e FF THE BULLETIN OF THE FIELD MUSEUM o9g0zZ 90 ‘*‘uUojZBULYsemM ped 810N 33S N @AY UOLANALZSUOD B “4S YIOT yoxg ASeIGLL/FsuyT uUeLuosyzlLws = Fe] a = i= o > = za] 2 iS oS B = oS = = So > a ae ah feel Weak at: THE BULLETIN OF THE FIELD MUSEUM JULY*AUGUST 1998 5-8 9 Peter Crane, vice president of academic affairs and direc- tor, is elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society, a 338- year-old national science academy in London. A complete schedule of July/August events, including a list of programs offered in conjunction with the "Assignment: Rescue“ exhibit. The University of Oklahoma Press publishes The Field Museum's collection of baby bird paint- ings by famed artist and ornithologist George Sutton. John Weinstein /GN88714,01 LIVING COLORS: A Butterfly Garden Page 6 In the Museum's new summer exhibit, visitors can walk through an outdoor environment surrounded by hundreds of live butterflies. The exhibit features three typical Midwest habitats: a prairie, a woodland and a backyard garden. In Search Of The Lost Cave Of Tsavo’s Man-Eating Lions By Robert Vosper few months after being born in Chicago on Feb. 25, 1965, Tom Gnoske fell in love with a stuffed toy lion and wouldn't go anywhere without it. For four years, he refused to talk to anyone except his lion, a few other stuffed animal toys and, on occa- sion, his mother. Most of his relatives didn’t believe he could speak. What everyone did realize about this painfully shy child, who was watching Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom religiously every Sunday night before the age of five, was that he had an unusual fascination with wild animals, especially lions and tigers. To encourage his son’s interest, Tom's father took him to The Field Museum in 1969 to see the highlights: dinosaurs, Bushman and the fighting elephants of Stanley Field Hall — all of which mildly intrigued young Tom. But then, while walking through Hall 22, a once dark, mysterious exhibit space devot- ed to African megafauna, Tom spotted the two man-eating lions of Tsavo. As Tom stared in awe at the 10-foot-long feline predators, his father told him the story of how in 1898 the two adult, male, maneless lions killed and ate 130 railway workers in what is now Kenya's Tsavo National Park, a protected reserve the size of Massachusetts. The true story, now popularized in the 1996 film The Ghost and the Darkness, ends with John Henry Patterson, a British army officer and chief engineer for the Uganda Railway, hunt- ing down and killing the lions 12 months after they devoured their first human. A cou- ple of months later, while heading out to explore some “rocky looking hills” southwest of the railway bridge he was building over the Tsavo River, Patterson stumbled across something that made his skin crawl. “under an overhanging tree, stood a little sandy hillock, and on looking over the top of this I saw on the other side a fear- some-looking cave which seemed to run back for a considerable distance under the rocky bank," wrote Patterson in his 1907 book The Man-Eaters of Tsavo. “Round the entrance and inside the cave | was thunderstruck to find a number of human bones, with here and there a copper bangle such as the natives wear. Beyond all doubt, the man-eaters' den.” The story scared Tom so profoundly he never forgot it. A good thing too, because it set the stage 28 years later for an amazing story, the likes of which The Field Museum hasn't experienced since the turn of the cen- tury when Museum scientists returned from unexplored regions of the world with fantas- tic tales of discovery and adventure. On April 30, 1997, Tom Gnoske, chief preparator and assistant collection manager in the Museum’s bird division, and Julian Kerbis Peterhans, an adjunct curator in the mammal division and assistant professor at Chicago's Roosevelt University, rediscovered The Field Museum; John Patterson /293659 the man-eaters’ den that had remained hid- den for a century. With this discovery, Kerbis and Gnoske set off a firestorm of activities that will begin this fall with research projects headed by Chapurukha "Chap" Kusimba, assistant curator of African archaeology and ethnology, and Bruce Patterson, MacArthur Curator of mammals (who is not related to John Patterson). The discovery also led to an April 7, 1998, signing of an agreement with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) to collabo- rate on projects in Kenya relating to exhibits, education and research. But to understand how this discovery set these activities in motion, one must return to Gnoske's story. Interested in painting birds and mam- mals as a high-school student, Gnoske entered the Art Institute of Chicago in 1984 and later volunteered in the Museum's zool- ogy department to learn more about the functional anatomy of his subjects. In 1988, he accepted a position as preparator in the bird division and in 1997 a position as assis- tant collection manager of birds. During these early years, Gnoske spent most of his free time in the Museum's library compiling historical accounts of big cats preying on humans — a relatively rare occurrence in which the culprit is usually sick, injured or old. While collecting these stories, he befriended Julian Kerbis, who was working at the Museum on his doctoral research. As a kid, Kerbis grew up across the street from Lincoln Park Zoo and would lie in bed at night listening to the shrill cries of the zoo's hyenas drift across the lake front. He became so enamored by these wolflike carnivores that they later became the focus of his doc- toral work at the University of Chicago. And like Gnoske, he also became fascinated with man-eaters, though from a slightly different perspective. In his doctoral research, Kerbis analyzed bones from early human fossil sites to determine if they contained any clues as to whether the ancestors of modern-day humans were the hunters or the hunted. During some early research expeditions to East Africa, Kerbis and Gnoske started col- Tom Gnoske Above: Tom Gnoske (left) and Julian Kerbis (right) in front of the cave in April 1997. lecting contemporary sto- ries of man-eating inci- dents. For example, while carrying out research in Uganda’s Ruwenzori Moun- tains (Mountains of the Moon), they heard a story, later confirmed by Ugan- dan wildlife officials, of a lion in its midteens with a bizarre proclivity for eating bicyclists. The lion would hide in the grass alongside a road in south- western Uganda waiting for a victim to ride by. Running out of the grass at a speed exceeding that of an Olympic sprinter, the lion, which is ancient by most standards, would pounce on an unsuspecting bicyclist, drag him into the long grass and devour him on the spot. In describing the fate of the lion’s victims, local officials coined the term “meals on wheels.” After each trip, Gnoske and Kerbis’ files on these types of incidents grew thicker, fueling their growing fascination with man-eaters. This growing fascination eventually led Gnoske to reread Patterson’s book about his near-fatal encounter with the Tsavo lions. But every time he picked it up, he became more perplexed with Patterson's description of finding a lion cave. From what he under- stood, lions live and eat exclusively in the open. He finally decided to share the pas- sage with Kerbis. “My immediate impression was that this was a