■4 w- . ' '-V ■i .V V . i a i 3 A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIIl January 13, 2011 Number: 1 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldamnier Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club. Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 921 1 1, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural Histoiy, New York Emilio E. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith <6 Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valenlich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita. Tulane University. New Orleans Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E-mail : Jhertz@san.rr. com ) PROGRAM ABALONE AND THE EOSSIL RECORD: NO BALONEY Lindsey Groves of the Natural History Museum of Los southern California when it first appeared in the Angeles County will give a slide presentation on the Recent. [This is the program that was canceled last history of Haliotis from the Late Cretaceous of July due to illness.] Meeting date: January 20, 201 1 CONTENTS Club news A 40-minute survey or the marine mollusks of the island of Saint Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies SUSAN J. HEWITT 3 Octopuses drill crab chelae on the inside (oral side) DANIEL H. BLUSTEIN 6 Low tides for 2011 at San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico JULES HERTZ, preparer 8 In Memoriam: Mary “Pecten” Flentz and Gladys Weber 8 Page 2 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIKI): 2011 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 18 November 2010 The meeting was called to order by President Benjamin Pister at 7;35 pm. The Minutes were approved as published in The Festivus and treasurer Silvana Vollero reported the Club solvent and that dues for 2011 are now due. Vice President Jules Hertz listed the Club board ’s slate of officers and asked for nominations from the floor. There were none. The Club voted unanimously for the officers for 2011: President, Jules Hertz; Vice President, Bob Dees; Treasurer, Silvana Vollero; Recording Secretary, Paul Tuskes; Corresponding Secretary, Marilyn Goldammer. The new officers will be installed at the December Holiday Party (see col. 2). Botanical Garden Foundation representative Wes Farmer reiterated that the Club's meeting room no longer has a custodian and that members must leave the room clean and in the order it was when we met. Jules then introduced our speaker for the evening, Michael Hollmann, who gave an outstanding presentation on the Naticidae, tracing the group from the work of early taxonomists to the present time with the introduction of molecular analysis of DNA sequencing in determining species. Michael had beautiful illustrations highlighting the morphological differences in species and the confusion in detennining some species using this method. He used, as one of his examples, Neverita duplicata (Say, 1822), in taxonomic dispute through the years as to whether or not it should be one or two species. Morphologically, the two "forms” look very similar but for the subtle differences in the umbilical area - some specimens having a larger callus covering most of the smooth umbilical area and the other somewhat smaller, with greater relative height, and a stepped, grooved area entering the more open umbilicus. Molecular analysis finally solved the many years of questions and confirmed two species, with the smaller taking the name of one of the former synonyms, Neverita delessertiana (Recluz Chenu, 1843). Another one of the problems that Michael presented was that of the common Aar/cflnMi otter? (Roding, 1798). DNA sequencing found there to be two species. There have been no morphological differences noted. This problem may require additional anatomical studies. After this beautifully explained and illustrated presentation, Michael followed with an extra treat of a short video showing how the naticid moves while laying its eggs and forming the typical sand collar. Following adjournment of the meeting, members and guests enjoyed the refreshments provided by Bob Dees, Marty Schuler and Wes Farmer and continued to chat with each other and about Michael’s talk. Carole Hertz The Annual SCUM Meeting January 21 , 2011 The 15th annual SCUM meeting will be held on Saturday January 21®' at the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project in Costa Mesa, from 9 am (Meet and Greet with donuts & coffee) to the usual format of introductions and presentations beginning at 10 am. After the lunch break, the meeting continues with presentations until about 3 pm . . SCUM (Southern California Unified M alacologists) is a relaxed meeting, free to all those interested, and the programs and presentations are always of interest. For further info: e-mail kbarwick@ocsd.org. For directions: < http://www.sccwrp.org > . Dues are Due If you have not yet paid your dues for 2011, the time is now. The Club’s membership roster comes out with the February issue of The Festivus and you must be a paid member to be listed on it. Club’s Annual Auction Date The Club’s auction 201 1 will be on Saturday April 16"’. Save the date - it’s always the best fun!. Vol. XLIll(l): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 3 A 40-MINUTE SURVEY OE THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE ISLAND OF SAINT KITTS, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES SUSAN J. HEWITT* * Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Send correspondence to: 435 E 77* St. Apt 3G. New York, NY 10075, USA E-mail: ltewsuh@earthlink.net Saint Kitts, more formally known as Saint Christopher (“Kit” and “Kitt” being 18* century abbreviations for the name Christopher) is a small Caribbean island which forms part of the inner arc of the northern part of the Leeward Island chain, which in turn is part of the Lesser Antilles, in the West Indies (Map 1). The island is situated at 17“15'N, 62"40'W, between the islands of Sint Eustatius to the northwest, and Nevis to the southeast. St. Kitts is a volcanic island about 68 square km in size. It is 29 km in length and about 8 km wide in its widest part. The population is about 35,000. St. Kitts is the larger of the two islands in the Federation of St. Kitts & Nevis. The marine mollusk fauna of St. Kitts has not been much investigated. On April 19, 2009, my husband and 1 were traveling from New York to the island of Nevis for our annual visit. Our friend Jim Johnson of Nevis picked us up at the airport on St. Kitts. He drove us to the Sea Bridge ferry terminal on Major’s Bay, which is at the southern end of the tip of the southeastern peninsula of St. Kitts, just across “The Narrows” from Nevis (Map 1). The Sea Bridge ferry runs every 2 hours, and when we arrived at the dock there were 50 minutes before the next departure, so I decided to search the sandy shore of the bay for shells. There was only a little beach drift, and much of the material consisted of broken shells and fragments, but I hand-picked as many different species of gastropods and bivalves as I could find in the time available. Unfortunately I was called to get onto the ferry before I had a chance to examine the rocky edges of the bay for live chitons, winkles, and nerites. Results The material included shells (or fragments of shells) of 44 marine mollusk species: 25 species of gastropods in 20 families, and 19 species of bivalves in 10 families. Map I . Caribbean area with inset showing position of St. Kitts and Nevis. List of species collected Gastropoda Lottiidae: Lottia species “B” (as described in Hewitt, 2009) Patelloida pustulata (Helbling, 1779) including sea grass form Fissurellidae: Diodora viridiila (Lamarck, 1822) Fissurella rosea (Gmelin. 1791) Trochidae: Cittariiim pica (Linnaeus, 1758) Tegiila excavata (Lamarck, 1822) Tegiila fasciata (Born, 1778) Turbinidae: Turbo castanea (Gmelin, 1791) Phenacolepadidae: Plesiothyreiis hamillei (P. Fischer, 1857) Truncatellidae: Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer, 1839 Page 4 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK 1): 2011 Cerithiidae: Cerithiiun litteratiim (Born, 1778) Turritellidae: Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Calyptraeidae: Calyptraea centralis (Conrad, 1841) Hipponicidae; Hipponix subrufus (Lamarck, 1822) Modulidae: Modulus modulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Naticidae: Naticarius canrena (Linnaeus, 1758) Tonnidae: Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Eratoidae: Pusula pediculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Muricidae: Mancinella deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) Fasciolariidae: Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791) Columbellidae: Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Olividae: Oliva reticularis Lamarck, 1811 Mitridae: Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) Conidae: Conus mus Hwass, 1792 Bivalvia Arcidae: Area zebra (Swainson, 1833) Acar domingensis (Lamarck, 1819) Noetidae; Arcopsis adatnsi (Dali, 1886) Glycymerididae: Tucetona pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) Pectinidae: Argopecten nucleus (Born, 1778) Lindapecten muscosus (W. Wood, 1828) Chamidae; Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Chama florida Lamarck, 1819 Cardiidae: Laevicardium serration (Linnaeus, 1758 Lucinidae; Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Cavilinga blanda (Dali, 1901) Divaricella dentata (W. Wood, 1815) Lucina pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1758) Parvilucina costata (d’Orbigny, 1846) Ungulinidae: Diplodonta nucleiformis (Wagner, 1840) Tellinidae: Strigilla pisiformis (Linnaeus, 1758) Veneridae: Gouldia cerina (C.B. Adams, 1845) Macrocallista maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Pitar fulminatus (Mtnkt, 1828) Analysis This list comprises rock-loving species (both cemented and nestling bivalves and gastropods that prefer rocky substrate) as well as a good number of infaunal bivalves. A selection of ten of the more intact shells is shown in Figure 1 . The list is not surprising for a bay that is good-sized (1 km wide at the widest point), sandy and sheltered, but surrounded by rocks and cliffs. Most of the species are unremarkable, but because the fauna of the Lesser Antilles has not been well studied, many of the records on this list help clarify or extend the range of species, especially those that are easily overlooked. To give a few examples: one damaged shell of Plesiothyreus hamillei (a minute limpet in the super- family Neritoidea) was found; according to Malacolog 4.1.1 this species occurs from Florida to Brazil; however within the Lesser Antilles, Malacolog only shows records from the Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, and Tobago. According to the same source, within the Lesser Antilles, Truncatella pulchella has only been recorded from St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands. As for St. Kitts itself, Malacolog 4.1.1 lists 35 species as reported in the literature from this island. The list in this paper has 44 species. Perhaps surprisingly, the Malacolog list and the list in this paper have only three species in common: Cittarium pica, Truncatella pulchella, and Parvilucina costata. This means that 41 species on the current list are new records for St. Kitts. These 41 species are a useful addition to the knowledge of the marine mollusk fauna of this island. Vol. XLlIl(l): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 5 Figure 1: Beachworn shells from Ihe drill in Major’s Bay, Si. Kitts, all lo the same scale. The Conus shell is 13 mm long. From left to righi, the gastropods are: Patelloida pustulala (sea grass form). Lottia sp “B” (as described in Hewitt 2009), Diodora viridida, Tegula e.xcavaia, and Conus mus. The bivalves are: Acar domingensis, Tucetona pectinata, Chama florida, Cavilinga bkmda, and Divaricella denlata. Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge gratefully the substantial help that the late Jim Johnson of Nevis gave me with my field work every year since 2000; sadly his life ended prematurely when his house burned down on April 13, 2010. The information from Gary Rosenberg's database Malacolog 4.1.1 is provided with the permission of the ANSP. The map and plate were assembled with expert help from Ron Hartley. Literature Cited ROSENBERG, GARY, 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. [WWW database (version 4. 1 . 1 )) LIRE http://www.malacolog.org/ Page 6 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIII(l); 2011 OCTOPUSES DRILL CRAB CHELAE ON THE INSIDE (ORAL SIDE) DANIEL H. BLUSTEIN Marine Science Center, Northeastern University 430 Nahant Rd, Nahant. MA 01908, USA. E-mail: blustein.d@husky.neu.edu ROLAND C. ANDERSON 2000 Minor Ave E #8 Seattle, WA 98102 Email: geoduck46@gmail.com The Caribbean shame-faced crabs Calappa galliis (Herbst, 1803) live mostly buried in the sand with their large, wide chelae held tightly over their mouths and mouth parts (Humann, 1992) (Figure 1 ). They are called “shame-faced” crabs because they appear to be hiding their "faces” with their chelae. They are a stout, compact crab with heavy carapaces- up to 7 .5 cm across. Octopuses eat C. gallus (Anderson et al., 2008) although their methods of finding the crabs and eating them are unknown. Based on the damage done to tlie crab shells in octopus middens, some insight into how octopuses access crab flesh might be gleaned. During a recent two-week stay at Bonaire (1-15 May 2010), an island in the southern Caribbean, we had an opportunity to observe and collect midden items (food remains) from seven octopuses {Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)) by snorkeling. Octopuses were spotted by the cleaned-shell remains in their middens (Wood & Anderson, 2009). Two had eaten C. gallus and continued to do so over the two weeks. We were able to collect and examine the crabs’ carapaces and their heavy, wide chelae after octopuses had eaten them . We examined five carapaces for damage, looking particularly for drill holes as octopuses are able to drill crab carapaces with their radulae (Mather et al., 2010) in conjunction with an accessory boring organ that dissolves shell material chemically (Nixon & Maconnaughy, 1988). Venom injected by an octopus through a drill hole in the shell quickly paralyzes and kills the crab while also beginning external enzymatic digestion (Boyle, 1990). None of the carapaces we found had drill holes in them and it is likely that the paralyzing venom was injected through the mouth area or arthrodial membranes at the joints as has been previously reported (Ballering et al., 1972). Of particular note was that of the 10 chelae examined, five were drilled (Figure 2). Octopuses are known to drill crab chelae (Mather & Nixon, 1995). presumably to aid removal of meat from the claws. The venom of the octopus releases the muscle attachments of the meat inside shelled prey and softens it for easy recovery (Boyle, 1990). Another interesting feature of the retrieved crab chelae was that they were drilled on the inside of the claws - the oral side facing their mouths. This location was previously termed “ventral” (Mather & Nixon, 1995) but the term may be inappropriate since the crabs hold their wide claws vertically in front of their faces. The oral side may present a more suitable drilling surface for the octopus compared to the knobby texture of the exterior side. Drilling of the oral side indicates that the chelae were most likely drilled after disarticulation from the crab, well after paralysis and death, in order to aid in meat retrieval. These observations support early evidence that injected venom may be used primarily to aid in digestion and is less important for immobilizing prey (Boyle 1990). Acknowledgments We thank Jennifer Mather for thoughtful discussion of this subject. This study was partially funded by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to DHB. Vol. XLIIKl); 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 7 Literature Cited ANDERSON. ROLAND C., JAMES B. WOOD & JENNIEER A. MATHER 2008. Octopus vulgaris in Ihe Caribbean is a specializing generalist. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 371: 199- 202. BALLERING, ROBERT B., MARK A. JALVING. DAVID A VENTRESCA. LEON E. HALLACHER, JACKT. TOMLINSON & DON R. WOBBER 1972. Octopus evenomation through a plastic bag via a salivary proboscis. Toxicon. 10:245-248. BOYLE, PETER R. 1990. Prey handling and salivary secretions in octopuses. Trophic Relations in the Marine Environment. Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biology Symposium, pp 541-552. HUMANN, PAUL 1992. Reef Creature Identification. New World Publications (Jacksonville, EL), p 320 MATHER, JENNIFER A. , ROLAND C. ANDERSON & JA.MES B. WOOD 2010. Octopus - the Ocean’s Intelligent Invertebrate. Timber Press (Portland, OR), pp 61-62 MATHER. JENNIFER A. & MARION NIXON 1995. Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda) drills the chelae of crabs in Bermuda. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 61:405-406. NIXON, MARION & ELAINE MACONNACHIE 1988. Drilling by Octopus vn/gfl/zV (Mollu,sca: Cephalopoda) in the Mediterranean. Journal of Zoology, London. 216: 687-716. WOOD. JAMES B. & ROLAND C. ANDERSON 2009. An eye for Octopus. Reef Life. 1(4):44-5I. Figure 1. Shame-faced crab (Calappa gallus) with characteristic chela in front of the mouth. Illustration by Marla Coppolino. Figure 2. Aboral (left) and oral (right) views of a C. gallus chela found in an Octopus vulgaris midden Note the drill hole on the oral side. Page 8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01567 9566 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK 1): 2011 LOW TIDES FOR 2011 AT SAN FELIPE, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO The entries below show periods of low tides of -3.90 feet and below. The times of low tides are given in Pacific Standard Time, except those dates marked with an asterisk which are in Pacific Daylight Time. To cor- rect for Puerto Penasco add one hour to listed times when they are in Pacific Standard Time. Tides below the midriff of the Gulf cannot be estimated using these entries. All entries are approximate times and tides. Jan. 18 7:37 p.m. -4.29 ft Apr. 19 9:53 a.m* -4.84 ft Sep. 27 9:11 p.m* -5.28 ft Jan. 19 8:11 p.m. -5.11 ft May 15 7:37 a.m* -3.90 ft Sep. 28 9:47 p.m* -5.14 ft Jan. 20 8:50 p.m. -5.23 ft May 16 8:18 a.m* -4.68 ft Sep. 29 10:25 p.m* -4.20 ft Jan. 21 9:29 p.m. -4.55 ft May 17 8:58 a.m* -4.82 ft Oct. 24 7:33 p.m* -3.97 ft Feb. 16 7:20 p.m. -4.60 ft May 18 9:37 a.m. -4.32 ft Oct. 25 8:10 p.m* -5.22 ft Feb. 17 7:58 p.m. -5.53 ft June 15 8:47 a.m* -3.98 ft Oct. 26 8:49 p.m* -5.74 ft Feb. 18 8:37 p.m. -5.60 ft July 30 8:52 a.m* -4.23 ft Oct. 27 9:27 p.m* -5.45 ft Feb. 19 9:15 p.m. -4.75 ft July 31 9:29 a.m* -4.64 ft Oct. 28 10:07 p.m* -4.40 ft Mar. 17 8:02 p.m.* -4.18 ft Aug. 1 10:07 a.m* -4.35 ft Nov. 23 6:53 p.m. -4.86 ft Mar. 18 8:41 p.m.* -4.96 ft Aug. 28 8:35 a.m* -4.72 ft Nov. 24 7:34 p.m. -5.36 ft Mar. 19 9:21 p.m.* -4.79 ft Aug. 29 9:12 a.m* -5.06 ft Nov. 25 8:15 p.m. -5.16 ft Mar. 20 7:39 a.m.* -5.20 ft Aug. 29 9:37 p.m* -3.94 ft Nov. 26 8:56 p.m. -4.29 ft Mar. 20 10:00 pm* -3.90 ft Aug. 30 9:50 a.m* -4.56 ft Dec. 22 6:45 p.m. -3.91 ft Mar. 21 1 0: 15 am* -4.80 ft Aug. 30 10: 12 p.m* -4.01 ft Dec. 23 7 :29 p.m . -4.59 ft Apr. 16 8:01 a.m* -4.17 ft Sep. 26 8:15 a.m* -4.35 ft Dec. 24 8:10 p.m. -4.68 ft Apr. 17 8:38 a.m* -5.16 ft Sep. 26 8:35 p.m* -4.63 ft Dec. 25 8:49 p.m. -4.16 ft Apr. 18 9:15 a.m* -5.39 ft Sep. 27 8:54 a.m* -4.52 ft Compiled by Jules Hertz IN MEMORIAM Mary “Pecten” Flentz 1916-2010 Gladys Weber 1914-2010 ISSN 0738-9388 &>- LlO\ Volume; XLIII THE F A publication of ESTI the San Diego Shell Club February 10, 2011 Number: 2 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldamnier Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAEE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club. Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave.. San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado. Balboa Park. San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Nalurot Hisloiy. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Sonia Barbara Museum of Naiiiral Hisloiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associaie Califonna Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California Slale Universily, Fullerion William K. Emerson Emeriius, American Museum of Naliiral Hisloiy. New York Emilio F. Garcia Universily of Louisiana a! Lafayelie Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smilh & Associaies Archaeological and Paleonlological Consullanis James H. McLean Emeriius. Nalural Hisloiy Museum of Los Angeles Couniy Paul Valenlich Scott Sania Barbara Museum of Nalural Hisloiy Angel Valdes California Slale Universily. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emeriia, Tidane Universily. New Orleans Website at: hup ://www. sandiegoshelkiuh.com E-mail : Jheiiz@san. rr. com PROGRAM Las Conchas Azules (The Blue Shells): Father Kino, Abalones. and the Island of California. Hans Bertsch, a specialist in opisthobranchs and the illustrated program including some of the history and marine life of the Panamic Province will present an fauna of the areas in the northern Golfo de California. Meeting date; February 17, 2011 CONTENTS Club news 10 First records of twenty species of Turridae (Mollusca) in Peru, with notes on three other species Valentin Mogollon & Grace Victoria Montalvan 11 Minus tides in San Diego for remainder of 201 1 Paul Tuskes, compiler 26 San Diego Shell Club Membership Roster for 201 1 for detaching THE FESTIVUS Vol. XE1IK2): 2011 Page 10 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 20 January 201 1 The meeting was called to order at 7:45 p.m. by Vice President Bob Dees, The previous minutes were accepted as published. Marilyn Goldammer gave the corresponding secretary’s report and as librarian encouraged members to use the library. The treasurer was absent so there was no report. Carole Hertz asked everyone to keep Saturday April 16"' open as that is the day of the annual shell auction. More information on the auction in February and March Carole Hertz introduced our speaker Lindsey Groves, who is collection manager of malacology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Lindsey spoke about the history of fossil abalone. He stated that currently there are approximately 54 living species of abalone. The oldest known abalone fossil is from the Cretaceous, approximately 78 million years ago and was found in Southern California along with the next two oldest fossil abalone. All of the early abalone were small, usually less that 10 mm in length. Abalone fossils do not show up in the rest of the world until the Miocene, 30 million years ago. Thirty- five species of extinct abalone have been named. Our Southern California abalone species are documented in Pliocene deposits. Sometimes the abalone is fossilized and other times the mud in the shell becomes rock and the shell deteriorates leaving a cast of the inside portion of the shell. Most current and past species of abalone are small to moderate-sized species, but large species occur in southern Africa, Australia, parts of Asia, California and Baja. The evolution of the genus is not clear. The current center of species diversity is in Indonesia, but there are no fossils from that area. Southern California has by far the oldest fossil records, but the group of shells that abalone are thought to have evolved from are not known from the west coast fossil record. A third idea is that abalone developed in what is now northern Europe, but at that time it would have been a tropical-subtropical sea. The fossil record for the group that abalone may have evolved from are known from that area... but there are no truly old fossil abalone from Europe. So, until the Way-Back machine which Dr. Peabody used to the visit historical figures is re-found (as seen on Rocky and Bullwinkle) ... we just have to wait. Paul Tuskes SCUM XV Southern California Unified Malacologists Rescheduled The annual SCUM meeting which had been canceled in January due to a power outage has been rescheduled for Saturday March 5"' and will begin as usual at 9:00 a.m. The meeting will still be held at the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 1 10, Costa Mesa, CA . For directions, go to: http://www.sccwrp.org/ContactUs/Directions.aspx TO ALL OUR SHELLING FRIENDS YOU ARE CORDIALLY INVITED TO ATTEND THE SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB’S ANNUAL AUCTION/POTLLICK ON SATURDAY EVENING, APRIL 16™ Bring family and friends - the shells will be fantastic!!! The San Diego Shell Club’s annual auction/potluck will be held on Saturday evening April 16th in the Community Room of Wes Farmer’s condo at 3591 Ruffin Rd., San Diego, 92123 [Maps can be provided, if needed]. The festivities will begin at 5 p m., with dinner at 6 p.m. and the voice auction starting promptly at 7 p.m.. Among some of the very special items for auction are a number of excellent books and many beautiful shells. Among them are Chiton goodalli and sulcatiis from the Galapagos; Cypraea nigropiinctata . fultoni, rabaiilensis, teiileri, rashleighana and gaskoini; trophons hentleyi, truncatus, clathratus. albispinosus ; Strombiis taunis and belli; Cindidotyphis niyrae: and Pteropiirpnra centrifnga . - plus MANY more. Besides the voice auction, there will be a wonderful silent auction and a humongous $1 table. If you are unable to attend and want to be a part of this important fundraiser and exciting event, you can request an auction list by mailing ihertz@san.rr.com and a list will be sent to you. Should you wish to bid on any items, an attending member will bid for you following your instructions. Proceeds from this biggest social event of the year help support The Festiviis. Club library, donations toward student grants, the San Diego Science Fair as well as the Club’s social functions. HOPE YOU CAN ATTEND!! Vol. XL11K2): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 1 1 FIRST RECORDS OF TWENTY SPECIES OF TURRIDAE (MOLEUSCA) IN PERU, WITH NOTES ON THREE OTHER SPECIES VALENTIN MOGOLLON AVILA & GRACE VICTORIA MONTALVAN NARANJOS Laboratorio de Invertebrados Acuaticos, Facultad de Oceanografia, Pesquen'a y Ciencias Alimentarias Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. Roma 350, Lima 18. Peru E-mail: svmogollon(5)vahoo.eom Abstract: Twenty species of marine gastropods of the family Turridae are recorded for the first time in Peruvian waters: Polystira nobilis (Hinds, 1843); Crassispira (Dallspira) erigone (Dali, 1919); Crassispirci (Striospiro) coracina McLean & Poorman, 1971; Miraclathurella meitdozaiui (Shasky, 1971); Carinodrillia kalis (Dali. 1919); Compsodrillia alcestis {D'dW, 1919); Compsodrillia bicarinata (Shasky, 1961); Conipsodrillia undatichorda McLean & Poorman. 1971; Conipsodrillia sp. \ Microdrillia tersaViJoodT'ing. 1928; Cymakra sp.; Clathurella sp.; Nannodiella fratenuilis (Dali. 1919), Nannodiella nana (Dali. 1919), Glyphostonw (G.) bayeri Olsson, 1971; Glyplioslonia (G.) neglecta (Hinds, 1843); Kiirtziella (K.) antiochroa (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932); Kiirtziella (R.) powelli Shasky, 1971; Glyptaesopus pkylira (Dali, 1919) and Platycythara electra (Dali, 1919). Additionally, three other little-known species in our waters are studied: Drillia (D.) roseola (Hertlein & Strong, 1955); Crassispira iStriospira) adana (Bartsch. 1950) and Crassispira iStriospira) nigerrinia (Sowerby, 1834). New distributional records and habitat data are given for all species. Introduction Tryon (1884) and Dali (1909) recorded Agatiwtonui ordinaria (E. A. Smith. 1882) in Peruvian waters. Pena (1970) extended the southern distribution (without figures) of Pilsbry spira aterrima (Sowerby, 1834) and Pilsbryspira collaris (Sowerby, 1834) (as Crassispira nepkele Dali, 1919) to Puerto Zorritos and Caleta Bocapan. Tumbes, Peru. McLean (in Keen, 1971 ) added three other species of Turridae: Agladrillia piidica (Hinds. 1843) to Isla Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, Peru, Anticlinura peruviana (Dali, 1908) and Xantiwdapkne egregia (Dali, 1908) without specific- localities. In 1987, Alamo and Valdivieso added Hornwspira libya (Dali, 1919) (as Tiaritiirris libya, p. 83), Gemmula kindsiana Berry. 1958 (p. 83), Cocklespira cedoniilli (Reeve, 1843, p. 84), Knefastia pilsbryi (Lowe. 1935, p. 84, fig. 176), Knefastia princeps Berry, 1953 (p. 84), Knefastia sp. (p. 84), Aforia goodei (Dali, 1890, p. 84, fig. 177), Leiicosyrinx clionella Dali, 1908 (p. 84, fig. 179). Hindsiclava resina (Dali, 1908, p. 84), Ptyckobela lavinia (Dali, 1919. p. 87) and Stroinbinotiirris crockeri Hertlein & Strong. 1951 (p. 87). Pena (1989) recorded two other species: Gemmula ckilensis (Berry. 1968) (as Ptyckosyrinx ckilensis. p. 76, fig. 21) and Crassispira cortezi Shasky & Campbell, 1964 (p. 76, fig. 22). Emerson (1991), recorded Microdapkne trickodes {T>d\\, 1919), as collected by McLean ( 1 976), at Isla Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque, in 1.5-9 m depth. Shasky (1996) extended the southern distribution of Crassispira bifiirca (E. A. Smith, 1888); Agatkotoma finitima (Pilsbry & Lowe, \97>2).dnd Agatkotoma stellata (Mbrcb. 1860) to Playa El Rubio, and Kiirtziella beta (Dali, 1919) and Kurtzia arteaga (Dali & Bartsch, 1910) to Caleta La Cruz, both localities in Tumbes. In 1997, this author recorded Tenatiirris merita (Hinds, 1843) and Notocytkarella striosa (C. B. Adams, 1852) in Playa El Rubio. Mogollon et al. (2000; 66-61 . figs. 3-4), added Doxospira kertleini Shasky, 1971. which was dredged off Punta Malpelo, Tumbes. Another four species were added by Mogollon (2001): Hormospira spectabilis (Berry, 1958, p. 104, figs. 6-7); Polystira oxytropis (Sowerby, 1834, p. 105, figs. 14-15); Crassispira maiira (Sowerby, 1824, p. 106, figs. 12-13); and Crassispira tiirricula (Sowerby, 1834, p. 106. figs. I- 2). In 2002. Pena and Mogollon, recorded another two species found in northern Peru: Crassispira adana (Bartsch, 1 950, p. 6, figs. \S-\9) and Bellacytkara bella (Hinds, 1843, p. 7, figs. 20-21). Mogollon and Montalvan (2004). added Drillia roseola (Hertlein & Strong, 1955), and Crassispira nigerrinia (Sowerby, 1834). Finally, Paredes et al. (2009) recorded Carinodrillia adonis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932, from Cabo Page 12 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL11K2): 2011 Blanco, Piura. With the twenty new records added herein, the count becomes 57 species ofTurridae found in Peruvian waters. The material herein studied was collected in northern Peru, during the years 1989 to 2010, between Isla Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque to off Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. The species were all self-collected, unless otherwise noted. The systematic arrangement is according to McLean {in Keen, 1971), as modified by Skoglund (2002). Collections Studied CAA: Carlos Arias Avila Collection, Lima, Peru. CS: Carol Skoglund Collection. Phoenix, Arizona, LISA. I now in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California] CST: Carlos Schreier Terreros Collection, Lima, Peru. GMPG: Gregorio Mario Pena Gonzales Collection, Lima Peru. VMA; Valentin Mogollon Avila Collection, Lima, Peru . Table 1. Coordinates of Peruvian localities mentioned in text. Locality Lat. S Long. W Playa El Bendito 3" 25. 5' 80" 18.0’ Islilla Hueso de Ballena 3" 29.0' 80" 22.0' Puerto Pizarro 3" 30.0' 80" 23.0' Punta Malpelo 3" 30. r 80" 30.0' Caleta La Cruz 3" 37,8' 80" 35.0' Puerto de Zorrito.s 3" 40.0' 80" 39.5' Caleta Bocapan 3" 42.0' 80" 43.5' Playa El Rubio 3" 51.0’ 80" 50.0' Caleta Cancas 3" 56.5' 80" 56.5' Caleta Mancora 4° 06. r 81" 03.2' Caleta Cabo Blanco 4" 15. r 81" 13.9' Isla Lobos de Tierra 6" 26.0' 80" 51.0' Isla Lobos de Al'uera 6“ 55.5' 80" 42.5' Source; HlDRONAV-34, Second Edition, 1987. Callao. Peru. SYSTEMATICS Superfamily CONOIDEA Family TURRIDAE Swainson, 1840 Subfamily DRILLINAE Morrison, 1966 Genus Drillia Gray, 1838 Subgenus Drillia, s.s. Drillia (D.) roseola (Hcrtlein & Strong, 1955) (Figure 2) Cymatosyrinx roseola Hertlein & Strong, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 107(2): 221-223, pi. 2. fig. 27 (1955). Synonym: Pleiirotoma rosea Sowerby, 1834, not Quoy & Gaimard, 1833. Material studied: Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, two live specimens, 15-20 m depth, mud and little sand; 23. 1 x 9.5 mm (Figure 2) (CS) and 7.6 x 3.1 mm (VMA). August 7, 2003. — Caleta Cancas, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 20-25 m depth, mud, 9.5 mm height. May 22, 2006 (VMA). — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, in 32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel. 20 x 6 mm (CS). July 30, 2008. — Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes. Peru, one dead specimen, in 32 m, coarse sand; 21.1 x 8.5 mm (VMA). February 1 1 , 2009. Published distribution: Golfo de Tehuantepec, M xico; Bahia Octavia, Colombia, and off Cabo Pasado, Ecuador (Hertlein & Strong, 1955); Head of the Golfo de California, M xico, to Bahia Santa Elena, Ecuador, 10-55 in (McLean, in Keen, 1971); Bahia San Carlos, Guaymas, Sonora, M xico (Poorman & Poorman, 1988); off Caleta Mancora. Piura Dept, Peru, 15-20 m (Mogollon & Montalvan, 2004). New localities: Caleta Mancora, Piura, and Caleta Cancas and Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru. Remarks: This species is uncommon in Peruvian waters, and was recorded for the first time in Peru by Mogollon & Montalvan (2004). Vol. XLIIK2): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 13 Subtamily TURRINAE Genus Polystira Woodring, 1928 Polystira nohilis (Hinds, 1843) (Figure 1 ) Pleitwtoma nohilis Hinds, Proceedings ot the Zoological Society of London, Part XI, p. 37 (March 28, 1843). Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, shrimp trawled, 20-25 m, coarse sand; 81.5 x 25.1 mm (Figure 1) (CST). January 18, 2007. Published distribution; Head of the Golfo de California, M xico to Panama, to 165 m (McLean, in Keen, 197 1). New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 20-25 m. Remarks: This species is one of the largest American turrids and is recorded for the first time in South America. Subfamily CR ASSISPIRINAE Genus Crassispira Swainson, 1840 Subgenus Dallspira Bartsch. 1950 Crassispira (D.) erigone Dali, 1919 (Figure 3) Crassispira erigone Dali, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 21 , pi. 7, fig. 8 (for 1920). Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, shrimp trawled, 20-25 m, mud and sand; 21.5 x 8.9 mm (Figure 3) (CS). January 18, 2007. Leg. Carlos Arias Avila. Published distribution: Guaymas, Sonora, M xico, to Cabo San Francisco, Ecuador, in 20 to 50 m (McLean. in Keen, 1971), New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. Peru, in 20-25 m. Subgenus Striospira Bartsch, 1950 Crassispira (S.) adana (Bartsch, 1950) (Figure 4) Adanaciava adana Bartsch, The Nautilus 63(3); 87-88, pi. 6, fig. 4 (Jan . 1950). Material studied: — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, shrimp-trawled, 20-25 m, mud and sand; 14 x 5.6 mm (GMPG). January 1989. — Caleta Bocapan. Tumbes, Peru, intertidal under rocks, two specimens, 12-14 mm in height (GMPG). February 1992. — Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 20-30 m, mud and sand, 18 x 6.5 mm (Figure 4) (CS). May 17, 2006. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, very eroded, 30-32 m, sand and ground shells; 14 X 6 mm (VMA). October 31. 2008. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live, dredged specimen, 30-32 m, sand, 17.2 x 6.4 mm (VMA). November 16, 2008. Published distributiou: Mazatlan, Sinaloa M xico, to Panama (McLean, in Keen. 1971); off Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, M xico (Poorman & Poorman. 1988); Caleta Bocapan and off Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru (Pena & Mogollon, 2002). New Localities; Punta Malpelo, near mouth of Rio Tumbes, and Puerto Pizarro, both at Tumbes, Peru. Remarks: The type figured by Bartsch ( 1950, pi. 6. fig. 4), is a subadult specimen of 12.2 mm height, and was collected by Lowe at Manzanillo, Colima. M xico. This species was recorded for the first time in Peru by Pena & Mogollon (2002). Crassispira (S.) coracina McLeau & Poorman, 1971 (Figure 5) Crassispira (Striospira) coracina McLean & Poorman. The Veliger 14(1): 100-101, fig. 26 (July 1, 1971). Page 14 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1IK2): 201 1 Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen. 15-20 rn. mud; 17.9 x 7.2 mm (Figure 5) (CS). January 20, 2004. Published distribution: El Pulmo, Baja California, M xieo. to Bahia Panama (McLean, in Keen. 1971). New Locality: Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes. Peru, in 15-10 m. Crassispira (S.) nigerrima (Sowerby, 1833) (Figure 6) Plenwtoma nigerrima Sowerby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 1, p. 137 (Dec. 9, 1833). Synonym: Pleurotonw cornnta Sowerby, 1834. Material studied: — Near Islilla Hueso de Ballena. off Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. Peru, three live specimens, 7-10 m depth, mud and mangrove detritus; 22 x 8.5 mm (Figure 6) (CS), 21.8 X 8.6 mm and 18.3 x 9.1 mm (without first whorls) (VMA). June 6, 2002. — Caleta Mancora. Piura, Peru, one live specimen, 15-20 m depth, mud and sand, 20.4 x 9.3 mm (without first whorls) (VMA). August 7, 2003. — Caleta Mancora, Piura. Peru, two live immature specimens, 10-15 m depth, mud and sand; 14.6 x 6.4 mm, and 14.7 x 6. 1 mm (VMA). August 4. 2004. — Caleta Cancas, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 20-25 m. mud; 20.4 x 8.7 mm (VMA). May 22. 2006. Published distribution: Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, M xieo. to Bahia Santa Elena. Ecuador (McLean, in Keen, 1971); Isla Gorgona, Colombia (Cosel. 1984); Caleta Mancora, Piura Dept., and El Bendito and Islilla Hueso de Ballena. Tumbes Dept, Peru (Mogollon & Montalvan, 2004). New Locality: Caleta Cancas, Tumbes, Peru. Remarks: This species was recorded for the first time in Peruvian waters by Mogollon & Montalvan (2004). Genus Miraclathurella Woodring, 1928 Miraclathurella mendozana Shasky, 1971 (Figure 7) Miraclathurella mendozana Shasky, The Veliger 14(1): 68. fig. 2 (July 1 , 1971 ). Material studied: — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru, two dead specimens, 40-50 m depth, mud, 13.9 x 4.9 mm (first whorls lost) (Figure 7) (CS) and 12.1 x 4.6 mm (VMA). May 20, 2005. Published distribution: Golfo de Tehuantepec, M xieo (Type locality), between 37-73 m (Shasky, 1971); Isla Espiritu Santo, Golfo de California, M xieo to Bahia Cupica, Colombia, in 40-130 m (McLean in Keen, 1971). New locality: Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru, in 40-50 m depth. Genus Carinod rillia Dali, 1919 CarinodrilUa halis (I)all, 1919) (Figure 8) Clathrodrillia (CarinodrilUa) halis Dali, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 17-18, pi. 5, fig. 4 (for 1920). Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, in 32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel, 20 x 6 mm (Figure 8) (CS). July 30, 2008. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, in 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel. 24.5 mm height (VMA). June 4, 2009. Published distribution: Puertecitos, near the head of the Golfo de California, M xieo, to Peninsula Santa Elena, Ecuador (McLean in Keen. 1971). New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 32 m, coarse sand and gravel. Subfamily ZONULISPIRINAE Genus Compsodrillia Woodring, 1928 Comp sod rillia alcestis (Dali, 1919) (Figure 9) Clathrodrillia (CarinodrilUa) alcestis Dali, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 18. pi. 5, fig. 6 (for 1920). Synonym: CarinodrilUa dariena Olsson, 1971. Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead dredged Vol. XLIIK2): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 15 specimen, in 20 in, mud and mangrove detritus, 24.3 X 8 mm (Figure 9) (CS). May 9, 2003. Published distribution: Guaymas, Sonora, M xico to Puerto Utria, Colombia, in 40 to 90 m (McLean i?i Keen, 1971); Roca Consag, Golt'o de California, M xico (DuShane & Brennan, 1969); Punta Estrella, San Felipe, Baja California, M xico (Gennnell, Hertz & M yers, 1980). New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 20 m depth. Remarks: This species appears to be close to Cariiiodrillia kalis (Dali, 1919), which it resembles. Olsson (1971), studied a number of specimens collected in the Golfo de Panama, which appear to be more common. Comp sod rillia bicarinata (Shasky, 1961) (Figure 10) Clathrodrillia (Carinod rillia) bicarinata Shasky, The Veliger 4(1); 21, pi. 4, fig. 10 (July 1 , 1961). Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, two dead specimens, 20-30 m depth, sandy mud; 35.2 x 14.3 mm (first whorls lost) and 26.6 x 7.3 mm (VMA). August 8, 2003. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, 20-30 m depth, sandy mud; 37.9 x 12.8 mm (VMA), August 28, 2004. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, 20 m depth, mud and mangrove detritus; 28.2 x 9.3 mm (Figure 1 0) (CS). January 18, 2007. Published distribution: Guaymas, Sonora, M xico, to Isla La Plata, Ecuador (McLean in Keen, 1971). New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 20-30 m depth, bottom of sandy mud, mud, and mangrove detritus. Compsodrillia iindatichorda McLean & Poorman, 1971 (Figure 1 1 ) Compsodrillia nndatichorda McLean & Poorman, The Veliger, 14(1); 104-105, fig. 34. (July 1, 1971), Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, in 32 m, gravel and coarse sand (CS). February 6, 2002. — Isla Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, Peru, one dead specimen, 20-25 m. sand; 11.8 x 4.5 mm (Figure 1 1) (VMA). April 21, 2002. — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 40-45 m, mud, 13.6 x 4.5 mm (VMA). May 20, 2005. Published distribution: Islas Galapagos, Ecuador, in 80-150 m (McLean in Keen, 1971), New localities: Isla Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, Peru, in 20-25 m and Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, in 32 m. Remarks: Judging distribution, this species appears somewhat restricted to the southern extreme of the Panamic Province. Compsodrillia sp, (Figure 12) Material studied: — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, one live specimen, collected adhering to old net tangled in a crab trap, 180-200 m depth, 18 x 5.8 mm (Figure 12) (CS). October 26, 2004. Remarks: This fine Compsodrillia (genus was identified by Mrs. Carol Skoglund of Phoenix, Arizona), is possibly an undescribed species. Several other species of mollusks and echinoderms were collected with this species, attached to the same old net. Subfamily BORSONHNAE Genus Microdrillia Casey, 1903 Microdrillia tersa Woodring, 1928 (Figure 13) Microdrillia tersa Woodring, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication N" 385, p. 197, pi. 8, fig. 14 (1928). Page 16 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XE11K2): 2011 Material studied: — Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, Peru, one specimen dead (apex broken), 32 m, on coarse, sand-ground shells; 7.6 X 2.5 mm (CS). June 2. 2002, — El Bendito, near the mouth of Rio Zarumilla, Tumbes, Peru, three live specimens, in 7-10 m depth, mud and mangrove detritus; 10.5 x 3.4 mm. 10.1 x 3.2 mm (Figure 13) and 10.2 x 3.2 mm (VMA). May 18, 2006. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, in 32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel; 10.2 x 3.1 mm (VMA). December 22, 2009. Published distribution: Specimen collected by Allan Hancock Expedition in Panama in 22 m was actually from Isla Secas. Chiriqui Province (Skoglund, 1998); Fort Amador, Canal Zone, Panama, intertidal (Shasky, 1997); extend distribution north to Bahia Santiago, Colima, M xico, between 8-20 m (Skoglund, 1998). New localities: Punta Malpelo, El Bendito and Puerto Pizarro. all in Tumbes, Peru, in 7-32 m depth. Remarks: It was described from the Miocene of Bowden. Jamaica. The first specimen of this species recorded in the eastern Pacific was collected in Panama, from 22 m depth by the Allan Hancock Expedition to the Islas Galapagos, 1931-1932 (Shasky, 1997) although Strong & Hertlein (1940) did not list this species. This specimen, housed in the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (Skoglund, 1998), was previously identified by Dr. James McLean (Shasky, 1997). Genus Cymakra Gardner, 1937 Cymakra sp. (Figure 14) Material studied: — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, two live specimens, 180-200 m depth, attached to an old trawl net, tangled in a crab trap; 6.4 x 3.1 mm (apex lost) (Figure 14) (CS) and 6.3 x 3.0 mm (VMA). October 26, 2004. Remarks: This small species is easily identified by the subsutural row of alternating white and brown nodules. It was collected with CompsodrilUa sp., and also could be an undescribed species. Subfamily CLATHURELLIN AE Genus Clathurella Carpenter. 1857 Clathiirella sp. (Figure 15) Material studied: — Caleta Mancora. Piura. one live specimen, 180-200 m depth, attached to an old trawl net, tangled in a crab trap; 10.3 x 5.0 mm (Figure 15) (CS). October 26. 2004. Remarks: This fine Clathurella has strong spiral sculpture and shouldered whorls and was collected together with CompsodrilUa sp, and Cymakra sp., and like them, could be an undescribed species. Genus Nannodiella Dali. 1919 Nannodiella fraternalis (Dali, 1919) (Figure 16) Philbertia (Nannodiella) fraternalis Dali. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 60, pi. 20, fig. 5 (for 1920). Material studied: — Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, one specimen dead (apex broken), 32 m, on coarse sand ground shells; 4.6 x l. 9 mm (CS). June 02, 2002. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, one dead specimen (immature, lip thin), 30-32 m, on coarse sand; 4.0 X 1.5 mm (VMA). October 13, 2003. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. one live specimen, 30-32 m, on coarse sand; 4.0 x 1.8 mm (VMA). August 29. 2008. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, one live specimen, 30-32 m, on coarse sand; 4.1 x 1.8 mm (VMA ). February 11. 2009. — Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes, one live specimen, 30-32 m, on coarse sand and ground shells, 4.2 x 1 .7 mm (Figure 16) (VMA). April 7. 2009. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. one dead specimen. 30-32 m, on coarse sand and ground shells. 3.9 x 1.8 mm (VMA). May 12. 2010. Published distribution: Puertecitos, Golfo de California, M xico to Isla Gorgona, Colombia, in 20 to 70 m ( McLean in Keen, 1971). Extend distribution south to Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). Vol. XL1IK2): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 17 New localities: Punta Malpelo and Puerto Pizarro, both in Tumbes, Peru, in 30-32 in depth. Nannodiella nana (Dali, 1919) (Figure 17) Philhertia (Nannodiella) nana Dali, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 59-60, pi. 20, fig. 7 (for 1920). Material studied: — Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, Peru, nine specimens, 30 m depth, coarse sand and mud; 3.2 x 1.4 and 3.4 x 1 .5 mm (CS); 2.9 X 1.2, 2.9 x 1.2, 3.1 x 1.3, 3.3 x 1.3, 2.9 X 1.3, 3.2 X 1 .3 and 3.4 x 1.5 (VMA). June 2, 2002. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, three dead specimens, 30-32 m depth, coarse sand; 3.0 x 1.3, 2.6 X 1 .2 and 2.5 x 1.2 mm (VMA). May 16, 2006. — Islilla Hueso de Ballena, near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead, immature specimen, 7 m depth, mud and mangrove detritus; 2.5 x 1.1 mm (VMA). May 18, 2006. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, four specimens, 30- 32 m depth, coarse sand and ground shells; 3.0 x 1 .3 mm (dead), 3.1 x 1.3 mm (dead), 3.2 x 1.3 mm (live) and 3.3 x 1.4 mm (live) (VMA). May 2, 2008. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, immature (lip thin), 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and ground shells; 2.8 x 1.2 mm (VMA). June 8, 2008. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and ground shells; 3.0 x 1 .3 mm (Figure 1 7) (VMA). February 1 1 , 2009. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and ground shells; 2.5 x 1.1 mm (VMA). December 5, 2009. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, two dead specimens, 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and ground shells; both 2.9 X 1.2 mm (VMA). January 10, 2010. — Puerto Zorritos, Tumbes, Peru, more than 200 specimens dredged in 50-65 m depth, acid mud. bottom (VMA ). Several dates during the past ten years. Published distribution: Bahia San Fuis Gonzaga, Golfo de California, to Isla Gorgona, Colombia, in 20-70 m (McFean in Keen, 1971); Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984); Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, in 61 m (Shasky, 1996). New localities: Puerto Zorritos, Punta Malpelo, Islilla Hueso de Ballena, and Puerto Pizarro, all in Tumbes, Peru, in 7-65 m depth. Remarks: This small species is common in the samples taken off Puerto Zorritos, Tumbes, in 50-65 m depth, mud bottom. Sometimes we found 50 specimens per square meter. Most specimens from this zone are eroded by acid mud. Genus Glyphostoina Gabb, 1872 Subgenus Glypliostoma. s. s. Glyphostoina (G.) bayeri Olsson, 1971 (Figure, 18) Glyphostoina bayeri Olsson, Bulletin of Marine Science 21( 1 ): 49-50, figs. 14-15 (1971 ). Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, in 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel; 19.3 x 7.6 mm (VMA). January 8, 2010. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead dredged specimen, in 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel; 20.8 x 8.6 mm (Figure 18) (VMA). February 5, 2010. Published distribution: Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, to Puerto Utn'a, Colombia, in 30-80 m (McFean in Keen, 1971). New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 30-32 m. Glyphostoina (G.) neglecta (Hinds, 1843) (Figure 19) Clavatnia neglecta Hinds, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Fondon, Part XI, p. 45 (March 28, 1843). Synonyms: Defrancia intercalaris Carpenter, 1856; Clatlinrella aiirea Carpenter, 1857; Glyphostoina adria and G. adana Dali, 1919; Lioglyphostonia annstrongi Hertlein & Strong, 1951; Glyphostoina myrakeenae Olsson, 1964. Material studied: Puerto Zorritos, Tumbes, Peru, one dead, immature specimen, 35 m, mud and sand; 5.1 x 2.0 mm (VMA). June 4, 2002. Page 18 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1IK2): 2011 Piedra Redonda, Caleta Cancas, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, 30-35 m, mud; 7.3 x 2.6 mm (VMA). June 5, 2002. — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, one live immature specimen, 10 in, mud and sand; 6.3 x 2.4 mm (VMA). June 5, 2002. — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, one live specimen, 15- 20 m, mud and sand; 8.0 x 2.6 mm (VMA). August 7. 2003. — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, nine specimens, 10-20 m, mud and sand; 10.4 x 4.0 mm (CS), 9.8 x 3.8, 11.5 X 3.2, 9.6 X 3.3, 7.1 x 2.9, 9.2 x 3.1, 8.4 x 3.2, 10.8 X 3.4 and 7.8 x 2.9 mm ( VMA ). August 5, 2004. — Islilla Hueso de Ballena, near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead immature specimen, 7-10 m. mud and mangrove detritus; 6.6 x 2.6 mm (VMA). August 6, 2004. — Islilla Hueso de Ballena. near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, three immature specimens ( lips thin), 7 m, mud and mangrove detritus; 9.7 x 3.3, 7.3 x 3.0 and 6.1 x 2.5 mm (VMA). May 18, 2006. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one live specimen, 30-32 m, coarse sand; 12.5 x 4.5 mm (Figure 19) (VMA). February 11, 2009. Published distribution: Head of the Golfo de California to Peninsula Santa Elena, Ecuador, in 20-50 m (McLean in Keen, 1971). New localities: Caleta Mancora, Piura, and Piedra Redonda. near Cancas, Puerto Zorritos, Islilla Hueso de Ballena. and Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 7-35 m depth. Subfamily MANGELIINAE Genus Kurtziella Dali, 1918 Subgenus Kurtziella, s. s. Kurtziella (A.) antiocliroa (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) (Figure 20) "Mangelia ” antiocliroa Pilsbry & Lowe, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 84: 56, pi. 3, fig. 8 (1932). Synonym: Mangelia cyniatias Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. Material studied: — Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, Peru, one dead immature specimen, 30 m. mud and sand; 4.5 x 1 .9 mm (VMA). June 2, 2002. Puerto Zorritos, Tumbes, Peru, two specimens, 30- 35 m. mud and sand; 6.7 x 2.4 and 6.9 x 2.3 mm (VMA). June 4, 2002. — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, five live specimens, 10 m. mud and sand; 8.7 x 2 .9 mm (CS), 7.0 x 2.5 (Figure 20), 5.5 x 2.0, 6.0 x 2. 1 and 5.9 x 2.0 mm (VMA). August 5, 2004. — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru, two specimens, 30 m. mud; 4.7 x 1.7 and 7.5 x 2.2 mm (VMA). May 26, 2005. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. Peru, one specimen, 30-32 m, coarse sand; 6.6 x 2.5 (VMA). May 16, 2006. — Islilla Hueso de Ballena, near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes. Peru, three specimens, 7-10 m, mud and mangrove detritus; 6.3 x 2.4, 7.0 x 2.4 and 7.1 x 2.3 mm (VMA). May 16, 2006. — Puerto Zorritos. Tumbes, Peru, two specimens, 20- 30 m. mud; 7.1 x 2.4 and 7.7 x 2.8 mm (Figure 20) (VMA). February 4, 2007. — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, Peru, two specimens, 20- 30 m, mud; 4.6 x 2.0 and 6.2 x 2.3 mm (VMA). February 6, 2007. — Puerto Zorritos, Tumbes, one live specimen, 40 m, mud and sand; 5.5 x 2.0 mm (VMA). April 9, 2010. Published distribution: Head of the Golfo de California to La Libertad, Ecuador, in 10-50 m (McLean in Keen, 1971). New localities: Caleta Mancora, Piura Dept, and Puerto Zorritos, Caleta La Cruz, Punta Malpelo, Islilla Hueso de Ballena, and Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru. Subgenus Rubellatoma Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 Kurtziella (/?.) powelli Shasky, 1971 (Figure 2 1 ) Kurtziella (Ruhellatoma) powelli Shasky, The Veliger 14(1); 70-71. fig. 7 (July 1, 1971). Material studied: — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one dead specimen, immature, 30-32 m, coarse sand; 3.1 x 1.3 mm (Figure 21) (VMA). February 5, 2010. Published distribution: Head of the Golfo de C alifornia to Peninsula Santa Elena, Ecuador (McLean in Keen, 1971). Vol. XL1IK2): 2011 THE FESTIVLIS Page 19 New locality: Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes Dept, Peru, in 30-32 m Genus Glyptaesopiis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941 Glypfaesopus phylira (Dali, 1919) (Figure 22) Philhertia (Naniiodiella) phylira Dali, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 60-61, pi. 20, fig. 6 (for 1920). Synonym: Philhertia amyela Dali, 1919. Material studied: — Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, Peru, two immature specimens, 30 m. mud and sand; 3.1 x 1.2 and 3.2 X 1 .3 mm ( VM A). June 2, 2002. — Caleta Mancora, Piura, Peru, one live specimen, 10-12 m, mud and sand; 7.1 x 2.0 mm (CS). August 05, 2004. — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, one immature specimen, 10 m, mud and sand; 3.7 x 1.4 mm (VMA). June 6, 2002. — Caleta La Cruz, Tumbes, one specimen, 30 m, mud; 4.6 x 1.5 mm (VMA). May 26, 2005. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, one live specimen, 30-32 m, coarse sand; 4.2 x 1 .3 mm (Figure 22) (VMA). February 5, 2010. — Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes one dead specimen, 30-32 m. coarse sand; 4.1 x 1.3 mm (VMA). June 8, 2010. Published distribution: Bahia Concepcion, Golfo de California, to Bahia San Francisco, Ecuador, at low tide and to 20 m (McLean in Keen, 1971). New localities: Caleta Mancora, Piura, and Puerto Zorritos, Caleta La Cruz, Punta Malpelo, and Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 10-32 m. Genus Platycythara Woodring, 1928 Platycythara electra (Dali, 1919) (Figure 23) Cytharella electra Dali, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 77 (for 1920). Material studied: — El Bendito, off the mouth of the Rio Zarumilla, near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, one specimen, 7-10 m, mud and mangrove detritus; (Figure 23) (CS). May 18, 2006. Published distribution: Guaymas, Sonora, M xico, to Bahia Panama, 20 to 70 m (McLean in Keen, 1971); Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). New locality: El Bendito, near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, in 7- 10 m. Page 20 THE FESTIVLIS VoE XLI1K2): 2011 Figures 1-13. (1) Polyslira nohilis {Hmds. 1843), 81 .5 x 25. 1 mm. dead, shrimp trawled, Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes, 20-25 m. coarse sand, January 18, 2007 (CST). (1) Drillia CD.) rrweo/o (Hertlein & Strong, 1955), 23.1 x 9.5 mm, live. Caleta Mancora, Piura, 15-20 m. mud and sand, August 7. 2003 (CS). (3) Crassispira (D.) er/gwie (Dali. 1919), 21 .5 x 8.9 mm, dead, shrimp trawled. Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 20-25 m. mud and sand, January 18, 2007 (CS), (4) Crassisjiira {S.) adana (Bartsch, 1950). 18 x6.5 mm, live, Punta Malpelo, Tumbes, 20-30 m, mud and sand. May 17, 2006 (CS). (5) Crassispira {S.) coracina McLean & Poorman. 1971. 17.9 x 7.2 mm, live. Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes. 15-20 m, mud, January 20, 2004 (CS). (6) Crassispira (S.j nigerrima (Sowerby. 1834), 22 x 8.5 mm, live, Islilla Hueso de Ballena. Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 7-10 m. mud and mangrove detritus, June 6, 2002 (CS). (7) Miraclatiuirella mendozana Shasky. 1971 , 1 3.9 x 4,9 mm, dead, Caleta La Cruz. Tumbes, 40-50 m, mud. May 20. 2005 (CS). (8) Carinodrillia kalis (Dali. 1919), 20 x 6 mm. dead. Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 32 m, coarse sand and gravel, July 30, 2008 (CS). (9) Compsodrillia alcestis (Dali, 1919), 24.8 x 8 mm, dead. Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 20 m. mud and mangrove detritus. May 9, 2003 (CS). (10) Compsodrillia bicarinata (Shasky. 1961). 28.2 x 9.3 mm, dead, Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 20 m, mud and mangrove detritus. January 18, 2007 (CS). (11) Compsodrillia imdatichorda McLean & Poorman. 1971, 11.8 x4.5 mm, dead, Isla Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, 20-25 m. sand, April 21. 2002 (VMA). (12) Compsodrillia sp., 18.9 x 5.8 mm. live, Caleta Mancora, Piura, 180-200 m, October 26, 2004 (CS) (\i) Microdrillia tersa'^oodung. 1928, 10.1 x3.2 mm. live, El Bendito, near the mouth of Rio Zarumilla, Tumbes, 7-10 m. mud and mangrove detritus. May 18, 2006 (VMA). Figure 2 by Roberto Zamora de Brito; remaining figures by Valentin Mogollon Avila. Vol. XLIIK2): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 21 Page 22 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK2): 2011 Figures 14-23. (14) Cymakni sp., 6.4 x 3. 1 mm, live, Caleta Mancora, Piura, 180-200 m, attached to an old trawl net, tangled in a crab trap, October 26, 2004 (CS). (15) Clathurella sp., 10.3 x 5.0 mm, live, Caleta Mancora, Piura, 180-200 m depth, attached to a old trawl net, tangled in a crab trap, October 26, 2004 (CS). {16) Nannodiellafraternalis {DaW, 1919), 4.2 x 1 .7 mm, live, Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 30-32 m, on coarse sand and ground shells, April 7, 2009 (VMA). {\1) Nannodiella nana (Dali, 1919), 3.0 x 1.3 mm, live, Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 30-32 m, coarse sand and ground shells, February 1 1 , 2009 (VMA). (18) Glyphostoma (G.)bayeri Olsson, 1971. 20.8 x 8.6 mm, dead, Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 30-32 m depth, coarse sand and gravel, February 5, 2010 (VMA). (19) Glyphostoma (C. ) neglecta (Hinds, 1843), 12.5 x 4.5 mm, live, Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes, 30-32 m, coarse sand, February 1 1 , 2009 (VMA), (20) Kiirtziella {K.) antiochroa (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932), 7.7 x 2.8 mm, live, Puerto Zorritos, Tumbes, 20-30 m, mud, February 4, 2007 (VMA). (21) Kurtziella (R.) powelli Shasky, 1971, 3.1 x 1.3 mm, dead, immature, Puerto Pizarro. Tumbes, 30-32 m, coarse sand, Febmary 5, 2010 (VMA). (22) Glyptaesopits phylira (Dali, 1919), 4.2 x 1.3 mm, live, Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru, 30-32 m, coarse sand, February 5, 2010 (VMA). (23) Platycythara electni (Dali, 1919), live, El Bendito, off the mouth of the Rio Zarumilla, near Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, 7-10 m, mud and mangrove detritus. May 18, 2006 (CS). All figures by Valentin Mogollon Avila. Vol. XLIIK2): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 23 Page 24 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK2): 2011 Acknowledgments We thank Mrs Carol Skoglund of Phoenix, Arizona, for help in identification of species and information based on her collection. Mrs Carol Skoglund and Mrs Carole Hertz of San Diego, California, corrected the manuscript and offered valuable suggestions. We also thank Dr Mario Pena Gonzales, Mr. Carlos Schreier Terreros, and Mr. Carlos Arias Avila for the loan of Crassispira adana and Polystira nobilis, and the gift of Crassispira erigone, respectively. 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Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the San Felipe area, Baja California, Mexico, in the Gemmell Collection. The Festivus 32(6): 81-96, figs. 1-42 (June 8). HINDS. RICHARD BRINSLEY 1843. On new species of Pleitwtoma, Clavatula. and Mangelia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part XI, pp. 36-46 (March 28). KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells ofTropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, i-xvi -I- 1064 pp., ca. 4000 figs. MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERU, DIRECCION DE HIDROGRAFIA Y NAVEGACION 1987. Derrotero de la costa del Peru. Vol I. Golfo de Guayaquil a Callao. HIDRONAV-34, i-ix -I- 169 pp. con mapas, tablas y figuras. MCLEAN, JAMES H. In: Keen, A. Myra. 1971. [Turridae pp. 686-766] in Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press. MCLEAN, JAMES H. & LEROY H. POORMAN 1971. New species of tropical eastern Pacific Turridae. The Veliger 14(1): 89-113. 2 pis. (July 1). 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Gastropoda. Hie Festivus 33 (Supplement), i-xi -I- 286 pp (March 28). SOWERBY, GEORGE B. 1833. Charac(ers of new species of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming. Prtxteedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part I: 134-139 (December 10). STRONG. A.M. & LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN 1940. Marine mollusks from Panama collected by the Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1931- 1932. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, First Series vol. 2: 177-246, pis. 18-23 (for 1935-1940). TRYON, GEORGE W 1884. Manual of Conchology . Structural and Syistematic. Vol 1. Conidae, Pleurotomidae. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 413 pp, 34 pis. WOODRING. Wendell P. 1928. Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. Part II. GastroptxJs and discussion of results. 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(619) 223-6038, E-mail: iandebishop@cox.net BROWN, CHRIS, 4575 N. Ave. del Cazador. Tucson. AZ 85718. (520) 229-301 1 , E-mail: tlashcovetM'msn.com CADIEN, DONALD B.. 1006 W. 37"' St.. San Pedro. CA 90731. (310) 833-0312, E-mail: musicmr@cox.ne( CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, J.W. Mailliard Jr, Librarian, Golden Crate Park, 55 Concourse !>., San Francisco, CA 94118 CATARIUS, LARRY & DEBBIE, 4173 Galt St.. San Diego, CA 92117, (858) 270-4376, E-mail: catariustd'sbcglobal.net CHANEY. BARBARA, 713 Alston Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93108-2307, (805) 969-1434 CHANEY, HENRY W., 170 La Vista Grande, Santa Barbara, CA 93 103, (805) 682-4711 ext. 150 (work). FAX (805) 963-2382 (home). E-mail; hchaney@sbnature2.org (work) COAN. EUGENE V., 891 San Jude Ave.. Palo Alto, CA 94306-2640, (650) 493-8242 (home), (415)977-5681 (work), FAX (415) 977- 5790. E-mail: gene.coan@sierraclub.org DAUGHENBALIGH, JOHN. 203 N. Wilton PI., Los Angeles, CA 900044025, (323) 465-3718. E-mail: shoduffy@attbi.com DEES, ROBERT & VAN, 25322 Shadywocxl. Laguna Niguel. CA 92677, (949 ) 249-8996, E-mail: robertvdees@gmail.com DES CHAINE, LEWIS. 3029 Silver Lake Road, St. Anthony. MN 55418, (612) 7894070 DOL MATTHEW, 16209 Taylor Ct., Torrance, CA 90504-1902, (310) 324-3201 EERNISSE, DOUGLAS J., Dept, of Biological Science. MH 282. California State Utiiversity, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850. (657) 278-3749, FAX (714) 278-3426. E-mail: deemisse@fullerton.edu EMERSON, WILLIAM K., 10 E, End Ave. Apt. 18E, New York, NY 10075-1184, (212) 879-7645 (home), (212) 769-5277 (work). FAX (212) 879-7645, E-mail: emerson @AMNH.org EVERSON, GENE, 500 Nottingham Pkwy., Louisville. KY 40222-5026, (502) 429-5788, E-mail: supersbeller@insightbb.com FARMER, WES, 3591 Ruffin Rd. #226. San Diego. CA 92123-2561. (858) 576-2143, E-m;iil: wmtarmerl3@adnc.com FORSYTH ROBERT, P.O. Box 3804, SmDhers. British Columbia, Canada VOJ 2NO. (250) 847-6699, E-mail: r.forsyth@telus.net FRANK. WILLIAM M.. 1865 Debutante Dr.. Jacksonville, FL 32246-8645, Phone/FAX (904) 724-5326, E-mail: strombus@bellsouth.net GARCIA. EMILIO F., 115 Oak Crest Dr.. Lafayette. LA 70503, (337) 232-2662. E-mail: efg2ll2@louisiana.edu GETTLEMAN. ALAN, 2225 Tanglewood Lane, Merritt Island, FL 32953-4287. E-mail: Lychee@cn.rr.com GILBERTSON. LANCE. 1806 Dover Dr., Newport Beach. CA 92660-4419. (714) 432-5847, E-mail: lngilbert@gmail.com GOLDAMMER, MARILYN & JIM. 10051 Sheba Way, San Diego. CA 92129. (858) 484-0575, E-mtiil: mgoldammer@sati.rr.com GORI, SANDRO, Via Sernesi 7, 57123 Livorno. Italy, E-mail: sandrogori@fastweb.It GREEN, DAVE, LUCILLE & KRISTEN. 3522 Bassett Court, Missouri City, TX 77459. (281) 778-9151, E-mail: dgreen@entouch.net HAMILTON. IAN MCDOWELL, P.O. Box 10682. Fairbanks. AK 99710, (907 ) 388-0732. E-mail: imh315@gmail.com HATFIELD MARINE SCIENCE CENTER, Marilyn Polts Guin Library, Oregon State University, 2030 S. Marine Science Dr.. Newport, OR 97365 HERRMANN, RICHARD & GINNY, 12545 Mustang Dr., Poway, CA 92064. (858) 679-7017, FAX (858) 679-3346. E-mail: rbherrmann@cox.ne( HERTZ. JULES & CAROLE M., 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave.. San Diego. CA 92111, (858) 277-6259, E-mail: jher(z@san. rr.com HOLLMANN. MICHAEL. Stockumer Heide 44, D-58454 Witten, Germany, + +49-02302-944-255. FAX + +49-234-32 1-4244, E-mail; Micbael.Hollmann@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ITUARTE, DANIEL A.. 10786 Riderwood Terrace Unit B. Santee, CA 92071.(619) 758-2330. FAX (619) 758-2350. E-mail: dituarte@cox.net JORDAN, SCOTT, 1528 La Riata Drive. La Habra Heights, CA 90631. (562) 903-0287, FAX (562) 903-1268, E-mail: sjordan2@prodigy.net KAISER, KIRSTIE L., Paseo de las Conchas Chinas #I 15 Depto. 4, Fracc, Conchas Chinas, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, C.P, 48390, Mexico. 011-52 (322)221 5041, FAX 011-52 (322) 221 5042. E-mail: kirslie.kaiser@gmail.com KALOHI. KATHY & JOSEPH. 13901 Wilkie Ave., Gardena, CA 90249, (310) 719 1816,'^FAX (310) 538-3889, E-mail: wreckdiver77@yahoo.com KANNER. PAUL H., 10609 Esiher Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90064, (310) 559-7140, FAX (310) 559-9423, E-mail: pk;mn@ca. rr.com KEMP, BRUCE & EMI, 9420 Carlton Oaks Dr. Unit D. Santee. CA 92071-2527, (619 ) 449-7610, FAX (619) 553-6391, E-mail: bruce . kemp@na vy . mi I KOMATSUBARA, KRISTIN M.. 395 Pine Ave., Apt. J, Carlsbad, CA 92008. E-mail: mskomatsubara@gmail.com KRONENBERG, GIJS C., Den Bull 98, NL-5616 GJ Eindhoven, the Netherlands, E-mail: adsl7l 1249@telfort.nl LAGRANGE. JOHN, 533 North Rios Ave.. Solana Beach. CA 92075-1245. Phone/FAX (858) 755-7215. E-mail: John . lagrange@gmail.com LEAL. .lOSE li.. Director. The Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum. 3075 Sanibel-Captiva Rd., Sanibel. I-'L 33957, (239) 395-2233, LAX (239) 395-6706 LEVIN. DEBRA J.. 3100 Van Buren Blvd.. Apt. 1 1 17. Riverside. CA 92503-5623, (951) 354-7002 E-mail: levindj(g)aU.net also lvndj@netscape.net MARR. LAURETTA. 2646 Cherokee Rd. #9. Johnson City. TN 37604-3369, (423) 926-9782, E-mail: RLMMlD@aol.com MCCLINCY. RICHARD J.. 2332 W. Calle Ceja. Green Valley. AZ 85614-8067, (520)625-5697, E-mail: pmcclincy@atl.net; richard.mcclincy@akersolutions.com MCLEAN. JAMES H.. Malacology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 763-3377. FAX (213) 746-2999, E-mail: jmclean@bcf.usc.edu. jmclean@nhm.org METZ, GEORGE E., 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr.. Novato. CA 94947-3615, (415) 892-4960. E-mail: romageometz@conicast.net MOORE. ROBERT. 15539 Shefford St., Hacienda Heights, CA 91745, (626)336-0553, E-mail: rmoorel3@roadrunner.com MULLINER, STEPHEN. 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109-1334, (858) 488-2701. E-mail: mullinerskm@aol.com MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Te Aka Matua Library, P.O. Box 467, Wellington -601 1, New Zealand MYERS, JOHN & BARBARA W., 3761 Mt. Augustus Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, (858) 279-9806 NATLIRALIS, BIBLIOTHEEK, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands NEGUS. RICHARD H. 3401 Woodland Way, Carlsbad. CA 92008. (760)521-5215, E-mail: RNegus@roadrunner.com NELSON, LOIS V., 7222 N. 15th Ave.. Phoenix, AZ 85021-7918, (602) 347-9667. E-mail: elianim@google.com NORRID, CHARLOTTE, 233 E. Cairo Dr., Tenipe. AZ 85282-3607, (480) 967-4957. E-mail: Chartiorrid@aoLconi PASQUA, ROBERT A.. 2236 Via Chalupa, San Clemente, CA 92673-3634, (949) 492-6855. E-mail: pa.squa@cox.com PHILLIPS, TONY. Hyperion Treatment Plant, Environmental Monitoring Division, 12000 Vista Del Mar. Playa del Rey. CA 90293, (714) 397-0014. E-mail: CUMACEiA@yahoo.com PIERCE, KATHY. P.O. Box 1021, Wildoniar. CA 92595-102 1 , (951)674-5545, E-mail: kalliypierce_realty@yalioo.com PISOR. DON & JEANNE, 10373 El Honcho PL. San Diego, CA 92124-1219, (858) 279-9342 (home), (858) 274-4830 (business), FAX (858) 274-4850, E-mail: dpisor@earthlink.net POWELL. CHARLES L., Western Geological Mapping Team, U.S. Geological Survey, M/S 975, 345 Middlefield Rd.. Menlo Park. CA 94025, E-Mail: cpowell@ucgs.gov PRAS, STEPHANE. 15 Rue Marbeau. 75116 Paris, France, E-mail: stephane.pras@noos.fr REITZ, CHARLES K., 410 Orpheus Ave.. Leucadia. CA 92024. (760) 943-1029 (home). (760) 471-8657 (work), FAX (760) 471-6894, E- niail: creitz@aoLcom RITTER. WILUAM J.. 1005 Excliange Apt. 13, Astoria, OR 97103-0900. (503) 325-7948, E-mail: bulwinkl_29@nisn.com ROBERTS, DALE. 28402 Harvest View Lane. Trabuco Canyon, CA 91679,(949) 459-0928, E-mail/: ddaldoctor@aoLcom ROYAL BELGIUM INSTfTUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Library - Bibliotheek, Vauliers(raat 29. B-1000 Bmssels, Belgium SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105-2936, (805) 682-47 1 1 SASSL ALEXANDER P., 2617 College Ave.. Apt. 12. Berkeley, CA 94704, (510) 206-8757. E-mail: sfalexander@hotniail.com SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM & NANCY, 12751 Gateway Park Rd. #227, Poway, CA 92064, Phone/FAX (858) 748-2822, E-mail: jtkcnioni@sbcglobal.net and bajafisher@sbcglobal.net SCHOENING, ROBERT C., 10607 Norman Ave., Fairfax. VA 22030-2928, (703) 273-9755, FAX (703) 352-7124, E-mail: rschoenitig@aol.coni SCHROEDER, LINDA, 5953 Artist Dr., Ferndale. WA 98248-8303 SCHULER. MARTY, 747 Ash Ave,, Chula Vista, CA 91910. (619) 420-8347. E-mail: tagdot@cox.net SMITH, EVELYN J. & DON, 1710 Avetiida del Mundo, Unit 1506, Coronado, CA 92118-3073, (619) 435-6724, E-mail: sniithdonevelyn@sbcglobal.net SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES. NHB 25 MRC 154, P.O. Box 37012, Washington D C. 20013-7012 STEBBINS, TIMOTHY, City of San Diego Marine Biology Laboratory, 2392 Kincaid Rd . San Diego. CA 92101-0811, (619) 758-2329, E-mail: tstebbins@sandiego.gov SUNDERLAND. WALTER A.. 454 Patent Rd.. Peru. NY 12972-3648. E-mail: wallens@earthlink.net TLICKER. JOHN K.. Illinois Natural History Survey. 8450 Montclaire Ave., Brighton, Illinois 62012 TUSKES, PAUL. 3808 Sioux Ave., San Diego, CA 92117, (858) 274-5829, E-mail: tu.skes@aol.coni UNIVERSITAETS BIBLIOTHEK, Johann Christian Senckenberg, Zeitschriftensbteilung/DFG.Bockenheinier Landstr. 134-138. D-60325 Frankfurt am Main. Germany VALENTICH-SCOTT, PAUL, Santa Barbara Museum (NH), 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105. (805) 682-4711 ext. 146, FAX (805) 563-0574, E-mail: pvscott@sbnature2.org VAWTER, DORIS, 3208 Bonita Mesa Rd., Bonita. CA 91902, (619) 479-7687. E-mail: vevawter@cox.net VELARDE. RON. City of San Diego, EMTS Laboratory, 2392 Kincaid Rd., San Diego, CA 92101-081 1, (619) 758-2331. FAX (619) 758- 2350. E-mail: rvelarde@saiidiego.gov VENDRASCO, MICHAEL, 14601 Madris Ave., Norwalk. CA 90650. (562) 645-2644, E-mail: mvendrasco@fullerton.edu VOLLERO. SILVANA & BOB PETROSKl. 5613 Carnegie St.. San Diego. CA 92122, (858) 625-0756. E-mail: svollero@san.rr.com WALLER. DAVID B. & VIVIAN, 505 No. Willowspring Dr., Encinitas, CA 92024, (858) 457-2014, E-mail: dwaller@niathlaw.coni or dwaller@dwipnig.coni WEBSTER, HERB & MELLA. 4403 Sierra Morena Ave., Carlsbad, CA 92010. (760) 730-3648. E-mail: mellaniella@adelphia.net WIEDRICK, SHAWN GRE(3GORY. 1151 Walnut Ave.. Apt. 51. Tustin, CA 92780, (714) 235-0633, E-mail: shawnwiedrick@hotniail.coni WOOLSEY. JODY, 3717 Bagley Ave, #206, Los Angeles. CA 90034-4148, (310) 839-1604, E-mail: ni.woolsey@att.net WU. SHI-KUEL Campus Box 265, MCOL Bldg, University of Colorado, Boulder. CO 80309-0265. Phone/FAX (303)444-2306. E-mail: skwu@colorado.edu YIN. ROBERT, 1275 Torrey Pines Rd. , LaJolla, CA 92037. (858 ) 454-2342. E-mail: ryinl@san.rr.com 1 £lL- 40I THE FESTI VUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume; XLIll March 10, 2011 ISSN 0738-9388 Number: 3 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldammer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Riidiger Bieler FieM Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California Stale University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural Histoiy. New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consullants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California Slate University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita. Tulane University. New Orleans Websile at: http://www.sandiegoshelkiub.com E-mail: Jhertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM Plugging the Holes in Abalone and Scissurellid Systematics: Preview of Two Monographs for 201 1 and 2012 Daniel Geiger, of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural haliotids will present an illustrated program highlighting History, a specialist in the fascinating scissurellids and work in these groups that will be soon be published. Meeting date: March 17, 2011 CONTENTS Club news 28 The zonation and density of the macromolluscs living in the mangrove swamps of the sand barrier of El Mogote, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico ESTEBAN FERNANDO FELIX-PICO', MARTIN E. HERNANDEZ-RIVAS', OSCAR EFRAIN HOLGUI'N-QUINONES' & GERARDO VARGAS-LOPEZ' 29 Book review: Encyclopedia of Texas Seashells, Identification, Ecology, Distribution & History HENRY CHANEY, reviewer 35 In Memoriam: William T. Schneider CAROLE M. HERTZ 36 Page 28 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1IK3): 2011 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes February 17, 2011 In the absence of President Jules Hertz, the meeting was called to order at 8:00 p.m . by Vice President Bob Dees. He said that we were experiencing difficulties with the connection between the computer and the projector and so the program was cancelled. Hans Bertsch was invited to speak at a future meeting. Silvana Vollero reported as treasurer that the Club continued to be financially solvent. Marilyn Goldammer encouraged members to use the wonderful resources in our library. Wes Farmer reminded members that the Botanical Garden Foundation expects all groups using the room to remove their trash, return chairs and tables to their normal places and to maintain a generally clean room . George Kennedy read a thank you letter from WSM to our Club thanking us for the donation to their student grant fund. Marilyn infomied the members of the recent passing of our friend Bill Schneider. One guest was present -- Joanne is a friend of Wes. She mentioned that she paints and draws shells, but had not heard of our Club until recently. Hans introduced his topic and briefly spoke about the “blue shells (abalone).” A Jesuit by the name of Kino who lived in the 1700s was an interesting man who mapped California, not as an island, but as a peninsula, contrary to the opinion of the times. Hans said he would be happy to reschedule and give his entire program on a future date. The winner of the door prize was Hans Bertsch, the good sport of the evening. Thank you to Marty Schuler and Marilyn Goldammer for the delicious refreshments for the evening. The meeting was adjourned at 8: 15 p.m Silvana Vollero (taking minutes in the absence of Paul Tuskes, Recording Secretary) Too Late for the Roster HEWITT, SUSAN & EDWARD SUBITZKY, 435 E. 77"’ Street, apt. 3g, New York, NY 10075-2322. Ph. 212-628-6706. E-mail: he wsub(g earth link, net LUTHER, DOUG & MARY, 1535 Ipukula Street, Honolulu, HI 96821-1419. Ph: 808-377-5173. E- mail: dluther(g)soest. ha waii.edu MOGOLLON, VALENTIN, Roma 340, Lima 18, Peru. E-mail: svmogollon(3)vahoo.com MORETZSOHN, FABIO, Harte Research Institute, 6300 Ocean Drive, unit 5869. Corpus Christi, TX. 78412-5869. E-mail: mol luscatS) email .com MNHN Bibliotheque Centrale, 38 Rue Geoffrey St. Hilaire, SCE des Periodiques, 75005 Paris, France. Come to the Auction/Potiuck - 2011 Saturday, April 16th Saturday April lO* is the big date!! Festivities will begin at 5 pm for “Dave’s Punch” [plus wine and soft drinks], visiting with friends, and viewing the voice auction and silent auction material. By 6 pm sharp we will enjoy the potluck delicacies provided by our members. And at 7 pm promptly the voice auction will begin- the excitement of the evening! Halfway through the evening, the $1 table will be opened to much enthusiasm. A whole ping-pong table loaded with shells for only one dollar each is a joy that cannot be denied. As it has been for the last 23 years, Wes Farmer will again host this event at the clubhouse of his condo. The address is 3591 Ruffin Road, San Diego, CA 92123. If you need a map, contact Carole & Jules Hertz at: jhertz@san.rr.com or call at 858-277-6259. For the potluck, please bring a dish to serve 12. Club members really like to eat! Bring either a salad, main dish or dessert - with serving utensils please. The sign-up list for the potluck contributions will be passed at the March meeting. Contact Carole and Jules if you are unable to attend the March meeting and want to sign up for the potluck. If you are unable to attend the auction and would like to bid on any itemjs], a Club member disinterested in your choice will bid for you following your instructions. This is the Club’s only fundraiser and biggest social event of the year. Your help is needed to make it a success. The auction provides the Club with the funds necessary to help support its activities - The Festivus, donations to student grants and other scientific efforts and allows the Club to keep its dues very low. Donations to the auction are welcomed. If received late, they may be held for the auction the following year. Your donations are always greatly appreciated. Looking forward to seeing you all at the Auction/Potiuck - 2011!! Vol. XL11K3): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 29 THE ZONATION AND DENSITY OE THE MACROMOLLUSCS LIVING IN THE MANGROVE SWAMPS OF THE SAND BARRIER OF EL MOGOTE, LA PAZ, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO ESTEBAN EERNANDO EEEIX-PICO', MARTIN E. HERNANDEZ-RIVAS', OSCAR EERAIN HOEGUIN-QUINONES ’ AND VICTOR GERARDO VARGAS-EOPEZ' 'Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, P.O. Box 592, La Paz, 23000, Baja California Sur, Mexico. E-mails: efelix@ipn. mx, mrivas@ipn. mx , oholguin@ipn. mx. ■Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, Dpto. Biologia Marina. Km 1.5 Carretera al Sur. La Paz, 23096, Baja California Sur. E-mail: vic.vargas@live.com.mx. ABSTRACT On the eastern coast of Baja California Sur, a qualitative and quantitative seasonal study of the faunal community associated with the submerged roots of the red mangrove was taken by sampling 5 roots from different areas and preserving them with 10% formaldehyde. Three representative sampling areas were chosen in the inland and border areas of the mangrove with the total area estimated as 200 ha. The monthly sampling was done during August 2007 to July 2008. The Shannon-Wiener Index was used to analyze diversity and evenness of value for these areas. The results showed 12 species of macromolluscs with the dominant species Saccostrea palnuila and Anadara tuberculosa. Further results show the effects of human activity and natural occurrences on the diversity of the areas, thus helping to develop strategies to carefully manage and protect the mangroves. Key words: Bivalvia, Anadara, Saccostrea, red mangrove, diversity indexes. Introduction The marine invertebrate assemblage of Ensenada de La Paz - El Mogote, on the southeastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula, consists primarily of a tropically derived fauna. This is well exemplified by the local mollusc-associated fauna with mangrove swamps. The mangrove forests are found in isolated strips, bush-like, with limited coverage and estimated as a total area of 200 ha fringing the lagoon of La Paz. The study area covered by eight patches of mangrove (0.25 to 45) was 108.9 ha (Holguin et. al., 2005). This region is con- sidered one of the most arid locations in the country, with very little permanent flowing surface water due to small amounts of rainfall. Mean annual precipitation is 184.8 mm (Felix-Pico et. al., 2006). A qualitative and quantitative seasonal study of the faunal community associated with the submerged roots of the red mangrove [Rhizoplwra mangle) was undertaken. The diversity in the mangrove swamp forests offer the possibility of colonization to a great number of species of macroinvertebrates. For many ecologists the mangrove community creates unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species, since it is a feeding zone and plays a special role as nursery and in reproduction of many invertebrates. The inventory of species is still being integrated, and most of the phyla are represented by species that are not described because some are cryptic groups. In the Golfo de California the compilations by diverse authors reached a total of 213 species: 72 crustaceans, 62 bivalves, 36 gastropods, 14 polychaetes, 5 anemones, 5 sponges, 5 echinoderms, 3 poly placophores, 4 chordates, and 3 bryozoans and sipunculans. However, there is a great number of species of macroinvertebrates that appear occasionally in the mangrove swamps, although they are usually found in other types of habitat (Whitmore et al., 2005). Only a few species represent great economic interest, such as the bivalve filter feeders Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) and Saccostrea palmula (Carpenter, 1857) which are some of the most important components in these mangrove forests. Unfortunately they have been poorly studied. This community plays an Page 30 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLI1K3): 2011 important role in the life of many species of commercial interest. Methods and Materials The samplings were done monthly from August 2007 to July 2008, covering three swamps or esteros within the sand barrier of the Ensenada de La Paz lagoon; three representative sampling areas on El Mogote (24°08'80" N, 110°8'23" W) (Figure 1). Each sampling collected 5 roots of the red mangrove with their separate organisms of oysters and other sessile organisms attached to the prop roots. The material was preserved with a 10% formaldehyde solution. To determine the species we used Keen (1971), Abbott (1974), Brusca (1980), Coan et al. (2000), and Kerstitch & Bertsch (2007). Figure I. Mangrove areas shown in red and green for the sampling sites in the Ensenada de la Paz- El Mogote sand barrier. The method to determine infauna density consisted of collecting by line transect during a period of approximately 45 min. The sampling took place on a transect of 40 m in length within the mangrove swamp, by looking between the mud and roots (English et al., 1997). The minimum sample size was 30 clams for biometric analysis (Figure 2). We expressed the molluscan species richness (S) as number of taxa, and calculated Shannon’s (H) and Berger-Parker's diversity index, (E) equitability and (R) redundancy (Pielou, 1975) (Table 3). Discussion The composition of macroinvertebrates was 43 species; this community associated with the mangrove swamp is formed by a few common species with a high density population but a great majority of rare species with low density. By taxon, the crustaceans were represented by barnacles with Chthamalus fissiis as dominant with a high number of individuals but not by biomass as the oyster Saccostrea palmitla, while the infauna with Figure 2. Community associated to the root and cleaning process Anadara tuberculosa represented the dominant species in density and biomass. The species of macroinvertebrates noted in the mangrove swamps of lagoons, coves, matting, and in the islands of the Golfo de California is very diverse (Whitmore et al., 2005). The majority of the species occupy the intertidal zone while others permanently live in the channels and lagoons of the mangrove swamps (Holguin Quinones et al., 2000). This contrasts with the African coasts with more than 48 species of bivalves, the west American coast with 11 species, the North American southeastern coast with 10 species, and the Caribbean (Reyes & Campos, 1992) and northeastern coast of South America with 37 species of bivalves (Morton, 1983). In the Cuban mangrove swamps Lalana (1986) reported 14 bivalves and 17 gastropods, and at the Golfo de Santa Fe, Venezuela, 15 bivalves and 22 gastropod species were found (Sutherland, 1980; Marquez & Jimenez, 2002). Parker (1969) described the associated community of the mangrove swamp in the Golfo de California. He found the infauna dominated by species of the families Corbiculidae and Arcidae, and attached to the roots the families Ostreidae and Mytilidae. Whitmore et al. (2005) listed a total of 213 species, 72 crustaceans, 62 bivalves, 36 gastropods, 14 polychaetes, 5 anemones, 5 sponges, 5 echinoderms, 3 polyplacophorans, 4 chordates and 3 bryozoans and sipunculans. However, there is a great number of species of macroinvertebrates that appear occasionally in the mangrove swamps although they belong to another type of habitat Vol. XLIIK3): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 31 (Espinosa Garduno et al., 1982; Cruz & Jimenez, 1994). In this study there were 12 bivalve species and the molluscs found in this area represent 25% of the fauna reported by Whitmore et al. (2005). The bivalves were abundant, especially Saccostrea palnuila on the roots and at the infauna by Anadara tuberculosa. Results The mangrove community composed of Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle were the dominant species on the borders of the mangrove swamps, while Avicennia dominated the inland areas (Figure 3). The highest values of density averaged 1,937 specimens ha ', with an average height of 2.4 m and Figure 3. Red mangroves community of the channel of Estero B. basal area of 5.48 m" ha '. The mangroves have a complexity index averaging 0.19 > 10cm (DBH). The species richness was composed of 43 macroinvertebrates from 7 phyla found throughout the year in the mangrove swamps (Figure 4). The epifauna attached to prop roots of the red mangroves was composed of 17 crustaceans, 8 molluscs, 2 echinoderms, 2 polychaetes, 2 anemones, 1 platy helminthes and 1 sipunculan. The infauna was composed of 4 crustaceans, 4 molluscs, 1 echinoderm and 1 polychaete. The species diversity in the three esteros was related to season. There were two peaks in diversity during summer (July) and winter (February). Low diversity was observed in autumn ( December) and spring (March) (Figure 5). The diversity was moderate in late spring and early autumn when the temperature was stable at 24°C, but in winter and summer the temperature was highly variable (19 to 32°C). Also, salinity is highly variable in autumn and spring (36 to 42 ups.). Figure 4. Pie chart showing the distribution of the 7 phyla found throughout the year in the mangrove swamps. Therefore, species richness was relatively low, while diversity indices were high in winter. Figure 5. Monthly distribution of the number of species of dominant macroinvertebrate taxa and the diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener & Berger Parker) in the three esteros of the El Mogote sand barrier. Among the macroinvertebrates, the highest diversity in the southern Golfo de California occurs with the Mollusca (1,386 taxa) (Figure 6) and the Arthropoda with 785 taxa (Brusca et al., 2005). Within the mangroves, the bivalves and gastropods stand out with 7 and 5 taxa respectively (Table 1). The most abundant species are Saccostrea palmula (47.1%), Anadara tuberculosa (41.4%), Bracliidontes semilaevis (4.2%), Cumingia adamsi (2.8% ), Nerita funiculata (1.6%) and Litliopliaga aristata (1.4%) (Table 2). There were no significant differences between diversity (H), equity (E) and richness of the species (S) during the months and site of the study (Table 3). Page 32 THE FESTIVUS VoEXLIIl(3): 2011 Acknowledgments This study was supported, in part, by Paraiso del Mar Resort and Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Literature Cited ABBOTT, R.T. 1974. American Seashells. 