the clam’s shell. As an
addendum to that information, 1 have
since found that octopus will bore
more readily into small Humilaria,
smaller than 8 cm. 1 recently found
damaged Humilaria shells in octopus
middens ("middens" are the food and
shell remains that octopuses leave in
front of their dens). I was diving at
the Keystone Underwater State Park
(Whidbey Island, Washington State).
The five octopus dens were under

large boulders making up a jetty. The octopuses were not
weighed, but I judged them to be 10-15 kg. Midden remains were
composed of edible crabs Cancer magister, C. productiis, C. gracilis,
and bivalves Chlamys liastala, Mytilus trossulus, Saxidomus giganteus,
Protothaca staminea, Clinocardium nuttallii, Solen sicarius,
Entodesma navicula (= saxicola), and Humilaria kennerleyi. None
of the shells were drilled. Shells were either undamaged, broken,
or chipped.

It was particularly interesting to me to find chipped Humilaria
shells (see Figure 1). Sea stars that can open a Humilaria shell
laboriously delaminate the edges to gain entrance (Anderson,

Figure 1. This Humilaria shell was found in an Octopus dopdui midden. The
oclopus bit the edge of tlie shell with its beak to get inside. Photo: Leo Shaw,
Seattle Aquarium.

1985). Hartwick et al. (1978) found that Humilaria shells in den
middens of O. dofleini had mostly been drilled or opened
undamaged. Evidently, large octopuses can also chip the edges to
gain entrance. The force needed to do so must be considerable, as
this is a thick-shelled clam. The shell in Figure 1 is 77.2 mm
long, 58.6 mm wide, and 3.9 mm thick at the edge where the
chipping took place. This gives me a new respect for the power
of an octopus beak.

Vol. XXVI(5): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 59

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, R.C.

1985. Super clam? Shells and Sea Life. 17(5): 173-176.
1993. Some unusual shell damage. The Feslivus. 25(5):45-
50.

GEARY, D. H., W. D. ALLMON & M. L. REAKA-KUDLA
1991. Stomatopod predation on fossil gastropods from the
Plio-Pleistocene of Florida. J. Paleon. 65:355-360.

HARTWICK, E.B., G. T1 lORARlNSSON & L. TULLOCH
1978. Methods of attack by Octopus dofleiiti (Wulker) on
captured bivalve and gastropod prey. Mar. Behav.
Physiol. 5:193-200.

NIXON, M.

1980. The salivary papilla of Octopus as an accessory radula
for drilling holes. J. Zool. London. 190:53-57.

AVAILABLE ISSUES AND SUPPLEMENTS OF
THE FESTIVUS

Supplements

1992 Additions to the Panamic Province Gastropod (Mollusca Literature 1971 to 1992, by Carol Skoglund,
(24:viii + 169 pp.) postpaid domestic, $20. overseas surface postpaid, $22. overseas airmail postpaid
$29.

1991 Additions to the Panamic Province Bivalve (Mollusca) Literature 1971 to 1990, by Carol Skoglund,
(22:i-v+74 pp.) $11. postpaid domestic, $12. overseas surface, $15. overseas airmail.

1990 Additions to the Panamic Province Opisthobranch (Mollusca) Literature 1971 to 1990, by Carol
Skoglund (22:i-iii+27 pp.) $6. postpaid domestic, $7. overseas surface, $12. overseas airmail.

1988 An Illustrated Catalogue of the Family Typhidae Cossmann, 1903 by D’Attilio & Hertz, (20:73 pp.,
109 figs) $11. postpaid domestic, $12. overseas surface, $15.50 overseas airmail.

1986 A Faunal Study of the Bivalves of San Felipe and Environs, Gulf of California, from the Gemmell

Collection (1965 to 1976) by Gemmell, Myers & Hertz (18:1-72 pp., 78 figs) $9. postpaid domestic,
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1983 Illustration of the types named by S. Stillman Berry in his "Leaflets in Malacology" by Carole M.
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Yearly Volumes 1980 - 1994 @ $12.00 per volume plus postage. 1970-1979 @ $10 per volume plus postage.

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Make checks to San Diego Shell Club, 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA.

ISSN 0738-9388

»ol

^LL

•.Ui'i > r

;x-X:

f T H E U S

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI

June 9, 1994

Number: 6

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corrcs.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAIT
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Hugh Bradner
Larry Buck
Kay Klaus
Rick Negus
Margaret Mulliner
Carole M. Hertz

Pat Boyd

Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus po.stage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOAI^D
R. Tucker Abbott
American Mahicologists
Henry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Ilisloiy

Eugene V. Coan

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

Anthony D’Attilio

do Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr.

Laguna Beach, CA 92651

Douglas J. Eerni.sse

University of Michigan

William K. Emerson

American Museum of NaUiral llistoiy

Terrence M. Goslincr

California Academy of Sciences

James II. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natiwa! llistoiy
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natia-al llistoiy
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural llistoiy
Emily II. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM
Diving in the Philippines

Bob Yin, Club member and an award winning Philippine Islands. Bob will give a slide presentation on

underwater photographer, has just returned from the this recent trip.

Assessing Changing Energy Needs vs Predation Ri.sk
in [the barnacle] Pollicipes polymerus

James Sullivan Gibilisco, a twelfth grader at Mt. winner. He will give an overview of his project and receive

Miguel High School, is the Club’s 1994 Science Fair his Club book award.

Meeting date: June 16, 1994
Shells of the month: Philippine shells

CONTENTS

Club news 61

A zoogeographic summary of the marine mollu.sks of Clipperton Island (tropical eastern Pacific Ocean)

WILLIAM K. EMERSON 62

Xenophora robusta (Verrill, 1870)

KIM C. HUTSELL 72

In Memoriam: Rose D’Attilio 73

Book news: Review of Architectonicidae of the Indo-Pacillc (Molliisca, Gastropoda) by Rudiger Bieler

JAMES II. MCLEAN, reviewer 74

Page 61

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - May 19, 1994

At 7:40 p.m. the meeting was called to order by
President Hugh Bradner. Minutes of the March
meeting were approved as published in The
Festivus.

Guests and new members were introduced and
there were several announcements. Treasurer
Margaret Mulliner disclosed that the Club’s April
auction was the most successful ever. The Club
Science Fair winner, James Sullivan Gibilisco - a
12th grader at Mt. Miguel High School, was
announced. He will be giving an overview of his
winning project and receive his prize at the June
meeting. A motion to buy bookcases from the
Botanical Garden Foundation was rejected by a
voice vote. Jules Hertz reviewed a number of new
publications which will be available to members in
the Club library. Billee Brown gave a short
announcement about the upcoming COA
convention in Texas.

Rick Negus won the door prize, and the cookies
for the social hour were supplied by Nancy
Schneider and Mary Regula.

Jules Hertz introduced the speaker, Paul Scott,
who gave a wonderful slide presentation of his trip
to Hong Kong and collecting mollusks in the South
China Sea. Paul went to Hong Kong to participate
in a workshop that aimed to establish a base line
for a future marine sanctuary in the area. We were
treated to the sights of Hong Kong as well as an
overview of the facilities at the workshop and the
local marine habitats. All of those attending
enjoyed this program very much.

After the program, the members enjoyed the
refreshments and talking about their favorite
subject, shells.

Rick Negus

The Annual Auction/Potiuck

This year’s Auction was another rousing success,
with at least fifty members and guests attending.
All enjoyed a wonderful potluck and Dave

(continued

Mulliner’s famous punch at Wes Farmer’s
Clubhouse.

The auction was very exciting, with many
sensational shells, including a Cypraea morginata
ketyano bringing spirited bidding and Tony
D’Attilio’s exquisite drawing of Homalocantha
zomboi, the most hotly contested item at the
auction. Many fine out-of-print books were also
auctioned off including a copy of the Thesaurus
Coiichyliorum and Kira & Habe’s two volume
Shells of the Western Pacific.

The food was in great abundance and everyone
got more than their fill of everything from salad to
curried chicken, with an equal amount of delicious
desserts also available.

Carole Hertz did a wonderful job as auctioneer,
and with the help of Margaret Mulliner and Pat
Boyd, was able to complete the auction in record
time. Many other people helped to make this our
most successful auction to date. Our grateful
thanks first to Wes Farmer for hosting the auction
again and to the many Club members who
organized the party, bagged the shells, set up and
cleaned up after it was over and all of those who
participated in the bidding.

Below are the names of those who generously
contributed the shells which made the auction
possible.

Rick Negus

Donors to the 1994 Auuual Auctiou/Potluck

Paula & George Barton, Billee Brown, Ed &
Pat Boyd, Marge & Hugh Bradner, Twila Bratcher,
Larry Buck, Larry Catarius, Jos6 «& Marcus Coltro,
Karen Couch, Anthony D’Attilio, Helen DuShane,
Wes Farmer, Bob Foster, Tony Gabelish, Dave
Green, Carole «& Jules Hertz, Michael Hollmann,
John Jackson, Kirstie Kaiser, George Kennedy, June
King, Kay Klaus, John LaGrange, Marge & Ken
Lindahl, Margaret & Dave Mulliner, Rick Negus,
Carol Novak, Jeanne & Don Pisor, Dale Robertson,
Wally Robertson, Bill & Carol Romer, Don Shasky,
Carol & Paul Skoglund-Our grateful appreciation
to all of you.
i page 75)

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 62

A ZOOGEOGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF THE
MARINE MOLLUSKS OF CLIPPERTON ISLAND
(TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN)

William K. Emerson

American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79ih Street,
New York, New York 10024-5192

INTRODUCTION

Clipperton Island (10°18’N, 109°13’W), a
possession of France, is of volcanic origin peaking
on the submerged Clipperton Ridge, and rises some
3,000 m above the ocean floor (Menard & Fischer,
1958). This small, oval shaped, coral island, a
"near-atoll", is but 12 km in circumference, and
most of the island is only 0.65 to 4 m above mean
tide level. The most conspicuous feature of the
island is Clipperton Rock, on the southeastern end
of the island, with an elevation of 29 m (Sachet,
1962a,b). The island encloses a fresh water lagoon,
which was open to the sea about 150 years ago
(Hertlein & Emerson, 1953, pi. 26; Allison &
Holden, 1971).

Located ca. 10° north of the Equator, Clipperton
Island is the most isolated of the eastern Pacific
oceanic islands (Figure 1). The nearest land is
Mexico, some 600 nautical miles to the NNE and
the closest coral atoll in the central Pacific is
Parkapuka Island in the Tuamotu Archipelago,
some 2,300 nautical miles to the southwest (Sachet,
1962a).

Clipperton Island lies in the path of several
shifting oceanic current systems (Zinsmeister &
Emerson, 1979). In the winter months, the North
Equatorial Current flows westward to and beyond
the island, whereas the Equatorial Counter Current
extends to the north of the island, but this eastward
flow may reach the island during interrupted cycles
(Sachet, 1962a).

FAUNAL COMPOSITION

A compilation (Appendix 1) of the shallow-water,
shelled mollusks reported in the literature and/or
based on specimens located in collections from
Clipperton Island reveals an impoverished fauna
totalling 92 species composed of gastropods (70
species, 76%) and bivalves (22 species, 24%).
(Collections of other molluscan groups are not
recorded here). The vast majority of the bivalves
are epifaunal elements capable of being rafted to
this insular outpost. Most of these bivalve groups
have post-larval stages that can attach to or bore
into floating debris and thus can be transported and
dispersed via ocean currents (Emerson, 1978:92).
The remainder of the bivalves are infaunal elements
presumably with a reproductive mode involving
planktotropic larvae that are potentially capable of
long-distant dispersal (cf. Le Pennec, 1973). Most
of the families of gastropods are known to have
some species possessing larvae that can be dispersed
as free-living planktonic elements in the water
column (Emerson, 1978:92). The influence of El
Nino/Southern Oscillation events on the dispersal
patterns and survival rates of the mollusks that
occur on this island requires further investigation
and interpretation (cf. Kay, 1991; Richmond, 1990).

The marine molluscan fauna (Appendix 1) is
dominated by provincial elements of the Indo-
Pacific (with 40 species; 43%) and the Panamic
(with 38 species; 41%). Lesser elements are
represented by the Californian-Panamic (with 5

Page 63

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

Figure 1. Chart showing the location of Clipperton Island in
relation to the other oceanic islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean
(after Emerson, 1967).

species; 5%), Endemic (with 3 species; 3%) and the
Cosmopolitan-Circumtropical component (with 6
species; 7%). This pattern of faunal composition
serves to confirm earlier findings on the
zoogeographic diversity of the molluscan elements
of this insular fauna, noteworthy for the largest
component of the Indo-Pacific faunal element in the
eastern Pacific Ocean (Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein &
Emerson, 1953; Emerson, 1967, 1978, 1991).
Clipperton Island thus is geographically positioned

to act as a stepping stone to receive mostly warm-
water faunal constituents dispersing eastward from
the central Pacific islands and westward from the
eastern Pacific mainland (cf. Allison & Holden,
1971).

The few collections of marine mollusks made by
expeditions to Clipperton Island have been largely
incidental to other studies and were mostly confined
to intertidal collecting and to limited shallow-water
diving (Emerson, 1993). It is hoped the long
planned Clipperton Expedition (April - May, 1994)
organized by John D. Jackson and Kirstie L. Kaiser
will be able to document the established elements
of the molluscan fauna. It would be useful to

determine which species are able to maintain
reproductively viable populations and those which
are newly arrived immigrants that apparently require
repeated replenishment by larval recruitment or
other dispersal agents, the result of which are
transitional, non-self-propagating populations (cf.
Vermeij, 1990). The species records that follow
(Appendix 1) provide a database for future studies
of the biodiversity of this insular molluscan fauna.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am pleased to acknowledge with thanks the
cooperation of a number of people for their aid in
the completion of this compilation. Type and other
specimens and/or locality data were provided by
Gary Rosenberg and Doree Bardes (ANSP),
Terrence M. Gosliner and Robert Van Syoc (CAS),
Fred G. Thompson and Kurt Auffenberg (FMNH),
James H. McLean and Lindsey T. Groves (LACM),
David R. Lindberg and Carole S. Hickman (MPB),
Alison Trew (NMW), Regina Wetzer (SDNHM),
Henry W. Chaney and Paul C. Scott (SBMNH), M.
G. Harasewych and Raye N. Germon (USNM),
Hugh Bradner (La Jolla, CA), Donald R. Shasky
(Redlands, CA), Kirstie L. Kaiser (Salt Lake City,
UT) and John D. Jackson (El Cajon, CA). Yves
Finet (Musdum d’Histoire Naturelle, Gendve,
Switzerland), Hugh Bradner, Lindsey T. Groves and
E. Alison Kay (University of Hawaii (Honolulu, HI)
provided information on critical specimens. I am
also indebted to my colleagues at the AMNH,
Walter E. Sage, III for technical assistance and
Terry McAieer for word-processing the manuscript.
James H. McLean kindly reviewed the manuscript
and offered helpful suggestions.

Vol. XXVI(6); 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 64

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R. T. & S. P. DANCE

1982. Compendium of seashells. E. P. Dutlon, Inc., New York,
i-x+1-411.

ALLISON, E. C.

1959. Distribution of Conus on Clipperton Island. The Veliger
l(4):32-34.

ALLISON, E. C. & J. C. HOLDEN

1971. Recent ostracodes from Clipperton Island, eastern
tropical Pacific. Transactions of the San Diego Society
of Natural History 16(7):165-214.

BARTSCH, P. & H. A. REHDER

1939. Mollusks collected on the presidential cruise of 1938.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 98(10):1-18.

BERNARD, F. R.

1983. Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific
Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special
Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, Ottawa,
viii + 102 pp.

BIELER, RUDIGER

1988. Phyogenetic relationships in the gastropod family
Architectonicidae, with notes on the family Mathildidae
(Allogastropoda). Malacological Review, suppl. 4:205-
240.

BURGESS, C. M.

1985. Cowries of the world. Seacomber Publications:
Capetown, South Africa i-xiv-l- 1-289.

CATE, C. N.

1969. The eastern Pacific cowries. The Veliger 12(1):103-119.

DALE, W. H.

1910. Summary of the shells of the genus Conus from the
Pacific coast of America in the United States National
Museum. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 38(1741):217-228.

EMERSON, W. K.

1967. Indo-Pacific faunal elements in the tropical eastern
Pacific, with special reference to the mollusks. Venus
(Japanese Journal of Malacology) 25(3/4):85-93.

1978. Mollusks with Indo-Pacific faunal affinities in the eastern
Pacific Ocean. The Nautilus 92(2):91-96.

1991. First records for Cymatium miinduin (Gould) in the
eastern Pacific Ocean, with comments on the
zoogeography of the tropical trans-Pacific Tonnacean
and non-tonnacean prosobranch gastropods with Indo-
Pacific faunal affinities in west American waters. The
Nautilus 105(2):62-80.

1993. On the first records of Cypraea moneta Linnaeus and
Cymatium mimdum (Gould) living on the west American
mainland (Cypraeidae; Ranellidae) with zoogeographic
implications. The Festivus 25(8):70-74.

EMERSON, W. K. & W. E. OLD, JR.

1964. Additional records from Cocos Island. The Nautilus
77(3):90-92.

FINET, Y.

1985. Preliminary faunal list of the marine mollusks of the
Galapagos Islands. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles
de Belgique, Documents de Travail no. 20:1-50.

1987. Pinna nigosa Sowerby, 1835 (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) at the
GaHpagos Islands. The Veliger 30(1):98, 99.

1991. The marine mollusks of the GaHpagos Islands, pp. 253-
280. In, M. J. James, [editor], GaHpagos marine
invertebrates.... Plenum Pre.ss, New York.

GROVES, L. T.

1992. California cowries (Cypraeacea): Past and Present, with
notes on Recent tropical eastern Pacific species. The
Festivus 24(9):101-107.

HANNA, G D.

1963. West American mollusks of the genus Conus-U.
Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences,
no. 35:1-103.

HANNA, G D. & A. M. STRONG

1949. West American mollusks of the genus Conus.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,
Series 4, 26(9):247-322.

HERTLEIN, L. G.

1937. A note on some species of marine mollusks occurring in
both Polynesia and the western Americas. Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society 78(2):303-312.

HERTLEIN, L. G. & E. C. ALLISON.

1960a. Species of the genus Cypraea from Clipperton Island.
The Veliger 2(4): 94, 95.

19o0b. Gastropods from Clipperton Island. The Veliger 3(1):13-
16.

1966. Additions to the molluscan fauna of Clipperton Island.
The Veliger 9(2):138-140.

1968. Descriptions of new species of gastropods from
Clipperton Island. Occasional Papers of the California
Academy of Sciences, no. 66:1-13.

HERTLEIN, L. G. & W. K. EMERSON.

1953. Mollusks from Clipperton Island (Eastern Pacific) with
the description of a new species of gastropod.
Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History
ll(13):345-364.

1957. Additional notes on the invertebrate fauna of Clipperton
Island. American Museum Novitates no. 1859:1-9.

KAY, E. A.

1979. Hawaiian marine shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii.
Section 4, Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special
Publication 64(4)i-x'vll-t-l-653.

1991. The marine mollusks of the Galapdgos: Determinants of
insular marine faunas, pp. 235-252. In, M. J. James
[editor], Galapagos marine invertebrates.... Plenum Press,
New York.

KEEN, A. M.

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America. Stanford University
Press, Edition 2, i-xiv J- l-f064.

LE PENNEC, M. L.

1973. Morphogenesis de la chariere chez 5 speces de
Veneridae. Malacologia 12(2): 225-245.

LOWE, H. N,

1933. The cruise of the "Petrel". The Nautilus 46(4):109-1 15.

MIENIS, 11. K.

1992. Ncrita plicata from the Galapdgos Is. Pallidula 22(1):14,
15.

MENARD, H. W. & R. L. FISCHER.

1958. Clipperton Fracture Zone in the northeast equatorial
Pacific. Journal of Geology 66:239-253.

Page 65

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

MONTOYA, M.

1983. Los molluscos marinos de la Isla Del Coco, Costa Rica.
1. Lisla anotada de espccies. Brenesia 21:325-353.

PERRIN, B.

1977. Two days on Clipperton — or getting high on boobies.
Tlie Festivus 8(4):24-26.

RENDER, H. A.

1973. The family Harpidae of the world. Indo-Pacific Mollusca
3(6):207-221.

RICHMOND, R. H.

1990. The effects of the El Nifio/Soiithern Oscillation on the
dispersal of corals and other organisms, hi, P. W. Glynn
[editor]. Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83
El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Elsevier Oceanography
Series 52:127-140.

SACHET, M.

1962a. Flora and vegetation of Clipperton Island. Proceedings
of the California Academy of Sciences Series 4
31(10):249-307.

1962b.Monographie physique et biologique de L’lle Clipperton.
Annales de L’lstitut Ocdanographique (Monaco) 40:1-
108.

SALVAT, B. & J. P. ERHARDT.

1970. Mollusques de L’lle Clipperton. Bulletin du Museum
National D'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 2 Sdrie, 42(1):223-
231.

SALVAT, B. & F. SALVAT.

1972. Geographic distribution of Pinna nigosa Sowerby, 1835

(Mollusca: Bivalvia) and its occurrence on Clipperton
Island. The Veliger 15(1):43, 44.

SHASKY, D. R.

1989. My last seven years--at Cocos Island. The Festivus
21(8):72-75.

SMITH M.

1939. An illustrated catalog of the Recent species of the rock
shells. Muricidae, Thaisidae and Coralliophilidae. Lanta,
Florida, Tropical Laboratory, i-.\-i-l-83 pp.

SOOT-RYEN, T.

1955. A report on the family Mytilidae (Pelecypoda). Allan
Hancock Pacific Expeditions, University of Southern
California Press 20(l):i-v-l- 1-175.

STRONG, A. M. & G D. HANNA

1930. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,
Series 4, 19(2):7-12.

VERMEIJ, G. J.

1990. An ecological crisis in the evolutionary context: El Nino
in the eastern Pacific, pp. 505-517. In, P. W. Glynn
[editor]. Global ecological con.sequences of the 1982-83
El Nino Southern Oscillation. Elsevier Oceanography
Series 52.

ZINSMEISTER, W. J. & W. K. EMERSON

1979. The role of passive dispersal in the distribution of
hemipelagic invertebrates, with examples from the
tropical Pacific Ocean. The Veliger 22(l):32-40.

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Appendix 1. Sh£

.lusks of Clipperton Island (L'ile de Clipperton)

faunal Province Source of Record

Bivalvia

Arcidae

1. Area mutabi Ms (Sowerby)

2. Barbatia reeveana (d'Orbigny)

3. Barbatia divarieata (Sowerby)

t'Ei lavsana (Pall. Bartsch & Rehder)
and hawaiensis (D. B. S R.), fide
Bernard, 1983)

Hytilidae

A. Lithophaqa hancocki Soot-Rycn

5. Lithophaqa planula Hanley

6. lithophaqa ealveutata (Carpenter)

Panamic

Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Bernard, 1983
Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Bernard, 1983
Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Bernard. 1983

Panamic

Indo'Pacific A
Panamic

Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Salvat A Ehrhardt, 1970
Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Bernard, 1983
Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Bernard, 1983

8. Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley) Panamic

Isognomonidae

9. Isognomon guadichaudi (d'Orbigny) Panamic

(=Perna eheimitziana auct. not
d'Orbigny, =P^ recogni ta auct.: not
Habille, fide Bernard. 1983)

10. Isognomon ianos Carpenter Panamic

Pectinidae

11. Cvclopecten zaeae (Hertlein) Panamic

(Recorded from 10 to 700 m by Bernard, 1983)

Spondylidae

12. Spondvus tenebrosus Reeve Indo-Pacific

(=^ hawaiensis Dali, Bartsch A Rehder,
f ide Bernard, 1983)

13. Spondvlus I inquacfelis Sowerby Indo-Pacific

(=S. gloriosus Dali, Bartsch A Rehder,
fide Bernard, 1983)

Hertlein A Allison, 1966;
Salvat A Salvat, 1972;
Bernard, 1983

Hcrlein A Allison. 1966;
Bernard, 1983

Hertlein A Allison, 1966;
Salvat A Ehrhardt, 1970;
SDHHH

Hertlein A Allison, 1966
Hertlein A Emerson, 1953

Salvat A Ehrhardt, 1970;
Bernard, 1983

Hertlein A Allison, 1966;
Salvat A Ehrhardt, 1970

Other Eastern Pacific
Oceanic Island Occurrences
(Source; Bernard, 1983
unless otherwise indicated)

Continental

Borderland

Galapagos Ids.; Cocos Id. x

(AHNH)

Galapagos Ids.; Cocos Id. x

(AHNH)

Galapagos Ids. x

?Galapagos Ids. x

(see Finet, 1985)

Revi I legigedo Ids. x

(Soot-Ryen, 1955);

Galapagos Ids.