hyena den — lions aren't known to live in caves today and they certainly aren’t known to stash carcasses in hiding because they don't have to,” explains Kerbis. “Lions are the dominant predators that can pretty much eat things where they kill them. I assumed, without seeing the cave, that hye- nas had scavenged abandoned lion kills. In this case, the kills were human.” But Kerbis couldn't be sure unless he analyzed the types of bones Patterson had uncovered. For example, it is well document- Left: The cave as pho- tographed by John Patter- son in 1899. Continued on page 10 FROM THE PRESIDENT AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ASVANCEMEN? OF SCIENCE necro ISO YTARS ~ (Hah-1998. John Weinstein /GN881 Science And Nature Cover The Field f you want to study current trends in society, your best bet is to scan the mag- azine rack at your local bookstore. By looking at the covers of con- sumer magazines like Cosmopolitan, Rolling Stone and Esquire, you can quickly gauge which bands, actors, athletes, clothes and hairstyles are in vogue. But don't make any drastic changes to your wardrobe just yet, because what appears on the cover one month often fades into oblivion the next. Fortunately, the publishers of scientific journals and magazines operate under differ- ent rules. The discoveries and trends fea- tured on covers of publications like Science, Natural History, Nature and National Geographic are chosen not only because they are turning heads in the scientific community, but because they will have a lasting impact on the way we think about the Earth and its people. Each year, for the last three years, discov- erties by scientists connected to The Field Museum have graced the covers of two of the world’s most respected scientific journals: Sci- ence and Nature. These discoveries represent years of dedicated work by those involved and stand as remarkable tributes to the entire Museum scientific staff whose com- bined research efforts have made the Muse- um an international leader in the fields of evolutionary biology, paleontology, archaeol- ogy and ethnography. “Predatory Dinosaur Remains From Mada- gascar: Implications for the Cretaceous Bio- geography of Gondwana” — Cover of Science, May 15, 1998 In July 1996, an international team of paleon- tologists — including Field Museum research associates David Krause and Catherine Forster — unearthed on Madagascar an exquisitely preserved, 75-million-year-old skull of a predatory dinosaur called Majun- gatholus atopus, Nearly 29 feet in length, the SCIENCE 15 May 1998 $7.00: VoL. 280 + PACES 969-1156 JULY*AUGUST 1998 dinosaur was originally named for an isolated skull fragment thought to belong to a pachy- cephalosaur (dome-headed dinosaur). After Field Museum preparators cleaned the fossil, however, the team realized the dinosaur, with an equivalent bony hump above its eye sock- ets, was not a “bone-head” at all, but a carniv- orous theropod and distant cousin of T. rex. This finding is significant for understand- ing global distributions of dinosaurs because Majungatholus was previously the only pachy- cephalosaur reported from the southern hemisphere. In addition, it belongs to an enigmatic group of theropods called abelisaurids, otherwise known only from India and Argentina. The occurrence of these dinosaurs on such widely separated land- masses has important implications for under- standing the effect of plate tectonic movements during the Mesozoic “Age of Dinosaurs.” For those of you who want to see the skull, we have a mounted cast of it on dis- play in Stanley Field Hall with the real skull stored in our permanent research collections. As aside note, in previous research expeditions to the island — which included Greg Buckley, collections manager of fossil invertebrates and plants — the team found a diverse array of vertebrates, including sauro- pod dinosaurs, mammals, turtles, snakes, crocodiles and birds. “The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land”— Cover of Nature, Sept.4, 1997 Peter Crane, the Museum’s vice president of academic affairs and director, and Paul Ken- rick, post-doctoral scholar in the geology department, initiated a study in 1991 of both living and fossil plants to learn how they made the transition some 480 million years ago from living in the sea to living on land. In the summer of 1997, six years of effort came to fruition with the publication of their work both as a book and as a major review article in the international science journal Nature. Because of their research, scientists are now able to better understand how plants devel- oped from aquatic organisms of only a few liv- ing cells to massive organisms with complex reproductive stems and new features like wood, leaves and roots. All of their research, analysis and results are presented in detail in the book The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants (Smithsonian Institution Press) — Vol. 69, No. 4 Editor/Designer: Robert Vosper the first comprehensive application of cladis- tics to the massive body of data on both liv- ing and fossil plants. This book recently received the Henry Allan Gleason Award of the New York Botanical Garden for “an out- standing publication in the fields of plant tax- onomy, plant ecology and plant geography.” Paul Kenrick is now in charge of the most important paleobotanical collections in the world at the National Museum in London. “Paleoindian Cave Dwellers in the Amazon: The Peopling of the Americas” — Cover of Science, April 1996 While excavating the Caverna da Pedra Pinta- da, a cave on the north bank of the Amazon in Monte Alegre, Brazil, Anna Roosevelt, curator of archaeology, discovered evidence of early human habitation — including cave paintings, stone spear points and carbonized remains of fruit, nuts, wood, fish and small animals — dating back more than 11,000 years. For decades, archaeologists believed the first migrants to the Americas came across the Bering Strait from Asia about 11,200 years ago, settled in the North American high plains, then moved into South America down the Andean mountain chain, Most experts assumed these migrants were big-game hunters who avoided the rain forest where plant food and game were assumed to be scarce. Roosevelt's work is not only forcing scientists to rethink their long-held theories about how the Americas were populated but is shedding new light on the role of tropical forests in human evolution. Discover magazine named her discovery in their January 1997 issue as one of the top 100 science stories of 1996. And her research continues to make headlines, as evidenced in an April 8, 1998, Chicago Tribune article “Amazon Findings Blaz- ing Trails in Migration Theory.” Roosevelt's work was funded through grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and a fellowship from the MacArthur Foundation when she was at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. pe ae John W. McCarter, Jr. Field Museum President and CEO JULY: AUGUST 1998 The Field Museum Exploring The Earth And Its People In the Field (ISSN #1051~4546) is published bimonthly by The Field Museum, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago IL 60605-2496. Copy- right © 1998 The Field Museum, Subscriptions $6.00 annually, $3.00 for schools, Museum membership includes In the Field subscription. Opinions expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect policy of The Field Museum. Notification of address change should include address label and should be sent to Membership Department. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Jn the Field, The Field Museum, Roosevelt Ad. at Lake Shore Dr, Ghicago, IL 60605-2496, Second class postage paid at Chicago, Illinois, Museum phone: 312. 922.9410, IN THE FIELD | UPSTAIRS, DOWNSTAIRS DOWNSTAIRS John Weinstein /GN88697.6 Peter Crane Gains International Fame With Election To The Royal Society By Robert Vosper or many scientists, getting elected to the Royal Society as a Fellow is one of the greatest honors they can receive. After all, in becoming a Fellow the scientist joins a 338-year-old British institution whose mem- bers once included Sir Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. On May 14, 1998, the Society elected 40 new Fellows, including botanist and paleon- tologist Peter Crane, the Field Museum's vice president of academic affairs and director. “Obviously, | am extremely honored,” said Crane after hearing the news. “However, I'm especially excited for what it says about the overall quality of the research programs at the Museum. This recognition underlines the fact that the research being undertaken at The Field Museum — not just by me, but by many of our scientists — is truly world class.” The equivalent of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States, the Royal Society promotes the natural and applied sciences and recognizes excellence in the field through its elections, Each year, the Royal Society elects up to 40 new Fellows and six new Foreign Members. Fellows are drawn from citizens of British Commonwealth countries and the Irish Republic and must be proposed by six existing Fellows and assessed by sectional committees in each major field of science. Currently, there are 1,201 Fellows and 111 Foreign Members in the Society, including such notables as Sir David Attenborough, Christian de Duve, James Dewey Watson and Edward ©. Wilson. In accepting a fellowship, members of the Society are called upon to fulfill a wide range of tasks for and on behalf of the institution. For many, this means substantial time and effort, given voluntarily, in the cause of sci- ence and the Royal Society. Crane, a British citizen, is distinguished for his many contributions to understanding the origin and early evolution of angiosperms (flowering plants) and their massive ecological impact on plant and animal life throughout the world. According to a state- ment from the Society, his research is “noted for combining the approaches of the earth and life sciences to bring a new perspective to the old controversy surrounding angiosperm origins.” His current research focuses on the fossil history of land plants and especially the early evolution of flowering plants and associated vegetational changes in the Cretaceous Peri- od, between 140 million and 70 million years ago. Crane's fieldwork has taken him all over the world, including to the northeastern Unit- ed States and central Portugal, where his team recovered exquisitely preserved, 100- million-year-old microscopic flowers. Much of his work is designed to improve understand- ing of the large-scale biotic and environmen- tal changes that occurred during the critical mid-Cretaceous phase of Earth history. In addition to his overall responsibility for the Museum’s collections and research programs as vice president of academic Peter Crane (above) is the fifth curator in Field Museum history to be elected to a national science academy. The others were geologist David M. Raup, who was elected in 1979; zoologist Karl P. Schmidt, who was elected in 1956; anthropologist Berth- hold Laufer, who was elected in 1930; and anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber, who was elected in 1928. affairs, Crane is the Museum's A. Watson Armour III Curator of geology and a professor in the geophysical sciences department at the University of Chicago. New Program Targets Preschoolers hile attending The Field Museum's recent The 2 of Us” program, a group of preschoolers (above) learned firsthand how snakes like this harmless garter use their elongated, scaly bodies to slither around. The program — a series of hands-on learning activities in a classroom setting — is part of The Siragusa Foundation Early Childhood Ini- tiative aimed at teaching children ages three to six about natural history and instructing Parents and teachers how to use the Museum and its resources. “When | walked around the Museum, I used to see young children running all over the building with their parents in tow and wasn't sure whether they were really learning anything," says Connie Sulkin, the program's coordinator. “We created the program to teach children, parents and teachers how to use the Museum and how to become more IN THE FIELD Hrocnd lar, Adler Planetarium Almost 30 ¥ uly 20, 1969, U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong o.walk on the Moon. Trace the history of U.S. space flight as the Adler celebrates Space Day. During the cel- ebration, visitors can make’ paper models of famous spacecraft, learn about the Moon and Mars and participate in a “spacey” scav- enger hunt. Sunday, July 19, 11 a.m. to 3.p:m» The Dog Star, Sirius, was an important part of thé lives of Egyptians several thousand years ago. During Adler's Dog Days of August cel- ebration, visitors can listen to Egyptian Dog Star myths, learn about Egyptian astronomy and celebrate the flooding of the pie River. observant. We also wanted to encourage fam- Saturday, August 8, 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. ilies to explore exhibits in small bites.” Other programs of the Initiative, which is funded by The Siragusa Foundation, include: “Story Time: Facts, Fables and Fiction,” in which children learn about the Museum and its exhibits through songs, stories and art activities; “Interpretive Stations," in which Museum volunteers use touchable objects to educate children about exhibit-related top- ics; and “Parents as Teachers First,” a collabo- ration with the Chicago Public Schools in which the Museum trains mentors who work with children on home-learning activities that promote social and academic development. Sulkin is also developing self-guided tours for families, teachers and school groups. For more information about The Siragusa Founda- tion Early Childhood Initiative, please call Connie Sulkin at 312.922.9410, ext. 740. Shedd Aquari It's a harmonious combination: Seaho the Shedd. Every Thursday evening. th lovers — and everyone else — ¢ special exhibit, "Seahor pipefishes, trumpetfishe aphony and Jazzin’ at 1 September, music hhedd Aquarium's new eaturing seahorses, riginal soundtrack by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra © can hear live jazz in a relaxed out- door setting overlo ike Michigan and the skyline. The music starts at 5 p.m.Oceanarium and special exhibit admission on Thurs- days is only $6 for adults, $5 for seniors and children. Aquarium-only admission is free. For more information, call 312.939.2438. JULY*AUGUST 1998 MUSEUM CAMPUS Museum Campus Trolley System Gets Boost From Congress; Museum Initiative Passes General Assembly John Weinstein /GN88748,43 sy Top: The finished Muse- um Campus. Nol so long ago, the park in front of the building