2nd Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 663 pp. BRUSCA. R.C. 1980. Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 513 pp. COAN, E.V., P. VALENTICH-SCOTT & F.R. BERNARD 2000. Bivalve Seashells of Western North America. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monograph number 2, 764 pp. CRUZ, R.A. & J.A. JIMENEZ 1994. Guiade los Moluscos Asociados a las Areas de Manglar de la Costa Pacifica de America Central. Edit. Fundaci6n UNA, Heredia, Costa Rica, 182 pp, ENGLISH, S., C. WILKINSON & V. BAKER 1997. Survey Manual For Tropical Marine Resources. 2nd Edition, Australian Institute of Marine Science, 390 pp. ESPINOSA GARDUNO. M., E.D, AMADOR, J. LLINAS & E. DIAZ 1982. Ecologia de la fauna bentonica de dos areas de manglar de la Bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, pp, 30-47. En: Mem. CIBCASIO, VI Meeting, La Jolla. CA. (December 1980). FELIX-PICO, E. E., O.E. HOLGUIN-QUINONES, A. HERNANDEZ-HERRERA & F. FLORES-VERDUGO 2006. Produccion de hojarasca de los mangles del estero El Conchalito, Bahia de La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico. Ciencias Marinas. 32(1 A): 53-63. HOLGUIN QUINONES, O., H. WRIGHT LOPEZ & E.F, FELIX PICO 2000. Moluscos intCTmarcalcsy dc fondos somcros dc la Bahia dc Loreto, B.C.S., Mexico. Oceanidcs, 15(2): 91-1 15. HOLGUIN, G., P. GONZALEZ-ZAMORANO, L.E. DE BASHAN, R. MENDOZA, E. AMADOR & J. BASHAN 2005 . Mangrove health in an arid environment encroached by urban development: a case study. Science of the Total Environment. 363 : 260-274. KEEN, A.M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. 2nd Ed, Stanford University Press, 1064 pp. KERSTITCH, A. & H. BERTSCH 2007. Sea of Cortez Marine Invertebrates. A Guide for the Pacific Coast. Mexico to Ecuador. A Sea Challengers Publication, Monterey, California, 114 pp. LALANA, R.R. 1 986. Fauna asociada a las raices de Rhizophora mangle en la laguna costera El Conejo. Rev. Invest. Mar. Cuba 7(3) 55-65 pp. mArQUEZ. B. & M. JIMENEZ 2002. Moluscos asociados a las raices sumergidas del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle, en el Golfo de Santa Fe, Estado Sucre. Venezuela. Rev. Biol. Trop. 50(3/4):1101-1112. MORTON, B. 1983. Mangrove bivalves, pp. 77-137. In\ W.D. Russell- Hunter (ed. ), The Mollusca. Ecology, vol. 6. Academic Press, New York. PARKER. R.H. 1969. Benthic invertebrates in tidal estuaries and coastal lagoons, pp. 545-562. hr. A. Ayala Castafiares & F.B. Phleger (Eds.) Lagunas Costeras. Mem. Simp. Inter, de Lagunas Costeras, UNAM-UNESCO, 28-30 de Noviembre de 1967. Mexico, D.F. 686 pp. Vol. XLIIK3): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 33 PIELOU, E.C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. John & Wiley Sons, New York, 165 pp. REYES, R. & N. CAMPOS 1992. Macroinvertebrados colonizadores de rai'ces de Rbizophora mangle en la Bahia de Chiengue, Caribe Colombiano. Inst. Invest. Mar. 21: 10M16. SUTHERLAND. J. P. 1980. Dynamics of the epibenthic community on roots of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle, at Bahia de Buche, Venezuela. Marine Biology 58: 75 - 84. WHITMORE, R.C.. R.C. BRUSCA, J.L. LEON DE LA LUZ, P, GONZALEZ-ZAMORANO, R. MENDOZA-SALGADO, E.S. AMADOR-SILVA, G. HOLGUIN, F. GALVAN-MAGANA, P.A, HASTINGS, J.L.E. CARTRON, R. S. FELGER, J.A. SEMINOFF & C.C. MCIVOR 2005. The ecological importance of mangroves in Baja California Sur: Conservation implications for an endangered ecosystem, pp. 298-333. In: J.L.E. Cartron, G. Ceballos y R.S. Felger (eds.) Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Conservation in Northern Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York.. Table 1. Taxonomic classification of macromollusc species associated with the mangrove swamp CLASS FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME Bivalvia Arcidae Anadara tiihercidosa (Sowerby. 1833) Black or Blood ark Corbulidae Corbiila Inflat a (C.B. Adams, 1852) Mud clam Isognomidae Isognomon janus (Carpenter, 1857) Tree oyster Mytilidae Brachidonles semilaevis (Menke, 1849) Mussel Lithophaga otM/w/rt (Dillwyn, 1817) Bore mussel Ostreidae Crassostrea palmula (Carpenter, 1857) Palmate oyster Semelidae Ciimingia adamsi Olsson. 1961 Clam Gastropoda Aplysiidae Aplysia californica Cooper, 1865 California sea hare Calyptraeidae Crepidiila onyx Sowerby, 1824 Onyx slipper Cerithiidae Cerdhium stercusmuscarwn Valenciennes, 1 833 Pacific-specked cerith Ncritidae Nerita scabricosta Lamarck, 1822 Rough-ribbed nerite Potamididae Cerilhidea valida {C.B. Adams. 1852) Varicose horn shell Page 34 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK3): 2011 Table 2. Dominance index of macromollusc species associated with the selected three mangrove swamps SPECIES DOMINANCE INDEX CEIMULATIVE Crassostrea palnmla 47.073 47.073 Anuciara tuberculosa 41.413 88.486 Bracliidontes semilaevis 4.209 92.695 Cuniingia adamsi 2.854 95.549 Nerita funiculata 1.572 97.121 Lithophaga aristata 1.451 98.573 Cerithium stercusmuscarum 0.726 99.299 Isognomon janus 0.339 99.637 Crepidula onyx 0.169 99.806 Corhula inflata 0.097 99.903 Cerithidea valida 0.073 99.976 Aptysia colifornica 0.024 100.000 100.000 Table 3. Abundance, diversity of Shannon-Wiener & Berger Parker indices of macromollusc species associated with the mangrove swamps LOCATION ABUNDANCE S H E R Estero A 1781 9.0 0.477 0.458 0.535 Estero B 1332 10.4 0.410 0.485 0.290 Estero C 1021 12.0 0.491 0.515 0.338 Total 4134 31.4 1.378 1.458 1.163 Vol. XLIIK3): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 35 Encyclopedia of Texas SeashelLs, Identification, Ecology, Distribution & History By: John W. Tunnell, Jr., Jean Andrews, Noe C. Barrera & Fabio Moretzohn. 2010. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas 512 pages. List price at $50.00 For more than a generation, those studying the mollusks of the Texas coastline have had limited choices when it came to popular references. Since its initial publication in 1971, the Sea Shells of the Texas Coast as well as its subsequent edition or abridged field guides, all authored by Jean Andrews, was the primary identification source for collectors, who may not have had access to the more diffuse technical literature. Well produced for its era, with a format that resembled that used by T ucker Abbott during the same time, the 197 1 survey was limited in its coverage to the larger species with single b/w halftone figures (color figures coming later in the field guide versions] . These limitations have now been swept aside by the production of Encyclopedia of Texas Seashells, the result of many years of collaborative work, not only by the four primary authors, which include the late Jean Andrews, but by their students, amateur and expert collectors, ecologists and geologists. The result is a magnificent 512 page, profusely illustrated and referenced tome that will now take its place as the definitive popular guide for the shells of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This work will function as comprehensive identification reference, containing more than 900 species in systematic arrangement, including the micro- mollusks (with very well executed optical images) and deep-water taxa that are now just becoming better known. Each species is presented in a standard format that includes, scientific and common nomenclature, distribution and size information, a concise description of the shell, its habitat, followed by specific remarks. Most species are figured both dorsally and ventrally in a clear 4-6 square inch color balanced image. Keeping with its more popular usage, only the most widely known synonyms are listed, but there are specific citations to the extensive bibliography for further reference. All in all a very well-presented guide that is both easy to use and easy on the eye. But there is more. The species accounts are in Chapter Six of die “Encyclopedia” and while that takes up about two thirds of the book, the previous sections in the first 100 pages are accounts on coastal geology, the collection traditions of Texan malacology, a remarkably good chapter on the ecology and habitats of mollusks, followed by accounts on collecting methodologies and a very good, concise account on mollusk morphologies, in which the illustrations alone would be of use to any collector anywhere, particularly when used in combination to the extensive glossary also included. Clearly a very positive contribution to the mollusk literature, this work takes its place now as one of the primary resources for North American collectors, with sections that will be of use to a wider audience. An added advantage, in this era of the expensive color shell atlases, is that this work had a large press run and is very modestly priced. Look online for the best deal. Also, as with any book of this size there are errors or addenda that are being noted. These will undoubtedly be available, so again check online or contact the authors for updates. Henry Chaney Editor’s note: This book will be in the Club library by the March meeting. Page 36 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1IK3): 2011 IN MEMORIAM WILLIAM T. SCHNLIDLR May 6,1930 ^ February 8, 2011 It is with much sadness that we report the passing of our friend Bill Schneider. Bill, a native San Diegan has been an active San Diego Shell Club member, along with his wife Nancy, since 1992 and president of the Club in 2006. Bill and Nancy became interested in rocks and minerals and started their business, Schneider's Rocks and Minerals , in Poway in 1960. Bill was also a dealer at regional Gem and Mineral Shows for many years. Then, in the early 1980s Bill and Nancy began traveling to Baja and became fascinated with fossil and Recent shells and their private shell collection was started. They even bought a vacation home in Mulege. During the years of visiting Baja, they became involved with the small museum there and being very generous people, donated several beautiful showcases with their fossil and Recent shells to that museum, even transporting the exhibit down there and setting it up themselves. On retirement, Bill became an avid deep-water sport fisherman, often taking off with his son Tom for some wonderful far-away place such as Hurricane Bank ( 1000 miles south of San Diego and 600 miles west of Mexico), or Clipperton (see Schneider, 2004), or other slightly closer areas. He was always on the lookout for the “BIG fish” over 200 pounds. During one of his deep-sea trips to Hurricane Bank, the ship “caught,” at 128 meters, a large piece of black coral over six feet high entangled in the net. Bill brought it to the surface and “recognized it as the largest specimen of black coral that 1 had ever seen.” He was the only one on board who realized tire lapidary interest in this coral. He also looked it over and found some molluscan critters on the coral and brought it to the attention of others to be identified (Schneider, 2006). Bill donated the black coral “tree” (Myriopathes itlex, to the Benthic Invertebrate Collection at Scripps Institution of Oceanography where it is stored with other self- collected marine specimens he donated in the SIO collections. In fact. Bill became very active in Scripps. At the time that he learned that the world class marine collections of Scripps were in danger of being sent to other institutions as a result of lack of funding, he Bill with his over six fool high coral tree. Reprinted from Bill’s article in the The Festivus in 2006. worked hard for their funding and became a valuable addition to the Scripps’ Collections Taskforce. Bill Schneider had a love of life and an appreciation of the beauty of the natural world. We will all miss his friendship. He is survived by his wife Nancy, children Jeannie Hume, Tom Schneider, Kelly Ann Schneider, Caroline Lepore and five grandchildren. Publications by Bill Schneider in The Festivus 2004. A fisherman explores Clipperton Island. 36(4): 37-40, figs. 1-3. 2006. Collecting Rhizochilus antipathum by hook & line. 28(3): 27-31, figs. 1-10. ISSN 0738-9388 ^01 XAJV ^ Volume: XLIII April 14, 2011 Number; 4 THE FEST A publication of the San Diego Shell Club CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldamnier Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAEE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club. Inc., do 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM. Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Riidiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J . Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural Histoiy, New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita, Tulane University, New Orleans Website at: http : //www .sandiegosheHchtb . com E-mail : jhertz@san. rr. com PROGRAM Come to the Auction - Saturday April 16"". There will be no regular meeting this month. CONTENTS Club news 38 Species list of opisthobranch mollusks for Bahia de Banderas (Jalisco-Nayarit), Pacific coast of Mexico ALICIA HERMOSILLO-GONZAlEZ 39 Page 38 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK4): 2011 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 17 March 2011 The meeting was called to order at 7:35 P.M. by Jules Hertz, President. The previous minutes were accepted as published. Marilyn Goldammer, librarian/secretary, reminded us that a new book The Encyclopedia of Texas Sea Shells is now in the library. Silvana Vollero gave the treasurer’s report and all is well. Jules mentioned we are looking for a location for the September summer party. Please contact Jules or Carole at 858-277-6259 if you are able to host this annual event. Carole Hertz reviewed the arrangements for the April auction and asked that each person who signed up bring food to serve 12 people. If you have not signed up, please call Carole directly to tell her what you are bringing. Please keep Saturday April 16“’ open as that is the day of the annual shell auction. Shell club members will again be judging the Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair on March 23’“. This year the Judges will be David Waller, John LaGrange, and Ann and Paul Tuskes. Bob Dees introduced our speaker for March, Dr. Daniel Geiger from the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. His topic was Plugging the Holes in Abalone and Scissurellid Systematics. The term Archaeogastropoda is falling out of use and being superseded by Vetigastropoda. Vetigastropods include little slit shells, large slit shells, abalone, keyhole limpets, top shells, and others. His presentation focused on the small slit shells, Scissiirella. These shells typically measure from 1-5 mm and are found worldwide especially in tropical and temperate seas. As a result of their small size, work on dissecting and illustrating their radula is tedious but within some groups of scissurellids are an important taxonomic factor along with the characteristics of the protoconch and shell morphology. His excellent photos from the scanning electron microscope documented the fine, ornate structure of the shells. During his study, he has examined tens of thousands of specimens from collections around the world and expects to publish this work in 2012. He recently completed a study of the abalone of the world, which will be available later this year. We had the opportunity to see some of the plates, and observed that many individuals were illustrated in order to document the range of shell variation. It was an exciting program. The winner of the door prize was Daniel Petrosky The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 P.M. and the members and guests enjoyed the refresliments provided by Wes Farmer, Carole & Jules Hertz and Marty Schuler. Paul Tuskes Too Late for the Roster KENNEDY, GEORGE, 8997 Moisan Way, La Mesa, CA 91941. Phone: 619-667-1030. E-mail: gkennedy @bfsa-ca . com UNAM 34316 PB3, Teldan Inc., P.O. Box 3618, Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004. 44th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists & 12“' Biannual Meeting of the Sociedad Mexicana de Malacologia This is the announcement of the combined joint meeting of the two above-named organizations which will take place in La Paz, California Sur, Mexico from June 27-30, 2011, hosted by the Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. The conference hotel is the Hotel Perla with meetings and exhibitions at the Convention Center Madre Perla Hotel Perla and Centro Cultural La Paz. For questions concerning payments only, contact WSM treasurer Kevin Barwick at kbarwick@ocsd.com. For further information on the meeting, contact either Esteban Felix Pico at efelix@ipn.mx or Hans Bertsch at hansmrvida@sbcglobal.net Come to the Auction/Potluck - 2011 Saturday, April 16“' Don’t forget - Saturday April 16“' is the big date!! Festivities will begin at 5 PM. By 6 PM sharp we will enjoy the potluck delicacies and at 7 PM promptly the voice auction will begin- the excitement of the evening! Looking forward to seeing you all at the Auction/Potluck - 2011!! Vol. XLIIK4): 201 1 Page 39 THE FESTIVUS SPECIES LIST OF OPISTHOBRANCH MOLLUSKS FOR BAHIA DE BANDERAS (JALISCO-NAYARIT), PACIFIC COAST OF MEXICO ALICIA HERMOSILLO-GONZAlEZ Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias Las Agujas. Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico E-mail: al icia_titan@infosel. net. mx Abstract The opisthobranch tauna ot Bahia de Banderas has been subject of intensive study from 2002 to date. A list of 146 species of Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Pleurobranchia, Sacoglossa and Nudibranchia is here reported, with a biogeographical affinities analysis. Bahia de Banderas presents a 67. 1 % Panamic affinity, with 5.5 % species so far only reported for this area. Bahia de Banderas is the northernmost report for 17 species and the southernmost for 21. This represents the degree of diversity that would be expected for a transition zone. Desde 2002 a la fecha, la fauna de opistobranquios de Bahia de Bandera ha sido sujeta de estudios intensivos . Una lista de 146 especies de Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Pleurobranchia, Sacoglossa y Nudibranchia se reportan en este articulo, junto con un analisis de las afinidades biogeograficas. Bahia de Banderas presenta una afinidad predom inantemente Panamica (67.1%), con 5,5% de especies que hasta ahora solamente se han reportado en esta area de estudio. Bahia de Banderas es el reporte mas al norte para 1 7 especies y mas al sur para 2 1 . Esto representa una gran di versidad que es de esperarse en un area que es zona de transicion. Introduction Bahia de Banderas is located on the Pacific mainland of Mexico, in the states of Jalisco and Nayarit. The opisthobranch fauna of Bahia de Banderas has been the subject of intensive studies during the past nine years. This paper summarizes the opisthobranch-related research in Bahia de Banderas, with updated literature, new species published and biogeographical affinities analysis of the species reported. Hermosillo-Gonzalez (2003) describes the physiographic and biological characteristics of Bahia de Banderas and a list of species, including range extensions for 20 species. Before that publication, there were only a few published reports on the opisthobranch fauna of the northern coast of the Bay, in Nayarit (Sphon, 1972; Bertsch et. al 1973, Bertsch 1978, 1980, Bertsch & Kerstitch, 1984, Ferreira & Bertsch, 1975) and Isla Isabel (Ortea & Llera, 1981 ). Conversely, there were no publications of the central and southern sections of the Bay, along the coast of Jalisco. In 2006, Hermosillo-Gonzalez reported finding 30 undescribed species and 46 new distribution records, with a list of 140 different species, ecological observations, classification of taxonomic groups according to food sources, habitats and opisthobranch communities in Bahia de Banderas. In 2008, the CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia) y Acuacultura y Ecosistemas Marinos del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (Universidad de Guadalajara) funded the project “Ecology and conservation of the Opisthobranch mollusks of Bahia de Banderas, in Mexico s central Pacific.” This work resulted in two undergraduate theses. Ramirez-Cordero (2008) determined the maximum number of scuba divers that could visit two different localities (Islas Marietas and Los Arcos) considering the potential impact of their activities on the ecosystem. Alonzo-Dominguez (2009) Page 40 Vol. XL1IK4): 2011 THE FESTIVUS analysed the actual impact of scuba divers on the environment by counting the interactions (physical contact) of divers with different levels of experience. Some species found in Bahia de Banderas have been described in recent years: Fahey & Gosliner, 2003 (Hoplodoris bramale): Angulo-Campillo & Valdes, 2003 {Citthona lizae)-, Ortea, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003 (Hermosita lwkimwiatata)\ Gosliner & Bertsch, 2004 (Okeuia agelica, Okenia cochimi and Okenia mexicorum)-, Dayrat, 2005 {Discodoris aliciae); Hermosillo & Valdes, 2004 {Peltod oris lopezi and Trapaiiia goddardi); Camacho- Garcia & Gosliner, 2006 (Janolus anmdarns); Chan & Gosliner, 200b (Thordiso niesseni)-, Hermosillo & Valdes, 2007 (Cuthona millenae, Cerberilla chavezi and Eitbranchus yolandae); Millen & Hermosillo, 2007 {Flabelliiia fogata)-, Hermosillo & Valdes 2008a (Po/vrero kaiserae)', Hermosillo & Valdes, 2008b (Cnt/tono and Berlhella grovesi) and Camacho-Garcia & Gosliner, 2008 (Joniima tempisquensis). More new species known from Bahia de Banderas are being currently described. There are further publications with redescriptions and taxonomic revisions of families, genera and species as well as revised geographical distributions: Valdes (2003, 2004); Fahey & Gosliner (2004); Gosliner (2004); Valdes & Bouchet (2005) and Pola et al. (2006). This new knowledge applies to several species found in Bahia de Banderas. Various authors have greatly contributed to the knowledge of the opisthobranch fauna of tlie tropical Eastern Pacific: Angulo-Campillo (2002 [new records for Fa Paz area, in Baja California SurJ ); Behrens (2004 [supplement with synonyms of the species from Behrens 1991]); and Hermosillo & Behrens (2005 [with distribution records for the Pacific Coast of Mexico]). Three books were published as illustrated field identification guides for opisthobranchs of the tropical Eastern Pacific: Camacho-Garci'a etal.(2005 [from Costa Rica to Ecuador, including the Islas Galapagos]); Behrens & Hermosillo, (2005 [from Alaska to Central America]) and Hermosillo et al. (2006 [from the Pacific coast of Mexico]). Bertsch (1973) reported that a large number of species of opisthobranchs known from the Panamic Province are common in the temperate or Californian Province. Back then, there was little knowledge of the opisthobranch fauna south of the Mexico - United States border. The knowledge has increased greatly in the past 37 years and the opisthobranch fauna of the Mexican Pacific is now relatively well known. Some species originally known from the Indo-Pacific have now been observed consistently in the Eastern Pacific: Phestilla liigubris. Notarchiis indicus, Umbracitlum iimbraculum and Elysia pitsilla to mention a few. Similarly, species from the Eastern Pacific have been recently found in the Caribbean: Glossodoris sedna, Pleurobranchiis aerolatiis, Lonwnottis venniformis and Lobiger soiiverbii (Valdes et al. , 2006). Speeies known from the Oregonian or Californian Province have been gradually reported for the Mexican Pacific and Costa Rica (Camacho-Garcia et al., 2006); at Panama (Hermosillo, 2004; Hermosillo & Camacho-Garcia, 2006) and Peru (Nakamura. 2006). Materials and methods From 2002 to 2005, ten localities in seven different sites within Bahia de Banderas were surveyed monthly by scuba and intertidal excursions. From 2005 to 2010, those same localities were visited constantly but with no statistical regularity. These localities as well as the survey methods are described in Hermosillo-Gonzalez (2003 & 2006); Ramirez-Cordero (2008) and Alonso- Dominguez (2009). Species list Altogether 146 species have been reported: 5 Cephalaspidea, 6 Pleurobranchia, 15 Sacoglossa, 9 Anaspidea and 111 Nudibranchia (with 40 Aeolidina, 51 Doridina, 18 Dendronotina and two Arminina). The expected number of different species in Bahia de Banderas can be estimated by plotting the cumulative number of species found during a certain period of time. Figure 1 shows this curve, where an approximate asymptote (limiting value of a curve) can be observed at 150 species. The 146 species so far found represent about 97% of the total expected. In order to classify the biogeographical affinities of the opisthobranch fauna of Bahia de Banderas, the species were assigned different regions that correspond to their known geographical distribution according to the parameters established by Emerson (1978), Bertsch (1993) and Behrens & Hermosillo (2005). Each region represents distinct oceanographic characteristics due to the intluence of the oceanic currents. The most important variable is the temperature pattern, which ultimately determines the geographical distribution and abundance Page 4 1 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLH1(4); 201 1 ot marine organisms (Todd, 1981). Figure 1 . Accumulated number of species observed in Bahia de Banderas from 2002 to 2010. Oregonian (Cold) Province, from Alaska to Point Conception, California; with low water temperatures (between 8 and H'^C), constant throughout the year. The fauna is characterized by large sized sponges, octoeorals, anemones, hydroids, ascidians and bryozoans; significant coverage of red and green macroalgae in giant kelp (Macrosystis pyrifera) forests (Keen, 1971). Californian (Temperate) Province, from Point Conception, California to Punta Eugenia, Baja California; with water temperatures in the range of 14 and 20”C. The water temperature increases moderately in the late summer with the influence of warmer southern currents. Giant kelp forests are found with Macrocystis pyrifera and other macro algae like palm kelp and sea grass {Zoostera, Polysiplwnia, Bryopsis). sponges, hydroids and bryozooans that grow attached to the roeky bottoms and kelp holdfasts (Keen, 1971). Panamic (Tropical) Province, from Bahia Magdalena to Ecuador including the Golfo de California with warm waters half of the year, with temperatures over 30'’C during the summer and low temperatures of 15“C in spring. This region can present rocky coral reefs of the genera Porites, Pocillopora, Pavona and Psammocora to mention the most important ones and the green algae (Caulerpa, Halimeda, Codiiim) and seasonal growth of brown algae such as Padina and Sargassum (Keen, 1971 ). Figure 2 shows that the faunal affinity of the opisthobranchs of Bahia de Banderas is predominantly Panamic: 98 (67.1 % ) of the speeies have this distribution, with 16 circumtropical species, 11 (7.5%) Oregonian- Panamic and 29 (19.8%) Californian-Panamic. This reflects a species mix that would be expected of a transition zone such as Bahia de Banderas. Nonetheless, the most notable fact of this distribution is not the combination of Panamic, Californian or Oregonian; it is that for 17 of the species (11.6%), Bahia de Banderas is the northernmost and 21 (14.4%) is the southernmost. Moreover, 8 (5.5%) species have so far only been reported at Bahia de Banderas. While this indicates the great diversity and biological importance of the study area, it also refleets the intensity of the work done here. It is likely that the northern and southernmost known loeations could be extended with further studies along the Mexican coastline and Central and South America. This information will allow us to have a better idea of the environmental factors that determine where (and when) a species can be found. The list of opisthobranch species known in Bahia de Banderas ( 146) represents 62.4% of the 234 species reported for the Mexican Pacific and the Golfo Figure 2. Biogeographical affinities of the opisthobranch fauna of Bahia de Banderas. de California (Hermosillo et al., 2006). For an area with a 115 km of coastline, while the Mexican Pacific, Golfo de California and its islands measure 8,000 km (INEGI) this percentage reflects a great diversity that would be expected in a transition zone such as Bahia de Banderas (Plate 1 Figures 1-6). Table I presents the species list of Bahia de Banderas with its known geographical distribution (northern and southern limits) and the classification of such distribution (Panamic, Californian, Oregonian and Bahia de Banderas). For example. Bulla punctulata is known from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur to Peru, so it is considered a Californian to Panamic species and represented in the Table as Californian-Panamic. There are species that have only been found in Bahia de Page 42 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK4): 2011 Banderas thus far, the geographical distribution of these eight species is considered as “Banderas” ; further studies are necessary to learn if they can be found in localities outside the Bay. The letter “s” in parenthesis after the type of distribution indicates those species for which Bahia de Banderas is the southernmost locality in which the species has been reported; “n” indicates the northernmost. Table I. Species list and geographical distribution of the opisthobranch fauna of Bahia de Banderas. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION KNOWN GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE BuUa punctiilala A. Adams in Sowerby, 1850 Panamic Bahia Magdalena, Golfo de California to Peru. Haniiiwea ovalis Pease, 1868 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica and Panama. Navanax aenigmaticus (Bergh, 1893) Californian-Panamic San Diego, California to Panama. Navanax iuermis (Cooper, 1863) Californian-Panamic (s) Southern California; Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Phillinopsis speciosa Pease, 1860 Panamic Circumtropical. Aplysia californi ca Coopcx , 1865 Oregon ian-Panamic Oregon, Golfo de California, El Salvador, Japan. Aplysia cedrosensis Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 Californian-Panamic Isla de Cedros, Golfo de California to Ixtapa, Guerrero. Aplysia Juliana Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 Panamic Circumtropical. Aplysia parviila Winkler, 1955 Panamic Circumtropical. Notarclnis indicus Scheigger, 1820 Panamic (n) Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean, Hawaii Bahia de Banderas. Dolabella aiiriciilaria (Lightpie, 1786) Panamic Circumtropical. Dolabhfera dolabhfera (Rang, 1828) Californian-Panam ic Circumtropical in warm and subtropical waters. Phyllaplysia padinae Williams & Gosliner, 1973 Panamic Golfo de California to Costa Rica and Panama. Stylocheiliis striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Panamic Circumtropical. Tylodina fiingina Gabb, 1865 Californian-Panamic South of California, Golfo de California to Ecuador. Umbraculitm umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) Panamic Circumtropical in warm and subtropical waters. Berthella stellata (Risso, 1862) Panamic Circumtropical. Berthella gravest Hermosillo & Valdes, 2008 Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Berlbellina ilisima (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic South of California, Golfo de California to Panama and Ecuador. Pleurobranchus aerolanis (Mcirch, 1863) Panamic Circumtropical. Lobiger souverbii Fischer, 1857 Panamic Circumtropical. Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1943 Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Berthelinia eld oris (Dali, 1918) Panamic Golfo de California to Ecuador. Elysia diomedea (Bergh, 1894) Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Elysia hedgpethi M‘dxc\is, 1961 Oregon ian Panam ic British Columbia, Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Vol. XL1IK4): 201 1 Page 43 THE FESTIVLJS Elysia pusilla Bergh,1872 Panamic Indo-Pacificic, Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica. EIvsia sp. 1 Panamic Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica . Elysia sp. 2 Panamic Islas Revillagigedo, Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica. Cyerce orteai Valdes & Camacho-Garcia, 2000 Panamic Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Polyhranchia viridis (Deshayes, 1857) Panamic Golfo de California to Ecuador and the Caribbean. Placida cremoniana (Trinchese, 1892) Panamic (s) Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas, Guam, Mediterranean, Australia. Placida dendritica {Aider & Hancock, 1843) Oregon ian-Panamic (s) Alaska, to Golfo de California and Bahia de Banderas. Aplysiopsis enteromorphae (Cockerell & Eliot, 1905) Oregonian-Panamic (s) Ketchikan, Alaska to Bahia de Banderas. Aplysiopsis sp. 1 Banderas Bahia de Banderas. Ercolania hoodleaea (Baba, 1938) Californian-Panamic (s) San Diego, California; Puerto Pefiasco, Sonora, Golfo de California, Bahia de Banderas. Coramhe pacifica MacEarland & O’Donogliue, 1929 Oregonian-Panamic (s) Alaska to Bahia de Banderas. Ancula gibhosa (Risso, 1818) Co Id -Panamic (s) Alaska, San Diego to Bahia de Banderas. Okenia academica Camacho-Garci'a & Gosliner, 2004 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas and Costa Rica. Okenia angelica Gosliner & Bertscli, 2004 Panamic Golfo de California and Pacifico mexicano. Okenia cochimi Gosliner & Bertsch, 2004 Calilornian-Panamic Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Golfo de California, Bahia de Banderas and Islas Revillagigedo. Okenia mexicorum Gosliner & Bertsch, 2004 Panamic (s) Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Trapania Hermosillo & Valdes, 2004 Calit'ornian-Panamic (s) Bahia Tortugas, Baja California to Bahia de Banderas. Trapania goslineri Millen & Bertsch, 2000 Californian-Panamic (s) Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Aegires siiblaevis Odhner, 1932 Panamic (n) Atlantic, Islas Galapagos, Ecuador y Bahia de Banderas. Limacia janssi (Bertsch & Eerreira, 1974) Panamic South Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Polycera alabe Collier & Farmer, 1964 Californian-Panamic California, Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Polycera gniipa (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Polycera kaiserae Hermosillo & Valdes, 2007 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica and Panama. Polycera sp. 1 Panamic Islas Revillagigedo to Panama and Islas Galapagos Polycerella glanduiosa Behrens & Gosliner, 1988 Californian-Panamic South of California and Golfo de California to Panama. Roboastra tigris Fanner, 1978 Panamic (s) Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Page 44 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLI1K4): 2011 Tamhja abdere Earmer, 1978 Panamic Bahia Magdalena, Baja California , Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Tambja eliora (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Calitornian-Panam ic Ensenada, Baja California, Bahia de Banderas, Mexican Pacific, Costa Rica. Aldisa sangiiinea (Cooper, 1863) Oregon ian-Panamic (s) Oregon. Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Afagema sp. 1 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica. Diaulula aurila (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Californian-Panamic Punta Rosarito, Baja California; Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica and Panama. Diaulula greeyeli (MacEarland. 1909) Panamic Brazil; Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Discodoris aliciae Dayrat, 2005 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Discodoris ketos (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Geitodoris mavis (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic Mexican Pacific; Costa Rica,; Panama; Indo-Pacific; Madagascar Doris immonda (Risbec, 1928) Panamic (n) Indo-Pacific; Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica. Dy/7'i ?<7/;v<3 (Marcus, 1971) Panamic (n) California, Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Carminodoris bramale (Ealiey & Gosliner, 2003) Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica, Panama. Joninna tempisquensis Camacho & Gosliner, 2008 (Eig. 4) Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas, Ixtapa, Guerrero; Costa Rica and Panama. Paradoris lopezi Hermosillo & Valdes, 2004 Panamic (s) La Paz, Baja California; Islas Revillagigedo; Bahia de Banderas Rostanga pidchra MacEarland, 1905 Oregonian-Panamic Alaska to Chile and Argentina. Taringa aivica Marcus & Marcus, 1962 Temperate-Panamic SouthernCalifornia and Golfo de California to Panama. Taringo sp. 1 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica. Thordisa niesenii Chan & Gosliner, 2005 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica and Panama. Comtalevia alba Collier y Earmer, 1964 Oregonian-Panam ic Northern California and Mexican Pacific to Chile. Cadlina liianui (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Cadlina sparsa (Ohdner, 1921) Californian-Panamic South of California to Costa Rica; Chile and Argentina. Cadlina sp. 1 (Eig. 5) Panamic Isla Isabel, Islas Revillagigedo, Bahia de Banderas to Panama and Islas Galapagos. Chromodoris marislae Bensch, 1973 Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Chronwdoris norrisi Earmer, 1963 Californian-Panamic Isla de Cedros, Baja California; Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Chromodoris sphoni (Marcus, 1971) Panamic Golfo de California to Panama; Ecuador. Glossodoris banmanni Bertsch, 1970 Panamic Golfo de California to Peru. Glossodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879) Panamic Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Golfo de California to Panama. Vol. XL11K4): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 45 Glossodoris sedna (Marcus & Marcus, 1 967) Panamic Circumtropical. Hxpselodoris agassizii (Bergh, 1894) Panamic Golfo de California to Peru. Me.xichromis cmtonii (Bertsch, 1976) Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Mexichromis tura (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Tyrinna evelinae (Marcus. 1958) Panamic Golfo de California. Mexican Pacific to Panama. Dendrodoris fumata Ruppell & Leuckart, 1831 Panamic Golfo de California, Panama and Colombia. DohopsiHa jauaina (Cooper, 1863) Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Peru. Doriopsilla nigroniacidata Cockerell in Cockerell and Eliot, 1905) Ca 1 i font ia n - Pa nam ic California; Golfo de California; Costa Rica. Marionia sp. 1 Panamic Mexican Pacific; Costa Rica. Tritonia pickensi Marcus & Marcus, 1967 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Tritonia sp. 1 (Fig. 1 ) Panamic Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California and Bahia de Banderas. Tritonia sp. 2 Banderas Bahia de Banderas. Bornella sat ape Bertsch, 1980 Panamic Golfo de California, Bahia de Banderas; Panama. Hancockia califoniica MacFarland, 1923 Californian-Panamic California to Costa Rica. Haucockia sp. 1 Banderas Bahia de Banderas. Doto amyra Marcus, 1961 Oregonian-Panamic (s) Alaska to Bahia de Banderas. Doto lancet Marcus & Marcus, 1967 Californian-Panamic Southern California; Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica. Doto sp. 1 Panamic (s) Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Doto sp. 2 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas and Panama. Doto sp. 3 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas and Panama. Crosslandia daedali Poorman & Mulliner,1981 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Notohryon wardi Ohdner, 1936 Panamic Indo-Pacific, Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific; Panama. Lonianotus verinifonnis Eliot. 1908 Panamic Circumtropical. Lomanotiis sp. 1 (Fig. 2) Panamic Mexican Pacific. Lonianotus sp. 2 Banderas Bahia de Banderas. Lonianotus sp. 3 Banderas Bahia de Banderas. Janoliis annulatiis Camacho & Gosliner, 2006 Californian-Panamic California; Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica. Janolus harbarensis (Cooper, 1863) Californian-Panamic California; Golfo de California, Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica. FlabelUna bertsclii Gosliner & Kuzirian, 1990 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. FlabelUna cynara Marcus & Marcus, 1967 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Peru. FlabelUna fogata Milieu & Hermosillo, 2008 Banderas Bahia de Banderas. FlabelUna niarcusoruni Gosliner & Kuzirian, 1990 Californian Panamic Isla Cedros; Golfo de California; Islas Galapagos, Ecuador; Caribbean. FlabelUna telja Marcus & Marcus, 1967 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Page 46 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK4): 201 1 FlabeUina vansyoci Gosliner, 1994 Calitornian-Panamic Puma Eugenia, Gulf of California to Panama. Eubranchus citcuUits Behrens, 1985 Panamic (s) Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Eubranchus madapanamensis (Rao, 1969) Panamic (s) India and Bahia de Banderas. Eubranchus rustvus (Marcus, 1961) Oregonian-Panam ic (s) Alaska to Bahia de Banderas. Eubranchus yolandae Hermosillo & Valdes, 2007 Panamic Bahia de Banderas and Islas Marias. Aeolidiella alba (Risbec, 1928) Panamic C ire um tropical. Aeolidiella chromosoma (Cockerell & Eliot, 1905) Californian-Panam ic Southern California; Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica. Aeolidiella indica (Bergh, 1888) Panamic Circumtropical. Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823) Panamic C ire um tropical. Berg Ilia major (Eliot, 1903) Panamic Indo-Pacific, Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Cerberilla chavezi Hermosillo & Valdes, 2007 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas and Manzanillo, Colima. Cerberilla pungoarena Collier & Farmer, 1964 Californian-Panamic (s) Channel Islands, California; Golfo de California to Bahia de Banderas. Beaolidia nodosa Haefelfinger & Stamm, 1985 Panamic Circumtropical. Anetarca armata Gosliner, 1991 Calitornian-Panamic Punta Asuncion, Baja California; Golfo de California, Bahia de Banderas; Costa Rica. Bajaeolis bertschi Go'iWmv 8l Behrens, 1986 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Peru. Babakina festiva (Roller, 1972) Californian-Panam ic California, Mexican Pacific, Japan, Bahamas. Dondice sp. 1 Panamic (n) Bahia de Banderas to Costa Rica. Austraeolis stearnsi (Cockerell, 1901) Panamic (s) Santa Cruz, Baja California to Bahia de Banderas. Eacelina sp. 1 Panamic Bahia de Banderas, lie Clipperton. Eacelina sp. 2 Panamic Golfo de California, Bahia de Banderas to Panama and Indo-Pacific Eavorinus elenale.xiae Garcia & Troncoso, 2001 Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador. Eavorinus sp. 1 (Fig. 6) Panamic Bahia de Banderas and Ecuador. Glaucus arlanticus Forester, 1777 Panamic (n) Circumtropical. Hermosita hakunamatata (Ortea, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003) Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Costa Rica and Panama. Noumeaella rubrofasciata Gosliner, 1991 Panamic California; Islas San Benito, Baja California, Golfo de California to Panama. Phidiana lascrucensis Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974 Californian-Panamic Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific to Panama. Phidiana sp. 1 (Fig. 3) Panamic Bahia de Banderas. Embletonia gracilis Risbec, 1928 Banderas Indo-Pacific; South Africa; Baja California, Bahia de Banderas. Tergipes tergipes (Forskal, 1775) Panamic (s) Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific. Vol. XLI1K4): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 47 Cuthona lizae Angulo & Valdes, 2003 Californian-Panamic Golfo de California to Panama. Cuthona miUenae Hermosillo & Valdes, 2007 Panamic Islas Revillagigedo, Bahia de Banderas, Costa Rica. Cuthona riosi Hermosillo & Valdes, 2008 Pananiic Bahia de Banderas. Cuthona sp. 1 Banderas Bahia de los Angeles. Baja California; Bahia de Banderas. Cuthona sp. 2 Panamic Bahia de Banderas to Panama. Phestilla luguhris (Bergh, 1870) Panamic Baja California, Mexico; Panama; Islas Galapagos Ecuador; Indo-Pacific. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Sandra Millen and Angel Valdes for their help in finding and verifying identifications of many of the species listed herein, and to Carole and Jules Hertz for their valuable suggestions. The fieldwork for this paper was done, thanks to the support of Vallarta Undersea, ITMAR No. 6 and Universidad de Guadalajara. Literature Cited ALONSO-DOMINGUEZ, ARIZBETH 2009. Coniportamienio de Buzzes en dos Areas Nalurales Protegidas de Bahia de Banderas. Jalisco-Nayaril: Islas Marietas y Los Arcos. Undergraduate thesis. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias. Universidad de Guadalajara. ANGULO-CAMPILLO. ORSO 2002. New distributional records for opisthobranch mollusks from the Gollo de California, Mexico. The Festivus 34(10): 1 17-121. ANGULO-CAMPILLO, ORSO & ANGEL VALDES 2003. A new species of Cuthona from tlie Gulf of California. The Veliger 46(2); 179-182. BEHRENS. DAVID W. 1991. PacificCoast Nudibranchs. 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The Festivus 36(9): 105-117. HERMOSILLO. ALICIA & DAVID W. BEHRENS 2005. The Opisthobranch fauna of Mexican stales of Colima. Michoacan and Guerrero - Filling in the faunal gap. Vila Malacologia (3): 11-22. HERMOSILLO. ALICIA, DAVID W. BEHRENS & EDUARDO RIOS-JARA 2(X)6. Opistobranquios de Mexico. Guia de babosas marinas del Pacifico, Golfo de California y las islas oceanicas. Direccion de ArtesEscenicasy Literatura. Universidadde Guadalajara. Publicacion de CONABIO. 144 pp. HERMOSILLO. ALICIA & YOLANDA E. CAMACHO-GARCIA 2006. A note on the opisthobranchs of Parque Nacional de Coiba. Panama (tropical eastern Pacific). The Festivus 38(9): 95-98. HERMOSILLO. ALICIA & ANGEL VALDES 2005. Two new Dorids (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) of Bahia de Banderas and La Paz, Mexico. Proceedings of tlie California Academy of Sciences 55 (28): 550-560. 2(X37. Live new species of Aeolid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. American Malacological Bulletin, 22: 119-137, 13 text figures, 1 color pi. 2008a. A new Polycera (Opislliobranchia: Mollusca) from Bahia de Banderas. Mexico. Proceedings of die California Academy of Sciences 58 (23): 477-484, 3 figs. 2008b. Two new species of Opisthtibranch from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Prtx'eedings of die California Academy of Sciences, Series 4. Vol. 59(13): 521-532. 5 figs. HERMOSILLO-GONZAlEZ. ALICIA. 2003. New distributional records (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) for Bahia de Banderas, Mexico (Eastern Pacific). The festivus 35(3): 21-28. 2(X)6. Ecologia de los Opistobranquios (Mollusca) De Bahia De Banderas, Jalisco-Nayarii. Mexico. Tesis Doctoral. Centro Univensitariode Ciencias Biologjcas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971 , Sea Shells of the Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, i- xiv-k 1064 pp., ca, 4000 figs. MILLEN, SANDRA & ALICIA HERMOSILLO 2(X)7. The genus Flabellina Voight, 1834 (Mollusca: Opistlxibranchia) from Bahia de Banderas (Pacific Coast of Mexico) with bicological observations, the description of a new species and the redescription of flabellina cynara. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58 (26): 543-559, 8 figs., 3 tables. NAKAMURA, KATHYA 2006. New records of the opistlxibranch mollusks from the Guayaquil Marine Ecoregion,; Northern Peru. The Festivus 38(7): 75-83. ORTEA, JESUS; MANUEL CABALLER & JOSE ESPINOSA 2003. Nuevos Aeolidaceos (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de Costa Rica. Avicennia 16: 129-142. ORTEA-RATO, JESUS A. & EVA MARIA LLERA-GONZALEZ, 1981. Un nuevo dorido (Mollusca: Nudibranchiata) de la Isla Isabel, Nayarit, Mexico. Iberus, Revista de la Sociedad Espanola de Malacologia 1:47-52. POLA. MARTA. JOSE L. CERVERA & TERRENCE M . GOSLINER 2006. Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the genus TambjaBurn, 1962 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae). Zoologica Scripta 35:491-530. RAMiREZ-CORDERO, CLEMENTE ALEJANDRO 2008. U.SO ecoturistico y capacidad de carga de buceo en las Islas Marietas y Los Arcos en Bahia de Banderas, Jalisco-Nayarit, Mexico. Undergraduate Thesis. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara. SPHON, GALE G. 1972. An annotated checklist of the nudibranchs and their allies from the west coast of North America. Opisthobranch Newsletter 4( 10-1 1):53-79. TODD, CHRISTOPHER D. 1981. The ecology of nudibranch molluscs. Oceanography and Marine Biology, Annual Review 19:141-234. VALDES, ANGEL 2003. Preliminary molecular phylogeny of the radula-less dorids (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), based on 16S MTDNA sequense data. Journal of Molluscan Studies 69: 75-80. 2004. Phylogeography and phyloecology of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 551-559. VALDES, ANGEL & BOUCHET, PHILLIPE 2005. Cephalaspidea, Thecosomata, Gymnosomata, Aplysiomorpha. Umbraculida, Acochlidiacea, Sacoglossa, Cylindobullida, Nudipleura. In: Boucliet, P. & J.-P. Rocroi (eds.). Classification and Nomenclature of Gastropod Families. Malacologia 47: 1-397. VALDES, Angel, Jeffrey hamman, david w. behrens & ANNE DUPONT 2006. Caribbean Sea Slugs, a field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books. Gig Harbor. Washington. 289 pp. Vol. LXIIK4): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 49 Figures 1-6. Top row, 1 -r: ( 1 ) Tritonia sp. 1,(2) Lonuuwtus sp. Middle row, l-r: (3) Phidiana sp. 1, (4) Joniiwa tempisqiiensis Bottom row, l~r: (5) Cadlina sp, 1, (6) Favoriiuis sp. 1. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01606 9809 ft ! 1 ( I ( I i I i Q. ^ , Volume: XLllI THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club May 12, 2011 tSSN 0738-9388 Number: 5 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldanimer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldanimer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAEF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave,, San Diego, CA 921 1 1, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104. Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J . Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural Histoiy, New York Emilio F. Garda University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerila, Tulane University. New Orleans Website at: hiip://www.sandiego.sbellclub. com E-mail : fherlz@.san. rr. com PROGRAM Effects of Climate Change and Fishing on Molluscan Biodiversity Kaustuv Roy is a professor at UCSD whose work in his lab is focused on understanding (a) the processes that shape large scale biodiversity gradients in the ocean and (b) how marine species and communities respond to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts and the long term consequences of such responses. CONTENTS Club news 52 The 15"' annual SCUM gathering LINDSEY T. GROVES . . ^ 54 Book Review: Octopus The Ocean’s Intelligent Invertebrate by Mather, Anderson & Wood MEGAN LILLY, reviewer 56 Black Abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) on Mission Bay Jetty PAUL M. TUSKES 57 Errata: Species List of Opisthobranch Molliisks for Bahia de Banderas (Jalisco-Nayarit). Pacific Coast of Mexico by Alicia fJermosillo-Gonzalez, The Festivus 43(4): 39-49. ALICIA HERMOSILLO-GONZALEZ 58 Page 5^ THE FESTIVLIS VoE XL11K5): 201 1 CLUB NEWS The Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair - 2011 Once again the Club has participated in the Greater Science and Engineering Fair with the Club's judges this year as Paul Tuskes (Chair), Ann Tuskes and Bob Dees. Two winners, in a joint project, were chosen, Christine Torres and Emma Jackson. They are eleventh graders at High Tech Hi and their project was. The Effects of Phamaceutical Ibnprofin on Embryonic Sea Urchins. The winners have been invited to share an overview of their project with the Club and receive their awards - a choice between two books - Steinbeck & Ricketts’ Between Pacific Tides or Barnes' Invertebrate Zoology. We look forward to hearing about their project. The Club’s Auction/Potluck - 2011 It was a fantastic party enjoyed by all (Figure 1 ). The 38 people in attendance began arriving at 5 pm to have plenty of time to visit with friends and view the auction tables - silent and voice. Paul Tuskes prepared “Dave’s Punch,” by now a tradition begun by Dave Mulliner, and there was also wine and soft drinks during the warm evening. At 6:00 pm, it seemed that our always hungry group was more than ready to dig in to the great assortment of delicious, homemade entrees and salads - with plenty for seconds. At 7:00 PM sharp it was time for the voice auction to begin. Auctioneer Carole Hertz called everyone to their seats and the bidding began. It was an active, noisy and hilarious time. There were many special items - the framed ink drawing of Latiaxis santacnizensis by Marty Schuler received an ovation as well as a wonderful bid; the terrific assortment of books, such as the original three volumes of Oldroyd. were vigorously bid on as well as choice shells such as Cypraea fnltoni, C. rashleighana. a dwarf Cypraecassis riifa, Cinclidotyphis myrae, and Acanthotrophon sorenseni. There were regular visits to the silent auction by the bidders to take advantage of the shells available there and during the mid-evening break in the voice auction, it was dessert, coffee (or other beverage) and a crush of bargain hunters - almost three deep - at the Dollar Table! During the break, as is usual, members set aside shells in which they were still interested and in the second half, bidding began again with the auctioneer teasing and cajoling the weary attendees to raise the bids on the remaining treasures. Although the auction started on time, it didn’t end until 1 1:00 pm when the last shell was sold. A hearty applause was given by all to celebrate the exciting evening. The following people generously donated material to the auction: David Berschauer, Twila Bratcher & Billee Dilworth Estates, Carole & Jules Hertz, John Jackson, Arnold Klinckenberg, Margaret Mulliner Estate, Stephen Mulliner, Rick Negus, Lois Nelson, Tony Phillips, Nancy Schneider, Marty Schuler, Caro! Skoglund and David Waller. Many others also worked very hard to make the event the success it was: the Club Board helped in preparing the shells for auction and in setting up the room for the evening. Treasurer Silvana Vollero logged in all the bidding information (and will send bills to the members), Daniel Petroski and Christopher Hume helped distribute the shells, Paul Tuskes bought the ingredients and prepared “Dave’s Punch,” Jim and Marilyn Goldamtner set up the lights which were generously donated to the Club by Nancy Schneider, and Jim also distributed the silent auction material to their new owners. In addition, many thanks also to those unsung heroes who stayed and helped clean up the rooms. And most of all our gratitude to Wes Farmer who has so selflessly hosted the Club auctions continuously for 24 years!! Figure 1. top row. l-r. Paul Tuskes, Daniel and Christian Petrosky, Wes Farmer, Debbie Catarius. Jim Goldammer. ^ Second row. l-r. Marilyn Goldammer & David Waller, Rick Negus & Bob Dees, at dinner Bob & Van Dees. Ann & Paul Tuskes, David Waller & Paul Kanner. Third row. l-r. Jim (Joldammer, Jules Hertz & Larry Buck, Stephen Mulliner, Barbara Myers, Larry Catarius. Fourth row, l-r. Carole Hertz & Silvana Vollero, George Kennedy, auctioneer at work, Carole Hertz. Filth row, l-r. Rick Negus & David Waller, Nancy Schneider with grandkids Christopher & Julie Hume, group at the dollar table. All photos by Wes Farmer. Vol. XL1H(5): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 53 Page 54 THE FESTIVUS VoE XEIIK5): 2011 THE IS'" ANNUAL SCUM GATHERING LINDSEY T. GROVES Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Malacology Section 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA E-mail: lgroves@nhm.org The IS'*’ annual gathering of the Southern California Unified Malacologists (SCUM) was held on Saturday, March 5, 2011 at the headquarters of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP), Costa Mesa, California. The later than usual meeting date was due to a scheduled power outage that was unforeseen at the time of the original scheduling. Twenty-five professional, student, and amateur malacologists, concho logists, and molluscan paleontologists attended the gathering and there were seven first time SCUM attendees present (Figure 1). A tasty continental breakfast was provided by host Kelvin Barwick of the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD). Afterthe meet-and-greet, Kelvin convened the gathering at 9 am . In the time-honored SCUM fashion all attendees were given time to introduce themselves to the group and briefly describe their current research and/or malacological interests. As always, there was a wide variety of molluscan activities ranging from collectors and graduate studies to major research projects. After the introductory portion of the meeting nine attendees presented extended and more detailed versions of their research. Dieta Hanson (Cal. Poly. Pomona) is currently studying the introduced cephalaspidean species Haminoea japonica (Pilsbry, 1895) on the west coast and its effect on the native species H. vesiciila Gould, 1855, and H. virescens (Sowerby, 1833). Haminoea japonica was first recorded in Washington State in 1986 and subsequently in San Francisco Bay in 2000, possibly due to shipping between Japan and Washington and California, and has been associated with oyster farms. Haminoea japonica also appears to be responsible for the introduction of a schistosome parasite to San Francisco Bay as well. It has also been found in Taiwan and Korea and most recently in Italy, Spain, and France. A molecular analysis detected two Japanese haplotypes, one rare and the other common, both different from the haplotypes found in North American and Europe. Additional specimens from Japan are needed to determine the source of the invasive haplotypes. Jessica Goodhart, also of Cal. Poly. Pomona, is also studying Haminoea vesicula Gould, 1855, which ranges from southern Alaska to central Mexico but has been displaced by H. japonica in various localities. Haminoea vesicula is commonest in estuaries on Ulva mats. Specimens were collected under algal mats at low tide in Colorado Lagoon, Long Beach, which is connected to the ocean by pipes. Specimens collected from November 2009 to February 2010 were measured. By far, more specimens were collected in February and specimens were much larger than in other months as well. This indicates a possible end and beginning of subsequent life cycles. She has also studied egg mass development and sizes of the masses. Planktotrophic larvae usually hatch between four and seven days whereas most literature citations say that they hatch between nine and twelve days. This discrepancy may be due to temperature differences. Haminoea japonica does not live in southern California possibly due to temperature differences as well. Haminoea vesicula has been completely displaced in San Francisco Bay by H. japonica but they live together in other areas. Angel Valdes (Cal. Poly. Pomona) highlighted his various research projects with students and professional colleagues including: new species of Dendronotus from Monterey and Santa Cruz whale falls with unique radulae and anatomy; new Chromodoris from Florida that appear to be unaffected by the recent oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico; new Antarctic nudibranchs whose biology are poorly known; phylogeny of the genus Polycera; phylogeny of Aglagidae; and the recognition that Odontoglaga is not basal and has possibly reacquired a radula. All of this in addition to his teaching schedule. Scott Rugh (Escondido, CA) has been working under contract with the US Geological Survey to identify specimens from core samples collected in San Diego Bay including some extinct species. A faunal and depositional environmental comparison between these samples and fossils from the late Pliocene San Diego Vol. XLIIK5): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 55 Formation showed a striking similarity. Thirty-one species collected at Borderfield State Park in July 2007 from localities collected by George Kanakoff in the 1960s are indicative of an offshore sandy bottom environment probably 70 to 100 feet in depth. Genera included Barharofiisiis, Tiirritella, and Kelletia and various turrids and numerous bivalves. Non-molluscan fossils included otoliths and shark teeth. John Ljubenkov, who will host SCUM XVI in 2012, gave a presentation on hydroids that have been observed living on various deep and shallow water mollusks. Shallow-water hydroids have been documented living on the gastropod Lirobittium, the bivalve Rochefortia , and scaphopods. Halitholus cirratus has been observed living on the bivalve Acila castrensis which lives in shallow and deep-water environments. Merona sp. has been observed on Lirobittium and Hydractinia sp. seen living on dead scaphopods inhabited by hermit crabs. Manobrachium parasitum has been observed living on living and dead bivalves. As always Doug Eernisse (Cal. St. Univ. Fullerton) has numerous research projects with colleagues and students to go along with a full teaching schedule including: new species of Henricia seastars (which he considers “honorary mollusks”); DNA barcoding of Indonesian chitons; late Pliocene San Diego Formation chitons; Fissurella volcano phylogenetic affinities; Ostrea phylogenetics and phylogeography in the Gulf of California; Lottia scabra haplotype analysis of northern and southern Californian specimens; north-south species pairs in Lottia pelta and L. insessa', new species of brooding chitons from Santa Catalina Island; molluscan eye diversity; and numerous other projects. Another student of Angel Valdes, Jackson Lam, is studying deep-sea Annina, many of which were collected by Philippe Bouchet (NHNM, Paris) during various expeditions to New Caledonia. He will be documenting their reproductive systems, jaws, and radulae. He also presented a short video demonstrating an odd feeding behavior of Annina in which they “stand” on the tips of their tails to reach potential food. Pat LaFollette (NHMLAC Associate) continues to acquire literature dealing with pyramidellid gastropods via internet resources. He has also been collecting fossil specimens of pyram idellids from late Miocene strata near San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, CA, that appear to have Panamic and Caribbean affinities. These may include several undescribed species of the genus Liamorpha and possibly an undescribed Recent species from Islas Revillagigedos, southern Mexico. Host Kelvin Barwick (OCSD) made a short presentation on an infaunal sample from 30 m off Goleta, CA that could possibly be bivalves in a brood- sack strucmre. He posed the question “Is it a bivalve?” as brooding bivalves usually brood within their valves. This may or may not be answered by SCUM XVI. Despite the postponement, SCUM XV was another successful gathering. For good measure, SCCWRP staff member Ananda Ranasinghe, who provided access to the facility on a day off, was made an honorary SCUM member. SCUM XVI will be hosted by John Ljubenkov at the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in January 2012. Figure I: Standing; (1 tor): Lindsey Groves, Ananda Ranasinghe, Scott Riigh, James Jacob, James McLean, Kelvin Barwick, Angel Valdes, Shawn Wcidrick, Bill Tatham, Kneeling (1 to r): Joanne Linncn brink, Zoc Allen, Lance Gilbertson, Jackson Lam, Pat LaFollette, Bob Moore. Present at SCUM XV but not in photo; James Preston Allen, Doug Eernisse, Suzanne Matsiimiya. (Image by Doug Eernisse with the author’s camera.) Page 56 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLI1K5): 2011 BOOK REVIEW Octopus The Ocean 's Intelligent Invertebrate. By Jennifer A. Mather, Roland C. Anderson & James B. Wood Published: Timber Press, Inc. 2010. Price: $25.95 I recently finished Octopus, The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate, by Jennifer A. Mather, Roland C. Anderson and James B. Wood. The book takes readers on a journey through the life of an octopus from hatching to senescence. During the course of this journey you learn all there is to know, not only about the basic biology and natural history of this fascinating creature, but also about their intelligence and personality. The combined knowledge of the three authors, and the different perspectives they bring, assures that all aspects of octopuses are covered. Books of a scientific nature which are written for the general public as well as fellow scientists have the difficult task of providing proper and adequate scientific infonnation without being so technical as to make the book “dry” for the non-scientist. Octopus takes on this challenge and manages to find the balance between informative and entertaining. It is written in a casual style that Bows nicely, with each chapter addressing a different aspect of octopus biology, behavior, or life history. The last chapter covers other groups within the Class Cephalopoda and contains many interesting facts. For instance - did you know Nautilus can live 15-30 years? 1 didn’t. Additionally, there are many amusing and anecdotal “insets” throughout the book which tell first-hand stories of experiences the authors had with their charges. Also, the book contains many beautiful color photos of these amazing animals, helpful diagrams which explain and label the external anatomy of an octopus, and a listing of scientific and common names for the referenced species. The postscript by James Wood gives excellent advice on octopus husbandry if anyone is thinking of keeping an octopus in their aquarium. As a marine biologist with a particular soft spot for octopuses, I found the book both informative and enjoyable to read. For anyone who is interested in octopuses, be it a simple curiosity or a search for more specific information regarding the Order or the Class, I highly recommend this book. Megan Filly This book will be available in the Club library at the May meeting. Vol. XLIIK5): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 57 BLACK ABALONE (HALIOTIS CRACHERODII) ON MISSION BAY JETTY PAUL M. TUSKES 3808 Sioux Ave, San Diego, California 921 17, USA E-niail: tuskes(5)aol.eom While night diving for lobsters on the Mission Bay jetty I found the shell of a black abalone Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814, at the base of the jetty. The shell looked remarkably clean and I placed it in my catch bag (Figure 1). The next morning when examining the 121 mm shell, 1 found no staining on the exterior or interior suggesting it had not been buried or exposed to anaerobic conditions. The interior of the shell had four to six circular calcareous tubeworms, each less than 2 mm in diameter. I estimated the animal had died 6-12 months prior to my find. This estimate is based on the condition of the shell, the general lack of fouling organisms, and experience with this tubeworm on other gastropods. The find was reported to Mr. John Butler, head of Marine Benthic Resources Program of the US National Marine Fisheries Service in La Jolla. The shell was donated to their collection. In San Diego, the black abalone was once a very common species from the intertidal zone to about three meters depth. In the 1960s the species was ignored by both rock pickers and divers due to its relatively small size and the availability of the larger green abalone (H . fitlgens Philippi, 1845) found commonly during low tides. Rock pickers took blacks if they could not fill their limit with other species. Divers had their choice of green, pink (H. corrugata Gray, 1829) and red abalone (H. nifescens Swainson. 1822) which were readily accessible; the black abalone were only taken as a novelty. Juvenile black abalone were most commonly found intertidally . and occasionally hundreds could be seen in a very short period of time. In the early 1970s, the South Mission Bay jetty had been the home to the largest black abalone I had seen in San Diego County. The largest specimen I retained is 180 mm but a friend had larger specimens. Lack of fisheries management in central and southern California allowed pink, green, white (H. assimilis Dali. 1878) and black abalone to become severely depleted. In 1976 these four species comprised 65% of the annual commercial catch, the remainder were red abalone. and the total catch was 1 ,730. 1 1 I pounds. In 1986 these same four species represented 56% with a total catch of 614.962 pounds. By 1996 their contribution had plummeted to 0.002% (60 pounds) (Haaker et. al., 2003). The last year of commercial and recreational take of abalone south of San Francisco Bay was 1997. As part of my gastropod studies 1 make 50 to 60 tank dives a year. I have noticed an increase in the number of juvenile and adult pink and green abalone in my study areas, but it has been three years since I observed a live black Figure 1. Haliotis cracherodii. dorsal and ventral views of an empty 121 inni shell found on Mission Bay Jetty. October 2010. Photographed after cleaning. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES lllllllllllllllll I III III III 3 9088 016 07 4098 Page 58 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL11I(5): 201 I abalone. Juvenile abalone might have been able to re- establish populations after they were protected, but by then a pathogen called “withering foot” was taking its toll on the abalone population with the black abalone being the most susceptible. Withering foot syndrome is a bacterial disease that inhibits digestive enzymes of the abalone and causes it to starve, and in the process consume its own muscle mass. This disease was first noted from the Channel Islands in 1985. Withering foot syndrome spread to coastal mainland abalone populations in approximately 1992 and is particularly devastating to the black abalone population in the war- mer water south of Point Conception. As a result of this disease many local populations in San Diego have disappeared. The distribution of the black abalone is from southern Baja California, Mexico, to Oregon (Cox 1960). Literature Cited HAAKER, PETER L, I. TANIGUCHI, J.K. O'LEARY. K. KARPOV. M. PATYTEN & M.. TEGNER 2003. Annual status o! the Fisheries Report, section 8, Abalones pp. 1-15. California Department of Fish and Game. COX, KEITH W. I960. Review of the Abalone in California. Marine Resources Operations, California Department of Fish and Game 46(4): pp. 381-406. ERRATA: A mistake in my paper. Species List ofOpisthohranch Mollusks for Bahia de Banderas (Ja lisco-Nayarir), Pacific Coast of Mexico, published in the April issue of The Festivus 43(4): 39-49, 6 figs, has come to my attention. The species cited in the paper as Tritonia sp. 1, and illustrated in Figure 1 should have been cited as Triton ia papalotla Bertsch, Valdes & Gosliner, 2009. I regret that 1 had not updated the reference for this species. The reference, A New Species of Tritoniid Nudibranch, the First Found on a Zoanthid Anthozoan, with a Preliminary Phytogeny of the Tritoniidae by Bertsch, Hans, Angel Valdes and Terrence Gosliner. 