Galapagos Ids. x

(Finet, 1987)

Galapagos Ids.;

Cocos Id. (AHNH; S6HNH)

Galapagos ids.

(Finet, 1991)

Cocos Id. (AHNH) X

Galapagos Ids. x

Cocos Id. (AHNH)

Vol. XXV1(6): 1994 THE FESTIVUS Page 66

Page 67

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15. Anomia peruviana d'Orbigny

Panamic

Hertlein & Allison, 1966; Galapagos Ids.

Salvat & Ehrhardt, 1970;

Bernard, 1983

Hertlein & Emerson, 1953; Galapagos Ids.

Bernard, 1983; seHNH

16. Ctena cl ioocrtonensis Bartsch S Rchder Panamic

17. Codakia distinouenda (Tryon)

Panamic

18. Codakia punctate (Linn6)

(=Ci thaanuni Pilsbry, fide Bernard, 1983)

19. Chama buddiana C. 8. Adams Panamic

20. Chama SQuamuligera Pilsbry & Lowe Panamic

(=C. rubropicta Bartsch 6 Rehder, f ide
Bernard, 1983)

Castrochacnidae

21. Gastrochaena ovata Sowerby Panamic S

Atlantic

Pholadidae

22. Martesia striata {Linn4) Cosmopolitan

Gastropoda

Fissurellidae

1. Diodora granifera (Pease)

2. Homaloooma clippertonensis (Hertlein 8 Emerson),

in depths of 135-360 m (Keen, 1971)

Skeneidae

3. Pachystremiscus sol itarius (Hertlein & Allison),

teste J. H. McLean

Indo-Pacific

Panamic

Indo-Pacific

Littorinidae

5. Littorina pintado (Wood) Indo-Pacific

(=U schmitti Bartsch & Rehder)

Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939;
Hertlein 8 Emerson, 1957;
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP;
CAS; SDNHH

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970;
Bernard, 1983; CAS
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970;
Bernard, 1983

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966;

Bernard, 1983

Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939;

Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970;
Bernard, 1983

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966;
Bernard, 1983

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966;
Bernard, 1983

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966

Hertlein 8 Emerson, 1953;

Keen, 1971

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966,

1966

Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939;
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960b;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; CAS

Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939;
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960b;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; AHSP;
USNH; SDNKM

Galapagos Ids.
(finct, 1991)

Galapagos Ids.

Galapagos Ids.
Galapagos Ids.

Galapagos Ids.

San Bcnedicto Id.
(Keen. 1971)

Galapagos Ids.
(Mienis. 1992)

6. Amphithalamus trosti Strong 8 Hertlein
Architectonicidae

7. Heliaeus infundibuliformis oerrieri (Rochebrune)

(=H. infundibul i formis striqatus Hertlein 8
Allison, 1968, fide Keen, 1971, see
Bieler, 1988}

Vermetidae

8. Petaloconchus (Hacrophragma) species

9. Dendropoma cf. S. platypus (Morch)

Cerithiidae

10. Cerithiun nesioticiw Pilsbry 8 Var«tta
Janthinidae

11. Janthina ianthina (Lir\n4)

12. Janthina globosa Blainville

13. Balcis thaanumi (Pilsbry)
lA. Balcis inf lena (Pease)

(sMelaneUa vafra Pilsbry, fide Kay, 1979)

Panamic

Circuntropical

subspecies

Indo-Pacific

Pelagic,

circuntropical

Pelagic,

circuntropical

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

15.

Hipponix pi losus (Dcshayes)
(=H. barbatus Sowerby)

?Circuntropical

16. Hipponix foliaceus (Ouoy 8 Gaimard) Indo-Pacific

(=H. antiouata auct . . not Linn6, fide Kay, 1979
=? panamens i s C. B. Adams;

=H. f imbriatus Bartsch 8 Rehder, fide Keen, 1971)

Cypraeidae

17. Cvpraea albuginosa Gray Panamic

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966,

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960b;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970

Galapagos Ids.
(Finet, 1991)

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1966

Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939;
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960b;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; AHSP
Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939
Hertlein 8 Emerson, 1957;
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960b;
Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP

Galapagos Ids.
(Finet. 1991)

Galapagos Ids.
(Finet. 1991)

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960a; Cate, Socorro Id., Cocos Id.,
1969; Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; Galapagos Ids. (Cate, 1969)

18. Cvpraea alisonae Burgess

19. Cvpraea caputseroentis Linnd

20. Cvpraea deoressa Cray

21. Cvpraea hetvola Linn6

22. Cvpraea isabellamexicana Stearns

(sC. Isabella auct . . not Linn6)

23. Cvpraea maculifere (Schilder)

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

Panamic

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

Cocos Id. (Burgess, 1985;

Shasky, 1989); Galapagos Ids.
(Burgess, 1985)

Cocos Id. (Cate, 1969);

Galapagos Ids. (Kay, 1991)

Allison, 1960a; Cate, 1969; AHNH
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960a;

Cate, 1969; AHHK

Hertlein 8 Emerson, 1953, 1957; Socorro Id., (Strong 8 Hanna, 1930);

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960a; Cate, Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.

1969; Salvat 8 Ehrhardt, 1970; (Cate, 1969)

ANSP; SONKH; USNH
Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960a;

Cate, 1969; AHHK
Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein 8

Groves, 1992; SOMHH

Hertlein 8 Allison, 1960a;
Cate, 1969; AHHH
Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein 8

24.

THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXV1(6): 1994 Vol. XXV1(6): 1994 THE FESTIVUS Page 68

Page 69

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25. Cvoraea sehilderorun Iredale

f=C. arenosa Cray, 1824, rrat OiUuyn, 1823)

26. Cvoraea scurra Gmelin

27. Cvoraea teres Gmelin Irdo-Pacif ic

(=?Ci alisonae Burgess)

28. Cvoraea vitellus Linne Indo-Pacific

29. Cvoraecassis tenuis Wood Panamic

30. Cvmatiaii vestitum (Hinds)

31. Cvmatitm nicobaricui (Rbding)

32. Colubraria ochsneri Hertlein & Allison
Bursidae

33. Bursa asperrima (Dunker)

(misidentif ied as B^ cruentata Boding, teste
Alan Beu)

34. Bursa oranularis Boding
Tonnidae

35. Halea rinoens (Suainson) Panamic

Indo-Pacific

Circuntropical

Huricidae

36. Coral I ioohi la violacea (Kiener) Indo-Pacific

37. Rel iguiaecava robi I lardi (Lienard) Indo-Pacific

38. Quovula madreporariwi (Souerby)

Indo-Pacific

39. Oruoa moriin Boding Indo-Pacific

40. Orupa ricinus (Linn4) Indo-Pacific

Allison, 1960a; Cate, 1969;

Salvat & Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP;

USNH

Hertlein i Allison, 1960a; Cate,

1969; AMMH
Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein 8 Emerson, -
1953, 1957; Hertlein ft Allison,

1960a; Cate, 1969; Salvat
ft Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP;

AHHH; USNH; SDHHH

Groves, 1992; ANSP; AMHH; Cocos Id. (Groves, 1992);

USNM; SDNHH Galapagos Ids. (Burgess,

1985; Groves. 1992;

Kay, 1991)

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960a;

Cate, 1969

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;
Salvai ft Ehrhardt, 1970

Galapagos Ids.

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP Galapagos Ids. (Keen, 1971)
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b Cocos Id. (Emerson, 1991)

Hertlein ft Allison, 1966, 1968;

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970; SDNHH

1960b; CAS; Galapagos Ids.

(Emerson, 1991)

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b; Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP (Emerson, 1991)

Hertlein ft Emerson, 1957;
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b

Revi llagigcdo Ids. (CAS);
Galapagos Ids. (Finet, 1991)

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;
Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970;
Perrin, 1977; SONHM
Bartsch 8 Rehder, 1939;
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;
Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970
Hertlein ft Emerson, 1957;
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;

Revi I lagigedo Ids. ,
Cocos Id., Galapagos
Ids. (Emerson, 1991)

Reviltagigedo Ids.
(Emerson, 1991)

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP;

SOHHH

Hertlein, 1937; Bartsch ft Rehder, Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.
1939; Hertlein ft Emerson, 1957; (Emerson, 1991)

41. Morula uva (Roding)

42. Thais biserialis (Blainville)

43. Thais planospi ra (Lamarck)

45. Plicopurpura patula pansa (Could)

47. Cantharus sanauinolentus (Duclos)

48. Cl i vipoi I ia costata (Pease)

(=Peristernia thaanuni Pilsbry ft Bryan,
fide Kay, 1979)

49. Clivipollia f raqaria (Wood)

(=Peristernia carolinae Kiener, fide
Abbott ft Dance, 1982)

50. Nassarius catallus (Dali)

in depths of 37-333 m (Keen, 1971)

51. fasciolaria princeos Souerby

52. lati rus socorroensis Hertlein ft Strong

(*L^ cl ipoertonensis Hertlein ft Allison,
fide Keen, 1971)

Harpidae

53. Harpa qraci I is Broderip ft Souerby

54. Hitra cdentula Suainson

55. Hitra ferruoinea Lamarck

56. Hitra oapalis (Linn6)

Indo-Pacific

Panamic

Panamic

Panamic

Panamic

Indo-Pacific

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970; AHNH;
ANSP; SOHHH

Hertlein, 1937; Bartsch ft Rehder,
1939; Hertlein ft Emerson, 1957;
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b; ANSP
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970
Smith, 1939; Hertlein ft
Emerson, 1957; Salvat ft
Ehrhardt, 1970

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;
Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970

Cocos Id., Guadalupe Id.
(Emerson, 1991)

Cocos Id. (Hontoya, 1983);
Galapagos Ids. (Finet, 1991)
Revi llagigedo Ids. (Strong ft
Hanna, 1930); Cocos Id.
(Emerson ft Old, 1964);
Galapagos Ids. (Hertlein 8
Emerson, 1957)

Galapagos Ids. (Finet, 1991)
Cocos Id. (Hontoya, 1983);
Galapagos Ids. (Finet, 1991)

Panamic

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b
Hertlein ft Allison, 1966

Cocos Id. (Hontoya, 1983);
Galapagos Ids. (Finet, 1991)

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970; ANSP; Cocos Id.

SOHHH (Emerson, 1991)

Panamic

Hertlein ft Emerson, 1953

Panamic Hertlein ft Allison, 1966

Panamic Hertlein ft Allison, 1966, 1966;

(Insular restricted) Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970;

Keen, 1971

Indo-Pacific Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970;

Rehder, 1973

Galapagos Ids.
(Keen, 1971)

Galapagos Ids.
(Finet, 1991)

Revi I lagigedo Ids.
(Keen, 1971)

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

Indo-Pacific

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;
Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b;
Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970
Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein ft
Allison, 1960b; Salvat ft
Ehrhardt, 1970; Perrin, 1977;
SONHH

Cocos Id.
(Emerson, 1991)
Cocos Id.
(Emerson, 1991)

THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVI(6); 1994 XXVI(6): 1994 THE FESTIVUS Page 70

57. Hitra effuse Suainson Panamic

58. Hitra lignaria Reeve Panamic

59. Striqatella Htterata (Lamarck) Indo-Pacific

Conidae

60. Conus ebraeus Lif>n6 Indo-Pacific

(sC. vcriniculatus Lamarck, fide Hanna, 1963)

61. Conus chaidaeus Roding

62. Conus diadema Sowerby

Indo-Pacific

Panamic

Hertlein & Allison, 1960b

Hertlein & Allison, 1960b
Salvet & Ehrhardt, 1960

Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein &
Emerson, 1957; Hanna, 1963;
Allison, 1959; Salvat &
Ehrhardt, 1970; AHSP; USHM;
SBHHH; SDHHH

Hertlein, 1937; Hertlein S
Emerson, 1957; Allison, 1959;
Salvat S Ehrhardt, 1970; AHSP;
USHH; SBKNH; SDHHH
Allison, 1959; Salvat S
Ehrhardt, 1970; AHSP; SBHHH;

Galapagos Ids.
(Keen, 1971)

Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.
(Emerson, 1991)

Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.
(Emerson, 1991)

Revi llagigedo Ids. ,

Galapagos ids. (Hanna, 1963)

63. Conus ourourascens Sowerby Panamic

64. Conus tiaratus Sowerby Panamic

(sC_^ roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, f ide
Hanna, 1963}

65. Conus tessulatus Born Indo-Pacific

(=Ci edaohus Oall, fide Hanna, 1963)

66. Conus qradatus Uood Panamic

67.

68- Terebra crenulata (Linn6) Indo-Pacific

Pyramidel I idae

69. Odostomia I iffbaughi Hertlein S Allison ?Endemic

70. Turboni I la cliooertonensis Hertlein & Allison ’Endemic

Hertlein & Emerson, 1957;
Allison, 1959; Salvat &

Ehrhardt, 1970; Perrin, 1977;
AHSP; USHH; SDHHH
Oall, 1910; Bartsch &

Rehder, 1939; Hertlein S
Emerson, 1957; Allison, 1959;
Salvet & Ehrhardt, 1970; Perrin,
1977; AHSP; USHH; SBHHH
Hertlein ft Allison, 1960a

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960a;

Salvat ft Ehrhardt, 1970
Dali, 1910; Hertlein, 1937;

Hanna ft Strong, 1949; Hertlein
ft Allison, 1960a; USHH; SDHHH

Hertlein ft Allison, 1960b

Hertlein ft Allison, 1968
Hertlein ft Allison, 1968

Cocos Id. (Hontoya, 1983);
Galapagos Ids. (Finet, 1991)

Galapagos Ids.
(Hanna, 1963)

Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.
(Emerson, 1991)

Cocos Id., Galapagos Ids.
(Hanna, 1963)

Revi I legigedo Ids., Cocos
Id. (Emerson, 1991)

[Records of Gastropoda rejected, as highly questionable: Purpura nuttal I i Conrad (Hertlein ft Emerson, 1953); Voluta anci I la Solander (Lowe, 1933); Volute deshavesi i
Reeve (Oall, 1910; Lowe, 1933; Hertlein, 1937); Pug i I i na lactea (Reeve) (Hertlein ft Allison, 1966), as these are early reports that have not been confirmed by
subsequent field col lection.]

Abbreviations used for institutional collections: AHHH = American Husetm of natural History, Hew York; AHSP = Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, PA; CAS
= California Acadeniy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA; SBHHH s Santa Barbara Huseim of Natural History, CA; 50NHM = San Diego Natural History Husein, CA; USHH = National
Huseuen of Natural History (U.S. Natural History Husem collection), Washington, D.C.

For convenience, the classification generally follows that used by Keen (1971).

Vo!- XXVI(6): 1994

Page 71

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

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Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 72

XENOPHORA ROBUSTA (VERRILL, 1870)

KIM C. HUTSELL

5804 Lauretta Street #2, San Diego, California 92110

For some reason, Xenophora robusta (Vcrrill,
1870), was one of those species I’d always dismissed
as something I personally would never find. For
one thing, I was always under the impression they
were in very deep water since Keen (1971) lists
them as being found "mostly offshore in depths of
45 to 50 meters." I knew that both Margaret and
Dave Mulliner and Carol and Paul Skoglund had
dredged specimens from the deep trenches of Bahia
Escondido. Also, my eyes aren’t what they used to
be and at limes evervthine under water looks like a
Xenophora. But, as happens with so many fiinds,
fate would place one where I couldn’t miss it.

One of our favorite dive sites in Baja is under
the old concrete pier at the mouth of Bahia
Escondido. At about 10 meters, there is a tangle of
concrete chunks, rebar, old tires, cables, ropes, and
a lot of odds and ends tossed or lost overboard
over the years. And nearly everywhere one looks,
there are empty bottles among the debris-dozens of
them. It is quite literally an underwater dump
where the sea life nourishes.

It was the discarded bottles that led me to
venture out onto the sand away from the pier and
into slightly deeper water. I’ve found that the two
largest species of CrucibLihim in the Sea of Cortez,

Figures 1 & 2. Xenophora robusta (Verrill, 1870), taken live on sand at 15 meters. Leg. K. C. Hutsell, October 19, 1993 (1) view from
spire (2) basal view. Photos: David K. Mulliner.

Page 73

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby, 1824) and C.
scutellatum (Wood, 1828) seem to have an affinity
for anything glass and when found growing on an
old beer bottle, the shells are beautifully shaped to
the curvature of the glass and very clean.
Especially nice specimens of C spinosum grow on
any portion of the bottle buried in the sand where
the long spines are protected from erosion and
predation. Both species can be slid off the glass
with relative ease and if one is a bit stubborn, the
bottle can be broken without damaging the
specimen.

As I went from bottle to bottle looking for
Crucibulum, I scanned the bottom for more. At
about 15 meters, I reached for a beer bottle and a
sudden movement about a meter in front of me
caught my attention. It seemed to be nothing but
a clump of seaweed, but remembering what Larry
Buck had told me about finding various species
under clumps of vegetation, I picked it up and
turned it over. Even as I held it in my hand, I

couldn’t quite believe I was looking at a rather
large specimen of Xenophora robusta - and a live
one at that! I was so absorbed in what I’d found
that I completely forgot to look for more and ended
the dive early.

The specimen (Figures 1, 2) measures

approximately 65 mm in width and 52 mm in
height, not including attachments. The majority of
the attachments are small pebbles on the upper
whorls. The last two whorls are covered mostly
with valves of Trigoniocardia biongulata (Broderip &
Sowerby, 1829). There is also one valve of Anadara
multicostota (Sowerby, 1833), one Crucibulum
spinosum, and one valve of Chione californiensis
(Broderip, 1835).

LITERATURE CITED

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd ed. Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, California. 1064+ pp., ca 4000
text figs.

IN MEMORIAM

ROSE D’ATTILIO
1914 - 1994

With sadness we report the passing of Rose D’Attilio on April 19, 1994. Rose
was a Club member for over 25 years who collected shells and fossils because she enjoyed
their beauty. Her interest drew her to work part-time for many years at the La Jolla Cave
and Shell Shop where she was a treasured employee. Longtime members of the Club will
always remember with affection seeing Rose at Club functions enjoying the music and
interpreting it in her own special way.

Rose is survived by her husband Anthony, daughter Sandra, son Lawrence, seven
grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 74

BOOK NEWS

Architectonicidae of the Indo-Pacillc
(Mollusca, Gastropoda)

By: Rudiger Bieler. 1993.

Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins
in Hamburg, vol. 30, 377 pp., 286 figs.

Publisher: Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.

Price: 168 German marks (approximately $100)
[Soon to be available from U.S. book

distributors.]

This is an excellent source of information on
an important but little known family. The scope of
the book is summarized on the back cover:

"For the first time in over 100 years, the
marine gastropod family Architectonicidae,
commonly known as sundials, has been

monographed for the Indo-Pacific. Ranging from
the temperate regions to the tropics, and from the
intertidal zone to oceanic depths, the
morphologically diverse sundials are not only
popular, but are of current interest in gastropod
phylogenetic systematics because they form a main
clade within the problematic ‘lower heterobranchs.’
"This volume covers all living species in the
Indian and Pacific Oceans (east Africa to the west
coast of the Americas), illustrated by over 600
photographs, scanning electron micrographs, maps,
and other figures. An introductory section

summarizes morphology and anatomy, reproduction
and larval development, habitat and diet, phylogeny,
and the fossil record. Zoogeographic analyses
recognize large areas of distribution for most
species, in contrast to previous assumptions of
endemism. Of the 250 species-level names

discussed, 88 species in 11 genera are recognized as
valid. Additionally, 20 species are described as new.
The taxonomic section treats each species in detail,
including synonymies and redescriptions based on
examination of more than 22,000 specimens from
over 50 international museum collections, as well as
from original field work. All available type
specimens were examined and are listed and
illustrated. Taxonomic characters emphasize a
‘finger-print’ pattern of homologous spiral ribs on
the postlarval shell, as well as species-typical size
range and morphology of the larval shell.
Comparisons are made with the Atlantic members
of the family.

"Also included is a bibliography of nearly 800

titles, making this work one of the most complete
general references for Indo-Pacific mollusks."

I can add that the book is a model example of
what is needed in the many gastropod families that
remain to be monographed. Now it is possible to
identify specimens of every species occurring in the
Indo-Pacific and, the title notwithstanding, those of
the Eastern Pacific as well. Shells are illustrated in
black and white with apertural, basal, and apical
views, usually with SEM views of proioconchs and
early teleoconch sculpture. Illustrations are
conveniently located close to the text. Locality data
are summarized, which saves space in the text.
Three color plates are included, one that gives
apical views of 10 differrent species of
Architect onica, one showing living animals and one
showing developmental stages. Unfortunately, the
price is steep, but well worth it.

This work is based on the doctoral dissertation
and continuing research of Rudiger Bieler,
Associate Curator of Mollusks at the Field Museum
of Natural History, Chicago. His long series of
publications on the family began in 1982. This
volume gives generic diagnoses and the full
treatment of each species, but refers to his earlier
papers for the detailed discussion (in German)
pertaining to each of the genera. Remarks on
relationships and phylogeny are briefly given; a
more detailed account appeared in his contribution
to the volume "Prosobranch Phylogeny" (1988,
Malacological Review, Supplement 4, pp. 205-240).
Although phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the
existence of three clades, unresolved problems
remain and a revised classification at the subfamily
level is deferred for future work. According to
Bieler (pers. comm.), the living species of the
Atlantic (approximately 32) are to be reviewed by
Bieler, Merrill, and Boss (based in part on the 1970
Ph.D. dissertation work of A. S. Merrill), which will
complete the worldwide coverage of living
architectonicids. The fossil record will also be
treated, with contributions to the Treatise of
Invertebrate Paleontology, and a contribution to the
series on the Neogene paleontology of the
Dominican Republic.

James H. McLean,

Natural History Museum of Los Atigeles County

Page 75

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(6): 1994

CLUB NEWS (cont’d)

The Bizarre Bazaar

The fifth annual Bizarre Bazaar held in
Margaret and Dave Mulliner’s garden was a most
enjoyable event. About fifteen people brought their
tables and set up their shells and swapped, bought
and sold, and admired as they nibbled on the snacks
and drinks provided by the Mulliners. It was a chilly
and cloudy afternoon but the interest in the
beautiful shells displayed was hot and the
comaraderie definitely very warm.

Again, the Bizarre Bazaar was a big hit. The
Club’s thanks to the Mulliners for hosting the
event.

Additions and Changes to the Roster

New Members

Adams, Marilu, 16677 Diaz Dr., San Diego, CA
92128, (619)-673-0540

Gagliano, Greg, 15638 W. 149 Terrace, Olathe, KS
66062-4762, (913) 780-6281
Hames, Charles, Naval Medical Center, San Diego,
CA 92134-5001, (619) 235-0242 x3628 (work)
Sumrall, Burl & Song, P.O. Box 120723 Chula
Vista, CA 91912, (619) 476-9420
Trego, Kent D., 3895 La Selva Dr., Palo Alto, CA
94306

Vollero, Silvana & Bob, 8860 Villa La Jolla Dr.,
#109, La Jolla, CA 92037, (619) 625-0756
William, Kent, 4015 Crown Point Dr., #306, San
Diego, CA 92109, (619) 272-0349
Zidek, Jiri, P.O. Box 95, Socorro, NM 87801,
(505) 835-5524 (office)

Changes to the Roster

D’Attilio, Anthony, c/o Sandra Booth, 2315 Hillview
Dr., Laguna Beach, CA 92651, (714) 494-7943
Hutsell, Linda & Kim, 5804 Lauretta St. #2, San
Diego, CA 92110, (619) 294-3914
Levin, Debra (change area code) (909) 655-6702
Piech, Betty Jean (change of address)

Cokesbury Village, Cottage 19, 726 Loveville
Rd., Hockessin, DE 19707-1504, (302) 234-4317

Deadline Approaches for
World Size Record Supplement

Larry Buck reports that the new editor of the
World Size Record Supplement will be accepting
entries up to June 15th for the next Supplement.
Send your verified submissions to: Mrs. Barbara
Haviland, Editor, 6950 46th Ave. N, St. Petersburg,
FL 33709.

27th Annual Meeting of the WSM

The Western Society of Malacologists annual
meeting will be held from June 26-30, 1994 at the
Miramar Hotel on the beach in Santa Barbara. It
promises to be an exciting meeting with two
symposia (one on molluscan biogeography and the
second on micromollusks), contributed papers and
many social activities including a president’s
reception at the Sea Center of the Santa Barbara
Natural History Museum, traditional auction, and
closing reception and banquet at the main museum.

There is still time to register. Contact
Treasurer Dr. Henry W. Chaney, Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol
Rd, Santa Barbara, CA 93105. Phone: (805) 682-
4711, x334 or Fax: (805) 569-3170.