used to be a paved parking lot for employees and the north- bound lane of Lake Shore By Robert Vosper f The Field Museum and its Museum Cam- pus partners were gamblers, then May 22, 1998, would have been a great day for them to have hit the high-stakes poker tables in Las Vegas. On that day, Congress appropriat- ed $4.25 million for the Museum Campus trol- ley system, and the Illinois General Assembly approved, as part of the State budget, Gov. Jim Edgar's $55-million Museum Initiative. The $4,25 million Congressional appro- priation, which is part of the Intermodal Sur- face Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), will be used to expand the existing corporate- sponsored trolley service that shuttles visi- tors from Soldier Field parking lots to the three campus institutions. Most of the funds will support the purchase of new trolleys, their conversion to alternate fuel and the expansion of the system to nearby CTA and Metra stations, as well as to lake-front attrac- tions like Navy Pier and Grant Park. Ultimate- ly, the expansion will improve visitor access to the Museum Campus, reduce area traffic congestion and curb noise and air pollution. “The Museum Campus is the gateway to the heart of our city," said Illinois Representa- tive Danny K. Davis, who spearheaded the project with the help of Illinois Senators Carol Moseley-Braun and Dick Durbin, and Illinois Representative Luis Gutierrez. “Chicago is indeed fortunate to be one of the great cul- tural centers of the world, and all of us must work to keep it that way. The free trolleys and other recent innovations and improvements at the Museum Campus add to the world- class status of our museums and will be a delight to the millions of our citizens and visi- tors who come to the Chicago lake front.” On the same day Congress passed ISTEA, the Illinois General Assembly in Springfield approved the State budget for fiscal year 1999, which included the Museum Initiative proposed earlier this year by Gov. Edgar at a ceremony in The Field Museum. It calls for making available to Illinois museums over the next five years $50 million for the creation of new exhibits and for capital improvements. In addition, the State will set aside $5 million for museums to use in developing creative edu- cational programs for Illinois school children. Discovery, Fun And Adventure Await At The Campus ow that the Museum Campus is officially completed, the Chicago Park District, The Field Museum, Adler Planetarium and Shedd Aquarium will be offering Campus visi- tors a host of free entertainment throughout the summer. The schedule and location for these activities are as follows: Drive used to run between the Shedd and the Field. The Adler Satellite Tent, located outside the Adler Planetarium, will feature hands-on activities that combine the learning and fun of the three campus museums every Friday, Sat- urday and Sunday through Labor Day week- end from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. At this tent, visitors Come visit the brand new, expanded Field Museum Store. A delight for all ages and interests, It's a new world marketplace on the shore of Lake Michigan fea- turing objects from around the globe, as well as books, gifts inspired by nature and educational toys for children. The store is located just inside the south entrance to the building. Museum admission is not required, can create their own sundials, transform them- selves into butterflies and “virtually” race fish against a Ferrari and a bus. The Big Bang Tent, located in the center of the Museum Campus, will feature carnivals and theater performances by Midnight Circus based on the museums’ themes of earth, sea and sky. Performances by this eclectic group of actors, acrobats and musicians will be 30 minutes long and will be presented five times daily at 1] a.m., 12:30 p.m., 2 p.m., 3:30 p.m. and 5 p.m. The Chicago Architecture Foundation will offer 45-minute architectural walking tours relating to the history of the lake front, the creation of the campus and the remarkable architecture of the three museum buildings. Throughout July, tours will be available every Thursday at 6 p.m. and every Saturday at 10 a.m. and | p.m.; additional days and times to be determined. Please call 312.409.4178 for more information. 7/ ] Wednesday Assignment: Rescue Performance Piece 2—4 p.m. See “A Thousand Faces,” an original performance piece created by The Field Muse- um/Music Theater Workshop Teens Together Ensemble. Through movement, monologue, scenes, poetry and song, teens will bring the "Assignment: Rescue” exhibit to life by becoming both real and fictional characters encountered by Varian Fry during his rescue efforts. Free with regular admission. Continues Tuesdays through Fridays in July and August. For more information, call 312.322.8854. 7/ 3 Sunday Assignment: Rescue Storytelling 2 — 2:45 p.m. Join Marilyn Price for “Stories of Heroes, Heroines and History” in which she weaves humor and wisdom into tales from the Jewish folk tradition. This experienced story- teller also uses a magical blend of history, ethics and values in her narratives, Additional presentations on July 19, August 1, 15 and 29. For all ages. Free with Museum admission. For more information, call 312.322.8854. 7/1 2 Sunday Assignment: Rescue Dialogue 2 —3 p.m. Psychologist Eva Fishell Lichten- berg discusses the “Assignment: Rescue” exhibit and her own journey of escape from Germany as a child. Intended for families with older children. Additional presentation on July 26. Free with Museum admission. For more information, call 312.322.8854. 7/1 9 Sunday Assignment: Rescue Field Trip 9 a.m. — 5:30 p.m, Spend a day exploring Chicago connections to the work of Varian Fry with Irving Cutler, professor emeritus at Chica- go State University. Cutler will lead a daylong excursion to several Chicago museums, including the Spertus Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Art Institute and the University of Chicago's Smart Museum of Art. It also includes a guided tour of the “Assignment: Rescue” exhibit. Lunch and transportation by bus included. $65 ($55 members). For more information or to register, call 312.322.8854, 7/ 2 3 Thursday 7/ 2 4 Friday Members’ Nights 5—11 p.m. Come see all the Museum's sum- mer attractions in full swing, including "Living Colors: A Butterfly Garden;” the new dinosaur prep lab; the Museum Campus; and, of course, all the behind-the-scenes favorites that have made Members’ Nights a part of Chica- go history. This is a members-only event. 8/ 8 Saturday Assignment: Rescue Dialogue 2 —3 p.m. Walter Reed will share his experi- ences as a teenager in an internment camp in Southern France during 1940, his escape from Europe and his return as a GI conducting intelligence work. Designed for families with older children. Additional presentation on August 22. Free with Museum admission, For more information, call 312.322.8854. 