2009. was published in Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Series 4, Vol. 60(12): 431-446, 8 figs., 7 tables. Alicia Hermosillo-Gonzalez ISSN 0738-9388 A y THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLllI June 9, 201 1 Number: 6 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldainmer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Fanner Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STATE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date; third Thursday, 7; 30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History, New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M, Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoty Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita. Tulane University, New Orleans Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellchib.com E-mail : jhertz@san. rr. com PROGRAM Field eyes, lab eyes, library eyes: How Ed Ricketts identified the chitons and limpets collected during the 1940 Sea of Cortez Expedition Douglas Eernisse of California State University, what he calls his latest obsession. His programs are not Fullerton, will present this illustrated program sharing to be missed. Meeting date: June 16, 201 1 CONTENTS Club news 60 A new record of Niso attilioi (Hertz & Hertz, 1982) from Santa Monica Bay, California KEEVIN L. BARWICK & TONY PHIEEIPS 61 A survey of intertidal mollusks with the Pacific Northwest Shell Club at Shannon Point Marine Center, Anacortes, Washington ALEXANDER P. SASSI 63 Page 60 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL11K6): 2011 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 19 May 2011 The meeting was called to order at 7:35 p.m. by Jules Hertz, President. The previous minutes were accepted as published. Silvana Vollero gave the treasurer’s report. Carole Hertz announced that Larry and Debbie Catarius have offered to host the September party at their house on September 17^'’. Mark that date on your calendar. Paul Tuskes introduced Christina Torres and Emma Jackson, 11* grade students at High Tech High, who were recognized by the Club for their Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair - 201 1 project on the impact of ibuprofen on fertilization and embryonic development of the purple sea urchin. The dose selected was of concentrations that have been reported in the discharge of water treatment plants, and also ten times the reported concentrations. Their findings showed an increase in the rate of fertilization, but also an increase in abnormalities of developing embryos. The frequency of embryonic abnormalities increased with increased concentrations. Water treatment plants are designed to manage bacteria etc. prior to discharge, but not the wide range of pharmaceuticals that enter the system. Afterwards, Christina and Emma addressed questions from the members and then Jules Hertz presented each of the young women with a book in recognition of their work. Emma chose Steinbeck & Rickets’ Between Pacific Tides and Christina chose Barnes’ Invertebrate Zoology. Traffic issues prevented Bob Dees from connecting with the planned speaker who generously offered to reschedule his talk at a later date. As a result, Paul Tuskes presented the first of two talks regarding the Mission Bay Survey. Currently the park encompasses over 4000 acres and has 27 miles of shoreline and a number of distinct habitats. Part one reviewed the history of Mission Bay, the habitats, and some of the early work by Orcutt and Dali. During the current survey 1 86 species of mollusks were identified and that number is 40% greater than either of two surveys conducted in the 1 950s. Although the number of species found intertidally was slightly greater than in the past, the bulk of the additional species were found as a result of both skin and SCUBA diving, tools that were not used in the past. We also had the opportunity to see photos of the three species of Mitra found in the bay and many of our Tegula species. Paul Tuskes Silent Auctions at Club Meetings The club is going to have shells for a silent auction starting at the June meeting. All shells will have complete data and be organized by geographical region or family. It will be a great way to acquire specimen material while helping to fund our publication. After a period of time, we will ask the membership if they enjoy the silent auctions and if they do, we will make it a regular part of our meetings. Changes to the Roster - 2011 Changes of Address Phillips, Tony, 17 Vista del Canon, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656 Tucker, John K., PO Box 245, Grafton, IE 62037 The Annual September Party The annual September Party will once again be held at the home of Debbie and Larry Catarius. It will be on September 1 7* beginning at 4 pm . The September Party is always great fun and very good eating! So save the date and prepare to attend. Pacific Conchological Club Shell Auction - 2011 The Pacific Choncological Club announces its annual shell auction on Sunday June 12* from 1:30- 4:00 PM at Oakwood Apartments, Toluca Lake [3682 Barham Blvd. between Cahuenga and Forest Lawn Drive. I There will be both a voice and silent auction with books, corals and shells and lunch with chicken supplied by the club. Participants are asked to bring other potiuck items. For further information, contact Shawn Wiedrick at (714) 235-0633 or shawnwiedrick@hotmail.com to RSVP. Vol. XL1IK6): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 61 A NEW RECORD OF NISO ATTILIOI (HERTZ & HERTZ, 1982) FROM SANTA MONICA BAY, CALIFORNIA KELVIN L. BARWICK Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA. Email: Kbarwick(g)oc sd.com TONY PHILLIPS City of Los Angeles, Environmental Monitoring Division, Hyperion Treatment Plant, 12000 Vista del Mar, Playa del Rey, CA 90293, USA. Email: Tony .Phillips@lacitv.org Eiilimostraca atrilioi was first described by Carole and Jules Hertz in 1982. In their original description they noted certain affinities to the genus Niso Risso 1826, but due to the lack of a true umbilicus they placed it in the genus Eiilimostraca . Waren (1992) later regarded the character of the umbilicus as less important than microsculpture, larval shell and color pattern and placed Eiilimostraca in the genus Niso. The holotype and paratype were collected in the waters off San Diego, California (C.M. Hertz & J. Hertz, 1982a) (Table 1). Subsequently, C.M. Hertz and J. Hertz (1982b) reported that James McLean of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ( NHMLAC ) had found two additional specimens in the museum’s collection (Table 1). The new record of Niso attilioi (Figure 1) was Figure 1. Niso attilioi (CLA. EMD Collection) pictured from left to right are ventral, lateral and dorsal views. The shell dimensions are length: 15.7 mm (broken tip); maximum diameter 5.2 mm. Page 62 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK6); 2011 collected by the City of Los Angeles, Environmental Monitoring Division (CLA, EMD) as part of its ocean monitoring program for Santa Monica Bay. It was found at Station FA13, in an infaunal sediment sample collected using a modified Van Veen grab, at a depth of 90 meters. This station is located on the northwest edge of Shortbank (an area of high relief and pillars) and on the southern edge of the Santa Monica Canyon. The sediment was composed of 80% fine shell hash which was unusual for the area. Of interest was the high diversity of both living and dead mollusks found in the sample. This is only the fifth published record of N. ottilioi from the Southern California Bight. Literature Cited Hertz, Carole M. & Jules Hertz 1982a. A new Pacific species oi' Eulimostraca (Gastropoda: Eulimidae). The Veliger 25( 1 ): 72-76 (July 1). 1982b. Distribution of Eulimostraa attilioi Hertz & Hertz. 1982. The Festivus 14(11); 134-135 (November). WAREN, ANDERS 1992. Comments on and descriptions of eulimid gastropods from Tropical West America. The Veliger 35(3): 177-194 (July 1). Table 1. A summary of previously published reports of Niso attilioi (Abbreviations; SDMHM (San Diego Natural History Museum); LACM (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County); AHF (Allan Hancock Foundation) Locality Depth Date Collected Length (mm) Ma.vimum Diameter (mm) Catalog No. Citation S of La Jolla Trench off San Diego, CA 90-140 m Jan.-Jun. 1979* 7.57 3.08 SDNHM Cat. No. 80762 (Holotype) Hertz & Hertz. 1982a S of La Jolla Trench, off San Diego, CA 90-140 m Jan.-Jun. 1979* 8.90 3.17 Hertz Collection (Paratype) Hertz & Hertz, 1982a On rock, 20 miles S of San Nicolas Island, CA 65 fathoms 11 Jun. 1941 22.6 - LACM-AHF 1344-41 Hertz & Hertz, 1982b Off Gaviota Pass, CA 120 fathoms Dec. 1973 19.1 (tip broken) 6.8 LACM 80462 Hertz & Hertz, 1982b ^Personal communication. Carole Hertz, February 23, 2011. Vol. XLI1K6): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 63 A SURVEY OF INTERTIDAL MOLLUSKS WITH THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB AT SHANNON POINT MARINE CENTER, ANACORTES, WASHINGTON ALEXANDER P. SASSI 2617 College Avenue, Apt. 12, Berkeley, California 94704, USA E-mail: sfalexander@fiotmail .com The sun - not always a common sight in the Northwest even in June - shone as I drove in my rental car to meet members of the Pacific Northwest Shell Club(PNWSC) in Anacortes, Washington, on June 14, 2010. Anacortes is a city of 16,800, about 1.5 hours by car north of Seattle. The occasion was a PNWSC field trip to Shannon Point Marine Center, the marine center of Western Washington University in Bellingham (www.wwu.edu/spmc/). The center is part of a biological preserve, and so we were privileged to be allowed to explore the beach. As I arrived slightly ahead of the 10:30 a.m. meeting time, I went on to nearby Washington Park to see what the beach was like at the park. It is a typical intertidal site for the area with lots of kelp and smooth rocks about five to eight inches in diameter, but had little in the way of mollusks. So, off I went to meet the other club members. Upon entering the marine center, my eye was immediately drawn to the tall display cases with shells, not all of them from the Pacific Northwest. I met the rest of the club members in the library, which had large glass windows looking out into the forest. Dr. Eugene Kozloff, Professor Emeritus of the University of Washington and author of many books on marine life, was there to greet us, though he was not able to stay. Our host for the day was Dr. Brian Bingham of the Department of Environmental Sciences, who gave a brief introduction to the laboratory and then took us on short tour. He explained several of the research projects, including a survey of the local abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845), a project using sea anemones as coral mimics, and testing of wastewater for bivalve mortality. Downstairs near the tanks we spotted an illustrated, laminated guide to intertidal organisms that was new to us: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Salish Sea by Adams & Holmes. The Salish Sea is a recent term which describes Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia. After the tour, he set us loose on the beach. The tide was to be about minus 3 feet at approximately half past noon. The approach to the beach was on a walkway over the boulders. There, while I was speaking to Linda Schroeder, who had coordinated the field trip, one of the club members found a beautiful, dead, and in nice condition Ceratostonia foliatiun (Gmelin, 1791) the size of the palm of one’s hand - and it was sitting right next to us! The site itself was within eyesight of the Washington State Ferry Terminal in Anacortes (Figure 1 ), from which ferries leave to the San Juan Islands and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It was surprising to me that such a rich site was next to a commercial terminal. I started out by going to the left, while most members went off to the right. It was slippery walking on the rocks which were covered by wide blades of kelp. Under and around the rocks were limpets, a few chitons, including Mopalia lignosa (Gould, 1846) (Figure 2) and some live braehiopods. This is where I found my first Lottia rosacea (Carpenter. 1 864), about one centimeter in diameter, on a smooth rock. (Figure 3) The animal itself is ringed with a beautiful shade of aqua-green. As I could see the majority of the members off to the right peering around and under rocks. I decided to join them. This area of the beach with less kelp was much easier to walk. I hunted for the small Tricolia among the algae - lots of Lacuna, but no Tricolia. The adjacent rockier reef area, which jutted out slightly from the shoreline had some more interesting species. Members of the club gathered around cries of "ooh, look” and “what’s that?” Among the large rocks we observed Crassadoma gigantea (Gray, 1825), which were easy to spot due to their bright orange mantle. A few Chlamys liastata (Sowerby, 1842)and bright yellow Page 64 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1IK6): 2011 juvenile Crassadoma had been caught in the tide pools among the larger rocks. On the undersides of turnable rocks we found Mopalia swanii (Carpenter, 1864) (Figure 4), the bluish-purple form of Tonicella lineata (Wood, 1815) (Figure 5) and the small, creamy white chiton Leptochiton rugatus (Carpenter, 1892), which I had never seen before. Other club members commented on the number of L. rugatus, as it was being found by the twos and threes on the undersides of rocks. Oceuebrina lurida (Middendorf, 1849), O. interfossa (Carpenter, 1864), and Lirularia lirulata (Carpenter, 1864) were also found in small groups on the underside of rocks, and in the substrate were Stylidium eschrichtii (Middendorf, 1849). Commonly found gastropods such as Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791), N. ostrina (Gould, 1852), Calliostoma ligatum (Gould, 1849), and Margarites pupillus {Gou\d, 1849) were also present, though not nearly as abundant as at other locales. A few Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833) (Figure 6) were found in crevices on the top side of rocks at the edge of the tidepools. Lottia sp. and Littorina sp. were abundant on and among the boulders and rocks of the higher intertidal zone. Soon it was 2 P.M. and I had to leave for the airport to tty back to San Francisco. As 1 left, the group had just started to walk back towards the boardwalk leading down from the marine center, still looking for other species. Approximately 45 species of mollusks were observed that afternoon! A list of those observed follows this article, courtesy of Finda Schroeder (Vice President, PNWSC). A complete list of all species observed by club members at Anacortes over the years can be found on the PNWSC website, www.pnwsc.org. Literature Cited ADAMS, M.J. & J. HOLMES 2009. Intertidal Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Periwinkle Press, Oak Harbor, WA. 8 pp. , 150 invertebrates figured. SCHROEDER, L. et al. 2010. www.pnwsc.org [website of the Pacific Northwest Shell Club|. PNWSC Shannon Point Field Trip Species List (compiled by Linda Schroeder, Vice President, Webmaster, and Field Trip Coordinator, Pacific Northwest Shell Club) Bivalvia Gastropoda Polyplacaphora Chktmys hastata (Sowerby, 1842) Acmaea mitra (Rathke, 1833) Lottia instabilis (?) (Gould, 1846) Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorf, 1847) Clinocardium nunallii (Conrad, 1837) Alia carinata (Hinds, 1844) Lottia cf paradigitalis (Rathke. 1833) Lepidozona mertensii (Middendorf, 1847) Crassadoma gigantea (Gray. 1825) Amphissa Columbiana (Dali, 1816) Lottia pelta (Rathke, 1833) Leptochiton rugatus (Pilsbry, 1892) Entodesmi navicida (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Calliostoma ligatum (Gould. 1849) Lottia persona (Rathke, 1833) Mopalia ferreirai (Clark, 1991) Leukoma staminea (Conrad, 1837) Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin, 1791 ) Lottia rosacea (Rathke. 1833) Mopalia hindsii (Sowerby, 1847) Macoma inquinata (Deshayes, 1855) Crepidula nummaria (Gould, 1846) Lottia scutum (Rathke, 1833) Mopalia lignosa (Gould, 1846) Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Crepipatella dorsata (Broderip, 1834) Margarites pupillus (Gould, 1849) Mopalia muscosa (Gould. 1846) Saxidomus gigantea (Deshayes, 1839) Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791) Mopalia swanii (Carpenter, 1864) Tresus capax (GouM. 1850) Lacuna variegata (Carpenter, 1864) Nucella ostrina (Gould, 1852) Tonicella lineata ('Nood. 1815) Zirfaea pilsbryi (Lowe, 1931 ) Lirularia lirulata (Carpenter, 1864) Oceuebrina interfossa (Carpenter, 1864) Littoriiui scutulata (Gould, 1849) Oceuebrina lurida (Middendort. 1849) Littorina sitkana (Philippi. 1846) Odostomia columbiana (Dali & Bartsch, 1907) Lottia digitalis (Rathke, 1833) Stylidium eschrichtii (Middendorf, 1849) Vol. XLIIK6): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 65 Figures 1-6. (1) View from the rocky intertidal site at Shannon Point towards Washington State Ferry Terminal in Anacortes. WA (2) Mopalia lignosa (Gould, 1846) (3) Underside of Loltiti rosacea (Carpenter, 1864) showing the colorful animal and shell (4) Mopalia swanii (Carpenter, 1864) (5) Blue-purple form of Tonicella lineata (Wood, 1815) (6) Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833). Photos: A. Sassi. I ¥ •,c .«■ I •0 ':4 1 1 ' ' ■ • ' .J'r .-Oi i '-fO! Volume: XLIII ulUL ^1UZ011 LlBRk^^ THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club ISSN 0738-9388 July 14, 2011 Number: 7 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldammer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STATE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Riidiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History. New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California Stale University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita. Tidane University. New Orleans Website at; http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E-mail: jhertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM Las Conchas Azules (The Blue Shells): Father Kino, Abalones and the Island of California [This time we’ll get it right!] Hans Bertsch, a specialist in opisthobranchs and the marine life of the Panamic Province, will present an illustrated program including some of the history and fauna of the areas in the northern Golfo de California. Also Slides from the recent Club auction/potluck taken by Wes Farmer will be shown. Meeting date: July 21, 2011 CONTENTS Club news 68 Observations on the biology of the Bubble Snail Bulla gouldiana in Mission Bay, San Diego, California PAUL M. TUSKES 69 Page 68 THE FESTIVUS VoE XE11K7): 2011 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 16 June 201 1 The meeting was called to order at 7:36 pm by Jules Hertz, President. The previous minutes were accepted as published. Silvana Vollero gave the treasurer’s report. Carole Hertz reminded everyone to save Saturday, September 17* for the September party at the home of Earry and Debbie Catarius. Mark that date on your calendar. Bob Dees introduced Dr. Douglas Eernisse, whose talk was titled. How Ed Ricketts Identified the Chitons and Limpets Collected during the 1940 Sea of Cortez Expedition." In fact, the talk also covered Ed Ricketts’ adult life. For those who don’t recognize the name, Ricketts’ amazing book. Between Pacific Tides was one of... if not the first of its kind. The book was organized by intertidal communities/habitat with copious field notes, rather than a taxonomic list of species. Ed Ricketts started college in Illinois but promptly left school and headed west to Central California. In 1923 he opened the Pacific Biological Supply Company which provided invertebrates and vertebrates to supply houses. He began the draft ol Between Pacific Tides, but as a result of significant criticism by a reviewer, which he wished to address, the book would not be published until 1939. In 1930 Ed met John Steinbeck and the two men became close friends and enjoyed philosophy, writing, adventure, and life. Steinbeck also published The Grapes of Wrath in 1939. Ed and John planned a collecting trip to Baja California in 1940. They acquired a boat, captain, and a number of other biologists and sailed from Monterey, California to Cabo San Eucas, BCS. From Cabo, they headed north, and in 25 days they made 18 collecting stops and gathered thousands of specimens representing 507-520 species. Ricketts kept daily logs of activities and organized the specimen storage. After returning to Monterey, Ricketts left for Mexico City, where he learned enough Spanish to use the technical libraries and identify much of the material collected in Baja. He and Steinbeck worked together on a book called The Log of the Sea of Cortez which was completed within one year after returning from their trip. By a stroke of good fortune, Ricketts sent the completed manuscript to the publisher just weeks before the famous fire that destroyed Cannery Row and all the belongings of Ed Ricketts. The book was published in late 1941 and they expected it to do well, but within weeks the USA entered World War II as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Ed Ricketts died shortly after the war in a car-train accident. Ed Ricketts was an outstanding biologist and biological writer and an example of what can be accomplished with interest and determination. Part of Ed Ricketts life was featured in a somewhat accurate movie starring Nick Noltie as Ed Ricketts. Dr. Eernisse gave an excellent presentation. The meeting was adjourned at 8:40 pm. Members gravitated to the small “silent auction” which Paul Tuskes had set up and which seemed to be enjoyed by members. The Club will continue this for several more meetings and then determine whether or not to continue based on the interest of the attendees. The door prize was won by Carole Hertz and the refreshments were provided by Nancy Schneider’s granddaughter Carlie Lepore and Ann and Paul Tuskes. Paul Tuskes The Annual September Party The annual September Party will once again be held at the home of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 9211. It will be on September 17* beginning at 4 pm . This party is always a potluck with wonderful food. There will be a sign-up sheet at the July and August meetings so that members can let us know what food they will bring. The Club will provide the beverages - beer, soft drinks and wine. The September Party is always great fun - a chance to get together and enjoy each other’s company -and very good eating! So save the date and prepare to attend . Let us know if you need a map to the Catarius’ home. The Club’s Christmas Dinner Party Yes, it does seem a bit early to announce the Christmas Party. But it isn’t too early to mark your calendars. The party will be on the first Saturday in December - the 3'^'’. And once again it will be at The Butcher Shop - by popular demand. It will be great fun, as always. Vol. XLI1K7): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 69 OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BUBBLE SNAIL BULLA GOULDIANA IN MISSION BAY, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA PAUL M. TUSKES 3808 Sioux Ave. San Diego, California 92117, USA E-mail: tuskes@aol .com Abstract Mature Bulla gouldiana live three to four years. Greater than 50% of the shell elongation occurs in the first year. Some individuals may reproduce late in their first season but all animals are reproductively mature during the second season. Approximately one percent of the population lives long enough to reproduce during the fourth season. Eor mature animals, mortality is highest shortly after reproduction in the third season. Introduction Historically, Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1895, had been reported from Southern California to Ecuador (Keen 1971) but Malaquias & Reid (2008) have shown the species occurs from Southern California south through the Gulf of California and cited a few records from San Louis Obispo County, California. Bulla gouldiana is the only member of the genus present on the west coast of the United States. Bulla and other related genera are in the Order Cephalaspidea. A similar West Coast genus is the smaller and more nudibranch-like Haniinoea. which at times has been mistakenly illustrated in the literature as Bulla gouldiana. Two species of Haniinoea occur on the west coast of the United States, H. virescens (Sowerby 1833) and H. vesicula (Gould, 1855). An Asian species H. japonica Pilsbry, 1895, has been introduced to San Francisco Bay. Unlike mature Bulla, members of the genus Haniinoea in California may envelop their entire semi-translucent white shell and the animals are dark gray, gray-brown or gray-green with white to cream spotting; while in other regions some Haniinoea species may be very colorful. Bulla gouldiana has a gray to gray-brown shell with irregular dark gray markings and the animal varies in color from yellow to orange. Bulla punctulata (A. Adams in Sowerby, 1850) is smaller with a less inflated shell and occurs from lower Baja California, Mexico to Peru (Keen 1971). Bubble snails of the genus Bulla are widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters. Malaquias and Reid (2008) published a detailed review of the genus based on molecular and morphological studies. They concluded that the genus consists of twelve species worldwide. Many of the species are variable in shell pattern, shape and size, which contributed to the 72 species and 16 varietal names in the literature prior to their study. Identification guides such as McLean (1969) and Morris (1966) illustrate B. gouldiana and indicate they are found in bays and lagoons. They are also found offshore on sand Hats but at lower densities than in protected bays. Behrens and Hermosillo (2005) published a well-illustrated book on Eastern Pacific opisthobranchs, with generalized biological information for the Cephalaspidea species from Alaska to Central America. Other field guides to the West Coast offer good information regarding intertidal communities, but scant and out-of-date information regarding Bulla gouldiana (Niesen, 1984; Brandon & Rokop, 1985; and Sept, 2002). This paper reports measurements and observations of an in-situ population of Bulla gouldiana over a four year period from 2007 to 2010. The findings presented here conflict with commonly published information regarding longevity, diet, and daily bio rhythms. In Mission Bay, the species does not have a one year life cycle, the animals can be very active during the day, and they are not scavengers. Methods/Habitat The Bulla population in Ventura Cove, located in west Mission Bay was studied. Observations were made throughout the Cove and into the channel. Measure- ments that reflect population structure and growth were always collected in the same location. The area sampled bimonthly extended from plus two feet to minus five feet. At approximately minus four feet, the sand slope Page 70 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLI1K7): 201 1 drops steeply to a depth of 9 to 12 feet. The slope contains a few patches of eelgrass that become prominent in the deeper water. The sand shelf is swept by tidal currents and the sand is not densely packed. This habitat is markedly different than the inner cove which is not subjected to strong tidal currents and contains more sediment and eelgrass. Snails were collected randomly on the shelf by pulling a 6 mm mesh net through the sand. The contents of the net were placed in a bucket. After snails were measured, they were placed in a second container and returned to their habitat. Within the study site approximately 300 snails were measured and released every other month. The data were entered into a spreadsheet that generated graphs showing the percent composition of the sampled population by one mm increments. This approach standardizes the data for unequal sample size. Bulla in other portions of the bay were observed but not measured. Snails found at 9-18 feet in depth were observed while SCUBA diving. Many predator-prey interactions, egg laying, and mating clusters were photographed. Observations were made at all depths at least twice monthly. Some mature snails were collected for dissection. Large shells of dead animals were collected and carefully deconstructed to find internal growth lines. Egg strings were collected and four sections of each string were removed and photographed and the number of egg capsules and eggs per capsule determined. An estimate of the number of capsules and eggs per string was based on the average number of eggs per mm in the four subsamples and length of the string. Discussion Feeding: The population of Bulla gouldiana studied in west Mission Bay are not scavengers. They graze on the surface of the sand and mud, consuming meiofauna, microscopic algae, diatoms, (Figure 1) and micro and short filamentous algae on blades of eelgrass. The snails do not consume the eelgrass or complex algae. Dissection of adults and examination of the stomach contents identified large amounts of sand. No fragments of marine worms or other macro-invertebrates were detected. The sand and diatom tests pass through the intestines and are expelled. During in-situ tests. Bulla gouldiana were not attracted to dead fish, echinoderms, crabs, lobster molts, or other gastropods. Nassarius tegula {Reeve, 1853} and Kelletia kelletii {Forbes, 1852) were the only gastropods commonly attracted to dead organisms in the study area. Where large populations of Bulla exist, the sand appears clean and turned from bioturbation. Therefore, mats of filamentous algae cannot form even during summer months. Both Haminoea vesicula and Bulla gouldiana were observed feeding sympatrically on long, thin, filamentous algae in the shallow Model Boat Basin on Vacation Island in Mission Bay. In western Mission Bay, Haminoea virescens is usually seen feeding on green filamentous algae associated with rocks in a wide range of habitats including open coastal rocky shores. Burrowing. Snails of all age classes will burrow into the substrate if exposed during low tide. This behavior prevents desiccation, exposure to direct sunlight and heat. Snails on exposed sand flats may burrow one-half to six inches below the surface of the sand during low tide. Snails that are Just below the surface of the sand during low tide remain targets for shore birds as the snails make characteristic bumps in the sand. The Long Billed Curlew, Numenius americanus; Marbled Godwit, Linwsa fedoa; and Yellow Footed Gull, Larus livens were observed hunting and feeding on bubble snails in shallow burrows. Bulla gouldiana also burrows to avoid strong tidal currents, an obvious adaptation to avoid being swept away. Therefore, the number of individuals observed on the surface of the sand is not an indication of the actual population density. Snails also burrow in the open ocean when there is a strong surge on the bottom and, on occasion, when harassed by a diver. Burrowing may also be a means to escape/avoid some of their gastropod predators. Predation. During the study. Conus californicus Hinds, 1844, was the most commonly observed predator followed by the Festive murex, Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds, 1844) and the whelk Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852). Although Navanax inermis (Cooper, 1863), a large Aglajidae also in the Cephalaspidea, occurs in Ventura Cove, and is known to feed on bubble snails, I did not observe them feeding on Bulla but did observe empty shells of small to mid-sized Bulla and mature Haminoea virescens being excreted by N. inermis. Mature Bulla gouldiana are probably too big for all but the largest N. inermis to consume. The animal of mature Bulla gouldiana is too large to withdraw into the protection of its shell. Large Bulla were periodically observed with numerous Conus californicus feeding on their exposed foot and it is not uncommon to find the Pteropurpura festiva feeding with them (Figure 2). Since the muricid was not observed Vol. XL11K7): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 71 feeding on the Bulla without the cones present, P. festiva may be an infrequent opportunistic predator. Pteropurpura festiva tends to feed on sessile or slow organisms rather than mobile species (Tuskes & T uskes, 2009). Kelletia kelletii is a massive predator and scavenger with mature specimens measuring 100 to 165 mm. The whelk does not crush the shell of the Bulla, but rather manipulates the shell to begin feeding on the exposed animal (Figure 3). Even when the whelk is feeding on a Bulla, the cones may continue their attack and feeding. Within the study area, neither the murex, whelk, or Navanax occur on the sand shelf, but the cone occurs commonly at all depths. Reproduction. The reproductive pattern in 2007 was different than in 2008-2010. In 2007 reproduction began in July and by August large snails had moved off the shelf to the deeper water and were in reproductive clusters on the eelgrass. By late August, most individuals in age class four had died after reproducing and large numbers of empty shells to 61 mm could be found. In 2008 and 2009 reproduction began in late April and large clusters were observed through June with few snails in age class four found at depth, and none on the sand shelf. Variation in the start of the reproductive cycle may be influenced by water temperature. In 2010, Ventura Cove surface water temperatures were 58-60" F from June to August (10-15" F less than expected), and no large reproductive clusters of snails were observed and egg masses were uncommon from April to August. In the shallow waters in the northern and eastern portions of the bay, water temperatures reached or exceeded 75" F (mid-day) and reproductive clusters and egg strings were common in June. A reproductive cluster may contain a few snails or a few dozen in a large mass. Egg capsules are deposited in gelatinous strings that vary in length but are similar in width (Figure 4). The number of egg capsules per mm of string and number of eggs in a capsule is variable (Table l).The strings were teased out of clusters and it is possible they may have elongated. The number of eggs per capsule and the number of capsules per string would not change, but the number of capsules per mm of string length would be reduced if the string were stretched. Farfan and Ramirez (1988) conducted laboratory studies on the reproduction and embryonic development of Bulla gouldiaua m Baja California. Their test animals were fed an artificial diet and maintained at 24" C (75"F). During their laboratory study of 37 days. spawning occurred approximately every fourth day. The number of egg capsules/mm and string length were similar to the current study, suggesting that teasing strings from the mass did not result in notable elongation. A difference in the results of their study and this paper are the number of eggs per capsule. Farfan and Ramirez ( 1988) reported one to 30 eggs per capsule and noted that capsules with greater than 12 eggs rarely completed embryonic development. Egg capsules with excessive eggs are a waste of reproductive effort and perhaps an artifact of laboratory conditions and/or diet. During the current study in Mission Bay, the number of eggs per capsule of 10 field-collected strings ranged from 3 to 8 with an average of 4.7 eggs/capsule (Figure 5). The number of eggs per string ranged from a low of approximately 97,000 to a high of nearly 600,000 (Table 1 ). In-situ egg strings are exposed to daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations and, as such, developmental time is variable. The temperature of the bay water varies by location and depth, but increases of 12"F or more between April and August are expected. The breeding season can be protracted spanning many months, or compressed to two months. The low summer water temperatures of 2010 were an unusual exception. Most years, late summer water in the study area may approach 78" F at the surface and 7 3"F at depth. Therefore, eggs deposited in July and August may develop much faster than those laid earlier in the year. During July 2009, development required approximately 2 weeks. Just prior to the larvae exiting the egg capsules, the string changes from yellow to a dull yellow-brown and begins to deteriorate. Strings of eggs are looped around the eelgrass and the matrix holding the egg capsules adheres to other portions of the same or adjoining strings to form an assemblage that remains attached to the eelgrass (Figure 4). Other hard surfaces such as lobster molts and large empty shells may have strings attached to them if eelgrass is not available. Numerous species of small amphipods and marine flatworms are often associated with egg string clusters. Growth and Fongevity. As the snail matures the shell elongates and widens and each seasonal growth is approximately 0.15 mm thicker than the previous season. This transition is often marked by a growth line, change in shell thickness, and often a change in both pattern and color. Dissection of 54 mature shells allowed the determination of annual shell growth for . Page 72 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1IK7): 2011 individuals that survived the and 4“’ seasons (Table 2) Data revealed that shell length increased the greatest during the first year. For animals that live 3-4 seasons, over 50% of the shell elongation occurs during the first season. Rates of shell elongation are slower but consistent during the second and third seasons, but markedly less during the fourth season. An additional measure of growth is the amount of shell deposited during each season. Although the shell elongates quickly during the first season, it is thin and fragile. When the weight of shell deposition vs. age class is compared, approximately 10% of the shell weight is deposited the first year, 25% in the 2"‘', 44% in the and nearly 21 % in the final season (Table 3). During 3'^‘^ and 4“' seasons, additional shell is deposited on the columella and internal portion of the previous growth and cannot be removed. As a result, the amount of shell deposited in the first and second seasons is over- estimated and the deposition during the third season is underestimated. An interesting aspect of shell development is that elongation occurs above and below the protoconch (Figure 6). Bulla have an involute spire, and in this case an open umbilicus-like structure extends from the top of the shell down to the protoconch. Another characteristic of the group is that the aperture extends the entire length of the shell. In most gastropods the apex is the oldest portion of the shell and usually the most distant from the aperture. Bimonthly metrics were not as productive for tracking age classes and subsequently discontinued after 7 cycles and over 2100 measurements. The primary issue was that the width of histogram peaks grew with time and began to overlap. Based on observations and dissection the broad shoulders of the peaks were the result of fast growing individuals catching up to the previous age class and slow growing individuals appearing to be part of a more recent class. Sampling on the sand shelf in late August 2007 suggested the previous year’s age class ranged in size from 21 to perhaps 35 mm with a peak from 28 to 30 mm. While SCUBA diving in mid-September of 2007 many new bubble snails were observed on sand patches at a depth of 12 feet. Their sizes ranged from 3 .4 to 7.6 mm with a median of 5.6 mm. In late October recruits appeared on the sand shelf and ranged in size from 8 to 15 mm. By late December 2007 there was no discernable gap in the histograms between the recruits and the previous age class. The sampling identified (1) when massive numbers of recruits left the deeper water reproductively active snails left the shelf for deeper water, (3) the size of individuals (22-34 mm) that remained on the shelf and did not engage in reproductive activity, and (4) in 2007 and 2008 less than one percent of the population survived to reproduce during the 4“’ season. Based on the collection of empty (undamaged) shells, mortality for age class 3 snails is significant shortly after completing reproduction that year. No snails were found that survived past age class 4. During the summer of 2010, with water temperatures cooler than normal in the study area, no age class four individuals were found. The longevity of snails further south in their range is not known. Conclusions In Mission Bay, the biological rhythm of this species varies by location and by year. Bulla gouldiana may be active both day and night. During strong tidal currents most animals will burrow and seemingly disappear whereas in quiet coves they may be out grazing until the low tide nearly exposes them. The reproductive effort in one part of the bay may be protracted and in others very compressed and observations suggest that water temperature is an important factor. Variability in habitat and water temperatures within the bay produces a mosaic of environmental conditions that impact both growth and longevity. Acknowledgments I thank Ann Tuskes, Jennifer Kelly, and Farry Catarius for assisting with recording measurements and Ann Tuskes for reviewing the manuscript prior to submission. Thanks also to the unknown reviewers and Carole Hertz editor of The Festivus. Literature Cited BEHRENS, DAVID W. 2005. Nudibranch Behavior. New World Publication Inc. Jacksonville Florida. 176 pp. BEHRENS. DAVID W. & ALICIA HERMOSILLO 2005. Eastern Pacific Nudibranchs. A Guide to the Opisthobranchs from Alaska to Central America. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California. 135 pp. BRANDON J.L. & F. J. ROKOP 1985. Life Between the Tides. The Natural History of the Common Seashore Life of Southern California. American Southwest Publishing Company of San Diego. San Diego, California, 220 pp. Vol. XLIIK7): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 73 FARFAN, BLANCA C. & FERNANDO L. RAMIREZ 1988. Spawning and Onlogeny of Bulla gotildiana (Gastropoda: Opislhobrandiia: Cephalaspidea). The Veliger 31( l/2):l 14-1 19. MALAQUIAS M. A. & DAVID G. REID 2008. Systematic revision of the living species of Bullidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea), with molecular phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 153(3): 453-543. MCLEAN, JAMES H. 1969. Marine Shells of Southern California. Science Series 24, Zoology No. 1 1. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. 104 pp. MORRIS, PERCY A. 1974. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Shells. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Massachusetts. 297 pp. NIESEN. T. M. 1994. Beachcomber's Guide to California Marine Life. Gulf Publishing Company. Houston Texas. 186 pp. SEPT, J. D, 2002. The Beachcomber’s Guide to Seashore Life of California. Harbour Publishing. Madeira Parck, B.C. Canada. 89 pp. TUSKES. PAUL. M. and ANN TUSKES. 2009. Influence of habitat on growth and prey selection of Pieropurpura festiva. the Festive Murex. The Festivus. 41(3): 25-29. Table 1. Eggs, egg capsules, and string STD* = Standard Deviation No. of egg strings String length mm No. of egg capsules per mm Estimated no. egg capsules per string Average no, of eggs per capsule Standard deviation of eggs per capsule Estimated no. of eggs per string 1 763 51 38,913 4.5 0.83 175.108 2 746 78 58,188 5.9 0.78 343,309 3 639 67 42,813 3.5 0.51 149,846 4 1183 89 105,287 5.7 1.23 595,416 5 480 87 41,760 5.4 0.87 227.520 6 820 92 75,440 4.4 0.87 334,091 7 630 81 5 1 ,030 4.3 0.68 217.289 8 811 101 81,911 4.4 0.49 358,068 9 440 48 21.120 4.6 0.96 97,152 10 685 83 56,955 4.5 0.76 255,848 Average 720 77.7 57,342 4.7 275.365 STD* 207 17.4 24,442 0.7 141,793 Page 74 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK7): 2011 Table 2. Shell Length vs Age Class N=14 N = 14 N=40 N=40 Average Length % of total lengtli Average Length % of total length Season 1 30.3 mm 1.5 STD 52.8% 31.5 mm 2.5 STD 59% Season 2 41.3 mm 2.3 STD 19.2% 41.2 mm 2.9 STD 18.2% Season 3 53.4 mm 1.5 STD 21.0% 53.3 mm 2.5 STD 22.8% Season 4 57.4 mm 2.4 STD 7% — Table 3. Shell Deposition in grams, in relation to Age Class N = 6 Shell Weight at Death Deposition Season 1 Deposition Season 2 Deposition Season 3 Deposition Season 4 1 5.09gr 0.40gr 1.47gr 1.72gr 1.51gr 2 5.31 0.54 1.49 2.49 0.79 3 4.94 0.43 1.08 2.51 0.92 4 4.61 0.48 1.39 2.07 0.67 5 5.16 0.55 0.83 2.63 1.15 6 4.98 0.60 1.33 1.83 1.21 Age Class AVG 5.01gr 0.50gr 1.26gr 2.21gr 1.04gr STD 0.24 0.08 0.26 0.39 0.31 % of Shell Deposition 9.96 % 25.22% 44.03% 20.79% Vol. XLIIK7): 201 1 THE FESTIVLIS Page 75 Figure 1. Maluve Bulla goiildicwa. Figure 2. Conus caUforniciis and Pteropurpura festiva feeding on Bulla gouldkma. Figure 3. Kelletia kelletrii with Bulla firmly in its grasp. Note the California cones are still feeding. Figure 4. Small collection of Bulla gouldiana attached to egg strings. Figure 5. Each cluster of eggs is contained within the clear membranous egg capsule. Figure 6. Lxtwer arrow points to the location of the protoconch buried within the shell. The extent of in- volution in this specimen is approximately 6.5 mm. !: An X; ''I c /■ /* ISSN 0738-9388 L[0\ Volume: XLIII y THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club August 11, 2011 Number: 8 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldammer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado. Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J . Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History, New York Emilio F. Garda University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kermedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita. Tulane University. New Orleans Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E-mail : jhertz@san. rr. com PROGRAM Interesting Trochids, Turbinids, Naticids, Muricids and other Gastropods from Southern California Paul Tuskes will talk about some of our rare, not-so-rare and commercially used gastropods, and present observations on their biology, behavior and occurrence. Meeting date: He has published a number of papers on these subjects and has spoken in the past of Florida Tree Snails, Hawaiian shells and his studies on Mission Bay. August 18, 2011 CONTENTS Club news 78 Notes on a Californian pectinid species CAROLE M. HERTZ & BARBARA W. MYERS 79 An expanded survey of the marine mollusks of the island of Saint Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies SUSAN J. HEWITT 83 Page 78 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLI1K8): 2011 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 21 July 2011 The July meeting was called to order by President Jules Hertz at 7:45 pm. The minutes were accepted as published in The Festivus and there were no reports from the treasurer and corresponding secretary since they were on vacation. Vice President Bob Dees outlined the speakers for the next few months. A sign- up sheet was passed for the September party to be held once again at the home of Debbie and Larry Catarius. Hans Bertsch, Chair of the WSM Student Grant Committee, read a letter announcing the winners of the 2011 Student Grant and thanking the San Diego Shell Club for its donation to the Grant. There were two winners and each received SI 000. The first place winner, Alejandra Lopez Galan's project was “Determinacion de la edad y crecimiento del pulpo Octopus hubbsorum Berry, 195 3. . .mediante el analisis de anillos de crecimiento en el estilete.” [Determining the age and growth of the octopus Octopus hubbsorum by means of the analysis of rings of growth in the stylet.] The second place winner, Brittney Dlouhy’s project was entitled "Thread drifting among juvenile bivalves on the southwest Oregon coast.” The Club has contributed to the WSM grant for many years. The next annual meeting of the WSM will be in Santa Cruz, California in June of next year. Bob then introduced the speaker - Hans- who spoke on the life and career as scientist of Father Kino and his fascination with the “Blue Shells.” He spoke of the many years that Father Kino was in Mexico and how he’d been given blue abalone shells (interior naere) also receiving them again 14 years later. These shells were part of the impetus for Kino’s travels to find the source of the shells. It had been believed that Baja California and what is now the state of California were one grand island. Kino’s studies and travels proved that Baja is a peninsula distinct from the state of California. The meeting was adjourned at 8:40 pm. Evelyn Smith won the door prize and the refreshments were provided by the Smiths and the Hertzes. Too Late for the Roster Small, Michael, 32 Mugga Way, Red Hill, ACT 2603, Australia. E-mail: michaelsmall@bigpond.com The Annual September Party The annual September Party will be on Saturday September 17“’ beginning at 4 pm until ? It will be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 92111. (If you need a map, contact Carole and Jules Hertz I jhertz(S)san. rr.com] and one will be sent to you.) The party is always a potluck, and the sign-up sheet will be passed again at the August meeting. If you are unable to attend the August meeting and want to come to the party, call Carole Hertz (858-277-6259) and let her know whether you will bring a main dish, salad or dessert - all to serve 12. As always, the Club will supply soft drinks, beer, wine and coffee. The September Party is a special event - a chance to just get together and have great food and visit with one another - and even talk shells! So save the date and come to the party. A Book Donation to the Club library Our thanks to Hans Bertsch for the donation of the book Perspectivas en Malacologia Mexicana to the Club’s library. The book, completely in Spanish, was published in 2010 by the Universidad Juares Autonoma de Tabasco by compilers Rangel Ruiz, Gamboa Aguilar, Arriaga Weiss and Contreras Sanchez. This soft-covered book of 259 pages includes thirteen papers on different aspects of malacology in Mexico. He also donated two other small publications. The Club’s Christmas Dinner Party Just a reminder that the Club’s Christmas party will be on the first Saturday in December - the 3'^“. And once again it will be at The Butcher Shop - by popular demand. Vol. XL1IK8); 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 79 NOTES ON A CALIFORNIAN PECTINID SPECIES CAROLE M. HERTZ & BARBARA W. MYERS Department Associates, Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, California, 921 12-1390, USA Introduction In the process of curating the Pectinidae in the Department of Marine Invertebrates in the San Diego Natural History Museum, we had problems identifying four lots of a small pecten from 6.0 to 13.0 mm in height from Catalina Island, Southern California (Figure 1 ). We reviewed the literature and found no specimens illustrated that resembled our small ones (Raines & Poppe, 2006; Coan, Scott & Bernard, 2000; Rombouts, 1991; McLean, 1978; Abbott, 1974). Our task was to identify these small pectinids. Figure 1. Pecten juvenile specimen, two views. 12.0 mm H from Catalina Island California, in 30 tm (SDNHM 31253). Photo; Paul Tuskes. Material Studied SDNHM 5556. 2 specimens, 73.0 & 98.3 mm H, San Pedro, California. SDNHM 10200. 1 specimen, 26 mm H and 1 broken valve, Isla Guadalupe. Leg. C.L. Hubbs, 1954. SDNHM 10022. 1 left valve, 44.0 mm H, Isla Guadalupe, Leg. C.L. Hubbs, 1950. SDNHM 18407. 3 specimens, 77.0-91.5 mm H, Redondo, California. SDNHM 20508.1 specimen, 23.5 mm H, South Coronado Island, Mexico. SDNHM 31241. 21 specimens, 22.9 to 104 mm H, San Pedro, California, H.N. Lowe Estate, donor. SDNHM 31253. 13 specimens, paired 6.0-13.0 mm H and 5 valves. Catalina Island, California in 30 fm. SDNHM 56268. 4 specimens, 60.4-97.5 mm H, San Pedro, California. SDNHM 56254. 2 specimens, 52.5 & 53 .0 mm H +2 adult valves, San Pedro, California, H.N . Lowe, donor. SDNHM 61290. 10 valves, 8-11.9 mm H, Catalina Island, California. SDNHM 68143. 7 valves, 6.5-13.0 mm H, Catalina Island, California. SDNHM 73749. 4 specimens, 7.11 1.9 mm H and 8 valves, Catalina Island, California. SDNHM 93493. 14 valves, 9.5-30.9 mm H, Point Conception, California [34°17'N, 120°26’W]. Discussion We studied the characters of our small pectinid ( 17 pairs, 30 valves) from 6.0 13.0 mm H and determined the exterior of the left valve to be flat to concave in a colorful orange to red with a cream background and 18 to 20 raised, rounded ribs with fine, closely spaced commarginal lamellae overriding the ribs and interspaces. The auricles (ears) in the flat valve (left) are almost equal; the interior of the valve glossy with the rib area reddish along the ventral margin. The exterior of the right valve is convex with 19-20 rounded ribs and closely spaced fine commarginal lamellae overriding ribs and interspaces. The exterior color varies from white to rose to tan. Auricles in the right valve are similar to Chlamys, an elongate right ear with an indentation where the ear meets the body of the shell at the byssal fasciole as in Chlamys. In only one juvenile studied (SDNHM 20508, size 23.5 mm H) was a ctenolium visible. We compared our small specimens with other pectinid species from Southern California and we found that the only local species with a juvenile having a Hat to concave left valve was Etivola diegensis (Dali, 1898) a new name for Pecten floridus Hinds, 1844 (Coan, Scott & Bernard, 2000) (Figure 2) with the genus later changed to Leopecten by Waller (2007). However, the adult Leopecten diegensis has a somewhat convex left valve, not Hat or concave as in the small specimens we were studying. In the right valve of the adult, the right auricle becomes more like the left except for the inden- Page 80 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK8): 2011 tation leading into the byssal fascicle. The right auricle of the right valve in our small specimens is different than that of the adult L. diegensis in having an elongated right auricle with an indentation into the byssal fascicle. Other differences in the adult specimens are in the disk. The tops of the 19-20 ribs in the left valve in the adult are rounded and the commarginal lamellae are faint. In the right valve the 19-21 ribs are squared, flattened and grooved centrally; the commarginals are faint and appear more like growth lines (Figure 3), whereas in the juveniles the ribs are rounded and the commarginal lamellae are closely spaced and sharp in both valves. The color of the exterior of the right valve in the adult is yellow to tan with the left valve a reddish brown. In the juveniles the right valve varies from pale cream to rose and the left valve is colorful with a reddish cream patterning both exteriorly and interiorly. Results We then examined pectinid lots in the collection looking for any that would have juveniles mixed with adults. The breakthrough came when we looked at a large lot with 14 adult specimens of E. diegensis including 3 shells and 1 left valve of juveniles from 22.9 to 39.9 mm (SDNHM 31241) (Figure 4). These specimens still had the Hat, (though the larger ones were not concave), left valve and in the right valve the right auricle indented into the byssal fascicle. As we looked at larger subadult specimens (from 40 - 56 mm) (Figure 4) we found that the left valve became somewhat more convex and the byssal fasciole less visible. In the right valve the ribs were still rounded with no central groove and the commarginals were still visible and sharp. At this point we considered that our tiny pectinids might very well be juvenile Leopecten diegensis. We sent photographs of two specimens of 12 mm shells to Paul V alentich-Scott, Curator of Malacology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, requesting his opinion of our identification of the shells. After checking their collection, he responded, “I have compared your images to some of our small specimens here and they match quite well.” At the suggestion of Valentich-Scott, we studied the paper by Waller (2007) and found the precise description of our specimens which he placed in the genus Leopecten Masuda, 1971 . Waller noted, from the description in Masuda (1971) that in the early development of Leopecten, the left valve is concave, but as the specimen matures this valve becomes slightly convex, a defining character that we had found in our study of shells of diegensis from juvenile to mature. As we continued working with these beautiful pectens. Dr. Tom Demere, Curator of Paleontology at the Museum, was passing through the department and noticed our table filled with Leopecten diegensis. He stopped to see the specimens and as we chatted he mentioned that the Paleontology Department had the Pliocene antecedent ofL. diegensis and he brought in 2 lots (one of 12 adult specimens and one of 6 and 15 valves between 35.0 to 84.0 mm) of beautifully preserved Pliocene specimens of Flabellipecten steanisii (Dali, 1878) (SDNHM 80 and 5) described from the San Diego Formation and collected on the south slope of Soledad Mountain, San Diego County (Figure 5) one lot collected by U.S. Grant IV in 1928, the other by Frank Stephens in 1927. Significant differences that we noticed were that in the adult stearnsii the left valves retained the flattened and/or concave appearance with the sharp commarginals of our Recent juveniles and subadults. However, the valves of stearnsii have a greater number (23-26) of squared ribs, some slightly grooved with narrower interspaces than those of the Recent Leopecten. diegensis. Grant & Gale (1931) had thought that Leopecten diegensis was a subspecies of Flabellipecten stearnsii, but Hertlein & Grant ( 1972) considered “the differences are sufficient to justify separate species.” It is now known that the Pliocene Flabellipecten stearnsii is a different species from the Rcccnx Leopecten diegensis. The published distribution of Leopecten diegensis is from Bodega Bay, California to Cabo San Lueas, Baja California, Mexieo (Coan, Scott & Bernard, 2000 and Waller, 2007). The specimens we studied were from Pt. Conception, San Pedro and Catalina Island, California, and Islas los Coronados and Isla Guadalupe off Baja California, Mexico. Figure Captions. Figures 2-5. (2) Leopecten diegensis (Dali, 1898), four specimens with views of right and left valves. L-R: 12.0, 13. 1, 22.0 and 23.5 mm H. (SDNHM 31253, 31241 & 20508). Photo: Paul Tuskes. (i) Leopecten diegensis. two views of 104 mm H adult from San Pedro California (SDNHM 31241 ex H.N. Lowe Estate). (4) Leopecten diegensis, two views of four subadult specimens: L-R: 40. 48, 54 and 56 mm H Irom San Pedro, California (SDNHM 31241 ex H.N . Lowe Estate). (5) Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dali, 1874), two views of an adult 83 mm H, (SDNHM locality 80, specimen 128548, Paleontology Collection). Pliocene, San Diego Formation, south slope of Soledad Mountain. Leg. U.S. Grant, IV, 16 August, 1928. Vol. XLIIK8): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 81 4 Page 82 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK8): 2011 Acknowledgments We are indebted to Henry W. Chaney, Director of Collections and Research at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History for the loan of the Raines & Poppe (2006) volumes in the SBMNH collection; to Tom Demere, Curator of the Paleontology Department at the San Diego Museum of Natural History, for sharing his knowledge about the Pliocene antecedent to Leopecten diegensis and making specimens of Flabellipecten stearnsii available to us; to Pat DonVito of the Paleontology Department, for help with the Pliocene specimen photographed here; to Carole Duebberet of the Entomology Department of the SDNHM for photographing the small specimens sent to the SBMNH; to Paul Valentich-Scott, Curator of Mollusks of the SBMNH, for confirming the identification of the juvenile Leopecten diegensis, suggesting helpful literature and encouraging us to write this paper; to our friend Paul Tuskes for the fine photography of the shells illustrated in Figures 1 and 3 and to Jules Hertz for many helpful suggestions and proofreadings of the manuscript. Literature Cited ABBOTT, R. TUCKER, 1974. American Seashells, 2"'* edition. 663 pp., 6405 b&w figs., 24 color pis. COAN, EUGENE. PAUL VALENTICH SCOTT & FRANK R. BERNARD 2000. Bivalve Seashells of western North America. Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History viii + 764 pp., 124 pis. DALE, WILLIAM HEALEY 1878. Eossil mollusks from the later Tertiaries of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1(8): 10-16. 1898. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, with especial reference to the silex-beds of Tampa, and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River, including in many cases a complete revision of the generic groups treated of and their American Tertiary species. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia 3(4): 571-947, pis. 23-35 (p. 710). GRANT ULYSSES S. IV & HOYT RODNEY GALE 1931 Catalogue of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions. Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History 1 : 1036 pp. , pis. 1-32. HERTLEIN, LEO GEORGE & U.S. GRANT, IV 1972. The Geology and Paleontology of the Marine Pliocene of San Diego, California (Paleontology: Pelecypoda). Memoir 2 (Part 2B) San Diego Society of Natural History, pp. 135-411, text figs. 7-13, pis. 27-57. MASUDA, K. 1971 . On some Patinopecten from North America. Transactions and Proceedings, Palaeontological Society of Japan, n.s., 83:166-178 (not seen). MCLEAN, JAMES H. 1978. Marine Shells of Southern California. Science Series 24, Zoology no. 1 1 (Revised edition) 104 pp., 54 figs. RAINES BRET K & GUIDO T. POPPE 2006. A Conchological Iconography. The family Pectinidae. Edited by ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany. Vol. I, 402 pp, profusely illustrated in b&w. Vol. 2, 320 color pis. ROMBOUTS, A. ROBERT 2007. Guidebook to Pecten Shells. Recent Pectinidae and Propeamussidae of the World. Robert Hale, Ltd., London, xiii-l-157 pp., 29 color pis. WALLER, THOMAS R. 2007. The evolutionary and biogeographic origins of the endemic Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) ofthe Galapagos Islands. Journal of Paleontology 81(5): 929-950, figs. 1-9. Vol. XLIIK8): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 83 AN EXPANDED SURVEY OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE ISLAND OF SAINT KITTS, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES SUSAN J. HEWITT* *Volunteer Staff. Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Send correspondence to: 435 E 77* St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075, USA E-mail: hewsub(5>earthlink.net Introduction This paper is a continuation of a study begun in 2009 (Hewitt, 2011) when 44 species of marine mollusks were recorded in 40 minutes by the author from beach drift at Majors Bay on the southeastern peninsula of the West Indian island of Saint Kitts. That island ( 15'N, 62°40'W ) is part of the inner arc of the northern part of the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles (for a map see Hewitt, 201 1 ). At 168 sq km with a population of 35,000, St. Kitts is the larger of the two islands within the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis. On April 14, 2010, my husband and 1 were picked up at the international airport in St. Kitts and driven to the "Sea Bridge" ferry dock in Majors Bay (17°13.63'N, 62°38.80'W) in order to catch the ferry over to Nevis for our annual trip. Majors Bay is at the southern tip of the southeastern peninsula of St. Kitts, situated between a long headland called Nags Head to the west and a shorter headland to the east. The bay is relatively sheltered from wave action, except for swells coming from the south. From the mouth of the bay it is about 3 km southeast to the corresponding Nevis ferry dock at Cades Bay, across the channel known as "the Narrows" between the two islands. In April and May 2010, Majors Bay was still more or less a wild locality (Text figure 1). However, a high- end tourism development company currently owns and is developing over 1,000 hectares (2,600 acres) in the southeastern peninsula of St. Kitts, a parcel of land that includes Majors Bay. In May 2010, landscape alterations for this project had already started to make signifieant changes in other parts of the peninsula, but not yet at Majors Bay. The terrain included a hyper- saline lagoon cut off from the sea by a broad and mostly well-vegetated sand spit (Text figure 2). The only Text figure 1. View of Majors Bay looking southwest; the headland Nags Head in the left distance, the rocky south end of the beach to the right. Image: Edward Subitzky. Text figure 2. View of Majors Bay from tlie Sea Bridge ferry, including sand spit and “Majors Pond” behind it. Image: S. Hewitt. development was a road leading to a ferry docking ramp, with a small wooden gazebo. Page 84 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK8): 201 1 My husband and I arrived at the bay with about an hour remaining until the next ferry departed. 1 searched for and recorded several species of marine mollusks living on the rocks at the west end of the bay. (The West Indies has a very small tidal range, approximately 25 cm, and as a result there is only a small intertidal zone; the difference between high tide and low tide is often barely noticeable.) I hand-picked shells from the beach drift along a large stretch of the sandy shoreline. Five days later, on April 19th, my husband and I made a return visit to Majors Bay via the ferry from Nevis, staying two hours. I again searched for live mollusks at the west end (rocks) and at the east end (gravel and cobblestones). I also searched the whole length of the sand beach itself for beach drift shells. On April 27th, eight days later, we made yet another visit, staying for another two hours. On arriving, I snorkeled out to the first rocky point on the east end of the bay and back, picking up a number of shells on patches of sand near turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig). 1 then searched (and hand- picked) the beach drift on the sandy shore of the bay for an hour. The following list shows species that were found in 2010 on Majors Bay. Although a number of live species were found, the majority of species were dead shells (either whole or fragments) that were hand-picked from the beach drift. Some of the live animals found in 2010 were species that had already been recorded in my previous paper about Majors Bay (Hewitt, 2011), which listed only dead shells found in 2009. Species listed in the previous paper that were found once again in 2010 as dead shells are not included in this list. Species found in 2010 on Majors Bay Families are listed in taxonomic order: gastropods following Bouchet & Rocrois (2005) and bivalves following Mikkelsen & Bieler (2007). Binomial epithets are taken from Rosenberg (2009). List of notations; L = live: observed live on rock surfaces; 0= old: one very worn shell only; B = bait: whole chiton shell, soft parts apparently used as bait: S = snorkel: dead shells found in 3 m depth by snorkeling; M = Malacolog: already listed in Rosenberg (2009). CLASS GASTROPODA Lottiidae Lottia "morphotype B" as per Hewitt (2009) L Lotiia albicosta (C.B. Adams. 1845) Teciura antillariim {Sowerby 1. 1843) L Fissurellidae Diodora arcuata (Sowerby II, 1862) Diodora listen (d'Orbigny, 1842) Diodora variegata G.B. Sowerby D. 1862 Fissuretla angusta (Gmelin, 1791) Fissiirella nimbosa L'mmeus, 1758 L Hemitoma octoradiata (Gmeiin. 1791) S Lucapina sujfusa (Reeve, 1850) Trochidae Tegn/fl e.rravato (Lamarck, 1822) L Tegitla hotessieriana (d'Orbigny, 1842) Turhinidae Astraliwn phoebiiim (Rbding. 1798) S Phasianellidae Eulithidiiim affine (C.B. Adams, 1850) Nerilidae Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 L Nerita tessellata GmtWn. 1791 L Nerita vfrv/fo/or Gmelin, 1791 L Smaragdia viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) Cerithiidae Cerithium atratum (Born. 1778) Cerithium ebitrneitm Bruguiere, 1792 Cerithium lutosum (Menke. 1828) Planaxidae Hinea lineata (da Costa, 1778) L Supplanaxis nucleus (Buigmbve . 1789) L Turritellidae Vermicularia knorri Deshayes, 1843 Calyptraeidae Bostrycapulus aculeatus (GmeVm, 1791) S Crepidula sp. A (white shell) Crepidula sp. B (orange-brown shell) Rissoidae Rissoina sp. (too worn to determine sp.) O Littorinidae Echinolittorina angustior (Moxcb. 1876) L Echinolittorina meleagris (Potiez & L Michaud, 1838) Echinolittorina tuberculata (Menke, 1828) L Echinolittorina zicac (Gmelin, 1791 ) L Strombidae Eustrombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 Ranellidae Cy niatium labiosum ('Nood. 1828) M Hipponicidae Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767) Hipponix costellatus Carpenter, 1856 Triphoridae Nototriphora decorata (C.B, Adams, 1850) Buccinidae Vol. XL1IK8): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 85 List continued Antillophos unicinctus (Say, 1825) Columhellidae Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791 ) Nitidella nitida (Lamarck, 1822) Muricidae Coralliophila abbreviate! (Lamarck, 1816) Cystiscidae Persicula sp. (too bleached to determine sp.) Turbinellidae Vasum miiricatum (Born. 1778) O Olivellidae Olivella exilis (Marat, 1871) Olivella miniita Link, 1807 Conidae Conus pealii Green, 1830 (C. jaspideusl) Pvramidellidae Longchaeus sutiiralis {H.C . Lea, 1843) Bullidae Bulla striata Bruguiere, 1792 Sinhonariidae Williamia krehsii (Morch, 1877) Ellohiidae Tralia onda (Bruguiere, 1789) CLASS BIVALVIA Arcidae Anadara notabilis (Roding, 1798) Area imbricata (Bruguiere, 1789) Barbatia caticellaria {Ldmarck. 1819) Mvtilidae Botula fusca (GmeWn. 1791) Brachidontes exustus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ostreidae DendrosPea /rwty (Linnaeus, 1758) Limidae Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778) Ctenoides niitis (Lamarck, 1807) Pectinidae Caribaclilamys sentis (Reeve, 1853) Euvola ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) Lyropecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Spondylidae Spondylus ictericus Reeye, 1856 Plicatulidae Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1 80 1 Crassatellidae Crassinella dupliniana (Dali, 1903) Lucinidae Anodontia alba Link. 1807 S Divaricella quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny, 1842) Cavilinga blanda (Dali & Simpson, 1901) Ctena orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) Parvilucina crenella (Dali, 1901) Chamidae Chama inezpe (F. M. Bayer, 1943) Chama radians Lamarck, 1819 Sportellidae Basterotia quadrata (Hanley, 1843) Planktomya henseni Simroth, 1896 Cardiidae Americardia (Thiele, 1910) Ctenocardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) Veneridae Globivenus rigida (Dilwyn, 1817) Lirophora paphia (Linnaeus, 1767) Periglypta listen (Gray, 1838) Pitar fulminatus (Menke, 1828) Timoclea grits (Holmes, 1858) Chione mazyekii Dali, 1902 Timoclea pygmaea (Lamarck, 1818) Tivela abaconis Dali, 1902 Transennella gerrardi Abbott, 1958 Tellinidae Angulus merits (Say, 1834) Angtiliis paramerus (Boss, 1964) Arcopagia fausta (PuUeney . 1799) Tellinella listen (Roding, 1798) Tellina radiata Linnaeus, 1758 Semelidae Ervilia nitens (Montagu, 1808) Semele proficua (Pulterney, 1799) Semelina nucitloides (Conrad, 1841) CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Gmehn. 1791 L Chiton tuberculatus Linnaeus, 1758 B CLASS SCAPHOPODA Dentaliidae Antalis 'lantillarum (d'Orbigny, 1847) O Page 86 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK8): 2011 Discussion It is apparent that Majors Bay supports a good species diversity, as revealed in the beach drift. Many species were found only as one shell or fragment(s). In 2010, living individuals of 15 species were observed: 14 species of intertidal gastropods and one intertidal chiton. In addition, numerous other species were found only as shells or fragments in the beach drift. During the 2010 visits, the most abundant shells in the drift were individual valves of the small bivalve Cavilinga blanda, which also occurs on Nevis, but is rare in the drift there. White snorkeling in the east end of the bay, shells of a number of species were either observed or collected, however all but three of the species had already been found in the beach drift. No live mollusks were observed while snorkeling. (In the tropics many species are inactive and hidden during the day; snorkeling or scuba at night using an underwater light would have been more productive.) There was no attempt to collect underwater sediment samples, which might have yielded additional micromollusks. On April 27, 2010, one small (5.5 mm) white patelliform shell was found in the drift (Plate 1, Figures la & lb). In la, the transparent apex (i.e. the proto- conch) is visible at the top overlapping the margin. The dark spot less than one third of the shell’s length below the apex is an incomplete drilling hole. The horse-shoe shaped muscle scar on the interior (not visible in Figure lb) shows that the shell is that of a hipponicid, but it was an unfamiliar species to me. The shell is elevated, coarsely radially ribbed, and has a small knob-like apex that overhangs the posterior shell margin. This is clearly not Hipponix antiquatus or H. subrufus, both found in Majors Bay. It also does not resemble H. incunnis (Gmelin, 1791), previously known as Capulus incurvus. After some research, it became clear that the shell rather closely resembles two views of the holotype of the Brazilian species Hipponix costellatus Carpenter, 1856, as shown in Simone (2002, figs. 49 and 50). Judging by the scale bar, the holotype appears to be slightly smaller than the shell from Majors Bay. Two views of another similar shell are shown on the Natural History Museum of Rotterdam website as Hipponix grayanus, (no author listed) from Brazil; the common size is noted as 13 mm. Simone (2002) regards Western Atlantic records of H. gray anus as H. costellatus, and on Malacolog, H. grayanus auct. non Menke, 1853, is listed as a synonym of H. costellatus. According to Simone (2002), H. costellatus has a maximum reported size of 16 mm. Although H. costellatus is known primarily from Brazil, according to Rosenberg (2009), it has been recorded in the Fesser Antilles from the island of Saint Martin (approx. 100 km north-northwest of Majors Bay, St. Kitts) as H. effodiens Carpenter, 1856, which Rosenberg regards as a synonym. Finding H. costellatus in Majors Bay, St. Kitts seems to be only the second locality north of Brazil from which the species has been reported. Two valves of Crassinella dupliniana were found. One 4 mm valve is shown in Plate 1, Figures 2a & 2b. According to Mikkelsen & Bieler (2007), this species is rare in the Florida Keys, and is listed as occurring in Florida, the Bahamas and the Gulf of Mexico; the authors compiled the range information in their book from published sources and from locality data in museum collections they had examined (Mikkelsen, personal communication, 2011). Rosenberg (2009) records this species from the same areas, and also from South Carolina. Eugene Coan ( 1984) mentions some specimens in the Natural History Museum of Eos Angeles County ( FACM 74-77) which are from the island of Jamaica, and which he tentatively assigned to C. aduncata Weisbord, 1964, a species which Rosenberg (2009) considers to be a synomym of C. dupliniana. However, other than that material, the current find in St. Kitts appears to be the first record of this species from the West Indies. Two small upper valves of Chama inezae, the alabaster jewel box, were also found. Plate 1, Figure 3a shows the exterior of one valve (18.5 mm), which was found on April 19“’. Figure 3b shows the 8.5 mm valve that was found on April 27“’. Chama inezae is rarely encountered (personal communication Harry G. Fee, 2010). I have not found this species on Nevis. Bieler and Mikkelsen (2007) give the distribution of the species as Florida, West Indies, and the Caribbean coast of Central America. Other interesting finds from the drift in Maj.ors Bay were shells of two different small Crepidula species, called here “species A” and “species B”, and shown in Plate 1, Figures 4 & 5. At Majors Bay I found several shells of species B and one shell of species A. On Nevis I have also (rarely) found shells in the drift of what appear to be the same two species; the shells I have found on both Nevis and St. Kitts have all been under 20 mm in length, usually less than 10 mm. In both species the apex is contiguous with the shell margin. The shells are usually thin and light. Crepidula species A has an all- white shell which is usually flat; Species B has an orange- brown shell which has no markings and is highly arched. Vol. XL11K8): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 87 Previously (for example, in Warmke & Abbott, 1961) the white-shelled species would have been assigned to Crepidula plana. Say, 1 822, and the orange-shelled species to Crepidula convexa. Say, 1822, but work on this genus by Collin (2000, 2002), and by Simone (2002), has demonstrated that there are numerous previously unrecognized Crepidula species in the Western Atlantic. Collin (2002) restricts C. plana to Georgia and north and comments that the true identity of the white- shelled Crepidula that occurs in the Caribbean Sea has not been determined. Collin (2002) also comments that C. convexa does not occur in the Caribbean Sea. Determining recently clarified species of Crepidula such as C. depressa is not possible using only shell characters; living specimens are needed. Thus the identities of the Crepidula species that live in Majors Bay may remain undetermined unless live material can be found. Two species were found alive in 2010 that had already been found as dead shells in 2009; Lottia "morphotype B" and Tegula excavata. Not counting these two, which were not new finds, species that were new to the list from Majors Bay in 2010 totaled 94, and included two additional classes. The number of new gastropod species (49) was more than twice as many as were found in 2009 (22). The number of new bivalves in 2010 (42) was three times that of 2009 (14). However, the overall time spent searching the bay in 2010 was almost 8 times the 40 minutes spent in 2009. The combined species count for 2009 (1 visit) and 2010 (3 visits) is 138 species. Of these, 76 are gastropods, 59 bivalves, 2 chitons, and one scaphopod. Rosenberg (2009) lists 35 species for St. Kitts, only four of which were also found during my various searches at Majors Bay. Combining the Malacolog species list with the list in this paper gives a total of 169 species for the island of St. Kitts. Conclusions The 2010 searches of Majors Bay resulted in 94 species which were new to the St. Kitts list. These are a helpful addition to the faunal list for the island of St. Kitts. Fourteen intertidal species were observed live. Several of the beach drift finds are noteworthy records of unusual species. Surveying the fauna of this bay before it is developed for tourism provides data which may be useful for future comparisons. Acknowledgments Our friend the late Jim Johnson, biologist and conservationist from South Carolina and Nevis, had originally planned to meet us in St. Kitts when we arrived, but passed away the day before. He is much missed. 1 thank Quentin Henderson and Marlon Brando for driving us to Majors Bay on April 14th. Many thanks to Colin Redfern, Harry G. Lee and Captain Arthur Anslyn for very helpful input. 1 also thank my husband Ed Subitzky for financing my research, for encouraging me, and for fine-tuning the prose in all my papers. The information from Gary Rosenberg's database Malacolog 4.1.1 is provided with the permission of tlie ANSP. The plate was assembled with expert help from Ron Hartley. Literature Cited BOUCHET. PHILIPPE & JEAN-PAUL ROCROI (Eds), FRYDA J., HAUSDORF B., PONDER WINSTON, VALDES A. & WAREN A. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1- 2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3- 925919-72-4. 397 pp. COAN, EUGENE 1984. The Recent Crassatellinae of the Eastern Pacific, witli some notes on Crassinella. The Veliger, 26 (3): 153-169. COLLIN, RACHEL 2000. Phylogeny of the Crepidula plana (Gastropoda; Calyptraeidae) cryptic species complex in North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78: 1500-1514. 2002. Another last word on Crepidula convexa and a description of C. ustulatulina sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science. 70(1): 177-184. HEWITT, SUSAN J. 2009. The shallow-water Patellogastropodadrue limpets) ofthe island of Nevis, Leeward Islands West Indies, The Festivus 41(2): 15-22. 2011. A 40-minute survey ofthe marine mollusks ofthe island of Saint Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies. The Festivus 43 (1 ): 3-5. MIKKELSEN, PAULA M. & RUDIGER BIELER 2007. Seashells of Southern Florida: Living Marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Regions: Bivalves. Princeton University Press, pp. 1-496, 1,359 color illustrations, 74 line illustrations. NATURHISTORISCH MUSEUM ROTTERDAM 2011. Hipponicidae http://www.nmr-pics.nl/ ROSENBERG, GARY 2009. Malacolog 4. 1 . 1 : A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca [WWWdatabase (version 4.4.4)| URL ht(p://www.malacolog.org|. Page 88 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK8); 2011 SIMONE. LUIZ RICARDO L. 2002. Comparative Morphological Study and Phytogeny of Representatives of the Superfamily Calyptraeoidea (Including Hipponicidae) (Mollusca. Caenogastropoda). Biota Neotropica v2 (n2) pp. 1-132. 13 pis. with 97 tigs. On the web at : http://www.biotaneotropica.org.hr/v2n2/pt/fullpaper7bn 01602022002 1-hen 2006. Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda. Calyptraeidae). with description of three new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 1112: 1-64 online at: http://www.mapress.eom/zootaxa/2006f/z01 1 12p064f.pdf WARMKE, GERMAINE L. & R. TUCKER ABBOTT 1961. Caribbean Seashells. A Guide to the Marine Mollusks of Puerto Rico and Other West Indian Islands. Bermuda and the Lower Elorida Keys. Livingstone, Pennsylvania, pp. 1-348, 44 pis. Plate 1, figs 1-5. Beach-drift shells from Majors Bay: (la & b) Exterior and interior of Hipponix costellatus. 5.5 mm: transparent protoconch at the top of image, dark spot is incomplete drilling hole (2a & b) Exterior and interior of one valve of Crassinella dupliniana, 4 mm (3a & b) Exterior of two upper valves of Chama ine:ae, 18.5 mm and 8.5 mm (4) Crepidula sp. A, 11.5 mm (5) Crepidula sp. B, 13.5 mm. Images by Susan J. Hewitt."^ THE FESTIVHS Page 89 VoE XLIIK8): 201 1 Plate 1 4 ISSN 0738^9388 aL LfO( If THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIII September 8, 201 1 Number: 9 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldainmer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STATE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail);$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7; 30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Fie/d Museum of Natural Hisloiy. Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Eugene V. Coan Research Associate Caiifortua Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural Histoiy. New York Emilio F. Garda University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner Califoniia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George E. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita. Tidane University, New Orleans Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E-mail: j hertz @san ,rr. com PROGRAM Come to the annual September Party Home of Debbie and Larry Catarius 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, CA 92111 From 4-? PM (see page 92) Party date: September 17, 2011 There is no regular meeting this month CONTENTS Club news 92 Sea star stomach uncovers geographical extension for Parvanachis guerreroensis Strong & Hertlein, 1937, and other goodies EMILIO F. GARCIA 93 An I8‘*' century account of marine mollusks from the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies SUSAN J. HEWITT 95 Page 92 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1IK9): 201 1 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting Minutes 18 August 201 1 The July meeting was called to order by President Jules Hertz at 7:45 pm. The minutes were accepted as published in The Festivus and there was no report from the treasurer who was unable to attend. Librarian Marilyn Goldammer encouraged members to make use of the Club’s fine lending library and Vice President Bob Dees outlined the speakers for the next few months. A sign-up sheet was passed for the September party to be held, once again, at the home of Debbie and Larry Catarius. Carole Hertz announced that there would be a book and reprint sale at the October meeting. Bob Dees introduced the evening’s speaker, member Paul Tuskes who gave a terrific presentation on the local (and almost local) mollusks of the families Trochidae, Turbinidae, Naticidae and Muricidae. He gave considerable information on morphology, habitat, feeding and predation, including views of the living animals of some of the species. His large, beautiful color plates clearly showed the differences in the species pictured in each of the families. It was a most enjoyable program and a pleasure to see our local mollusks as the stars of the show. Following the program, Carole Hertz won the door prize. The refreshments for the social time were provided by Marty Schuler and Dave Waller and Paul Tuskes again provided specimens for the evening’s silent auction which seems to be enjoyed by all. Additions to the Roster Lyons, William G., 4227 Porpoise Drive SE, St Petersburg, Florida 33705-4328. E-mail: lyon@knology.net Schramm, William, 24151 Las Naranjas Drive, Laguna Niguel, California 92677. Ph. 949-495-6971. E-mail: bschramm@ivc.edu The Annual September Party The annual September Party will be on Saturday September 17'*' beginning at 4 pm until ? It will be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 92111. The party is always a potluck and if you were unable to attend the August meeting when the sign-up sheet was passed, and want to come to the party, call Carole Hertz (858-277-6259) and let her know whether you will bring a main dish, salad or dessert - all to serve 12. As always, the Club will supply soft drinks, beer, wine and coffee. The September Party is a special event - a chance to just get together and have great food and visit with one another - and even talk shells! So save the date and come to the party. See map below. Tfikc Hwy 5 ur 805 (o Hwy 52. Go to Genc.see Avc. Go South on Gene5»ee, up the hiU to 1“ right at top Go Right on Appleton to 1" stop sign. Right on Cole St. Take first left on Galt St. It’s the ilmd house on the left - 4 1 73 Bring vour politick contribution and W S Genesee Gall Sc. Cole St. Appleton St Ave. Vol. XLIIK9): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 93 SEA STAR STOMACH UNCOVERS GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENSION FOR PARVANACHIS GUERREROENSIS STRONG & HERTLEIN, 1937, AND OTHER GOODIES EMILIO F. GARCIA 1 1 5 Oak Crest Dr. , Lafayette, LA 70503, USA E-mail: Efg2112@louisiana.edu Early in 1996 the late Trevor D. Roberts, of Coupeville Washington, joined by Shary Almasi, of Seattle, Washington, went to Panama on a dredging expedition with the well-known Panamanian dealer James Ernest and his assistant Rafael Castillo. On the first of February, dredging off Punta Arenas, Veraguas state, in 80 ft. of water, they obtained an unidentified species of sea star, approximately five inches in diameter, which Rafael eventually dissected to search through the contents of its stomach for shells. Rafael Castillo has been James Ernest’s assistant for decades, and his curiosity for all things molluscan has led him to find unusual, at times undescribed, species of mollusks. For example, in 1998, on one of my visits to Panama, Rafael showed me some small species he had collected in the Golfo de Chiriqui, among which was a new species of Nassarius (Garcia, 2001). In the 1996 expedition Rafael gave his findings in the sea star stomach to Trevor Roberts. As Trevor eventually willed his collection to Shary Almasi, it is in her collection where the specimens addressed in this article now reside; and it was she, as curious a collector as Rafael, who asked me to try to identify the specimens. Shary is a member of the Pacific Northwest Shell Club, as was the indomitable Trevor. The contents of the sea star stomach produced 17 specimens belonging to 16 species of 11 different families. All but two specimens were 7 mm or smaller; the Turritella was the largest at 13 mm. The specimens have been identified as follows (numbers refer to plate figures): 1- Niicula exigiia Sowerby, 1833 - 3.5 mm 2- Solariella triplostephaniis Dali, 1910-4 mm 3- Turritella cf. mariana Dali, 1908 - 13.0 mm 4- Natica Othello Dali, 1908 - 3 mm 5- Plws sp. ?- 4.5 mm 6- Parvanacliis guerreroensis Sxtong8L\\e.vi\e'm, 1937 - 4.5 mm 7- Nassarius gemmiilosus (C. B. Adams, 1852) - 6.5 mm 8- Nassariius sp. - 5.0 mm 9- Olivella morrisoui Olsson, 1956 - 5.5 mm 10- Terebra armillata Hinds, 1844 - 7 mm 11- Terebra guayaquilensis (E. A. Smith, 1880) - 7 mm 12- Leptadrillia cf. firmichorda McLean & Poorman, 1971 - 7 mm 13- Leptadrillia elissa (Dall, 1919) - 7 mm 14- Kurtziellal sp. - 7 mm 15- Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) sp. - 8 mm 16- Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. - 6.0 mm Of particular interest is Parvanachis giierreroensis Strong & Hertlein, 1 937, since the southernmost locality for that species cited by Keen (1971: 332), and not challenged in Skoglund (2002: 130), seems to be the same as that reported by Strong & Hertlein (1937: 169): 16°38'N, 99°27'30"W, off Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. The new record places Parvanachis giierreroensis in Panama waters, approximately at 7°37'30"N, 8°1 '50"W. The other species of interest is No. 12, which I have tentatively identified as Leptadrillia firmichorda McLean & Poorman, 1971, in spite of the fact that the specimen is solid reddish-brown in coloration. Although the authors state that Leptadrillia firmichorda is dull-white with aperture and rib interspaces pink (1971: 93), the specimen, a sub-adult, otherwise conforms to the original description of the authors, including the protoconch (Figure 12). I am most thankful to Shary Almasi for allowing me to study this material. Page 94 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIK9): 2011 Literature Cited GARCIA. E, F. 2001 . A new Nassarius species from Golfo de Chiriqui, southwestern Panama. Novcipex 2(1): 25-21 . KEEN. A. M. 1971. Seashells of tropical west America. Marine mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press xiv+ 1094 pp. MCLEAN. J. & R. POORMAN. 1971. New species of tropical eastern Pacific Turridae. The Veliger 14(1): 89 -113. SKOGLUND, C. 2002. Panamic Province niolluscan literature, Additions and changes from 1971 through 2001. Ill Gastropoda. (Supplement to Vol. XXXII). The Festivus. A publication of the San Diego Shell Club, 286 pp. STRONG, A.M. & L.G. HERTLEIN 1937. The Templeton Crocker expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. N° 35. New species of Recent mollusks from the coast of Western North America. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science. (4 ) 22 ( 6): 159-178, pis. 34-35. Vol. XLI1K9): 201 1 THE FSTIVUS Page 95 AN 18th CENTURY ACCOUNT OF MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE ISLAND OF NEVIS, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES SUSAN J. HEWITT* ♦Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, Aineriean Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Send correspondence to; 435 E 77"'St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075, USA E-mail: hewsub@eartlilink.net Introduction 1 have been researching the marine mollusk fauna of the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies, since 1997, more intensively so since the year 2000. Almost no scientific research had been carried out on Nevis prior to my efforts; indeed, in reference to Nevis and its sister island St. Kitts, Warmke & Abbott ( 1961 ) stated, “These two islands. ..are conchologically poorly known and are greatly in need of investigation.” Thus 1 resigned myself to an almost total lack of early information on the fauna of the island of Nevis. However, over the years I have been able to find two unexpected sources of information about the fauna of Nevis in earlier times, information that did not come from the scientific literature. One source was a book written by a minister (Smith. 1745), and the other, which will be described in another short paper, was an ancient archeological site. The book includes some commentary on a shell collection made circa 1720 on Nevis. The written descriptions are detailed enough that they permit identification of several of the species, and the material itself may still exist in a museum in England. In 2003 I was told by the late Joan Robinson of the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society (NHCS) about a work published in the 1700s that contained information about Nevis natural history. The NHCS had a copy of the book in their collection, and in New York 1 was able to study another copy in the library of the AMNH (Figure 1 ). As 1 went through the book, I found there were several mentions of marine mollusks from Nevis. The quotes used in this paper are taken from the book’s unnumbered dedication, and from pages 1-5, 9 and 293. The author was from England. He was a Church of England cleric named Reverend William Smith, who spent, in his words, “five happy years” as the Rector of A NATURAL HISTORY 0 F N E VIS, Aiw3 the reft of the Knglijh Leeward Charibee Iflands 1 N AMERICA, With many other Obfervations on NATURE and ART; Particularly, An Introdudion to Wfyt Zxt of I N Eleven Letters from the Rev^ Mr. SMITH, Ibmetirac Retflor of St, yobn's at Nevis, and now Redlor of St. Marf% in Bedford j to the Rev^ Mr. MASON, B. D. Woodwardian ProfeffOT, and Fellow of 'Trinity -College, in Cambridge. CAMBRIDGE: Printed by J. Bentham, Printer to the URiVESsiTyj and fold by W. Thurlbourn in Cambrtdgf, S. Birt in Jvf-Maria.Lave, C. Bathurst in Fieet~Str*et, and J. Bssexorr ia ZmAard-Strtet, Lottoov. MDCCXLV. Figure 1. The title page of Sniilh's book, 1745. Page 96 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK9): 2011 St. John’s Parish, now St. John Figtree Parish, in the southeastern part of Nevis. While he was living on Nevis, Smith made some notes, or as he says, “kept a Book of Remarks upon what I saw most observable,” but it appears that his notebook has not survived. Smith was certainly on Nevis in 1720, and it seems that he was on the island from 1718 to 1722 or thereabouts. When he returned to England, Smith became Rector of St. Mary's Church in Bedford, but neither the Nevis church nor the English church have records that might enable me to be certain which years Smith was on Nevis. Smith says he “collected many beautiful Sea Shells,” and comments, “These shells are found upon that part of the Coast of Nevis where the sea is most subject to Rocks on the Western side.” The west side of Nevis is mostly sandy shore with occasional rocky areas, and those spots are indeed the best places for finding beach drift shells. Smith also points out that, “in our Hurricane Months, viz. July , August and September. ..SheWs are cast up in considerable quantities on the rocky shore,” which is certainly true. He then imagines that it is the sun, and not abrasion that makes beach drift shells so clean: “That they are so cast up is certain: but then let me tell you, that their Colours are no ways bright and beautiful, till they have lain upon the Sea-shore for some time, to dry and polish by the Sun’s hot Ray s that will soon scorch off such Moss and Soil as may stick about them.” When Smith traveled back to England he brought with him the material he had found on Nevis, not only the marine mollusk shells, but also some sea urchin tests and gorgonian skeletons. He eventually gave the material to “Dr. Woodward’s Repository of Fossils” (now known as the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences) at Cambridge University, but he did not make the donation until, as he says, “about nine years after” his return. Smith contacted the Reverend Charles Mason, professor of geology at Cambridge University. Mason requested that Smith send him a letter explaining the material. Smith ended up writing 11 undated letters recounting his experiences on Nevis, his visits to other Leeward Islands, and various unrelated topics. In 1745 the letters were published as the book I examined. It has a 70-word title, which is often shortened to “A Natural History of Nevis, and the Rest of the English Leeward Charibee Islands in America. With many other Observations on Nature and Art.” In his first letter to Mason, Smith says, “had I imagined (when at Nevis) my Shells would ever have been lodged in so honorable a place, tlie Collection should have been larger if not more curious.” However, Smith had donated his collection to a museum of fossils and rocks, and the material he gave was all Recent. Presumably because of this, the material was never accessioned or catalogued. I made e-mail and phone inquiries to the Sedgwick Museum curatorial staff in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The responses I received suggested that the survival of Smith’s material to the present day is quite probable, but the staff was not able to locate it during a brief search. Smith’s letters were written in the pre-Linnaean era. He was not a conchologist, but nonetheless he was a keen observer, a typical gentleman of the Age of Enlightenment: educated, intelligent, with a sense of humor, a lively curiosity and a robust imagination not unlike that of a scientist. His letters touch on many different aspects of the fauna and flora of Nevis, terrestrial and marine, and he mentions several kinds of marine mollusks and other marine invertebrates. Some of Smith’s descriptions are cursory, others have more information. In some cases the descriptions are detailed enough that one can assign a family, and occasionally even genus and species, as shown in the following list. It contains quotes from Smith’s book, and the headings are my attempted identifications. Gastropods Fissurellidae Fissurella nimbosa (Linnaeus, 1758) On pages five and six. Smith says, “You will find in my Collection at least a dozen Shells that are brown on the outside and of a palish green on the inside, called Patellae. They rise gradually from an oval base in shape of a Pyramid having generally speaking a little oblong hole at the top.” Fissurella nimbosa is both the largest species of fissurellid on Nevis and the only one that closely fits Smith’s description. He also reported that these shells were “gathered in the year of our Lord 1720” and that they were called “Nipple Shells” because they are “a sovereign remedy for the sore Nipple of a lying-in Woman’s Breast, being applied thereto.” Trochidae Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758) On page 2, Smith says that most of the mollusks on Nevis do not have names because “we seldom or never eat of them, unless it be a large particular sort of Wilk. ” 1 am certain that Smith was referring here to the West Indian top snail, Cittarium pica, which is still known by Vol. XL11K9): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 97 the name “wilks” (now acting as both a singular and plural noun). To this day, wilks remain a popular food item on Nevis. Smith also says that the shells are “finely polished and made into snuff boxes (very commonly) at London.” The shells of Cittariiun pica have a thick inner layer of nacre, and polish well. On the same page is a footnote: "Note, That a Wilk Fish looks and eats exactly like our English Perriwinkle. ” By “looks and eats” Smith most likely meant that the meat of the wilk appears, taste, and has a texture like that of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758), which is still served boiled as a seaside snack in the British Isles. The external soft parts in both species usually have a dark exterior and a light undersurface to the foot. 1 suspect Smith may also have meant that, like the periwinkle, Cittariiun pica has a round corneous operculum which has to be discarded before the meat is consumed. Naticidae On page five. Smith makes reference to what may have been evidence of naticid predation when he says that some shells have “little round holes that seem as it were artfully drilled.” It is conceivable that the drill holes were produced by muricids instead of naticids, but in my experience, naticid drilling holes are far more common than muricid drillings in beach drift shells collected on the western coast of Nevis. Vermetidae On page 5, Smith makes a brief mention of “Sea- worms (the Shells of some of which 1 sent you.)” Although the calcareous tubes of serpulid tube worms do occasionally wash up in the beach drift on Nevis, the shells of vermetid worm snails are far more common, so it seems likely that this is what Smith had in his collection. Bivalves Chamidae On page 293, Smith explains in another letter to Mason that “the cluster of roundish Shells about as big as my fist, which are cemented and grown together, was picked up among the Rocks and Sand at Black Rock Point, that is to say about half way between the Pond and Charles Town, at Nevis.” Smith calls this “Barnacle Shells... washed off some Rock in the Sea, and thrown ashore in a Storm or Hurricane.” However, other than the barnacles that live on whales and turtles, there appear to be no large acorn barnacle species living in the Leeward Islands, so I suspect that this was a group of lower valves of Chanta congregat'd Conrad, 1833. This small species of Chania commonly grows in cemented clusters which sometimes wash up on beaches. Cardiidae On page 9, Smith says. “1 had almost forgotten to mention the Variety of Cockle-shells 1 sent, that resemble our English ones in Shape, though infinitely surpassing them in beauteous Colours and some of which are on the outside far rougher than a Nutmeg- grater, but shine like the best polished Marble.” Here he is contrasting the white shell of the European cockle Cerastodemia er/n/e (Linnaeus. 1758), with the colorful Caribbean species. I am certain he had in his collection Trachycardinni isocardia (Linnaeus, 1758); the shell of this species has an outer surface covered in sharp scales which are indeed reminiscent of a nutmeg grater, and an inner surface which is glossy and somewhat translucent with a salmon-colored glow. Smith probably also found shells of Trachycardinni niiiricatiini (Linnaeus, 1758) and possibly even Acrosterignia magnum (Linnaeus, 1758). All three species occur on Nevis today. Donacidae On page two there is a vivid description of Donax denticnlatiis (Linnaeus, 1758). Smith records it as a food item having the local name “cockle”. Referring to the collection he donated. Smith explains to Mason, “You have at least a dozen of the Shells (no way shaped like our English Cockles) that are small and of a triangular Form, but not equilaterally so, the two Sides of them being each of them full as long again as the short Side; all the three Angles are rounded off or blunted; they are of a white shining Colour like well polished white Marble, and generally speaking streaked downwards very regularly with beautiful Red or Blue Veins. ” Smith goes on to explain how the Donax were gathered; “A Negro Man goes in at one of our sandy Bays up to his knees, where stooping down he fills a Basket with Sand from the bottom, which Basket he dips so often in the Water, as till the Sand being washed clean away leaves the Cockles behind.” These small bivalves are still known as “cockles,” and within living memory they were gathered for food, primarily as a special Easter dish. In recent years this species seems to be abundant in only one place on Nevis, Cades Bay. Somewhat surprisingly. Smith fails to mention any of the more spectacular species on Nevis, including the Queen Conch, Enstromhiis gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) Page 98 THE FESTIVUS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01645 4654 Vol. XLIIK9): 2011 which is large and beautiful, and would have been an abundant species 300 years ago. Perhaps he did not have one of these in his collection, or could not easily carry large and heavy shells back to England. What’s more, his letters were recollections (sometimes rather rambling) that were composed not while he was still on Nevis, but nine or 'mdre years after his return, with some help from his notebook. Smith himself says, “my Book of Remarks might not be free from Errours; and. ..in diverse Articles I was forced to trust solely to memory.” Oh the same page he requests that the “worthy gentlemen„.of Nevis” will “rectify those Errours; as wTlI as point out such curious things as may have escaped my memory or notice; indeed I lay hold of this opportunity to request the same of all others who discover faults in them.” I myself would be happy to rectify some of Smith’s errors, and also to correct or confirm my attempted identifications, if his shell collection is ever successfully located within the Sedgwick Museum storage. Even though many of the identifications I present here are tentative, not definitive, it is still interesting to be able to perceive something of the marine mollusk fauna of Nevis as it was during the early part of the 1700s, based on information from an unexpected source. Acknowledgments Many thanks to the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society on Nevis, to the curatorial staff of the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences in Cambridge, England and to the library staff of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Literature Cited SMITH, WILLIAM 1745. A Natural History of Nevis And the rest of the English Charibee Islands in America. With many other Observations on Nature and Art; Particularly, An Introduction to the Art of Decyphering. In Eleven letters from the Revd Mr Smith sometimes Rector of St. John’s at Nevis, and now Rector of St. Mary’s in Bedford to the Revd Mr Mason B. D. Woodwardian Professor, & fellow of Trinity-College, in Cambridge. J. Bentham. University Printer, Cambridge, pp. 1-318 -I- 9 unnumbered pages. Online at: bttp:// www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61543 WARMKE. GERMAINE L. & R. TUCKER ABBOTT 1961. Caribbean Seashells. Livingstone Publisbing Company, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, pp 1-348, 44 pis. ^ol . 1 9^ tp(VJ\/2- ISSN 0738-9388 Volume: XLlll October 13, 2011 Number: 10 THE FEST A publication of the San Diego Shell Club CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldaninier Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA, The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Naiural Histoiy. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Sauia Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate Califomia Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas .1. Eernisse California Stale University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Enierittis. American Museum of Natural Histoiy. Nev York Emilio F. Garcia Uni versin' of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner Cahfomia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith <& Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Angel Valdes California Stale University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Enierita. Tiilane University, New Orleans Website at: http ://www.. sandiegoshellchib.com E-mail : ihertz@san. rr. com PROGRAM Effect of Climate Change and Fishing on Molluscan Biodiversity Kaustov Roy is a professor at UCSD whose work in how marine species and communities respond to his lab is focused on a) the processes that can shape climate change and other anthropogenic impact and the large scale biodiversity gradients in the ocean and b) long term consequences of such responses. (This program was originally scheduled for May, but due to unforseen problems, it was postponed until this month.) GIANT BOOK. MAGAZINE AND REPRINT SALE Program date: October 20, 201 1 CONTENTS Club news 100 An ancient archeological marine mollusk assemblage from the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies SUSAN J. HEWITT 101 Book News: A Conchological Iconography. The Family Pectinidae by Raines & Poppe, 2006 CAROLE M. HERTZ & BARBARA W. MYERS (reviewers) 105 Page 100 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIKIO): 2011 CLUB NEWS The Annual September Party September 17“' The annual September Party on Saturday, September 17“', was held, once again, at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius. Debbie and Larry have added a "sun room” and expanded their patio and garden areas. Their home and garden gets more lovely every year. The 25 or so of us in attendance had a great time. The weather perked up and it was a terrific get- together. The party, always a potluck, with special food - some delicious entrees - tamales, chile, shrimp fried rice, fried shrimp and salads - cucumber and tomato, wonderful mixed greens with nuts, and one special fume salad. And then there were the desserts - berry pie. pineapple upside-down cake and a sinful chocolate creation. There was wine, beer and mixed soft drinks and we all ate and ate and conversations with friends never lagged . The September Party is a special event - a chance to just get together and have great food and visit with one another - and even talk shells! Our big thank you to Debbie and Larry for again hosting this annual event. Giant Book, Magazine and Reprint Sale This is the Club’s annual sale of books, serials and reprints. It's getting close to holiday shopping time and this is an opportunity to acquire some publications for gifts as well as for your own library. The prices, are always phenomenally low to encourage purchases. All proceeds from the sale are targeted to future purchases for the Club's library. Buying time will be before the business meeting and program and during the social time after. The Club’s Annual Christmas Dinner Party Saturday December 3"' It seems really early to write about this, but there are only two more meetings before it’s time for the Club’s annual Christmas Dinner party on Saturday evening, December 3'^“. Once again it will be held at The Butcher Shop at 5255 Kearny Villa Road in Kearny Mesa (maps can be acquired by going on the restaurant website). The festivities will begin at 6 pm with no-host cocktails, dinner to be served promptly at 7 pm. The menu for the evening is: mixed greens salad with choices of dressing and rolls and butter. Entree choices are 8 oz. prime rib of beef or fillet of salmon, both served with potatoes and vegetables (a vegetarian plate is available also). Dessert will be white chocolate raspberry cheesecake and coffee or tea. The Club will provide dinner wines as always. The cost of the entire evening is S30 per person. Our speaker for the evening needs no introduction to our members. Bob Yin, author, noted underwater photographer and Club member, always gives a terrific presentation. His topic will be announced later. As always, there will be the traditional shell gift exchange. Bring a gift-wrapped shell(s) or shell related item. Put the complete data (locality, collector, date etc.) inside the package only. On the outside attach only very general locality i.e. eastern Pacific. Caribbean, Atlantic. This is a favorite part of the evening and the more people who participate, the more fun the evening will be. Reservations for this event must be received by Monday, November 28“'. Please make your checks payable to The San Diego Shell Club. If you would like to include your 2012 membership with the same check, that will be fine. Just add the $20 for the membership. Vol. XLIIK 10): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 101 AN ANCIENT ARCHEOLOGICAL MARINE MOLLUSK ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE ISLAND OF NEVIS, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES SUSAN J. HEWITT* *Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Send correspondence to: 435 E 77th St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075, USA E-mail: hewsuh@earthlink.net Introduction 1 have been studying the marine mollusks of the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies, on annual visits since 1997, basing my investigations primarily on beach drift shells. As almost no relevant papers had been published previous to my efforts, 1 had resigned myself to an almost total lack of prior information on the mollusk fauna of the island. However, 1 was able to gather some data from an unexpected source: a prehistoric shell heap. There are numerous prehistoric sites on Nevis; a full discussion can be found in a monograph by Wilson (2006), based on fieldwork he and his team carried out from 1984 to 1995. Wilson’s book (which includes an analysis of the floral and faunal remains of all the sites) had not yet been published when 1 carried out the fieldwork described in this paper. In coastal regions during ancient times, marine mollusks were an important food resource for settlers. Shell heaps (one form of food trash deposit or “kitchen midden”) sometimes remain to the present day as a visible record of what was consumed. The first settlement of Nevis took place when people from early Amerindian cultures migrated north from what is now Venezuela, traveling from one small island to another along the Lesser Antilles. The early Amerindians created settlements on all of the habitable islands. In 2005. the late Jim Johnson told me about an ancient archeological site on Nevis known as “Hichmans Shell Heap.” 1 decided to visit it, in order to see which species had been present during the time it was being formed. On 3 May 2006 1 hiked to the shell heap, with Nichole Johnson and Dr. Thomas Last leading the way. The heap is in a remote part of the windward (eastern) coast; the site is only rarely visited by humans, its main visitors being free-roaming goats and feral donkeys. After the site was abandoned, it eventually became buried in soil. However there is considerable erosion in this part of the coastal plain. There is now no vegetation in the immediate area, and the land is repeatedly washed by rain and runoff (Text figure 1), Some of the material Text figure 1: May. 7 2006, view inland from the western edge of the heap, Nicole Johnson and Dr. Thomas Last searching. Photo: Susan J. Hewitt. that was previously buried has weathered and lies loose on the surface or partially embedded in the clay that forms the matrix of the site (Text figure 2). Although the word “heap” suggests a raised formation. Hichmans Shell fleap is not appreciably elevated above the surrounding land. The site is nonetheless easy to spot because some parts have a high concentration of the whitened remains of shells, including whole, broken and fragmented shells. The heap is visible on the satellite images of Google Earth (2009); the densest parts show as three off-white smears by the coastline. The area occupied by the heap is roughly oval in shape, approximately 55 m long by 15 m wide, with the densest areas of shell debris occupying about half that extent; see the map in Wilson (2006:30). In the account of his investigation, Wilson explains that when his team dug excavation pits they discovered that the layer of Page 102 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIII(IO): 2011 shell material in the heap is quite shallow, ranging from less than 10 cm deep to a little more than 25 cm (Wilson (2006:34). He describes the site as Archaic and pre- ceramic (too early for pottery), stating that Hichmans Shell Heap appears to date from 790 to 520 BC, more than 2,500 years before the present. It is considered to be the oldest settlement site on Nevis, and is the only known prehistoric shell heap on the island. In 2006, the eastern edges of the heap were 7 to 15 meters inland from the edge of a 3 m cliff, below which is a beach composed of rocks and cobbles. I examined the clifftops to see if any beach drift shells might have been thrown up that high during storms, but I did not find any. Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006:181) raise the possibility of land hermit crabs, Coenohita clypeatus (Fabricius, 1787), switching shells on the heap, but like them 1 saw no wear and tear on any of the shells (such as a notch on the columella) that would be evidence of crab use. I believe it is reasonable to assume that all the shells on the heap are indeed ancient, with one exception to be described below. During my search of the heap, to avoid disturbing the site. 1 examined and identified only shells that were already weathered out on the surface. On the other hand, as archeologists, Wilson and his team (2006:34) dug 10 pits that were each 1 m square and penetrated into the subsoil below the shells. They then sifted and analyzed the resulting material. Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006: 172-173) identified and listed the animal taxa that were found, including the mollusk shells. Kozuch and W ing also compiled a master list of the taxa of animals that were discovered in all the prehistoric sites on Nevis ( ibid: 1 54- 1 6 1 ) or on any of the individual lists for the prehistoric Nevis sites. Results The following is a list of taxa of marine mollusk shells I observed on Hichmans Shell Heap. 3 May 2006, at n** 08.05’ N and 62" 32.30’ W, and 6 m above sea level. Families are listed in taxonomic order; gastropods following Bouchet & Rocrois (2005) and bivalves following Mikkelsen & Bieler (2007). Binomial epithets are taken from Rosenberg (2009). Plain text = species also recorded from the heap by Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006:172). Boldface = species not previously recorded from this site. * = species not recorded in the master list. Text figure 2: The surface of the heap showing two shells of Cittarium pica, a spire of Eiistwmbus gigas. shell fragments, pieces of volcanic rock, and feral donkey dung. Photo: Susan J. Hewitt. Gastropoda Trochidae Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbinidae Lithopoma tuber (Lightfoot, 1786) Lithopoma caelatum (Gmelin, 1791) (opercula only) Neritidae Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791 * Nerita fulgurans Gmelin, 1791 Strombidae Enstronibiis gigas (Linnaeus. 1758) Aliger costatus (Gmelin, 1791) Tonnidae Cypraeacassis testiculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Muricidae Chicoreus brevifroiis (Lamarck, 1822) Chicoreus pomum (Gmelin, 1791) Thais deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) Turbinellidae *Vasum muricatuin Born, 1778 Bivalvia Arcidae A/rrt zf*/7ra (Swainson, 1833) Auadara notabilis (Rdding, 1798) Plicatulidae PUcatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 Lucinidae Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Chamidae Chama inacemphylla Gmelin, 1791 * Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton sp. Vol. XLIIKIO): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 103 I was surprised to see that three full-grown individuals of the large periwinkle or littorinid Cenchritis muricata (Linnaeus. 1758) were living on the ancient shell debris. This species inhabits the supra- littoral fringe, living on hard surfaces meters above the high water mark, even well above the splash zone. Nonetheless. 1 was taken aback to find these “marine” snails as far as 20 m inland from the cliff edge. The area is subject to strong winds; presumably fine saltwater spray reaches inland that far. The meat of these large sea snails was not the only part that had been used. Even to my inexpert eye it was clear that some of the ancient shells of E. gigas had been worked into shell blades. In all I found the remains of 19 taxa of marine mollusks. Cittarium pica. Eiistroiiihus gigas and Area zebra were by far the three most abundant species on the heap and so were apparently an important food source. In the case of Area zebra, the majority of valves were larger than those I usually find on Nevis. The ancient shells of Eustrombus gigas were not exceptionally large, but they had apertural lips of up to 30 mm in thickness, a sign that the animals had lived numerous years as adults. Nevis has seen over-harvesting of E. gigas in recent decades, and it is now rare to find an individual that has reached such a mature age. In addition to the three main species, I found 16 other taxa represented on the heap. Whether these were also eaten, were incidental catch, or served some other purpose, is not clear. It seems odd for example that Eirhopoma eaelatum was found not as whole shells, nor even as fragments, but only as three opercula. The faunal composition of my list seems to correspond well with the modern fauna of Nevis, with a minor exception: Nerita fulgiirans was present on the heap as several broken shells, although this species seems to be rare on Nevis now. Many of the species in my list suggest rocky habitat; other species including the two strombids. tire Anadara. and the Codakia, suggest a sandy habitat with seagrass. However, today on this part of the Atlantic coast there is very little sand and no seagrass because of the destruction of coral reefs that previously protected the coastline. There were two very small shell piles 185m north- northeast of Hichmans Shell Heap, each about 1.5 m across, which were partially concealed by grasses and other vegetation. These piles appeared to consist entirely of thousands of very small shells. 1 was able to see numerous Siipplanaxis nucleus (Bruguiere, 1789), Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791 and one Rhombinella laevigata (Linnaeus. 1758). These snails are so small that it is hard to imagine them as a food source, so perhaps they were collected for some other reason. Comparison with Wilson’s results While I list 19 marine mollusk taxa. Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006:172), list 18. (I have not included one land snail and indeterminate gastropod remains in the latter number. ) Although our numeric totals are similar, the two lists show strikingly few species in common. We both observed the three most abundant species: Cittarium pica, Eustrombus gigas and Area zebra. Kozuch and Wing listed Nerita spp., Chama spp. and Anadara sp., whereas I was able to identify Nerita tessellata and Nerita fulgiirans; Chama maceroplndla and Chama congregata; and Anadara notabilis. We each listed an unidentified Chiton sp. plate. In addition to the species just mentioned, 1 found another 10 species not found by the other team, and they found 1 1 taxa that I did not find. This significant lack of overlap between their list and my list seems to suggest that a number of additional species remain to be discovered. Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006:154-164) combined the faunal taxa from all of the prehistoric sites on Nevis into a master list, which contains 45 taxa of marine gastropods, 22 marine bivalves, and 5 chitons. Three of the species I found on the shell heap are not on the master list: Nerita fulgiirans, Vasiim muricatuni and Chama congregata . Anadara notabilis was. omitted from the master list, but is on the individual list for the Sulphur Ghaut site (Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006:166)). One wonders whether N. fulgiirans could have been misidentified as the similar N. tessellata. and likewise whether A. notabilis could have been thought to be A. transversa {Say, 1822). Of the marine mollusk taxa on the archeological master list, I have found all but four as part of the living fauna of Nevis. The four I have not encountered are: Anadara transversa , Euvola laurentii (Gmelin, 1791), Ostreola equestris (Say, 1834), and Stramonita haeniastoma (Linnaeus, 1767). I have not personally found Phacoides pectinatus (Gmelin, 1791) but one valve was reported to me as having been observed on Finneys Beach. Nevis in the 1990s. Before studying Redfern (2001: pi. 42 tl7>S3C , p. 90), I thought I had found juvenile shells of Stramonita haeniastoma , but now I realize they are almost certainly just the smooth Page 104 THE FESTIVLIS Vol. XLIII(IO): 2011 form of Stramonita ruslica (Lamarck. 1822). As for Eiivola laurentii and Ostreola equesths. whether these two species are still living on Nevis remains to be seen. Another species on the archeological master list is the foam oyster Hyotissa mcgintyi (Harry. 1985) listed there as Pycnodonte hyotis, and found in the Sulphur Ghaut site (Kozuch & Wing in Wilson (2006:163). When I found fresh material of this species in Nevis and St. Eustatius, I reported it (Hewitt. 2010) as a new record for the Lesser Antilles, unaware that this unusual bivalve had already been reported as a prehistoric archeological record. Conclusions The species of ancient shells I found on Hichmans Shell Heap brings the total number of marine mollusk taxa reported there from 18 to 29. The marine mollusk fauna reported from Nevis ancient areheological sites does not appreciably differ from the living fauna. Nonetheless the material on the shell heap is an interesting and unanticipated window into the marine mollusk fauna of Nevis as it was over 2,500 years ago. Acknowledgments Thanks to the late Jim Johnson of Nevis. Thanks also to Nicole Johnson of Nevis, and Dr. Thomas Last of St. Kitts, who helped me search the heap. Literature Cited BOUCHET. PHILIPPE & JEAN-PAUL ROCROl 2005. Classification and nomenclalor of gastropod families. Malacologia; International Journal of Malacology. 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim. Gennany. 397 pp. GOOGLE EARTH 5.1.3 2009. URL http://www.google.com/intl/en/earlh/index.html HEWITT SUSAN J. 2010 Hyotissa mcgintyi (Bivalvia, Gryphaeidae) Irom two islands in the Leeward Islands, West Indies, with notes on the genus. The Festivus XLII (3): 31-34. MIKKELSEN. PAULA M. & BIELER, RUDIGER 2007 Seashells of Soulhern Florida: Living Marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Regions: Bivalves. Princeton University Press, pp. 1-496. 1,359 color illustrations, 74 line illustrations. REDFERN. COLIN 2001 . Bahamian Seashells: A Thousand Species from Ahaco. Bahamas. Bahamianseashells.com Inc., pp. 1-280. 124 pis. ROSENBERG. GARY 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. |WWW database (version 4.1.1)] URL http://www.malacolog.org/ WILSON, SAMUEL M. 2007. The prehistory of Nevis, a small island in the Lesser Antilles, Yale University Publications in Anthropology. it 87, October 2007, Yale Univer.sity, New Haven, Connecticut. Pp. 1-248, 63 figures. Vol. XLIIK 10): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 105 BOOK NEWS A Conchological Iconography. The Family Pectinidae (2 parts) By: Bret K. Raines and Guido T. Poppe. 2006, Publisher: ConchBooks. Hardcovered in 4-ring-binder format with heavy-weight cardstock pages. Part 1-- text, 242 maps & b&w pis. 402 pp.; Part 2 - 320 color pis. Price: $281.00 approximately. The two parts of A Conchological Iconography of the Family Pectinidae by Raines & Poppe form a beautiful set, each part in 4-ring binder format, one of full-color plates and the other text, maps and b&w plates of the Recent species. Ehifortunately, the heavy volumes (one of 402 pp. [text] and the other of 320 full-page color plates) do not lend themselves to easy manipulation. The rings, constructed in the shape of a backward capital D do not stay aligned requiring the user to wrestle with the heavy-weight pages. In the beginning of Part 1, the Table of Contents for the Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1 8 1 5 (not Wilkes, 1810) lists the subfamilies with their genera, followed by six pages (8-13) of general information on the pectinids such as systematic position, general morphology, history, glossary, selected terms, general pectinid biology, bibliography and index. A paragraph entitled Overview of the Family and its Genera cites some of the recent research done on the family and lists the systematic arrangement adopted in the book. The authors did not include the Propeamussidae, Abbott, 1954, a family separate from the Pectinidae; although several genera now assigned to Propeamussidae i.e. Amusiiim, Cyclopecten, Prope- anntssium and Parvamusium are found in the Pectinidae here. The format in Part 1 usually places the species information with map on the left page and the unnumbered b&w plate referring to the species on the facing page. This is very convenient. The species in Part 1 are listed alphabetically under the appropriate genera, with figure references to the color plates in Part 2, not to the b&w figures. Sometimes the fine Page 106 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIII(IO): 201 1 quality b&w and color illustrations for each species are disappointing in that, in some cases, only one exterior view of a valve is shown, and/or in others no interior views or exterior views of both valves of a species. In using these volumes extensively while curating the Pectinoidea in the Marine Invertebrate Department of the San Diego Natural History Museum, we found other confusions with the plates. As an example, in studying Eiivola vogdesi, we noted (in the text section) that the color illustrations were on Plate 116. However, the plate was of E. ravenelli and showed four figures of the left valve. By paging through the illustrations of Eiivola, we found E. vogdesi on Plate 117, figures 2-4 (again all left valves), with E. stillmani as figure 1 - besides stillmani being on Plate 1 12 as figures la,b and 3a, b. It was difficult for us to accept some generic placements in Raines & Poppe because there is no descriptive infonnation on the genera except for the listing of the type species and occasional brief remarks. As Raines and Poppe explain in an excerpt from the “Overview of the Family and its Genera [p. 13|”, “With the recent increase in the amount of attention being focused on the family Pectinidae, the systematic arrangement has been in a constant state of change. There is much controversy among malacologists regarding species validity and/or placement within the appropriate genera ... Since relationships at species level are still not completely understood, most species are listed in alphabetical order within their respective genus. We discovered that there are over ten genera, each with only one species. Without generic descriptive information, it is usually not possible to decide with confidence the validity of the genus or the placement of its species, except in the few instances when the exterior appearance seems sufficiently different to understand a change in genus such as in Pedum. The placement of synonymies in the book is complicated. Instead of their inclusion with the treatment of each species, they are placed in the “Systematic Arrangement [pp. 15-34]”, the “Alpha- betical listing of Valid Taxa [pp. 36-39]”, the “Non Valid Taxa,” a cumbersome list [pp. 341-356] and in the Index [pp. 384-402[. It would have been so much simpler for the user to have the synonymy together with each species description - and it would have saved numerous pages. The Index is complete including synonymies, but unwieldy because of the use of different font styles to indicate different page numbers for color plates, b&w plates, text references and main text references. Often, too, the regular font and the italic font look very much alike! No page numbers are listed for the beginnings of generic sections. Despite the difficulties described above, there is no doubt that this is a beautiful set on the Pectinidae which will be helpful in identifying pectinid species worldwide. The color plates in Part 2 are extravagantly beautiful, and it is the first recent comprehensive book on the Pectinidae of the world, other than Rombouts (1991), that these reviewers have seen. References Cited ABBOTT, R. TUCKER. 1954. American Seashells. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. New York. Xiv-f541 pp., 8 color pis. . 16 b&w pis., 100 text figs. RAFINESQUE, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la Nature ou Tableau de I’Univers du des Corps Organises. Palenno. 225 pp. ROMBOUTS, A. 1991. Guidebook to Pecten shells. Recent Pectinidae and Propeamussidae of the world. Dr. W. Backhuys. xiii + 157 pp. 29 pis. Carole M. Hertz & Barbara W. Myers, Department Associates, Marine Invertebrates. San Diego Natural History Museum ISSN 0738-9388 QL LfO! I M -Sr ^ THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIIl November 10,2011 Number: 11 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Jules Hertz Robert Dees Marilyn Goldanimer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Benjamin Pister Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STATE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail);$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Fe.stivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural Histoiy. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State Universilx, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural Histoiy, New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner Califoniia Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Hisloiy Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Emily H. Vokes Enieriia. Tiilane University, New Orleans Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E-mail : jhertz@san. rr. com i/eRAR!£S PROGRAM Greg Rouse, Professor of Marine Biology and Curator of SIO Benthic Invertebrate Collection at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who has been on a research voyage off Antarctica from September to early November will present an exciting program on this research. Meeting date: November 17, 2011 CONTENTS Club news 108 Cuming’s eastern Pacific localities EUGENE V, COAN 109 44"' annual conference of the Western Society of Malacologists meeting jointly with the 12"' biannual meeting of the sociedad Mexicana de Malacologia NORA EOSTER 113 Selected index for 201 1 JULES HERTZ (preparer) 115 Page 108 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLllI(ll): 201 1 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Minutes 20 October 201 1 The meeting was called to order at 7:40 p.m. by Jules Hertz, President. The previous minutes were accepted as published. Silvana Vollero gave the treasurer's report. Jules announced the hoard’s slate of Shell Club officers for 2012. They are: President Bob Dees, Vice President David Waller, Treasurer Silvana Vollero, Corresponding Secretary Marilyn Goldammer and Recording Secretary Paul Tuskes. Nominations from the floor will be accepted at the November meeting before voting and installation of officers will be held in December. Carole Hertz announced that the December Christmas Dinner Party will be held at the Butcher Shop and the cost will be $30/person. See column 2. Prior to the meeting, a book and reprint sale was held and many of us walked away with new treasures for our libraries. Bob Dees introduced Dr. Kaustov Roy of the University of California at San Diego. Kaustov discussed three factors that impact marine populations; Urbanization of the coastal environment, harvesting, and climate change. In some instances, the impact of climate change may be predicted based on past climatic changes that are reflected in the fossil record. As southern California waters become warmer there is an increased number of Panamic species that migrate north; and as it cools the number of Northern California species that creep below Point Conception increases. The area where change is most likely to be observed is between Santa Barbara. California and Punta Eugenia in Baja California. Eor example in the early 1970s Mexacauthina litgithris appeared in San Diego and now is abundant. At the same time Nin clla emarginata which had been found in San Diego no longer occurs here. The plasticity of a species will influence its ability to survive long-term change. Anotlier impact is the increased absorption of carbon dioxide into the ocean and its effect in lowering the pH id the water. As the pH lowers it becomes more difficult to maintain aragonitic shells due to their solubility at lower pH. Historic records show that species that use. or can shift to calcite under this condition have a distinct advantage. Urbanization results in increased coastal pressure from: use. habitat loss and pollution and can have strong negative impacts if not managed. Harvesting, if managed properly can help sustain population but the take always has an impact. What happens when you focus on catching the largest individuals? It may remove those with the highest fecundity and in some instances influences sex ratios in the population and territorial species may have other consequences in the population structure. This was an outstanding talk and the information presented was more comprehensive and detailed than can be presented in these minutes. Following the meeting, discussions with Kaustov continued while others enjoyed the book and reprint sale and the refreshments provided by Bob and Van Dees and Marilyn and Jim Goldammer. Paul Tuskes The Club’s Annual Christmas Dinner Party Saturday December 3'^'’ It’s time to get your reservations in for the Club’s annual Christmas Dinner party on Saturday evening, December 3'^’’. Once again it will be held at The Butcher Shop at 5255 Kearny Villa Road in Kearny Mesa (maps can be acquired by going on the restaurant website). The festivities will begin at 6 pm with no-host cocktails, dinner to be served promptly at 7 pm. The menu for the evening is: mixed greens salad with choices of dressing and rolls and butter. Entree choices are 8 oz. prime rib of beef or fillet of salmon, both served with potatoes and vegetables (a vegetarian plate is available also). Dessert will be white chocolate raspberry cheesecake and coffee or tea. The Club will provide dinner wines as always. The cost of the entire evening is $30 per person. Our speaker for the evening needs no introduction to our members. Bob Yin, author, noted underwater photographer and Club member, always gives a terrific presentation. His topic will be announced later. As always, there will be the traditional shell gift exchange. Bring a gift-wrapped shell(s) or shell related item. Put the complete data (locality, collector, date etc.) inside the package only. On the outside attach only very general locality i.e. eastern Pacific, Caribbean, Atlantic. This is a favorite part of the evening and the more people who participate, the more fun the evening will be. Reservations for this event must be received by Monday, November 28“'. Please make your checks payable to The San Diego Shell Club and send to the Club address (first page) and include your entree choice(s) on the check. If you would like to include your 2012 membership dues on the same check, that will be fine. Just add the S20 for the membership. It’s a great party, don’t miss it!! Vol. XLIIK I 1 ): 201 1 THE FESTIVUS Page 100 CUMING’S EASTERN PACIFIC LOCALITIES EUGENE V. COAN 891 San Jude Avenue, Palo Alto, California 04306-2640, USA E-mail: aeneeoan (umnail.com Hugh Cuming (1791-1865) (Figure 1) assembled the largest private collection of mollusks of his day, some 1 9,000 species. It was also particu larly remarkable in that he collected a great deal of material himself on expeditions to the Pacific coast of the Americas and to the Indo-Paeific (Anonymous. 1866. 1868; Melvill, 1895; Clench. 1945; Dance. 1980. 1986,2004. Cuming moved to South America in 1819, settling in Chile in 1 822. In 1 827-1 828, he left Valparaiso, Chile, to collect in the Indo-Paeific on his own yacht. The Discoverer, his first stop being at the Archipielago dc Juan Fernandez off Chile. Most importantly for us, in 1828-1829 (or perhaps as late as 1830), he collected extensively in the Americas, from Chiloe Island, Chile, in the south to as far north as El Salvador. After returning to England in 1831. he launched a final expedition to the Philippines in 1836-1840. In building his collection after his return to England, he purchased much material at auctions. In this way he obtained other specimens from the Panamic Province from stations north of El Salvador, some of which were then used by authors of new species. In some eases. Cuming has been cited as the collector of this more northern material, whereas these lots were actually obtained by others. The following list, which is amanged from south to north, are the stations where Cuming collected in the Americas, with in several cases a modern translation of the place from those stated by publishing eonchologists, together with the latitude of the station. His eastern Pacific stations were cited in papers by various authors. Many of these marine stations were noted by C.B. Adams (1852a: 250 252; 1852b: 26-28), then summarized more completely but cryptically by Carpenter (1857:1 79- I 89). Some of them were noted by Olsson (1961: 11-12). Figure 1. Hugh Cuming (179F1865). From a lithograph daled 1850. From Dance (1966: 162. fig. 19). In three cases, I am uncertain where the place was. and perhaps readers may be able to help complete the information. 1 should also note that in a few eases authors also listed Indo-Pacifie localities along with eastern Pacific' ones for eastern Pacific taxa. either as a result of labeling errors or beeause the specimens seemed to be related. These Indo-Pacific stations are not ineludcd in the following list. Page 1 10 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIIKl 1): 201 1 Locality as given by Broderip, Hinds, Sowerby, or others Modern Place Name Latitude Notes Insula Chiloe Isla Chiloe, Los Lagos, Chile 42-44°S Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile 38.8°S Concepcion, Bio-Bio, Chile 36.8°S Valparaiso, Chile Archipielago de Juan Fernandez, Valparaiso, Chile 33.0°S On his first Indo- Pacific expedition Coquimbo, Coquimbo, Chile 29.9°S Copiapo, Atacama. Chile 27.4°S An inland station Mexillones Bay Mejillones, Antofagasta. Chile 23,1°S Iquiqui Iquique. Tarapaca. Chile 20.2°S Arica. Tarapaca. Chile 18.5°S llo. Moquegua, Peru 17.6°S Cerro Azul. Lima, Peru 13. rs Sinu Callao/Insula St. Laurentii Callao/Lima, Lima, Peru 12.1°S Huacho, Lima, Peru 1 1.1°S Casma, Ancash, Peru 9,5°S Samanco Bahia de Samanco, Ancash, Peru 9.2°S Trujillo. La Libertad. Peru 8.1°S Pacasmayo, La Libertad. Peru 7.4°S Lambeyque Lambayeque, Lambayeque, Peru 6.6°S Payta Paita, Piura, Peru 5.1°S T umbez Puerto Pizarro/Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru 3.5°S Isla Muerte, Island of Muerte Isla Santa Clara, Guayas. Ecuador 3.2°S Bay of Guayaquil Golfo de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador 3.1°S Isla Puna. Guayas, Ecuador 2.8°S St. Elena/Sanctam Elenani Santa Elena, Guayas, Ecuador 2.2°S Salango, Columbiae Occidentalis Isla Salango, Manabi, Ecuador 1.6°S Bay of Xipixapi/Jipijapa Puerto Cayo. Manabi, Ecuador 1.4°S Gallapagos Islands/Insular Gallapagos Islas Galapagos, Ecuador (Lord) Hood’s Island Isla Espanola, Galapagos. Ecuador 1.4°S Charles Island Isla Santa Maria, Islas Galapagos, Ecuador 1.3°S Chatham Island Isla San Cristobal, Islas Galapagos. Ecuador 0.8°S Albermarle Isla Isabela. Islas Galapagos, Ecuador James Island Isla San Salvador, Islas Galapagos. Ecuador 0.3°S Isla of Plata/Insulam Platae Isla la Plata, Manabi, Ecuador 0.5°S Monte Christe/Montecristi Manta. Manabi, Ecuador 0.9°S Bay of Caraccas/Sinu Caraecensi Bahia de Caraquez, Manabi, Ecuador 0.6°S Vol. XLIIK 11): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 1 1 1 Atacamas Atacames, Esmeraldas, Ecuador 0.9°N Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador 1.0°N Tumaco Tumaco, Narino, Colombia 1.8°N Pananiam Golfo de Panama, Panama About 8.9 N Presumably on the coast at about this latitude “Ins. Philip.”, Panama Can’t find this island King Is.. Isla Rey Isla del Rey, Archipielago de las Perlas, Panama 8.5°N Is. Tobago Isla Taboga. Panama 8.7°N Insulae Sabogae, Sinu Panamae Alternate spelling for Isla Taboga, Panama 8.7°N Is. Perico. Panama Isla Perico, Golfo de Panama. Panama 8.9°N Veragua(s) Northern Panama Bay of Montejo, “Isle of Lions" Golfo de Montijo, Panama 7.6- 7.8°N Guacomayo 7.8°N Uncertain; possibly on E. shore of Golfo de Monti jo (Mouth of) Chiriqui Golfo de Chiriqui, Chiriqui. Panama 7.8°N Isla Cana Isla del Cano, Puntarenas, Costa Rica 8.7°N Gulf of Dulce Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas. Costa Rica 8.7°N Gulf of Nocoiya Golfo de Nicoya, Puntarenas, Costa Rica 10.0°N Puerto Portrero, “Inner Lobos Island" Puerto Potrero, Guanacaste, Costa Rica 10.5°N Can’t find an Isla Lobos in this area Real Llejos Corinto, Chinandega. Nicaragua 12.5°N Sinu Fonseca Golfo de Fonseca, La Union. El Salvador 13.2°N Conchagua. San Salvador Conchagua. La Union, El Salvador 13.3°N Cuming’s northernmost Gulf of Tehuantepec Golfo de Tehuantepec Material received from another collector Acapulcae Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico 16.9°N Material received from another collector San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico 21.6°N Material received from another collector Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico 23.2°N Material received from another collector Gulf of California/Sinu Californiensi Golfo de California, Mexico Material received from another collector Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico 27.9°N Material obtained from Ealing Page 1 12 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIIK 11): 2011 LITERATURE CITED ADAMS, CHARLES BAKER 1852a. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on synonymy, station and habitat Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 5; 229-296; 297-549 [reprinted: 1852h|. 1852b. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on their synonymy, station, and geographical distribution. New York (Craighead), viii -I- 344 pp. ANONYMOUS 1866. Obituary: Hugh Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.. C.M.Z.S. The Naturalist (London) 2(33): 134-135. 1868. [Obituary: Hugh Cuming[. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London for 1865-66: Ivii-lix. CARPENTER, PHILIP PEARSALL 1857. Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report 26 j for 1856[: 159-368 -i- 1-4. pis. 6-9. CLENCH. WILLIAM JAMES 1945. Some notes on the life and explorations of Hugh Cuming. Harvard LIniversity, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Occasional Papers on Mo Husks 3: 17-28. DANCE. STANLEY PETER 1966. Shell collecting. An illustrated history. University of California Press. Berkeley & Los Angeles. 344 pp., 35 pis. 1980. Hugh Cuming (1791-1865), prince of collectors. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 9(4): 477-501 . 1986. A history of shell collecting. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill - W. Backhuys. xv -I- 265 pp., 32 pis. [see pp. 110-131]. 2004. Cuming, Hugh. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14: 625-626. MELVILL, JAMES COSMO 1895. An epitome of the life of the late Hugh Cuming, E.L.S., C.M.Z.S. &c. Journal ofConchology 8(2): 59- 70. OLSSON, AXEL ADOLF 1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru). Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda. Ithaca, New York (Paleontological Research Institution), 574 pp., 86 pis. Vol. XLlIKll): 2011 THE FESTIVUS Page 1 1 3 44™ ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS MEETING JOINTLY WITH THE 12™ BIANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIEDAD MEXICANA DE MALACOLOGIa NORA FOSTER 2998 Gold Hill Road, Fairbanks, AK 999709. USA E-mail: swamprat@mosquitonet.com Why go from Alaska to La Paz in mid-summer? This year the WSM malacologists met jointly with the Sociedad Mexicana de Malacologia in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, from June 27 - 30, 201 1. The meeting was successful in the effort to bring together researchers, students, and others with an interest in all aspects of the study of mollusks. I left Fairbanks June 25'*’ on a crowded 1:30 am red-eye flight. In Los Angeles, it was great to meet up with the malacological family, people I’d met at previous WSM meetings. From my window seat on the small prop plane to La Paz, 1 had a great view of the spine of the Baja California Peninsula and its geology and landscape ecology. Arriving a day early gave me the opportunity for a pre-meeting field trip to Punta Ventana with Hans Bertsch, Doug Eernisse and Mike Vendrasco. Our central meeting place was the Hotel Perla in the heart of La Paz, on the malecbn facing the bay. President Esteban Felix-Pico was a gracious host. He and the organizing committee kept the varied program running smoothly. The meeting was organized in concurrent sessions held both in the hotel’s Madre Perla conference room ans/orthe Centro Cultural de La Paz a few blocks away. The Center is a gem of characteristic architecture with stone buildings surrounding a central shaded courtyard. Tall wooden doors closed to keep out the midday sun, and were opened to the evening breezes. Sessions began with an inaugural ceremony introducing WSM and SMMAC officers and local dignitaries who represented the many sponsors for the Group photo of the attendees from both societies. Find the ones you know. There were too many to list here. Photo: Courtesy of Hans Bertsch. Page 1 [4 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLllI(ll): 2011 event. This joint meeting featured three special events: Paul Valentich-Scott's workshop on the “Bivalves of Baja California”, a Symposium on the “History of Malacology in Baja California”, and the exhibition “Shells and Snails: that wonderful universe”. The opening symposium on the history of malacology in Baja California provided an introduction to the peninsula’s past and present. Highlights included Judith Terry Smith’s discussion of the geological setting and its biogeographical implications. Hirume Fujita explained the uses of tools made from fossil shells by the early inhabitants of Isla Espiritu Santo. 8,000 years B.P. Carlos Caceres Martinez described Pericu people and their use of pearls. Hans Bertsch spoke of the Padre Kino. Abalone and the Island of California, a fascinating story. The abalone theme continued with talks on the history of the abalone fishery and its use in decorative arts. Doug Eernisse recounted the famous Sea of Cortez expedition of Ed Ricketts. Hans Bertsch’s talk on the opisthobranchs showed that there is still much to be learned about the molluscan fauna of the Sea of Cortez. The traveling photographic exhibition from IN AH, the Mexican Institute of Archaeology and History, “Conchas y Caracoles: ese universo maravillosa” , featured the intricately worked shells used as ornaments by the people of pre-hispanic Mexico. Large format images by photographer Martha Lopes Diaz with the lighting arrangement brought to life the delicacy and sophistication of the pieces. Sessions, which ran concurrently, included ecology, systematics and phylogeny , paleontology, anthropology, aquaculture and fisheries. Several sessions began with longer keynote talks (40 minutes) each with a format that I felt worked well. With such a varied program, there was much to choose from. Reflecting my interests, my own favorites included the sessions on history and pre-history. 1 was particularly intrigued by talks describing the shell artifacts from several sites which described the trade routes bringing shells from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts to central Mexico and reconstructed the methods used to turn shell into beads and plates. Our closing included presentations of the student grant awards and invitations to next year’s WSM meeting in Santa Cruz, California, and to the 2013 gathering of the Mexican Society in Mexico City. Afterward we adjourned to a festive final banquet complete with dancing. The activities ended on July 1 with an excursion to the Sanctuario de los Cactus, a cactus aboretum, and to the beach at Bahia de los Suenos, complete with swimming, beachcombing and another delicious lunch. 1 concluded my Mexican experience with a ride up the highway to San Diego with Hans Bertsch and his wife Rosa. Vol. XLIIKI 1): 2011 THE FESTIVLIS Page 1 1 5 A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XLIII (2011) BARWICK. KELWIN L. & TONY PHILLIPS A new record of Niso attilioi (Hertz & Hertz. 1982) from Santa Monica Bay, California 61 BLLISTEIN. DANIEL H. & ROLAND C. ANDERSON Octopuses drill crab chelae on the inside (oral side) 6 CHANEY, HENRY (reviewer) Book review: Enn'clopedia of Texas Seasliells, Identification. Ecology. Distribution & Histoix 35 COAN, EUGENE V. Cuming's eastern Pacific localities 109 FELIX-PICO. ESTEBAN FERNANDO. MARTIN E. HERNANDEZ-RIVAS. OSCAR EFRAIN HOLGUIN-QUINONES. & GERARDO VARGAS-LOPEZ The zonation and density of the micromolluscs living in the mangrove swamps of the sand barrier of El Mogote, La Paz. Baja California Sur, Mexico 29 FOSTER, NORA 44"' annual conference of the Western Society of Malacologists meeting jointly with the 12"' biannual meeting of the Sociedad Mexicana de Malacologia 115 GARCIA. EMILIO F. Sea star stomach uncovers geographical extension for Parvanachis guerreroensis Strong & Hertlein, 1937, and other goodies 93 GROVES^ LINDSEY T. The 15"' annual SCUM gathering 54 HERMOSILLO-GONZALEZ, ALICIA Species list of opisthobranch mollusks for Bahia de Banderas (Jalisco-Nayarit), Pacific coast of Mexico 39 Errata: Species list of opisthobranch mollusks for Bahia de Banderas (Jalisco-Nayarit). Pacific coast of Mexico by Alicia Hermosillo-Gonzalez 58 HERTZ. CAROLE M.. In Memoriam: William T. Schneider 36 HERTZ CAROLE M. & BARBARA W. MYERS Notes on a Californian pectinid species 79 Book News: A Conchological Iconography. The Family Pectinidae by Raines & Poppe, 2006 (reviewed) 105 HEWITT, SUSAN J. A 40-minute survey on the marine mollusks of the island of Saint Kitts. Leeward Islands, West Indies 3 An expanded survey of the marine mollusks of the island of Saint Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies 83 An 18"' century account of marine mollusks from the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands. West Indies 95 An ancient archeological marine mollusk assemblage from the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies 101 LILLY. MEGAN (reviewer) Book Review: Octopus The Ocean 's Intelligent Invertebrate by Mather, Anderson & Wood 56 MOGOLLON, VALENTIN & GRACE VICTORIA MONTALVAN First records of twenty species of Turridae (Mollusca) in Peru, with notes on three other species 11 SASSL ALEXANDER P. A survey of intertidal mollusks with the Pacific Northwest Shell Club at Shannon Point Marine Center, Anacortes, Washington 63 TUSKES, PAUL (compiler) Minus tides in San Diego for remainder of 201 1 26 TUSKES. PAUL M. Black Abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) on Mission Bay Jetty 57 Observations on the biology of the Bubble Snail BuUa gouldiana in Mission Bay, San Diego, California 69 3 9088 01644 6866 ql- L^ol ^(^ \J 2r- Volume: XLIV jaN 1 s ^tll2 ) LIBRA?!^ THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club January 11, 2012 ISSN 0738-9388 Number: 1 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Robert Dees David Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees f FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail);$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Riidiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W, Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural History, New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner i California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Emily H. Vokes Emerita, Tulane University, New Orleans Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E-mai\: jhertz@san.rr. com PROGRAM Cypraea of the Continental United States and the Hawaiian Islands Two very knowledgeable cowrie enthusiasts, David trated program on this favorite mollusk family. Be Waller and William Schramm, will present an illus- sure to attend. Meeting date: January 19, 2012 CONTENTS Club news 2 Pharmaceuticals at sea: effects of the pharmaceutical Ibuprofen on embryonic development of Stronglocentrotm purpuratus EMMA JACKSON & CHRISTINA TORRES 3 A five-minute survey of marine mollusks from the island of Antigua, Leeward Islands, West Indies SUSAN J. HEWITT 7 Low tides for 2012 at San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico JULES HERTZ (Compiler) 9 Page 2 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Minutes 17 November 2011 The meeting was called to order at 7:45 P.M. by Jules Hertz, President. The previous minutes were accepted as published. There was no report from the treasurer as she was absent. The nominations for 2012 officers were announced again, and after asking if there were any nominations from the floor (none were offered) the slate was approved by the membership present. Carole discussed the holiday meeting in December at the Butcher Shop restaurant. Please send your check for the dinner meeting ASAP ($30/person). Activities start at 6 pm, dinner at 7 and the program at 8 pm. Remember to bring some shells for the exchange. The speaker at the November meeting was Dr. Greg Rouse, who had just returned the previous week after 50 days of sampling benthic organisms from the margins of the Scotia Sea. The purpose of the trip was to sample a wide range of organisms at key sites in order to understand the extent of variability and evolutionary relationships. The Scotia Sea is bounded by an oblong under sea ridge with numerous islands, the most notable of which are South Georgia, South Orkney and the South Shetland Islands. The ridge extends from the southern-most tip of Argentina eastward perhaps 1500 miles to the South Sandwich Islands where it swings south, and then westward back to the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The area that lies directly between Argentina and the northern tip of the Antarctic is Drake’s Passage where the winds and the current move from west to east. Although many species appear to occur along the entire 3000+ mile ridge, the mechanism of gene How is difficult to image considering the currents and topography. By collecting the same organisms at each location he expects to learn a great deal about the level of isolation between populations. DNA sequencing of the samples and data analysis will require 1-2 years. Greg shared excellent photos of life on board the ship, the sampling methods, preservation of material for analysis and interesting adventures while on the trip. We hope to have him speak again once the data are analyzed. The door prize was won by Carole Hertz and the refreshments were provided by Stephen Mulliner and Marty Schuler. The Club’s Annual Christmas Dinner Party Saturday December 3'^'* The Club’s Christmas Dinner party was a huge success. The thirty-two people in attendance made it our largest party yet and it was great fun and delicious. By popular demand, reservations have already been made there for next year on the first Saturday in December. MC Carole Hertz officially opened the party at 7 pm with welcoming words and stories. She announced a big and greatly appreciated surprise. It was that Marty Schuler, who was unable to attend because of work constraints, had donated a beautiful drawing, this one of Typhis latipinnatus, to be raffled off at the end of the evening. The lucky winner of the exquisite drawing was Larry Catarius. After the delicious entrees. President Jules Hertz thanked his 2011 board and committee chairs for their considerable help and then announced and installed the new board. New president Bob Dees became the holder of the original members’ plaque and the rosewood gavel. The list of the new officers and board can be found on the first page of the issue. Following dessert - a ?low calorie raspberry cheesecake - Bob Yin gave the evening’s presentation on his travels in Malaysia with images of the underwater animals with some beautiful shots of shells of the area. He also showed the ease with which people were taught to dive there. After the lengthy question period, about half the people were ready to leave for Malaysia!! Bob’s enjoyable talk was followed by the traditional gift exchange which closed the evening’s program. But people remained, enjoying each other’s company and reluctant to end the evening. It was a great party. Dues are Due It is time to renew your subscription/membership in the San Diego Shell Club. Dues have not been raised. For those who have not renewed, this will be your last issue. The Club’s annual membership roster will be published in the February issue. Make sure that you are on it!! Paul Tuskes Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 3 PHARMACEUTICALS AT SEA: EEEECTS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL IBUPROFEN ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS* EMMA JACKSON 2861 Womble Road, San Diego, CA 92106-6025, USA E-mail: emma.iackson531@gmail.com and CHRISTINA TORRES 2861 Womble Road, San Diego, CA 92106-6025, USA E-mail: chtorresl08@gmail.com Abstract A bioassay was conducted to determine the possible effects of Ibuprofen on fertilization success and embryonic development of the Purple Sea Urchin. The results show that fertilization success was not affected by exposure to the tested concentrations of Ibuprofen, but that embryonic abnormalities were greater than in the controls. Introduction Ibuprofen (4-isobutylphenyl) is the third most consumed drug in our world (Murdoch, 2005). This non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is used to treat mild headaches and other body pains that are not severe. Ibuprofen and many other drugs that appear in human waste such as antibiotics, anti-depressants, birth control pills (estrogen), cancer medications, seizure medications, tranquilizers, pain killers, and cholesterol compounds are being found in our fresh and salt water sources (Donn, et al., 2008). In testing environmental toxins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been shown to be a good bio-indicator and its embryonic development is easy to observe and has been well documented. It is also relatively simple to gather the eggs and use them to produce embryos (Schroeder, 1986). Environmental endocrine disrupting compounds have been shown to impact S. purpuratus and Lytechinus anamiesus development (Roepke et al., 2004). No other studies have been published testing the potential impact of Ibuprofen on sea urchin embryos. Data shows that about 60-90% of Ibuprofen is already being removed from water systems (Science Daily, 2010). Ibuprofen has a half-life of around two hours in the body (Ibuprofen, 2008). Traces of Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen travel through the human digestive system and are eventually released from the body in the form of waste. This waste makes its way into our sewer systems and our water treatment plants. Municipal water departments treat water, but not for these drugs. The treatment is primarily for bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances with the use of chlorine and other chemicals (Jjemba, 2008). Recent studies show that chlorine might actually be making the pharmaceuticals in waste water more toxic (Donn et al., 2008). In San Diego, Ibuprofen, meprobamate, and phenytoin have been found in local drinking water. This study evaluates the effect of Ibuprofen on developing embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The active ingredient in Ibuprofen is 2-(4- isobutylphenyl) propionic acid, but the tablet also contains camauba wax, talc, colloidal silicone dioxide, com starch, crosscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, PD & C yellow #6, iron oxides, microcrystalline cellulose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, stearic acid, and titanium dioxide. The chemical structure of the active ingredient is shown below in Text figure 1 . Text figure 1. Chemical structure of the active ingredient in Ibuprophen; 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid. *This paper summarizes the winning project selected by the San Diego Shell Club at the 201 1 Greater San Diego Science & Engineering Fair. The two authors were then Junior year students at High Tech High in San Diego. Page 4 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 Methods A bioassay was conducted in order to determine possible effects Ibuprofen would have on the fertilization and embryonic development of 5. purpnratus . A stock solution was created containing 200mg (one single crushed pill) of Ibuprofen in 1 liter of seawater. The seawater was collected from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, approximately 16 miles from the Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant. Two separate solutions were then created using this stock solution. Three /xg/1 of Ibuprofen were found in influents at select water waste treatment plants and metabolites of Ibuprofen, hydroxy-IB and carboxy-IB, were at higher concentrations (Buser, 1999). Via dilution, two test concentrations were generated from the stock solution. The solution containing 3/xg/l Ibuprofen was labeled as the diluted solution. Solution two was 25 times stronger (75 jixg/l) and was labeled the concentrated solution. A seawater control was also used for this experiment. In the end, three solutions were used: the concentrated solution, the diluted solution, and a seawater control. The S. purpnratus were spawned by injecting 1 to 2ml doses of 0.5 M potassium chloride (KCl) into their body cavity. The only way to determine the gender was to wait for gametes to be shed. Gametes were collected using a pipette and were placed into three separate 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tubes (control and both test solutions). The tests conducted on the gametes were either pre- treated or untreated. Pre-treated means that the sperm and egg were collected and individually exposed to an Ibuprofen (or seawater) solution before they were combined. Untreated means the gametes were not individually exposed to Ibuprofen before they were mixed together. There were pre-treated and untreated gametes for all three solutions. Gametes were placed in test solutions for approximately an hour and maintained at 20-21 °C. A 50 /xl drop from each treatment was examined under a compound light microscope. The fertilized and unfertilized eggs were then observed. Fertilized eggs had fertilization membranes around them. These membranes look similar to halos. The number of unfertilized and fertilized eggs were counted and recorded. The sample size was 1000 eggs per slide in all tests. Three slides were counted per solution. The fertilization success rates are shown in Graphs A and B This was then taken and converted to percentages which are shown in Graphs C and D. Embryonic Development The process of embryonic development is as follows. After the egg is fertilized it splits and becomes a 2 cell. Following this, the embryo splits again into a 4 cell, and then again into an 8 cell (Schroeder, 1986). The embryo continues to divide until it takes the fonn of a morula. The morula (or raspberry) has the appearance of a bundle of uncountable embryonic cells clustered together. After this stage is the swimming blastula state, in which the morula begins to spin in circles and move around. This is the last stage of embryonic development before the embryo begins to grow into an organism. A healthy embryo has the shape of a perfect circle, and is clear of any misshapen aspects. Abnormal embryos are easily sorted from healthy ones, as they are not perfectly circular in shape, or have odd deformities of cells (Figures 1-6). Results and Discussion Graph A shows the fertilization success of the untreated gametes. Untreated means the gametes were put together and then exposed to the Ibuprofen or control solution. Graph B shows the fertilization success of the untreated gametes vs the controls. Pre-treated means the sperm and eggs were individually treated with the solution before the gametes were combined. These graphs show the average percentage of fertilized and unfertilized eggs for the solutions. It had been predicted that the Ibuprofen solutions would have a significantly low percentage of fertilized eggs. However, this is not the case. As seen below, the percentage of fertilized eggs that were pre-treated exceed the control. Therefore, it has been concluded that Ibuprofen does not affect the fertilization success of the eggs and has no immediate adverse effects. After 24 more hours, the gametes were examined under a microscope again. This time, each develop- mental stage of the embryos was counted. Graphs C and D show the embryonic development of the embryos. These samples were taken after the embryos had soaked in the Ibuprofen and control solutions for 25 hours. Graph C shows the average percentage of each developmental stage of the embryos found in the pre- treated solutions. Graph D shows the average percentage of each developmental stage of the embryos found in the untreated solutions. In Graph C, the percent of unknown/abnormal embryos in both the diluted and Vol, XLIV(l): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 5 Figure 1 . An unfertilized egg a lOOx. Figure 4. An embryo at the 4-cell stage at lOOx. Figure 2. A newly fertilized egg with halo at lOOx. Figure 3. An embryo at the 2-cell stage at lOOx. Figure 6. Two abnormal Figure 5. An embryo at the embryos at 100. x Morula stage at lOOx. 