Correction: in Robert Koch’s article, "Panamic Puzzles; a Question of Assignment" in the May 1994
issue of The Festivus [Vol. XXVI(5):53-55], the legend for Figure 6 should state, "Nucleus of specimen
illustrated in Figure 4" not in Figure 2.

Si-

H^OI-L

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI July 14, 1994

ISSN 07.W-9388

Number: 7

CLUB Ori’ICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corrcs.)

Secretary (Record.)

4'reasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Hugh Bradner
I.arry Buck
Kay Klaus
Rick Negus
Margaret Mullincr
Carole M. Hertz

Linda L. Hutsell
Margaret Mullincr

Carole M. llcriz
Jules 1 Icrtz
David K. Mullincr

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIP'l'ION
Annual dues arc payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Feslivus is published monthly except
December. I'he publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SC4EN111 K' RI VIIAV BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacolo'^lsts
1 Icnry W. Chaney

Santa Barbara Mnsenm of Natural History

Eugene V. Coan

Rcscitrch Associate

Citlifornia Academy of Sciences

Anthony D'Attilio

c/o Booth, 2M5 UiUview Dr.

Laguna Beach, CA 92651

Douglas J. E.ernis.se

University of Michigan

William K. Emerson

American Mtisennt of Nattira! History

'lerrence M. Gosliner

California Academy of Sciences

James 11. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Nutural Hisloiy
Barry Roth
Research Associate

SattUi Barbara Mtisetim of Nattira! Histoiy
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Nattira! Histoiy
Emily 11. Yokes
liilane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Ca.sa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

The Balhyscciph Trieste Revisited

John Michel, Club member and former leading
engineer aboard the Bathyscaph Trieste from 1959-1962
and 1965-1968, will pre.scnt a slide program and tell about

his experiences on the submersible which still holds the
record for the deepest dives down to 35,800 feet in the
Challenger Deep off Guam.

Meeting date: July 21, 1994
Shells of the month: Deepwater shells

CONTENTS

Club news 77

Clipperton ’94: an initial report

MICHAEL SMALI 78

Unusual bivalve finds from San Miguel Island, C’aliforniti

JULES HERTZ 84

Shellfish information line now available 86

/

Page 77

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(7): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - June 16, 1994

At 7:40 p.m. the meeting was called to order by
Vice President Larry Buck. Minutes of the May
meeting were approved as published in 'I'lie
Festivus.

Guests and new members were introduced and
Larry thanked the Hertzes and Mullincrs for
providing the evening’s refreshments. He said that
The Club Science Fair winner, James Sullivan
Gibilisco, would not be able to present his project
this month since this was the night of his
graduation.

Dave then introduced the evening’s speaker,
Bob Yin, Club member and award winning
underwater photographer. Bob gave a marvelous
program on his recent visits to the Philippines. He
showed slides of the remote Balut Island in the
south of the Philippines in the Celebes Sea, telling
that it had the largest tangle net operation in the
Philippines, mostly run by Indonesians.

He followed with views from his favorite areas
in the Sulu Sea. He visited there in May and the
sea was very calm. In some of his shots of boobies,
the birds seemed to be coming right out of the
screen. Bob also showed some incredible underwater
images of some species of tridacnas with their
mantles exposed -- closeups of the vivid mantles
which made the audience gasp.

Bob also took us to Batangas where he dived
with President Ramos and then on to Cebu in the
central Philippines to see the shell markets where
mountains of shells were being cleaned and
prepared for the shell trade. It was a disturbing
sight. He followed this with views of living mollusks
in their habitats with the audience trying to identify
the creatures. It was a wonderful program which
everyone enjoyed.

After the program, the shell drawing was
held and the prize was won by Ron MePeak. The
members then enjoyed the refreshments and the
opportunity to socialize.

Additions and Corrections to the Roster

New Member

Olsen, Lee F., P.O. Box 99941, San Diego, CA
92169, (619) 274-3.TJ2

Correction to the Rosier

William Kent’s name was listed as Kent William in
the last issue. Other information is correct.

The Septenil)er Party— with a Creek Theme

The September party will be held at the home
of Marge and Hugh Bradner on Saturday evening,
September 24th. Details will follow in the August
i.ssue, but mark your calendars so you will not miss
this affair--and get your Greek outfits ready.

A Change in Historians

Linda Hutscll, recently returned to San Diego
from Topeka, Kansas, has agreed to be historian
once again. Linda had brought the historian’s
books beautifully up-to-date and made them readily
available to the membership during the almost three
years (1991-1993) she was historian. Our thanks to
Linda and also to Pat Boyd w'ho held the position
while the Hutsells were in Kansas.

San Diego Shell Club to Host COA in ’95

The Conchologists of America convention will
be held in San Diego on June 23-29, 1995 with the
San Diego Shell Club as host. The convention will
be held at the beautiful Pan Pacific Hotel in
downtown San Diego near the water. There will be
much to do to make this meeting a success. If you
are interested in helping, conttict Don Pisor,
convention chairperson at (619) 279-9342.

Vol. XXVI(7): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 78

CLIPPERTON ’94: AN INITIAL REPORT

MICHAEL SMALL

Embajada de Canada, Apariado Postal 105-05 Mexico,
D. F. 11580, Mexico

From April 7ih to May 7ih this year, 1 had the
opportunity to participate in a remarkable venture
- the Clipperton ’94 Expedition, organized by San
Diego Shell Club members John Jackson and
Kirstie Kaiser. Clipperton ’94 took more than two
years of planning and brought together 22 people
with a keen interest in the marine life of the
tropical eastern Pacific. Dr. Peter Glynn of the
University of Miami and Dr. J.E.N. (Charlie) Veron
of the Australian Institute of Marine Science came
to survey the corals of Clipperton. Dr. Jerry Allen
of the Western Australian Museum of Natural
History and Dr. Ross Roberston of the Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute were interested in the
fish species there to complete their forthcoming
book on the fish of the tropical eastern Pacific. Dr.
Robert Van Syoc of the California Academy of
Sciences came to collect a variety of marine
invertebrates, along with Ron MePeak, who made a
special collection for the Academy of the endemic
terrestrial beetles of Clipperton. A group of marine
geologists from Rice University came to take core
samples from large coral heads to complete their
survey of temperature, current and rainfall
variations over the past three hundred years in the
tropical eastern Pacific. Dr. Henry Chaney of the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History was the
professional malacologist on board, accompanied by
four other keen members of the "mollusc team" -
Kirstie Kaiser, Marty Beals, Charlie Waters and me.
Finally there were five semi-professional or
professional photographers aboard - two shooting
film, one video and three using still cameras. We
made the voyage from San Diego to Clipperton on
the well appointed and very ably crewed long range
sport fishing boat based in San Diego, the Royal
Star. All told we travelled more than 3400 nautical
miles and spent a month to get to Clipperton and
back. This was longer than virtually any of us on

board, apart from the crew, had ever spent at sea.

Two factors about Clipperton motivated us to
undertake this trip. First, Clipperton is the most
remote island in the tropical eastern Pacific -
indeed, it is the most remote coral atoll in the
world. It is located 690 nautical miles southwest
of Acapulco at 10 degrees north of the Equator,
directly within the influence of the North
Equatorial Countercurrent and the periodic El Nino
events. As a result, Clipperton harbours a higher
percentage of Indo-Pacific marine fauna than any
other island in the tropical eastern Pacific. Our
first objective was to assess the balance of
Indo-Pacific versus Panamic species in the molluscs
of Clipperton and lo see if we could find any new
Indo-Pacific records resulting from recent El Nino
events. Both the coral and fish experts on board
shared the same goal. Our second objective was
to see if any new records or even new species might
be found by collecting with SCUBA at Clipperton.
Oddly enough, although the island has been often
visited in recent decades by commercial or sport
fishermen from Mexico or California, and by yachts
making the run from Acapulco to Polynesia, before
our expedition no one had ever conducted a full
scale survey of the underwater life there. The last
scientific expedition to Clipperton took place in
1958 - the Doldrums Expedition on the U.S.
research vessel Spencer F. Baird. Because of the
more primitive diving technology in that era, and
the prevailing views about sharks, its members spent
little time diving around the island. Cousteau
visited the island in 1977, but shot virtually no
underwater footage, preferring to concentrate on
the terrestrial crabs and nesting bird populations
on the island and the algae filled, brackish lagoon.
As a result, virtually all of the molluscs that have
been recorded from Clipperton were collected
intertidally, or as beach specimens.

Page 79

THE FESTIVUS

Vol XXV1(7); 1994

The seven days of travel time from San Diego
to Clipperton gave us plenty of time for idle
speculation about what we might find. We took
with us a draft copy of Bill Emerson’s very valuable
article that appeared in the June issue of The
Festivus (Emerson, 1994). Based on the existing
literature, Emerson has produced a mollusc species
list for Clipperton of 22 bivalves and 70 gastropods.
Forty-one of these species or 45 percent are
Indo-Pacific; 40 of these species or 43 percent are
Panamic; 6 species or 7 percent are circumtropical;
3 species or 3 percent are thought to be endemic;
and two Vermetidae species have not been fully
identified. Given the dramatic increase in species
recorded from Cocos Island over the last ten years
once a concerted effort was made to survey the
molluscs there using SCUBA, dredging and tangle
netting, we reckoned we could greatly increase the
number of species recorded from Clipperton.

We also passed the time speculating about
sharks. Clipperton has a tremendous reputation for
sharks - even Cousteau’s team claimed that they
were driven out of the water by them. Just before
departure we were visited on board by Bill Irwin,
who has traveled there seven times as a dolphin
monitor on tuna boats. Irwin cheerfully informed
us that fish caught while at anchor at Clipperton
routinely come up just as bleeding heads on the
line, as the circling sharks strip them of their llesh.
I noted with mild concern while reading Jimmy
Skaggs’ book on Clipperton (Skaggs, 1989) that
none other than Franklin D. Roosevelt had
reeorded the same phenomenon when he fished
there in the mid 1930s. John Jackson had assured
us, based on careful consultation with fishing
captains who know the waters around the island
that the relatively high water temperatures in April
keep the shark population down. Still, 1 reckoned
that just one or two close encounters with an
aggressive tiger shark would pul a major dent in
our enthusiasm to dive.

The other potential hazard on the horizon, as
always, was the weather. The trip had been
planned to avoid the cyclone season in the eastern
Pacific and we were told to expect good weather.
However, Clipperton is a small circular atoll, about
2.5 miles in diameter, exposed to oceanic swells
from all directions with no safe anchorages or real
lee side. The videos made both by Bill Irwin and
Cousteau recorded how heavy the surf was around

the island and their difficulty in finding a safe spot
to land. I prepared myself mentally for a bumpy
ride.

Our first sight of Clipperton on the horizon
was the curved "sail" of Clipperton Rock - the
jagged and heavily weathered tip of the submerged
mountain on which the atoll was formed. The
Rock juts out of the sand on the eastern side of the
island to a height of about 20 metres. As we got
closer, we could see that, apart from the rock, the
island is otherwise Hat. Clipperton is a closed ring
of coarse sand and broken coral, about 3 metres
high, 200 metres w'ide and about 12 kilometres
around. It encloses a lagoon filled with brackish
water and algae. Its "skyline" is puneiuaied by small
groves of palms - one here, two there - which we
used as landmarks to determine where we were
around the island. The island is overrun by tens of
thousands of nesting boobies and millions of scarlet
red land crabs. The curved geography of the atoll,
the limited number of landmarks and omnipresent
hordes of crabs give Clipperton the feel of a small,
malevolent, self-contained planet. It is a harsh but
compelling landscape (Figure 1).

Once we arrived, my preoccupations about the
diving proved to be groundless. The much vaunted
schools of sharks never materialized - much to the
chagrin of at least one of our expedition members
who had come on the trip to photograph them.
Five or six foot silky sharks would readily show up
if you swam away from the reef into the blue water.
They would circle around for a quick look and then
usually leave. But over the reef lop and slope
where we concentrated our diving during the day-
time, sharks were nowhere to be seen. The one
potentially dangerous shark sighted during our
thirteen days at Clipperton was a medium-sized
Galapagos shark which showed up while our crew
were fishing at dusk. The only sharks most of us
saw while at Clipperton were on an endless
procession of "shark motif' T-shirts that Kirstie
Kaiser wore every morning.

The warm water around the reefs in April may
have partially explained the absence of sharks. An
equally probable cause, however, is that a number
of Mexican fishing boats reportedly fished several
thousand sharks around Clipperton in late 1993 for
their fins. The current shark population is probably
much reduced compared to those encountered by
earlier expeditions. Whatever the reason, I had no

Page 80

Vol. XXVI(7); 1994

THE FESTIVUS

cause for complaint.
Meanwhile whatever
Clipperton may lack
in sharks, it makes
up for in moray eels.
I have never seen so
many menacing and
occasionally
aggressive free
swimming morays as
I saw there. They
took a chunk out of
the hand of one
unwary expedition
member, and
attempted to bite
several more of us.
As for the swells,
they proved to be
tolerable during the
day and after a very
rough first night, we
found one side of
the island that
offered a relatively
calm anchorage at
night. Nevertheless,
landing on the beach
was difficult, due to
the surf and the
fringing coral.
There are two
landing sites on the
island (Figure 2)
where gaps in the
coral along the reef
make it possible to
get through the surf
in a rubber raft.
Nevertheless, we
could only make it
ashore about half of
the days we were
there and the
pounding surf
around most of the
island just about
ruled out snorkelling
in shallow water. I
spent a gruelling

Figure 1. Clippcrlon IsUmd a.s seen troni ihe Royiil Slar. Photo Irom a color slide by Richard
Herrmann.

DEEP

TERRACE

Figure 2. Map of (,'lipperion Aloll.

Page 81

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(7); 1994

hour on our last morning at Clippcrion snorkelling
over the intertidal flat collecting small cones, being
tossed constantly forward and back by the surf while
being dragged rapidly along the shore by a strong
current.

What did we find when we were finally able to
jump in the water? Our first discovery was that
Clipperton is a mature coral atoll, with by far the
most complete coverage of living coral of any site
in the tropical eastern Pacific. The structure of the
reefs is similar all the way around the island.
There are only a few narrow intertidal flats on the
southern and eastern sides of the island; elsewhere
the surf breaks right along the shore line. Beyond
the surf line, there is a shallow terrace usually 100
yards wide descending from 10 to 50 feet, covered
with living and dead coral heads, with the
percentage of living coral increasing at the edge of
the terrace, around 40-50 feet. At this point, a
steep reef slope begins covered in coral with small
rubble patches, descending to a deeper terrace at
about 160-180 feet. Beyond the deep terrace, the
island drops off sharply to over 100 fathoms, often
within 300 yards of the shore.

The reefs around Clipperton have a high density
of living coral and small reef fish (Figure 3) and
they reminded me more of diving on the reefs of
the Caribbean than anywhere I have seen in the

Figure 3. Tlie reef around Clipperton Island. Photo from a
color slide taken by Richard Herrmann.

eastern Pacific. While the coral experts on board
found patches of dead coral that were probably
killed by increased water temperature during recent
El Nino events, the mortality rate appears far lower
than other coral reefs that have been surveyed in
Panama and the Galdpagos. The visibility was good

- frequently over 100 feet - and the water
wonderfully warm - around 84 degrees F. Overall,
Clipperton is a very enjoyable place to dive.

However, it became readily apparent by the
second day of our stay that species diversity on the
reefs is extremely poor. Peter Glynn and Charlie
Veron thought they might find 15 coral species,
including a number of Indo-Pacific species not
recorded from the mainland of Central America.
Instead they could find only about seven coral
species, all of which are well known from Central
America. Three species of Pocillopom, Pavona and
Poriics respectively dominate the reefs of

Clipperton. Gerry Allen anticipated that the total
number of fish species at Clipperton would range
from a low of lUO to a high of 200 species,
instead, 13 days of intensive diving only yielded 90
species of fish, of which five (or possibly six) are
endemic. Bob Van Syoc found only one barnacle
species at Clipperton, an endemic, compared to the
three dozen or so species he normally encounters
diving on the mainland in Mexico, and only one
starfish (apart from a lone sighting of one
Acanihoster in deep water on the final day).

The same pattern applied to the molluscs. Our
provisional species list numbered only 48 by the end
of the trip - 8 bivalves and 40 gastropods - in other
words only half the number of species that have
been recorded from Clipperton, according to
Emerson. We found no sirombs, olives,
margincllas, or cancellarids, and apart from one very
dead possible Hcxaplex princeps, no species of
Muricinac. There also appear to be no ovulids
since there are virtually no gorgonians on the reefs
for them to feed upon.

Other major families are represented by only
one or two species - and frequently only by
Indo-Pacific taxa. There was only one terebra - the
Indo-Pacific species Terebra crenulaia - and the
specimens we found were very small, pale and fairly
scarce. Two Indo-Pacific mitres were fairly common

- Milra ferniginea and Mitra papalis - while the two
Panamic mitres recorded from Clipperton, Mitra

Vol. XXVI(4): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 82

effusa and Mitra rupicola (= M. Ugnaria) were
nowhere to be found. Two bursas from the
Indo-Pacific were abundant - Bursa asperinuna and
Bursa granularis. We found only a few small living
specimens of one Panamic Cymatium pileare
macrodon and one dead Cyinalium nicoharicum
which is circumiropical. Two Indo-Pacific species of
Thaididae covered the dead coral heads - Morula
uva and Dnipa ricinus - the latter ranging from the
intertidal zone down to 20 metres - a far greater
vertical range than where it is normally found in
the Indo-Pacific. We found no living specimens of
the four Panamic thaids recorded from Clipperton

- Plicopurpura palula pansa, Stranionita haemosloina
(= Thais biserialis), Thais spcciosa and T planospira

- and only a few very dead beach specimens of the
latter. Two Indo-Pacific coralliophilas are common
on the living coral heads - Coralliophila violacca
and Rdiquaecava robillardi. The only kirgc bivalve
we frequently found were small specimens of an
Indo-Pacific Spondylus (species not yet identified).

Cones and cowries were a bit better balanced
in terms of the distribution of Indo-Pacific and
Panamic species. Among the cones, we found si.x
species - Conus diadema, C. liaralus, C. mix, and C.
purpurascens which are Panamic, plus two
Indo-Pacific species - C. ebraeus and C. chaldeus
that have also been recorded from Isla del Coco,
Panama, and Costa Rica. All of these were
common to abundant on the reef in from 20 to 50
feet of water (with the exception of C. mix which I
only found in any numbers w'hen snorkelling in the
inter-tidal zone). Colonies of large C. purpurascens
(60 mm plus), clustered next to their pink egg
sacks, were found everywhere under the larger coral
pieces on the reef. 1 discovered one of these
colonies under a rock with no less than thirty
specimens.

As for the cowries, although 11 species have
been recorded from Clipperton, we only found
living specimens of three species - Cypraea
isabellaniexicana and C. albuginosa from the
Panamic, and the Indo-Pacific migrant C. alisonae,
which has also established itself at Isla del Coco
and in the Golfo de Chiriqui in Panama. Of these
three, C. alisonae were the most common,
frequently found roosting on eggs and in breeding
pairs; followed by C. isabellaniexicana and, less
frequently, C. albuginosa. As for the eight other
Indo-Pacific cowry species known from Clipperton,

we found only dead speeimens of three species: C.
scurra, C. inoneia and C. helvola. This suggests that
while these three species arrived during earlier El
Nino events, none of them have established viable
breeding populations.

Perhaps the most interesting discovei^ was
Harpa gracilis, the smallest of the Indo-Pacific
harps. Apart frt)m Clipperton, where it had been
recorded before, H. gracilis is known only from the
Line Islands and the Tuaimttus in the south-eastern
Pacific (Walls, 198U). We found no live specimens
- probably because we did little night diving over
the sand patches in the reef where they normally
live, but we found about six dead specimens in sand
pockets under coral rubble on the reef slope,
including a relatively large (.'^0 mm plus) fresh dead
specimen collected by Kirslie Kaiser.

Overall, 49% of the species we found were
Indo-Pacific, versus M'A Panamic - a heavier
weighting ol Indo-Paeifie s|)eeies than has been
reet)rded by past collecting at Clipperton, according
to Emerson’s list. However, these percentages are
at this point provisional.

What accounts for this depauperate fauna?
Undoubtedly Clipperton’s small size - only four
square kilometres - signilicantly restricts the
number of species that it can support. Its remote
location must also reduce the number of species
that are able to migrate there from the mainland of
Central America, or from the central Pacific. There
are at least two questions about the distribution of
mollusc species at Clipperutn which would merit
further study. First, why have some Indo-Pacific
migrants apparently boomed and then died off?
For example, the 1958 Doldrums Ivxpedition found
Cypraea inoneia and C. capulserpenlis to be
abundant in the intertidal zone while we found no
living specimens of either species. Second, why are
some species abundant there - such as Bursa
granularis and B. asperinuna - while other related
species such as Cynuuiuni pileare macrodon, are
currently very scarce?

The same distribution of species is evident in
other forms of marine life. Among reef fish, for
example, Clij)perion aiqK'ars to have only two
damselfish, lx)th endemic - one of which covers the
reef at depths from 10 feel down to 160 feel, and
a second undescribed species, which was discovered
during our last day of diving by Gerry Allen and
Ross Robertson, living at 160 feel. Meanwhile,

Page 83

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(7); 1994

Sergeant-Major damselfish are nowhere to be found
- making Clipperton the first place according to
Gerry Allen that he has ever dived in the eastern or
western Pacific without finding a representative of
that genus.

After thirteen days and more than 200 dives by
five experienced collectors, I believe our group
carried out a fairly comprehensive survey of the
molluscs currently living in the reef shallows and
reef slopes around Clipperton - i.e. in depths from
10 - 60 feet. On occasion we dove deeper down
the reef slope, as deep as 160 feet at various points
around the island. However, apart from one veiy
dead Cypraecassis tenuis the rubble on the steep
reef slope did not yield any species that we did not
also find at shallower depths.

We did relatively little collecting in the
intertidal area, since it had been well covered by
previous expeditions. However, after future El
Nino events, there may well be a return of the
Cypraea nioneta and C. caputserpentis that the 1958
Doldrums Expedition found to be abundant in the
intertidal zone.

Night diving over the few patches of fine white
"powder" sand that exist around the island -
primarily on the northwestern side - might well
yield a few more sand dwelling species than we
found. We did no night diving over these sand
patches, since the swells made it difficult to anchor
on that side of the island. But a careful survey in
daytime only revealed a few dead Terebra crenulaui
in these patches, and the poison station carried out
in one sand patch by our two fish experts did not
flush out any other mollusc species.

The most likely environment for new records for
Clipperton is the deep terrace, at about 160 - 180
feet that extends around three quarters of the
island, on all but the southern side. From the few
glimpses various divers had of the terrace, it
appears to have a sandy base and is covered with
coral rubble. As far we could tell through
fathometer readings gathered by Peter Glynn while
making transects, this terrace is fairly narrow -
maybe about 100 yards - or as wide as the shallow
reef top terrace at 10 - 60 feet deep where we
normally dove on around the island. In one area -
on the northwestern side - the terrace seems much
wider, up to half a mile, but also deeper - extending
down to 300 feet.

We made a couple of attempts to collect

samples from this terrace. The results were not
encouraging. Our first attempt was by deploying a
tangle net on the eastern side of the island.
However, deep water currents tore away about 80
percent of the net, which yielded only a few pieces
of dead coral. A few mornings later, we made two
attempts to dredge the wider terrace on the
northwestern side. However, we were working at
the practical limit (,)f effective dredging depth for
the equipment we had available, with the dredge
300 feet down and at the end of all 1000 feet of
line that we had brought. This made it very
difficult to tell whether the dredge was in fact
dragging the bottom - or worse, whether it was
caught on a piece of rubble, risking losing it
altogether. At the same time, the rising swell even
at 08:00 in the morning made it difficult to spot the
rubber inner tube that lifts the dredge, once all
1000 feet of line were extended. After a couple of
unproductive hauls, we packed in the dredging for
the remainder of our trip. Heavier dredging
equipment and calmer weather might well produce
better results. Nevertheless, dredging offshore from
a steep eoral atoll is a diffieult exercise at the best
of times.

Clipperton is a weird and intriguing place. I
doubt I will ever dive again in such a remote and
inaccessible location - and the fascination of our
expedition lay in being the first to discover what
was there - or not there - beneath the ocean
around the island. As an amateur in the field of
marine biology, it was a pleasure to spend a month
in the company of a distinguished group of experts,
from such a variety of disciplines. I would like to
thank all the other participants on the trip for
freely sharing their knowledge, interests and
discoveries with me and the other members of our
group. 1 would also like to thank John Jackson in
particular for his meticulous planning that made
Clipperton ’94 such a success.