8/1 3 Thursday Lecture And Book Signing: An Affair With Africa 6 p.m. Join author Alzada Carlisle Kistner as she discusses her most recent book, An Affair with Africa, which chronicles her numerous expeditions to Africa with husband, David Kistner — the world’s leading authority on the rare beetles that live with army ants and ter- mites. An Affair with Africa begins in 1960 with their research expedition into the myste- rious terrain of the Belgian Congo where the ASSIGNMENT: RESCUE The Story Of Varian Fry And The Emergency Rescue Committee currently on display until Aug. 30, 1998, reveals through photographs, walk-in envi- ronments, artifacts, artwork and documents the extraordinary story of Varian Fry, an Amer- ican relief worker responsible for rescuing 2,000 anti-Nazi refugees from Vichy France during World War II. Among those he rescued were Hannah Arendt, Victor Brauner, André Breton, Marc Chagall, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst and Jacques Lipchitz. Fry, an American foreign-policy editor, undertook a daring mission to France in 1940 to rescue anti-Nazi artists, scientists, writers, intellectuals and political refugees. Repre- senting the Emergency Rescue Committee, a private American relief organization created when France fell to Germany, Fry entered ] he exhibit “Assignment: Rescue," which is Vichy (the unoccupied portion of France) to offer assistance and support to political, intel- lectual and artistic refugees endangered by the “Surrender on Demand’ clause of the Franco-German Armistice. This clause required the Vichy government to extradite any German nationals the Gestapo demand- ed. After arriving in Marseilles, armed only with a YMCA card entitling him admission to the country as a relief worker, Fry soon dis- covered that the French and American author- ities would offer him little or no assistance. Realizing the refugees would have to flee in secret, Fry began a perilous clandestine rescue mission from his room at the Hotel Splendide and later from the Centre Améri- cain de Secours, a legal cover for his opera- tion. With a team of Europeans and American couple became entangled in the turmoil of Africa’s violent revolution. The book, which captures the allure of Africa and its political chaos, ends with the story of her nine-month excursion across the continent in 1972. Cur- rently, Kistner is the associate editor of the journal Sociobiology. The lecture and book signing are free; no advance registration is necessary. For more information, call 312.322.8854. Parking is available for $5 in the East Parking Lot on McFetridge Drive. 8/3 0 Sunday Assignment: Rescue Film Viewing And Discussion With The Filmmaker 1 - 2 p.m. View the final screening of Lisa Fit- tko — We Said We Will Not Surrender, a film by Con- stance Zahn featuring activist Lisa Fit- tko and her husband, Hans. Learn how this couple played a crucial role in aiding Varian Fry and the Emergency Res- cue Committee by leading antifascist resis- tance fighters, as well as important political and cultural figures to safety (see below). The film highlights her personal experiences as a young woman in Berlin, her escape to Prague in 1933 and her work organizing an escape route through the Pyrenees. After the film, Fit- tko and Zahn will speak about the five years they worked together on this film. This event is free with general admission. See the “Free Visitor Programs” page for a listing of dates and times the film will be shown in July and August. The film is in German with English subtitles. Call 312.322.8854 for more information. Below: For six months between 1940 and 1941, Lisa Fittko and her hus- band risked their lives leading groups of anti- Nazi refugees to freedom through the Pyrenees. Fittko is now 88 years old and lives in Chicago. Isolde Ohlbaum associates, Fry forged documents, exchanged money on the black market and devised escape routes to Spain. The French, however, cut Fry's mission short when they expelled him in 1941. Varian Fry remained haunted by the knowledge that his mission had been incom- plete. He died in 1967, shortly after receiving the Croix du Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor. In 1996, he was the first American named “Righteous Among the Nations" by Yad Vashem (Israel's Holocaust Remem- brance Authority) in recognition of rescue performed by a non-Jew on behalf of Jews in the face of life-threatening danger. Above: Photographs of key members of Varian Fry's Emergency Rescue Committee, as well as some of the forged docu- ments they created to help 2,000 anti-Nazi refugees escape from Vichy France. EXHIBITS John Weinstein /GN88717.254 magine: It's spring and all around you the world is turning green, the trees are bud- ding and the flowers are coming into bloom. There's rich-pink phlox and white-meadow rue, fragrant lavender and lilac, red-bee balm and daisies with golden eyes. Everything smells fresh and new, and the air is filled with the sound of gently flowing water. As the sun warms the air, a flash of red, coppery orange and bright yellow catches your eye. One by one, butterflies are spread- ing their wings, welcoming the sun and taking flight. Soon the space around you is filled with a rainbow of living colors: butterflies, every- where you look. . hundreds of them — chas- ing each other, sipping nectar from the flowers and flying within inches of your head. If you’re very quiet, maybe one of them will land on your shoulder. Welcome to “Living Colors: A Butterfly Garden." It’s more than an exhibit; it’s an experience in nature that is currently on display until Sept. 7, 1998. At the building's south terrace, the Museum has constructed an enchanted garden of living colors in an expansive screened-in area. Here visitors can follow a path through a natural environment and experience three typical Mid- west habitats: a prairie with grass- lands, pond and stream; a woodland with trees and a water- fall; and a very special backyard garden. In each area, the Museum has planted native flowers and grasses; trees and shrubs — all specially chosen to appeal to butterflies and moths. Though it is natural, the Museum has left nothing to chance. It has stocked the garden with native Midwest lepidoptera — 38 species of butterflies and moths (about 1,000 individ- uals at any given time), The garden is designed to be a glorious sensory experience in which visitors are encouraged to linger and investigate the exhibit’s natural surprises, For example, a mottled brown "leaf” may suddenly open and reveal itself as a beautiful red admiral, or a spicebush swallowtail may land ona John Weinstein /GN88716.16 Above: After walking through the butterfly garden, visitors enter the interpretive center where they can learn more about butterfly behavior. Philippine Centennial Exhibits ry and emphasizes the creative skills of Fil- ipinos throughout the country’s different regions. A highlight of the exhibit is the Agu- san Statue, a solid gold statue of a Buddhist or Hindu deity discovered on the island of Mindanao and dating from 1000 AD to 1300 AD. This statue reflects the long history of contact between the Philippines and other world cultures. The second exhibit, “Vanishing Treasures of the Philippine Rain Forest," highlights the rare birds and mammals found only in the Philippines and the ecological crisis that threatens their future. n celebration of the Philippine Centennial, The Field Museum has created two special exhibits: “Voyage of a Nation: The Philip- pines,” and “Vanishing Treasures of the Philippine Rain Forest,” both of which are currently on display until Nov. 29, 1998. “Voyage of a Nation: The Philippines” is a 3,500-square-foot exhibit featuring 120 cultur- al artifacts from the Museum’s collections, as well as from collections of other cultural