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 JOO 300 200 10.0 0.0 Control Untreated Original Untreated Diluted Untreated 90.0 30.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.D 20.0 IDO 00 :: I Control Pre- irejiled Onginat Pio- ticati'fl Dituted Pre 1fC,Mi;-d Graph A: Percentage of fertilization success of Untreated gametes. All three treatments had a high degree of fertilization success that was verified with this test. Graph B: Percentage of fertilization success of Pre-treated gametes versus the controls. The pre-treatment of gametes showed less variation than gametes that were untreated. II BA c 130 3 90 0 50 0 70 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 30 0 :oo 100 00 V Qfl n I s a. 130 3 90 0 30 3 73 3 63 3 50 0 JOO 30 0 20 0 too 30 Graph C: The average percentage of each developmental stage of the embryos found in the Pre-treated solutions. Blue represents the diluted pre-treated eggs, red represents the control pre-treated, and green represents the concentrated pre-treated eggs. Graph D: The average percentage of each developmental stage of the embryos found in the Untreated Gametes Solutions. Blue represents the diluted pre-treated eggs, red represents the control pre-treated. and green represents the concentrated pre-treated eggs. Page 6 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 concentrated Ibuprofen pre-treated solutions are higher than the control. Based on these results, data suggest that Ibuprofen may have an adverse effect on the embryonic development. Although these results document embryo abnormalities, the pills that were crushed to create the stock solution contained other nonactive ingredients that may or may not be responsible for these results. Nonetheless, the Ibuprofen pills used for this experiment caused abnormalities in embryonic development. If this experiment were to be repeated, it would be a priority to (1) test pure Ibuprofen rather than the compounds found in tablet form and (2) extend study to address later stages of development. The embryos died after two or three days due to the lack of nutrients. If the embryos had lived longer we would have had the ability to determine whether Ibuprofen has long term effects on further embryonic developed. Our high school laboratory had limited equipment, which made it difficult to control temperature and salinity. These are two major factors for embryonic experimentation. Acknowledgments We would first thank the San Diego shell Club for this opportunity. Thanks are also due to our biology teacher Dr. Jay Vavra, for mentoring us on this project for a good part of the year. This experiment would not have been possible without his help. Thanks are also due to our teachers Tom Fehrenbacher and Julia Gordon for understanding when we had to leave their classes to work on this project. Our appreciation also to Dr. Paul Tuskes for his considerable help in making this essay ready for publication. Literature Cited BUSER, HANS-RUDOLF 1999. Occurrence and environmental behavior of the Chiral Pharmaceutical Drug Ibuprofen in surface waters and in wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology 33.15: 529-535. DONN, J., M. MENDOZA & J. PRITCHARD 2008. AP Finds Drugs in Drinking Water. Wanvs.com. 9 Mar. 2008. Web. *12 Aug. 2011. < http://www.warws.com/documents/APprobefindsdru gsindrinkingwater.pdf> JJEMBA, PATRICK 2008. Pharma-ecology: the Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment. Hoboken: Wiley. IBUPROFEN 2006. Rx-s.net 24 May. MURDOCH. ROBERT 2005. Formation of Catechols via Removal of Acid Side Chains from Ibuprofen and Related Aromatic Acids. American Society for Microbiology: Applied and environmental Microbiology. Vol 21. < http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/71/10/6121 > . MYBULEN SUSPENSION 2005. Pharmaceutical Industry- Malahyde Infonnation Systems. 16 March, . ROEPKE. T.. M. SNYDER & G. CHERR 2005. Estradiol and Endocrine disrupting compounds adversely affect development of sea urchin embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations. Aquatic Toxicology 71(2): 155-173. SCHROEDER. THOMAS 1986. Echinoderm Gametes and Embryos. Vol. 27. Orlando: Academic Press Inc. SCIENCE DAILY 2010. Pharmaceutical Substances Found in Waters of Spain's Donana National Park. Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 7 A FIVE-MINUTE SURVEY OE MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE ISLAND OF ANTIGUA, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES SUSAN J. HEWITT* *Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Send correspondence to: 435 E 77th St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075, USA E-mail: hewsub@earthlink.net Introduction The island of Antigua is situated at 17°5' N, 61°48' W; it is part of the outer arc of the northern half of the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies (Map 1). Antigua is 100 km due east of the island of Nevis, which since 1997 has been my main focus of study during annual visits. A friend of ours who lives on Nevis, Quentin “Beeman” Henderson, has previously brought back shells for me when he travels to other islands (for example see Hewitt, 2010). On March 31, 2011, Quentin was at a beach on the northwest coast of Antigua, on Fort Bay in Saint John Parish, and while there he spent 5 minutes hand picking and scooping a small sample (two handfuls) of beach-drift shells into a plastic bag. Quentin gave me the bag when I arrived on Nevis on April 17, 201 1 . I was eager to see whether the shell sample contained any species that were not listed on Gary Rosenberg’s database of Western Atlantic marine mollusks, Malacolog 4.1.1, which has a total species list for Antigua of 132. Species Collected In the following list, species that were already recorded for Antigua on Malacolog 4.1.1 are displayed in smaller font size; the species that represent new records are displayed in normal size. Gastropoda Fissurellidae Hemitoma octoradiata (Gmelin, 1791) Diodora dysoni (Reeve, 1850) Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822) Naticidae Naticarius canrena (Linnaeus, 1758) Cerithiidae Cerithium atratum (Bom, 1778) Map I: The Lesser Antilles from Hispaniola to Venezuela, with an inset showing part of the inner and outer arcs of the northern section of the Leeward Island chain, including Antigua, Modulidae Modulus modulus (Linnaeus. 1758) Calyptraeidae Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791) Ranellidae Cymaiium marlinianum (d’Orbigny, 1846) Buccinidae Engina turbinella (Kiener, 1835) Columbellidae Columhella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Siituroglypta pretrii (Duclos, 1846) Muricidae Coralliophila carihhaea Abbott. 1958 Olivellidae Olivella minuta (Link, 1807) Page 8 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 Bullidae Bulla striata Bruguiere, 1792 Bivalvia Pteriidae Pteria colymbus (Roding, 1798) Arcidae Area zebra (Swainson, 1833) Anadara notabilis (Roding, 1798) Pectinidae Argopecten nucleus (Bom, 1778) Cardiidae Acrosterigma magnum (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachycardium isocardia (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachycardium muricatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Veneridae Chione cancellata (Linnaeus, 1767) Chamidae Chama radians Lamarck, 1819 Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Donacidae Donax denticulatus Linnaeus, 1758 The fact that some fine gravel had been accidentally scooped up along with the shells was advantageous: it meant that several small species were present that would not have been included if every shell had been hand picked. Some broken shells and shell fragments in the sample were recognizable to the species level. A total of 25 species were in the sample: 14 gastropods and 1 1 bivalves. The Malacolog 4.1.1 Antigua list of 132 species includes only 11 species of bivalves, and so, not surprisingly, 10 out of 1 1 of the bivalve species in the sample were new records for Antigua. Of the 13 gastropods in the sample, 4 were new records. The bivalves included the largest shells in the sample and the most numerous valves of individual species: there were 5 valves of Area zebra, 8 valves of Trachycardium muricatum, and 11 valves of Donax denticulatus , including one whole shell. As a group, the current list represents a sandy bay habitat with adjacent rocky areas. Sand-dwelling species predominate, but there are also many species that live on or under rocks, and one coral-dwelling species. Results Twenty-five species from Fort Bay, Antigua, is a first look at the fauna of that bay. In terms of the faunal list for the island of Antigua, the 15 species not represented in the Malacolog 4.1.1 list are a useful addition, bringing the total for Antigua up to 147. The current study demonstrates how easy it is for even an untrained volunteer to find material that adds species to an underdeveloped faunal list, assuming someone more expert is available to identify the shells. If there is an opportunity to visit Antigua in 2012, I will attempt to expand the species list further. Acknowledgments I am very grateful to Quentin Henderson for collecting the sample and bringing it to Nevis for me. Many thanks to Harry G. Lee for identifying the Olivella species and confirming the identity of the Suturoglypta. Thanks to Colin Redfern for confirming the identity of the Diodora cayenensis. The information from Gary Rosenberg's database Malacolog 4.1.1 is provided with the permission of the ANSP. Literature Cited HEWITT, SUSAN J. 2010. A ihree-minule survey of the marine mollusks of the island of Sint Eustatius. Leeward Islands, West Indies, Eestivus, XLII (3): 35-38 ROSENBERG, GARY 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1; A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. [WWWdatabase (version 4.4.4)] URL http://www.malacolog.org Vol. XLIV(l): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 9 LOW TIDES FOR 2012 AT SAN FELIPE, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO The entries below show periods of low tides of -3.90 feet and below. The times of low tides are given in Pacific Standard Time, except those dates marked with an asterisk which are in Pacific Daylight Time. To cor- rect for Puerto Pehasco add one hour to listed times when they are in Pacific Standard Time. Tides below the midriff of the Gulf cannot be estimated using these entries. All entries are approximate times and tides. Jan. 23 8:39 p.m. -3.95 ft May 6 9: 1 1 a.m.* -5.50 ft Sep. 17 9:59 p.m.* -4.13 ft Feb. 7 8:13 p.m. -4.46 ft May 7 9:53 a.m.* -5.00 ft Oct. 14 8:26 p.m.* -4.70 ft Feb. 8 8:47 p.m. -4.53 ft Jun. 2 7:30 a.m.* -3.93 ft Oct. 15 9:02 p.m.* -5.27 ft Mar. 7 7:56 p.m. -4.57 ft Jun. 3 8: 15 a.m.* -4.87 ft Oct. 16 9:39 p.m.* -5.10 ft Mar. 8 8: 18 a.m. -3.95 ft Jun. 4 8:59 a.m.* -5.19 ft Oct. 17 10. 19p.m.* -4.18 ft Mar. 8 8:32 p.m. -4.58 ft Jun. 5 9:43 a.m.* -4.83 ft Nov. 12 7:05 p.m. -5.08 ft Mar. 9 8:52 a.m. -4.40 ft Jul. 2 8.08 a.m.* -4.26 ft Nov. 13 7:45 p.m. -5.66 ft Mar. 10 9:27 a.m. -4.16 ft Jul. 3 8:52 a.m.* -4.75 ft Nov. 14 8:26 p.m. -5.50 ft Apr. 6 8:52 a.m. * -4.97 ft Jul. 4 9:34 a.m.* -4.61 ft Nov. 15 9:09 p.m. -4.59 ft Apr. 7 9:29 a.m. * -5.33 ft Aug. 1 8:44 a.m.* -4.28 ft Dec. 1 1 6:52 p.m. -4.77 ft Apr. 8 10:07a.m.* -4.90 ft Aug. 2 9:21 a.m.* -4.24 ft Dec. 12 7:36 p.m. -5.53 ft May 4 7:50 a.m.* -4.25 ft Sep. 16 9:08 a.m.* -3.93 ft Dec. 13 8:20 p.m. -5.58 ft May 5 8:30 a.m.* -5.23 ft Sep. 16 9:25 p.m.* -4.15 ft Dec. 14 9:04 p.m. -4.90 ft Compiled by Jules Hertz SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01661 2046 J Hoi FH\% IHi/Z 0 THE FESTI A publication of the San Diego H S 0 ( 07012 J ISSN 0738-9388 vus Shell Club Volume: XLIV February 9, 2012 Number: 2 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldamnier Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $10.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Riidiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History. New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes Califontia State University. Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus. Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Meeting date; third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego E-mail: jhertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM SUMMARY OF THE MISSION BAY SURVEY Paul Tuskes will discuss the Mission Bay Survey that turned up 187 species of mollusks. Changes to the marine habitats and how that has influenced molluscan diversity over the past 80 years will be discussed and new underwater photos and new and exciting additions to our fauna will be reviewed. Did you know we have three species of miters and three species of olives? Meeting date: February 16, 2012 CONTENTS Club news 12 Survey of Mission Bay mollusks, San Diego, California PAUL M. TUSKES 13 References with molluscan information on Mission Bay, San Diego, California (other than those in Tuskes, 2012) CAROLE M. HERTZ & JULES HERTZ, compilers 30 Club roster for 2012 for detaching Page 12 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1V(2): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Minutes 19 January 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:42 p.m. by past president Jules Hertz in the absence of Bob Dees. The previous minutes were accepted as published in The Festivus. Silvana Vollero gave the treasurer’s report and all is well. Carole Hertz announced that the Club auction will be held on April 28‘'^, so mark that date on your calendars. Members David Waller and Bill Schramm were the speakers for the evening. They gave a presentation on the Cypraea of the United States with beautiful photos of both shells and animals and gave information on size, rarity, color forms etc. Four species, including the largest {Cypraea cerviis to 190 mm) occur in the southeast United States. There is only one Cypraea species in southern California, Cypraea spadicea. The Hawaiian Islands have 35-38 species. Bill and David showed photos of both collected material and live animals and discussed distinguishing characteristics for those species that are often confused. They also brought in examples of the various species for members to examine. It was a program enjoyed by all. Wes Farmer won the door prize. After the meeting, members continued to enjoy the cowrie display and asked many questions of the speakers while enjoying the snacks provided by Marilyn and Jim Goldammer and Paul and Ann Tuskes. Paul Tuskes A New Member of Tbe Festivus Review Board It is our pleasure to welcome Fance Gilbertson to the review board of The Festivus. Lance studied southwestern land snails at the University of Arizona for his MS degree and returned there on two sabbaticals for further studies sponsored by the late Dr. Walter Miller. He has been a professor of zoology and ecology at Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa for forty years and has described species of Holospira and Sonorella from the southwestern states and northern Mexico. He is currently a Museum Associate at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Save the date for the Auction/Potiuck Saturday, April 28"' The auction preparations have already started. The auction/potluck will be held once again at Wes Farmer’s Club House and the festivities will begin at 5 PM for Dave’s Punch (and other beverages) while members and guests browse the voice auction table and the silent auction items. At 6 PM, the potluck will begin with special entrees, salads and desserts provided by those attending. And promptly at 7 PM the voice auction will begin with all the excitement that bidding on the lovely shells always brings. Included in all the fun is the One- dollar table which will magically appear half way though the auction. Beginning at the February meeting the sign-up sheet for the auction will be passed around and members hoping to attend the auction can sign on for salad, entree, or dessert to serve 1 2. We hope that you all plan to attend the fun event. The Club will greatly appreciate donations from members and friends of books, quality shells or art work to support the Club and its activities such as The Festivus. A Special Meeting in March The March meeting will be an exciting and special one. Paul Valentich-Scott and Eugene Coan have authored a new two volume work on the bivalves of the Panamic Province with all illustrations in color. The two authors, who are longtime members of the Club, will give a program discussing different aspects of the books and will be available for questions. They will be bringing books for members to view and will take orders for any that attendees wish to buy. The authors are willing to autograph books for those who might wish it. Instead of our normal "Coffee Time,” The Club will be providing hors d’oeuvre and beverages in addition to coffee and desserts. It will be party time and an exciting program for all. Please plan to attend and welcome Paul and Gene. Dues are Overdue Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 13 SURVEY OF MISSION BAY MOLLUSKS, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA PAUL M. TUSKES 3838 Sioux Ave., San Diego, California 921 17, USA E-mail:tuskes@aol .com Abstract: This paper identifies 187 species of mollusks found in Mission Bay, San Diego, California, and lists their relative abundance and habitat. Changes to the bay during the past century have modified the configuration, access, and habitats and the relevance of those changes are discussed in relation to four surveys that span 80 years. The current survey reports greater species diversity than in the past, these results are due to increased habitat complexity and improved sampling techniques. Introduction Mission Bay is a few miles north of San Diego Bay in Southern California. Mission Bay Park, which encompasses the bay and shoreline, is funded and managed by the City of San Diego. The current survey of mollusks in Mission Bay was conducted by members of the San Diego Shell Club during 2008-2010. Prior to the current work, the most recent survey was published 53 years ago. Mission Bay History The original name for Mission Bay was False Bay and some old data labels in the San Diego Natural History Museum still reflect that name. The bay was a shallow estuary formed by the westward flow of the San Diego River which discharged intermittently between both Mission Bay and San Diego Bay. To prevent silting of San Diego Bay, the Army Corps of Engineers constructed a berm that directed the river to Mission Bay which was too shallow for commercial shipping activity. Prior to the development of Mission Bay, the City of San Diego designated the bay for recreational use and that designation has guided the development of the bay and surrounding areas. Activities around the bay include housing, hotels, parks, sport fishing boats, marinas, and two amusement parks. There has been no commercial or military shipping in the bay and no notable industrial activity near or along its shores, which has kept the bay relatively free of industrial pollution. Before dredging and development in the 1940s the backwaters of the estuary were mud and organic sediment deposited by Rose Creek, the San Diego River, and Tecolote Creek which flows seasonally from the hills on the east side of the bay. The sand peninsula now known as Mission Beach forms the western margin of the bay (Figure 1). The only hard substrate would have been river rock that lies on the bottom of past channels and is still present in some areas. Orcutt ( 1 885 ) described False Bay (Mission Bay) as a “large lagoon... which possesses extensive muddy flats and a narrow peninsula of sand and dunes on the west”. In 1914 a group of San Diego businessmen purchased the sand peninsula between Ocean Beach and Pacific Beach. The property would later be subdivided and called Mission Beach. In 1915 a bridge was constructed that spanned the channel and for the first time provided a direct route from Ocean Beach, via the peninsula, to Pacific Beach approximately three miles to the north. The purpose of the bridge was to increase access and land values in Mission and Pacific Beaches, but ultimately the recreational value of the bay was recognized. The next major change to the bay came in 1946 when dredging began to transfonn the estuary into a large aquatic park. The initial dredging removed 25 million cubic yards of material. By 1948 many of the points and coves that would become prominent landmarks had been created and the Ventura Bridge was under construction, as were the north and south jetties that would define the new navigable channel. Prior to 1950 the San Diego River was channelized to prevent sedimentation of the newly dredged bay, and discharged at its current location between the south jetty and Ocean Beach. The old bridge linking Ocean Beach to Mission Beach was demolished making the channel navigable. More dredging and additional islands and shoreline would be created in future years, but this initial event modified the habitats within the bay and set the stage for a 4,600 acre aquatic park visited by 5,000.000 people a year. Currently the bay has approximately 27 miles of Page 14 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 shoreline. The development of the bay significantly modified its shoreline and marine habitats. Figure 2 shows the present configuration of the bay. Mission Bay - Marine Habitats Mission Bay supports a wide variety of habitats from a small estuary at the mouth of Rose Canyon Creek in the northeast portion of the bay to fast flowing oceanic conditions that occur in the channel. Each habitat is influenced by the amount of wave and tidal energy that typically moves through the habitats twice daily. Mission Bay Channel has a clean sand bottom with patches of river rock and eelgrass. The depth ranges from 20 to 30 feet and there are strong tidal flows. A persistent ocean swell moves down the channel and at time waves break along nearly the entire length of the inner jetty. The jetty and sides of the channel are lined with large rip rap (large angular rocks). The rock habitat supports oceanic algae that form a linear kelp bed on the south jetty and where river rock is exposed near the margins of the channel. To the east of Ventura Bridge, the channel is bisected by Vacation Isle. One arm of the channel swings south of Vacation Isle, in an easterly direction to the back-bay (Figure 2). The other arm continues north along the west side of Vacation Isle and then turns east to the back-bay. Indicator species are large colonies of sand dollars and various species of sea pens. Rip-rap west of Ventura Bridge supports kelp such as Macrocystis pyrifera and Egregia menziesii, many species of sponge, gorgonians and solitary corals. Indicator fish include wrasses, pelagic damsels, garibaldi, moray eels, sand bass and the black-eyed goby. In 2010 the channel was dredged from the entrance to the Ventura Bridge. Outer Coves that connect to the main channel are typically sandy with eelgrass; the deepest and most protected areas have sand/sediment bottoms. The underwater surge that moves down the channel is felt within these coves. The water movement is sufficient that portions of the beaches are lined with rip-rap. Examples include South Cove, Ventura Cove, Mariner’s Basin, and Quivira Basin. Quivira Basin has slips for recreational craft and is more protected than the other outer coves with some characteristics of bay coves. Indicator fish are spotted bass and horn shark. Bay Coves and Beaches have sandy shores while the subtidal bottom is sand, sediment, and eelgrass. There is flow from changing tides, but the underwater surge associated with the swells tliat enter the channel is not present in these inner coves and beaches. Examples include Santa Barbara, San Juan, and Santa Clara coves. Sail Bay, Riviera, Crown, Ski, and Fiesta Island beaches. Salt Marsh habitat is very restricted in Mission Bay and found only within the small Northern Wildlife Refuge adjacent to the Rose Creek Inlet. The shore and bottom are primarily sediment. Individuals are not allowed to enter the refuge without prior permission and a series of buoys restrict boat access. Indicator plants are pickleweed (Salicornia sp.) and Spartina sp. MacDonald ( 1 969) surveyed this habitat extensively and reported only nine species of mollusks. Personal observations during the current study identified few additional species, but no unique species were found. Mollusk diversity was very low although individual species could be abundant. As a result of current and past observations no study site was established in this habitat. Methods Figure 2 identifies targeted survey sites, and other locations that were visited during this study. The marks on the map representing targeted sites is intended only to draw your attention to the location. Therefore a large blue dot at Santa Clara Point indicates the entirety of that area. Dates and locations for sampling were suggested based on habitat and tides. As many as eight people visited a site at one time. The targeted locations and approximate number of visits during minus tides are as follows: Outer coves: South Cove (7), Ventura Cove (10), Mariner’s Point and Basin (10); Inner Bay; Santa Clara Point (5), Ski Beach (7), Stony Point (Fiesta Island) (10); Mission Bay channel from the jetties to Ventura Bridge (10). Reports were submitted by: John Bishop, Clint Crowe, Bob Dees, Wes Farmer, Carole & Jules Hertz, John LaGrange, Chris & Julie Humes, Charlie & Taylor Fepore, Nancy, Bill & Fexi Schneider, Ann & Paul Tuskes, and David Waller. Other locations visited on low tides included: Crown Point, De Anza Cove, Quivira Basin, beaches on the east side of the bay and the Wild Life Refuge. SCUBA and snorkeling data were collected by Larry Catarius, John LaGrange, and Paul Tuskes at the following locations: Ventura Cove area (10), Mariner’s Basin (10), Quivira Basin (10), Mission Bay Jetty and channel (30 + ), South Cove (2), North Cove ( 1 ), Bonita Cove (1), and De Anza Cove (1). A survey form was distributed in an effort to standardize data collection and specific locations were recommended in order to sample Vol. XL1V(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 15 Figure 1. Mission Bay 1930, prior to development, adapted from Morrison (1930). (1) Ocean Beach, (2) Mission Beach, (3) Crown Point, (4) San Diego River. Figure 2. Mission Bay 201 1 landmarks. Large dark blue circles indicate tlie general location of the cove sampling sites (Channel, Mariner's Basin, Ventura Cove, Santa Clara Point, Soutli Cove, Fiesta Island (Stony Point), and Ski Beach). Small pink circles are other locations visited during the survey. Page 16 THE FESTIVUS VoE XEIV(2): 2012 a cross section of habitats. Sampling was typically conducted by walking the beaches or moving/then restoring rocks during minus tides. Micro shells were collected by washing the contents of rocks into a bucket. After the water was removed the contents were placed in a drying pan and examined with a dissecting scope. Deeper portions of the bay were surveyed by snorkeling and SCUBA diving. Shells that could not be identified via the literature were compared to material in reference collections. The names of most gastropods used in the list of species are from Marine Shells of Southern California (McLean, 1978); Taxonomic Atlas Volume 9 (McLean & Gosliner 1996); The Light and Smith Manual Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (edited by Carlton, 2007); and bivalve names are from Bivalve Seashells of Western North America (Coan et al., 2000). Opisthobranch names are those used in A Guide to the Opisthobranchs from Alaska to Central America (Behrens & Hermosillo, 2005). These publications are well documented and illustrated and should continue to be available at public and institutional libraries. Abbott (1974) and Keen (1978) were used for species not addressed by McLean (1978). For tracking old names and changes, Abbott (1954), Hall & Tompkins (1957), Morris (1966), Keep (1904), and Oldroyd (1927), were useful. Finding old but relevant literature can be difficult due to generic and species name changes. A summary of gastropod name changes, as used in current literature, is as follows: • Acanthina now Acanthinucella spirata • Acanthina now Mexicanthina lugubris • Astraea now Pomaulax gibberosa, P. undosa • Bursa californica now Crossata ventricosa • Bittium now Lirobittium • Laniellaria sharonae now Marseniopsis sharonae • Nassarius fossatus now Caesia fossatus • Nassarius now Hima perpingiiis, H. mendicus, H. tegula • Ocenebra now Ocinebrina • Olivella now Callianax baetica, C. biplicata • Polinices altus now Glossaulax altus, G. reclusianus • Polinices lewisii now Euspira lewisii • Tegula now Chlorostoma aureotincta, C. funebralis, C. gallina • Tegula eiseni now Agathistoma eiseni • Tegula regina now Stearnsium reginum Results/Discussion The discussion is divided into two sections. First the current survey is discussed, followed by a comparison to past surveys conducted in Mission Bay. Current Survey. 187 species of mollusks were identified, these included: • 1 Cephalopoda • 6 Polyplacophora • 60 Bivalvia • 120 Gastropoda [23 opisthobranchs, 15 limpets, 82 other snails]. Table 1 identifies the species and the habitat/substrate within which they were most commonly associated, their relative abundance, and if they were found intertidally and/or subtidally. Roughly 26% of the opisthobranchs, 78% of all limpet types, 100% of the chitons, 72% of all other gastropods, and 7 1 % of the bivalves may be found in the intertidal zone. The remainder of the animals were found subtidally while snorkeling or SCUBA diving. Large shells such as Forreria belcheri (Hinds, 1844), Euspira lewisii (Gould, 1847), Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852), and mature Trachycardium qiiadragenarium (Conrad, 1937) do not wash ashore as the slopes are generally too steep. The greatest diversity occurred in the two most complex habitats, the channel/jetty and Fiesta Island, each with 100-106 species. Outer coves such as Ventura and Mariner’s Basin were next with 93 and 65 species. The two locations with the lowest diversity (circa 45 species) were Santa Clara Point and Ski Beach; both sites are inner bay beaches. Their exposed shore is mostly sand or sediment with a few river rocks. As indicated in Figure 2, over twenty other locations in the bay were visited and although they confirmed the species composition only one unique species was found at these locations. These observations suggest tliat the targeted sites were very representative of the bay fauna. Comments on Mission Bav Mollusks. Some species generally thought to be locally common were scarce during the survey; the most notable were: Rictaxis punctocaelatus (Carpenter, 1864), Acteocina culcitella (Gould, 1853) and r;/rc/c<7 (Gabb, 1865) with only one individual of each found. Other species present in Mission Bay, during the 1950s— 1970s were not found; these included: four species of Calliostoma and the large limpet relative Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833). The Turcica, Calliostonvx and Diodora are currently found off shore. Some of the many possible reasons for their Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 17 absence may include cyclical population fluctuations, water quality or water temperature. Summer water temperatures in the shallow portions of Mission Bay commonly exceed 76°F and during the summer of 2009 the dive thermometer registered 80° F near the surface along the jetty on an outgoing tide. In recent years winter temperatures have been 59-61°F. During the summer of 2010 inshore ocean water temperatures in Southern California were approximately 7-12°F lower than expected. A number of gastropods and bivalves from the Panamic Province are present in Mission Bay, these include; Anadara miilticostata (Sowerby, 1833), Barbatia reeveana d’Orbigny, 1848, Pteria sterna (A. Gould, 1851), Spathochlamys vestalis (Reeve, 1853), Mitra fultoni E.A. Smith, 1892, and Mexicanthina /ngn/jm (Sowerby, 1821). Barbatia reeveana and Pteria sterna are moderate to large shells. Pteria sterna are found in the outer coves among sand and eelgrass and easily found in shallow water when present. Barbatia reeveana is attached to rocks and covered with growth, making it difficult to find even when exposed at low tide (Tuskes, 2009). The Ark Clam Anadara miilticostata occurs in the outer coves on clean sand or sand-sediment bottoms from a depth of approximately 2 to 18 feet (Tuskes, 2008). Juvenile shells of this species are found in the debris field outside of octopus dens and large shells are used as mobile octopus dens. Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) has been found in the past (Hertz & Hertz, 1987) but was not located during this survey. Mitra fultoni is scarce in Mission Bay and its habitat is the kelp bed that grows on the submerged Jetty rocks. Underwater visibility ranges from 15 to 30 feet and there is notable surge. A number of moderate-sized black miters were observed each year, but only three were collected as all were assumed to be Mitra idae (Melvill, 1893) (Figure 3a). Sphon (1961) reviewed the distribution of M. fultoni in California and the Pacific coast of Mexico as well as the fossil record for this species. Keen ( 1971 ) and Abbott (1974) both illustrated M. fultoni and Abbott gave the range as San Diego to Panama. Compared to Mitra idae, M. fultoni is a smaller species, the shell is more curved and is inscribed with vertical and horizontal lines spaced 2 to 4 times further apart (forming squares), and the micro pits can be seen without the use of a hand lens (Figure 3b). For its size, the aperture of M. fultoni is larger than that of Mitra idae. The shell length of M. idae is typically given as 50-75 mm, the length of M. fultoni is 25-38 mm (Abbott, 1974). The specimen from Mission Bay measures 35.4 mm in length. A third miter matched the description of M. catalinae Dali, 1919 (Figure 3c & d). Mitra catalinae has been considered a juvenile of M. idae and treated as a synonym. West (1990, 1991) demonstrated that the two species are separate and has published morphological studies of both species. In Mission Bay, Mitra catalinae involved in egg laying during January (2008-2011) measured 23 to 34 mm in length. This miter is very distinctive, the most prominent feature being its smooth vertical growth lines, small size, and the dark aperture area. Upon examination with a hand lens, a faint cancellated pattern on the shell can be seen. Mitra fultoni and M. idae have strong cancellated patterns from the first whorl to the aperture. M. catalinae were found intertidally (0 to-1.5 feet) on muddy sand and on or under rocks at Stony Point on Fiesta Island, Ventura Cove and South Cove on Vacation Isle. This environment is the antithesis of the oceanic habitat in the channel where M. idae and M. fultoni are found. Although none were observed while diving, it does not mean they were not present in deeper water. West (1991) found M. idae and M. catalinae sym- patrically in the kelp beds off Pacific Grove and indicated that M. catalinae rarely exceeded 30 mm in length at that location. Based on the range of habitats used by M. catalinae. it appears to be an adaptable species. Figure 3 a-d. Mitro of Mission Bay (3a) M. idae. (3b) M. fultoni (3c, d) M. catalinae, dorsal and ventral surface. A number of survey participants found varying sized fragments of the large egg cockle Laevicardium elatuni (Sowerby, 1833). The local consensus is that this and other Panamic Province species sporadically colonize southern California and whether from changes in water temperature or inability to successfully reproduce, they Page 18 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 die out. Laevicardium elatum is probably not a resident at this time. Local but uncommon gastropods such as Crossata (Bursa) ventricosa (Hinds. 1843), Latiaxis oldroydi (E Oldroyd, 1929), Neosimnia barbarensis (Dali, 1882), Stearnsium reginum (Stearns, 1892), and Forreria belcheri were also found. Based on the Mission Bay population, Tusk.es & Kelly (2008) published biological information and described host-parasite interaction between Neosimnia barbarensis and its sea pen host. Forreria belcheri are very mobile and will return to the same area to feed until the local population of clams or mussels are greatly reduced. On occasion large animals may be found on sand bottoms in shallow water during summer low tides. In late summer adults move into the channel, presumably to find deeper water and possibly move offshore. During the winter, adults are difficult to find or absent from the bay. Most specimens range in length from 120 to just under 170 mm. During the past four years adults have been found feeding consistently on the clam Chione iindatella (Sowerby, 1835). Forreria belcheri has been reported from Mission Bay during surveys conducted in the late 1920s and the 1950s. Rescued specimens of this species were introduced to the Bay in the 1990s (Hertz & Hertz, 1995) prior to extensive dredging in San Pedro Harbor. Five Tegula related species occur in the bay, all of which can be found intertidally . Chlorostoma gallina (Forbes, 1852) (Figure 4a & b) is scarce in the bay and the few specimens observed were C. gallina form tincta (Figure 4c & d) in South Cove. This form lacks the typical white axial markings and a gray ground color found on nominate C. gallina. The shell of form tincta ranges in color from gray-green to brown, often has an opalescent appearance where eroded, and seems to be slightly more elongate. 1 have not seen tincta illustrated or mentioned other than a brief line in Abbott (1974), and Oldroyd (1927) provided a drawing which is not diagnostic. This form is common on the nearby rocky coast where it occurs with typical C. gallina and C. funebralis (A. Adams, 1855) (Figure 4e & f). A few juvenile Stearnsium reginum were observed on minus tides. Mature S. reginum were seen while diving and exhibit a great deal of variation in color. Agathistoma e/Tent Jordan, 1936, is currently the most common species in Mission Bay, followed by C. aureotincta (Forbes, \853), C. funebralis, S. reginum and C. gallina. Figure 4 a-f. (a & b) Chlorostoma gallina (c & d) C. gallina form tincta (e & f) C. funebralis. Table 1. Mollusks of Mission Bay, San Diego Habitat: B = Bay beaches (Santa Clara, Ski Beach, Fiesta Island); C = Channel & Jetty; CV = Coves (Ventura, Quivira, South, Mariner’s) Substrates: EG = eelgrass; S = sand; K=kelp; SD = sediment; R = rock; SH = shell Depth: IT =intertidal (-1.5 to 4-5 ft); ST= subtidal (-1.5 to -30 ft) Abundance: S = scarce = found 1-2/year; UC = uncommon = found 3-6/year; C = common = likely to be found; A = abundant = numerous observations/visits Name Habitat Substrate Depth Abundance Cephalopoda Octopus bimaculoides ALL ALL IT-ST C Opisthobranchia Acteocina culcitella B-CV S ST S Vol. XL1V(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 19 Table 1 continued Names Habitat Substrate Depth Abundance Aptysia californica B-CV S-R-EG ST C Aplysia vaccaria C R ST C Armina californica C S ST uc Baptodoris mimetica C-CV S-R ST s Bulla goiildiana B-CV S-EG ST-IT A Chromodoris nwcfarlandi C R ST C Corambe pacifica C-CV K ST UC Diaulaula sandiegensis C R ST uc Doriopsila albopunctafa C-CV S ST c Doriopsila gemela C R ST uc Doris montereyensis C-CV R-S ST c Doris tanya c R ST s Eubranchus steinbecki B S ST c Flabellina iodinea C R ST c Flabellina trilineata C R ST uc Haminoea vesicida B S ST-IT c Haminoea virescens C-CV R-S ST-IT c Hermissenda crassicornis C R IT uc Limacia cockerella C R ST c Navanax inerims ALL S-R-EG ST-IT c Rictaxis punctocaelatiis CV S ST-IT s Tylodina fungina C R ST uc Gastropoda (All Limpets) Fissurella volcano C R IT-ST A Lottia asmi C-CV SH-R IT uc Fottia conus C-CV R IT c Fottia depicta CV EG ST-IT A Fottia digitalis C R IT uc Fottia gigantea C R IT c Lottia insessa C K ST A Lottia limatula C-CV R IT A Lottia ochracea c R ST IT UC Lottia paleacea c EG ST-IT C Lottia scabra C-CV R IT A Lottia strigatella C-CV R IT UC Lucapinella calbmarginata CV-B R ST-IT UC Megatabennis bimaadatus CV-B R ST-IT s Megatliura crenulata C R ST IT A Other Gastropoda Acanthinucella spirata C-CV R IT C Agathistoma eiseni ALL R IT-ST A Amphissa versicolor B S-R IT-ST UC Assiminea californica B-CV R IT-ST C Page 20 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1V(2): 2012 Table 1 continued Names Habitat Substrate Depth Abundance Caecum californicum ALL R IT-ST C Caesia fossatiis CV S ST UC Callianax baetica CV S IT A Callianax biplicata ALL S IT-ST A Ceratostoma nuttalli C R IT-ST A Cerithidea californica B S-SD IT A Cerithiopsis carpenteri ALL R IT-ST C Conus califoniicus C-CV R S IT-ST A Chlorostoma aureotincta ALL R IT-ST C Chlorostoma funebralis C-CV R IT-ST C Chlorostoma gallina CV R IT UC Crassispira semiinflata C S-R ST UC Crepidula coei C-CV SH-R IT-ST C Crepidula norrisiarum CV-B SH-R IT A Crepidula onyx CV-B R IT A Crepidula petforans CV R IT UC Crepipatella lingulata CV-B SH-R IT-ST UC Crossata ventricosa C S-R ST UC Crucibulum spinosum C-CV SH IT-ST C Cypraea spadicea C R ST C Dendropoma lituella ALL R IT C Epitonium tinctum ALL R-S IT-ST c Erato columbella C-CV R-S IT UC Erato vitellina CV-B R IT UC Euspira lewisii C-CV S ST UC Eorreria belcheri C-CV s ST UC Glossaidax altus C-CV S-EG ST s Glossaulax recluzianus C-CV S-EG ST-IT c Granulina subtrigona CV R IT-ST UC Haliotis corrugata C R ST UC Haliotis craclierodii C R ST s Haliotis fulgens C R ST c Hima mendiais CV-B S-SD IT-ST c Hima perpinguis CV-B S-SD IT-ST UC Hima tegula CV-B S IT-ST A Homalopoma luridum C R ST s Kelletia kelletii C-CV R-S ST A Lacuna unifasciata CV-B S-SD IT UC Lamellaria diegoensis C-CV R-S IT-ST UC Latiaxis oldroydi C R ST s Lirularia acuticostata CV R IT UC Lirobittium purpureum ALL R IT-ST c Vol. XL1V(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 2 1 Table 1 continued Names Habitat Substrate Depth Abundance Littorina pkmaxis ALL R IT A Littorina scutulata ALL R IT A Liwbittium quadrifilatum ALL R IT-ST C Marseniopsis sharouae C-CV R ST s Maxwellia gemma c R ST uc Melampus olivaceus B SD IT c Mexacanthiua lugubris C R IT c Mitra catalinae B SD-R IT c Mitra fultoni C R ST s Mitra idae C R-S ST s Mitrella aurantiaca CV EG ST A Mitrella tuberosa C-CV R-EG ST UC Norrisia norrisi C-CV R-K IT-ST c Ocenebhna beta C R ST s Ocenebrina gracillima C-CV R IT uc Opalia funiculata B S-SD IT c Opitiodermella ophioderma ALL S-R IT-ST c Pedipes unisulcatus ALL R IT uc Petaloconchus montereyensis CV SH IT uc Pomaulax gibberosa CV-B S IT-ST s Pomaulax imdosa C-CV R-S IT-ST A Pseudomelatoma penicillata ALL S-R IT-ST c Pteropurpura fesli va ALL R-S IT-ST A Pteropurpura trialata ALL R IT-ST C Pyramidella adamsi ALL R IT-ST V Roperia poulsoiii ALL R-S IT-ST A Serpulorbis squamigerus ALL R IT-ST A Sinmia barbarensis C S ST UC Sinum scopulosum C s ST s Steamsium regimim C R ST uc Terebra pedroana C S ST s Trivia califoniiana ALL R IT-ST c Trivia solandri C-CV R IT-ST c Turbonilla teuuicula C-CV R IT-ST c Turcica cajfea C R IT-ST s Volvarina taenia lata ALL R IT-ST c Polyplacophora Callistochiton decoratus CV R IT uc Cyanoplax harpvegii ALL R IT A Lepidozona pectinulata B-CV R IT c Mopalia muscosa B-CV R IT uc Nuttalina fluxa B-CV R IT c Page 22 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1V(2): 2012 Table 1 continued Names Habitat Substrate Depth Abundance Stenoplax conspicua B-CV R IT A Bivalvia Amiantis callosa C-CV S IT-ST S Anadara multicostata CV S ST uc Argopecten venthcosus CV-B S-SD IT-ST A Barbatia reeveana CV-B R IT S Chama arcana C-CV R IT-ST UC Chione califomiensis CV-B S-SD IT-ST A Cliione fliictafraga B S-SD IT-ST A Chione iindatella CV-B S-SD IT-ST A Crassadoma giganatea C-CV R IT-ST A Crassostrea gigas CV-B R IT A Cryptomya californica C-CV S-SD IT-ST UC Cwningia californica C S ST UC Diplodonta orbellus C-CV R IT-ST C Donax californicus CV S IT UC Donax gonldii CV S IT A Entodestna naviada C-CV Sponge IT-ST C Epilucina californica CV S-R ST UC Gari californica C-CV S ST UC Heterodonax pacificus C-CV S ST UC Laevicardium elation Only broken shells Laevicardiion snbstriation CV-B S-SD IT-ST s Leporimetis obesa ALL S-SD IT-ST c Leptopecten latiaiiratiis CV EG ST A Lima hemphilU C R ST C Lyonsia californica CV-B S IT-ST UC Macoma indentata C S IT-ST C Macoma nasuta ALL S-SD IT-ST C Macoma secta C S ST C Mactrotoma californica C-CV S ST UC Mactrotoma nasuta C-CV S ST c Mactromeris hemphilli C-CV S ST uc Modiolus capax CV R IT-ST uc Modiolus neglectus CV R IT-ST uc Musculista senhousia CV S-SD IT-ST c Mytilus californianus ALL R IT c Mytilus galloprodncialis ALL R IT A Nuttallia nuttallii C-CV S ST c Ostrea lurida B SH-R IT c Periploma planiusculum C-CF S IT-ST c Pododesmus cepio CV-B R IT uc Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 23 Table 1 continued Names Habitat Substrate Depth Abundance Pwtothaca laciniata CV s IT-ST C Protothaca staminea cv S-SD IT-ST C Pwtothaca tenerrima CV S IT Lie Pseudochama exogyra C-CV R IT-STR C Pteria sterna cv S ST S Saxidomus nuttalli C-CV s IT-ST A Semele decisa c s IT-ST C Semele mpicola C-CV R-S IT-ST C Solen rosacens C-CV-B S-SD IT-ST c Spathochlamys vestalis B s IT s Tagelus califomianus CV S-SD IT-ST A Tagelus subteres cv S-SD IT-ST A Tellina idae cv S-SD ST Lie Tellina meropsis C-CV s IT-ST Lie Tellina modesta C-CV s IT-ST C Tivela stidtorum C-B s ST UC T rachycardiiim quadragenariwn C-CV S-SD ST C Tresus niittallii C-CV S IT-ST C Venerupis philippinarum CV-B s IT C Comparison to Past Surveys Charles Orcutt (1885) published a list of mollusks from San Diego to Todo Santos Bay in Mexico and included records for False Bay. Morrison (1930), as part of his thesis requirements at the University of Southern California conducted the first detailed survey of Mission Bay in 1928 and 1929. The study is significant as it is the only comprehensive survey (nearly 15 years) prior to the development of Mission Bay. The next survey of Mission Bay mollusks was by Farrar & Morrison ( 1953) followed by Rohlf (1958). Table 2. compares the relative number of mollusks found in the past and present surveys. Comparing the results of the present survey to those in the past has been made difficult due to the chronic change in both generic and species names. Tracking down synonymies is a painstaking task. The number of species reported in previous surveys (Table 2) is actually fewer than reported in their publication, since various species with distinctive forms have more recently been recognized as single species. Some identifications, especially for bivalves and nudibranchs are questionable, as many were described in the literature but not illustrated, or were presented in lithographs which may lack sufficient detail. Table 2. Relative number of mollusks reported in each comprehensive survey of Mission Bay. Survey Total Mollusks Limpets (all types) Opisthobranchs Other Gastropods Bivalves Chitons Morrison, 1930 148 13 13 56 63 3 Farrar & Morrison, 1953 107 10 9 40 44 4 Rohlf, 1958 119 13 24 47 32 3 Current Survey, 2010 187 15 23 83 60 6 Page 24 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1V(2): 2012 Morrison (1930) identified 148 species of mollusks prior to the start of dredging in 1946. The bay had extensive tidal flats and shallows and 63 species of bivalves (by current standards) were found prior to development. Morrison and Farrar surveyed the bay again in 1953, three years after the completion of the initial Mission Bay development project and reported 41 fewer species. With the exception of chitons, all categories in the 1953 survey demonstrated 25-30% fewer species. When the impact of dredging 25 million cubic yards of sand-sediment to deepen and reshape the bay is taken into consideration, this finding is expected. Although the total number of mollusks in the 1953 and 1958 surveys was similar, the composition made a notable shift. The 1958 survey reported fewer bivalves, but an increase in all types of gastropods, especially opisthobranchs. In early 1953, rock associated with the Jetties and channel had been submerged approximately two years and not yet fully colonized. By 1958 the survey identified many species of gastropods associated almost exclusively with hard substrate, such as various species of Haliotis, Megathura , Erato, and numerous opisthobranchs. The current survey found approximately 40% more mollusks than Farrar & Morrison (1953) and Rohlf ( 1958). Catch per unit effort cannot be used to compare results as none of the surveys documented time in the field or methods. A reasonable question might be, has species diversity increased since the work of Rohlf (1958)? The answer is, probably not if the assumption that neither snorkeling nor diving were methods used by Rohlf. If that is correct, the higher species count in this survey is due to the extensive diving that allowed access to the deeper portions of Mission Bay. The current survey identified 128 intertidal species and that number is similar to Farrar & Morrison (1953) with 107 species and Rohlf (1958) 1 19 species. The additional 59 subtidal species found while diving (32% of total), accounted for most of the 37% increase in the number of species over past surveys. Hertz (1974) surveyed Quivira Basin during low tides and identified 71 species. Quivira Basin is the most protected of the outer coves and the only cove that is completely ringed with rip-rap. Currently, the cove has the largest population of moored pleasure craft. Although Quivira Basin was not a targeted site, it was visited numerous times and 1 have the impression that mollusk diversity has decreased in the past 35 years. The addition of miles of submerged rip-rap during the development of the channel and bay has created an extensive and diverse community of macro-algae and invertebrates. The gastropods have benefitted from this change with a significantly greater number of species found than in the past. The negative impact of the initial dredging on the bivalves appeared to have been severe. Currently bivalve diversity is similar to levels prior to the development of Mission Bay. Although mollusk diversity within the bay is high, there has been a shift in species composition. Species reported in prior surveys, but not found during the current survey are identified in Table 3. Many of these species occur in the San Diego area, and in some cases are found a few miles north or south of Mission Bay. Species living at the edge of their range appear, disappear and reappear when conditions permit. The absence of species that might otherwise be expected is most likely the result of population shifts/fluctuations or sampling methods/errors. In a few instances, the species reported in past surveys may have been misidentified. The data presented in this paper are the collective efforts of many members of the San Diego Shell Club who participated in this survey. No survey can expect to find all species within such diverse and expansive habitats. Mission Bay has approximately 27 miles of shoreline and the Park encompasses 4,600 acres. The fact that some well-known and common species (according to the literature) were not found, simply suggests they were not common during this survey. Approximately 51 species reported in past surveys were not found during the present effort. The scope of the current survey was sufficient to conclude that the species listed in Table 3 are currently exceedingly uncommon or absent at this time from Mission Bay. Collectively over 240 species of mollusks have been reported from Mission Bay since 1930. Collecting live shells, opisthobranchs, etc., in California requires a valid California fishing license and a knowledge of the regulations. Be respectful of the animals and environment. The Mission Bay Park and Fifeguard Service have regulations that address boating, diving, swimming, and beach/park use. Diving along the jetty west of Ventura Bridge is permitted if you do not enter the channel. Diving east of the Ventura Bridge is permitted only in designated swimming areas. Because of boat traffic, diving elsewhere requires notification and permission from the Lifeguard Service and the use of a dive flag. Vol. XL1V(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 25 Table 3. Mollusks reported in past surveys that were not found during the current survey. Name Morrison, 1930 Farrar & Morrison, 1953 Roblf. 1958 Hertz, 1975 Opisthobrandiia Acanthodoris rhodoceras X Acteocina inadta X Dirona pi eta X Janolus barharensis X Okenia rosacea X Peltodoris nobilis X X Rostanga pulchra X Trapania velo.x X Gastropoda (all limpets) Acmaea pelta X X Acmaea persona X Acmaea sax turn X X X Acmaea mitra X Diodora arnoldi X Diodora aspera X X X Other Gastropoda Amphissa reticulata X Calliostoma gloriosiim X Calliostoma ligation X Calliostoma supragranosum X Calliostoma tricolor X Crassispira rustica X Gramdina margaritula X Hipponix antUpiatus X Hipponix turnens X X Homalopoma carpenteri X Homalopoma baculum X Kurtziella pliimbea X Janthina exigua X Macron lividus X Nassarius cooperi X Phasianella compta X Ocenebra lurida X T ri mils cuius reti culatus X Turbonilla stylina X Bivalvia Cliania hastatus X X Cooperella siibdiapliana X Page 26 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 Table 3 continued Name Morrison, 1930 Farrar & Morrison, 1953 Rohlf. 1958 Hertz, 1975 Hiatella arctica X X Kellia suborbicularis X Lasaea adansoni X Lithophaga plumula X Luciiia niirtalli X Simomactra planulata X Penitella penita X Petricola californiensis X Petricola carditoides X Pododesmus macrochisma X Semele pidchra X Septifer bifurcatus X X Siliqua lucida X Tellina carpenteri X X Zirfaea pilsbryi X X X Plate 1 illustrates some of the limpets and chitons that are variable in pattern or appearance and may be confused with related species. Among the chitons found in Mission Bay, Cvrvnop/rtx /tfl/Vvceg// (Carpenter, 1855) and Nuttallina fluxa (Carpenter. 1864) are variable in both color and pattern. Also illustrated are the Triividae, some shelled opisthobranchs, live animals and additional uncommon species. Plate 2 illustrates a cross section of gastropods and bivalves from Mission Bay. Most of the bivalves were selected because they are readily found. Protothaca staminea (Conrad, 1837) is typically white, but some specimens have purple to brown markings which cause them to be confused with Venerupis philippinarum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850). Acknowledgments A big thanks to the following San Diego Shell Club members/friends who participated in the survey and are recognized for their time, effort, and sharing of infonnation: John Bishop, Larry Catarius, Clint Crowe, Bob Dees, Wes Farmer, Carole & Jules Hertz, John La Grange, Chris & Julie Humes, Charlie and Taylor Lepore, Nancy, Bill & Lexi Schneider, Ann Tuskes and David Waller Thanks to Carole and Jules Hertz who were always willing to help find literature and act as a sounding board for ideas; Ron Velarde for confirming identification of nudibranchs; Dr. Douglas Eernisse for confirming the chitons and some confusing limpets, and Dr. James H. McLean for addressing questions regarding Mitra, current names of Callianax and Tegula: and Margaret Dykens for assistance with literature. Last, a thanks to my wife Dr. Ann Tuskes for reviewing the manuscript, help in the field, and a general lack of concern regarding specimens in the freezer and refrigerator. 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(Approximately life size unless indicated) 1 Haminoea virescens. 2 (3x)Volvarina taeniolata. 3 (3x) Erato colwnbella. AE. vitellina. 5 (2\) Trivia californiona. 6 (l/2\) Liicapinella callomarginata. 7 Haminoea vesicula. 8a-b//. virescens. 9 Acteocina cnlcitella. \0 Rictaxis piinctocaelatus. 11 Ocenehra beta. \2 Trivia solandri. 13 T. californiona. [A Erato vitellina. 15 (2x) £. coliimbella. \6 Simnia barbarensis. Lottia gigantea. 18a-cL. limatula. 19a-bL. digitalis. 20a-c L. conns. 21 L. insessa. 22 L. asmi. 23 L. strigatella. 24a-c L. scabra. 25 Megatebenniis bimaculatus. 26 Liicapinella callomarginata. 27a-b Eissiirella volcano. 28 Cyanoplax liartwegii, 29 Niittallina fliLxa. 30 Callistocliiton decoratiis. 31 Lepidozona pectiniilata. 32 Mopalia miiscosa. 33 Stenoplax conspicua. Page 28 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIV(2): 2012 National Museum 56 (2295): 308-309. FARRAR, PAUL & ROY L. MORRISON 1953. A Study of Molluscs of Mission Bay. 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Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 104 pp. MCLEAN, JAMES H. & TERRENCE M. GOSLINER 1996. Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Eauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Volume 9 The Mollusca Part 2. The Gastropoda. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. 228 pp. MORRIS. PERCY A. 1974. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Shells. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company , Boston, USA. 297 pp. MORRISON, ROY L. 1930. Study of Molluscs Found at Mission Bay. San Diego, California. Thesis for M.A. Degree USC. Archived in the Scientific Library of the San Diego Natural History Museum. Document OL415 CM8S. OLDROYD, IDA S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America. Stanford Univ. Press. Vols. 1-3. ORCUTT. CHARLES R. 1885. Notes on the Mollusks of the Vicinity of San Diego, California and Todos Santos Bay, Lower California. Proceedings of United States National Museum. Pp. 532- 552. ROHLE, JAMES F. 1958. Checklist of the Animals of Mission Bay, San Diego, California. Archived in the Scientific Library of the San Diego Natural History Museum. Document OL164 R738. SPHON, GALE. G. 1961. Notes on the Mitridae of the Eastern Pacific. 1- Mitra fultoni. The Veliger 4(1): 32-36. TUSKES, PAUL M. 2008. The Many Ribbed Ark Clam Anadara miilticostata, in Mission Bay. San Diego, California. The Eestivus 40(6): 73-75. 2009. The Ark Clam Barbatia reeveana from Mission Bay. The Festivus 4 1(5): 47. TUSKES. PAUL M. & ANN TUSKES 2009. Influence of Habitat on Growtli and Prey Selection of Pieropurpura festiva, the Festive Murex. The Festivus 41(3): 25-29. TUSKES, PAUL, M. & JENNIFER A. KELLY 2008. Observations and biology of Neosimnia barbarensis and its Sea Pen Host in Mission Bay, San Diego, California. The Eestivus 40(10): 117-120. WEST. TERRY, L. 1990. Eeeding Behavior and Eunctional Morphology of the Epiproboscis of Mitra idae (Mollusca: Gastropoda; Mitridae). Bulletin of Marine Sciences. 46: 761-779. 1991. Eunctional Morphology of the proboscis of Mitra catalinae Dali, 1920 (Mollusca: Gastropoda; Mitridae) and the Evolution of the Mitrid Epiproboscis. Bulletin of Marine Sciences 48(3);702-718. Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 THE FESTIVEIS Page 29 Plate 2. 1 & 2 (4x) Alia carinato. 3 (4x) Pedipes imisidcatus. 4 (3x) Epitoniiim tinctiim. 5 Opalia funiculata. 6 (3xj Lirobittiiim pitrpiireiim. 1 Liwbittiwn quadrifUatiwi . 8(3x) Ttirbonilla tenidciila. 9a-b(3x) Volvarina laeniolafa. 10 Lainellaria diegoeiisis. W Marseniopsis sbaronae. il Spadiochlamys vestalis. \1> Caesia fossatus. 14 Hima pergingids. 15 H. tegida. \6 H. memlicus. 17a-b Amphissa versicolor. 18a-b Terebra danai. 19 Pseiidomelatoma penicillata. 20 Ophiodermella ophiodenm. 21 Latiaxis oldroxdi. [Figs 22-34: l/2x| 22 Chione fluclifraga. 23 C. californiensis. 24 C. iindatella. 25 Protothaca laciniata. 26 P. staminea. 27 Mactrotoma californica. 28 Macoma secta. 29 M. nasuta. 30 Chama arcana. 31 Veneriipis philippinanan. 32 Semele decisa. 33 Argopecten ventricosus. 34 Gari californica. 35 Lyonsia californica. 36 Donax goiddii. 37 Donax californicus. 38 (1/2 x) Leporimetis obesa. 39 (l/2x) Nuttallia niinallii. 40 ( l/3x) Pteria sterna. 41 Laevicardiinn snbstriatian. 42 ( l/3x) Trachycardiitm qiiadragenarium. Page 30 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIV(2): 2012 REFERENCES WITH MOLLUSCAN INFORMATION ON MISSION BAY, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA (Other than tliose in Tuskes, 2012) CAROLE M. HERTZ & JULES HERTZ, Compilers E-mail; jhertz(5)san. rr.com This list was originally created as a working reference in support of The San Diego Shell Club’s project on Mission Bay. Later it was determined that some of these “hard to find” references specifically for Mission Bay might be useful for future researchers on Mission Bay and it was decided to publish those findings here. THE FESTIVUS 1971. 2(8): 5. Note on the occurrence of Bittium qiiadrifilanun (Carpenter, 1864) in Mission Bay. By Susan & Martin Bishop. 1972. 3(4): 2-3. A conversation with Charlene Neeb. By Carole M. Hertz. [Mission Bay in 1959. (Paradise Point was called “Tierra del Fuego.”). In early 1960s Calliostoma annulatwn, C. glohosum and C. canaliculatim and Pteropurpura trialato were found in Quivira Basin.] 1973. 4(7): 48-49. Living on the high tide. By Barbara W. Myers. [A survey of the animals on the wooden pilings of the Ventura Bridge before it was replaced by a larger concrete structure.] 1973. 4:(10): 69. S5 million bay project includes marina, shops. Reprinted courtesy of the Sentinel [then a local community newspaper] 1974. 5(2): 94-95, 2 uimumbered figs. Mollusks of Quivira Basin. By Jules Hertz. 1975. 6(1 ):3, 2 unnumbered figs. A treat for the snorkeler. By Carole M. Hertz. \Gramtlina margaritula found in the Flood Control Channel on spines of purple urchins] 1976. 7(9): 58, 2 unnumbered figs. Found on eel grass (Zostera). By Barbara Myers, [juvenile Notoacmaea scutum] 1979. 11(7):54, 1 unnumbered fig. Bittium qiiadrifikitum Carpenter, 1864. By Jules Hertz, [taken in Flood Control Channel] 1980. 12(4):58, figs. 1-3. Nassariiis insculptus (Carpenter, 1964). By Jules Hertz. [Nassarius insculptus and N. perpinguis in Entrance Channel] 1982. 14(7): 76-87, figs. 1 -7. The distribution of Diplodonta orbellus (Gould, 1851) and a diagnosis of Diplodonta subquadrata (Carpenter, 1856) (Bivalvia: Ungulinidae). By Carole M. Hertz, Barbara W. Myers & Joyce Gemmell. 1984. 15(1): 1-42 [supplement], figs. 1-92. Illustration of the types named by S. Stilllman Berry in his “Leaflets in Malacology.” By Carole M. Hertz. [Dendrochiton psaltes, p. 26, fig. 57 in Mission Bay] 1992. 24(1): 8-15, figs. 1-12. Pseudochama grand Strong, 1934, a valid species. By Carole M. Hertz & Carol Skoglund. ]P. exogyra from Mission Bay] 1992. 24(6): 61-62, figs. 1-2. Unusual finds at Mission Bay, San Diego. By Jules Hertz & Carole M . Hartz. [Anadara tuberculosa in Mission Bay] 1994. 26(1): 15, fig. 1. Trigoniocardia (Americardia) biangulata {Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) from off Catalina Island. By Jules Hertz, [specimen collected in Mission Bay] 1995. 27(9): 1 10, fig. 1. Acanthina lugubris found again in San Diego. By Jules Hertz, [found at southern jetty of Entrance Channel to Mission Bay] 2011. 43(7): 69-73. Observations on the biology of the Bubble Snail Bulla gouldiana in Mission Bay, San Diego, California. By Paul M. Tuskes. NEWS OF THE WESTERN ASSOCIATION OF SHELL CLUBS - San Diego Shell Club entries unless otherwise noted 1962. 3(3): 72 (April) Polypus bimaculatus. By R.L. Morrison, [in Mission Bay] 1963. 4(4): 1 (July) San Diego Shell Club begins a current checklist. Anonymous, [lists survey of Mission Bay done in 1934] 4(4): D16 (July) Rare Shell. By Elsie M. Chace. \Chlamydoconcha orcutti from “False Bay”] Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 31 4(6): D22 (November) New ecological record? By T. Bratcher. [Olivella hiplicata in Mission Bay] 1964. 5(1): D2-3. (January) Holdfasts. By Sharleen (sic) Charlene Neeb. [Lyonsia califomica in Mission Bay] 5(2): [Pacific Shell Club] P6-7 (March). Sightseeing, anyone? By Twila Bratcher. \Murex festivus. Megathum crenulata, Astraeo imdosa. Ocenebra paulsoni (sic) poulsoni, octopus lair] 5(3): D12. Comments on the old Mission Bay - and the new. By R. L. Morrison, [name changes and sites differing] 1966. 7(1): D53-54. (January) Olivella Dive. By B. Brewer. 1967. 8(6): D19 (November) Roy Lawton Morrison In Memoriam. By B. Brewer, editor. 1968. 9(3): D15-16 (July) Adventures in collecting. By B. Myers. \Conus californiciis, Murex festivus, Ocenebra poulsoni, Ceratostoma nuttalli and Squatina califomica (Angel Shark)] 9(4): D19 (October) Olivella Dive. By B. Brewer. BOOKS & Other Serials 1969. Quantitative studies of salt marsh mollusc faunas from the North American Pacific Coast. By K. MacDonald. Ecological Monographs 39(l):33-60. 2007. Images of America. Mission Beach. By Terry Curren & Phil Prather. Arcadia Publishing. 128 pp. profusely illustrated [section devoted to Mission Bay pp. 81-104]. THE VELIGER 1961. 3(3): 73-76. Food and feeding behavior of Conus californiciis Hinds, 1844. By P. Saunders & R. Wolfson. 1962. 4(3): 150-151. Preliminary report on growth studies in Olivella biplicata. By Rudolf Stohler. 1963. 9(1): 69-81. New distributional records of some northeastern Pacific Opisthobranchiata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with descriptions of two new species. By James R. Lance. \Spurilla chromosoma] 1969. 11(3): 259-261 . Growth study in Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825). By Rudolf Stohler. 1971. 23(4): 368-370. New opisthobranch records for the Eastern Pacific. By G. Sphon. \Aeoliciiella takanosiniensis] 1973. 16(1): 40-57. The northwest American Psammobiidae. By Eugene Coan. \Heterodonax pacificus, Nuttallia nuttallii\. 16(2): 143-152. A census of marine prosobranch gastropods at San Diego. California. By M.J. Bishop & S.J. Bishop. 16(2): 200-202. Type specimens of Mollusca from the Charles R. Orcutt Collection now at the University of California, Riverside. By Jack D. Mount. [Chlamydoconcha orcutti] 1974. 16(4): 427-429. Two symbioses of Conus californiciis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with Brachyuran crabs. By Fay Wolfson. 1979. 21(3): 375-378. Chlamydoconcha orcutti Dali: review and distribution of a little known bivalve. By James T. Carlton. [2 reports in Mission Bay]. WESTERN SOCIETY OE MALACOLOGISTS, ANNUAL REPORT 1999. Annual report. Vol. 32, p. 12 The effects of the exotic mussel, Musciilista senhoiisia on macrofaunal assemblages in an urbanized Southern California lagoon. By Jeffrey A. Crooks. MINUTES OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (Generally this publication was set up much as “minutes” without listing authors. Authors are cited only in articles.) 1943. /?19:(January) 5-6. Partial list of Mollusks found in Mission Bay, San Diego, Calif. By Roy L Morrison. ]taken from a survey made in 1928, 29 & 1930] #19: 6-8. Shells (Alive and dead) 1 have found in Mission Bay. By Miss Edna N. Wilson, pp. 6-8. #20: (February) 1. A supplemental list (to the lists of Mollusca in Mission Bay). By John Q. Burch. \Barleeia subtenuis, Cerithiopsis carpenteri, C. cosniia, C. pedroana; Odostoniia donella, O. fetella: Turritella biitleri, T. teniiiciiliis, T. tridentata dwl Epitoniiim tincta bonnanni Strong, 1941 described in The Nautilus] #25: (July) 12. Te\\inidae.[Tellina carpenteri DM, 1900] 1944. #32: (February) 10. By William K. Emerson. \Mangilia haniata (live) anAHyalina califomica (dead) & Murex trialatiis in Mission Bay. Emerson states “never found the Mangilia there or any other place... not in Mr. Morrison’s or Miss Wilson’s list of shells collected in Mission Bay ... none in the San Diego Natural History Museum.”] Page 32 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(2): 2012 #40: 19-20. fLasaea rubra]: 24. \Chlamydoconcha orcutti] Ml: (November) 25. [Trigoniocardia (At?iericardia) biangulata] 26. [Laevicardiiun substriatum] #42: (December) 9. ]Chione fluctifraga: Chione undatella] 1945. #43: (January) 10 ]Scrobicularia biangulata] 17. [Semele decisa] 20. [Donax californicus] 23. [ Tagelus subteres; Tagelus califomianus] #48: (May) A.\Haminoea virescens “common” (Emerson); Haminoea vesicula “uncommon” (Emerson) 18. Terebra pedroana] #51: (August) 8. [Nassarius mendicus cooperi 35. Pteropurpura trialata 36. Pteropurpura festiva 44. Ceratostoma nuttalli 47. Ocenebra poulsoni 54. Forreria belcheri] #54: (November) 14. \Cerithiopsis carpenteri (on sponge) 15. Ceritbiopsis pedroana (on yellow sponge) 31. Bittium quadrifilatuni (common, eelgrass) 32. Bittium interfossa “rare in Mission Bay” (Emerson)] #55: (December) 15. [Lacuna unifasciata 21. Barleeia subtenuis 33. Alvania pedroana] 1946. #56: (January) 7. [Actnea stimpsoni 21. Crucibulurn spinosum 30. Polinices lenisH (Polinices recluzianus)'^ 'd\\ estuaries in southern California...”) 32. Sinutn scopulosum] #57: (February) 2.[ Larnellaria stearnsii: Lamellaria diegoensis] #60 (May) 25 .[Lucapitrella callornarginata 26. Diodora aspersa] #61: (July) 20. [Pyratrudella adamsi 21. Peristichia pedroana 22. Turbonilla diegensis 25. Turbonilla buttoni 34. Turbonilla tridentata: Turbonilla larninata 37. Odostornia helga 40. Odostomia fetella] #62 (August) 30. [Cytliarella rnerita] 1952. #122 (September) 3-7 with map. An ecological study of mollusks found at Mission Bay, San Diego, Calif. By Roy Morrison. [Condensed from a paper given at the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the AMU] SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB Membership List - 2012 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Library/serials - M. Bolin. Central Park West at 79lh St.. New York. NY 10024. (212) 769-5714 ANDERSON. ROLAND. 2228 Yale Ave East #32. Seattle. WA 98102. (206) 329-5815. E-mail: geo(Juck46@gmail.coni BARWICK, KELVIN L.. Environmental & Ocean Monitoring Laboratory, Orange County Sanitation District. 16391 Del Oro Circle. Huntington Beach. CA 92649. (619) 31 5-5253 (office). FAX (714) 968-5662, E-mail: kbarwick(S)ocsd.com BEDELL, HARRY, 23852 Pacific Coast Hwy. #178, Malibu, CA 90265, (714)968-5662. E-mail: malibuone@aol.com BERSCHAUER, DAVID & FELICIA 25461 Barents St., Laguna HilLs, CA 92653, (949)581-9979 (home), (949) 457-9210 (work), FAX (949) 457-9450 (work). 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End Ave. Apt. 18E, New York, NY 10075-1184, (212) 879-7645 (home), (212) 769-5277 (work), FAX (212) 879-7645, E-mail: emerson @AMNH.org EVERSON, GENE, 500 Nottingham Pkwy., Louisville, KY 40222-5026, (502) 429-5788. E-mail: supersheller@insighlbb.com FARMER, WES, 3591 Ruffin Rd. #226, San Diego, CA 92123-2561, (858) 576-2143, E-mail: wmfarmerl3@adnc.com FORSYTH ROBERT, P.O. Box 3804. Smilhers. British Columbia, Canada VOJ 2NO. (250) 847-6699, E-mail: r.forsylh@lelus.net FRANK. WILLIAM M.. 1865 Debutante Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32246-8645, Phone/FAX (904) 724-5326, E-mail: slrombus@bellsouth.net GARCIA, EMILIO F., 115 Oak Crest Dr., Lafayette, LA 70503, (337 ) 232-2662, E-mail: etg21 l2@louisiana.edu GETTLEMAN. ALAN, 2225 Tanglewood Lane, Merritt Island, FL 32953-4287, E-mail: Lychee@cn.rr.com GILBERTSON, LANCE, 1806 Dover Dr., Newport Beach, CA 92660-4419, (949 ) 631-3591. E-mail: lngilbert@gmail.com GOLDAMMER. MARILYN & JIM. 10051 Sheba Way, San Diego, CA 92129, (858) 484-0575, E-maiL mgoldammer@san.rr.com GORE SANDRO, Via Semesi 7. 57123 Livomo, Italy, E-mail: sandrogori@fastweh.Il GREEN. DAVE. LUCILLE & KRISTEN, 3522 Bas.sett Court, Missouri City. TX 77459. (281) 778-9151, E-mail: dgreen@enlouch.net HAMILTON. IAN MCDOWELL, The University of Southern Mississippi, 1 18 College Dr.#7338, Hattiesburg. MS 39406-0001, E-mail: imh315@gmail.com HATFIELD MARINE SCIENCE CENTER. Marilyn Potts Guin Library. Oregon Stale University, 2030 S. Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365 HERRMANN. RICHARD & GINNY, 12545 Mustang Dr., Poway, CA 92064, (858) 679-7017, FAX (858) 679-3346, E-mail: rbherrmann@cox.net HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE M. . 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, (858) 277-6259, E-mail: ihertz@san.rr.com HEWITT, SUSAN & EDWARD SUBITZKY. 435 E. 77“ St. Apt. 3G. New York, NY 10075-2322, (212) 628-6706, E-mail: hewsub@earthlink.net HOLLMANN. 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NL-5616 GJ Eindhoven, the Netherlands, E-mail: adsl71 1249@lelforl.nl LAGRANGE, JOHN. 533 North Rios Ave.. Solana Beach, CA 92075-1245, Pltone/FAX (858) 755-7215, E-mail: john.lagrange@gmail.com SMITHSONIAN INSTfTUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01660 9513 LEAL. JOSE H., Director. The Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum. 3075 Sanibel-Captiva Rd., Sanibel, FL 33957, (239) 395-2233, FAX (239) 395-6706 LEVIN. DEBRA J.. 3100 Van Buren Blvd., Apt. 1117, Riverside. CA 92503-5623, (951) 354-7002 E-mail; levindj@att.net also lvndj@netscape.nel LUTHER, DOUG & MARY, 1535 Ipukula St., Honolulu. HI 96821-1419, (808) 377-5173, E-mail: dluther@soest.hawaii.edu LYONS, WILLIAM G., 4227 Porpoise Dr. SE. St. Petersburg. FL 33705-4328, E-mail: w.lyons9@knology.net MARR. LAURETTA, 2646 Cherokee Rd. #9, Johnson City, TN 37604-3369, (423 ) 926-9782, E-mail: RLMMlD@aol.com MCCLINCY, RICHARD J., 2332 W. Calle Ceja, Green Valley, AZ 85614-8067, (520) 625-5697 (home), (520) 850-161 0 (business). E-mail: rjmcclincy@gmail.com MCLEAN, JAMES H., Malacology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 763-3377, FAX (213) 746-2999, E-mail: jmclean@bcf.usc.edu. jmclean@nhm.org METZ. GEORGE E., 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato, CA 94947-3615, (415) 892-4960, E-mail: romageometz@comcast.net MOORE, ROBERT, 15539 Shefford St., Hacienda Heights, CA 91745, (626) 336-0553, E-mail: rmoorel3@roadrunner.com MULLINER, STEPHEN, 5283 Vickie Dr.. San Diego, CA 92109-1334, (858) 488-2701. E-mail: muUinerskm@aol.com MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Te Aka Matua Library. P.O. Box 467, Wellington -601 1 , New Zealand MYERS. JOHN & BARBARA W.. 3761 Mt. Augustus Ave.. San Diego. CA 921 1 1. (858) 279-9806 NATURALIS, BIBLIOTHEEK, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands NEGUS, RICHARD H. 3401 Woodland Way, Carlsbad. CA 92008. (760) 521-5215, E-mail: RNegus@roadrunner.com NELSON. LOIS V.7550 N. lO"* St. #7226, Phoenix, AZ 85020. (602) 347-9667, E-mail: ehamm@google.com PASQUA, ROBERT A., 2326 Via Chalupa, San Clemente. CA 92673-3634, (949) 492-6855, E-mail: pasqua@cox.com PHILLIPS, TONY, 17 Vista del Canon, Aliso Viejo. CA 92656, (714) 397-0014, E-mail: CUMACEA@YAHOO.COM PISOR. DON & JEANNE, 10373 El Honcho PL. San Diego. CA 92124-1219, (858) 279-9342 (home), (858) 274-4830 (business), FAX (858) 274-4850, E-mail: dpisor@earthlink.net POWELL. CHARLES L.. Western Geological Mapping Team, U.S. Geological Survey, M/S 975, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025. E-Mail: cpowell@ucgs.gov PRAS. STEPHANE, 15 Rue Marbeau. 75116 Paris, France, E-mail: stephane.pras@noos.fr REITZ, CHARLES K.. 410 Orpheus Ave., Leucadia, CA 92024-2608, (760) 943-1029 (home), (760) 471-8657 (work), FAX (760) 471- 6894, E-mail: crreitz@aol.com RITTER, WILLIAM J., 1005 Exchange Apt. 13, Astoria, OR 97103-0900, (503) 325-7948. E-mail: bulwinkl_29@msn.com ROUSE. GREG. Scripps Institution of Oceanography , UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., Lajolla, CA 92093, Mail Code 0202. E-mail: grouse@ucsd.edu SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105-2936. (805)682-4711 SASSL ALEXANDER P., 2617 College Ave., Apt. 12, Berkeley, CA 94704, (510) 206-8757, E-mail: stalexander@hotmail.com SCHNEIDER. NANCY, 12751 Gateway Park Rd, #227, Poway. CA 92064, Phone/FAX (858) 748-2822. E-mail: jtkcmom@sbcglobal.net SCHOENING, ROBERT C., 10607 Norman Ave.. Fairfax, VA 22030-2928, (703 ) 273-9755, FAX (703) 352-7124, E-mail: rschoening@aol .com SCHRAMM. WILLIAM, 24151 Las Naranjas Dr., Laguna Niguel, CA 92677, (949)495-6971, E-mail: bschramm@ivc.edu SCHROEDER. LINDA. 5953 Artist Dr., Ferndale, WA 98248-8303 SCHULER. MARTY. 747 Ash Ave., Chula Vista. CA 91910, (619) 420-8347, E-mail: tagdot@cox.net SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY (SIO), SIO Library 0219 , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0219 SMITH, EVELYN J. & DON. 1710 Avenida del Mundo, Unit 1506, Coronado, CA 921 18-3073, (619) 435-6724. E-mail: smithdonevelyn@sbcglobal.net TLISKES, PAUL, 3808 Sioux Ave.. San Diego, CA 92117, (858) 274-5829, E-mail: tuskes@aol.com UNAM 34316 PB3, Teldan Inc.. P.O. Box 3618. Bala Cynwyd. PA 19004, (215) 227-3211. FAX (215) 221-0631 UNIVERSITAETS BIBLIOTHEK. Johann Christian Senckenberg, Zeitschriftensbteilung/DFG.Bockenheimer Landstr. 134-138, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany VALENTICH-SCOTT. PAUL, Santa Barbara Museum (NH), 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, (805) 682-4711 ext. 146, FAX (805) 563-0574, E-mail: pvscott@sbnature2.org VAWTER. DORIS, 3208 Bonita Mesa Rd.. Bonita. CA 91902. (619) 479-7687, E-mail: vevawter@cox.net VELARDE, RON, City of San Diego, EMTS Laboratory. 2 3 92 Kincaid Rd., San Diego, CA 92101-0811, (619) 758-2331, FAX (619) 758- 2350, E-mail: rvelarde@sandiego.gov VOLLERO. SILVANA& BOB PETROSKl, 5613 Carnegie St., San Diego, CA 92122, (858 ) 625-0756, E-mail: svollero@san.rr.com WALLER, DAVID B. & VIVIAN, 505 No. Willowspring Dr., Encinitas, CA 92024. (858) 768-1864, E-mail: dwaller@dbwipmg.com WEBSTER, HERB & MELLA, 4403 Sierra Morena Ave., Carlsbad, CA 92010. (760) 730-3648, E-mail: mellamella@adelphia.net WESSELS. KATHY PIERCE, P.O. Box 1021. Wildomar. CA 92595-1021. (951 ) 674-5545. E-mail: kathypiercejealty@yahoo.com WIEDRICK. SHAWN GREGGORY, 1151 Walnut Ave., Apt. 51, Tustin, CA 92780, (714) 235-0633, E-mail; shawnwiedrick@holmail.com WOOLSEY. JODY, 3717 Bagley Ave. #206, Los Angeles, CA 90034-4148. (310) 839-1604, E-mail: m.woolsey@att.net WU, SHI-KUEI. Campus Box 265, MCOL Bldg, University of Colorado, Boulder. CO 80309-0265, Phone/FAX (303)444-2306, E-mail: skwu@colorado.edu ■gSVTHSO/v^^ MAK 07012 t(BRAR\eS^ QL hoi fhii IM^Z Volume: XLIV ISSN 0738-9388 THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club March 8, 2012 Number: 3 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Historian Librarian Web page Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STATE Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail);$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue; $10.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History, New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Lrancisco George L. Kennedy Brian L. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus, Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Meeting date: third Thursday, 7;30 PM, Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego E-mail: jhertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM Bivalves of Tropical West America Eugene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott, the authors of the new and extensive book on Tropical West American bivalves, will make a presentation on their research as well as new taxa and taxonomic innovations treated in their new book. Attendees will be able to examine and/ or order the book (which can be signed) at the meeting. This will be a special event complete with hors d’oeuvres, beverages, desserts and socializing to start at 7:00 PM in honor of the guest speakers. It will be necessary to RSVP if you plan to attend. Meeting date: March 15, 2012 CONTENTS Club news 34 The opisthobranch fauna of Isla Guadalupe, Mexican Pacific ALICIA HERMOSILLO & CAROLE M. HERTZ 35 Book news: Russian Opisthobranchs (reviewed) HANS BERTSCH, reviewer 40 Page 34 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1V(3): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Minutes 13 February 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:35 pm by President Bob Dees. The previous minutes were approved and the Treasurer’s report was accepted. Carole Hertz reminded members that The Festivus is looking for papers. The meeting in March will celebrate two events. The Hertzes will received the first award from the SDSC for Lifetime Contributions to Conchology or Malacology. Secondly, Eugene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott will discuss and present their new book on the Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America. There will be good food and company so be sure to RSVP to David Waller at dwaller@dbwipmg.com Paul Tuskes presented an overview of the Mission Bay Survey which was published in the February issue of The Festivus. The presentation included underwater photos of many gastropods and bivalves and the various marine habitats, both above and below water. Of the 187 species found, only three were introduced species (Veneriipis philippinarum. Crassadoma gigantea and Musculista senhoiisia) all bivalves. The Panamic species that occur in the bay were illustrated and discussed. The survey work published by Morrison in 1930 provided an excellent baseline of Mission Bay prior to its development. Over the past 70 years the number of bivalve species has returned to pre-development levels. Gastropods, on the other hand, have benefitted from the miles of large rock deposited on the jetties and channel to prevent erosion. This hard substrate has provided habitat for oceanic algae, large numbers of marine worms, echinoderms, crustaceans, and gorgonian corals. As such, 120 non-bivalve mollusks were found in the current study vs a maximum of 85 species in 1930. This project was the cooperative effort of many San Diego Shell Club members. For more details, see the article in the February issue. The door prize was won by Don Smith, the refreshments brought in by Bob Dees and Wes Farmer. Paul Tuskes A Special Meeting in March The March meeting will be an exciting and special one. Paul Valentich-Scott and Eugene Coan have authored a new two volume work on the bivalves of the Panamic Province with all illustrations in color. The two authors, who are longtime members of the Club, will give a program discussing different aspects of the books and will be available for questions. They will be bringing books for members to view and will take orders for any that attendees wish to buy. The authors are willing to autograph books for those who might wish it. The evening’s event will begin at 7 pm. Instead of our usual “Coffee Time,” The Club will be providing hors d’oeuvres and beverages in addition to coffee, and desserts. It will be party time and an exciting program for all. Please plan to attend and welcome Paul and Gene. The Club asks that you RSVP to Vice President Dave Waller at < dwaller@dbwipmg.com > by March 12'*' if you plan to attend this special event. TO ALL OUR SHELLING FRIENDS The San Diego Shell Club’s annual auction/potluck will be held on Saturday evening April 4th in the community room of Wes Farmer’s condo at 3591 Ruffin Rd ., San Diego, C A . The festivities will begin at 5 P. M . with “Dave’s Punch”. wine, and soft drinks while you view the auction tables. Dinner will be at 6 P.M. sharp and the voice auction will begin promptly at 7 P.M. Among some of the very special items for auction are a number of excellent books and many beautiful shells. Among them are Strombus thersites and helli, many great cowries like Cypraea bregeriana pervalata, rashleigbana, mappa eluceta. armeniaca. oweni, oceanica, and, melwardi, outstanding cones, marginellas and muricids such as Pteropiirpura centrifuga, Murex elliscrossi, Chicomiiex superbus, Siratus venustulus (banded), Pterynotus pinniger, and Nacptetia auuandalei . There will also be some large, showy shells such as Charonia tritonis ( + 380 mm) and Chicoreus ramosus (+ 235 nn). Besides the voice auction, there will be a huge, wonderful silent auction and enormous $1 table. If you are unable to attend the auction and want to be a part of it, you can request an auction list by e-mailing ihertz@san.rr.com and a list will be sent to you. Should you wish to bid on any items, an attending Club member will bid for you following your instructions. If you plan to attend, please contact Carole or Jules Hertz at (858) 277- 6259 or at the e-mail address above. You can bring either a main course, salad, or dessert to serve 12. Vol. XLIV(3): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 35 THE OPISTHOBRANCH FAUNA OF ISLA GUADALUPE, MEXICAN PACIFIC ALICIA HERMOSILLO Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias Km. 15.5 Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales, Predio las Agujas, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico E-mail: alicia hg@prodigv.net.mx CAROLE M, HERTZ Department Associate, San Diego Natural History Museum, Department of Marine Invertebrates, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA 92112-1390, USA E-mail: jhertz@san. rr.com Abstract: This paper reports 31 additional species of opisthobranchs from Isla Guadalupe, where only ten species had previously been reported for a total of 41 . The vast majority of these species are known from elsewhere along the California coast or Pacific coast of Mexico, with 36.8% of Temperate and 50% of Temperate-Panamic affinity. This is the southernmost report for four species: Dendrodoris behrensi, Cadlina sparsa, Triopha maculata and Pleurobranchaea californica. Only Tritonia sp. is possibly undescribed and endemic. Keywords - Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Mexico, Oceanic Islands, Isla Guadalupe Resumen En este arti'culo reportamos 31 especies de opistobranquios adicionales a las 10 anteriormente conocidas para Isla Guadalupe. Esto da un total de 41. La gran mayoria de estas especies se conocen en otras areas de la costa de California y el Pacifico mexicano, siendo 36.8% afines a la provincia templada y 50% a la templada-panamica. Este reporte es el extreme sur conocido en la distribucidn de cuatro especies: Dendrodoris behrensi, Cadlina sparsa, Triopha maculata y Pleurobranchaea californica . Solamente Tritonia sp. es posible endemica y no descrita. Palabras clave - Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Mexico, Islas oceanicas, Isla Guadalupe Introduction The knowledge of the molluscan fauna of Isla Guadalupe is important. Although there are many publications on land, freshwater and marine mollusks of Isla Guadalupe, these reports include only a few additional opisthobranchs, none of the order Nudibranchia. Strong & Hanna (1930) list 87 species of marine mollusks from specimens collected during the 1926 California Academy of Sciences Expedition. N ine of these mollusks were undescribed at the time. Only two were opisthobranchs: Acteocina angustior Baker & Hanna, 1927, and Acteocina harpa (Dali, 1917) as Retusa harpa. Strong (1954) increased the number of species to 116 based on a Scripps Institution of Oceanography Expedition in 1946. Talmadge (1964, 1966) described two subspecies from Guadalupe. But the most comprehensive list of mollusks from Isla Guadalupe was published by Chace (1958). He reported 1 93 species, 77 of which had not been previously known from Isla Guadalupe, including ten he considered endemic. His list contains a total of nine opisthobranchs, five not previously reported: Tylodina fungina Gabb, 1865, Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) as Umbraculum ovale (Carpenter, 1856), Rictaxis punctocaelatus (Carpenter, 1864) as Acteon punctocaelata , Acteocina niagdalenensis Dali, 1919, and Acteocina inculta (Gould, 1855) as Acteocina planulata Gould, 1855. Bad weather conditions during the 1993 Cordell Expeditions to RocasAlijos, gave collectors one Page 36 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(3): 2012 day of diving at Isla Guadalupe during which some mollusks were collected. Schmieder (1996) reported Berthelliiui sp. and Navanax inennis (Cooper. 1863). These two last species are the first non-shelled opisthobranchs published for Isla Guadalupe. Some mollusks that have been described from specimens collected at Isla Guadalupe have been named in honor of this island. Dali (1990) named the terrestrial species Epiphragmophora guadeliipiaiw and Succinea nisticana guadelupensis\ Pilsbry (1927) reported on the land and freshwater mollusks of Guadalupe and named four species for the island. Berry (1957) described Astraea guadalupeana , (later found to be a synonym of A. gibberosa); Strong (1954) described Rissoina giiadalupensis and Glycymeris guadalupensis; Talmadge (1964) named a new subspecies of Haliotis from Isla Guadalupe; H. fulgens guadalupensis and Ferreira ( 1978) named the chiton Lepidozona guadalupensis. Materials and Methods Surveys were conducted with SCUBA using the direct observation method. During a period of 1 1 years, a total of 15 days were spent searching for the species reported herein. Animals were observed and photographed during various expeditions to the Islands: June 1999 (3 days), July 2002 (4 days), July 2004 (4 days), October 2008 (2 days) and June 2010 (2 days). Only the lee side of the island, the southern islets and two sites on the weather side of the island were surveyed. Deep-water opistliobranchs were observed and documented from the submarine DeepSee during the 2008 Jatai Expedition by Manuel Lazcano. Mauricio Hoyos and Avi Kepfler. Results and Discussion A total of 31 species of opisthobranch mollusks is here added to those previously known from Isla Guadalupe. This extends the number of known taxa for the Island to 41 and contains the first nudibranchs reported for Isla Guadalupe. Table 1 lists the species of opisthobranch mollusks so far known for Isla Guadalupe. The second column includes the faunal province affinities of the species following Keen (1971): Temperate (California, Baja California to Bahia Magdalena) and Panamic (south of Bahia Magdalena, Golfo de California, Mexican Pacific). Species with overlapping known distributions are determined as Temperate-Panamic. For those species known in other oceans (i.e. Atlantic) it is so explained. Isla Guadalupe (roughly latitude 28°N) is the southernmost locality reported for Dendrodoris behrensi, Cadlina sparsa, Triopha maculata and Pleurobranchaea californica (Behrens & Hermosillo, 2005). Only one species appears to be an undescribed Tritonia, which was observed from the DeepSee submarine at depths of about 100m. It was not collected; therefore it is not possible to know for certain whether it is an undescribed species or a color variation of an already described species. This is possibly the only endemic species. This fact leads us to believe that even though Isla Guadalupe is remote in distance, the influence of the California Current there is great. The faunal affinity of opisthobranchs is mostly Temperate and Temperate-Panamic, half of them, 19 species being Temperate-Panamic, and 14 species (36.8%) exclusively Temperate. Only one species is possibly endemic, one more is circumtropical , two exclusively Panamic and one is also found in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Conclusions The total number of known opisthobranchs of Guadalupe is rather small, considering the great size of the island. The variety of habitats as well as the observation of numerous prey items for opisthobranchs suggest that tlie number here presented should increase considerably with more intensive surveying. The number of possible or known endemic species of opisthobranchs is also low if compared with the number of other considered endemic marine, land and freshwater mollusks. This paper contributes significantly to the knowledge of the opisthobranch fauna of Isla Guadalupe, however further work is necessary to approach a more complete understanding of the taxonomic composition and faunal affinities of the mollusk group. Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the invaluable support and enthusiastic help of Roberto Chavez Arce, Pedro Medina Rosas and Mauricio Hoyos. Our thanks to the M/V Nautilus Explorer and Captain Mike Lever. A very special recognition to Avi Keptler whose outstanding video images from deep waters allowed us to record some of the species. Vol. XLIV(3): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 37 Literature Cited BEHRENS. DAVID W. & ALICIA HERMOSILLO 2005. Eastern Pacific Nudibranchs: A Guide to the Opisthobranchs Ironi Alaska to Central America. Sea Challengers, Calilomia. 137 pp. BERRY, S. STILLMAN 1957, Notices of new eastern Pacific Mollusca - 1. Leaflets in Malacology 1(14): 75-82. CHACE. EMERY.P. 1958. The Marine Molluscan Eauna of Guadalupe, Mexico, Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 12(19): 321-332, fig. 1. DALE, WILLIAM H. 1900. Additions to the insular land-.shell faunas of the Pacific coast, especially of the Galapagosand Cocos islands. Proceedings of the Academy of. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 88-106. pi. 8. EERREIRA, ANTONIO J. 1978. The genus LepL/ocww (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the temperate eastern Pacific. Baja California to Alaska, with the descripikin of a new species. The Veliger 21(1): 19-44. 5 pis., 3 text figs. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, i-xiv-l- 1064 pp.. 4000 figs. PILSBRY, HENRY A. 1927. Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922, Land and freshwater mollusks Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th senes, vol. 16(7): 159-203. pis. 6-12, 3 text figs. STRONG, A.M. 1954. The marine molluscan fauna of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California 142: 6-10. STRONG, A.M. & G.D, HANNA 1930. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series, vol. 19(1): 1-6. TALMADGE. ROBERT R. 1964. The races of Haliom fulgens Philippi (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History Museum 13(18): 369-376. 1966. A new haliotid from Guadalupe Island, Mexico (Mollu.sca: Gastropoda). Los Angeles County Museum Contribulkras in Science 1(39: 1-4. figs. 1,2. Table 1 . Taxonomic Composition of the Opistliobranch Mollusks of Isla Guadalupe Species Geographic affinities CEPHALASPIDEA ACTEONIIDAE Acteocina angustior ^■^kcr &. Hanna, 1927 Panamic Acteocinaharpa (YAaW, 1917) Temperate Acteocina magdalenensis Dali, 1919 Temperate Acteocina inculta (Gould, 1855) Temperate Rictaxis pimctocaelatiis (Carpenter, 1864) Temperate-Panamic Cylichna attonisa (Carpenter, 1864) Temperate HAMINOEIDAE Haminoea ongelensis Baker & Hanna, 1927 Temperate-Panamic AGLAJIDAE Navanax aeniginaticiis (Bergh, 1894) Tropical Atlantic and Panamic Navanax inennis (Cooper, 1863) T emperate- Panamic ANASPIDEA APLYSIIDAE Aplysia califomica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Temperate-Panamic TYLODINIDAE Tylodina fiingina (Gabb, 1865) Temperate-Panamic Umbraculum ;wtbraar/M/« (Lightfoot, 1786) Circumtropical PLELIROBRANCHIDAE Pleuwbranchus aewlatus (Morch, 1863) Temperate-Panamic Pleuwbranchaea califomica MacFarland, 1966 Temperate Page 38 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(3): 2012 Benhellina ilisima (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Temperate-Panamic Beitliella agassizii (MacFarlancl, 1909) Temperate-Panamic SACOGLOSSA PLACOBRANCHIDAE Elysia hedgpethi Marcus, 1961 T emperate-Panamic NUDIBRANCHIA GONIODORIDIDAE Okenia rosacea (MacFariand, 1905) Temperate AEGIRETIDAE Aegires albopimctatus MacFariand, 1905 Temperate-Panamic POLYCERIDAE Polycera atra MacFariand, 1905 Temperate-Panamic Triopha maciilata MacFariand, 1905 Temperate DORIDIDAE Discodorisci. torw ( Marcus & Marcus, 1967) Panamic Dor id sp. 1 Unknown (Figure 1) Dorid sp. 2 Unknown (Figure 3) Dorid sp. 3 Unknown (Figure 5) CHR0M01K)R1DAE Cadlina flavomaculata MacFariand, 1905 T emperate-Panamic Cadlina modesta MacFariand, 1966 Temperate Cadlina sparsa ( Ohdner , 1921) Temperate-Panamic Hypselodons californiensis (Bergh, 1879) Temperate-Panamic MexichroniLs porterae (Cockerell, 1901 ) Temperate DENDRODORIDIDAE Doriopsilla cdbopimctata (Cooper, 1863) T emperate-Panamic Dendrodoris behrensi Millen & Bertsch, 2005 Temperate (Figure 4) DENDRONOTINA TRITONIIDAE Tritonia diomedea Bergh, 1894 Temperate Tritonia sp. Possibly endemic (Figure 6) DOTOIDAE Doto antyra Marcus, 1961 T emperate-Panamic ARMININA Annina californica (Cooper, 1863 Temperate AEOLIDINA ELABELLINIDAE Flabellinu trilineata (O’Donoghue, 1921 ) Temperate AEOLIDilDAE Aeolidiella oliviae (MacFariand, 1966) Temperate-Panamic (Figure 2) FACELINIDAE Hennissenda crassicomis (Eschscholtz, 1831 ) Temperate-Panamic TERGIPEDIDAE Catriona ricketsi Behrens, 1984 Temperate Cnthona lagunae (O’Donoghue, 1926) Temperate Vol. XL1V(3): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 39 Plate 1. Figures 1-6. (1): Dohd sp. 1 (2) Aeolidiello oliviae (3) Dorid sp, 2 (4) Dendrodoris behremi (5) Dohd sp.3 (6) Tritonia sp. Page 40 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIV(3): 2012 BOOK NEWS: RUSSIAN OPISTHOBRANCHS HANS BERTSCH Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, BCS, Mexico Mailing address; 192 Imperial Beach Blvd., #A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932 E-mail: hansmarvida@sbcglobal.net Martynov, Alexander &Tanya Korshunova. 2011. Opisthobranch Molluscs of the Seas of Russia. A Colour Guide to their Taxonomy and Biology. Moscow: FitonT. 232 pp. $80 (US) ISBN 978-5-93457-358-5, available from Sea Challengers Natural History Books: www.seachallengers.com Although I have read and written reviews for opisthobranch books published in German, Spanish and English, I could not read this book, written in Russian! However, a very careful page-by-age analysis of the diagrams, excellent color photos of living animals (in situ, portraits and close-ups) and scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the radulae and other anatomy, allow me to make a knowledgeable review. Senior author Alexander Martynov also graciously provided me with English translations of the main chapters and their sections, which are used herein. The book’s organization follows the traditional topics of other recent nudibranch field guides: an introductory section on what nudibranchs and theirallies are all about, followed by the species’ descriptions. Part one titled “Biology of the Opisthobranch Molluscs,” includes four divisions: “Systematic Placement of the Nudibranch and Opisthobranch Molluscs,” followed by Morphology, Behavior, and Life Cycles of the opisthobranchs; each unit with numerous illustrations to demonstrate anatomical and biological characteristics. Line drawings indicate main external body features of the nine orders the authors consider, and two cut-away drawings show the generalized features of the digestive and reproductive systems. The majority of this volume is the “Atlas ( = Guide) of the Opisthobranch Molluscs of the Seas of Russia.” The authors first describe the format of each species essay, and then discuss the concerns and history of animal naming. The 103 species descriptions exceed field guide status. They are comprehensive essays about each species, usually including several photographs of the living animals (often with both dorsal and ventral views), their egg masses and behavior. The species Figure 1. Cover of Opisthobranch Molluscs of the Seas of Russia. names and authors are given in Roman type (most useful), and the species binomen is then presented in Cyrillic. Species are arranged by family within nine orders: Vol. XLIV(3): 2012 THE FESTIVLIS Page 41 Cephalaspidea (s.s.), Anaspidea, Thecosomata, Gymnosomata. Acochlidiida, Sacoglossa, Notaspidea {sensu Pleurobranchoidea), Doridacea and Nudibranchia. The inclusion of the pelagic tliecosomes and gymnosomes, and the enigmatic interstitial and freshwater acochlidians is remarkable and unique for a “guide. ” Taxonomy of the Opisthobranchia (sensit latissimo) is in great flux and has changed greatly in the past decade. Use of phylogenetic trees, and multi- morphometric and genetic analyses, has refined our understanding of the evolutionary relationships within this group (see, e.g., Wagele & Willan, 2000; Wagele, Vonnemann & Wagele, 2003; and Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The traditional Notaspidea is polyphyletic and has been separated into Ty lodinoidea, the external shelled species such asAnidolyta spongotheras (Bertsch, 1980), and Pleurobranchoidea, internally or shell-less, such as Bathyberthella antarctica Willan & Bertsch, 1987. The taxon Nudipleura includes Pleurobranchoidea and Nudibranchia. Although there are two lineages within the nudibranchs, the Holohepatica ( Anthobranchia, or the dorids) and the Cladohepatica (Cladobranchia, including the polyphyletic arminids, the dendronotids, and the aeolids), it would better indicate the phylogenetic relationships within Nudipleura not to elevate the dorids to the same ordinal rank as the higher monophyletic Nudibranchia (within which it is often included; see trees in Wagele & Klussmann-Kolb. 2005; and Wagele et al.,2008: 396). There are two important theoretical evolutionary figures in this book; both are published elsewhere with figure captions and discussions in English. The phylogenetic tree showing relationships among the Plerurobranchoidea originally accompanied the Martynov & Schrodl (2008) naming of the genus Boreoberthella . The significant drawing on p. 99 presents a new model of dorid evolution, ontogenetic systematics, which challenges current phylogenetics and systematics to consider not only evolutionary “lines” and “branches,” but also ontogenetic cycles (Martynov, 2011). While page-turning the species essays, it was a pleasant surprise to find “old friends” that Eve personally studied either along the coast of California or at Bahia de los Angeles in the Sea of Cortez. These include Diaulula sandiegensis (Cooper, 1863), Triopha catalinae (Cooper, 1863), Hennissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1832), Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1761), and Aplysia parvula Guilding in Morch, 1863. This emphasizes the wide spectrum of faunal temperature regimes in Russian seas— boreal Arctic, temperate and tropical. These records could be quite useful for comparative provincial-level zoogeographic studies (such as Bertsch, 2010). But all their data are presented in Russian. Language barrier aside, 1 must, however, criticize the authors for not including a map of Russia, with collecting sites indicated and number-keyed to each species. The final pages of the book include an Afterword, Glossary of Terms (in Russian ), a taxonomic index (in Roman type), and a short list of Russian and English references. In summary, Alex Martynov and Tanya Korshunova have written an outstanding, scholarly work, though of limited accessibility. It behooves university and museum libraries. hard-core nudibranchophiles and purveyors of fine photography (especially with correctly identified species) to own this book. It definitely merits attention. Literature Cited BERTSCH, HANS 2010. Biogeography of northeast Pacific opisthobranchs: Comparative faunal province studies between Point Conception, California, USA, and Punta Aguja, Piura. Peru. br. Luis Jose Rangel Ruiz c/ a/, (eds.), Perspectivas en Malacologia. Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Villabemiosa, Tabasco, pp. 219-259. BOUCHET, PHILIPPE & JEAN-PIERRE ROCROI 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 ( 1 -2): 1-397. MARTYNOV, ALEXANDER V. 2011. From “tree-tlhnking" to “cycle-tbinking”: ontogenetic systematics of nudibrancb molluscs. Tbalassas 27 (2); 193- 224. MARTYNOV, ALEXANDER V, & MICHAEL SCHRODL 2008. Tbe new Arctic side-gilled sea slug genus Boreoberthella (Gastropoda. Opistbobrancbia): Pleurobrancboidean systematics and evolution revisited. Polar Biology 32(1): 53-70. WAGELE, HEIKE & ANNETTE KLUSSMANN-KOLB 2005. Opistbobrancbia (Mollusca, Gastropoda)— more than just slimy slugs. Sbell reduction and iLs implications on defence and foraging. Frontiers in Zoology 2005, 2:3. (bttp://frontiersinzoologv.com/conlent/2/ 1/3) WAGELE. HEIKE, ANNETTE KLUSSMANN KOLB, VERENA VONNEMANN & MONICA MEDINA 2008. Heterobrancbia I. Tbe Opistbobrancbia. //;: Winston F. Ponder & David R. Lindberg (eds.), Pbylogeny of Evolution of tbe Mollusca. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. pp. 385-405. WAGELE, HEIKE, VERENA VONNEMANN & WOLFGANG WAGELE 2003. Toward a pbylogeny of tbe Opistbobrancbia. br. Charles Lydeard & David R. Lindberg (eds.). Molecular Systematics and Pbylogeograpby of Mollusks. Smitbsonian Institution Press. Washington. D.C. pp. 185-228. WAGELE, HEIKE & RICHARD C. WILLAN 2000, Pbylogeny of tbe Nudibranchia. Zoological Journal of tbe Linnean Scxtiety 130: 83-181. ISSN 0738-9388 HOi ;WV2, Volume: XLIV THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club April 12, 2012 Number: 4 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President CLUB STAFF Botanical Garden Rep. Flistorian Librarian Web page Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees FESTIVUS STAEF Editor Carole M. Hertz Business Manager Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail);$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $10.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Riidiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullenon William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History. New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus. Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Meeting date; third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego E-mail: jhertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM Come to the Auction/Potluck Saturday evening, April 28'^’ There is no regular meeting this month. 'I^UTHSOA//^ 7?01? Jz^BRARlBS CONTENTS Club news 44 Montage from the March meeting 45 Gibberulus gibbosus (Roding, 1798) (Caenogastropoda; Strombidae) from the Islas Galapagos? GIJS KRONENBERG 46 A few observations of the Seashells of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) ALEXANDER P. SASSI 48 Page 44 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIV(4): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Minutes March 15, 2012 The brief business meeting was called to order at 7;40 PM by President Bob Dees in which previous minutes were approved and the Treasurer’s report was accepted. However -THIS MEETING WAS A CELEBRATION! Carole and Jules Hertz received the first annual award from the SDSC for Lifetime Contributions to Conchology or Malacology and Eugene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott presented their new book on the Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America. The turnout for the meeting was wonderful - most local members attended and there were also interested guests. A buffet had been set up with wraps, shrimp, desserts, sparkling cider and coffee. Attendees cong- regated near the food table and at the display of the two volumes of this exciting new book. Order forms were available, as only a representative few copies were yet available. As the program began. Carole and Jules were called up by Bob Dees who introduced them with some very special words and presented them with the first SDSC annual award honoring them for their years of contributions and achievements in malacology -- the beautifully-designed, personalized glass-like award was etched with the words outlining the purpose of the award. After the award presentation. Vice President David Waller introduced the special guests of the evening, the two authors of the magnificent new book - two volumes on the bivalve species from the Panamic Province. Gene Coan began their slide presentation with an abbreviated history, with photos, of the contributors to the field of malacology from Linnaeus, Lamarck and others of that period to present workers. This was fol- lowed by Paul Valentich-Scott who took the audience to beaches, private collections and museums around the world as he and Gene worked to locate type material, study habitats and collect specimens for the book. It was a delightful trip through history as well as the story behind the preparation for this beautiful new work. Socializing, snacking and visiting with the authors and congratulating the recipients of the plaque continued following the program until it was time to leave. Come to the Auction/Potluck Saturday, April 28th The Shell Club’s annual auction/potiuck will be held, once again, at Wes Farmer’s community room at 3591 Ruffin Road, San Diego 92123. For directions call 858-277-6259 or e-mail ihertz@san.rr.com Festivities begin at 5 pm for “Dave’s Punch” and other beverages, time for visiting with friends and viewing the voice-auction table and the silent auction setup. The $1 -table (a whole ping-pong table of treasures) will be open during the break later in the evening. Dinner will be at 6 pm with all the potluck delicacies provided by the attendees who are asked to bring a dish serving 12 - either a salad, main dish or dessert - with serving utensils, please. Call the Hertzes (858-277-6259) for further information. The auctioneer will call the voice auction, the main excitement of the evening, promptly at 7 pm. The auction is our Club’s biggest fun and fundraising event of the year. It supports Club activities such as The Festivus, social events and donations to scientific efforts and events. If you are unable to attend the auction, and would like to bid on any item[s], a Club member disinterested in your choice will bid for you following your instructions. Looking forward to seeing you all at the Auction/Potluck 20121! Plate caption; Top row, 1-r. Wes Farmer, Evelyn & Don Smith, Jules & Carole Hertz. Second row, 1-r. Smiths & Bob Dees, Larry Buck. Martin Schuler & Stephen Mulliner. Center row. All attendees with Eugene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott. Fourth row, 1-r. Bob Dees, George Kennedy, Jules & Carole Hertz, Eugene Coan, Bob Dees, Paul Valentich-Scott. Bottom row, 1-r. Lance Gilbertson, Paul Valentich-Scott, David Waller & Rick Negus. -> Vol. XLIV(4) THE FESTIVUS Page 45 Selected Photos of the Attendees at the March 2012 Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club Page 46 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(4): 2012 GIBBERULUS GIBBOSUS (RODING, 1798) (CAENOGASTROPODA: STROMBIDAE) EROM THE ISLAS GALAPAGOS? GIJS KRONENBERG Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517 NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands E-mail: gijs.kronenberg@NCBNaturalis.nl Abstract The single record of the strombid gastropod Gibbenilus gibbosm (Roding, 1798) from Islas Galapagos, should be deleted from faunal lists of those islands. Introduction Mienis (1978) reported on one specimen of Strombus (Gibberuliis) gibbenilus (Roding, 1798), now considered as Gibbenilus gibbosus from Bahia Conway, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galapagos. This record was subsequently referred to by e.g. Skoglund (2002) and Kronenberg & Lee (2007). Finet (1994) had already noted that this record needed confirmation. Re-identification A re-examination of the specimen reported by Mienis ( 1978) in September 2011, revealed that this is a specimen of Gibbenilus gibbenilus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, coll. nr. RMNH.MOL. 179265, fig. 1). It should be noted that both species are not always easily identified with certainty, but with Abbott (1960) and Coomans & Van Amsterdam (1970) identification should be no problem. When making further enquiries with the curator of Mollusca in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Mr. Jeroen Goud, it became apparent that the collector of the specimen under discussion, Mr. J.H.C. Walenkamp, had also collected shells in Kenya, East Africa, at about the same period as he spent time at the Islas Galapagos. Although Mr. Goud had asked him whether a mix-up of samples or locality slips might have occurred, the collector denied this. Gibbenilus gibbenilus has its distribution in the Indian Ocean, including the coast of Kenya, while G. gibbosus lives in the Pacific (Abbott, 1960) with a Figure 1. Gibbenilus gibbenilus (Linnaeus, 1758). Two views of specimen allegedly from Bahia Conway, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galapagos. RMNH.MOL. 179265. Actual height 35.9 mm. Photograph by Jeroen Goud. Vol. XLIV(4): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 47 possible small overlap of both ranges in the Indonesian Archipelago (Coomans & Van Amsterdam, 1970). Therefore, despite the denial by Mr. Walenkamp to Mr. Goud’s question, it is suggested here that, indeed, an inadvertent mix-up of samples of data slips had occurred. Conclusions Based on both the identification of the specimen and the questionable locality data accompanying the specimen discussed herein, and the known distribution of both G. gibbenilus and G. gibbosiis, it is concluded that 1) the latter species should be deleted from faunal lists on the marine life of the Islas Galapagos until a reliable record turns up (see also Finet, 1994) and 2) even if the specimen under discussion was found at the Islas Galapagos, there is no reason whatsoever to include G. gibbenilus in faunal lists of the Islas Galapagos taking into consideration the distributional range of G. gibbenilus, as it is extremely unlikely that a larval specimen would be able to cross the Pacific from eastern Java and reach maturity at the Islas Galapagos. Acknowledgments I want to thank Mr. Jeroen Goud, Namralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands for pro- viding additional information on the specimen dis- cussed and photographed, and my partner Ms Marianne Matthijssen, Eindhoven, The Netherlands for her abiding support. Literature Cited ABBOTT, R.T. 1960. The genus Stromhns in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Moliusca 1(2): 33-146. COOMANS, H.E.& M.L.M. VAN AMSTERDAM 1970. Distribution of the Strombus gibbenilus complex in Indonesia (Gastropoda. Strombidae). Beaufortia 18(232): 113-118. KRONENBERG. G.C. & H.G. LEE 2007. Genera of American strombid gastropods (Gastropoda: Strombidae) and remarks on their phytogeny. The Veliger 49(4): 256-264. EINET. Y. 1994. The marine molluscs of the Galapagos Islands: a documented faunal list. Editions de Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 180 pp. MIENIS, H.K, 1978. Strombus gibbenilus gibbosiis (Rdding, 1798) from Galapagos Islands. Informations de le Societe Beige de Malacologie 6(1): 31. SKOGLUND, C. 2002. Panamic Province Molluscan Literature. Additions and Changes from 1971 to 2001. Ill Gastropoda. The Eestivus 33 (Supplement) xi-f286 pp. Page 48 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(4): 2012 A FEW OBSERVATIONS OE THE SEASHEELS OF RAPA NUI (EASTER ISEAND) ALEXANDER P. SASSI 2617 College Avenue, Apt. 12, Berkeley, California 94704, USA E-mail : sfalexander@hotmail . com The shoreline of Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island, appeared all of a sudden as the LAN Chile jet descended through the clouds. After approximately six hours of flying from Chile’s capital, Santiago, 1 was now seeing the backs of the enigmatic statues (moai) and the ocean crashing against the dark volcanic coastline. Soon the plane was on the ground and shortly thereafter - the airport being small - I was at Hotel Gomero, which would be my base for the five days that followed. Rapa Nui is not a big place, consisting of approximately 45 square miles, and it is far away from almost everywhere (Beech et al., 2006). It marks one of the three comers of the Polynesian triangle, with Hawai’i and Aotearoa (New Zealand) being the other two comers. Hanga Roa is the only town, with approximately 4,000 residents, in this triangular island formed of lava flows from three volcanoes (Figure 1). Most of the island is grassy; the native conifers and palms having been cut down long ago. I have come to this far off place to see the moai and ceremonial plat- Figure 1. View past Ahu Ko Te Riku, Ahu Tahai, and Ahu Vai Ure towards Hanga Roa, Rapa Nui. In the background is Rano Kau, approximately 324 m in height, where the Orongo ceremonial village is located. forms (ahu) myself, which is what I do every day of my short stay. Of course there are seashells to be found, though the tides were not particularly low. The following is an account of the shells I observed during my visit. Rehder (1980) reported 133 species of mollusks for Rapa Nui, which compared to other small Pacific islands is relatively poor in molluscan life; however, several handsome gastropods make their home on this island. The easiest to locate by far was the endemic Cypraea caputdraconis Melville, 1888, which is similar in appearance to Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758, of the Indo-Pacific. Finding C. caputdraconis on Rapa Nui does not even entail going to the beach or getting wet; one simply looks at the necklaces sold and given to tourists (Figure 2) and on the costumes of the dancers who perform in the evenings. Figure 2. Close-up of a pendant incorporating the native cowry, Cypraea caputdraconis. Vol. XLIV(4): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 49 The coastline was a short walk from my hotel. Among the lava rocks were numerous Nerito morio (Sowerby, 1833) and Nodilittorina pyramidalis pasciia Rosewater, 1970. Caleta Hanga Roa, across from the soccer field, has a small sandy beach where I found several other small species in the beach drift: the bivalves Codakia bella (Conrad, 1837) and Semele australis (Sowerby, 1833), and the gastropods Mitra flavocingulata Lamy, 1938 and Pilosabia trigona (Gmelin, 1791). On one of the days, I went on a guided tour of the major archaeological attractions with several German tourists that were staying at the hotel. One of the most impressive sites I visited was Ahu Tongariki (Figure 3), whose moai were carried inland by the tsunami of 1960 and restored to their positions by the Japanese between 1992 and 1995. While I was walking on the back side of the ahu (the moai face inland), I looked down and found Planaxis akuana Rehder, 1980, perhaps a subfossil, as its aperture was filled solid with the reddish dirt ubiquitous on the island. On an- Figure 3. Some of the moai restored to their positions on the platform at Ahu Tongariki, Other day, I hired a taxi to drop me off at Ahu Te Pito Kura, which, at 10 meters, is the tallest moai known to have been erected on an ahu. Ahu Te Pito is situated at La Perouse Bay, and adjacent to the ahu is a smooth, round, magnetic boulder believed to have been brought to the island by Hotu Matua, the first king, sometime between 450 and 800 years AD. In the cove behind the ahu were numerous rounded stones and tidepools where 1 found N. morio. In this environment of calmer waves, the nerites were noticeably several millimeters larger. From La Perouse Bay I set off on a footpath through grass-covered, small hills towards Ovahe, one of the few sandy beaches. Along the way, 1 saw many residents gathering sea urchins and barbecuing next to their vehicles along the coast. As 1 got to the beach at Ovahe, the rocks again became smooth and rounded. Here among the rocks 1 found both species of nerite: N. morio and Nerito lirellata Rehder, 1980, with small populations of N. lirellata tending to be on the smoothest rocks. The two nerite species look almost the same from a distance but can be distinguished upon closer examination by differences in the sculpture of the shell and the operculum. At the far end of the pinkish sand of the beach, I climbed up the cliff and, from the top, spied beautiful and large tidepools which reminded me of the Great Tide Pool in Pacific Grove, California, where Ed Ricketts collected for his laboratory. I followed a small path down the other side of the cliff to the edge of one of the pools and found Conus miliaris pascuensis Rehder, 1980, Strombus maculatus Sowerby, 1842 (Figure 4), Neothais nesiotis (Dali, 1908) and Morula proecipua Rehder, 1980 among the rocks at the water’s edge (Table 1). Every evening while I was there, tourists walked along one of the paths leading out of Hanga Roa along the shoreline to grab a spot on a hill and watch the sun set behind the moai at Ahu Ko Te Riku. One evening I set off a bit early to see what could be found in the intertidal zone along the way. As in Hanga Roa, small N. morio and N. pyramidalis pascua inhabited the holes and crevices of the lava rock. At Ahu Tahai, I found the only chiton I saw during my visit, Plaxifora mercatoris Leloup, 1936, nestled in a small pocket among the rocks. The last place 1 investigated for shells was the Mercado Artesenal (crafts market) at the corner of Avenida Tu’u Koihu and Ara Roa Rakei. Immediately to the left upon entering was a stall with a small basket full of C. coputdraconis. This booth was the Only one that had loose cowries - i.e. ones that were Page 50 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(4): 2012 not incorporated into handicraft such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, etc. As I hadn’t found any cowries on my own, I sorted through the ones in the basket to pick out three different color forms. As I was doing this, the proprietor of the stall approached me and asked if I was a shell collector - and indeed I am. He said he had some shells to show me and then produced a small Ziploc bag with several Cypraea englerti Summers & Burgess, 1965 (Figure 5), that had been collected by diving in La Perouse Bay. This cowry is named after Father Sebastian Englert, a Franciscan missionary priest who worked on Rapa Nui from 1935 until his death in 1969. Father Englert spoke the Rapa Nui language and was known for his extensive personal research and knowledge of the ethnology and anthropology of the Rapa Nui people. I chose one of the C. englerti and took his card. Even though Rapa Nui is a small and distant island, I was sure I would return. Literature Cited BEECH, C., J. ATTWOOD, J.-B CARILLET, & T. KOHNSTAMM 2006. Chile and Easter Island. Lonely Planet Publi- cations Pry Ltd, Colorcraft Ltd, Hong Kong. COLOMA, C., H I. MOYANO, V.H. RUIZ & M. MARCHANT 2004. Moluscos Litorales de la Isla de Pascua, Chile, Islas Oceanicas I. Ciencias y Tecnolog a del Mar 27(1): 29-94. REHDER, H. 1980. The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 289: 101-167. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Figure 4. Strombus maculatus. 23 mm, just above the water line at a tide -pool near Ovahe Beach. Figure 5. Father Englert's cowry, Cypraea englerti. 25 mm, pur- chased in the crafts market. Vol. XLIV(4): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 5 1 Table 1. Species observed on Rapa Nui Fifteen species were observed. Coloma et al. (2004) reported observation of 33 species in the littoral zone. Abbreviations used: L=live in the intertidal zone; D=beach collected; P=purchased. Bivalvia Gastropoda Polyplacophora Codakia (Epicodakia) bella (Conrad, 1837) (D) Conus mi Haris pascuensis Rehder, 1980 (L) Plaxifora (Mercatora) mercatoris Leloup, 1936 (L) Semele australis (Sowerby, 1833) (D) Cypraea caputdraconis Melvill, 1888 (P) Cypraea englerti Summers & Burgess, 1965 (P) Morula praecipua Rehder, 1980 (L) Mitra flavocingulata Lamy, 1938 (D) Neothais nesiotis (Dali, 1908) (L) Nerifa (Heminerita) lirellata Rehder, 1980 (L) Nerita (Heminerita) niorio (Sowerby, 1833) (L) Nodilittorina pyramidalis pascua Rosewater, 1970(E) Pilosabia trigona (Gmelin, 1791) (D) Planaxis (Hinea) akuana Rehder, 1980 (D) Strombus maculatus Sowerby, 1842 (L) ’I / > r *>v y ■v- n- Pi^l^ ^ Jvs- ^THE FESTIVUS ' A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIV May 10, 2012 Number: 5 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record. ) Treasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep. CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club. Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA, The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday. 7:30 PM. Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIEIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural Histor}\ Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eemisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural History, New York Emilio F. Garc a University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Lranci^ George L. Kennedy Brian L. Smith & Associates, Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus, Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa Website at: http: //mm’. sandiegoshellclub.com E: mail : jhertz@san. rr. com 1 5 ZU12 } i,/BRARie§. PROGRAM Ocean Acidification: an Emerging Frontier Dr. Andrew Dickson, professor of marine chemistry in the Marine Physical Laboratory at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, will discuss his research on the effects on marine organisms caused by ocean acidification - carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater from the atmosphere. The oceans have already absorbed 30% of the carbon dioxide that humans have ever produced and absorbing more each year changes the ocean chemistry and makes it harder for many organisms to form their shells. CONTENTS Club news 54 Range extension for Erosaria poraria (Mollusca: Cypraeidae) DAVID B. WALLER 55 In Memoriam: John Arthur Bishop, MD 62 Page 54 THE FESTIVUS VoE XL1V(5): 2012 CLUB NEWS The Auction/Potluck - 2012 And what a party it was! The more than thirty members and guests had a great time. At the start, the “Dave’s punch", wine and soft drinks were ready, the food table was loaded with delectable dishes and the auction tables, voice and silent, were filled with temptations. What could be better? After socializing, touring the auction tables (signing on to great deals at the silent auction array) and stuffing ourselves on the delicious food, auctioneer Carole Hertz called the voice auction to order promptly at 7 pm for an evening of serious and fun bidding. There were exciting items up for bid - books, original art and terrific shells. Cypraea rashleighana was the most wanted of the cowries while other favorite cowries were oceanica and kwajaleinensis. And there were muricids - burnetti. centrifuga and miyokoae as well as Conus hirasei. Fusinus irregularis , a large group of ovulids, giant volutes and murex and so much more. At break time, for dessert and a rush to the Dollar table, members also went to the voice auction table to put the shells in which they were still interested on one side for continued bidding with the rest put away for another year. Amazingly , this year there were still many people still wishing to bid on for the second half of the evening. What a fun time it was! So many helped to make the auction a success. Those who donated auction material are Marty Beals. David Berschauer, Twila Bratcher & Billee Dilworth Estates, Henry Chaney, Sally Fall, George Gerrodette, Carole & Jules Hertz, Paul Kanner, Richard McClincy, Stephen Mulliner, Rick Negus, Lois Nelson, Suzanne Parlett, Tony Phillips, Don & Jeanne Pisor, Charles Powell and Marty Schuler. And those who worked very hard to prepare for the auction - Dave Waller confirmed and identified cowries and arranged for donations, the Club board prepared specimens for the auction and, additionally, Paul Tuskes prepared items for the silent and dollar auction tables. Jim Goldammer set up the lights, John LaGrange took care of making “Dave’s Punch”, Griffin Catarius was our faithful and excellent distributer of shells, and our host and photographer was Wes Farmer. What would we do without Wes who has now hosted this wonderful event for 25 continuous years!! Additions to the Club Roster ABELA, BOB, 4066 Brant Streeel. kl. San Diego. CA 92103. E- nia i 1 : bob. abela@gmaif coni BEALS. MARTy, c/o Tideline, 640 S. Isis Avenue. Inglewood, CA 90301. Ph. 310-641-9106. BIELER. RUDIGER. Field Maseum of Natural History. Depl of Zoology. 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, Ph. 312-665-7720. E-mail: rbieler@Fieldmuseum.org BUCK, LARRY, 3649 Sage Canyon Drive, Encinitas, CA 92024. Ph. 760-580-1726. EERNISSE, DOUGLAS. Dept of Biological Sciences, California State University. Fullenon, CA 92834-6850. Ph. 7 14-278-3426. E-mail: deernisse@fullerton.edu KENNEDY, GEORGE, 8997 Moisan Way, La Mesa, CA 91941 . Ph. 619-667-1030. E-mail: gkennedv@bfsa-ca.com ITUARTE, DANIEL, 10786 Riderwood Terrace, Unit B. Santee, CA 92071. Ph. 619-758-2330. E-mail: dituarte@cox.net POWELL, CHARLES, Dept of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, M/S 975, 345 Middlefield Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025. E-mail: cpowell@usgs.gov ROBERTS, DALE, 28402 Harvest View Lane, Trabuco Canyon, CA 92679-1 197. Ph. 949-459-0928. E-mail: ddaldoctor@aol.com ROYAL BELGIUM INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Library - Bibliotheek. Vautierstraat29 B-lOO Brussels, Belgium. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES, NHB 25MRC 154. P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 The September Party - 2012 The date has been set for the annual September party. It will be held on the afternoon of Saturday, September 22"'’. Once again it will be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius - the home of many recent and enjoyable September parties. More information will be available as the time gets closer. But - save the date for this enjoyable party. The Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair - 2012 Again this year the Club participated in the annual Science Fair as the Club has done for many years. However, this year the Club’s judges, Paul Tuskes and Carole Hertz, were unable to find a worthy project on marine life in either the senior or junior division. The judges were disappointed that they would not be able to give an award this year. Vol. XL1V(5): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 55 RANGE EXTENSION EOR EROSARIA PORARIA (MOLLUSCA: CYPRAEIDAE) DAVID B. WALLER 505 North Willowspring Drive, Encinitas, California 92024, USA E-mail; dwaller@dbwipmg.com ABSTRACT: Two specimens collected by H.N. Lowe in the Gulf of California (H.N. Lowe Collection, San Diego Natural History M useum [SDN HM 61593|) were identified as Erosaria albuginosa (Gray, 1 825 ) witli a note by C .C . Finley that their base was colored like Erosaria poraria (Linnaeus, 1758). Only one of the two specimens remains in the SDNHM collection and was the focus of this investigation. The specimen, which appears to have been collected dead, is described on the basis of its conchological characteristics and compared to E. albuginosa and E. poraria from the Philippines and Hawaiian Islands. Erosaria poraria is distinguished from E. albuginosa by having elongated teeth on both the labral and columellar sides of the base, a visible double row of teeth in the fossula. an often distinct deep pitting on either side of the anterior marginal calluses and a narrower anterior aperture. Erosaria poraria from the Gulf of California and Hawaiian Islands is distinguished from E. poraria of the Philippines by its pyriform shape. The specimen collected by H.N. Lowe is E. poraria and has all of the distinguishing characteristics of the species. Other E. poraria specimens from the Panamic region, one within the SDNHM collection also from the Guff of California collected by H.N. Lowe (SDNHM 42293), one specimen collected from the Galapagos Islands (R. Negus) and two specimens collected by K.L. Kaiser on Clipperton Island support the range extension of this species. INTRODUCTION Herbert Nelson Lowe (1880-1936), a long time resident of Long Beach, California, was a prominent shell collector specializing in mollusks of the Panamic Province. He authored 26 papers most of which were published in The Nautilus and is known for his work with Henry Pilsbry titled West Mexican and Central American Mollusks Collected by H.N. Lowe. 1923-1932 published in 1932. In his career, he described over 160 new molluscan species both terrestrial and marine. He made notable donations of shells and crustaceans from Catalina and San Clemente Islands to the Smithsonian Institution in 1904 and 1919 and donated 42 lots of Cuban shells to the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan in 1920. Upon his death he bequeathed his shell collection to the San Diego Society of Natural History together with a $25,000 endowment for its maintenance (Hertz, 1986). The E. poraria specimen discussed in this article is part of the H.N. Lowe collection donated to the SDNHM in 1936. The shell appears to have been collected dead and no remains of the animal were available for anatomical or molecular studies. DISCUSSION Erosaria poraria are widely distributed throughout most of the Indo-Pacific, from along East Africa (Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania), tliroughout the Indian Ocean and tropical western Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands. While the distribution of this species is substantial, no reports of it in the Panamic region have been found (Emerson & Chaney, 1995). This region includes the ocean and shore lines below 25 degrees north encompassing Bahia Magdalena, Baja California, Mexico, and above 6 degrees south in Peru (Keen, 197 1 and Skoglund, 2002). This species lives in shallow intertidal water at depths ranging from 1-30 meters on tropical reefs, dead corals, under large rocks or in caves. Synonyms for this species include: Cypraea coeca Roding,1798; C. kauaiensis Melvill, 1888; C. kawaiensis Melvill, 1888; C. albinella Melvill & Standen, 1895; C. wilhelmina Kenyon, 1897; C. vibex Kenyon, 1902; C. insignis Dautzenberg, 1903; E. poraria tlieoreta Iredale, 1939; and Erronea mbalavensis Ladd, 1945. Erosaria albuginosa is commonly distributed throughout the Tropical Eastern Pacific, along the coast Page 56 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1V(5): 2012 of Mexico, south to Peru including the oceanic islands. It lives in shallow intertidal water at deptlis of 1-40 meters. Comparison .• Erosaria poraria differs morphologically from E. albuginosa in shape, basal coloration, teeth structure, anterior aperture width, extremity configuration and marginal topography (Tables 1 and 2). The shape off. poraria from the Indo- Pacific region is oval (Figure 8), which is easily distinguished from the elongated pyriform shape of E. albuginosa (Figure 2). In one lot of E. poraria from Hawaii (Figure 7) donated to the SDNHM by Mary G. Beckwith (SDNHM 20925), some specimens were found having a pyriform shape with others having the more common oval shape. The basal coloration of E. poraria ranges from deep purple to light pink and fading can be observed in older specimens. This coloration extends from the marginal callus onto the base, fading to white near the teeth. In E. albuginosa the purple along the marginal callus extends to the perimeter of the base, fading to white at about half the distance to the aperture. There is often darker purple spotting observable in the pigmented area on the columellar side of the base. While this basal coloration is consistent in E. albuginosa , similar base coloration and spotting has been observed in a few E. poraria specimens. The teeth of E. poraria are elongated often extending half way to the marginal callus on both the columellar and labral sides with a shortening of teeth length about mid-range on the labral side. Erosaria albuginosa does not have significant elongated teeth. However, the author has observed a few specimens with minor elongation of teeth on the labral side and less frequently on the columellar side. What seems to be the most significant morphological difference between these two species is the distinct double row of teeth in the fossula of £. poraria, absent in £. albuginosa (Figure 4). While some E. albuginosa appear to have a second row of teeth in the fossula these are greatly reduced features (a few bumps) that may be an extension of the anterior fossula teeth - the elongation of the primary tooth. The aperture width of E. poraria is often narrower than the aperture width of £. albuginosa, particularly at the anterior end. While the aperture of E. poraria varies slightly along its length, the aperture of E. albuginosa begins to broaden at about two-thirds the distance along the length of the aperture from posterior to anterior end (Figure 5). In some specimens of E. albuginosa the broadening can be less significant than in others. However, the aperture width is frequently larger in this species when compared to E. poraria. The extremity configuration of E. albuginosa is more elongated than that of E. poraria, which is more blunt-ended. The dorsal curvature of E. poraria is continuous from the dorsal peak to the extremities. In E. albuginosa, the extremities extend beyond the dorsal curvature (Figure 11). Another significant morphological difference is the marginal pitting present in E. poraria. This pitting appears in mature specimens primarily on the anterior marginal callus, but can also appear on the posterior margin. In E. albuginosa , there is a similar depressed topography on the anterior end, described here as dimpling, but does not have the definition of the pitting on E. poraria (Figure 6). However, some specimens of E. poraria have been observed that do not have either pitting or dimpling, which is speculated to be the result of age. Dorsal coloration and patterns are similar between the species and vary so substantially that this does not seem to be a distinguishing factor to allow for easy separation of the two species. The similar dorsal patterning and coloration between E. albuginosa and E. poraria may explain the misidentification of E. poraria specimens found in the Panamic region. The H.N. Fowe specimen (Figure 1) from the Gulf of California (SDNHM 61593), differs from specimens collected in the Indo-Pacific by having a pyriform rather than an oval shape. It does not display the usual intense basal coloration of typical E. poraria specimens. It is speculated that this light basal coloration may be due to the age of the shell that may have been colleeted more than 70 years ago. The teeth are elongated, the aperture is narrow with a distinct double row of teeth in the fossula consistent with E. poraria. The extremities are blunt-ended and marginal pitting can be observed on the labral side of the anterior end. The pitting is not as clear as other specimens and may be due to wearing in the surf. Further investigation of the SDNHM Collection identified one other E. poraria in a lot of five specimens labeled E. albuginosa from the Gulf of California collected by H.N. Fowe (SDNHM 42293, Figure 9). While this specimen was much smaller than the first, being only 13.5 mm in length, its other morphological characteristics including elongated teeth, the double row of teeth in the fossula and purple base are consistent with E. poraria. In addition, three other E. poraria Vol. XLIV(5); 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 57 were identified, one from the collection of R. Negus labeled as E. albuginosa nahaformis from the Galapagos Islands and two from the collection K.L. Kaiser labeled E. albuginosa from Clipperton Island. All of these specimens have similar morphological characteristics as those reported for the E. poraria in this paper. Location/ characteristic Philippines Hawaii Gulf of California Galapagos Clipperton Number of specimens 17 17 1 1 2 Shell shape Oval Pyriform Pyriform Pyriform Pyriform Shell length Average Range 1 7.7 mm 1 6. 5- 19.8 mm 1 6. 6 mm 14.2- 19.3 mm 20. 8 mm 22.4 mm 1 8.7 mm 1 6 . 6- 20 . 7 mm Shell W/L Average Range 0.70 0.67-0.75 0.65 0.61-0.70 0.70 0.71 0.65 no range Shell H/W Average Range 0.76 0.73-0.79 0.77 0.75-0.79 0.79 0.75 0.78 0.76-0.79 Columellar teeth 15 elongated 15 elongated 17 elongated 17 elongated 17 elongated Labral teeth 14 elongated, shortening midrange 14 elongated, shortening midrange 14 elongated, shortening midrange 14 elongated, shortening midrange 15 elongated, shortening midrange Fossula teeth Double row of teeth Double row of teeth Double row of teeth Double row of teeth Double row of teeth Basal color Light to dark purple except near teeth Light to dark purple except near teeth Purple except near teeth Light pink except near teeth Light violet except near teeth Marginal pitting Both sides of anterior end and labral side of posterior end Both sides of anterior end and labral side of posterior end Both sides of anterior end and labral side of posterior end Both sides of anterior end and posterior end No pitting Table 1: Morphological data of E. poraria from the Philippines, Hawaii, the Gulf of California, the Galapagos and Clipperton Islands. The Philippine specimens are from the Daniel Spelling Collection, the Hawaiian specimens are from the Mary G. Beckwith Collection at the SDNHM (SDNHM 200925), the Galapagos Island specimen is from the Rick Negus Collection and the Clipperton Island specimens are from the Kirstie L. Kaiser Collection. Page 58 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(5): 2012 Figures 1-6. (1) Erosaria poraria collected by H.N. Lowe (SDNHM 61593) (2) E. albuginosa from Mexico (3) E. poraria from the Galapagos Islands (4) E. albuginosa from the Galapagos Islands (5) Fossula and aperture detail of E. albuginosa. right and E. poraria, left (6) Pitting detail of E. poraria, top and E. albuginosa, bottom. Vol, XLIV(5): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 59 Figures 7-11. (7) Erosaria poniria from Hawaii (8) E. poraria from the Philippines (9) E. poraria from the Gulf of California collected by H.N. Lowe (SDNHM 42393) (10) E. poraria from Clipperton Island and (II) Terminal end detail, E. poraria bracketed by E. albiiginosa. Page 60 THE FESTIVUS VoE XLIV(5): 2012 Location/ characteristic Me.xico Galapagos Number of specimens 17 1 Shell shape Pyriform elongate Pyriform elongate Shell length Average Range 24.5 mm 21.7-28.3 mm 26. 6. mm Shell W/L Average Range 0.61 0.58-0.67 0.61 Shell H/W Average Range 0.77 0.74-0.81 0.76 Columellar teeth 18 17 Labral teeth 16 16 Eossula teeth Single row of teeth Single row of teeth Basal color Light violet-purple with darker purple spotting Violet with darker purple spotting Anterior pitting No pitting No pitting Table 2: Morphological data of E. albiiginosa from Mexico and the Galapagos Islands. The Mexico specimens are from the Norman Currin Collection donated to the San Diego Shell Club and the Galapagos Islands specimen is from the author’s collection. CONCLUSION The initial finding of E. poraria by H.N. Lowe in the Gulf of California was likely labeled Cypraea albiiginosa because of their similar dorsal appearance and the fact that Erosaria poraria was not known to occur in the region. However, there was some question as to its identity based on a handwritten note by C.C. Finley stating that the two specimens had the dark purple basal characteristics similar to E. poraria. The finding of another E. poraria specimen in a group of five, labeled E. albiiginosa from the Gulf of California in the SDNHM Collection, provides additional support that this species is present in the region. Further investigation, identified three more specimens of E. poraria, one specimen collected off the coast of the Galapagos Islands and two specimens collected off the coast of Clipperton Island. These additional findings have broadened the range of E. poraria into the Panamic region and would predict the presence of E. albiiginosa in the Indo-Pacific. These specimens and their location data provide support for extending the range of E. poraria into the Panamic region. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to the reviewers for their comments and to the Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum for allowing access to their collection for this investigation. Thanks to James Berrian, Field Entomologist at the SDNHM, for his photographic expertise and to Carole Hertz for her help. Thank you to Kirstie L. Kaiser, Rick Negus and the San Diego Shell Club for providing specimens that helped support the range extension of this species. Vol. XL1V(5): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 61 LITERATURE CITED HERTZ, CAROLE M. 1986. Herbert Nelson Lowe 1880-1936 gifted amateur conchologist from Southern California, The Festivus 18(3): 25-43, figs. 1-17. EMERSON, WILLIAM K. & HENRY W. CHANEY 1995. A zoogeographic review of the Cypraeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) occurring in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, The Veliger38( 1 ): 8-21, figs. 1-15. LORENZ, FELIX & ALEX HUBERT 2000. A Guide to Worldwide Cowries 2nd ed. Conch- Books, Hackenheim, Germany, 584 pp., pis 1-128. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. 2nd ed. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California, xiv + 1064 pp. SKOGLUND, CAROL 2002. Panamic Province Molluscan Literature. Additions and Changes from 1971 through 2001. Ill Gastropoda. The Festivus. Suppl. 33:1-286. Page 62 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(5): 2012 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Illlllllll II 1 Illlllllll I III I 3 9088 01685 4 408 In Memoriam JOHN ARTHUR BISHOP, MD June 21, 1918 - April 4, 2012 It is with sadness that we report the passing of our friend John Bishop, a longtime member of the San Diego Shell Club. John was a pediatrician in San Diego for 35 years with a long list of volunteer humanitarian service. He was awarded Volunteer of the Year 2000 by the San Diego County Board of Supervisors and Physician of the Year by the San Diego County Medical Society in 1992 and One of San Diego's Twelve Finest Citizens by the City Club of San Diego in 1993 among others, and served on many advisory boards and campaigns in the medical field. He was also a great traveler/explorer beginning in his youth when he traveled around the world with his grandfather, and continuing to recent years. He loved the ocean, enjoyed studying his family ancestry in Hawaii and soon discovered The San Diego Shell Club in 1987. He was active and curious about all aspects of malacology. The members enjoyed the stories of his trips, helping identify some of the specimens he’d found and learning from some of the astute questions he asked. Some of his collecting efforts resulted in papers in the Club’s peer-reviewed publication, 77?e Festivus (see below) and a contribution to the 2000 book Amphibians and Reptiles of Baja California by Ron H. McPeak, published by Sea Challengers. Our condolences to John’s surviving family; his four children, ten grandchildren and four great grandchildren. John Bishop 1992. Tectarius muricatus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Vol. 24(7): 81-82, figs. 1, 2. 1993. Shell Collecting on Christmas Island. Vol. 25(11): 112-115, figs. 1-4. 2000. A record size for the razor clam Siliqua patula. Vol. 32(5): 77-78, figs. 1, 2. 2003. Pterotyphis fimbriatus (A. Adams, 1854). A note on a rare shell found at La Cruz de Huanacaxtle, Banderas Bay, Mexico. Vol. 35(7): 87-88, figs. 1,2. ISSN 0738-9388 Q,L~ CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep. CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STAEF Editor Business Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldamnier Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Parmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldamnier Robert Decs Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date; third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullenon William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural History. New York Emilio P. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates, Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus. Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E:mail: ihertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM ARUBA Shawn Wiedrick, current president of the Pacific Conchological Club and volunteer in the Malacology Department of the LACM, will be the evening’s speaker. He will present an illustrated program on his Meeting date: research on the micro-molluscan fauna of Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, with mollusks taken by SCUBA from grunge samples in the southern part of the island during 2010 and 2011. June2U' at 7:30 PM CONTENTS Club news 64 Clathrodrillia phasma (Schwengel, 1940) (Gastropoda: Drilliidae), an east Florida species reported herein from three quadrants of the Gulf of Mexico EMILIO F. GARCIA 65 Further surveys of the marine mollusk fauna of the island of St. Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies, Part I SUSAN J. HEWITT 68 A pictorial view of the fun at the recent San Diego Shell Club Auction/potiuck 73 Page 64 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting 17 May 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:30 PM by President Bob Dees. The previous minutes were approved as printed. The Treasurer and Corresponding Secretary were absent. With few announcements, David Waller, Vice President, introduced the speaker. Dr. Dickson, from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, specializes in marine chemistry and works in collaboration with biologists. His topic was Ocean Acidification: an Emerging Frontier and the talk focused on carbon dioxide and the impact it has on pH and sensitive biological systems. There is a great deal of concern regarding the current and future effect of ocean acidification. The work of the late Dr. Keeling on Mauna Loa in Hawaii has shown a steady increase in C02-level from 315 ppm in 1956 to the current 395 ppm in 2010. At times, levels have been much higher in the geological past, but they correlate well with major decrease in biological diversity. A notable event about 60 million years ago required the ocean approximately 100,000 years to recover. In ocean waters with saturated calcium carbonate, shell deposition is optimal and therefore requires less energy, leaving more for reproduction and growth. As the water becomes slightly more acidic shell deposition may become more difficult, especially for larvae. As a result, more energy is spent on shell deposition and less on growth. Dr. Dickson reviewed the impact of CO2 seeps in a small portion of the Mediterranean. Underwater photos show a huge reduction in diversity in the affected area. In Oregon, oyster farms growing the larvae were periodically experiencing notable mortality. After careful study, it was determined that water used during certain up-welling events had a lower pH and was the source of the problem. By monitoring pH and management of the water quality, they were able to eliminate the problem. What does the future hold? Dr. Dickson noted that is difficult to say, as variables such as water temperature, food availability, competition, and genetic flexibility all have important roles to play. Following the exciting presentation, Carole Hertz won the shell drawing and the meeting was adjourned for further discussions with Dr. Dixon, and social time with refreshments provided by Bob Dees and Carole & Jules Hertz. Paul Tuskes Too Late for the Roster MOGOLLON, VALENTIN, Roma 350, Lima 18, Peru, E-mail: svmogollon@yahoo.com and svalentinma@yahoo.com An Apology A generous donation to the 2012 Club auction by Bill Schramm was inadvertently left off the list of donors in the May issue of The Festivus for which we apologize. The beautiful cowry shell was gratefully accepted and appreciated. A Big Thank You You will notice that on page 73 of this issue there is a montage of many of the attendees at the recent Club’s successful and fun auction/potluck. The photos on this plate were all taken by Wes Farmer who had also taken all the photos for the special meeting in March of this year. In fact, he’s been the photographer for all our events for the past number of years. Wes never asks for any applause for the many things he does for the Club, and it is time that he is recognized for the wonderful photos he takes of our many events. We all thank you so much, Wes Farmer. The Annual September Party The big annual September party/potluck will once again be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 92111. It will be on Saturday, September 22"*' with the festivities beginning at 4 PM. More information will be forthcoming in future issues as the time gets closer and maps will be available on e-mail. Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 65 CLATHRODRILLIA PHASMA (SCHWENGEL, 1940) (GASTROPODA; DRILLIIDAE), AN EAST FLORIDA SPECIES REPORTED HEREIN FROM THREE QUADRANTS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO EMILIO F. GARCIA 1 15 Oak Crest Drive, Lafayette, Louisiana 70503, USA E-mail: Efg21 12@louisiana.edu The genus Clathwdrillia has been placed in the family Drilliidae by recent authors (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005; Tucker & Tenorio, 2009; Bouchet et al., 2011). Clathwdrillia phasma was originally placed by Schwengel (1940) in Crassispira, but this superficially similar taxon has a different type of radula and has been placed in Turridae by (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, and Tucker & Tenorio, 2009), and in Pseudomelatomidae, by Bouchet et al., 2011, a taxon the latter consider nomenclaturally valid for most genera previously placed in the “turrid” subfamily Crassispirinae . The type locality for Clathrodrillia phasma is off Palm Beach, east Florida; to date the taxon has been reported only from east Florida (Rosenberg, 2009). However, in five cruises made in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2011 in the Gulf of Mexico on the R/V Pelican (see Garcia, 2007a, 2007b), we have collected 12 lots of C. phasma, now in my collection (EFG), with the following data: MEXICO: 20°51.16’N, 92°26.28'W, in 93-94 m, in granular sediment, 1 specimen (EFG 26112, fig. 1); 20°51.09'N, 92”27.10'W, in 124-94 m, in sediment, 1 specimen (EFG 26695, fig. 2); 20°51.49'N, 92°21.44'W, in 63-65 m, in sediment, 1 specimen (EFG 26532). ALABAMA: 29"24.43'N, 87°58.63’W, in 74-72 m, in mud, 1 specimen (EFG 27706). LOUISIANA: 28°04.147'N to 28°04.438'N, 91M6.845'W to 91 “45. 163'W, in 99.7 to 99.1 m, in mud, 2 specimens (EFG 28636, fig. 3); 28°06.78°N; 90°55.58°W, in 101-99 m, in mud, alive, 1 specimen (EFG 27905); 28“07.188’N, 90“52.812'W to 28°07.867'N, 90°49.896'W, in 1 16-1 17 m, in mud, 2 specimens (EFG 30161) and (EFG 30519, fig. 1); 29“20.683'N, 88“27.136'W to 29“20.883'N, 88“30.016'W, in 62-63 m, in shell hash, 1 specimen (EFG 30136); 29“16.245' N, 88“37.233' W to 29“08.900'N, 88°39.768'W, in 82-84 m, alive, 4 specimens (EFG 30172, fig. 4); 28“03.080'N to 28“02.623'N, 91 “58.641 'W to 91“056.393'W, in 101-100 m, in mud, 2 specimens (EFG 28643); 28“04.675“N to 28“05.020'N, 91“38.545’W to 91“36.140'W, in 100-104 m, in mud, alive, 1 specimen (EFG 28624); 28“05.009’N to 28“05.348'N, 91“1 1.365'W to 91“09.093'W, in 110- 109 m, in mud, 4 specimens (EFG 28614). Clathrodrillia phasma has been dredged in the northern Gulf of Mexico from 29“24'N to 28“04'N, and from 87“59'W to 91“59'W, at depths from 62-116 m; alive in 82-101 m, in mud and shell hash. In the southern Gulf of Mexico, it has been dredged at Bahia de Campeche in a rather limited area, from 20“51'N to 20“52'N and from 92“22'W to 92“27'W, in 63-124 m, in sediment. They were collected in only three of 115 dredge hauls. A specimen dredged in granular sediment in 93-94 m measures 32.7 mm (EFG 30519, fig. 1); the maximum reported size was 28 mm (Rosenberg, 2009). I have two Clathrodrillia specimens from Isla Farallon, northeastern Panama (09“05'N; 80°01' W) (EFG 30519, fig. 5) that are similar to Clathrodrillia plasma, but differ in having a more irregular spiral Page 66 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 ornamentation (compare enlargements in figs. 4a and 5a), a less produced anterior end, and in seemingly having a different protoconch (compare figs. 4b and 5c), However, the protoconch differences may be due to erosion, and other differences may be ecological in nature. There is a similar species from Colombia reported by Yidi & Sarmiento (2011:130, fig. 792) as ""Drillia sp. 1”, but it shows stronger, fewer axial ribs than those of C. phasma and C. cf. phas/Jia, as well as a more conical shape. The most similar Clathrodrillia from the Panamic Province, C. salvadorica (Hertlein & Strong, 1971), is larger, more attenuate, and has an overall stronger ornamentation. I thank the anonymous reviewer for the critical analysis of this work. LITERATURE CITED BOUCHET, P. & J. P. ROCROl 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47( 1-2): 1-397. BOUCHET, P., Y. KANTOR, A. SYSOEVE & N. PUILLANDRE 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308 GARCIA, E. E. 2007a. Report on mollusks collected in a dredging expedition to Bahia de Campeche, south- western Gulf of Mexico. American Conchologist 35(2): 4-11. 2007b. Results of deep-water dredging in the Gulf of Mexico using the “Benthic Skimmer”, and report on several geographic extensions, in- cluding two species not previously reported in the western Atlantic. The Festivus 39(2): 13-18. ROSENBERG, G. 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. [WWW database (version 4.1.1)] URL http : // w w w . malacolog . org/ . SCHWENGEL, J. S. 1940. New Mollusca from Florida. Nautilus 54: 49-52, pi. 3. TUCKER, J. K. &, M. J. TENORIO 2009. Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, Germany. YIDI, E. & V. SARMIENTO 2011. Colombian seashells from the Caribbean Sea. L’Informatore, Piceno. Rome. Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 67 Figures 1-5. 1-4. Clathrodrillia phasma. MEXICO, Bahia de Campeche: (1) 20°51.16'N, 92”26.28'W, in 93-94 m, 32.7 mm. (2) 20”51.49'N, 92°21.44’W, in 63-65 m, 21.5 mm. LOUISIANA: (3) 28"04.147'N to 28" 4.438'N, 91°46.845'W to 9145.163'W, in 99.1-99.7 m, 23 mm. (4) 29"16.245'N, 88°37.233'W to 29’08.900'N, 88 °39.768'W, in 82-84 m, alive, 21.1 mm. (5) Clathrodrillia cf. phasma. NE PANAMA, Isla Earallon, 09°05'N, 80”01'W, 18.7 mm. Page 68 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 FURTHER SURVEYS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF THE ISLAND OF SAINT KITTS, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES, PART I SUSAN J. HEWITT* *Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Mailing address: 435 E 77th St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075 E-mail: hewsub@earthlink.net Introduction The island of Saint Kitts is situated at 16‘*45'N, 62‘M2'W, and is part of the inner arc of the northern half of the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies (for map of the area, see Hewitt 2011a). St. Kitts is situated immediately north- northwest of the island of Nevis, which since 1997 has been my main focus of study during annual visits. I had previously searched Majors Bay on the tip of the southeastern peninsula of St. Kitts on four occasions (Hewitt 2011a, 2011b); this time I was able to search two new locations (Map 1) as well as a very brief search in Majors Bay. Dr. Thomas Last, a friend who is Dean of Students at the University of Medicine and Health Services (UMHS) in St. Kitts, had kindly offered to drive me to look for shells. I requested a trip to the north end of the island, to see if I could find Vasum globulus Lamarck, 1816, there, across the channel from the island of Sint Eustatius, where that species appears to be quite common (Hewitt, 2010b). On Friday April 29* my husband and I rode the main ferry from Charlestown, the capital of Nevis, over to Basseterre, the capital of St. Kitts. Dr. Last picked us up there and took us for a brief visit to the UMHS campus, which is 4 km west of the ferry port at Basseterre, on the western, or Caribbean, side of the island (see Map 1). At the south edge of the campus (17“17'35.5"N, 62°45T 1 .0"W), at the foot of low cliffs on the coastline which forms part of Camps Bay, Dr. Last pointed out a small beach (text figure 2) of “black sand” (actually brown volcanic grit). He said I might have good luck with shells there because a coral reef offshore is in good condition, and • Dieppe Bay Town • •— Basseterre UMHS Majors Bay Figure 1 . Map of the island of St. Kitts because the beach is not accessible to the general public and therefore not picked over. He was correct. After 45 minutes of searching, I made the decision to return four days later so I could spend another two hours there. On April 29*, after the visit to the UMHS campus. Dr. Last drove us approximately 20 km north up the picturesque Atlantic (eastern) coast to Dieppe Bay Town, a small village in the extreme northeastern corner of the island. At the eastern end of Dieppe Bay there is a sandy point ( 17"25'05.2"N, 62°48'37.3"W), and immediately to the southeast there is a stretch of sand beach where a number of fishing boats were moored. To the southwest, in Dieppe Bay itself, there is an intertidal zone of boulders. The entire area is protected from the considerable force of the Atlantic surf by a fringing Vol. XLIV(6):2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 69 Figure 2. View of the UMHS beach looking southwest. Image: Susan J. Hewitt. coral reef offshore, visible in the distance as a line of breakers (text figure 3). Because of a sprained knee, I confined my search to the sandy area near the point; Dr. Last climbed over the boulders on the bay, looking for larger shells on my behalf When we returned to the car to leave, a boy from the village had set up a folding table with necklaces and a few beach-drift shells for sale. The type of wear on the shells and the selection of species were both very similar to those that Dr. Last and I had just collected, which made me confident that the boy’s material was from Dieppe Bay, so I added to my list three species that the boy had found. We then drove west and made an unsuccessful attempt to find another access point; that part of the coast is lined with cliffs. Figure 3. View of the sand point at Dieppe Bay looking north. Image: Susan J. Hewitt. Results The following table lists the species found on the UMHS beach on April 29“’ and May 3'“ and in Dieppe Bay on April 29“'. The material was found as dead shells or fragments in the beach drift, exc .’^t for a number of intertidal species which were observed alive. Three species found in Majors Bay on May 8“' are also listed at the end of the table. Families are listed in taxonomic order; gastropods following Bouchet and Rocrois (2005) and bivalves following Mikkelsen and Bieler (2007). Binomial epithets are taken from Rosenberg (2009). Species shown in boldface are new to the overall St. Kitts list, defined here as the Rosenberg (2009) Malacolog list plus the extra species listed in my two previous St. Kitts papers. Table 1. Species found on the UMHS beach and Dieppe Bay Notations used: U = UMHS: D == Dieppe Bay; a = observed alive on iniertidal rocks; w = very worn, b = broken; Ds = For sale on Dieppe Bay; Dso = For sale, shell very old and worn; M = already listed by Ro.senberg (2009); boldface = new to the St. Kitts list GASTROPODA Lottiidae Lottia morphotype B (as per Hewitt, 2009) U D Lott ia albi costa (C. B. Adams, 1845) U D Lottia leucopleura (Gnielin, 1791 ) LI D Patelloida pustulata iUa'ibhng, m9) U D Tectura antillarum iSowerby \S43) U Da Fissurellidae Dmr/ora fl/rwotfl (Sowerby II, 1862) U D Diodora listen {d'Ovbigny, 1842) U Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778) - D Fissurella rosea (GmtYm, \19\) U D Diodora variegata Sowerby II, 1862 - D Diodora viridula {Ldmarck, IS22) U Fissurella angusta (Gmebn. 