LITERATUliE ClfED
EMERSON, Wll.LlAM K.

1994. A zoogcogniphic summary of ihe marine mollusks of
Clipperton Island (tropical eastern Pacific Ocean). The
Festivus 2()(0):02-71.

SKAGGS, JIMMY M.

19S9. Clipperton: The history of the island the world forgot.
Walker & Co., New York.

WAI..LS, JERRY G.

1980. Conchs, tihias and harps. I’FH Publ. NJ. 191 pp.

Vol. XXVI(7): 1993

THE FESTIVUS

Page 84

UNUSUAL BIVALVE FINDS
FROM SAN MIGUEL ISLAND, CALIFORNIA

JULES HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum ol Natural History
2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, Calilornia 93105

In October 1993 Adrian
Valli, then a member ol' the
San Diego Shell Club,
participated in a dive trip to
San Miguel Island,
California. While diving off
Talcott Shoals at a depth of
18 m (60 ft), Adrian found
some interesting bivalve
specimens. These were
newly dead in a broken shell
substrate in sand channels
between rock reefs. The
first species, shown in
Figures 1 & 2, was named by
Dali (1916) as Glycymcris
migueliona, and San Miguel
Island is the type locality for
this species. Dali (1916)
described the shell as "solid,
white with sparse zigzag lines
of reddish brown and
internally often with a touch
of brown near the posterior
margin; surface smooth
except for irregularities of
growth; valves suborbicular,
anterior side slightly longer,
posterior hardly produced;
beaks low, area small and
divarically grooved; inner

basal margin crenulated;
anterior teeth 10-14,

posterior 9-12; valves

moderately convex. Length,

23; height, 22; diameter,
14 mm. Cat. No. 120775,

Figure 1. Gh'cxmais acpu’iniiunahs 1849) \_orm Dull. 191(i, collected

olf Sun Miguel Islund. Pholo: D.i\id K. Mulliner.

Figure 2. G. sqncntrkmalis, magnitied view of external surface of .shell shown in Figure 1.
Pholo: David K. Mulliner.

Page 85

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(7): 1994

U.S.N.M." The type of C.
migueliana was figured by
Willett (1944). Powell
(1992) stated that G.
migueliana was a synonym of
G . s e p t e n t r i a n a I i s
(Middendorff, 1849). Willett
(1944) reprinted
Middendorffs figure of the
type of G. sepienirionalis.
Powell listed other synonyms
of G. septentrionalis as G.
barharensis of authors, not of
Conrad (1857); G. corteziana
Dali, 1916; G. guadaliipcnsis
Strong, 1938; G. profunda
(Dali, 1878); and G.
suhohsolela (Carpenter,
1864). Based on the large
number of synonyms, G.
septentrionalis is a very
variable species. Powell
stated that G. septentrionalis
"specimens from a single
locality show a narrow range
of variability in the shell
outline, the size and shape
of the hinge, and the
thickness of the shell, but
over the geographic range of
the species all shell features
vary considerably. This
species ranges geographically
from the type locality at
Chirkof Island (56°N) in the
western Gulf of Alaska
southward to Rocas Alijos
(25°N), Baja California Sur,
Mexico, and has been
reported from faunas as old
as Miocene." Coan (1993,
pers. comm.) questioned
Powell’s statement about the
narrow range of variability of
Glycynieris at a single
locality, since Coan found a
large range of variability
when he collected at Rocas
Alijos. Although Dali
(1916) described the surface

of G. migueliana as smooth except for growth irregularities, the specimen
figured here has intersecting incised radial and concentric lines which result
in parallel rt)ws of raised sculpture. The specimen figured here is the
migueliana form of G. septentrionalis. It is slightly larger than the holotype
of G. migueliana, having the following dimensions: length, 24.3; height,
23.0; diameter, 15.3 mm. It has 9 anterior teeth and 7 posterior teeth. It
has extensive chevron patterning rather than the sparse zigzag lines
described by Dali. Although G. migueliana is considered a synonym of G.
septentionalis by Powell, comparison of the figures of the type species show
the two look vastly different.

The second species found was Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds, 1845) =
G. (G.) edentula (Gabb, 1869) (pers. comm. Paul Scott). A single, newly-
dead specimen was found, and had the following dimensions: length, 31.8;
height, 15.9 mm. The specimen is shown in Figure 3. Coan (1973)

Figure 3. Gari (Gobraeus) fucuia (1 lind.s, 1845). collected oH S;m Miguel Islund. Plioto;
Dtivid K. Mulliiier.

Figure 4. Scincic (Amphiilcsina) vauisiu (lieeve, 1853, ev A. Adum.s, MS), collected off San
Miguel Ishind. I'liolo: David K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXVI(7): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 86

reviewed the northwest American Psammobiidae
and stated that this species gets to 140 mm in
length. Therefore, the specimen figured here is
obviously juvenile.

The third species found was Seniele
(Amphidesma) venusta (Reeve, 1853, ex A. Adams
MS). The single specimen found is shown in
Figure 4. Its dimensions are: length, 19.1; height
15.9 mm. Coan (1988) synonymized Semele
incongnia Carpenter, 1864 (type locality; Catalina
Island, California) and Semele pulchra "vor."
montereyi Arnold, 1903 (type locality: Pleistocene,
Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los Angeles Co.,
California) with S. venusta (type locality: Manta,
Manabi Prov., Ecuador). Coan states that this
species gets to 27.8 mm. The specimen figured
here is very colorful externally, having most of its
surface varying shades of purple and rose.

The specimens discussed are in the Adrian Valli
collection. Hopefully, the report of these findings
will induce more of the members of the San Diego

Shell Club to look for bivalves on their next dive
trip to San Miguel Island.

The author is indebted to Paul Scott for his
suggestions and to Eugene Coan for a critical
reading of the paper.

LITERATURE CITED
COAN, EUGENE V.

1973. The northwest American Psammobiidae. The Veliger
16(l):40-57, 19 lig.s. (July 1).

1988. l^ecent eastern Pacific species of tlie bivalve genu.s
Scincle. The Veliger 31(1/2): 1-42, 63 figs. (July 1).
DALI., WILLIAM HEALEY

1916. Diagnoses of new species of marine bivalve mollusks
from the northwest coast of America in the collection
of the United Stales National Mu.seum. Proc. U.S.N.M.
,S2(2138):39.3-417 (Dec. 27).

POWELL, CHARLES L. II

1992. Preliminaiy review of Holocene and Pleistocene
northeastern Pacific Glycymcris. WSM Annual Report
for 1991 42:8-9 (June 8).

WILLEJT, GEORGE

1944. Northwest American species of Glyciincris [sic]. Bull.
South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 42(3):107-1 14, pis. 11-12.

SHELLFISH INFORMATION LINE NOW AVAILABLE

The Sea Grant Extension Program Newsletter
announces that since May 1, 1994, the California
Department of Health Services, Environmental
Management Branch provides recorded updates on
marine toxin activity and special quarantines or
public warnings in California. The toll-free number
is 1-800-540-2605. Callers may leave a message at
the toll-free number to request more detailed

information.

For copies of the annual reports on the shellfish
monitoring program, write to;

California Dcj)artmcnt of Health Services
Environmental Management Branch
P.O. Box 942732
601 North 7ih Street, MS-396
Sacramento, CA 94234-7320

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fTHE FESTIVUS

'■&■

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI August 11, 1994 Number: 8

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Hugh Bradner

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Larry Buck

American Malacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Kay Klaus

Henry W. Chaney

Secretary (Record.)

Rick Negus

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Treasurer

Margaret Mulliner

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Carole M. Hertz

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Linda L. Hutsell

do Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr.

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

Laguna Beach, CA 92651

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernisse

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natural History

Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History

family): $12.00; Overseas (surface mail):

Barry Roth

$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

San Diego Shell Club,

Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Emily H. Vokes

The Festivus is published monthly except

Tulane University

December. The publication date appears

on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Clipperton ’94 - The Adventure!

Richard Herrmann and Charlie Waters, two members display. This multidisciplinary expedition was the first full
of the recent Clipperton ’94 Expedition, will give a team scientific expedition there since the 1958 Doldrums

slide program on their adventure. They will also have a Expedition.

Meeting date: August 18, 1994
Shells of the month: Shells of offshore islands

CONTENTS

Club news 88

The Caecidae of San Felipe and environs. Gulf of California, from the Gemmell Collection (1965-1976)

CAROLE M. HERTZ, BARBARA W. MYERS & JOYCE GEMMELL 89

Book news 94

Hiimilaria kennerlyi survives drill attack

ROLAND C. ANDERSON 95

Annual meeting of the WSM

JULES HERTZ 96

Campus marine science programs 98

Page 88

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - July 21, 1994

At 7:40 p.m. the meeting was called to order by
President Hugh Bradner. Minutes of the May
meeting were approved as published in The Festivus
and guests and new members were introduced.

Hugh reminded the members that the
September party, with Greek theme, will be held at
their home on Saturday evening, September 24th.
A food signup sheet was circulated so that members
could decide on their potluck contribution. Recipes
for the main dish and salad are available from
Marge Bradner. For further information or a copy
of the recipes, contact Marge Bradner 459-7681.
Further details and a map with directions to the
Bradner home wilt be in the September issue of
The Festivus.

The Bradners and Romers were thanked for
providing the evening’s refreshments. The shell
drawing was then held and was won by Margaret
Mulliner.

Dave Mulliner announced that the San Diego
Underwater Film Festival’s "Dive into the Future"
will be held on Friday and Saturday evenings
September 16th and 17th. The Master of
Ceremonies this year will be Ron McPeak.

Billee Brown announced that she is offering her
shell display cocktail table for sale with the
proceeds to go the Club. For details see column 2,
this page.

George Kennedy shared information on standard
sieves which was of considerable interest to those
who collect micromollusks. He had also made
copies of illustrated price lists available.

Carole Hertz announced the four new books
purchased by librarian Margaret Mulliner, which are
now available for circulation (see page 94).

Larry Buck then introduced the evening’s
speaker. Club member John Michel, who was the
leading engineer aboard the bathyscaph Trieste from
1959 to 1962. John presented a most informative
(and often humorous) slide presentation on his
experiences topside and underwater on this unique
submersible that still holds the record for the

deepest dives down to 35,000 feet in the Challenger
Deep off Guam. John explained the workings and
failures of the five separate vehicles and contrasted
the principles behind the bathyscaph with the
workings of hot air balloons. There was much
interest in his talk and the many questions from the
audience kept John busy when his presentation was
over.

The Club Science Fair winner, James Sullivan
Gibilisco, was then introduced and given his award:
Morris, Abbott and Haderlie’s, Intertidal
Invertebrates of California. He will present an
overview of his project at the August meeting.

Following the program the members enjoyed the
refreshments and the opportunity to socialize.

Addition to the Roster

New Member

Smith, John, 2220 C Street, #109, San Diego, CA
92102, (619) 232-5645.

Change of Address

Shasky, Donald, 4990 Nighthawk Way, Oceanside,
CA 92056, (619) 941-4532.

Sale of Cocktail Table to Benefit Club

Member Billee Brown is interested in selling
her plate glass-topped cocktail table for displaying
shells. She has generously designated that the
proceeds from the sale go to the Club.

The table is oak with a walnut stain and
measures 5 feet in length, 22 inches wide and 13
inches in height. The inside display area is 4 inches
deep and includes the white sand backdrop for the
shells. If you are interested in buying the table and
want to see it or get further information, contact
Billee at 454-5788.

For those interested, send a sealed bid to the
Club address (front page) by September 1st. The
treasurer will open the bids at that time and the
highest bidder will get the table.

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 89

THE CAECIDAE OF SAN FELIPE AND ENVIRONS,

GULF OF CALIFORNIA, FROM THE GEMMELL COLLECTION

(1965-1976)

CAROLE M. HERTZ*, BARBARA W. MYERS* «& JOYCE GEMMELL**

* Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road,
Santa Barbara, California 93105
**150 South Anza, Space 47C, El Cajon, California 92020

Abstract: Six species of Caecidae in four genera are identified in the Gemmell collection from the San
Felipe area three of which - [Caecum clathratum Carpenter, 1857, Fartulum limnetes (Long, 1972), and
Fartulum glabriforme (Carpenter, 1857)] -have not previously been reported at San Felipe or on the Baja
California side of the northern Gulf of California. A seventh species, Elephantulum liratocinctum
(Carpenter, 1857), previously reported from San Felipe in seastar stomachs (Gemmell, Myers & Hertz,
1980), is also discussed.

Little work had been published on the Recent
Caecidae in the Panamic Province since Keen
(1971) and Draper (1979) until the papers by
Lightfoot (1993a,b). Skoglund (1992) references the
changes since Keen (1971). Gemmell, Myers &
Hertz (1980) reported the species Elephantulum
liratocinctum (Carpenter, 1857), from seastar
stomachs dredged off San Felipe. As part of our
continuing study of the mollusks from the Gemmell
collection, we here report sb( additional species of
Caecidae from the San Felipe area, three of which
are new distributional records. Gemmell, Myers &
Hertz (1987) provide maps of the area discussed.
The identifications of the species were confirmed by
the late Joanne Lightfoot and compared, where
possible, with specimens in the Carol Skoglund
collection, Phoenbc, Arizona.

We appreciate the scope of the study of the
Caecidae by Lightfoot (1992a-c; 1993a,b), but we
are not in agreement with her usage of the genus
Brochina Gray, 1857. Brochina was erected
primarily on the basis of its convex operculum. The
type species, Dentalium glabrum Montagu, 1803:497,
from the Atlantic coast of Europe, has the convex
operculum like "an inverted teacup without a
handle" (Jeffreys, 1867:78; 1869, pi. 70, fig. 5) and
was described as having a septum "rounded and

subemarginated." Van Aartsen (1977, figs. 5, 14) in
his study of Atlantic and Mediterranean caecids,
illustrated a specimen of Caecum glabrum and
detail of its septum, showing "a hemispherical dome
with no signs of projections or appendices."
Lightfoot (1992a,b) expanded the concept of
Brochina and considered it a subgenus of Caecum
having a septum with a "coin edge mucro" with a
variable projection.

Lightfoot (1993b) raised Brochina to a genus.
The operculum was not studied in any of the
Lightfoot papers. Because C. glabrum, the type
species of Brochina, has no projection on the
septum and has a convex operculum, we have not
adopted Lightfoot’s new placement here.

Following is an illustrated listing of the seven
species arranged alphabetically by genus. All
species are drawn, some in several views, by
Gemmell from the material in her collection. An
asterisk next to a species name indicates an
extension of the known distribution. In cases where
specimens are listed with a "G" number, the
reference is to a number cited in Gemmell, Myers
& Hertz (1980).

All specimens are currently housed in the San
Diego Natural History Museum (in the office of the
Department of Entomology).

Page 90

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(8): 1993

Family CAECIDAE
Genus Caecum Fleming, 1813

*Caeciim clathratum Carpenter, 1857
(Figure la-c)

Cat. Coll. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus., p.
Fig’d.: Brann (1966, pi. 34, fig. 369)

322

20 spec., 1. 2-2.7 mm L^, Pta. Estrella, San Felipe,
in grunge. May 1968

1 spec., 2.0 mm L, Playa Laguna, San Felipe,

crabbed, at minus tide on hydroid

2 spec., 2.2 & 2.8 mm L, Puertecitos, in sand, July,

1969

7 spec., 1.5-2. 6 mm L, Puertecitos, in intertidal
grunge, February 1971

1 spec., 1.9 mm L, 8.0 km (5 mi) S of Puertecitos,
in intertidal grunge

12 spec., 1. 7-2.3 mm L, dredged by fishing boat
Chamizal II, west of Isla Salvatierra [a.k.a. Isla
San Luis] (29°57’48"N, 114°28’W), 0.8 km {Vi
mi.) offshore, in sand, July 1969

1 spec., 1.4 mm L, Bahia Willard, San Luis
Gonzaga, 1969

Remarks: This species is extremely close in
sculpture to C. bahiahondoense Strong &
Hertlein, 1939, which may prove to be a
synonym. Note the rounded cords.

Distribution: Keen (1971) listed the distribution as
Mazatldn, Sinaloa, to Islas Tres Marias, Nayarit,
Mexico. DuShane & Poorman (1967) extended
the range N to the area of Guaymas, Sonora; J.
8l C. Hertz (1978) noted it at La Paz, Baja
California Sur, Mexico, and Shasky (1984)
extended the distribution S to Manabi Province,
Ecuador. Lightfoot (1993a) studied specimens
from San Juanico (Baja California Sur), Puerto
Penasco and Estero Morua (Sonora), and Ixtapa
(Guerrero), all in Mexico; Puntarenas and
Peninsula de Nicoya, Costa Rica; and Venado
Beach, Canal Zone, Panama. This is the first
record of the species at San Felipe, Puertecitos,
and Bahia San Luis Gonzaga.

Caecum quadratum Carpenter, 1857
(Figure 2)

Cat. Coll. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus., pp. 322-323
Fig’d.: Brann (1966, pi. 34, fig. 370 & pi. 35, fig. 371)

Figure la-c. Caecum clathratum (a) 2.7 mm L, from a lot of 20
specimens, 1. 2-2.7 mm L,, in grunge from off Pta. Estrella, May
1968.

1 spec, 22 mm L, Pta. Estrella, in grunge. May 1968

3 spec., 1. 3-2.0 mm L, Playa Laguna, crabbed at
minus tide on hydroid

7 spec., 1.2-1.6 mm L, Ensenada Blanca, San Felipe,
on white hydroid, June 28, 1968
5 spec., 1. 5-2.0 mm L, Puertecitos, November 1968

2 spec., 1.8-2.2 mm L, Puertecitos, in intertidal

grunge, February 1971

3 spec., 1.6 mm L, 8.0 km S of Puertecitos, in

intertidal grunge

32 spec., 1. 2-2.6 mm L, dredged by fishing boat
Chamizal II, off Isla Salvatierra, 0.8 km offshore
(29°57’48"N, 114°28’W), in sand, July 1969
Remarks: Note that the cords are flattened, not
rounded as in C. clathratum. Abbott (1974)
considered the Californian C. grippi, C. licalum
and C. diegense to be synonymous with C. dalli
all of Bartsch, 1920. Lightfoot (1993a) added C.
richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, 1939, to the
Bartsch species and placed them all in the
synonymy of C. quadratum. We have not
examined comparative material of these species.

L indicates length

Figure 2. Caecum quadratum, from a lot of 32 specimens, 1.2-
2.6 mm L, taken off Isla Salvatierra, July 1969.

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 91

Distribution: Described from MazatHn, Sinaloa,
Mexico. J. Hertz (1979) extended the
distribution to San Felipe; Poorman & Poorman
(1988) listed the species from Bahia San Carlos,
Sonora. Lightfoot (1993a) examined specimens
ranging from San Pedro, Los Angeles County,
California, to Puerto Penasco, Sonora, in the
upper Gulf of California, and S to Panama.

Genus Elephantiilum Carpenter, 1857

Elephantiilum heptagonum Carpenter, 1857
(Figure 3a-d)

Cat. Coll. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus., p. 319
Fig’d.: Brann (1966, pi. 32, fig. 365)

4 spec., 2. 0-2. 5 mm L, dredged by fishing boat
Chamizal II, W of Isla Salvatierra, San Luis
Gonzaga, October 1969

11 spec., 1. 2-2.2 mm L, N side of Bahia Willard,
San Luis Gonzaga, November 28, 1969
3 spec, -f 1 fragment, 1. 7-2.2 mm L, dredged by
fishing boat Chamizal II, Bahia San Luis
Gonzaga in fine sand, July 8-10, 1969
Distribution; Keen (1971) listed the distribution
from Bahia San Luis Gonzaga to Panama.
DuShane & Sphon (1968) noted the species from
Bahia Willard. Lightfoot (1993a) studied
specimens from several Mexican localities: San
Juanico, Baja California Sur; Puerto Penasco and
Bahia Bacochibampo, Sonora; Bahia Banderas,
Jalisco; and Ixtapa, Guerrero.

Figure 3a-d. Elephantulum heptagonum, from a lot of 11
specimens, 1. 2-2.2 mm L, taken in intertidal grunge at Bahia
Willard, November 28, 1969. (a-c) 3 views (d) detail of plug
showing projection on right side.

Elephantulum liratocinctum Carpenter, 1857
(Figure 4a-d)

Cat. Coll. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus., pp. 317-318
Fig’d.: Brann (1966, pi. 33, fig. 364)

Synonyms:

C. liratocinctum tenuiliratum Carpenter, 1857, fig.
364 [tab. 1520]

C. /. siibobsoletum Carpenter, 1857, fig. 364 [tab.

1521]

C. /. subconicum Carpenter, 1857, fig. 364 [tab.

1522]

Figure 4a-d. Elephantulum liratocinctum (ex G-42AS), a lot of 79
specimens, 3. 0-4.8 mm L, from off Pta. Estrella, Bahia San Felipe
from seastar stomachs. The four specimens are shown to
highlight the variability of the species.

79 spec., (ex G-42AS) 3.0-4.8 mm L, dredged by
fishing boat Chamizal off Pta. Estrella, Bahia
San Felipe, (31°20’18"N to 30°41’N and
114°17’36"W to 114°48’W), from seastar
stomachs, June 27-29, 1968
1 spec., 3.4 mm L, Playa Laguna, San Felipe,
crabbed, on hydroid on minus tide
9 spec., 3.0-4.0 mm L, Radar Beach, San Felipe, in
grunge, February 1971

34 spec., 2.3-3.6 mm L, Puertecitos, in intertidal
grunge, February 1971

1 spec., 3.4 mm L, Playa Alicia, in grunge, April 12-
13, 1972

Page 92

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

15 spec., 2.4-4. 1 mm L, Ensenada Blanca, San
Felipe, on white hydroid, June 28, 1968

1 spec., 3.4 mm L, 8.0 km S of Puertecitos in
intertidal grunge, March, 1975

39 spec., 2.5-4.5 mm L, Puertecitos, in drift,
November 1968

190 spec., (ex G-42A), 2.5-4.5 mm L [1 vial with 16
spec., live taken with opercula; 1 vial with
juveniles] dredged by fishing boat Chamizal II
from Puertecitos to San Luis Gonzaga
(29°57’48"N to 30°94’30"N and 114°28’W to
114°33’42"W), July 1969

9 spec., 3.3-4.7 mm L, Bahia Willard, San Luis
Gonzaga, in beach grunge, November 28, 1969

Remarks: The figures from Brann (1966) include
the "varieties" which Keen (1968:419) stated
"might be within the range of variation of the
species...." These "varieties" were synonymized by
Lightfoot (1993a), and we concur.

Distribution: Keen (1971) listed the range as Bahia
San Luis Gonzaga to Panama. Gemmell, Hertz
& Myers (1980) extended the distribution to San
Felipe. Lightfoot (1993a) extended it N to
Puerto Penasco, Sonora.

Genus Fartiilum Carpenter, 1857

Fartiihim dextroversum (Carpenter, 1857)
(Figure 5a-d)

Cat. Coll. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus., p. 328
Fig’d.: Brann (1966, pi. 37, fig. 376)

2 spec., 1.5 & 1.6 mm L (with periostracum),
Ensenada Blanca, San Felipe, on hydroid, June
28, 1968

1 spec., 4.2 mm, Puertecitos, east side of bay

1 spec., 1.8 mm, 8.0 km S of Puertecitos, in grunge,
March 1975

6 spec., 2.0-3.4 mm L, dredged by fishing boat
Chamizal II, W of Isla Salvatierra, 0.8 km
offshore (29°57’48"N, 114° 28’W), in 25.6 m, in
sand and pumice, July 8-10, 1969

Remarks: Abbott (1974) placed the Californian
Fartidum hemphilli and F. bakeri, in the synonymy
of F. occidentole (all of Bartsch, 1920). Lightfoot
(1993b) placed these species in the synonymy of
F. dexti-oversiim. We have not examined the
Californian comparative material of these
nominal taxa.

Distribution: The species was described from

MazatHn. J. Hertz (1979b) listed and figured
the species from Puertecitos to San Luis
Gonzaga as F. ?dextroversum. Shasky (1984)
noted the species from Manabi Province,
Ecuador. Lightfoot (1993b) gave the
distribution as Santa Barbara, California, to the
northern Gulf of California at Puerto Penasco
and S to Bahia Banderas, Nayarit.

Figure 5a-d. Fartulum dextroversum, from a lot of six specimens,
2.0-3. 4 mm L, from W of Isla Salvatierra, July 8-10, 1969. Views
of four specimens. Note small "pimple" on right side of plug.