insti- tutions and the Filipino community. It recalls significant events in the island nation’s histo- Middle: A young boy goes looking for a butter- fly in one of the exhibit's natural areas. Top Left: A luna moth (Actias luna) finds comfort in the hands of a young visitor. m Left: On May 29, 1998, the Museum raised the Philippine flag outside the north entrance in a cere- mony marking the opening of the two Philippine Centennial exhibits. Pictured to the left is Peter Crane, vice president of academic affairs and director, who gave the opening remarks and introduced Dr. Max Basco, chairman of the Philippine Centennial Committee, and Emelinda Lee-Pineda, Philippine Consul General. At the end of the ceremony, the children (right) recited the Philippine Pledge of Allegiance in Tagalog, the official language of the Philippines. Right; The Agusan Statue. JULY> From left to right are Stanley Dvorak; Janet Voight, associate curator of inverte- cation department for the brates in the zoology department; and Field Museum President John McCarter. IN THE FIELD Kim Mazanek /GN88674.18 JULY*AUGUST 1998 UPSTAIRS, DOWNSTAIRS Left: The Friends of The Field Museum Library got a sneak pre- view of Baby Bird Portraits by George Sutton on April 24, 1998, at Joel Oppenheimer’s gallery in Chicago. The reception included a lecture and book signing by Paul Johnsgard, the book's author. Shown here are Joel Oppenheimer (left) and Brooks McCormick (right). For information about joining The Friends of The Field Museum Library, please call 312.322.8874. Museum Publishes Guidebook ith 300,000 square feet of exhibit space containing thousands of objects, it’s easy to understand why some Field Museum visitors feel a little overwhelmed. To help solve that problem, the Muse- um recently published a guidebook, An Explorer’s Guide to The Field Museum, written by Logan Ward, a journalist who covers art, travel and environmental issues. The colorful, 72-page book highlights 60 objects from the Museum's collection — 30 from nature and 30 from global cultures. Plants, ani- mals, rocks and fossils fill the first half of the book. Objects of human culture from Asia, the South Pacific, South Ameri- ca, Egypt and other parts of Africa constitute the second section. Each object is assigned a number keyed to two maps in the book. The first map is a floor plan that shows visitors where to find the object; the second is a world map showing the origin of each object. Available at the Museum and local bookstores, An Explorer’s Guide to The Field Museum sells for $5 and is intended to be used repeatedly on return visits to the Museum. THE FIELD MUSEUM Po nots rrr The Field Museum; John Patterson /48827 Above: A photograph taken by John Patterson of the railway a few miles south of Tsavo Bridge. On the left and right of the tracks are the 9-foot-tall wait-a-bit bushes that extend like a thick blan- ket throughout Tsavo National Park. Field Museum scientists hope to learn whether these bushes are the reason why some male lions in the area are maneless. ed that after feeding at a kill site, hyenas will bring back to their dens bones rich in bone marrow (like femora and humeri), break them open and extract the soft, vascular fatty tissue embedded inside. On the other hand, if a lion lived in a cave it would most likely drag an entire carcass back from a kill site. Kerbis and Gnoske agreed it would be worth finding the cave. “In all my research in the Middle East and Africa, | rarely found a carnivore den contain- ing any significant quantities of human remains,” says Kerbis, “I think Tom wanted to confirm whether it was a lion den. Though that question interested me, my desire to find the cave focused more on documenting the types of human bones a large predator would leave behind, which would be useful in my research into early human fossil sites.” But before they had a chance to locate it, the mystery took a strange twist. A few years after their initial discussion, Kerbis showed the passage to Chap Kusimba, a native of Kenya who was studying the preur- ban cultures of the East African coast. Upon reading the passage, Kusimba turned to his colleague and told him that Patterson may have uncovered a burial site belonging to the Wataita who inhabited the area until 1948 when the Kenyan government created Tsavo National Park. As he explained, the Wataita often buried their dead in shallow graves, dis- interred the bodies, removed just the skulls and placed them in rock shelters. Now the mystery and questions surround- ing the cave were more than any of the three could resist. From a research perspec- tive, they agreed the den was far too important to ignore. Kusimba was the first to search for the den. In the summer of 1996, as part of his yearly pilgrimage to his archeological site in Mtwapa, about 15 miles north of Mombasa on Kenya’s coast, he took a break to visit Tsavo National Park. His main objective was to get permission from KWS for Field Museum researchers to search for the cave, but he also took the opportunity to scout out the area. Patterson's sketchy description of finding the cave after walking up a dry river bed toward some “rocky looking hills” to the southwest of Tsavo Bridge served as Kusimba’s guide. Though he found no evidence of the cave, Kusimba returned to Chicago with the full support of KWS for the project and with a contact in the KWS research office by the name of Samuel Andanje. Kerbis was the next member of the team to visit Tsavo. Before leading a field research training program in Uganda, he and his wife, Pamela Austin, spent five days in Tsavo in Jan- uary 1997 as Andanje’s guests. At the park, Naftali Kio, head warden of Tsavo's eastern JULY*AUGUST 1998 In Search Of The Lost Cave ... Continued from page | section and a graduate of the Museum's Advanced Training Program, lent them a vehi- cle, a driver, two KWS rangers and two mem- bers of his elite antipoaching unit. During the trip, the couple searched to the southeast of the bridge, often as far as eight miles from the Tsavo River — all in the blistering heat of the area's arid and hostile environment and encountering at every step the ngoja kidogo (wait-a-bit) thorn bushes that envelop the entire landscape. The thorns of these bushes are so strong and sharp they can literally rip the clothes from a person’s back. Though they uncovered two promising river beds that matched Patterson's description of finding the cave after walking up a dry ravine shaded by doum palms — one of which they investigated extensively — they could not locate the cave. “God, it was frustrating,” says Kerbis. “We were so comprehensive in our search, going up every stream bed as described in Patter- son's book and then looking at all the off- shoots. Overall, | think we found about six caves, none of which remotely matched Pat- terson's description.” The team was beginning to wonder if it was worth continuing. But Kerbis and Gnoske decided to take one more stab at it, this time with the help of Ben Marks, a collection assistant in the bird division. In March 1997, after working with Ugandan researchers as part of the MacArthur- funded African Tropical Biodiversity Program in the Impenetrable Forest of Uganda and conducting collection research in a highland swamp along Rwanda's border, the three hopped aboard a dilapidated bus to Tsavo. “Though we couldn't