1791) LI D Fissurella nimbosa L'mivdtius, 175^ U D Lucapinella limatula (Reeve, 1850) LI Page 70 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 T rochidae Cypraecassis testiculus (Linnaeus, 1758) - D Cittahwn pica (Linnaeus, 1758) - D M Semicassis cicatricosa (Gmelin, 1791) U - Tegula excavata (Lamarck, 1822) U D Tonna pennata (Morch, 1852) u D Tegala fasciata (Bom, 1778) u - Bursidae Tegula hotessieriana (d’Orbigny, 1842) u D Bursa granularis (Roding, 1798) u - Tegula lividomaculata (C. B. Adams, 1845) U D Bursa rhodostoma thomae d’Orbigny, 1847 u - Turbinidae Ranellidae Astralium phoebium (Roding, 1798) u - Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816) u - Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1767) u D Cymatium femorale (Linnaeus, 1758) u - Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 u - Cymatium labiosum (W. Wood, 1828) u - Turbo canaliculatus Herrmann, 1781 - D Cymatium martinianum (d’Orbigny, 1846) u - Phasianellidae Hipponicidae Eulitliidiuin afftne (C . B. Adams, 1850) u - Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758) u - Eulithidium bellum (M. Smith, 1937) u - Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767) u - EuUthidium tessellatum Hipponix incurvus (Gmelin, 1791) - D (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) LI D Hipponix subrufus (Lamarck, 1819) u D Neritidae Triviidae Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 Ua - Pusula pediculus (Linnaeus, 1758) u - Nerita tessellata GvtviWn, 1791 U Da Niveria quadripunctata (J. E. Grey, 1827) u - Nerita veraco/or Gmelin, 1791 Ua Da Niveria suffusa (J. E. Grey, 1827) u - Puperita pupa (Linnaeus, 1767) U - Vermetidae Smaragdia viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) - D Dendropoma corrodens (d’Orbigny, 1842) u - Cerithiidae (on Fissurella angusta and Hipponix subrufus) Cerithium ?at ration (Bom, 1778) u - Petaloconchus sp. u - Cerithium litteratum (Bom, 1778) u D Serpulorbis decussatus (Gmelin, 1791) u D Cerithium lutosum Menke, 1828 u D Epitoniidae Planaxidae Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) u - Hinea lineata (da Costa, 1778) u - Epitonium albidum (d’Orbigny, 1842) u - Supplanaxis nucleus (Bruguiere, 1789) LI Da Buccinidae Cypraeidae Engiita turbinella (Kiener, 1835) u - Erosaria acicularis (Gmelin, 1791) U Ds Pisania pusio (Linnaeus, 1758) u - Macrocypraea zebra (Linnaeus, 1758) U - Gemophos tinctus (Conrad, 1846) u - Talparia cinerea (Gmelin, 1791) - Ds Columbellidae Ovulidae Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) u D Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) u - Zafrona piilchella (Blainville, 1829) u - Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry, 1939 u - Nitidella nitida (Lamarck, 1822) u D Littorinidae Nitidella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) u D Cenchritis muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) u - Rhombinella laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) u D Echinolittorina angustior (Morch, 1876) Ua - Fasciolariidae Echinolittorina nieleagris Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791) u - (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) U - Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) u - Echinolittorina tuberculata (Menke, 1828) Ua - Dolicholatirus sp. u _ Echinolittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791) Ua - Nassariidae Naticidae Nassarius antillarum (d’Orbigny, 1847) u D Naticarius canrena (Linnaeus, 1758) LI - Muricidae PoUnices lacteus (Guilding, 1834) U - Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 u - Rissoidae Favartia alveata (Kiener, 1842) u Rissoina decussata Montagu, 1803 U - Plicopurpura patula (Linnaeus, 1758) - D Strombidae Mancinella deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) u D Eus trombus gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) U Da Stramonita rustica (Lamarck, 1822) u Da Aliger costatus (Gmelin, 1791) - Da Costellariidae Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 u D Vexillum puella (Reeve, 1845) u - Tricornis raninus (Gmelin, 1791) LI - Vexillum sp. (either cubanum or hendersoni) Uw - Aliger gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Dso Vexillum dermestinum (Lamarck, 1811) u - Tonnidae Vexillum sykesi (Melvill, 1925) u _ Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) U D Vol. XLIV(6):2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 7 1 Harpidae Moniin oiiiscus (Linnaeus, 1767) U Mitridae Mitra harbadensis (GmeWn, \79U U Mitra nodulosa (Gnielin, 1791) U Olividae Oliva reticularis Lanmrck. 1791 U - Olivellidae Jaspidella sp. - Db Olivella e.xilis (Marrat, 1868) U Olivella nivea (Gnielin, 1791) U Mangeliidae (see Bouchet et al., 2011) Agathotoma sp. U - Conidae Conus dauciis Hwass, 1792 U Conus mus Hwass, 1792 U D Conus regius Gnielin, 1791 U D Drilliidae Drillia cydia (Bartsch, 1943) Uw - Strictispiridae Strictispira Ipaxillus (Reeve, 1845) Uw - Strictispira sp. U - Pseudomelatomidae (see Bouchet et al., 201 1 ) Crassispira fuscescens (Reeve, 1843) U Pilsbryspira albocincta (C. B. Adams, 1845) U Pilsbryspira leucocyma (Dali, 1884) U Cancellariidae Tritonoharpa lanceolata (Menke, 1828) U Architectonicidae Architectonica nobilis Rod'mg, \^9S LI Bullidae Bulla occidentalis A. Adams. 1850 U D Ellobiidae Melampus monile (Bruguiere, 1789) U BIVALVIA Arcidae Acar domingensis (LamaxOti. \%\9) U D /l/r« (Bruguiere, 1789) U Barbatia cancellaria (hamaxck. \'&\9) U D Cucullaearca Candida (Heibling, 1779) U D Fugleria tenera (C. B. Adams, 1845) - D Noetiidae Arcopsis adamsi {DaW. 1886) U D Glycymerididae G5’e>'/«ms (Linnaeus, 1758) U Glycynieris undata (Linnaeus, 1758) U Tucetona pectinata {GmeVm, \19\) U Mytilidae Bracliidoutes e.xustus (Lmnaeus, 1158) U Pteriidae Pinctata imbricata Roding, 1798 LI Isognomonidae Isognomon bicolor (C. B. Adams, 1845) U Isognomon radiatus (Anton, 1839) LI D Pinnidae Pinna carnea Gnielin, 1791 - D Limidae Cteuoides mitis (Camaxck. 1807) LI Ctenoides scabra {Born. 1118) LI D Qstreidae Dendrostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) U Plicatulidae Plicatula gibbosa Camaxck, 1801 U - Pectinidae Caribachlaniys nucleus {Reeve. 1853) U D Spondylidae Spondylus ictericus Reeve. 1856 LI Lucinidae Ctena orbiculata (Momagu. 1808) LI D Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) U D Chamidae Chama florida Camaxek. 1819 LI- Chama congregata Cxmxad. \8?>'i U Chama macerophylla Gnielin, 1791 U- C/m/Mfl sfl/do Reeve, 1847 U Chama sinuosa Broderip, 1836 U Cardiidae Acrosterigma magnum (Linnaeus, 1758) LI Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) LI Laevicardium sp. LI - Veneridae Cliione cancellata (Linnaeus, 1767) LI Gouklia cerina (C. B. Adams, 1845) U Liropbora papliia {Linnaeus. 1767) LI Macrocallista maculata {Linnaeus. \1 58) U Timoclea pygmaea {Lamaxck, 1818) U D Tellinidae Arcopagia fausta (Pulteney, 1799) U 5?ng;7/fl w/rai>/7/5 (Philippi, 1841) - D Semelidae Semele proficua {Puherney , 1199) U Corbulidae Varicorbula sp. U - POLYPLACOPHORA Ischnochitonidae Stenoplax sp. (one plate) U Chitonidae Chiton marmoratus Gnielin, 1791 U Chiton tuberculatus Linnaeus, 1758 U D Species found on Majors Bay, May 8"' 2011 • New to the St. Kitts list; Muricidae, Phyllonotus pomum (Gmelin, 1791) Conidae, Conus spurius (Gnielin, 1791) • New to the Majors Bay list; Cardiidae, Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) Page 72 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 Remarks The beach at UMHS is composed of rock granules and fine gravel rather than sand, and as a result very few micromollusks were found, and some of the beach-drift shells were polished so much that they were difficult to identify. Nonetheless, I found a rich fauna of 146 taxa, 5 of which were seen alive. During my first visit, 45 minutes of searching produced 78 species; the two-hour follow-up visit added another 67 species. Three interesting new taxa for the St. Kitts list from this locality are the costellariids Vexilliim puella, V. dermestiniim and V. sykesi. Another Vexilliim species was represented by two extremely worn shells with the cream and brown color bands that are characteristic of both V. hendersoni (Dali, 1927) and V. cubamim Aguayo & Rehder, 1936. 1 found one worn shell that resembled a Teralatirus, and Bill Lyons commented (via email, July 201 1), “1 think this is a specimen of an unnamed species of Dolicholatinis that ranges from the Lesser Antilles to Colombia." For unknown reasons, at the UMHS beach, the color patterns on the shells of Oliva reticularis, and Olivella exilis were exceptionally dark, and so was the overall shell color of Serpulorbis deciissatus. The search further north at Dieppe Bay yielded 60 taxa. Seven of these are listed here as “live", however the Stramonita rustica had washed up moribund, two subadult shells of Eustrombus gigas had washed up after having been fished live, and six Aliger costatus had been taken live and then broken into pieces on the shore next to the fishing boats. In the boulder area of Dieppe Bay, Dr. Last found two shells of Turbo canaliculatus; this is a deeper- water taxon that is an uncommon beach find. Fourteen species present at Dieppe Bay were not found at UMHS, and 10 of those were new to the St. Kitts list. No evidence of Vasum globulus was discovered. The 10-minute search at Majors Bay on May 8th demonstrated that the list for that bay will probably continue to expand; the development plans mentioned in Hewitt (201 lb) have not been realized as yet. Conclusions Prior to this paper, the total number of taxa reported from St. Kitts in the literature was 170, consisting of 35 species listed by Rosenberg (2009), and 135 by Hewitt (2011a; 2011b). During the 2011 visits to St. Kitts, 82 additional species were found, raising the St. Kitts total to 252. The list for St. Kitts was expanded rapidly and relatively easily, primarily because the beach at UMHS was an exceptionally rich location for beach-drift shells. Acknowledgments Sincere thanks go to Dr. Thomas Last, Dean of Students at UMHS, without whom this research would not have been possible. Dr. Harry G. Lee generously provided a great deal of help with numerous difficult determinations. An image of the Dolicholatinis was viewed and identified to genus by Mr. William G. Lyons, formerly of the Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Florida. My husband Ed Subitzky helped with compiling the species list and copy-editing the paper. The information from Dr. Gary Rosenberg's database Malacolog 4.1.1 is provided with the permission of the ANSP. Literature Cited BOUCHET, PHILIPPE, YURI KANTOR, ALEXANDER SYSOEV & NICOLAS PUILLANDRE 201 1 . A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda), Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. BOUCHET, PHILLIPE & JEAN-PAUL ROCROI (Eds), JIRI FRYDA, BERNHARD HAUSDORF, WINSTON PONDER. ANGEL VALDES. & ANDERS WAREN 2005. Classification and Nomendator of Gastropod Families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47 (1-2). ConchBooks; Hackenheim, Germany, pp 1-397. HEWITT, SUSAN J. 2009. The shallow-water Patel logastropoda (true limpets) of the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies, Festivus, XLl (2): 15-22. 2010. A new locality for Vasum globulus (Gastropoda, Vasidae): the island of Sint Eustatius, Leeward Islands, West Indies, Festivus, XLll (8): 85-88. 201 la. A 40-minute survey of the marine mollusks of the island of Saint Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies, Festivus, 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1; A Database of Western Atlantic MARINE MOLLUSCA. [WWWdatabase (version 4.1.1)] URL XLlll (1); 3-5. 2011b. An expanded survey of the marine mollusks of the island of Saint Kitts. Leeward Islands, West Indies, Festivus, XLlll (8): 83-89. MIKKELSEN. PAULA M. & RUDIGER BIELER 2007. Seashells of Southern Florida: Living Marine Mollu,sks of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Regions: Bivalves. Princeton University Press, pp 1-496, 1359 color illustrations, 74 line illustrations. ROSENBERG, GARY 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. [WWWdatabase (version 4.1.1)] URL http://www.malacolog.org THE FESTIVUS Page 73 Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 A pictorial view of the fun at the recent San Diego Shell Club Auction/Potluck Top row: Bob Dees, Ann Tuskes & Van Dees. Silvana Vollero & Daniel; Second row” Carole Hertz, Rick Negus and all at auction table, Dave Waller & Bill Schramm; Third row: John LaGrange, Paul Kanner, Paul Tuskes & Don Pisor. Duffy Daughenbaugh, Third row center: Don Pisor, Alex Sassi & Jules Hertz, Paul Tuskes; Bottom row; Marty Schuler & Dave Berschauer. Ginny & Richard Herrmann & Larry Buck, Jeanne Pisor & Debbie Catarius, John LaGrange & Chuck Reitz. L 1 ■■ ■ ■ '.1 ISSN 0738-9388 Qu Hol THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club iiv.'V2_ Volume: XLIV July 12, 2012 Number: 7 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep. CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STATE Editor Business Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tusk.es Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexieo/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club. Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, C A 92111, USA. The Fesfivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIEIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History. New York Emilio F. Garc a Uni versin' of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Goslincr California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith <& Associates. Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus. Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Website at; http://mvw.sandiegoshellclub.com E: mail : ibertz@san. rr. com PROGRAM CALIFORNIA SHELLS, PART TWO Paul Tuskes will present Part 2 of his terrific dis- material from collections. It will cover the ovulids, cussion of California shells. This presentation will cypraeids, mitrids, nassariids, olivids, cancellariids include photos of live animals in their habitats and and turrids. Meeting date: July 19* at 7:30 PM CONTENTS Club news 76 Terrestrial snails from an urban park in Vancouver, British Columbia ROBERT G. EORSYTH & PATRICK WILLISTON 77 Relative abundance of marine mollusk shells in the beach drift on Sanibel Island, Lee County, Elorida, USA SUSAN J. HEWITT 81 Page 76 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting 21 June 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:40 PM by Bob Dees. The previous minutes were approved and the Treasurer’s report was accepted. Carole Hertz reminded members that The Festivus is accepting papers. Wes Farmer donated some books/papers that were sold at the meeting. Bob Dees introduced Shawn Wiedrick, who talked about his experiences on Aruba. Aruba is located off the northeastern tip of Venezuela and has surprising little rainfall. Shawn is especially interested in micro shells and shared his collecting and sorting methods. A hand net is used to sweep through eel grass, algae, rubble, gravel or sand. Large items are removed from the net and the remaining material is dried and then sorted during the evening. Material is labeled by location, substrate and depth. Shawn had excellent photos of shells that ranged from 3 to 15 mm, a number of which are new species. Having used sets of sieves to sort material, I know how impractical they are to pack. Shawn cuts small circles out of various grades of wire mesh. When he arrives on site he cuts the bottom out of plastic beer glasses and inserts the mesh. Largest mesh is placed in the top cup and smaller mesh in the bottom cup. The cups are stacked, debris is placed in the top cup and water used to move material through the sieves. I don’t think we were told what he did with the beer that was initially in the cups. Another important suggestion he shared is the use of Google Earth to view your sites before you arrive. Last, there are issues with paperwork. Even micro shells are covered by CITES and you may be required to have a collecting permit from the country of origin, a permit from the country to transport the shells back to the USA, and a permit form USFWS for the entry of the shells. It was an interesting talk, great photos, and some important collecting tips. The shell drawing was won by Bruce Kemp and the meeting was adjourned at 8:45 PM. Refreshments were provided by Silvana Vollero, Carole and Jules Hertz and Evelyn and Don Smith. Arranging for the Shells of the Recent Survey of Mission Bay Molhisks to be incorporated in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Collection During the San Diego Shell Club’s recent project Sun’ey of Mission Bay Molhisks, San Diego, California, during 2008-2010, Paul M. Tuskes was the lead investigator with many of the Club members participating. This project’s results were published in Die Festivus in February 2012. During the study. Dr. Greg Rouse, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, expressed an interest in housing the collected material from the project once the results were published. The SDSC Board of Directors has since been in communication with Dr. Rouse, and he is still interested in maintaining the collection of mollusks from this Survey. It is hoped that those members who collected material for the project will be willing to donate their material to the Scripps Collection. Carole Hertz and Paul Tuskes have agreed to take on the task of gathering this material, making standardized labels and inventorying the collection. This collection will document species that are known to occur in the bay, both currently and in the recent past. If you have material to donate, either bring it to the July meeting or contact Carole or Paul to make other arrangements. Please be sure to identify your material and give as much collecting data as you have, so you can be recognized on the data label. This can be a valuable asset to future workers involved in studies of Mission Bay, who will be able to check the validity of the material published in the 2008-2010 study in Die Festivus. The Annual September Party The big annual September party/potluck will once again be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 92111. It will be on Saturday, September 22'"' with the festivities beginning at 4 PM. More information will be forthcoming in future issues as the time gets closer and maps will be available via e-mail. Paul Tuskes Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 77 TERRESTRIAL SNAILS FROM AN URBAN PARK IN VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA ROBERT G. FORSYTH' AND PATRICK WILLISTON’ 'Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2 Canada. PO Box 3804, Smithers, BC VOJ 2N0 Canada. rforsyth@mollus.ca "Gentian Botanical Research, 4861 Nielsen Road, Smithers, BC VOJ 2N2 Canada. Introduction The cities and surrounding suburbs of Vancouver and Victoria have been more comprehensively surveyed for land snails and slugs than most urban places in Canada. In particular, searches from dozens of sites targeting introduced terrestrial molluscs have resulted in new records for these cities, the province, and in some instances, new records for Canada or North America (Forsyth 1999; Reise et al. 2000; Forsyth 2001; Forsyth et al. 2001). However, all of these searches were made by collecting individual snails by hand; litter-dwelling microsnails ( < 5 mm) may have been overlooked in some instances. We report here the results of sampling leaf litter collected in Queen Elizabeth Park, a 52.78-hectare green space in the city of Vancouver (Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation 2011). Although no native forest remains, and garden areas (now decades old and mature) are planted with ornamental trees and shrubs, we found three native species of snails. We also verify recent finds in the park (Holm 2010) of Carychium thdentatum (Risso, 1826) and Discus wtundatus (Muller, 1774) and report an additional nearby site for D. rotiindatus as well as discuss an historical record. Materials and Methods All of the material presented here was collected by P. Williston with help from Chloe Williston. Fand snails initially were found in Queen Elizabeth Park by hand searching leaf litter in the field (28 December 2010). A collation of litter samples was gathered from random spots throughout the gardens on 7-8 January 2011, and a series of litter samples of differing tree species (maple, Acer sp.; oak, Quercus sp.; sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus', and European beech, Fagus sylvatica) were later collected on 2 March 2011. The volume of litter per sample was approximately 2 L, except for the beech litter sample that was approximately 4 L. The litter samples were dried, sieved to remove the coarsest material, and hand sorted by R. Forsyth, who also identified the snail species. The center of the area sampled is approximately at 49° 14' 33"N, 123° 06' 50"W. Terrestrial snails were collected by hand at an additional site, approximately 1 km from the park in a residential neighborhood (11 May 2010 and observed at other times): 515 East 31" Street, Vaneouver, 49° 14' 35.26"N, 123° 05' 37.00"W. All specimens are in the Forsyth Colleetion and records are mapped online (Klinkenberg 2011). Photographs were taken through Nikon Coolpix 950 or 995 digital cameras mounted to one eyepiece of a Russian-built stereoscope (MBC-10) using an adapter manufactured by Zarf Enterprises (Spokane, Washington). For each shell view, a series of photos were taken through the depth of field and processed using focus stacking software (Helcion Focus 5.2). Results and Discussion Eleven species of land snails were collected by hand or in litter samples from Queen Elizabeth Park (Table 1). Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud, 1805) (Figs. 16-18), Carychium tridentatum (Figs. 7-9), Discus rotiindatus (Figs. 22-24), Lauria cylindracea (Da Costa, 1778) (Figs. 1-3), O.xychilus alliarius (Miller, 1822), Vallonia excentrica Sterki, 1893, and Vitrea contracta (Westerlund, 1871) (Figs. 13-15) are introduced European species. Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller, 1774) (Figs. 4-6) is strongly synanthropic and some populations may represent introductions (Forsyth 2004). Page 78 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 Pimctum randolphii (Dali, 1895) (Figs. 10-12) and Slriatura pugetensis (Dali, 1895) (Figs. 19-20) belong to the native fauna and are common components of litter-dwelling malacofauna in southwest British Columbia. It is a little surprising to find these two native, forest-dwelling microsnails in an urban park with highly modified habitats and this shows that there is value in litter sampling even urban habitats for microsnails that otherwise might be overlooked. It is impossible to know if these populations Pimctum randolphii and Striatura pugetensis are remnants of a time when the city was forest or if they were re- established by passive dispersal. Vitrina pellucida (Muller, 1774) is a third native species that occupies a broad range of more-or-less open and sometimes modified habitats, such as roadsides (Forsyth 2004). Two species, Aegopinella nitidula and Lauria cylindracea, were recovered from all our litter samples, and L. cylindracea was by far the most common species. Our 2 March 2011 litter collections sampled the ground below four tree species, and although litter sampling is often utilized as a means to quantitatively record microsnails (Coppolino 2010), too many other unknown factors could be at play (moisture, litter depth, exposure, chance, etc.) to infer preference by snails to a particular tree species. We had speculated that Carychium tridentatum would be found in damp beech litter as described by Morton (1954); however our specimens inhabited the understory of oak trees. We coincidentally found two species, Carychium tridentatum and Discus rotundatus, which were only recently recorded from Queen Elizabeth Park by Holm (2010). Both of these species were missed during earlier surveys for introduced snails in the Vancouver and Victoria regions from 1989 to 2003 (Forsyth 1999 and unpublished). Discus rotundatus was purportedly first found in B.C. at Esquimau (a suburb of Victoria), Vancouver Island on 20 December 1954, by D. Monty Wood (Forsyth 2004; Grimm et al. 2010; Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, CMNMF 91841). However, Dr. Wood (personal communication, November 2011) has no recollection of having been in B.C. in December 1954 and believes the museum labels are in error. Discus rotundatus is, therefore, unconfirmed from Vancouver Island. Discus rotundatus seems more restricted than many other introduced species of snails in southwest British Columbia. Recent collections are all near Queen Elizabeth Park. We now have records approximately 1 km east of the park on the north side of the 500 block of East 3F' Street. Discus rotundatus was also found in the adjacent alleyway with Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758), Aegopinella nitidula and Oxychilus alliarius on soil and asphalt beneath lavender shrubs [Lavandula sp.), and in soil among the ornamental cobbles beneath Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on the south side of the 500 block of East 30‘*’ Street. Repeated observations were made at this last location of many (more than 20) D. rotundatus on the surfaces of cobbles and on a stone retaining wall on the days following rainfall events. Acknowledgments We thank Chloe Williston, at the time age 4, for her sharp eyes and keen interest in finding these and other snails. Dr. Jean-Marc Gagnon (Chief Collections Manager, Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Quebec) and Dr. D. Monty Wood (Honorary Research Associate, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario) answered our queries about the purported Vancouver Island record of Discus rotundatus. Literature Cited COPPOLINO, M.L. 2010. Strategies for collecting land snails and their impact on conservation planning. American Malacological Bulletin 28 (1/2): 97-103. FORSYTH. R.G. 1999. Distributions of nine new or little-known exotic land snails in British Columbia. The Canadian Field- Naturalist 113 (4); 559-568. 2001. First records of the European land slug Lehmannia valentiana in British Columbia, Canada. The Festivus 33 (7): 75-78. 2004. Land Snails of British Columbia. Royal BC Museum Handbook. Victoria: Royal British Columbia Museum, iv -I- 188 pp., 18] pis. FORSYTH. R.G., J.M.C. HUTCHINSON & H. REISE 2001. Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud. 1805) (Gastropoda: Zonitidae) in British Columbia— first confirmed North American record. American Malacological Bulletin 16 (1/2): 65-69. Vol, XLIV(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 79 Figures 1-24. Land snails from Queen Elizabeth Park, Vancouver, British Columbia. 1-3, Lauria cylindracea, height 3.75 mm; 4, Cochlicopa luhrica, height 5.85 mm; 5, C. lubrica. height 5.05 mm; 6, C. lubrica. height 4.55 mm; 7-9, Carychium tridentatum, height; 2.0 mm (with detail of aperture); 10-12, Pimctwn randolphii. width 1.45 mm; 13-15, Vitrea contracta, width 2.15 mm; 16-18, Aegopinella nitidula, width 7.2 mm; 19-21, Striatura pugetensis, width 1.8 mm; 22-24, Discus rotundatus, width 5.2 mm. Page 80 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(6): 2012 GRIMM, F.W., R.G. FORSYTH, F.W. SCHUELER & A. KARSTAD “2009” [2010] Identifying Land Snails and Slugs in Canada: Introduced Species and Native Genera. Ottawa: Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Iv+ 168 pp. HOLM, G.P. 2010. Exotic species of land snails from Mount Vernon, WA and Queen Elizabeth Park, Vancouver, B.C. The Dredgings 50 (3): 3-4, KLINKENBERG. B. (editor) 2011. E-Fauna BC: Electronic Atlas of the Fauna of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Depart- ment of Geography, University of British Columbia , Vancouver. URL: http ://\vww.e fauna bc.ca (accessed: 3 November 2011). MORTON, J.E. 1954. Notes on the ecology and annual cycle of Carychium tridentatum at Box Hill. Proceedings of the Malaco- logical Society of London 31 (2): 30-46. REISE, H., J.M.C. HUTCHINSON, R.G. FORSYTH & T. J. FORSYTH 2000. The ecology and rapid spread of the terrestrial slug Boettgerilla pallens in Europe with reference to its recent discovery in North America. The Veliger 43 (4): 313-318. VANCOUVER BOARD OF PARKS AND RECREATION 2011. Queen Elizabeth Park. URL: http://vancouver.ca/parks/parks/queeneelizabeth/ (accessed: 3 November 201 1). Hand-collected: 28 Dec. 2010 Litter sample: 7-8 Jan. 2011 Litter samples: 2 Mar. 2011 Maple Oak Sycamore Beech Aegopinella nitidula (Figs. 16-18) 12 1 2 1 1 3 Carychium tridentatum (Figs. 7-9) 1 1 Cochlicopa lubrica (Figs. 4-6) 5 1 1 1 Discus rotundatus (Figs. 22-24) 3 Lauria cylindracea (Figs. 1-3) 2 114 21 4 3 139 Oxychilus alliarius 1 3 Punctum randolphii (Figs. 10-12) 1 2 15 Striatura pugetertsis (Figs. 19-20) 1 3 Vallonia excentrica 1 Vitrea contracta (Figs. 13-15) 1 1 2 Vitrina pellucida 1 Table 1. Species and quantities of land snails recovered from leaf litter samples taken in Queen Elizabeth Park. The volume of litter for each sample was approximately 2 L (4 L for the beech sample). Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 81 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF MARINE MOLLUSK SHELLS IN THE BEACH DRIFT ON SANIBEL ISLAND, LEE COUNTY, FLORIDA, USA SUSAN J. HEWITT* *Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History Send correspondence to: 435 E 77"' St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075, USA E-mail; hewsub@earthlink.net Introduction Sanibel Island is a barrier island off southern Florida in the Gulf of Mexico located at 26‘'26'23"N, 82"4'50"W. The nearest major city is Fort Myers. Sanibel is the larger and more southerly part of an ancient sandbar that also includes the island of Captiva. Lying north of Sanibel and Captiva are two more sand-barrier islands. North Captiva and Cayo Costa. Running parallel to the east of the barrier islands is Pine Island, which is geologically part of the mainland. The most striking feature of the mainland in this area is the large tidal estuary of the Caloosahatchee River, which empties into San Carlos Bay, which in turn faces out into the Gulf just beyond the eastern tip of Sanibel. In 1926, Sanibel and Captiva were separated into two islands by storm surge from a hurricane. The water channel that opened between them became known as “Blind Pass.” However, on the Gulf (or western) side, the entrance to this channel does not stay open: sand bars form and gradually close the entrance, joining the two islands with a sand-spit. The entrance to the Blind Pass channel was opened by a storm in the late 1990s, was opened again very briefly by Hurricane Charley in 2004, and was opened by dredging in 2009 (personal e-mail communication from Mike Mullins in 2012). The entrance to Blind Pass is however currently sealed over again by sand. The beaches of Sanibel and Captiva are well- known for frequent and substantial accumulations of seashells. The islands are surrounded underwater by extensive sand ramps facing south and west; these allow waves to roll shells up onto the beach whenever the wind direction is favorable. As a result, Sanibel has become world famous as a shelling destination and attracts an exceptionally large number of shell collectors, both as residents and as visitors. No live collecting of invertebrates is allowed, not even shells occupied by hermit crabs; only empty shells may be taken. The island is home to the Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum (BMSM), the only museum in the USA devoted entirely to shells. Despite all of this focused interest, it appears that no studies have been carried out to determine the most common species in the beach drift at Sanibel. The marine mollusk fauna of Sanibel is subtropical, containing some elements that are also found in the Caribbean, the Carolinian, and even the Boreal faunas. Being situated on the Gulf of Mexico, Sanibel’s fauna is slightly different from that of the corresponding part of the Atlantic coast of Florida. In the year 2000, the director of the Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum, Dr. Jose Leal, started an online illustrated database of southwest Florida marine mollusk shells, listing confirmed species known from that area, with special emphasis on Sanibel. The database is frequently updated (Leal, 2012). Books include Mikkelsen & Bieler (2005), a superb resource for identification of southern Florida bivalves, and Hartmann (2006), a useful small handbook covering 167 common species of Florida bivalves. I visited Sanibel Island from December 7-19 2011, staying at the Blue Dolphin Cottages next to Beach Access Point #1 on West Gulf Drive (26"26’11.72”N, 82‘’07’32.75”W). After four days of hand-picking beach drift in the general area, I visited Dr. Leal at the shell museum. While there I mentioned that before coming to Sanibel I had wondered what the most abundant species were in the beach drift. Dr. Leal and I had independently guessed at what the single most common species might be. I decided to carry out what would, by necessity, be a small and simple study of relative species abundance, but I also Page 82 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 continued to observe live mollusks during low tide, and to hand pick the voluminous beach drift on West Gulf Drive, hoping to understand the fauna of the area. As is true for many sandy beaches worldwide, the drift on Sanibel consists primarily of bivalves. Far more bivalves than gastropods live in sand or on sand. Bivalves that need to cement themselves often colonize dead shells and shell fragments. Many marine gastropod species prefer a hard substrate and there is only a small amount of rock and coral habitat around Sanibel. Beach drift: limitations and biases Anyone who frequently examines the same beach at different times will know that drift varies in composition from day to day, season to season, and one year to the next. It can also vary from one part of a beach to another. Drift is a death assemblage, and therefore it cannot be expected to accurately reflect the relative abundance of live species in situ. Predators sometimes damage the shells of living mollusks, but in cases where a shell is intact before it washes up, it may still get broken before it reaches the drift line, depending upon how robust it is. Day after day shells are rolled around by waves, and fragile shells can easily be crushed in collisions with stronger and heavier ones. In contrast, shells that are thick and solid may remain whole and readily identifiable over long periods of time. This differential attrition can mean that in beach drift some species are over-represented and others under-represented. Such processes are part of taphonomy, the study of how organisms decay over time, a subject more familiar to paleontologists than to students of living Mollusca. In most cases, the two valves that make up the shell of a bivalve come apart after death. Because of this, even in a hypothetical situation where numbers of live gastropods and bivalves were exactly equal, after death there would typically be twice as many bivalve valves as gastropod shells, and this can appear to exaggerate the presence of bivalves. The large shell heaps that sometimes form on Sanibel beaches have been significantly sorted by wave action, with larger shells being deposited at the summit and on the surface of the pile, and fragments and smaller shells ending up further down the slopes and deeper into the pile. Size and shape can determine how many valves of a species fit into a certain volume, including the 5-liter tub that was used in my study as a standard sampling device. For example, valves of Anadara transversa (Say, 1822) are shaped in such a way that they tend to pack in a dense array, and therefore a large number can occupy a relatively small volume. In contrast, valves of Noetia ponderosa (Say, 1822), as well as being larger, are of a strikingly asymmetrical shape, and do not stack in close arrays. In addition to such natural factors, drift on Sanibel has been “combed” by humans. Every day on almost every beach on the island, people are finding and carrying away numerous shells of the more attractive species. Of the common bivalves, the most colorful of the calico scallops, Argopecten gibbiis (Linnaeus, 1758), are picked up, and also some Carditamera floridana Conrad, 1846, which are useful to shell crafters. Fortunately for this study, many of the other abundant species are of little interest to the average collector because of their plain appearance. Despite considerations like these, differences in species counts were large enough to give fairly clear indications of the most abundant marine mollusk shells on the island. Methods Although the surface of the Gulf was calm on the afternoon we arrived, overnight there was a rainstorm with 32 kph winds. A large shell pile formed about 1 km north of where we were staying (Figure 1). On December 13“', a 5-liter sample was taken from one 0 -0.5 ; LU U -1 z > 3 -2,5 - UJ ir “o -3-i oi _ O , ■ -3.5 : -4 i 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SPECIES RANK Figure 1 . Whittaker plot totals for bivalves over all four localities. Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 83 side about 30 cm below the top of this pile. The next morning the pile had reformed into two smaller piles, with the second a little further north in the same area), and a 5-liter sample was taken from the top of the second pile. I asked my friend Pamela Rambo of Sanibel if she could get me shell material from Turner Beach near Blind Pass at the northwestern end of Sanibel. 1 also asked her for material from Lighthouse Beach on the eastern tip of the island, where shells wash up from the Gulf to the south, as well as from San Carlos Bay to the north (a sheltered bay southwest of Fort Myers near the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River). On the 14"', Pam scooped a bucketful from the largest drift line at Turner Beach and on the 15"', she scooped one- third of a bucket from the largest drift line at Lighthouse Beach. Using 5-liter samples from each locality, I sorted the shells and determined the numbers for each species. Only valves that were more than 50% whole were included in the count. Each single valve of a bivalve was counted as 1, even on the rare occasions when it was connected (this was only the case for Donax variabilis). Each gastropod shell that was more than 50% whole was counted as 1. The sizes of the shells in the samples ranged from approximately 60 mm down to 5 mm; there appeared to be no shells of micromollusks smaller than that. After sorting each sample, I made a rough estimate of the residue (shell fragments and sand) as a percentage of the whole 5- liter volume. Analysis Anadara transversa was the most common species overall as Jose and I had suspected. The six commonest bivalves over all the samples were Anadara transversa, Chione elevata, Noetia ponderosa, Plicatula gibbosa, Donax variabilis. and Anomia simplex (Figure 2). Of the list of 35 bivalves, the majority 23, are infaunal and 6 are cemented species: Plicatula gibbosa, Anomia simplex. Ostrea eqiiestris, Chama congregate, Crassostrea virginica and Pododesmus rudis. The chamid Arcinella cormita starts life attached, but subsequently becomes free. The 3 pectinids are free swimmers. The 2 arcids create a byssus, but can move around when needed. The two samples from West Gulf Drive Beach, WGDl and WGD2, showed a few differences. These may have resulted because WGDl was taken from the side of a pile whereas WGD2 was from the top of a pile and therefore contained no small shells such as Donax variabilis. In the Turner Beach sample, TBBP, Chione elevata outnumbered Anadara transversa by a small margin; this was the only one of the samples where C. elevata was the most abundant species. Plicatula gibbosa was more common at Turner Beach than anywhere else. Seven species were present there (as 1 to 4 valves) that were not present in any of the other samples; Abra aequalis, Anomalocardia cuneimeris, Crassinella lunulata, Pododesmus rudis, Laevicardium pictum, Luscinisca nassula and Transennella conradina. Indeed, the Turner Beach sample had the highest overall diversity, with 25 species and this was despite the fact that half of that sample was discarded as a mixture of shell fragments and sand. In the Lighthouse Beach sample, LIHO, the number of valves of Anadara transvera was well over 1,000. The total for this species greatly outnumbered any other at that locality. It was also a higher count for one species than was found in any other sample. Chione elevata was the second most common species in the LIHO sample with 328, and Donax variabilis was third at 267, substantially more common here than in the other localities. Also unlike the other samples, LIHO included 6 valves of Mulinia lateralis, a small species which lives in soft sediment in back bay and estuarine habitats. Eleven species of bivalves were present in all four samples: Anadara transversa, Anomia simplex, Arcinella cornuta, Argopecten gibbus, Carditamera floridana, Chione elevata, Crassostrea virginica, Noetia ponderosa, Ostrea equestris, Plicatula gibbosa and Trachycardium egmontianum. The most common gastropod in each of the samples was Crepidula fornicata. As well as being the most abundant gastropod, it was the sixth most common species of mollusk found. It was most abundant in the Lighthouse Beach sample with 41 shells. The second most common gastropod overall was white with flat shells belonging to the genus Crepidula. Both C. atrasolea R. Collin, 2000, and C. depressa Say, 1822, occur in Florida, and they cannot be differentiated solely by shell characteristics. If circumstances had allowed sampling from other habitats on the island such as the bay side additional species would almost certainly have been present. Page 84 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1V(7): 20 12 Table 1. Numbers for all the taxa in the four samples (listed in order of their overall totals, see last column) Abbreviations for the four samples: WGDl = the first sample from West Gulf Drive, 1 km north of Beach Access point #7, Dec 13‘'' 201 1; taken from the surface, 30cm down the land side of the heap, 20% discarded as shell fragments, no sand. WGD2 = the second sample from West Gulf Drive, a short distance north of where sample 1 was taken, Dec 14"'’ 2011; taken from top of heap, 10% discarded as shell fragments, no sand. TBBP = the sample from Turner Beach at Blind Pass, Dec 14th 2011; taken from largest drift line, 50% discarded as a mixture of shell fragments and sand. LIHO = the sample from Lighthouse Beach, Dec 15“' 2011; taken from the largest drift line, 20% discarded as a mixture of shell fragments and sand. TOTAL = overall total for each of the species BIVALVIA (individual valves) WGDl WGD2 TBBP LIHO TOTAL Anadara transversa (Say, 1822) 538 283 420 1,149 2390 Chioiie elevata (Say , 1822) 226 68 475 328 \mi Noetia pomierosa (Say, 1822) 97 198 57 70 422 PUcatida gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 62 15 196 37 310 Donax variabilis (Say, 1822) 13 - 9 267 289 Anomia simplex d’Orbigny. 1832 55 24 11 15 105 Argopecten gibbiis (Linnaeus, 1758) 38 38 6 6 88 Carditamera floridana Conrad, 1846 23 8 24 27 82 Tracbycardium egmontkmwn (Shuttleworth, 1856) juv 16 13 3 9 41 Arcinella cornuta Conrad, 1866 7 14 12 4 -hi Ostrea equestris Say , 1834 6 7 8 5 26 Cluima congregata Conrad 1833 1 2 9 9 21 Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) 5 4 6 4 19 Spisido raveneli (Conrad, 1832) juv 7 - 5 - 12 Mulinia lateralis (Say, 1822) - - - 6 6 Mercenaria campechiensis (GmeVm, 1791) juv - 3 2 - 5 Tucetona pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) - - 4 - 4 Crassinella Iwudata (Conrad, 1834) - - 3 - 3 Laevicardiitm pictwu (Ravenel, 1861) 1 - 2 - 3 Macrocallista macidata (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1 - 3 Semele proficiia (Pultemey, 1799) 3 - - - 3 Abra aequalis (Say, 1822) - - 2 - 2 Anodontia alba Link, 1807 - 1 - 1 2 Chionopsis intapurpurea (Conrad, 1849) 1 - - 1 2 Luscinisca nassula (Conrad, 1846) - - 2 - 2 Aequipecten muscosus (W. Wood, 1828) 1 - - - 1 Anomalocardia cuneimeris (Conrad, 1846) - - 1 - 1 Dallocardia muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1 1 Dinocardium robustiim (Lightfoot, 1786) juv - 1 - - 1 Euvola raveneli (Dali, 1898) - - - 1 1 Pododesmus rudis (Broderip, 1834) - - 1 - 1 Raeta plicatella (Lamarck, 1818) 1 - - - 1 Tellidora cristata (Recluz, 1842) - 1 - - 1 Timoclea grus (Holmes, 1858) - - 1 - 1 Transennella conradina Dali, 1884 - - 1 - 1 GASTROPODA (whole shells) Crepidida fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758) 39 16 30 41 126 Crepidula spp. (white) 4 - - 7 11 Oliva savana Ravenel, 1834 - 2 7 - 9 Bostrycapidus acideatus (Gmelin, 1791) - 1 - 2 3 Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778) - 1 - - 1 Chicoreus potman (GmiVm, 1791) juv 1 - - - 1 Pruniim apiciniim (Menke, 1828) - - 1 - 1 Terebra dislocata (Say, 1822) 1 1 Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 85 Figure 2: The 6 most common bivalve species in the drift, from left to right and from top to bottom. Anadara tnmsversa [30.6 mm), Chione elevata |24.8 mm|. Noetki pondewsa |35.2 mm|, Plicatida gihhosa |25.2 mml, Donax variahilis 1 18.3 mm|. and Anomia simplex |27.4 mm|. Page 86 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 Results Bivalve and gastropod numbers are shown separately in Table 1. The scientific names are based on Leal (2012). The species are listed in order of their overall totals, and where this total was the same for two or more different species, those species are placed in alphabetical order. In the case of some larger species, only small juvenile valves were found; this is indicated as “juv” in Table 1. Note that bivalve numbers represent individual valves, so these numbers should be halved when comparing bivalve counts with gastropod counts. Graphing relative species abundance A Whittaker plot is a useful way to graphically display relative species abundance (Magurran, 2003). In Whittaker plots, the y-axis represents relative abundance of species using a login scale. The x-axis ranks each species in order from most abundant to least abundant; the most abundant is given rank 1 , the second most abundant rank 2, and so on. In a Whittaker plot it is necessary to assign a rank even among species in which the number of individuals is the same; in such cases the species were ranked alphabetically (as is also true for the table). The data reveals the curve shown in Figure 1 . In order to place species in the graph, each had to be assigned a ranking. This is straightforward through number 17 (indicated in the list by a dotted line), but after this point it was necessary to arbitrarily assign a rank in cases where the number of individuals was the same for several different species. Within these same- number groupings, the species have been ranked alphabetically. The plot approximates a “hollow curve”, which is typical for biodiversity measurements. Most of the curve here is relatively steep, reflecting striking disparities in abundance The steepest part of the curve represents the most dominant species; the flatter part to the right is the so-called “long tail” of rarer species. Across all the samples, 18 species were represented by only 1, 2 or 3 valves. If it had been possible to process 15-liter samples, or even 50-liter samples, many additional uncommon and rare species would have been found. One would then expect to see a much longer “tail” since there would have been sig- nificantly more valves of those species that are uncommon but not rare. As it is, the final 10 species at the end of the curve include Aequipecten miiscosus (1 valve) which is not really uncommon, as well as One would then expect to see a much longer “tail” since there would have been significantly more valves of those species that are uncommon but not rare. As it is, the final ten species at the end of the curve include Aequipecten muscosus (1 valve) which is not really uncommon as well as Tellidoro cristata (1 valve) which is quite rare (Figure 6). But since the purpose of the study was to learn what the most common species are, the sample size used was appropriate. The total number of bivalve species in the 4 samples was 35, and the number of gastropod taxa was 8. This clearly represents only a small part of the fauna. In contrast, by spending three hours a day hand picking beach drift for 10 days, I found over 100 species on West Gulf Drive alone including over 35 species of gastropods. However, the only valve of Tellidora cristata I found was the one in WGD2. It was not possible to visit Turner Beach in person to hand pick the drift, and I found Anomalocardia cuneimeris, Prunum apicinum, and Transennella conradina only by sorting the Turner Beach material that Pam Rambo had obtained for me (TBBP). Sorting her material revealed several extra species I would not have found otherwise; it is however quite time-consuming. Hopefully this work is a useful start in examining the composition of the beach drift on an island that is extremely popular with shellers of all kinds. Perhaps more may be learned in the future, by this author or by other researchers. Acknowledgments 1 thank Dr. Jose Leal, director of the Bailey Matthews Shell Museum, for an interesting visit and discussion; Pam Rambo of “iLoveShelling.com” for much practical help and encouragement; Mike Mullins, Commissioner of the Captiva Erosion Prevention District, for information about Blind Pass; and Aydin Orstan of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History for much advice and assistance with the Whittaker plot; and the anonymous reviewer for helpful suggestions about organizing the Results section. Vol. XL1V(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 87 Literature Cited HARTMANN, IRISH 2006. Bivalve seashells of Florida: an idenlificalion guide to the common species of Florida and the Southeast. Anadara Press. 183 pp.. numerous illustrations. LEAL, JOSE H. 2012. Southwest Florida Shells with Emphasis on Sanibel and Captiva. The Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum, Sanibel. Last modified January 10, 2012. http://www.shellmuseum.org/shells.cfm MAGURRAN ANNE E. 2003. Measuring Biological Diversity, Blackwell Science Ltd.. 264 pp. MIKKELSEN, PAULA M. & RUDIGER BIELER 2008. Seashells of Southern Florida: Living Marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and adjacent regions. Bivalves, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford. 303 pp., numerous illustrations. ROSENBERG, GARY 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca [WWW database (version 4. 1 . 1 )| URL http://www.malacolog.org SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES I I ISSN 0738-9388 QL MO I THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Hii /z M w Volume: XLIV August 9, 2012 Number; 8 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) T reasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep, CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STAEF Editor Business Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Parmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., do 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIPIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullenon William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural History. New York Emilio P. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George E. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates. Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History’ Angel Valdes California State University. Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus. Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E:mail: ihenz@san.rr.com PROGRAM PERILS OF PACIFIC PLASTIC POLLUTION: FACTS, MYTHS, AND HOW YOU CAN HELP The evening’s speaker is Miriam Goldstein, a PhD student in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. She will discuss the studying biological oceanography at Scripps Institution of impact of plastic debris on zooplankton communities and Oceanography. As part of her thesis work she was the chief invasive species transport in this mid-ocean area, scientist on the SEAPLEX cruise exploring the plastic debris Meeting date: August 16"’ at 7:30 PM CONTENTS Club news 90 Comments on Tripterotyphis lowei (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Tripterotyphinae) with new distribution ranges of the genus from the Panamic Province SHAWN G. WIEDRICK 91 Book News: Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Baja California to Peru RUDIGER BIELER (reviewer) 94 Page 90 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(8): 2012 CLUB NEWS San Diego Shell Club Meeting 19 July 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:39 PM by Bob Dees who then introduced the guests attending the meeting. The previous minutes were approved as printed in ne Festiviis. The Treasurer was absent. Corresponding Secretary Marilyn Goldammer announced that the new two-volume set on Panamic Bivalves by Coan and Scott is now in our library available for circulation [see review, this issue, ed.j. Editor Carole Hertz is looking for submission of papers for the The Festivus. Carole also reminded members that the Club is asking for donations of shells collected from the Mission Bay Survey in order to provide material to the invertebrate collection at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. These mollusks will serve as reference material for the Survey. This had been announced previously and John Lagrange was the first to donate material. Vice President David Waller announced that the San Diego Natural History Museum is looking for volunteers to work in the mollusk collection, those interested should contact David. David Waller introduced the speaker. Dr. Paul Tuskes. Paul presented his second talk in the series on the shells of California. The presentation focused on a number of the smaller genera in our area such as Latiaxis, marginellids, ranellids, miters, and larger groups such as spindles, cancellariids, turrids, abalone, nassariids, plus cypraeids and related genera. Images included photos of both collected material and underwater photos of live animals and their habitats. He also discussed their biology and feeding preferences with an emphasis on feeding habits. Of the groups that were discussed, the Turridae contained the most number of species with a few dozen species found from the intertidal zone to the depths. Debbie Catarius won the door prize. The meeting was then adjourned and those attending enjoyed the refreshments which were provided by Bruce Kemp and Paul Tuskes. Paul Tuskes The Festivus Wants You Tiw Festivus has now been publishing for 42 consecutive years and is always looking for new articles from its subscribers and all others interested in mollusks. The Festivus, peer reviewed, publishes eleven monthly issues annually (no December issue). Papers are accepted on a multitude of subjects related to mollusks: marine and terrestrial, discussing habitats, anatomy, species comparisons, range extensions, collecting expeditions, meetings on mollusks, new molluscan books and so on. However, The Festivus does not include descriptions of new species. If you are interested in submitting an article, we can supply you with a format sheet. Submit your correspondence and/or paper to Carole Hertz by e- mail < jhertz@san.rr.com > . The Annual September Party The big annual September party/potluck will once again be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 92111. It will be on Saturday, September 22'“' with the festivities beginning at 4 PM. A dinner time is set so that everyone will be able to be there to enjoy the delicious food. It will be at 5:30 PM. Maps to the Catarius address will be available via e-mail - just e- mail jhertz@san.rr.com This is a very enjoyable event — pure socializing with old friends and new and seeing the beautiful shells in the Catarius’ collection. If you have not signed up to bring a dish (main dish, salad or dessert), contact Carole Hertz at jhertz@san.rr.com. Hope to see you all there. Changes to the Roster New member Bonsell, Christina, 5809 Honors Drive, San Diego, CA 92122. Phone: 805-455-5899. E-mail: cebonsell@gmail.com Change of e-mail Goldammer, Marilyn. E-mail: mgoldammerl@att.net Vol. XLIV(8): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 91 COMMENTS ON TRIPTEROTYPHIS LOWEI (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE: TRIPTEROTYPHINAE) WITH NEW DISTRIBUTION RANGES OF THE GENUS FROM THE PANAMIC PROVINCE SHAWN G. WIEDRICK 1151 Walnut Avenue, Apt 51, Tustin, CA 92780, USA E-mail: shawnwiedriek@hotmail.com The analysis of the species, Triptewtyphis lowei (Pilsbry, 1931), was initiated by the author during the days following a trip to Eoreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, taken in December 2009. Several specimens were collected from Bah a Concepcion, Baja California Sur on this excursion and one specimen (Figure 1) did not display the usual flaring varices and measured 13.3 mm. After observing the specimens contained in the Natural History Museum of Eos Angeles County (LACM) and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH) collections, the Bah a Concepcion specimen seemed especially large in comparison to other mature specimens observed. Triptewtyphis lowei was originally described by Pilsbry (1931:72) from Bah a Montijo, Panama, and was recorded as measuring 14.5 mm long. The species was not figured until Pilsbry & Eowe (1932: 77, figs lla,b) illustrated it as a drawing. Keen & Campbell (1964: 56) extended the distribution north to Cabo San Eucas and Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Eater that year Shasky & Campbell (1964: 116) published a paper claiming the first live specimen to be collected in the Golfo de California, Mexico. Keen (1971:542) established the range from Cabo San Eucas and Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, southward to Panama. Several papers by D’Attilio (1975: 60; 1976: 29; 1982: 95; mention T. lowei and detail the morphology and the characteristics of the typhine form. Hertz (1977:40) extended the distribution north to Isla Smith, Bah a de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. D’Attilio and Hertz (1988: figs. 31 a-c) and Robin (2009a: 281, fig. 6) erroneously figured juve- nile T. arcana DuShane, 1969. In the process of investigating the literature on T. lowei, it was discovered that the true range was more extensive than previously reported. Specimens in the LACM Collection extend the distribution to Puerto San Carlos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, on the Pacific side of Baja California. In addition, the most northern record in the western Golfo de California is from three miles north of Puertecitos, Baja California and on the eastern gulf coast at Punta San Antonio, Sonora. Specimens in the LACM and SBMNH Collections from Baja California (Figure 2) south through Central America (Figure 3) to Ecuador were analyzed. Mainland specimens and those recorded from offshore islands (other than the Islas Galapagos) do not exceed 14 mm and have thin, fragile varices. Authors who cited records of T. lowei from offshore islands in the Panamic Province include Radwin & D’Attilio (1979: 51), D’Attilio & Hertz (1984: 53 & 1988: 43, figs. 33 a-c), Shasky (1989: 74), Kaiser (1997: 35) and Kaiser & Bryce (2001: 24) who confirmed the presence of T. lowei from samples on Isla del Coco, Costa Rica; Islas Galapagos, Ecuador; and from Isla de Malpelo, Colombia which they figured (pi. 36, fig. 3). D’Attilio & Hertz (1988: 43, figs, 33 a-c) included several line drawings of that species from Islas Tres Mar as, Nayarit, Mexieo. Both papers, however, by D’Attilio (1979: 53, figs. 5, 6) and D’Attilio & Hertz (1984: 53, fig. 7) from Isla Bartolome, Islas Galapagos, show a specimen that appears different than the others Page 92 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(8): 2012 from the Panamic Province studied; whereas the line drawings by D’Attilio in D'Attilio & Hertz (1984: 53, fig. 7 d,e) from a specimen at Isla Bartolome is consistent with others in the Panamic Province as are several robust specimens in the LACM and SBMNH collections from the Islas Galapagos (Figure 4). Due to differences in size and other morphological features, my initial hypothesis was that the specimens from the Islas Galapagos were a separate species from those from other localities within the Panamic Province. However, upon a thorough investigation of spiral morphology (Merle, 1999, 2001, 2005 and Merle & Houart, 2003), as well as confirmation from Roland Houart (pers. comm. 2012), it was determined that those specimens are not new to science but a variation of T. lowei. During the process of investigating T. lowei other species from the genus were reviewed. Specimen lots of Tripterotyphis fayae (Keen & Campbell, 1963) were observed from the LACM Collection and it was determined that the actual range extends to 40 miles north of Cabo Falso, on the Pacific side of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Acknowledgments I thank Lindsey Groves for allowing access to the LACM malacological literature and specimens from the collection. In addition, I thank Daniel Geiger and Paul Valentich-Scott for the loan of material from SBMNH. And finally, I thank James McLean for his patience and assistance with the revisions to this paper. Figures 1-4. Tripterotyphis lowei (Pilsbry, 1931). (1) Juvenile, intertidal under rocks. Bah a Concepcion, Baja California Sur, Mexico [SW09-38I, height 13.3 mm (2) Intertidal, Isla Esp ritu Santo, Golfo de California, Mexico [LACM 74-31], height 12.8 mm (3) Isla del Cano, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica in 25-40 ft. [LACM 72-63], height 10.1 mm (4) Under coral at 10-25 m, Isla Lloreana, Islas Galapagos, Ecuador [SBMNH 211567] height 26.1 mm. Literature Cited D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY 1975. The typhine shell: theme development and elaboration. The Festivus 6(9): 53-60, 50 figs. 1976. Recent and fossil Typhinae of the new world. The Festivu.v 7(5): 27-30, 1 1 figs. 1979. Tripterotyphis lowei from the Solomon Islands. The Festivu.v 11(7): 51-53, figs. 1-6. 1982. Convergence in the typhine form. The Festivus 14(8): 94-98. 14 figs. D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY & CAROLE HERTZ 1984. Tripterotyphis lowei from Broome, West Australia with information on the known distribution of its nominal sub.species. The Festivus 16(5): 50-53, figs. 1-7. 1988. An Illustrated Catalogue of the family Typhidae Cossmann, 1903 (Gastropoda: Muricacea). The Festi VOS 20 (supplement) 1-73, figs. 1-109. HERTZ, JULES 1977. Minute Shells. The Festivus 8(6): 40. figs. 1-2. XLIV(8): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 93 KAISER, KIRSTIE L. 1997. The Recent Mollu.scan Marine Fauna of the Islas Galapagos. The Festivus 24 (supplement) iii+ 67 pp. KAISER, KIRSTIE L, & CLAYTON W. BRYCE, 2001 . The Recent Molluscan Fauna of Isla de Malpelo, Colombia, The Festivus 33 Occasional Paper 1, iii + 149, color pis, 1-5, KEEN, A, MYRA 1971, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Marine mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Second Edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 1064 pp., profusely illustrated. KEEN, A, MYRA. & G. BRUCE CAMPBELL 1964. Ten new species of Typhininae (Gastropoda: Muricidae). The Veliger 7(1): 46-57, pis. 8- 11.3 text figs. MERLE, DIDIER 1999. La radiation des Muricidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) au Paleogene: approche phylogenetique el evolutive. Paris. These de doctoral du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle: i- vi, 1-499. 2001 . The spiral cords and the internal denticles of the outer lip in the Muricidae: terminology and methodological comments. Novapex 2 (3): 69-91. 2005. The spiral cords of the Muricidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda): importance of ontogenetic and topo- logical corre.spondences for delineating structural homologies. Lethaia 38: 367-379. MERLE, DIDIER & ROLAND HOUART 2003. Ontogenetic changes of the spiral cords as key innovation of the muricid .sculptural patterns: the example of the Miiricopsis-Miirexul lineages (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Muricopsinae). C. R. Paleovol. 2:547-561 PILSBRY, HENRY A. 1931. Typhis lowei. n.sp. The Nautilus 45(2): 72. PILSBRY. HENRY A. & H. N. LOWE 1932. West Mexican and Central American Mollusks collected by H.N. Lowe, 1929-1931. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 84:33-144, pis. 1- 17. RADWIN, GEORGE E. & ANTHONY D’ATTILIO 1976. Murex Shells of the World. An illustrated Guide to the Muricidae. Stanford University Press, 284 pp., 32 pis., 192 text figs. ROBIN, ALAIN 2008. Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods. Xenophora & ConchBooks. 480 pp. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1989. My last seven years- at Cocos Island. The Festivus 2r(8): 72-75. SHASKY, DONALD R. & G. BRUCE CAMPBELL 1964. New and Otherwise Intere.sting Species of Mollusks from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. The Veliger 7(2): 114-120, pis. 21-22. Page 94 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 BOOK NEWS BIVALVE SEASHELLS OF TROPICAL WEST AMERICA Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Baja California to Northern Peru. By: Eugene V. Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott. Publication date: 29 February 2012. Published as: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 6 and Studies in Biodiversity Number 4. Price: $150.00 (plus shipping) from SBMNH; http://www.sbnature.org/crc/742.html Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America is the most comprehensive book ever written on tropical Pacific Ocean bivalves. Dozens of malacological books and monographs appear every year, usually treating a particular molluscan subgroup or providing a more or less complete treatment of species-level diversity in a given region. Few of them are destined to become instant classics that need a prime spot on the malacological bookshelf. This work is undoubtedly one of the latter. The two authors, Eugene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott, leading bivalve systematists who know the eastern Pacific bivalve fauna better than anybody else, tailored this work to match their earlier (2000) Bivalve Seashells of Western North America, which was coauthored with the late Frank Bernard and provided geographic coverage from the Arctic coast of Alaska to Baja California in Mexico. The present volume, again published by the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH), extends the range to northern Peru (or Peru as the authors like to call it with a nod to their Spanish language skills) and thus is the long-awaited and much expanded successor of Myra Keen’s classic (1971) work covering the same region some forty years ago. The new book’s goals are defined as three chief purposes (p. 10): (1) to aid in identification of tropical eastern Pacific bivalves, (2) to provide access to the published information about these and similar taxa, and (3) to pose questions that the authors feel require additional study. Two things quickly become obvious about tliis latest contribution: It very closely follows the style of the earlier work, but with 1,258 pages containing over 5,000 photographs, this two-volume tome contained in a sturdy slipcase is much more extensive. The large work is conveniently split into two continuously paginated volumes, each repeating the table of contents and a very detailed index. The introductory material highlights tlie newly introduced taxa (pp. 3, 4), gives a brief history of Panamic malacology (pp. 9, 10), and introduces the bivalve shell (pp. Ur BIVALVEiSEASHELLS'OF : TROPICAbWEST AMERICA Marine Bivalve Mollusks^ from Baja California to Northern Peru Eugene V.tCoan 'and PaulVafontich-Scott Front cover of Volume 1 . 11-18). Ten pages (21-31) are dedicated to an excellendy illustrated key to superfamilies. The core of the work, beginning on page 32, is dedicated to the group-by-group taxonomic treatment of the regional bivalve fauna in phylogenetic order. The second volume continues the taxonomic section, beginning with the superfamily Tellinoidea. Following the taxonomic treatment, the authors provide an extremely well-researched literature section, including a guide to the bivalve literature (pp. 1034-1044), a massive literature cited section (pp. 1045-1171), and a handy guide to locality names with associated latitudes (pp. Vol. XLIV(7): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 95 1173-1178). Rounding out the scholarly treatment of the topic, an appendix of image sources is provided that details locales, museum collection numbers, and specimen dimensions of the illustrated shells - thus making every specimen tractable for future research (pp. 1179-1209). The book concludes with a textual glossary of terms (pp. 1210-1222). A noticeable and welcome shift from the earlier volume is the employment of color photography throughout, all in very good quality and resolution. Patricia S. Sadeghian and Adrianne Calbreath, both of SBMNH, are credited with the excellent digital imaging and page layout, respectively. Minimally, the right outside and left inside valves are shown for each treated species, but in most cases all four views plus an umbonal aspect is provided. In addition, outlines of pallial lines are provided for Tellmidae and Semelidae. Small shells (e.g., in Nuculidae) are represented by scanning electron micrographs. The oblique lighting employed for the color photographs has worked very well, except for the inside of deeper-cupped shells; in groups such as Arcidae, Cardiidae, and Veneridae, interior detail is obscured by the resulting shadows. Teclinical production is as near- tlawless as such a giant tome can be. These authors and their supporters certainly know how to proof-read and cross-reference a publication. The book concentrates on unraveling and representing species-level diversity in the targeted region, and does so exclusively based on shell-based taxonomy, often illustrating type material. As reflected in the detailed acknowledgment section, input by group specialists was sought where necessary and available. Eighteen new taxa (15 species and three genera) are introduced, often named in honor of bivalve specialists for their contributions to the field. The authors set out to develop a comprehensive guide to the identification of bivalve mollusks in the Panamic Province, and they delivered it exceedingly well. Throughout the book, the authors are "all taxonomic business" and do not attempt to synthetize the wealth of cited information to venUire into more general biological or human interest topics. There is little reference to, and no illustration of, the living animals. Geographic, depth, and fossil record ranges are provided for each species, but no indication of whether the species is rare or common (such data are often difficult to come by, but some of the treated species probably are exceedingly common, whereas others are rarely encountered). The larger and more common ones have probably been exploited for food in the region - which of these many hundred species play or have played a part in tlie local industrial or artisan fisheries'.^ Questions such as these will be much more readily and accurately addressed with the solid foundation here provided. Between the extremely well-researched taxonomic treatments and the wealth of information linked in the form of thousands of literature citations. Gene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott have made an amazing contribution to the infrastmcture to our field. This is a must-have for anybtxly seriously interested in bivalve systematics or the invertebrate fauna of the eastern Pacific. Congratulations to the authors - who will hopefully tackle even more eastern Pacific coastline with the next project. The rest of us better make space on our top shelves. This one requires approximately 3 inches (or 7.5 cm) of shelf And don’t forget to add an extra support bracket for the eleven-pound (!) addition. Literature cited COAN, E. V.. P. VALENTICH-SCOTT & E. R. BERNARD 2000. Bivalve seashells of western North America: marine bivalve mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Mu.seum of Natural History, viii + 764 pp. KEEN, A. M. 1971. Sea shells of tropical west America; marine mollusks from Baja California to Peru. 2nd ed. Stanford University Press.; 1064 pp., 22 pis. Review by Rudiger Bieler, Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES ISSN 0738-93S8 40 ( xNvz. || the festivus A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIV September 13, 2012 Number 9 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) T reasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep. CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STATE Editor Business Manager Robert Decs David B. Waller Marilyn Goldaninier Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Henz Wesley M. Farmer Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldamnier Robert Dees Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club. Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave.. San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIEIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bielcr Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History' Eugene V. Coan Research Associate. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eernisse California State University. Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus. American Museum of Natural Histoiy. New York Emilio F. Garc a University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates. Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoiy Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University'. Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus, Orange Coast College. Costa Mesa Website at : http://www. sandiegoshellclub. com E:mail: jhertz@san.rr.com COME TO THE SEPTEMBER PARTY SEPTEMBER 22"^ 2012 4 PM - ? (See p.98 for details.) There will be no regular meeting this month. CONTENTS Club news 98 Range extension for Ewsaria albitginosa (Mollusca: Cypraeidae) DAVID B. WALLER 99 Two new books reviewed ABALONE: Worldwide Haliotidae by Daniel Geiger and Buzz Owen (David Leighton, reviewer) 101 ANTIGUAN SHALLOW-WATER SEASHELLS : A collection with 18 years study and research by Deng Yan Zhang (Susan J. Hewitt, reviewer) 102 Page 98 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XL1V(9): 2012 CLUB NEWS Minutes of the San Diego Shell Club Meeting 16 August 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:39 PM by Bob Dees. The previous minutes were approved as printed in The Festivus. The treasurer was absent so there was no report. Marilyn Goldammer reminded members about the process for checking books out from the library. Carole Hertz reminded members about the September party and passed around a sign-up sheet. Paul Tuskes discussed the shells for the silent auction. David Waller introduced the speaker for August, Miriam Goldstein, who is a student at Scripps Institution of Oceanography working on her PhD. Her work involves the Pacific Subtropical Gyre and the impact it has on certain marine organisms. This is often described by the press as a “garbage patch” a floating island of plastic and debris 2-3 times the size of the United States. Miriam started off with photos of the “garbage patch” that have been published by the press, and indeed, they looked horrendous. She then announced that none of the photos were from the Pacific garbage patch. In fact, the average person flying over or sailing through the garbage patch would probably not know it was there. The bulk of the material consists of various types of plastic that range from less than one mm, up to about 10 millimeters. Plastic is in the water column and on/near the surface with an average of nine particles per cubic meter near the surface. When the size and volume of the area is considered the amount of debris is huge, even though most is too small to be obvious. The two most obvious questions are (1) is it injurious to the marine life and (2) can it be cleaned up. Studies have shown that (1) the small and microscopic bits of plastic are consumed by some filter feeders and small fish. It is not known if the plastic has any toxic effects to those who consume it, but it is clear that it is of no food value and therefore a waste of time, effort, and energy to capture it. Some animals such as flying fish and the marine water strider (insect) may benefit as these animals attach their eggs to floating debris. With current technology (2) the debris cannot be cleaned up. The problem is that many of the animals that live in this area fall within the same size range as the debris. Thus, the use of nets to catch the debris will also catch and kill the animals. The best solution is to keep plastic and other debris from entering the ocean. Bob Dees, Wes Farmer and Carole and Jules Hertz provided the snacks for the meeting. The door prize was won by Lisa Deberg. Paul Tuskes The Annual September Party, Saturday the 22"'' The big annual September party/potluck will once again be held at the home and garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius at 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, 92111. The festivities will begin at 4 PM. [A dinner time has been set at 5:30 PM so that everyone will be able to be there to enjoy the delicious food.] Maps to the Catarius address will be available on request via e- mail - just e-mail jhertz@san.rr.com This is a very enjoyable event — pure socializing with old friends and new and seeing the beautiful shells in the Catarius Collection. If you have not signed up to bring a dish (main dish, salad or dessert), contact Carole Hertz at jhertz@san.rr.com. Hope to see you all there. The Festivus Wants You The Festivus has now been publishing for 42 consecutive years and is always looking for new articles from its subscribers and all others interested in mollusks. The Festivus, peer reviewed, publishes eleven monthly issues annually (no December issue). Papers are accepted on a multitude of subjects related to mollusks: marine and terrestrial, discussing habitats, anatomy, species comparisons, range extensions, collecting expeditions, meetings on mollusks, new molluscan books and so on. However, The Festivus does not include descriptions of new species. If you are interested in submitting an article, we can supply you with a format sheet. Submit your correspondence and/or paper to Carole Hertz by e- mail < jhertz@san.rr.com > . Vol, XLIV(9): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 99 RANGE EXTENSION FOR EROSARIA ALBUGINOSA (MOLLUSCA: CYPRAEIDAE) DAVID B. WALLER 505 North Willowspring Drive, Encinitas, California 92024, USA E-mail; dwaller@dbwipmg.com Abstract: in a recent publication, a range extension for Erosaria porciria (Linnaeus, 1758) was described based on six specimens from the Panamic region. Three specimens were collected by H.N. Lowe in the Gulf of California (San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM) Lot Nos. 61593 & 42293), one specimen collected from the Galapagos Islands in the R. Negus Collection and two specimens collected by K.L. Kaiser off Clipperton Island {The Festiviis 44(5): 55-61, figs 1-1 1). Since these specimens had been misidentified as E. oihuginosa (Gray, 1825), morphological characteristics were discussed that allowed a clearer distinction between the two species. Specifically, E. poraria is distinguished from E. albuginosa by having elongated teeth on both the labral and columellar sides of the base, a visible double row of teeth in the fossula, an often distinct deep pitting on either side of the anterior marginal calluses and a naiTOwer anterior aperture. It was concluded that these “...findings have broadened the range of E. poraria into the Panamic region and would predict the presence of E. albuginosa in the Indo-Pacific.” However, no specimens had been identified to support the suggested presence of E. albuginosa in the Indo-Pacific. INTRODUCTION Recently, three specimens misidentified as E. poraria were found in the SDNHM Collection that support this conclusion; one collected in 1913 near Little Santa Cruz Island, Philippines, from the Fred L. Baker Collection (SDNHM Lot Nos. 37194, Figure lA) and two specimens collected by Joshua L. Daily Jr. in the Fiji Islands (SDNHM Lot No. 43045, Figure IB). The morphological data of these specimens is presented in Table 1. Location/ Characteristic Philippines Fiji Number of specimens 1 2 Shell shape Pyriform elongate Pyriform elongate and pyriform Shell L 17.2 mm 19.6 mm and 19.0 mm Shell W/L 0.62 0.57 and 0.62 Shell H/W 0.76 0.77 and 0.81 Columellar teeth 17 15 and 14 Labral teeth 15 17 and 16 Fossula teeth Single row of teeth Single row of teeth Basal color Light violet almost white with distinguishable purple spotting Light violet almost white with distinguishable purple spotting Marginal pitting No pitting No pitting Table 1: Morphological data of E. albuginosa from the Philippines and Fiji Islands. Page 100 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(9): 2012 CONCLUSION These specimens of Erosaha albuginosa from the Philippines and Fiji have a single row of teeth in the fossula, no pitting on the marginal callus and a wider anterior aperture, which are characteristic of this species. They were likely mislabeled because of their similar dorsal appearance to E. poraria and the fact that this species was only known to occur in the Panamic region. The finding of these three specimens provides support for extending the distribution of E. albuginosa into the Indo-Pacific. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to the reviewers for their comments, the Marine Invertebrate Department at the SDNHM and James Berrian, Field Entomologist at the SDNHM, for allowing access to the Mollusk collection and to Carole Hertz for her help. Figure 1. (A) Erosaha albuginosa from the Philippines and (B) E. albuginosa from Fiji. Vol, XLIV(9): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 101 TWO NEW BOOKS REVIEWED ABALONE : WORLDWIDE HALIOTIDAE. Hardbound. By: Daniel L. Geiger and Buzz Owen. 2012 Published: ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany. Price: $140. [Available from the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History bookstore] Years in the making, this piece of work is the culmination of dedicated effort by two leading authorities on abalone taxonomy, biology and conchology. Featuring 92 full color plates with accompanying descriptions, shells of all known extant species, subspecies, forms and hybrids of the genus Haliotis are shown in vivid detail. The spectacular color plates were all done with utmost care through the photographic talents of Buzz Owen. A wealth of information on the biology, systematics and evolution within the Haliotidae fills the first half of the 361 page book; included therein are a series of plates displaying radular dentition for most species recorded by Daniel Geiger using scanning electron microscopy. To ensure the consideration of all known species and subgroups of Haliotis is current, the authors have included appendices, which describe three new subspecies. Among the supporting diagrams and photographs are several that show fine detail of the epipodium and cephalic tentacles. Features of these structures are highly diagnostic, and where shells may be overgrown with encrustations, form and pigment distribution of the epipodium and its associated structures permit ready identification. Some of the choices involve somewhat distorted preserved material and consequently are less instructive. The front cover of this handsome book is adorned with an especially attractive shell not specifically identified in the text. It is a hybrid Haliotis rufescens x H. kamtschatkana assimilis revealing the orange band variation found in a small proportion of the latter. The background of Daniel L. Geiger & Buzz Owen Abalone Worldwide Haliotidae Front cover of ABALONE: WORLDWIDE HALIOTIDAE the cover represents the stacked plates of aragonitic crystals in abalone shell nacre observed by electron microscopy. This book will certainly become a treasure of the conchologist, and a valuable resource to the student of the Haliotidae. David L. Leighton, reviewer Page 102 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(9): 2012 ANTIGUAN SHALLOW-WATER SEASHELLS: A collection with 18 years study and research of shoreline shells from Antigua and West Indies. Hardbound, xi + 211 pp. By; Deng Van Zhang. March 2012 Publisher; MdM Publishing, Wellington, Florida. Price; $100 (from the publisher). Anyone who is interested in the marine mollusks of the Tropical Western Atlantic will want to see this new 211-page book, approximately 8 by 11 in size, packed with color plates and containing descriptions of 963 taxa which were primarily (but not quite entirely) found around the coast of the island of Antigua, Leeward Islands, West Indies. The taxa are mostly shelled mollusks, including numerous micromollusks, but a fair number of shell-less species are also shown. The book is beautifully bound with a handsome cover, and the images are all in color and, with very few exceptions, very good. The book is an extraordinary achievement by an author who, 18 years previously, moved to the island of Antigua from China, speaking almost no English, and knowing almost nothing about shells, photography or computers. Deng Yan Zhang had previously been a stamp collector, but walking the beaches of Antigua, he was captivated by the shells he found. Gradually he assembled some literature and learned to identify them. The author’s chief inspiration in creating this book was Colin Redfem’s masterly 2001 work, Bahamian Seashells, featuring 1,000 species from Abaco, Bahamas. Some very interesting species were found by the author, as is evident from the front cover of the book. The top image shows the tornid Episcynia inornata (d’Orbigny, 1842) in fresh condition with its fringed periostracum intact. At the bottom of the front cover is an image of a group of live individuals of a pteriid, an Electroma species, a recent invasive in the tropical Western Atlantic, probably introduced in ballast water from the Indo-Pacific. The great majority of species in the book appear to be correctly identified, and this is partly thanks to a thorough tweaking by citizen scientist Harry G. Lee, who before publication suggested numerous changes. There are still a few questionable identifications; to my eye, taxon 101 from Saint Kitts is Tiirritella variegata, not Torcula acropora, and the beach worn shell shown on page 116 as 381(1-2) seems to be Front cover of the Antiguan Seashells book Dermomurex alabastrum, rather than D. paiiperculus. A 22-item errata sheet is included and available from the publisher at http;//www. mdmshellbooks.com and through Amazon Books. It would have been helpful to know something about the author’s collection techniques and also to have brief habitat notes for the live-collected taxa. I also would have preferred that the illustrated shells not actually found on Antigua had been included in an appendix rather than integrated into the text. A few of the more spectacular species were collected in St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Barbuda, Grenada, ntiguan A collection Shallow-water Seashells wuh 18 years study and research of shoreline shells from Antigua and West Indies Deng Yan Zhang Vol. XL1V(9): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 103 Trinidad, and Guyana and not on Antigua. Although the author understood that his written English was imperfeet, the publisher decided to leave the text as it was written, so as not to tamper with the author’s underlying ideas. 1 believe the book would have benefitted from thorough copy editing and proof reading. Within the technical shell descriptions, the author’s English is adequate only some of the time. The few pieces of continuous prose such as the dedication, author’s introduction, acknowledgements, and the two paragraphs on the back cover, all could have used a helping hand. The virtues of the book do, however, outweigh its difficulties, and is certainly worth the approximately $100 it costs when bought from the publisher, which surprisingly is currently less than the Amazon price. Susan J. Hewitt, reviewer SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES lllllllllllllllllll I 3 9088 01679 0! in ISSN 0738-9388 QL FHI'S lW\/2- THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIV October 1 1, 2012 Number 10 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep. CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Fanner Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Douglas J. Eemisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural History, New York Emilio F. Garc a University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates, Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus, Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa Website at: http://www.sandiegoshellclub.com E:mail: ihertz@san.rr.com PROGRAM The Distinguishing Characters that Separate the Genera in the Cypraeidae Club member David Waller, a specialist in in the Cypraeidae and the bases on which they were cowries, will be the evening’s speaker. He will created, illustrating his discussion with his fine discuss the characters defining the different genera photography. Come to the Annual Book and Reprint Sale Meeting date: October 18* at 7:30 PM CONTENTS Club news 106 A six-hour survey of the marine mollusks of the Island of Montserrat, Leeward Islands, West Indies SUSAN J. HEWITT 107 Page 106 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(IO): 2012 CLUB NEWS The Annual September Party The big annual September party/potluck was once again held at the home and lovely patio/garden of Debbie and Larry Catarius. Guests began to arrive at 4 PM for this very enjoyable event — pure socializing and eating great food with old friends and new and seeing the beautiful shells in the Catarius Collection. The twenty members attending had a great time. The food was delicious (as always) and the desserts were just sinful enough to keep everyone very happy. And the Catarius’ patio makes people feel like they’d better get busy on their own yards! Plumeria everywhere, and other beautiful flowering and non- flowering plants. And then, of course, there’s the Catarius shell collection. It took a while but soon people were crowded around looking at the beautiful shells. As always, this is a great and relaxing party. Our thanks, once again, to Debbie and Larry for hosting this event. The XVII Annual SCUM Meeting Returns to LACM!! The seventeenth annual meeting of the Southern California Unified Malacologists (SCUM) will return to the LACM on January 19, 2013 from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM. This seventeenth annual gathering will convene in the Times Mirror Room (ground floor) of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in an informal meeting of professional, student and amateur malacologists as well as molluscan paleontologists. This is a unique organization, the purpose of which is to facilitate contact and keep one another informed of research activities and opportunities. There are no dues, no officers and no publications! The doors will open at 8:00 AM. Parking is free but there are no in and out privileges. Tentative schedule: 8:00 AM - 9:00 AM: Meet and greet with coffee, tea and pastry items. 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM: Announcements, introductions and short informal presentations. 12:00 PM: Group photo. 12:15 PM - 1:30 PM: Lunch break (at the NHM Grill or other local eateries). 1:30 PM - 3:30 PM: More presentations. 3:30 PM- ?? Malacology Collection access/tours. You are asked to RSVP as soon as possible to help those in charge in preparing for the meeting. For further information and/or questions on parking, overnight accommodations, on presentations, equipment, or directions to LACM, see the notice on e-mail concerning the SCUM meeting, or contact either one of us privately. Please do not reply to this announcement as it will be distributed to dozens of our molluscan colleagues. Instead contact Lindsey Groves at (lgroves@nhm.org) and/or Mary Stecheson at (msteches@nhm.org. New Book Announcement The Festivus has received an announcement of the publication of The Sea Shells of Greece by Thanasis Manousis, published by Kyriakidis Brothers s.a. [e-mail: info@kyruajudus,gr] The notice states that the book is bilingual, both in English and Greek, of 380 pages, hard cover with 120 pages of text and with full color illustrations. The publication discusses about 1200 species from Greek waters with 1800 digital illustrations and 180 digital drawings. The Club’s Annual Christmas Party This year the Club’s annual dinner party will be held on Saturday December L‘. It will again be at the Butcher Shop in Kearny Mesa by popular demand. Festivities begin at 5:00 PM with no host cocktails, dinner to be served at 6:00 PM. Please save the date for this fun event. Menu selections will be announced at the October meeting and included in the November issue of The Festivus. The Annual Book and Reprint Sale Each October the Club presents its annual book and reprint sale - a time to get some publications for your library or a head start on gifts for the holidays. The sale is on the honor system - choose your book or periodical and put the money in the jar. The proceeds from the book and reprint sale are used to buy new books for the Club library. Vol. XLIV(IO): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 107 A SIX-HOUR SURVEY OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE ISLAND OF MONTSERRAT, LEEWARD ISLANDS, WEST INDIES SUSAN J. HEWITT Volunteer Staff, Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Send correspondence to: 435 E 77* St. Apt 3G, New York, NY 10075 E-mail: he wsub@earthl ink . net Introduction The island of Montserrat is mostly steep and mountainous and situated at 16°45’N, 62°12’W. It is part of the inner arc of the northern half of the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies (Figure 1). It is 62 km southeast of the island of Nevis, which has been my main focus of study during annual visits since 1997. Figure 1. A map of the Lesser Antilles from Hispaniola to Venezuela, with an inset of Montserrat. LB = Little Bay, DB = Carrs Bay, triangle = Soufriere Hills, the active volcano; dotted line = northern edge of the exclusion zone on land (the marine exclusion areas are not marked on this map). In 1995, Montserrat’s Soufriere Hills volcano, previously dormant, became active and remains active. Pyroclastic flows and volcanic mudflows have destroyed almost all the settlements and the infrastructure in the southern part of the island, including Plymouth, the capital and port on the western side and the airport on the east coast. Some of the volcanic outpourings have spilled into the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, radically impacting the near-shore underwater ecology and noticeably extending the coastline in those areas. The eruptions have rendered more than half of the island too dangerous to inhabit or to travel in the “exclusion zone” (Figure 1). Only the northern part of the island is still green, pleasantly habitable and legally accessible, although subject to periodic ash- falls. A new airport was built, there is a new seaport on the west coast at Little Bay and a new center of government at Brades, 1.5 km south- southeast of Little Bay. Rosenberg (2009) shows only 14 marine molluscan species listed for Montserrat, very few of which are common intertidal or shallow subtidal species, so I was interested in trying to record more. During the time I would be on Nevis during the 2011 trip, a rare day trip to Montserrat was offered. The ferry boat “Sea Hustler” would take three hours to reach the island, and passengers would have approximately six hours to spend there. To ensure that I would have the necessary permits, I applied to the Government of Montserrat, for a Memorandum of Understanding to cover my research. Gerard Gray, Director of the Environment, processed my application and issued the memorandum. I was accompanied on the trip by my friend Nicole “Nikki” Johnson, who lives on Nevis, is familiar with the local marine molluscan fauna, and is expert at searching beach drift. I also needed Nikki’s physical support because I had tom a Page 108 THE FESTIVUS Vol.XLIV(lO): 2012 Figure 2. Looking to the south end of Little Bay from the water. ligament in my knee a week before. We arrived at the new port in Little Bay (Figure 2). The Caribbean coast of Montserrat features cliffs with sandy bays interspersed, in contrast to that of Nevis where the west coast has an almost continuous sandy shore. I could neither walk long distances nor climb rough trails, so our searching was confined to Little Bay (16°48'05"N, 62° 12'20"W) and Carrs Bay (16°47'50"N, 62° 12'30"W), 0.5 km to the southwest. On Little Bay I recorded living mollusks on the rocks of the port jetty, and Nikki and I carefully searched the sparse drift on the sand beach of the bay. At the south end of Little Bay, Dive Master Troy Deppermann and his wife Melody Schroer of the Green Monkey Dive Shop let us use their center as our headquarters. Troy told us about mollusks he had seen underwater; he also let us sort through a cigar box of shells gathered on local dives and keep any we found interesting. Gerard Gray met me at Little Bay to give me another document, an export permit he thought I might need, and he drove us south around the headland to Carrs Bay, which also has a sandy beach (Figure 3). On Carrs Bay, Nikki and I searched the beach drift and I recorded a few species of living mollusks on rock surfaces protruding from the sand in the center of the beach. Results Nikki Johnson (N) and I (SJH) found dead Figure 3. Looking north along Carrs Bay. shells or fragments in beach drift except where noted. Identifications are by me except for species observed live during SCUBA dives by Troy Depperman (TD). Analysis In all, 89 taxa of marine mollusks were recorded on our visit, comprising 57 gastropods, 28 bivalves, 1 chiton and 3 cephalopods. Tegula excavata is the only species which was already listed for the island of Montserrat in Rosenberg (2009). I observed and identified 7 species of live intertidal gastropods on rocks. Little Bay has an impressive headland which protects it from northerly swells and winds. The beach drift there was very sparse in volume, but surprisingly rich in species (51), many of which were represented only by shell fragments or by small shells. Carrs Bay is wide open with no large headlands to protect it; the beach drift there contained fewer species (41), but out of that total, 20 were new additions to the list. I have not included on the list a freshwater cerithioidean, Mellanoides tuberculata (O. F. Muller, 1774), three shells of which were found in the beach drift on Carrs Bay, where three rivers empty into the sea. This species has been introduced in many areas worldwide including some small Caribbean islands (Bass, 2003). In 1996, Dr. Bass found this snail in six out of the ten freshwater sites he sampled on Montserrat (pers. comm, February 2012). Vol. XLIV(IO): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 109 Ten species are shown on the list solely on the basis of shells I examined that Troy Depperman had brought back from dives; these do not all date from 2011, but none are older than 2003. Three of the shells are shown in Figure 4. Troy told me that he had many other shells at his home some miles away, but I was not able to examine that material. Of the live mollusks that Troy reported seeing during dives, I have included a few shelled species and three shell- less species that I feel are distinctive enough for me to trust Troy’s identifications. Sepioteuthis sepiodea, the reef squid, is distinctively cuttlefish-like in appearance, as its scientific name implies. Elysia crispata, the lettuce slug, a sacoglossan, is also distinctive; there are no similar Caribbean species in the same genus. Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus, can be distinguished from Octopus joubini, O. briareus and Amphioctopus burryi, three other Caribbean shallow-water octopus species, by its large size, and arms that are not webbed. Many of the species I am reporting for Montserrat are common in the Lesser Antilles, but some are uncommon. Rosenberg (2009) shows no records between the Virgin Islands and north of Brazil for Bursa corrugata, B. rhodostoma thomae (text figure 4), and Hesperato maugeriae. However, Di'az & Puyana, (1994) and others have recorded these three species from Colombia. Pisania push (Figure 4), although generally a common and widespread species in the Caribbean, had no (Rosenberg 2009) records south of the Virgin Islands and north of St. Vincent. Five valves of Transennella species were found on Little Bay. One damaged valve was the distinctive and colorful species T. gerrardi. Of the remaining four valves, three were chipped and beach-worn, but all are whitish and rounded trigonal in outline. This shape is characteristic of both T. cubaniana and T. culebrana, two of the rarer (Mikkelsen & Bieler, 2008) species of Caribbean Transenella. There are images and descriptions of these two species in Redfem, 2001 (species 970, 971, p. 238, pi. 102) and in Mikkelsen & Bieler, 2008 (p. 318). The best preserved of the four valves is 5.8 mm in length. It is fresh and relatively undamaged, although there are small grains of sediment caught between the hinge teeth. It is rounded trigonal in outline, white, with purple on the umbones and five Figure 4. Shells found on dives by TD: left. Semicassis cicatricosum, 63.5 mm; top right Bursa rhodostoma thomae, 28.2 mm; lower right Pisania pusio, 38.2 mm. small, purple triangular marks spaced around the entire shell margin as well as small faint flecks of brown seen with enhanced contrast” as shown in Figure 5. The outer surface is not very glossy, with relatively weak commarginal sculpture which is somewhat eroded in the center of the valve. Because the shell is not as trigonal as T. culebrana-, because the outer surface has flecks of brown and other color markings not seen in T. culebrana-, and because the commarginal ridges are visible throughout its surface, this is identified as T. cubaniana. Conclusions The 89 marine molluscan species that are new records for Montserrat, when added to the pre-existing Rosenberg 2009 list of 14 species, brings the overall total to 103. This is a good start in assessing the marine molluscan fauna of the island, as well as being a respectable result for a short visit to the island’s two most accessible beaches. The Montserrat marine molluscan fauna appears to be rich, and it should not be difficult to expand the list further. I hope to have the opportunity to make another visit. Page 110 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(IO): 2012 List of the Marine Mollusks of Montserrat 201 1 Notes: LB = Little Bay; CB = Carrs Bay; A = observed alive by SJH; T = empty shells brought back from dives by Troy Depperman; TA = species reported alive on dives by Troy Depperman; M = listed in Rosenberg, 2009. Scientific names are taken from Rosenberg, 2009. GASTROPODA Lottidae Lottia morphotype B (as per Hewitt, 2009) LBA Lottia albicosta (C.B. Adams, 1845) LBA Patelloida pustulata (W&Mmg, 1779) LB Tectura antillarum (Sowerby I, 1843) LB, CB Fissurellidae Diodora listen (d’Orbigny, 1842) LB, CB Diodora minuta (Lamarck, 1822) CB Fissurella angusta (Gmelin, 1791) LB Fissurella barbouri Perez Farfante, 1943 LB Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778) LB Fissurella rosea (Gmelin, 1791) CB Hemitoma emarginala (Blainville, 1825) LB Hemitoma octoradiata (Gmelin, 1791) CB Lucapinella sujfusa (Reeve, 1850) LB Trochidae Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758) LB, CB,TA Tegula excavata (Lamarck, 1822) M, LB, CB Turbinidae Lithopoma caelatum (Gmelin 1791) CB Lithopoma tuber 1767) CB Neritidae Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791 LBA, CB Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791 LBA Planaxidae Hinea lineata (da Costa, 1778) LB Cypraeidae Erosaria acicularis (Gmelin, 1791) CB, T Macrocypraea sp. TA Talparia cinerea (Gmelin, 1791) CB, T Ovulidae Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) TA Littorinidae Echinolittorina angustior (Mdrch, 1876) CBA Echinolittorina tuberculata (Menke, 1828) CBA Echinolittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791) LBA, CBA Strombidae Eustrombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 LB, CB,TA Tricomis raninus Gmelin, 1791 T Naticidae Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834) T Tonnidae Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) TA Cypraecassis testiculus (Linnaeus, 1758) T Semicassis cicatricosum (Gmelin, 1791) T Tonna pennata (Morch, 1852) T Bursidae Bursa corrugata (G. Perry, 1811) LB Bursa rhodostoma thomae (d'Orhxgny , 1847) T Ranellidae Cy matium martinianum (d'Orhigny, 1846) CB Hipponicidae Hipponbc antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767) LB Triviidae Hesperato maugeriae (Gray, 1832) LB Vermetidae Serpulorbis decussatus (Gmelin, 1791) CB Buccinidae Gemoplios tinctus (Conrad, 1846) LB, CB Pisania pusio (Linnaeus, 1758) LB, CB, T Columbellidae Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) LB, CB Nitidella nitida (Lamarck, 1822) LB Nassariidae Nassarius sp. LB Fasciolariidae Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791) LB Muricidae Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 LB, CB Plicopurpura patula (Linnaeus, 1758) CB Mancinella deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) LB Mitraeidae Mitra nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791) LB Olividae Oliva reticularis Lamarck, 1791 LB, CB Conidae Conus mus Hwass, 1792 LB, CB Conus regius Gmelin, 1791 LB, CB Terebridae Hastula cinerea (Born, 1778) LB, CB Bullidae Bulla striata Bruguiere, 1792 LB Placobranchidae Elysia crispata Mbrc\i, \%6'i TA BIVALVIA Arcidae Acar domingensis (Lamarck, 1819) LB Area imbricata (Bruguiere, 1789) LB, CB Fugleria tenera (C.B. Adams, 1845) LB Noetiidae Arcopsis adamsi (L>a\\, CB Glycymerididae Glycymeris undata (Linnaeus, 1758) T Tucetona pectinata (Gmc\m, 1791) LB Pteriidae Pteria colymbus Rdding, 1798 T Limidae Ctenoides mitis (Lamarck, 1807) CB, TA Lima caribaea d’Orbigny, 1853 LB Vol. XLIV(IO): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 1 1 1 Ostreidae Veneridae Dendrostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) LB Lirophora paphia (Linnaeus, 1767) T Plicatulidae Transemiella cubaniana (d’Orbigny, 1852) LB Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 CB Transemiella gerrardi Abbott, 1958 LB Anomiidae Tellinidae Anomia sp. CB Arcopagia faiista (Pulteney, 1799) T Pectinidae Strigilla carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758) T, CB Caribachlamys semis (Reeve, 1853) LB Strigilla mirabilis (Philippi, 1841) LB Spondylidae Telliua radiata (Limiaeus, 1758) LB Spondylus ictericiis Reeve, 1856 LB, CB POLYPLACOPHORA Lucinidae Chitonidae Ctena orbicidata (Montagu, 1808) LB Chiton squamosus Linnaeus, 1758 LB, CB Parviliicina costata (d’Orbigny, 1846) LB, CB CEPHALOPODA Chaniidae Spirulidae Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 LB, CB Spinda spirida Linnaeus, 1758 CB Cliama sarda Reeve, 1847 CB Loliginidae Chama sinuosa Broderip, 1836 CB Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville, 1823) TA Cardiidae Octopodidae Laevicardimn pictmn (Ravenel, 1861) LB Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 TA Papyridea semisidcata (Gray, 1825) CB Acknowledgments This research would have been impossible without the help of Nicole Johnson. I very much appreciate the kindness of Gerard Gray, Director of Environment, for the MoU and the export letter, and for driving us to Carrs Bay. Many thanks to Troy Deppermann and Melody Schroer of the Green Monkey Dive Shop for their generosity and hospitality. Thanks to the people of Montserrat for a friendly greeting. The information from Gary Rosenberg’s database Malacolog 4.1.1 is provided with the permission of the ANSP. A sincere thank you to the anonymous reviewer, who carefully edited the paper and corrected the identification on the Transenella species. The map was prepared with the expert help of Ron Hartley. Literature Cited BASS, DAVID 2003. A comparison of freshwater invertebrate communities on small Caribbean Islands, BioScience 53 (11): 1094-1100. DIAZ, JUAN MANUEL & MONICA PUYANA 1994. Moluscos del Caribe Colombiano, Colciencias y Eundacion Natura Colombia: Santafe de Bogota, pp 1-291 + 78 pis. HEWITT, SUSAN J. 2009. The shallow-water Patellogastropoda (true limpets) of the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies, The Eestivus 41(2): 15-22. MIKKELSEN PAULA M. & RUDIGER BIELER 2008. Seashells of Southern Elorida: living marine mollusks of the Florida Keys and adjacent regions, Princeton University Press, pp. 1- 496, 1359 color illustrations. REDFERN, COLIN 200x. Bahamian Seashells, A Thousand Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamianseashells.com Inc. pp. 1-280, 124 pis. ROSENBERG, GARY 2009. Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Molllusca. [WWWdatabase (version4.4.4)] URLhttp://www. malacolog.org SMCTHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Ill ill Ill 1 III III CO 90! 8 0- 68 4 41 54 Page 112 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLLIV(IO): 2012 Figure 5. An inner and an outer view of the 5.8 mm valve identified as Transennella cubaniana. ISSN 0738-9388 QL ^THE FESTIVUS llJVt A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XLIV November 8, 2012 Number; 1 1 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Botanical Garden Rep. CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian Web page Manager FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Robert Dees David B. Waller Marilyn Goldammer Paul M. Tuskes Silvana Vollero Jules Hertz Wesley M. Fanner Silvana Vollero Marilyn Goldammer Robert Dees Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to The San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $20.00; Overseas (air mail):$50.00; Mexico/Canada (air mail):$30.00. Address all correspondence to The San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural Histoty, Chicago Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoiy Eugene V. Coan Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco Douglas J. Eemisse California State University’, Fullerton William K. Emerson Emeritus, American Museum of Natural Histoty. New York Emilio F. Garcia University of Louisiana at Lafayette Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates. Archaeological and Paleontological Consultants James H. McLean Emeritus. Natural Histoty Museum of Los Angeles County’ Paul Valentich-Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histoty Angel Valdes California State University, Pomona Lance Gilbertson Emeritus, Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa Website at: httpi/M’v.’v,. sandiegoshellcluh.com E:mail: ihertz(a)san. rr.com PROGRAM Sand Diving in Hawaii Paul Tuskes will be the speaker for November. He and his wife Ann make annual migrations to Hawaii for diving, shells, and underwater photography. During their recent September trip they spent the majority of their time in Puako and Anaho’omalu Bay on the Kona side of the big island where they focused on snorkeling the sand patches rather than the reef Paul will show photos of the live animals, talk about how these snails make a living and how to find them during the day. The silent auction will feature Hawaiian shells. Meeting date: November 15* at 7:30 PM CONTENTS Club News 114 Polvgyra cereolus (Miihlfeld, 1818) (Gastropoda: Polygyridae), the Southern Flatcoil, a recently introduced species in southern California LINDSEY T. GROVES & PHIL LIFF-GRIEFF 115 Report of the combined 45'*' annual meeting of The Western Society of Malacologists and the 4'*’ International Workshop on Opisthobranchs. ALEX SASSI 124 A selected index to volume XLfV (2012) JULES HERTZ (compiler) 129 Page 1 14 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(in:2012 CLUB NEWS Minutes of the San Diego Shell Club 18 October 2012 The meeting was called to order at 7:45 PM by Bob Dees, President. After visitor introductions the previous minutes were approved as published. Librarian Marilyn Goldammer encouraged members to support the book and reprint sale that started prior to the meeting. Proceeds go toward new books for the library. The treasurer was absent so there was no report. Carole Hertz (editor) reminded members that we are always looking for good papers to publish. Bob Dees announced the slate of officers for 2013. The Club board is the nominating committee and placed the following names in nomination: President, David Waller; Vice President, open; Corresponding Secretary, Marilyn Goldammer; Recording Secretary, Paul Tuskes; Treasurer, Silvana Vollero. If you are interested in the VP position please contact David Waller. David Waller gave an outstanding presentation on the taxonomic status of the Cypraeidae. In the past, all cowries were placed in one genus, Cypraea. The number of species is unclear but 250 is a reasonable estimate at the moment. Most of us seem to have missed it, but during the period from 1922 to 1993 numerous authors published taxonomic schemes and included no fewer than 43 genera and as many as 61 genera to supplement the genus Cypraea. A 2004 study that involved mitochondrial DNA settled on 46 genera, a number similar to the more conservative papers that focused on animal and shell morphology, ecology, and distribution patterns. David illustrated these points with various species. A notable function of systematics is to provide an organizational structure for the millions of plant and animal species that have been described. In the Cypraeidae, six genera address about 48% of the species, with the remainder split into 40 genera. The common theme of the presentation might have been: Which provides better organization and understanding of the taxa involved, one genus with numerous subgenera for close evolutionary groups or 46 separate genera? The pros and cons for each approach were discussed by the speaker. The criteria for creating a new genus is at the center of the issue. Is it really as simple as statistical analysis of DNA data or the presence/absence of morphological features? The overall discussion probably warrants a paper and went beyond what can be published in the minutes. Jules Hertz won the door prize, and refreshments were provided by Bob Dees, Wes Farmer and Marilyn Goldammer. The meeting was adjourned at 8:40 PM, but the book and reprint sale continued. Paul Tuskes The Club’s Annual Christmas Party This year the Club’s annual Christmas dinner party will be held on Saturday December L‘. It will again be at the Butcher Shop in Kearny Mesa, by popular demand. Festivities will begin at 6:00 PM with no host cocktails. Dinner will be served at 7:00 PM. Please save the date for this fun event. The menu for the evening will be: Classic Caesar Salad, dinner rolls and butter. Prime Rib of Beef with new potatoes or mesquite broiled fresh Mahi Mahi served with wild rice. Both entrees will be accompanied by fresh vegetables. Vegetarian entrees are available. Dinner will be accompanied by table wines. Dessert will be New York style cheese-cake with strawberry sauce and coffee or tea. The program for the evening will be presented by Richard Herrmann - title not known at this time - but it’s always great talk anyway. Remember to bring a wrapped gift to place under the tree for the gift exchange - a shell or shell related item with data on the inside but only general locality on the outside. This is a tradition of the Club, so enjoy it by participating. The cost of the entire evening will be $30. Reservations (with check) must be received by November 26''’. If you wish to include your membership renewal for 2013 with your reservation, that will be fine. Membership will be the same for 2013 ($20 domestic). Dues are due Dues for 2013 are now due. There is no change in the amount from the past number of years: $20 (domestic); Overseas (air mail): $50; Mexico/Canada (air mail) $30.00. Please send your check to the Club address (see front page) or bring it to the January meeting. Vol. XLIVni): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 1 15 POLYGYRA CEREOLUS (MijULYELD, 1818) (GASTROPODA: POLYGYRIDAE), THE SOUTHERN FEATCOIE, A RECENTEY INTRODUCED SPECIES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LINDSEY T. GROVES Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Malacology Section 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 E-mail: lgroves(2),nhm.org and Phil Liff-Grieff 2447 Kemper Avenue, La Crescenta, CA 91214 E-mail: pliffgrieff@sbcglobal.net Abstract: A recent invasive species of land snail, Polygyra cereolus (Miihlfeld, 1818), the Southern Flatcoil, is here documented from Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties, southern California. It is native to Florida and the southeastern United States, however, living specimens and empty shells have been collected from the Fossil Reef Park area of Laguna Hills, Orange County, from the North Campus area of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM), and from Cathedral City and Rancho Mirage, Riverside County. Sod and/or potted plants for landscaping are the suspected method of transport for these new records. Introduction Non-native land snails in southern California are mentioned as early as 1850 by Forbes (1850:53) regarding the presence of Cornu aspersum (Muller, 1 774) at Santa Barbara. This report was later disputed by Steams (1881:131; 1900:656) and he demonstrated that the introduction of C. aspersum occurred no earlier than 1856 near San Jose, California. Other significant non-native species in southern California, all of which are now widespread, include Olala lactea (Muller, 1774) from Los Angeles in 1940 (Gammon, 1943; Hill, 1951) and Elysian Park and Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County in 1941 (Hill, 1941; 1951), Theba pisana (Muller, 1774) from near La Jolla, San Diego County in 1914 (Chace, 1915; Hill, 1951), Milax gagates (Drapamaud, 1801) in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties (Gregg, 1944), Riimina decoUata (Linnaeus, 1758) as early as 1951 (Hill, 1951), and Discus rotimdatus (Muller, 1774) in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, and San Diego counties (Roth, 1982). Hanna (1966) summarized introduced terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Since then Roth & Sadeghian (2006) list 38 non-native species in California. Of the 43 taxa they list from Los Angeles County 1 7 are introduced and four are exclusively Pleistocene fossils. They list 18 taxa from Orange County eight of which are native, 10 are introduced, and one is found only as a fossil. Of the 3 1 taxa they list from Riverside County 25 are native and six are introduced. For a complete listing of native and introduced species of land snails and slugs in California see Roth & Sadeghian (2003; 2006). These numbers are, of course, subject to change due to new biological surveys, closer examination of museum collections, and publications subsequent to Roth & Sadeghian (2006). Table 1 is a compilation of native and non-native Page 1 1 6 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIV(in:2012 species by county from Roth & Sadeghian (2003; 2006), McDonnell, et al. (2009), Magney (2010; 2012), and the Rancho La Brea Invertebrate and LACM Malacology collections. This summary does not include any species and/or subspecies found exclusively on the Channel Islands. Polygy’ra cereohis (Miihlfeld, 1818) is here documented for the first time in California (figs, la-lc) from LACM 2011-13.5 (Orange County), LACM 178492 (Los Angeles County), and LACM 2012-1.1 (fig. 2), 2012-1.2, LACM 178538, and LACM 178539 (Riverside County). The family Polygyridae is native to California as at least 20 species of the genus Vespericola are known from Del Norte to San Luis Obispo counties and at least five species and four subspecies of the genus Trilohopsis are known from Del Norte to Tulare counties (Roth & Sadeghian, 2006). However, the tribe Polygyrini is absent from west of the Rocky Mountains (K. Perez, pers. comm., 2012). Systematics Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Family Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895 Subfamily Polygyrinae Pilsbry, 1895 Genus Polygyra Say, 1818 PoIyg}>ra cereohis (Miihlfeld, 1818) Figures la-lc, 2 P!elix cereohis Miihlfeld, 1 8 1 8: 1 1 , pi. 2, figs. 1 8a-b. Helix microdoiila Deshayes, 1832:266. Helix volvoxis Pfeiffer, 1846:80. Helix cereohis var. laminifera Binney, 1858:200. Helix carpeiiteriana Bland, 1860:138. Helix febigeri Bland, 1866:373, pi. 21, fig. 10. Polvgyra cereohis (Miihlfeld, 1818): Binney, 1878: 283, fig. 161. 81. Pilsbry, 1940: 582-586, fig. 379. Stem & Vander Weit, 1982:129-130. Hubricht, 1985:36. Neubert, 1995:125-126, fig. 1. Cowie, 1996: 26. Cowie, 1997:26-27. Cowie, 1998:355, 361. Cowie, 1998b: 60. 1998b; Shelton, 1998:7. Cowie, 2000:158, 170. White, 2003:21. Minton & Perez, 2005:4. Jass, 2007:3. Al-Khayat, 2008: 543, fig. 6. Perez et al., 2008:46. Helix (Polvgyra) cereohis (Miihlfeld, 1818): Dali, 1885:265-267. Polygy’ra septemvolva var.floridana Hemphill in Binney, 1892: 184. Polygyra septemvolva floridana Hemphill, 1892: Pilsbry, 1940: 586-587, fig. 380. Polygy’ra (Polygy’ra) cereohis cereohis (Muhlfeld, 1818): Thompson, 2008: 823-824. Thompson, 201 1: 249. Geographic Distribution Although Pilsbry (1940) cited only Florida for the range of Polygy’ra cereohis, the current confirmed range includes most of Florida (Dali, 1885; Hubricht, 1985), much of coastal Alabama (Hubricht, 1985; Shelton, 1998), Louisiana (Hubricht, 1985; Minton & Perez, 2005), Georgia (Dali, 1885; Hubricht, 1985), Mississippi (Dali, 1885; Hubricht, 1985), and South Carolina (Hubricht, 1985). It is also common in coastal Texas and several inland counties (Hubricht, 1985). In addition to all of the southeastern records, Perez (2008) included Kentucky and North Carolina. Thompson (2011) documented records from Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Dali (1885) lists P. cereohis from the Bahamas and Bermuda but only Terrestrial Mollusc Tool (http://idtools.org/id/mollusc/ (factsheet.php?name=Polvgvra%20cereolus) includes these islands and Cuba as part of the range but unconfirmed). More recently P. cereohis has been introduced in Wisconsin (Stem & Vander Weit, 1982; Jass, 2007), O’ahu, Hawai’i, and Kau’ai, Hawaiian Islands (Cowie, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 2000), Qatar (Al-Khayat, 2010), Saudi Arabia (Neubert, 1985), and United Arab Emirates (Anonymous, 2006). It should be noted that many of these records are restricted to coastal plains and/or isolated areas rather than intrusions into undisturbed habitats. Most of these range extensions are attributable to sod and/or ornamental plant transport. Undoubtedly, additional new records of P. cereohis will be discovered in southern California in the near future. Associated Molluscan Faunas Five other species of mollusks were collected by the authors at Fossil Reef Park, Orange County in- cluding Cornu aspersum (Muller, 1774), Otala /ac/eo (Muller, 1774), Riimina decol lata (Linnaeus, \75S),Oxychihis draparnaudi (Beck, 1837), and an unidentified slug species. In the NHMLAC North Campus Area Lelvnannia valentiana (Fermssac, 1821) was observed under rocks with P. cereohis. At the Cathedral City, Riverside County locality P. cereohis was collected with Riimina decollata and Lelvnannia valentiana. Vol. XLIVdn: 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 1 17 Locality Descriptions The junior author was alerted to the presence of P. cereolns at the Orange County site by N. Scott Rugh, Temecula, California, who collected specimens on 13 January, 2008. Eight live specimens were collected by overturning limestone blocks. A one acre site of limestone outcrops of the middle Miocene Topanga Formation surrounded by a large apartment complex was preserved by Orange County, California as Historical Site no. 28 and is known as Fossil Reef Park (LACM 2011-13). The Los Angeles County specimen was collected live by LACM staff member Lila Higgins on 10 March, 2012 and given to the senior author for identification which was confirmed as P. cereohis. The North Campus of LACM is currently still under construction but when completed it will serve as a 3.5 acre outdoor laboratory for educational purposes and the study of biodiversity in urban Los Angeles (LACM 178492). Records from Riverside County were brought to the attention of the junior author by NHMLAC Malacology Research Associate Patrick I. LaFollette in 2011. Live and empty shells were collected from under rocks and flower pots on his property in Cathedral City in March of 2010 and March of 2012 (LACM 2012-1 ) and collected in the yard of emeritus Invertebrate Paleontology curator Edward C. Wilson of Rancho Mirage in April of 2012 (LACM 178538 & LACM 178539). Figure 1 a-c. Po/vgyra cereo/ns (Miihlfeld, 1 818) preserved specimen from Orange County (LACM 2012-13.1 ). (a) apical view (b) umbilical view (c) apertural view of same specimen. Shell maximum width = 6.9 mm. Page 1 1 8 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XEIVni ): 2012 Fossil Distribution The family Polygyridae is known as early as the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada and southern China (Tracey, et ah, 1993). True Polygyra are known from Miocene (formerly Oligocene) strata of Florida (Dali, 1915), Pliocene/Pleistocene deposits of Florida (Johnson, 1899; Dali, 1890; Henderson, 1935) and Pleistocene deposits of Kansas (Taylor, 1960), Texas (Cheatum &. Fullington, 1971), Illinois (Eeonard et ah, 1971), and Mexico (Stevens et ah, 2012). Miocene and older records of Polygyra outside of Florida may prove to be other polygyrid genera as many specimens are too poorly preserved for a confident generic assignment. Dali (1890:19) and Henderson (1935:13, 47, 143) reported P. cereohis microdonta (Deshayes, 1839) (as Dali) from the Pliocene Caloosahatchie beds of Florida. These beds are now considered latest Pliocene/Pleistocene (Piacenzian through Calabrian) (Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011). Although not fossils, Wheeler & McGee (1994) reported P. cereohis from a Late Archaic midden site in Volusia County, Florida and White (2003) reported it from at least one Late Archaic midden in Franklin County, Florida dated at 4000 years old at about 2100 BC. As previously mentioned, the family Polygyridae is native to California as represented by the genera Vespericola and Trilobopsis but a fossil record in the state is unknown. Acknowledgments Special thanks and gratitude to N. Scott Rugh (Temecula, California), Patrick I. LaFollette (Cathedral City, California and LACM Research Associate), and Lila Higgins (LACM Education & Exhibits, Project Coordinator) who shared specimens and locality information with the authors. Many thanks to Harry Lee (Jacksonville Shell Club, Florida) for confirming our identification of this newest non-native gastropod in California. Kathryn E. Perez (University of Wisconsin, La Crosse) is thanked for valuable information concerning P. cereohis distribution, providing pertinent literature suggestions, and reviewing an early draft of the manuscript. Cathy L. Groves (LACM, Echinoderms) assisted with Excel data manipulation. Figure 2, Polygyra cereohis (Miihlfeld, 1818). Live specimen from Riverside County (LACM 2012-1 . 1 ). (Image courtesy of P.I. LaFollette). References AL-KHAYAT, J.A. 20 1 0. First record of five terrestrial snails in the state of Qatar. Turkish Journal of Zoology 34:539-545, figs. 1-8. ANONYMOUS 2006. Foreign animals and plants pose threat to native flora and fauna. UAE Interact. 2 pp., published on line at ... http://www.uaeimteract.com/docs/Foreign animals and plants pose threat to native flora and fauna 22038. htm BECK, H.H. 1837. Index Molluscomm praesentis aevi Musei Principus, Christiani Frederici: Copenhagen, Denmark, unnum - bered + 100 pp. BINNEY, H.G. 1858. Notes on American land shells, no. 4. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 197-2 1 1 1 878. The terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States and adjacent territories of North America. 5. Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology 4: iv + 1-439 -i- Plates: 440-449, pis. 1-74 (vol. 3) + pis. 1-16 (vol. 4). 1 892. A fourth supplement to the fifth volume of the terrestrial mollusks of the United States and adjacent territories of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 22:163-201, pis. 1-4. BLAND, T. 1 860. Remarks on certain species of North American Helicidae. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural Flistory of New York 7: 115-142, figs. 1-2, pi. 4. 1866. Descriptions of new species of North American land shells. American Journal of Conchology 2:373, pis. 17, 21 CHACE, E.P. 1915. //e/A/r/s'flna Mull., in California. The Nautilus 29(6):72. CHEATUM, E.P. & R.W. FULLINGTON 1971. The aquatic and land Molluscaof Texas. Part l:The Recent and Pleistocene members of the gastropod family Polygyridae in Texas. Dallas Museum of Natural History Bulletin 1: vi+ 1-74, figs. 1-15, pis. 1-10. Vol. XLIVnn: 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 119 COWIE, R.H. 1996. New records of introduced land and freshwater snails in the Hawaiian Islands. Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 1995. Part 2; Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 46:25-27. 1997. Catalog and bibliography of the nonindigenous non- marine snails and slugs of the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 50:1-66. 1998a. Patterns of introduction of non-indigenous non-marine snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation 7(3):349-368. 1998b. New records of nonindigenous land snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 56:60. 60. 2000. Non-indigenous land and freshwater mollusks in the islands of the Pacific: Conservation impacts and threats. In: Sherley, G. (ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme: Apia, Guam, p. 143-172. DALE, W.H. 1 885. Notes on some Floridian land and fresh-water shells with a revision of the Auriculacea of the eastern United States. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 8(519)::255-289,pls. 17-18. 1890. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, with es- pecial reference to the Miocene 5/7ev-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River. Part 1. opisthobranchiate and orthodont gastropods. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia 3(l):l-200, pis. 1-12. 1915. A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax Zone of the Oligocene of Florida. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 90: xv+l-173, pis. 1-26. DESHA YES, G.P, 1830-1832. Histoire naturelle des Vers. Encyclopedie Metho- dique2(2): 1-144 [1830], 145-594 [1832]. Paris, France. FERRUSSAC, A.E.J.P.J.F. D’A. DE. 1821-1822. Tableaux systematiques des Animaux Mollusques classes en families naturelles, dans lesquels on a etabli la concordance de tons les systems; suivis d’un prodrome general pour tous les mollusques terrestres ou fluviatiles, vivants ou fossils. Deuxieme Partie, Sous- Ordre Geophyles , Tableaux 1 [Tableau de la famille des Limaces, Limaces\. i-xlvii; Tableaux 11 [Tableaux de la famille des Limaces, Cochleae\.\-9Q\ Sous-Ordre Geohydrophiles, Tableaux 111 [Tableau de la famille des AiiriciiIes\.9\-\ 10, Arthus Bertrand: Paris, France. FORBES, E. 1 850. On the species of Mollusca collected during the sur- veying voyages of the Herald and Pandora, by Capt. Kellett, R.N., C.B., and Lieut. Wood, R.N. 1. On the land-Shells collected during the voyage. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 18:53-56, pi. 9. GAMMON, E.T. 1943. Helicid snails in California. Bulletin of the California State Department of Agriculture 32(3):173-187, figs. 1-2. GREGG, W.O. 1944. Notes on land slugs of Los Angeles and Orange counties, California. The Nautilus 57(4):109-1 15. HANNA, G D. 1966. Introduced mollusks of western North America. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 48:1-108, figs. 1-85. HENDERSON, J. 1935. Fossil non-manne Mollusca of North America. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 3: vii+ 1-313. HILL, H R. 1941 . New records of introduced land shells in southern California. The Nautilus 55 ( 1 ):3 1 . 1951. Exotic Mollusca in California. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California 107:1-4. HUBRICHT, L. 1985. The distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern United States. Fieldiana Zoology, n.s. 24:1- 191. JASS, J. 2007. Review of literature related to exotic snail & slug invasiveness in Wisconsin, a report to the Wisconsin Council on Invasive Species, species assessment group. 6 pp., published on line at http://dnr.wi.gov/ invasives/classification/pdfs/LR snails slugs.pdf LAMB, R.V, 1 989. The nonmarine mollusks of Pit 9 1 , Rancho La Brea, southern California and their paleoecologic and biogeographic implications [MS thesis]. California State University, Northridge, xvii -i- 371 pp„ figs. 1-70. LEONARD, A.B., .I.C. FRYE, & W.H. .lOHNSON 1971. Illinoian and Kansan molluscan faunas of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 461 :l-23, fig. 1. LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Editio decima, reformata. Stockholm, Sweden, 1:1-824. MAGNEY, D.L. 2010. Terrestrial gastropods of Los Angeles County. 22 pp., numerous unnumbered figs., published on line at http://sespeinstitute.com/pdfs/Terrestnal Snails of Los Angeles County 20100929.pdf 2012. Terrestrial gastropods of Riverside County. 1 7 pp., 1 1 unnumbered figs., published on line at http://sespeinstitute.com/pdfs/Terrestrial Snails of Riverside Countv-20120229.pdf MCDONNELL, R.J., T.D. PAINE, & M.J. GORMALLY 2009. Slugs: A guide to the invasive and native fauna of California. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 8336:1-21, figs 1-2 lb. Available online at http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8336.pdf MINTON, R.L. & K.E. PEREZ 2005. A systematic checklist of the snails of Louisiana. Texas Journal of Science 57(2):153-I64. MUHLFELD, J.C. MEGERLE VON 1818. Beschreibung einiger neuen conchylien. DerGesell- schaft Natjrforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin furdie neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesammten 8( 1 ): 3-11, pis. 1-2. mOller, of. 1 774. Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium Inflisoriorum, Helminthiconim et Testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. 2: xxxv + 1-214, Heineck & Faber: Copenhagen, Denmark. NEUBERT, E. 1995. Two species of land snails in Saudi Arabia. Malaco- logical Review 25:125-126, figs. 1-2. Page 120 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIVdU: 2012 PEREZ, K.E. 2008. Polygyridae. In: Perez, K. E., Cordeiro, J. R. & Coppolino, M.L. (eds.). A guide for terrestrial gastro- pod identifcation, American Malacological Society Short Course, 72 pp. PETUCH, E.J. & M. DROLSHAGEN 2011. Compendium of Florida fossil shells. Volume 1. (Middle Miocene to Late Pleistocene marine gastro- pods of the Everglades and adjacent areas: Families Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, Eocypraeidae, Triviidae,Conidae,and onilithidae).MDM Publishers: Wellington Florida. 413 pp., figs. 0.1-5.29. PFEIFFER, L.G.C. 1846. Symbolae ad Historiam Heliceorum, 3:3-100, T. H. Fischer: Kassel, Germany. PILSBRY, H.A. 1 895. Synopsis of the families, subfamilies, genera and sub- genera of helices. /;?. Pilsbry, H.A. (ed.). Manual of Conchology: Structural and systematic, 2"‘‘ ser.: Pulmonata, 9:122-126 (Helicidae v. 7). 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Mono- graphs 3, 1(2): vi + 575-994, figs. 378-580. RAFINESQUE, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de Funivers et des corps organizes. Palenno, Sicily. 224 pp. ROTH. B. 1982. Discus rotundatus (Muller) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in California. Malacological Review 15:139-140, fig. 1. ROTH, B. &P.S. SADEGHIAN 2003. Checklist of the land snails and slugs of California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Contributions in Science 3:1-81, figs. 1-65. 2006. Checklist of the land snails and slugs of California. Second Edition. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Contributions in Science 3:1-82, figs. 1-65. SAY, T. 1818. Account of two new genera, and several new species, of fresh water and land shells. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1:276-284. SHELTON, D.N. 1998. A systematic list of terrestrial mollusks from the state of Alabama. 9 pp., published on line at http://wwwd .unc.edu/-~keperez/alabamamollusks list.htm STEARNS, R.E.C. 1881. On Helix aspersa in California and the geographical distribution of certain west American land-snails, and previous errors relating thereto. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 11:129-139. 1900. Exotic Mollusca in California. Science 1 1(278):655-659. STERN, E.M. & C.A. VANDER WEIT 1982. Helix aspersa and Polygyra cereolus, two gastropods introduced in Wisconsin. The Nautilus 96(4):129-130. STEVENS, R.E., S.E. METCALF, M.J. LENG, A.L. LAMB, H.J. SLOANE, E. NARANJO, & S. GONZALEZ 2012. Reconstruction of late Pleistocene climate in the Valse- quillo Basin (Central Mexico) through isotopic analysis of terrestrial and freshwater snails. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 319-320:16-27, figs. 1-8. TAYLOR, D.W. 1960. Late Cenozoic molluscan faunas from the high Plains United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 337: iv-H 1-94, pis. 1-4. THOMPSON, F.G. 2008. /kn annotated checklist and bibliography of the land and freshwater Snails of Mexico and Central America. 903 pp. Published on line at http://www.flmnh.ufl. edu/malacology/mexico-centralamerica snail checklist/ snail checklist.pdf 2011. An annotated checklist and bibliography of the land and freshwater Snails of Mexico and Central America. Florida Museum of Natural History Bulletin 50(1): 1-299. TRACEY, S., J.A.TODD & D.H. ERWIN 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M.J. (ed.). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall: London, Chapter 8; 131-167. WHEELER, R.J. & R.M. McGEE 1994. Report of preliminary zooarchaeological analysis: Grove’s Orange midden. The Florida Anthropologist 47(4):393-403, fig. 1. WHITE, N.M. 2003. Testing partially submerged shell middens in the Apalachicola Estuarine Wetlands, Franklin County, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 56(1 ): 1 5-36, figs. 1-12. Vol. XLIVni): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 121 Table 1. Terrestrial mollusks from Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties (Compiled from Magney (2010; 2012), McDonnell et al. (2009), and Roth & Sadeghian (2003; 2006). [x = Roth & Sadeghian (2003; 2006); * = Non-native species; LACM = Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Malacology Collection; MPG = McDonnell et al., 2009; DLM = Magney (2010; 2012); f= Pleistocene fossil species (Roth & Sadeghian, 2003, 2006; x & f = living and Pleistocene species (Roth & Sadeghian, 2003, 2006); f (RLB) = Pleistocene fossil species from Rancho La Brea not listed in Roth & Sadeghian (2003, 2006) (see Lamb, 1989)]. TAXA Los Angeles Co. Orange Co. Riverside Co. PATULIDAE Tryon, 1866 Discus (D.) whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) f *Discus (Panda) rotundatus (Muller, 1774) X X HAPLOTREMATIDAE Baker, 1925 Haplotrema (Geomene) caelatum (Mazyck, 1886) X SPIRAXIDAE Baker, 1939 *EugIandina (Euglandina) rosea (Fermsac, 1821 ) X HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE Pilsbry, 1939 Sonorelix (S.) rixfordi (Pilsbry, 1919) X Chamaearionta aquaealbae (Berry, 1922) X Herpeteros angehis (Gregg, 1949) X Xerarionta (X.) keUetti (Forbes. 1850) X Cahuillus indioensis cathedralis (Willett, 1930) X Calniilhis indioensis indioensis (Yates, 1890) X Cahuillus indioensis wolcottianiis (Bartsch, 1903) X Cahuillus indioensis xerophilus (Berry, 1922) X Eremarionta (E.) brunnea (Willett, 1935) X Eremarionta (E.) immaculata (Willett, 1937) X Eremarionta (E.) millepalmanmi (Berry, 1930) X Eremarionta (E.) morongoana (Berry, 1929) X Eremarionta (E.) orocopia (Willett,1939) X Eremarionta (E.) rowelli chuckwallana (Willett. 1935) X Eremarionta (E.) rowelli granitensis (Willett, 1935) X Eremarionta (E.) rowelli mccoiana (Willett, 1935) X Helminthoglypta (Charodotes) traskii pacoimensis Gregg, 1931 X Helminthoglypta (Ch.) traskii traskii (Newcomb, 1861) X X Helminthoglypta (Ch.) uvasana Roth & Hochberg, 1992 X Helminthoglypta (Ch.) vasquezi Roth & Hochberg, 1992 X Helminthoglypta (Coyote) fontiphila Gregg. 1931 X Helminthoglypta (Co.) petricola sangabrielis (Berry, 1920) X Helminthoglypta (Co.) petricola zechae (Pilsbry, 1916) X Helminthoglypta (H.) tudiculata convicta (Pilsbry, 1913, ex Hemphill ms) X Helminthoglypta (H.) tudiculata subdola (Hemphill, 1890) X Helminthoglypta (H.) tudiculata tudiculata (A. Binney, 1843) X X HELICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Page 122 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIVnn: 2012 *Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) X *Eohama vermicularia (Muller, 1 774) DLM X *Coniii aspersiim (Muller, 1774) X X X *Otala lactea {MtiWer, 1774) X X *Theha pisana (Muller, 1774) LACM LACM POLYGYRIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 *Poh’gyra cereohis (Muhifeld, 1818) LACM LACM LACM MEGOMPHICIDAE Baker, 1930 Glyplostoma gabrielense Pilsbry, 1938 X Glyptostoma newbenyamwi minms Pilsbry, 1 939 X Glyplostoma newbenyanum neH'benyanum (W.G. Binney, 1858) X SUCCINEIDAE Beck, 1837 Catinella (MediappendLx) relideri (Pilsbry, 1948) X f Catinella (M.) venneta (Say, 1829) X & f X Oxyloma retusum (Lea, 1834) X Oxyloma sillimani (Bland, 1865) X X *Novtsiiccinea oval is ( Say, 1817) X PUNCTIDAE Morse, 1864 Paralaoma sen’ilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) X X Pimctuni califomicum Pilsbry, 1898 X & f (RLB) X Pimctum mimitissimiim (Lea, 1841 ) X ARIONIDAE Cooper, 1863 *Arion (Koheltia) distinctus Mabille, 1868 MPG *A. (K.) hortensis Ferussac, 1819 MPG *A. (K.) intermedins Nonnand, 1852 X Anademdus cockerelli (Heilprin, 1890) X X Hesperarion hemphilU (W.G. Binney, 1875) X X PRISTILOMATIDAE Cockerell, 1891 Hawaiia miniitscula (A. Binney, 1841) X X Pristiloma (P.) gabrielinum (Berry, 1924) X EUCONLILIDAE Baker, 1928 Eucomihis (E.) fulvus (Muller, 1774) f(RLB) GASTRODONTIDAE Tryon, 1866 Striainra (Pseudohyalina) pugetensis (Dali, 1895) f X X Zoniioides (Z.) arboreus (Say, 1816) x&f X DAUDEBARDMDAE Kobelt, 1906 *Oxychilus (O.) cellarius (Muller, 1 774) X *Oxychilus (O.) drapaniandi (Beck, 1837) X X MILACIDAE Ellis, 1926 *Milax (Milax) gagates (Drapamaud, 1801) X X MPG LIMACIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 *Lehmannia valentiana (Ferussac, 1821) X X X *Limax (Limacus) flaviis Linnaeus, 1758 X X MPG *Limax (Limax) maximus Linnaeus, 1758 X X Vol. XLIVnn: 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 123 AGRIOLIMACIDAE Wagner, 1835 D *Deroceras (Agriolimax) reticulation (Muller, 1774) X MPG Deroceras (D.) monentolophus Pilsbry, 1944 X X *Deroceras invadens Reise, Hutchinson, Schunack, & Schlitt. 201 1 [formerly Deroceras panonnitanwn (Lessona & Pollonera, 1882)] X Deroceras (D.) laeve (Muller, 1774) f(RLB) CIONELLIDAE Clessin, 1879 Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller, 1774) X PUPILLIDAE Turton, 1831 Pupilla (Pupilla) hebes (Ancey, 1881) f VERTIGINIDAE Stimpson, 1851 Gastrocopta (G.) peUitcida (Pfeiffer, 1841) X Sterkia (Sterkia) bempliilli (Sterki, 1890) X Vertigo (V.) occidentalis Sterki, 1907 f VALLONIIDAE Morse, 1864 Vallonia cy’clophorella Sterki, 1 892 f(RLB) *VaIlonia excentrica Sterki, 1893 X *Vallonia pulchella (Muller, 1774) X X FERRUSSACIIDAE Bourguignat, 1883 *Ceci!ioides (Cecilioides) acictila (Muller, 1774) X SUBULINIDAE Crosse & Fischer, 1877 *Rumina decoUata (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X Page 124 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XEIVni): 2012 REPORT OF THE COMBINED 45™ ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS AND THE 4™ INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON OPISTHOBRANCHS ALEXANDER P. SASSI 2617 College Avenue, Apt. 12, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA E-mail: sfalexander@hotmail.com Nestled among redwood trees and commanding a view of Monterey Bay, the campus of the University of California at Santa Cruz was the site of this year’s annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) and the fourth International Workshop on Opisthobranchs (IWO). The WSM meeting was organized by WSM President Janet Leonard (Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz) and the IWO by Angel Valdes (Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University). Attendees hailed from places near and far from the Pacific Coast, from Alaska along the coastal provinces and states to Baja California Sur, westward to Australia, and eastward to Europe (Figure 1). There were 32 oral presentations in simultaneous sessions of the WSM and IWO, and 15 posters were presented. ( Figure 2). Sessions were held from June 24 to 26. This year’s field trip on the 27'’’ was a fossil-collecting trip led by Charles Powell (U.S. Geological Survey) to Arroyo Seco in Monterey County, where late Miocene deep-water mollusks can be found. Within the WSM meeting were two symposia, one on the History of Malacology of the Northeast Pacific and the other on Terrestrial Gastropods. I attended most of the talks in the WSM sessions and the last set of talks in the IWO. In the following I summarize some of the personally interesting or noteworthy infonnation from the presentations I attended. By no means do I attempt to suiTunarize the complete work and conclusions of the authors, and the information related here comes from my notes and the book of abstracts. An ice cream social began the events on a sunny Sunday afternoon on the campus. Later that evening, Terry Gosliner of the California Academy of Sciences kicked off the program, speaking of the Academy’s Hearst Expedition to the Philippines. Objectives of the expedition included, among others, discovering new taxa, developing new techniques in animal husbandry. and disseminating the results quickly to a broad and general audience. The marine work was conducted just about 2.5 hours from metro Manila by car, and resulted in the discovery of many new species. For example, about 50 new nudibranchs were discovered in about four-weeks time. Terry showed pictures of many colorful animals and plants that were found and also explained techniques of collection, such as the “coral clothesline,’’ where pendant bags of coral samples were suspended along a line kept buoyant by air-filled plastic bottles, thus keeping the coral safe from bacterial contamination on the substrate. It is estimated that over 500 species were discovered. The expedition was covered by numerous Filipino and U.S. media, including a Northern California Emmy® Award- winning television documentary. Reefs to Rainforest: The Great Expedition, (http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/ video?id=8404396). Monday began with a fascinating set of talks on the history of malacology in the N.E. Pacific, organized by Hans Bertsch (Departamento de Ingenen'a y Pesquerias, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur). Carlos Caceres Martinez (Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur) spoke about his studies of mother-of- pearl breastplates found in the burial sites in Baja California. These breastplates were made of shells of Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley, 1856) that had been variously polished, burnished, or engraved, and were found in association with burials of children. Mother- of-pearl objects found in burials of adults were noticeably different, being much smaller and having serrated edges, and these were placed on the outside of the body cavity instead of inside as for the children. Eugene Coan and Paul Valentich-Scott (Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History) reviewed the history of marine bivalve research in the Panamic Province, acknowledging the contributions of many people. They also described the Vol. XLIVdn: 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 125 Figure 1. Participants of the 45‘^ Western Society of Malacologists Meeting. Photo courtesy of Dr. Hans Bertsch. huge effort involved in the research, writing, editing, and proofreading of their latest two-volume series. Bivalve Seashells of Tropica! West America. Doug Eernisse (Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton) showed evidence he has gathered for the existence of an “extra” species of Siphonaria (siphon limpet) in the Sea of Cortez, based on evidence from molecular studies, which supports the validity of an older name. He also spoke briefly of the Hawaiian Siphonaria and the one species in California (yes, we have a Siphonarial). Hans Bertsch continued the historical perspective, reviewing the paths of five naturalists: Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, Robert E. C. Steams, James Graham Cooper, Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, and William Henry Dali. All five of these naturalists named opisthobranchs and other taxa, and they all had species named in their honor. It was fascinating to learn about these familiar names and their interwoven paths with historical figures and events, such as Ulysses S. Grant and the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923, which devastated Tokyo. Nora Foster (NRF Taxonomic Ser- vices) described the work of George MacGinitie, whose studies of the Arctic fauna were all the more impressive considering how specimens were collected, including relying on Inupiaq navigation techniques, and dog- pulled dredges through sea ice. She also shared some of her experiences surveying mollusks in the Chukehi Sea and showed many photographs of Arctic mollusks, including some lovely Margarites sp. and Boreotrophon sp. Monday afternoon’s session was a set of contributed papers. Lesley Brooker (Faeulty of Science, Health, Education, and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast) described her research into the genes that control biomineralization of chiton radula, a particularly good model because the mineralization progresses along the length of the radula. Using techniques of modem molecular biology, they have identified several genes that seem important in regulating biomineralization functionality. Carlos Caceres Martinez reported on work to elucidate what environmental factors affect the growth of Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851). The technique involves the laborious Page 126 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XEIVdlT 2012 Figure 2. Participants of the 4^^ International Workshop on Opisthobranchs. Photo courtesy of Dr. Hans Bertsch. preparation of pieces of shell so that the space between microscopic growth lines can be measured. He explained that, unfortunately, no correlations have been found yet. The distance between two adjacent lines coiTesponds to one day’s growth. The next series of talks focused on surveys of species in several areas of Mexico. Gabriel Aguilar (Laboratorio de Malacologia, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico) spoke of a survey of Isla Verde in the state of Veracruz. Cehthhim litteratiim (Bom, 1778), Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786), and Modulus modulus (Linnaeus, 1758) were the most common species found. Esteban Felix-Pico (Centro Interdisciplino de Ciencias Marinas del Instituto Politecnico Nacional) described a visual. underwater survey of the island of Espiritu Santo done by free diving. Because of restrictions in the marine preserve, the surveyors could not turn rocks or remove species. Pinctada mazatlanica was the most abundant bivalve, and Muricanthus uigritus (Philippi, 1845) the most abundant gastropod. Iris Garcia Tello (Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico) spoke of a survey of many sites throughout the Bahia deAcapulco. Approximately 10,000 specimens were counted of about 184 species. Micromollusks were the most abundant. Brian Urbano (Laboratorio de Malacologia, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico) spoke of one of his student’s work studying scaphopods of Mexico and the difficulties encountered in studying this often over- Vq], XLIVdn: 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 127 looked and not well-studied group. Monday’s sessions concluded with two talks related to fisheries management. Marian Camacho- Mondragon (Centro Interdisciplino de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional) described her work in La Paz towards establishing a minimum take size for the harvest of the pen shell, Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835). Individuals were taken, measured, and their gonads removed. The gonads were then fixed in paraffin and stained for histologic examination under a microscope. Her findings indicate that A. maura in La Paz, Baja California Sur, does not have a resting period between spawning and the development of more gametes. This was attributed to the plentiful food available throughout the year. Additionally, her findings indicate that during the summer months when the water is warm, A. maura re-absorbs the ripe oocytes instead of spawning, presumably because the water temperature is too high for survival. Kristin McCully (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz) spoke about her work researching the pearl oysters of Midway Island for Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758), formerly harvested commercially at the neighboring atolls of Pearl and Hermes. She reported that P. margaritifera was rare, with only 13 sighted over six years. Spat collected on shade cloth catches seem to be Pinctada maculata (Gould, 1850), according to DNA evidence. Contributed papers finished Tuesday with a presentation by Wendy Enright (City of San Diego Marine Biology Laboratory). She described the monitoring in and around two wastewater outfalls in the San Diego area, both 7 km offshore, and presented findings from her studies of the populations of the invasive gastropod Philine auriformis Suter, 1909, and the native bivalve, Solemya pen>ernicosa Kuroda, 1 948 using present and historical data. The outfall areas turned out not to be an attractant for P. auriformis, whose observed population density was noted to go through booms and busts. Solemya pervernicosa was associated with the location of the outfall, as might be expected by the relatively higher concentration of sulfides near the outfalls, but it was also found at higher density at other locations in the Bight. Following the contributed papers was the symposium on terrestrial gastropods organized by Janet Leonard and John Pearce (Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz). Tim Pearse (Section of Mollusks, Carnegie Museum of Natural History) gave the first presentation. He discussed the potential effects of climate change on populations of snails, making particular note of two ways in which a species might suffer: either by having to migrate to higher altitude or by having to migrate to higher latitudes in order to find a suitable environment. He then summarized data on Pennsylvania land snails obtained in the field and from museum collections in terms of altitude and cited a few case studies. In the following presentation, Edna Naranjo-Garcia (Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico) gave an update and overview of what is known about the terrestrial mollusks of the state of Chiapas in Mexico, including her recent fieldwork. She has found records of 128 species in Chiapas, 54 of which had been reported only once. One large and well- known species, Lysinoe ghiesbreghti (Nyst, 1841) is eaten and can be purchased at the markets of San Cristobal de Las Casas when in season. She concluded that the knowledge is still inadequate and suggested areas of Chiapas for particular focus. She also described the threats to the habitat from agriculture, cattle farming, and destruction of vegetation along riverbanks. Angela Fields (The Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies) introduced the audience to the mating behavior of the slug Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1817), an invasive slug and garden pest in Barbados, with text, photos, and video. Veronicella sloanei is a simultaneous hermaphrodite and was observed to mate in couplets and uncommonly in triplets. The species sometimes shows mate selection. Barry Roth dedicated his presentation on the diversity of terrestrial mollusks in the Pacific Northwest to Terrence Frest, who passed away in 2008. He showed maps of records of terrestrial mollusks and reported that there are many new species to be described from the forests of the area. I then switched gears and attended the final talks of the IWO. The first presentation I attended was by Jeff Goddard (Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara), who spoke on the legacy of field data recorded by James Lance, who continued to study the opisthobranchs in the La Jolla/San Diego area for 33 years after his last published paper. His record keeping was described as both extensive and meticulous, and Jeff expressed gratitude that these records had not met their fate in the garbage can after the death of James Lance. As an example of their utility, Jeff showed data gathered from these records that shows evidence of the disappearance of Felimare californiensis (Bergh, 1879) on the mainland of Califomia. Hans Bertsch then presented another informative overview of the history of opisthobranch studies in the Sea of Cortez up to the present day. The expedition of Page 128 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XLIVnn: 2012 John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts initiated the phase of most activity, and attention increased even further after 1960. He also gave an overview of his monitoring of opisthobranch populations of Bahia Los Angeles, a project he began in 1984 at several areas in the bay. In this area, Steinbeck and Ricketts had recorded four species, and now more than 80 species have been found. Slugging Pole to Pole was the title of the presentation by photographer Kevin Lee, who took us on an illustrated travelogue of many of his trips around the globe. His photography was stunning, and he had so many photos to share that he ran out of time and finished his presentation only after the official end of the ISO. It was clear that he goes to great lengths to get the perfect shot, including braving surging waters and leopard seals. After taking the audience from tropical seas to the cold waters of the Arctic and Antarctic, he ended by showing pictures of beautiful nudibranchs that he took using a point-and-shoot camera off the shores of California, demonstrating that one doesn’t need to go far to see beauty. The last presentation I attended was Maria Moreno-Alcantara’s (Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur) report on a survey of holoplanktonic mollusks in the Golfo de Tehuantepec (Oaxaca, Mexico), where 40 species were found. These mollusks were most abundant in the deeper, mixed layers of water caused by eddies in the gulf created by the weather and wind patterns there. After Tuesday’s presentations, the group assembled under redwood trees for a group photo and then headed inside for the banquet. The two cakes decorated with the design for the meetings drew much attention and many snapshots. Figure 3. Attendees viewing posters at one of the evening sessions. The eating, drinking, and conversation in many languages continued until almost 1 1 :30 P.M., attesting to the friendships formed, old and new. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Janet Leonard and Hans Bertsch for arranging for and contributing the group photographs and to Carole Hertz for assistance in preparation of the manuscript. Literature Cited ABSTRACTS OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS 2012. Abstracts of the Western Society of Malacologists and International Workshop on Opisthobranchs. University of California, Santa Cruz. Vol. XLIV(ll): 2012 THE FESTIVUS Page 129 A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XLIV (2012) BERTSCH, HANS (reviewer) Book news: Russian Opisthobranchs (reviewed) 40 BIELER, RUDIGER (reviewer) Book news: Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Baja California to Peru 94 FORSYTH, ROBERT G. & PATRICK WILLISTON Terrestrial snails from an urban park in Vancouver, British Columbia 77 GARCIA, EMILIO F. Clathodnllia phasma (Schwengel, 1940) (Gastropoda: Drilliidae), an east Florida species reported herein from three quadrants of the Gulf of Mexico 65 GROVES, LINDSEY T. & PHIL LIFF-GRIEFF Polygy’ra cereoliis (Mtihlfeld, 1818) (Gastropoda: Polygyridae), the Southern Flatcoil, a recently introduced species in southern California 1 1 5 HERMOSILLO, ALICIA & CAROLE M. HERTZ The opisthobranch fauna of Isla Guadalupe, Mexican Pacific 35 HERTZ, CAROLE M. (editor) Montage from the March meeting 45 In Memoriam: John Arthur Bishop, MD 62 A pictorial view of the fun at the recent San Diego Shell Club Auction/potluck 73 HERTZ, CAROLE M. & JULES HERTZ (compilers) References with molluscan information on Mission Bay, San Diego, California (other than those in Tuskes, 2012) 30 HERTZ, JULES (compiler) Low tides for 2012 at San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico 9 A selected index to Volume XLIV (2012) 129 HEWITT, SUSAN J A five-minute survey of marine mollusks from the island of Antigua, Leeward Islands, West Indies 7 Further surveys of the marine mollusk fauna of the island of St. Kitts, Leeward Islands, West Indies, Part 1 68 A five-minute survey of marine mollusks from the island of Antigua, Leeward Islands, West Indies 81 A six-hour survey of the marine mollusks of the Island of Montserrat, Leeward Islands, West Indies 107 HEWITT, SUSAN J (reviewer) Book news: Antiguan shallow-water Seashells by Deng Yan Zhang 102 JACKSON, EMMA & CHRISTINA TORRES Pharmaceuticals at sea: effects of the pharmaceutical Ibuprofen on embryonic development of Stronglocentrotiis piirpuratiis 3 KRONENBERG, GIJS Gihbeniles gibbosus (Roding, 1798) (Caenogastropoda: Strombidae) from the Islas Galapagos? 46 LEIGHTON, DAVID (reviewer) Book news: Abalone Worldwide Haliotidae by Daniel L. Geiger & Buzz Owen 101 SASSl, ALEXANDER P. A few observations on the seashells of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 48 Report of the combined 45* Annual Meeting of The Western Society of Malacologists and the 4* International Workshop on Opisthobranchs 1 24 TUSKES, PAUL M. Survey of Mission Bay mollusks, San Diego, California 13 WALLER, DAVID B. Range extension ^ox Erosaria poraria (Mollusca: Cypraeidae) 55 Range extension for Erosaria albuginosa (Mollusca: Cypraeidae) 99 WIEDRICK, SHAWN G. Comments on Tripterotsphis lowei (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Tripterotyphinae) with new distribution ranges of the genus from the Panamic Province 91 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES III I II II II 1 1 I 3 9088 01 684 273 J » r i s u iy i' n I SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01734 0092