*Fartulum glabriforme (Carpenter, 1857)
(Figure 6a-e)

Cat. Coll. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus., p. 327
Fig’d.: Brann (1966, pi. 37, fig. 374)

10 spec., 1. 5-2.2 mm L, Ensenada Blanca, San
Felipe, on white hydroid, June 28, 1968

3 spec., each 3.0 mm L, Playa Alicia, San Felipe, in

grunge, April 12-13, 1972
2 spec., 1.7 & 2.0 mm L, Campo Uno, San Felipe,
in grunge, 1971

4 spec., 1.9-2.2 mm L, 8.0 km S of Puertecitos, in

intertidal grunge, March 1975
15 spec., 1. 6-2.2 mm L, dredged by fishing boat

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 93

Chamizal II, W of Isla Salvatierra, 0.8 km
offshore (29°57’48"N, 114°28’W), in 25.6 m, in
sand and pumice, July 8-10, 1969

Remarks: J. Hertz (1979, fig. 4) listed this species
as Fartulum ?farcimen (Carpenter, 1857).

Distribution: Described from Mazatldn. J. Hertz
(1979:33) listed the species from the Chamizal II
dredging off Isla Salvatierra. Lightfoot (1993b)
studied specimens from Bahia Magdalena, Baja
California Sur; Bahia Kino and Bacochibampo,
Sonora, Mexico; and Bahia Panama and Venado
Beach, Canal Zone, Panama. This is the first
record of the species in San Felipe and
Puertecitos.

e m
v2_.

Figure 6a-e. Fartulum glabrifonne, illustration of five specimens
from a lot of 15 specimens, 1.6-2. 2 mm L, from W of Isla
Salvatierra in 25.6 m, July 8-10, 1969.

*Fartiiliim limnetes (Long, 1972)

(Figure 7a-c)

Veliger 14(3):291-292, figs. 1, 2

11 spec., 1. 3-2.0 mm L, Ensenada Blanca, San
Felipe, on white hydroid, June 26, 1968
1 spec., 1.5 mm L, 8.0 km S of Puertecitos, in
grunge, March 1975

7 spec., 1. 7-2.0 mm L, dredged by fishing boat
Chamizal II, W of Isla Salvatierra, 0.8 km
offshore (29°57’48"N, 114°28’W), in 25.6 m, in

sand and pumice with pectinid valves, July 8-
10, 1969

Remarks: Described from Estero Choya [Bahia
Choya], Sonora, Mexico. Lightfoot (1993b)
studied specimens from other localities in the
Puerto Pefiasco area. This is the first record of
this species outside Sonora. These specimens
were compared with Skoglund specimens of B.
limnetes determined by G. Long.

Figure 7a-e. Fartulum limnetes, from a lot of seven specimens,
1. 7-2.0 mm I, dredged by fishing boat Chamizal II, W of Isla
Salvatierra, July 8-10, 1969. The rounded cords are close
together and not very high.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Our appreciation to the late Joanne Lightfoot
who confirmed the identifications of the species and
to Carol Skoglund for the loan of study material
and for reviewing a draft of the manuscript. The
San Diego Natural History Museum gave us office
space in the Entomology Department and access to
the scientific library, which we appreciate.

LITERATURE CITED

ABBOTT, R. TUCKER

1974. American seashells, 2nd edition, 663 pp., 24 pis., 6405
figs.

CARPENTER, PHILIP P.

1857. Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells in the

Page 94

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

British Museum. Reprinted 1967. Paleo. Res. Inst. 552

pp.

DRAPER, BERTRAM C.

1979. Radular development in the family Caecidae. Ann.
Rept. Western Soc. Malac. for 1978:26-30, figs. 1-13.

DUSHANE, HELEN & ROY POORMAN

1967. A checklist of raollusks for Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.
Veliger 9(4):413-441.

DUSHANE, HELEN & GALE SPHON

1967. A checklist of intertidal mollusks for Bahia Willard
and the southwestern portion of Bahia San Luis
Gonzaga state of Baja California, Mexico. Veliger
10(3):233-246, 1 pi.

GEMMELL, JOYCE, CAROLE M. HERTZ & BARBARA W.
MYERS

1980. Seastar predation on mollusks in the San Felipe Bay
area, Baja California, Mexico. Festivus 12(3): 24-55,
51 figs.

GEMMELL, JOYCE, BARBARA W. MYERS & CAROLE M.
HERTZ

1987. A faunal study of the bivalves of San Felipe and
environs. Gulf of California, from the Gemmell
collection (1965 to 1976). Festivus 17 (Suppl.):l-72,
78 figs.

HERTZ, JULES

1979a. Minute shells. Festivus ll(l):2-4, 6 figs.

1979b. Minute shells. Festivus ll(4):32-34, 4 figs.

HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE M. HERTZ

1984. Collecting in La Paz. Festivus 16(6):66-70, figs. 1-6.
JEFFREYS, JOHN GWYN

1867. British Conchology or an account of the Mollusca...

John Van Voorst, London, vol. 4, 486 pp., 8 pis.
1869. ibid Vol. 5, 258 pp., 102 pis.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1968. West American mollusk types at the British Museum
(Natural History) IV. Carpenter’s Mazatlan collection.
Veliger 10(4):389-439, pis. 55-59, 171 text figs.

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd ed., Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, xiv -f 1064 pp. illus.

LIGHTFOOT, JOANNE

1992a. Caecidae of the western Atlantic. Of Sea and Shore
14(4):171-185, figs. 1-21.

1992b.Caecidae of the western Atlantic. Part 2, conclusion.
ibid 15(l):23-32, figs. 22-36.

1992c. Hawaiian Caecidae. Hawaiian Shell News 40(7):1,3,5,
figs. 1-10.

1993a. Caecidae of the Panamic Province, part one. Of Sea &
Shore 16(l):13-26, figs. 1-18.

1993b.Caecidae of the Panamic Province, part two. ibid
16(2):75-87, figs. 19-34.

POORMAN, FORREST L. & LEROY H.

1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San Carlos
rectangle, Sonora, Mexico collected by Forrest L. and
Leroy H. Poorman from December 1953 to December
1983. Festivus 20(6):47-63, 1 map.

SHASKY, DONALD R.

1984. A preliminary checklist of marine mollusks from ManabI
Province, Ecuador. Ann. Rept. West. Soc. Malac. for
1983:16:25-32.

SKOGLUND, CAROL

1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca)
literature 1971 to 1992. Festivus 24(Suppl.):l-169.

VAN AARTSEN, J. J.

1977. Revision of the East Atlantic and Mediterranean
Caecidae. Basteria 41:7-19, figs. 1-25.

BOOK NEWS

As a result of the generous participation of
Club members in the recent book and reprint sales
and the "mini auctions" of duplicate library material,
the Club has been able to purchase four new books
for the library. The four books listed below are
valuable additions to the Club’s fine circulating
library and it is hoped that members will avail
themselves of the opportunity to borrow [for one
month] these new works.

Bivalved Seashells of the Red Sea
By: P. Graham Oliver, 1992.

Published by: Verlag Christa Hemmen (Wiesbaden)
and the National Museum of Wales (Cardiff).

330 pages, 46 color plates, numerous text figures.

European Seashells, Vol. II (Scaphopoda, Bivalvia,
Cephalopoda)

By: Guido T. Poppe & Yoshihiro Goto, 1993.
Published by: Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden.
221 pages, 31 color plates, 62 text figures.

Ranellidae & Personidae of the World
By: Thomas Henning & Jens Hemmen, 1993.

263 pages, 30 black & white plates.

Trophoninae (Muricidae) of Russian and Adjacent
Waters

By: Roman Egorov, 1993.

Ruthenica, Supplement 1, 48+ pages, 39 figures
[figures 30-39 as black & white plates].

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 95

HUMILARIA KENNERLYI SURVIVES DRILL ATTACK

ROLAND C. ANDERSON

The Seattle Aquarium, 1483 Alaskan Way,

Seattle, Washington 98101

I have been intrigued by the Kennerly’s Venus
clam [Humilaria kennerlyi (Reeve, 1863)] for a long
time (see Anderson, 1985; 1994). Recently, I found
one of these thick-shelled clams that emphasizes its
resistance to drilling. I was diving at Titlow Beach
in Tacoma (Washington State, USA), a dive site
popularized by the world octopus wrestling
competitions held there in the 1960s (High, 1963).
Although octopus wrestling is now no longer
sanctioned or practiced, this site is still popular
among divers. There are strong currents that sweep
through the Tacoma Narrows, a stricture in Puget
Sound, and divers can only dive on slack tides. The
currents make for a rich bottom life. The substrate
is composed of rock ledges and cobble/gravel.
Numerous shells litter the bottom, including many
H. kennerlyi. I spotted a particularly large shell and
stuck it in my pocket.

Upon measuring the shell (103 mm by 77 mm)
I noticed that it had an incomplete bore hole in it
from a carnivorous gastropod (Figure 1). The
cylindrical hole on top of the umbo is 6.0 mm deep
and 2.3 mm wide, a remarkable depth for a drill
hole. This is more than twice as deep as any drill
holes noted by Williams (1976).

There is a thickening of shell material and a
discolored area on the inside of the shell under the
bore hole. It is not likely the clam could sense
where the drill hole would penetrate the shell,
therefore the hole must have pierced the shell
before the clam could defend against it. ATter the
snail had perforated the shell, the clam must have
mounted a defense against it by laying down more
shell material under the hole.

The snail must not have been able to complete
its drill hole. Perhaps 6.0 mm was as deep as it
could drill, or perhaps it became dislodged or
"discouraged".

There are only three large snails in this area of
southern Puget Sound that could have drilled so

Figure 1. The drill hole into this Humilaria kennerlyi shell is 6.0
mm deep. Photo by Leo Shaw, The Seattle Aquarium.

large a hole: Polinices lewisii (Gould, 1847), Nucella
lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791), or Cerotostoma foliatum
(Gmelin, 1791). Polinices bore a large beveled hole
(MacGinitie & MacGinitie, 1968; Williams, 1976),
so it seems likely that this hole was bored by a N.
lomellosa or a C. foliatum.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, ROLAND C.

1985. Super clam. Shells and Sea Life. 17(5):173-176.

1994. Octopus bites clam. The Festivus 26(5):58-50.

HIGH, W. L.

1963. 1963 world octopus wrestling championships. Skin Diver.
12(7);20-21.

MACGINITIE, G. E. & N. MACGINITIE
1968. Natural history of marine animals. McGraw Hill. 523 pp.
WILLIAMS, LORALYN

1976. Drilling and feeding habits of some California
carnivorous gastropods. Of Sea and Shore 7(3):141-147.

Page 96

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WSM

JULES HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road,
Santa Barbara, California 93105

The 27th annual
meeting of the
Western Society of
Malacologists was
held 26-29 June
1994 at the Miramar
Hotel, Santa
Barbara, California.
There were 73
people in atteru|gjice
' for the three day§ of
papers and social
events. It was an
extremely interesting
meeting in an ideal
setting. The hotel,
has pools, tennis
courts, restaurant
and snack bar, and
, just across the
adjacent ^ j^road
tracks is-

Miramar Beach.
Early morning strolls
along the beach at
low tide revealed a
number of common
Californian
gastropod species.

The 26th was a
relaxing, get-
reaquainted day, and
followingregistration
the President’s
reception, with
President Kirstie
Kaiser welcoming
attendees, was held
at the Sea Center of

the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History on historic Stearns Wharf.

The technical portion of the meeting started on the 27th with a symposium
entitled "Systematics of Micromollusks" convened by James McLean. The most
interesting papers for me were: "What is a Micromollusc?" by Anders War6n, "They
All Look The Same! - Convergence in Shell Form in Micro-gastropods" by Winston
Ponder, and "Progress toward Revision of the Liotiinae and Colloniinae of the
World" by James McLean. Those of us who collect micromollusks were totally
discouraged by all the examples of shell convergence. It seems that one cannot put
a species name on microspecies with any confidence without knowing details of the
anatomy, and in the case of eulimids the host species. That afternoon, a
".Workshop on Micromollusks" was conducted (Figure 1). Eight microscopes were

Figure 1. WSM Micromollusk Workshop. Left to right: Don Shasky, Winston Ponder and Carol
Skoglund.

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 97

available and one
could confer with
the professional
experts on any
identification
problems. One
could also view
micromollusks
collected by many of
the attendees,
including some
micromollusks
recently collected at
Clipperton Island.
The Workshop
proved to be the
highlight of the
meeting for many of
the attendees, and it
has been
recommended that
such workshops be
included in future
WSM meetings.

On the 28th, the
technical program
continued with
contributed papers
on a variety of
mollusk related
subjects. A
Contributed Poster
Session was also
displayed showing
summations of some
very fine work
(Figure 2). The
evening of the 28th
started with the
annual reprint sale
and was followed by
the auction (Figure
3). To many of us,
the auction is the
most fun of all the
social events. Once
again, Henry Chaney
was the auctioneer,
and he did a
marvelous job of

Figure 2. R. Tucker Abbott and Twila Bratcher-Critchlow in front of posters.

Figure 3. Auction preview. In foreground: Terry Arnold, Lindsey Groves and Carole Hertz.

Page 98

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(8): 1994

squeezing money out of those attending. Using
humor, threats, cajoling, and a marvelous collection
of shells (many from Clipperton Island), Henry
made a record amount of money for a WSM
auction. Given the available wine, snacks, good
humor and good cause many of us had no regrets
in over-spending our budgets.

On the last day, the technical program consisted
of a symposium on "Current Topics of
Biogeography of Mollusks." There was a full day of
papers. The most interesting to me was a very fine
paper by Alison Kay entitled "Pacific Island
Biogeography; Myths of the Past, Visions for the
Future" and a paper by Henry Chaney entitled "The
Molluscan Fauna of Clipperton Island: A

Preliminary Report of the 1994 Clipperton
Expedition." The business meeting that afternoon
revealed that the 1995 WSM meeting will be held
June 2-5, 1994 at Chena Hot Springs, Fairbanks,
Alaska. It looks like newly elected President, Nora
Foster, has some interesting plans and has been
able to make some preliminary arrangements at very
reasonable costs. The 1996 meeting is scheduled
for San Diego with current 1st vice-president Hugh
Bradner responsible for the arrangements.

The last event for this year’s WSM meeting was
a reception and banquet at the Santa Barbara

Museum of Natural History. It started with an
open house reception in the Department of
Invertebrate Zoology in the Collections and
Research Center. This year’s meeting honored Dr.
William K. Emerson for his many contributions to
malacology. While nibbling on marvelous

appetizers, we were able to view an exhibit put
together by Don Shasky on species named by and
for Bill Emerson. Accompanying this beautiful
display were copies of the pertinent Emerson
papers. Following was a buffet dinner in an outside
courtyard which was delightful because of the
gourmet food, fine wine, and beautiful intimate
surroundings. After dinner, we adjourned to

Farrand Hall where the evening festivities
continued. Henry Chaney presented a series of
slides showing Bill Emerson at most of the previous
WSM meetings spanning a period of 26 years. He
then presented Bill with a WSM Honorary
Membership award which consisted of a plaque with
a beautifully mounted piece of coral from
Clipperton Island. The final event of the evening
was a program by the evening’s featured speaker,
Terrence Gosliner. His program consisted of film
from the early 1930s entitled "Early 20th Century
Biological Exploration in the Eastern Pacific:
Roughing it Aboard the Zaca and Velero III."

CAMPUS MARINE SCIENCE PROGRAMS

Tidelines, publication of the Cooperative
Extension, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
University of California, announces the new and
updated guide from California Sea Grant, The
Directory of Academic Marine Programs in
California: A Guide to Programs m California
Colleges and Universities. This 82-page, updated
guide to marine programs is for both two-year and
four-year public and private institutions in

California. Courses listed are diverse and prepare
for marine-related careers both on the graduate and
non-graduate levels.

To order a copy, send your request with a check
or money order for $5.00 payable to UC Regents
to: California Sea Grant College
University of California
9500 Gilman Drive, Dept. 0232
La Jolla, CA 92093-0232

I0(

KoLl

f T H E

A publicati

F" J ISSN 0738-9388

on of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI

September 8, 1994 Number: 9

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Hugh Bradner

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Ltirry Buck

American Molacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Kay Klaus

Henry W. Chaney

Secretary (Record.)

Rick Negus

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Treasurer

Margaret Mulliner

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Carole M. Hertz

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Linda L. Hutsell

c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr.

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

Laguna Beach, CA 92651

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernisse

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natural History

Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP AND

SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Histoiy

family): S 12.00; Overseas (surface mail):

Barry Roth

$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Emily II. Vokes

The Festivus is published monthly except

Tulane University

December. The publication date appears

on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

The September Party--Saturday September 24th

Come to THE GREEK PARTY! There will be no regular meeting this month.
(See page 100 and map on last page.)

CONTENTS

Club news 100

Coliimbella sonsonatensis (MOrch, 1860) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Gastropoda: Columbellidae)

GIJS C. KRONENBERG 101

Pan’ioris fiilvescens (A. Adams, 1866) from Tonga

JULES HERTZ 102

Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in San Diego

CAROLE M. HERTZ 103

Map for detaching

Page 100

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(9): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - August 18, 1994

At 7:35 p.m. the meeting was called to order by
President Hugh Bradner. Minutes of the July
meeting were approved as published in The
Festivus.

Guests and new members were introduced and
there were a few announcements made.

Reminders for the September party were made
by Hugh and a signup sheet for potluck donations
was passed. (See col. 2, this page.)

Carole Hertz notified the members of the sad
news that Margaret and Dave Mulliner’s son, Bruce,
had died suddenly.

Two new books were on display. Hans Bertsch
brought in a copy of Daniel Gotshall’s new book
Guide to Marine Invertebrates: Alaska to Baja
California and John Jackson had an advance copy
of volume two of Barry Wilson’s Australian Marine
Shells for members to look at.

Each Noyes won the door prize and the cookies
were furnished this month by John Jackson and
Rick Negus.

Larry Buck introduced the two speakers for the
night, Richard Herrmann and Charlie Waters, who
had just come back from a month-long expedition
to Clipperton and the Revillagigedo Islands.
Richard showed slides of some of the members of
the expedition, telling about their work, and had
images of the varied life - crabs, birds, fish, coral
and shells found on the trip as well as shots of
Clipperton’s barren rocks and beautiful reef.
Charlie followed with more slides of the Island’s
inhabitants as well as some underwater shots (by
Ron McPeak) of Charlie fulfilling a lifelong dream
of riding a manta ray. This was a very entertaining
and instructive program enjoyed by all of those
attending.

After the program, club members enjoyed the
refreshments and the wonderful exhibits of shells
and artifacts that were brought.

Rick Negus

Coastal Cleanup Day in San Diego

The California Coastal Commission’s Adopt-A-
Beach Program will take place for San Diego
County on Saturday, September 24th. Individual
action can be taken by combing beaches, parks,
rivers and streams for trash.

In 1993 over 50,000 volunteers from the Oregon
border to Baja California helped in removing over
500,000 pounds of trash along the 1100 mile
coastline.

Call 1-800-COAST-4U for local information on
Coastal Cleanup Day.

The Greek Party

The annual September party will be held on the
evening of Saturday, September 24th at the
Bradner’s home (see map, last page).

Members are asked to bring either Greek salad,
dessert, wine or a soft drinks contribution. The
Club is providing the main dish of moussaka. If
you have not signed up for your potluck
contribution, contact Marge Bradner (459-7681).

Come to the Greek party. The best people will
be there in their Grecian finery enjoying the music,
food, and socializing with friends.

Addition to the Roster

New Member

Beals, Marty, 640 So. Isis Ave., Inglewood, CA
90301, (619) 641-9106.

Change of Address

Goldberg, Richard, P.O. Box 6088, Columbia, MD
21046-6088, Tel/FAX (410)379-6583

Shellfish Information Phone Correction

The phone number (published in the July issue
of The Festivus) for a recorded update on marine
toxin activity, special quarantines, or public
warnings has changed. The toll-free number is 800-
553-4133. (Callers may leave a message for more
detailed information.)

Vol. XXVI(9): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 101

COLUMBELLA SONSONATENSIS (MORCH, 1860) FROM
COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA (GASTROPODA: COLUMBELLIDAE)

GIJS C. KRONENBERG

Havenstraat 7, 5611 VE Eindhoven, the Netherlands

In June 1992, Mr. Kim Hutsell found two
specimens of columbellid shells while scuba diving
at Isla Rafael (Isla Muele), situated at 5°30’N,
36°0rW, in the vicinity of the better known Isla del
Coco, Costa Rica (Figures 1-4). Both specimens
were found at a depth of 8-9 meters (25-30 ft)
under a rock. Both specimens looked very fresh,
although the protoconch was broken off of one
(Figures 3 & 4). The specimens measure 6.95 and
6.05 mm respectively.

After examination, the two shells appeared to
be specimens of Coliimbella sonsonatensis (Morch,
1860). This species was hitherto not reported from
this area (Keen 1971:574, 576; Skoglund, 1992:87,
88) and its finding there establishes a range
extension. The specimens are deposited in the
author’s collection, no. 3462.

I would like to thank Mr. Kim Hutsell of San
Diego, California, for putting the shells at my
disposal and Mr. Ron Voskuil of Delft, the
Netherlands, for photography.

LITERATURE CITED
KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd
edition. Stanford University Press i-xiv -i-
1064 pp., ca 4000 figs.

SKOGLUND, CAROL

1992. Additions to the Panamic province
gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to
1992. The Festivus 24 (suppl.):i-viii -I- 169

pp.

Figures 1 & 2. Columbella sonsonatensis (Morch, 1860), (1)
apertural view (2) dorsal view. Lx)cality: Isla San Rafael. Actual
size: 6.95 mm.

Figures 3 & 4. C. sonsonatensis, (3) apertural view (4) dorsal
view. Same locality. Actual size: 6.05 mm (protoconch broken
off).

Page 102

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(9); 1994

PARVIORIS FULVESCENS (A. ADAMS, 1866) FROM TONGA

JULES HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road,

Santa Barbara, California 93105

In The Festivus (Vol. 22(3): 1990), I reported
on finding the eulimid Pan’ioris fulvescens (A.
Adams, 1866) on the sea star P^eudarchaster typicus
at Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia. The
specimens of Pan’ioris fulvescens figured were
juvenile.

On August 30, 1993, I collected a specimen of
Pseudarchaster typicus with six specimens of the
parasitic eulimid Pan’ioris fiilvescens at Ano Beach,

Utungake, Vava’u Group, Tonga. The sea star was
cruising intertidally in a sandy area at low tide.
Figure 1 shows the eulimids on the sea star, while
Figure 2 is a picture of an adult specimen from that
sea star. The little spots that appear in the
aperture in Figure 2 are fungi.

I am indebted to Anders Wardn for verifying the
identities of the sea star and eulimid and to Dave
Mulliner for the photography.

Figures 1 and 2. Eulimid Pan’ioris fulvescetis on seastar Pseudarchaster typicus. (1) Seastar with eulimid specimens attached. (2)
Pan'ioris fulvescens, 4.1 mm height from seastar shown in Figure 1, Photos: David K. Mulliner

Vol. XXVI(9): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 103

MELANOIDES TUBERCULATA (GASTROPODA: THIARIDAE)

IN SAN DIEGO

CAROLE M. HERTZ

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Posilipo Road,

Santa Barbara, California 93105

Thanks to the sharp eyes of Richard Cerutti of
the Paleontology Department of the San Diego
Natural History Museum, another snail is now
recorded in San Diego. This time Richard observed
a freshwater snail at Chollas Heights Reservoir
(Chollas Lake), in San Diego (Figure 1). He first

Figure 1. Detail of map of East San Diego showing Chollas Park
and reservoir where Melanoides tubcrcidata were found.

saw the snail in the summer of 1991 at this old
reservoir which is no longer used for supplying
water to San Diego but is stocked for fishing. He
said he’d found them there by the thousands and
that there were "loads of them on the bank and in
the water, mostly on the north shore." He added

that he could 'stodp down and "pick up twenty to
thirty."

In the winter of 1994, Richard again checked the
lake and noted that there were fewer snails there.
The water was cold and the level of the lake was
lowered but he still found living specimens along
the bank (Figure 2).

Figure 2. View of area of bank of reservoir in 1994 with
specimens of M. tuberculata. Photo: Richard Cerutti.

Richard was interested in identifying the species
which neither he nor I had seen before. I sent
several of the shells to Dr. Barry Roth for
identification. He placed them in the genus
Melanoides in the family Thiaridae and suggested I
write to Dr. Joseph C. Britton at Texas Christian
University in Fort Worth, Texas for a firm
identification.