use Field Museum time or funding to search for the den, we were determined to find a way to do it,” says Gnoske. “After our work concluded, we scraped together personal funds and left for Kenya on a grueling 18-hour bus ride from Kampala.” On the first day, the team spent 10 hours investigating every inch of the last remaining stream bed identified by Kerbis in the earlier trip but found no evidence of the cave. Exhausted and dehydrated, they returned to the area where they believed Patterson had camped and where the lions had focused their reign of terror. “We stood in this spot and considered all the possibilities such as poor coordinates and shifting sands and stream courses that may have buried the cave,” explains Gnoske. “One thing we knew is that there was no point in deviating from Patterson's description because the area is so vast. Without the book, it would have been like trying to find a needle in a haystack.” They agreed that since their searches had been so comprehensive, there had to be something wrong with Patterson's directions. They didn’t think the cave was any further from the bridge than they had already searched because Patterson wasn't foolish enough to leave camp for a lengthy expedi- tion with only one porter — whom he called “moota” (fatty) — and with few supplies other than a .303 caliber sporting rifle. In addition, he couldn't go too far because he was still overseeing the construction of the bridge. The other option was that Patterson had made a navigational error, something the team ruled out because of Patterson's vast experience in the field as a seasoned British army officer and a distinguished engineer. “At this point none of this was making any sense,” says Gnoske. “We were at our rope's end.” Then Kerbis remembered catching an error in Patterson’s book in which he described the confluence of the Tsavo River and the Athi/Galana rivers meeting to the northwest, when in fact they meet to the northeast. He also pointed out that when Pat- terson went out to explore the “rocky looking hills” from his camp, he described crossing the Tsavo River — which would have been impossible since his camp was already south of it! Gnoske then admitted he thought the scattering of boulders to the northwest of the bridge looked much more like “rocky looking hills” than the large solid granite structure in the southwest toward which they had focused their searches. In Tom's view, this structure looked more like Mount Rushmore than a hill. However, they still weren’t convinced Pat- terson had made a mistake. They reluctantly agreed to conduct a preliminary search in the morning of the area to the northwest of the river. That night, Gnoske found the evidence that transformed a scouting mission into a full- fledged search. Unable to sleep, knowing this was his last chance to find the cave, Gnoske decided to review Patterson’s book — what he found in light of Kerbis’ comments shocked him. Throughout the book where Patterson gave directional coordinates, he was consistently 90 degrees off. From Tsavo, he wrote he could see Mount Kilimanjaro to the south, when it is to the west. He wrote that the Ndungu Escarp- ment was to the east, when it is to the north. And he wrote that the N’dii Range was to the south, when it is to the west. The next morning, Gnoske told Kerbis of his late-night discovery. What they believe happened was that when Patterson wrote his book eight years after discovering the cave, he incorrectly oriented the hand-drawn map he was using as a reference by 90 degrees. Alternatively, the map was wrong, or the book's editor incorrectly transcribed his notes. This new information sent their confi- dence soaring. They jumped into a jeep, drove down the Mombasa-Nairobi Highway that splits the park in half, crossed the Tsavo Bridge and drove up the river’s northern bank. Within minutes they discovered a dry stream bed with doum palms majestically lining its banks. On foot and accompanied by KWS per- sonnel, they split into four groups: one went down the left bank, one down the right, one down the middle and one following all three. After 45 minutes, Gnoske, a member of the fourth group, heard Kerbis shouting from across the ravine. He ran toward the screams, working his way through a tangled cluster of wait-a-bit bushes until he entered a clearing. Directly ahead stood a smiling Kerbis in front of what could only be described as a “fear- some-looking cave.” To confirm their discovy- ery, Kerbis and Gnoske compared it to a copy of a grainy black and white photograph Patter- son took when he found the cave in 1899 (see p. 1). The two caves were identical. Like a cou- ple of anxious children on Christmas morning, Gnoske and Kerbis scrambled up to the mouth of the cave, pushed past some stran- gler fig roots blocking the entrance and entered a dark chamber 4 feet high, 15 feet wide and about 20 feet deep. In the back, about 2 feet off the ground, a small opening led to a narrow chamber that Kerbis, the thin- ner of the two men, could only investigate by IN THE FIELD “squirming around like a salamander.” Their initial joy, however, turned to bitter disappointment. Other than a few bats and a wasp’'s nest Kerbis found the hard way, the cave was empty: Nothing — no bones, no copper bangles, just a thin layer of red sand covering the cave's rocky floor. “It was really disappointing,” says Kerbis. “Tom was really frantic because the last thing we had to do to confirm this whole story was to find some bones; even a tooth would have satisfied us. It immediately became clear that the cave was right in the middle of a seasonal stream bed and that the cave's con- tents had Jong since washed away. In fact, from what I could tell, the cave was carved out by the stream.” Kerbis was so upset he went out fora walk and happened to find a collapsed eagle's nest. While Kerbis investigated the nest to take his mind off the cave, he could hear Tom frantically scraping the cave's rocky floor with his fingers hoping to find some evi- dence of human remains. Once their initial disappointment sub- sided, Kerbis and Gnoske realized that by excavating the cave and stream bed they might be able to recover some of the bones — something that would take much planning and the expertise of an archaeologist. The next day they asked KWS Regional Director John Muhanga for permission to assemble a Museum team to excavate the area. Muhanga was so overjoyed with the dis- covery that he not only agreed to the project but began talking about creating near the cave an interpretative center and an exhibit about the lions (the cave is only a mile from the Mombasa-—Nairobi Highway). He then asked whether they would help KWS create a research-based educational center in Voi, a town 40 miles south of the cave. Their initial discussions eventually culminated in an insti- tution-wide memorandum of understanding between the Museum and KWS, which Field Museum President John McCarter and KWS Director David Western signed on April 7, 1998, at The Field Museum. Back in Chicago, their discovery took on a life of its own (all of which will be covered in more detail in future issues of In the Field). Chap Kusimba agreed to begin excavating the cave and the stream bed in the fall of 1998 in collaboration with Dr. Karega—Munene, head of archaeology at the National Museums of Kenya. Kusimba also