Dr. Britton kindly identified the specimens as

Page 104

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(9); 1994

Melanoides tuberciilata (Muller, 1774) (Figure 3), an
"Asian native that has been common in spring-fed
waters in Florida to Texas for several decades and
has spread to a number of western streams in
recent years." Dr. Britton didn’t think it surprising

Figure 3. Two specimens of M tuberciilata from a lot of nine
specimens 15.4 to 31.6 mm in height (SBMNH 142421). Photo:
David K. Mulliner.

He sent also a copy of Murray (1971), The
Introduction and Spread of Thiarids in ^ United
States, published in The Biologist 53(3):133-135.
The paper, with an excellent illustration of M.
hiberculata, notes that thiarids have high rates of
reproduction and often displace native snails. In
the Orient the species is an intermediate host for
the parasite of man, Clonorchis sinensis. Murray
(1971) summarized that the thiarid snails were
probably introduced here by the aquarium industry.
He stated that they were at present "widely but
sparsely distributed and could become increasingly
more important as intermediate hosts for
trematodes of animals."

Dr. Britton suggested I notify Dr. Robert
Hershler at the Smithsonian Institution who had
worked on this group in the past. Dr. Hershler
wrote that he had "seen this species in many
western springs, including a few in southeastern
California ( in the Death Valley area, and along the
edge of the Salton Sea)." The nine specimens in
the lot have been deposited in the Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History (SBMNH 142421).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Drs. Joseph C. Britton, Robert Hershler, and
Barry Roth were helpful in determining the
identification and distributional information for
Melanoides tuberculota, Mr. David K. Mulliner
photographed the species, and Mr. Richard Cerutti
found the species and gave it to me for study for
which I thank them.

A PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT - WSM ’95

The 28th annual meeting of the Western Society
of Malacologists will be held at the Resort at
Chena Hot Springs, near Fairbanks, Alaska from
June 2-6, 1995. The agenda will include contributed
papers on all areas of molluscan studies: freshwater,
marine, terrestrial, living and fossil. Symposia on
ecology and paleocology are being organized with
the help of Howard Feder and David Hopkins.

Also planned are an auction, reprint sale, and
banquet. The University of Alaska Museum
Aquatic Collection will be available for visitors both
before and after the meeting.

For more information, contact WSM President
Nora R. Foster, University of Alaska Museum, 907
Yukon Dr., Fairbanks, yM. 99775. Phone: (907)
474-9557. E-mail: FYAQUA@aurora.alaska.edu.

moll

ISSN 0738-9388

fxHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume; XXVI

October

13, 1994 Number: 10

CLUB OFFICERS

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD

President

Hugh Bradner

R. Tucker Abbott

Vice President

Larry Buck

American Malacologists

Secretary (Corres.)

Kay Klaus

Henry W. Chaney

Secretary (Record.)

Rick Negus

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Treasurer

Margaret Mulliner

Eugene V. Coan

Past President

Carole M. Hertz

Research Associate
California Academy of Sciences

CLUB STAFF

Anthony D’Attilio

Historian

Linda L. Hut.sell

do Booth, 2315 Hilh’iew Dr.

Librarian

Margaret Mulliner

Ljtguna Beach, CA 92651

FESTIVUS STAFF

Douglas J. Eernisse

Editor

Carole M. Hertz

University of Michigan

Business Manager

Jules Hertz

William K. Emerson

Photographer

David K. Mulliner

American Museum of Natural Histoty
Terrence M. Gosliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION

California Academy of Sciences

Annual dues are payable to San Diego

James H. McLean

Shell Club. Membership (includes

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Histoty

family); $12.00; Overseas (surface mail);

Barry Roth

Sl.S.OO; Overseas (air mail); $30.00.

Research Associate

Address all correspondence to the

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

San Diego Shell Club,

Inc., c/o 3883

Paul Scott

Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Emily LI. Vokes

The Fe.stivus is published monthly except

Tulane University

December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM

this issue: $.5.00 plus postage.

Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Diving and Exploring off Western Australia

Dr. Henry Chaney of the Santa Barbara

areas of Western Australia. He will give a slide

Museum of Natural History has just returned from

presentation on this trip which was spent exploring

a three-week trip, as

part of a group visiting remote

areas of northwest Australia not often visited.

Meeting date: October 20, 1991

Shells of the Month: Australian Shells

CONTENTS

Club news

Marine gastropod habitats of western Panama
MICHAEL SMALL

Page 106

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

CLUB NEWS

'Phe Greek Party

If you weren’t there, you missed a terrific party.
The Bradner’s home and deck were the perfect spot.
The view was almost Mediterranean with the
tropical plants on the deck and the view of the sea.
Some members (besides the hosts) even managed to
come in Greek attire this time which added to the
fun. Maybe more will try next time.

The food - Greek salad, pita bread and
moussaka, with a lovely assortment of cookies -
was marvelous; Greek music played in the
background and the company, as always, was great.

The Club’s heartfelt thanks to Marge and Hugh
who lent their home for the evening and did most
of the planning for this special evening.

A New Book Received for the Club Library

A Review of the North American Freshwater Snail
Genus P}>rgiilopsis (Hydrobiidae)

By; Robert Hershlcr. 1994.

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 554,
115 pages, 53 figures, 2 tables

This review treats the Recent nominal species in
the hydrobiid genus Pyrgiilopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886,
a group of 65 Recent species inhabiting inland
waters of North America. The publication will be
available for circulation at the October meeting.

The Annual Chib Christmas Dinner Party

The Club’s annual Christmas Party is scheduled
for Saturday evening, December third. It will be
catered by the Salmon House Restaurant in a
private room separated from the rest of the
restaurant. More information on the party at the
October and November meetings.

It promises to be a wonderful party, as usual.
So mark your calendars and save the date.

Additions and Changes to the Roster

New Member

Inase, John I, 3670 31st St., Apt. H, San Diego, CA
92104. (619) 284-6638
Changes of Address

Buck, Larry, Toni, Lauren & Monica, 13440
Portofino Dr., Del Mar, 92014. (619) 7982-5404
Hollmann, Michael, Goerdelerweg 17, D-37075
Gottingen, Germany. 551-22356 (home) 551-3899-
437 (work)

Club Mugs and Pins Available

The specially designed Club mugs, each with
three local shells illustrated (Pteropurpiira trialata,
Cypraea spadiceo and Holiotis nifescens) are still
available for purchase in two sizes: standard size at
S7 and extra-large at $9. The mugs can be
purchased directly at meetings. To order, write to
the Club address and please add S2 domestic
postage per mug for shipping.

There are still a few Club pins available at $3
each plus 50c postage (domestic), when necessary.
To order, contact Margaret Mulliner at 5283 Vickie
Dr., San Diego, CA 92109, USA or call (619) 488-
2701.

COA ’95 in San Diego

The 1995 Conchologists of America convention
will be held in San Diego on June 23-29th with the
San Diego Shell Club as host. The meeting will be
at the Pan Pacific Hotel in downtown San Diego
near the waterfront.

If you would like to help with preparations for
this meeting, your help will be gladly accepted.
Contact Convention Chairperson Don Pisor at (619)
279-9342.

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 107

MARINE GASTROPOD HABITATS OF WESTERN PANAMA

MICHAEL SMALL

Embajacla de Canada, Apartado Postal 105-05
Mexico, D.F. 11580, Mexico

INTRODUCTION

In the months of March and April 1993, I had
the opportunity to participate in two expeditions to
the western end of Panama’s Pacific coast. The first
trip from March 7-12, organized by James Ernest
of Panama City, focused on intertidal collecting and
some dredging around Islas Gobernadora and
Cdbaco in the Golfo de Montijo. The second trip
from April 12-22, organized by Kirstie Kaiser and
Dr. Henry Chaney of the Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History, was on the Costa Rica based dive
boat UnderSea Hunter. This trip involved a diving
survey of six small island groups scattered around
the large island of Coiba, near the edge of the
continental shelf in the Golfo de Chiriqui. The
stations surveyed in the two expeditions lie between
7-8 degrees North and 81-82 degrees 30 minutes
West. Figure 1 shows the location of the Golfo de
Montijo and the Golfo de Chiriqui along the
coastline of Panama. Figure 2 identifies the
principal stations we surveyed on these two
expeditions.

Together, these two expeditions to adjacent
areas of Panama’s Pacific coast found an impressive
number of species and produced a great deal of
information about gastropod habitats in the
Panamic Province. (While a number of bivalve
species were also found on both expeditions, this
article does not include them.) This article is an
attempt to synthesize my field observations from
these two expeditions in order to assist other
researchers interested in the gastropods of this
region.

GEOGRAPHY

The Golfo de Montijo is a shallow, muddy
estuary fed at its northern end by two rivers, the
Rio San Pedro and the Rio San Pablo. In most

places it is less than 10 metres deep. There are
several forested islands in the middle of the gulf
and mangroves along the banks of the river at its
upper end. The easiest way of reaching Isla
Gobernadora and Isla C6baco at the southern,
oceanward end of the gulf is by river. There is a
small river port at Puerto Mutis on the Rio San
Pedro, about four hours by boat from Isla
Gobernadora, which is accessible by a gravel road
off the Inter-American Highway. Overall, the gulf is
sparsely inhabited. I saw only two settlements: a
fishing village of several hundred people on Isla
Gobernadora where we stayed and another small
settlement on Punta Icaco on the mainland. The
hilly landscapes along the shores of the gulf have
suffered from extensive deforestation to create cattle
pastures.

In contrast, the islands that we visited in the
Golfo de Chiriqui are completely uninhabited. I
could see no evidence of cultivation on any of
them, although the group closest to the mainland,
Islas Secas, looked as if it had been logged of its
largest trees in the past. They are apparently visited
by small fishing and shrimping boats for much of
the year. However, during the period in April when
we were there, a three month fishing ban was in
effect and we saw only a couple of small boats in
several of our anchorages. The islands themselves
are all fairly similar. They are rounded hills, densely
covered in forest, with flowering orchids and
bromeliads that come down to the water’s edge - a
pleasant sight to see when you surface from a dive!
They all have steep rocky shorelines, which continue
underwater in rocky slopes that are interrupted
occasionally by short white sand beaches at the
bottom of small bays. Most of the islands have
smaller islets and rock outcrops offshore which
provide a variety of different dive sites.

Access to these islands is difficult. We
chartered the UnderSea Hunter out of Puntarenas,

Page 108

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

Figure 1. Map of Panama showing the locations of the Golfo de Montijo and the Golfo de Chiriqui.

8T>kTION8:

1. Isla Gobernadora

GulfQ de Chlrloul
4. Islas Ladrones

5. Isla Montuosa

3. Ponto Icaco

lela Canal de Afuera

100 fathom lii

10. Isla Brincano

Figure 2. Map identifying the principal stations surveyed on the two expeditions.

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 109

Costa Rica, which usually takes divers to Isla del
Coco. The alternative would be to take one of the
small ferries (which are actually old American
amphibious landing craft) that run from Puerto
Mutis through the Golfo de Montijo to Isla Coiba,
which has settlements on its northeast corner, and
then attempt to hire a fishing boat from there. The
relative isolation of the island groups we visited,
and the fact that they have been seldom dived
before, was a major reason why our group chose to
visit them.

GASTROPOD HABITATS

The different gastropod habitats that we
explored during these two trips could be divided
into the following categories, according to water
depth and terrain.

INTERTIDAL ZONE: (plus 1.5 to minus 1.5
metres)

Most of the collecting we did in the Golfo de
Montijo was intertidal, since it is a shallow gulf
with very muddy water that makes snorkelling or
SCUBA diving difficult or impossible. Our
principal intertidal collecting stations were the
southern side of Isla Gobernadora and Punta Icaco
on the mainland, on the eastern side of the Gulf.
The entire south shore of Isla Gobernadora is
covered by rounded grey basaltic stones, resting on
fine grey sand. At low tide, the fields of stones
form "points", exposed by the receding water
between areas of fine sand, or mud closer to the
shore. Punta Icaco itself is rocky with many small
to medium-sized stones resting on a hard rock
substrate. On either side of Punta Icaco there are
tidal flats comprised of oozing mud.

In the Golfo de Chiriqui we did virtually no
intertidal collecting since the tides were poor at the
time we visited and the expedition was equipped for
SCUBA. In addition, there are none of the tidal
flats which are commonly found around the Golfo
de Montijo; the shore lines slope off rapidly around
all the islands we visited. However, I collected in
very shallow water along the rocky shore at one site
on Isla Jicar6n that was equivalent to the intertidal
habitat in the Golfo de Montijo.

At these various stations the gastropods differed
depending on the cover and substrate, as follows:

Rocks on Hard Substrate: Several species of

columbellas were abundant in this intertidal
environment, including Columbella fuscaia, C.
labiosa and C. major. Also common were
CaUiostoma macleani, Latirus mediomericanus,
Twritella banksi, Anachis scalorina, Cymatium
vestitum, Cerithium adustiim, and Turbo saxosus.
Among the cowries, Cypraea arabicula and C.
cervinetta were very common; C. robertsi were less
frequent. The most common cone in this
environment was Conus gladiator.

Rocks on Sand: Many of the same species found
under rocks on hard substrate were found in this
intertidal environment, but they were not as
plentiful (e.g. the columbellas). In addition, a
number of different species were evident,
particularly in our collecting at Isla Gobernadora at
night, which exposed many shells in the sand
patches between the rocks. Common species in this
environment included Hexaplex regius, H. radix and
Miirex recun’irostris, Conus purpurascens and C.
brunneus, and Vasum caestus. Less frequently, the
beautiful small Conus vittatus (both orange and
brown colour forms) and the Panamic volute Enaeta
barnesii could be found under the stones. Very
careful collectors could be rewarded by spotting the
occasional Pterynotus pinniger clinging to the sides
of exposed stones. Given their unusual "camouflage"
shape, especially when encrusted in grey-green
calcium, these muricids can be very hard to see. By
searching the sand patches Typhisopsis coronatus,
Typhisala grandis and the occasional T. clarki could
be spotted, often with just their dorsal siphons
poking out of the sand. Acanthotrophon carduus
could also be found in the sand patches.

The rarest cowrie native to western Panama,
Cypraea aequinoctialis can be found on occasion in
this habitat. James Ernest found one large live
specimen at night. It was partially exposed beside
a small stone on a tidal flat well above the low tide
mark on the south side of Isla Gobernadora. The
shell had a dusty rose-coloured animal which
matched the colour of its base. According to James
Ernest, Isla Gobernadora is the only location in the
region where C. aequinoctialis can be found by
intertidal collecting. Otherwise, the shell is found
by dredging offshore at depths greater than 100 feet,
often inside dead Spondylus shells. This suggests
that C. aequinoctialis prefers the type of silty, low
visibility habitat preferred by C. cervinetta.

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Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

Certainly extensive searching by our group in
cleaner water along under-water slopes down to 100
feet in the Golfo de Chiriqui failed to turn up any
examples of this rare species. Ernest reports that
the deeper water C. oequinoctialis are smaller and
darker than the intertidal specimens.

sand shaded into grey oozing mud. For obvious
reasons, we did not spend much time wading
through this habitat; but on occasion I had to cross
it to get to where I wanted to go. I was rewarded
one night by finding a fine Conus perplexus moving
on top of the mud. C. purpurascens were more

Sandy Flats: During the day, the only two species
commonly seen on the intertidal sand flats in
Gobernadora were Strombus gracilior and the small
marginella, Persicula accola, which is endemic to
western Panama. At night many more species
appeared, particularly just after the turn of the low
tide when molluscs would suddenly "pop" out of the
sand. Oliva spicata and O. polpasta were plentiful.
Other common species were Natica broderipiana,
Distorsio decussota, Terebra strigata, Cancellaria
deciissata, and Subcancilla hindsii.

Mud Flats: In some areas of the intertidal flats the

common in this habitat. Melongena patiila were
also frequent inhabitants of these mud flats. Natica
idiopoma and N. elenae could be found at the edge
of the mud, close to where the sand began.

SCUBA ZONE (1.5 to 30 metres')

All of the collecting we did in the Golfo de
Chiriqui was done using SCUBA at depths from 1.5
to 30 metres (5-100 ft).

Figure 3 provides a visual cross-section of the
characteristic molluscan habitats at these depths
among the islands of the Golfo de Chiriqui.

CItARACTERISTIC SPECIES

ZONE

ZONE 2:

ZONE 3;

Opeatostoma pseudodon

ZONE 4: Oliva porphyria

Thais meloues
Hexaplex prmceps

Oliva splendidula

Cypraea arabicula

ZONE 5: Oliva spicata

Cypraea ceninetta

Persicula tessellata

Conus gladiator

Conus baccatus

Conus diadema

Strombus granulatus
Terebra robusta

Cypraea albuginosa

Terebra strigata

Cypraea alisonae

Pleuroploca princeps

(Cypraea isabellamexicana
Jenneria pusiulata

Polystira picta

Conus dalli

ZONE 6: Hexaplex regius

Cymatium pileare macrodon

Strombus peruvianas
Typhis grandis

Strombus galeatus

Conus lucidus
Conus archon

Figure 3. Scuba zone liabilats of a typical island in the Golfo de Chiriqui.

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Shallow Coral Reefs: There are few coral reefs on
the Pacific Coast of Central America compared to
the Caribbean. But, from my observation, coral
outcrops on rocky slopes become more frequent as
you move south from Costa Rican to Panamanian
waters. I found dense concentrations of coral in
three stations in western Panama; along the
shoreline on the northeastern side of Isla C6baco;
in a small bay at the southeastern tip of Isla
Cdbaco and along the shore in a small bay in Isla
Brincano in the Islas Contreras group in the Golfo
de Chiriqui. In all three locations, the water was
between 0 to 5 metres (0-16 ft) deep, depending on
the tide. The predominant coral was the yellow-
brown branching coral Pocillopora damicornis, with
smaller outcroppings of two or three other coral
types.

I only found shells in one of these three
stations - along the northeast coast of Isla C6baco.
Here you could carefully lift up the clumps of
staghorn coral which were not attached to the sandy
bottom and look for Cyproea underneath in the
crevices. At this station we found dozens of large
Jenneria piistidota, often three or four to a clump
of coral, as well as several Cypraea arabicula, C.
robertsi, and C. ceninetta (the unusual dark dwarf
form under 40 mm).

Underwater Rock Faces: By this habitat, I refer to
smooth rock faces and slopes, often with small
crevices and cracks, in heavy surge usually near the
tide line. This habitat is found in all the island
groups in the Golfo de Chiriqui that we surveyed -
most frequently in the top 6 metres of rock
outcrops offshore from the main island groups we
visited.

The characteristic gastropods in this habitat
were rock-clinging muricids, such as Opeotostomo
pseudodon, Thais melones, Neorapana muricata and
Leucozonia cerata. By looking carefully on the many
pink, red and purple gorgonians on these faces, we
found Simnialena nifo. Exposed in the small cracks
and holes on the rock faces. Conus diodema were
fairly common, as well as a few C. gladiator.
(Elsewhere in Costa Rica I have found the solid
orange apogrammatus form of Conus princeps, as
well as C. nux in the same kind of terrain, but not
in the stations we surv'eyed.) By turning over small
stones in cracks in the rock faces, we found Cypraea
arabicula and C. cen’inetta. By sifting sand in the

small crevices, we found Monim tuberculosum
(usually dead, but at least one live specimen was
found) and the occasional epitoniid (£. replicatum).

Underwater Rock Slopes: This was one of two
principal habitats we surveyed by SCUBA diving in
the outer islands of the Golfo de Chiriqui.
Virtually every island has a rock or boulder strewn
slope, starting below the low tide line, and then
shading onto sand at anywhere from 9 to 30 metres
(30-100 ft) in depth. In many places, the rocks are
cemented together by sponges underneath.
Underneath the rocks are small patches of coarse
sand or gravel.

This rocky area is the natural habitat for
Cypraea. In the depth we tended to work (3 to 15
metres) the most common cowrie was Cypraea
albuginosa closely followed by C. isabellamexicana.
The next most common species was a migrant from
the Indo-Pacific - one of the Cypraea teres complex,
which we identified based on the animal as C.
alisonae (Figure 4). In certain stations this species
proved to be the dominant cowrie. Interestingly,
about half the time the C. alisonae were found in
pairs (probably male and female) under the same
stone. The only Conus commonly found was C. dalli
- always partially or completely buried in sand
under a stone. Cymatium pileare macrodon was also
common, often two or three living on the underside
of a rock. Also found in clusters under small
stones was Jenneria pustulata.

At a number of stations we came across
colonies of mature Strombus galeatus. Their
characteristic location would be at the bottom of
the slope, exposed on a hard substrate, just next to
the beginning of the sand in 6 to 12 metres (20-
39 ft) of water.

Sandy Bays: All of the islands we visited in the
Golfo de Chiriqui had sandy bays in which our boat
would anchor. These provided excellent night
diving sites off the back of the boat.

In shallower water (5 to 9 metres) the gravel
would be coarser and often covered with broad
leafed algae. This terrain was relatively poorer in
molluscs, although in places dense colonies of
juvenile, pastel-coloured Strombus granulatus could
be found living among the algae. Conus brunneus
and C. vittatus could also be found exposed on the
sand. Vasum caestus were common. One or two
live Cypraeacassis coarctata were found at this depth

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

moving on the sand, as well as one juvenile Malea
ringens. The most productive substrate at this depth
were occasional "dunes" of sand, with coarser gravel
at the bottom of the ridges, and finer gravel at the
top. By carefully looking for raised trails in the
sand running counter to the grain of the "dunes",
we were able to find many Oliva porphyria and O.
splendidiila. In a few sites, there were live coral
heads rising from the sand at this depth. At night.
Conus piirpurascens could be found "hunting" on the
sides of the coral heads.

In slightly deeper water, from 9 to 18 metres
on flat sand, terebras were abundant, particularly T.
strigata and T. robusta. Terebra ornata were less
frequent. A wide variety of turrids could also be
found; the most common were Polystira picta and
Imaclava pilsbiyi. The large Pleuroploca princeps
with their electric red and blue speckled animals
could frequently be found moving across the
bottom. In several of the bays the marginella
Persicula tesseUata (Figure 5) were everywhere
making trails in the sand. This species is very
similar in pattern and shape to the shallow water P.
accola but the P. tesseUata we found were about
double the size of P. accola and tended to have a
pale beige or brick red checkerboard pattern, rather
than the slate grey squares of the P. accola. In

other bays in Isla Jicarita and Islas Secas, the small
pustulated cone Conus baccatus (Figure 6) which is
endemic to this area of Panama, were equally
common. This cone was found in brown, orange
and mauve colour forms. At Islas Ladrones, we
found a number of the smaller grey and orange
marginella Prunum woodbridgei (Figure 7). Oliva
spicata were frequent, usually the pale fawn
coloured form, although we found a few of the
striking burnt almond coloured fiiscata form as well.

On one night dive in Islas Ladrones, one live
Harpa crenata was found moving on the sand at
about 18 metres along with a live Ficus ventricosa.
On another night dive in Isla Jicarita, I found a
pair of large Fusinus which I tentatively identified
as F. turris.

Often the sand on the bottom of these bays
would shade into silt below 18 metres. On this
substrate, we frequently found very large Hexaplex
regius, often clinging to clusters of Spondylus. More
occasionally, Strombus peruvianas could be found in
twos and threes on top of the silt. By looking
carefully, we found several Typhisala grandis half
buried in the silt, characteristically with their
siphons exposed.

At this depth we were also able to find a few
specimens of the more uncommon Panamic cones:

Figures 4 & 5. Figure 4. Cypraea alisonae, two specimens 40.3 mm and 40.7 mm, found at Islas Secas, Golfo de ChinquI. Figure 5.
Persicula tesseUata, two specimens 18-19 mm. Bottom, pale colour form found in Islas Ladrones, Golfo de Chiriquf. Top, dark colour
form found dredging off Isla Cdbaco, Golfo de Montijo. Specimens in M. Small collection. Photos: Julian Izquierdo.

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

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Page 113

Figures 6 & 7. Figure 6. Conus baccatus, 19-20 mm, found at Isla Jicarita and Isla Secas. Top left, mauve colour form; top right,
orange colour form; bottom right, mauve form with periostracum; bottom left, brown colour form. Photos: Julian Izquierdo.

Figure 7. Prunum woodbridgei, left specimen, 15.0 mm; right specimen, 14.6 mm. From a lot of 5 specimens collected at night at Islas
Ladrones, April 14, 1993. Photo; David K. Mulliner. Specimens in M. Small collection.

C. bartschi, C. hicidiis, C. archon, and C. orion.
DREDGING ZONE: (15 metres plusl

In the Golfo de Montijo we dredged for several
afternoons off Isla C6baco usually at 18 to 24
metres (60-80 ft). The substrate consisted of fine to
coarse shell rubble and broken coral. However, the
results in terms of range of species was almost
identical with the findings from our night diving on
sandy bays in the Golfo de Chiriqui at similar
depths. Among the few species we found dredging
which did not appear in our night dives were the
small cones Conus tornotus and C. virgatus and the
small Oliva kaleontina. Typhis were also more
plentiful by dredging - no doubt reflecting the
greater difficulty in seeing them in the sand when
diving, compared to spotting them on the deck of
a boat in the haul from a dredge. Unfortunately, we
were not able to take the time to dredge in deeper
water below 39 metres (100 ft), which would

probably have revealed different species.
COMPARISON OF COLLECTING STATIONS

Compared to many other places in which I have
collected, the two dozen different stations surveyed
on these two trips proved remarkably uniform in
the quality of the collecting habitat. The entire
south side of Isla Gobernadora, Golfo de Montijo,
is an excellent site for intertidal collecting. In the
Golfo de Chiriqui, our group particularly enjoyed
the collecting on SCUBA along the underwater
slopes and in the sandy bays off Islas Ladrones, Isla
Jicarita and Islas Secas. If I had to return to only
one place in the Golfo de Chiriqui, it would be
Islas Secas - which, of the stations surveyed, was the
station closest to the mainland. In a confined area,
there are about a dozen large and small islets with
many steep slopes and good sandy bottoms in
diveable depths in the bays between them. One

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

could easily spend a week diving in this group and
not exhaust all the potential collecting sites.

INDO-PACIFIC SPECIES

One of the principal objectives of our
expedition to the Golfo de Chiriqui was to survey
the number of Indo-Pacific species we could find in
this area along the mainland of Panama. Our aim
was to build upon the research that has already
been done by Michel Montoya, Don Shasky, Henry
Chaney and others on the Indo-Pacific species that
appear much further offshore at Isla del Coco,
Costa Rica (see, among other articles, Montoya
(1983), Shasky (1989) and Chaney (1992)).

On this expedition we found four Indo-Pacific
species. Most common were the Cypraea alisonae
which appeared in almost every island group we
surveyed (Figure 4). It seems that this Indo-Pacific
species is now firmly established on this stretch of
the mainland and nearby islands of Central
America.

Three large, live Mitra mitra were found on one
night dive in sand near coral heads in 10 metres of
water in a bay on the western side of Islas Ladrones
(Figure 8). James Ernest has found several M
mitra elsewhere along the coast of Panama (see
Emerson, 1983: 122, figs. 11, 12).

I found one large (49 mm) live Conus ebraeus
in 1 metre of water under a small stone on a hard-
substrate at the southern end of Isla Jicardn (Figure
9). This habitat is characteristic of the species in
its normal distribution in the Indo-Pacific. C.
ebraeus has also been found on the mainland in
Guatemala and Costa Rica and it is relatively
common at Isla del Coco (see Emerson, 1991:78).

Most tantalizing was a dead Cypraea lynx found
along an underwater slope in Isla Jicarita. This is
the first known record of C. lynx in the Panamic
province. Since the specimen was dead, we can not
be completely certain that it was not deposited
there by man - but it is hard to imagine it reaching
this uninhabited islet by human hand.
Unfortunately, the specimen is not available for
further study (see Chaney, 1993).

In addition, on my earlier trip to the Golfo de
Montijo, James Ernest found a large live Cypraea
moneta under a stone on a mud bank intertidally at
Punta Icaco. This appears to be the first record of
a live C. moneta on the Central American mainland.

Figure 9.. Conus ebraeus, 59.4 mm, found at Isla Jicardn.
Specimen in the M. Small collection. Photo: Julian Izquierdo

1 iL’UK 's Miuu nutru IdS and 127 mm, found at Islas Ladrones.
Spiunicnx III the M Sm ill collection. Photo: Julian Izquierdo.

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

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Page 115

This specimen has been preserved and deposited in
the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH
226466) (see Emerson, 1993).

RANGE EXTENSIONS

Apart from the Indo-Pacific species described
above, the following Panamic species found on
these two trips have not been recorded before from
Panama, based on distribution information given in
Keen (1971) and Skoglund (1992). Species numbers
follow those given in Keen:

\Q9?>Bailya anomala (Hinds, 1844) (Figure 13)

Not recorded before south of Guanacaste, Costa
Rica. Specimens in the collections of Vivienne
Smith and Kirstie Kaiser.

1400 Pruniim woodbridgei (Hertlein «& Strong, 1951)
(Figure 7)

Only recorded before from San Jos6, Guatemala.
Specimens in the collections of Michael Small,
Vivienne Smith and Kirstie Kaiser.

CONCLUSION

977 Haustellum lividus (Carpenter, 1857) (Figure 10)
Not recorded before south of Mazatldn, Mexico.
Specimen in the collection of Vivienne Smith.
\0\2Aspello hastiila (Reeve, 1844) (Figure 11)

Not recorded before outside the GaHpagos.
Specimen in the collection of Kirstie Kaiser.
1015 Dermomiirex myrakeenoe (Emerson & D’Attilio,
1970) (Figure 12)

Not recorded before south of Zihuatanejo,
Mexico. Specimen in the collection of Vivienne
Smith.

Both trips described in this article proved to be
very successful in terms of the number and variety of
species found. As a new collector to the Panamic
region, I was particularly surprised by how plentiful the
shells were in virtually every station surveyed. Given
the variety of habitats, and the low population density
of this region of Central America, it is clear that
western Panama will continue to be a rich research
area for Panamic province molluscs for many years to
come.

Figure 10. Haustellum lividus, 73.5 mm, dredged in 9-12 m (30-40 ft) off Isla C6baco, Vivienne Smith collection. Photos: David K. Mulliner.

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

Figure 13. Bailya anomala, 16.4 & 16.2 mm, in 8-11 m (25-35 ft), live
in rubble under large rocks at Isla Jicarita, 16-18 April 1993. K.L.
Kaiser collection. Photo: David K. Mulliner.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank all of the friends and fellow
collectors who participated with me on both
expeditions described in this article, and who greatly
improved my understanding of the gastropods of the
Panamic province, namely: Juanita and Nece
Cacioppo, James Ernest, Betty Jean Piech and
Vivienne Smith for the trip to the Golfo de Montijo;
Terry Arnold, Marty Beals, Henry Chaney, Terry
Gosliner, John Jackson, Anne Joffe, Kirstie Kaiser,
Catherine MacMoran, Michel Montoya, Donald
Shasky, and Mike Smith for the trip to the Golfo de
Chiriqui. I would particularly like to thank Betty Jean
Piech, Kirstie Kaiser and Vivienne Smith for their
contributions to the species list given in Appendbc
One, and their loan of specimens for the figures in this
article.

LITERATURE CITED

CHANEY, HENRY W.

1992. Interesting gastropods from the 1992 Cocos Island
Expedition. The Festivus 24(8): 86-91; figs. 1-11 (Aug.l3).

Figure 11. Aspella hasiula, 11.4 & 10.4 mm, Islas Ladrones, live
under rocks in 6-15 m (20-50 ft), 13-14 April 1993. K.L. Kaiser
collection. Photo: David K. Mulliner.

Figure \2. Aspella myrakeenae, 14.6 mm, dredged in 46 m (150 ft) at
Canal de Afuera, March 1992. Vivienne Smith collection. Photo:
David K. Mulliner.

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 117

1993. The first record of Cypraea lynx from the Eastern Pacific.
The Festivus 25(8):75 (Aug. 12).

EMERSON, WILLIAM K.

1983. New records of prosobranch gastropods from Pacific
Panama. The Nautilus 97(4): 119-123; figs. 1-16 (Oct. 28).

1991. First records for Cytnatium mundurn (Gould) in the
Eastern Pacific Ocean, with comments on the
zoogeography of the tropical trans-Pacific tonnacean and
non-tonnacean prosobranch gastropods with Indo-Pacific
faunal affinities in West American waters. The Nautilus
105(2):62-80; figs 1-15 (Apr. 10).

1993. On the first records of Cypraea moneta Linnaeus and
Cymatiurn mundurn (Gould) on the West American
mainland (Cypraeidae:Ranellidae) with zoogeographic

implications. The Festivus 25(8): 70-75 (Aug. 12).

KEEN, MYRA A.

1971. Sea shells of tropical West America: marine mollusks
from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press,
i-xiv -I- 1064 pp; ca. 4000 figs.

MONTOYA, MICHEL.

1983. Los moluscos de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. I. Lista
anotada de especies. Brenesia 21:325-353.

SHASKY, DONALD, R.

1989. My last seven years - at Cocos Island. The Festivus
21(8):72-75; figs 1-4 (Aug. 10).

SKOGLUND, CAROL.

1992. Additions to the Panamic Province (Mollusca) literature
1971 to 1992. The Festivus, 24 (Supp.): pp 1-149 (Nov. 12).

APPENDIX ONE

PROVISIONAL GASTROPOD SPECIES LIST
FOR WESTERN PANAMA TRIPS (MARCII-APRIL 1993)

Species identified are based on Keen (1971), as
revised by Skoglund (1992). Keen’s species numbers,
where applicable, are listed before the name of the
species. Note that the numerical order may have
changed, due to reclassification of the species since
the publication of Keen’s work. An asterisk
indicates a range extension for the species - i.e. the
species has not previously been recorded from

Panama. "Collector" indicates the initials of at least
one person on either of the two trips described who
found this species and has a specimen in their
collection for examination. Full names and
addresses of the collectors are given below. "Trip"
indicates the trip on which the collector named
collected the species: "a" for the trip to the Golfo
de Montijo; "b" for the Golfo de Chiriqul.

Species

Collector Trip

Fissurellidne

16 Diodora digued (Mabille, 1895)

37 Fissurella rugosa Sowerby, 1835

Trochidae

76 Calliostoma antonii Koch in Philippi, 1843
89 Calliostoma rema Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, 1933
106 Tegula rubroflammulata Koch in Philippi, 1843
112 Tegula verrucosa Mclean, 1970

Turbinidae

146 Turbo saxosus Wood, 1828
149 Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
155 Astraea buschii (Philippi, 1844)

Nerilidae

167 Neritina latissima Broderip, 1833

Archilectonicidae

425 Architectonica nobilis Rdding, 1798
428 Heliacus bicanaliculatus (Valenciennes, 1832)
Heliacus species undetermined

Turritellidae

434 Turriiella banksi Reeve, 1849
442 Turritella nodulosa King & Broderip, 1832
440 Turritella leucostoma Valenciennes, 1832
444 Turritella radula Kiener, 1843-44

BJP a

KK b

BJP a

MS a

KK b

MS a

BJP a

KK b

BJP a

BJP a

MS b

VS a

VS a

MS a

BJP a

MS a

MS b

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THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

445 cf Twrkdla ntbesccns Reeve, 1849

Modiilidue

490 Modulus cateuulatus (Philippi, 1849)

491 Modulus cerodes (A. Adams, 1851)

492 Modulus disculus (Philippi, 1846)

Cerilhidae

506 Cerithium gemniatum Hinds, 1844

507 Cerithium adustum Kiener, 1841

514 Cerithium nicaraguense Pilsbry & Lowe, 1832
516 Cerithium uucinatum (Gmelin, 1791)

Planaxidac

599 Platiaxis plauicostatus Sowerby, 1825

Stronibidae

607 Strombus gracilior Sowerby, 1825

608 Strombus gramtlatus Swainson, 1822

609 Strombus galeatus Swainson. 1823

610 Strombus pemvianus Swainson, 1823

Epitoniidae

612 Asperiscala billeeana (DuShane & Bratcher, 1965)
637 Hirtoscala replicata (Sowerby, 1844)

658 Nitidiscala statwninata (Sowerby, 1844)

Vanikoridae

797 Vanikoro aperta (Carpenter, 1864)

Calyplracidae

799 Calyptraea cotiica Broderip, 1834

807 Cheilea comigata (Broderip, 1834)

808 Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791)

811 Crepidula ittcurea (Broderip, 1834)

Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846
825 Cnicibulum scutellatum (Wood, 1828)

Capulidae

835 Thyca callista Berry, 1959

Xenophoridae

837 Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780)

Nalicidac

861 Natica chemnitzii Pfeiffer, 1840
864 Natica idiopoma Pilsbry & Lowe 1932

870 Natica broderipiaua Recluz, 1844

871 Natica elcnae Recluz, 1844

874 cf Poliiiices caprae (Philippi. 1852)

882 Poliuices uber (Valenciennes. 1832)

Polinices species undetermined
Triviidae

903 Trivia pacific a (Sowerby, 1832)

909 cf Trivia satiguinea (Sowerby 1832)

910 Trivia solandri (Sowerby, 1832)

915 Hespererato scabriuscula (Sowerby, 1832)

Cypraeidae

919 Cypraea albuginosa Gray, 1825

922 Cypraea isabellamcxicana Stearns, 1893

925 Cypraea cer\metta Kiener, 1843

926 Cypraea motieta Linnaeus, 1758 (see Emerson, 1993)

927 Cypraea arabicula Lamarck, 1811
929 Cypraea robertsi Hidalgo, 1906

934 Cypraea aequiuoctialis (Schilder, 1933)

Cypraea alisonae Burgess, 1982

Cypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758 (see Chaney, 1993)
Ovulidac

935 Cyphoma emarginatum Sowerby, 1830

936 cf Neosimtiia aequalis (Sowerby, 1832)

939 Simnialena rufa (Sowerby, 1832)

MS a

B.1P a

KK b

BJP b

KK b

MS b

BJP a

KK b

KK b

MS a

MS b

MS b

MS b

KK b

KK b

VS a

KK b

BJP a

KK b

KK b

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

KK b

MST b

BJP a

KK b

BJP a

MS a

KK b

BJP a

BJP a

MB b

KK b

VS a

KK b

MS b

MS b

MS a

a

MS a

MS a

JC a

MS b

b

MS a

KK b

MS a

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

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940 Jaineria pustulata [Lighifool, 1786]

Tonnidae

942 Malea ringens (Swainson, 1822)

Cassidae

947 Cypraecassis coarctaia (Sowerby, 1825)

948 Semicassis centiquadrata (Valenciennes, 1832)

Ficidae

952 Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby, 1825)

Ranellidae

955 LinateUa wiegmanni (Anton, 1839)

959 Cymatium pileare macrodon (Valenciennes, 1832)

960 Cymatium vestitum (Hinds, 1844)

961 Cymatium gihhosum (Broderip, 1833)

Personidae

962 Distorsio constricta constricta (Broderip, 1833)

963 Distorsio decussata (Valenciennes, 1832)

Bursidae

964 Bursa comigata comtgata (Perry, 1811)

965 Bursa calcipicta Dali, 1908

966 Bufonaria naua (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)

Muricidae

976 Haustellum recur\'irostris (Broderip, 1833)

*977 Haustellum lividus (Carpenter, 1857)

981 Chicoreus regius (Swain.son, 1822)

984 Homalocantha oxyacantha (Broderip, 1833)

988 Murcxiella humilis (Broderip, 1833)

990 Murcxiella lappa (Broderip, 1833)

991 Murcxiella laurae Vokes, 1970
997 Murcxiella vittata (Broderip, 1833)

1002 Hcxaplcx princeps (Broderip, 1833)

1003 Hcxaplcx radix (Gmelin, 1791)

1007 Muricopsis zeteki Hertelin & Strong, 1951
1011 Pterynotus pimiigcr (Broderip, 1833)

*1012 Aspella hasnda (Reeve, 1844)

1013 Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip, 1833)

1014 Dennomurex indentatus (Carpenter, 1857)

*1015 Dermomurcx myrakeenae (Emerson & D’Attilio, 1970)
1016 Dennomurex obeliscus (A. Adams, 1853)

1019 Dennomurex cunninghamae (Berry, 1964)

1021 Attiliosa nodulosa (A. Adams, 1855)

1022 Pascula nifonotata (Carpenter, 1864)

1025 Eupleura nitida (Broderip, 1833)

1027 Favartia erosa (Broderip, 1833)

1028 Favartia incisa (Broderip, 1833)

1029 Pygmaepterys poonnani (Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976)

1030 Phyllocoma scalarifonnis (Broderip, 1833)

1040 Vitularia salebrosa (King & Broderip, 1832)

1041 Acanthotrophon carduus (Broderip, 1833)

1042 Acanthotrophon sentus Berry, 1969

1050 Typhisala clarki (Keen & Campbell, 1964)

1051 Typhisopsis coronatus (Broderip, 1833)

1052 Typhisala grandis (A. Adams, 1855)

1058 Tripterotyphis lowei (Pilsbry, 1931)

1074 Mancinella speciosa (Valenciennes, 1832)

1076 Thais biserialis (Blainville, 1832)

1081 Thais melones (Duclos, 1832)

1095 Neorapana miiricata (Broderip, 1832)

Coralliophilidae

1066 Coralliophila parva (E. A. Smith, 1877)

1071 Quoyula madreporarwn (Sowerby, 1834)

Buccinidae

MS a

MS b

MS a

KK b

HC b

VS a

MS a

MS a

MS a

BJP a

MS a

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

MS b

VS a

MS b

VS a

BJP a

BJP a

VS a

VS a

MS b

MS a

BJP a

MS a

KK b

BJP a

BJP a

VS a

BJP a

VS a

KK b

KK b

KK b

BJP a

MS b

VS a

VS a

MS a

MS a

VS a

MS a

MS a

MS a

BJP a

BJP a

MS a

BJP a

MS a

KK b

KK b

Page 120

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO); 1994

969 Colubraria lucasensis Strong & Herllein, 1937

970 Colubraria ochsneri Hertlein & Allison, 1968
*1098 Bailya anomala (Hinds, 1844)

1101 Monostioliim crebristriatiim (Carpenter, 1856)

1102 cf Caducifer nigricostatus (Reeve, 1846)

1109 Canthams gemmatus (Reeve, 1846)
nil Cantharus lautiis (Reeve, 1846)

1113 Cantharus pastinaca (Reeve. 1846)

1115 Cantharus sanguinolentus (Duclos. 1833)

1127 Engina maura (Sowerby, 1832)

1130 Engina tabogacnsis Bartsch, 1931
Metula species undetermined
1146 Phos cutningii Reeve, 1846
1149 Triumphis distorta (Wood, 1828)

Columbellidae

1155 Columbdla fiiscata Sowerby, 1832

1157 Columbella labiosa Sowerby, 1822

1158 Columbella major Sowerby, 1832

1161 Columbella sonsonatensis (Morch, 1860)

1170 Anachis lyrata (Sowerby, 1832)

1171 Anachis scalarina (Sowerby 1832)

1195 Anachis varia (Sowerby, 1832)

Anachis species undetermined
1207 Parvanachis tnilium (Dali, 1916)

1230 Microcithara uncinata (Sowerby, 1832)

1239 Mitrella guttata (Sowerby, 1832)

1262 Parametaria macrostoma (Reeve, 1858)

1271 Strombina elegans (Sowerby, 1832)

1273 Sincola gibbcivla (Sowerby, 1832)

1277 Strombina maculosa (Sowerby, 1832)

1281 Strombina pulcherrima (Sowerby, 1832)

1288 Strombina turrita (Sowerby, 1832)

Melongenidae

1290 Melongena panda (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)

Nassariidae

1295 Nassarius corpulennis (C.B. Adams, 1852)

1314 Nassarius versicolor (C.B. Adams, 1852)

1319 Nassarius lutcostomus (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)

Fasciolaridac

1324 Pleuroploca princcps (Sowerby, 1825)

1328 Latirus concentricus (Reeve, 1847)

1330 Latims mediameric anus Hertlein & Strong, 1951
1336 Leucozonia ccrata (Wood, 1828)

1339 Opeatostoma pseudodon (Burrow, 1815)
cf Fusinus turris (Valenciennes, 1840)

Volutidae

1352 Enaeta hamesii (Gray, 1825)

Harpidae

950 Morum tuberculosum (Reeve, 1842)

1357 Harpa crcnata Swainson, 1822

Olividae

1362 OUva kaleontina Duclos, 1835

1363 Oliva polpasta Duclos, 1833

1364 Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus, 1758)

1365 Oliva spicata (Rciding, 1798)

1366 Oliva splcndidula Sowerby, 1825

1367 Oliva undatella Lamarck, 1810

1379 Olivella gracilis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)

1390 Olivella volutclla (Lamarck, 1811)

1396 Olivella zanocta (Duclos, 1835)

Olivella species undetermined

KK b

KK b

KK b

VS a

KK b

BJP a

BJP a

MS a

KK b

BJP a

BJP a

BJP a

BJP a

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

BJP a

KK b

BJP a

MS a

BJP a

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

KK b

VS a

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

KK b

BJP a

MS a

MS a

MS b

BJP a

MS b

MS a

MS a

MS b

MS b

MS b

MS a

KK b

HC b

BJP a

MS a

MS b

MS b

MS b

MS a

MS b

BJP a

BJP a

MS a

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 121

Vasidae

1397 Vasum caestus (Broderip, 1833)

MS

b

Marginellidae

*1400 Pnmum woodhridgei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)

MS

b

1402 Persicula accola Roth & Coan, 1968

MS

a

Persicula tesseUata (Lamarck, 1822)

MS

b

1405 Persicula imhricata (Hinds, 1844)

KK

b

Milridae

1422 Mitra effusa Broderip, 1836

KK

b

1423 Mitra crenata Brodrip, 1836

KK

b

1426 Mitra tens Wood, 1828

VS

a

1428 Mitra sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 1964

KK

b

1429 Mitra tristis Broderip, 1836

VS

a

1432 Mitra muricata Broderip, 1836

VS

a

1433 Mitra rupicola Reeve, 1844

KK

b

Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758)

MS

b

1434 Subcaricilla attenuata (Broderip, 1836)

KK

b

1437 SuhcanciUa erythrogramma (Tomlin, 1931)

KK

b

1440 SuhcanciUa hindsii (Reeve, 1844)

BJP

a

Cancellariidae

1448 Canccllaria albida Hinds, 1843

VS

a

1450 Canccllaria decussata Sowerby, 1832

BJP

a

1452 Canccllaria obesa Sowerby, 1832

KK

b

1455 Canccllaria ventricosa Hinds, 1843

BJP

a

1458 Canccllaria tesseUata Sowerby, 1832

BJP

a

1460 Canccllaria indcntata Sowerby, 1832

KK

b

1462 Canccllaria pulchra Sowerby, 1832

VS

a

1483 Trigonostoma breve (Sowerby, 1832)

VS

a

1485 Trigonostoma elegantulum M. Smith, 1947

BJP

a

1486 Trigonostoma goniostoma Sowerby, 1832

VS

a

Conidae

Conus bartschi Hanna & Strong, 1949

KK

b

1489 Conus brunneus Wood, 1828

MS

a

1491 Conus diadema Sowerby, 1834

MS

b

1492 Conus ebracus Linnaeus, 1758

MS

b

1493 Conus gladiator Broderip, 1833

MS

b

1494 Conus princeps Linnaeus, 1758

MS

a

1499 Conus orion Broderip, 1833

KK

b

1500 Conus purpurascens Sowerby, 1833

MS

a

1501 Conus vittatus Hwass in Bruguidre, 1792

MS

a

1502 Conus dalli Stearns, 1873

MS

b

1503 Conus lucidus Wood, 1828

MS

b

1506 Conus rccur\’us Broderip, 1833

MS

b

1509 Conus virgatus Reeve, 1849

MS

a

1510 Conus arclion Broderip, 1833

MS

b

1513 Conus patricius Hinds, 1843

BJP

a

1514 Conus nux Broderip, 1833

MS

b

1515 Conus perplexus Sowerby, 1857

MS

a

1516 Conus lomatus Sowerby, 1833

MS

a

Conus mahogani Reeve, 1843

MS

a

Conus baccatus Sowerby, 1877

MS

b

Terebridae

1525 Tcrcbra brandi Bratcher & Burch, 1970

BJP

a

1534 Tcrcbra glauca Hinds, 1844

BJP

a

1536 Tcrcbra formosa Deshayes, 1857

BJP

a

1540 Tercbra hancocki Bratcher & Burch, 1970

KK

b

1548 cf Tercbra lucana Dali, 1908

MS

b

1554 Tercbra omata Gray, 1834

MS

b

1560 Tercbra robusta Hinds, 1844

MS

b

1565 Tercbra sped data Hinds, 1844

BJP

a

1566 Tercbra strigata Sowerby, 1825

MS

b

Page 122

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(IO): 1994

1570 Terebra tuberculosa Hinds, 1844

1571 Terebra variegata Gray, 1834

Turridae

1586 Calliclara subtilis McLean & Poorman, 1971

1604 cf Imaclava pilsbr}’i Bartsch, 1950

1605 hnaclava imimaciilata (Sowerby, 1834)

1615 Drillia acapulcana (Lowe, 1935)

1621 Drillia roseola (Hertelin & Strong, 1955)
1628 Drillia walteri (M. Smith, 1946)

1648 Polystira oxytropis (Sowerby, 1834)

1649 Polystira picta (Reeve, 1843)

1690 Crassispira abdera (Dali, 1919)

1739 Compsodrillia haliplexa (Dali, 1919)

1837 Daplmella bartschi Dali, 1919

1839 Daplmella mazatlanica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932

1840 Daplmella retusa McLean & Poorman, 1971
Turrid species ?

Bullidne

2236 Bulla pimctulata A. Adams in Sowerby, 1850

Siphonariidae

2421 Siphon aria gigas Sowerby, 1825
Total: 238 species identified

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

MS b

KK b

BJP a

MS a

BJP a

BJP a

MS b

BJP a

BJP a

KK b

VS a

KK b

BJP a

KK b

BJP a

COLLECTORS

BJP

Betty Jean Piech

MS

Michael Small

211 N. Augustine St.

Embajada de Canada

Wilmington, DE 18804

Apartado Postal 105-05
Mexico, D.F. 11580, Mexico

HC

Dr. Henry Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

MB

Marty Beals

2559 Puesta del Sol Rd.

Tideline, 640 S. Isis

Santa Barbara, CA 93105

Inglewood, CA 90301

JC

Juanita Cacioppo

MST

Dr. Michael Smith

6678 Esplanade Ave

724 Vallambrosa Drive

Baton Rouge, LA 70806

Pasadena, CA 91107

KK

Kirstie Kaiser

VS

Vivienne B. Smith

475 N. Neil Armstrong Rd.

16331 Porto Bello St NW

Salt Lake City, UT 84116

Bokeelia, FL 33922

ISSN 0738-9388

/VlO/./-

iar

fTHE FESTIVUS

A publication of the San Diego Shell Club

Volume: XXVI

November 10, 1994

Number: 1 1

CLUB OFFICERS

President

Vice President

Secretary (Corres.)