decided to take the opportunity to learn more about the different cultures that have inhabited the park and how they carved out an existence in Tsavo’s hostile environment. As part of his research, Kusimba will study the ivory and slave caravans of Arab traders that snaked through the park for 2,000 years, ending a few years after Patterson shot the lions. Because the slaves and porters suf- fered unimaginable conditions along these routes, which ran from the East African coast to Africa's interior, many died along the way or were too weak to continue. There is enough Right: John Patterson with one of the Tsavo lions he shot and killed in 1898. He killed the first lion on Dec. 9, 1898, and brought the second one down three weeks later. The lions were so heavy, it took eight men to carry each carcass back to the campsite. After com- pleting the railroad, Patterson became chief game war- documentation to suggest lions and hyenas fed on these poor souls and that humans became a dietary fixture for the area's preda- tors. Therefore, the Tsavo lions that Patterson encountered probably were continuing a behavior passed down to them through the generations. In the minds of these lions, Patterson's camp was simply a caravan that didn't move. Meanwhile, Bruce Patterson agreed to study the extent of Tsavo's maneless lion population and to conduct DNA tests to learn whether their lack of manes is a result of living among the wait-a-bit thorn bushes or is the result of a genetic trait. Though still in the planning stages, KWS will consider the request of Gnoske and Bruce Patterson to remove several live lions from the park and to raise them in the United States to see if they will grow manes. KWS will pick maneless lions that would otherwise have to be destroyed because they wandered out off the park and wreaked havoc on the local populace. During the excavation, Kerbis will analyze any bones unearthed by Kusimba to see if they show any distinctive gnaw marks that might suggest whether the cave belonged to a hyena ora lion. And because 28 Indian “coolies” were among the 130 railway workers killed, the team should be able to tell from dental patterns whether the bones belonged to individuals from sub-Saharan Africa or from the Indian subcontinent. If they find remains of Indians, then Patterson was correct to assume he had found his slain railway crew. In addition, Kerbis will explore Tsavo’s prehistoric bone-filled lava tubes to docu- ment how the area's environment has changed over time. Gnoske, an experienced taxidermist, will continue to be involved by assisting on all the projects and helping KWS set up the facil- ity in Voi and the interpretative center near the den. “All of us credit Tom with the interest and vision for the comprehensive research pro- gram that has now developed around the man-eaters,” says Bruce Patterson. “In a real sense, this integrated program has been founded on a 5-year-old’s sense of wonder- ment of a museum exhibit and nurtured by the unrelenting curiosity that it created. Not bad for two 75-year-old exhibit mounts.” George Papadakis /GN87713,7C den in Kenya and later served with the British Army in World War |. He lectured widely on his conquest and, after speaking at The Field Museum in 1924, sold the skins and skulls of the lions to the Museum. The man-eating lions of Tsavo (above) are currently on display in the Rice Wildlife Research Station. 1920 Eble The Museum placed on exhibit a white rhinocer- os collected during the Conover—Everard African Expedition of 1926-1927. Field Museum taxider- mist Leon Walters prepared the specimen and used the cellulose-acetate process he invented to recreate the rhino’s thick skin. President Stanley Field purchased the single heaviest and largest meteorite ever recorded at the time. The meteorite, weighing 745 pounds, tore into a field near Paragould, Ark, on Feb. 17, 1930, at 4:05.a.m. It hit the Earth with such force it left a 9-foot-deep crater in the ground; the sound of which could be heard as far north as Poplar Bluff, Mo. and as far east as Covington, Tenn. Museum zoologists sailed from San Francisco on a steamship bound for Aitutaki, which is part of the Cook Island chain of volcanic and coral _ islands 2,000 miles northeast of New Zealand. At the time, it was the most remote and least known island of the Pacific Ocean. According to Field Museum News, very few foreigners had set foot on the island that “is sparsely populated» by natives whose life is entirely inmodified by civilization.” Th Field Mus im complete an exhibit of an extinct group of small three-toed horses (Meso- hippus) that lived in North America 38 million years ago. With this display, the Museum became from French Indo-China (\ iet m, Cambodia and Laos). Included tion was a new species of black mo a white back, sev- _ eral new species of squirre and a small deer pre- _ viously unknown to science. The Field Museum; John Patterson /293658 IN THE FIELD JULY*AUGUST 1998 11] Field Museum Tours at a Glance Jungle Rivers of South America: The Amazon and Orinoco Oct. 27, 1998, to Nov. 11, 1998 Duration: 16 days Guest Leader; naturalist Morgan Smith Price: Starts at $4,950, including airfare from Miami. Arabian Adventure: Yemen and Oman Nov. 11, 1998, to Nov. 26, 1998 Duration: 15 days Guest Leader: Willard White, vice president of institutional advancement Price: $7,400, including airfare from Chicago. The Far Side of Antarctica by Icebreaker Nov. 17, 1998, to Dec. 19, 1998 Duration: 33 days Guest Leader: polar scientist Rita Mathews Price: $18,995; airfare not included. “The Falkland Islands @ Africa and the Indian Ocean by Private Jet Feb. 7, 1999, to March 3, 1999 Duration: 25 days Field Museum Leader: zoologist Bruce Patterson Price: $27,950, including airfare London/London via private, first-class jet. Eamarene pe Tanzania Migration Safari Feb. 11, 1999, to Feb. 24, 1999 Duration: 14 days Field Museum Leader: zoologist William Stanley Price: $5,890, including airfare from Chicago. Jan. 19, 1999, to Feb. 1, 1999 Duration: 14 days Guest Leader: polar scientist Rita Mathews Price: Starts at $4,395; airfare not included. ® Egyptian Odyssey Jan. 24, 1999, to Feb. 7, 1999 Duration: 15 days Field Museum Leader: anthropologist Jonathan Haas Price: $4,295, including airfare from Chicago. Costa Rica’s Wildlife and Ecology Jan. 29, 1999, to Feb. 7, 1999 Duration: 10 days Field Museum Leader: botanist William Burger Price: $3,125, including airfare from Chicago. ® The Philippines: Islands of Diversity Feb. 13, 1999, to March 3, 1999 Duration: 19 days Field Museum Leader: zoologist Lawrence Heaney Price: TBA. FIELD MUSEUM TOURS wii ii 800.811.7244 1299 Spring, Summer and Fall February Exploring the Yachtsman’s Caribbean March Family Adventure to Belize April Micronesia Expedition May British Columbia and Alaska Turkey: Crossroads of Civilizations June Remote Ireland and Scotland July The Best of Alaska Galapagos Islands Adventure August France: Total Solar Eclipse Northwest Passage to Greenland North Pole Dive Expedition September . Botswana and Namibia Kenya Migration Safari Iran: Land of Ancient Persia October Archaeology and Landscapes of China Please Note: Dates, prices and itineraries are subject to change. Prices are per person, double occupancy. For more information, please call Kelly or Christine at 800.811.7244, or e-mail them at <>.