Secretary (Record.)

Treasurer

Past President

CLUB STAFF

Historian

Librarian

FESTIVUS STAFF
Editor

Business Manager
Photographer

Hugh Bradner
Larry Buck
Kay Klaus
Rick Negus
Margaret Mulliner
Carole M. Hertz

Linda L. Hutsell
Margaret Mulliner

Carole M. Hertz
Jules Hertz
David K. Mulliner

MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION
Annual dues are payable to San Diego
Shell Club. Membership (includes
family): S 12.00; Overseas (surface mail):
$15.00; Overseas (air mail): $30.00.
Address all correspondence to the
San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883
Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111

The Festivus is published monthly except
December. The publication date appears
on the masthead above. Single copies of
this issue: $5.00 plus postage.

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD
R. Tucker Abbott
American Malacologists
Henry W Chaney

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Eugene V. Coan

Research Associate

California Academy of Sciences

Anthony D’Attilio

do Booth, 2315 HiUview Dr.

Lapina Beach, CA 92651

Douglas J. Eernisse

University of Michigan

William K. Emerson

American Museum of Natural History

Terrence M. Gosliner

California Academy of Sciences

James H. McLean

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Barry Roth
Research Associate

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Paul Scott

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Emily H. Vokes
Tulane University

Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM
Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park

PROGRAM

Collecting Fossil Mollusks in Baja

Club members and fossil collectors Nancy and
Bill Schneider will present a slide program, with

display of fossil mollusks from theii^tgcent trip to
Baja California, Mexico.

Mini-auction of books

Meeting date: November 17, 1994
Shells of the Month: fossil mollusks

V

CONTENTS

Club news 124

Some observations on Sabinella shaskyi War6n, 1992

GEORGE E. METZ 125

Ophiodermella fancherae (Dali, 1903) (Mollusca: Thrridae) found in the Gulf of California, Mexico

CAROL SKOGLUND 127

San Diego’s unnamed species of Hypermastiis

HANS BERTSCH 129

Map for detaching

Page 124

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

CLUB NEWS

From the Minutes - San Diego Shell Club
Meeting - October 20, 1994

At 7:40 pm the meeting was called to order by
Vice President Larry Buck. Minutes of the August
meeting were approved as published in The
Festivus. Guests were introduced and a few
announcements were made.

The board presented the slate of Club officers
for 1995. President: Kay Klaus, Vice President:
Kim Hutsell, Corresponding Secretary: Rick Negus,
Recording Secretary: Silvana Vollero, and Treasurer:
Margaret Mulliner. Nominations from the floor
will be entertained at the November meeting prior
to the election of officers. The new officers will be
installed at the Christmas party.

John Jackson presented the Club with the much
anticipated volume 2 of Barry Wilson’s newest
book, Australian Marine Shells. The Club is
appreciative of John’s generous donation of both
volumes of this fine book.

The shell drawing was won by Tom Knapik’s
guest.

Jules Hertz introduced the speaker for the
evening. Hank Chaney, curator of mollusks at the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, who
gave a wonderfully funny and informative slide show
of his latest trip to the shores and islands of
Northwestern Australia. He had many beautiful
shots of the shells of the area as well as the
fantastic geological formations found along the
northern coast. Member Don Shasky and guest
Steve Drogin both accompanied Hank on the trip
and showed slides. Don showed some funny people
pictures and Steve showed some beautiful
underwater slides of the many types of fish and
other life to be found there. This was a very
entertaining and instructive program enjoyed by all
in attendance.

After the program, members enjoyed the
refreshments, provided by Kay Klaus, Vi Thomas
and Larry Catarius, and discussing their favorite
subject, shells.

Rick Negus

Changes to the Roster

Kaiser, Kirstie, Mail Boxes Etc., Suite 078-444, 9279

Siempre Viva Rd., San Diego, CA 92173-3628.
Phone: 52 (322) 15041; fax: 52 (322) 15042.

Kent, William R., 3266 First Ave., #24, San Diego,
CA 921033. Phone: (619) 293-7008.

Skinner, Drew, (new zip code — 98337-0046).

The Annual Club Christmas Dinner Party

The San Diego Shell Club Christmas Party will
be held Saturday evening December 3, 1994. The
party will be in the Starboard Room at Marina
Village in Quivira Basin, just south of the Salmon
House Restaurant. The room is spacious and will
be decorated for the occasion. (See map on last
page for directions to the party.) The festivities
will begin at 6:00 pm with no-host cocktails.
Dinner will be served at 7:00 pm.

The meal will be catered by the Salmon House
and dinner will include the following three entrees
and vegetables: London Broil with mushroom sauce.
Baked Chicken Breast with mushroom sauce and
Alderwood Broiled Salmon with parsley potatoes
and broccoli with cheese sauce. Also included is a
full salad bar, rolls and butter, spice cake and coffee
(regular and decaf) and iced tea. The cost is $20.00
per person and includes tax and gratuity. The Club
will provide complimentary dinner wine.

Master of Ceremonies, Bill Romer, will preside.
Following dinner is the program including a slide
show. Members are asked to bring slides relating
to something they did, found, saw or enjoyed in
1994. Following that will be the traditional gift
exchange. Members (and guests) bring a gift-
wrapped shell gift (with collecting information on
the inside only) to place under the tree. On the
outside indicate only very general locale -
Caribbean, Indo-Pacific etc. Numbers will be drawn
and those who bring a shell gift will choose one
from under the tree.

Paid reservations must be received by the
November meeting. Send checks either to the Club
address or to treasurer Margaret Mulliner, 5283
Vickie Dr., San Diego, 92109 or bring to the
November meeting. For further information,
contact Bill Romer (278-2389).

Plan to come to the party. It’s always
wonderful fun.

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 125

SOME OBSERVATIONS On'^SABINELLA SHASKYI WAREN, 1992

GEORGE E. METZ

121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, California 94947

Eulimids are a specialized group of gastropods.
The majority of the species are small, shiny, white
shells which all look remarkably alike, making
species differentiation difficult, if not frustrating
most of the time. They are also very interesting
because of their parasitic mode of life. These little
mollusks feed on the Echinodermata either full or
part time as either endo- or ectoparasites. Some
genera of eulimids are predators on specific groups
of echinoderms; i.e. starfish, brittle stars,
holothurians or urchins, and in some cases they are
species-specific in their predation. The members of
the group are generally small, about 2 mm or more
in size, and therefore difficult to find. The secret
is to identify and find the host, then look for the
shells.

One of the more unique species in this group
is Sabinella shaskyi War6n, 1992 (Figure 1). This
species preys on the slate pencil urchin, Eucidaris
thouararsi (Valenciennes, 1846). This species of
gastropod was originally reported in the eastern
Pacific in 1968 by Don Shasky, who identified it as
its Caribbean counterpart, Roenia nidorum (Pilsbry,
1956) [now named Sabinella troglodytes (Thiele,
1925)]. It, too, is a parasite of a slate pencil
urchin, the Caribbean Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck,
1916). Keen (1971) credited Shasky with
discovering the species and identified it as Stilifer
(Pelseneeria) nidorum (Pilsbry, 1956). Wardn (1984)
considered the identification erroneous because the
larval shell differed from S. nidorum, and in War6n
(1992), a limited review of the eastern Pacific
eulimids, determined that the species was distinct
and renamed the species Sabinella shaskyi War6n,
1992.

Sabinella shaskyi creates a hollowed space in the
tip of the spine of the slate pencil urchin. The
spine continues to grow around the shell, producing
a protective cavity (Figure 2). Each cavity will
usually contain a large shell, the female, and a

Figure t. Sabinella shaskyi War6n, 1992, from Bahi'a Escondido,
Baja California, Mexico. Leg. George Metz.

smaller male. S. shaskyi lives, feeds, lays eggs, and
probably dies in the gall (Figure 3).

The species extends from Ecuador and the
GaHpagos north to the upper Gulf of California.
The shells are small, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in
length. The host occurs from just below the low
tide line to depths greater than 100 meters. The
host is quite common; large ones are entrenched in
holes or crevices in the rock and are difficult to
extract or examine. The younger hosts are usually
under rocks and more easily examined, therefore
most of the galls I found were in the younger hosts.
Infestation rates are low. In one area, I examined
at least 100 urchins to find one with a gall.

Page 126

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(ll); 1994

Figure 2. S. sliaskyi shown in the hollowed space of the spine of
the slate pencil urchin.

Figure 3. A closeup view of the interior of the gall shown in
Figure 2.

LITERATURE CITED

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America, 2nd edition.
Stanford University Press, Stanford, i-xiv + 1064 pp.,
ca. 4000 figs.

SHASKY, DONALD R.

1968. Observations on Rosalia nidorum (Pilsbry) and Arene
socorratsis (Strong). Annual Report of the American

Malacological Union for 1967:74.

WAREN, ANDERS

1984. A generic revision of the family Eulimidae
(Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Journal of Molluscan
Studies 13 (Suppl.): 96 pp.

1992. Comments on and descriptions of eulimid gastropods
from tropical west America. Veliger 35(3): 177-194, 59 figs.

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 127

OPHIODERMELLA FANCHERAE (DALL, 1903) (MOLLUSCA: TURRIDAE)
FOUND IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

CAROL SKOGLUND
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California, 93105

Mangilia foncherae Dali, 1903, from the Santa
Barbara Channel, California, was described without
a figure. Dali (1919) changed the genus to
Moniliopsis and figured the species. The specimen
figured is the holotype (McLean, in litt).
Distribution was extended south to Point Abreojos,
Lower California, Mexico. Later (1921) Dali
figured a different, much broader, shell as
Clathrodrillio (Moniliopsis) fancherae, which has
caused much confusion, but has no effect on the
identity of the species.

The genus Ophiodermella Bartsch, 1944,

included those species listed earlier by Dali as
Moniliopsis.

Poorman & Poorman (1988) reported
Ophiodermo cancellata (Carpenter, 1864) from 100
m off Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico. McLean
(in litt.) considers O. cancellata to be a distinct,
more northern species. The Poormans later listed
the San Carlos shells as a probably undescribed
Ophiodermella species (Skoglund, 1992).

Paul & I had taken a single specimen (Figure
1) from approximately the same locality as the
Poorman material. It remained nameless until Dr.

Figure 1. Ophiodertnella fancherae (Dali, 1903), 17.7 mm in length, apertural and dorsal views. Dredged 60-90 m, 3 mi. SE of Pta. San
Antonio, Sonora, Mexico, November 1981. Leg. C. & P. Skoglund, Det. J. H. McLean. Photos: David K. Mulliner.

Page 128

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

James H. McLean of the Los Angeles County
Museum of Natural History recognized it as
Ophiodermella fancheroe (Dali, 1903). A new look
at the Poorman specimens confirmed that they are
the same species.

We also have two specimens from off Isla
Danzante at 120 to 180 m, and two lots from off
Isla Smith, Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, in
20 to 163 m. The Los Angeles County Museum of
Natural History has about 90 lots, representing
ranges from Monterey, California, south to the
outer coast of Baja California and including four
specimens from the Gulf of California, Mexico.
The Gulf specimens include three lots from near
Isla Angel de la Guarda and one from Isla Espiritu
Santo (McLean, in litt.).

The above records bring another species thought
to occur only in the Californian Province into the
Panamic Province on both sides of the Gulf of
California, Mexico, and extend the distribution
north to Monterey, California.

My sincere appreciation to Dr. McLean for
valuable suggestions, the shell identification and the
LACM data and to David K. Mulliner for the
excellent photographs.

LITERATURE CITED

BARTSCH, PAUL

1944. Some turrid mollusks of Monterey Bay and vicinity.
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
57:57-68 (Oct. 31).

DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY

1903. Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the Santa
Barbara Channel, California. Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington 16:171-176 (Dec. 31).

1919. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family
Turritidae from the west coast of America and adjacent
regions. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 56(2288):l-86; pis. 1-24 (Aug. 8).

1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the
northwest coast of America, from San Diego, California,
to the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the collection of
the United States National Museum, with illustrations
of hitherto unfigured species. United States National
Museum Bulletin 112: 217 pp.; pis. 1-22 (Nov. 5).

POORMAN, FORREST L. & LEROY H. POORMAN

1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San Carlos
rectangle, Sonora, Mexico, collected by Forrest L. and
Leroy H. Poorman from December 1953 to December
1983. The Festivus 20(6):47-63, I map (June 9).

SKOGLUND, CAROL

1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca)
literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (supplement)
177 pp. (Nov. 12).

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Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 129

SAN DIEGO’S UNNAMED SPECIES OF HYPERMASTUS

HANS BERTSCH*

Department of Math and Natural Sciences,
National University, San Diego, California 91932

For many years, I have enjoyed (perhaps
perversely) searching for snails parasitic on
echinoderms. I have photographed assorted species
of gastropods which live on spiny-skinned hosts and
obtain their nourishment by a proboscis that
extracts body fluids from their host-home. These
include eulimids on sea cucumbers in Hawaii and
the Caribbean, Melanella on Astropecten armatus
Gray, 1840, in Redondo Beach, California, and
Thyca callista Berry, 1959, in the Gulf of California

(Bertsch, 1975a, 1975b & 1985). What a turn-of-
tables! What sweet revenge! Snails that dare to
eat sea stars or their kin!

You can imagine my pleasure when I dove in the
La Jolla Shores region of San Diego, California
(32°51’-52°N, 117°15’-16’W) and discovered a small
eulimid (4-8 mm long) on the sand dollar
Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz, 1831) (Figures
1 and 2).

Even more remarkable, what had originally

Figures 1 and 2. In situ photographs of Dendraster excentricus organisms with parasitic Hypermastus species. Note relative size of host
and parasite and the reduced visibility because of sandy bottom habitat. (1) view of area of sand dollar bed with eulimid (2) close-
up of eulimid on Dendraster host. Photos: Hans Bertsch.

been suspected to be Hypermastus randolphi
(Vanatta, 1899), turns out to be actually an
unnamed species of that genus. Dr. Anders War6n
recently confirmed its "new species" status at the
"Workshop on Micromollusks" at the July 1994

meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists.
He will be working on the description of this
species, which we illustrate here for the first time in
situ (Figures 1 and 2) and with the spectacular close-
up photography of David MuUiner (Figures 3-5).

'Mailing address: 192 Imperial Beach Blvd. Unit A., Imperial Beacli, California 91932

Page 130

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

Figures 3-5. Close-up photographs of a specimen of Hypermastus sp. Photos: David K. Mulliner.

Compare these photographs with the descriptions
and illustrations of H. randolphi in Bartsch (1917)
and Wardn & Crossland (1991).

I have been doing an informal ecological study
of this species in its habitat at La Jolla Shores. I
have observed specimens of Hypermastus species on
24 October 1993, 28 November 1993, 13 February
1994, 27 February 1994, 17 April 1994, 29 May
1994 and 2 July 1994. It occurs in the 4-14 meter
depth range (15-45 ft), basically where its host lives
(the logic of biology is astounding!).

My preliminary data do not give any information
regarding its seasonality, breeding season, or life
span. How changing patterns of surf, wave action,
and sand movements affect the interrelationship
between Hypermasuis sp. and Dendraster are also
unknown. Further research is needed. However, I
have noted some very real density differences of this
new species of Hypermasuis, obviously correlated
with the density of Dendraster.

In a preliminary survey on 27 February 1994, 1

swam through the Dendraster beds, counting host
and parasite organisms. At the shoreward side of
the dense Dendraster community between 6 and 8
meters (20-25 ft) deep, I counted 700 specimens of
Dendraster, on which were 72 Hypermastus (60
positioned on the aboral surface, 8 on the oral side,
and 4 on the edge). There was an average of one
snail per 9.72 Dendraster. At 9 meters (30 ft), I
counted 82 specimens of Dendraster, on which were
34 parasitic snails (a density ratio of 1:2.4).
Swimming back from deeper water, between 9 and
14 meters (30-45 ft) deep, I found an incredibly
dense and massive bed of Dendraster on which were
numerous eulimid snails (almost too many to
count). Below this bed, I had found several
exceptionally heavily parasitized Dendraster animals:
one with 21 eulimids, another with 13. In this area,
most parasitized Dendraster had 1-3 eulimids on
them (although occasionally there were up to 7).

Dendraster occurs in distinct patches, with varying
densities. For the sake of a simple analysis, I

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

THE FESTIVUS

Page 131

divided them into two gross groups:

(a) Random patches: small clumps of Dendraster,
always separated by at least 25 cm of barren
sand from their next nearest clump (basically the
size of the clump was smaller than the distance
from the next group), occurring in the depth
range of 4-6 meters (15-20 ft) (Site 1 in Table
!)•

(b) Dense, thick beds: (no barren sand space
throughout an area greater than 1 m^). I
surveyed the shoreward (Site 2) and seaward
(Site 3) sides of these beds.

During my observation period, Hypermastiis sp.
was consistently found on Dendraster excentricus at
the La Jolla Shores, although the density of
parasitism greatly varied, apparently in relation to
the density and location of its hosts. Table 1
records the results.

Hypermastiis sp. has also been seen on the aboral
surface of Astropecten armatiis, on the broken
skeletal test of Lovenia cordiformis (Agassiz, 1872),
and crawling on the sand between hosts in the
dense Dendraster beds.

Unnamed species of marine organisms occur not
only at distant tropical dive sites, but may be found
locally! Ironically, the region at La Jolla Shores
may be one of the most heavily dived areas in San
Diego. However, it is primarily used for training
purposes. Once students receive their scuba diving
certification, they rarely return to this sandy habitat.

I do. Over the years (e.g., see Bertsch & Smith,
1983), I have been pleasantly surprised by the
diversity of invertebrates or fish 1 encounter.
Continued careful searching will yield even more
biological surprises.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Anders Wardn and Jules Hertz for taxonomic aid;
David Mulliner for close-up photos of this undescribed species;
and Suzanne Bertsch, Carol Zucca, Dave Peters and Tom Smith
for scuba diving research assistance.

LITERATURE CITED

BARTSCH, PAUL

1917. A monograph of west American melanellid mollusks.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum
53 (2207):295-356.

BERTSCH, HANS

1975a. New data on Thyca callista (Gastropoda: Capulidae).
The Veliger 18(1):99-100

1975b. A snail that eats sea stars. Sea Frontiers 21(5);281-
282.

1985. Biology of Thyca callista (Gastropoda; Capulidae).
The Festivus 17(2): 14-16.

BERTSCH, HANS & TOM SMITH

1983. Range extensions of three opisthobranch mollusks to
the San Diego-La Jolla (California) ecological
reserve. The Veliger 26(l):69-70.

WAREN, ANDERS & MICHAEL CROSSLAND

1991. Revision of Hypermastus Pilsbry, 1899 and Tiin'eria
Berry, 1956 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Eulimidae),
two genera parasitic on sand dollars. Records of the
Australian Museum 43(1):85-112.

TABLE 1

Comparative density of Hypermastiis sp. at three different sites at La Jolla Shores.

(See text for explanation of sites.)

Date Site 1 (patch)

Site 2 (dense Site 3 (dense,

shoreward) seaward)

(1994)

17 April 7 per 201 hosts
(1:28.7)

55 per 404 hosts
(1:7.35)

104 per 96 hosts
(1:0.92)

7 per 132 hosts
(1:18.86)

(not counted)

51 per 70 hosts
(1:1.37)

2 July

Page 132

THE FESTIVUS

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1994

A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XXVI (1994)

ANDERSON, ROLAND C.

Octopus bites clam 58

Humilaria kennerfyi survives drill attack 95

ARNOLD, TERRY S.

On a "problem" Siphocypraea Heilprin, 1887, from the Pliocene/Pleistocene of Florida 29

BUCK, LARRY

San Miguel Island Dive-’93 21

Kellia sub orbicularis (Montagu, 1803) an unusual and interesting habitat 38

EMERSON, WILLIAM K.

A zoogeographic summary of the marine mollusks of Clipperton Island (tropical eastern Pacific

Ocean) 62

FARMER, WESLEY M.

Platydoris macfarlondi Hanna, 1951, from Bahia de Sebastian Viscaino, Baja California,

Mexico 48

GOSLINER, TERRENCE M. (reviewer)

Book news: Review of Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Part One by

Barry Wilson 39

GROVES, LINDSEY T. (reviewer)

Book news: A review of A Guide to Worldwide Cowries by Felix Lorenz & Alex Hubert 46

HERTZ, CAROLE M.

Dr. Fred Baker, San Diego conchologist: a most remarkable man 3

Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in San Diego 103

HERTZ, CAROLE M. (editor)

1994 low tides for the northern Gulf of California 16

A Cypraea marginata ketyana at the San Diego Shell Club auction 26

In memoriam: Rose D’Attilio 73

Shellfish information line now available 86

Campus marine science programs 98

HERTZ, CAROLE M., BARBARA W. MYERS & JOYCE GEMMELL

The Caecidae of San Felipe and environs. Gulf of California, from the Gemmell Collection

(1965-1976) 89

HERTZ, JULES

Trigoniocardia (Americardia) biangidata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) from off Catalina Island ... 15

Unusual bivalve finds from San Miguel Island, California 84

Annual meeting of the WSM 96

Parvioris fidvescens (A. Adams, 1866) from Tonga 102

HOLLMAN, MICHAEL

Corrections and notes regarding the Naticidae listed by Poppe & Goto (1991) in European

Seashells 23

HOUART, ROLAND

Some comments on (?) Poirieria (Pazinotus) sibogae (Schepman, 1911) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) . 19
HUTSELL, KIM

Persicula pulchella (Kiener, 1834) "a numbing experience" 56

Xenophora robusta (Verrill, 1870) 72

JACKSON, JOHN

Conus tessulotus in the Sea of Cortez 43

Vol. XXVI(ll): 1995

THE FESTIVUS

Page 133

KERSTITCH, ALEX

Two interesting egg-laying gastropods: Simnia loebbeckeana and Janthina janthina 49

KOCH, ROBERT

Panamic puzzles; a question of assignment (Odostomia vs. Turbonilla) S3

KRONENBERG, GJIS C.

Columbella sonsonatensis (Morch, 1860) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Gastropoda:

Columbellidae) 101

MCLEAN, JAMES H. (reviewer)

Book news: Review of Architectonicidae of the Indo-Pacific (Mollusca, Gastropoda) by

Rudiger Bieler 74

MILLER, WALTER B. (reviewer)

Book news: Handbook of Systematic Malacology by Johannes Thiele (scientific editors of

translation, R. Bieler & P.M. Mikkelsen) 22

NORRID, HAL & CHARLOTTE

The secret is out: a new mousetrap has been invented! 57

SMALL, MICHAEL

Clipperton ’94: an initial report 78

Marine gastropod habitats of western Panama 107

WATERS, CHARLES

Oliva incrassata [Lightfoot, 1786], an unusual form from El Golfo de Santa Clara, Sonora,

Mexico 45

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